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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The idea that the set of $`4d`$ massless fields of all spins should admit some manifestly $`Sp(8)`$ invariant formulation in the ten-dimensional space-time $`_4`$ with symmetric matrix coordinates $`X^{\alpha \beta }=X^{\beta \alpha }`$ $`(\alpha ,\beta =1\mathrm{}4`$ are $`4d`$ Majorana spinor indices) was originally put forward by Fronsdal . In  twistor world line particle models in $`_4`$ were studied which upon quantization give rise to a wave function equivalent to the $`sp(8)`$ singleton identified in  with the set of all $`4d`$ massless representations of $`o(3,2)`$. In  it was shown that the set of free equations of motion for massless fields of all spins in $`4d`$ Minkowski space-time indeed exhibits $`Sp(8)`$ symmetry, which acts locally at the infinitesimal level and admits equivalent description in $`_4`$. In  the proposed constructions were extended to the generic case of $`Sp(2M)`$ and it was argued that higher values of $`M`$ correspond to higher spin theories in higher dimensions.

The problem of formulating a consistent nonlinear higher spin gauge theory is of great interest in the context of revealing a most symmetric phase of a theory of fundamental interactions. Recently it was conjectured that higher spin gauge theories appear as AdS/CFT duals  of the boundary conformal theories in the limit $`g^2N0`$ . To check this conjecture it is necessary to develop a nonlinear theory of massless higher spins in the full generality, which is a nontrivial problem solved by now only for the $`3d`$ and $`4d`$ higher spin theories at the level of equations of motion  111For more references on higher spin theories we refer the reader to . Some higher spin cubic interactions in $`5d`$ theories were constructed recently in . In  nonlinear equations of motion in the space-time of any dimension were obtained.. To this end it is important to work out a most efficient formalism that utilizes symmetries of the model as much as possible. Once conformal higher spin theories are shown to exhibit higher symplectic symmetries, an important step is to develop explicitly $`Sp(2M)`$ invariant formulation. This is achieved by virtue of introducing the generalized space-time $`_M`$, which is a minimal space where $`Sp(2M)`$ acts geometrically as Fronsdal showed in  where $`_M`$ was realized as the space of $`M`$-forms of minimal rank. Equivalently $`_M`$ can be defined  as the coset space $`Sp(2M)/P`$, where $`P`$ is the parabolic subgroup of $`Sp(2M)`$ generated by the generalized Lorentz transformations, dilatations and special conformal transformations (see below). $`_M`$ defined this way is analogous to the compactified Minkowski space in the case of usual conformal group $`SO(d,2)`$. Usual Minkowski space is the big cell of the compactified Minkowski space. Analogously, in this paper we analyze the problem in the big cell of $`_M`$, which is $`R^{\frac{M(M+1)}{2}}`$ (using the same notation $`_M`$ for the big cell throughout this paper). The infinite towers of massless fields of all spins in four dimensions were shown in  to be described by one scalar and one spinor (equivalently, one scalar superfield) in $`_4`$.

The $`Sp(2M)`$ generalized conformal symmetry transformations in $`_M`$ are realized by the vector fields (see, e.g., )

$`P_{\alpha \beta }=i{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}},L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta }=2iX^{\beta \gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \gamma }}},K^{\alpha \beta }=iX^{\alpha \gamma }X^{\beta \eta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\gamma \eta }}}.`$
The (nonzero) $`sp(2M)`$ commutation relations are

$`[L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta },L_\gamma {}_{}{}^{\delta }]=i(\delta _\alpha ^\delta L_\gamma {}_{}{}^{\beta }\delta _\gamma ^\beta L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\delta }),`$
$`[L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta },P_{\gamma \delta }]=i(\delta _\gamma ^\beta P_{\alpha \delta }+\delta _\delta ^\beta P_{\alpha \gamma }),[L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta },K^{\gamma \delta }]=i(\delta _\alpha ^\gamma K^{\beta \delta }+\delta _\alpha ^\delta K^{\beta \gamma }),`$
$`[P_{\alpha \beta },K^{\gamma \delta }]={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\delta _\beta ^\gamma L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\delta }+\delta _\alpha ^\gamma L_\beta {}_{}{}^{\delta }+\delta _\alpha ^\delta L_\beta {}_{}{}^{\gamma }+\delta _\beta ^\delta L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\gamma }).`$
$`P_{\alpha \beta }`$ and $`K^{\alpha \beta }`$ are generators of the generalized translations and special conformal transformations. The $`gl_M`$ algebra spanned by $`L_\alpha ^\beta `$ decomposes into the central subalgebra associated with the generalized dilatation generator $`D=L_\alpha ^\alpha `$ and the $`sl_M`$ generalized Lorentz generators $`l_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta }=L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta }\frac{1}{M}\delta _\alpha ^\beta D.`$ Let us note that the coordinates $`X^{\alpha \beta }`$ of $`_M`$ can be interpreted as being dual to the generalized momenta $`P_{\alpha \beta }`$ on the right hand side of the supersymmetry algebra $`\{Q_\alpha ,Q_\beta \}=P_{\alpha \beta }`$ which plays the key role in the brane physics .

The $`Sp(8)`$ invariant field equations considered in  have the form

$$\left(\frac{^2}{X^{\alpha \beta }X^{\gamma \delta }}\frac{^2}{X^{\alpha \gamma }X^{\beta \delta }}\right)b(X)=0$$
(1.1)
for a scalar field $`b(X)`$ and

$$\frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}f_\gamma (X)\frac{}{X^{\alpha \gamma }}f_\beta (X)=0$$
(1.2)
for a svector field $`f_\beta (X)`$. (We use the name “svector” (symplectic vector) to distinguish $`f_\beta (X)`$ from vectors of the usual Lorentz algebra $`o(d1,1)`$. Note that svector fields obey the Fermi statistics ). For $`M=2`$, because antisymmetrization of any two-component indices $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ is equivalent to their contraction with the $`2\times 2`$ symplectic form $`\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }`$, (1.1) and (1.2) coincide with the $`3d`$ massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, respectively. For $`M=4`$, the equations (1.1) and (1.2) in the generalized ten-dimensional space-time $`_4`$ were shown in  to encode the infinite set of the usual $`4d`$ equations of motion for massless fields of all spins.

One interpretation of the extended matrix space-time is that it is merely a useful technical device like superspace for supersymmetry. It is interesting however to see what are specificities of the dynamics in the generalized space-time $`_M`$ treated as a physical space-time. In  the dynamics in $`_M`$ described by the equations (1.1) and (1.2) was shown to be consistent with the principles of relativistic quantum field theory including unitarity and microcausality. Most important difference compared to the usual picture is that, because the system of equations (1.1) and (1.2) is overdetermined, the true local phenomena occur in a submanifold $`\sigma `$ called local Cauchy surface in  and identified with the usual space of Minkowski space-time. The formulations of $`Sp(2M)`$ invariant systems in terms of the generalized space-time $`_M`$ and usual space-time are equivalent and complementary. The description in terms of $`_M`$ provides clear geometric origin for the $`Sp(2M)`$ generalized conformal symmetry. In particular it provides a geometric interpretation of the electromagnetic duality transformations as particular generalized Lorentz transformations. However, to define true local fields, one has to resolve some constraints. The description in terms of the Minkowski space-time, that solves the latter problem, makes some of the symmetries not manifest, namely, those that shift $`\sigma `$.

It was argued in  that it should be possible to formulate different $`Sp(2M)`$ invariant equations in the same space $`_M`$ associated with local Cauchy surfaces of different dimensions. As a result, fields associated with different types of $`Sp(2M)`$ invariant equations will visualize $`_M`$ as Minkowski space-times of different dimensions which may be interpreted as different “branes” imbedded into the same generalized space-time $`_M`$. Our aim here is to give examples of such $`Sp(2M)`$ invariant equations and to analyze their properties. We will see that elementary solutions of the obtained equations will give a field-theoretical realization of composites of BPS “preon” states introduced in . One of the observations of this paper is that the dynamical equations for some of the rank 2 fields are exactly of the form of conservation conditions for “conserved” forms derived in , which give rise to the full set of bilinear conserved charges in the rank 1 conformal higher spin theory. On the other hand, we will show that the rank 2 system with respect to $`sp(2M)`$ is equivalent to the rank 1 system with respect to $`sp(4M)`$, which fact fits nicely the idea of generalized AdS/CFT correspondence . In particular, it implies that there are conserved currents of degree $`2^{p+1}`$ built from the original rank 1 fields in $`_M`$ to be integrated over branes of dimension $`2^pM`$ to produce conserved charges independent of local variations of branes. (Recall that $`dim_M=\frac{1}{2}M(M+1)`$.)

We start in section 2 by summarizing some general features of the unfolded form of dynamical equations. An important general fact emphasized here is that the space of solutions of various partial differential equations invariant under some symmetry $`g`$ exhibits a natural structure of associative algebra induced by the tensor algebra of semiinfinite $`g`$-modules. In section 3 dynamical equations associated with rank $`r`$ fields in $`_M`$ are considered. The full list of field equations in the rank 2 tensor product is given. In particular it is shown that conserved currents, constructed in  from bilinears of rank 1 fields in $`_M`$, satisfy some rank 2 field equations in $`_M`$. In section 4 it is shown that rank 2 fields in $`_M`$ are equivalent to the rank 1 fields in $`_{2M}`$. In section 5 generic solutions of the rank $`2`$ field equations are presented. It is argued that normalizable solutions in $`_M`$ admit decomposition into positive and negative frequency solutions and allow extension to the normalizable rank 1 solutions in $`_{2M}`$. Section 6 contains conclusions. Appendix contains some technicalities of the analysis of the $`\sigma _{}`$ cohomology associated with dynamical rank 1 and rank 2 fields and field equations in the framework of the unfolded dynamics formalism.

## 2 Unfolded Dynamics

A natural approach to dynamical equations of motion in the framework of the higher spin gauge theory, referred to as “unfolded formulation”, consists of the reformulation of the dynamical equations in the form of some covariant constancy conditions . Using this approach consistent gauge invariant nonlinear higher spin equations of motion were found in  for the three dimensional and four dimensional theories. It is particularly useful for revealing symmetries of dynamical equations, as well as for the analysis of their dynamical content (appropriate Cauchy data etc). Since it plays a key role in the analysis of this paper let us summarize some of its properties.

Let some dynamical system be reformulated in the form

$$(d+\omega )C(X)=0,d=dX^A\frac{}{X^A},$$
(2.1)
where $`C(X)`$ denotes some (usually infinite) set of fields taking values in a linear space $`𝒱=V\times \mathrm{\Lambda }`$ where $`V`$ forms a module of some Lie algebra $`g`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the exterior (Grassmann) algebra on differentials $`dX^A`$. In other words, $`C(X)`$ is a section of the trivial vector bundle $`=R^d\times 𝒱`$ over the space-time base $`R^d`$ with the local coordinates $`X^A`$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 𝒱& & \hfill \\ & & \hfill \\ & & R^d.\hfill \end{array}$$

The 1-form $`\omega (X)=dX^A\omega _A(X)`$ is some fixed connection of $`g`$ satisfying the flatness condition

$$d\omega +\frac{1}{2}[\omega ,\omega ]=0$$
(2.2)
(as usual, $`[,]`$ denotes the Lie product in $`g`$).

