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# Quantum gates with topological phases

## Abstract

We investigate two models for performing topological quantum gates with the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Aharonov-Casher (AC) effects. Topological one- and two-qubit Abelian phases can be enacted with the AB effect using charge qubits, whereas the AC effect can be used to perform all single-qubit gates (Abelian and non-Abelian) for spin qubits. Possible experimental setups suitable for a solid state implementation are briefly discussed.

One of the most important problems in the field of quantum information processing (QIP) is to find a way to fight the fragility of quantum states. At present, decoherence is the main cause preventing us to implement useful (i.e., on a large number of qubits) quantum algorithms. Several methods have been proposed in order to solve this problem, including quantum error correction error\_correction , noiseless subsystems noiseless  and bang-bang control bangbang . More recently, holonomic/geometric holonomic ; geometric ; solinas  and topological quantum computation (QC) kitaev ; lloyd ; freedman ; zanardi\_lloyd  have attracted an increased interest.

The main drawback of holonomic QC is the adiabaticity condition. In order to remain in the same degenerate eigenspace we need to evolve the system adiabatically. This imposes strong constraints on the time evolution of the system. There is an apparent conflict between the adiabatic/slow evolution and the requirement of performing as many gates as possible during the coherence time of the system, which led some authors to question the utility of holonomic gates for performing fault tolerant QC. In the same time there are efforts to relax the adiabaticity condition by using non-adiabatic nonadiabatic  or topological phases ericsson ; pachos\_vedral .

In this article we discuss an answer to the following question: Given the known topological effects, how can we use them to perform topological quantum gates? We start with an overview of topological effects and underline their common structure. Next we construct two models which employ Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher topological phases to perform quantum gates.
Topological phases
There are four topological effects (with the corresponding phases): Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ab , Aharonov-Casher (AC) ac  and their electromagnetic duals, the dual Aharonov-Bohm (dAB) dowling  and the He-McKellar-Wilkens (HMW) hmw . All these four effects have a common structure: a point-like type-$`𝖠`$ particle moving around a linear, infinitely long distribution of type-$`𝖡`$ particles acquires a topological phase. In the Aharonov-Bohm effect, an electric charge $`e`$ moves around an impenetrable line of magnetic dipoles $`\stackrel{}{\mu }`$. In the Aharonov-Casher effect (the reciprocal of the AB effect), the roles of the two types of particles are interchanged: a magnetic moment (spin) $`\stackrel{}{\mu }`$ moves around an infinite line of charges $`e`$. In the dual effects, the type $`𝖠`$ and $`𝖡`$ particle are replaced by their electromagnetic duals: $`eg`$, $`\stackrel{}{\mu }\stackrel{}{d}`$, where $`g`$ is a magnetic monopole and $`\stackrel{}{d}`$ a electric dipole. It is straightforward to see that the dual effects, dAB and HMW, are also reciprocal to each other. The four effects can be summarized schematically as follows (under the electromagnetic duality mapping we also have $`ge`$, $`\stackrel{}{d}\stackrel{}{\mu }`$):

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{AB}:(e,\stackrel{}{\mu })& \stackrel{\text{reciprocal}}{}& \text{AC}:(\stackrel{}{\mu },e)\\ \text{dual}& & \text{dual}\\ \text{dAB}:(g,\stackrel{}{d})& \stackrel{\text{reciprocal}}{}& \text{HMW}:(\stackrel{}{d},g)\end{array}$$

where for each effect we show the type of particles involved, e.g. $`(𝖠,𝖡)`$.

All four topological effects have some important properties. Firstly, the phases are non-dispersive, i.e., they are independent of the velocity of the $`𝖠`$-particle moving around the line distribution of $`𝖡`$-particles. This relaxes the adiabaticity requirement present in holonomic implementations. Nondispersivity of both AB nondispersiveAB  and AC sangster ; nondispersiveAC  effects has been verified experimentally.

Secondly, the generated phase depends only on the homotopy class of the trajectory, and not on the local details or shape of the path followed by the particle. Moreover, compared to the holonomic case, where the path should be area-preserving, here this requirement is absent.

The main focus of this article will be on the AB and AC effects and how they can be used in quantum computing. We consider the following quantum gates: $`𝖯(\phi )=\text{diag}(1,e^{i\phi })`$ (single-qubit phase shift), $`𝖧=2^{1/2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right)`$ (Hadamard) and $`𝖢(\phi )=\text{diag}(1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},e^{i\phi })`$ (controlled-phase gate). In order to perform an arbitrary unitary operation on a $`n`$-qubit register (i.e., achieve universality), we need to implement a universal set of quantum gates. There are several such universal sets, like $`\{𝖧,𝖯(\phi ),𝖢(\pi )\}`$ or $`\{𝖧,𝖢(\phi )\}`$. We will see below how we can implement some of these gates topologically. An example of a topological phase gate $`𝖯(\phi )`$ for charge qubits (using the Aharonov-Bohm effect) has been shown in bell\_test .

The AB and AC phases have a common gauge structure. If we expand to first order Dirac equation for an electron in an external electromagnetic field, we obtain a (non-relativistic) Hamiltonian with a $`U(1)_{\mathrm{em}}\times SU(2)_{\mathrm{spin}}`$ gauge symmetry u1su2 . The corresponding gauge fields are exactly those giving the two topological effects: the AB and AC correspond to a $`U(1)`$ and $`SU(2)`$ phase, respectively. This suggest an obvious strategy: acting on charge (spin) degrees of freedom we obtain a $`U(1)`$ ($`SU(2)`$, respectively) topological phase.
Abelian phases: a topological lattice model
We now construct a simple (quasi) topological model of a quantum register. Suppose we have two types of particles on a lattice, $`𝖷`$ and $`𝖸`$, with the following property. Whenever we move along a loop $`\gamma `$ an $`𝖷`$-particle around an $`𝖸`$-particle, the wavefunction picks up a phase, i.e., $`|\mathrm{𝖷𝖸}e^{in\phi }|\mathrm{𝖷𝖸}`$; $`n`$ is an integer defining the homotopy class of the loop, i.e., the number of times the loop $`\gamma `$ encircles the $`𝖸`$-particle. Note that the phase changes the sign if we move $`𝖸`$ around $`𝖷`$. The phase is topological since it depends only on the homotopy class of the loop $`\gamma `$.

Our qubit register is an alternating array of $`𝖷`$ and $`𝖸`$ particles, such that we have an $`𝖷(𝖸)`$ particle for an even (odd) qubit index. We use a dual rail encoding: one particle in two lattice sites (or modes) labeled $`a`$ and $`b`$ (this encoding is characteristic for using “charge” degrees of freedom as qubit states). The qubit states are defined as follows. If the particle ($`𝖷`$ or $`𝖸`$) is in the $`a`$ mode, the qubit is in the logical state $`|0`$, and if the particle is in the $`b`$ mode, the qubit is in logical state $`|1`$ (see Fig. 1). Formally, $`|0a_{𝖷(𝖸)}^{}|\mathrm{vac}`$ and $`|1b_{𝖷(𝖸)}^{}|\mathrm{vac}`$, where $`a_{𝖷(𝖸)}^{}`$ and $`b_{𝖷(𝖸)}^{}`$ are creation operators for an $`𝖷(𝖸`$) particle in $`a`$ and $`b`$ mode, respectively; $`|\mathrm{vac}`$ is the Fock space vacuum state. In addition, each qubit has also a fixed ancilla whose role is to enact the single qubit phase gate $`\text{diag}(e^{i\phi },1)=e^{i\phi }𝖯(\phi )`$. If the qubit is $`𝖷`$, its ancilla is $`𝖸`$ and vice-versa. To perform the phase gate $`𝖯(\phi )`$, we take whatever is at the $`a`$-site of the qubit and move it around its ancilla (which is always in the same place). Since the phase gate is fixed (i.e., $`\phi =\mathrm{const}`$), universality also requires $`\phi /\pi \text{ }\mathrm{Q}`$.

To do the conditional 2-qubit phase gate $`𝖢(\phi )`$, we take whatever is at the $`b`$-site of one qubit and move it around the $`b`$-site of the second qubit. We obtain a phase shift if and only if both particles are in the $`|1`$ state. In this model the only gate which cannot be done topologically is the Hadamard gate $`𝖧`$. To perform it, the particle should tunnel between the two modes (sites) $`a`$ and $`b`$ with the usual hopping Hamiltonian $`H_h=\tau (t)(a^{}b+ab^{})`$, where $`\tau (t)`$ is the tunneling rate. The unitary evolution given by $`H_h`$ acting on the system during $`t[0,T]`$ is a single qubit rotation around the $`x`$-axis, i.e., $`𝖱_𝗑(\theta )e^{i\theta \sigma _x}`$, with $`\theta =_0^T\tau (t)𝑑t/\mathrm{}`$. Then the Hadamard is obtained as $`𝖧=𝖯(\pi /2)𝖱_𝗑(\pi /4)𝖯(\pi /2)`$.

We now discuss three examples which can be cast into this framework. The first two are closely related (although not identical) to models proposed by Lloyd lloyd  and Ericsson and Sjöqvist ericsson . The last one is inspired by the beautiful argument of Dirac on magnetic monopoles dirac . Thus the topological lattice model described here can be seen as a unifying scheme for different models.
(i) $`(𝖷,𝖸)=(𝖠,𝖠)`$, where $`𝖠`$ is an Abelian anyon. This is the Lloyd model lloyd . An Abelian anyon moving on a loop around another anyon picks up a topological phase and all the gates follow as discussed above.
(ii) $`(𝖷,𝖸)=(e,\stackrel{}{\mu })`$; $`e`$ is an electric charge and $`\stackrel{}{\mu }`$ is a magnetic dipole. This is a 2D model similar to the one described in ericsson . At first sight it seems surprising that in two (spatial) dimensions a charge moving around a spin picks up a phase. The reason is an interesting anyonization effect. As showed by Reuter reuter , charged particles with a magnetic moment interacting via standard Maxwell electromagnetism behave like anyons in a 2+1 dimensional space-time. In 2D a point particle provides a topological obstruction (and hence a loop around it is noncontractible) in the same way as in 3D an infinite string does. Unfortunately, the scheme is strictly two-dimensional and cannot be generalized to 3D confinement .
(iii) $`(𝖷,𝖸)=(e,g)`$; again, $`e`$ is an electric charge and $`g`$ is a magnetic monopole. This follows from the celebrated example of Dirac, who proved that the existence of a single magnetic monopole, somewhere in the Universe, implies the quantization of all electric charges: $`eg=n\mathrm{}c/2,n\mathrm{𝖹𝖹}`$. If the electric charge moves on a closed path around the magnetic monopole, it acquires a phase proportional to the solid angle defined by the loop (as viewed from the monopole) ryder . For a magnetic monopole of unit magnetic charge ($`eg=\mathrm{}c/2`$), the phase acquired by the electron around a loop subtending the solid angle $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is $`\phi =\mathrm{\Omega }/2`$. Clearly, this phase is in general not topological, since is proportional to the solid angle defined by the path (from this point of view it is holonomic, with the difference that adiabaticity is not required). However, if the path is planar and the plane contains the magnetic monopole $`g`$, then the phase will be always $`\pi `$, since the solid angle is $`\mathrm{\Omega }=2\pi `$ for any planar paths with $`g`$ inside. Therefore, for planar paths, the phase is topological as it depends only on the homotopy class of $`\gamma `$. The planar geometry is well suited for the $`𝖢(\pi )`$-phase shift. The downside is that arbitrary phase gates $`𝖯(\phi )`$ are not topological for the reason discussed above: universality requires $`\phi /\pi \text{ }\mathrm{Q}`$ and this implies that the ancillae array should be off the qubits plane such that $`\mathrm{\Omega }/2\pi \text{ }\mathrm{Q}`$. Thus, in this example phase gates $`𝖯(\phi )`$ are only holonomic. We point out that since we use charge-like degrees of freedom for the qubit definition, the influence of the magnetic field on the electron spin is not relevant in this case.

Each of these examples has some drawbacks. The first and third model work in the usual 3-dimensional space, but they require rather exotic particles, anyons and magnetic monopoles, respectively. The second model works with normal charges and spins, but only in 2+1 space-time dimensions. One may argue that model (i) is also two dimensional, since anyons exist only in two spatial dimensions wilczek . Abelian anyons appear as quasi-particles (collective excitations) in solid-state theories of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). Abelian and non-Abelian anyons are also essential ingredients of Kitaev topological model of QC kitaev .

