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# Effects of domain walls on hole motion in the two-dimensional anisotropic 𝑡-𝐽 model at finite temperature

## Abstract

The $`t`$-$`J`$ model on the square lattice, close to the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ limit, is studied by quantum Monte Carlo techniques at finite temperature and in the underdoped regime. A variant of the Hoshen-Koppelman algorithm was implemented to identify the antiferromagnetic domains on each Trotter slice. The results show that the model presents at high enough temperature finite antiferromagnetic (AF) domains which collapse at lower temperatures into a single ordered AF state. While there are domains, holes would tend to preferentially move along the domain walls. In this case, there are indications of hole pairing starting at a relatively high temperature. At lower temperatures, when the whole system becomes essentially fully AF ordered, at least in finite clusters, holes would likely tend to move within phase separated regions. The crossover between both states moves down in temperature as doping increases and/or as the off-diagonal exchange increases. The possibility of hole motion along AF domain walls at zero temperature in the fully isotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ is discussed.

The interplay between hole dynamics and magnetic background in the Cu-O plane is considered the central issue in high-Tc superconductivity. This interplay is quite likely essential not only for the mechanism of hole pairing but also for other important features present in the cuprates such as the pseudogap phaseTallon  and various types of phase separated, inhomogeneous, states.Savici ; Pan ; Lang ; Fujita

These problems have been extensively studied by a number of analytical and numerical techniques. One of the most important approaches adopted is through the study of microscopic Hamiltonians, such as the $`t`$-$`J`$ model in two dimensions (2D). In particular, numerical techniques have provided a number of highly reliable results for many of the relevant properties which are experimentally measured.Dagotto  Many of these properties are related to the problem of holes and binding of holes in an antiferromagnet.poilblanc ; white1 ; riera-dagotto  These numerical results were obtained on relatively small clusters as compared, for example, with the antiferromagnetic correlation length in the doped region or with the superconducting coherence length in the superconducting phase. As in these numerical studies (see below), many theoretical scenarios, like the “string”Trugman  and “spin bag”schrieffer  pictures, assume the presence of an homogeneous antiferromagnetic background.

However, a number of experimental results indicate the presence of various kinds of inhomogeneitiesSavici ; Pan ; Lang , in addition to the most well-known and controversial ones, stripesFujita , which can not easily be included in numerical calculations. Although these inhomogeneities appear in some specific compounds, there is another more universal type of inhomogeneity, in this case of dynamical nature, which are the domain walls (DW) between short range AF regions which appear when doping the AF half-filled insulator. Inelastic neutron scattering studiesGooding  have shown that the AF correlation length decreases as doping increases. For example, the AF correlation length is between 10 and $`20\AA `$ in the doping range $`0.04<x<0.15`$. This finite length of the AF ordered domains is missed in most numerical calculations on small clusters but even in those cases where the largest distance on the cluster studied is about or larger than the AF correlation length, the numerical technique employed should be able to determine these dynamical AF domains and to follow the movement of holes within this array of domains. So far this kind of analysis has not been performed. The closest approach has been done by using density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) techniques.white1 ; white2  However in this approach, domain walls appear as static features due to the use of open boundary conditions in rectangular clusters.

The effect of domain walls on hole dynamics has been discussed specially in the context of stripes.Emery  It has been realized that stripes are essentially DWs with an almost one-dimensional pattern. It is also apparent that holes acquire a larger mobility by moving along these DWs since there is no cost in magnetic energy.Chernyshev  It is then possible that this same physics of holes moving along the boundaries of AF domains be present in all doped cuprates, even in those where there is so far no clear experimental evidence of stripes just due to the presence of finite AF domains. It has been also suggested that stripes could be the way in which a strongly correlated electron system avoids the tendency to macroscopic phase separation.Emery  Although the presence of phase separation is still controversial in the 2D $`t`$-$`J`$ model from numerical studies,Boninsegni  it is likely that the proximity to a phase separated state is at the origin of the various kinds of inhomogeneities mentioned above.

The purpose of the present study is then to determine the presence of finite AF domains in the 2D $`t`$-$`J`$ model and the interrelation between hole movement and domain walls. A finite temperature conventional quantum Monte Carlo technique using the checkerboard decomposition is used.RegerYoung  This technique allows the study of larger clusters than the ones accessible by exact diagonalization, and more importantly, although working at low hole doping, the number of holes in the system is also much larger. Not only most numerical calculations have so far involved few holes but also analytical approaches, like those mentioned above, are essentially independent particle pictures. On the other hand, it has been noticed that the system with many holes shows a broad range of features, absent in the few holes problem, covered by the concept of “topological ordering”.Emery1  In fact, not only many holes destroy long range AF order but also the experimental result that spin stripes order at lower temperature than charge stripes is presumably a collective effect and not due to single-hole physics.Riera

The model studied is the exchange anisotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ model:

$`=`$ $``$ $`t{\displaystyle \underset{ij,\sigma }{}}(\stackrel{~}{c}_{i\sigma }^{}\stackrel{~}{c}_{j\sigma }+h.c.)`$ (1)
$`+`$ $`J{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}\left[S_i^zS_j^z+\gamma (S_i^xS_j^x+S_i^yS_j^y){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}n_in_j\right]`$
in standard notation. $`t=1`$, $`J=0.35`$. Square clusters with side length 8, 10, 12 and 16 with periodic boundary conditions (PBC) and hole doping $`0.03<x<0.10`$ are considered. Temperature is given in units of $`t`$.

It is possible to argue that an enhanced exchange ZZ component appears at an effective level due to inter plane exchange coupling. For example, in La2CuO4.11 ($`x=0.14`$), superconducting below 42 K, there is an AF correlation length in the c-direction that couples a Cu-O2 plane at least with its two (one above, one below) adjacent planes.YSLee  Although smaller in strength than other 2D interactions (spin-orbit, Dzialoshinskii-Moriya, four-site ring exchange), the inter plane coupling is the responsible for a finite temperature transition at half-filling, below which the correlation length diverges. In any case, we are going to work at very small $`\gamma `$, i.e. close to the Ising limit of the exchange interaction, or $`t`$-$`J_z`$ model, which is not a realistic case for the cuprates but is required to reduce the “minus sign problem” of QMC simulations (see below). In addition, at half-filling, the isotropic 2D Heisenberg model does not have an AF transition at finite temperature (Mermin and Wagner theorem) but the 2D Ising model has a critical temperature of $`2.269J=0.794t`$. In any case, as far as the interaction between holes and short-range AF order is concerned, the isotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ and the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ models lead to similar results.ChLeung

The “minus sign problem” is a very well-known aspect of QMC simulations and it has been extensively analyzed.Loh  We give here the outline of the sign calculation in order to make our results fully reproducible. This calculation consists of two parts. First, a local contribution which takes into account fermion permutations inside each cube. Then a global contribution which is due to fermion permutations between different plaquettes at each time slice. The permutations which appear when one hole moves from one side of the cluster to the opposite side have not been included. This is expensive numerically and it is just a boundary contribution. It has been also checked that the influence of this contribution is negligible, at least in the range of temperatures considered. The results shown below have been obtained by averaging at least over six independent runs and at one of the lowest temperatures, $`T=0.3t`$, each run consisted of 700,000 MC steps after thermalization. Only the results corresponding to an average sign larger than 0.01 were considered in the present study. The relative error of the measured quantities is around 0.01, i.e. about the size of the symbols used in the plots, except at the lowest temperatures reached, where the error bars are two times larger.

In order to identify the AF domains on each Trotter slice on the square lattice, a variant of the Hoshen-Koppelman algorithmHoshKopp  was implemented. This algorithm consists in sweeping each slice row by row. At each site, its state ($`z`$-projection of the spin) has to be compared with the one of the previous nearest neighbor (NN) site on the same row and with the state of the NN site on the previous row. Two NN sites belong to the same domain if their spins are antiparallel. Care should be taken due to spatial PBC for the last site on each row and for the last row on each slice. Once the domains are identified the number of sites belonging to it is counted. In addition, for all spins belonging to a given domain, the number of neighbors belonging to the same domain and the number of its neighbors belonging to neighboring domains are computed.

We start with a study of the magnetic ordering in the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ limit ($`\gamma =0`$). In Fig. 1(a) it is shown the dependence with hole doping $`x`$ of the volume fraction of the two largest domains, $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ obtained by dividing the number of spins belonging to those domains, $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$, by the number of cluster sites. It can be seen that already at a high temperature, $`\mathrm{T}\mathrm{t}`$, there is a large, percolating AF domain occupying roughly half the volume of the lattice. The second largest domain occupies on average roughly one quarter of the lattice, and the relative volume of the third largest domain is smaller than 0.1. One should take into account that for randomly distributed $`\pm 1`$ numbers on a lattice ($`\mathrm{T}=\mathrm{}`$ limit), undoped case, the relative volumes are 0.31, 0.17 and 0.10 respectively. As the temperature is lowered, at around $`\mathrm{T}0.7\mathrm{t}`$ (this value decreases as doping increases) there is a rather sharp decrease of the volume of the second largest domain with a consequent increase of the largest domain i.e., the second largest domain collapses into the first one. This change gets smoother as $`x`$ increases. Below this crossover temperature region, the largest ordered domain occupies 0.95 of the cluster for $`x=0.031`$, decreasing smoothly to 0.81 for $`x=0.12`$.

In Fig. 1(b) the resulting AF order as seen from $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ is studied by using a more conventional measure of magnetic order, i.e. the spin-spin ($`S_i^zS_j^z`$) correlation function at the maximum distance, $`S_{max}`$. Again there is a steep increase of $`S_{max}`$ as $`T`$ decreases presumably indicating a finite temperature transition in the bulk limit. The temperature of this jump decreases from $`T0.7`$, for $`x=0.039`$ ( $`16\times 16`$ cluster) to $`T0.6`$, for $`x=0.097`$ ($`12\times 12`$ cluster).

In Fig. 2(a) it is shown the dependence of the volume fraction of the two largest domains $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ with $`\gamma `$. Although up to $`\gamma =0.25`$ the results do not depart appreciably from those of the Ising limit, at $`\gamma =0.5`$ it can be observed an important reduction of the volume of the largest domain, and hence in the AF ordering of the system. This behavior of the $`\gamma `$ dependence is consistent with the one observed for other quantities as will be shown below, and it suggests that the behavior found for small $`\gamma `$ at high temperature is going to remain valid at lower temperatures (and eventually zero temperature) as the isotropic limit is reached. Fig. 2(b) contains a study of the dependence of these domain sizes with cluster size at $`\gamma =0.5`$. The finite size effects are not very important for this anisotropy value and these clusters sizes, although it may become more important as the isotropic Heisenberg case is reached and for smaller sizes.RegerYoung  Notice however that there is a slightly larger value of the doping fraction as the linear size is reduced in the data shown in this figure. Hence, if the results were corrected at the same doping fraction, finite size effects would be somewhat larger.