The equation (2.1) is invariant under the global symmetry $`g`$. Actually, the system (2.1) and (2.2) is invariant under the infinitesimal gauge transformations

$`\delta \omega (X)=dϵ(X)+[\omega (X),ϵ(X)],`$
$$\delta C(X)=ϵ(X)C(X),$$
(2.3)
where $`ϵ(X)`$ is an arbitrary symmetry parameter taking values in $`g`$. For a fixed $`\omega (X)`$, there is a leftover symmetry with the parameter $`ϵ(X)`$ satisfying

$$\delta \omega (X)dϵ(X)+[\omega (X),ϵ(X)]=0.$$
(2.4)
This equation is consistent as a consequence of (2.2). Therefore, it reconstructs the dependence of $`ϵ(X)`$ on $`X`$ in terms of its values $`ϵ(X_0)`$ at any point of space-time $`X_0`$. The resulting global symmetry algebra with the parameters $`ϵ(X_0)`$ is $`g`$. It is therefore enough to observe that some dynamical system can be reformulated in the form (2.1) with a flat connection $`\omega (X)`$ taking values in some algebra $`g`$ that acts in $`𝒱`$ to reveal the global symmetry $`g`$ (2.3) of the system (2.1). This approach is general since every free dynamical system can be reformulated in the form (2.1) by adding enough auxiliary variables (nonlinear systems are described in terms of an appropriate generalization associated with free differential algebras; for more detail see e.g. ).

In this paper we are interested in the particular case of the equation (2.1) of the form

$$(𝒟+\sigma _{})C(X)=0,$$
(2.5)
where the operators $`𝒟`$ and $`\sigma _{}`$ have the properties

$$(\sigma _{})^2=0,𝒟^2=0,\{𝒟,\sigma _{}\}=0,$$
(2.6)
which imply that the corresponding connection is flat. Here $`𝒟`$ is a covariant derivative for some $`g^{}g`$ while $`\sigma _{}`$ is some vertical operator which acts isomorphically on different fibers. It is also assumed that there exists a grading operator $`G`$ diagonalizable in $`V`$, its spectrum in $`V`$ is bounded from below and

$$[G,𝒟]=0,[G,\sigma _{}]=\sigma _{}.$$
(2.7)
The exterior algebra $``$ grading $`F`$, which counts a number of exterior differentials $`dX^A`$, satisfies

$$[F,𝒟]=𝒟,[F,\sigma _{}]=\sigma _{}.$$
(2.8)
The equations (2.5) decompose into independent subsystems for $`p`$forms $`C(X)`$ with different $`p.`$

Let us now recall some standard field theory terminology. A field $`A(x)`$ is called auxiliary if it is expressed by virtue of equations of motion as an algebraic combination of a finite number of derivatives of some other fields at the same point $`x`$. For example, the equation

$$\frac{}{x}B(x)+A(x)=0$$
(2.9)
means that $`A(x)`$ can be chosen to be an auxiliary field. All fields which are not auxiliary are called dynamical fields. Those equations which express auxiliary fields in terms of (derivatives of) some other auxiliary fields and/or dynamical fields are called constraints. By definition, upon elimination of all auxiliary fields by virtue of constraints, dynamical fields satisfy some differential equations, called dynamical equations. Dynamical equations can be trivial (no equations at all) or nontrivial (some equations).

In other words, auxiliary fields are those which can be eliminated from the dynamical system in question without using nonlocal operators. Note that the decomposition of a set of variables into auxiliary and dynamical ones may be nonunique. For example, in the system of equations $`\frac{}{x}B(x)+A(x)=0`$ and $`\frac{}{x}A(x)+\alpha B(x)=0`$, where $`\alpha `$ is some dimensionful parameter, either $`A`$ can be interpreted as an auxiliary field and $`B`$ can be interpreted as the dynamical field or vice versa. The resulting two systems are equivalent (dual) to each other. Some more ambiguity in the definition of auxiliary fields is due to ”triangular” field redefinitions

$$AA^{}=A+D(A,\varphi ),\varphi ^{}=\varphi ,$$
(2.10)
where $`A`$ and $`\varphi `$ denote auxiliary and dynamical fields, respectively, $`D`$ is some differential operator, and the inverse transform has analogous local form $`A^{}A=A^{}+D^{}(A^{},\varphi )`$ with some other differential operator $`D^{}`$. This ambiguity does not affect the dynamical content of a system, namely the form of the dynamical field equations on the dynamical fields. For the problems considered in this paper, where the equations (2.5) admit the grading $`G`$ (2.7), the class of auxiliary field is defined uniquely modulo triangular field redefinitions (2.10) because auxiliary fields have higher $`G`$grade compared to the dynamical fields through derivatives of which they are expressed by the constraints.

A useful observation is  that the dynamical content of (2.5) is encoded by the cohomology classes of the differential operator $`\sigma _{}`$ in $`𝒱`$, defined in the standard way $`H^p(\sigma _{})=`$ $`Ker(\sigma _{})/Im(\sigma _{})|_p`$, where $`|_p`$ denotes the restriction to the subspace of $`p`$-forms in $`𝒱`$. Note that $`H^0(\sigma _{})=Ker(\sigma _{})|_0`$.

Proposition 1

Independent dynamical fields contained in the set of 0-forms $`C`$ take values in $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$.

This is because all fields taking values in $`V/H^0(\sigma _{})`$ (i.e., those with $`\sigma _{}C(X)0`$) are auxiliary being expressed via the space-time derivatives of the dynamical fields by virtue of (2.5). Here we use the assumption that the operator $`\sigma _{}`$ is algebraic in the space-time sense, i.e. it does not contain space-time derivatives. Note that $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$ is always non-zero because it contains a nontrivial subspace of $`V`$ of minimal grade. The ambiguity of the definition of the auxiliary fields as elements of $`V`$ representing $`V/H^0(\sigma _{})`$ is irrelevant because it corresponds to the field redefinitions (2.10).

Proposition 2

There are as many independent differential equations on the dynamical 0-forms contained in (2.5) as basis elements of the cohomology group $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$. The differential equations on grade $`l`$ dynamical fields, associated with the grade $`k`$ elements of $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$, are of order $`k+1l`$.

Indeed, consider the decomposition of the space of 0-forms $`C`$ into the direct sum of eigenspaces of $`G`$. Let a field having definite eigenvalue $`s_k`$ of $`G`$ be denoted $`C_k`$, $`k=0,1,2\mathrm{}`$. The equation (2.5) decomposes into the infinite set of equations

$$\sigma _{}(C_{k+1})+𝒟(C_k)=0k=0,1,2\mathrm{}.$$
(2.11)
Suppose that the dynamical content of the equations (2.11) with the eigenvalues $`s_k`$ with $`kk_q`$ is found. Applying the operator $`𝒟`$ to the left hand side of the equations (2.11) at $`kk_q`$ we obtain taking into account (2.6) that

$$\sigma _{}(𝒟(C_{k_q+1}))=0.$$
(2.12)
Therefore $`𝒟(C_{k_q+1})`$ is $`\sigma _{}`$ closed. If the group $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$ is trivial in the grade $`k_q+1`$ sector, any solution of (2.12) can be written in the form $`𝒟(C_{k_q+1})=\sigma _{}\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2}`$ for some field $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2}`$. This, in turn, is equivalent to the statement that one can adjust $`C_{k_q+2}`$ in such a way that $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2}=0`$ or, equivalently, that the part of the equation (2.11) of the grade $`k_q+1`$ is some constraint that expresses $`C_{k_q+2}`$ in terms of the derivatives of $`C_{k_q+1}`$ (again, we use the assumption that the operator $`\sigma _{}`$ is algebraic in the space-time sense). If $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$ is nontrivial in the grade $`k_q+1`$ sector, a generic of (2.12) can be written in the form

$$𝒟(C_{k_q+1}))=\sigma _{}(\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2})+h_{k_q+1},$$
(2.13)
where $`h_{k_q+1}`$ is some $`\sigma _{}`$ closed element which cannot be absorbed into a redefinition of the auxiliary field $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2}`$, thus representing $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$. The equation (2.13) expresses $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2}`$ and $`h_{k_q+1}`$ in terms of derivatives of $`C_{k_q+1}`$ which is expressed in terms of derivatives of the dynamical fields by the previously solved constraints. The equation (2.13) therefore is the constraint for the auxiliary fields $`\stackrel{~}{C}_{k_q+2}`$ and $`h_{k_q+1}`$. The equation (2.5) imposes the condition that $`h_{k_q+1}=0`$. It is therefore equivalent to some differential equation on the dynamical fields. Thus, when $`H^1(\sigma _{})0`$ in the grade $`k_q+1`$ sector, (2.5) not only expresses the field $`C_{k_q+2}`$ in terms of derivatives of $`C_{k_q+1}`$ but also imposes some additional differential equations on the dynamical fields.

Note that if $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$ is zero, the equation (2.5) is equivalent to some infinite set of constraints which express all fields contained in the decomposition of $`C(X)`$ via derivatives of the dynamical fields.

The following comments are now in order.

Comment 1. When the fields $`C(X)`$ are $`p`$-forms, dynamical fields are associated with $`H^p(\sigma _{})`$ while nontrivial dynamical equations are characterized by $`H^{p+1}(\sigma _{})`$.

The conclusions also are true when $`𝒟`$ ($`(𝒟+\sigma _{})^2=0`$) also contains operators of negative grade, since they do not affect the inductive analysis.

Comment 2. Let us exchange the roles of $`𝒟`$ and $`\sigma _{}`$ in the analysis of the proposition 2. Suppose that $`𝒟`$ has trivial cohomology group $`H^1(𝒟)`$ and admits some grading operator $`G^{}`$ which has spectrum bounded from below and satisfies $`[G^{},𝒟]=𝒟`$. The application to $`𝒟`$ the analysis analogous to that applied to $`\sigma _{}`$ shows that there are no nontrivial consequences of the equation (2.5) on the $`0`$forms $`C_0`$. For example, this is true for the de Rham differential $`𝒟=d`$ acting on the space $`V^{}`$ of Taylor expansions $`C(X)`$ in powers of $`XX_0`$ with $`G^{}`$ counting a polynomial degree. In that case, given $`C(X_0)=C_0`$ for some $`X_0`$, the equation (2.5) reconstructs $`C(X)`$ uniquely as the Taylor power series expansion at $`X=X_0`$. This implies that the module $`V^{}`$ can be identified with the linear space of all space-time derivatives of $`C(X)`$ which are allowed to be nonzero by the dynamical equations. This interpretation is useful in several respects. In particular it tells us that if $`V^{}`$ is spanned by unrestricted functions of some $`p`$ variables, the Cauchy problem in the $`X`$space should be formulated in terms of $`p`$dimensional Cauchy surfaces because the spaces of functions parametrising the space of solutions have to be of the same type. If, on the other hand, global consideration changes $`H^1(𝒟)`$ this would imply that not every element of $`V^{}`$ gives rise to some global solution.