Magnetic monopoles arise in spontaneously broken gauge theories in which the unbroken group $`H`$ is not simply connected, $`\pi _1(H)I`$ monopole . An example is the ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopole arising in a gauge theory with a $`SU(2)U(1)`$ spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). This suggests a straightforward strategy (although in practice highly nontrivial) for generating monopoles: find a SSB in a solid-state model with non-trivial $`\pi _1(H)`$. This will generate monopole-like configurations which can be used in the present scheme.

There is a close relationship between anyons and the AB phase. An (Abelian) anyon can be seen as a composite particle made of a point charge with a magnetic flux tube attached. Thus, when one anyon goes around another anyon, there is a nontrivial braiding of the flux tubes and the wave-function picks up a phase $`e^{i\phi }`$. The origin of this phase is clearly topological: it is the AB phase. Now it is easy to see the link with statistics. Since swapping two anyons is equivalent to a half revolution of one particle around the second plus a translation, the anyon statistics is given by $`|\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}=e^{i\phi /2}|\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}2}`$. From the bosons/fermions statistics ($`e^{i\phi /2}=\pm 1`$), a boson or a fermion will pick up a trivial phase when one particle encircles another one. Hence, in order to have a non-trivial phase when one particle is moved around another (identical) one, we need fractional (anyonic) statistics.

It should be clear by now that in all the above examples the topological phase is equivalent to the AB phase, and hence it is Abelian. It is known that Abelian phases cannot be used alone to perform universal quantum computation and that non-Abelian phases are necessary holonomic . We now turn to the AC phase and show how it can produce all single-qubit rotations for spin qubits.
Non-Abelian phases: spin qubits
In the original AC setup ac , a particle with magnetic moment $`\stackrel{}{\mu }`$ moving around a linear charge distribution picks up a topological phase proportional to the (linear) charge density $`\lambda `$ and to the homotopy class $`n\mathrm{𝖹𝖹}`$ of the path, $`\varphi _{AC}=4\pi n\mu \lambda /\mathrm{}c`$ dowling . This configuration (with an long line of charges) cannot be easily implemented in practice. A more appropriate setup was proposed by Casella casella  and later by Sangster et al. sangster . The infinite line of charge can be replaced by a simple capacitor, producing a uniform electric field $`𝐄`$. A particle moving in the static electric field $`𝐄`$ will see a magnetic field $`𝐁=𝐯\times 𝐄/c^2`$ which couples to its magnetic moment $`\stackrel{}{\mu }`$. The system is described by the spin-orbit Hamiltonian:

$$H_{so}=\alpha \stackrel{}{\sigma }(𝐯\times 𝐄)$$
(1)
where $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ is the vector of Pauli matrices and $`\alpha =g_me\mathrm{}/(4mc^2)`$ ($`g_m`$ is the gyromagnetic factor). It is straightforward to see that the phase produced by $`H_{so}`$ is nondispersive, $`\phi =𝒫H_{so}𝑑t/\mathrm{}=\alpha 𝒫_\gamma \stackrel{}{\sigma }(𝐄\times \mathrm{𝐝𝐥})/\mathrm{}`$, where $`𝒫`$ denotes the path ordered integral.

Moreover, $`\phi `$ is immune to fluctuations in velocity along $`𝐄`$, since $`𝐯_{}\times 𝐄=0`$ (and we decomposed $`𝐯=𝐯_{}+𝐯_{}`$ in components along and perpendicular to $`𝐄`$, respectively). Nondispersivity also implies that $`|𝐯_{}|`$ can vary, but not its direction. That is to say, once the particle has entered the gate region, it should keep the same quantization axis given by $`𝐯\times 𝐄`$ casella ; goldhaber . This condition is easily satisfied in a mesoscopic context if the electron moves in a 1-dimensional (1D) quantum wire perpendicular to the applied electric field $`𝐄`$ (e.g., using top/bottom or lateral gates). Spin rotation with static electric fields (Rashba effect) has been experimentally realized in mesoscopic heterostructures grundler ; spin\_orbit .

The Hamiltonian (1) gives us the necessary ingredients to produce an arbitrary $`SU(2)`$ gate gates  $`U(\alpha ,\theta ,\beta )=e^{i\alpha \sigma _z}e^{i\theta \sigma _y}e^{i\beta \sigma _z}`$ by rotating the spin along two different axes aep\_ri . We discuss two possible setups for implementing spin rotations using the AC phase (see Fig. 2):
(a) the particle moves in a 1D quantum wire along the $`x`$-axis, $`𝐯=(v_x,0,0)`$. In this case we need electric fields oriented along $`y`$ and $`z`$ directions produced by top/bottom and lateral gates, Fig. 2a;
(b) if only top/bottom gates are available (e.g., the electric field is always $`E_x`$), $`𝖱_𝗒`$ and $`𝖱_𝗓`$ spin rotations can be performed by moving the particle along $`z`$ and $`y`$ directions, respectively, Fig. 2b.

Provided that the spin quantization axis remains the same during the gate, the phase depends only on the product between the gate length $`L`$ and the magnitude of the electric field, $`\phi EL`$. Here the product $`EL`$ plays the role of the linear charge density $`\lambda `$ in the original AC setup; the homotopy class $`n`$ of the path $`\gamma `$ is equivalent, in the Casella setup, to the number of times $`\gamma `$ passes through the capacitor. From an implementation point of view, this dependence is appealing, since fabrication errors in the gate length $`L`$ can be compensated by fine tuning the applied field $`E`$.

In Table 1 we summarize the models presented above.

So far we investigated only how to perform the gates topologically, but we said nothing about protecting the actual qubit states. A straightforward strategy is to encode the qubits in decoherence free subspaces (DFS) and to perform topological gates on the encoded qubits. Again, in practice this could be nontrivial and implementation dependent.

In conclusion, in this article we analyzed a general framework for constructing topological quantum gates. We have shown how both Abelian and non-Abelian gates can be performed topologically using the AB and AC effects. Due to their nondispersivity, topological gates relax the (quite stringent) adiabaticity requirement present in holonomic QC. However, no universal set of topological gates has been found yet. Progress in this direction is expected by using the concept of encoded universality, i.e., a non-universal set of gates becomes universal in a suitable qubit encoding. Future work include investigating such encodings which could generate an universal set of topological gates from the (non-universal) gates presented here.

Acknowledgments. I am grateful to Anca Popescu and Paolo Zanardi for carefully reading the manuscript and for constructive comments.


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# Exclusive measurement of coherent 𝜂 photoproduction from the deuteron

## 1 Introduction

The structure of the nucleon and its excited states is one of the central issues of nonperturbative Quantum Chromodynamics. Meson photoproduction has emerged as an excellent tool for experimental investigations providing detailed resonance properties which are the ideal testing ground for modern hadron models. One of the major difficulties for the experimental study of excited nucleon states is that they are closely spaced and, due to their hadronic decay channels, have large widths which result in a significant overlap. Furthermore non-resonant background contributions like nucleon Born terms or vector meson exchange complicate the interpretation of photoproduction reactions. However, there are a few cases where, due to the different couplings of the resonances to the initial photon - nucleon state and the final nucleon - meson states, certain resonances strongly dominate photoproduction reactions. The best known example is the dominance of the low lying P$`{}_{33}{}^{}(1232)`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-resonance in $`\pi ^o`$-photoproduction. In the so-called second resonance region which comprises the P11(1440), D13(1520) and S11(1535) resonances the largest contribution to pion photoproduction comes from the excitation of the D13 due to the large photon coupling. On the other hand $`\eta `$-photoproduction in this energy range proceeds almost exclusively via the excitation of the S11 resonance Krusche\_1 ; Krusche\_2 . The decay branching ratio of this resonance into $`N\eta `$ is approximately 50% PDG  while for the D13 it is less than 1% Tiator . Eta photoproduction is therefore the best reaction for the study of the S11 resonance on the free nucleon Krusche\_1  and in nuclear matter Roebig ; Yorita . The negligible contribution of the P11\- and D13-resonances to $`\eta `$-photoproduction is easily understood since these decays must proceed via $`\eta `$ \- nucleon pairs with relative orbital angular momenta of $`l=1,2`$ which are strongly suppressed close to threshold. However, it is not understood why the contribution of the S$`{}_{11}{}^{}(1650)`$ is also very small.

Eta photoproduction from the proton has been used to determine the basic properties of the S11(1535) resonance, such as its mass, width and in particular the electromagnetic helicity amplitude $`A_{1/2}^p`$ Krusche\_1 ; Krusche\_2 . The isospin structure of the electromagnetic excitation of the S$`{}_{11}{}^{}(1535)`$ resonance was investigated in experiments on $`\eta `$ photoproduction from the deuteron Krusche\_3 ; Hoffmann . Quasifree $`\eta `$-photoproduction from the deuteron can be used to deduce the cross section of the $`n(\gamma ,\eta )n`$ reaction. However the complete isospin decomposition requires in addition the measurement of coherent photoproduction from an isospin I=0 nucleus. Since the excitation of the S11-resonance via the $`E_{0+}`$ multipole involves a spin-flip transition, the I=0, J=1 deuteron is the ideal target nucleus for this purpose. The isospin composition can be deduced from these measurements via:

$`\sigma _p`$ $``$ $`|A_{1/2}^s+A_{1/2}^v|^2=|A_{1/2}^p|^2`$ (1)
$`\sigma _n`$ $``$ $`|A_{1/2}^sA_{1/2}^v|^2=|A_{1/2}^n|^2`$ (2)
$`\sigma _d^{\mathrm{coh}}`$ $``$ $`|A_{1/2}^s|^2`$ (3)
where $`A_{1/2}^s`$ denotes the isoscalar and $`A_{1/2}^v`$ the isovector amplitude.

While quark models and results from pion photoproduction predicted a dominant isovector component of the S$`{}_{11}{}^{}(1535)`$ excitation, an early experiment found a large coherent eta production cross section from the deuteron Anderson , requiring a large isoscalar contribution. More recent experiments found the cross section to be much lower Krusche\_3 ; Hoffmann  and extracted $`A_{1/2}^s<A_{1/2}^v`$, as quark models have predicted. Furthermore, from inclusive and exclusive measurements of quasi-free $`\eta `$ photoproduction from the deuteron and 4He, a cross section ratio of $`|A_{1/2}^n|^2/|A_{1/2}^p|^2=\sigma _n/\sigma _p0.66`$ has been deduced Krusche\_3 ; Hoffmann ; Hejny . Taking into account the small coherent cross section from the deuteron a ratio of $`|A_{1/2}^s|/|A_{1/2}^p|=0.09`$ was extracted in Krusche\_3 ; Hoffmann .

On the other hand models reproducing the measured cross section of coherent $`\eta `$ photoproduction from the deuteron Fix ; Kamalov  require $`|A_{1/2}^s|/|A_{1/2}^p|=0.220.26`$, a value in conflict with the experimental result above (cf. sec. 3). This discrepancy motivated further studies of coherent photoproduction of $`\eta `$ mesons from the deuteron. Ritz et al. Ritz  recently suggested that the problem is due to contributions from hadronic rescattering which give rise to a complex, energy-dependent phase relation between the extracted amplitudes. They deduce from a fit of their model to the data $`A_{1/2}^p=(120.0i66.1)\times 10^3GeV^{1/2}`$, $`A_{1/2}^n=(114.0i1.7)\times 10^3GeV^{1/2}`$ which are consistent with $`|A_{1/2}^n|^2/|A_{1/2}^p|^20.66`$ and $`|A_{1/2}^s|/|A_{1/2}^p|0.25`$.