Now, the main point of this study is to detect the location of holes in the presence of ordered AF domains as long as this doped system is approximately described by a $`t`$-$`J`$ model close to the Ising limit. To get some insight about the microscopic interrelation between holes and AF domains it is useful to look at “snapshots” of the system generated during the QMC simulations. Fig. 3(a) shows a picture at a relatively high temperature ($`T=0.8`$) where there are still ordered domains with the opposite sublattice magnetization (darker shades of gray) than the main ordered domain (lightest shade of gray). The salient feature in this picture is that holes are located preferentially on the boundary of the largest AF domain. There are some other situations that can be identified in this picture, for example isolated holes inside the largest domain with a “string” of overturned spins attached to it.Trugman

On the other hand, Fig. 3(b) corresponds to a typical lower temperature behavior. The system presents a single ordered domain occupying most of the cluster and with just few disordered sites. Some features can be identified, such as isolated holes or pairs inside the percolating ordered domain. However, the most important feature is that most holes seems to be located in a phase separated region. In addition, in this and many other snapshots, we observed that most of the spins inside and around this region are ferromagnetically aligned, but we have not studied this issue systematically. Presumably, as AF domains with the opposite magnetization to that of the main one shrink with decreasing temperature, they would leave behind these highly doped regions forming a “mesoscopic” phase separated state or, more properly, a charge inhomogeneous state. In this situation holes would now gain kinetic energy by moving in a ferromagnetic background.

Of course, it is necessary to determine at a more quantitative level the presence of the features shown in Fig. 3. To this end, we adopted the criterion of looking only at the spins and holes belonging to the bulk or to the surface of the largest ordered AF domain, neglecting the contribution from smaller domains. We believe that this criterion gives the right behavior of the system. Then, for any site belonging to the largest ordered AF domain we computed the number of its nearest and next-nearest neighbor sites belonging to the same domain. We considered a spin in the bulk of the largest AF domain (inner spin) if the number of its neighbors belonging to the same domain is seven or eight, and we consider it at the boundary (boundary spin) if that number is between three and five. We prefer to leave aside the intermediate case of six neighbors and also the case of less than three neighbors, in this case to eliminate some sites which are loosely connected to the main AF domain. In any case, we repeated the calculations taking 2-5 neighbors for the boundary sites and 6-8 neighbors for the inner sites obtaining essentially the same results. We are confident then that the results shown below are quite robust, independent of the details of the classification of spins and holes.

The average fractions of spins located on the boundary ($`n_b^s`$) and inside ($`n_i^s`$) the largest AF domain, are defined as the average number of boundary spins divided by the total number of spins in this cluster ($`V_1`$) and the average number of inner spins divided by $`V_1`$ respectively. In Fig. 4(a), $`n_b^s`$ and $`n_i^s`$ are shown as a function of temperature, at $`\gamma =0`$ and other parameters as in Fig. 1. At high temperature the fraction of boundary spins is larger than the fraction of inner ones but this situation is reversed as the temperature is reduced due to the overall ordering of the system. As doping increases, the crossover temperature decreases, consistent with the reduction of AF order with doping. As it can be seen in Fig. 4(b), this crossover temperature is further reduced as the off-diagonal exchange term ($`\gamma `$) increases. Again, one could expect that the region over which there is an important fraction of boundary spins extends down to zero temperatures at the isotropic limit.

To determine the location of holes with respect to these AF domains, a similar procedure as above was extended to holes. That is, for every hole the number of its nearest and next-nearest neighbor spins belonging to the largest ordered AF domain was computed. As before, we considered a hole located inside the largest AF domain (inner hole) if the number of its neighbors belonging to the same site is seven or eight, and we consider it at the boundary (boundary hole) if that number is between three and five. The average fraction of boundary holes ($`n_i^h`$) and the average fraction of inner holes ($`n_i^h`$) are obtained by dividing the number of boundary holes and the number of inner holes respectively, by the total number of holes.

Results of these calculation are depicted in Fig. 5. The overall features are similar to those of Fig. 4, i.e. there is a dominance of boundary holes at higher temperatures changing to inner holes at lower temperatures (Fig. 5(a)). The fact that this crossover temperature at a given doping is lower than the corresponding temperature for spins suggests that holes have a preference to be located at the boundary, a possibility that will be confirmed below. Fig. 5(b) also shows that this crossover temperature is reduced by increasing $`\gamma `$ again consistent with the results of Fig. 4(b). Another feature that can be observed is that at the lowest temperatures, the reverse behavior occurs, i.e., there is an increase (decrease) of the boundary (inner) hole fractions. It is easy to see that this behavior is consistent with the formation of a phase separated hole-rich region inside the main AF percolating domain. This possibility is also examined below.

The central problem of the interrelation between holes and AF domains is addressed in Fig. 6, where the ratio $`r_b^h`$ of the fraction of boundary holes to the fraction of boundary spins is shown. This quantity, obtained from two quantities computed in QMC simulations, have then larger error bars than the ones of those quantities. The main result is that the ratio $`r_b^h`$ is always noticeably larger than one indicating a preference of the holes to move along the boundary of AF domains. In Fig. 6(a), it is shown that $`r_b^h`$ increases as $`T`$ is reduced, and decreases as doping increases. In Fig. 6(b), it is also shown that $`r_b^h`$ decreases as $`\gamma `$ increases. It is out of question to perform an extrapolation to $`\gamma =1`$ but this behavior suggests that one should be cautious about extending the conclusions of the present study to the isotropic case. The inset of Fig. 6(b) shows the hole population of the domain walls, $`p_w`$, defined as the number of holes on the boundary of the largest ordered domain divided by the number of spins (i.e., the “length”) of this boundary. It turns out that $`p_w`$ is just $`r_b^h`$ multiplied by the hole density $`x`$ and divided by $`v_1`$. To take a reference, on the stripes $`p_w=0.5`$, which seems considerably higher than an extrapolation to zero temperature of the present data, specially taking into account the reduction with increasing $`\gamma `$.

An elementary argument of minimization of the number of broken AF bonds leads to the possibility of pairing of holes even when they are constrained to move along the boundary between AF domains. In order to confirm this possibility, and to get further indications of the presence of a low temperature phase separation, we computed the hole-hole correlations $`C(r)`$ as a function of temperature. In Fig. 7(a) these correlations are shown as a function of distance and at various temperatures for a fixed value of $`x`$ and $`\gamma `$. As $`T`$ decreases, the correlations at large distances decrease while the correlations at short distances increase indicating the onset of hole attraction. Quite interesting, at intermediate temperatures, the largest correlation corresponds to the distance of $`\sqrt{2}`$, as was observed in many numerical studies for two holes at zero temperature in the fully isotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ modelwhite1 ; poilblanc ; riera-dagotto  and this is typical of d$`_{x^2y^2}`$ pairing. At the lowest temperature, the correlations are enhanced both at near and at far distances and suppressed at intermediate distances which is typical of a phase separated state.

For better visualizing the attraction between holes we averaged $`C(r)`$ for $`r=1,\sqrt{2}`$ and compared it with the average over the three largest distances on the cluster. Fig. 7(b) shows these averages as a function of temperature, on the $`12\times 12`$ cluster, $`\gamma =0`$ and at various dopings. It can be seen that the crossover temperature at which the near distance correlations start to dominate over the long distance ones, i.e. the probability of finding two holes becomes larger at short distance than at long distance, decreases slightly as a function of doping (of course, error bars exclude a precise determination of this crossover). This crossover temperature could be identified with $`T^{MF}`$ as discussed in Ref. Emery2, . Fig. 7(c) seems also to indicate that the pairing crossover temperature, for a given cluster size and doping, decreases with increasing $`\gamma `$. One should stress the fact that this onset of pairing takes place while there is still a larger fraction of holes on the DW than inside the largest ordered AF domain. For example, from Fig. 7(b), the onset of pairing occurs approximately at $`T=0.76`$, 0.70 and 0.66, at $`x=0.056`$, 0.069 and 0.083, respectively. The corresponding crossover from DW hole fraction to bulk hole fraction (Fig. 5(a))takes place at $`T=0.69`$, 0.66 and 0.60 for the same fillings.

It is also worth to mention that by looking at hole-hole correlations in momentum space we have not found indications of stripe formation. This hole static structure factor is loosely distributed around $`(0,0)`$ with not definite pattern. Presumably, additional mechanisms have to be invoked to stabilize a stripe state.Riera  The peak of the magnetic structure factor is also always at $`(\pi ,\pi )`$. In addition, by examining snapshots like the ones in Fig. 3, and by computing a measure of compactness using the data of Fig. 4, it turns out that the AF domains are in close contact between each other and are far from being “round” objects as implicitly assumed in Ref. Savici, . Hence, also in this type of inhomogeneity an external agent should be present to stabilize the reported static AF islands.

Let us summarize and discuss the main results of the present study. The 2D exchange anisotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ model, close to the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ limit, presents at high enough temperature finite AF domains which, at least in finite clusters, collapse at lower temperatures into a single ordered AF state. While there are domains, and hence domain walls, holes would tend to preferentially locate along these DW. In this case, there are indications of hole pairing starting at a relatively high temperature. One could speculate that this situation extends down to zero temperature in the fully isotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ model as this model is supposed to describe, for the appropriate hole doping, the superconducting phase of the cuprates. On the other hand, the fully isotropic case may behave as the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ model behaves at zero temperature, at least in finite clusters, and in this case it could undergo a crossover to a charge inhomogeneous state. As mentioned in the introductory paragraphs, there are many experimental indications of various kinds of inhomogeneities in the cuprates. In any case, the nature of the possible charge inhomogeneous state detected in the simulations should be further analyzed.newpap

A possible consequence of the reduction of the boundary length as temperature is decreased, is that the holes would become increasingly localized. This localization could contribute to the increase of in-plane resistivity in lightly doped La2-xSrxCuO4 and YBa2CuOy as T is reduced reported in recent experimental studies.Ando1 ; Ando2 . An indirect support to this scenario comes from the relation between resistivity and AF correlation length in La2-xSrxCuO4. It can be seen (Fig. 3 of Ref. Ando1, ) that the inverse mobility and the AF correlation length $`\rho _{AF}`$ have an identical behavior as a function of doping. However, one should be cautious since the mobility is measured at room temperature while $`\rho _{AF}`$ is the zero temperature value. Of course, in these compounds, stripes, which are a particular kind of DW, could be stabilized. In addition, the kinetic energy, computed in our simulations, is almost constant down to the lowest temperatures attainable. Perhaps, the system responds to this tendency to localization by going into a charge inhomogeneous state. In any case, one could suggest recipes to avoid this tendency to localization due to the shrinking of AF domains, present in all cuprates. For example, DWs could be enforced into the system by introducing magnetic impurities outside CuO2 layers in order to pin domains with random sublattice magnetizations. The resulting enlarged DW length would reduce hole localization and prevent phase separation.