Comment 3. Suppose that $`g`$ admits a triple $`𝐙`$ graded structure $`g=g_0+g_{}+g_+`$ with Abelian subalgebras $`g_\pm `$. Let $`\sigma _{}=dX^AP_A`$, where $`P_A`$ is some basis of $`g_{}`$. The dynamical fields $`\sigma _{}(C)=0`$ then identify with the primary fields in $`C(X)`$ satisfying $`P_AC(X)=0`$222Note that the role of “translations” $`P_A`$ and “special conformal” generators $`K^A`$ of $`g_+`$ acting in the fiber is exchanged in the unfolded formulation as compared to the standard induced representation approach  in which primaries are defined directly in the base manifold.. In other words, $`H_0(\sigma _{})`$ consists of singular vectors (i.e., vacua) of the irreducible $`g`$submodules in $`V`$. Obviously, any invariant submodule in $`V`$ gives rise to a subsystem in (2.5). $`H_0(\sigma _{})`$ forms a $`g_0`$module. In most interesting physical applications $`H_0(\sigma _{})`$ decomposes into (may be infinite) direct sum of finite-dimensional representations of $`g_0`$.

Comment 4. Suppose that $`V_{1,2}=V_1V_2`$. Let $`C_1(X)V_1`$ and $`C_2(X)V_2`$ solve (2.5) with some operators $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$. Then

$$C_{1,2}(X)=C_1(X)C_2(X)$$
(2.14)
solves (2.5) with

$$\sigma _{1,2}=\sigma _1Id+Id\sigma _2.$$
(2.15)
The independent equations contained in (2.5) for $`V_{1,2}`$ with the $`\sigma _{}`$ operator (2.15) are associated with $`H^1(\sigma _{1,2})`$ (which may be trivial, however). As a result, we see that the unfolded formulation of the dynamical equations equips the variety of $`g`$-quasiinvariant partial differential equations with the structure of associative algebra isomorphic to the tensor algebra of semiinfinite $`g`$-modules. Note that this associative structure should not be confused with that of the ring of solutions of first order differential equations because it maps solutions of some set of (not necessarily first order) $`g`$-quasiinvariant partial differential equations to solutions of some other $`g`$-quasiinvariant equations.

One can consider composite fields of a particular symmetry type associated with some irreducible representation of the symmetric group $`S_n`$ acting on the $`n`$-fold tensor product of some module $`V`$. In particular, $`C_{1,2}(X)=C(X)C(X)`$ solves (2.5) in the symmetric tensor square of $`V`$. For example, for the model considered in this paper we will show that the formula (2.14) produces conserved currents bilinear in the original dynamical fields while the new equations are equivalent to the conservation conditions of . Finding primaries in $`C_{1,2}(X)`$ (2.14) turns out to be equivalent to the construction of conserved currents out of $`C_1(X)`$ and $`C_2(X)`$. As argued in section 5, the formula (2.14) provides a basis for generalized $`AdS/CFT`$ correspondence with the composite dynamical fields contained in $`C_{1,2}(X)`$ interpreted as elementary fields in a larger “bulk” space.

In this paper we apply this general approach to the analysis of the $`Sp(2M)`$ invariant dynamics. The equations (1.1) and (1.2) were derived in  from the following unfolded system of equations

$$\left(dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}+dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{^2}{y^\alpha y^\beta }\right)C(y|X)=0,$$
(2.16)
where $`y^\alpha `$ are some auxiliary commuting variables. To make contact with (2.5)-(2.7) we set

$`𝒟=dX^{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}},\sigma _{}=dX^{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{y^\alpha y^\beta }},G={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}y^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{y^\alpha }}.`$
The operators $`𝒟`$ and $`\sigma _{}`$ act on sections of the trivial vector bundle $`=_M\times 𝒱`$ over $`_M`$ with the local coordinates $`X^{\alpha \beta }`$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 𝒱& & \hfill \\ & & \hfill \\ & & _M\hfill \end{array}$$

with the fiber $`𝒱=V\times \mathrm{\Lambda }`$ , where $`V`$ is the space of power series

$$f(y)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}f_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _n}(X)y^{\gamma _1}\mathrm{}y^{\gamma _n}$$

in $`y^\alpha `$. The $`0`$form $`C(y|X)`$ in (2.16 ) is a section of $``$. The spectrum of the grading operator $`G`$ is bounded from below because $`G`$ counts a half of the degree of a polynomial. Let a field with definite eigenvalue $`\frac{1}{2}k`$ of $`G`$ be denoted $`C_{\frac{k}{2}}(x)`$, $`k=0,1,2\mathrm{}`$. The equation (2.16) decomposes into the infinite set of equations333Let us note that equations analogous to (2.16) of the form $`\left(dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}+dX^{\alpha \beta }y_\alpha y_\beta \right)C(y|X)=0`$ were derived as particular constraints in the world line model of . These equations are equivalent to the equations (2.16) for a class of problems which allow Fourier transform in the twistor variables $`y_\alpha `$ but are of little use for the $`\sigma _{}`$ cohomology analysis of a form of different types of $`sp(2M)`$ invariant partial differential equations we focus on in this paper because the operator $`dX^{\alpha \beta }y_\alpha y_\beta `$ increases rather than decreases the grading $`G`$ in the space of polynomials of $`y_\alpha `$. As a result, the counterpart of the infinite system of equations (2) resulting from the expansion in powers of $`y_\alpha `$ of the equations of  does not admit a meaningful interpretation in terms of a nontrivial system of differential equations on a finite set of dynamical fields supplemented with certain constraints on an infinite set of auxiliary fields.

$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{y^\alpha y^\beta }}C_1(y|X)={\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}C_0(y|X),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{y^\alpha y^\beta }}C_{3/2}(y|X)={\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}C_{1/2}(y|X),`$
$`\mathrm{},`$ (2.17)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{y^\alpha y^\beta }}C_{1+k/2}(y|X)={\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}C_{k/2}(y|X)`$
$`\mathrm{}.`$
Obviously, for this case $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$ is spanned by constants and linear polynomials

$`C_0(y|X)=b(X),C_{1/2}(y|X)=y^\alpha f_\alpha (X),`$
which give rise to the dynamical variables in the equations (1.1) and (1.2) . In their turn, the equations (1.1) and (1.2) are consequences of the trivial identity $`\frac{^2}{y^\alpha y^\beta }\frac{}{y^\gamma }\frac{^2}{y^\gamma y^\beta }\frac{}{y^\alpha }0,`$ from which it follows by virtue of (2) that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{y^\gamma }}C_{k/2}(y|X){\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \gamma }}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{y^\beta }}C_{k/2}(y|X)=0`$
and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\gamma \delta }}}C_{k/2}(y|X){\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \gamma }}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\beta \delta }}}C_{k/2}(y|X)=0.`$
Setting here $`y=0`$ one recovers (1.2) and (1.1), respectively. To make sure that the equations (1.1) and (1.2) encode the whole dynamical content of the equation (2.16) one has to analyze $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$. In  it was claimed that the $`\sigma _{}`$-closed 1-forms, which are not exact, are

$`e_{\gamma \delta ,\beta }y^\beta dX^{\gamma \delta },e_{\gamma \delta ,\beta \alpha }y^\beta y^\alpha dX^{\gamma \delta },`$ (2.18)
where $`e_{\gamma \delta ,\beta }`$ and $`e_{\gamma \delta ,\beta \alpha }`$ are arbitrary tensors having symmetry properties of the Young tableaux and , respectively444Let us note that tensors (multisvectors) are classified here according to the representations the grade zero group $`GL_M`$ which acts on homogeneous polynomials in $`y^\alpha `$. The grading operator $`G`$ is its central element. It is a generalization of the dilatation in the usual conformal algebra. In this paper Young tableaux characterize representations of the $`GL_M`$. (i.e., $`e_{\gamma \delta ,\beta }=e_{\delta \gamma ,\beta }`$, $`e_{\gamma \delta ,\beta \alpha }=e_{\delta \gamma ,\beta \alpha }=e_{\gamma \delta ,\alpha \beta }`$ and symmetrization over any three indices gives zero). The explicit proof of this fact is given in Appendix. The left hand sides of the equations (1.2) and (1.1) form tensors of the same symmetry types as the respective elements of $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$ in (2.18). Thus, the equations (1.1), (1.2) form the full system of dynamical equations of motion. All other equations in (2.16) either express auxiliary fields in terms of derivatives of $`b(X)`$ and $`f_\alpha (X)`$ or are consequences of these expressions.

The system (2.16) provides an example of the equation (2.1) with the symmetry algebra $`g=sp(2M)`$. The field $`C(y|X)`$ can be interpreted as taking values in the Fock module $`F`$ generated by the creation operators $`y^\alpha `$, i.e.

$$|C(y,X)=C(y,X)|0,\overline{y}_\alpha |0=0,$$
(2.19)
where

$`[\overline{y}_\alpha ,y^\beta ]=\delta _\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta },[y^\alpha ,y^\beta ]=0,[\overline{y}_\alpha ,\overline{y}_\beta ]=0.`$
The generators of $`sp(2M)`$ are realized as various bilinears built from $`y^\alpha `$ and $`\overline{y}_\alpha `$,

$`P_{\alpha \beta }=\overline{y}_\alpha \overline{y}_\beta ,K^{\alpha \beta }=y^\alpha y^\beta ,L_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{\overline{y}_\alpha ,y^\beta \}.`$
Also it is obvious that the infinite-dimensional algebra of various polynomials in the oscillators $`y^\alpha `$ and $`\overline{y}_\alpha `$ acts on the Fock module $`F`$. As a result, the Weyl algebra generated by the oscillators $`y^\alpha `$ and $`\overline{y}_\alpha `$ forms global symmetry of the system of equation (2.16). This is the higher spin conformal algebra discussed in .

The operator $`\sigma _{}=dX^{\alpha \beta }P_{\alpha \beta }`$ provides a particular flat connection of $`sp(2M)`$ with the only nonzero part in the sector of generalized translations in $`sp(2M)`$. Thus, according to Comment 3, dynamical fields are identified with the primaries of $`sp(2M)`$ with respect to $`P_{\alpha \beta }`$.