## 2 Experimental setup and analysis methods

Coherent photoproduction of $`\eta `$ mesons has been measured at the Glasgow tagged photon facility Anthony  at the Mainz microtron MAMI Walcher ; Ahrens  using the photon spectrometer TAPS. A quasi-monochromatic photon beam of energies up to 818 MeV was produced via bremsstrahlung tagging. The TAPS detector Novotny ; Gabler  consisted of 6 blocks each with 64 hexagonal cross section BaF2 crystals and a forward detector with 120 BaF2 crystals. The 6 blocks were located in a horizontal plane around the target at angles of $`\pm 50^{}`$, $`\pm 100^{}`$, and $`\pm 150^{}`$ with respect to the beam axis. The forward detector covered a polar angular range of $`5^{}<\theta <20^{}`$. This setup subtended $``$ 30% of the full solid angle. All BaF2 modules were equipped with 5 mm thick plastic detectors for the identification of charged particles. The target was a 10 cm long, 4 cm diameter, liquid deuterium filled cell. A detailed description of the setup is given in Hejny .

Eta mesons were detected via their two photon decay channel and identified in a standard invariant mass analysis using the measured photon energies and angles as input. An invariant mass resolution of $``$ 60 MeV (FWHM) was achieved for the $`\eta `$ signal. The photons were identified by time of flight and pulse shape analysis, while deuteron identification relied on energy and energy loss information from the plastic and BaF2 scintillators (see Hejny  for details). A missing energy analysis which utilises the kinematical overdetermination of the reaction was performed to obtain clear identification of coherent events. The difference of the c.m. energies of both the $`\eta `$ ($`E_\eta ^{}`$) and the deuteron ($`E_d^{}`$) was calculated for this purpose from initial and final state kinematic quantities as follows:

$`E_{\mathrm{miss}}^d`$ $`=`$ $`E_d^{}(E_\gamma ,m_d)E_d^{}(E_d^{\mathrm{lab}},𝐩_d^{\mathrm{lab}})`$ (4)
$`E_{\mathrm{miss}}^\eta `$ $`=`$ $`E_\eta ^{}(E_\gamma ,m_d)E_\eta ^{}(E_\eta ^{\mathrm{lab}},𝐩_\eta ^{\mathrm{lab}})`$ (5)
where $`E_\gamma `$ denotes the incident photon beam energy, $`m_d`$ the deuteron mass, $`E_{d,\eta }^{\mathrm{lab}}`$ and $`𝐩_{d,\eta }^{\mathrm{lab}}`$ the measured energies and momenta of deuteron and $`\eta `$ meson. The resulting two-dimensional missing energy distribution (see fig. 1) allows a very efficient discrimination of the signal from remaining background. The peak at zero (marked with an arrow), which is clearly separated from the background, corresponds to the coherent events.

The acceptance of TAPS for $`\eta `$-meson decays into two photons in the energy range of interest covers the full polar angle of the $`\eta `$-mesons.

However, for the deuteron there are regions, where the particle escapes detection. Fig. 2 shows the acceptance of TAPS for coherent events as a function of photon beam energy and $`\eta `$ polar angle in the c.m. system. The boundaries are determined by the angular range covered by the forward detector ($`5^{}<\theta <20^{}`$) and the minimum kinetic energy required for the detection of the deuterons ($`E_{kin}>40`$MeV).

## 3 Results

The measured differential cross sections for coherent $`\eta `$ photoproduction from the deuteron are summarized in figs. 3 and 4. The results of measurements performed at ELSA Hoffmann  with the AMADEUS and PHOENICS detectors are shown for comparison.

The identification of coherent $`\eta `$-production in all previous experiments relied completely on a missing mass analysis of the detected deuterons. The $`\eta `$-mesons were not identified via their invariant mass which increased counting statistics through the inclusion of the $`\eta 3\pi `$ decay channels. By contrast, the TAPS experiment detected deuterons and $`\eta `$-mesons in coincidence. This improves substantially the suppression of background, in particular from double $`\pi ^0`$ production.

The resulting differential cross section for the backward angle bins shows a rise at production threshold, falling off again above 675 MeV photon energy. The comparison of the differential cross sections around $`\theta _\eta ^{}=90^{}`$ measured by the different experiments shows, that the TAPS result is about 50% lower than that of PHOENIX (fig. 3). However, both results could be consistent within the statistical uncertainties. The difference to the AMADEUS data near threshold is much larger. The lowest part of fig. 3 shows the angular range of $`0.62<\mathrm{cos}\theta _\eta ^{}<0.93`$, which is not covered by the TAPS acceptance. Fix and Arenhövel Fix  have compared their calculations with the PHOENICS data in this angular region. Using $`|A_s|/|A_s+A_v|=0.09`$ (cf. sec. 1), the magnitude of the measured cross section is not reproduced. Instead a ratio of 0.26 is needed to fit the data. In the region around $`\theta _\eta ^{}=90^{}`$, the model describes the TAPS data only with the same large value of the amplitude ratio. The calculation of Ritz et al. Ritz  agrees with the TAPS and PHOENICS data quite reasonably except for the lowest incident photon energies at backward angles.

The situation is similar for the $`\eta `$ angular distributions. Fig. 4 shows the coherent $`\eta `$ angular distributions in the photon deuteron c.m. system for different ranges of the incident photon energy. The data are compared to a calculation of Kamalov et al. Kamalov . This model uses the coupled channel method in plane wave (PWIA) and distorted wave (DWIA) impulse approximations. The model predictions agree with the data within the statistical uncertainty assuming $`|A_s|/|A_s+A_v|=0.22`$. With the exception of the lowest inicdent photon energy the calculation of Ritz et al. Ritz  is in similar agreement with the data.

## 4 Conclusion

Coherent $`\eta `$ photoproduction from the deuteron has been measured by coincident registration of the recoil deuteron and the $`\eta `$ meson which very efficiently suppresses possible background contributions. The cross sections agree for most kinematical regimes with the results from a previous experiment Hoffmann  but they are smaller in the angular range around 90o in particular when compared to the AMADEUS data. Calculations in the framework of different models are in reasonable agreement with the data when the contribution of the isoscalar amplitude is choosen in the range $`|A_{1/2}^s|/|A_{1/2}^s+A_{1/2}^v|0.220.25`$. This relatively large isoscalar contribution can be reconciled with the measured proton/neutron cross section ratio $`|A_{1/2}^n|^2/|A_{1/2}^p|^2=\sigma _n/\sigma _p0.66`$ if rescattering contributions give rise to a large relative phase between the proton and neutron amplitudes Ritz . However, the interpretation of the $`d(\gamma ,\eta )d`$ reaction involves the isospin composition of the S11 excitation and at the same time the correct treatment of nuclear effects such as meson rescattering contributions. The best way to disentangle these aspects is the investigation of the coherent process for nuclei with different quantum numbers which act as spin/isospin filters. Particularly interesting is a comparison of the I=0, J=1 deuteron to the I=J=1/2 nucleus 3He. In the latter case, as in the process on the free nucleon, the reaction is dominated by the large isovector, spin-flip amplitude. Consequently, relatively large cross sections are expected and the reaction is ideally suited to test the model treatment of the FSI effects. This reaction has been measured in a very recent experiment with TAPS at MAMI and the data are currently under analysis.

## 5 Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the outstanding support of the accelerator group of the Mainz microtron MAMI, as well as the other technicians and scientists of the Institut für Kernphysik at the Universität Mainz. We would like to thank H. Arenhövel, A. Fix, S. Kamalov and F. Ritz for discussions and correspondence.

This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 201) and the U.K. Engeneering and Physical Sciences Research Council.


text:
# The generality of inflation in closed cosmological models with some quintessence potentials

## I Introduction

Recent observations of the supernovae type Ia snIa\_1 ; snIa\_2  combined with the CMB data CMB\_rec  and the data on large scale structure LSS\_rec  provide us with evidence our Universe is accelerating. One can explain it via a presence of the small positive $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-term (cosmological constant). Here we have a deal with one of kinds of the dynamical $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-term namely quintessence (see for review als\_var00 ; var02 ; peeb\_ratr02  ). It can explain the stage of inflation expansion infl  and acceleration nowadays, this is the reason for improving interest for it recently. But the theories with the scalar field as a source of expansion have a free parameter – the potential of this scalar field. Yes, there were attempts to restore kind of the potential from SN Ia observations als-sn-v , but they did not give us an answer to our question about an exact kind of the potential. So one have a deal with different potentials of the scalar field in different areas of physics, not in the cosmology only. And the aim of this paper is the test of some of these potentials, attracted an attention recently. Namely we want to study the degree of inflationarity in Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) models with different scalar field potentials motivated by particle physics, galaxies rotation curves, etc.

Saying the degree of inflationarity we mean the ratio of number of solutions experienced inflation to number of all possible ones. And saying about the number of solutions we mean not exact number – there is infinite number of all possible solutions – but the number one can obtain using evenly distributed net on the space of initial conditions. But choosing this net we are really choosing the measure on the initial conditions space and after doing it we can speak about the probability – very ratio is the probability of inflation for our model in the sense of measure we chose. So if this ratio is small enough for some potentials one can decide in the model with this potential the inflation is suppressed.

Here we work with closed models – curvature is the parameter which is ”forgotten” during inflation, but before inflation curvature had acted very strongly so presence of nonzero curvature will change the probability of inflation. By the way, recent CMB data CMB\_rec  show $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=1.02\pm 0.02`$ (but such a models – closed FRW – have some problems Linde\_rec ) In the case of initially open or flat Universe the scale factor of the Universe $`a`$ cannot pass through extremum points. In this case all the trajectories starting from a sufficiently large initial value of the scalar field $`\phi _0`$ reach a slow-roll regime and experience inflation. Here we call as trajectory the evolution curve of the Universe in some coordinates (for example ($`a`$,$`t`$) or as in we99  ($`a`$,$`f`$)). If we start from the Planck energy a measure of non-inflating trajectories for a scalar field with the mass $`m`$ is about $`m/m_P`$. From observational reasons, this ratio is about $`10^5`$ so almost all trajectories lead to the inflationary regime. However, positive spatial curvature allows a trajectory to have a point of maximal expansion and results in increasing the measure of non-inflating trajectories (four ; B-Kh ).

The structure of the paper is following: first we write down main equations and introduce our measures. Then we have a deal with different potentials, motivated by observation and by particle physics and attracted an attention last years. For all of them we say some words about their origins with corresponding references and give the results for the degree of inflationarity in FRW models filled with the scalar field with these potentials.

## II Main equations

Here we follow we01gr ; we01ijmpd . The equations describing the evolution of the Universe in closed FRW model are

$$\frac{m_P^2}{16\pi }\left(\ddot{a}+\frac{\dot{a}^2}{2a}+\frac{1}{2a}\right)+\frac{a}{4}\left(\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}V(\phi )\right)=0,$$

$$\ddot{\phi }+\frac{3\dot{\phi }\dot{a}}{a}+\frac{dV(\phi )}{d\phi }=0,$$

and the first integral of the system is

$$\frac{3m_P^2}{8\pi }\left(\frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2}+\frac{1}{a^2}\right)=\left(V(\phi )+\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}\right).$$

Now we need to introduce parametrization – it determines the measure we use. For the FRW case the most common view of the trigonometrical (angular) parametrization $`(\varphi ,H)`$ is (\*)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{3m_P^2}{8\pi }}\left(H^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}\right)=m_P^4,H^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{8\pi m_P^2}{3}},H[0;\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{3}}}m_P);`$
$`V(\phi )+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}}=m_P^4,V(\phi )=m_P^4\mathrm{cos}^2\varphi ,{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}}=m_P^4\mathrm{sin}^2\varphi ,\varphi [{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}};{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}].`$
Here we have two dimensionless parameters: $`\varphi `$ and the initial value of Hubble parameter $`H`$. This parametrization is very suitable for the potentials like power-law but unapplicable for example in the case of the complex scalar field we01gr ; we01ijmpd . In we01gr ; we01ijmpd  we have introduced another parametrization – field one $`(\phi ,H)`$. It is determined as following – we will use initial value of the field $`\phi `$ instead of $`\varphi `$ and second coordinate is the same – initial value of the Hubble parameter $`H`$. This parametrization also have a disadvantage – it’s unapplicable for example for the runaway potentials.

Also we need to introduce the Planck boundary

$$V(\phi )+\frac{\dot{\phi }^2}{2}=m_P^4.$$

And our work is following: starting from the Planck boundary for given pair of the initial conditions ($`(\varphi ,H)`$ or $`(\phi ,H)`$) we numerically calculate further evolution of the Universe to get an answer – will our Universe experience inflation or not. Here we don’t check 60 e-foldings so when the scale factor increase in $`10^5`$ times, we call it as inflation (also we are checking for equation of state – during inflation the scalar field must violate the strong energy condition). And doing scans on all possible values of the initial conditions (with measure used we have bounded area of initial conditions) we get the ratio of the inflation solutions to all ones – the probability of inflation in some sense (one can use both the probability of inflation for the model with given potential and the degree of inflationarity of the model with given potential to call very ratio).