Finally, let us compare the present results with the ones obtained in some of the most recent and closest studies. In the first place, in Ref. Chernyshev, , DWs are essentially straight lines, and essentially static, both in their analytical treatment and in their DMRG calculations. Hence their predictions are of limited applicability in the finite temperature real physics of the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ model, as revealed by the present simulations, where dynamical domains are considerably non-compact regions. In particular, our main result, holes moving essentially along DWs, suggests that “transverse” motion of holes is unlikely. Notice also that, by looking at the present results on a larger “time scale”, the AF domains could appear as more compact regions separated by broadened disordered domain walls. In addition, Ref. Chernyshev,  is a study at zero temperature, where we obtain, with PBC, indications of clustering of holes. In this sense, their zero temperature DW should be a consequence of additional effects not included in the $`t`$-$`J_z`$ model. In our case, finite AF domains appear as a competition between charge and magnetic energy, at finite temperatures. The issue of domain wall formation in our model has to be further investigated and it would be useful to compare the wall energetics with the predictions of Ref. Chernyshev, . Another of our most important results are the indications of binding of holes. This is a delicate issue which has been hotly debated in the context of stripes.white2 ; Emery ; Riera  In Ref. Chernyshev,  it was concluded that the presence of a DW is mostly irrelevant to pairing. In studies where charge stripes are forced into the system by an on-site potential added to an anisotropic $`t`$-$`J`$ modelRiera , no indications of pairing were found: stripes are metallic. In these studies, spin and hole correlations along the stripe are very much similar to the ones in isolated $`t`$-$`J`$ chains. One may suggest then, that the behavior of dynamical domain walls studied in the present work is considerable different than for stripes where charge is ordered by an external mechanism.

###### Acknowledgements.

The author wishes to thank many useful discussions with S. Maekawa, G. B. Martins, T. Tohyama and Y. J. Uemura. The use of supercomputers and friendly technical assistance at the Center for Computational Materials Science, IMR, Tohoku University, is also gratefully acknowledged.


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# Accelerating Cosmologies and a Phase Transition in M-Theory

(March 17, 2024)

## Abstract

M-theory compactifies on a seven-dimensional time-dependent hyperbolic or flat space to a four-dimensional FLRW cosmology undergoing a period of accelerated expansion in Einstein conformal frame. The strong energy condition is violated by the scalar fields produced in the compactification, as is necessary to evade the no-go theorem for time-independent compactifications. The four-form field strength of eleven-dimensional supergravity smoothly switches on during the period of accelerated expansion in hyperbolic compactifications, whereas in flat compactifications, the three-form potential smoothly changes its sign. For small acceleration times, this behaviour is like a phase transition of the three-form potential, during which the cosmological scale factor approximately doubles.

preprint: hep-th/0304089preprint: DAMTP-2003-29

At present, the study of accelerating cosmologies deserves particular interest for several reasons. Recent astronomical measurements on certain types of supernovae, as reported, e.g., in Rie01 , seem to indicate that our universe is not only expanding, which has been known for a long time, but is undergoing an accelerated expansion. Moreover, the hypothesis of another, inflationary, epoch of accelerated expansion in the distant past is supported by measurements on the cosmic microwave background, see, e.g., Ben03 . Phenomenologically motivated cosmological models which exhibit accelerated expansion for at least a certain period of time are easily constructed. The task, however, of deriving such a model from a compactification of a higher-dimensional theory such as superstring or M-theory, which are believed to incorporate the standard model consistently, is a more difficult one. This is due to the existence of a no-go theorem for compactifications on time-independent internal spaces Gib85 ; MaNu01 . This theorem states that if the strong energy condition is satisfied for a higher-dimensional theory, which it is for ten or eleven-dimensional string or M-theory, then it is also valid for the compactified theory. But then the time-time component of the four-dimensional Ricci tensor is subject to the condition $`R_{00}0`$, and, since $`R_{00}`$ is related to the acceleration of the scale factor $`S`$ in an FLRW universe by $`R_{00}=3\ddot{S}/S`$, it follows that acceleration is forbidden.

A recent letter demonstrated the possibility of evading this theorem ToWo03 ; a solution of the vacuum Einstein equations was presented for which spacetime is compactified on a compact hyperbolic manifold of time-varying volume to a four-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic FLRW universe with a phase of accelerated expansion. This work is easily extended to the M-theory case where, in the low energy limit, the equations of motion follow from the bosonic part of the action of eleven-dimensional supergravity CJS78 ,

$$S=_{11}\sqrt{g}\left(R\frac{1}{24!}F_4^2\right),$$
(1)
involving the curvature scalar $`R`$ and the four-form field strength $`F_4=dC_3`$. In principle, this action should additionally contain the Chern-Simons term $`C_3F_4F_4`$. This term, however, becomes irrelevant below when $`F_4`$ is realized as a volume form. The fact that $`F_4`$ can be non-zero in toroidal or spherical compactifications has been established before ANT80 ; FrRu80 . One new point here is to look at the remaining possibility and to investigate the effects of a non-zero $`F_4`$ in a hyperbolic compactification.

Consider the following eleven-metric, parameterized by functions of time $`K(t),L(t)`$ and $`S(t)`$,

$$ds_{11}^2=\left(\frac{K(t)}{L(t)}\right)^{7/6}ds_E^2+\left(\frac{K(t)}{L(t)}\right)^{1/3}ds_7^2,$$
(2)
where

$$ds_E^2=S(t)^6dt^2+S(t)^2d𝐱d𝐱$$
(3)
is a four-dimensional FLRW metric in Einstein conformal frame. The internal space with the metric

$$ds_7^2=g_{7mn}dy^mdy^n$$
(4)
is taken to be a compact Einstein manifold with negative or zero curvature, such that its Ricci tensor satisfies

$$R_{7mn}=6\kappa ^2g_{7mn}\text{for}\kappa 0.$$
(5)
The eleven-metric (2), together with the four-form

$$F_4=bL(t)^2vol_{1,3}$$
(6)
where $`vol_{1,3}=dtdx_1dx_2dx_3`$, solves the Einstein equations and the equation of motion of $`F_4`$ derived from the action (1) if

$$S(t)=K(t)^{7/12}L(t)^{1/4}$$
(7)
and

$`K(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\sqrt{21}\gamma }{14\kappa \mathrm{sinh}\frac{3}{7}\sqrt{21}\gamma |t|}& \text{for}& \kappa >0\\ e^{\frac{3}{7}\sqrt{21}\gamma t}& \text{for}& \kappa =0\end{array},`$ (8c)
$`L(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3\gamma }{b\mathrm{cosh}3\gamma t}}.`$ (8d)
Note that not all constants of integration are displayed: different time shifts may be chosen in $`K(t)`$ and $`L(t)`$. Solutions that are of similar type have been considered before, however, without appreciating their possible accelerating behaviour, see e.g. Dem85 . Moreover, the specific solution presented above has a close relation to $`S`$-branes, see Oht03 ; Roy03  (and references therein). It describes, in fact, an electrically charged $`SM2`$-brane, with a hyperbolic or flat transverse space, whose three spatial worldvolume directions correspond to the spatial sections of the four-dimensional FLRW cosmology considered above. It is clear from $`K(t)`$ in (8) that the $`\kappa >0`$ solution with hyperbolic internal space does not simply reduce to the one for $`\kappa =0`$ where the internal space is flat. The same happens for the field strength: the solution for $`L(t)`$ with non-zero field strength parameter $`b0`$ does not simply reduce to the one for $`b=0`$, given in ToWo03 , where instead $`L(t)=e^{3\gamma t}`$ (with $`\gamma `$ set to $`\gamma =1`$).

The standard time coordinate $`\eta `$ in Einstein frame is defined by $`d\eta =S(t)^3dt`$, see (3). Expansion of the Einstein frame scale factor corresponds to $`dS/d\eta >0`$ and acceleration to $`d^2S/d\eta ^2>0`$. Hence, as in the zero field strength case ToWo03 , it is easily shown that the above solutions admit a period of accelerated expansion for negative $`t`$ in a certain interval

$$\frac{t_1}{\gamma }<t<\frac{t_2}{\gamma }$$
(9)
(which maps into an interval $`\eta _1<\eta <\eta _2`$ of positive $`\eta `$), see figure 1.

Such accelerated expansion, however, can only be possible if the strong energy condition is violated by the scalar fields arising in the compactification process. These are the scale $`e^M`$ of the internal space, which is determined by

$$M(t)=\frac{1}{6}\mathrm{ln}\frac{K(t)}{L(t)},$$
(10)
and a term coming from $`F_4`$. Reducing the eleven-dimensional action (1) by substituting the metric ansatz (2), one finds a four-dimensional scalar Lagrangian

$$=7_E^2M\frac{63}{2}(_EM)^242\kappa ^2e^{9M}\frac{1}{24!}e^{21M}F_4^2.$$
(11)
Note that this expression is given in Einstein frame and is only reached by a suitable conformal transformation of the four-dimensional part of the original eleven-metric. It is necessary to go to the Einstein frame in order to avoid interpretational ambiguities: in particular, this frame is characterized by a time-independent Newton constant. From the energy-momentum tensor $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ of $``$ one finds

$`X`$ $``$ $`T_{\eta \eta }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}Tg_{E\eta \eta }`$ (12)
$`=`$ $`63M_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}42\kappa ^2e^{9M}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}b^2e^{21M}`$
where $`M^{}=dM/d\eta `$. This quantity is required to be positive by the strong energy condition, and indeed,

$$X=6S^1\frac{d^2S}{d\eta ^2},$$
(13)
such that the strong energy condition is violated if, and only if, the acceleration of the scale factor $`S`$ is positive. Note, from the second term in $`X`$, that a hyperbolic internal space, where $`\kappa >0`$, gives rise to a negative contribution. For a flat internal space, this term vanishes and the strong energy condition can be violated only by the third term which is due to the four-form $`F_4`$. The latter contributes negatively because of a more general observation Gib85 : $`p`$-forms in $`n`$ dimensions may violate the strong energy condition for $`pn1`$. Such an effect, that the four-form of eleven-dimensional supergravity gives rise to a negative cosmological constant upon reduction to four dimensions, has also been noted in ANT80 .