As shown in , the $`sp(2M)`$ global symmetry transformations (2.3), (2.4) of the dynamical fields are

$`\delta b(X)`$ $`=`$ $`(\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\epsilon ^\alpha {}_{\alpha }{}^{}+2\epsilon ^\alpha {}_{\beta }{}^{}X_{}^{\beta \gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \gamma }}}`$ (2.20)
$``$ $`\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}X^{\alpha \beta }+X^{\alpha \gamma }X^{\beta \eta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\gamma \eta }}}])b(X),`$
$`\delta f_\gamma (X)`$ $`=`$ $`(\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\epsilon ^\alpha {}_{\alpha }{}^{}+2\epsilon ^\alpha {}_{\beta }{}^{}X_{}^{\beta \eta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \eta }}}`$ (2.21)
$``$ $`\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}X^{\alpha \beta }+X^{\alpha \delta }X^{\beta \eta }{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\delta \eta }}}])f_\gamma (X)+(\epsilon ^\beta {}_{\gamma }{}^{}\epsilon _{\eta \gamma }X^{\eta \beta })f_\beta (X),`$
where $`\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }`$, $`\epsilon ^\alpha _\beta `$ and $`\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }`$ are $`X`$independent parameters of generalized translations, Lorentz transformations along with dilatations, and special conformal transformations, respectively. These transformations can be extended to $`OSp(1,2M)`$ acting on the supermultiplet formed by scalar $`b(X)`$ and svector $`f_\alpha (X)`$ and to extended conformal supersymmetry $`OSp(L,2M)`$ acting on the appropriate sets of scalars and svectors  (see also ).

Note that the Fock module (2.19) used to describe classical dynamics is not unitary. However, it is dual by virtue of an appropriate Bogolyubov transform  to the unitary Fock module describing the space of quantum states with the positive norm.

## 3 Tensor product

Analogous construction can be applied to the rank $`r`$ tensor product of any number $`r`$ of the Fock representations of $`sp(2M)`$. The generators of $`sp(2M)`$ then have a form of a sum of bilinears built from $`r`$ mutually commuting copies of oscillators

$`[\overline{y}_{i\alpha },y_j^\beta ]=\delta _{ij}\delta _\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta },[y_i^\alpha ,y_j^\beta ]=0,[\overline{y}_{i\alpha },\overline{y}_{j\beta }]=0,i,j=1\mathrm{}r.`$
This construction is typical for the oscillator realization of representations of symplectic algebras .

Rank $`r`$ dynamics in $`_M`$ is described by a field $`C(y|X)`$ polynomial in the real variables $`y_i^\alpha `$

$`C(y|X)={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}f_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}^{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}(X)y_{i_1}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}y_{i_n}^{\alpha _n},`$
where $`\alpha _j=1,\mathrm{},M`$, $`i_j=1,\mathrm{},r`$ and $`X^{\gamma \beta }=X^{\beta \gamma }`$ are real matrix coordinates of $`_M`$. The field $`C(y|X)`$ can be thought of as taking values in the rank $`r`$ tensor product $`\underset{r}{\underset{}{F\mathrm{}F}}`$ of the Fock module $`F`$. The operator $`\sigma _{}`$ has the form

$$\sigma _{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{^2}{y_i^\alpha y_i^\beta },$$
(3.1)
so that the equation (2.5) reads

$$\left(dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{^2}{y_i^\alpha y_i^\beta }\right)C(y|X)=0.$$
(3.2)
According to the general argument of section 2, it is invariant under the $`sp(2M)`$ global symmetry.

Let us note that the following equations are consequences of (3.2)

$$\frac{}{X^{[\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}\mathrm{}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _{r+1}]\beta _{r+1}}}C(y|X)=0$$
(3.3)
and

$$\frac{}{X^{[\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}\mathrm{}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _r\beta _r}}\frac{}{y_i^{\alpha _{r+1}]}}C(y|X)=0,$$
(3.4)
where square brackets imply total antisymmetrization of the indices $`\alpha _i`$. The role of the equation (3.3) is analogous to that of the Klein-Gordon equation for the usual massless fields. It is satisfied by every rank $`r`$ field in $`_M`$. The equation (3.4) is analogous to the Dirac equation.

According to the Comment 2 of Section 2, modules of solutions of the rank $`r`$ equations in $`_M`$ are functions of $`rM`$ variables $`y_i^\alpha `$. As a result, the dimension of a “local Cauchy bundle”  on which initial data should be given to fix a form of the solution everywhere in $`_M`$ is $`rM`$.

Let us now focus on the rank 2 case. Instead of the real variables $`y_1^\gamma ,y_2^\delta `$ and fields $`C(y_1,y_2|X)`$, it is convenient to introduce complex variables

$$\sqrt{2}z^\alpha =y_1^\alpha +iy_2^\alpha ,\sqrt{2}\overline{z}^\alpha =y_1^\alpha iy_2^\alpha $$
(3.5)
and field variables

$`𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)={\displaystyle c_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _k;\delta _1\mathrm{}\delta _n}(X)z^{\gamma _1}\mathrm{}z^{\gamma _k}\overline{z}^{\delta _1}\mathrm{}\overline{z}^{\delta _n}}.`$
In these terms

$`\sigma _{}=2dX^{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta }},G={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}+\overline{z}^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\alpha }}\right).`$
The equation (3.2) now reads

$$dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}+2dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{^2}{z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta }C(z,\overline{z}|X)=0.$$
(3.6)
The following simple consequences of the equation (3.6) are true

$$\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _3\beta _3}}𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)=0,$$
(3.7)
$$\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{z^{\alpha _2}}\frac{}{\overline{z}^{\alpha _3}}𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)=0,$$
(3.8)
$$\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}\frac{}{z^{\alpha _3}}𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)=0,$$
(3.9)
$$\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}\frac{}{\overline{z}^{\alpha _3}}𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)=0,$$
(3.10)
$$\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2}\epsilon ^{\beta _1,\beta _2}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{z^{\alpha _2}}\frac{}{z^{\beta _2}}𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)=0,$$
(3.11)
$$\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2}\epsilon ^{\beta _1,\beta _2}\frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}\frac{}{\overline{z}^{\alpha _2}}\frac{}{\overline{z}^{\beta _2}}𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)=0,$$
(3.12)
where $`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}`$ and $`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2}`$ are arbitrary totally antisymmetric tensors, introduced to impose appropriate antisymmetrizations.

The equation (3.6) decomposes into the infinite set of subsystems associated with different integer eigenvalues of the operator $``$

$`=h_zh_{\overline{z}},h_z=z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }},h_{\overline{z}}=\overline{z}^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\alpha }},`$
which commutes with $`\sigma _{}`$. Introducing notation $`𝒞_{n,m}(z,\overline{z}|X)`$ for the fields taking values in the eigenspaces of the operators $`h_z`$ and $`h_{\overline{z}}`$

$`h_z𝒞_{n,m}=n𝒞_{n,m},h_{\overline{z}}𝒞_{n,m}=m𝒞_{n,m},n,m0,`$
the equation (3.6) acquires the form

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2}{z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\overline{z}^\alpha z^\beta }}\right)𝒞_{n+1,m+1}(z,\overline{z}|X)={\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}}𝒞_{n,m}(z,\overline{z}|X).`$
To find which fields among $`𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)`$ are dynamical, one has to consider the cohomology group $`H^0(\sigma _{}).`$ A $`\sigma _{}`$ closed $`0`$form $`𝒞`$ satisfies

$$\left(\frac{^2}{\overline{z}^\alpha z^\beta }+\frac{^2}{z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta }\right)𝒞=0.$$
(3.13)
Being a $`0`$form, $`𝒞`$ cannot be exact, i.e. $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$ consists of all solutions of (3.13). As we show in Appendix, $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$ contains the following 0-forms: a constant $`c(X)`$, antisymmetric tensor $`c_{\alpha ,\beta }(X)z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta `$, degree-$`n>0`$ analytic polynomials $`c_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}(X)z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _n}`$ and degree-$`n>0`$ anti-analytic polynomials $`\overline{c}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}(X)\overline{z}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\overline{z}^{\alpha _n}`$.

(3.19)
According to the general argument of section 2, all other components of $`𝒞(z,\overline{z}|X)`$ are expressed by (3.6) via higher derivatives of the dynamical fields.

Let us note that the obtained list is in the one-to-one correspondence with the list of irreducible representations of $`sp(2M)`$ in the tensor product of singletons . This fact is not occasional, being a consequence of the Comment 3 of section 2. The precise matching between the decompositions of the tensor products of the unitary singleton modules and the non-unitary ones describing classical fields in the unfolded formulation is due to the duality between quantum and classical descriptions , that was shown to have a form of a nonunitary Bogolyubov transform in  for $`M=2`$ and then in  for $`M=4`$ and higher even $`M`$.

Setting $`z^\alpha =\overline{z}^\alpha =0`$ in (3.7)–(3.10), $`\overline{z}^\alpha =0`$ in (3.11) and $`z^\alpha =0`$ in (3.12) we obtain the following list of equations on the dynamical fields (3.19)

$`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _3\beta _3}}}c(X)=`$ $`0`$ $`\text{},`$ (3.20)
$`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta }}}c_{\alpha _2,\alpha _3}(X)=`$ $`0`$ $`\text{},`$ (3.21)
$`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}}c_{\alpha _3}(X)=`$ $`0`$ $`\text{},`$ (3.22)
$`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}}\overline{c}_{\alpha _3}(X)=`$ $`0`$ $`\text{},`$ (3.23)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}}c_{\alpha _2\beta _2\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X){\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _1}}}c_{\alpha _1\beta _2\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}}c_{\alpha _1\beta _1\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X){\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _2}}}c_{\alpha _2\beta _1\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X)=`$ $`0`$ $`\text{},`$ (3.24)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _1}}}\overline{c}_{\alpha _2\beta _2\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X){\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _1}}}\overline{c}_{\alpha _1\beta _2\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _2\beta _2}}}\overline{c}_{\alpha _1\beta _1\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X){\displaystyle \frac{}{X^{\alpha _1\beta _2}}}\overline{c}_{\alpha _2\beta _1\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{n2}}(X)=`$ $`0`$ $`\text{}.`$ (3.25)
Here the Young tableaux describe the symmetry types of the left hand sides of the field equations and $`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3}`$ is an arbitrary totally antisymmetric tensor. Note that, analogously to the fact that massless fields of any spin in the Minkowski space-time satisfy the massless Klein-Gordon equation, any solution of the equations (3.21)-(3) satisfies (3.20).