## III Potentials

Before telling about the potentials we use, let us note – most of analysis’ given in references are made for the case of flat Universe. Well, we are living now in a flat (with good precision) Universe and so we have a deal with quintessence in flat Universe. But our Universe is flat due to the inflation and before inflation it could be curved. As we already noted above, here we have a deal with closed Universe.

In this paper we will use normalization $`m_P^2/16\pi 1`$ and one needs to keep it in mind while recalculating all values (like parameters in potentials, etc.) to more common quantities.

### III.1 Power-law potentials

Power-law potentials we99  are the potentials like

$$V(\phi )=\frac{\lambda \varphi ^n}{n},n2.$$

These potentials are well-studied and they lead to ”chaotic inflation” linde\_ch . One can really use them as ”inflation part” in the potentials like ones considered by Peebles and Vilenkin peeb\_vil\_99 . Also they attract an attention for some their properties class ; Kolda\_Lyth99 .

The degree of inflationarity for such potentials was studied in our previous papers we01gr ; we01ijmpd ; we\_new , so here we will present results only. In the case $`n=2`$ we have about $`47\%`$ inflation solution in the case of field measure and about $`63\%`$ in the case of angular measure. Increasing $`n`$ will decrease the inflationarity in the case of field parametrization and will not change it for the angular parametrization (we\_new ) – in the angular measure $`63\%`$ of all possible solutions experience inflation for $`n=2,4,6,8`$. And in the field measure we have about $`30\%`$ for $`n=4`$, $`22\%`$ for $`n=6`$ and $`17\%`$ for $`n=8`$. Damour-Mukhanov potential D-M  behaves itself like power-law potentials in this sense and the probability of inflation is about $`63\%`$ in the case of the angular measure and not less then $`47\%`$ in the case of the field one (for discussion see we\_new ).

### III.2 Inverse power-law potentials

Pioneering studies of the inverse power-law potentials have been done by Ratra and Peebles peeb\_ratr88 . These potentials are like ZWS

$$V(\varphi )=M^{(4+q)}\phi ^q.$$

Potentials of such a kind mostly studied for their scaling properties class  and with some problems with quintessence Kolda\_Lyth99 , but also they appear in some SUGRA theories as well Brax\_Martin .

Here we examine potentials with large enough values of $`M`$ – really, for small ”observed” values peeb\_vil\_99  we obtained that inflationary solutions are not experience enough number of e-foldings. And it occurs just because of we have a deal with closed model – it naturally decrease number of inflationary solutions.

One of the ways to get large value of $`M`$ at the inflation stage and small one nowadays is to consider $`M`$ as not an exact constant but as slowly varing (namely decreasing). It would not change significantly during inflation but from inflation to nowadays can.

And the results are presented in Fig. 1: panels (a)–(c) represent examples of the initial condition space where grey point reflects initial condition leading to inflation (in the sense we noted above) and black one corresponds to recollapse. These figures are plotted for the case $`Mm_P`$ and $`q=2`$ (a), $`q=6`$ (b) and $`q=8`$ (c). In Fig. 2 we represent the final plot – with the degree of inflationarity on y axes and the power $`q`$ on x axes. There are three curves: I corresponds to the case $`Mm_P`$, II – $`M0.7m_P`$ and III – $`M0.4m_P`$. Note that in this case – inverse power-law potentials – we use angular measure only because in field measure the space of initial conditions is unbounded.

One can see from Fig. 1 (a)–(c) the areas are asymmetric with respect to $`\varphi =0`$. It’s due to the parametrization – from (\*) one can see that positive $`\varphi `$ corresponds to positive $`\dot{\phi }`$ so we start in this case ”down” the potential, at the same time negative $`\varphi `$ corresponds to negative $`\dot{\phi }`$ and so we start ”up” the potential. Namely due to this effect the area of inflationary solutions on the space of initial conditions is so asymmetric.

### III.3 Exponential potential

Other interesting potential is an exponential one peeb\_ratr88

$$V(\varphi )=V_0\mathrm{exp}(\lambda \phi ).$$

Potentials of such a kind naturally appear in high-energy physics in theories with Kaluza-Klein compactification, superstrings and supergravity theories exp\_from\_sugra  and higher orders gravity theories exp\_from\_high\_grav . This potential is also well-known in flat case for its tracker property and for some implications for observational cosmology ferr\_joy98 ; exp\_other ; class .

Our results are the same for a wide enough range of $`V_0m_P^4÷10^{10}m_P^4`$. So we have only one free parameter – $`\lambda `$ and the results are plotted in Fig. 3. Example of the area on initial conditions space plotted in Fig. 1(d), where as in the previous cases black dot represents pair of initial $`(\varphi ,H)`$ not leading to inflation and grey dot represents leading one. Here as well as in the case of inverse power-law potentials we use only angular parametrization – the initial $`\phi `$ is unbounded again.

### III.4 ZWS potential

This potential

$$V(\phi )=V_0\left[\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\alpha }{\phi }\right)1\right]$$

was suggested by Zlatev, Wang and Steinhardt ZWS  while exploring scaling solutions, where $`V_0`$ and $`\alpha `$ are free parameters.

The dependence of the degree of inflationarity is plotted in Fig. 4: the case for $`V_04\times 10^4m_P^4`$ in (a) panel and the case for $`V_04\times 10^2m_P^4`$ in (b). Areas of initial conditions space leading and not to inflation look like ones in the case of inverse power-law potential (Fig. 1(a)–(c)). Due to the potential (runaway) we can use only the trigonometrical measure.

### III.5 ULM potential

This potential was first considered by L.A. Ure$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{n}}`$a-López and T. Matos Matos\_Urena-Lopez00  as a new cosmological tracker solution for quintessence. One can say it behaves itself like both exponential and inverse power-law potentials:

$$V(\phi )=V_0\mathrm{sinh}^\alpha (\lambda \phi );$$

$$V(\phi )=V_0(\lambda \phi )^\alpha \text{for}|\lambda \phi |<<1,$$

$$V(\phi )=2^\alpha V_0e^{\lambda \phi \alpha }\text{for}|\lambda \phi |>>1$$

so its asymptotic behavior corresponds to an inverse power-law-like potential at early times and to an exponential one at later times.

The space of initial conditions is like the inverse power-law case (Fig. 1 (a)–(c)), and we have again only trigonometrical measure. The results for the degree of inflationarity are plotted in Fig. 5 with very degree on y axes and $`\alpha `$ on x axes. In this case we have two parameters – $`V_0`$ and $`\lambda `$ and it’s easily to understand the influence of them by fixing one of them and varying another one. Following its in (a) panel we fix $`V_0=4\times 10^3m_P^4`$ and vary $`\lambda `$: $`\lambda =0.7m_P^1`$ (I), $`\lambda =0.5m_P^1`$ (II) and $`\lambda =0.21m_P^1`$ (III); in panel (b) we fix $`\lambda =0.7m_P^1`$ and vary $`V_0`$: $`V_0=4\times 10^2m_P^4`$ (I), $`V_0=4\times 10^3m_P^4`$ (II) and $`V_0=4\times 10^4m_P^4`$ (III).

### III.6 FCDM potential

This potential can describe both quintessence and new form of dark matter called sahni\_wang\_99  frustrated cold dark matter (FCDM) due to its ability to frustrate gravitation clustering at small scales. On this way it can help in solving some problems with dwarf galaxies halos halos .

Like previous one it have two asymptotic forms:

$$V(\phi )=V_0(\mathrm{cosh}\lambda \phi 1)^p;$$

$$V(\phi )\stackrel{~}{V}_0e^{p\lambda \phi }\text{for}|\lambda \phi |>>1(\phi >0),$$

$$V(\phi )\stackrel{~}{V}_0(\lambda \phi )^{2p}\text{for}|\lambda \phi |<<1,$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{V}_0=V_0/2^p`$.

In this case like in previous one we have two free parameters (while $`p=0÷1`$): $`V_0`$ and $`\lambda `$. The space of initial conditions with the area of initial conditions leading to inflation looks like in the case of inverse power-law (see Fig. 1 (a)–(c)) in the trigonometrical parametrization case and for field parametrization (enjoy! for this potential we have field parametrization!) examples are presented in Fig. 1(e) and Fig. 1(f). And in Fig. 6 we have presented the dependence curves of the ratio of inflationary solutions to all possible ones on $`p`$ ($`p[0,1]`$). The dependence of the degree of inflationarity on both $`V_0`$ and $`\lambda `$ is hard to describe so we have presented the influence of $`V_0`$ and $`\lambda `$ on the curve when one of them is fixed and rest one is variable (as in the previous case). As we have noted above, in this case we have a deal with both field and angular measures. And one can see that the curves behave themselves differently in these measures.

Very results are presented in Fig. 6: panels (a)–(c) correspond to the case of field parametrization and panels (d)–(f) correspond to the case of trigonometrical parametrization. Let us describe them: in Fig. 6(a) and 6(d) there are dependence curves of the degree of inflationarity on $`\lambda `$ for $`V_0=4\times 10^7m_P`$ and curves are: $`\lambda =0.7m_P^1`$ (I), $`\lambda =7m_P^1`$ (II) and $`\lambda =30m_P^1`$ (III). In Fig 6(b) and 6(e) we again fixed $`V_0=4\times 10^4m_P`$ and $`\lambda =0.7m_P^1`$ (I), $`\lambda =7m_P^1`$ (II) and $`\lambda =30m_P^1`$ (III). To understand the influence of $`V_0`$ on the dependence curve one can compare these two cases as well as use Figs. 6(c) and 6(f), where we fixed $`\lambda =7m_P^1`$ and curves are $`V_0=4\times 10^4m_P`$ (I), $`V_0=4\times 10^7m_P`$ (II) and $`V_0=4\times 10^{10}m_P`$ (III). One can see that in the limit of small $`V_0`$ all dependence curves are similair each other.

So from Fig. 6 (a)–(f) one can determine values for $`\lambda `$ and $`V_0`$ which correspond to large enough degree of inflationarity.

## IV Summary and discussions

In this paper we have investigated a wide class of the quintessence potentials from the point of view of the generality of inflation. Some of these potentials are motivated via particle physics (for review see, for example, Lyth\_Riotto99 ) and most of them were also studied recently from the point of view of scaling or tracker solutions. So here we have made some tests of them – are they able to provide our Universe with inflation? And in this way we obtained the answer – yes, closed FRW models filled with the scalar field with these potentials experience inflation for a wide enough range of their parameters. So inflation is general for a wide enough class of the cosmological models.

As we have a deal with closed model, the degree of inflationarity is smaller then in flat (and of course open) case – at the early stage of the Universe’s evolution the scale factor was small so presence of nonzero curvature might change the situation significantly. But we have seen that even in the case of positive spatial curvature potentials we have considered behave itself well from this point of view and the inflation is not suppressed in models filled with the scalar field with these potentials. The inflation in closed models was recently studied in the case of pure $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-term lambda  and they also have a result that the inflation doesn’t suppress.

In this paper we used as determination of inflation the situation when the scale factor increases in $`10^5`$ times (about 12 e-foldings) and this approximation works well. For some cases we have checked its up to $`10^{25}`$ (about 57 e-foldings) and the results are the same with precision about $`0.04\%`$. So our approximation works well.

## V Acknowledgments

We wish to thank N. Savchenko and A. Toporensky for useful discussion.


text:
# Spiral and Taylor vortex fronts and pulses in axial through-flow

## I INTRODUCTION

The Taylor-Couette system review  of fluid flow in the annulus between concentric cylinders with the inner and the outer one rotating with different velocities is one of the simplest examples of a driven nonlinear dissipative system that shows spontaneous pattern formation out of an unstructured basic state that is stable at small driving CRO-HOH . This basic flow state is stationary and axially and azimuthally homogeneous and shows only a radial variation across the annular gap. It consists of a superposition of circular Couette flow (CCF) in azimuthal direction and of an annular Poiseuille flow (APF) in axial direction if as in our case an axial through-flow is imposed. Axially periodic vortex flow solutions bifurcate CHO-IOO ; GOL-STE-SCH-LAN  out of this homogeneous basic flow when the rotation rate of the inner cylinder is sufficiently high. These primary bifurcation thresholds to periodic vortex stuctures have been the aim of many linear stability analyses of the basic flow state DIP-PRI ; TAK-JAN ; NG-TUR ; LAN-TAG-KOS-SWI-GOL ; GEB-GRO ; MES-MAR .

