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# Geometry and Arithmetic of certain double octic Calabi–Yau manifolds

## 1. Introduction

One of the methods of constructing Calabi–Yau manifolds is to study a double covering of $`^3`$ branched along an octic surface. If the octic is smooth then the double covering is a smooth Calabi–Yau manifold. If the branch locus is singular one has to resolve the singularities of the double covering. In  a sufficient condition for the resolution to produce a Calabi–Yau manifold was given. This condition led to the description of a large class of surfaces (called octic arrangements) for which the double covering has a smooth model being Calabi–Yau. The resolution of singularities of those double solids was given and the Euler characteristic of the resulting Calabi–Yau manifolds was computed. Much more interesting than the Euler characteristic in that context are other invariants, the Hodge numbers. There are only two nontrivial ones, $`h^{1,1}`$ and $`h^{1,2}`$, their difference equals half of the Euler characteristic.

In general it is very difficult to compute Hodge numbers of threefolds, but for a Calabi–Yau manifold $`h^{1,2}`$ equals the number of infinitesimal deformations, so we can apply the results of . In the considered situation $`h^{1,2}`$ equals the sum of the number of equisingular deformations of the branch locus in $`^3`$ and the genera of all curves blown–up during the resolution.

The main goal of this paper is to provide a list of nice examples of double solid Calabi–Yau manifolds. It is possible to write down more than 370 examples. We shall include only a list of 85 examples that correspond to arrangements of eight planes defined over $``$. These examples satisfy certain additional properties, f.i., their Picard groups are generated by divisors defined over $``$.

We shall pay special attention to the examples with small number of deformations, we shall give a detailed description of seven rigid Calabi–Yau manifolds and equations of 14 one–dimensional families (with $`h^{1,2}=1`$). For all the rigid examples we verify the modularity conjecture. Due to the very simple form of our Calabi–Yau manifolds it is easy to compute the trace of Frobenius on $`H^2`$, which made the verification possible.

### Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Prof. Duco van Straten for his help during the work on this paper.

## 2. Double solid Calabi–Yau threefolds

Let $`X\stackrel{\text{ }\pi \text{ }}{}^3`$ be a double covering of $`^3`$ branched along an octic surface $`D`$. If $`D`$ is smooth then $`X`$ is a (smooth) Calabi–Yau manifold, if $`D`$ is singular then $`X`$ is also singular, and the singularities of $`X`$ are in one–to–one correspondence with the singularities of $`D`$. The singularities of $`X`$ can be resolved by a sequence of blow–ups of $`^3`$, more precisely there is a sequence of blow–ups with smooth centers $`\sigma :Y^3`$, and a smooth, reduced divisor $`D^{}`$ such that $`\sigma (D^{})=D`$ and $`D`$ is an even element of the Picard group $`\mathrm{Pic}(Y)`$ of $`Y`$. Then the double covering $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ of $`Y`$ branched along $`D^{}`$ is a smooth model of $`X`$ (for details see, f.i., ).

If the resolution can be realized by a sequence of blow–ups of

* double or 3–fold curves,
* 4–fold or 5–fold points

then $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a smooth Calabi–Yau manifold. It is quite easy to compute the Euler characteristic of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$, namely every blow–up of a 4–fold or 5–fold point increases the Euler number by 36, whereas every blow–up of a double or triple curve $`C`$ increases the Euler number by

$$7\mathrm{deg}(𝒪_X(D)|C)6\mathrm{deg}(^2𝒩_C).$$

In the case of triple curves and 5–fold points we should remember that after the blow–up we add the exceptional divisor to the branch locus. This may produce “new” singularities in the branch locus, which also require to be resolved (cf. )

Now assume that $`D`$ is an *octic arrangement* as in , i.e., a surface $`D^3`$ of degree 8 which is a sum of irreducible surfaces $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_r`$ with only isolated singular points satisfying the following conditions:

1. For any $`ij`$ the surfaces $`D_i`$ and $`D_j`$ intersect transversally along a smooth irreducible curve $`C_{i,j}`$ or they are disjoint,
2. The curves $`C_{i,j}`$ and $`C_{k,l}`$ either coincide, are disjoint or intersect transversally.

A singular point of $`D_i`$ we shall call an isolated singular point of the arrangement. A point $`PD`$ which belongs to $`p`$ of the surfaces $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_r`$ we shall call an arrangement $`p`$–fold point. We say that an irreducible curve $`CD`$ is a $`q`$–fold curve if exactly $`q`$ of the surfaces $`D_1,\mathrm{},D_r`$ pass through it.

We shall use the following numerical data for an arrangement:

* The degree of $`D_i`$,
* Number of arrangement $`q`$–fold points lying on exactly $`i`$ triple curves,
* Number of triple lines,
* Number of isolated $`q`$–fold points.

###### Theorem 2.1 ().

If an octic arrangement $`D`$ contains only

* double and triple curves,
* arrangement $`q`$–fold points, $`q=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}5}`$,
* isolated $`q`$–fold points, $`q=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}5}`$

then the double covering of $`^3`$ branched along $`D`$ has a non–singular model $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ which is a Calabi–Yau threefold.

Moreover if $`D`$ contains no triple elliptic curves then

$$\begin{array}{c}e(\stackrel{~}{X})=8\underset{i}{}(d_i^34d_i^2+6d_i)+2\underset{i<j}{}(4d_id_j)d_id_j\underset{i<j<k}{}d_id_jd_k\hfill \\ \hfill +4p_4^0+3p_4^1+16p_5^0+18p_5^1+20p_5^2+l_3+2m_2+36m_4+56m_5.\end{array}$$

The ordinary double points (nodes) play a special role in the above theorem. They are resolved by a small resolution (on the double covering). As a consequence $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ cannot be in general realized as a double covering, and it is even non–projective (or equivalently non–kähler). In this case it is easier to study a large resolution of $`X`$ which is a blow–up of the small resolution at the exceptional lines.

The resolution of singularities is done in the following way:

1. Blow–up of isolated singular points: For points of even multiplicity we take the strict transform of the branch divisor as the new branch divisor, for points of odd multiplicity we take the strict transform of the branch divisor plus the exceptional divisor as the new branch divisor. In the latter case we get a new double curve (projectivisation of the normal cone).
2. Blow–up of arrangement 5–fold points: We take the strict transform of the branch divisor plus the exceptional divisor as the new branch divisor. This introduces five double lines (lying on the exceptional divisor).
3. Blow–up of triple curves: We take the strict transform of the branch divisor plus the exceptional divisor as the new branch divisor. We get three copies of the blown–up curve as double curves. Moreover every 4–fold point lying on that curve gives rise to a double line.
4. Blow–up of arrangement 4–fold points: We take the strict transform of the branch divisor as the new branch divisor (no new singularities).
5. Blow–up of double curves: We take the strict transform of the branch divisor as the new branch divisor (no other singularities). Observe that arrangement triple points disappear.

Since $`Y`$ is a blow–up of $`^3`$ we have

###### Lemma 2.2.

The Picard group $`\mathrm{Pic}(Y)`$ is a free abelian group generated by the exceptional divisors and the pullback of a plane in $`^3`$. If $`D`$ contains no triple elliptic curves then

$$\rho (Y)=\mathrm{rank}\mathrm{Pic}(Y)=1+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{r}{2}\right)+p_4^0+p_4^1+6p_5^0+7p_5^1+8p_5^2+l_3+m_4+2m_5.$$

By the Lefschetz theorem on $`(1,1)`$–forms we have $`h^2(Y)=\rho (Y)`$. So the above theorem (together with the computation of the Euler characteristic) allows us to compute $`h^3(Y)`$ and so also $`h^{1,2}(Y)`$. However under assumption that the resolution is a sequence of blow–ups of double and 3–fold curves and 4–fold and 5–fold points, using the Leray spectral sequence (see \[3, Proposition 6.1\]) one can prove that $`h^{1,2}(Y)`$ is the sum of the genera of the blown–up curves. Now, simple computations show

###### Lemma 2.3.

If $`D`$ contains no triple elliptic curves then

$$h^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_Y^1)=6m_5+\frac{1}{2}\underset{i<j}{}d_id_j(d_i+d_j4)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{r}{2}\right).$$

Since $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a Calabi–Yau manifold we have $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{X}}^2𝒯_{\stackrel{~}{X}}`$, and so we can use the results of  to compute the Hodge number $`h^{1,2}(\stackrel{~}{X})`$.

###### Theorem 2.4 (\[3, Prop. 3.1 ,Thm. 5.1\]).

1. $`h^{1,2}(\stackrel{~}{X})=h^{1,2}(Y)+h^1(𝒯_Y(\mathrm{log}D^{})),`$
2. $`h^1(𝒯_Y(\mathrm{log}D^{}))`$ equals the number of equisingular deformations of $`D`$ in $`^3`$.

Roughly speaking an equisingular deformation of an octic arrangement is a deformation that preserves the numerical data of the arrangement (number and type of singularities). Clearly equisingular deformations allow a simultaneous resolution and hence give a deformation of the double covering. Much more complicated is the geometric meaning of deformations coming from blow–ups of curves ($`H^1(𝒯_Y)`$). Those deformations correspond to ruled surfaces in the Calabi–Yau manifold, their geometry is explained in  (see also ).

The number $`h^1(𝒯_Y(\mathrm{log}D^{}))`$ can also be computed from

###### Lemma 2.5 (\[3, Thm. 5.5\]).

$$h^1(𝒯_Y(\mathrm{log}D^{}))=dim_{}(I_{\mathrm{eq}}/Jf)^{(8)},$$

where $`I`$ is an equisingular ideal of $`D`$ defined by

$$I_{\mathrm{eq}}=\underset{C}{}\left(I_C^{mult_CD}+Jf\right),$$

the intersection being taken over all multiple curves and points of the arrangement $`D`$, and

$$Jf:=(\frac{f}{z_0},\mathrm{},\frac{f}{z_3})$$

is the Jacobian ideal of $`D`$.

Using Lemmas 2.3 and 2.5 we can compute the Hodge numbers of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ with a computer algebra system. The restriction is that the arrangement should be defined over the rational numbers (we should be able to factorize the equation and find the triple curves, 4–fold and 5–fold points — for isolated 4–fold and 5–fold points this requires use of primary decomposition). This way we were able to study over 360 arrangements (compute the numerical invariants of the arrangements and the Hodge numbers of the resulting Calabi–Yau manifolds). In the following table we collect the numerical data of 85 configurations of eight planes. The table was verified with a Singular () program.

###### Remark 2.6.

Observe that arrangements 83 and 84 have the same number and type of singularities but different Hodge numbers (which proves that the Hodge numbers are not functions of the other numerical data).

## 3. Arrangements with $`h^1𝒯_{\stackrel{~}{X}}1`$

Table 1 contains seven examples of rigid Calabi–Yau manifolds and 14 examples with $`h^1𝒯_{\stackrel{~}{X}}=1`$. We shall describe the arrangements for which the resulting Calabi–Yau is infinitesimally rigid (i.e., $`h^1𝒯_{\stackrel{~}{X}}=0`$) and give equations of those for which the resulting Calabi–Yau deforms in a one–dimensional family.

### 3.1. Rigid arrangements

We give a detailed description of all rigid arrangements.

Arrangement no. 2 may be defined by the equation

$$xyzt(x+y)(y+z)(z+t)(t+x),$$

it consists of the faces of a tetrahedron and additional four planes going trough four vertices of the tetrahedron and intersecting in one point.