The phase of acceleration has several interesting properties. In the following they are discussed for a hyperbolic internal space. For a flat internal space one proceeds similarly, and a summary of the results for this case is given below. Now let $`\kappa >0`$. Accelerated expansion starts at the time $`t_1/\gamma `$ and ends at $`t_2/\gamma `$ where one finds $`t_10.78`$ and $`t_20.15`$ as the two negative solutions of the equation

$`(5\sqrt{21})\mathrm{cosh}6(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{7}}\sqrt{21})t+8\mathrm{cosh}{\displaystyle \frac{6}{7}}\sqrt{21}t`$ (14)
$`(5+\sqrt{21})\mathrm{cosh}6(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{7}}\sqrt{21})t+8\mathrm{cosh}6t10`$ $`=0`$
which follows from $`d^2S/d\eta ^2=0`$. In terms of the physical time variable $`\eta `$, the accelerating phase is bounded by

$$\eta _i=A(t_i)b^{3/4}\kappa ^{7/4}\text{for}i=1,2$$
(15)
where the function $`A(t)`$ is given by

$$A(t)=\left(\frac{3}{2^{14}7^7}\right)^{1/8}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑s\frac{\mathrm{cosh}^{3/4}3s}{\mathrm{sinh}^{7/4}\frac{3}{7}\sqrt{21}|s|}.$$
(16)
The difference $`\eta _{\text{acc}}=\eta _2\eta _1`$ gives the total acceleration time

$$\eta _{\text{acc}}=[A(t_2)A(t_1)]b^{3/4}\kappa ^{7/4},$$
(17)
and the expansion factor during the period of accelerated expansion is obtained to be

$$a=\frac{S(\eta _2)}{S(\eta _1)}2.155.$$
(18)
Note that the factor $`a`$ is constant and independent of the parameters of the solution (8). This implies that there can be no hope of using this solution in any inflationary scenario, where the required expansion to solve cosmological issues, such as the horizon or the flatness problem, is of the order of magnitude $`𝒪(e^{60})`$. The total acceleration time $`\eta _{\text{acc}}`$, on the other hand, depends on the field strength parameter $`b`$ as well as on the curvature $`\kappa `$ of the internal space. It tends to zero for $`b0`$ or $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$ in which limit the scale factor doubles instantaneously. The scale of the internal space is determined by the behaviour of $`M`$ in (10). One finds that $`M\mathrm{}`$ as $`\eta 0`$ and also as $`\eta \mathrm{}`$. In the accelerating phase, $`M`$ assumes a minimum value, as is shown in figure 2.

Looking at the solution in the whole range of $`\eta `$ shows that there is no stabilisation of the internal space scale, which seems to be a more general problem in hyperbolic compactifications NSST02 . The fact, however, that the scale has a minimum, which is reached very fast, means that there is a natural ’compactification’ of the internal space until the end of the accelerating phase. The following decompactification is a very slow process.

The four-form field $`F_4`$ smoothly switches on in the phase of accelerated expansion. For small times $`\eta 0`$, it behaves like

$$F_4\stackrel{\eta 0}{}b^{(1+2ϵ)}\gamma ^2\kappa ^{14ϵ/3}\eta ^{8ϵ/3}vol_{1,3}$$
(19)
where $`ϵ=(\sqrt{21}/31)^1`$, whereas in the limit $`\eta \mathrm{}`$, the field $`F_4`$ tends to a constant value $`F_4=F_{\mathrm{}}vol_{1,3}`$ with

$$F_{\mathrm{}}=9\gamma ^2/b.$$
(20)
More precisely,

$$F_4\stackrel{\eta \mathrm{}}{}\left(F_{\mathrm{}}9\gamma ^2b(6\kappa )^{14/3}[\frac{3}{4}(\eta \eta _0)]^{8/3}\right)vol_{1,3},$$
(21)
see also figure 3.

As $`b0`$, the four-form value at infinity $`F_{\mathrm{}}`$ may be kept constant by choosing an appropriate value for $`\gamma `$. But this limit coincides with the one of zero total acceleration time. For small $`b`$, therefore, the three-form potential $`C_3`$ of eleven-dimensional supergravity is behaving as in a first order phase transition, characterized by the fact that its derivative $`F_4=dC_3`$ becomes discontinuous. The four-form field $`F_4`$ is almost instantaneously switched on to its $`\eta \mathrm{}`$ value $`F_{\mathrm{}}vol_{1,3}`$ while the scale factor $`S(\eta )`$ of the FLRW universe jumps by the factor $`a2.155`$.

Many of the results for a flat internal space, where $`\kappa =0`$, are similar to those for the hyperbolic case $`\kappa >0`$, some are very different. The appropriate expressions (15, 17) for the times which characterize the period of accelerated expansion are essentially obtained by replacing $`\kappa `$ by $`\gamma `$ (the integral in (16) differs, of course). The expansion factor of the FLRW cosmology in this period becomes $`a1.355`$. For the internal scale one again finds an evolution as shown in fig. 2. The interesting changes appear in the behaviour of $`F_4`$. While (19) stays the same up to the replacement $`\kappa \gamma `$, one finds that $`F_4`$ tends to zero also for $`\eta \mathrm{}`$. For some finite $`\eta _{\text{max}}`$, the four-form assumes a maximum value which equals the limiting value of the $`\kappa >0`$ case, $`F_{\text{max}}=F_{\mathrm{}}`$. For a plot of $`F_4`$ see figure 4.

These differences between $`\kappa >0`$ and $`\kappa =0`$ are best understood from the three-form potential

$$C_3=\frac{3\gamma }{b}\mathrm{tanh}3\gamma tdx_1dx_2dx_3.$$
(22)
In the hyperbolic case $`\kappa >0`$, a negative $`C_3`$ at $`\eta =0`$ ($`t=0`$) is switched off as $`\eta \mathrm{}`$ ($`t0`$). The value $`F_{\mathrm{}}`$ of $`F_4`$ is the slope at $`t0`$. The difference for $`\kappa =0`$ is that, here, $`\eta \mathrm{}`$ corresponds to $`t\mathrm{}`$ because $`S(t)`$ is non-singular. Thus, a negative $`C_3`$ at $`\eta =0`$ ($`t=0`$) makes a transition to a positive $`C_3`$ of the same absolute value as $`\eta \mathrm{}`$ ($`t\mathrm{}`$). This transition takes place around $`\eta _{\text{max}}`$. It has the slope $`F_{\text{max}}`$ and can be made discontinuous in the limit $`b0`$ while keeping the ratio $`\gamma /b`$ constant.

The alignment of the four-form along the directions $`(\mathrm{0\hspace{0.17em}1\hspace{0.17em}2\hspace{0.17em}3})`$ of the final cosmology is not the only possibility consistent with the rotational symmetry of FLRW spacetimes. Rather than choosing $`F_4`$ as above, one might also consider aligning it along $`(0|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4\hspace{0.17em}5\hspace{0.17em}6})`$, $`(\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}2\hspace{0.17em}3}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})`$ or along directions $`(\mathrm{4\hspace{0.17em}5\hspace{0.17em}6\hspace{0.17em}7})`$ completely in the internal space. Another interesting question is whether there are solutions where the Chern-Simons term of the eleven-dimensional supergravity action becomes important, or whether it is possible to find solutions where the internal space is a product of several manifolds. With such extensions, one might hope to be able to control the properties of the phase of accelerated expansion or even to combine several of these phases into a single solution. This then might provide a key to derive more realistic cosmologies, including inflation, from M-theory. After completion of this work, several papers have appeared which explore further aspects of accelerating cosmologies from string and M-theory compactifications EmGa03 ; Oht03a ; CHNW03 .

###### Acknowledgements.

Acknowledgments. MNRW thanks Paul K. Townsend for valuable discussions. He gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Gates Cambridge Trust.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The study of the in-medium hadron properties is one of the most interesting subjects in nuclear physics and has attracted continuous attention for decades. Historically, several kinds of hadron-nucleus bound systems were investigated such as pionic atoms, kaonic atoms, and $`\overline{p}`$ atoms . Recently, the interests and importance of this field have been much increased due to both the theoretical and experimental developments.

One of the important progresses in theoretical aspects is the new concept of partial restoration of chiral symmetry , in which a reduction of the order parameter of the chiral phase transition takes place in finite density and causes the modifications of the hadron properties. The development of the chiral effective theories enables us to discuss in-medium properties of hadrons in the viewpoint of chiral symmetry. In this context, hadronic bound systems have been investigated in various chiral models for pionic atoms , kaonic atoms/nuclei , $`\eta `$ and $`\omega `$ mesic nuclei .

Experimentally, the establishment of the (d,3He) spectroscopies in the formation of the deeply bound pionic atom opens new possibilities to form various kinds of hadron-nucleus bound systems, which are not accessible by the standard X-ray spectroscopies, and to investigate the bound states quite precisely. Originally the (d,3He) reaction has been studied theoretically  as one of the proper methods to form the deeply bound pionic states , and later proved to be a powerful tool experimentally . Using the (d,3He) reactions the deeply bound pionic 1s states were observed clearly and the binding energies and widths are determined precisely . This method can be generalized to form other hadron-nucleus bound systems . An experimental proposal to observe the $`\eta `$ and $`\omega `$-nucleus system by the (d,3He) reactions at GSI has been approved already .

We investigate the $`\eta `$ mesic nucleus in this paper. The special features of the $`\eta `$ mesic nucleus are the followings: (1) the $`\eta N`$ system dominantly couples to $`N^{}(1535)`$ $`(N^{})`$ at the threshold region . (2) The isoscalar particle $`\eta `$ filters out contamination of the isospin$`3/2`$ excitation in the nuclear medium. (3) As a result of the $`s`$-wave nature of the $`\eta NN^{}`$ coupling, there is no threshold suppression like the $`p`$-wave coupling.

The dominant coupling of $`\eta N`$ to $`N^{}(1535)`$ makes the use of this channel particularly suited to investigate this resonance and enables us to consider the $`\eta `$ mesic nucleus as one of the doorways to investigate the in-medium properties of the $`N^{}`$. As shown in Ref. , the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential is extremely sensitive to the in-medium masses of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ and even its qualitative nature may change from attractive to repulsive.

In this paper, we calculate the $`\eta `$ nucleus optical potential assuming the $`N^{}`$ dominance in $`\eta `$-$`N`$ system, and use the chiral doublet models (the naive and mirror models)  and the chiral unitary model  to calculate the in-medium modification of $`N^{}`$. These models are based on quite different pictures of $`N^{}`$. In the chiral doublet model, the $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ form a multiplet of the chiral group. In Refs. , a reduction of the mass difference of the $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ in the nuclear medium is found in the chiral doublet model. On the other hand, an investigation of the $`\eta `$ meson properties in the nuclear medium within a chiral unitary approach has been also reported . There the $`N^{}`$ is introduced as a resonance generated dynamically from meson-baryon scattering. Since this theoretical framework is quite different from the chiral doublet model, it is interesting to compare the consequences of these ‘chiral’ models for $`N^{}`$ and $`\eta `$ mesic nucleus.

For this purpose we calculate the (d,3He) spectra for various cases and show the numerical results. We find the significant differences for the spectra and can expect to distinguish the models from the experimental observables. Since the optical potential for the $`\eta `$ predicted with the chiral doublet model may change its nature from attractive to repulsive for higher nuclear densities, we even consider the $`\eta `$ bound systems for unstable nuclei which are known to have low density halo structure in some nuclides. We would like to emphasize that we have the possibilities to deduce the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential information from the experiments and obtain the $`N^{}`$ property in medium which has the close connection to the $`N`$-$`N^{}`$ chiral dynamics.

In section 2, we describe the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potentials obtained in the chiral doublet model with the naive and mirror assignments and in the chiral unitary model with assuming the $`N^{}`$ dominance in $`\eta N`$ channel. In section 3, we show the calculated (d,3He) spectra for the formation of the $`\eta `$-nucleus systems. Section 4 is devoted to the summary.

