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# Generalized Arf invariants in algebraic 𝐿-theory

## Introduction

The invariant of Arf  is a basic ingredient in the isomorphism classification of quadratic forms over a field of characteristic 2. The algebraic $`L`$-groups of a ring with involution $`A`$ are Witt groups of quadratic structures on $`A`$-modules and $`A`$-module chain complexes, or equivalently the cobordism groups of algebraic Poincaré complexes over $`A`$. The cobordism formulation of algebraic $`L`$-theory is used here to obtain generalized Arf invariants detecting the difference between the quadratic and symmetric $`L`$-groups of an arbitrary ring with involution $`A`$, with applications to the computation of the Cappell UNil-groups.

The (projective) quadratic $`L`$-groups of Wall  are 4-periodic groups

$$L_n(A)=L_{n+4}(A).$$

The $`2k`$-dimensional $`L`$-group $`L_{2k}(A)`$ is the Witt group of nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic forms $`(K,\psi )`$ over $`A`$, where $`K`$ is a f.g. projective $`A`$-module and $`\psi `$ is an equivalence class of $`A`$-module morphisms

$$\psi :KK^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_A(K,A)$$

such that $`\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{}:KK^{}`$ is an isomorphism, with $`\psi \psi +\chi +(1)^{k+1}\chi ^{}`$ for $`\chi \mathrm{Hom}_A(K,K^{})`$. A lagrangian $`L`$ for $`(K,\psi )`$ is a direct summand $`LK`$ such that

$$\begin{array}{c}L^{}=L,\mathrm{where}L^{}=\{xK|(\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})(x)(y)=0\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}yL\},\hfill \\ \psi (x)(x)\{a+(1)^{k+1}\overline{a}|aA\}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}xL.\hfill \end{array}$$

A form $`(K,\psi )`$ admits a lagrangian $`L`$ if and only if it is isomorphic to the hyperbolic form $`H_{(1)^k}(L)=(LL^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right))`$, in which case

$$(K,\psi )=H_{(1)^k}(L)=0L_{2k}(A).$$

The $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional $`L`$-group $`L_{2k+1}(A)`$ is the Witt group of $`(1)^k`$-quadratic formations $`(K,\psi ;L,L^{})`$ over $`A`$, with $`L,L^{}K`$ lagrangians for $`(K,\psi )`$.

The symmetric $`L`$-groups $`L^n(A)`$ of Mishchenko  are the cobordism groups of $`n`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complexes $`(C,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$, with $`C`$ an $`n`$-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_nC_{n1}\mathrm{}C_1C_00\mathrm{}$$

and $`\varphi Q^n(C)`$ an element of the $`n`$-dimensional symmetric $`Q`$-group of $`C`$ (about which more in §1 below) such that $`\varphi _0:C^nC`$ is a chain equivalence. In particular, $`L^0(A)`$ is the Witt group of nonsingular symmetric forms $`(K,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$, with

$$\varphi =\varphi ^{}:KK^{}$$

an isomorphism, and $`L^1(A)`$ is the Witt group of symmetric formations $`(K,\varphi ;L,L^{})`$ over $`A`$. An analogous cobordism formulation of the quadratic $`L`$-groups was obtained in Ranicki , expressing $`L_n(A)`$ as the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional quadratic Poincaré complexes $`(C,\psi )`$, with $`\psi Q_n(C)`$ an element of the $`n`$-dimensional quadratic $`Q`$-group of $`C`$ such that $`(1+T)\psi _0:C^nC`$ is a chain equivalence. The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups $`\widehat{L}^n(A)`$ of  are the cobordism groups of $`n`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pairs $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ over $`A`$ such that

$$(\delta \varphi _0,(1+T)\psi _0):D^n𝒞(f)$$

is a chain equivalence, with $`𝒞(f)`$ the algebraic mapping cone of $`f`$. The various $`L`$-groups are related by an exact sequence

The symmetrization maps $`1+T:L_{}(A)L^{}(A)`$ are isomorphisms modulo 8-torsion, so that the hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups $`\widehat{L}^{}(A)`$ are of exponent 8. The symmetric and hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups are not 4-periodic in general. However, there are defined natural maps

$$L^n(A)L^{n+4}(A),\widehat{L}^n(A)\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A)$$

(which are isomorphisms modulo 8-torsion), and there are 4-periodic versions of the $`L`$-groups

$$L^{n+4}(A)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}L^{n+4k}(A),\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\widehat{L}^{n+4k}(A).$$

The 4-periodic symmetric $`L`$-group $`L^{n+4}(A)`$ is the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complexes $`(C,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$ with $`C`$ a finite (but not necessarily $`n`$-dimensional) f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex, and similarly for $`\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A)`$.

The Tate $`_2`$-cohomology groups of a ring with involution $`A`$

$$\widehat{H}^n(_2;A)=\frac{\{xA|\overline{x}=(1)^nx\}}{\{y+(1)^n\overline{y}|yA\}}(n(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}))$$

are $`A`$-modules via

$$A\times \widehat{H}^n(_2;A)\widehat{H}^n(_2;A);(a,x)ax\overline{a}.$$

The Tate $`_2`$-cohomology $`A`$-modules give an indication of the difference between the quadratic and symmetric $`L`$-groups of $`A`$. If $`\widehat{H}^{}(_2;A)=0`$ (e.g. if $`1/2A`$) then the symmetrization maps $`1+T:L_{}(A)L^{}(A)`$ are isomorphisms and $`\widehat{L}^{}(A)=0`$. If $`A`$ is such that $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ and $`\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)`$ have 1-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolutions then the symmetric and hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ are 4-periodic (Proposition 1.30).

We shall say that a ring with the involution $`A`$ is $`r`$-even for some $`r1`$ if

* $`A`$ is commutative with the identity involution, so that $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)=A_2`$ as an additive group with

$$A\times \widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);(a,x)a^2x,$$

and

$$\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)=\{aA|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}a=0\},$$
* $`2A`$ is a non-zero divisor, so that $`\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)=0`$,
* $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ is a f.g. free $`A_2`$-module of rank $`r`$ with a basis $`\{x_1=1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_r\}`$.

If $`A`$ is $`r`$-even then $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ has a 1-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module resolution

$$0A^r\text{}A^r\text{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)0$$

so that the symmetric and hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ are 4-periodic (1.30).
A ring with involution $`A`$ is 1-even if and only if it satisfies (i), (ii) and also

$$aa^22A\text{for all}aA.$$

###### Theorem 0.1.

The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of a 1-even ring with involution $`A`$ are given by :

$$\widehat{L}^n(A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}A_8\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_2\hfill & \text{if }n1,3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}).\hfill \end{array}$$

The boundary maps $`:\widehat{L}^n(A)L_{n1}(A)`$ are given by :

$$\begin{array}{c}:\widehat{L}^0(A)=A_8L_1(A);a(AA,\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right);A,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1a\\ a\end{array}\right):AAA)),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^1(A)=A_2L_0(A);a(AA,\left(\begin{array}{cc}(aa^2)/2& 12a\\ 0& 2\end{array}\right)),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^3(A)=A_2L_2(A);a(AA,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 1\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)).\hfill \end{array}$$

The map

$$L^0(A)\widehat{L}^0(A)=A_8;(K,\varphi )\varphi (v,v)$$

is defined using any element $`vK`$ such that

$$\varphi (u,u)=\varphi (u,v)A_2(uK).$$

Theorem 0.1 is proved in §2 (Corollary 2.31). In particular, $`A=`$ is 1-even, and in this case Theorem 0.1 recovers the computation of $`\widehat{L}^{}()`$ obtained in  – the algebraic $`L`$-theory of $``$ is recalled further below in the Introduction.

###### Theorem 0.2.

If $`A`$ is 1-even then the polynomial ring $`A[x]`$ is 2-even, with $`A[x]_2`$-module basis $`\{1,x\}`$ for $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x])`$. The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A[x]`$ are given by :

$$\widehat{L}^n(A[x])=\{\begin{array}{cc}A_8A_4[x]A_2[x]^3\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_2\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}).\hfill \end{array}$$

Theorems 0.1 and 0.2 are special cases of the following computation :

###### Theorem 0.3.

The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of an $`r`$-even ring with involution $`A`$ are given by :

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{L}^n(A)=\hfill \\ \{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)+\{2(N+N^t)N^tXN|NM_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \frac{\{NM_r(A)|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{2M_r(A)}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n=2\hfill \\ \frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)+\{LLXL|L\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=3\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ the additive group of symmetric $`r\times r`$ matrices $`(a_{ij})=(a_{ji})`$ in $`A`$, $`\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ the subgroup of the matrices such that $`a_{ii}2A`$, and

$$X=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}x_1& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& x_2& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{}& x_r\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)$$

for an $`A_2`$-module basis $`\{x_1=1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_r\}`$ of $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$. The boundary maps $`:\widehat{L}^n(A)L_{n1}(A)`$ are given by :

$$\begin{array}{c}:\widehat{L}^0(A)L_1(A);M(H_{}(A^r);A^r,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1XM\\ M\end{array}\right):A^rA^r(A^r)^{})),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^1(A)L_0(A);N(A^rA^r,\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{4}(N+N^t2N^tXN)& 12NX\\ 0& 2X\end{array}\right)),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^3(A)L_2(A);M(A^r(A^r)^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}M& 1\\ 0& X\end{array}\right)).\hfill \end{array}$$

In §§1,2 we recall and extend the $`Q`$-groups and algebraic chain bundles of Ranicki ,  and Weiss , including a proof of Theorem 0.3 (Theorem 2.30).

We shall be dealing with two types of generalized Arf invariant: for forms on f.g. projective modules, and for linking forms on homological dimension 1 torsion modules, which we shall be considering separately.

In §3 we define the generalized Arf invariant of a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ over an arbitrary ring with involution $`A`$ with a lagrangian $`LK`$ for $`(K,\psi +()^k\psi ^{})`$ to be the element

$$(K,\psi ;L)\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)$$

with image

$$(K,\psi )\mathrm{im}(:\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)L_{2k}(A))=\mathrm{ker}(1+T:L_{2k}(A)L^{4+2k}(A)).$$

Theorem 3.8 gives an explicit formula for the generalized Arf invariant $`(K,\psi ;L)\widehat{L}^3(A)`$ for an $`r`$-even $`A`$. Generalizations of the Arf invariants in $`L`$-theory have been previously studied by Clauwens  and Bak .

In §4 we consider a ring with involution $`A`$ with a localization $`S^1A`$ inverting a multiplicative subset $`SA`$ of central non-zero divisors such that $`\widehat{H}^{}(_2;S^1A)=0`$ (e.g. if $`2S`$). The relative $`L`$-group $`L_{2k}(A,S)`$ in the localization exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_{2k}(A)L_{2k}(S^1A)L_{2k}(A,S)L_{2k1}(A)L_{2k1}(S^1A)\mathrm{}$$

is the Witt group of nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic linking forms $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$, with $`T`$ a homological dimension 1 $`S`$-torsion $`A`$-module, $`\lambda `$ an $`A`$-module isomorphism

$$\lambda =(1)^k\lambda \widehat{}:TT\widehat{}=\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(T,A)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(T,S^1A/A)$$

and

$$\mu :TQ_{(1)^k}(A,S)=\frac{\{bS^1A|\overline{b}=(1)^kb\}}{\{a+(1)^k\overline{a}|aA\}}$$

a $`(1)^k`$-quadratic function for $`\lambda `$. The linking Arf invariant of a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$ with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for $`(T,\lambda )`$ is defined to be an element

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)\widehat{L}^{4+2k}(A),$$

with properties analogous to the generalized Arf invariant defined for forms in §3. Theorem 4.10 gives an explicit formula for the linking Arf invariant $`(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)\widehat{L}^{2k}(A)`$ for an $`r`$-even $`A`$, using

$$S=(2)^{\mathrm{}}=\{2^i|i0\}A,S^1A=A[1/2].$$

In §5 we apply the generalized and linking Arf invariants to the algebraic $`L`$-groups of a polynomial extension $`A[x]`$ ($`\overline{x}=x`$) of a ring with involution $`A`$, using the exact sequence

For a Dedekind ring $`A`$ the quadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A[x]`$ are related to the UNil-groups $`\mathrm{UNil}_{}(A)`$ of Cappell  by the splitting formula of Connolly and Ranicki

$$L_n(A[x])=L_n(A)\mathrm{UNil}_n(A),$$

and the symmetric and hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A[x]`$ are 4-periodic, and such that

$$L^n(A[x])=L^n(A),\widehat{L}^{n+1}(A[x])=\widehat{L}^{n+1}(A)\mathrm{UNil}_n(A).$$

Any computation of $`\widehat{L}^{}(A)`$ and $`\widehat{L}^{}(A[x])`$ thus gives a computation of $`\mathrm{UNil}_{}(A)`$. Combining the splitting formula with Theorems 0.1, 0.2 gives :

###### Theorem 0.4.

If $`A`$ is a 1-even Dedekind ring then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{UNil}_n(A)\hfill & =\widehat{L}^{n+1}(A[x])/\widehat{L}^{n+1}(A)\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{if }n0,1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ xA_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_4[x]A_2[x]^3\hfill & \text{if }n3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}).\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, Theorem 0.4 applies to $`A=`$. The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups were first used in the partial computation of

$$\mathrm{UNil}_n()=\widehat{L}^{n+1}([x])/\widehat{L}^{n+1}()$$

by Connolly and Ranicki . The calculation in  was almost complete, except that $`\mathrm{UNil}_3()`$ was only obtained up to extensions. The calculation was first completed by Connolly and Davis , using linking forms. We are grateful to them for sending us a preliminary version of their paper. The calculation of $`\mathrm{UNil}_3()`$ in  uses the results of  and the classifications of quadratic and symmetric linking forms over $`([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$. The calculation of $`\mathrm{UNil}_3()`$ here uses the linking Arf invariant measuring the difference between the Witt groups of quadratic and symmetric linking forms over $`([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$, developing further the $`Q`$-group strategy of .

The algebraic $`L`$-groups of $`A=_2`$ are given by :

$$\begin{array}{c}L^n(_2)=\{\begin{array}{cc}_2\text{(rank (}mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\text{))}\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}),\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ L_n(_2)=\{\begin{array}{cc}_2\text{(Arf invariant)}\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}),\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \widehat{L}^n(_2)=_2\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`1+T=0:L_n(_2)L^n(_2)`$. The classical Arf invariant is defined for a nonsingular quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ over $`_2`$ and a lagrangian $`LK`$ for the symmetric form $`(K,\psi +\psi ^{})`$ to be

$$(K,\psi ;L)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\psi (e_i,e_i).\psi (e_i^{},e_i^{})\widehat{L}^1(_2)=L_0(_2)=_2$$

with $`e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_{\mathrm{}}`$ any basis for $`LK`$, and $`e_1^{},e_2^{},\mathrm{},e_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ a basis for a direct summand $`L^{}K`$ such that

$$(\psi +\psi ^{})(e_i^{},e_j^{})=0,(\psi +\psi ^{})(e_i^{},e_j)=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }i=j\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }ij\text{ .}\hfill \end{array}$$

The Arf invariant is independent of the choices of $`L`$ and $`L^{}`$.

The algebraic $`L`$-groups of $`A=`$ are given by :

$$\begin{array}{c}L^n()=\{\begin{array}{cc}\text{(signature)}\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _2\text{(de Rham invariant)}\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise ,}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ L_n()=\{\begin{array}{cc}\text{(signature/8)}\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _2\text{(Arf invariant)}\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise ,}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \widehat{L}^n()=\{\begin{array}{cc}_8\text{(signature (}mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}8}\text{))}\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _2\text{(de Rham invariant)}\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _2\text{(Arf invariant)}\hfill & \text{if }n3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\text{ .}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

Given a nonsingular symmetric form $`(K,\varphi )`$ over $``$ there is a congruence (Hirzebruch, Neumann and Koh \[12, Theorem 3.10\])

$$\mathrm{signature}(K,\varphi )\varphi (v,v)(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}8})$$

with $`vK`$ any element such that

$$\varphi (u,v)\varphi (u,u)(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})(uK),$$

so that

$$\begin{array}{c}(K,\varphi )=\mathrm{signature}(K,\varphi )=\varphi (v,v)\hfill \\ \mathrm{coker}(1+T:L_0()L^0())=\widehat{L}^0()=\mathrm{coker}(8:)=_8.\hfill \end{array}$$

The projection $`_2`$ induces an isomorphism $`L_2()L_2(_2)`$, so that the Witt class of a nonsingular $`(1)`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ over $``$ is given by the Arf invariant of the mod 2 reduction

$$(K,\psi ;L)=_2_{}(K,\psi ;L)L_2()=L_2(_2)=_2$$

with $`LK`$ a lagrangian for the $`(1)`$-symmetric form $`(K,\psi \psi ^{})`$. Again, this is independent of the choice of $`L`$.

The $`Q`$-groups are defined for an $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ to be $`_2`$-hyperhomology invariants of the $`[_2]`$-module chain complex $`C_AC`$. The involution on $`A`$ is used to define the tensor product over $`A`$ of left $`A`$-module chain complexes $`C,D`$, the abelian group chain complex

$$C_AD=\frac{C_{}D}{\{axyx\overline{a}y|aA,xC,yD\}}.$$

Let $`C_AC`$ denote the $`[_2]`$-module chain complex defined by $`C_AC`$ via the transposition involution

$$T:C_p_AC_qC_q_AC_p;xy(1)^{pq}yx.$$

The $`\{\begin{array}{cc}\text{symmetric}\hfill & \\ \text{quadratic}\hfill & \\ \text{hyperquadratic}\hfill & \end{array}`$ $`Q`$-groups of $`C`$ are defined by

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}Q^n(C)=H^n(_2;C_AC)\hfill & \\ Q_n(C)=H_n(_2;C_AC)\hfill & \\ \widehat{Q}^n(C)=\widehat{H}^n(_2;C_AC).\hfill & \end{array}$$

The $`Q`$-groups are covariant in $`C`$, and are chain homotopy invariant. The $`Q`$-groups are related by an exact sequence

A chain bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ over $`A`$ is an $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ together with an element $`\gamma \widehat{Q}^0(C^{})`$. The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(C,\gamma )`$ were defined in Weiss  using simplicial abelian groups, to fit into an exact sequence

with

$$J_\gamma :Q^n(C)\widehat{Q}^n(C);\varphi J(\varphi )(\widehat{\varphi }_0)^\%(\gamma ).$$

An $`n`$-dimensional algebraic normal complex $`(C,\varphi ,\gamma ,\theta )`$ over $`A`$ is an $`n`$-dimensional symmetric complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ together with a chain bundle $`\gamma \widehat{Q}^0(C^{})`$ and an element $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(C,\gamma )`$ with image $`\varphi Q^n(C)`$. Every $`n`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ has the structure of an algebraic normal complex $`(C,\varphi ,\gamma ,\theta )`$ : the Spivak normal chain bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ is characterized by

$$(\widehat{\varphi }_0)^\%(\gamma )=J(\varphi )Q^n(C),$$

with

$$(\widehat{\varphi }_0)^\%:\widehat{Q}^0(C^{})=\widehat{Q}^n(C^n)\widehat{Q}^n(C)$$

the isomorphism induced by the Poincaré duality chain equivalence $`\varphi _0:C^nC`$, and the algebraic normal invariant $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(C,\gamma )`$ is such that

$$N_\gamma (\varphi ,\theta )=\varphi Q^n(C).$$

See Ranicki \[18, §7\] for the one-one correspondence between the homotopy equivalence classes of $`n`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pairs and $`n`$-dimensional algebraic normal complexes. Specifically, an $`n`$-dimensional algebraic normal complex $`(C,\varphi ,\gamma ,\theta )`$ determines an $`n`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(CC^n,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ with

$$C=𝒞(\varphi _0:C^nC)_{+1}.$$

Conversely, an $`n`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ determines an $`n`$-dimensional algebraic normal complex $`(𝒞(f),\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta )`$, with $`\gamma \widehat{Q}^0(𝒞(f)^{})`$ the Spivak normal chain bundle and $`\varphi =\delta \varphi /(1+T)\psi `$ ; the class $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(𝒞(f),\gamma )`$ is the algebraic normal invariant of $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$. Thus $`\widehat{L}^n(A)`$ is the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional normal complexes over $`A`$.

Weiss  established that for any ring with involution $`A`$ there exists a universal chain bundle $`(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ over $`A`$, such that every chain bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ is classified by a chain bundle map

$$(g,\chi ):(C,\gamma )(B^A,\beta ^A),$$

with

$$H_{}(B^A)=\widehat{H}^{}(_2;A).$$

The function

$$\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A)Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A);(C,\varphi ,\gamma ,\theta )(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )$$

was shown in  to be an isomorphism. Since the $`Q`$-groups are homological in nature (rather than of the Witt type) they are in principle effectively computable. The algebraic normal invariant defines the isomorphism

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{ker}(1+T:L_n(A)L^{n+4}(A))\text{}\mathrm{coker}(L^{n+4+1}(A)Q_{n+1}(B^A,\beta ^A));\hfill \\ (C,\psi )(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{n+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma )`$ the algebraic normal invariant of any $`(n+1)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$, with classifying chain bundle map $`(g,\chi ):(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B^A,\beta ^A)`$. For $`n=2k`$ such a pair with $`H_i(C)=H_i(D)=0`$ for $`ik`$ is just a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K=H^k(C),\psi )`$ with a lagrangian

$$L=\mathrm{im}(f^{}:H^k(D)H^k(C))K=H^k(C)$$

for $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$, such that the generalized Arf invariant is the image of the algebraic normal invariant

$$(K,\psi ;L)=(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)=Q_{2k+1}(B^A,\beta ^A).$$

For $`A=_2`$ and $`n=0`$ this is just the classical Arf invariant isomorphism

$$\begin{array}{c}L_0(_2)=\mathrm{ker}(1+T=0:L_0(_2)L^0(_2))\hfill \\ \text{}\mathrm{coker}(L^1(_2)=0Q_1(B^_2,\beta ^_2))=_2;\hfill \\ (K,\psi )(K,\psi ;L)\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`LK`$ an arbitrary lagrangian of $`(K,\psi +\psi ^{})`$. The isomorphism

$$\mathrm{coker}(1+T:L_n(A)L^{n+4}(A))\text{}\mathrm{ker}(:Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)L_{n1}(A))$$

is a generalization from $`A=`$, $`n=0`$ to arbitrary $`A`$, $`n`$ of the identity $`\mathrm{signature}(K,\varphi )\varphi (v,v)(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}8})`$ described above.

\[Here is some of the geometric background. Chain bundles are algebraic analogues of vector bundles and spherical fibrations, and the twisted $`Q`$-groups are the analogues of the homotopy groups of the Thom spaces. A $`(k1)`$-spherical fibration $`\nu :XBG(k)`$ over a connected $`CW`$ complex $`X`$ determines a chain bundle $`(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\gamma )`$ over $`[\pi _1(X)]`$, with $`C(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ the cellular $`[\pi _1(X)]`$-module chain complex of the universal cover $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$, and there are defined Hurewicz-type morphisms

$$\pi _{n+k}(T(\nu ))Q_n(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\gamma )$$

with $`T(\nu )`$ the Thom space. An $`n`$-dimensional normal space $`(X,\nu :XBG(k),\rho :S^{n+k}T(\nu ))`$ (Quinn ) determines an $`n`$-dimensional algebraic normal complex $`(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\varphi ,\gamma ,\theta )`$ over $`[\pi _1(X)]`$. An $`n`$-dimensional geometric Poincaré complex $`X`$ has a Spivak normal structure $`(\nu ,\rho )`$ such that the composite of the Hurewicz map and the Thom isomorphism

$$\pi _{n+k}(T(\nu ))\stackrel{~}{H}_{n+k}(T(\nu ))H_n(X)$$

sends $`\rho `$ to the fundamental class $`[X]H_n(X)`$, and there is defined an $`n`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\varphi )`$ over $`[\pi _1(X)]`$, with

$$\varphi _0=[X]:C(\stackrel{~}{X})^nC(\stackrel{~}{X}).$$

The symmetric signature of $`X`$ is the symmetric Poincaré cobordism class

$$\sigma ^{}(X)=(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\varphi )L^n([\pi _1(X)])$$

which is both a homotopy and $`K(\pi _1(X),1)`$-bordism invariant. The algebraic normal invariant of a normal space $`(X,\nu ,\rho )`$

$$[\rho ]=(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\gamma )$$

is a homotopy invariant. The classifying chain bundle map

$$(g,\chi ):(C(\stackrel{~}{X}),\gamma )(B^{[\pi _1(X)]},\beta ^{[\pi _1(X)]})$$

sends $`[\rho ]`$ to the hyperquadratic signature of $`X`$

$$\widehat{\sigma }^{}(X)=[\varphi ,\theta ]Q_n(B^{[\pi _1(X)]},\beta ^{[\pi _1(X)]})=\widehat{L}^{n+4}([\pi _1(X)]),$$

which is both a homotopy and $`K(\pi _1(X),1)`$-bordism invariant. The (simply-connected) symmetric signature of a $`4k`$-dimensional geometric Poincaré complex $`X`$ is just the signature

$$\sigma ^{}(X)=\mathrm{signature}(X)L^{4k}()=$$

and the hyperquadratic signature is the mod 8 reduction of the signature

$$\widehat{\sigma }^{}(X)=\mathrm{signature}(X)\widehat{L}^{4k}()=_8.$$

See Ranicki  for a more extended discussion of the connections between chain bundles and their geometric models.\]

## 1. The $`Q`$\- and $`L`$-groups

### 1.1. Duality

Let $`T_2`$ be the generator. The Tate $`_2`$-cohomology groups of a $`[_2]`$-module $`M`$ are given by

$$\widehat{H}^n(_2;M)=\frac{\{xM|T(x)=(1)^nx\}}{\{y+(1)^nT(y)|yM\}},$$

and the $`\{\begin{array}{cc}_2\text{-cohomology}\hfill & \\ _2\text{-homology}\hfill & \end{array}`$ groups are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}H^n(_2;M)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{xM|T(x)=x\}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \widehat{H}^n(_2;M)\hfill & \text{if }n>0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n<0,\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ H_n(_2;M)=\{\begin{array}{cc}M/\{yT(y)|yM\}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \widehat{H}^{n+1}(_2;M)\hfill & \text{if }n>0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n<0.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

We recall some standard properties of $`_2`$-(co)homology :

###### Proposition 1.1.

Let $`M`$ be a $`[_2]`$-module.
(i) There is defined an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}H_n(_2;M)\text{}H^n(_2;M)\widehat{H}^n(_2;M)H_{n1}(_2;M)$$

with

$$N=1+T:H_0(_2;M)H^0(_2;M);xx+T(x).$$

(ii) The Tate $`_2`$-cohomology groups are 2-periodic and of exponent 2

$$\widehat{H}^{}(_2;M)=\widehat{H}^{+2}(_2;M),2\widehat{H}^{}(_2;M)=0.$$

(iii) $`\widehat{H}^{}(_2;M)=0`$ if $`M`$ is a free $`[_2]`$-module.

Let $`A`$ be an associative ring with $`1`$, and with an involution

$$\overline{}:AA;a\overline{a},$$

such that

$$\overline{a+b}=\overline{a}+\overline{b},\overline{ab}=\overline{b}.\overline{a},\overline{1}=1,\overline{\overline{a}}=a.$$

When a ring $`A`$ is declared to be commutative it is given the identity involution.