(1:0:0:0), (0:1:0:0), (0:0:1:0), (0:0:0:1),

(1:-1:0:0), (0:1:-1:0), (0:0:1:-1), (1:0:0:-1),

(1:-1:1:-1),

$`x=y=0`$, $`y=z=0`$, $`z=t=0`$, $`t=x=0`$.

Arrangement no. 6 may be defined by the equation

$$xy(xy)(xz)(xt)(yz)(yt)(x+2yzt),$$

(1:1:1:1), (0:0:1:0), (0:0:0:1),

(0:0:1:-1), (1:1:1:2), (1:1:2:1),

(0:1:1:1), (1:0:1:0), (1:0:0:1),

$`x=y=0`$, $`x=y=t`$, $`x=y=z`$.

Arrangement no. 23 may be defined by the equation

$$xyzt(x+y)(x+z)(x+y+z+t)(yzt),$$

(0:0:0:1),

(0:0:1:-1),

(0:1:0:1), (0:1:0:-1), (0:1:0:0), (0:0:1:0),

(1:-1:-1:0), (1:0:0:0), (1:0:-1:0), (1:-1:0:0),

$`x=y=0`$, $`x=z=0`$.

Arrangement no. 43 may be defined by the equation

$$xyz(xt)(yt)(zt)(x+y+zt)(xy+zt),$$

it consists of the faces of a cube and additional two planes through three vertices of the cube intersecting along the diagonal of a face.
(1:0:0:1), (0:0:1:1),     (0:1:0:1),     (0:1:0:1), (0:0:1:0), (0:1:0:0),
(1:0:0:0), (1:1:1:1),     $`x+zt=y=0`$.

Arrangement no. 61 may be defined by the equation

$$xyz(xt)(yt)(zt)(x+y+z2t)(x+y),$$

it consists of the faces of a cube and additional two planes, one through three vertices and the other through four vertices of the cube and intersecting along the diagonal of a face.
(0:0:1:0),     (0:0:0:1), (0:0:2:1), (0:0:1:1),     (1:1:0:1), (1:0:1:1), (0:1:0:0),
(1:0:0:0), (0:1:1:1), (1:-1:0:0),     $`x=y=0`$.

Arrangement no. 84 may be defined by the equation

$$(xt)(x+t)(yt)(y+t)(zt)(z+t)(x+y+z+t)(x+y+z3t),$$

it consists of the faces of a cube and additional two parallel planes, one through three vertices of the cube and the second through one. The 4–fold points are: four vertices, three points at infinity which are the intersection of parellel edges of the cube, and three points of intersection at infinity of a pair of parallel faces of the cube and the additional two planes.
(1:1:-1:-1), (1:-1:1:-1), (1:-1:-1:1),
(1:0:0:0), (0:1:0:0), (0:0:1:0), (0:1:-1:0),
(1:0:-1:0), (1:-1:0:0), (1:1:1:1).

Arrangement no. 84a with the same numerical data as arrangement 84 may be defined by the equation

$$(xt)(x+t)(yt)(y+t)(zt)(z+t)(x+y+zt)(x+y+z3t),$$

(1:-1:-1:-1), (1:-1:1:1), (1:1:-1:1),
(1:0:0:0), (0:1:0:0), (0:0:1:0), (0:1:-1:0),
(1:0:-1:0), (1:-1:0:0), (1:1:1:1).

Arrangement no. 85 may be defined by the equation

$$(xt)(x+t)(yt)(y+t)(zt)(z+t)(x+y+z+t)(x+y+zt),$$

it consists of the faces of a cube and additional two parallel planes through three vertices. The 4–fold points are: six vertices, three points at infinity which are the intersection of parellel edges of the cube, and three points of intersection at infinity of a pair of parallel faces of the cube and the additional two planes.
(1:1:-1:-1), (1:-1:1:-1), (1:-1:-1:1),
(1:0:0:0), (0:1:0:0), (0:0:1:0),
(0:1:-1:0), (1:0:-1:0), (1:-1:0:0),
(1:1:-1:1), (1:-1:1:1), (-1:1:1:1).

Equivalently this configuration may be described as a symmetric octahedron. The 4–fold points are now: six vertices of the octahedron and six points at infinity of intersections of parallel edges.

### 3.2. One–dimensional families

The following table lists equations of one–dimensional families containing arrangements with $`h^1𝒯_{\stackrel{~}{X}}=1`$.

$$\begin{array}{cc}1& xyzt(x+y)(y+z)(z+t)(Ax+Bt)\hfill \\ 5& xy(xy)(yz)(yt)(xz)(xt)\times \hfill \\ & \times (Ax+ByAz+(AB)t)\hfill \\ 10& xyzt(x+y)(x+t)(z+t)\times \hfill \\ & \times (Ax+(AB)y+(BA)z+Bt)\hfill \\ 11& xyzt(x+y)(x+t)(z+t)(By+Cz+(CB)t)\hfill \\ 14& xyzt(x+y)(x+z)(yz+t)(A(yz)+Bt)\hfill \\ 18& xyzt(x+y)(x+z)(Ax+By+At)(Ax+Bz+At)\hfill \\ 22& xyzt(x+y)(x+z)(Ax+Ay+Az+Ct)(AyAzCt)\hfill \\ 28& xyzt(x+y)(x+z)(A(yz)+Bt)(x+y+z+t)\hfill \\ 31& xyzt(x+y)(z+t)(y+z+Dt)(\frac{D}{1D}x+y+z)\hfill \\ 42& xyzt(x+y+z+t)(Ax+By+Az+Bt)\times \hfill \\ & \times (ABx+B^2y+A^2z+ABt)\times \hfill \\ & \times (A^2x+ABy+ABz+B^2t)\hfill \\ 54& xyzt(x+y+z+t)(By+Cz+Ct)(BxCz+Bt)\times \hfill \\ & \times (Bx+By+(B+C)t)\hfill \\ 60& xyzt(x+y+z+t)(Ay+Az+Bt)(Ax+Az+Bt)\times \hfill \\ & \times (Ax+Ay+2Az+ABt)\hfill \\ 82& (xt)(x+t)(yt)(y+t)(zt)(z+t)\times \hfill \\ & \times (Ax+By+BzAt)(Ax+By+Bz+(A+2B)t)\hfill \\ 83& (xt)(x+t)(yt)(y+t)(zt)(z+t)\times \hfill \\ & \times (Ax+By+BzAt)(Ax+By+Bz+At)\hfill \end{array}$$

## 4. The $`L`$–series of rigid Calabi–Yau manifolds

If $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a Calabi–Yau manifold defined over $``$, and $`p`$ is a good prime (i.e., a prime such that the reduction of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ mod $`p`$ is nonsingular) the map

$$\mathrm{Frob}_p^{}:H_{\text{ét}}^i(\stackrel{~}{X},_l)H_{\text{ét}}^i(\stackrel{~}{X},_l)$$

on $`l`$–adic cohomology induced by the geometric Frobenius morphism gives rise to $`l`$–adic Galois representations

$$\rho _{l,i}:\mathrm{Gal}(\overline{}/)\mathrm{GL}_{h^i}(_l).$$

If a Calabi–Yau manifold $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is *rigid* (i.e., $`h^{1,2}(\stackrel{~}{X})=0`$ or equivalently $`h^2(\stackrel{~}{X})=2`$) then $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is expected to be *modular* (see  for a good account on this conjecture). More precisely it is conjectured that for any rigid Calabi–Yau $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ the $`L`$–series of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ equals the $`L`$–series of a cusp form $`f`$ of weight $`4`$ for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0(N)`$.

We shall verify the modularity conjecture for all rigid Calabi–Yau manifolds constructed in the paper.

###### Lemma 4.1.

The Calabi–Yau manifolds $`\stackrel{~}{X}_p`$ associated to arrangements no $`2,6,23,43,61,85`$ are smooth for all primes $`p3`$, the Calabi–Yau manifolds $`\stackrel{~}{X}_p`$ associated to arrangements no $`84,84^a`$ are smooth for all primes $`p5`$.

###### Proof.

Since the singularities of planes arrangements are defined by ranks of some minors of $`8\times 4`$ matrices of coefficients, it is enough to verify the lemma for the primes dividing any minor of the matrices. This is easily done with a computer. ∎

###### Lemma 4.2.

All eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{Frob}_p^{}`$ on $`H_{\text{ét}}^2(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ are equal to $`p`$ (for $`p5`$).

###### Proof.

The Picard group $`\mathrm{Pic}(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ splits into a sum of symmetric part and skew–symmetric part. The symmetric part is naturally isomorphic to $`\mathrm{Pic}(Y)`$. By Lemma 2.2

$$\mathrm{rank}\mathrm{Pic}(Y)=29+p_4^0+p_4^1+6p_5^0+7p_5^1+8p_5^2+l_3.$$

Consequently for arrangements $`2,6,23,43,61`$ we get $`\mathrm{Pic}(\stackrel{~}{X})\mathrm{Pic}(Y)`$, i.e., all the divisors are even and defined over $``$. For arrangements $`84,84^a`$ the rank of the skew–symmetric part of the Picard group is one, it is generated by the divisor associated to the contact hyperplane $`t=0`$. For arrangement $`85`$ the rank of the skew–symmetric part of the Picard group is three, it is generated by the divisors associated to the contact hyperplanes $`t=0`$, $`xy=0`$ and $`xz=0`$. In all cases the Picard group of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is generated by divisors defined over $``$. ∎

Denote

$$t_i:=tr(\mathrm{Frob}_p^{}:H_{\text{ét}}^i(\stackrel{~}{X})).$$

From the above Lemma, Poincaré duality and the Weil conjectures we get

$`t_0=1,`$ $`t_1=0,`$ $`t_2=ph^{1,1},`$
$`t_4=p^2h^{1,1},`$ $`t_5=0,`$ $`t_6=p^3.`$
The coefficients of the $`L`$–series can now be computed from the Lefschetz fixed point formula

$$a_p:=t_3=1+p^3+h^{1,1}(p+p^2)\mathrm{\#}\stackrel{~}{X}(𝔽_p).$$

For computations of the number of points we used a computer program. We should note that the number does not only depend on the branch divisor, but actually on its equation. Multiplying the equation of the branch divisor by squarefree integers we get new (non–isomorphic over $``$) Calabi–Yau manifolds.

The computation was organized as follows: First we computed the number of points on the singular double covering of $`^3(𝔽_p)`$, i.e., the number of points in $`^3(𝔽_p)`$ for which the value of the branch divisor equation is a square (in $`𝔽_p`$). Then we have to take into account the resolution of singularities.

Blowing up a 5–fold point replaces a point on the double covering by a plane (since the exceptional divisor is contained in the branch locus), but we add five double lines and $`0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}`$ or two $`p_4^1`$ points (depending on the number of triple lines through this point).

Blowing up a triple line replaces a line on the double covering by $`^1\times ^1`$. This introduces new double lines, altogether 3 plus the number of 4–fold points on the triple line.

Blowing up a double line replaces a line on the double covering by a double covering of $`^1\times ^1`$ which is also $`^1\times ^1`$, so we add $`p^2+2p+1(p+1)=p^2+p`$ points.

Altogether blowing up double and triple lines and 5–fold points adds

$$(p_4^1+6p_5^0+7p_5^1+8p_5^2+l_3+29)(p+p^2)$$

points to the double covering.

We cannot write down a similarly simple formula for blowing up a 4–fold point. The reason is that the blow–up of a 4–fold point replaces a point on the double covering by a double covering of a projective plane branched along four lines (projectivisation of the normal cone). So we have to write down the equation for every 4–fold point and compute the number of points on the double covering (in the same way as for the double covering of $`^3`$). We should however take into account the coefficient coming from the planes not passing through the 4–fold point (product of the values of the equations).