For the radius ratio $`\eta =0.5`$ and the parameter ranges of rotation rates and through-flow investigated here in this work three spatiotemporally differing primary vortex structures are relevant: Rotationally symmetric, toroidally closed vortices with azimuthal wave number $`m=0`$ that move in downstream direction with the APF — for shortness we call this flow state Taylor vortex flow (TVF) although the presence of an axial through-flow modifies the genuine stationary TVF stucture. And, furthermore, spiral vortex flow (SPI) consisting of either left spiral vortices (L-SPI) with $`m=1`$ or right spiral vortices (R-SPI) with $`m=1`$.

L-SPI and R-SPI are axial mirror images of each other in the absence of axial through-flow with the latter breaking the mirror symmetry of the former. While rotating azimuthally into the same direction as the inner cylinder L-SPI propagate axially opposite to R-SPI. This spiral dynamics is largely induced by the advective properties of the basic flow state. Furthermore, without through-flow the symmetry degenerate bifurcation treshold for these two symmetry degenerate SPI solutions is simultaneously also the bifurcation threshold for a vortex flow solution called ribbons CHO-IOO . This solution consists right at threshold of a linear superposition of L-SPI and R-SPI with equal amplitude and it becomes further away from threshold a genuine nonlinear vortex flow solution. However, here we are dealing only with linear vortex flow fields that may be superimposed with arbitrary amplitudes as well as wave numbers and that are evolving separately from each other according to the linear field equations. Thus we do not need to discuss ribbons separately from our general investigation of linear vortex modes with general axial and azimuthal wave numbers.

In this work we quantitatively determine the influence of an axial through-flow on the spatiotemporal growth properties of linear perturbations of the basic flow state with azimuthal wave numbers $`m=0`$ and $`m=\pm 1`$, i.e., of toroidally closed vortices and of spiral vortices, repectively. In each case we investigate (i) axially extended structures, (ii) pulses of axially localized wave packets of vortices, and (iii) vortex fronts.

In Sec. II we describe the system, we briefly review the linearized Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) for the eigenvalue problem describing vortex perturbations, and we give details of our numerical procedure to solve the eigenvalue problem. In Sec. III we discuss the spatiotemporal structure, symmetry properties, and bifurcation thresholds for onset of axially extended vortex perturbations of the form $`e^{i(kz+m\phi )}`$ with real axial wave number $`k`$ and different azimuthal wave numbers $`m`$ in the absence and presence of an axial through-flow. In Sec. IV we consider axially localized wave packets consisting of superpositions of vortex eigenmodes of the linear NSE. Here we determine among others the boundary between convective and absolute instability of the basic flow against growth of vortices with a particular $`m`$ by a saddle point analysis of the linear complex dispersion relation of the NSE over the plane of complex axial wave numbers. In addition we also determine the Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation (GLE) approximation for the dispersion relation for the sake of comparison. In Sec. V we evaluate the spatiotemporal properties of linearly selected vortex fronts using a saddlepoint analysis of the dispersion relation. Also here we compare with GLE results. The final section contains a summary.

## II System

Here we describe the system and we provide definitions and equations. Then we briefly review the linearized equations for the eigenvalue problem describing vortex perturbations of the basic flow state. Finally we give details of our numerical procedure to solve the eigenvalue problem.

### II.1 Setup

We consider the flow of an incompressible fluid in the annulus between two concentric cylinders of inner radius $`r_1`$ and outer radius $`r_2`$ with a gap width $`d=r_2r_1`$. The boundary conditions at $`r_1`$ and $`r_2`$ are no-slip. The angular velocity of the inner and outer cylinder is $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, respectively. The associated Reynolds numbers are

$$R_1=\frac{d}{\nu }r_1\mathrm{\Omega }_1,R_2=\frac{d}{\nu }r_2\mathrm{\Omega }_2,$$
(1)
where $`\nu `$ is the kinematic viscosity. An externally imposed axial through-flow is measured by the axial Reynolds number

$$Re=\frac{d}{\nu }w$$
(2)
where the mean axial velocity $`w`$ averaged over the annular cross section describes the total through-flow. We use also the relative control parameters

$$\mu =\frac{R_1}{R_{1c}(Re)}1,ϵ=\frac{R_1}{R_{1c}(Re=0)}1,$$
(3)
measuring the relative distance of the inner Reynolds number $`R_1`$ from the critical onset $`R_{1c}`$ of axially extended spiral vortices or Taylor vortices in the presence and in the absence $`(Re=0)`$ of through-flow, respectively epsT . In this notation

$$\mu _c=0\text{and}ϵ_c(Re)=\frac{R_{1c}(Re)}{R_{1c}(Re=0)}1$$
(4)
is the critical threshold for onset of the vortex flow in question. The relation between $`\mu `$ and $`ϵ`$ is

$$\mu =\frac{ϵϵ_c(Re)}{1+ϵ_c(Re)}.$$
(5)
With infinitely long cylinders the only relevant parameter characterizing the geometry is the radius ratio $`\eta =r_1/r_2`$.

The velocity field $`𝐮`$ of the fluid is described by the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) for incompressible fluid flow

$$_t𝐮=\mathbf{}^2𝐮R_1(𝐮\mathbf{})𝐮\mathbf{}p,\mathbf{}𝐮=0.$$
(6)
Here and in the following we scale positions by the gap width $`d`$, the velocity $`𝐮`$ by the velocity $`r_1\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ of the inner cylinder, time $`t`$ by the momentum diffusion time $`d^2/\nu `$ across the gap, and the pressure $`p`$ by $`\rho r_1\mathrm{\Omega }_1\nu /d`$ with $`\rho `$ denoting the constant mass density of the fluid. Furthermore we decompose the velocity field

$$𝐮=u𝐞_r+v𝐞_\phi +w𝐞_z$$
(7)
into radial ($`u`$), azimuthal ($`v`$), and axial ($`w`$) components using cylindrical coordinates $`r,\phi ,z`$.

### II.2 Basic flow state

The basic flow state $`𝐮_0`$ that is realized in the absolutely stable regime of inner Reynolds numbers $`R_1`$ below the thresholds for onset of Taylor and spiral vortex flow is rotationally symmetric, axially homogeneous, and constant in time. It consists of a linear superposition of circular Couette flow (CCF) in azimuthal direction, $`𝐞_\phi `$, and of annular Poiseuille flow (APF) in axial direction, $`𝐞_z`$,

$$𝐮_0=v_{CCF}(r)𝐞_\phi +w_{APF}(r)𝐞_z$$
(8)
without any radial component. Here

$$v_{CCF}(r)=Ar+B/r,$$
(9)
and

$$w_{APF}(r)=Re\frac{r^2+Cln(r)+D}{E},$$
(10)
with

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_2/\mathrm{\Omega }_1}{\eta (1+\eta )}},`$ (11)
$`B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta (1\mathrm{\Omega }_2/\mathrm{\Omega }_1)}{(1\eta )(1\eta ^2)}},`$ (12)
$`C`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1+\eta }{(1\eta )ln(\eta )}},`$ (13)
$`D`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+\eta )\mathrm{ln}(1\eta )}{(1\eta )\mathrm{ln}(\eta )}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1\eta )^2}},`$ (14)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1{\displaystyle \frac{1\eta ^2+(1+\eta ^2)\mathrm{ln}(\eta )}{(1\eta )^2\mathrm{ln}(\eta )}}.`$ (15)
### II.3 Linear eigenvalue problem of vortex perturbations

Let $`\psi =(u,v,w,p)`$ abbreviate the deviation fields from the basic flow state (8). Then the general solution of the NSE linearized in the deviation fields can be written as a superposition of modes of the form

$$\psi (r,\phi ,z,t)=\varphi (r)e^{i(kz+m\phi )}e^{\sigma t}$$
(16)
with axial wave number $`k=2\pi /\lambda `$ and integer azimuthal wave number $`m`$. The complex amplitude functions

$$\varphi (r)=[U(r),V(r),W(r),P(r)]$$
(17)
depend on the mode indices $`k,m`$ and the radial coordinate $`r`$. The characteristic exponent $`\sigma (k,m)`$ is in general complex. It is decomposed here as follows

$$\sigma =\mathrm{}\sigma +i\mathrm{}\sigma =\gamma i\omega $$
(18)
into the growth rate $`\gamma `$ and the characteristic frequency $`\omega `$ of the $`km`$ mode. Substituting the above solution ansatz into the linearized NSE yields

$`\sigma U=\left(_r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}_r{\displaystyle \frac{1+m^2}{r^2}}k^2\right)U+2FV`$
$`_rPim\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{r^2}}V+FU\right)ikHU`$ (19)
$`\sigma V=\left(_r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}_r{\displaystyle \frac{1+m^2}{r^2}}k^2\right)V+2GU`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{im}{r}}P+im\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{r^2}}UFV\right)ikHV`$ (20)
$`\sigma W=\left(_r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}_r{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{r^2}}k^2\right)WikP`$
$`imFWIUikHW`$ (21)
$`0=_rU+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}U+{\displaystyle \frac{im}{r}}V+ikW.`$ (22)
The solution of this eigenvalue problem yields the characteristic exponent $`\sigma `$ and the associated eigenfunctions $`\varphi (r)`$ as functions of $`k,m`$. Here

$`F(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{R_1}{r}}v_{CCF}(r),G=R_1A,`$ (23)
$`H(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_1w_{APF}(r),I(r)=_rH(r)`$ (24)
are quantities defining the basic flow state (8). The latter enters via the linearized advective term of the NSE.

In order to rewrite (II.3 \- 22) into a system of first-order differential equations – which is advantageous for numerical reasons – we introduce three additional complex amplitude functions LAN-TAG-KOS-SWI-GOL

$`X`$ $`=`$ $`_rU+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}UP,`$ (25)
$`Y`$ $`=`$ $`_rV+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}V,`$ (26)
$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`_rW.`$ (27)
Using (25) and the continuity equation (22) one can then eliminate the pressure in Eq.(II.3) by $`P=XikW\frac{im}{r}V.`$ All in all one obtains in this way a system of 6 coupled, first-order differential equations

$$_r𝐗=𝐗,$$
(28)
for the six variables

$$𝐗=(U,V,W,X,Y,Z)^T$$
(29)
with

$$=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\frac{1}{r}& i\frac{m}{r}& ik& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{r}& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\\ L& 2(i\frac{m}{r^2}F)& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 2(i\frac{m}{r^2}+G)& L+\frac{m^2}{r^2}& \frac{mk}{r}& i\frac{m}{r}& 0& 0\\ I& \frac{mk}{r}& L+k^2& ik& 0& \frac{1}{r}\end{array}\right)$$
(30)
where

$$L=\sigma +\frac{m^2}{r^2}+k^2+imF+ikH.$$
(31)
### II.4 Numerical procedures

We have solved the eigenvalue equations (28) numerically with a standard shooting method subject to the six boundary conditions,

$$U=V=W=0\text{at}r_1=\eta /(1\eta )\text{and}r_2=1/(1\eta ),$$
(32)
which make the eigenvalue spectrum discrete. To integrate from $`r_1`$ to $`r_2`$ we used a fourth-order Runge-Kutta formula STO-BUR  with two step widths ( $`\mathrm{\Delta }r=1/200`$ and 1/400, respectively) for a Richardson extrapolation. A Newton-Raphson method PRE-TEU-VET-FLA  was then used to find the roots of the complex determinant of the $`3\times 3`$ matrix which ensures the vanishing of $`U,V,W`$ at the outer cylinder. We therefore vary in the Newton-Raphson procedure only two of the parameters ($`\sigma ,\eta ,R_1,R_2,Re,m,k`$) DIP-PRI  that enter into (28) while keeping the others fixed. In this way we determine on the one hand the marginal threshold values of $`R_1`$ and $`\omega `$ with $`\gamma =0`$ for which the basic state is marginally stable against the growth of an extended perturbation with given $`m`$ and real axial wave number $`k`$ at specified parameters $`\eta ,R_2,Re`$. On the other hand we calculate for given $`m,\eta ,R_1,R_2,Re`$ the complex eigenvalue $`\sigma `$ over the complex wave number plane – including as special case also the real $`k`$-axis. In each case we are interested only in the vortex modes with the largest growth rates for which the associated amplitude functions $`\varphi (r)`$ display the least radial variation with the fewest number of nodes.