###### Definition 1.2.

For a ring with involution $`A`$ and $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ let $`(A,ϵ)`$ denote the $`[_2]`$-module given by $`A`$ with $`T_2`$ acting by

$$T_ϵ:AA;aϵ\overline{a}.$$

For $`ϵ=1`$ we shall write

$$\widehat{H}^{}(_2;A,1)=\widehat{H}^{}(_2;A),H^{}(_2;A,1)=H^{}(_2;A),H_{}(_2;A,1)=H_{}(_2;A).$$

The dual of a f.g. projective (left) $`A`$-module $`P`$ is the f.g. projective $`A`$-module

$$P^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,A),A\times P^{}P^{};(a,f)(xf(x)\overline{a}).$$

The natural $`A`$-module isomorphism

$$PP^{};x(f\overline{f(x)})$$

is used to identify

$$P^{}=P.$$

For any f.g. projective $`A`$-modules $`P,Q`$ there is defined an isomorphism

$$P_AQ\mathrm{Hom}_A(P^{},Q);xy(f\overline{f(x)}y)$$

regarding $`Q`$ as a right $`A`$-module by

$$Q\times AQ;(y,a)\overline{a}y.$$

There is also a duality isomorphism

$$T:\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,Q)\mathrm{Hom}_A(Q^{},P^{});ff^{}$$

with

$$f^{}:Q^{}P^{};g(xg(f(x))).$$

###### Definition 1.3.

For any f.g. projective $`A`$-module $`P`$ and $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ let $`(S(P),T_ϵ)`$ denote the $`[_2]`$-module given by the abelian group

$$S(P)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,P^{})$$

with $`_2`$-action by the $`ϵ`$-duality involution

$$T_ϵ:S(P)S(P);\varphi ϵ\varphi ^{}.$$

Furthermore, let

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Sym}(P,ϵ)=H^0(_2;S(P),T_ϵ)=\{\varphi S(P)|T_ϵ(\varphi )=\varphi \},\hfill \\ \mathrm{Quad}(P,ϵ)=H_0(_2;S(P),T_ϵ)=\frac{S(P)}{\{\theta S(P)|\theta T_ϵ(\theta )\}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

An element $`\varphi S(P)`$ can be regarded as a sesquilinear form

$$\varphi :P\times PA;(x,y)x,y_\varphi =\varphi (x)(y)$$

such that

$$ax,by_\varphi =bx,y_\varphi \overline{a}A(x,yP,a,bA),$$

with

$$x,y_{T_ϵ(\varphi )}=ϵ\overline{y,x}_\varphi A.$$

An $`A`$-module morphism $`f:PQ`$ induces contravariantly a $`[_2]`$-module morphism

$$S(f):(S(Q),T_ϵ)(S(P),T_ϵ);\theta f^{}\theta f.$$

For a f.g. free $`A`$-module $`P=A^r`$ we shall use the $`A`$-module isomorphism

$$A^r(A^r)^{};(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_r)((b_1,b_2,\mathrm{},b_r)\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}b_i\overline{a}_i)$$

to identify

$$(A^r)^{}=A^r,\mathrm{Hom}_A(A^r,(A^r)^{})=M_r(A)$$

noting that the duality involution $`T`$ corresponds to the conjugate transposition of a matrix. We can thus identify

$$\begin{array}{c}M_r(A)=S(A^r)=\text{additive group of }r\times r\text{ matrices }(a_{ij})\text{ with }a_{ij}A,\hfill \\ T:M_r(A)M_r(A);M=(a_{ij})M^t=(\overline{a}_{ji}),\hfill \\ \mathrm{Sym}_r(A,ϵ)=\mathrm{Sym}(A^r,ϵ)=\{(a_{ij})M_r(A)|a_{ij}=ϵ\overline{a}_{ji}\},\hfill \\ \mathrm{Quad}_r(A,ϵ)=\mathrm{Quad}(A^r,ϵ)=\frac{M_r(A)}{\{(a_{ij}ϵ\overline{a}_{ji})|(a_{ij})M_r(A)\}},\hfill \\ 1+T_ϵ:\text{Quad}_r(A,ϵ)\text{Sym}_r(A,ϵ);MM+ϵM^t.\hfill \end{array}$$

The homology of the chain complex

is given by

$$\frac{\mathrm{ker}(1(1)^nT:M_r(A)M_r(A))}{\mathrm{im}(1+(1)^nT:M_r(A)M_r(A))}=\widehat{H}^n(_2;M_r(A))=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^n(_2;A).$$

The $`(1)^n`$-symmetrization map $`1+(1)^nT:\text{Sym}_r(A)\text{Quad}_r(A)`$ fits into an exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{cc}0\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^{n+1}(_2;A)\hfill & \text{Quad}_r(A,(1)^n)\hfill \\ & \text{}\text{Sym}_r(A,(1)^n)\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^n(_2;A)0.\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`ϵ=1`$ we abbreviate

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{Sym}(P,1)=\text{Sym}(P),\text{Quad}(P,1)=\text{Quad}(P),\hfill \\ \text{Sym}_r(A,1)=\text{Sym}_r(A),\text{Quad}_r(A,1)=\text{Quad}_r(A).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Definition 1.4.

An involution on a ring $`A`$ is even if

$$\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)=0,$$

that is if

$$\{aA|a+\overline{a}=0\}=\{b\overline{b}|bA\}.$$

###### Proposition 1.5.

(i) For any f.g. projective $`A`$-module $`P`$ there is defined an exact sequence

$$0\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(P),T)\mathrm{Quad}(P)\text{}\mathrm{Sym}(P),$$

with

$$1+T:\mathrm{Quad}(P)\mathrm{Sym}(P);\psi \psi +\psi ^{}.$$

(ii) If the involution on $`A`$ is even the symmetrization $`1+T:\mathrm{Quad}(P)\mathrm{Sym}(P)`$ is injective, and

$$\widehat{H}^n(_2;S(P),T)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}(P)}{\mathrm{Quad}(P)}\hfill & \text{if }n\text{ is even}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n\text{ is odd},\hfill \end{array}$$

identifying $`\mathrm{Quad}(P)`$ with $`\mathrm{im}(1+T)\mathrm{Sym}(P)`$.

###### Proof.

(i) This is a special case of 1.1 (i).
(ii) If $`Q`$ is a f.g. projective $`A`$-module such that $`PQ=A^r`$ is f.g. free then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(P),T)\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(Q),T)\hfill & =\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(PQ),T)\hfill \\ & =\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^1(_2;A,T)=0\hfill \end{array}$$

and so $`\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(P),T)=0`$. ∎

In particular, if the involution on $`A`$ is even there is defined an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\text{}\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)0$$

with

$$\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);(a_{ij})(a_{ii}).$$

For any involution on $`A`$, $`\text{Sym}_r(A)`$ is the additive group of symmetric $`r\times r`$ matrices $`(a_{ij})=(\overline{a}_{ji})`$ with $`a_{ij}A`$. For an even involution $`\text{Quad}_r(A)\text{Sym}_r(A)`$ is the subgroup of the matrices such that the diagonal terms are of the form $`a_{ii}=b_i+\overline{b}_i`$ for some $`b_iA`$, with

$$\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{\text{Quad}_r(A)}=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A).$$

###### Definition 1.6.

A ring $`A`$ is even if $`2A`$ is a non-zero divisor, i.e. $`2:AA`$ is injective.

###### Example 1.7.

(i) An integral domain $`A`$ is even if and only if it has characteristic $`2`$.
(ii) The identity involution on a commutative ring $`A`$ is even (1.4) if and only if $`A`$ is even, in which case

$$\widehat{H}^n(_2;A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}A_2\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$\text{Quad}_r(A)=\{(a_{ij})\text{Sym}_r(A)|a_{ii}2A\}.$$

###### Example 1.8.

For any group $`\pi `$ there is defined an involution on the group ring $`[\pi ]`$

$$\overline{}:[\pi ][\pi ];\underset{g\pi }{}n_gg\underset{g\pi }{}n_gg^1.$$

If $`\pi `$ has no 2-torsion this involution is even.

### 1.2. The Hyperquadratic $`Q`$-Groups

Let $`C`$ be a finite (left) f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex. The dual of the f.g. projective $`A`$-module $`C_p`$ is written

$$C^p=(C_p)^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_p,A).$$

The dual $`A`$-module chain complex $`C^{}`$ is defined by

$$d_C^{}=(d_C)^{}:(C^{})_r=C^r(C^{})_{r1}=C^{r+1}.$$

The $`n`$-dual $`A`$-module chain complex $`C^n`$ is defined by

$$d_{C^n}=(1)^r(d_C)^{}:(C^n)_r=C^{nr}(C^n)_{r1}=C^{nr+1}.$$

Identify

$$C_AC=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C),$$

noting that a cycle $`\varphi (C_AC)_n`$ is a chain map $`\varphi :C^nC`$. For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ the $`ϵ`$-transposition involution $`T_ϵ`$ on $`C_AC`$ corresponds to the $`ϵ`$-duality involution on $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$

$$T_ϵ:\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^p,C_q)\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^q,C_p);\varphi (1)^{pq}ϵ\varphi ^{}.$$

Let $`\widehat{W}`$ be the complete resolution of the $`[_2]`$-module $``$

$$\widehat{W}:\mathrm{}\widehat{W}_1=[_2]\stackrel{1T}{}\widehat{W}_0=[_2]\stackrel{1+T}{}\widehat{W}_1=[_2]\stackrel{1T}{}\widehat{W}_2=[_2]\mathrm{}.$$

If we set

$$\widehat{W}^\%C=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W},\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)),$$

then an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic structure on $`C`$ is a cycle $`\theta (\widehat{W}^\%C)_n`$, which is just a collection $`\{\theta _s\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^r,C_{nr+s})|r,s\}`$ such that

$$d\theta _s+(1)^r\theta _sd^{}+(1)^{n+s1}(\theta _{s1}+(1)^sT_ϵ\theta _{s1})=0:C^rC_{nr+s1}.$$

###### Definition 1.9.

The $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-group $`\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)`$ is the abelian group of equivalence classes of $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic structures on $`C`$, that is,

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=H_n(\widehat{W}^\%C).$$

The $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups are 2-periodic and of exponent 2

$$\widehat{Q}^{}(C,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{+2}(C,ϵ),2\widehat{Q}^{}(C,ϵ)=0.$$

More precisely, there are defined isomorphisms

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^{n+2}(C,ϵ);\{\theta _s\}\{\theta _{s+2}\},$$

and for any $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic structure $`\{\theta _s\}`$

$$2\theta _s=d\chi _s+(1)^r\chi _sd^{}+(1)^{n+s}(\chi _{s1}+(1)^sT_ϵ\chi _{s1}):C^rC_{nr+s}$$

with $`\chi _s=(1)^{n+s1}\theta _{s+1}`$. There are also defined suspension isomorphisms

$$S:\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C_1,ϵ);\{\theta _s\}\{\theta _{s1}\}$$

and skew-suspension isomorphisms

$$\overline{S}:\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^{n+2}(C_1,ϵ);\{\theta _s\}\{\theta _s\}.$$

###### Proposition 1.10.

Let $`C`$ be a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex which is concentrated in degree $`k`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_k0\mathrm{}.$$

The $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`C`$ are given by

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^{n2k}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)$$

(with $`S(C^k)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^k,C_k)`$).

###### Proof.

The $`[_2]`$-module chain complex $`V=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$ is given by

$$V:\mathrm{}V_{2k+1}=0V_{2k}=S(C^k)V_{2k1}=0\mathrm{}$$

and

$$(\widehat{W}^\%C)_j=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W}_{2kj},V_{2k})=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W}_{2kj},S(C^k)).$$

Thus the chain complex $`\widehat{W}^\%C`$ is of the form

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(\widehat{W}^\%C)_{2k+1}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W}_1,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (\widehat{W}^\%C)_{2k}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W}_0,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (\widehat{W}^\%C)_{2k1}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W}_1,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (\widehat{W}^\%C)_{2k2}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W}_2,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \end{array}$$

and

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=H_n(\widehat{W}^\%C)=\widehat{H}^{n2k}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ).$$

###### Example 1.11.

The $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of a 0-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_0=A^r0\mathrm{}$$

are given by

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^n(_2;A,ϵ).$$

The algebraic mapping cone $`𝒞(f)`$ of a chain map $`f:CD`$ is the chain complex defined as usual by

$$d_{𝒞(f)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}d_D& (1)^{r1}f\\ 0& d_C\end{array}\right):𝒞(f)_r=D_rC_{r1}𝒞(f)_{r1}=D_{r1}C_{r2}.$$

The relative homology groups

$$H_n(f)=H_n(𝒞(f))$$

fit into an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}H_n(C)\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{f_{}}{}H_n(D)H_n(f)H_{n1}(C)\mathrm{}.$$

An $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$ induces a chain map

$$\widehat{f}^\%=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(1_{\widehat{W}},\mathrm{Hom}_A(f^{},f)):\widehat{W}^\%C\widehat{W}^\%D$$

which induces

$$\widehat{f}^\%:\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^n(D,ϵ)$$

on homology. The relative $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-group

$$\widehat{Q}^n(f,ϵ)=H_n(\widehat{f}^\%:\widehat{W}^\%C\widehat{W}^\%D)$$

fits into a long exact sequence

###### Proposition 1.12.

(i) The relative $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of an $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$ are isomorphic to the absolute $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of the algebraic mapping cone $`𝒞(f)`$

$$\widehat{Q}^{}(f,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{}(𝒞(f),ϵ).$$

(ii) If $`f:CD`$ is a chain equivalence the morphisms $`\widehat{f}^\%:\widehat{Q}^{}(C,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{}(D,ϵ)`$ are isomorphisms, and

$$\widehat{Q}^{}(f,ϵ)=0.$$

(iii) The $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups are additive: for any collection $`\{C(i)|i\}`$ of f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complexes $`C(i)`$

$$\widehat{Q}^n(\underset{i}{}C(i),ϵ)=\underset{i}{}\widehat{Q}^n(C(i),ϵ).$$

###### Proof.

(i) See \[15, §1,§3\] for the definition of the $`_2`$-isovariant chain map $`t:𝒞(ff)𝒞(f)_A𝒞(f)`$ inducing the algebraic Thom construction

$$t:\widehat{Q}^n(f,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^n(𝒞(f),ϵ);(\theta ,\theta )\theta /\theta $$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}(\theta /\theta )_s=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\theta _s& 0\\ \theta _sf^{}& T_ϵ\theta _{s1}\end{array}\right):\hfill \\ 𝒞(f)^{nr+s}=D^{nr+s}C^{nr+s1}𝒞(f)_r=D_rC_{r1}(r,s).\hfill \end{array}$$

Define a free $`[_2]`$-module chain complex

$$E=(C_1_A𝒞(f))(𝒞(f)_AC_1)$$

with

$$T:EE;(ab,xy)(yx,ba),$$

such that

$$H_{}(\widehat{W}_{[_2]}E)=H_{}(\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(\widehat{W},E))=0.$$

Let $`p:𝒞(f)C_1`$ be the projection. It now follows from the chain homotopy cofibration

that $`t`$ induces isomorphisms

$$\widehat{t}:\widehat{Q}^{}(f,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{}(𝒞(f),ϵ).$$

(ii)+(iii) See \[15, Propositions 1.1,1.4\]. ∎

###### Proposition 1.13.

Let $`C`$ be a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex which is concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_{k+1}\text{}C_k0\mathrm{}.$$

(i) The $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`C`$ are the relative Tate $`_2`$-cohomology groups in the exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}\widehat{H}^{n2k}(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\text{}\widehat{H}^{n2k}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ \widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\widehat{H}^{n2k1}(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

that is

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=\frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)|\varphi ^{}=(1)^{n+k1}ϵ\varphi ,d\varphi d^{}=\theta +(1)^{n+k1}ϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(\sigma +(1)^{n+k1}ϵ\sigma ^{},d\sigma d^{}+\tau +(1)^{n+k}ϵ\tau ^{})|(\sigma ,\tau )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)\}},$$

with $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ corresponding to the cycle $`\beta \widehat{W}^\%C)_n`$ given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\beta _{n2k2}=\theta :C^{k+1}C_{k+1},\beta _{n2k}=\varphi :C^kC_k,\hfill \\ \beta _{n2k1}=\{\begin{array}{cc}d\varphi :C^{k+1}C_k\hfill & \\ 0:C^kC_{k+1}.\hfill & \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) If the involution on $`A`$ is even then

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{coker}(\widehat{d}^\%:\frac{\mathrm{Sym}(C^{k+1})}{\mathrm{Quad}(C^{k+1})}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}(C^k)}{\mathrm{Quad}(C^k)})\hfill & \text{if }nk\text{ is even},\hfill \\ \mathrm{ker}(\widehat{d}^\%:\frac{\mathrm{Sym}(C^{k+1})}{\mathrm{Quad}(C^{k+1})}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}(C^k)}{\mathrm{Quad}(C^k)})\hfill & \text{if }nk\text{ is odd}.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

(i) Immediate from Proposition 1.12.
(ii) Combine (i) and the vanishing $`\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(P),T)=0`$ given by Proposition 1.5 (ii). ∎

For $`ϵ=1`$ we write

$$T_ϵ=T,\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=\widehat{Q}^n(C),ϵ\text{-hyperquadratic}=\text{hyperquadratic}.$$

###### Example 1.14.

Let $`A`$ be a ring with an involution which is even (1.4).
(i) The hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of a 1-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_1=A^q\text{}C_0=A^r0\mathrm{}$$

are given by

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C)=\frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )M_q(A)M_r(A)|\varphi ^{}=(1)^{n1}\varphi ,d\varphi d^{}=\theta +(1)^{n1}\theta ^{}\}}{\{(\sigma +(1)^{n1}\sigma ^{},d\sigma d^{}+\tau +(1)^n\tau ^{}|(\sigma ,\tau )M_q(A)M_r(A)\}}.$$

Example 1.11 and Proposition 1.13 give an exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(C^1),T)=0\widehat{Q}^1(C)\hfill \\ \text{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(C^1),T)=\underset{q}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\hfill \\ \text{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(C^0),T)=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\hfill \\ \text{}\widehat{Q}^0(C)\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(C^1),T)=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) If $`A`$ is an even commutative ring and

$$d=2:C_1=A^rC_0=A^r$$

then $`\widehat{d}^\%=0`$ and there are defined isomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^0(C)\text{}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}=\underset{r}{}A_2;(\varphi ,\theta )\theta =(\theta _{ii})_{1ir}\hfill \\ \widehat{Q}^1(C)\text{}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}=\underset{r}{}A_2;(\varphi ,\theta )\varphi =(\varphi _{ii})_{1ir}.\hfill \end{array}$$

### 1.3. The Symmetric $`Q`$-Groups

Let $`W`$ be the standard free $`[_2]`$-module resolution of $``$

$$W:\mathrm{}W_3=[_2]\stackrel{1T}{}W_2=[_2]\stackrel{1+T}{}W_1=[_2]\stackrel{1T}{}W_0=[_2]0.$$

Given a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ we set

$$W^\%C=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W,\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)),$$

with $`T_2`$ acting on $`C_AC=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$ by the $`ϵ`$-duality involution $`T_ϵ`$. An $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure on $`C`$ is a cycle $`\varphi (W^\%C)_n`$, which is just a collection $`\{\varphi _s\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^r,C_{nr+s})|r,s0\}`$ such that

$$\begin{array}{c}d\varphi _s+(1)^r\varphi _sd^{}+(1)^{n+s1}(\varphi _{s1}+(1)^sT_ϵ\varphi _{s1})=0:C^rC_{nr+s1}\\ (r,s0,\varphi _1=0).\end{array}$$

###### Definition 1.15.

The $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-group $`Q^n(C,ϵ)`$ is the abelian group of equivalence classes of $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structures on $`C`$, that is,

$$Q^n(C,ϵ)=H_n(W^\%C).$$

Note that there are defined skew-suspension isomorphisms

$$\overline{S}:Q^n(C,ϵ)\text{}Q^{n+2}(C_1,ϵ);\{\varphi _s\}\{\varphi _s\}.$$

###### Proposition 1.16.

The $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-groups of a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex concentrated in degree $`k`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_k0$$

are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q^n(C,ϵ)\hfill & =H^{2kn}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{H}^{2kn}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k1\hfill \\ H^0(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n=2k\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k+1\text{.}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

The $`[_2]`$-module chain complex $`V=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$ is given by

$$V:\mathrm{}V_{2k+1}=0V_{2k}=S(C^k)V_{2k1}=0\mathrm{}$$

and

$$(W^\%C)_j=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W_{2kj},V_{2k})=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W_{2kj},S(C^k))$$

which vanishes for $`j>2k`$. Thus the chain complex $`W^\%C`$ is of the form

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(W^\%C)_{2k+1}\hfill & =& 0\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (W^\%C)_{2k}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W_0,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (W^\%C)_{2k1}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W_1,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (W^\%C)_{2k2}\hfill & =& \mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W_2,V_{2k})=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \end{array}$$

and

$$Q^n(C,ϵ)=H_n(W^\%C)=H^{2kn}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ).$$

For $`ϵ=1`$ we write

$$T_ϵ=T,Q^n(C,ϵ)=Q^n(C),ϵ\text{-symmetric}=\text{symmetric}.$$

###### Example 1.17.

The symmetric $`Q`$-groups of a 0-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_0=A^r0\mathrm{}$$

are given by

$$Q^n(C)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^n(_2;A)\hfill & \text{if }n<0\hfill \\ \text{Sym}_r(A)\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

An $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$ induces a chain map

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(f^{},f):\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)\mathrm{Hom}_A(D^{},D);\varphi f\varphi f^{}$$

and thus a chain map

$$f^\%=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(1_W,\mathrm{Hom}_A(f^{},f)):W^\%CW^\%D$$

which induces

$$f^\%:Q^n(C,ϵ)Q^n(D,ϵ)$$

on homology. The relative $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-group

$$Q^n(f,ϵ)=H_n(f^\%:W^\%CW^\%D)$$

fits into a long exact sequence

###### Proposition 1.18.

(i) The relative $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-groups of an $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$ are related to the absolute $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-groups of the algebraic mapping cone $`𝒞(f)`$ by a long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}H_n(𝒞(f)_AC)\text{}Q^n(f,ϵ)\text{}Q^n(𝒞(f),ϵ)H_{n1}(𝒞(f)_AC)$$

with

$$t:Q^n(f,ϵ)Q^n(𝒞(f),ϵ);(\varphi ,\varphi )\varphi /\varphi $$

the algebraic Thom construction

$$\begin{array}{c}(\varphi /\varphi )_s=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _s& 0\\ \varphi _sf^{}& T_ϵ\varphi _{s1}\end{array}\right):\hfill \\ 𝒞(f)^{nr+s}=D^{nr+s}C^{nr+s1}𝒞(f)_r=D_rC_{r1}(r,s0,\varphi _1=0).\hfill \end{array}$$

An element $`(g,h)H_n(𝒞(f)_AC)`$ is represented by a chain map $`g:C^{n1}C`$ together with a chain homotopy $`h:fg0:C^{n1}D`$, and

$$F:H_n(𝒞(f)_AC)Q^n(f,ϵ);(g,h)(\varphi ,\varphi )$$

with

$$\varphi _s=\{\begin{array}{cc}(1+T_ϵ)g\hfill & \text{if }s=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }s1\hfill \end{array},\varphi _s=\{\begin{array}{cc}(1+T_ϵ)hf^{}\hfill & \text{if }s=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }s1.\hfill \end{array}$$

The map

$$Q^n(𝒞(f),ϵ)H_{n1}(𝒞(f)_AC);\varphi p\varphi _0$$

is defined using $`p=\mathrm{projection}:𝒞(f)C_1`$.
(ii) If $`f:CD`$ is a chain equivalence the morphisms $`f^\%:Q^{}(C,ϵ)Q^{}(D,ϵ)`$ are isomorphisms, and

$$Q^{}(𝒞(f),ϵ)=Q^{}(f,ϵ)=0.$$

(iii) For any collection $`\{C(i)|i\}`$ of f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complexes $`C(i)`$

$$Q^n(\underset{i}{}C(i),ϵ)=\underset{i}{}Q^n(C(i),ϵ)\underset{i<j}{}H_n(C(i)_AC(j)).$$

###### Proof.

(i) The long exact sequence is induced by the chain homotopy cofibration of Proposition 1.12

with

$$\begin{array}{c}E=(C_1_A𝒞(f))(𝒞(f)_AC_1),\hfill \\ H_{}(W^\%E)=H_{}(\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W,E))=H_1(C_A𝒞(f)).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii)+(iii) See \[15, Propositions 1.1,1.4\]. ∎

###### Proposition 1.19.

Let $`C`$ be a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex which is concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_{k+1}\text{}C_k0\mathrm{}.$$

The absolute $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-groups $`Q^{}(C,ϵ)`$ and the relative $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-groups $`Q^{}(d,ϵ)`$ of $`d:C_{k+1}C_k`$ regarded as a morphism of chain complexes concentrated in degree $`k`$ are given as follows.
(i) For $`n2k,2k+1,2k+2`$

$$Q^n(C,ϵ)=Q^n(d,ϵ)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{Q}^n(d,ϵ)=\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k+3\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)`$ as given by Proposition 1.13.
(ii) For $`n=2k,2k+1,2k+2`$ there are exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}0Q^{2k+1}(d,ϵ)\text{}Q^{2k}(C_{k+1},ϵ)=H^0(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q^{2k}(C_k,ϵ)=H^0(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\text{}Q^{2k}(d,ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q^{2k1}(C_{k+1},ϵ)=\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q^{2k1}(C_k,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ),\hfill \\ Q^{2k+2}(d,ϵ)=0Q^{2k+2}(C,ϵ)C_{k+1}_AH_{k+1}(C)\text{}Q^{2k+1}(d,ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q^{2k+1}(C,ϵ)C_{k+1}_AH_k(C)\text{}Q^{2k}(d,ϵ)\text{}Q^{2k}(C,ϵ)0.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

The $`[_2]`$-module chain complex $`V=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$ is such that

$$V_n=\{\begin{array}{cc}S(C^k)\hfill & \text{if }n=2k\hfill \\ \mathrm{Hom}_A(C^k,C_{k+1})\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{k+1},C_k)\hfill & \text{if }n=2k+1\hfill \\ S(C^{k+1})\hfill & \text{if }n=2k+2\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$(W^\%C)_n=\underset{s=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{Hom}_A(W_s,V_{n+s})=0\mathrm{for}n2k+3.$$

###### Example 1.20.

Let $`C`$ be a 1-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_1=A^q\text{}C_0=A^r0\mathrm{},$$

so that $`C=𝒞(d)`$ is the algebraic mapping cone of the chain map $`d:C_1C_0`$ of 0-dimensional complexes, with

$$d^\%:\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^1,C_1)=M_q(A)\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^0,C_0)=M_r(A);\varphi d\varphi d^{}.$$

Example 1.17 and Proposition 1.19 give exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}Q^1(C_0)=0Q^1(d)\text{}Q^0(C_1)=\text{Sym}_q(A)\text{}Q^0(C_0)=\text{Sym}_r(A)\hfill \\ \text{}Q^0(d)\text{}Q^1(C_1)=\underset{q}{}\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)\text{}Q^1(C_0)=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)\hfill \\ H_1(C)_AC_1\text{}Q^1(d)\text{}Q^1(C)H_0(C)_AC_1\text{}Q^0(d)\text{}Q^0(C)0.\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, if $`A`$ is an even commutative ring and

$$d=2:C_1=A^rC_0=A^r$$

then $`d^\%=4`$ and

$$\begin{array}{c}Q^0(d)=\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{4\text{Sym}_r(A)},Q^1(d)=0,\hfill \\ Q^0(C)=\mathrm{coker}(2(1+T):M_r(A)\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{4\text{Sym}_r(A)})=\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{2\text{Quad}_r(A)},\hfill \\ Q^1(C)=\mathrm{ker}(2(1+T):\frac{M_r(A)}{2M_r(A)}\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{4\text{Sym}_r(A)})\hfill \\ =\frac{\{(a_{ij})M_r(A)|a_{ij}+a_{ji}2A\}}{2M_r(A)}=\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{2\text{Sym}_r(A)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

We refer to Ranicki  for the one-one correspondence between highly-connected algebraic Poincaré complexes/pairs and forms, lagrangians and formations.