All this can be done with a computer leading to the following table of coefficients:

| p | 5 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 23 | 73 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arrangement 2 | | | | | 8k4A | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | -2 | 24 | -44 | 22 | 50 | 44 | -56 | 154 |
| Arrangement 6 | | | | | 32k4C | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | -10 | -16 | 40 | -50 | -30 | -40 | -48 | -630 |
| Arrangement 23 | | | | | 64k4A | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | -22 | 0 | 0 | 18 | -94 | 0 | 0 | 1098 |
| Arrangement 43 | | | | | 16k4A | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | -2 | -24 | 44 | 22 | 50 | -44 | 56 | 154 |
| Arrangement 61 | | | | | 64k4C | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | 2 | -24 | -44 | -22 | 50 | 44 | 56 | 154 |
| Arrangement 84 | | | | | 6k4A | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | 6 | -16 | 12 | 38 | -126 | 20 | 168 | 218 |
| Arrangement 84a | | | | | 12k4A | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | -18 | 8 | 36 | -10 | 18 | -100 | 72 | 26 |
| Arrangement 85 | | | | | 8k4A | | | |
| $`a_p`$ | -2 | 24 | -44 | 22 | 50 | 44 | -56 | 154 |

Comparing the computed values with the coefficients of certain cusp forms of weight 4 from Stein’s table (; we use his notation for the classification of newforms) we observe that they agree for all listed primes. Following the guidelines of  or  we can conclude that they agree for all primes $`p5`$ and so the studied Calabi–Yau manifolds are modular.

###### Remark 4.3.

The Calabi-Yau threefolds constructed from arrangements 2 and 85 have the same $`L`$-series (up to factors at the primes of bad reduction), but different Hodge numbers. We can obtain the same $`L`$-series by multiplying the equations of no. 43 resp. 61 by -1 resp. -2.


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# 𝚪-cohomology of rings of numerical polynomials and 𝑬_∞ structures on 𝑲-theory

## Introduction

In homotopy theory it is often not sufficient to have homotopy ring structures on a spectrum in order to construct for instance homotopy fixed points under a group action or quotient spectra. For this, it is necessary to have ring structures which are not just given up to homotopy but where these homotopies fulfil certain coherence conditions. We will prove the existence and uniqueness of certain $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures, *i.e.*, structures on spectra which encode a coherent homotopy commutative multiplication.

In , Alan Robinson developed a purely algebraic obstruction theory for $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on homotopy associative and commutative ring spectra. The device for deciding whether a spectrum possesses such a structure is a cohomology theory for commutative algebras, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology. When applied to the cooperation algebra $`E_{}E`$ of a ring spectrum $`E`$, the vanishing of these cohomology groups implies the existence of an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure on $`E`$ which extends the given homotopy ring structure.

We will apply Robinson’s obstruction theory to complex $`K`$-theory $`KU`$, its $`p`$-localization $`KU_{(p)}`$, its Adams summand $`E(1)`$, with

$$KU_{(p)}\underset{i=0}{\overset{p2}{}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{2i}E(1),$$

and to real $`K`$-theory $`KO`$. Our main topological result is

###### Theorem.

There are unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`KU`$, the Adams summand $`E(1)`$ and $`KO`$.

This process can then be refined to give $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on the connective covers. For the higher Johnson-Wilson spectra $`E(n)`$ with $`n1`$ we will consider the $`I_n`$-adic completion.

The existence of $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`KU`$ and $`KO`$ was already known: in \[26, Chapter VIII\] $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures for the connective versions $`ku`$ and $`ko`$ were constructed and the techniques of \[17, VIII\] lead to $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ models for $`KU`$ and $`KO`$. Recently, Joachim  has described such a structure for $`KO`$ in the context of symmetric spectra. But as far as we know the uniqueness of these structures has not previously been documented. The existence and uniqueness for $`E(1)`$ appears to be new. We also show that the connective Adams summand $`\mathrm{}`$ at an odd prime $`p`$ admits an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure; on the $`p`$-completion $`\mathrm{}_p^\mathrm{^}`$ an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure was earlier constructed by McClure and Staffeldt . In subsequent work we have shown that $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`ku`$, $`ko`$, $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`\mathrm{}_p^\mathrm{^}`$ are unique.

By  it is known that the Lubin-Tate spectra $`E_n`$ have unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures. In particular, $`E_1=KU_p^\mathrm{^}`$ has a unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure. The work of Hopkins and Miller  and Goerss and Hopkins  establishes $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on the Lubin-Tate spectra $`E_n`$ and identified the homotopy type of the space of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ (resp. $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$) maps between any two of these spectra. With the help of these results the homotopy action of the Morava-stabilizer group on $`E_n`$ could be rigidified to an action of Morava-stabilizer group on $`E_n`$ by $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ (resp. $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$) maps.

The existence of unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`KU_p^\mathrm{^}`$ and $`E(1)_p^\mathrm{^}`$ follow directly from the calculation of continuous $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology. In \[19, §1\], Hovey and Strickland asked whether the $`I_n`$-adic completion of $`E(n)`$, $`\widehat{E(n)}`$, has $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures.

###### Theorem.

For all $`n1`$ and all primes $`p`$, $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ possesses a unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure.

We give an elementary proof of this which relies on Robinson’s obstruction theory ; the result for $`E_n`$ then follows using ideas of . However, so far we have not been able to extend this result to $`E(n)`$ itself since the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`E(n)_{}E(n)`$ appears to be very non-trivial in positive degrees for $`n>1`$.

### Notation and tools

All otherwise unspecified tensor products are taken over $``$ or a localization at a prime $`p`$, $`_{(p)}`$. We denote by $`_p`$, $`_p`$ and $`\widehat{}`$ the rings of $`p`$-adic integers, $`p`$-adic rationals and profinite integers respectively, while $`\widehat{}=\widehat{}`$. For an arbitrary unital commutative ring $`R`$ we denote the rationalization of $`R`$ by $`R_{}`$.

In the body of this paper we will repeatedly use properties of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology. For the reader’s convenience we recall some of its crucial features here.

* Given a commutative $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-algebra $`A`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`A`$ with coefficients in an $`A`$-module $`M`$, $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)`$, is defined in  as the cohomology of the derived $`A`$-homomorphisms from a certain chain complex of $`A`$-modules $`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{}`$ to $`M`$.
* This way of defining $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology ensures that each short exact sequence of $`A`$-modules

$$0M^{}MM^{\prime \prime }0$$

leads to a long exact sequence of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups. It is also clear that in good cases there is a universal coefficient spectral sequence

$$\mathrm{E}_2^,=\mathrm{Ext}_A^,(\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};A),M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M).$$

Here $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};A)`$ denotes the homology of $`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{}`$.
* In \[33, 6.8\], it is shown that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology vanishes if $`A`$ is étale over $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$, and that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology satisfies Flat Base Change and has a Transitivity Sequence.
* Last but not least, if $`A`$ is a $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-algebra and $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$, then the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`A`$ with coefficients in $`M`$ coincides with André-Quillen cohomology $`\mathrm{AQ}^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)`$; for details see \[33, 6.4\].

Convenient and concise sources for the definitions of André-Quillen homology and cohomology are  where they are denoted $`\mathrm{D}_{}()`$ and $`\mathrm{D}^{}()`$.

The main techniques we use for the $`K`$-theoretic examples involve the passage to a continuous version of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology which we introduce in Section 2, and a description of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups of the relevant cooperation algebras in terms of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups of colimits of étale algebras at each prime (which turn out to vanish) and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups of algebras which are rationally smooth and can be calculated. At the technical heart of our arguments for the $`K`$-theoretic examples is Theorem 5.1.

## 1. Linear compactness and cohomology

The results in this section and Section 2 will play a crucial rôle in our proof of Corollary 5.2 when we calculate the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of numerical polynomials and more generally for the proof of Theorem 5.1, where Corollary 1.3 and Proposition 1.4 will help us to identify certain $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups of complete algebras with inverse limits of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups of quotient algebras.

Let $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ be a commutative Noetherian ring and let $`𝔪\mathrm{𝕜}`$ be a maximal ideal. We topologize $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ with respect the $`𝔪`$-adic topology where the open neighbourhoods of $`0`$ are the ideals $`𝔪^k\mathrm{𝕜}`$ for $`k0`$. In the following we will assume that $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ is Hausdorff with respect to this $`𝔪`$-adic topology, *i.e.*, that

(1.1)
$$\underset{k0}{}𝔪^k=0.$$

For each $`k0`$, $`𝔪^k`$ is a finitely-generated $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-module, while $`𝔪^k/𝔪^{k+1}`$ is a finitely-generated $`\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪`$-module which is therefore an Artinian $`\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪`$-module.

Now let $`A`$ be a commutative unital $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-algebra. The ideals $`𝔪^kA=A𝔪^kA`$ also generate a topology on $`A`$ which is Hausdorff if

(1.2)
$$\underset{k0}{}A𝔪^k=0.$$

Then the unit homomorphism $`\mathrm{𝕜}A`$ is automatically continuous and if $`A`$ is augmented over $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ then the augmentation is also continuous. Furthermore, $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is a topological algebra over the topological ring $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$. We say that $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is Hausdorff if both (1.1) and (1.2) hold.

If $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is a Hausdorff topological algebra, then the *$`𝔪`$-adic completion* of $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is $`(A_𝔪^\mathrm{^},\mathrm{𝕜}_𝔪^\mathrm{^})`$, where

$$A_𝔪^\mathrm{^}=\underset{k}{lim}A/𝔪^kA,\mathrm{𝕜}_𝔪^\mathrm{^}=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k.$$

We say that $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is *$`𝔪`$-adically complete* if $`A_𝔪^\mathrm{^}=A`$ and $`\mathrm{𝕜}_𝔪^\mathrm{^}=\mathrm{𝕜}`$. When $`𝔪`$ is clear from the context we will sometimes simplify notation by writing $`(\widehat{A},\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}})=(A_𝔪^\mathrm{^},\mathrm{𝕜}_𝔪^\mathrm{^})`$. If $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is augmented over $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ then $`(A_𝔪^\mathrm{^},\mathrm{𝕜}_𝔪^\mathrm{^})`$ is augmented over $`\mathrm{𝕜}_𝔪^\mathrm{^}`$.

Recall from  the property of a topological left module $`M`$ over a topological algebra $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ being *linearly compact*:

* If $`\{x_\lambda +N_\lambda \}_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is a collection of cosets of closed submodules $`N_\lambda M`$ such that every finite collection of the cosets $`x_\lambda +N_\lambda `$ has non-trivial intersection, then

$$\underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}{}x_\lambda +N_\lambda \mathrm{}.$$

We will make repeated use of the following vanishing result of \[21, p. 57, théorème 7.1\] for the higher derived functors of the inverse limit for inverse systems of linearly compact modules.