To check whether this list of equations is complete, one has to analyze $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$. This analysis is analogous to that of $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$ but somewhat more complicated. The details are given in Appendix. The final result is that there are two $`GL_M`$ irreducible representatives of $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$ with the $``$eigenvalue $`h=0`$ and just one $`GL_M`$-irreducible class for every $`h0`$:

| 1-form | Young tableau | $``$-eigenvalue |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`dX^{\gamma _1\gamma _2}z^{\alpha _1}z^{\alpha _2}\overline{z}^{\beta _1}\overline{z}^{\beta _2}c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\beta _1\beta _2,\alpha _1\alpha _2}(X)`$ |  | $`0`$ |
| $`dX^{\gamma _1\gamma _2}z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\alpha ,\beta }(X)`$ |  | $`0`$ |
| $`dX^{\gamma _1\gamma _2}\overline{z}^\alpha z^{\beta _1}z^{\beta _2}c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\beta _1\beta _2,\alpha }(X)`$ |  | $`1`$ |
| $`dX^{\gamma _1\gamma _2}z^\alpha \overline{z}^{\beta _1}\overline{z}^{\beta _2}\overline{c}_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\beta _1\beta _2,\alpha }(X)`$ |  | $`1`$ |
| $`dX^{\gamma _1\gamma _2}z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _n}c_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n,\gamma _1\gamma _2}(X)`$ |  | $`n2`$ |
| $`dX^{\gamma _1\gamma _2}\overline{z}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\overline{z}^{\alpha _n}\overline{c}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n,\gamma _1\gamma _2}(X)`$ |  | $`n2`$ |

An elementary analysis shows that the equations (3.20)-(3) have correct symmetry properties and indeed result from the general procedure described in the section 2, applied to the equation (3.6). Therefore the list of the equations (3.20)-(3) is complete. All other equations in (3.6) are either some constraints on the auxiliary fields or their consequences.

Note, that the nontrivial dynamical equations associated with the elements of $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$ carrying some eigenvalue $`h`$ of $``$ are associated with the dynamical fields carrying the same $`h`$.

## 4 Rank 2 – rank 1 correspondence

There are two basis relationships between systems of ranks 1 and 2. The first one is that, as follows from the comment 4 of section 2, bilinears of the rank 1 fields in $`_M`$ solve the rank 2 equations in $`_M`$. The second one is that the rank 2 system in $`_M`$ turns out to be equivalent to the rank 1 system in $`_{2M}`$.

The first property manifests itself in the fact that the equations (3) and (3) have the form of the conservation condition for the generalized stress tensors built in , where it was derived from the requirement that the generalized stress tensors should allow to build conserved charges associated with the higher spin conformal symmetries as integrals of some closed $`M`$-forms over $`M`$-dimensional surfaces in $`_M`$. Namely, it was shown in  that the $`M`$-form

$`\mathrm{\Omega }(\eta )`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _M}dX^{\gamma _1\alpha _1}\mathrm{}dX^{\gamma _M\alpha _M}`$
$`\eta _{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _t}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{M+1}\mathrm{}\alpha _{M+s}}X_{}^{\alpha _{M+s+1}\beta _1}\mathrm{}X^{\alpha _{M+s+t}\beta _t}T_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _{M+s+t}}`$
is closed provided that the generalized stress tensor $`T_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}`$ satisfies the equation (3). Here $`\eta _{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _t}^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _s}`$ are some constants identified with the parameters of the higher spin conformal global symmetry generated by the conserved charges

$$Q(\eta )=_S\mathrm{\Omega }(\eta ),$$
(4.1)
where $`S`$ is some $`M`$-dimensional surface in $`_M`$. The explicit expression for $`T(z)=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}T_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _n}`$ in terms of bilinears of rank 1 fields, derived in , is

$$T^{kl}(z|X)=𝒞^k(z|X)𝒞^l(iz|X).$$
(4.2)
(Here $`k`$ and $`l`$ are “color” indices taking an arbitrary number of values). It is now elementary to reveal its meaning in the context of the comment 4 of section 2. Indeed, once a field $`C^k(y|X)`$ satisfies the equation (2.5) with the rank 1 operator $`\sigma _{}`$, the rank 2 field of the form

$$C^{kl}(y_1,y_2|X)=C^k(y_1|X)C^l(y_2|X)$$
(4.3)
satisfies the equation (2.5) with the rank 2 $`\sigma _{}`$ operator. The primaries in
$`C^k(y_1|X)C^l(y_2|X)`$ that correspond to one-row Young tableaux are the generalized stress tensors found in . Singling out the analytic and antianalytic parts of (4.3) in terms of the complex variables (3.5), which correspond to the appropriate primaries, one gets the formula (4.2). (Let us note that the usual conformal higher spin currents  are also known  to be primaries of the conformal group in the dual framework of induced representations.)

From the AdS/CFT correspondence perspective the fact that the conservation conditions for currents built from the rank 1 fields are particular equations of motion in the rank 2 system suggests that, analogously to the case of usual conformal group considered in , there must be a correspondence between bilinears built of rank 1 boundary fields and rank 2 bulk higher spin gauge fields in $`_M`$. Note that the rank 2 fields $`c`$, $`c_{\alpha ,\beta }`$, and $`c_{\alpha (n)}`$, $`\overline{c}_{\alpha (n)}`$ (3.19) with $`n<M`$ are not associated with any conserved currents. Presumably this implies that they correspond to some non-gauge members of the higher spin multiplets of a rank 2 theory, analogous to the scalar and spinor fields in the $`4d`$ higher spin theory .

Let us now extend the rank 2 equations (3.2) to a larger system

$$dX^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{X^{\alpha \beta }}C+dX^{\alpha \beta }\left(\frac{^2}{y_1^\alpha y_1^\beta }+\frac{^2}{y_2^\alpha y_2^\beta }\right)C=0,$$
(4.4)
$$dW^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{W^{\alpha \beta }}C+dW^{\alpha \beta }\left(\frac{^2}{y_1^\alpha y_1^\beta }\frac{^2}{y_2^\alpha y_2^\beta }\right)C=0,$$
(4.5)
$$dZ^{\alpha \beta }\frac{}{Z^{\alpha \beta }}C+2dZ^{\alpha \beta }\frac{^2}{y_1^\alpha y_2^\beta }C=0$$
(4.6)
with symmetric $`W^{\alpha \beta }`$ and arbitrary $`Z^{\alpha \beta }`$. This extension is consistent (i.e., the corresponding connection is flat) and contains the original rank 2 system (3.2) as a part (4.4). On the other hand, it is nothing but the rank 1 system (2.16) with the doubled number of auxiliary variables $`y^\mathrm{\Omega }=(y_1^\alpha ,y_2^\beta )`$. The consistency of the system (4.4)-(4.6) implies that every solution of (4.4) is extended by virtue of (4.5) and (4.6) to some solution of the whole system because the equations (4.5), (4.6) just reconstruct the dependence on the coordinates $`W`$ and $`Z`$ for a given value of $`C(y_{1,2}|X,W,Z)|_{W=Z=0}`$. Therefore, the rank 2 system in $`_M`$ is promoted to the rank 1 system in $`_{2M}`$ in such a way, that every solution in the original rank 2 system is promoted to some solution of the rank 1 system in $`_{2M}`$ and vise versa.

Among other things, this implies that there exist conserved currents, built from the rank 2 fields in $`_M`$, to be integrated over $`2M`$-dimensional surfaces in $`_{2M}`$ to produce conserved charges. Choosing a $`2M`$ integration surface to belong to $`_M`$ (recall that $`dim_M=\frac{1}{2}M(M+1)`$) one gets generalized stress tensors constructed from rank 2 fields. Substituting the conserved currents built from bilinears of the rank 1 fields in $`_M`$ in place of the rank 2 fields, one finds conserved charges being of fourth order in the original rank 1 fields in $`_M`$, which are associated with the appropriate on-mass-shell closed $`2M`$ forms. That this process can be continued suggests that there is a chain of dualities among various rank $`2^p`$ theories by means of the rank doubling via further products analogous to (4.3). This conclusion is consistent with the conjecture on the existence of an infinite chain of $`AdS/CFT`$ type dualities in higher spin theories suggested in 555To avoid misunderstandings, let us note that this kind of dualities was conjectured in  to be true for the chain of theories containing all higher spin massless fields, which are different from the particular reduced model associated with N=4 SYM theory for which no infinite chain of dualities is expected.. Higher nonlinear combinations of the rank 1 fields should be associated with higher rank gauge fields in $`_M`$.

## 5 Solutions

Let us analyze solutions of the equations (3.20)-(3). For $`c(X)=c^{}\mathrm{exp}ik_{\alpha \beta }X^{\alpha \beta }`$, the equation (3.20) requires

$$\epsilon ^{\alpha ,\beta ,\delta }k_{\gamma \alpha }k_{\nu \beta }k_{\mu \delta }=0$$
(5.1)
for any totally antisymmetric $`\epsilon ^{\alpha ,\beta ,\delta }`$. This is solved by any rank $`r2`$ matrix $`k_{\alpha \beta }`$. Indeed, any symmetric matrix $`k_{\alpha \beta }`$ can be diagonalized by a $`GL_M`$ transformation. From (5.1) it follows that the product of any three eigenvalues of $`k_{\alpha \beta }`$ is equal to zero. So at most two of them can be nonzero. For this case one can write

$$k_{\alpha \beta }=a_{ij}\xi _\alpha ^i\xi _\beta ^j$$
(5.2)
with two arbitrary vectors $`\xi _\alpha ^i`$ and some symmetric form $`a_{ij}`$. Eq. (5.2) provides a general solution of (5.1).

Because any solution of the equations of motion (3.20)-(3) satisfies (3.20), the respective harmonic solutions have a form

$`c_{\mathrm{}}(X)=c_{\mathrm{}}^{}(\xi )\mathrm{exp}ia_{ij}\xi _\alpha ^i\xi _\beta ^jX^{\alpha \beta }.`$ (5.3)
Specifically, the equations (3.21)-(3) require

$`c_{\gamma ,\delta }(X)=`$ $`A^{}(\xi )(\xi _\delta ^1\xi _\gamma ^2\xi _\gamma ^1\xi _\delta ^2)\mathrm{exp}(ia_{ij}\xi _\alpha ^i\xi _\beta ^jX^{\alpha \beta })`$ $`A^{},`$
$`c_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _n}(X)=`$ $`A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}(\xi )\xi _{\gamma _1}^{i_1}\mathrm{}\xi _{\gamma _n}^{i_n}(\mathrm{exp}ia_{ij}\xi _\alpha ^i\xi _\beta ^jX^{\alpha \beta })`$ $`n0,`$
$`\overline{c}_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _n}(X)=`$ $`A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}(\xi )\xi _{\gamma _1}^{i_1}\mathrm{}\xi _{\gamma _n}^{i_n}(\mathrm{exp}ia_{ij}\xi _\alpha ^i\xi _\beta ^jX^{\alpha \beta })`$ $`n0,`$
where $`A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}`$ is an arbitrary tensor traceless with respect to the form $`a^{ij}=\epsilon ^{im}\epsilon ^{jk}a_{mk}`$ $`(\epsilon ^{ij}=\epsilon ^{ji},\epsilon ^{12}=1)`$

$$a^{ik}A_{ikj_3\mathrm{}j_n}=0.$$
(5.4)
Indeed, taking into account that the indices $`i,j,k,\mathrm{}`$ take two values, that allows one to replace any antisymmetrization by the epsilon symbol $`\epsilon _{ij}`$, it is easy to see that the condition $`a_{ik}A_{j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_n}a_{j_1k}A_{ij_2\mathrm{}j_n}a_{ij_2}A_{j_1kj_3\mathrm{}j_n}+a_{j_1j_2}A_{ikj_3\mathrm{}j_n}=0,`$ which follows from (3), is equivalent to (5.4).