### 1.4. The Quadratic $`Q`$-Groups

Given a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ we set

$$W_\%C=W_{[_2]}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C),$$

with $`T_2`$ acting on $`C_AC=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$ by the $`ϵ`$-duality involution $`T_ϵ`$. An $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic structure on $`C`$ is a cycle $`\psi (W_\%C)_n`$, a collection $`\{\psi _s\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^r,C_{nrs})|r,s0\}`$ such that

$$d\psi _s+(1)^r\psi _sd^{}+(1)^{ns1}(\psi _{s+1}+(1)^{s+1}T_ϵ\psi _{s+1})=0:C^rC_{nrs1}.$$

###### Definition 1.21.

The $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-group $`Q_n(C,ϵ)`$ is the abelian group of equivalence classes of $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic structures on $`C`$, that is,

$$Q_n(C,ϵ)=H_n(W_\%C).$$

Note that there are defined skew-suspension isomorphisms

$$\overline{S}:Q_n(C,ϵ)\text{}Q_{n+2}(C_1,ϵ);\{\psi _s\}\{\psi _s\}.$$

###### Proposition 1.22.

The $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex concentrated in degree $`k`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_k0$$

are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_n(C,ϵ)\hfill & =H_{n2k}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{H}^{n2k+1}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k+1\hfill \\ H_0(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n=2k\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k1\text{ .}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

The $`[_2]`$-module chain complex $`V=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)`$ is given by

$$V:\mathrm{}V_{2k+1}=0V_{2k}=\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^k,C_k)V_{2k1}=0\mathrm{}$$

and

$$(W_\%C)_j=W_{j2k}_{[_2]}V_{2k}=\mathrm{Hom}_{[_2]}(W_{2kj},S(C^k))$$

which vanishes for $`j<2k`$. Thus the chain complex $`W_\%C`$ is of the form

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(W_\%C)_{2k+2}\hfill & =& W_2_{[_2]}V_{2k}=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (W_\%C)_{2k+1}\hfill & =& W_1_{[_2]}V_{2k}=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (W_\%C)_{2k}\hfill & =& W_0_{[_2]}V_{2k}=S(C^k)\hfill \\ \text{}\hfill & & \\ (W_\%C)_{2k1}\hfill & =& 0\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$Q_n(C,ϵ)=H_n(W_\%C)=H_{n2k}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ).$$

###### Example 1.23.

The $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of the 0-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_0=A^r0\mathrm{}$$

are given by

$$Q_n(C)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^{n+1}(_2;A)\hfill & \text{if }n>0\hfill \\ \text{Quad}_r(A)\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

An $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$ induces a chain map

$$f_\%=1_W_{[_2]}\mathrm{Hom}_A(f^{},f):W_\%CW_\%D$$

which induces

$$f_\%:Q_n(C,ϵ)Q_n(D,ϵ)$$

on homology. The relative $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-group $`Q_n(f,ϵ)`$ is designed to fit into a long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}Q_n(C,ϵ)\stackrel{f_\%}{}Q_n(D,ϵ)Q_n(f,ϵ)Q_{n1}(C,ϵ)\mathrm{},$$

that is, $`Q_n(f,ϵ)`$ is defined as the $`n`$-th homology group of the mapping cone of $`f_\%`$,

$$Q_n(f,ϵ)=H_n(f_\%:W_\%CW_\%D).$$

###### Proposition 1.24.

(i) The relative $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`f:CD`$ are related to the absolute $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of the algebraic mapping cone $`𝒞(f)`$ by a long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}H_n(𝒞(f)_AC)\text{}Q_n(f,ϵ)\text{}Q_n(𝒞(f),ϵ)H_{n1}(𝒞(f)_AC)\mathrm{}.$$

(ii) If $`f:CD`$ is a chain equivalence the morphisms $`f_\%:Q_{}(C)Q_{}(D)`$ are isomorphisms, and

$$Q_{}(𝒞(f),ϵ)=Q_{}(f,ϵ)=0.$$

(iii) For any collection $`\{C(i)|i\}`$ of f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complexes $`C(i)`$

$$Q_n(\underset{i}{}C(i),ϵ)=\underset{i}{}Q_n(C(i),ϵ)\underset{i<j}{}H_n(C(i)_AC(j)).$$

###### Proposition 1.25.

Let $`C`$ be a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex which is concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_{k+1}\text{}C_k0\mathrm{}.$$

The absolute $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(C,ϵ)`$ and the relative $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(d,ϵ)`$ of $`d:C_{k+1}C_k`$ regarded as a morphism of chain complexes concentrated in degree $`k`$ are given as follows.
(i) For $`n2k,2k+1,2k+2`$

$$Q_n(C,ϵ)=Q_n(d,ϵ)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(d,ϵ)=\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k+3\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k1\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)`$ as given by Proposition 1.13.
(ii) For $`n=2k,2k+1,2k+2`$ there are exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_{2k+2}(C_{k+1},ϵ)=\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k+2}(C_k,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q_{2k+2}(d,ϵ)=\widehat{Q}^{2k+3}(C,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k+1}(C_{k+1},ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q_{2k+1}(C_k,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k+1}(d,ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q_{2k}(C_{k+1},ϵ)=H_0(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q_{2k}(C_k,ϵ)=H_0(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k}(d,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k1}(C_{k+1})=0,\hfill \\ 0Q_{2k+2}(d,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k+2}(C,ϵ)\text{}H_{k+1}(C)_AC_{k+1}\text{}Q_{2k+1}(d,ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}Q_{2k+1}(C,ϵ)\text{}C_{k+1}_AH_k(C)\text{}Q_{2k}(d,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k}(C,ϵ)0.\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`ϵ=1`$ we write

$$T_ϵ=T,Q_n(C,ϵ)=Q_n(C),ϵ\text{-quadratic}=\text{quadratic}.$$

###### Example 1.26.

Let $`C`$ be a 1-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_1=A^q\text{}C_0=A^r0\mathrm{},$$

so that $`C=𝒞(d)`$ is the algebraic mapping cone of the chain map $`d:C_1C_0`$ of 0-dimensional complexes, with

$$d^\%:\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^1,C_1)=M_q(A)\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^0,C_0)=M_r(A);\varphi d\varphi d^{}.$$

Example 1.23 and Proposition 1.25 give exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_1(C_1)=\underset{q}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\text{}Q_1(C_0)=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)Q_1(d)\hfill \\ \text{}Q_0(C_1)=\text{Quad}_q(A)\text{}Q_0(C_0)=\text{Quad}_r(A)\text{}Q_0(d)Q_1(C_1)=0,\hfill \\ H_1(C)_AC_1Q_1(d)Q_1(C)H_0(C)_AC_1Q_0(d)Q_0(C)0.\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, if $`A`$ is an even commutative ring and

$$d=2:C_1=A^rC_0=A^r$$

then $`d_\%=4`$ and

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_0(d)=\frac{\text{Quad}_r(A)}{4\text{Quad}_r(A)},\hfill \\ Q_1(d)=\frac{\text{Sym}_r(A)}{\text{Quad}_r(A)+4\text{Sym}_r(A)},\hfill \\ Q_0(C)=\mathrm{coker}(2(1+T):\frac{M_r(A)}{2M_r(A)}\frac{\text{Quad}_r(A)}{4\text{Quad}_r(A)})=\frac{\text{Quad}_r(A)}{2\text{Quad}_r(A)},\hfill \\ Q_1(C)=\frac{\{(\psi _0,\psi _1)M_r(A)M_r(A)|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\psi _0=\psi _1\psi _1^{}\}}{\{(2(\chi _0\chi _0^{}),4\chi _0+\chi _2+\chi _2^{})|(\chi _0,\chi _2)M_r(A)M_r(A)\}}=\underset{\frac{r(r+1)}{2}}{}A_2.\hfill \end{array}$$

### 1.5. $`L`$-groups

An $`n`$-dimensional $`\{\begin{array}{cc}ϵ\text{-symmetric}\hfill & \\ ϵ\text{-quadratic}\hfill & \end{array}`$ Poincaré complex $`\{\begin{array}{cc}(C,\varphi )\hfill & \\ (C,\psi )\hfill & \end{array}`$ over $`A`$ is an $`n`$-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_nC_{n1}\mathrm{}C_1C_00\mathrm{}$$

together with an element $`\{\begin{array}{cc}\varphi Q^n(C,ϵ)\hfill & \\ \psi Q_n(C,ϵ)\hfill & \end{array}`$ such that the $`A`$-module chain map

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _0:C^nC\hfill & \\ (1+T_ϵ)\psi _0:C^nC\hfill & \end{array}$$

is a chain equivalence. We refer to  for the detailed definition of the $`n`$-dimensional $`\{\begin{array}{cc}ϵ\text{-symmetric}\hfill & \\ ϵ\text{-quadratic}\hfill & \end{array}`$ $`L`$-group $`\{\begin{array}{cc}L^n(A,ϵ)\hfill & \\ L_n(A,ϵ)\hfill & \end{array}`$ as the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional$`\{\begin{array}{cc}ϵ\text{-symmetric}\hfill & \\ ϵ\text{-quadratic}\hfill & \end{array}`$ Poincaré complexes over $`A`$.

###### Definition 1.27.

(i) The relative ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) $`Q`$-group $`Q_n^n(f,ϵ)`$ of a chain map $`f:CD`$ of f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complexes is the relative group in the exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}Q_n(C,ϵ)\text{}Q^n(D,ϵ)Q_n^n(f,ϵ)Q_{n1}(C,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

An element $`(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_n^n(f,ϵ)`$ is an equivalence class of pairs

$$(\delta \varphi ,\psi )(W^\%D)_n(W_\%C)_{n1}$$

such that

$$d(\psi )=0(W_\%C)_{n2},(1+T_ϵ)f_\%\psi =d(\delta \varphi )(W^\%D)_{n1}.$$

(ii) An $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) pair over $`A`$ $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is a chain map $`f`$ together with a class $`(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_n^n(f,ϵ)`$ such that the chain map

$$(\delta \varphi ,(1+T_ϵ)\psi )_0:D^n𝒞(f)$$

defined by

$$(\delta \varphi ,(1+T_ϵ)\psi )_0=\left(\begin{array}{c}\delta \varphi _0\\ (1+T_ϵ)\psi _0f^{}\end{array}\right):D^{nr}𝒞(f)_r=D_rC_{r1}$$

is a chain equivalence.

###### Proposition 1.28.

The relative ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) $`Q`$-groups $`Q_n^n(f,ϵ)`$ of a chain map $`f:CD`$ fit into a commutative braid of exact sequences

with

$$\begin{array}{c}J_f:Q_n^n(f,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^n(D,ϵ);(\delta \varphi ,\psi )\alpha ,\hfill \\ \alpha _s=\{\begin{array}{cc}\delta \varphi _s\hfill & \text{if }s0\hfill \\ f\psi _{s1}f^{}\hfill & \text{if }s1\hfill \end{array}:D^rD_{nr+s}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-group $`\widehat{L}^n(A,ϵ)`$ is the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pairs $`(f:CD,(\varphi ,\psi ))`$ over $`A`$. As in , there is defined an exact sequence

The skew-suspension maps in the $`\pm ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-groups are isomorphisms

$$\overline{S}:L_n(A,ϵ)\text{}L_{n+2}(A,ϵ);(C,\{\psi _s\})(C_1,\{\psi _s\}),$$

so the $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-groups are 4-periodic

$$L_n(A,ϵ)=L_{n+2}(A,ϵ)=L_{n+4}(A,ϵ).$$

The skew-suspension maps in $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups and $`\pm ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups

$$\begin{array}{c}\overline{S}:L^n(A,ϵ)L^{n+2}(A,ϵ);(C,\{\varphi _s\})(C_1,\{\varphi _s\}),\hfill \\ \overline{S}:\widehat{L}^n(A,ϵ)\widehat{L}^{n+2}(A,ϵ);(f:CD,\{\psi _s,\varphi _s\})(f:C_1D_1,\{(\psi _s,\varphi _s)\})\hfill \end{array}$$

are not isomorphisms in general, so the $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups need not be 4-periodic. We shall write the 4-periodic versions of the $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ as

$$L^{n+4}(A,ϵ)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}L^{n+4k}(A,ϵ),\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A,ϵ)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\widehat{L}^{n+4k}(A,ϵ),$$

noting that there is defined an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)L^{n+4}(A,ϵ)\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A,ϵ)L_{n1}(A,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

###### Definition 1.29.

The Wu classes of an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$ are the $`A`$-module morphisms

$$\widehat{v}_k(\varphi ):H^{nk}(C)\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ);x\varphi _{n2k}(x)(x)(k).$$

For an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$ the evaluation of the Wu class $`\widehat{v}_k(\varphi )(x)\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ)`$ is the obstruction to killing $`xH^{nk}(C)H_k(C)`$ by algebraic surgery (\[15, §4\]).

###### Proposition 1.30.

(i) If $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A,ϵ)`$ has a 1-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolution then the skew-suspension maps

$$\overline{S}:L^{n2}(A,ϵ)L^n(A,ϵ),\overline{S}:\widehat{L}^{n2}(A,ϵ)\widehat{L}^n(A,ϵ)(n2)$$

are isomorphisms. Thus if $`\widehat{H}^1(_2;A,ϵ)`$ also has a 1-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolution the $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ are 4-periodic

$$\begin{array}{c}L^n(A,ϵ)=L^{n+2}(A,ϵ)=L^{n+4}(A,ϵ),\hfill \\ \widehat{L}^n(A,ϵ)=\widehat{L}^{n+2}(A,ϵ)=\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A,ϵ).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) If $`A`$ is a Dedekind ring then the $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`L`$-groups are ‘homotopy invariant’

$$L^n(A[x],ϵ)=L^n(A,ϵ)$$

and the $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ and $`A[x]`$ are 4-periodic.

###### Proof.

(i) Let $`D`$ be a 1-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolution of $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A,ϵ)`$

$$0D_1D_0\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)0.$$

Given an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$ resolve the $`A`$-module morphism

$$\widehat{v}_n(\varphi )(\varphi _0)^1:H_0(C)H^n(C)H_0(D)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;A,ϵ);u(\varphi _0)^1(u)(u)$$

by an $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$, defining an $`(n+1)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\varphi ))`$. The effect of algebraic surgery on $`(C,\varphi )`$ using $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\varphi ))`$ is a cobordant $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C^{},\varphi ^{})`$ such that there are defined an exact sequence

$$0H^n(C^{})H^n(C)\text{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A,ϵ)H^{n+1}(C^{})0$$

and an $`(n+1)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric pair $`(f^{}:C^{}D^{},(\delta \varphi ^{},\varphi ^{}))`$ with $`f^{}`$ the projection onto the quotient complex of $`C^{}`$ defined by

$$D^{}:\mathrm{}0D_{n+1}^{}=C_{n+1}^{}D_n^{}=C_n^{}0\mathrm{}.$$

The effect of algebraic surgery on $`(C^{},\varphi ^{})`$ using $`(f^{}:C^{}D^{},(\delta \varphi ^{},\varphi ^{}))`$ is a cobordant $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C^{\prime \prime },\varphi ^{\prime \prime })`$ with $`H_n(C^{\prime \prime })=0`$, so that it is (homotopy equivalent to) the skew-suspension of an $`(n2)`$-dimensional $`(ϵ)`$-symmetric Poincaré complex.
(ii) The 4-periodicity $`L^{}(A,ϵ)=L^{+4}(A,ϵ)`$ was proved in \[15, §7\]. The ‘homotopy invariance’ $`L^{}(A[x],ϵ)=L^{}(A,ϵ)`$ was proved in \[17, 41.3\] and \[10, 2.1\]. The 4-periodicity of the $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups for $`A`$ and $`A[x]`$ now follows from the 4-periodicity of the $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-groups $`L_{}(A,ϵ)=L_{+4}(A,ϵ)`$. ∎

## 2. Chain Bundle Theory

### 2.1. Chain Bundles

###### Definition 2.1.

(i) An $`ϵ`$-bundle over an $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ is a $`0`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic structure $`\gamma `$ on $`C^0`$, that is, a cycle

$$\gamma (\widehat{W}^\%C^0)_0$$

as given by a collection of $`A`$-module morphisms

$$\{\gamma _s\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_{rs},C^r)|r,s\}$$

such that

$$(1)^{r+1}d^{}\gamma _s+(1)^s\gamma _sd+(1)^{s1}(\gamma _{s1}+(1)^sT_ϵ\gamma _{s1})=0:C_{rs+1}C^r.$$

(ii) An equivalence of $`ϵ`$-bundles over $`C`$,

$$\chi :\gamma \gamma ^{}$$

is an equivalence of $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic structures.
(iii) A chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ over $`A`$ is an $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ together with an $`ϵ`$-bundle $`\gamma (\widehat{W}^\%C^0)_0`$.

Let $`(D,\delta )`$ be a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle and $`f:CD`$ a chain map. The dual of $`f`$

$$f^{}:D^0C^0$$

induces a map

$$(\widehat{f^{}})_0^\%:(\widehat{W}^\%D^0)_0(\widehat{W}^\%C^0)_0.$$

###### Definition 2.2.

(i) The pullback chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,f^{}\delta )`$ is defined to be

$$f^{}\delta =(\widehat{f^{}})_0^\%(\delta )(\widehat{W}^\%C^0)_0.$$

(ii) A map of chain $`ϵ`$-bundles

$$(f,\chi ):(C,\gamma )(D,\delta )$$

is a chain map $`f:CD`$ together with an equivalence of $`ϵ`$-bundles over $`C`$

$$\chi :\gamma f^{}\delta .$$

The $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-group $`\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ)`$ is thus the group of equivalence classes of chain $`ϵ`$-bundles on the chain complex $`C`$, the algebraic analogue of the topological $`K`$-group of a space. The Tate $`_2`$-cohomology groups

$$\widehat{H}^n(_2;A,ϵ)=\frac{\{aA|\overline{a}=(1)^nϵa\}}{\{b+(1)^nϵ\overline{b}|bA\}}$$

are $`A`$-modules via

$$A\times \widehat{H}^n(_2;A,ϵ)\widehat{H}^n(_2;A,ϵ);(a,x)ax\overline{a}.$$

###### Definition 2.3.

The Wu classes of a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ are the $`A`$-module morphisms

$$\widehat{v}_k(\gamma ):H_k(C)\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ);x\gamma _{2k}(x)(x)(k).$$

An $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ with Wu classes (1.29)

$$\widehat{v}_k(\varphi ):H^{nk}(C)\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ);y\varphi _{n2k}(y)(y)(k)$$

has a Spivak normal $`ϵ`$-bundle ()

$$\gamma =S^n(\varphi _0^\%)^1(J(\varphi ))\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ)$$

such that

$$\widehat{v}_k(\varphi )=\widehat{v}_k(\gamma )\varphi _0:H^{nk}(C)H_k(C)\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ)(k),$$

the abstract analogue of the formulae of Wu and Thom.

For any $`A`$-module chain map $`f:CD`$ Proposition 1.12 (i) gives an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}\widehat{Q}^1(C^0,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^0(𝒞(f)^0,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^0(D^0,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ)\mathrm{},$$

motivating the following construction of chain $`ϵ`$-bundles :

###### Definition 2.4.

The cone of a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map $`(f,\chi ):(C,0)(D,\delta )`$ is the chain $`ϵ`$-bundle

$$(B,\beta )=𝒞(f,\chi )$$

with $`B=𝒞(f)`$ the algebraic mapping cone of $`f:CD`$ and

$$\beta _s=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\delta _s& 0\\ f^{}\delta _{s+1}& \chi _{s+1}\end{array}\right):B_{rs}=D_{rs}C_{rs1}B^r=D^rC^{r1}.$$

Note that $`(D,\delta )=g^{}(B,\beta )`$ is the pullback of $`(B,\beta )`$ along the inclusion $`g:DB`$.

###### Proposition 2.5.

For a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex concentrated in degree $`k`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_k0$$

the $`k`$th Wu class defines an isomorphism

$$\widehat{v}_k:\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ)\text{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_k,\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ));\gamma \widehat{v}_k(\gamma ).$$

###### Proof.

By construction. ∎

###### Proposition 2.6.

For a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_{k+1}\text{}C_k0$$

there is defined an exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_k,\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A,ϵ))\text{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_{k+1},\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A,ϵ))\hfill \\ \text{}\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ)\text{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_k,\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ))\text{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C_{k+1},\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ))\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`p:C_kH_k(C)`$ the projection. Thus every chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ is equivalent to the cone $`𝒞(d,\chi )`$ $`(`$2.4$`)`$ of a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map $`(d,\chi ):(C_{k+1},0)(C_k,\delta )`$, regarding $`d:C_{k+1}C_k`$ as a map of chain complexes concentrated in degree $`k`$, with

$$\begin{array}{c}\delta ^{}=(1)^k\delta :C_kC^k,d^{}\delta d=\chi +(1)^k\chi ^{}:C_{k+1}C^{k+1},\hfill \\ \gamma _{2k}=\delta :C_kC^k,\gamma _{2k1}=\{\begin{array}{cc}d^{}\delta :C_kC^{k+1}\hfill & \\ 0:C_{k+1}C^k\hfill & \end{array},\hfill \\ \gamma _{2k2}=\chi :C_{k+1}C^{k+1}.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

This follows from 2.6 and the algebraic Thom isomorphisms

$$\widehat{t}:\widehat{Q}^{}(d,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{}(C,ϵ)$$

of Proposition 1.12. ∎

### 2.2. The Twisted Quadratic $`Q`$-Groups

For any f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ there is defined a short exact sequence of abelian group chain complexes

$$0W_\%C\text{}W^\%C\text{}\widehat{W}^\%C0$$

with $`1+T_ϵ`$, $`J`$ the chain maps

$$\begin{array}{c}1+T_ϵ:W_\%CW^\%C;\psi (1+T_ϵ)\psi ,((1+T_ϵ)\psi )_s=\{\begin{array}{cc}(1+T_ϵ)(\psi _0)\hfill & \text{if }s=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }s1,\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ J:W^\%C\widehat{W}^\%C;\varphi J\varphi ,(J\varphi )_s=\{\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _s\hfill & \text{if }s0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }s1.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

The $`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`C`$ are thus related by the exact sequence of Ranicki

$$\mathrm{}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)\text{}Q_n(C,ϵ)\text{}Q^n(C,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\mathrm{}$$

with

$$H:\widehat{W}^\%C(W_\%C)_1;\theta H\theta ,(H\theta )_s=\theta _{s1}(s0).$$

Weiss  used simplicial abelian groups to defined the twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)`$ of a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$, to fit into the exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)\text{}Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\text{}Q^n(C,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

The morphisms

$$J_\gamma :Q^n(C,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ);\varphi J_\gamma \varphi ,(J_\gamma \varphi )_s=J(\varphi )(\varphi _0)^\%(S^n\gamma )$$

are induced by a morphism of simplicial abelian groups, where

$$S^n:\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^n(C^n,ϵ);\{\theta _s\}\{(S^n\theta )_s=\theta _{sn}\}$$

are the $`n`$-fold suspension isomorphisms.

The Kan-Dold theory associates to a chain complex $`C`$ a simplicial abelian group $`K(C)`$ such that

$$\pi _{}(K(C))=H_{}(C).$$

For any chain complexes $`C,D`$ a simplicial map $`f:K(C)K(D)`$ has a mapping fibre $`K(f)`$. The relative homology groups of $`f`$ are defined by

$$H_{}(f)=\pi _1(K(f))$$

and the fibration sequence of simplicial abelian groups

induces a long exact sequence in homology

$$\mathrm{}H_n(C)H_n(D)H_n(f)H_{n1}(C)\mathrm{}.$$

For a chain map $`f:CD`$

$$K(f)=K(𝒞(f)).$$

The applications involve simplicial maps which are not chain maps, and the triad homology groups: given a homotopy-commutative square of simplicial abelian groups

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:\text{ }\text{}$$

(with denoting an explicit homotopy) the triad homology groups of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ are the homotopy groups of the mapping fibre of the map of mapping fibres

$$H_{}(\mathrm{\Phi })=\pi _1(K(CD)K(EF))$$

which fit into a commutative diagram of exact sequences

If $`H_{}(\mathrm{\Phi })=0`$ there is a commutative braid of exact sequences

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups were defined in  to be the relative homology groups of a simplicial map

$$J_\gamma :K(W^\%C)K(\widehat{W}^\%C),$$

with

$$Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)=\pi _{n+1}(J_\gamma ).$$

A more explicit description of the twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups was then obtained in Ranicki , as equivalence classes of $`ϵ`$-symmetric structures on the chain $`ϵ`$-bundle.