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`\{M_i\}_{iI}`$ be an inverse system of linearly compact $`A`$-modules and continuous $`A`$-linear maps. Then for all $`s>0`$ we have

$$\underset{i}{lim}^sM_i=0.$$

Recall that a topological $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-module $`M`$ is *topologically free on a countable basis $`\{b_i\}_{i1}`$* if for each element $`xM`$ and $`k1`$, in $`M/𝔪^kM`$ considered as an $`\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k`$-module, there is a unique (finite) expansion

$$\overline{x}=\underset{i1}{}\overline{r}_i\overline{b}_i$$

with $`\overline{r}_i\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k`$ and where $`\overline{b}_iM/𝔪^kM`$ is the residue class of $`b_i`$. As a consequence, $`x`$ has a unique expansion as a limit sum

$$x=\underset{i1}{}t_ib_i$$

where $`t_i0`$ as $`i\mathrm{}`$; this means that for each $`k`$, there is an $`n_k`$ such that for $`i>n_k`$ we have $`t_i𝔪^k`$. The linear topology on $`M`$ has basic open neighbourhoods of $`0`$ of the form $`𝔪^kM`$. Now the Noetherian condition on $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ implies that

(1.3)
$$𝔪^kM=\{\underset{i1}{}t_ib_i:t_i𝔪^k\text{}t_i0\text{ as }i\mathrm{}\}.$$

For two topological left $`R`$-modules $`L`$ and $`M`$ over a commutative topological ring $`R`$, we let

$$\mathrm{om}_R(L,M)\mathrm{Hom}_R(L,M)$$

be the submodule of continuous $`R`$-module homomorphisms.

###### Proposition 1.2.

Suppose that $`M`$ is a finitely generated $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-module which is complete and Hausdorff with respect to the $`𝔪`$-adic topology. If $`L`$ is a $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-module which is complete with respect to the $`𝔪`$-adic topology and topologically free on a countable basis then $`\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)`$ is a linearly compact $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-module.

###### Proof.

Assume first that $`L`$ is Hausdorff with respect to the $`𝔪`$-adic topology. Note that

$$\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)=\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,\underset{k}{lim}M/𝔪^kM)=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M/𝔪^kM).$$

If $`\{b_j\}_{j1}`$ is a topological basis for $`L`$, then using the Noetherian condition on $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ we find that the basic neighbourhoods of $`0`$ in $`L`$ are the submodules $`𝔪^kLL`$. From this we find that

$`\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M/𝔪^kM)`$ $`=\mathrm{om}_{\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k}(L/𝔪^kL,M/𝔪^kM)`$
$`=\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k}(L/𝔪^kL,M/𝔪^kM)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j1}{}}\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k}((\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k)b_j,M/𝔪^kM).`$
But

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k}((\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k)b_j,M/𝔪^kM)=M/𝔪^kM$$

and this is Artinian, hence linearly compact. This in turn implies that the final product above is also linearly compact. The claim now follows since $`lim_k\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M/𝔪^kM)`$ is a closed subspace of the product

$$\underset{j1}{}\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k}((\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k)b_j,M/𝔪^kM).$$

Now we consider what happens when $`L`$ is not necessarily Hausdorff. In this case, Nakayama’s Lemma implies that for any $`f\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)`$ we have

$$f\left(\underset{k1}{}𝔪^kL\right)=0.$$

Hence such an $`f`$ factors through the quotient

$$L_0=L/\underset{k1}{}𝔪^kL,$$

so we might as well replace $`L`$ by this Hausdorff quotient. Then we have

(1.4)
$$\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)=\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L_0,M).\mathit{}$$

We can apply this to prove the following.

###### Corollary 1.3.

Suppose further that $`A`$ is a topological $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-algebra with respect to the $`𝔪`$-adic topology inherited from $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ and that $`L`$ and $`M`$ are topological $`A`$-modules. Then $`\mathrm{om}_A(L,M)\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)`$ is a closed $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-submodule. Hence $`\mathrm{om}_A(L,M)`$ is linearly compact.

###### Proof.

Again we first consider the case where $`L`$ is Hausdorff. The two continuous action maps

$$A_\mathrm{𝕜}\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)$$

given by

$$afaf,aff(a())$$

are equalized on $`\mathrm{om}_A(L,M)`$, so this is a closed subset of $`\mathrm{om}_\mathrm{𝕜}(L,M)`$. For $`L`$ not Hausdorff we see as above that $`\mathrm{om}_A(L,M)\mathrm{om}_A(L_0,M)`$. ∎

Note that if $`A`$ is not necessarily Hausdorff, then setting

$$A_0=A/\underset{k1}{}𝔪^kA$$

we have

$$\mathrm{om}_A(L,M)=\mathrm{om}_{A_0}(L_0,M).$$

###### Proposition 1.4.

Let $`(C^{},\delta )`$ be a cochain complex of linearly compact and Hausdorff $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-modules where for each $`n`$, the coboundary $`\delta ^n:C^nC^{n+1}`$ is continuous. Then for each $`n`$, $`\mathrm{H}^n(C^{},\delta )`$ is linearly compact.

###### Proof.

Since each $`C^n`$ is linearly compact and Hausdorff, the submodules $`\mathrm{Im}\delta ^{n1}`$ and $`\mathrm{Ker}\delta ^n`$ of $`C^n`$ are both closed. Therefore

$$\mathrm{H}^n(C^{},\delta )=\mathrm{Ker}\delta ^n/\mathrm{Im}\delta ^{n1}$$

is also linearly compact. ∎

## 2. Continuous $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology

In this section we discuss some technical issues related to our calculations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology later in the paper. Continuous cohomology of profinite groups is described in ; for analogues appearing in topology see ; our present theory is modelled closely on the presentations in those references.

Let $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ be a commutative Noetherian ring and let $`𝔪\mathrm{𝕜}`$ be a maximal ideal. We topologize $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ with the $`𝔪`$-adic topology. Let $`M`$ be a topological left module over a topological algebra $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$. In practise, we will usually consider the $`𝔪`$-adic topology on $`M`$.

In the following we consider $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`A`$ with coefficients in $`M`$, $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)`$. In  $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology is defined using a cochain complex $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{},M)`$. Here $`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{}`$ is the chain complex whose degree $`n`$-part is the left $`A`$-module

$$C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n=\underset{s+r=n}{}\mathrm{Lie}(s+1)^{}\mathrm{𝕜}[\mathrm{\Sigma }_{s+1}]^r_\mathrm{𝕜}A^{(s+2)},$$

where $`\mathrm{Lie}(s+1)^{}`$ is the $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-linear dual of the $`(s+1)`$-st term of the Lie operad and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{}}`$ denotes the symmetric group on $`\mathrm{}`$ letters. In particular, $`\mathrm{Lie}(s+1)^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{𝕜}[\mathrm{\Sigma }_{s+1}]`$ are finite-rank free $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-modules. Topologising $`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{}`$ with the $`𝔪`$-adic topology, we can introduce the subcomplex

$$\mathrm{om}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{},M)\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{},M)$$

of continuous cochains whose cohomology $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)`$ we call the *continuous $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology* of $`A`$ with coefficients in $`M`$. Note that continuous cochains can be expressed as the inverse limit

$$\mathrm{om}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_{},M)=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{Hom}_{A/𝔪^kA}(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k)_{},M/𝔪^kM)$$

if $`M`$ is Hausdorff.

###### Lemma 2.1.

If $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is a topological algebra as above whose completion $`\widehat{A}`$ is countably free on a topological basis as a $`\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}`$-module and if $`M`$ is an $`A`$-module such that $`M/𝔪^kM`$ is Artinian and $`M`$ is complete, then $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M)`$ is linearly compact in each degree $`n`$.

###### Proof.

As $`M`$ is complete,

$`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M)`$ $`=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,\underset{k}{lim}M/𝔪^kM)`$
(2.1) $`=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M/𝔪^kM).`$
For any fixed $`k`$, the homomorphisms from $`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n`$ to the quotient $`M/𝔪^kM`$ factor through

$`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k)_n`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{s+r=n}{}}\mathrm{Lie}(s+1)^{}\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k[\mathrm{\Sigma }_{s+1}]^r(A/𝔪^kA)^{(s+2)}`$
$`=C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(\widehat{A}/𝔪^k\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/𝔪^k)_n.`$
As we assumed that $`\widehat{A}`$ is countably free on a topological basis, the quotient $`\widehat{A}/𝔪^k\widehat{A}`$ is free on a countable basis. Therefore for any homomorphism $`f`$ in $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M)`$ there is an $`j`$ such that $`f`$ factors over the finitely-generated free submodule $`C(j)_nC^\mathrm{\Gamma }(\widehat{A}/𝔪^k\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/𝔪^k)_n`$ spanned by the first $`j`$ generators of $`C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(\widehat{A}/𝔪^k\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/𝔪^k)_n`$. Therefore

$`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M)`$ $`=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M/𝔪^kM)`$
$`=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{Hom}_{\widehat{A}}(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(\widehat{A}/𝔪^k\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/𝔪^k)_n,M/𝔪^kM)`$
$`=\underset{k}{lim}\underset{j}{lim}\mathrm{Hom}_{\widehat{A}}(C(j)_n,M/𝔪^kM)`$
$`=\underset{k}{lim}\underset{j}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j}{}}}M/𝔪^kM.`$
Therefore $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^\mathrm{\Gamma }(A|\mathrm{𝕜})_n,M)`$ is a limit of Artinian modules and thus linearly compact. ∎

Notice that the above inclusion of complexes induces a forgetful homomorphism

(2.2)
$$\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M).$$

Recall that if $`M`$ is $`𝔪`$-adically complete and Hausdorff, there is a short exact sequence

(2.3)
$$0M\underset{k}{}M/𝔪^kM\stackrel{\mathrm{id}\sigma }{}\underset{k}{}M/𝔪^kM0,$$

where $`\sigma `$ is the shift-reduction map. From (2) and (2.3) we deduce a Milnor exact sequence relating $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ to ordinary $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology for complete coefficient modules. For a similar result see .

###### Proposition 2.2.

As above, let $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ be Noetherian with maximal ideal $`𝔪`$. Let $`M`$ be a complete Hausdorff topological module over $`\widehat{A}`$ which is finitely-generated over $`\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}`$. Then for each $`n`$ there is a short exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0\underset{k}{lim}^1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM)\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM)0.\end{array}$$

This leads to some useful calculational results, versions of which have previously appeared in . Notice that for any $`\widehat{A}`$-module $`M`$ and $`k1`$, there is a natural reduction homomorphism

(2.4)
$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM),$$

compatible with respect to different values of $`k`$. In turn there is a homomorphism

(2.5)
$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM).$$

The following result was inspired by \[28, lemma 15.6\].

###### Corollary 2.3.

Let $`M`$ be an $`\widehat{A}`$-module which is complete and Hausdorff with respect to the $`𝔪`$-adic topology and finitely-generated as a $`\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}`$-module. Let $`\widehat{A}`$ be countably free on a topological basis. Then the natural homomorphism $`\rho `$ induces an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M).$$

In addition

$$\underset{k}{lim}^1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM)=0$$

and the natural homomorphisms induce isomorphisms

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM).$$

###### Proof.

Using the naturality provided by (2.4) we obtain a diagram of short exact sequences from the Milnor exact sequence of Proposition 2.2 into the one for $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)`$. As the homomorphisms at either end are identities, the natural map $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)`$ is an isomorphism.

Under the assumptions, the cochain complex for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology is linearly compact in each degree, by Lemma 2.1. Hence by Proposition 1.4, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology is also linearly compact in each degree. Therefore

$$\underset{k}{lim}^1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}(A/𝔪^k|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM)=0.$$

So in this case

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};M)\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A/𝔪^kA|\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k;M/𝔪^kM).\mathit{}$$

###### Remark 2.4.

Analogous ideas apply to Hochschild cohomology for which a continuous version appears in .

The following result which will be used in Section 5.