We present here results for the radius ratio $`\eta =0.5`$ in a range of outer Reynolds numbers $`150R_250`$. In this parameter regime the vortex perturbations with the largest growth rates have in the absence of through-flow azimuthal wave numbers of either $`m=0`$ or $`m=\pm 1`$ LAN-TAG-KOS-SWI-GOL . We investigate here linear properties of such vortices with $`m=0`$ and $`m=\pm 1`$ in a through-flow of Reynolds numbers $`0Re20`$.

## III Axially extended vortex structures

Here we discuss the spatiotemporal structure, symmetry properties, and bifurcation thresholds for onset of axially extended vortex perturbations with real axial wave number $`k`$ and different azimuthal wave numbers $`m`$ in the absence and presence of an axial through-flow.

### III.1 Spatiotemporal structure

Structure and dynamics of the vortex modes (16) are dominated by the fact that their phases are constant on any cylindrical surface, $`r=const`$, along lines given by the equation

$$z_0=\frac{m}{k}\phi +\frac{\omega (k,m)}{k}t.$$
(33)
Here the constant phase coming from the amplitude $`\varphi (r)`$ is suppressed. Thus, on the $`\phi z`$ plane of such an ’unrolled’ cylindrical surface these lines of constant phase are straight.

#### III.1.1 Taylor vortex like patterns — $`m`$=0

For rotationally symmetric Taylor vortex like perturbations the line pattern of constant phases, $`kz_0=n2\pi `$, is parallel to $`𝐞_\phi `$. The $`m`$=0 pattern is stationary for $`Re=0`$. Only for finite through-flow it propagates axially with phase velocity

$$w_{phase}=\frac{\omega }{k}$$
(34)
that is proportional to $`Re`$. The main reason for this is that the azimuthal flow of the basic CCF state is precisely parallel to the vortex lines of constant phase while the APF flow being perpendicular to them can advect them. The latter happens in our axially periodic system that does not exert any phase pinning at the axial boundaries as soon as $`Re>0`$.

#### III.1.2 Spiral patterns — $`m0`$

The vortex modes (16) with axial wave number $`m0`$ have spiral structure. When $`m/k`$ is positive (negative) the lines of constant phase $`z_0(\phi ,t)`$ (33) wind in a left spiral L-SPI (right spiral R-SPI) around the cylindrical surface $`r=const`$ with negative (positive) slope $`_\phi z_0=m/k`$. The lines of constant phase and with it the whole spiral stucture rotates in $`\phi `$ rigidly with angular velocity

$$\dot{\phi }_{SPI}=\frac{\omega }{m}.$$
(35)
In the absence of an externally imposed through-flow, $`Re`$=0, this rotation proceeds for L-SPI and R-SPI alike into the same direction as the rotation of the inner cylinder. The reason is that the spiral perturbations are advected by the inner part of the azimuthal CCF which is relevant for the centrifugal instability leading to vortex generation. A model explaining this effect is presented in HOF-LUE .

There are two immediate consequences of this advective origin of the spiral dynamics induced by the inner cylinder’s rotation: (i) With the latter being by definition positive – in this work the inner cylinder is taken to rotate in positive $`\phi `$-direction – also $`\omega (k,m)/m`$ is positive for $`Re`$=0. Hence, say, an $`m=1`$ ($`m=1`$) spiral has positive (negative) frequency for $`Re`$=0. (ii) Then a L-SPI (R-SPI) being defined by $`m/k>0`$ ($`m/k<0`$) propagates for $`Re`$=0 upwards (downwards) with positive (negative) axial phase velocity

$$w_{phase}=\frac{\omega }{k}=\frac{m}{k}\dot{\phi }_{SPI}$$
(36)
that is directly related to its positive angular velocity $`\dot{\phi }_{SPI}`$.

An externally applied axial through-flow changes the axial phase velocities and frequencies of the $`m=0`$ and $`m0`$ vortex modes roughly proportional to $`Re`$, i.e.,

$$w_{phase}(k,m,Re)w_{phase}(k,m,Re=0)Re.$$
(37)
Simultaneously the rotation rates, $`\dot{\phi }_{SPI}=w_{phase}k/m`$, of the spirals are changed accordingly. Thus, in each case the vortex frequencies are largely determined by the basic state’s advective properties, i.e., by the combination of azimuthal advection by $`v_{CCF}`$ and axial advection by $`w_{APF}`$.

### III.2 Symmetries

Here we consider symmetry properties of axially extended vortex perturbations of the form (16) with real wave number $`k`$. Symmetry relations between different vortex fronts with complex wave number $`Q`$ are discussed later on in Sec. V.2.2.

Table 1 shows the symmetry transformations that leave the eigenvalue problem unchanged. They reflect (i) that $``$ transforms under complex conjugation (indicated by an overline) as

$$\overline{(k,m,\sigma )}=(k,m,\overline{\sigma })$$
(38)
and (ii) that the NSE (6) are invariant under an axial reflection $`(z,Re,w)(z,Re,w)`$.

Thus one infers, for example, that the growth rate (frequency) of the characteristic exponent $`\sigma =\gamma i\omega `$ for $`m=0`$ vortices is an even (odd) function of $`k`$ and $`Re`$. For perturbations with $`m0`$ one finds that

$`\gamma (k,m,Re)=\gamma (k,m,Re)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma (k,m,Re)=\gamma (k,m,Re)`$ (39)
$`\omega (k,m,Re)=\omega (k,m,Re)`$ $`=`$ $`\omega (k,m,Re)=\omega (k,m,Re)`$ (40)
and that the spatiotemporal structure including the amplitude functions of a L-spiral perturbation ($`k/m>0`$) at $`Re>0`$ is the same as that of a R-spiral ($`k/m<0`$) at $`Re<0`$. Note, however, that any finite through-flow breaks the axial mirror symmetry between L- and R-spirals at $`Re=0`$ so that, among others,

$$\gamma _R(Re)=\gamma _L(Re)\gamma _R(Re)=\gamma _L(Re)$$
(41)
when $`Re0`$. But the symmetry relations are such that it suffices to investigate, say, positive $`k`$ combined together with either (i) $`m>0`$ only for positive and negative $`Re`$ or, equivalently, (ii) $`m`$ positive and negative for $`Re>0`$ only in order to get the complete linear information on both spiral vortex types.

### III.3 Bifurcation thresholds

Figure 1 shows the critical bifurcation thresholds $`R_{1c}(R_2)`$ for $`m=0`$ and $`m=\pm 1`$ vortex patterns with the respective critical wave numbers, $`k_c(R_2)`$, as functions of $`R_2`$ in the absence of through-flow.

The vertical lines in Fig. 1 mark the two outer Reynolds numbers $`R_2=0`$ and $`R_2=125`$ for which we show in Fig. 2 as representative examples how the critical thresholds evolve with through-flow Reynolds number $`Re`$. The above discussed symmetry relation $`\gamma _R(Re)=\gamma _L(Re)`$ between the growth rates of R- and L-spirals implies the corresponding relation between the respective bifurcation thresholds (full and dashed lines in Fig. 2). In the remainder of this paper we therefore restrict ourselves without loss of information to positive $`Re`$.

For small $`Re>0`$ the axial flow stabilizes the basic state against growth of TVF ($`m=0`$) and R-SPI ($`m=1`$) perturbations. On the other hand, the bifurcation threshold for L-SPI ($`m=1`$) vortex patterns that propagate into the same direction as the through-flow decreases at small $`Re`$ and increases only at larger $`Re`$. The upwards shift of the $`m=0`$ threshold with increasing $`Re`$ is stronger than the one for $`m=1`$. Thus, eventually the latter comes to lie below the former and consequently the growth of L-spirals propagating into the same direction as the through-flow is favored for sufficiently large $`Re`$ even when $`R_2=0`$.

Dotted lines in Fig. 3 show the reduced critical threshold curves $`ϵ_c(Re)`$ (4) as functions of $`Re`$ for the two representative outer Reynolds numbers $`R_2=0`$ and $`R_2=125`$. The other lines in Fig. 3 are discussed in Sec. IV. Our numerical results for $`ϵ_c(Re)`$ that were obtained in steps of $`\delta Re=1`$ were fitted in the range $`Re=20\mathrm{}20`$ to the following expression

$$f=a_1Re+a_2Re^2+a_3Re^3+a_4Re^4.$$
(42)
The fit parameters $`a_n`$ are listed for different $`R_2`$ in Tables 2 and 3 for TVF ($`m=0`$) and L-SPI $`(m=1)`$, respectively. The threshold curves for R-SPI $`(m=1)`$ are obtained according to Sec. III.2 from those for L-SPI by $`ReRe`$, i.e., by changing the sign of the odd coefficients in Table 3.

## IV Localized vortex perturbations

So far we have considered axially extended vortex perturbations of the form $`\psi (r,\phi ,z,t)=\varphi (r)e^{i(kz+m\phi )}`$ which are single eigenmodes of the operator $``$ (30). For supercritical control parameters, $`R_1>R_{1c}(m)`$, a finite band of axial wave numbers can grow and with it also axially localized wave packets consisting of superpositions of vortex modes.

### IV.1 Vortex packets

Let us consider first an infinitesimal initial perturbation with azimuthal wave number $`m`$ that is axially localized, i.e., a wave packet that consists of a superposition of vortex modes of different $`k`$ but common $`m`$ – an initial perturbation containing different $`m`$-modes would be just a sum of the above described vortex packets that would evolve independently of each other as long as the linear description is valid.

After fast transients have decayed a pulse like perturbation survives with axial wave numbers within the unstable band centered around the wave number of maximal growth $`k_{max}(m)k_c(m)`$. Since the above described wave packet contains vortex modes that can grow the pulse will grow as well. Simultaneously the pulse center travels axially for small $`ϵ`$ with the critical goup velocity

$$v_g=\frac{\omega (k)}{k}|_{k_c}.$$
(43)
Hence when at a bifurcation threshold the frequency is nonzero with a finite group velocity then the supercritical spatiotemporal growth behavior of an axially localized vortex perturbation differs significantly from an axially extended vortex mode. The growth of the latter is axially uniform which is not the case for the former.

Furthermore, one has to distinguish between two different supercritical regimes for the former: (i) In the so-called convectively unstable parameter regime of the basic state the vortex packet moves with the velocity $`v_g`$ faster away than it grows – while growing in the frame comoving with $`v_g`$ the pulse moves out of the system so that the basic state is restored b&b ; HUE . In other words, the two fronts that join the pulse intensity envelope to the structureless state propagate both in the direction in which the packet center moves. (ii) In the so called absolutely unstable parameter regime the growth rate of the packet is so large that one front propagates in the laboratory frame opposite to the center motion. Thus, the packet expands not only into the direction of the pulse motion but also opposite to it b&b  so that eventually the initial perturbation can fill the entire system. But the linear growth analysis of the vortex fields does not determine in what nonlinear final stable state the system will end nor what possible intermediate nonlinear transient behavior might occur.

However, this analysis has an important implication for experiments with through-flow: Developed vortex structures can be seen in finite systems with vortex suppressing inlet conditions only in the absolutely unstable regime which is typically realized at larger $`R_1>R_{1c}`$ (cf. Fig. 3) if one leaves aside noise-sustained patterns Deissler85 ; BAC-Pre94  in the convectively unstable regime. In this latter regime the vortex front that connects to the zero amplitude inlet condition moves downstream (we assume that the fronts of our forwards bifurcating vortex structures are linearly selected thus excluding the buildup of nonlinear fronts that might revert their propagation direction). In the absolutely unstable regime, on the other hand, an upstream motion of this front is stopped by the inlet condition at a characteristic downstream growth length from the inlet. This growth length of the downstream evolving vortex structure diverges MLK89 ; BLRS96  when approaching the boundary between convective and absolute instability from the latter regime.