###### Definition 2.7.

(i) An $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure on a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ is a pair $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ with $`\varphi (W^\%C)_n`$ a cycle and $`\theta (\widehat{W}^\%C)_{n+1}`$ such that

$$d\theta =J_\gamma (\varphi ),$$

or equivalently

$$\begin{array}{c}d\varphi _s+(1)^r\varphi _sd^{}+(1)^{n+s1}(\varphi _{s1}+(1)^sT_ϵ\varphi _{s1})=0:C^rC_{nr+s1},\hfill \\ \varphi _s\varphi _0^{}\gamma _{sn}\varphi _0=d\theta _s+(1)^r\theta _sd^{}+(1)^{n+s}(\theta _{s1}+(1)^sT_ϵ\theta _{s1}):C^rC_{nr+s}\hfill \\ (r,s,\varphi _s=0\mathrm{for}s1).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) Two structures $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ and $`(\varphi ^{},\theta ^{})`$ are equivalent if there exist $`\xi (W^\%C)_{n+1},`$ $`\eta (\widehat{W}^\%C)_{n+2}`$ such that

$$d\xi =\varphi ^{}\varphi ,d\eta =\theta ^{}\theta +J(\xi )+(\xi _0,\varphi _0,\varphi _0^{})^\%(S^n\gamma ),$$

where $`(\xi _0,\varphi _0,\varphi _0^{})^\%:(\widehat{W}^\%C^{})_n(\widehat{W}^\%C)_{n+1}`$ is the chain homotopy from $`(\varphi _0)^\%`$ to $`(\varphi _0^{})^\%`$ induced by $`\xi _0.`$ (See \[15, 1.1\] for the precise formula).
(iii) The $`n`$-dimensional twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-group $`Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)`$ is the abelian group of equivalence classes of $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structures on $`(C,\gamma )`$ with addition by

$$(\varphi ,\theta )+(\varphi ^{},\theta ^{})=(\varphi +\varphi ^{},\theta +\theta ^{}+\zeta ),\text{where }\zeta _s=\varphi _0\gamma _{sn+1}\varphi _0^{}.$$

As for the $`\pm ϵ`$-symmetric and $`\pm ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups, there are defined skew-suspension isomorphisms of twisted $`\pm ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups

$$\overline{S}:Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\text{}Q_{n+2}(C_1,\gamma ,ϵ);(\{\varphi _s\},\{\theta _s\})(\{\varphi _s\},\{\theta _s\}).$$

###### Proposition 2.8.

(i) The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)`$ are related to the $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`Q`$-groups $`Q^{}(C,ϵ)`$ and the $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups $`\widehat{Q}^{}(C,ϵ)`$ by the exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)\stackrel{H_\gamma }{}Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\stackrel{N_\gamma }{}Q^n(C,ϵ)\stackrel{J_\gamma }{}\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}H_\gamma :\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ);\theta (0,\theta ),\hfill \\ N_\gamma :Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)Q^n(C,ϵ);(\varphi ,\theta )\varphi .\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) For a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ such that $`C`$ splits as

$$C=\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}C(i),$$

the $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups split as

$$\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)=\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\widehat{Q}^n(C(i),ϵ)$$

and

$$\gamma =\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\gamma (i)\widehat{Q}^0(C^{},ϵ)=\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\widehat{Q}^0(C(i)^{},ϵ).$$

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(C,\gamma )`$ fit into the exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}\underset{i}{}Q_n(C(i),\gamma (i),ϵ)\text{}Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\text{}\underset{i<j}{}H_n(C(i)_AC(j))\hfill \\ \text{}\underset{i}{}Q_{n1}(C(i),\gamma (i),ϵ)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}p:Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\underset{i<j}{}H_n(C(i)_AC(j));(\varphi ,\theta )\underset{i<j}{}(p(i)p(j))(\varphi _0)\hfill \\ (p(i)=\mathrm{projection}:CC(i)),\hfill \\ q=\underset{i}{}q(i)_\%:\underset{i}{}Q_n(C(i),\gamma (i),ϵ)Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ),\hfill \\ (q(i)=\mathrm{inclusion}:C(i)C)),\hfill \\ :\underset{i<j}{}H_n(C(i)_AC(j))\underset{i}{}Q_{n1}(C(i),\gamma (i),ϵ);\hfill \\ \underset{i<j}{}h(i,j)\underset{i}{}(0,\underset{i<j}{}\widehat{h(i,j)}^\%(S^n\gamma (j)))(h(i,j):C(j)^nC(i)).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

(i) See Weiss .
(ii) See Ranicki \[18, p.26\]. ∎

###### Example 2.9.

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of the zero chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,0)`$ are just the $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`C`$, with isomorphisms

$$Q_n(C,ϵ)Q_n(C,0,ϵ);\psi ((1+T)\psi ,\theta )$$

defined by

$$\theta _s=\{\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{s1}:C^{nr+s+1}C_r\hfill & \text{if}s1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if}s0,\hfill \end{array}$$

and with an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)\stackrel{H}{}Q_n(C,ϵ)\stackrel{N}{}Q^n(C,ϵ)\stackrel{J}{}\widehat{Q}^n(C,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

For $`ϵ=1`$ we write

$$\text{chain 1-bundle}=\text{chain bundle},Q_n(C,\gamma ,1)=Q_n(C,\gamma ).$$

### 2.3. The Algebraic Normal Invariant

Fix a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B,\beta )`$ over $`A`$.

###### Definition 2.10.

(i) A $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta ,g,\chi )`$ on an $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is a Spivak normal structure $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta )`$ together with a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map

$$(g,\chi ):(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B,\beta ).$$

(ii) The $`n`$-dimensional $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`L`$-group $`LB,\beta ^n(A,ϵ)`$ is the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complexes $`(D,\delta \varphi )`$ over $`A`$ together with a $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta ,g,\chi )`$ (so $`(C,\psi )=(0,0)`$).
(iii) The $`n`$-dimensional $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-group $`\widehat{L}B,\beta ^n(A,ϵ)`$ is the cobordism group of $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pairs $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ over $`A`$ together with a $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta ,g,\chi )`$.

There are defined skew-suspension maps in the $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups

$$\begin{array}{c}\overline{S}:LB,\beta ^n(A,ϵ)LB_1,\beta _1^{n+2}(A,ϵ),\hfill \\ \overline{S}:\widehat{L}B,\beta ^n(A,ϵ)\widehat{L}B_1,\beta _1^{n+2}(A,ϵ)\hfill \end{array}$$

given by $`CC_1`$ on the chain complexes, with $`(B_1,\beta _1)`$ a chain $`(ϵ)`$-bundle. We shall write the $`4`$-periodic versions of the $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`L`$-groups as

$$\begin{array}{c}LB,\beta ^{n+4}(A,ϵ)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}LB,\beta ^{n+4k}(A,ϵ),\hfill \\ \widehat{L}B,\beta ^{n+4}(A,ϵ)=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\widehat{L}B,\beta ^{n+4k}(A,ϵ).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Example 2.11.

An ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair with a $`(0,0)`$-structure is essentially the same as an $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré pair. In particular, an $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex with a $`(0,0)`$-structure is essentially the same as an $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex. The (0,0)-structure $`L`$-groups are given by

$$L0,0^n(A,ϵ)=L_n(A,ϵ),\widehat{L}0,0^n(A,ϵ)=0.$$

###### Proposition 2.12.

(Ranicki \[18, §7\])
(i) An $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ on a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B,\beta )`$ determines an $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ with

$$\begin{array}{c}f=\mathrm{proj}.:C=𝒞(\varphi _0:B^nB)_{+1}D=B^n,\hfill \\ \psi _0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\theta _0& 0\\ 1+\beta _n\varphi _0^{}& \beta _{n1}^{}\end{array}\right):\hfill \\ C^r=B^{r+1}B_{nr}C_{nr1}=B_{nr}B^{r+1},\hfill \\ \psi _s=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\theta _s& 0\\ \beta _{ns}\varphi _0^{}& \beta _{ns1}^{}\end{array}\right):\hfill \\ C^r=B^{r+1}B_{nr}C_{nrs1}=B_{nrs}B^{r+s+1}(s1),\hfill \\ \delta \varphi _s=\beta _{sn}:D^r=B_{nr}D_{nr+s}=B^{rs}(s0)\hfill \end{array}$$

(up to signs) such that $`(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B,\beta )`$.
(ii) An $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_n^n(f,ϵ))`$ has a canonical equivalence class of ‘algebraic Spivak normal structures’ $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta )`$ with $`\gamma `$ a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle over $`𝒞(f)`$ and $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure on $`\gamma `$ representing an element

$$(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(𝒞(f),\gamma ,ϵ).$$

The construction of (i) applied to $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ gives an $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair homotopy equivalent to $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_n^n(f,ϵ))`$.

###### Proof.

(i) By construction.
(ii) The equivalence class $`\varphi =\delta \varphi /(1+T_ϵ)\psi Q^n(𝒞(f))`$ is given by the algebraic Thom construction

$$\begin{array}{c}\varphi _s=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\delta \varphi _0& 0\\ (1+T_ϵ)\psi _0f^{}& 0\end{array}\right)\hfill & \text{if }s=0\hfill \\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}\delta \varphi _1& 0\\ 0& (1+T_ϵ)\psi _0\end{array}\right)\hfill & \text{if }s=1\hfill \\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}\delta \varphi _s& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\hfill & \text{if }s2\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ :𝒞(f)^r=D^rC^{r1}𝒞(f)_{nr+s}=D_{nr+s}C_{nr+s1},\hfill \end{array}$$

such that

$$\varphi _0:𝒞(f)^nD^n\text{}𝒞(f).$$

The equivalence class $`\gamma \widehat{Q}^0(𝒞(f)^0,ϵ)`$ of the Spivak normal chain bundle is the image of $`(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_n^n(f,ϵ)`$ under the composite

$$Q_n^n(f,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^n(D,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^n(𝒞(f)^n,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^0(𝒞(f)^0,ϵ).$$

###### Definition 2.13.

(i) The boundary of an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ on a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B,\beta )`$ over $`A`$ is the $`ϵ`$-symmetric null-cobordant $`(n1)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex over $`A`$

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=(C,\psi )$$

defined in Proposition 2.12 (i) above, with $`C=𝒞(\varphi _0:B^nB)_{+1}`$.
(ii) The algebraic normal invariant of an $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair over $`A`$ $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_n^n(f,ϵ))`$ is the class

$$(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(𝒞(f),\gamma ,ϵ)$$

defined in Proposition 2.12 (ii) above.

###### Proposition 2.14.

Let $`(B,\beta )`$ be a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle over $`A`$ such that $`B`$ is concentrated in degree $`k`$

$$B:\mathrm{}0B_k0\mathrm{}.$$

The boundary map $`:Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)L_{2k1}(A,ϵ)`$ sends an $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ to the Witt class of the $`(1)^{k1}ϵ`$-quadratic formation

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=(H_{(1)^{k1}ϵ}(B^k);B^k,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1\beta \varphi \\ \varphi \end{array}\right):B^kB^kB_k))$$

with

$$H_{(1)^{k1}ϵ}(B^k)=(B^kB_k,\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right))$$

the hyperbolic $`(1)^{k1}ϵ`$-quadratic form.

###### Proof.

The chain $`ϵ`$-bundle (equivalence class)

$$\beta \widehat{Q}^0(B^0,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B_k),ϵ)$$

is represented by an $`ϵ`$-symmetric form $`(B_k,\beta )`$. An $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ is represented by an $`(1)^kϵ`$-symmetric form $`(B^k,\varphi )`$ together with $`\theta S(B_k)`$ such that

$$\varphi \varphi \beta \varphi =\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{}H^0(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kϵ).$$

The boundary of $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ is the $`ϵ`$-symmetric null-cobordant $`(2k1)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex $`(\varphi ,\theta )=(C,\psi )`$ concentrated in degrees $`k1,k`$ corresponding to the formation in the statement. ∎

###### Proposition 2.15.

Let $`(B,\beta )`$ be a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle over $`A`$ such that $`B`$ is concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$B:\mathrm{}0B_{k+1}\text{}B_k0\mathrm{}.$$

The boundary map $`:Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta ,ϵ)L_{2k}(A,ϵ)`$ sends an $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ to the Witt class of the nonsingular $`(1)^kϵ`$-quadratic form over $`A`$

$$(\mathrm{coker}(\left(\begin{array}{c}d^{}\\ \varphi _0^{}\\ 1\beta _{2k}d\varphi _0^{}\end{array}\right):B^kB^{k+1}B_{k+1}B^k),\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\theta _0& 0& \varphi _0\\ 1& \beta _{2k2}^{}& d^{}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)).$$

###### Proof.

This is an application of the instant surgery obstruction of \[15, 4.3\], which identifies the cobordism class $`(C,\psi )L_{2k}(A,ϵ)`$ of a $`2k`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex $`(C,\psi )`$ with the Witt class of the nonsingular $`ϵ`$-quadratic form

$$I(C,\psi )=(\mathrm{coker}(\left(\begin{array}{c}d^{}\\ (1)^{k+1}(1+T_ϵ)\psi _0\end{array}\right):C^{k1}C^kC_{k+1}),\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi _0& d\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)).$$

By Proposition 2.6 the chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`\beta `$ can be taken to be the cone of a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map

$$(d,\beta _{2k2}):(B_{k+1},0)(B_k,\beta _{2k})$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}\beta _{2k}^{}=(1)^kϵ\beta _{2k}:B_kB^k,\hfill \\ d^{}\beta _{2k}d=\beta _{2k2}+(1)^kϵ\beta _{2k2}^{}:B_{k+1}B^{k+1},\hfill \\ \beta _{2k1}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\beta _{2k}d:B_{k+1}B^k\hfill & \\ 0:B_kB^{k+1}.\hfill & \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

An $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ is represented by $`A`$-module morphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}\varphi _0:B^kB_{k+1},\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0:B^{k+1}B_k,\varphi _1:B^{k+1}B_{k+1},\hfill \\ \theta _0:B^{k+1}B_{k+1},\theta _1:B^kB_{k+1},\stackrel{~}{\theta }_1:B^{k+1}B_k,\theta _2:B^kB_k\hfill \end{array}$$

such that

$$\begin{array}{c}d\varphi _0+(1)^k\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0d^{}=0:B^kB_k,\hfill \\ \varphi _0ϵ\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^{}+(1)^{k+1}\varphi _1d^{}=0:B^kB_{k+1},\hfill \\ \varphi _1+(1)^{k+1}ϵ\varphi _1^{}=0:B^{k+1}B_{k+1},\hfill \\ \varphi _0\varphi _0\beta _{2k}d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^{}=(1)^k\theta _0d^{}\theta _1ϵ\stackrel{~}{\theta }_1^{}:B^kB_{k+1},\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0=d\theta _0\stackrel{~}{\theta }_1ϵ\theta _1^{}:B^{k+1}B_k,\hfill \\ \stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0\beta _{2k2}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^{}=\theta _2+(1)^{k+1}ϵ\theta _2^{}:B^kB_k,\hfill \\ \varphi _1\varphi _0\beta _{2k}\varphi _0^{}=\theta _0+(1)^kϵ\theta _0^{}:B^{k+1}B_{k+1}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The boundary of $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ given by 2.13 (i) is an $`ϵ`$-symmetric null-cobordant $`2k`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex $`(\varphi ,\theta )=(C,\psi )`$ concentrated in degrees $`k1,k,k+1`$, with $`I(C,\psi )`$ the instant surgery obstruction form (2.15) in the statement. ∎

The $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-groups and the $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`L`$-groups fit into an evident exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)LB,\beta ^n(A,ϵ)\widehat{L}B,\beta ^n(A,ϵ)\text{}L_{n1}(A,ϵ)\mathrm{},$$

and similarly for the 4-periodic versions

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)LB,\beta ^{n+4}(A,ϵ)\widehat{L}B,\beta ^{n+4}(A,ϵ)\text{}L_{n1}(A,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

###### Proposition 2.16.

(Weiss )
(i) The function

$$Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ)\widehat{L}B,\beta ^{n+4}(A,ϵ);(\varphi ,\theta )(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))(\text{2.12}(\mathrm{ii}))$$

is an isomorphism, with inverse given by the algebraic normal invariant. The $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$, the 4-periodic $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ and the twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(B,\beta )`$ are thus related by an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)\text{}LB,\beta ^{n+4}(A,ϵ)Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ)\stackrel{}{}L_{n1}(A,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

(ii) The cobordism class of an $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ over $`A`$ with a $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta ,g,\chi )`$ is the image of the algebraic normal invariant $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(𝒞(f),\gamma ,ϵ)`$

$$(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))=(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ).$$

###### Proof.

The $`ϵ`$-symmetrization of an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex $`(C,\psi )`$ is an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C,(1+T_ϵ)\psi )`$ with $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`(0,(1+T)\psi ,\theta ,0,0)`$ given by

$$\theta _s=\{\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{s1}\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{},C)_{n+s+1}\hfill & \text{if }s1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }s0.\hfill \end{array}$$

The relative groups of the symmetrization map

$$1+T_ϵ:L_n(A,ϵ)LB,\beta ^n(A,ϵ);(C,\psi )(C,(1+T_ϵ)\psi )$$

are the cobordism groups of $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pairs $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ together with a $`(B,\beta )`$-structure $`(\gamma ,\varphi ,\theta ,g,\chi )`$. ∎

###### Proposition 2.17.

Let $`(B,\beta )`$ be a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle over $`A`$ with $`B`$ concentrated in degree $`k`$

$$B:\mathrm{}0B_k0$$

so that $`\beta \widehat{Q}^0(B^0,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)`$ is represented by an element

$$\beta _{2k}=(1)^kϵ\beta _{2k}^{}S(B^k).$$

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ are given as follows.
(i) For $`n2k1,2k`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_n(B,\beta ,ϵ)\hfill & =Q_n(B,ϵ)\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(B,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^{n2k+1}(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k+1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k2.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) For $`n=2k`$

$$Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)=\frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(B^k)S(B^k)|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},\varphi \varphi \beta _{2k}\varphi ^{}=\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(0,\eta +(1)^{k+1}ϵ\eta ^{})|\eta S(B^k)\}}$$

with addition by

$$(\varphi ,\theta )+(\varphi ^{},\theta ^{})=(\varphi +\varphi ^{},\theta +\theta ^{}+\varphi ^{}\beta _{2k}\varphi ^{}).$$

The boundary of $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ is the $`(2k1)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex over $`A`$ concentrated in degrees $`k1,k`$ corresponding to the $`(1)^{k+1}ϵ`$-quadratic formation over $`A`$

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=(H_{(1)^{k+1}ϵ}(B^k);B^k,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1\beta _{2k}\varphi \\ \varphi \end{array}\right):B^kB^kB_k)).$$

(iii) For $`n=2k1`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_{2k1}(B,\beta ,ϵ)\hfill & =\mathrm{coker}(J_\beta :Q^{2k}(B,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{2k}(B,ϵ))\hfill \\ & =\frac{\{\sigma S(B^k)|\sigma =(1)^kϵ\sigma ^{}\}}{\{\varphi \varphi \beta _{2k}\varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{})|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},\theta S(B^k)\}}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The boundary of $`\sigma Q_{2k1}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ is the $`(2k2)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex over $`A`$ concentrated in degree $`k1`$ corresponding to the $`(1)^{k+1}ϵ`$-quadratic form over $`A`$

$$(\sigma )=(B^kB_k,\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sigma & 1\\ 0& \beta _{2k}\end{array}\right))$$

with

$$(1+T_{(1)^{k+1}ϵ})(\sigma )=(B^kB_k,\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ (1)^{k+1}ϵ& 0\end{array}\right)).$$

(iv) The maps in the exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0\widehat{Q}^{2k+1}(B,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)\text{}Q^{2k}(B,ϵ)\hfill \\ \text{}\widehat{Q}^{2k}(B,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k1}(B,\beta ,ϵ)0\hfill \end{array}$$

are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}H_\beta :\widehat{Q}^{2k+1}(B,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ);\theta (0,\theta ),\hfill \\ N_\beta :Q_{2k}(B,\beta ,ϵ)Q^{2k}(B,ϵ)=H^0(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ);(\varphi ,\theta )\varphi ,\hfill \\ J_\beta :Q^{2k}(B,ϵ)=H^0(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{2k}(B,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ);\hfill \\ \varphi \varphi \varphi \beta _{2k}\varphi ^{},\hfill \\ H_\beta :\widehat{Q}^{2k}(B,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)Q_{2k1}(B,\beta ,ϵ);\sigma \sigma .\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Example 2.18.

Let $`(K,\lambda )`$ be a nonsingular $`ϵ`$-symmetric form over $`A`$, which may be regarded as a 0-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex $`(D,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$ with

$$\varphi _0=\lambda :D^0=KD_0=K^{}.$$

The composite

$$Q^0(D,ϵ)=H^0(_2;S(K),ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^0(D,ϵ)\text{}\widehat{Q}^0(D^0,ϵ)$$

sends $`\varphi Q^0(D,ϵ)`$ to the algebraic Spivak normal chain bundle

$$\gamma \widehat{Q}^0(D^0,ϵ)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(K^{}),ϵ)$$

with

$$\gamma _0=ϵ\lambda ^1:D_0=K^{}D^0=K.$$

By Proposition 2.17

$$Q_0(D,\gamma ,ϵ)=\frac{\{(\kappa ,\theta )S(K)S(K)|\kappa =ϵ\kappa ^{},\kappa \kappa \gamma _0\kappa ^{}=\theta +ϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(0,\eta ϵ\eta ^{})|\eta S(K)\}}$$

with addition by

$$(\kappa ,\theta )+(\kappa ^{},\theta ^{})=(\kappa +\kappa ^{},\theta +\theta ^{}+\kappa ^{}\gamma _0\kappa ^{}).$$

The algebraic normal invariant of $`(D,\varphi )`$ is given by

$$(\varphi ,0)Q_0(D,\gamma ,ϵ).$$

###### Example 2.19.

Let $`A`$ be a ring with even involution (1.4), and let $`C`$ be concentrated in degree $`k`$ with $`C_k=A^r`$. For odd $`k=2j+1`$

$$\widehat{Q}^0(C^0)=0$$

and there is only one chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`\gamma =0`$ over $`C`$, with

$$Q_n(C,\gamma )=Q_n(C)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\hfill & \text{if }n4j+2\text{}n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise .}\hfill \end{array}$$

For even $`k=2j`$

$$\widehat{Q}^0(C^0)=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)$$

a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`\gamma \widehat{Q}^0(C^0)`$ is represented by a diagonal matrix

$$\gamma =X=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}x_1& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& x_2& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& x_3& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& x_r\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)$$

with $`\overline{x}_i=x_iA`$, and there is defined an exact sequence

$$\widehat{Q}^{4j+1}(C)=0Q_{4j}(C,\gamma )Q^{4j}(C)\text{}\widehat{Q}^{4j}(C)Q_{4j1}(C,\gamma )Q^{4j1}(C)=0$$

with

$$J_\gamma :Q^{4j}(C)=\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\widehat{Q}^{4j}(C)=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)};MMMXM,$$

so that

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_n(C,\gamma )=\hfill \\ \{\begin{array}{cc}\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\hfill & \text{if }n4j+1\hfill \\ & \text{and }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2})\hfill \\ \{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}\hfill & \text{if }n=4j\hfill \\ M_r(A)/\{MMXM(N+N^t)|M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A),NM_r(A)\}\hfill & \text{if }n=4j1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

Moreover, Proposition 2.8 (ii) gives an exact sequence

$$0\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}Q_{4j}(B,x_i)Q_{4j}(C,\gamma )\underset{r(r1)/2}{}A\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}Q_{4j1}(B,x_i)Q_{4j1}(C,\gamma )0$$

with $`B`$ concentrated in degree $`2j`$ with $`B_{2j}=A`$.

### 2.4. The Relative Twisted Quadratic $`Q`$-groups

Let $`(f,\chi ):(C,\gamma )(D,\delta )`$ be a map of chain $`ϵ`$-bundles, and let $`(\varphi ,\theta )`$ be an $`n`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric structure on $`(C,\gamma )`$, so that $`\chi (\widehat{W}^\%C)_1`$, $`\varphi (W^\%C)_n`$ and $`\theta (\widehat{W}^\%C)_{n+1}`$. Composing the chain map $`\varphi _0:C^nC`$ with $`f`$, we get an induced map

$$(\widehat{f\varphi _0})^\%:\widehat{W}^\%C^n\widehat{W}^\%D.$$

The morphisms of twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups

$$(f,\chi )_\%:Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)Q_n(D,\delta ,ϵ);(\varphi ,\theta )(f^\%(\varphi ),\widehat{f}^\%(\theta )+(\widehat{f\varphi _0})^\%(S^n\chi ))$$

are induced by a simplicial map of simplicial abelian groups. The relative homotopy groups are the relative twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_n(f,\chi ,ϵ)`$, designed to fit into a long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\stackrel{(f,\chi )_\%}{}Q_n(D,\delta ,ϵ)Q_n(f,\chi ,ϵ)Q_{n1}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

###### Proposition 2.20.

For any chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map $`(f,\chi ):(C,\gamma )(D,\delta )`$ the various $`Q`$-groups fit into a commutative diagram with exact rows and columns

###### Proof.

These are the exact sequences of the homotopy groups of the simplicial abelian groups in the commutative diagram of fibration sequences

with

$$\pi _n(K(J_\chi ))=Q_n(f,\chi ,ϵ).$$

There is also a twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-group version of the algebraic Thom constructions (1.12, 1.18, 1.24) :

###### Proposition 2.21.

Let $`(f,\chi ):(C,0)(D,\delta )`$ be a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map, and let $`(B,\beta )=𝒞(f,\chi )`$ be the cone chain $`ϵ`$-bundle (2.4). The relative twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(f,\chi ,ϵ)`$ are related to the (absolute) twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(B,\beta ,ϵ)`$ by a commutative braid of exact sequences

involving the exact sequence of 1.18

$$\mathrm{}H_n(B_AC)\text{}Q^n(f,ϵ)\text{}Q^n(B,ϵ)H_{n1}(B_AC)\mathrm{}.$$

###### Proof.

The identity

$$\widehat{f}^\%(\delta )=d\chi (\widehat{W}C^0)_0$$

determines a homotopy in the square

(with $`J=J_0`$) and hence maps of the mapping fibres

$$J_\chi :K(𝒞(f^\%))K(𝒞(\widehat{f}^\%)),(f,\chi )_\%:K(J)K(J_\delta ).$$

The map $`J_\chi `$ is related to $`J_\beta :K(W^\%B)K(\widehat{W}^\%B)`$ by a homotopy commutative diagram

with $`\widehat{t}:K(𝒞(\widehat{f}^\%))K(\widehat{W}^\%B)`$ a simplicial homotopy equivalence inducing the algebraic Thom isomorphisms $`\widehat{t}:\widehat{Q}^{}(f,ϵ)\widehat{Q}^{}(B,ϵ)`$ of Proposition 1.12, and $`t:K(𝒞(f^\%))K(W^\%B)`$ a simplicial map inducing the algebraic Thom maps $`t:Q^{}(f,ϵ)Q^{}(B,ϵ)`$ of Proposition 1.18, with mapping fibre $`K(t)K(B_AC)`$. The braid in the statement is the commutative braid of homotopy groups induced by the homotopy commutative braid of fibrations

###### Proposition 2.22.

Let $`(C,\gamma )`$ be a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle over a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex which is concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$C:\mathrm{}0C_{k+1}\text{}C_k0\mathrm{},$$

so that $`(C,\gamma )`$ can be taken $`(`$up to equivalence$`)`$ to be the cone $`𝒞(d,\chi )`$ of a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map $`(d,\chi ):(C_{k+1},0)(C_k,\delta )`$ $`(`$2.6$`)`$, regarding $`C_k`$, $`C_{k+1}`$ as chain complexes concentrated in degree $`k`$. The relative twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(d,\chi ,ϵ)`$ and the absolute twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)`$ are given as follows.
(i) For $`n2k1,2k,2k+1,2k+2`$

$$Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)=Q_n(d,\chi ,ϵ)=Q_n(C,ϵ)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k+3\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k2\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C,ϵ)=\frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)|\varphi =(1)^{n+k}ϵ\varphi ^{},d\varphi d^{}=\theta +(1)^{n+k}ϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(\sigma +(1)^{n+k}ϵ\sigma ^{},d\sigma d^{}+\tau +(1)^{n+k+1}ϵ\tau ^{}|(\sigma ,\tau )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)\}}$$

as given by Proposition 1.13.
(ii) For $`n=2k1,2k,2k+1,2k+2`$ the relative twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_n(d,\chi ,ϵ)=\hfill \\ \{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},d\varphi d^{}=\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(\sigma +(1)^kϵ\sigma ^{},d\sigma d^{}+\tau +(1)^{k+1}ϵ\tau ^{}|(\sigma ,\tau )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=2k+2\hfill \\ \frac{\{(\psi ,\eta )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)|(d,\chi )_\%(\psi )=(0,\eta +(1)^{k+1}ϵ\eta ^{})\}}{\{(\sigma +(1)^{k+1}ϵ\sigma ^{},d\sigma d^{}+\tau +(1)^kϵ\tau ^{})|(\sigma ,\tau )S(C^{k+1})S(C^k)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=2k+1\hfill \\ \mathrm{coker}((d,\chi )_\%:Q_{2k}(C_{k+1})Q_{2k}(C_k,\delta ))\hfill & \text{if }n=2k\hfill \\ Q_{2k1}(C_k,\delta ,ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n=2k1\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_{2k}(C_k,\delta ,ϵ)=\frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(C^k)S(C^k)|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi ^{}=\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(0,\eta +(1)^{k+1}ϵ\eta ^{})|\eta S(C^k)\}},\hfill \\ Q_{2k1}(C_k,\delta ,ϵ)=\frac{\{\sigma S(C^k)|\sigma =(1)^kϵ\sigma ^{}\}}{\{\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{})|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},\theta S(C^k)\}},\hfill \\ (d,\chi )_\%:Q_{2k}(C_{k+1},ϵ)=H_0(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)Q_{2k}(C_k,\delta ,ϵ);\hfill \\ \psi (d(\psi +(1)^kϵ\psi ^{})d^{},d\psi d^{}d(\psi +(1)^kϵ\psi ^{})\chi (\psi ^{}+(1)^kϵ\psi )d^{}).\hfill \end{array}$$

The absolute twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups are such that

$$Q_{2k1}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)=Q_{2k1}(d,\chi ,ϵ)=Q_{2k1}(C_k,\delta ,ϵ)$$

and there is defined an exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0Q_{2k+2}(d,\chi ,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k+2}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\hfill \\ H_{k+1}(C)_AC_{k+1}\text{}Q_{2k+1}(d,\chi ,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k+1}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)\hfill \\ H_k(C)_AC_{k+1}\text{}Q_{2k}(d,\chi ,ϵ)\text{}Q_{2k}(C,\gamma ,ϵ)0\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}F:H_k(C)_AC_{k+1}=\mathrm{coker}(d^{}:\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^{k+1},C_{k+1})\mathrm{Hom}_A(C^k,C_{k+1}))\hfill \\ Q_{2k}(d,\chi );\lambda (\lambda d^{}+(1)^kϵd\lambda ^{}d\lambda ^{}\delta \lambda d^{},\hfill \\ \lambda d^{}\lambda \chi \lambda ^{}d\lambda ^{}\delta \lambda \chi \lambda ^{}\delta \lambda d^{}d\lambda ^{}\delta (\lambda d^{}+(1)^kϵd\lambda ^{})(\lambda d^{}+(1)^kϵd\lambda ^{})\delta d\lambda ^{}\delta \lambda d^{}).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

The absolute and relative twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups are related by the exact sequence of 2.21

$$\mathrm{}Q_n(d,\chi ,ϵ)\text{}Q_n(C,\gamma ,ϵ)H_{nk1}(C)_AC_{k+1}\text{}Q_{n1}(d,\chi ,ϵ)\mathrm{}.$$

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(C_{k+1},0)`$ are given by Proposition 1.22

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_n(C_{k+1},0,ϵ)=Q_n(C_{k+1},ϵ)\hfill & =H_{n2k}(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{H}^{n2k+1}(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k+1\hfill \\ H_0(_2;S(C^{k+1}),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n=2k\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k1.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(C_k,\delta )`$ are given by Proposition 2.17

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_n(C_k,\delta ,ϵ)\hfill \\ =\{\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{H}^{n2k+1}(_2;S(C^k),(1)^kT_ϵ)\hfill & \text{if }n2k+1\hfill \\ \frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(C^k)S(C^k)|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi ^{}=\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{}\}}{\{(0,\eta +(1)^{k+1}ϵ\eta ^{})|\eta S(C^k)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=2k\hfill \\ \frac{\{\sigma S(C^k)|\sigma =(1)^kϵ\sigma ^{}\}}{\{\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^kϵ\theta ^{})|\varphi =(1)^kϵ\varphi ^{},\theta S(C^k)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=2k1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2k2.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(d,\chi )`$ fit into the exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}Q_n(C_{k+1},ϵ)\stackrel{(d,\chi )_\%}{}Q_n(C_k,\delta ,ϵ)Q_n(d,\chi ,ϵ)Q_{n1}(C_{k+1},ϵ)\mathrm{}$$

giving the expressions in the statements of (i) and (ii). ∎

### 2.5. The Computation of $`Q_{}(C(X),\gamma (X))`$

In this we compute the twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ of the following chain bundles over an even commutative ring $`A`$.