###### Proposition 2.5.

Let $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$ be Noetherian with maximal ideal $`𝔪`$ and let $`\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}=lim_k\mathrm{𝕜}/𝔪^k`$. For any $`\mathrm{𝕜}`$-algebra $`A`$ with the $`𝔪`$-adic topology for which $`\widehat{A}`$ is topologically free on a countable basis there is a long exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/\mathrm{𝕜})\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A|\mathrm{𝕜};\mathrm{𝕜})\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A|\mathrm{𝕜};\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}})\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A|\mathrm{𝕜};\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/\mathrm{𝕜})\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n+1}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};\mathrm{𝕜})\mathrm{}.\end{array}$$

Making use of the isomorphism $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}})\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(A|\mathrm{𝕜};\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}})`$, we also obtain an analogous exact sequence for $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\widehat{A}|\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}};\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}})`$.

###### Proof.

The short exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{𝕜}\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}\widehat{\mathrm{𝕜}}/\mathrm{𝕜}0$$

of coefficients together with the last isomorphism from Proposition 2.3 yields this long exact sequence. ∎

Finally, we record a result on the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-(co)homology of formally étale algebras that we will repeatedly use. We call an algebra *formally étale* if it is a colimit of étale algebras.

###### Lemma 2.6.

If $`(A,\mathrm{𝕜})`$ is a formally étale algebra then for any $`A`$-module $`M`$,

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)=0=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M).$$

###### Proof.

By \[33, theorem 6.8 (3)\], $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-homology and cohomology vanishes for étale algebras. Also, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-homology commutes with colimits. Hence if $`A=\underset{r}{colim}A_r`$ with $`A_r`$ étale, for any $`A`$-module $`M`$ we have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)=\underset{r}{colim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(A_r|\mathrm{𝕜};M)=0.$$

The universal coefficient spectral sequence

$$\mathrm{E}_2^,=\mathrm{Ext}_A^,(\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};A),M)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M),$$

has trivial $`\mathrm{E}_2`$-term, therefore $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(A|\mathrm{𝕜};M)=0`$. ∎

## 3. Rings of numerical polynomials

We need to describe some properties of rings of numerical polynomials which appeared in a topological setting in  and we follow these sources in our discussion. As topological motivation, we remark that $`\mathrm{A}`$ can be identified with $`KU_0\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ with $`KU_0KU`$ and we will calculate the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`KU_0KU`$ later. By definition,

$`\mathrm{A}`$ $`=\{f(w)[w]:n,f(n)\},`$
$`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ $`=\{f(w)[w,w^1]:n\{0\},f(n)[1/n]\}.`$
are the rings of *numerical* and *stably numerical* polynomials (over $``$). If $`x,y`$ are indeterminates, we can work in any of the rings $`\mathrm{A}[x,y]`$, $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}[x,y]`$ or $`[w,w^1][x,y]`$.

We will make use of the binomial coefficient functions

$$c_n(w)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{w}{n}\right)=\frac{w(w1)\mathrm{}(wn+1)}{n!}A[w]$$

which can be encoded in the generating function

$$(1+x)^w=\underset{n0}{}c_n(w)x^n\mathrm{A}[x][w][x].$$

Notice that this satisfies the formal identity

(3.1)
$$(1+x)^w(1+y)^w=(1+(x+y+xy))^w.$$

Thus we have

(3.2)
$$c_m(w)c_n(w)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m+n}{m}\right)c_{m+n}(w)+(\text{terms of lower degree})\text{ for }m,n0.$$

###### Theorem 3.1.

**

1. $`\mathrm{A}`$ is a free $``$-module with a basis consisting of the $`c_n(w)`$ for $`n0`$.
2. $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is the localization $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}=\mathrm{A}[w^1]`$ and it is a free $``$-module on a countable basis.

Describing explicit $``$-bases for $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is a non-trivial task, see . On the other hand, the multiplicative structure of the $``$-algebra $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is in some ways more understandable. Our next result describes some generators for $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$.

###### Theorem 3.2.

**

1. The $``$-algebra $`\mathrm{A}`$ is generated by the elements $`c_m(w)`$ with $`m1`$ subject to the relations of (3.2).
2. The $``$-algebra, $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is generated by the elements $`w^1`$ and $`c_m(w)`$ with $`m1`$.
3. We have

$$\mathrm{A}=[w],\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}=[w,w^1].$$

For the localizations of the rings $`\mathrm{A}`$ and $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ at any prime $`p`$ we have

(3.3a) $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ $`=\{f(w)[w]:u_{(p)},f(u)_{(p)}\},`$
(3.3b) $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ $`=\{f(w)[w]:u_{(p)}^\times ,f(u)_{(p)}\}.`$
###### Theorem 3.3.

(, \[4, prop. 2.5\], )

1. $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ is a free $`_{(p)}`$-module with a basis consisting of the monomials in the binomial coefficient functions

$$w^{r_0}c_p(w)^{r_1}c_{p^2}(w)^{r_2}\mathrm{}c_p^{\mathrm{}}(w)^r_{\mathrm{}},$$

where $`r_k=0,1,\mathrm{},p1`$.
2. The $`_{(p)}`$-algebra $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ is generated by the elements $`c_{p^m}(w)`$ with $`m0`$ subject to relations of the form

$$c_{p^m}(w)^pc_{p^m}(w)=pd_{m+1}(w),$$

where $`d_{m+1}(w)\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ has $`\mathrm{deg}d_{m+1}(w)=p^{m+1}`$. In fact the monomials

$$w^{r_0}d_1(w)^{r_1}d_2(w)^{r_2}\mathrm{}d_{\mathrm{}}(w)^r_{\mathrm{}},$$

where $`r_k=0,1,\mathrm{},p1`$, form a basis of $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ over $`_{(p)}`$ and are subject to multiplicative relations of the form

$$d_m(w)^pd_m(w)=pd_{m+1}^{}(w),$$

where $`\mathrm{deg}d_{m+1}^{}(w)=p^{m+1}`$.
3. $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is the localization $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}=\mathrm{A}_{(p)}[w^1]`$ and it is a free $`_{(p)}`$-module on a countable basis.
4. The $`_{(p)}`$-algebra, $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is generated by the elements $`w`$ and $`e_m(w)\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ for $`m1`$ defined recursively by

$$w^{p1}1=pe_1(w),e_m(w)^pe_m(w)=pe_{m+1}(w)\text{ for }m1.$$

###### Corollary 3.4.

Let $`p`$ be a prime.

1. As $`𝔽_p`$-algebras,

$`\mathrm{A}/p\mathrm{A}`$ $`=𝔽_p[c_{p^m}(w):m0]/(c_{p^m}(w)^pc_{p^m}(w):m0),`$
$`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}/p\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ $`=𝔽_p[w,e_m(w):m0]/(w^{p1}1,e_m(w)^pe_m(w):m1).`$
Hence these algebras are formally étale over $`𝔽_p`$.
2. For $`n1`$, $`\mathrm{A}/p^n\mathrm{A}`$ and $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}/p^n\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ are formally étale over $`/p^n`$.
3. The $`p`$-adic completions $`\mathrm{A}_p=lim_n\mathrm{A}/p^n\mathrm{A}`$ and $`\mathrm{A}_p^{\mathrm{st}}=lim_n\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}/p^n\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ are formally étale over $`_p`$.
4. $`\mathrm{A}_p`$ and $`\mathrm{A}_p^{\mathrm{st}}`$ are free topological $`_p`$-modules on countable bases. Therefore they are both compact and Hausdorff.

###### Proof.

Parts (b) and hence (c) can be proved by induction on $`n1`$ using the *infinite-dimensional Hensel lemma* of \[7, 3.9\]. The case $`n=1`$ is immediate from (a). Suppose that we have found a sequence of elements $`s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_k,\mathrm{}\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ satisfying

$$s_m^ps_m0(modp^n)\text{ for }m0.$$

Taking $`s_m^{}=s_m+(s_m^ps_m)`$ we find that

$`s_{m}^{}{}_{}{}^{p}s_m^{}`$ $`=(s_m+(s_m^ps_m))^p(s_m+(s_m^ps_m))`$
$`s_m^p(s_m+(s_m^ps_m))(modp^{n+1})`$
$`=0.`$
Hence for every $`n`$ we can inductively produce such elements $`s_{n,m}\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ for which

$`\mathrm{A}/p^n\mathrm{A}`$ $`=/p^n[s_{n,m}:m0]/(s_{n,m}^ps_{n,m}:m0)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}/p^n[s_{n,m}]/(s_{n,m}^ps_{n,m}).`$
Now passing to $`p`$-adic limits we obtain elements

$$s_m=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}s_{n,m}\mathrm{A}_p$$

for which

$$s_m^ps_m=0.$$

In these cases we obtain for the module of Kähler differentials

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{(\mathrm{A}/p^n\mathrm{A})//p^n}^1=0=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{A}_p/_p}^1.$$

Part (d) is related to Mahler’s Theorem and a suitable exposition of this can be found in . ∎

There are two natural choices of augmentation for $`\mathrm{A}`$, namely evaluation at $`0`$ or $`1`$,

$`\epsilon _+:\mathrm{A};`$ $`\epsilon _+f(w)=f(0),`$
$`\epsilon _\times :\mathrm{A};`$ $`\epsilon _\times f(w)=f(1).`$
For our purposes, the latter augmentation will be used. Notice that there is a ring automorphism

(3.4)
$$\phi :\mathrm{A}\mathrm{A};\phi f(w)=f(w+1)$$

for which $`\epsilon _+\phi =\epsilon _\times `$, so these augmentations are not too dissimilar.

## 4. The ring of $`/(p1)`$-invariants in $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$

In this section, $`p`$ always denotes an *odd* prime. The case of $`p=2`$ is related to $`KO`$ and the work of Section 7.

Since polynomial functions $`_{(p)}^\times `$ are continuous with respect to the $`p`$-adic topology they extend to continuous functions $`_p^\times _p`$; such functions which also map $`_{(p)}^\times `$ into $`_{(p)}`$ give continuous functions $`_p^\times _p`$. Hence we can regard $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ as a subring of $`_p[w,w^1]`$ which in turn can be viewed as a space of continuous functions on the $`p`$-adic units $`_p^\times `$. For $`p3`$ there is a splitting of topological groups

$$_p^\times /(p1)\times (1+p_p),$$

where $`/(p1)`$ identifies with a subgroup generated by a primitive $`(p1)`$-st root of unity $`\zeta `$. There is also a bicontinuous isomorphism $`1+p_p_p`$.

For an odd prime $`p`$, the group $`\zeta /(p1)`$ acts continuously on $`_p[w,w^1]`$ by

$$\zeta f(w)=f(\zeta w)$$

and it is immediate that this action sends elements of $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ to continuous functions $`_p^\times _p`$. It then makes sense to ask for the subring of $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ fixed by this action, $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$. We will relate this subring to the algebra of cooperations of the Adams summand in Proposition 6.1.

Recall the elements $`e_m(w)`$ of Theorem 3.3(d). We will write $`\overline{e}_m(w)`$ for $`w^1e_m(w)`$.

###### Proposition 4.1.

As a $`_{(p)}`$-algebra, $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is generated by the elements $`w^{p1}`$ and $`\overline{e}_m(w)`$ for $`m1`$.