Let us now consider the general case of an arbitrary rank. As mentioned in Section 3, the scalar equation (3.3) is satisfied by any solution. This fixes the rank $`r`$ spectral condition for a particular harmonic in the form

$`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{r+1}}k_{\gamma _1\alpha _1}\mathrm{}k_{\gamma _{r+1}\alpha _{r+1}}=0`$
for any totally antisymmetric parameter $`\epsilon ^{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{r+1}}`$. This condition implies that the rank of the wave “vector” $`k_{\alpha \beta }`$ cannot exceed $`r`$, i.e. $`k_{\alpha \beta }`$ is described by the same formula (5.2), in which the indices $`i,j,\mathrm{}`$ take $`r`$ values. Let us note that this formula has the same form as the $`r`$ “preon” representation  for momenta in the brane models with partially broken supersymmetries in the generalized space-time with “central charge” coordinates. The harmonic solutions in the higher rank models in $`_M`$, considered in this paper, therefore provide the field-theoretical realization of the BPS states with fractional supersymmetry in the higher spin theories.

Generic solution of the scalar field equation (3.3) can be represented in the form (5.3) with $`i,j=1\mathrm{}r`$. By a $`GL_r`$ linear transformation $`\xi _\alpha ^iA^i{}_{j}{}^{}\xi _{\alpha }^{j}`$ one can transform $`a_{ij}`$ to one of the canonical forms $`a_{ij}^{(pq)}`$,

$`\begin{array}{ccc}& & \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \text{p}& \hfill \text{q}\end{array}\\ a^{(pq)}=& \hfill \begin{array}{c}\hfill \text{}\\ \hfill \text{q}\end{array}& \left(\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 0& \hfill I\end{array}\right)\end{array}`$ (5.12)
with $`p+qr`$ (assuming that the rest elements of $`a_{ij}^{pq}`$ vanish if $`p+q<r`$). As a result, we have

$$C(X)=\underset{p+q=r}{}C^{(pq)}(X)$$
(5.13)
where

$$C^{(pq)}(X)=d^M\xi f^{(pq)}(\xi )\mathrm{exp}(ia_{ij}^{pq}\xi _\alpha ^i\xi _\beta ^jX^{\alpha \beta }).$$
(5.14)
Note that the degenerate cases with $`p+q<r`$ are described by the formula (5.14) with $`p+q=r`$ in which an appropriate $`\delta `$ \- functional measure is included into $`f^{(pq)}(\xi )`$, which requires those components of $`\xi _\alpha ^i`$, which are null vectors of $`a_{ij}^{pq}`$, to vanish.

The expression in the exponential (5.14) is invariant under $`O(p,q)`$ rotations acting on the indices $`i,j`$, which leave the metric $`a_{ij}^{pq}`$ invariant. This means that the “Fourier components” $`f^{(pq)}(\xi _\alpha ^i)`$ are defined on $`R^{rM}/O(p,q)`$. Note that analogous phenomenon takes place in the rank 1 system of  with the group $`O(1)`$ = $`Z_2`$ in place of $`O(p,q)`$. A new feature of the rank $`r>1`$ case is that it allows noncompact situations with $`pq0`$. In this case a volume of a typical orbit of $`O(p,q)`$ is infinite and the expression (5.14) requires insertion of an appropriate delta-function

$$f^{(pq)}(\xi )=\delta (\chi (\xi ))\stackrel{~}{f}^{(pq)}(\xi ),$$
(5.15)
where $`\chi (\xi )`$ is some gauge function which fixes a representative of an orbit of $`O(p,q)`$.

Analogously to what was shown in  for the rank 1 system, the solutions $`C^{(r\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0})}`$ and $`C^{(0r)}`$ describe positive and negative frequency modes to be associated with the creation and annihilation operators upon quantization. The solutions $`C^{(pq)}`$ with $`pq0`$ do not allow a decomposition into positive and negative frequency parts and thus do not allow for a consistent quantization. The group-theoretical meaning of the decomposition (5.13) is clear. Let us for simplicity consider the rank 2 case. The solutions of the equations (3.20)-(3) correspond to the tensor product of the solutions of the equations considered in . Let the latter be formally denoted $`b(X)=b^+(X)+b^{}(X)`$, where $`b^+`$ and $`b^{}`$ are mutually conjugated positive- and negative-frequency parts. Quantization identifies $`b^+(X)`$ with the unitary left module $`U`$ of single-particle quantum states. $`b^{}(X)`$ is associated with the conjugated right module $`\overline{U}`$. Then, the spaces of solutions $`C^{(\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}0})},C^{(\mathrm{0\hspace{0.17em}2})}`$ and $`C^{(\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1})}`$ are associated, respectively, with $`UU`$, $`\overline{U}\overline{U}`$ and $`U\overline{U}`$. If we would consider the quantum picture, by tensoring the single-particle states we would only have $`UU`$ and its conjugate. This suggests that the modes with $`pq0`$ must be irrelevant. Let us argue that, indeed, these modes are unstable and can be ruled out by requiring a solution to be normalizable with respect to a natural norm.

The equations (4.4)-(4.6) show that every solution of the rank 2 system can be promoted to a solution of some rank 1 system in the larger space $`_{2M}`$. It is not guaranteed however that an oscillating solution in $`_M`$ remains oscillating in $`_{2M}`$. For the rank 2 system, the extension of a harmonic solution to $`_{2M}`$ is

$$C^{(20)}=d^{2M}\xi f^{(20)}(\xi )\mathrm{exp}i((\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^1+\xi _\alpha ^2\xi _\beta ^2)X^{\alpha \beta }+(\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^1\xi _\alpha ^2\xi _\beta ^2)W^{\alpha \beta }+2\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^2Z^{\alpha \beta }),$$
(5.16)
$$C^{(11)}=d^{2M}\xi f^{(11)}(\xi )\mathrm{exp}i((\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^1\xi _\alpha ^2\xi _\beta ^2)X^{\alpha \beta }+(\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^1+\xi _\alpha ^2\xi _\beta ^2)W^{\alpha \beta }+2i\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^2Z^{\alpha \beta }),$$
(5.17)
$$C^{(02)}=d^{2M}\xi f^{(02)}(\xi )\mathrm{exp}i((\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^1\xi _\alpha ^2\xi _\beta ^2)X^{\alpha \beta }(\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^1\xi _\alpha ^2\xi _\beta ^2)W^{\alpha \beta }2\xi _\alpha ^1\xi _\beta ^2Z^{\alpha \beta }).$$
(5.18)
We see that the extensions associated with $`C^{(\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}0})}`$ and $`C^{(\mathrm{0\hspace{0.17em}2})}`$ are still oscillating in the extended space $`_{2M}`$ while that associated with $`C^{(\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1})}`$ exponentially grows along some of the directions in $`_{2M}`$, thus exhibiting instability. As observed in , the space of solutions of the rank 1 equation (2.16) admits an invariant form $`B(C,C)`$ defined in terms of the conserved charge (4.1) as $`B(C,C)=Q(\eta )|_{\eta =1}`$. It has a form of an integral over an arbitrary space-like $`M`$-dimensional surface $`E`$ in $`_M`$ and is independent of local variations of $`E`$ provided that $`C`$ satisfies the field equations 666Recall that the initial data problem in $`_M`$ for the equations (1.1) and (1.2) is given on a $`M`$-dimensional “local Cauchy bundle”  because solutions are parametrized by functions of $`M`$ variables $`\xi _\alpha `$.. Using this construction for the rank 1 solution in $`_{2M}`$ generated from the rank 2 solution in $`_M`$ according to (5.16)-(5.18), one obtains the invariant form on rank 2 solutions. Choosing an integration surface in $`_{2M}`$ in such a way that some of the directions are included along which a solution blows up, one can see that for such solutions the norm gets infinite. To make this argument complete it remains to prove that such a rotation of the integration surface can be obtained by a continuous deformation. It is simpler, however, to use the Fourier transformed representation for the norm in $`_{2M}`$ that was shown in  to have a form $`B(C,C)=d^{2M}\xi f(\xi )f(\xi ).`$ Inserting here (5.15) one finds that the delta-function gets squared producing an infinite factor $`\delta (0)`$ originating from the infinite volume of the orbit of $`O(p,q)`$. This factor is finite only for the compact cases of $`O(r,0)`$ and $`O(0,r)`$ associated with the true positive- and negative-frequency solutions that allow consistent quantization. Thus, the modes $`C^{(pq)}`$ with $`pq0`$ are ruled out as non-normalizable very much as the exponentially growing modes with imaginary $`k_{\alpha \beta }`$ in the rank 1 case, which are formally allowed by the field equations.

The normalizable solutions correspond only to purely positive- or negative- frequency modes which, by analogy with the analysis of , are to be associated with the single-particle spaces of quantum states and their conjugates by virtue of quantization. In fact, the norm $`B(C^{(0r)},C^{(r\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0})})`$ is the usual Fock space norm for these quantum states . Thus, the normalizable sector of the rank 2 system in $`_M`$ is equivalent to the normalizable rank 1 system in $`_{2M}`$.

## 6 Conclusions

In this paper the new $`sp(2M)`$ invariant equations of motion, which describe propagation in $`\frac{1}{2}M(M+1)`$-dimensional space-time $`_M`$ with matrix coordinates $`X^{\alpha \beta }`$ ($`\alpha ,\beta =1\mathrm{}M`$), are derived. The idea of the derivation is based on the unfolded formulation of the dynamical equations in the form of covariant constancy equations imposed on the fields taking values in some module $`V`$ of the chosen symmetry algebra $`g`$. In  this scheme was applied to the Fock module $`V=F`$ for the oscillator representation of $`sp(2M)`$. The resulting equations (1.1) and (1.2) were shown to describe matter localized on a $`M`$-dimensional local Cauchy bundle being some limiting $`M`$-dimensional surface in $`_M`$. The equations formulated in this paper result from $`V=FF`$ and, more generally, $`\underset{r}{\underset{}{F\mathrm{}F}}`$.

The list of various types of independent fields in the proposed equations is shown to be in the one-to-one correspondence with the content of the decomposition of the tensor product of a number of unitary Fock $`sp(2M)`$modules $`U`$ into irreducible submodules. This fact is in accordance with the Bogolyubov transform type duality  between the unitary modules of single-particle quantum states and non-unitary modules which appear in the unfolded formulation of the classical field equations.