###### Definition 2.23.

For $`X\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ let

$$(C(X),\gamma (X))=𝒞(d,\chi )$$

be the cone of the chain bundle map over $`A`$

$$(d,\chi ):(C(X)_1,0)(C(X)_0,\delta )$$

defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}d=2:C(X)_1=A^rC(X)_0=A^r,\hfill \\ \delta =X:C(X)_0=A^rC(X)^0=A^r,\hfill \\ \chi =2X:C(X)_1=A^rC(X)^1=A^r.\hfill \end{array}$$

By Proposition 2.6 every chain bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ with $`C_1=A^r\text{}C_0=A^r`$ is of the form $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ for some $`X=(x_{ij})\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$, with the equivalence class given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\gamma =\gamma (X)=X=(x_{11},x_{22},\mathrm{},x_{rr})\hfill \\ \widehat{Q}^0(C(X)^{})=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}=\underset{r}{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)(\text{1.14}).\hfill \end{array}$$

The 0th Wu class of $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ is the $`A`$-module morphism

$$\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{v}_0(\gamma (X)):\hfill & H_0(C(X))=(A_2)^r\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);\hfill \\ & a=(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_r)aXa^t=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}a_ix_{ij}a_j=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(a_i)^2x_{ii}.\hfill \end{array}$$

In Theorem 2.30 below the universal chain bundle $`(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ of a commutative even ring $`A`$ with $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ a f.g. free $`A_2`$-module will be constructed from $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ for a diagonal $`X\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ with $`\widehat{v}_0(\gamma (X))`$ an isomorphism, and the twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups $`Q_{}(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ will be computed using the following computation of $`Q_{}(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ (which holds for arbitrary $`X`$).

###### Theorem 2.24.

Let $`A`$ be an even commutative ring, and let $`X\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$.
(i) The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_n(C(X),\gamma (X))=\hfill \\ \{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{if }n2\hfill \\ \frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)+\{MMXM|M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ \frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)+\{2(N+N^t)4N^tXN|NM_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \frac{\{NM_r(A)|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{2M_r(A)}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ \frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}\hfill & \text{if }n2.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) The boundary maps $`:Q_n(C(X),\gamma (X))L_{n1}(A)`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}:Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))L_2(A);M(A^r(A^r)^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}M& 1\\ 0& X\end{array}\right)),\hfill \\ :Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))L_1(A);M(H_{}(A^r);A^r,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1XM\\ M\end{array}\right):A^rA^r(A^r)^{})),\hfill \\ :Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))L_0(A);N(A^rA^r,\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{4}(N+N^t2N^tXN)& 12NX\\ 0& 2X\end{array}\right)).\hfill \end{array}$$

(iii) The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups of the chain bundles

$$(B(i),\beta (i))=(C(X),\gamma (X))_{+2i}(i)$$

are just the twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ with a dimension shift

$$Q_n(B(i),\beta (i))=Q_{n4i}(C(X),\gamma (X)).$$

###### Proof.

(i) Proposition 2.22 (i) and Example 1.14 (ii) give

$$Q_n(C(X),\gamma (X))=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{if }n2\hfill \\ \widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C(X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}\hfill & \text{if }n3.\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`1n2`$ Examples 1.14, 1.20, 2.19 and Proposition 2.22 (ii) show that the commutative diagram with exact rows and columns

is given by

with

$$\begin{array}{c}J_\delta :\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)};MMMXM,\hfill \\ Q_0(C(X)_0,\delta )=\mathrm{ker}(J_\delta )=\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\},\hfill \\ Q_0(d,\chi )=\mathrm{coker}((d,\chi )_\%:Q_0(C(X)_1)Q_0(C(X)_0,\delta ))\hfill \\ =\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)},\hfill \\ N_\chi :Q_0(d,\chi )Q^0(d)=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{4\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A)};MM.\hfill \end{array}$$

Furthermore, the commutative braid of exact sequences

is given by

with

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{2\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)}Q^0(C(X));M\varphi (\mathrm{where}\varphi _0=M:C^0C(X)_0),\hfill \\ J_{\gamma (X)}:\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{2\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)}\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)};MMMXM,\hfill \\ F:H_0(C(X)_AC(X)_1)=\frac{M_r(A)}{2M_r(A)}Q_0(d,\chi );N2(N+N^t)4N^tXN,\hfill \\ Q^1(C(X))=\mathrm{ker}(N_\chi F:H_0(C(X)_AC(X)_1)Q^0(d))\hfill \\ =\frac{\{NM_r(A)|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A)\}}{2M_r(A)}\hfill \\ (\mathrm{where}\varphi Q^1(C(X))\mathrm{corresponds}\mathrm{to}N=\varphi _0M_r(A)),\hfill \\ J_{\gamma (X)}:Q^1(C(X))\widehat{Q}^1(C(X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)};N\frac{1}{2}(N+N^t)N^tXN.\hfill \end{array}$$

It follows that

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))=\mathrm{coker}(F:\frac{M_r(A)}{2M_r(A)}Q_0(d,\chi ))\hfill \\ =\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)+\{2(N+N^t)4N^tXN|NM_r(A)\}},\hfill \\ Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))=Q_1(d,\chi )\hfill \\ =\mathrm{coker}(J_{\gamma (X)}:Q^0(C(X))\widehat{Q}^0(C(X)))\hfill \\ =\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)+\{MMXM|M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\}}\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^1(C(X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X));M4M,\hfill \\ \widehat{Q}^0(C(X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X));MM.\hfill \end{array}$$

Also

$$\begin{array}{c}(d,\chi )_\%=0:Q_2(d,\chi )=Q_1(C(X)_1)=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}\hfill \\ Q_1(C(X)_0,\delta )=\widehat{Q}^2(C(X)_0)=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)},\hfill \\ Q^1(C(X))=\mathrm{ker}(N_\chi F:H_0(C(X)_AC(X)_1)Q^0(d))\hfill \\ =\frac{\{NM_r(A)|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A)\}}{2M_r(A)},\hfill \\ J_{\gamma (X)}:Q^1(C(X))\widehat{Q}^1(C(X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)};N\frac{1}{2}(N+N^t)N^tXN,\hfill \\ Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))=\mathrm{ker}(J_{\gamma (X)}:Q^1(C(X))\widehat{Q}^1(C(X)))\hfill \\ =\frac{\{NM_r(A)|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{2M_r(A)},\hfill \\ Q_2(C(X),\gamma (X))=Q_2(d,\chi )=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) The expressions for $`:Q_n(C(X),\gamma (X))L_{n1}(A)`$ are given by the boundary construction of Proposition 2.13 and its expression in terms of forms and formations (2.14, 2.15). The form in the case $`n=1`$ (resp. the formation in the case $`n=0`$) is given by 2.15 (resp. 2.14) applied to the $`n`$-dimensional symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_n(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ corresponding to $`M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$. For $`n=1`$ the boundary of the $`1`$-dimensional symmetric structure $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ corresponding to $`NM_r(A)`$ with

$$N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A),\frac{1}{2}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)$$

is a 0-dimensional quadratic Poincaré complex $`(C,\psi )`$ with

$$C=𝒞(N:C(X)^1C(X))_{+1}.$$

The instant surgery obstruction (2.15) is the nonsingular quadratic form

$$\begin{array}{c}I(C,\psi )=\hfill \\ (\mathrm{coker}(\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ N^t\\ 1+2XN^t\end{array}\right):A^rA^rA^rA^r),\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{4}(N+N^t2NXN^t)& 1& N\\ 0& 2X& 2\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right))\hfill \end{array}$$

such that there is defined an isomorphism

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 4X& 2\\ N^t& 12N^tX& N^t\end{array}\right):I(C,\psi )(A^rA^r,\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{4}(N+N^t2N^tXN)& 12NX\\ 0& 2X\end{array}\right)).$$

(iii) The even multiple skew-suspension isomorphisms of the symmetric $`Q`$-groups

$$\overline{S}^{2i}:Q^{n4i}(C(X)_{+2i})\text{}Q^n(C(X));\{\varphi _s|s0\}\{\varphi _s|s0\}(i)$$

are defined also for the hyperquadratic, quadratic and twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups. ∎

### 2.6. The Universal Chain Bundle

For any $`A`$-module chain complexes $`B,C`$ the additive group $`H_0(\mathrm{Hom}_A(C,B))`$ consists of the chain homotopy classes of $`A`$-module chain maps $`f:CB`$. For a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B,\beta )`$ there is thus defined a morphism

$$H_0(\mathrm{Hom}_A(C,B))\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ);(f:CB)\widehat{f}^{}(\beta ).$$

###### Proposition 2.25.

(Weiss ) (i) For every ring with involution $`A`$ and $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ there exists a universal chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})`$ over $`A`$ such that for any finite f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex $`C`$ the morphism

$$H_0(\mathrm{Hom}_A(C,B^{A,ϵ}))\widehat{Q}^0(C^0,ϵ);(f:CB^{A,ϵ})\widehat{f}^{}(\beta ^{A,ϵ})$$

is an isomorphism. Thus every chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(C,\gamma )`$ is classified by a chain $`ϵ`$-bundle map

$$(f,\chi ):(C,\gamma )(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ}).$$

(ii) The universal chain $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})`$ is characterized (uniquely up to equivalence) by the property that its Wu classes are $`A`$-module isomorphisms

$$\widehat{v}_k(\beta ^{A,ϵ}):H_k(B^{A,ϵ})\stackrel{}{}\widehat{H}^k(_2;A,ϵ)(k).$$

(iii) An $`n`$-dimensional ($`ϵ`$-symmetric, $`ϵ`$-quadratic) Poincaré pair over $`A`$ has a canonical universal $`ϵ`$-bundle $`(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})`$-structure.
(iv) The 4-periodic $`(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})`$-structure $`L`$-groups are the 4-periodic versions of the $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$

$$\begin{array}{c}LB^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ}^{n+4}(A,ϵ)=L^{n+4}(A,ϵ),\hfill \\ \widehat{L}B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ}^{n+4}(A,ϵ)=\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A,ϵ).\hfill \end{array}$$

(v) The twisted $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})`$ fit into an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)\text{}L^{n+4}(A,ϵ)Q_n(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ},ϵ)\stackrel{}{}L_{n1}(A,ϵ)$$

with

$$:Q_n(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ},ϵ)L_{n1}(A,ϵ);(\varphi ,\theta )(C,\psi )$$

given by the construction of Proposition 2.12 (ii), with

$$C=𝒞(\varphi _0:(B^{A,ϵ})^nB^{A,ϵ})_{+1}\mathrm{𝑒𝑡𝑐}.$$

For $`ϵ=1`$ write

$$(B^{A,1},\beta ^{A,1})=(B^A,\beta ^A)$$

and note that

$$(B^{A,1},\beta ^{A,1})=(B^A,\beta ^A)_1.$$

In general, the chain $`A`$-modules $`B^{A,ϵ}`$ are not finitely generated, although $`B^{A,ϵ}`$ is a direct limit of f.g. free $`A`$-module chain complexes. In our applications the involution on $`A`$ will satisfy the following conditions :

###### Proposition 2.26.

(Connolly and Ranicki \[10, Section 3.6\])
Let $`A`$ be a ring with an even involution such that $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ has a 1-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolution

$$0C_1\text{}C_0\text{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)0.$$

Let $`(C,\gamma )=𝒞(d,\chi )`$ be the cone of a chain bundle map $`(d,\chi ):(C_1,0)(C_0,\delta )`$ with

$$\widehat{v}_0(\delta )=x:C_0\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)$$

and set

$$(B^A(i),\beta ^A(i))=(C,\gamma )_{+2i}(i).$$

(i) The chain bundle over $`A`$

$$(B^A,\beta ^A)=\underset{i}{}(B^A(i),\beta ^A(i))$$

is universal.
(ii) The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ are given by

$$Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}Q_0(C,\gamma )\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ \mathrm{ker}(J_\gamma :Q^1(C)\widehat{Q}^1(C))\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ Q_1(C,\gamma )\hfill & \text{if }n3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}).\hfill \end{array}$$

The projection $`(B^A,\beta ^A)(B^A(2j),\beta ^A(2j))`$ induces isomorphisms

$$Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)\{\begin{array}{cc}Q_n(B^A(2j),\beta ^A(2j))\hfill & \text{if }n=4j,4j1\hfill \\ \mathrm{ker}(J_{\beta ^A(2j)}:Q^n(B^A(2j))\widehat{Q}^n(B^A(2j)))\hfill & \text{if }n=4j+1\text{ .}\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

(i) The Wu classes of the chain bundle $`(C,\gamma )_{+2i}`$ are isomorphisms

$$\widehat{v}_k(\gamma ):H_k(C_{+2i})\text{}\widehat{H}^k(_2;A)$$

for $`k=2i,2i+1`$.
(ii) See  for the detailed analysis of the exact sequence of 2.8 (ii)

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Q_n(B^A(i),\beta ^A(i))Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)\underset{i<j}{}H_n(B^A(i)_AB^A(j))\hfill \\ \underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Q_{n1}(B^A(i),\beta ^A(i))\mathrm{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

As in the Introduction :

###### Definition 2.27.

A ring with involution $`A`$ is $`r`$-even for some $`r1`$ if

* $`A`$ is commutative, with the identity involution,
* $`2A`$ is a non-zero divisor,
* $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ is a f.g. free $`A_2`$-module of rank $`r`$ with a basis $`\{x_1=1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_r\}`$.

###### Example 2.28.

$``$ is 1-even.

###### Proposition 2.29.

If $`A`$ is 1-even the polynomial extension $`A[x]`$ is 2-even, with $`A[x]_2=A_2[x]`$ and $`\{1,x\}`$ an $`A_2[x]`$-module basis of $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x])`$.

###### Proof.

For any $`a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^iA[x]`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}a^2\hfill & =\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(a_i)^2x^{2i}+2\underset{0i<j<\mathrm{}}{}a_ia_jx^{i+j}\hfill \\ & =\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^{2i}A_2[x].\hfill \end{array}$$

The $`A_2[x]`$-module morphism

$$A_2[x]A_2[x]\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x]);(p,q)p^2+q^2x$$

is thus an isomorphism, with inverse

$$\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x])\text{}A_2[x]A_2[x];a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{2j}x^j,\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{2j+1}x^j).$$

Proposition 2.29 is the special case $`k=1`$ of a general result: if $`A`$ is 1-even and $`t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_k`$ are commuting indeterminates over $`A`$ then the polynomial ring $`A[t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_k]`$ is $`2^k`$-even with

$$\{x_1=1,x_2,x_3,\mathrm{},x_{2^k}\}=\{(t_1)^{i_1}(t_2)^{i_2}\mathrm{}(t_k)^{i_k}|i_j=0\mathrm{or}1,1jk\}$$

an $`A_2[t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_k]`$-module basis of $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_k])`$.

We can now prove Theorem 0.3 :

###### Theorem 2.30.

Let $`A`$ be an $`r`$-even ring with involution.
(i) The $`A`$-module morphism

$$x:A^r\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_r)\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(a_i)^2x_i$$

fits into a 1-dimensional f.g. free $`A`$-module resolution of $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$

$$0C_1=A^r\text{}C_0=A^r\text{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)0.$$

The symmetric and hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ are 4-periodic

$$L^n(A)=L^{n+4}(A),\widehat{L}^n(A)=\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A).$$

(ii) Let $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ be the chain bundle over $`A`$ given by the construction of (2.23) for

$$X=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}x_1& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& x_2& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& x_3& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& x_r\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_r(A),$$

with $`C(X)=𝒞(2:A^rA^r)`$. The chain bundle over $`A`$ defined by

$$(B^A,\beta ^A)=\underset{i}{}(C(X),\gamma (X))_{+2i}=\underset{i}{}(B^A(i),\beta ^A(i))$$

is universal. The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{L}^n(A)=Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)=\hfill \\ \{\begin{array}{cc}Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))=\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)+\{2(N+N^t)N^tXN|NM_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \mathrm{im}(N_{\gamma (X)}:Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))Q^1(C(X)))=\mathrm{ker}(J_{\gamma (X)}:Q^1(C(X))\widehat{Q}^1(C(X)))\hfill & \\ =\frac{\{NM_r(A)|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_r(A),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{2M_r(A)}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n=2\hfill \\ Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)+\{LLXL|L\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=3\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}:\widehat{L}^0(A)L_1(A);M(H_{}(A^r);A^r,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1XM\\ M\end{array}\right):A^rA^r(A^r)^{})),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^1(A)L_0(A);N(A^rA^r,\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{4}(N+N^t2N^tXN)& 12NX\\ 0& 2X\end{array}\right)),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^3(A)L_2(A);M(A^r(A^r)^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}M& 1\\ 0& X\end{array}\right)).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

Combine Proposition 1.30, Theorem 2.24 and Proposition 2.26. ∎

We can now prove Theorem 0.1 :

###### Corollary 2.31.

Let $`A`$ be a 1-even ring.
(i) The universal chain bundle $`(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ over $`A`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{},\hfill \\ (\beta ^A)_{4k}=1:B_{2k}^A=A(B^A)^{2k}=A(k).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A`$ are given by

$$\widehat{L}^n(A)=Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}A_8\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_2\hfill & \text{if }n1,3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}:\widehat{L}^0(A)=A_8L_1(A);a(H_{}(A);A,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}1a\\ a\end{array}\right):AAA)),\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^1(A)=A_2L_0(A);a(AA,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a(1a)/2& 12a\\ 0& 2\end{array}\right));\hfill \\ :\widehat{L}^3(A)=A_2L_2(A);a(AA,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 1\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)).\hfill \end{array}$$

(iii) The map $`L^0(A)\widehat{L}^0(A)`$ sends the Witt class $`(K,\lambda )L^0(A)`$ of a nonsingular symmetric form $`(K,\lambda )`$ over $`A`$ to

$$[K,\lambda ]=\lambda (v,v)\widehat{L}^0(A)=A_8$$

for any $`vK`$ such that

$$\lambda (x,x)=\lambda (x,v)A_2(xK).$$

###### Proof.

(i)+(ii) The $`A`$-module morphism

$$\widehat{v}_0(\beta ^A):H_0(B^A)=A_2\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);aa^2$$

is an isomorphism. Apply Theorem 2.30 with $`r=1`$, $`x_1=1`$.
(ii) The computation of $`\widehat{L}^{}(A)=Q_{}(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ is given by Theorem 2.30, using the fact that $`aa^22A`$ $`(aA)`$ for a 1-even $`A`$. The explicit descriptions of $``$ are special cases of the formulae in Theorem 2.24 (ii).
(iii) As in Example 2.18 regard $`(K,\lambda )`$ as a 0-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complex $`(D,\varphi )`$ with

$$\varphi _0=ϵ\lambda ^1:D^0=KD^0=K^{}.$$

The Spivak normal chain bundle $`\gamma =\lambda ^1\widehat{Q}^0(D^0)`$ is classified by the chain bundle map $`(v,0):(D,\gamma )(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ with

$$g:D_0=K^{}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);x\lambda ^1(x,x)=x(v).$$

The algebraic normal invariant $`(\varphi ,0)Q_0(D,\gamma )`$ has image

$$g_\%(\varphi ,0)=\lambda (v,v)Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A)=A_8.$$

###### Example 2.32.

For $`R=`$

$$\widehat{L}^n()=Q_n(B^{},\beta ^{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}_8\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _2\hfill & \text{if }n1,3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \end{array}$$

as recalled (from ) in the Introduction.

## 3. The Generalized Arf Invariant for Forms

A nonsingular $`ϵ`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ over $`A`$ corresponds to a 0-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex over $`A`$. The 0-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-group $`L_0(A,ϵ)`$ is the Witt group of nonsingular $`ϵ`$-quadratic forms, and similarly for $`L^0(A,ϵ)`$ and $`ϵ`$-symmetric forms. In this section we define the ‘generalized Arf invariant’

$$(K,\psi ;L)Q_1(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})=\widehat{L}^{4+1}(A,ϵ)$$

for a nonsingular $`ϵ`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ over $`A`$ with a lagrangian $`L`$ for the $`ϵ`$-symmetric form $`(K,\psi +ϵ\psi ^{})`$, so that

$$\begin{array}{c}(K,\psi )=(K,\psi ;L)\mathrm{ker}(1+T:L_0(A,ϵ)L^4(A,ϵ))\hfill \\ =\mathrm{im}(:Q_1(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ},ϵ)L_0(A,ϵ)).\hfill \end{array}$$

### 3.1. Forms and Formations

Given a f.g. projective $`A`$-module $`K`$ and the inclusion $`j:LK`$ of a direct summand, let $`f:CD`$ be the chain map defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}C:\mathrm{}0C_k=K^{}0\mathrm{},\hfill \\ D:\mathrm{}0D_k=L^{}0\mathrm{},\hfill \\ f=j^{}:C_k=K^{}D_k=L^{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The symmetric $`Q`$-group

$$Q^{2k}(C)=H^0(_2;S(K),(1)^kT)=\{\varphi S(K)|\varphi ^{}=(1)^k\varphi \}$$

is the additive group of $`(1)^k`$-symmetric pairings on $`K`$, and

$$f^\%=S(j):Q^{2k}(C)Q^{2k}(D);\varphi f\varphi f^{}=j^{}\varphi j=\varphi |_L$$

sends such a pairing to its restriction to $`L`$. A $`2k`$-dimensional symmetric (Poincaré) complex $`(C,\varphi Q^{2k}(C))`$ is the same as a (nonsingular) $`(1)^k`$-symmetric form $`(K,\varphi )`$. The relative symmetric $`Q`$-group of $`f`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q^{2k+1}(f)\hfill & =\mathrm{ker}(f^\%:Q^{2k}(C)Q^{2k}(D))\hfill \\ & =\{\varphi S(K)|\varphi ^{}=(1)^k\varphi S(K),\varphi |_L=0S(L)\},\hfill \end{array}$$

consists of the $`(1)^k`$-symmetric pairings on $`K`$ which restrict to 0 on $`L`$. The submodule $`LK`$ is a lagrangian for $`(K,\varphi )`$ if and only if $`\varphi `$ restricts to 0 on $`L`$ and

$$L^{}=\{xK|\varphi (x)(L)=\{0\}A\}=L,$$

if and only if $`(f:CD,(0,\varphi )Q^{2k+1}(f))`$ defines a $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré pair, with an exact sequence

Similarly for the quadratic case, with

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_{2k}(C)=H_0(_2;S(K),(1)^kT),\hfill \\ Q_{2k+1}(f)=\frac{\{(\psi ,\chi )S(K)S(L)|f^{}\psi f=\chi +(1)^{k+1}\chi ^{}S(L)\}}{\{(\theta +(1)^{k+1}\theta ^{},f\theta f^{}+\nu +(1)^k\nu ^{})|\theta S(K),\nu S(L)\}}\hfill \end{array}$$

A quadratic structure $`\psi Q_{2k}(C)`$ determines and is determined by the pair $`(\lambda ,\mu )`$ with $`\lambda =\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{}Q^{2k}(C)`$ and

$$\mu :KH_0(_2;A,(1)^k);x\psi (x)(x).$$

A $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ together with a lagrangian $`LK`$ for the nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-symmetric form $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$.

###### Lemma 3.1.

Let $`(K,\psi )`$ be a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form over $`A`$, and let $`LK`$ be a lagrangian for $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$. There exists a direct complement for $`LK`$ which is also a lagrangian for $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$.