###### Proof.

It is clear that

$${}_{}{}^{\zeta }[w,w^1]=[w^{p1},w^{(p1)}].$$

Also, by construction of the $`e_m(w)`$,

$$\overline{e}_m(w){}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}[w^{p1},w^{(p1)}].$$

Consider the multiplicative idempotent

$$E_\zeta :[w,w^1][w,w^1];E_\zeta f(w)=\frac{1}{p1}\underset{r=1}{\overset{p1}{}}f(\zeta ^rw).$$

Then we have

$${}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}=E_\zeta \mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}.$$

Each element $`f(w)[w,w^1]`$ has the form

$$f(w)=f_0(w^{p1})+wf_1(w^{p1})+\mathrm{}+w^{p2}f_{p2}(w^{p1}),$$

where $`f_k(x)[x,x^1]`$, hence

$$E_\zeta f(w)=f_0(w^{p1}).$$

From this it follows that $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is generated as an $`_{(p)}`$-algebra by the stated elements. ∎

###### Corollary 4.2.

The following hold.

1. As $`𝔽_p`$-algebras,

$${}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}/p({}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}})=𝔽_p[w,\overline{e}_m(w):m1]/(w^{p1}1,\overline{e}_m(w)^p\overline{e}_m(w):m1).$$

Hence this algebra is formally étale over $`𝔽_p`$.
2. For $`n1`$, $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}/p^n({}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}})`$ is formally étale over $`/p^n`$.
3. The $`p`$-adic completion $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{p}^{\mathrm{st}}=lim_n{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}/p^n({}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{}^{\mathrm{st}})_{(p)}`$ is formally étale over $`_p`$.

## 5. The $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of numerical polynomials

Recall that $`\widehat{}/`$ and $`_p/_{(p)}`$ for any prime $`p`$ are torsion-free divisible groups, so they are both $``$-vector spaces which have the same cardinality and (uncountable) dimensions; thus they are isomorphic. Similarly, we have $`\widehat{}/\widehat{}/`$ and $`_p/_{(p)}_p/`$.

From now on, we will always use the augmentations $`\epsilon _\times :\mathrm{A}`$ and $`\epsilon _\times :\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ and their analogues for the $`p`$-localized versions. In calculating the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`\mathrm{A}`$, we would obtain the same result using $`\epsilon _+`$ because of the existence of the automorphism $`\phi `$ of (3.4).

###### Theorem 5.1.

Let $`R`$ be an augmented commutative $``$-algebra. Assume that, at each prime $`p`$, the $`p`$-completion $`R_p`$ is topologically free on a countable basis. Suppose that for all primes $`p`$ and $`k1`$, $`R/p^k`$ is a formally étale algebra over $`/p^k`$. Then for all $`s0`$,

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^s(R|;)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{s1}(R_{}|;).$$

###### Proof.

For each natural number $`n`$, we may write

$$n=\underset{p}{}p^{\mathrm{ord}_pn}$$

where the product is taken over all primes $`p`$. The Chinese Remainder Theorem provides splittings

(5.1a) $`/n`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{p}{}}/p^{\mathrm{ord}_pn},`$
(5.1b) $`\widehat{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{p}{}}_p.`$
Applying the Transitivity Sequence and using that $`R_{(p)}`$ is étale over $`R`$, we obtain that at each prime $`p`$

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R_{(p)}|_{(p)};\widehat{})\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R|;\widehat{}).$$

Therefore by Corollary 2.3 we have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R|;\widehat{})=\underset{p}{}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R|;_p)\underset{p}{}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R_p|_p;_p).$$

For the second isomorphism, using Corollary 2.3 and the linear compactness of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology provided by Proposition 1.4, we can express $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R|;_p)`$ as the inverse limit of the groups $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R|;/p^n)`$. Here the coefficients $`/p^n`$ eliminate the effect of all the $`p`$-divisible elements, therefore $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R|;/p^n)`$ reduces to $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R_p|_p;/p^n)`$, where $`R_p`$ denotes the $`p`$-adic completion of $`R`$.

Now for each $`k1`$, the assumption that $`R/p^k`$ is formally étale over $`/p^k`$ ensures that

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R/p^k|/p^k;/p^k)=0.$$

Therefore we obtain

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R_p|_p;_p)=\underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R/p^k|/p^k;/p^k)=0=\underset{k}{lim}^1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(R/p^k|/p^k;/p^k).$$

For each $`n`$, Proposition 2.5 implies that

$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(R_{(p)}|_{(p)};_{(p)})`$ $`=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}(R_{(p)}|_{(p)};_p/_{(p)}),`$
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(R|;)`$ $`=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}(R|;\widehat{}/).`$
As $`_p/_{(p)}`$ and $`\widehat{}/`$ are $``$-vector spaces, for all $`n0`$ we obtain

$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(R_{(p)}|_{(p)};_p/_{(p)})`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(R_{}|;_p/_{(p)})`$
and similarly
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(R|;\widehat{}/)`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(R_{}|;\widehat{}/).\mathit{}`$
###### Corollary 5.2.

We have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}|;)=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\mathrm{A}|;)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{}/\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

For each prime $`p`$,

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}|_{(p)};_{(p)})=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}|_{(p)};_{(p)})=\{\begin{array}{cc}_p/_{(p)}\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

Since $`\mathrm{A}[w^1]`$ is étale over $`\mathrm{A}`$, both of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}[w^1]|\mathrm{A};)`$ and $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}[w^1]|\mathrm{A}_{(p)};)`$ vanish. The Transitivity Theorem \[33, 3.4\] implies that there are isomorphisms

$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}|;)`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}[w^1]|;)=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}|;),`$
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}|_{(p)};_{(p)})`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}[w^1]|_{(p)};_{(p)})=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}|_{(p)};_{(p)}),`$
hence it suffices to prove the result for $`\mathrm{A}`$ and $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$.

Corollary 3.4 ensures that $`\mathrm{A}/p^k\mathrm{A}`$ and therefore $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}/p^k\mathrm{A}_{(p)}`$ as well is formally étale over $`/p^k`$ for all $`k1`$. Now Corollaries 3.4(d) and 1.3 together guarantee that the cochains for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology fulfil the linear compactness requirements of Theorem 5.1. Thus we can apply this theorem and obtain the vanishing result for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology in dimensions different from one.

By \[29, theorem 4.1\] and the fact that $`_p/_{(p)}`$ and $`\widehat{}/`$ are $``$-vector spaces, we have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}|_{(p)};_p/_{(p)})=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}|;_p/_{(p)})=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}([w]|;_p/_{(p)})=_p/_{(p)}$$

and

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}|;\widehat{}/)=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}|;\widehat{}/)=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}([w]|;\widehat{}/)=\widehat{}/.$$

Thus we obtain

$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}|_{(p)};_{(p)})`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}_p/_{(p)}\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}`$
and
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(\mathrm{A}|;)`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{}/\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}`$
as claimed. ∎

###### Remark 5.3.

Notice, that for the calculations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology above we used the formal properties of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology. As André-Quillen cohomology satisfies analoguous properties, we can transfer the above results to obtain the following:

$`\mathrm{AQ}_n(\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}|;)=\mathrm{AQ}_n(\mathrm{A}|;)`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \text{if }n=0,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n0,\hfill \end{array}`$
$`\mathrm{AQ}^n(\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}|;)=\mathrm{AQ}^n(\mathrm{A}|;)`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{}/\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n1.\hfill \end{array}`$
The results from Section 4 allow us to calculate the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ over $`_{(p)}`$ directly as was done above for $`\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}`$. Alternatively, we may use the fact that the extension $`\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}/{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ is étale since it has the form $`B/A`$, where $`B=A[t]/(t^{p1}v)`$ for a unit $`vA`$, where $`A`$ is a $`_{(p)}`$-algebra. We can now determine the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ since the Transitivity Theorem of \[33, 3.4\] gives

###### Proposition 5.4.

For an odd prime $`p`$,

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}({}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}|_{(p)};_{(p)})=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}|_{(p)};_{(p)}).$$

## 6. Applications to $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`K`$-theory

Robinson  has developed an obstruction theory for $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on a homotopy commutative ring spectrum $`E`$. Provided $`E`$ satisfies the following form of the Künneth and universal coefficient theorems for $`E_{}E`$

$$E^{}(E^n)\mathrm{Hom}_E_{}(E_{}E^n,E_{}),$$

then the obstructions lie in groups

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,2n}(E_{}E|E_{};E_{}),$$

while the extensions are determined by classes in

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,1n}(E_{}E|E_{};E_{}).$$

Here the bigrading $`(s,t)`$ involves cohomological degree $`s`$ and internal degree $`t`$. Moreover, the relevant values of $`n`$ are for $`n3`$.

We want to apply this to the cases of complex $`KU`$-theory and the Adams summand $`E(1)`$ of $`KU_{(p)}`$ at a prime $`p`$. Recall that

$$KU_{}=[t,t^1],KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=_{(p)}[t,t^1],E(1)_{}=_{(p)}[u,u^1],$$

where $`tKU_2`$ and $`uE(1)_{2(p1)}`$. Our next result implies that the relevant conditions mentioned above are both satisfied for $`KU`$ and $`E(1)`$.

###### Proposition 6.1.

There are isomorphisms of rings (in fact, of Hopf algebras)

$$KU_0KU\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}},KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}KU_{(p)}\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}},E(1)_0E(1){}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}.$$

Hence,

$$KU_{}KUKU_{}\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}},KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}KU_{(p)}KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}},E(1)_{}E(1)E(1)_{}{}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}.$$

###### Proof.

The isomorphisms for $`KU`$ and $`KU_{(p)}`$ can be found in \[12, p. 392\].

Consider $`E(1)_{}E(1)`$, the algebra of cooperations for $`E(1)`$. Since $`E(1)`$ is Landweber exact, we have

$$E(1)_{}E(1)E(1)_{}_{BP_{}}BP_{}BP_{BP_{}}E(1)_{}E(1)_{}[t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},V_1,V_1^1]/(\text{relations}),$$

where $`V_1`$ denotes the right unit $`\eta _r`$ applied to $`v_1`$ and the variables $`t_i`$ stem from $`BP_{}BP`$. We also write $`\overline{w}=v_1^1V_1`$. The relation $`v_1+pt_1V_1=0`$ in $`E(1)_{}E(1)`$ gives rise to

$$1v_1^1V_1=pv_1^1t_1E(1)_0E(1),$$

hence on setting $`\overline{e}_1=v_1^1t_1`$ we have

$$\overline{w}1=p\overline{e}_1.$$

Now we may inductively define

$$\overline{e}_m=v_1^{p^{m1}\mathrm{}p1}t_m.$$

The higher relations

$$v_1t_k^pv_1^{p^k}t_k+pt_{k+1}=0(k1)$$

can be used to prove the desired relations for the $`\overline{e}_m`$. Taking the $`p`$-th power we have

$$\overline{e}_m^p=v_1^{p^m\mathrm{}p}t_m^p.$$

Multiplying the relation

$$v_1t_m^pv_1^{p^m}t_m=pt_{m+1}$$

by $`v_1^{p^m\mathrm{}p1}`$, we obtain

$$\overline{e}_m^pv_1^{p^mp^mp^{m1}\mathrm{}p1}t_m=pv_1^{p^m\mathrm{}p1}t_{m+1}$$

which is precisely

$$\overline{e}_m^p\overline{e}_m=p\overline{e}_{m+1}.\mathit{}$$

Flat base-change leads to isomorphisms

$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KU_{}KU|KU_{};KU_{})`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}|;)KU_{},`$
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}KU_{(p)}|KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{};KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{})`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}|_{(p)};_{(p)})KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{},`$
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(E(1)_{}E(1)|E(1)_{};E(1)_{})`$ $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}({}_{}{}^{\zeta }\mathrm{A}_{(p)}^{\mathrm{st}}|_{(p)};_{(p)})E(1)_{}.`$
With the help of Corollary 5.2 we can therefore deduce the following.