## 2 Chiral models for $`\eta `$-nucleus Interaction

In this section, we show the formulation to calculate the $`\eta `$ optical potential in a nucleus. We use the chiral models that incorporate chiral symmetry in different way in order to evaluate the in-medium behaviors of the $`N^{}`$ resonance.

In the recoilless (d,3He) reaction, which is proton picking-up process, the $`\eta `$ meson can be created in the nucleus with small momentum. Therefore here we assume the $`\eta `$ meson at rest in the nucleus.

### 2.1 General features of $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential

First of all, we consider the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential within the $`N^{}`$ dominance hypothesis in the $`\eta `$-nucleon channel as discussed in Sec.1. If we assume the Lagrangian formulation for $`N^{}`$, where $`N^{}`$ is described as a well-defined field and its propagator is written in the Breit-Wigner form, it is shown as a general conclusion that the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential is very sensitive to the in-medium difference of the $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ masses.

Consider an analogy to the isobar model for the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ resonance in $`\pi `$-$`N`$ system, we obtain the $`\eta `$-optical potential in the nuclear medium in the heavy baryon limit  as;

$$V_\eta (\omega )=\frac{g_\eta ^2}{2\mu }\frac{\rho (r)}{\omega +m_N^{}(\rho )m_N^{}^{}(\rho )+i\mathrm{\Gamma }_N^{}(s;\rho )/2},$$
(1)
where $`\omega `$ denotes the $`\eta `$ energy and $`\mu `$ is the reduced mass of the $`\eta `$ and the nucleus. $`\rho (r)`$ is the density distribution for nucleus. The $`\eta NN^{}`$ vertex with the coupling constant $`g_\eta `$ is given by

$$L_{\eta NN^{}}(x)=g_\eta \overline{N}(x)\eta (x)N^{}(x)+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.,$$
(2)
where $`g_\eta 2.0`$ to reproduce the partial width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{N^{}\eta N}75`$ MeV at tree level. The “effective masses ”$`m_N^{}(\rho )`$ and $`m_N^{}^{}(\rho )`$ in the medium are defined as poles of their propagators so that $`\mathrm{Re}G^1(p^0=m^{},\stackrel{}{p}=0)=0`$. Considering that the $`N^{}`$ mass in free space lies only fifty MeV above the $`\eta N`$ threshold and that in the medium the mass difference of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ becomes smaller in the chiral double model, we expect that there is a critical density $`\rho _c`$ where the sign of $`\omega +m_N^{}m_N^{}^{}`$ is getting to be positive. Then, the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential turns to be repulsive at density above the $`\rho _c`$.

### 2.2 Chiral doublet model

In this subsection, we evaluate the effective masses of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ using the chiral doublet model with the mirror and naive assignments in order to obtain the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential.

The chiral doublet model is an extension of the SU(2) linear sigma model for the nucleon sector. There are two possible models in the chiral doublet model; the naive and mirror models . In the later model, $`N^{}`$ is regarded as chiral partner of $`N`$ and forms a chiral multiplet together with $`N`$. The Lagrangian density of the chiral doublet model with the mirror assignment is given by

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2}{}}\left[\overline{N}_ji/N_jg_j\overline{N}_j(\sigma +()^{j1}i\gamma _5\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{\pi })N_j\right]`$ (3)
$`m_0(\overline{N}_1\gamma _5N_2\overline{N}_2\gamma _5N_1)`$
where $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ are eigenvectors under the SU(2) chiral transformation. This Lagrangian was proposed and investigated first by DeTar and Kunihiro . In the mirror assignment, $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ have an opposite axial charge to each other while they have the same charge in the ‘naive’ assignment, which is discussed later. The physical $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ are expressed as a superposition of $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ as $`N=\mathrm{cos}\theta N_1+\gamma _5\mathrm{sin}\theta N_2`$ and $`N^{}=\gamma _5\mathrm{sin}\theta N_1+\mathrm{cos}\theta N_2`$ where $`\mathrm{tan}2\theta =2m_0/\sigma (g_1+g_2)`$ , in order to diagonalize the mass terms after spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry. The $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ masses are given by

$$m_{N,N^{}}^{}=\frac{1}{2}(\sqrt{(g_1+g_2)^2\sigma ^2+4m_0^2}(g_2g_1)\sigma ),$$
(4)
and the coupling constant of the $`\pi NN^{}`$ vertex also is given by

$$g_{\pi NN^{}}=(g_2g_1)/\sqrt{4+((g_1+g_2)\sigma /m_0)^2},$$
(5)
where $`\sigma `$ is the sigma condensate in the nuclear medium. The parameters in the Lagrangian have been chosen so that the observables in vacuum, $`m_N=940`$ MeV, $`m_N^{}=1535`$ MeV, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{N^{}\pi N}75`$ MeV, are reproduced with $`\sigma _0=f_\pi =93`$ MeV, and they are obtained as $`g_1=9.8`$, $`g_2=16.2`$, $`m_0=270`$ MeV . It is important here that the masses and couplings of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ are constrained by chiral symmetry and are written as functions of the sigma condensate. Such constraints are also observed in the chiral quartet model for $`\mathrm{\Delta }(1232)`$ and $`N(1520)`$ with $`J=3/2`$ .

Assuming partial restoration of chiral symmetry in the nuclear medium, we parameterize the sigma condensate as a function of the nuclear density $`\rho `$ as

$$\sigma =\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho )\sigma _0,$$
(6)
where, in the linear density approximation, $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho )=1C\rho /\rho _0`$ with $`C=0.10.3`$ . The $`C`$ parameter represents the strength of the chiral restoration at the nuclear saturation density $`\rho _0`$. In the mean field approximation, the medium effects may be introduced by replacing the in-vacuum sigma condensate by the in-medium one. Finally the in-medium mass difference is obtained by

$$m_N^{}(\rho )m_N^{}^{}(\rho )=(1C\rho /\rho _0)(m_Nm_N^{}).$$
(7)
As for the $`N^{}`$ width in the medium, we consider the two dominant decay channels of the $`N^{}`$ in the medium, namely $`N^{}\pi N`$ and $`NN^{}\pi NN`$ in this calculation. The other decay modes are shown to be negligible in our previous paper . The $`N^{}\eta N`$ channel does not contribute in the nuclear medium due to the Pauli blocking effects on the decayed nucleon and the $`N^{}\pi \pi N`$ contribution is negligibly small in this model. The partial decay width for $`N^{}\pi N`$ is calculated using the energy of the $`N^{}`$ and obtained as,

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\pi (s)=3\frac{g_{\pi NN^{}}^{}}{4\pi }\frac{E_N+m_N^{}}{\sqrt{s}}q,$$
(8)
where $`E_N`$ and $`q`$ is the energy and the momentum of the final nucleon on the mass shell in the rest frame of the $`N^{}`$, respectively. Similarly, we estimate the $`NN^{}\pi NN`$ process within this model following the formulation of Ref. ,

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{N^{}N\pi NN}(s)=`$ (10)
$`3\beta ^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{\pi NN}}{2m_N^{}}}\right)^2\rho {\displaystyle 𝑑p_1p_1^3\frac{dp_2}{(2\pi )^3}p_2\frac{m_N^{}}{\omega _2}}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}+2m_N^{}(\sqrt{s}\omega _2m_N^{})}{\left[\left(\frac{p_1^2}{2m_N^{}}\right)^2p_1^2m_\pi ^2\right]^2}}\mathrm{\Phi }(p_1,p_2),`$
where $`p_1`$ ($`\omega _1`$) and $`p_2`$ ($`\omega _2`$) are pion momenta (energies), $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is the phase space variable defined in . We define $`\beta `$ as,

$$\beta =\frac{g_1m_0}{\sigma m_N^{}(m_N^{}^{}+m_N^{})}\chi ,$$
(11)
with the effective coupling of $`\pi \pi NN^{}`$ through $`\sigma `$ meson in this model, which is $`\chi 1.29`$. This contribution is estimated to be typically fifteen MeV at the saturation density, although it depends on the $`\eta `$ energy and $`C`$ parameter. We include this channel in the present calculation.

We also mention the ‘naive’ assignment case in the chiral doublet model. The lagrangian density for the naive assignment is given by,

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2}{}}\left[\overline{N}_ji/N_j+a_j\overline{N}_j(\sigma +i\gamma _5\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{\pi })N_j\right]`$ (12)
$`+`$ $`a_3\left\{\overline{N}_2(\gamma _5\sigma +i\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{\pi })N_1\overline{N}_1(\gamma _5\sigma +i\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{\pi })N_2\right\}`$
where $`a_j(j=1,2,3)`$ are the coupling constants. In the physical base, the masses of the $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ are given by

$$m_{N,N^{}}^{}=\frac{\sigma }{2}(\sqrt{(a_1+a_2)^2+4a_3^2}(a_1a_2)).$$
(13)
The details of this model are discussed in Ref. . As seen in eq. (13), the mass difference of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ is expressed as a linear function of $`\sigma `$, which has exactly the same form as the mirror assignment case in Eq. (7). Therefore, as shown later, the general behavior of the $`\eta `$ optical potential obtained with the naive model is similar to that of the mirror model, since, essentially, the $`N`$-$`N^{}`$ mass difference is responsible for the qualitative change of the optical potential from attractive to repulsive in Eq. (1).

As for the $`N^{}`$ width in the medium, the two decay channels, $`N^{}\pi N`$ and $`NN^{}\pi NN`$, are considered in the same manner as in the mirror assignment case. In the naive assignment, the $`\sigma NN^{}`$ coupling vanishes under a diagonalization of the mass matrix. Hence, we consider additional terms given in Ref. , which describe quadratic meson-baryon interaction including the $`\pi \pi NN^{}`$ coupling to calculate the width.

### 2.3 Chiral Unitary Model

We explain briefly another type of chiral model for baryon resonances, the chiral unitary approach , which is also used to describe the $`N^{}`$ resonance in the nuclear medium and to obtain the $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction. In this approach, a coupled channel Bethe-Salpeter equation for the meson-baryon scatterings is solved in vacuum, and the $`N^{}`$ is generated dynamically as a resonance, contrary to the chiral doublet model, where the $`N^{}`$ field appears in the lagrangian explicitly as explained in the previous section.

To include the nuclear medium effects, they take into account the Pauli blocking of the intermediate nucleon states and use the in-medium propagators of the intermediate mesons ($`\pi ,K,\eta `$) and baryons ($`N,\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma }`$). The energy dependence of the each self-energy is treated in a self-consistent manner.

In the present paper, we directly take the $`\eta `$ self-energy shown in Fig.6 (c) of the second reference in Ref.  calculated by the Valencia group as the results of the chiral unitary approach, and use it to obtain the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential.

## 3 Numerical Results

In this section, we show the numerical results on the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential and the formation cross sections of $`\eta `$-nucleus systems using the different models for $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction described in section 2.