###### Proof.

Choosing a direct complement $`L^{}K`$ to $`LK`$ write

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mu & \lambda \\ 0& \nu ^{}\end{array}\right):K=LL^{}K^{}=L^{}(L^{})^{}$$

with $`\lambda :L^{}L^{}`$ an isomorphism and

$$\mu +(1)^k\mu ^{}=0:LL^{}.$$

In general $`\nu ^{}+(1)^k(\nu ^{})^{}0:L^{}L`$, but if the direct complement $`L^{}`$ is replaced by

$$L^{\prime \prime }=\{((\lambda ^1)^{}(\nu ^{})^{}(x),x)LL^{}|xL^{}\}K$$

and the isomorphism

$$\lambda ^{\prime \prime }:L^{\prime \prime }L^{};((\lambda ^1)^{}(\nu ^{})^{}(x),x)\lambda (x)$$

is used as an identification then

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mu & 1\\ 0& \nu \end{array}\right):K=LL^{}K^{}=L^{}L$$

with $`\nu =(\nu ^{})^{}\mu \nu ^{}:L^{}L`$ such that

$$\nu +(1)^k\nu ^{}=0:L^{}L.$$

Thus $`L^{\prime \prime }=L^{}K`$ is a direct complement for $`L`$ which is a lagrangian for $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$, with

$$\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ (1)^k& 0\end{array}\right):K=LL^{}K^{}=L^{}L.$$

A lagrangian $`L`$ for the $`(1)^k`$-symmetrization $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$ is a lagrangian for the $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ if and only if $`\psi |_L=\mu `$ is a $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetrization, i.e.

$$\mu =\theta +()^{k+1}\theta ^{}:LL^{}$$

for some $`\theta S(L)`$, in which case the inclusion $`j:(L,0)(K,\psi )`$ extends to an isomorphism of $`(1)^k`$-quadratic forms

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \nu ^{}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right):H_{(1)^k}(L)=(LL^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right))\text{}(K,\psi )$$

with $`\nu =\psi |_L^{}`$. The $`2k`$-dimensional quadratic $`L`$-group $`L_{2k}(A)`$ is the Witt group of stable isomorphism classes of nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic forms over $`A`$, such that

$$\begin{array}{cc}(K,\psi )=(K^{},\psi ^{})L_{2k}(A)\hfill & \text{if and only if there exists an isomorphism}\hfill \\ & (K,\psi )H_{(1)^k}(L)(K^{},\psi ^{})H_{(1)^k}(L^{}).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proposition 3.2.

Given a $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(L,\mu )`$ over $`A`$ such that

$$\mu +(1)^k\mu ^{}=0:LL^{}$$

let $`(B,\beta )`$ be the chain bundle over $`A`$ given by

$$\begin{array}{c}B:\mathrm{}0B_{k+1}=L0\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \beta =\mu \widehat{Q}^0(B^0)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(L,\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A))=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L),(1)^{k+1}T).\hfill \end{array}$$

(i) The $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional twisted quadratic $`Q`$-group of $`(B,\beta )`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta )\hfill & =\frac{\{\nu S(L^{})|\nu +(1)^k\nu ^{}=0\}}{\{\varphi \varphi \mu \varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^{k+1}\theta ^{})|\varphi ^{}=(1)^{k+1}\varphi ,\theta S(L^{})\}}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{coker}(J_\mu :H^0(_2;S(L^{}),(1)^{k+1}T)\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L^{}),(1)^{k+1}T))\hfill \end{array}$$

classifies nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic forms $`(K,\psi )`$ over $`A`$ for which there exists a lagrangian $`L`$ for $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$ such that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\psi |_L=\mu \hfill & \mathrm{im}(\widehat{H}^1(_2;S(L),(1)^kT)H_0(_2;S(L),(1)^kT))\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{ker}(1+(1)^kT:H_0(_2;S(L),(1)^kT)H^0(_2;S(L),(1)^kT)).\hfill \end{array}$$

Specifically, for any $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(L^{},\nu )`$ such that

$$\nu +(1)^k\nu ^{}=0:L^{}L$$

the nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ defined by

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mu & 1\\ 0& \nu \end{array}\right):K=LL^{}K^{}=L^{}L$$

is such that $`L`$ is a lagrangian of $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$, and

$$:Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta )L_{2k}(A);\nu (K,\psi ).$$

(ii) The algebraic normal invariant of a $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ concentrated in degree $`k`$ with

$$\begin{array}{c}C_k=K^{},D_k=L^{},\hfill \\ f\psi _0f^{}=\mu \mathrm{ker}(1+(1)^kT:H_0(_2;S(L),(1)^kT)H^0(_2;S(L),(1)^kT))\hfill \end{array}$$

is given by

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=\nu Q_{2k+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma )=Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta )$$

with

$$\widehat{v}_{k+1}(\gamma )=\widehat{v}_{k+1}(\beta ):L=H_{k+1}(f)=H_{k+1}(B)\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A);x\mu (x)(x)$$

and $`\nu =\psi |_L^{}`$ the restriction of $`\psi `$ to any lagrangian $`L^{}K`$ of $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$ complementary to $`L`$.

###### Proof.

(i) Given $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetric forms $`(L^{},\nu )`$, $`(L^{},\varphi )`$ and $`\theta S(L^{})`$ replacing $`\nu `$ by

$$\nu ^{}=\nu +\varphi \varphi \mu \varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^{k+1}\theta ^{}):L^{}L$$

results in a $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi ^{})`$ such that there is defined an isomorphism

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \varphi ^{}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right):(K,\psi ^{})(K,\psi )$$

which is the identity on $`L`$.
(ii) This is the translation of Proposition 2.12 (iii) into the language of forms and lagrangians. ∎

More generally :

###### Proposition 3.3.

Given $`(1)^k`$-quadratic forms $`(L,\mu )`$, $`(L^{},\nu )`$ over $`A`$ such that

$$\mu +(1)^k\mu ^{}=0:LL^{},\nu +(1)^k\nu ^{}=0:L^{}L$$

define a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form

$$(K,\psi )=(LL^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mu & 1\\ 0& \nu \end{array}\right))$$

such that $`L`$ and $`L^{}`$ are complementary lagrangians of the nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-symmetric form

$$(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})=(LL^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ (1)^k& 0\end{array}\right)),$$

and let $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ be the $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair concentrated in degree $`k`$ defined by

$$f=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\end{array}\right):C_k=K^{}=L^{}LD_k=L^{},\delta \varphi =0,$$

with $`𝒞(f)L_{k1}`$.
(i) The Spivak normal bundle of $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is given by

$$\gamma =\mu \widehat{Q}^0(𝒞(f)^0)=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L),(1)^{k+1}T),$$

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_{2k+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma )\hfill & =\frac{\{\lambda S(L^{})|\lambda +(1)^k\lambda ^{}=0\}}{\{\varphi \varphi \mu \varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^{k+1}\theta ^{})|\varphi ^{}=(1)^{k+1}\varphi ,\theta S(L^{})\}}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{coker}(J_\mu :H^0(_2;S(L^{}),(1)^{k+1}T)\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L^{}),(1)^{k+1}T)).\hfill \end{array}$$

The algebraic normal invariant of $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=\nu Q_{2k+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma ).$$

(ii) Let $`(B,\beta )`$ be a chain bundle concentrated in degree $`k+1`$

$$\begin{array}{c}B:\mathrm{}0B_{k+1}0\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \beta \widehat{Q}^0(B^0)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(B_{k+1},\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A))=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B_{k+1}),(1)^{k+1}T),\hfill \end{array}$$

so that

$$\begin{array}{cc}Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta )\hfill & =\frac{\{\lambda S(B^{k+1})|\lambda +(1)^k\lambda ^{}=0\}}{\{\varphi \varphi \beta \varphi ^{}(\theta +(1)^{k+1}\theta ^{})|\varphi ^{}=(1)^{k+1}\varphi ,\theta S(B^{k+1})\}}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{coker}(J_\beta :H^0(_2;S(B^{k+1}),(1)^{k+1}T)\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B^{k+1}),(1)^{k+1}T)).\hfill \end{array}$$

A $`(B,\beta )`$-structure on $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is given by a chain bundle map $`(g,\chi ):(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B,\beta )`$, corresponding to an $`A`$-module morphism $`g:LB_{k+1}`$ such that

$$g^{}\beta g=\mu \widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L),(1)^{k+1}T),$$

with

$$(g,\chi )_\%:Q_{2k+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma )Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta );\lambda g\lambda g^{}.$$

The 4-periodic $`(B,\beta )`$-structure cobordism class is thus given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}(K,\psi ;L)=(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))\hfill & =(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )=g\nu g^{}\hfill \\ & \widehat{L}B,\beta ^{4+2k+1}(A)=Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta ),\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{cc}(K,\psi )\hfill & =(B_{k+1}B^{k+1},\left(\begin{array}{cc}\beta & 1\\ 0& g\nu g^{}\end{array}\right))\hfill \\ & \mathrm{im}(:Q_{2k+1}(B,\beta )L_{2k}(A))=\mathrm{ker}(L_{2k}(A)LB,\beta ^{4+2k}(A)).\hfill \end{array}$$

### 3.2. The Generalized Arf Invariant

###### Definition 3.4.

The generalized Arf invariant of a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form $`(K,\psi )`$ over $`A`$ together with a lagrangian $`LK`$ for the $`(1)^k`$-symmetric form $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$ is the image

$$(K,\psi ;L)=(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)=Q_{2k+1}(B^A,\beta ^A)$$

of the algebraic normal invariant $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma )`$ $`(`$2.13$`)`$ of the corresponding $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_{2k+1}^{2k+1}(f))`$

$$\begin{array}{c}(\varphi ,\theta )=\nu Q_{2k+1}(𝒞(f),\gamma )\hfill \\ =\mathrm{coker}(J_\mu :H^0(_2;S(L^{}),(1)^{k+1}T)\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L^{}),(1)^{k+1}T))\hfill \end{array}$$

under the morphism $`(g,\chi )_\%`$ induced by the classifying chain bundle map $`(g,\chi ):(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B^A,\beta ^A)`$. As in 3.2 $`\nu =\psi |_L^{}`$ is the restriction of $`\psi `$ to a lagrangian $`L^{}K`$ of $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$ complementary to $`L`$.

A nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-symmetric formation $`(K,\varphi ;L,L^{})`$ is a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-symmetric form $`(K,\varphi )`$ together with two lagrangians $`L`$, $`L^{}`$. This type of formation is essentially the same as a $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complex concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$, and represents an element of $`L^{4+2k+1}(A)`$.

###### Proposition 3.5.

(i) The generalized Arf invariant is such that

$$(K,\psi ;L)=0Q_{2k+1}(B^A,\beta ^A)=\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)$$

if and only if there exists an isomorphism of $`(1)^k`$-quadratic forms

$$(K,\psi )H_{(1)^k}(L^{})H_{(1)^k}(L^{\prime \prime })$$

such that

$$((K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})(1+T)H_{(1)^k}(L^{});LL^{},L^{\prime \prime })=0L^{4+2k+1}(A).$$

(ii) If $`(K,\psi )`$ is a nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form over $`A`$ and $`L,L^{}K`$ are lagrangians for $`(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{})`$ then

$$\begin{array}{c}(K,\psi ;L)(K,\psi ;L^{})=(K,\psi +(1)^k\psi ^{};L,L^{})\hfill \\ \mathrm{im}(L^{4+2k+1}(A)\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A))=\mathrm{ker}(\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)L_{2k}(A)).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

This is the translation of the isomorphism $`Q_{2k+1}(B^A,\beta ^A)\widehat{L}^{4+2k+1}(A)`$ given by 2.16 into the language of forms and formations. ∎

###### Example 3.6.

Let $`A`$ be a field, so that each $`\widehat{H}^n(_2;A)`$ is a free $`A`$-module, and the universal chain bundle over $`A`$ can be taken to be

If $`A`$ is a perfect field of characteristic 2 with the identity involution squaring defines an $`A`$-module isomorphism

$$A\text{}\widehat{H}^n(_2;A);aa^2.$$

Every nonsingular $`(1)^k`$-quadratic form over $`A`$ is isomorphic to one of the type

$$(K,\psi )=(LL^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mu & 1\\ 0& \nu \end{array}\right))$$

with $`L=A^{\mathrm{}}`$ f.g. free and

$$\mu =(1)^{k+1}\mu ^{}:LL^{},\nu =(1)^{k+1}\nu ^{}:L^{}L.$$

For $`j=1,2,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}`$ let

$$\begin{array}{c}e_j=(0,\mathrm{},0,1,0,\mathrm{},0)L,g_j=\mu (e_j)(e_j)A,\hfill \\ e_j^{}=(0,\mathrm{},0,1,0,\mathrm{},0)L^{},h_j=\nu (e_j^{})(e_j^{})A.\hfill \end{array}$$

The generalized Arf invariant in this case was identified in Ranicki \[18, §11\] with the original invariant of Arf

$$(K,\psi ;L)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}g_jh_jQ_{2k+1}(B^A,\beta ^A)=A/\{c+c^2|cA\}.$$

For $`k=0`$ we have :

###### Proposition 3.7.

Suppose that the involution on $`A`$ is even. If $`(K,\psi )`$ is a nonsingular quadratic form over $`A`$ and $`L`$ is a lagrangian of $`(K,\psi +\psi ^{})`$ then $`L`$ is a lagrangian of $`(K,\psi )`$, the Witt class is

$$(K,\psi )=0L_0(A),$$

the algebraic normal invariant is

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=0Q_1(𝒞(f),\gamma )=0$$

and the generalized Arf invariant is

$$(K,\psi ;L)=(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )=0\widehat{L}^{4+1}(A)=Q_1(B^A,\beta ^A).$$

###### Proof.

By hypothesis $`\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)=0`$, and $`L=A^{\mathrm{}}`$, so that by Proposition 3.2 (i)

$$Q_1(𝒞(f),\gamma )=\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L^{}),T)=\underset{\mathrm{}}{}\widehat{H}^1(_2;A)=0.$$

For $`k=1`$ we have :

###### Theorem 3.8.

Let $`A`$ be an $`r`$-even ring with $`A_2`$-module basis $`\{x_1=1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_r\}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$, and let

$$X=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}x_1& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& x_2& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& x_3& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& x_r\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)$$

so that by Theorem 2.30

$$Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A)=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)+\{LLXL|L\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)\}}.$$

(i) Given $`M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ define the nonsingular $`(1)`$-quadratic form over $`A`$

$$(K_M,\psi _M)=(A^r(A^r)^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}X& 1\\ 0& M\end{array}\right))$$

such that $`L_M=A^rK_M`$ is a lagrangian of $`(K_M,\psi _M\psi _M^{})`$. The function

$$Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A)\widehat{L}^{4+3}(A);M(K_M,\psi _M;L_M)$$

is an isomorphism, with inverse given by the generalized Arf invariant.
(ii) Let $`(K,\psi )`$ be a nonsingular $`(1)`$-quadratic form over $`A`$ of the type

$$(K,\psi )=(LL^{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mu & 1\\ 0& \nu \end{array}\right))$$

with

$$\mu \mu ^{}=0:LL^{},\nu \nu ^{}=0:L^{}L$$

and let $`g:LA^r`$, $`h:L^{}A^r`$ be $`A`$-module morphisms such that

$$\mu =g^{}Xg\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L),T),\nu =h^{}Xh\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L^{}),T).$$

The generalized Arf invariant of $`(K,\psi ;L)`$ is

$$(K,\psi ;L)=g\nu g^{}=gh^{}Xhg^{}Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A).$$

If $`L=A^{\mathrm{}}`$ then

$$g=(g_{ij}):L=A^{\mathrm{}}A^r,h=(h_{ij}):L^{}=A^{\mathrm{}}A^r$$

with the coefficients $`g_{ij},h_{ij}A`$ such that

$$\begin{array}{c}\mu (e_j)(e_j)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(g_{ij})^2x_i,\nu (e_j^{})(e_j^{})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(h_{ij})^2x_i\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)\\ (e_j=(0,\mathrm{},0,1,0,\mathrm{},0)L=A^{\mathrm{}},e_j^{}=(0,\mathrm{},0,1,0,\mathrm{},0)L^{}=A^{\mathrm{}})\end{array}$$

and

$$(K,\psi ;L)=gh^{}Xhg^{}=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}c_1& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& c_2& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& c_3& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& c_r\end{array}\right)Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A)$$

with

$$c_i=\underset{k=1}{\overset{r}{}}(\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}g_{ij}h_{kj})^2x_k\widehat{H}^0(_2;A).$$

(iii) For any $`M=(m_{ij})\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ let $`h=(h_{ij})M_r(A)`$ be such that

$$m_{jj}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(h_{ij})^2x_i\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)(1jr),$$

so that

$$M=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}m_{11}& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& m_{22}& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& m_{33}& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& m_{rr}\end{array}\right)=h^{}Xh\widehat{H}^0(_2;M_r(A),T)=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)}{\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)}$$

and the generalized Arf invariant of the triple $`(K_M,\psi _M;L_M)`$ in (i) is

$$(K_M,\psi _M;L_M)=h^{}Xh=MQ_3(B^A,\beta ^A)$$

(with $`g=(\delta _{ij})`$ here).

###### Proof.

(i) The isomorphism $`Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A)\widehat{L}^3(A);M(K_M,\psi _M;L_M)`$ is given by Proposition 2.16.
(ii) As in Definition 3.4 let $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_3(𝒞(f),\gamma )`$ be the algebraic normal invariant of the 3-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ concentrated in degree 1, with

$$f=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\end{array}\right):C_1=K^{}=L^{}LD_1=L^{},\delta \varphi =0.$$

The $`A`$-module morphism

$$\widehat{v}_2(\gamma ):H_2(𝒞(f))=H^1(D)=L\widehat{H}^0(_2;A);y\mu (y)(y)$$

is induced by the $`A`$-module chain map

$$g:𝒞(f)L_2B^A(1)$$

and

$$(g,0):(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B^A(1),\beta ^A(1))(B^A,\beta ^A)$$

is a classifying chain bundle map. The induced morphism

$$\begin{array}{c}(g,0)_\%:Q_3(𝒞(f),\gamma )=\mathrm{coker}(J_\mu :H^0(_2;S(L^{}),T)\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(L^{}),T))\hfill \\ Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A)=\mathrm{coker}(J_X:H^0(_2;M_r(A),T)\widehat{H}^0(_2;M_r(A),T));\sigma g\sigma g^{}\hfill \end{array}$$

sends the algebraic normal invariant

$$(\varphi ,\theta )=\nu =h^{}XhQ_3(𝒞(f),\gamma )$$

to the generalized Arf invariant

$$(g,0)_\%(\varphi ,\theta )=gh^{}Xhg^{}Q_3(B^A,\beta ^A).$$

(iii) By construction. ∎

In particular, the generalized Arf invariant for $`A=_2`$ is just the classical Arf invariant.

## 4. The Generalized Arf Invariant for Linking Forms

An $`ϵ`$-quadratic formation $`(Q,\psi ;F,G)`$ over $`A`$ corresponds to a $`1`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complex. The 1-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-group $`L_1(A,ϵ)`$ is the Witt group of $`ϵ`$-quadratic formations, or equivalently the cobordism group of 1-dimensional $`ϵ`$-quadratic Poincaré complexes over $`A`$. We could define a generalized Arf invariant $`\alpha Q_2(B^A,\beta ^A,ϵ)`$ for any formation with a null-cobordism of the 1-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmetric Poincaré complex, so that

$$\begin{array}{c}(Q,\psi ;F,G)=(\alpha )\mathrm{ker}(1+T_ϵ:L_1(A,ϵ)L^{4+1}(A,ϵ))\hfill \\ =\mathrm{im}(:Q_2(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ},ϵ)L_1(A,ϵ)).\hfill \end{array}$$

However, we do not need quite such a generalized Arf invariant here. For our application to UNil, it suffices to work with a localization $`S^1A`$ of $`A`$ and to only consider a formation $`(Q,\psi ;F,G)`$ such that

$$FG=\{0\},S^1(Q/(F+G))=0$$

which corresponds to a $`(ϵ)`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$ with

$$T=Q/(F+G),\lambda :T\times TS^1A/A.$$

Given a lagrangian $`UT`$ for the $`(ϵ)`$-symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$ we define in this section a ‘linking Arf invariant’

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)Q_2(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ},ϵ)=\widehat{L}^{4+2}(A,ϵ)$$

such that

$$\begin{array}{c}(Q,\psi ;F,G)=(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)\mathrm{ker}(1+T_ϵ:L_1(A,ϵ)L^{4+1}(A,ϵ))\hfill \\ =\mathrm{im}(:Q_2(B^{A,ϵ},\beta ^{A,ϵ})L_1(A,ϵ)).\hfill \end{array}$$

### 4.1. Linking Forms and Formations

Given a ring with involution $`A`$ and a multiplicative subset $`SA`$ of central non-zero divisors such that $`\overline{S}=S`$ let $`S^1A`$ be the localized ring with involution obtained from $`A`$ by inverting $`S`$. We refer to  for the localization exact sequences in $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-quadratic algebraic $`L`$-theory

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}L^n(A,ϵ)L_I^n(S^1A,ϵ)L^n(A,S,ϵ)L^{n1}(A,ϵ)\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)L_n^I(S^1A,ϵ)L_n(A,S,ϵ)L_{n1}(A,ϵ)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`I=\mathrm{im}(\stackrel{~}{K}_0(A)\stackrel{~}{K}_0(S^1A))`$, $`L^n(A,S,ϵ)`$ the cobordism group of $`(n1)`$-dimensional $`ϵ`$-symmatric Poincaré complexes $`(C,\varphi )`$ over $`A`$ such that $`H_{}(S^1C)=0`$, and similarly for $`L_n(A,S,ϵ)`$.

An $`(A,S)`$-module is an $`A`$-module $`T`$ with a 1-dimensional f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolution

such that $`S^1d:S^1PS^1Q`$ is an $`S^1A`$-module isomorphism. In particular,

$$S^1T=0.$$

The dual $`(A,S)`$-module is defined by

$$\begin{array}{cc}T\widehat{}\hfill & =\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(T,A)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(T,S^1A/A)\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{coker}(d^{}:Q^{}P^{})\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$A\times T\widehat{}T\widehat{};(a,f)(xf(x)\overline{a}).$$

For any $`(A,S)`$-modules $`T`$, $`U`$ there is defined a duality isomorphism

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(T,U)\mathrm{Hom}_A(U\widehat{},T\widehat{});ff\widehat{}$$

with

$$f\widehat{}:U\widehat{}T\widehat{};g(xg(f(x))).$$

An element $`\lambda \mathrm{Hom}_A(T,T\widehat{})`$ can be regarded as a sesquilinear linking pairing

$$\lambda :T\times TS^1A/A;(x,y)\lambda (x,y)=\lambda (x)(y)$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}\lambda (x,ay+bz)=a\lambda (x,y)+b\lambda (x,z),\hfill \\ \lambda (ay+bz,x)=\lambda (y,x)\overline{a}+\lambda (z,x)\overline{b},\hfill \\ \lambda \widehat{}(x,y)=\overline{\lambda (y,x)}S^1A/A(a,bA,x,y,zT).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Definition 4.1.

Let $`ϵ=\pm 1`$.
(i) An $`ϵ`$-symmetric linking form over $`(A,S)`$ $`(T,\lambda )`$ is an $`(A,S)`$-module $`T`$ together with $`\lambda \mathrm{Hom}_A(T,T\widehat{})`$ such that $`\lambda \widehat{}=ϵ\lambda `$, so that

$$\overline{\lambda (x,y)}=ϵ\lambda (y,x)S^1A/A(x,yT).$$

The linking form is nonsingular if $`\lambda :TT\widehat{}`$ is an isomorphism. A lagrangian for $`(T,\lambda )`$ is an $`(A,S)`$-submodule $`UT`$ such that the sequence

is exact with $`j\mathrm{Hom}_A(U,T)`$ the inclusion. Thus $`\lambda `$ restricts to 0 on $`U`$ and

$$U^{}=\{xT|\lambda (x)(U)=\{0\}S^1A/A\}=U.$$

(ii) A (nonsingular) $`ϵ`$-quadratic linking form over $`(A,S)`$ $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ is a (nonsingular) $`ϵ`$-symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$ together with a function

$$\mu :TQ_ϵ(A,S)=\frac{\{bS^1A|ϵ\overline{b}=b\}}{\{a+ϵ\overline{a}|aA\}}$$

such that

$$\begin{array}{c}\mu (ax)=a\mu (x)\overline{a},\hfill \\ \mu (x+y)=\mu (x)+\mu (y)+\lambda (x,y)+\lambda (y,x)Q_ϵ(A,S),\hfill \\ \mu (x)=\lambda (x,x)\mathrm{im}(Q_ϵ(A,S)S^1A/A)(x,yT,aA).\hfill \end{array}$$

A lagrangian $`UT`$ for $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ is a lagrangian for $`(T,\lambda )`$ such that $`\mu |_U=0`$.

We refer to Ranicki \[16, 3.5\] for the development of the theory of $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-quadratic linking formations over $`(A,S)`$.

From now on, we shall only be concerned with $`A,S`$ which satisfy :

###### Hypothesis 4.2.

$`A,S`$ are such that

$$\widehat{H}^{}(_2;S^1A)=0.$$

###### Example 4.3.

Hypothesis 4.2 is satisfied if $`1/2S^1A`$, e.g. if $`A`$ is even and

$$S=(2)^{\mathrm{}}=\{2^i|i0\}A,S^1A=A[1/2].$$

###### Proposition 4.4.

(i) For $`n=2`$ $`(`$resp. $`1)`$ the relative group $`L^n(A,S,ϵ)`$ in the $`ϵ`$-symmetric $`L`$-theory localization exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L^n(A,ϵ)L_I^n(S^1A,ϵ)L^n(A,S,ϵ)L^{n1}(A,ϵ)$$

is the Witt group of nonsingular $`(ϵ)`$-symmetric linking forms $`(`$resp. $`ϵ`$-symmetric linking formations$`)`$ over $`(A,S)`$, with $`I=\mathrm{im}(\stackrel{~}{K}_0(A)\stackrel{~}{K}_0(S^1A))`$. The skew-suspension maps

$$\overline{S}:L^n(A,S,ϵ)L^{n+2}(A,S,ϵ)(n1)$$

are isomorphisms if and only if the skew-suspension maps

$$\overline{S}:L^n(A,ϵ)L^{n+2}(A,ϵ)(n0)$$

are isomorphisms.
(ii) The relative group $`L_n(A,S,ϵ)`$ for $`n=2k`$ $`(`$resp. $`2k+1)`$ in the $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`L`$-theory localization exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A,ϵ)L_n^I(S^1A,ϵ)L_n(A,S,ϵ)L_{n1}(A,ϵ)$$

is the Witt group of nonsingular $`(1)^kϵ`$-quadratic linking forms $`(`$resp. formations$`)`$ over $`(A,S)`$.
(iii) The 4-periodic $`ϵ`$-symmetric and $`ϵ`$-quadratic localization exact sequences interleave in a commutative braid of exact sequences

###### Proof.

(i)+(ii) See \[16, §3\].
(iii) For $`A,S`$ satisfying Hypothesis 4.2 the $`ϵ`$-symmetrization maps for the $`L`$-groups of $`S^1A`$ are isomorphisms

$$1+T_ϵ:L_n^I(S^1A,ϵ)\text{}L_I^n(S^1A,ϵ).$$

###### Definition 4.5.

(i) An $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`S`$-formation $`(Q,\psi ;F,G)`$ over $`A`$ is an $`ϵ`$-quadratic formation such that

$$S^1FS^1G=S^1Q,$$

or equivalently such that $`Q/(F+G)`$ is an $`(A,S)`$-module.
(iii) A stable isomorphism of $`ϵ`$-quadratic $`S`$-formations over $`A`$

$$[f]:(Q_1,\psi _1;F_1,G_1)(Q_2,\psi _2;F_2,G_2)$$

is an isomorphism of the type

$$f:(Q_1,\psi _1;F_1,G_1)(N_1,\nu _1;H_1,K_1)(Q_2,\psi _2;F_2,G_2)(N_2,\nu _2;H_2,K_2)$$

with $`N_1=H_1K_1`$, $`N_2=H_2K_2`$.