###### Theorem 6.2.

For a prime $`p`$ and $`n2`$,

$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,2n}(KU_{}KU|KU_{};KU_{})`$ $`=0=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,1n}(KU_{}KU|KU_{};KU_{}),`$
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,2n}(KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}KU_{(p)}|KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{};KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{})`$ $`=0=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,1n}(KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}KU_{(p)}|KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{};KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}),`$
$`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,2n}(E(1)_{}E(1)|E(1)_{};E(1)_{})`$ $`=0=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,1n}(E(1)_{}E(1)|E(1)_{};E(1)_{}).`$
Hence $`KU`$, $`KU_{(p)}`$, and $`E(1)`$ each have a unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure.

It is a rather old question whether the connective Adams summand, often denoted by $`\mathrm{}`$, is an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ spectrum. The $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectrum machinery developed in  yields the following general result.

###### Theorem 6.3.

For any $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectrum $`E`$, the connective cover $`eE`$ possesses a model as an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectrum.

###### Proof.

Proceeding as in \[26, prop. VII.3.2\], we first take the underlying zeroth space $`E_0`$ of the $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectrum $`E`$, then build a prespectrum $`T(E_0)`$ out of it using a bar construction which consists of suspensions and the monad for the little convex body (partial) operad. Finally we apply the spectrification functor (there called $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{\mathrm{}}`$) to $`T(E_0)`$. By \[26, prop. VII.3.2\], this has the correct homotopy groups and is an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectrum. ∎

Applying this result, we obtain a canonical $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ model for the connective cover $`\mathrm{}E(1)`$.

###### Proposition 6.4.

There is at least one $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure on the connective Adams summand $`\mathrm{}`$.

###### Remark 6.5.

After $`p`$-completion, we obtain an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure on the $`p`$-completed connective Adams summand $`\mathrm{}_p^\mathrm{^}`$ . In subsequent work we have shown that this $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure coincides with the one constructed by McClure and Staffeldt in  using algebraic $`K`$-theory.

## 7. $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`KO`$

The case of $`KO`$ can be treated by similar methods but involves somewhat more delicate considerations because of the presence of $`2`$-torsion in $`KO_{}`$. Recall that

(7.1)
$$KO_{}=[h,y,w,w^1]/(2h,h^3,hy,y^24w),$$

where $`hKO_1`$, $`yKO_4`$ and $`wKO_8`$. We will also require the graded $``$-vector space $`V_{}=KO_{}\widehat{}/`$.

We will prove the following algebraic result.

###### Theorem 7.1.

1. For any prime $`p`$ and $`k1`$, we have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(KO_0KO/p^k|/p^k;/p^k)=0,$$

and

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(KO_0KO_p^\mathrm{^}|_p;_p)=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(KO_0KO_p^\mathrm{^}|_p;_p)=0.$$
2. We have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,}(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}V_{}\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Using this, the obstruction theory $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures and localization yield our result on $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures for $`KO`$.

###### Theorem 7.2.

$`KO`$ and for each prime $`p`$, $`KO_{(p)}`$ and $`KO_p^\mathrm{^}`$ all have unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures.

To prove Theorem 7.1, we begin with a composite result distilled from  and \[1, p. 162\].

###### Theorem 7.3.

1. $`KO_{}KO`$ is a free $`KO_{}`$-module on countably many generators lying in $`KO_0KO`$.
2. The natural homomorphism

$$KO_0KOKU_0KU\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}$$

is a split monomorphism whose image is

$$\{f(w)\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}:f(w)=f(w)\}\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}.$$
3. For each prime $`p`$ and $`k1`$,

$$KO_0KO/p^kKU_0KU/p^k\mathrm{A}^{\mathrm{st}}/p^k$$

is a split monomorphism of $`/p^k`$-modules.

Consider the short exact sequence

$$0KO_{}KO_{}\widehat{}KO_{}\widehat{}/0.$$

Since $`\widehat{}/`$ is a $``$-vector space and we have the splitting of (5.1b), we can reformulate the above exact sequence to obtain that the sequence

(7.2)
$$0KO_{}\underset{p}{}KO_{}_pV_{}0,$$

is exact. Here $`V_{}`$ is defined above and we have used the fact that each group $`KO_n`$ is finitely-generated. The application of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`KO_{}KO`$ to this sequence yields a long exact sequence which relates $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{})`$ to $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};_pKO_{}_p)`$ and $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};V_{})`$.

Now, for the part with coefficients in $`V_{}`$ we have

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};V_{})\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};V_{}),$$

and

$$KO_{}=[y,y^1],KO_{}KO=[y,y^1,z,z^1].$$

By , as in Corollary 5.2 we find that

(7.3)
$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,}(KO_{}KO|KO_{};V_{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}V_{}\hfill & \text{if }n=1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

For a fixed algebra, the cochain complex for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology commutes with limits taken over the coefficient module, therefore $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology commutes with products of coefficient modules and the splitting $`\widehat{}=_p_p`$ leads to

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}\widehat{})\underset{p}{}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}_p).$$

For each prime $`p`$ we obtain a short exact sequence,

$$\begin{array}{c}0\underset{k}{lim}^1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{1,}(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}/p^k)\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}_p)\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}/p^k)0.\end{array}$$

When $`p>2`$, we are reduced to considering

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}/p^k)=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO/p^k|KO_{}/p^k;KO_{}/p^k),$$

which can be determined by the methods of Section 4 using the subgroup $`\{\pm 1\}_p^\times `$ in place of the group of all $`(p1)`$-st roots of unity. The result is that

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}/p^k)=0,$$

whence

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO|KO_{};KO_{}_p)=0.$$

The case $`p=2`$ requires a more intricate analysis. First we identify $`KO_0KO_{(2)}`$ and the quotients $`KO_0KO/2^k`$ as rings of functions.

###### Theorem 7.4.

1. There is an isomorphism of rings

$$KO_0KO_{(2)}\{f(w)[w,w^1]:f_{(2)}^\times _{(2)},f(w)=f(w)\}\mathrm{A}_{(2)}^{\mathrm{st}}.$$
2. For each $`k1`$, there is an isomorphism of rings

$$KO_0KO/2^k\mathrm{Cont}(1+8_2,/2^k),$$

where $`\mathrm{Cont}(1+8_2,/2^k)`$ denotes the space of continuous maps from $`1+8_2_2^\times _2`$ with its $`2`$-adic topology to $`/2^k`$ with the discrete topology.
3. There is an isomorphism of rings

$$KO_0KO_2^\mathrm{^}\mathrm{Cont}(1+8_2,_2),$$

the space of continuous maps from $`1+8_2`$ to $`_2`$.
4. The algebras $`(KO_0KO/2^k,/2^k)`$ and $`(KO_0KO_2^\mathrm{^},_2)`$ are formally étale.

###### Proof.

The methods of  apply here, and we leave verification of the details to the reader.

The squaring map $`_2^\times _2^\times `$ has image $`1+8_2`$, hence a polynomial $`f(w)\mathrm{A}_{(2)}^{\mathrm{st}}`$ satisfying $`f(w)=f(w)`$ corresponds to a continuous function $`1+8_2_2`$. By compactness of the domain, $`\mathrm{Cont}(1+8_2,/2^k)`$ consists of locally constant functions. If we express $`x_2`$ in the form

$$x=x_0+x_12+x_22^2+\mathrm{}+x_n2^n+\mathrm{},$$

where $`x_i=0,1`$, then the functions

$$\xi _i:1+8_2_2;\xi _i(x)=x_i$$

are locally constant and give rise to $`/2^k`$-algebra generators of $`\mathrm{Cont}(1+8_2,/2^k)`$. They also satisfy the relations

$$\xi _i^2=\xi _i,$$

and the distinct monomials

$$\xi _0^{r_0}\xi _1^{r_1}\mathrm{}\xi _d^{r_d}(r_i=0,1)$$

form a $`/2^k`$-basis. This implies that the $`/2^k`$-algebra $`\mathrm{Cont}(1+8_2,/2^k)`$ is formally étale. Similar considerations apply to the topological algebra $`KO_0KO_2^\mathrm{^}`$. ∎

Collecting together the results of the above discussion (in particular Theorem 7.4(d)) we obtain the case $`p=2`$ of Theorem 7.1(a). The proof of Theorem 7.1(b) makes use of the long exact sequence resulting from (7.2) and (7.3).

We remark that rather than working modulo powers of $`2`$, it is also possible to consider powers of the maximal ideal $`(2,h,y)KO_{}`$ and then we obtain

###### Proposition 7.5.

For $`k1`$,

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(KO_{}KO/(2,h,y)^k|KO_{}/(2,h,y)^k;KO_{}/(2,h,y)^k)=0.$$

and

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO_{(2,h,y)}^\mathrm{^}|(KO_{})_{(2,h,y)}^\mathrm{^};(KO_{})_{(2,h,y)}^\mathrm{^})\hfill \\ \hfill =\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KO_{}KO_{(2,h,y)}^\mathrm{^}|(KO_{})_{(2,h,y)}^\mathrm{^};(KO_{})_{(2,h,y)}^\mathrm{^})=0.\end{array}$$

## 8. $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on the $`I_n`$-adic completion of $`E(n)`$

In this section we describe what we can prove about $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on the $`I_n`$-adic completion of Johnson-Wilson spectrum $`E(n)`$ for a prime $`p`$ and $`n1`$.

The coefficient ring

$$E(n)_{}=_{(p)}[v_1,\mathrm{},v_{n1},v_n,v_n^1]$$

is Noetherian and contains the maximal ideal

$$I_n=(p,v_1,\mathrm{},v_{n1})E(n)_{}.$$

Here the $`v_i`$ denote the images of the Araki generators of $`BP_{}`$ and we sometimes write $`v_0=p`$. There is a commutative ring spectrum $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ for which the coefficient ring $`\widehat{E(n)}_{}`$ is the $`I_n`$-adic completion of $`E(n)_{}`$, *i.e.*, its completion at $`I_n`$. It is known from  that $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ is the $`K(n)`$-localization of $`E(n)`$. We also know from  that for each prime $`p`$, $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ possesses a unique $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure and the canonical map $`\widehat{E(n)}\widehat{E(n)}/I_nK(n)`$ to the $`n`$-th Morava $`K`$-theory is a map of $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectra for any of the $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`K(n)`$ shown to exist in . Actually these results were only claimed for odd primes but the arguments also work for the prime $`2`$.