### 3.1 $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction

The calculated $`\eta `$ self-energy in the nuclear medium depends on the $`\eta `$ energy and the nuclear density in general. We firstly show the calculated $`\eta `$ self-energies in different models at finite nuclear density. In Fig. 1, we show the $`\eta `$ self-energy at certain nuclear densities as a function of the energy carried by the $`\eta `$. We compare the self-energies obtained by the chiral doublet model (the mirror assignment) with those obtained by the chiral unitary approach. We show the results for $`C=0.0`$ case in Fig. 1 (a) and $`C=0.2`$ case in (b) for the chiral doublet model. The results with the chiral unitary approach are directly taken from Fig.6 (c) of the second reference in Ref.  and are the same in both Figs. 1 (a) and (b). In the case of $`C=0.0`$ in the chiral doublet model, since there is no in-medium change of the sigma condensate $`\sigma `$, the properties of $`N`$ and $`N^{}`$ do not change in the medium. Therefore this case corresponds to the so-called ’$`t\rho `$’ approximation. We find that the self-energies of the chiral doublet model with $`C=0.0`$ resemble those of the chiral unitary approach. On the other hand, the results with $`C=0.2`$ show significant differences from the results of the chiral unitary approach as can be seen in Fig. 1 (b). Both real and imaginary parts of the self-energies of these two models show much different energy dependence for all nuclear densities considered here.

To see the consequences of these differences in the self-energy, we show in Fig. 2 the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential $`U`$ defined as;

$$U(r)=V(r)+iW(r)=\frac{1}{2m_\eta }\mathrm{\Pi }_\eta (m_\eta ,\rho (r)),$$
(14)
where the $`\eta `$ energy is fixed to be $`m_\eta `$. The nuclear density is assumed to be of an empirical Woods-Saxon form here as;

$$\rho (r)=\frac{\rho _0}{1+\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{rR}{a}\right)},$$
(15)
where $`R=1.18A^{1/3}0.48`$ (fm) and $`a=0.5`$ (fm) with the nuclear mass number $`A`$. We fix the $`\eta `$ energy to its mass $`m_\eta `$ here to see the $`r`$ dependence of the optical potential. In all other numerical results shown in this paper, we use the appropriate energy dependent $`\eta `$-Nucleus self-energies.

The optical potential is plotted in Fig. 2 for $`\eta `$-11B system. We find that the potential with $`C=0.0`$ resembles that of the chiral unitary approach as expected from the behavior of the self-energies, and that they are essentially attractive potential. However, the potential with $`C=0.2`$ has the repulsive core inside the nucleus as reported in Ref.  and is much different from the potential of the chiral unitary approach.

### 3.2 $`\eta `$-mesic nucleus formation by the (d,3He) reaction

In this section, we evaluate the formation rate of the $`\eta `$-nucleus system by the (d,3He) reaction and show the calculated results for various nuclear target cases. In the (d,3He) reaction spectroscopies, we only observe the emitted 3He in the final state and obtain the double differential cross section $`d\sigma /d\mathrm{\Omega }/dE`$ as a function of the 3He energy. The energy of $`\eta `$Nucleus system is evaluated from the 3He kinetic energy and the properties of the $`\eta `$-Nucleus interaction can be investigated from the $`d\sigma /d\mathrm{\Omega }/dE`$ data. We use the Green function method to calculate the formation cross sections of quasi-stable $`\eta `$-nucleus system . All details of the application of the Green function method to the $`\eta `$ system formation are found in Refs. . In this paper, we consider Td=3.5 GeV as the initial deuteron kinetic energy which satisfies the recoilless condition for the $`\eta `$ production.

We show the 12C(d,3He)11B$`\eta `$ reaction cross sections for the formation of the $`\eta `$-11B system in the final state in Fig. 3. The spectra obtained are shown as functions of the excited energy defined as;

$$E_{\mathrm{ex}}=m_\eta B_\eta +(S_p(j_p)S_p(\mathrm{ground})),$$
(16)
where $`B_\eta `$ is the $`\eta `$ binding energy and $`S_p(j_p)`$ the proton separation energy from the proton single particle level $`j_p`$. The $`S_p(\mathrm{ground})`$ indicates the separation energy from the proton level corresponding to the ground state of the daughter nucleus. The nuclear density distributions are assumed to be the empirical Woods-Saxon form defined in Eq. (15).

Here, we briefly explain the general features of the (d,3He) spectra for the $`\eta `$ production using Fig.3. As shown in the figure, the spectrum is dominated by two contributions which are $`(0s_{1/2})_p^1s_\eta `$ and $`(0p_{3/2})_p^1p_\eta `$ configurations since the final states with the total spin $`J0`$ are largely enhanced in the recoilless kinematics. The $`\eta `$ production threshold with the $`(0p_{3/2})_p^1`$ proton-hole state is indicate by the vertical dotted line at $`E_{\mathrm{ex}}E_0=0`$. The threshold with the $`(0s_{1/2})_p^1`$ hole state, which is the excited state of the daughter nucleus, is at $`E_{\mathrm{ex}}E_0=18`$ MeV because of the difference of $`S_p(j_p)`$ in Eq. (16). Thus, the contributions from the bound $`\eta `$ states appear in $`E_{\mathrm{ex}}E_0<0`$ region with $`(0p_{3/2})_p^1`$ state and in $`E_{\mathrm{ex}}E_0<18`$ MeV region with $`(0s_{1/2})_p^1`$ state.

In the present case of Fig.3, there are no bound states and the strength in the bound region is due to the absorptive interaction of $`\eta `$-Nucleus system. The existence of the imaginary part in the potential, which account for the absorption of $`\eta `$ in nucleus, deform the shape of the spectrum and provide the certain strength in subthreshold region. Hence, this subthreshold strength has no relation to the existence of the bound states. If we have the bound states with sufficiently narrow width, we will see the peak structure in $`\eta `$ bound region, which is not seen in Fig. 3.

In the higher excitation energy region, the calculated spectra show the contribution from the quasi-free (positive energy) $`\eta `$ production with a proton-hole state. Since the recoilless condition is satisfied only around $`E_{\mathrm{ex}}E_00`$, the cross section is smaller for the higher excitation energy due to the larger momentum transfer even the emitted quasi-free $`\eta `$ has the larger phase space.

Hence, the peak structure shown in Fig.3 is the consequence of the reaction cross section around the $`\eta `$ production threshold and does not have the direct connection to the existence of the bound states. However, the whole shape of the spectrum reflects the properties of the $`\eta `$-Nucleus interaction and provides important information even if there are no quasi-stable bound peaks in the spectrum.

Going back to the discussion of our results, in Fig.3, we show the calculated results by the chiral doublet model with both mirror and naive assignments. As expected in section 2.2, both assignments predict the similar (d,3He) spectra and show the repulsive nature of the $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction. Hereafter, we only show the results with the mirror assignment since the both assignments provide similar spectra.

In Fig. 4, we show the 12C(d,3He)11B$`\eta `$ spectra for three different $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potentials. In Fig. 4 (a), the spectra with the so-called $`t\rho `$ optical potential, which are calculated by putting $`C=0.0`$ in the chiral doublet model, are shown. We show the spectra obtained by the chiral doublet model with $`C=0.2`$ in Fig. 4 (b). We can see in the figures that the repulsive nature of the potential shifts the (d,3He) spectrum to the higher energy region compared to the $`t\rho `$ case. In Fig. 4 (c), we show the results by the chiral unitary model. As expected by the potential shape, the spectra with the chiral unitary approach are shifted significantly to the lower energy region as in the $`t\rho `$ potential case as a result of the attractive potential. We should mention here that we can see the contributions from the bound $`\eta `$ states in Figs. 4(a) and 4(c) as bumps in dashed lines around $`E_{\mathrm{ex}}E_0=1015`$ MeV. We have found that there exist certain discrepancies between the spectra obtained with different chiral models, which are expected to be distinguished by the experimental data.

Next we consider the case of an unstable nuclear target. As shown in Fig. 2, since the chiral doublet model combines the possible existence of the attractive $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction at lower nuclear densities with the repulsive interaction at higher densities, it will be interesting to study the $`\eta `$ mesic state in the unstable nuclei with halo structure . Here, we consider 11Li as an example of the halo nuclei and evaluate the cross section of the 12Be(d,3He) reaction for the formation of the $`\eta `$-11Li system in the final state.

The density distribution of the 11Li is determined from the experimental interaction cross sections  by using the cluster-orbital shell model approximation (COSMA). In this approximation, the 11Li density is expressed as the sum of the 9Li-core and two valence neutron densities. For the 9Li-core, we use the Gaussian functional form for the proton and neutron densities, which reproduce the experimental RMS radii as $`R_{\mathrm{rms}}^p=R_{\mathrm{rms}}^n=R_{\mathrm{mat}}^{\mathrm{exp}}`$(9Li$`)=2.32`$\[fm\] . For halo density, we consider two possibilities for the orbital angular momentum of the halo neutrons and apply the following two kinds of functional form ;

$`\rho ^{1\mathrm{s}}(r)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^{2/3}\alpha _{1\mathrm{s}}^3}}\mathrm{exp}((r/\alpha _{1\mathrm{s}})^2),`$ (17)
$`\rho ^{1\mathrm{d}}(r)={\displaystyle \frac{4r^4}{15\pi ^{2/3}\alpha _{1\mathrm{d}}^7}}\mathrm{exp}((r/\alpha _{1\mathrm{d}})^2),`$ (18)
where the range parameter $`\alpha `$ is determined to be $`\alpha _{1\mathrm{s}}=4.88`$ \[fm\] and $`\alpha _{1\mathrm{d}}=3.2`$ \[fm\]  so as to reproduce the experimental radius of 11Li as $`R_{\mathrm{mat}}^{\mathrm{exp}}(^{11}\mathrm{Li})=3.2`$ \[fm\] .

For the density distribution of the target nucleus 12Be, we sum up the square of the harmonic oscillator wave functions for all occupied states to obtain the point nucleon density. The oscillator parameter is determined by the experimental RMS radius of 12Be, $`R_{\mathrm{rms}}(^{12}\mathrm{Be})=2.59`$ \[fm\] . To get the charge (matter) distribution of the 12Be, we fold the point nucleon density with the Gaussian nucleon density with the size of $`(R_{\mathrm{rms}}^N)^2=0.69`$ \[fm2\].

In Fig. 5, we show the calculated spectra for the formation of the $`\eta ^{11}`$Li system by the 12Be(d,3He) reaction. Here, we assume that the halo neutrons are in the $`1s`$ state and use the Eq. (17) for the halo neutron density of the COSMA. We compare the results of the chiral doublet model with those of the chiral unitary model. In this case, we can see the repulsive nature of the chiral doublet prediction and the differences of the results of these models again. Both results have qualitatively the same features as the results shown in Fig. 4 for the 12C target cases. However, the contributions from the $`(0s_{1/2})_p^1s_\eta `$ configurations are relatively enhanced in the 12Be target case because of the difference of the single particle proton configuration in the target. In the total spectrum, we can clearly see the cusp due to the $`(0s_{1/2})_p^1s_\eta `$ configurations, which could be interesting and useful to identify the $`\eta `$ contributions in experiments.