The space of solutions is parametrized by functions of $`rM`$ variables. As a result, the local Cauchy bundles $`E`$ associated with the proposed field equations have dimension $`rM`$. Note that as explained in , the dimension of space $`\sigma `$ where true localization of events is possible, which is identified with the base manifold of the local Cauchy bundle $`E`$, is generically lower than the dimension of $`E`$. For example, for the lowest values of $`M=2,4,8`$, the rank 1 local Cauchy bundles $`E`$ have the structure $`E=\sigma \times S`$ with the base manifolds (local Cauchy surfaces) $`\sigma =R^2,R^3,R^5`$ as the physical spaces and fiber compact manifolds $`S=Z_2,S^1,SU(2)`$, respectively. This corresponds to three-, four- and six-dimensional Minkowski space-times. The fibers $`Z_2`$, $`S^1`$ and $`SU(2)`$ give rise to some spin degrees of freedom. In particular, for the case of $`M=2`$, the modes of $`Z_2`$ are $`3d`$ massless scalar and spinor. For the case of $`M=4`$, modes of $`S^1`$ give rise to the infinite tower of spins in the $`4`$dimensional Minkowski space-time . One conclusion of this paper is that different local equations formulated in the same space $`_M`$ may visualize it differently via its subspaces of different dimensions. Moreover, it is shown that the space-time $`_M`$ visualized through the rank two equations is physically undistinguishable from the space-time $`_{2M}`$ visualized through the rank 1 system. This suggests that it may be enough to study the rank 1 systems in $`_M`$ with various $`M`$.

Most of the rank 2 equations of motions obtained in this paper have the form of the conservation conditions that were shown in  to give rise to the conserved charges, defined as integrals over $`M`$dimensional surfaces in $`_M`$.

This result suggests the generalized $`AdS/CFT`$ correspondence between fields in rank 2 models and currents in rank 1 models. Remarkably, the chain of correspondences can be continued to all rank $`2^p`$ models so that fields in the $`2^p`$ model correspond to bilinear currents in the $`2^{p1}`$ model, quartic currents in the $`2^{p2}`$ model etc. This result supports the conjecture of  that the full higher spin models may exhibit infinite chains of $`AdS/CFT`$ dualities. It is tempting to speculate that there are two most natural options. First is that the fundamental theory is the one with $`M=2`$ which is the usual $`3d`$ conformal theory or even with $`M=1`$777This case is degenerate. One can speculate that it corresponds to left or right movers of a $`2d`$ conformal theory. Although there are no nontrivial equations imposed on the dynamical fields in this case one can formally apply the general arguments of this paper to this system as well.. An opposite extreme option is that of $`M=\mathrm{}`$. The usual models, like for example $`4d`$ higher spin theories, may result from an appropriate breakdown of $`sp(\mathrm{})`$ down to, say, $`sp(8)`$. The $`sp(\mathrm{})`$ case has a good chance to be related to a higher spin formulation of the superstring theory. It may happen, however, that the two seemingly opposite options are not that different because of the conjectured infinite chain of dualities.

The results of this paper suggest a new dynamical mechanism for realization of branes of different dimensions that live in the same generalized space-time $`_M`$. The equations suggested in this paper provide a field-theoretical realization of the “preon” construction for BPS states suggested in . In a nonlinear version of the higher spin theory in the generalized space-time to be developed, fields associated with branes of different dimensions are expected to interact to each other. Hopefully this will eventually lead to the microscopic theory of branes.

## Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by MIUR-COFIN contract 2001-025492, INTAS, Grant No.99-01-590, INTAS, Grant No.00-259 and the RFBR Grant No.02-02-17067.

## Appendix. $`\sigma _{}`$ cohomology

Let us first recall some elementary facts relevant to the cohomology analysis. Let a linear operator $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ act in some linear space $`𝒱`$ and satisfy $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2=0`$. By definition, $`H(\mathrm{\Omega })=\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega }/Im\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the cohomology space. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ be some other nilpotent operator, $`(\mathrm{\Omega }^{})^2=0`$. Then the operator

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\{\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }^{}\}$$
(A.1)
satisfies

$$[\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Delta }]=[\mathrm{\Omega }^{},\mathrm{\Delta }]=0.$$
(A.2)
From (A.1) it follows that $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega }\text{I}m\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Therefore, $`H(\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega }/\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega })`$. Suppose now that $`𝒱`$ is a Hilbert space in which $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ are conjugated and that the operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is quasifinite-dimensional, i.e. $`𝒱=𝒱_\alpha `$ with finite-dimensional subspaces $`𝒱_\alpha `$ such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒱_\alpha )𝒱_\alpha `$ and $`𝒱_\alpha `$ is orthogonal to $`𝒱_\beta `$ for $`\alpha \beta `$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ can be diagonalized and it is easy to see that $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega }/\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega })`$ = $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Therefore, for this case,

$$H(\mathrm{\Omega })\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(A.3)
This formula is useful in the practical analysis because it is usually simpler to compute $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Delta }`$ than to find the cohomology $`H(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ directly.

Let us denote $`dX^{\mu \nu }`$ by $`\xi ^{\mu \nu }`$. Then $`\xi ^{\mu \nu }=\xi ^{\nu \mu }`$, $`\xi ^{\mu \nu }\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }=\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }\xi ^{\mu \nu }`$ and

$$\frac{d}{d\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }}\xi ^{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}\left(\delta _\alpha ^\mu \delta _\gamma ^\nu +\delta _\alpha ^\nu \delta _\gamma ^\mu \right)\xi ^{\mu \nu }\frac{d}{d\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }}.$$

Let $`𝒱_1`$ and $`𝒱_2`$ be the linear spaces spanned by various polynomials $`P(z,\xi )`$ and $`P(z,\overline{z},\xi )`$, respectively. Let the rank 1 and rank 2 operators $`\sigma _{}`$ acting in $`𝒱_1`$ and $`𝒱_2`$ be denoted $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, respectively. (For the future convenience we have changed notations, replacing $`y^\alpha `$ with $`z^\alpha `$.) Defining the conjugated operators $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{1,2}^{}`$ with respect to the natural Fock type scalar products in $`𝒱_{1,2}`$ we have

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_1=\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }},\mathrm{\Omega }_1^{}=z^\alpha z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }}},`$
and

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_2=2\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\gamma }},\mathrm{\Omega }_2^{}=2z^\alpha \overline{z}^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\xi ^{\alpha \gamma }}}.`$
One gets

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_1=2\xi ^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{d}{\xi ^{\mu \nu }}}+4\xi ^{\mu \alpha }{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\xi ^{\mu \beta }}}z^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}+z^\beta z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\beta }},`$ (A.4)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_2=4\xi ^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{d}{\xi ^{\mu \nu }}}+4\xi ^{\mu \alpha }{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\xi ^{\mu \beta }}}(z^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}+\overline{z}^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\alpha }})`$ (A.5)
$`+2z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}\overline{z}^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\beta }}+2z^\beta \overline{z}^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\beta }}.`$
Let $`𝒱_i=_p𝒱_i^p`$, where $`𝒱_i^p𝒱_i`$ is the subspace of degree $`p`$ homogeneous polynomials in $`\xi `$, i.e. {$`P(z,\mathrm{},\xi )𝒱_i^p`$: $`P(z,\mathrm{},\mu \xi )=\mu ^pP(z,\mathrm{},\xi )`$}. The cohomology groups $`H^p(\sigma _{})`$ for rank $`r`$ operators $`\sigma _{}`$ belong to $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{\Delta }_r𝒱_r^p`$.

Let us introduce auxiliary spaces $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$ of polynomials $`P(z,t)`$ and $`P(z,\overline{z},t)`$, respectively, where $`t^\alpha `$ is an auxiliary commuting variable. Let $`W_i=_pW_i^p`$, {$`PW_i^p:P(z,\mathrm{},\mu t)=\mu ^pP(z,\mathrm{},t)`$}. For the cases of $`𝒱_i^p`$ with $`p=0`$ or 1 associated with the cohomology groups $`H_r^0`$ and $`H_r^1`$, the obvious isomorphisms $`𝒱_i^0=W_i^0`$ and $`𝒱_i^1=W_i^2`$ take place. In practice this allows one to replace $`\xi ^{\alpha \beta }`$ by $`t^\alpha t^\beta `$ and $`\frac{d}{d\xi ^{\alpha \beta }}`$ by $`\frac{1}{2}\frac{}{t^\alpha }\frac{}{t^\beta }`$ (for polynomials at most linear in $`\xi `$ it does not matter that $`\xi `$ is anticommuting). In these variables, the operators $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{1,2}`$ acquire the form

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_1=(t^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\mu }}1)(2t^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}z^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\beta }}t^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\beta }})+(z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}1)z^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\beta }}`$ (A.6)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_2=(t^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\mu }}1)(t^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}z^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\beta }}+t^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\alpha }}\overline{z}^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\beta }}t^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\beta }})+`$
$`+\overline{z}^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}z^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\beta }}+(z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\alpha }}1)\overline{z}^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\beta }}.`$ (A.7)
### Rank 1

The operators

$`e_1=t^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }},f_1=z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\gamma }},h_1=t^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\gamma }}z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }}`$ (A.8)
form the Lie algebra $`sl_2`$. The operator

$$n_1=t^\gamma \frac{}{t^\gamma }+z^\gamma \frac{}{z^\gamma }$$
(A.9)
extends it to $`gl_2`$ with the carrier space $`W_1`$. Since the action of $`gl_2`$ in $`W_1`$ leaves a degree of a polynomial invariant, $`W_1`$ decomposes into the infinite direct sum of finite-dimensional $`gl_2`$submodules. Irreducible finite-dimensional submodules are characterized by their $`sl_2`$ lowest (equivalently, highest) weights and eigenvalues of the central element of $`gl_2`$ (A.9). The weight basis of $`sl_2`$ is convenient because the operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1`$ turns out to be diagonal in this basis.

Indeed, let $`pW_1`$ be some lowest vector with fixed weight and eigenvalue of the central element of $`gl_2`$, i.e.

$$f_1p=0,h_1p=\mu pn_1p=\nu p.$$
(A.10)
From (A.8), (A.9) it follows that $`p`$ has a form

$`p_{(q,r)}=c_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _q,\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _r}z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _q}t^{\beta _1}\mathrm{}t^{\beta _r},\mu =rq,\nu =r+q,`$ (A.11)
where $`c_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _q,\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _r}`$ is some tensor with the symmetry properties of the Young tableau . As a result, every polynomial $`P(z,t)`$ is a linear combination of the polynomials

$`P_{(qr)}^{(b)}(z,t)=\left(e_1\right)^bp_{(qr)}(z,t)`$
with various $`b,q`$ and $`r`$. Using that $`[f_1,(e_1)^b]=(e_1)^{b1}b(h_1b+1)`$, one finds

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_1P_{(qr)}^{(b)}=\left(2e_1f_1(n_11)h_1\right)(e_1)^bp_{(qr)}=\lambda _1P_{(qr)}^{(b)},`$ (A.12)
where

$$\lambda _1=(2(qbr+1)b+(qb)(qb1)(b+r)(b+r1)).$$
(A.13)
Note that, because the representations under consideration are finite-dimensional, the polynomials $`P_{(qr)}^{(b)}`$ with $`b>qr`$ vanish, i.e. the inequality

$`qbr`$ $``$ $`0`$ (A.14)
is true. The degree of $`P_{(qr)}^{(b)}(z,t)`$ in $`t`$ is equal to $`r+b`$. As a result we have $`r+b=0`$ and $`r+b=2`$ in the subspaces $`W_1^0`$ and $`W_1^2`$ associated with rank 1 cohomology groups $`H^0(\sigma _{})`$ and $`H^1(\sigma _{})`$, respectively.