###### Proposition 8.1.

Possible obstructions for an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure on the completed Johnson-Wilson spectra $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ live in the continuous $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(\widehat{E(n)}_{}\widehat{E(n)}|\widehat{E(n)}_{};\widehat{E(n)}_{}).$$

###### Proof.

For $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ we have a *continuous* universal coefficient theorem, *i.e.*, possible obstructions live in the *continuous* $`\widehat{E(n)}`$-cohomology of $`(X_m)_+_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_m}E^m`$, where $`X_m`$ is a filtration quotient of an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ operad as described in \[31, section 5.1\]. These cohomology groups can be identified with the continuous $`\widehat{E(n)}_{}`$-homomorphisms from the corresponding $`\widehat{E(n)}`$-homology groups (compare \[31, proposition 5.4\] and \[7, §1\]). This proves the claim. ∎

For each $`\mathrm{}0`$, Proposition 2.2 yields a short exact sequence

(8.1)
$$\begin{array}{c}0\underset{k}{lim}^1\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\mathrm{}1,}(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;E(n)_{}/I_n^k)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Gamma }^\mathrm{},(\widehat{E(n)}_{}\widehat{E(n)}|\widehat{E(n)}_{};\widehat{E(n)}_{})\\ \hfill \underset{k}{lim}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mathrm{},(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;E(n)_{}/I_n^k)0.\end{array}$$

###### Theorem 8.2.

The $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$-algebra $`E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k`$ is formally étale. Hence the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k`$ over $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$ is trivial,

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;\widehat{E(n)}_{}/I_n^k)=0.$$

###### Proof.

First we show that the algebra $`E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k`$ is formally étale. In the following we use the notation chosen in . As in the proof of \[7, lemma 3.4\], we can apply the infinite-dimensional Hensel lemma (see the proof of our Corollary 3.4) to split $`E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k`$ into an infinite tensor product of $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$-algebras,

$$E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k=\underset{j1}{}E(n)_{}/I_n^k[S_j]/(v_nS_j^{p^n}v_n^{p^j}S_j).$$

We can write $`E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k`$ as a colimit of finite tensor products,

$$E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k=\underset{m}{colim}\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}E(n)_{}/I_n^k[S_j]/(v_nS_j^{p^n}v_n^{p^j}S_j).$$

We claim that each algebra $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k[S_j]/(v_nS_j^{p^n}v_n^{p^j}S_j)`$ is étale over $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$. Notice that it is flat over $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$ and is finitely-generated by $`S_j`$. As the ground ring $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$ is Noetherian, the only thing that remains to be shown is that the module of Kähler differentials is trivial.

The Kähler differentials are generated by the symbol $`dS_j`$, but in $`E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k`$ we have the relation $`v_nS_j^{p^n}=v_n^{p^j}S_j`$. The residue class of the element $`v_nE(n)_{}`$ is a unit in the ring $`E(n)_{}/I_n`$ and thus we can deduce

$$dS_j=v_n^{1p^j}d(S_j^{p^n})=p^nv_n^{1p^j}S_j^{p^n1}dS_j.$$

Iteration of this relation $`t`$ times, where $`t`$ is an integer such that $`tnk`$, implies that $`dS_j`$ is zero, since in the quotient $`E(n)_{}/I_n^k`$, $`p^k`$ is zero.

Now by Lemma 2.6 $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-homology commutes with colimits, therefore

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }_,(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;\widehat{E(n)}_{}/I_n^k)=0=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;\widehat{E(n)}_{}/I_n^k).$$

This completes the proof of Theorem 8.2. ∎

Using (8.1) and the fact that the completion of $`\widehat{E(n)}_{}\widehat{E(n)}`$ is free on a countable basis \[9, theorem 1.1\], , we obtain

###### Theorem 8.3.

For $`p`$ a prime and $`n1`$, the spectrum $`\widehat{E(n)}`$ possesses a unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure.

Using the ideas of Section 2, we can also deduce

###### Theorem 8.4.

For $`n1`$ and $`k1`$, we have

$`\mathrm{AQ}_{}(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;E(n)_{}/I_n^k)`$ $`=0=\mathrm{AQ}^{}(E(n)_{}E(n)/I_n^k|E(n)_{}/I_n^k;E(n)_{}/I_n^k),`$
$`\mathrm{AQ}_{}(E(n)_{}E(n)_{I_n}^\mathrm{^}|\widehat{E(n)}_{};\widehat{E(n)}_{})`$ $`=0=\mathrm{AQ}^{}(E(n)_{}E(n)_{I_n}^\mathrm{^}|\widehat{E(n)}_{};\widehat{E(n)}_{}).`$
###### Remark 8.5.

Extending Theorem 8.3 to cover $`E(n)`$ for $`n>1`$ does not appear to be straightforward. The following two problems arise.

* There is the question of whether $`E(n)_{}E(n)`$ is a free $`E(n)_{}`$-module when $`n>1`$. If $`E(n)`$ does not have a universal coefficient theorem, then the obstructions to building an $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure on $`E(n)`$ would live in $`E(n)`$-cohomology which might not then be identifiable with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology. In , the first author showed that the cooperation algebra of the $`I_n`$-localization of $`E(n)`$, $`E(n)_{I_n}`$, is free over $`E(n)_{}^{}{}_{I_n}{}^{}`$, so it does have a universal coefficient theorem and the above problem is overcome.
* $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology of $`E(n)_{}E(n)`$ is non-trivial in positive degrees. Even for $`n=2`$ there are polynomial generators in $`E(2)_{}E(2)`$ which lead to non-trivial classes in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology.

We aim to return to the existence of $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures on $`E(n)`$ and $`E(n)_{I_n}`$ in future work.

We end this section with some remarks on suitably completed versions of elliptic cohomology. Here $`E\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$ denotes the level $`1`$ version of elliptic cohomology of Landweber, Ravenel and Stong  and we focus on the supersingular completions of . Our above techniques together with results from  yield the following.

###### Theorem 8.6.

For each prime $`p>3`$, the supersingular completions $`E\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_{(p,E_{p1})}^\mathrm{^}`$ and $`E\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_𝒫^\mathrm{^}`$ for each maximal ideal $`𝒫(E\mathrm{}\mathrm{}_{})_{(p)}`$ containing $`(p,E_{p1})`$, have unique $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures.

An analogous result applies to the $`K(1)`$-localization of $`E\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$ studied in  and more recently by M. Hopkins.

## 9. An obstruction theory for the coherence of maps

For the following, we need to work in a good category of spectra with a symmetric monoidal smash product, for example that of . Where necessary, all ring spectra will be assumed to be fibrant.

Let $`E`$ and $`F`$ be two $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectra over the $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ operad $`𝒯`$ from \[31, section 5.1\] and let $`f:EF`$ be a map of commutative ring spectra, *i.e.*, the map $`f`$ commutes with the multiplication maps $`\mu _E`$ and $`\mu _F`$ up to homotopy,

$$\mu _Ffff\mu _E,$$

and similar coherence properties exist with respect to the homotopies for associativity and commutativity on $`E`$ and $`F`$. The aim of the following discussion is to give criteria, when the map $`f`$ can be made into a map which is compatible with the $`𝒯`$-algebra structures on $`E`$ and $`F`$ up to homotopy. For $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ structures the analogous question was addressed in .

From now on we will use the notation of . The topological operad $`𝒯`$ is filtered by subspaces $`^m𝒯(n)𝒯(n)`$. Let $`\theta _E`$ and $`\theta _F`$ be the action maps of the operad $`𝒯`$ on $`E`$ and $`F`$.

Consider the sequence of topological spaces

$$^m𝒯(n)^{m+1}𝒯(n)^{m+1}𝒯(n)/^m𝒯(n)^{m+1}𝒯(n),$$

where $`^{m+1}𝒯(n)`$ is the part of $`𝒯(n)`$ which is determined by compositions in the operad of elements coming from lower filtration degrees.

###### Theorem 9.1.

1. If $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,2n}(F_{}E|F_{};F_{})=0`$ for all $`n3`$, then $`f`$ can be turned into a map that satisfies

$$f\theta _E\theta _F\underset{m}{\underset{}{f\mathrm{}f}}:𝒯(m)_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_m}E^mF$$

for all $`m`$.
2. If in addition $`\mathrm{Hom}_F_{}(F_{}E,F_{})\mathrm{Hom}_E_{}(E_{}E,F_{})`$, then it suffices to prove that

$$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n,2n}(E_{}E|E_{};F_{})=0$$

for all $`n3`$.

The second condition is satisfied for instance if $`F`$ is projective over $`E`$, then $`F_{}EF_{}_E_{}E_{}E`$ can be used to reduce the module of $`F_{}`$-linear morphisms to the module of $`E_{}`$-linear morphisms.

###### Proof.

Assume $`f`$ satisfies the conditions up to filtration degree $`m`$. In order to extend $`f`$ coherently over the $`(m+1)`$-st filtration step, we have to show that the condition of the theorem suffices to force $`f`$ to fulfil

$$f\theta _E|^{m+1}\theta _F|^{m+1}\underset{n}{\underset{}{f\mathrm{}f}}:^{m+1}𝒯(n)_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_n}E^nF.$$

The map $`f\theta _E|^{m+1}`$ corresponds to an element in $`F^0(^{m+1}𝒯(n)_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_n}E^n)`$. Using the long exact cohomology sequence corresponding to the sequence of spaces

$$^m𝒯(n)^{m+1}𝒯(n)\stackrel{𝑖}{}^{m+1}𝒯(n)\stackrel{𝑗}{}^{m+1}𝒯(n)/^m𝒯(n)^{m+1}𝒯(n),$$

we find that the difference element

$$f\theta _E|^{m+1}\theta _Ff^n|^{m+1}$$

maps to zero under $`i^{}`$, thus it has to be in the image of $`j^{}`$. Consequently, if $`j^{}`$ has trivial codomain, then this difference has to be trivial as an element in $`F`$-cohomology. An argument showing that the corresponding class in

$$F^0(^{m+1}𝒯(n)/^m𝒯(n)^{m+1}𝒯(n)_{\mathrm{\Sigma }_n}E^n)$$

has to be a cocycle in the complex for $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ can be found in . Thus if $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{m,2m}(F_{}E|F_{};F_{})`$ vanishes in all degrees $`m3`$, the potentially obstructing difference maps $`f\theta _E\theta _Ff^n`$ have to be nullhomotopic. ∎

From the triviality of $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^n`$ when $`n>1`$ for complex $`K`$-theory and its localization at a prime $`p`$, we can deduce the following result.

###### Theorem 9.2.

For each $`k`$ integer prime to $`p`$, the $`k`$-th Adams operation $`\psi ^k:KU_{(p)}KU_{(p)}`$ can be refined to a coherent map with respect to the $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ structure given by the operad action of $`𝒯`$ on $`KU_{(p)}`$.

###### Proof.

The action of such an Adams operation $`\psi ^k`$ on $`KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{2n}{}^{}_{(p)}`$ is given by multiplication by $`k^n`$, thus it induces a different $`KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}KU_{(p)}`$-module structure on $`KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$. This corresponds to taking $`E=KU_{(p)}=F`$ and the map $`\psi ^k:EF`$, then applying Theorem 9.1(b) and using the fact that the relevant $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups vanish, this being a generalization of Theorem 6.2 which is proved in a similar way (this result depends crucially on the vanishing of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology for formally étale extensions). ∎

Finally we have a result on the inclusion $`j:E(1)KU_{(p)}`$ of the Adams summand into $`p`$-local $`K`$-theory which is a map of ring spectra.

###### Proposition 9.3.

$`j`$ gives rise to a coherent map of $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ spectra.

###### Proof.

Using the Conner-Floyd isomorphism and the Landweber exactness of $`E(1)`$, the above argument can be adapted to prove that the relevant part of $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(E(1))|KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{};KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{})`$ vanishes. ∎

###### Remark 9.4.

With the aid of more machinery one can actually take the above arguments to obtain the existence of *strict* maps of $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectra. Using a comparison result of Basterra and the second author \[14, theorem 2.6\], we can identify $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups with the obstruction groups arising in the work of Goerss and Hopkins . Now the Goerss-Hopkins obstruction theory \[18, §4\] tells us that the vanishing of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-cohomology groups $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(E(1))|KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{};KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{})`$ and $`\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Gamma }^,(KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(KU_{(p)})|KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{};KU_{(p)}^{}{}_{}{}^{})`$ implies that the Adams operations and the map $`j`$ give rise to maps of $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ ring spectra.