To see the low density halo contributions clearly, we show the results with halo-neutrons in $`1s`$ state (Eq. (17)), in $`1d`$ state (Eq. (18)), and without halo neutron cases in Fig. 6 for the chiral doublet model and the chiral unitary model. In both models, we cannot see significant differences in the spectra due to the difference of the halo neutron states, $`1s`$ or $`1d`$, in dominant contributions as shown in the figure. The spectra calculated without halo neutrons, which are thought to be equivalent to the contribution from the core 9Li, have slightly larger cross sections in all cases considered here. We think this enhancement is due to the lack of the distortion effects in the final states from the halo neutrons.

From the results shown in Figs. 5 and 6, we think that it is difficult to observe the characteristic spectra due to the existence of the wide low density region with the realistic halo neutron density distribution of 11Li. In order to see the low-density-attractive nature of the optical potential predicted by the chiral doublet model, we need to consider the nuclei with more ‘effective’ halo than 11Li, which has larger spatial dimension and includes more neutrons, and may exist in the heavier mass region .

In all results shown above, we consider the target nuclei that include protons both in $`s_{1/2}`$ and $`p_{3/2}`$ states. In the (d,3He) reactions with the recoilless condition, the substitutional configurations are known to be largely populated. Hence, to consider the target nucleus which includes only $`s_{1/2}`$ protons is interesting because the spectrum will be dominated by the only contribution $`(0s_{1/2})_p^1s_\eta `$. We can expect to deduce the information of the $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction very easily without decomposing the spectrum into subcomponents. For this purpose, we consider the 4He as a target nucleus and calculate the (d,3He) spectrum for the formation of the $`\eta `$-3H system in the final state. Of course, we are aware of the lack of the few-body treatment in our formalism and we should improve it for a more quantitative calculation. However, we think it is still extremely interesting to evaluate the spectrum for the 4He target case to see the advantages to observe the spectra with the single dominant subcomponents.

We show the calculated results of the 4He(d,3He)3H$`\eta `$ reaction in Fig. 7. As we expected, the results are completely dominated by the single components and will be easily related to the behavior of the $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction and $`N^{}`$ properties in the medium. We can see the clear differences of the three cases here.

Finally, we show the results with the heavy target 40Ca case in Fig. 8. In the heavier targets, we have larger possibilities to have bound states and the larger medium effects. However, it seems to be very difficult to deduce the clear information from the spectra since many configurations $`(n\mathrm{}_j)_p^1\mathrm{}_\eta `$ contribute to the spectra and they can not be distinguished because of the large width. We calculate the 40Ca(d,3He)39K$`\eta `$ spectrum with the chiral doublet model and see the experimental feasibilities to use the heavy target. We find that the whole spectrum is shifted according to the change of the $`C`$ parameter in the model and we may be able to deduce the average strength of the potential from the position of the whole spectrum. However, as we expected, it seems extremely difficult and almost impossible to distinguish the each contribution from the full spectrum.

## 4 Conclusion

We have studied the properties of $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction and their experimental implications. We obtain the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential by postulating the $`N^{}(1535)`$ dominance in the $`\eta `$-$`N`$ system. The $`N^{}(1535)`$ properties in the nuclear medium are taken into account by two kinds of the chiral effective models, the chiral doublet model and the chiral unitary model.

We find that the two kinds of chiral models lead to the different properties of $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction as a result of the qualitatively different properties of the $`N^{}`$ in nuclear medium. Hence, the studies of the $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction can be connected to the properties of the $`N^{}`$ in the medium and the information of the in-medium baryon chiral symmetries. Especially, we should stress here that the chiral doublet model lead to a unique shape of the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential which change its nature from attractive to repulsive for higher nuclear densities. It could be extremely interesting to confirm the existence (or non-existence) of this curious shape of the potential experimentally.

To investigate the experimental feasibility, we have calculated the (d,3He) spectra for the formation of the $`\eta `$-nucleus systems in the final states. This (d,3He) spectroscopy is an established experimental method in the studies of the pionic bound systems. We have studied theoretically the (d,3He) spectra in a comprehensive manner and concluded that we can deduce the new information of $`\eta `$-nucleus interaction from the (d,3He) experiment, and by knowing the nature of the $`\eta `$-nucleus optical potential, we will be able to study the in-medium properties of the $`N^{}`$. We believe that this research helps much the experimental activities for the studies of the $`\eta `$-nucleus systems, and the understanding of the baryon chiral symmetries and its medium modifications.

## 5 Acknowledgements

This work is partly supported by Grands-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), No. 14540268.


text:
# A note on Abelian varieties embedded in quadrics

## 1 Introduction.

Let $`A`$ be a $`d`$-dimensional abelian variety embedded in $`𝐏^N`$. It is well known that $`2dN`$. Moreover, in  Van de Ven proved that the equality holds only when $`d=1`$ or $`2`$.

It is a natural question to study the possibilities for $`d`$ when the abelian variety $`A`$ is embedded in any other smooth $`2d`$-dimensional variety $`V`$. In particular, here we study the embedding in smooth quadrics. We obtain the following result:

###### Theorem 1.1

If $`A`$ is a $`d`$-dimensional abelian variety in a smooth quadric of dimension $`2d`$ then $`d=1`$ and $`A`$ is an elliptic curve of bidegree $`(2,2)`$ on a quadric.

We will use similar methods to Van de Ven’s proof. The calculation of the self intersection of $`A`$ in the quadric and the Riemann-Roch theorem for abelian varieties allow only the cases $`d=1,2,3`$.

The case $`d=1`$ is the classical elliptic curve of type $`(2,2)`$ contained in the smooth quadric of $`𝐏^3`$.

When $`d=2`$, $`A`$ is an abelian surface in $`𝐏^5`$. We see that is the projection of an abelian surface $`A^{}𝐏^6`$ given by a $`(1,7)`$ polarization. By a result  due to R. Lazarsfeld, this is projectively normal and it is not contained in quadrics. Therefore, $`A`$ is not contained in quadrics either.

Finally, two results ,  of J.N.Iyer allow us to discard the case $`d=3`$.

## 2 Proof of the Theorem.

Let $`j:AQ`$ be an embedding of a $`d`$-dimensional abelian variety into a $`2d`$-dimensional smooth quadric, with $`d>1`$. The Chow ring of the smooth quadric in codimension $`d`$ is generated by cocycles $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ with the relations $`\alpha ^2=\beta ^2=1`$, $`\alpha .\beta =0`$. Thus, $`A`$ will be equivalent to $`a\alpha +b\beta `$ and

$$A.A=a^2+b^2.$$
$`(1)`$
On the other hand, by the self-intersection formula (, pag 431) we have $`A.A=j_{}c_d(N_{A,Q})`$. To obtain $`c_d(N_{A,Q})`$, let us consider the normal bundle sequence:

$$0T_Aj^{}T_QN_{A,Q}0$$

Since the tangent bundle of an abelian variety is trivial, we see that $`c(N_{A,Q})=j^{}(c(T_Q))`$. We compute the class of the tangent bundle of a quadric in the following lemma:

###### Lemma 2.1

Let $`i:Q𝐏^{n+1}`$ be an $`n`$-dimensional smooth quadric in $`𝐏^{n+1}`$. Then

$$c(T_Q)=(1+\overline{H})^{n+2}(1+2\overline{H})^1$$

where $`\overline{H}=i^{}H`$ and $`H`$ is a hyperplane in $`𝐏^{n+1}`$.

Proof: We have an exact sequence:

$$0T_Qi^{}T_{𝐏^{n+1}}N_{Q,𝐏^{n+1}}0$$

Since $`Q`$ is a hypersurface $`N_{Q,𝐏^{n+1}}𝒪_Q(Q)𝒪_Q(2\overline{H})`$ and the total class of the normal bundle is $`c(N_{Q,𝐏^{n+1}})=1+2\overline{H}`$. On the other hand, it is well known that $`c(T_{𝐏^{n+1}})=(1+H)^{n+2}`$. Now, from the splitting principle the claim follows.

Let us apply this lemma to the previous situation. We obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c(N_{A,Q})& =(1+h)^{2d+2}(1+2h)^1=\hfill \\ & _{k=0}^{2d+2}({}_{k}{}^{2d+2})h^k_{l=0}^{\mathrm{}}(2h)^l\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`h=j^{}\overline{H}`$. In particular, the top class is

$$c_d=F_dh^d,\text{ with }F_d=\underset{k=0}{\overset{d}{}}({}_{k}{}^{2d+2})(2)^{(dk)}.$$

Substituting this into the self-intersection formula, we have:

$$A.A=F_dj_{}(j^{}\overline{H}^d)=F_d\overline{H}^d.j_{}A=F_d(a\alpha +b\beta ).\overline{H}^d=F_d(a+b).$$

Combining this expression with $`(1)`$ we obtain the following relation

$$a^2+b^2=F_d(a+b)$$
$`(2)`$
or equivalently,

$$(a\frac{F_d}{2})^2+(b\frac{F_d}{2})^2=\frac{F_d^2}{2}.$$

We are interested in bounding the degree of $`A`$, when $`(a,b)`$ satisfy this equation. Note that this is a circle of center $`(\frac{F_d}{2},\frac{F_d}{2})`$ and radius $`\frac{F_d}{\sqrt{2}}`$. Since $`deg(A)=a+b`$, it is clear that the maximal degree is reached when $`(a,b)=(F_d,F_d)`$, that is,

$$deg(A)2F_d.$$

On the other hand, the abelian variety is embedded in $`Q𝐏^{2d+1}`$. When $`d>2`$, by Van de Ven’s Theorem, it spans $`𝐏^{2d+1}`$. Furthermore, by the Riemann-Roch theorem for abelian varieties, we know that $`h^0(𝒪_A(h))=\frac{deg(A)}{d!}`$. Thus, we have the following inequality:

$$deg(A)2(d+1)!$$

Comparing the two bounds we see that a sufficient condition for the non-existence of the embedding $`j`$ is $`F_d<(d+1)!`$. Now,

$$F_d=\underset{k=0}{\overset{d}{}}({}_{k}{}^{2d+2})(2)^{(dk)}\underset{k=0}{\overset{d}{}}({}_{k}{}^{2d+2})(2)^d2^d2^{2d+1}=2^{3d+1}.$$

We see that $`(d+1)!>2^{3d+1}F_d`$ when $`d=17`$. A simple inductive argument shows that this holds if $`d17`$.

If $`d17`$, using the exact value of $`F_d`$, we see that $`(d+1)!>F_d`$ for any $`d>3`$.

We conclude that the unique possibilities are $`d=2`$ or $`d=3`$.