###### Proposition 4.6.

(i) A $`(ϵ)`$-quadratic $`S`$-formation $`(Q,\psi ;F,G)`$ over $`A`$ determines a nonsingular $`ϵ`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$, with

$$\begin{array}{c}T=Q/(F+G),\hfill \\ \lambda :T\times TS^1A/A;(x,y)(\psi ϵ\psi ^{})(x)(z)/s\hfill \\ \mu :TQ_ϵ(A,S);y(\psi ϵ\psi ^{})(x)(z)/s\psi (y)(y)\hfill \\ (x,yQ,zG,sS,syzF).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) The isomorphism classes of nonsingular $`ϵ`$-quadratic linking forms over $`A`$ are in one-one correspondence with the stable isomorphism classes of $`(ϵ)`$-quadratic $`S`$-formations over $`A`$.

###### Proof.

See Proposition 3.4.3 of . ∎

For any $`S^1A`$-contractible f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complexes concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$

$$\begin{array}{c}C:\mathrm{}0C_{k+1}C_k0\mathrm{},\hfill \\ D:\mathrm{}0D_{k+1}D_k0\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

there are natural identifications

$$\begin{array}{c}H^{k+1}(C)=H_k(C)\widehat{},H_k(C)=H^{k+1}(C)\widehat{},\hfill \\ H^{k+1}(D)=H_k(D)\widehat{},H_k(D)=H^{k+1}(D)\widehat{},\hfill \\ H_0(\mathrm{Hom}_A(C,D))=\mathrm{Hom}_A(H_k(C),H_k(D))=\mathrm{Tor}_1^A(H^{k+1}(C),H_k(D)),\hfill \\ H_1(\mathrm{Hom}_A(C,D))=H^{k+1}(C)_AH_k(D)=\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(H_k(C),H_k(D)),\hfill \\ H_{2k}(C_AD)=H_k(C)_AH_k(D)=\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(H^{k+1}(C),H_k(D)),\hfill \\ H_{2k+1}(C_AD)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(H^{k+1}(C),H_k(D))=\mathrm{Tor}_1^A(H_k(C),H_k(D)).\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, an element $`\lambda H_{2k+1}(C_AD)`$ is a sesquilinear linking pairing

$$\lambda :H^{k+1}(C)\times H^{k+1}(D)S^1A/A.$$

An element $`\varphi H_{2k}(C_AD)`$ is a chain homotopy class of chain maps $`\varphi :C^{2k}D`$, classifying the extension

$$0H_k(D)H_k(\varphi )H^{k+1}(C)0.$$

###### Proposition 4.7.

Given an $`(A,S)`$-module $`T`$ let

$$B:\mathrm{}0B_{k+1}\text{}B_k0$$

be a f.g. projective $`A`$-module chain complex concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$ such that $`H^{k+1}(B)=T`$, $`H^k(B)=0`$, so that $`H_k(B)=T\widehat{}`$, $`H_{k+1}(B)=0`$. The $`Q`$-groups in the exact sequence

$$\text{}Q_{2k+1}(B)\text{}Q^{2k+1}(B)\text{}\widehat{Q}^{2k+1}(B)$$

have the following interpretation in terms of $`T`$.
(i) The symmetric $`Q`$-group

$$Q^{2k+1}(B)=H^0(_2;\mathrm{Hom}_A(T,T\widehat{}),(1)^{k+1})$$

is the additive group of $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetric linking pairings $`\lambda `$ on $`T`$, with $`\varphi Q^{2k+1}(B)`$ corresponding to

$$\lambda :T\times TS^1A/A;(x,y)\varphi _0(d^{})^1(x)(y)(x,yB^{k+1}).$$

(ii) The quadratic $`Q`$-group

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_{2k+1}(B)=\hfill \\ \frac{\{(\psi _0,\psi _1)\mathrm{Hom}_A(B^k,B_{k+1})S(B^k)|d\psi _0=\psi _1+(1)^{k+1}\psi _1^{}S(B^k)\}}{\{((\chi _0+(1)^{k+1}\chi _0^{})d^{},d\chi _0d^{}+\chi _1+(1)^k\chi _1^{})|(\chi _0,\chi _1)S(B^{k+1})S(B^k)\}}\hfill \end{array}$$

is the additive group of $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic linking structures $`(\lambda ,\mu )`$ on $`T`$. The element $`\psi =(\psi _0,\psi _1)Q_{2k+1}(B)`$ corresponds to

$$\begin{array}{c}\lambda :T\times TS^1A/A;(x,y)\psi _0(d^{})^1(x)(y)(x,yB^{k+1}),\hfill \\ \mu :TQ_{(1)^{k+1}}(A,S);x\psi _0(d^{})^1(x)(x).\hfill \end{array}$$

(iii) The hyperquadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`B`$

$$\widehat{Q}^n(B)=H_n(\widehat{d}^\%:\widehat{W}^\%B_{k+1}\widehat{W}^\%B_k)$$

are such that

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^{2k}(B)=\frac{\{(\delta ,\chi )S(B^{k+1})S(B^k)|\delta ^{}=(1)^{k+1}\delta ,d\delta d^{}=\chi +(1)^{k+1}\chi ^{}\}}{\{(\mu +(1)^{k+1}\mu ^{},d\mu d^{}+\nu +(1)^k\nu ^{})|(\mu ,\nu )S(B^{k+1})S(B^k)\}},\hfill \\ \widehat{Q}^{2k+1}(B)=\frac{\{(\delta ,\chi )S(B^{k+1})S(B^k)|\delta ^{}=(1)^k\delta ,d\delta d^{}=\chi +(1)^k\chi ^{}\}}{\{(\mu +(1)^k\mu ^{},d\mu d^{}+\nu +(1)^{k+1}\nu ^{})|(\mu ,\nu )S(B^{k+1})S(B^k)\}},\hfill \end{array}$$

with universal coefficient exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}0T\widehat{}_A\widehat{H}^k(_2;A)\widehat{Q}^{2k}(B)\text{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(T,\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A))0,\hfill \\ 0T\widehat{}_A\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A)\widehat{Q}^{2k+1}(B)\text{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(T,\widehat{H}^k(_2;A))0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`f:CD`$ be a chain map of $`S^1A`$-contractible $`A`$-module chain complexes concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$, inducing the $`A`$-module morphism

$$f^{}=j:U=H^{k+1}(D)T=H^{k+1}(C).$$

By Proposition 4.7 (i) a $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré complex $`(C,\varphi )`$ is essentially the same as a nonsingular $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$, and a $`(2k+2)`$-dimensional symmetric Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\varphi ))`$ is essentially the same as a lagrangian $`U`$ for $`(T,\lambda )`$, with $`j=f^{}:UT`$ the inclusion. Similarly, a $`(2k+1)`$-dimensional quadratic Poincaré complex $`(C,\psi )`$ is essentially the same as a nonsingular $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$, and a $`(2k+2)`$-dimensional quadratic Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \psi ,\psi ))`$ is essentially the same as a lagrangian $`UT`$ for $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$. A $`(2k+2)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi ))`$ is a nonsingular $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ together with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for the nonsingular $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$.

###### Proposition 4.8.

Let $`U`$ be an $`(A,S)`$-module together with an $`A`$-module morphism $`\mu _1:U\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A)`$, defining a $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic linking form $`(U,\lambda _1,\mu _1)`$ over $`(A,S)`$ with $`\lambda _1=0`$.
(i) There exists a map of chain bundles $`(d,\chi ):(B_{k+2},0)(B_{k+1},\delta )`$ concentrated in degree $`k+1`$ such that the cone chain bundle $`(B,\beta )=𝒞(d,\chi )`$ has

$$\begin{array}{c}H_{k+1}(B)=U,H^{k+2}(B)=U\widehat{},H_{k+2}(B)=H^{k+1}(B)=0,\hfill \\ \beta =[\delta ]=\mu _1\widehat{Q}^0(B^0)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(U,\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A)).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) The $`(2k+2)`$-dimensional twisted quadratic $`Q`$-group of $`(B,\beta )`$ as in (i)

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_{2k+2}(B,\beta )=\hfill \\ \frac{\{(\varphi ,\theta )S(B^{k+1})S(B^{k+1})|\varphi ^{}=(1)^{k+1}\varphi ,\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi ^{}=\theta +(1)^{k+1}\theta ^{}\}}{\{(d,\chi )_\%(\nu )+(0,\eta +(1)^k\eta ^{})|\nu S(B^{k+2}),\eta S(B^{k+1})\}}\hfill \\ ((d,\chi )_\%(\nu )=(d(\nu +(1)^{k+1}\nu ^{})d^{},d\nu d^{}d(\nu +(1)^{k+1}\nu ^{})\chi (\nu ^{}+(1)^{k+1}\nu )d^{}))\hfill \end{array}$$

is the additive group of isomorphism classes of extensions of $`U`$ to a nonsingular $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$ such that $`UT`$ is a lagrangian of the $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$ and

$$\beta =\mu |_U:H_{k+1}(B)=U\widehat{H}^{k+1}(_2;A)=\mathrm{ker}(Q_{(1)^{k+1}}(A,S)S^1A/A).$$

(iii) An element $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k+2}(B,\beta )`$ is the algebraic normal invariant $`(\text{2.13})`$ of the $`(2k+2)`$-dimensional $`(`$symmetric, quadratic$`)`$ Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_{2k+2}^{2k+2}(f))`$ with

$$\begin{array}{c}d_C=\left(\begin{array}{cc}d& \varphi \\ 0& d^{}\end{array}\right):C_{k+1}=B_{k+2}B^{k+1}C_k=B_{k+1}B^{k+2},\hfill \\ f=\mathrm{projection}:CD=B^{2k+2}\hfill \end{array}$$

constructed as in Proposition 2.12 (ii), corresponding to the quadruple $`(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)`$ given by

$$j=f^{}:U=H^{k+1}(D)=H_{k+1}(B)T=H^{k+1}(C).$$

The $`A`$-module extension

$$0UTU\widehat{}0$$

is classified by

$$[\varphi ]H_{2k+2}(B_AB)=U_AU=\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(U\widehat{},U).$$

(iv) The $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ in (iii) corresponds to the $`(1)^k`$-quadratic $`S`$-formation $`(Q,\psi ;F,G)`$ with

$$\begin{array}{c}(Q,\psi )=H_{(1)^k}(F),F=B_{k+2}B^{k+1},\hfill \\ G=\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ \delta d& 1\delta \varphi \\ 0& (1)^{k+1}d^{}\\ d& \varphi \end{array}\right):B_{k+2}B^{k+1}B_{k+2}B^{k+1}B^{k+2}B_{k+1})FF^{}\hfill \end{array}$$

such that

$$FG=\{0\},Q/(F+G)=H^{k+1}(C)=T.$$

The inclusion $`UT`$ is resolved by

(v) If the involution on $`A`$ is even and $`k=1`$ then

$$Q_0(B,\beta )=\frac{\{\varphi \mathrm{Sym}(B^0)|\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi \mathrm{Quad}(B^0)\}}{\{d\sigma d^{}|\sigma \mathrm{Quad}(B^1)\}}.$$

An extension of $`U=\mathrm{coker}(d:B_1B_0)`$ to a nonsingular quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$ with $`\mu |_U=\mu _1`$ and $`UT`$ a lagrangian of $`(T,\lambda )`$ is classified by $`\varphi Q_0(B,\beta )`$ such that $`\lambda :TT\widehat{}`$ is resolved by

and

$$\begin{array}{c}T=\mathrm{coker}(\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& d^{}\\ d& \varphi \end{array}\right):B_1B^0B^1B_0),\hfill \\ \lambda :T\times TS^1A/A;\hfill \\ ((x_1,x_0),(y_1,y_0))d^1\varphi (d^{})^1(x_1)(y_1)+d^1(x_1)(y_0)+(d^{})^1(x_0)(y_1),\hfill \\ \mu :TQ_{+1}(A,S);\hfill \\ (x_1,x_0)d^1\varphi (d^{})^1(x_1)(x_1)+d^1(x_1)(x_0)+(d^{})^1(x_0)(x_1)\delta (x_0)(x_0),\hfill \\ (x_0,y_0B_0,x_1,y_1B^1).\hfill \end{array}$$

### 4.2. The Linking Arf Invariant

###### Definition 4.9.

The linking Arf invariant of a nonsingular $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$ together with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for $`(T,\lambda )`$ is the image

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)=(g,\chi )_\%(\varphi ,\theta )\widehat{L}^{4+2k+2}(A)=Q_{2k+2}(B^A,\beta ^A)$$

of the algebraic normal invariant $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k+2}(𝒞(f),\gamma )`$ $`(`$2.13$`)`$ of the corresponding $`(2k+2)`$-dimensional (symmetric, quadratic) Poincaré pair $`(f:CD,(\delta \varphi ,\psi )Q_{2k+2}^{2k+2}(f))`$ concentrated in degrees $`k,k+1`$ with

$$f^{}=j:H^{k+1}(D)=UH^{k+1}(C)=T,$$

and $`(g,\chi )_\%`$ induced by the classifying chain bundle map $`(g,\chi ):(𝒞(f),\gamma )(B^A,\beta ^A)`$.

The chain bundle $`(𝒞(f),\gamma )`$ in 4.9 is (up to equivalence) of the type $`(B,\beta )`$ considered in Proposition 4.8 (i) : the algebraic normal invariant $`(\varphi ,\theta )Q_{2k+2}(B,\beta )`$ classifies the extension of $`(U,\beta )`$ to a lagrangian of a $`(1)^{k+1}`$-symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$ with a $`(1)^{k+1}`$-quadratic function $`\mu `$ on $`T`$ such that $`\mu |_U=\beta `$. The linking Arf invariant $`(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)Q_{2k+2}(B^A,\beta ^A)`$ gives the Witt class of $`(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)`$. The boundary map

$$:Q_{2k+2}(B^A,\beta ^A)L_{2k+1}(A);(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)(Q,\psi ;F,G)$$

sends the linking Arf invariant to the Witt class of the $`(1)^k`$-quadratic formation $`(Q,\psi ;F,G)`$ constructed in 4.8 (iv).

###### Theorem 4.10.

Let $`A`$ be an $`r`$-even ring with $`A_2`$-module basis $`\{x_1=1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_r\}\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$, and let

$$X=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}x_1& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& x_2& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& 0& x_3& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& 0& \mathrm{}& x_r\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_r(A),$$

so that by Theorem 2.30

$$Q_{2k}(B^A,\beta ^A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_r(A)+\{2(N+N^t)N^tXN|NM_r(A)\}}\hfill & \text{if }k=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }k=1.\hfill \end{array}$$

(i) Let

$$S=(2)^{\mathrm{}}A,$$

so that

$$S^1A=A[1/2]$$

and $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ is an $`(A,S)`$-module. The hyperquadratic $`L`$-group $`\widehat{L}^0(A)`$ fits into the exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L^1(A,S)\widehat{L}^0(A)L_0(A,S)L^0(A,S)\mathrm{}.$$

The linking Arf invariant of a nonsingular quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A,S)`$ with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for $`(T,\lambda )`$ is the Witt class

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A)=\widehat{L}^4(A).$$

(ii) Given $`M\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ such that $`MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)`$ let $`(T_M,\lambda _M,\mu _M)`$ be the nonsingular quadratic linking form over $`(A,S)`$ corresponding to the $`(1)`$-quadratic $`S`$-formation over $`A`$ (4.6)

$$(Q_M,\psi _M;F_M,G_M)=(H_{}(A^{2r});A^{2r},\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}I& 0\\ 2X& IXM\end{array}\right)\\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 2I\\ 2I& M\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right):A^{2r}A^{2r}A^{2r}))$$

and let

$$U_M=(A_2)^rT_M=Q_M/(F_M+G_M)=\mathrm{coker}(G_MF_M^{})$$

be the lagrangian for the nonsingular symmetric linking form $`(T_M,\lambda _M)`$ over $`(A,S)`$ with the inclusion $`U_MT_M`$ resolved by

The function

$$Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A)\widehat{L}^4(A);M(T_M,\lambda _M,\mu _M;U_M)$$

is an isomorphism, with inverse given by the linking Arf invariant.
(iii) Let $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ be a nonsingular quadratic linking form over $`(A,S)`$ together with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for $`(T,\lambda )`$. For any f.g. projective $`A`$-module resolution of $`U`$

$$0B_1\text{}B_0U0$$

let

$$\delta \mathrm{Sym}(B_0),\varphi \mathrm{Sym}(B^0),\beta =[\delta ]=\mu |_U\widehat{Q}^0(B^0)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(U,\widehat{H}^0(_2;A))$$

be as in Proposition 4.8 (i),(v), so that

$$d^{}\delta d\mathrm{Quad}(B_1),\varphi \varphi \delta \varphi \mathrm{Quad}(B^0)$$

and

$$\varphi Q_0(B,\beta )=\frac{\mathrm{ker}(J_\delta :\mathrm{Sym}(B^0)\mathrm{Sym}(B^0)/\mathrm{Quad}(B^0))}{\mathrm{im}((d^{})^\%:\mathrm{Quad}(B^1)\mathrm{Sym}(B^0))}$$

classifies $`(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)`$. Lift $`\beta :U\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ to an $`A`$-module morphism $`g:B_0A^r`$ such that

$$gd(B_1)2A^r,\delta =g^{}Xg\widehat{H}^0(_2;S(B^0),T)=\mathrm{Sym}(B^0)/\mathrm{Quad}(B^0).$$

The linking Arf invariant is

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)=g\varphi g^{}Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A).$$

(iv) For any $`M=(m_{ij})\mathrm{Sym}_r(A)`$ with $`m_{ij}2A`$

$$MMXM=2(M/22(M/2)X(M/2))\mathrm{Quad}_r(A)$$

and so $`M`$ represents an element $`MQ_0(B^A,\beta ^A)`$. The invertible matrix

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}M/2& I\\ I& 0\end{array}\right)M_{2r}(A)$$

is such that

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}M/2& I\\ I& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 2I\\ 2I& M\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}2I& 0\\ 0& 2I\end{array}\right),\hfill \\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}I& 0\\ 2X& IXM\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}M/2& I\\ I& 0\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}M/2& I\\ I& 2X\end{array}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

so that $`(Q_M,\psi _M;F_M,G_M)`$ is isomorphic to the $`(1)`$-quadratic $`S`$-formation

$$(Q_M^{},\psi _M^{};F_M^{},G_M^{})=(H_{}(A^{2r});A^{2r},\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}M/2& I\\ I& 2X\end{array}\right)\\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}2I& 0\\ 0& 2I\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right):A^{2r}A^{2r}A^{2r})),$$

corresponding to the nonsingular quadratic linking form over $`(A,S)`$

$$(T_M^{},\lambda _M^{},\mu _M^{})=((A_2)^r(A_2)^r,\left(\begin{array}{cc}M/4& I/2\\ I/2& 0\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{c}M/4\\ X\end{array}\right))$$

with $`2T_M^{}=0`$, and $`U_M^{}=0(A_2)^rT_M^{}`$ a lagrangian for the symmetric linking form $`(T_M^{},\lambda _M^{})`$. The linking Arf invariant of $`(T_M^{},\lambda _M^{},\mu _M^{};U_M^{})`$ is

$$(T_M^{},\lambda _M^{},\mu _M^{};U_M^{})=MQ_0(B^A,\beta ^A).$$

###### Proof.

(i) $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A)`$ has an $`S^1A`$-contractible f.g. free $`A`$-module resolution

The exact sequence for $`\widehat{L}^0(A)`$ is given by the exact sequence of Proposition 4.4 (iii)

$$\mathrm{}L^{4+1}(A,S)Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A)L_0(A,S)L^4(A,S)\mathrm{}$$

and the isomorphism $`Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A)\widehat{L}^4(A)`$.
(ii) The isomorphism

$$Q_0(B^A,\beta ^A)\widehat{L}^4(A);M(T_M,\lambda _M,\mu _M;U_M)$$

is given by Proposition 2.16.
(iii) Combine (ii) and Proposition 4.8.
(iv) By construction. ∎

## 5. Application to UNil

### 5.1. Background

The topological context for the unitary nilpotent $`L`$-groups $`\text{UNil}_{}`$ is the following. Let $`N^n`$ be a closed connected manifold together with a decomposition into $`n`$-dimensional connected submanifolds $`N_{},N_+N`$ such that

$$N=N_{}N_+$$

and

$$N_{}=N_{}N_+=N_{}=N_+N$$

is a connected $`(n1)`$-manifold with $`\pi _1(N_{})\pi _1(N_\pm )`$ injective. Then

$$\pi _1(N)=\pi _1(N_{})_{\pi _1(N_{})}\pi _1(N_+)$$

with $`\pi _1(N_\pm )\pi _1(N)`$ injective. Let $`M`$ be an $`n`$-manifold. A homotopy equivalence $`f:MN`$ is called splittable along $`N_{}`$ if it is homotopic to a map $`f^{}`$, transverse regular to $`N_{}`$ (whence $`f^1(N_{})`$ is an $`(n1)`$-dimensional submanifold of $`M`$), and whose restriction $`f^1(N_{})N_{}`$, and a fortiori also $`f^1(N_\pm )N_\pm `$, is a homotopy equivalence.

We ask the following question : given a simple homotopy equivalence $`f:MN,`$ when is $`M`$ $`h`$-cobordant to a manifold $`M^{}`$ such that the induced homotopy equivalence $`f^{}:M^{}N`$ is splittable along $`N_{}`$? The answer is given by Cappell ,  : the problem has a positive solution if and only if a Whitehead torsion obstruction

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\tau (f))\widehat{H}^n(_2;\mathrm{ker}(\stackrel{~}{K}_0(A)\stackrel{~}{K}_0(B_+)\stackrel{~}{K}_0(B_{})))$$

(which is 0 if $`f`$ is simple) and an algebraic $`L`$-theory obstruction

$$\chi ^h(f)\text{UNil}_{n+1}(A;𝒩_{},𝒩_+)$$

vanish, where

$$A=[\pi _1(N_{})],B_\pm =[\pi _1(N_\pm )],𝒩_\pm =B_\pm A.$$

The groups $`\text{UNil}_{}(A;𝒩_{},𝒩_+)`$ are $`4`$-periodic and 2-primary, and vanish if the inclusions $`\pi _1(N_{})\pi _1(N_\pm )`$ are square root closed. The groups $`\text{UNil}_{}(;,)`$ arising from the expression of the infinite dihedral group as a free product

$$D_{\mathrm{}}=_2_2$$

are of particular interest. Cappell  showed that

$$\text{UNil}_{4k+2}(;,)=\text{UNil}_{4k+2}(;[_2\{1\}],[_2\{1\}])$$

contains $`(_2)^{\mathrm{}},`$ and deduced that there is a manifold homotopy equivalent to the connected sum $`^{4k+1}\mathrm{\#}^{4k+1}`$ which does not have a compatible connected sum decomposition. With

$$B=[\pi _1(N)]=B_1_AB_2$$

the map

$$\text{UNil}_{n+1}(A;𝒩_{},𝒩_+)L_{n+1}(B)$$

given by sending the splitting obstruction $`\chi ^h(f)`$ to the surgery obstruction of an $`(n+1)`$-dimensional normal map between $`f`$ and a split homotopy equivalence, is a split monomorphism, and

$$L_{n+1}(B)=L_{n+1}^K(AB_+B_{})\text{UNil}_{n+1}(A;𝒩_{},𝒩_+)$$

with $`K=\mathrm{ker}(\stackrel{~}{K}_0(A)\stackrel{~}{K}_0(B_+)\stackrel{~}{K}_0(B_{}))`$. Farrell  established a factorization of this map as

$$\text{UNil}_{n+1}(A;𝒩_{},𝒩_+)\text{UNil}_{n+1}(B;B,B)L_{n+1}(B).$$

Thus the groups $`\text{UNil}_n(A;A,A)`$ for any ring $`A`$ with involution acquire special importance, and we shall use the usual abbreviation

$$\text{UNil}_n(A)=\text{UNil}_n(A;A,A).$$

Cappell , ,  proved that $`\text{UNil}_{4k}()=0`$ and that $`\text{UNil}_{4k+2}()`$ is infinitely generated. Farrell  showed that for any ring $`A`$, $`4\text{UNil}_{}(A)=0`$. Connolly and Koźniewski  obtained $`\text{UNil}_{4k+2}()=_1^{\mathrm{}}_2.`$

For any ring with involution $`A`$ let $`NL_{}`$ denote the $`L`$-theoretic analogues of the nilpotent $`K`$-groups

$$NK_{}(A)=\mathrm{ker}(K_{}(A[x])K_{}(A)),$$

that is

$$NL_{}(A)=\mathrm{ker}(L_{}(A[x])L_{}(A))$$

where $`A[x]A`$ is the augmentation map $`x0`$. Ranicki \[16, 7.6\] used the geometric interpretation of $`\text{UNil}_{}(A)`$ to identify $`NL_{}(A)=\text{UNil}_{}(A)`$ in the case when $`A=[\pi ]`$ is the integral group ring of a finitely presented group $`\pi `$. The following was obtained by pure algebra :

###### Proposition 5.1.

(Connolly and Ranicki ) For any ring with involution $`A`$

$$\text{UNil}_{}(A)NL_{}(A).$$

It was further shown in  that $`\text{UNil}_1()=0`$ and $`\text{UNil}_3()`$ was computed up to extensions, thus showing it to be infinitely generated.

Connolly and Davis  related $`\text{UNil}_3()`$ to quadratic linking forms over $`[x]`$ and computed the Grothendieck group of the latter. By Proposition 5.1

$$\text{UNil}_3()\mathrm{ker}(L_3([x])L_3())=L_3([x]),$$

using the classical fact $`L_3()=0.`$ From a diagram chase one gets

$$L_3([x])\mathrm{ker}(L_0([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})L_0(,(2)^{\mathrm{}})).$$

By definition, $`L_0([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$ is the Witt group of nonsingular quadratic linking forms $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$, with $`2^nT=0`$ for some $`n1`$. Let $`([x],2)`$ be a similar Witt group, the difference being that the underlying module $`T`$ is required to satisfy $`2T=0.`$ The main results of  are

$$L_0([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})([x],2)$$

and

$$([x],2)\frac{x_4[x]}{\{2(p^2p)|px_4[x]\}}_2[x].$$

By definition, a ring $`A`$ is $`0`$-dimensional if it is hereditary and noetherian, or equivalently if every submodule of a f.g. projective $`A`$-module is f.g. projective. In particular, a Dedekind ring $`A`$ is 0-dimensional. The symmetric and hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of a 0-dimensional $`A`$ are 4-periodic

$$L^n(A)=L^{n+4}(A),\widehat{L}^n(A)=\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A).$$

###### Proposition 5.2.

(Connolly and Ranicki ) For any $`0`$-dimensional ring $`A`$ with involution

$$Q_{n+1}(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=Q_{n+1}(B^A,\beta ^A)\text{UNil}_n(A)(n).$$

###### Proof.

For any ring with involution $`A`$ the inclusion $`AA[x]`$ and the augmentation $`A[x]A;x0`$ determine a functorial splitting of the exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}L_n(A[x])L^n(A[x])\widehat{L}^n(A[x])L_{n1}(A[x])\mathrm{}$$

as a direct sum of the exact sequences

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}L_n(A)L^n(A)\widehat{L}^n(A)L_{n1}(A)\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \mathrm{}NL_n(A)NL^n(A)N\widehat{L}^n(A)NL_{n1}(A)\mathrm{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`\widehat{L}^{n+4}(A)=Q_n(B^A,\beta ^A)`$. It is proved in  that for a 0-dimensional $`A`$

$$L^n(A[x])=L^n(A),NL^n(A)=0,N\widehat{L}^{n+1}(A)=NL_n(A)=\mathrm{UNil}_n(A).$$

###### Example 5.3.

Proposition 5.2 applies to $`A=`$, so that

$$Q_{n+1}(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})=Q_{n+1}(B^{},\beta ^{})\text{UNil}_n()$$

with $`Q_{}(B^{},\beta ^{})=\widehat{L}^{}()`$ as given by Example 2.32.