#### $`𝐇^\mathrm{𝟎}`$

Consider plynomials $`P_{(qr)}^{(b)}`$ associated with rank $`1`$ $`0`$-forms. In this case $`b=r=0`$. From (A.13) and the equation $`\lambda _1=0`$ it follows that $`q(q1)=0`$. So, the rank 1 cohomology group $`H^0(\mathrm{\Omega }_1)`$ is spanned by

$$c,c_\alpha z^\alpha .$$

#### $`𝐇^\mathrm{𝟏}`$

Consider polynomials $`P_{(qr)}^{(b)}`$ corresponding to the rank 1 1-forms. Then $`b+r=2`$. Using (A.13) one observes that the equation $`\lambda _1=0`$ amounts to

$$2(q1)b+(qb)(qb1)2=0.$$

From (A.14) it follows that $`q2`$ .
I. Let $`b>0`$. Then $`2(q1)b2`$. As a result the only allowed solution is $`q=2,b=1`$.
II. Let $`b=0`$. The only allowed solution is $`q=2`$.

It is easy to see that $`P_{(2,1)}^{(1)}`$ and $`P_{(2,2)}^{(0)}`$ are $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ closed. Since exact forms are symmetric in all variables, the obtained solutions belong to the nontrivial cohomology classes. Thus the rank 1 cohomology group $`H^1(\mathrm{\Omega }_1)`$ is spanned by

$$c_{\alpha \beta _1,\beta _2}z^\alpha \xi ^{\beta _1\beta _2},c_{\alpha _1\alpha _2,\beta _1\beta _2}z^{\alpha _1}z^{\alpha _2}\xi ^{\beta _1\beta _2}.$$

### Rank 2

The rank 2 case will be analyzed in terms of $`gl_3`$ generated by the operators

$`e_1=t^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }},f_1=z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\gamma }},e_2=z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\gamma }},f_2=\overline{z}^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }},`$ (A.15)
$`h_1=t^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\gamma }}z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }},h_2=z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }}\overline{z}^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\gamma }},n_2=t^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{t^\gamma }}+z^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{z^\gamma }}+\overline{z}^\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{z}^\gamma }}.`$
Again, $`W_2`$ decomposes into the infinite direct sum of irreducible finite-dimensional $`gl_3`$modules. Let $`pW_2`$ be some lowest vector with fixed weight and eigenvalue of $`n_2`$, i.e.

$`f_1p=0,f_2p=0,h_1p=\mu _1p,h_2p=\mu _2pn_2p=\nu p.`$ (A.16)
From (A.15) it follows that $`p`$ has a form

$`p_{(s,q,r)}=c_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _s,\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _q,\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _r}\overline{z}^{\gamma _1}\mathrm{}\overline{z}^{\gamma _s}z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _q}t^{\beta _1}\mathrm{}t^{\beta _r}`$ (A.17)
$`\mu _1=qs,\mu _2=rq,\nu =r+q+s,`$
where $`c_{\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _s,\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _q,\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _r}`$ is some tensor with the symmetry properties of the Young tableau . Every polynomial $`P(z,\overline{z},t)`$ is some linear combination of the
polynomials of the form

$`P_{(sqr)}^{(bak)}=\left(e_1\right)^b\left([e_1,e_2]\right)^a\left(e_2\right)^kp_{(sqr)}`$
with various $`b,a,k`$. An elementary computation shows that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_2P_{(sqr)}^{(bak)}=\lambda _2P_{(sqr)}^{(bak)},`$ (A.18)
where

$`\lambda _2=(q+kar)bb(b1)+(skr)a+k(skq+1)`$
$`+a(2a)+(ska1)(q+kb)(a+b+r)(a+b+r1).`$ (A.19)
Because all representations of $`sl_3`$ under consideration are finite-dimensional the following inequalities take place

$`ska`$ $``$ $`0,`$ (A.20)
$`q+kb`$ $``$ $`0,`$ (A.21)
$$qr,$$
(A.22)
$$skq0.$$
(A.23)
Eqs. (A.20), (A.21) manifest the simple fact that the degrees of $`z`$ and $`\overline{z}`$ are nonnegative. Eq. (A.22) is obvious from the Young tableau representation of the lowest vector of $`sl_3`$. Eq.(A.23) is understood analogously taking into account the explicit form of $`e_2`$ in (A.15).

#### $`𝐇^\mathrm{𝟎}`$

Consider polynomials $`P_{(sqr)}^{(bak)}`$ corresponding to the rank 2 0-forms. Using (Rank 2) along with the fact that $`a=b=r=0`$ for the case of 0-forms one finds that the equation $`\lambda _2=0`$ amounts to

$`k(skq+1)+(sk1)(q+k)=0.`$ (A.24)
From (A.23) one has $`(sqk+1)>0`$ or, equivalently, $`sk1q1`$.
I. Let $`sk=0`$. Then $`kqq=0`$ and, therefore, $`q=0`$.
II. Let $`(sk1)0`$. Then (A.24) requires $`(k+q)(sk1)=0`$ and $`k(sqk+1)=0`$. Therefore, $`k=0`$ and $`q(s1)=0`$.
As a result (A.24) has the following solutions: $`\{s=k0,q=0\};\{k=q=0,s0\};\{k=0,q=s=1\}`$. One can check that $`P_{(s,0,0)}^{(0,0,s)}`$, $`P_{(s,0,0)}^{(0,0,0)}`$ and $`P_{(1,1,0)}^{(0,0,0))}`$ are $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$-closed. Thus the cohomology group $`H^0(\mathrm{\Omega }_2)`$ is parametrized by the following $`0`$forms:

$$c,c_{\alpha ,\beta }z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta ,c_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _n},\overline{c}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n}\overline{z}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\overline{z}^{\alpha _n},n>0.$$

#### $`𝐇^\mathrm{𝟏}`$

Consider polynomials $`P_{(sqr)}^{(bak)}`$ corresponding to rank 2 1-forms. In this case $`a+b+r=2`$. Then, taking into account (Rank 2), the equation $`\lambda _2=0`$ amounts to

$$(q+k)(b1)+(sk+b)a+k(skq+1)+(ska)(q+kb)=2.$$
(A.25)
The problem is to solve (A.25) in nonnegative integers at the conditions (A.20)–(A.23) along with the two obvious conditions

$`a+b`$ $``$ $`2,`$ (A.26)
$`s`$ $``$ $`2.`$ (A.27)
(The meaning of (A.27) is that, to have polynomials bilinear in $`t^\alpha `$ used to describe 1-forms, the first row of the respective Young tableaux must contain at least two cells.)

From (A.26) it follows that there are six cases: $`\{a=0,b=0\}`$, $`\{a=1,b=1\}`$, $`\{a=0,b=1\}`$, $`\{a=0,b=2\}`$, $`\{a=1,b=0\}`$ and $`\{a=2,b=0\}`$. Note, that only four of these six cases are essentially different because the interchange $`z\overline{z}`$ is equivalent to $`ab`$.
I. Let $`a=b=0`$ . Then (A.25) has the form

$`k(skq+1)+(sk1)(q+k)`$ $`=`$ $`2.`$ (A.28)
From (A.23), (A.22) it follows that $`skq2`$ and, therefore, (A.28) requires $`q=2`$, $`s=2`$, $`k=0`$ .
II. Let $`b=1`$, $`a=1`$. Then (A.25) has the form

$`k(skq+1)+(sk1)(q+k)`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (A.29)
From (A.20) and (A.23) one can see that $`k(skq+1)0`$ and $`(sk1)(q+k)0`$. Therefore, (A.29) requires $`k(skq+1)=0`$ and $`(sk1)(q+k)=0`$. The first condition requires $`k=0`$. Then from (A.21), (A.27) one finds that the second one has no admissible solutions.
III. Let $`b=1`$, $`a=0`$. Then (A.25) has the form

$`k(skq+1)+(sk)(q+k1)`$ $`=`$ $`2.`$ (A.30)
Since $`a+b+r=2`$ we have $`r=1`$. From (A.22) it follows that $`q1`$. From (A.23) we get $`skq1`$. As a result, the two terms on the left hand side of (A.30) are non-negative. So, there are three different cases:
A. $`k(skq+1)=0`$ , $`(sk)(q+k1)=2`$. The only admissible solution is $`k=0,`$ $`s=2,`$ $`q=2.`$
B. $`k(skq+1)=1`$, $`(sk)(q+k1)=1`$. The only solution is $`k=1`$, $`s=2`$, $`q=1`$.
C. $`k(skq+1)=2`$, $`(sk)(q+k1)=0`$. It is easy to see that these equations have no admissible solutions.
IV. Let $`b=2`$, $`a=0`$. Then (A.25) has the form

$`(q+k)+k(skq+1)+(sk)(q+k2)`$ $`=`$ $`2.`$ (A.31)
Using (A.21) one gets $`q+k=2`$, $`k(skq+1)=0`$. Using (A.23) one gets $`k=0`$, $`q=2`$, $`s`$.

Instead of considering the rest two cases with $`\{a=1,b=0\}`$ and $`\{a=2,b=0\}`$ we simply add the conjugated forms resulting from the interchange $`z\overline{z}`$ to get the full list of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2`$ zero modes. It is easy to see that the obtained solutions are $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$-closed but not exact. As a result, the cohomology group $`H^1(\mathrm{\Omega }_2)`$ is spanned by

$$c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\alpha ,\beta }z^\alpha \overline{z}^\beta \xi ^{\gamma _1\gamma _2},c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\beta _1\beta _2,\alpha }z^\alpha \overline{z}^{\beta _1}\overline{z}^{\beta _2}\xi ^{\gamma _1\gamma _2},$$

$$c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\alpha _1\alpha _2,\beta _1\beta _2}z^{\alpha _1}z^{\alpha _2}\overline{z}^{\beta _1}\overline{z}^{\beta _2}\xi ^{\gamma _1\gamma _2},c_{\gamma _1\gamma _2,\alpha _1\alpha _2,\beta }z^{\alpha _1}z^{\alpha _2}\overline{z}^\beta \xi ^{\gamma _1\gamma _2},$$

$$c_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n,\gamma _1\gamma _2}z^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}z^{\alpha _n}\xi ^{\gamma _1\gamma _2},\overline{c}_{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _n,\gamma _1\gamma _2}\overline{z}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\overline{z}^{\alpha _n}\xi ^{\gamma _1\gamma _2},n2.$$