First, suppose that $`A`$ is an abelian surface contained in a quadric. $`F_2=7`$ and we can check that the unique positive integer solution of the equation $`(2)`$ is $`a=b=7`$. Thus $`A`$ must be an abelian surface of degree $`14`$ given by the polarization $`(1,7)`$. Note that $`AQ𝐏^5`$ is not linearly normal, that is, it is the projection of a linearly normal abelian surface $`A^{}𝐏^6`$. The quadric $`Q`$ can be lifted to a quadric containing the surface $`A^{}`$.

Lazarsfeld proved in  that a very ample divisor of type $`(1,d)`$ with $`d13`$ or $`d=7,8,9`$ is projectively normal. From this the following sequence is exact:

$$0H^0(I_{A^{},𝐏^6}(2))H^0(𝒪_{𝐏^6}(2))H^0(𝒪_A^{}(2))0$$

Since $`h^0(𝒪_{𝐏^6}(2))=h^0(𝒪_A^{}(2))=28`$, there are not quadrics containing the abelian surface $`A^{}`$ and we obtain a contradiction.

Finally, suppose that $`d=3`$. Now, $`F_3=24=(3+1)!`$, so the degree of the abelian variety is exactly $`2F_3=48`$. The line bundle $`𝒪_A(h)`$ corresponds to a divisor of type $`(1,1,8)`$ or $`(1,2,4)`$. But J.N.Iyer prove in  that a line bundle of type $`(1,\mathrm{},1,2d+1)`$ is never very ample. Moreover, in  she studies the map defined by a line bundle of type $`(1,2,4)`$ in a generic abelian threefold. She obtains that it is birational but not an isomorphism onto its image. Note that the very ampleness is an open condition for polarized abelian varieties (see ). It follows that a linear system of type $`(1,2,4)`$ cannot be very ample on any abelian threefold and this completes the proof.

###### Remark 2.2

The sequence $`F_d=_{k=0}^d({}_{k}{}^{2d+2})(2)^{(dk)}`$ is related to the Fine numbers. For a reference see .

Acknowledgement I thank K. Hulek for suggesting me this problem and for his advice and interest. I am grateful to the Institut für Mathematik of Hannover for its hospitality and especially to E. Schellhammer for his patience. I want also thank E. Deutsch for his remark about bounding $`F_d`$ and its relation with the Fine numbers.

E-mail: luisfg@usc.es

Luis Fuentes García. Institut für Mathematik. 30167 Hannover, Germany.


text:
# References

BRX TH-517

A Note on Matter Superenergy Tensors

S. Deser

Brandeis University

Department of Physics

Waltham, MA 02454, USA

E-mail: deser@brandeis.edu

## Abstract

We consider Bel–Robinson-like higher derivative conserved two-index tensors $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ in simple matter models, following a recently suggested Maxwell field version. In flat space, we show that they are essentially equivalent to the true stress-tensors. In curved Ricci-flat backgrounds it is possible to redefine $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ so as to overcome non-commutativity of covariant derivatives, and maintain conservation, but they become model- and dimension- dependent, and generally lose their simple “BR” form.

Historically, the nonexistence of a local stress tensor in generally covariant theories such as Einstein’s led to a successful search for the next-best thing, the covariantly conserved but four-index and higher derivative Bel–Robinson (BR) tensor , quadratic in curvature. Being traceless in D=4, it has no “$`T_{\mu \nu }`$-like” 2-index contraction. However, this discovery led ineluctably to an equally successful search  for matter analogs of BR, despite the presence of perfectly good $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ there. These quantities resemble BR in being of higher derivative order and quadratic in the “curvatures” of the corresponding fields. In particular, it has recently been shown  that there is a natural 2-index conserved BR-version of the Maxwell tensor. In flat space QFT, operators $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ whose matrix elements behave like those of the stress-tensor are essentially proportional to it : In momentum space, one expects a conserved symmetric 2-tensor to have the form $`f(q^2)T_{\mu \nu }(q)`$, up to (trivial) identically conserved terms. By continuity, one might expect some similar property to hold, at least for test fields, i.e., in Ricci-flat spaces. The results we obtain here confirm these expectations, at least for $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ of simple free field models. Using the simplest – scalar and vector – free field models we will first investigate their $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ in flat space and immediately verify the expectation that they (and their obvious generalizations) are indeed related to the corresponding $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ by form factors. In gravitational backgrounds we find that while $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ can be redefined to survive non-commutation of derivatives at least in Ricci-flat spaces, generically they lose their flat space attributes and become model- and dimension-dependent.

In flat space, the new tensors are respectively

$$H_{\mu \nu }^s\varphi _{\mu \alpha }\varphi _\nu {}_{}{}^{\alpha }\frac{1}{2}\eta _{\mu \nu }(\varphi _{\alpha \beta }\varphi ^{\alpha \beta }),\varphi _{\mu \alpha }_{\alpha \mu }^2\varphi $$
(1)
and

$$H_{\mu \nu }^vF_{\mu \lambda \alpha }F_\nu {}_{}{}^{\lambda \alpha }\frac{1}{4}\eta _{\mu \nu }(F_{\lambda \beta \alpha }F^{\lambda \beta \alpha }),F_{\mu \lambda \alpha }_\alpha F_{\mu \lambda }$$
(2)
for scalar and Maxwell fields, and exhibit the BR form, in terms of the “curvatures” $`\varphi _{\mu \nu }`$ and $`F_{\mu \lambda \alpha }`$. \[The extra derivatives on the fields are clearly completely transparent to taking divergences, symmetry, etc.\] Our main point, however, is that, equally obviously, they are simply related to their corresponding stress tensors, through

$$H_{\mu \nu }^s=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}T_{\mu \nu }^s$$
(3)
and

$$H_{\mu \nu }^v=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}T_{\mu \nu }^{\mathrm{max}}.$$
(4)
Here and throughout we work entirely on-shell, since that is all that matters; in particular, we used the Maxwell field equation

$$\mathrm{}F_{\mu \nu }=0.$$
(5)
These examples, then, show that the $`H_{\mu \nu }`$ are precisely of the (momentum space) form $`f(q^2)T_{\mu \nu }(q)`$, devoid of independent content.

An excursion into curved space is less directly motivated, as there is no expected simple physical “$`H`$$`T`$” connection there. Still, it is mildly interesting that any results at all can be drawn in more general backgrounds. It is immediately clear that not only do the definitions (1,2) of $`H`$ not imply (3,4) but that in neither form does (covariant) conservation of $`H`$ follow from that of $`T`$. The reason is of course the non-commutativity among covariant derivatives, particularly $`[D_\mu ,\mathrm{}]0`$.

A resolution of this impasse exists, however, for spaces that are Ricci-flat: when $`\mathrm{}`$ is replaced by the Lichnerowicz operator ,

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_{\mu \nu }(LT)_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{}T_{\mu \nu }+2R_{\mu \alpha \nu \beta }T^{\alpha \beta },$$
(6)
commutativity is restored:

$$D^\mu (LT)_{\mu \nu }=L(D^\mu T_{\mu \nu })=0.$$
(7)
The curvature addition in (6) compensates for $`[D^\mu ,\mathrm{}]0`$. This happens in general for and only for Ricci-flat spaces, as is easily verified (recall that the divergence of the Riemann tensor is the curl of Ricci). We have thus rescued, albeit in restricted geometries,111In D=4, $`H_{\mu \nu }^{\mathrm{max}}`$ is also conserved  on combined Einstein–Maxwell shell, i.e., for spaces whose Ricci tensor is proportional to $`T_{\mu \nu }^{\mathrm{max}}`$, due to the special properties of the Maxwell tensor in D=4. This does not hold in other D, nor even in D=4, for the scalar model. a conserved – redefined – $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\mu \nu }`$, but at the price of losing the desired BR form (1,2). Can the (necessary) shift from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`L`$ be made compatible with (1,2)? The answer is a very qualified “yes”, for D=4 Maxwell only  and not otherwise. First we see why it does not work for scalars: the only difference between (3) and (1) is that the former contains extra terms $`\mathrm{}D_\mu \varphi `$ (of course all derivative ordering must be carefully kept here!). But $`[\mathrm{},D_\mu ]\varphi D_\mu \mathrm{}\varphi +R_{\mu \alpha }\varphi _\alpha `$ and involves only the Ricci tensor, so we can drop it. This equality of (3) and (1), however, is also its drawback: since only $`\stackrel{~}{H}=\mathrm{}T+RT`$ is conserved, it is not (1) alone, but the sum of (1) with $`RT`$ that is conserved. The Maxwell model, though only in D=4, circumvents the above difficulty precisely because (4) differs from (2) by terms of the form $`F(\mathrm{}F)`$ and these no longer vanish. Instead,

$$0=D^\alpha [D_\alpha F_{\mu \nu }+D_\nu F_{\alpha \mu }+D_\mu F_{\mu \alpha }]=\mathrm{}F_{\mu \nu }+\left\{R^\alpha {}_{\nu \lambda \mu }{}^{}F_{\alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\lambda }(\nu \mu )\right\}.$$
(8)
The ensuing $`RFF`$ terms in reducing (4) to (2), together with the $`RT^{\mathrm{max}}`$ part of $`LT^{\mathrm{max}}`$, cancel each other owing to a specifically D=4 Weyl tensor identity ; the (covariantized) $`H_{\mu \nu }^v`$ of (2), being the reduction of $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\mu \nu }^v`$, is conserved.

Finally, a remark on the original, gravitational, BR tensor. In the present context, one might hope to construct it in terms of an underlying gauge-variant stress-tensor. This is impossible for a seemingly accidental reason: the trace of $`B_{\mu \nu \lambda \beta }`$ vanishes in D=4 and so there is no $`H_{\mu \nu }`$-like candidate. \[The only quadratic on-shell 2-index tensor is the square of Weyl, $`C_{\mu \alpha \beta \gamma }C^{\nu \alpha \beta \gamma }`$, which is a pure trace in D=4.\] More generally, this impossibility is understandable from the known fact  that (already in flat space) all $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ candidates for free linear spin $`>`$1 gauge fields vary by a superpotential term, under gauge transformations, one that cannot be removed by any curls or $`\mathrm{}`$ operators: Hence $`\mathrm{}T_{\mu \nu }`$ (or more general operators on $`T_{\mu \nu }`$) is still conserved but remains gauge-variant, even on shell. The required BR process here is more radical, taking individual “curls” of the factors in $`T`$, to reach the required $`BRR`$ form.

In summary, we have seen that in flat space, ostensibly novel conserved symmetric BR-like extensions of matter $`T_{\mu \nu }`$ are really equivalent to it. In curved but Ricci-flat backgrounds, conservation of at least the extended $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\mu \nu }=(LT)_{\mu \nu }`$, can be preserved. Even then (for all but the Maxwell field in D=4), since $`(LT)`$ is no longer of pure BR form (1) or (2), but acquires various non-minimal additions.

I acknowledge correspondence with the authors of . This work was supported by NSF grant PHY99-73935.