It is remarkable that based on the experimental observations of Takeuchi and Jankowski TAK-JAN  such a behavior was discussed already in 1979 \[cf. figures 4 and 5(a) and their discussion in Sec. 6 of ref. TAK-JAN \], albeit without invoking the concept of absolute and convective instability b&b  which was introduced to a broader fluid dynamics community only a few years later HUE .

### IV.2 Boundary between convective and absolute instability: saddle point analysis

The boundary between convective and absolute instability of the basic flow against growth of vortices with a particular azimuthal wave number $`m`$ is marked by those parameter combinations for which one of the fronts of the linear packet of $`m`$-vortices reverts its propagation direction in the laboratory frame: In the convectively unstable parameter regime this front propagates in the same direction as the center of the packet, in the absolutely unstable regime it moves opposite to it, and right on the boundary between the two regimes the front is stationary in the laboratory frame.

This parameter combination can be determined by a saddle point analysis of the linear complex dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q)`$ over the plane of complex wave numbers HUE ; CRO-HOH

$$Q=\mathrm{}Q+i\mathrm{}Q=kiK.$$
(44)
Here we do not display the dependence of

$$\sigma (Q)=\mathrm{}\sigma (Q)+i\mathrm{}\sigma (Q)=\gamma (Q)i\omega (Q)$$
(45)
on the parameters $`R_1,R_2,Re,\eta `$ and we also do not indicate that the dispersion relations for vortex perturbations with different azimuthal wave numbers $`m`$ are different. The boundary condition of no growth for a front that is stationary in the laboratory system is

$$\mathrm{}\sigma =0$$
(46)
at the appropriate saddle position, $`Q^{}`$, of $`\sigma (Q)`$ in the complex wave number plane HUE . Here $`Q^{}`$ follows from

$$\frac{d\sigma (Q)}{dQ}|_Q^{}=0.$$
(47)
For fixed $`m,R_2,Re,\eta `$ eqs.(46,47) yield $`R_{1ca}`$. Here and in the following the subscript $`ca`$ identifies boundaries between convective and absolute instability. Thus, e.g., the basic flow state is convectively \[absolutely\] unstable against vortex perturbations with azimuthal wave number $`m`$ for $`R_{1c}(m)<R_1<R_{1ca}(m)`$ \[$`R_1>R_{1ca}(m)`$\] and absolutely stable when $`R_1<R_{1c}(m)`$.

We are interested here in the $`Re`$ dependence of these thresholds and we will discuss to that end the reduced boundary quantities

$$\mu _{ca}(Re)=\frac{R_{1ca}(Re)}{R_{1c}(Re)}1$$
(48)
and

$$ϵ_x(Re)=\frac{R_{1x}(Re)}{R_{1c}(Re=0)}1,\text{where}x=c\text{or}x=ca.$$
(49)
Because of the symmetries of $`\sigma (Q)`$, of its saddle-point $`Q^{}`$, and of the resulting boundary $`R_{1ca}(m,Re)`$ one has

$`k^{}(m,Re)`$ $`=`$ $`k^{}(m,Re)`$ (50)
$`K^{}(m,Re)`$ $`=`$ $`K^{}(m,Re)`$ (51)
$`\mu _{ca}(m,Re)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _{ca}(m,Re)`$ (52)
$`ϵ_{ca}(m,Re)`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{ca}(m,Re)`$ (53)
so that it suffices again to investigate only positive through-flow.

### IV.3 Numerical procedures

In order to determine the boundary between convective and absolute instability via the solution of eqs. (46, 47) one has to evaluate the dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q)`$ for complex $`Q`$ TAG-EDW-SWI ; BAC-Pre94 . To that end we solved the eigenvalue problem (28) of the full field equations for complex $`Q`$ (cf., Sec. IV.3.2). In addition and for comparison we used for $`\sigma (Q)`$ the Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation approximation which only requires knowledge of $`\sigma (k)`$ along the real $`k`$-axis.

#### IV.3.1 Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation approximation

Within this approximation the dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q)`$ for vortex modes is expanded in $`Q`$ and $`R_1`$ around the critical point $`k_c,R_{1c}`$

$`\sigma (Q,R_1)`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _c+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma }{Q}}\right)_c(Qk_c)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2\sigma }{Q^2}}\right)_c(Qk_c)^2`$ (55)
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma }{R_1}}\right)_c(R_1R_{1c})+h.o.t.`$
$`=`$ $`i\omega _civ_g(Qk_c){\displaystyle \frac{\xi _0^2}{\tau _0}}(1+ic_1)(Qk_c)^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(1+ic_0)}{\tau _0}}\mu +h.o.t..`$
The expansion coefficients in the above expressions appear also in the linear parts of the Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation CRO-HOH . They are obtained from the numerical solution of the eigenvalue problem (28) of the full field equations for real $`k`$ close to the critical point REC-LUE-MUE ; PIN .

Within the GLE approximation one gets from eqs. (46, 47)

$$Q^{}=\underset{k^{}}{\underset{}{k_c\frac{c_1\tau _0v_g}{2(1+c_1^2)\xi _0^2}}}i\underset{K^{}}{\underset{}{\frac{\tau _0v_g}{2(1+c_1^2)\xi _0^2}}},$$
(56)
$$\mu _{ca}=\frac{v_g^2\tau _0^2}{4(1+c_1^2)\xi _0^2},$$
(57)
and

$$ϵ_{ca}(Re)=ϵ_c(Re)+\frac{v_g^2\tau _0^2}{4(1+c_1^2)\xi _0^2}\left[1+ϵ_c(Re)\right].$$
(58)
Note that the GLE coefficients $`v_g,\tau _0,\xi _0,c_0,c_1`$ depend on $`m,R_2,Re,\eta `$. For $`m=0`$ and $`R_2=0`$ also the nonlinear coefficients of the GLE have been obtained for several $`\eta `$ as functions of $`Re`$ REC-LUE-MUE .

#### IV.3.2 Dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q)`$ of the NSE for complex $`Q`$

To assess the quality of the GLE results for the boundary between convective and absolute instability we determined the dispersion relation of the NSE not only for real $`k`$ close to the critical point but for complex axial wave numbers $`Q`$ that lie in the vicinity of the relevant saddle locations $`Q^{}`$ of $`\sigma (Q)`$. Having determined $`\sigma (Q)`$ as described in Sec. II.4 we solved the equations (46,47) for $`R_{1ca}`$ in the form

$$\gamma (Q^{})=0;\frac{\gamma (Q)}{K}|_Q^{}=0;\frac{\gamma (Q)}{k}|_Q^{}=0$$
(59)
that follows from using the Cauchy-Riemann relations for $`\sigma (Q)`$.

### IV.4 Results

In Fig. 4 we show the $`Re`$-variation of the real and imaginary parts of the relevant saddle-point $`Q^{}=k^{}iK^{}`$ at the boundary $`R_{1ca}`$ for two characteristic cases: (a) L-SPI ($`m=1`$) at $`R_2=0`$ and (b) R-SPI ($`m=1`$) at $`R_2=125`$. In each case full (dashed) lines were obtained from the correct NSE (approximate GLE) dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q)`$.

Case (a) is representative for a situation where the GLE approximation reasonably well reproduces the correct result – at least for small $`Re`$ – and starts to deviate significantly only for larger $`Re`$. On the other hand, in case (b) the GLE approximation to $`k^{}`$ displays a smooth variation with $`Re`$ that reflects the smooth variation of the saddle $`Q_{GLE}^{}`$ (56) of $`\sigma _{GLE}(Q)`$ (55) while the real part $`k^{}`$ of the saddle location of the correct dispersion relation undergoes a dramatic change around $`Re0.8`$. The reason is that the surfaces of $`\gamma (Q)=\mathrm{}\sigma (Q)`$ over the $`Q`$-plane for the two largest eigenvalues intersect and change their order along the $`\gamma `$ axis. Thus, the saddle that is relevant for the $`ca`$ transition and that has the largest $`\gamma `$ value switches from one eigenvalue surface to another. Similarly the eigenvalue surface might have another saddle and their ordering in $`\gamma `$ changes. In contrast to that the GLE approximation produces only a single eigenvalue tracing out the smooth surface $`\sigma _{GLE}(Q)`$ (55).

To give an impression of such an intersection of the correct dispersion surfaces we show in Fig. 5 their real parts over the complex $`Q`$plane at $`Re=5,\mu =\mu _{ca}`$. Full lines in Fig. 6 show different constant-$`k`$ sections through them in the intersection range. At $`Re=5,\mu =\mu _{ca}`$ the saddle has moved already away from the intersection region. The saddle coordinates ($`Q^{}4.73i1.76,\gamma ^{}=0`$) are indicated in Figs. 4, 5 by full dots.

While the saddle locations $`Q_{GLE}^{}`$ of the GLE approximation $`\sigma _{GLE}(Q)`$ (55) can differ substantially from the saddle $`Q^{}`$ of the correct dispersion relation the difference in the boundaries between convective and absolute instability is typically much less pronounced – cf, e.g., the dashed and full curves for $`ϵ_{ca}`$ in Fig. 3. There the GLE results (dashed lines) agree in each case quite well with the correct boundaries (full lines) up to, say $`Re=5`$. However, as a consequence of the typical increase of the reduced boundary $`\mu _{ca}`$ with increasing $`Re`$ the quality of the GLE results for $`\mu _{ca}`$ generally deteriorates. After all the GLE is strictly valid only for $`\mu 0`$. Fig. 7 shows an example ($`m=1,R_2=125`$) where the GLE prediction for the boundary shows even a qualitative different variation with $`Re`$ for, say, $`Re>15`$. We have observed similar behavior – partly at larger $`Re`$ – also for other combinations of $`m,R_2`$.

Tables 2 and 3 contain the coefficients for fitting our results for $`ϵ_{ca}(m=0,R_2,Re)`$ and $`ϵ_{ca}(m=1,R_2,Re)`$ in the same way as described in Sec. III.3. Also here the boundary curves for R-SPI $`(m=1)`$ are obtained according to Sec. III.2 from those for L-SPI $`(m=1)`$ by $`ReRe`$, i.e., by changing the sign of the odd coefficients in Table 3.

## V Fronts and pulses

The vortex fronts that we are investigating here and that appear also as constituents of vortex pulses are perturbations of the basic state where the fields (locally) have the form

$$\psi e^{i(k^{}z\omega ^{}t)}e^{K^{}(zv^{}t)}e^{im\phi }$$
(60)
in the laboratory frame. This form describes long-time spatiotemporal properties of uniquely selected linear fronts CRO-HOH . Axial front velocity $`v^{}`$, axial growth rate $`K^{}`$ of the front envelope, wave number $`k^{}`$ of the vortex pattern under the front, and its frequency $`\omega ^{}`$ are determined by the saddle behavior of the linear complex dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q,m)=\gamma (Q,m)i\omega (Q,m)`$ of the field equations over the plane of complex axial wave numbers $`Q=kiK`$. Since superpositions of vortex perturbations with different $`m`$ evolve independently from each other within the linear description as mentioned already in Sec. IV.1 we consider here only fronts of vortex perturbations that have a common azimuthal wave number $`m`$ and we do not always display the latter explicitly.

The saddle condition is CRO-HOH

$$\frac{d}{dQ}\left[\sigma \left(Q\right)+ivQ\right]|_{Q=Q^{}}=0.$$
(61)
And the stationarity requirement that the temporal growth rate of the front vanishes in the frame comoving with the front velocity $`v^{}`$ demands that

$$0=\mathrm{}\left[\sigma (Q)+ivQ\right]|_{Q=Q^{}}=\gamma (Q^{})+v^{}K^{}.$$
(62)
We combine (61) and (62) into the three equations

$$v^{}=\frac{\gamma (Q^{})}{K^{}}=\frac{\gamma (Q)}{K}|_Q^{};\frac{\gamma (Q)}{k}|_Q^{}=0$$
(63)
that we have solved for $`v^{},k^{},K^{}`$.

### V.1 Notation

The front envelope of (60) varies axially with $`e^{K^{}z}`$. If $`K^{}>0`$, then the perturbation grows at $`z=\mathrm{}`$ out of the basic state. We call such a front to be of type $`+`$ and identify the associated front properties by a subscript $`+`$. On the other hand, for $`K^{}<0`$ we have a front of type $``$ with an intensity envelope that joins at $`z=\mathrm{}`$ with the basic state. So the two subscripts $`\pm `$ identify the axial variations of the front envelopes. A pulse-like perturbation of the basic state would consist suffiently away from its center of a $`+`$ front for $`z\mathrm{}`$ and of a $``$ front for $`z\mathrm{}`$. Correspondingly the eqs. (63) have two different solutions: one of them describes a $``$ front and the other one a $`+`$ front. A schematic plot of the different envelope types can be seen in Fig. 8.

We identify the vortex pattern that is unfolded under a front either by its azimuthal wave number $`m`$ or by the superscripts T, L, R. Here T refers to a TVF-like pattern of vortices with $`m=0`$, L denotes L-spiral vortices with $`m=1`$, and R identifies R-spiral vortices with $`m=1`$. Hence $`m`$ or equivalently the superscripts identify the spatiotemporal structure of the vortex pattern growing under the front. In this work we restrict ourselves to these three vortex varieties. Since they appear under the above described two front envelopes there are six different fronts that we have investigated here.

### V.2 Results

In Fig. 9 the results of our investigations are shown for fronts with azimuthal wave numbers $`m`$ = 0, 1, and -1 for axial through-flow Reynolds numbers $`Re`$ =0, 10, and 20. In each case the outer cylinder is at rest, $`R_2=0`$. The front properties are presented as functions of $`\mu `$. Within each 2$`\times `$2 block of figures (a)-(i) the left column shows real part $`k^{}`$ and negative imaginary part $`K^{}`$ of the saddle point and the right column shows the front velocity $`v^{}`$ and the frequency $`\omega ^{}`$, respectively. They all start at $`\mu =0`$ since vortex growth is possible only above the critical threshold, i.e., for $`R_1>R_{1c}(Re)`$. The two critical fronts at this threshold are degenerate ($`k_{}^{}=k_+^{}=k_c,\omega _{}^{}=\omega _+^{}=\omega _c,v_{}^{}=v_+^{}=v_g`$) with vanishing axial growth rates $`K_{}^{}=K_+^{}=0`$. For $`\mu >0`$, however, $`+`$ and $``$ fronts differ from each other thus reflecting differences in the respective saddle points.

The variation of $`k^{},K^{},v^{}`$, and $`\omega ^{}`$ with $`\mu `$ and $`Re`$ is best understood by comparison with the corresponding GLE approximation (cf. Sec. V.2.1) and by invoking symmetry relations (cf. Sec. V.2.2). We therefore continue the discussion of our results in the following two sections V.2.1 and V.2.2.

#### V.2.1 Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation approximation

The saddle point analysis (61 \- 63) of the GLE approximation (55) yield the following front properties

$`K_\pm ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{(1+c_1^2)\xi _0^2}}},`$ (64)
$`k_\pm ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`k_cc_1K_\pm ^{},`$ (65)
$`v_\pm ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`v_g2(1+c_1^2){\displaystyle \frac{\xi _0^2}{\tau _0}}K_\pm ^{},`$ (66)
$`\gamma _\pm ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`v_\pm ^{}K_\pm ^{},`$ (67)
$`\omega _\pm ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\omega _c+v_g(k_\pm ^{}k_c)+(c_1c_0){\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _0}}.`$ (68)
for the two fronts with $`K_+^{}>0`$ and $`K_{}^{}<0`$, respectively. All quantities appearing in (64 \- 68) depend on whether they refer to T ($`m`$ = 0), L ($`m`$ = 1), or R ($`m`$ = -1) vortex fronts. These GLE results are shown in Fig. 9 by dashed lines.

They reasonably well describe the small-$`\mu `$ behavior of the correct front properties (full lines in Fig. 9) which were obtained from the correct dispersion relation of the NSE: As predicted by the small-$`\mu `$ GLE approximation (64 \- 68) one finds that for small $`\mu `$ the axial growth rates $`K^{}`$ vary $`\sqrt{\mu }`$, that consequently also $`k^{}k_c`$ and $`v^{}v_g`$ vary $`\sqrt{\mu }`$, and that $`\omega ^{}\omega _c`$ can have in addition also a contribution $`\mu `$ when $`c_1c_00`$. The latter is the case for $`m=\pm 1`$ irrespective of $`Re`$ and for $`m=0`$ if $`Re0`$.

Note that for TVF fronts with $`m=0,Re=0`$ the GLE predicts $`\omega ^{}=0`$ whereas the correct dispersion in Fig. 9(a) seems to show for small $`\mu `$ a variation of $`\omega ^{}\mu ^2`$ that is beyond the range of applicability of the GLE. Thus, under the linear part of a moving TVF front there should be a non zero phase propagation in the laboratory frame with phase velocity $`\omega ^{}/k^{}`$. The analogous behavior was found also for convection rolls in the Rayleigh-Bénard system BUE-LUE .

At the boundary between convective and absolute instability, $`\mu =\mu _{ca}`$, the velocity $`v_+^{}`$ and the temporal growth rate $`\gamma _+^{}`$ of the $`+`$ front vanish in the laboratory frame while $`v_{}^{}`$ is positive there (and given by 2 $`v_g`$ within the GLE approximation). Note that according to Fig. 3 and tables 2 and 3 $`\mu _{ca}`$ is zero for $`m=0,Re=0`$ and very small for $`m=\pm 1,Re=0`$. Only for large enough through-flow $`\mu _{ca}`$ becomes sizeable. In the convectively unstable regime $`0<\mu <\mu _{ca}`$ both, the $`+`$ front as well as the $``$ front of a vortex pulse move into the same downstream direction as the through-flow, $`0<v_+^{}<v_{}^{}`$. In the absolutely unstable regime $`\mu >\mu _{ca}`$, however, the $`+`$ front moves upstream and the $``$front moves downstream, $`v_+^{}<0<v_{}^{}`$.

In ref. NG-TUR  it was remarked that the phase velocity of spiral patterns in axial flow through a system of radius ratio $`\eta =0.95`$ SNY  deviates from the critical one, $`\omega _c/k_c`$, of axially extended vortex perturbations. While we have done only calculations for $`\eta =0.5`$ our results of Fig. 9 and of the small-$`\mu `$ GLE approximation (64 \- 68) shed some light on the existence of such deviations. Since the experimental vortex structures grow in downstream direction under intensity fronts one strictly speaking would have to compare with the phase velocity under such fronts that connect in the absolutely unstable regime to the fully developed downstream vortex pattern. Such a nonlinear analysis has been done for $`m=0`$ patterns BLRS96  but not for spirals. However, already the phase velocities $`\omega _+^{}/k_+^{}`$ under our linear $`+`$ fronts that grow in downstream direction differ from the corresponding critical phase velocities $`\omega _c/k_c`$ of axially extended patterns — cf. Fig. 9 and eqs. (64 \- 68).

#### V.2.2 Symmetries

The front properties shown in Fig. 9 are largely influenced by the symmetry properties of the system without through-flow although a finite $`Re`$ changes them.

Invariance of the field equations under $`zz`$ for $`Re=0`$ implies that stationary perturbations with $`\omega _c=0`$ (TVF) under a $`+`$ front are mirror images of those under a $``$ front. This implies for $`Re=0`$ the symmetry relations

$$(K,\omega ,v)_+^T=(K,\omega ,v)_{}^T;k_+^T=k_{}^T.$$
(69)
These symmetry properties of the two front types of T-perturbations can be seen in Fig. 9(a).

Now consider L and R perturbations. Here the invariance of the field equations under $`zz`$ for $`Re=0`$ implies first of all that a spatially extended L-SPI with uniform amplitude is the mirror image of a spatially extended R-SPI. Furthermore, a L-SPI under a $`+`$ front with positive $`K`$ is symmetry degenerate with a R-SPI under a $``$ front with negative $`K`$. Similarly a R-SPI under a $`+`$ type front is the mirror image of a L-SPI under a $``$ front. This implies for $`Re=0`$ the symmetry relations

$$(K,\omega ,v)_+^L=(K,\omega ,v)_{}^R;k_+^L=k_{}^R,$$
(70)
$$(K,\omega ,v)_+^R=(K,\omega ,v)_{}^L;k_+^R=k_{}^L.$$
(71)
They can be seen to be realized in Fig. 9(b) and Fig. 9(c).

The GLE approximation (64) - (68) shows beyond the relations (69)-(71) the following additional relations

$$k_+^T=k_{}^T=k_c^T;\omega _+^T=\omega _{}^T=0$$
(72)
$$K_+^L=K_{}^L=K_+^R=K_{}^R,$$
(73)
$$\omega _+^L=\omega _{}^L=\omega _+^R=\omega _{}^R$$
(74)
that follow from the fact, that $`\omega _c^T=v_g^T=c_0^T=c_1^T=0`$, $`k_c^R=k_c^L`$, $`v_g^R=v_g^L`$, $`\tau _0^R=\tau _0^L`$, $`c_0^R=c_0^L`$, $`c_1^R=c_1^L`$, and $`\xi _0^R=\xi _0^L`$ for $`Re=0`$ PIN .

## VI Summary

We have determined the influence of an axial through-flow on the spatiotemporal growth behavior of structurally different vortex perturbations of the basic Couette-Poiseuille flow in the Taylor-Couette system with radius ratio $`\eta =0.5`$. To that end we have solved the linearized NSE numerically with a shooting method for vortex perturbations with azmuthal wave numbers $`m=0`$ (TVF), $`m=1`$ (L-SPI), and $`m=1`$ (R-SPI) in a wide range of the parameters $`Re,R_1`$, and $`R_2`$. Here symmetry properties allowed us to restrict ourselves to positive through-flow Reynolds numbers $`Re`$. For each of the three different vortex varieties we have investigated (i) axially extended vortex structures with homogeneous amplitudes, (ii) axially localized vortex pulses consisting of a linear superposition of axially extended vortex modes with different real axial wave numbers $`k`$, and (iii) vortex fronts.

Central to our analysis is the determination of the complex dispersion relations $`\sigma (Q)`$ of the linearized NSE for vortex modes with the three different $`m`$. We have evaluated $`\sigma `$ over the plane of complex wave numbers $`Q=kiK`$ for patterns (ii, iii) and along the real $`k`$-axis for pattern (i). We have also determined the Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation approximation $`\sigma _{GLE}(Q)`$ in order to analyze its predictions for the vortex stuctures (ii, iii) in comparison with the correct NSE dispersion relation $`\sigma (Q)`$. In each case symmetry relations are elucidated.

First we have evaluated the critical bifurcation thresholds $`R_{1c}(Re,R_2,m)`$ for axially extended vortex structures. Then using a saddle-point analysis of $`\sigma (Q)`$ we have determined the boundaries $`R_{1ca}(Re,R_2,m)`$ between absolute and convective instability of the basic state at which one of the fronts of the expanding vortex pulses reverts its propagation direction in the laboratory frame. Here we have elucidated also in some detail how the different saddle topologies of $`\sigma (Q)`$ and of $`\sigma _{GLE}(Q)`$ explain some of the shortcomings of the latter. Fit parameters for power-law expansions of the reduced boundaries $`ϵ_c,ϵ_{ca}`$, and $`ϵ_{ca}^{GLE}`$ up to $`Re^4`$ are listed in two tables.

Finally we have determined the linearly selected front behavior of growing vortex patterns with $`m=0,\pm 1`$ for $`R_2=0`$ under two different types of front intensity envelopes: type $`+`$ shows growth in positive z-direction while type $``$ locates growth in negative z-direction. The combination of the three different dynamics of the constituent vortex modes ($`m=0,\pm 1`$) and of the two different spatial intensity profiles ($`+`$, $``$) leads to six different fronts $`e^{i(k^{}z\omega ^{}t)}e^{K^{}(zv^{}t)}`$ in the laboratory frame. Their velocity $`v^{}`$, spatial growth rate $`K^{}`$, wave number $`k^{}`$, and frequency $`\omega ^{}`$ as determined via a saddle point analysis of the respective dispersion relations differ in general from each other in the presence of a through-flow.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.


text: # Lifts of 𝐶_∞ and 𝐿_∞-morphisms to 𝐺_∞-morphisms