### 5.2. The Computation of $`Q_{}(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ for 1-even $`A`$

We shall now compute the groups

$$\widehat{L}^n(A[x])=Q_n(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})(n(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}))$$

for a 1-even ring $`A`$. The special case $`A=`$ computes

$$\widehat{L}^n([x])=Q_n(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})=\widehat{L}^n()\mathrm{UNil}_{n1}().$$

###### Proposition 5.4.

The universal chain bundle over $`A[x]`$ is given by

$$(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\underset{i=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(C(X),\gamma (X))_{+2i}$$

with $`(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ the chain bundle over $`A[x]`$ given by the construction of (2.23) for

$$X=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& x\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x]).$$

The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups of $`(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ are

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_n(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\hfill \\ \{\begin{array}{cc}Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))=\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_2(A[x])+\{2(N+N^t)N^tXN|NM_2(A[x])\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \mathrm{im}(N_{\gamma (X)}:Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))Q^1(C(X)))=\mathrm{ker}(J_{\gamma (X)}:Q^1(C(X))\widehat{Q}^1(C(X)))\hfill & \\ =\frac{\{NM_2(A[x])|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_2(A[x]),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])\}}{2M_2(A[x])}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n=2\hfill \\ Q_1(C(X),\gamma (X))=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])}{\mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])+\{LLXL|L\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=3.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

A special case of Theorem 2.30, noting that by Proposition 2.29 $`A[x]`$ is 2-even, with $`\{1,x\}`$ an $`A_2[x]`$-module basis for $`\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x])`$. ∎

Our strategy for computing $`Q_{}(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ will be to first compute $`Q_{}(C(1),\gamma (1))`$, $`Q_{}(C(x),\gamma (x))`$ and then to compute $`Q_{}(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ for

$$(C(X),\gamma (X))=(C(1),\gamma (1))(C(x),\gamma (x))$$

using the exact sequence given by Proposition 2.8 (ii)

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{}H_{n+1}(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))\text{}Q_n(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_n(C(x),\gamma (x))\hfill \\ Q_n(C(X),\gamma (X))H_n(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))\mathrm{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The connecting maps $``$ have components

$$\begin{array}{c}(1):H_{n+1}(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C(1))Q_n(C(1),\gamma (1));\hfill \\ (f(1):C(x)^{n+1}C(1))(0,\widehat{f(1)}^\%(S^{n+1}\gamma (x))),\hfill \\ (x):H_{n+1}(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))\widehat{Q}^{n+1}(C(x))Q_n(C(x),\gamma (x));\hfill \\ (f(x):C(1)^{n+1}C(x))(0,\widehat{f(x)}^\%(S^{n+1}\gamma (1))).\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proposition 5.5.

(i) The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups

$$Q_n(C(1),\gamma (1))=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{A[x]}{2A[x]+\{aa^2|aA[x]\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ \frac{\{aA[x]|aa^22A[x]\}}{8A[x]+\{4b4b^2|bA[x]\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \frac{\{aA[x]|aa^22A[x]\}}{2A[x]}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \end{array}$$

(as given by Theorem 2.24) are such that

$$Q_n(C(1),\gamma (1))\{\begin{array}{cc}A_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ A_8A_4[x]A_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ A_2\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \end{array}$$

with isomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}f_1(1):Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))A_2[x];\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^ia_0+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j})x^{i+1},\hfill \\ f_0(1):Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))A_8A_4[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i(a_0,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j}/2)x^i,\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(a_{2k+2}/2)x^k)\hfill \\ f_1(1):Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))A_2;a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^ia_0.\hfill \end{array}$$

The connecting map components $`(1)`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}(1):H_1(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1));c(0,2c,0),\hfill \\ (1):H_0(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1));ccx.\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-groups

$$Q_n(C(x),\gamma (x))=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{A[x]}{2A[x]+\{aa^2x|aA[x]\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ \frac{\{aA[x]|aa^2x2A[x]\}}{8A[x]+\{4b4b^2x|bA[x]\}}\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ \frac{\{aA[x]|aa^2x2A[x]\}}{2A[x]}\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \end{array}$$

(as given by Theorem 2.24) are such that

$$Q_n(C(x),\gamma (x))\{\begin{array}{cc}A_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \\ A_4[x]A_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n=1\hfill \end{array}$$

with isomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}f_1(x):Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))A_2[x];a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j1})x^i\hfill \\ f_0(x):Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))A_4[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i(\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j1}/2)x^i,\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(a_{2k+1}/2)x^k).\hfill \end{array}$$

The connecting map components $`(x)`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}(x):H_1(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x));c(2c,0),\hfill \\ (x):H_0(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x));cc.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

(i) We start with $`Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))`$. A polynomial $`a(x)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^iA[x]`$ is such that $`a(x)a(x)^22A[x]`$ if and only if

$$a_{2i+1},a_{2i+2}(a_{i+1})^22A(i0),$$

if and only if $`a_k2A`$ for all $`k1`$, so that $`f_1(1)`$ is an isomorphism.
Next, we consider $`Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))`$. A polynomial $`a(x)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^iA[x]`$ is such that

$$a(x)2A[x]+\{b(x)b(x)^2|b(x)A[x]\}$$

if and only if there exist $`b_1,b_2,\mathrm{}A`$ such that

$$a_0=0,a_1=b_1,a_2=b_2b_1,a_3=b_3,a_4=b_4b_2,\mathrm{}A_2,$$

if and only if

$$a_0=\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j}=0A_2(i0)$$

(with $`b_{(2i+1)2^j}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{j}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^k}A_2`$ for any $`i,j0`$). Thus $`f_1(1)`$ is well-defined and injective. The morphism $`f_1(1)`$ is surjective, since

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^i=f_1(1)(c_0+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_{i+1}x^{2i+1})A_2[x](c_iA).$$

The map $`\widehat{Q}^1(C(1))Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^1(C(1))=A_2[x]Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))=A_8A_4[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i(4a_0,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2a_{(2i+1)2^j})x^i,0).\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`a=c^2x`$ for $`c=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^iA_2[x]`$ then

$$(4a_0,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2a_{(2i+1)2^j})x^i)=(0,2c)A_8A_4[x],$$

so that the composite

$$(1):H_1(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]\widehat{Q}^1(C(1))Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))=A_8A_4[x]_2[x]$$

is given by $`c(0,2c,0)`$.

Next, we consider $`Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))`$. A polynomial $`a(x)A2xA[x]`$ is such that

$$a(x)8A[x]+\{4(b(x)b(x)^2)|b(x)A[x]\}$$

if and only if there exist $`b_1,b_2,\mathrm{}A`$ such that

$$a_0=0,a_1=4b_1,a_2=4(b_2b_1),a_3=4b_3,a_4=4(b_4b_2),\mathrm{}A_8,$$

if and only if

$$\begin{array}{c}a_1=a_2=a_3=a_4=\mathrm{}=0A_4,\hfill \\ a_0=\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j}=0A_8(i0).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus $`f_0(1)`$ is well-defined and injective. The morphism $`f_0(1)`$ is surjective, since

$$\begin{array}{cc}(a_0,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_ix^i,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^i)\hfill & =f_0(1)(a_0+2\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_ix^{2i+1}+2\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^{2i+2})\hfill \\ & A_8A_4[x]A_2[x](a_0,b_i,c_iA).\hfill \end{array}$$

The map $`\widehat{Q}^0(C(1))Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^0(C(1))=A_2[x]Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))=A_2[x];\hfill \\ a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^ia_0+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j})x^{i+1}.\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`a=c^2x`$ for $`c=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^iA_2[x]`$ then

$$a_0+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j})x^{i+1}=cxA_2[x],$$

so that the composite

$$(1):H_0(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]\widehat{Q}^0(C(1))Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))=A_2[x]$$

is given by $`ccx`$.
(ii) We start with $`Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))`$. For any polynomial $`a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^iA[x]`$

$$aa^2x=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^{2i+1}A_2[x].$$

Now $`aa^2x2A[x]`$ if and only if the coefficients $`a_0,a_1,\mathrm{}A`$ are such that

$$a_0=a_1a_0=a_2=a_3a_1=\mathrm{}=0A_2,$$

if and only if

$$a_0=a_1=a_2=a_3=\mathrm{}=0A_2.$$

It follows that $`Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))=0`$.

Next, $`Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))`$. A polynomial $`a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^iA[x]`$ is such that

$$a2A[x]+\{bb^2x|vA[x]\}$$

if and only if there exist $`b_0,b_1,\mathrm{}A`$ such that

$$a_0=b_0,a_1=b_1b_0,a_2=b_2,a_3=b_3b_1,a_4=b_4,\mathrm{}A_2,$$

if and only if

$$\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j1}=0A_2(i0).$$

Thus $`f_1(x)`$ is well-defined and injective. The morphism $`f_1(x)`$ is surjective, since

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^i=f_1(x)(\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^{2i})A_2[x](c_iA).$$

The map $`\widehat{Q}^0(C(x))Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^0(C(x))=A_2[x]Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))=A_2[x];\hfill \\ b=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_ix^i\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{(2i+1)2^j1})x^i.\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`b=c^2`$ for $`c=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^iA_2[x]`$ then

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{(2i+1)2^j1})x^i=cA_2[x],$$

so that the composite

$$(x):H_0(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]\widehat{Q}^0(C(x))Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))=A_2[x]$$

is just the identity $`cc`$.

Next, $`Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))`$. For any $`aA[x]`$

$$a8A[x]+\{4(bb^2x)|bA[x]\}$$

if and only there exist $`b_0,b_1,\mathrm{}A`$ such that

$$a_0=4b_0,a_1=4(b_1b_0),a_2=4b_2,a_3=4(b_3b_1),\mathrm{}A_8,$$

if and only if

$$\begin{array}{c}a_0=a_1=a_2=a_3=\mathrm{}=0A_4,\hfill \\ \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j1}=0A_8(i0).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus $`f_0(x)`$ is well-defined and injective. The morphism $`f_0(x)`$ is surjective, since

$$(\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^i,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_ix^i)=f_0(x)(\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2c_ix^{2i}+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2d_ix^{2i+1})A_4[x]A_2[x](c_i,d_iA).$$

The map $`\widehat{Q}^1(C(x))Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{Q}^1(C(x))=A_2[x]Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))=A_4[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ b=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_ix^i(\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2b_{(2i+1)2^j1})x^i,0).\hfill \end{array}$$

If $`b=c^2`$ for $`c=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^iA_2[x]`$ then

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2a_{(2i+1)2^j})x^i)=2cA_4[x],$$

so that the composite

$$(x):H_1(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]\widehat{Q}^1(C(x))Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))=A_4[x]A_2[x]$$

is given by $`c(2c,0)`$. ∎

We can now prove Theorem 0.2 :

###### Theorem 5.6.

The hyperquadratic $`L`$-groups of $`A[x]`$ for a 1-even $`A`$ are given by

$$\widehat{L}^n(A[x])=Q_n(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\{\begin{array}{cc}A_8A_4[x]A_2[x]^3\hfill & \text{if }n0(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_2\hfill & \text{if }n1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ A_2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}).\hfill \end{array}$$

(i) For $`n=0`$

$$Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\frac{\{M\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])|MMXM\mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])\}}{4\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}_2(A[x])+\{2(N+N^t)4N^tXN|NM_2(A[x])\}}.$$

An element $`MQ_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ is represented by a matrix

$$M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])(a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^i,c=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_ix^iA[x])$$

with $`aa_0,b,c2A[x]`$. The isomorphism

$$Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\text{}\widehat{L}^0(A[x])=\widehat{L}^1(A[x],(2)^{\mathrm{}});M(T_M,\lambda _M,\mu _M;U_M)$$

sends $`M`$ to the Witt class of the nonsingular quadratic linking form $`(T_M,\lambda _M,\mu _M)`$ over $`(A[x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$ with a lagrangian $`U_MT_M`$ for $`(T_M,\lambda _M)`$ corresponding to the $`(1)`$-quadratic $`(2)^{\mathrm{}}`$-formation over $`A[x]`$

$$(M)=(H_{}(A[x]^4);A[x]^4,\mathrm{im}(\left(\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}I& 0\\ 2X& IXM\end{array}\right)\\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 2I\\ 2I& M\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right):A[x]^4A[x]^4A[x]^4))$$

(4.10), with

$$:Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\widehat{L}^0(A[x])L_1(A[x]);M(M).$$

The inverse isomorphism is defined by the linking Arf invariant (4.9).
Writing

$$2\mathrm{\Delta }:A_2[x]A_4[x]A_4[x];d(2d,2d)$$

there are defined isomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\text{}A_8\mathrm{coker}(2\mathrm{\Delta })A_2[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& c^{}\end{array}\right)(c^{}=cb^2)\hfill \\ (a_0,[\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j}/2)x^i,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_{(2i+1)2^j1}^{}/2)x^i],\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(a_{2k+2}/2)x^k,\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(c_{2k+1}^{}/2)x^k),\hfill \\ \mathrm{coker}(2\mathrm{\Delta })\text{}A_4[x]A_2[x];[d,e](de,d).\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular $`MQ_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ can be represented by a diagonal matrix $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& c^{}\end{array}\right)`$. (ii) For $`n=1`$

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_1(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\hfill \\ =\frac{\{NM_2(A[x])|N+N^t2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_2(A[x]),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N+N^t)N^tXN\mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])\}}{2M_2(A[x])}\hfill \end{array}$$

and there is defined an isomorphism

$$Q_1(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\text{}Q_1(B^A,\beta ^A)=A_2;N=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)a_0,$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}:Q_1(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\widehat{L}^1(A[x])=A_2L_0(A[x]);\hfill \\ a_0A[x]_A(AA,\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_0(a_01)/2& 12a_0\\ 0& 2\end{array}\right)).\hfill \end{array}$$

(iii) For $`n=2`$

$$Q_2(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=0.$$

(iv) For $`n=3`$

$$Q_3(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\frac{\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])}{\mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])+\{MMXM|M\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])\}}.$$

There is defined an isomorphism

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_3(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\text{}A_2[x];\hfill \\ M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a^{}& 0\\ 0& c^{}\end{array}\right)d_0+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_{(2i+1)2^j})x^{i+1}\hfill \\ (a^{}=ab^2x,c^{}=cb^2A[x],d=a^{}+c^{}x=a+cxA_2[x]).\hfill \end{array}$$

The isomorphism

$$Q_3(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\text{}\widehat{L}^0(A[x])=\widehat{L}^3(A[x]);M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)(K_M,\psi _M;L_M)$$

sends $`M`$ to the Witt class of the nonsingular $`(1)`$-quadratic form over $`A[x]`$

$$(K_M,\psi _M)=(A[x]^2A[x]^2,\left(\begin{array}{cc}X& 1\\ 0& M\end{array}\right))$$

with a lagrangian $`L_M=A[x]^20K_M`$ for $`(K_M,\psi _M\psi _M^{})`$ (3.8), and

$$:Q_3(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=\widehat{L}^3(A[x])L_2(A[x]);M(K_M,\psi _M).$$

In particular $`MQ_3(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ can be represented by a diagonal matrix $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& c^{}\end{array}\right)`$. The inverse isomorphism is defined by the generalized Arf invariant (3.4).

###### Proof.

Proposition 5.4 expresses $`Q_n(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$ in terms of $`2\times 2`$ matrices. We deal with the four cases separately.
(i) Let $`n=0`$. Proposition 5.5 gives an exact sequence

$$0H_1(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))\text{}Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))0$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}H_1(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]\hfill \\ Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))=(A_8A_4[x]A_2[x])(A_4[x]A_2[x]);\hfill \\ x((0,2c,0),(2c,0)\hfill \end{array}$$

so that there is defined an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{coker}()\text{}A_8\mathrm{coker}(2\mathrm{\Delta })A_2[x]A_2[x];(s,t,u,v,w)(s,[t,v],u,w).$$

We shall define an isomorphism $`Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))\mathrm{coker}()`$ by constructing a splitting map

$$Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x)).$$

An element in $`Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))`$ is represented by a symmetric matrix

$$M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])$$

such that

$$MMXM=\left(\begin{array}{cc}aa^2b^2x& babbcx\\ babbcx& cb^2c^2x\end{array}\right)\text{Quad}_2(A[x]),$$

so that

$$aa^2b^2x,cb^2c^2x2A[x].$$

Given $`a=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_ix^iA[x]`$ let

$$d=\mathrm{max}\{i0|a_i2A\}(=0\mathrm{if}a2A[x])$$

so that $`aA_2[x]`$ has degree $`d0`$,

$$(a_d)^2=a_d0A_2$$

and $`aa^2A_2[x]`$ has degree $`2d`$. Thus if $`b0A_2[x]`$ the degree of $`aa^2=b^2xA_2[x]`$ is both even and odd, so $`b2A[x]`$ and hence also $`aa^2,cc^2x2A[x]`$. It follows from $`a(1a)=0A_2[x]`$ that $`a=0`$ or $`1A_2[x]`$, so $`aa_02A[x]`$. Similarly, it follows from $`c(1cx)=0A_2[x]`$ that $`c=0A_2[x]`$, so $`c2A[x]`$. The matrices defined by

$$N=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& b/2\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)M_2(A[x]),M^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& cb^2\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])$$

are such that

$$M+2(N+N^t)4N^tXN=M^{}\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])$$

and so $`M=M^{}Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))`$. The explicit splitting map is given by

$$Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x));M=M^{}(a,cb^2).$$

The isomorphism

$$Q_0(C(X),\gamma (X))\text{}\mathrm{coker}();M(a,cb^2)$$

may now be composed with the isomorphisms given in the proof of Proposition 5.5 (i)

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_0(C(1),\gamma (1))\text{}A_8A_4[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_ix^i(d_0,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_{(2i+1)2^j}/2)x^i,\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(d_{2k+2}/2)x^k),\hfill \\ Q_0(C(x),\gamma (x))\text{}A_4[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ \underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}e_ix^i(\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}e_{(2i+1)2^j1}/2)x^i,\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(e_{2k+1}/2)x^k).\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) Let $`n=1`$. If $`N=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)M_2(A[x])`$ represents an element $`NQ_1(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})`$

$$\begin{array}{c}N+N^t=\left(\begin{array}{cc}2a& b+c\\ b+c& 2d\end{array}\right)2\mathrm{S}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}_2(A[x]),\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}(N+N^t)N^tXN=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& (b+c)/2\\ (b+c)/2& d\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}a^2+c^2x& ab+cdx\\ ab+cdx& b^2+d^2x\end{array}\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{Quad}_2(A[x])\hfill \end{array}$$

then

$$b+c,aa^2c^2x,db^2d^2x2A[x].$$

If $`d2A[x]`$ then the degree of $`dd^2x=b^2A_2[x]`$ is both even and odd, so that $`d2A[x]`$ and hence $`b,c2A[x]`$. Thus $`aa^22A[x]`$ and so (as above) $`aa_02A[x]`$. It follows that

$$Q_1(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=Q_1(B^A,\beta ^A)=A_2.$$

(iii) Let $`n=2`$. $`Q_2(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=0`$ by 5.5.
(iv) Let $`n=3`$. Proposition 5.5 gives an exact sequence

$$0H_0(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))\text{}Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))Q_3(C(X),\gamma (X))0$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}:H_0(C(1)_{A[x]}C(x))=A_2[x]\hfill \\ Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x))=A_2[x]A_2[x];c(cx,c),\hfill \end{array}$$

so that there is defined an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{coker}()\text{}A_2[x];(a,b)a+bx.$$

We shall define an isomorphism $`Q_3(C(X),\gamma (X))\mathrm{coker}()`$ by constructing a splitting map

$$Q_3(C(X),\gamma (X))Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x)).$$

For any $`M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])`$ the matrices

$$L=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& b\\ b& 0\end{array}\right),M^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}ab^2x& 0\\ 0& cb^2\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])$$

are such that

$$M^{}=M+LLXL\mathrm{Sym}_2(A[x])$$

so $`M=M^{}Q_3(C(X),\gamma (X))`$. The explicit splitting map is given by

$$Q_3(C(X),\gamma (X))Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))Q_1(C(x),\gamma (x));M=M^{}(ab^2x,cb^2).$$

The isomorphism

$$Q_3(C(X),\gamma (X))\text{}Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1));M(ab^2x)+(cb^2)x=a+cx$$

may now be composed with the isomorphism given in the proof of Proposition 5.5 (ii)

$$Q_1(C(1),\gamma (1))\text{}A_2[x];d=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_ix^id_0+\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}d_{(2i+1)2^j})x^{i+1}.$$

###### Remark 5.7.

(i) Substituting the computation of $`Q_{}(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})`$ given by Theorem 5.6 in the formula

$$Q_{n+1}(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})=Q_{n+1}(B^{},\beta ^{})\mathrm{UNil}_n()$$

recovers the computations

$$\mathrm{UNil}_n()=NL_n()=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{if }n0,1(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _2[x]\hfill & \text{if }n2(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \\ _4[x]_2[x]^3\hfill & \text{if }n3(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4})\hfill \end{array}$$

of Connolly and Ranicki  and Connolly and Davis .
(ii) The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-group

$$Q_0(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})=_8L_1([x])=_8\mathrm{UNil}_3()$$

fits into a commutative braid of exact sequences

with $`L_0([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$ (resp. $`L^0([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$) the Witt group of nonsingular quadratic (resp. symmetric) linking forms over $`([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$, and

$$L^0([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})\text{}_2;(T,\lambda )n\mathrm{if}|_{[x]}T|=2^n.$$

The twisted quadratic $`Q`$-group $`Q_0(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})`$ is thus the Witt group of nonsingular quadratic linking forms $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$ with $`|_{[x]}T|=4^m`$ for some $`m0`$. $`Q_0(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})`$ can also be regarded as the Witt group of nonsingular quadratic linking forms $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`([x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$ together with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for the symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$. The isomorphism class of any such quadruple $`(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)`$ is an element $`\varphi Q_0(B,\beta )`$. The chain bundle $`\beta `$ is classified by a chain bundle map

$$(f,\chi ):(B,\beta )(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})$$

and the Witt class is given by the linking Arf invariant

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)=(f,\chi )_\%(\varphi )Q_0(B^{[x]},\beta ^{[x]})=_8_4[x]_2[x]^3.$$

(iii) Here is an explicit procedure obtaining the generalized linking Arf invariant

$$(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=A_8A_4[x]A_2[x]^3$$

for a nonsingular quadratic linking form $`(T,\lambda ,\mu )`$ over $`(A[x],(2)^{\mathrm{}})`$ together with a lagrangian $`UT`$ for the symmetric linking form $`(T,\lambda )`$ such that $`[U]=0\stackrel{~}{K}_0(A[x])`$, for any 1-even ring $`A`$.
Use a set of $`A[x]`$-module generators $`\{g_1,g_2,\mathrm{},g_u\}U`$ to obtain a f.g. free $`A[x]`$-module resolution

$$0B_1\text{}B_0=A[x]^u\text{}U0.$$

Let $`(p_i,q_i)A_2[x]A_2[x]`$ be the unique elements such that

$$\mu (g_i)=(p_i)^2+x(q_i)^2\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x])=A_2[x](1iu),$$

and use arbitrary lifts $`(p_i,q_i)A[x]A[x]`$ to define

$$\begin{array}{c}b_i=(p_i)^2+x(q_i)^2A[x],\hfill \\ p=(p_1,p_2,\mathrm{},p_u),q=(q_1,q_2,\mathrm{},q_u)A[x]^u.\hfill \end{array}$$

The diagonal symmetric form on $`B_0`$

$$\beta =\left(\begin{array}{cccc}b_1& 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& b_2& \mathrm{}& 0\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{}& b_u\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}(B_0)$$

is such that

$$d^{}\beta d\mathrm{Quad}(B_1)\mathrm{Sym}(B_1),$$

and represents the chain bundle

$$\beta =\mu |_U\widehat{Q}^0(B^{})=\mathrm{Hom}_A(U,\widehat{H}^0(_2;A[x])).$$

The $`A[x]`$-module morphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}f_0=\left(\begin{array}{c}p\\ q\end{array}\right):B_0=A[x]^uB_0^{A[x]}=A[x]A[x];(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_u)\underset{i=1}{\overset{u}{}}a_i(p_i,q_i),\hfill \\ f_1:B_1=A[x]^uB_1^{A[x]}=A[x]A[x];a=(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_u)\frac{f_0d(a)}{2}\hfill \end{array}$$

define a chain bundle map

$$(f,0):(B,\beta )(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]}),$$

with

$$\beta _0^{A[x]}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& x\end{array}\right):B_0^{A[x]}=A[x]A[x](B_0^{A[x]})^{}=A[x]A[x].$$

The $`(2)^{\mathrm{}}`$-torsion dual of $`U`$ has f.g. free $`A[x]`$-module resolution

$$0B^0=A[x]^u\text{}B^1U\widehat{}0.$$

Lift a set of $`A[x]`$-module generators $`\{h_1,h_2,\mathrm{},h_u\}U\widehat{}`$ to obtain a basis for $`B^1`$, and hence an identification $`B^1=A[x]^u`$. Also, lift these generators to elements $`\{h_1,h_2,\mathrm{},h_u\}T`$, so that $`\{g_1,g_2,\mathrm{},g_u,h_1,h_2,\mathrm{},h_u\}T`$ is a set of $`A[x]`$-module generators such that

$$d^1=(\lambda (g_i,h_j))\frac{\mathrm{Hom}_{A[1/2][x]}(B_0[1/2],B_1[1/2])}{\mathrm{Hom}_{A[x]}(B_0,B_1)}.$$

Lift the symmetric $`u\times u`$ matrix $`(\lambda (h_i,h_j))`$ with entries in $`A[1/2][x]/A[x]`$ to a symmetric form on the f.g. free $`A[1/2][x]`$-module $`B^1[1/2]=A[1/2][x]^u`$

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=(\lambda _{ij})\mathrm{Sym}(B^1[1/2])$$

such that $`\lambda _{ii}A[1/2][x]`$ has image $`\mu (h_i)A[1/2][x]/2A[x]`$. Let $`\varphi =(\varphi _{ij})`$ be the symmetric form on $`B^0=A[x]^u`$ defined by

$$\varphi =d\mathrm{\Lambda }d^{}\mathrm{Sym}(B^0)\mathrm{Sym}(B^0[1/2]).$$

Then $`T`$ has a f.g. free $`A[x]`$-module resolution

$$0B_1B^0\text{}B^1B_0\text{}T0,$$

and

$$\varphi _{ii}\underset{j=1}{\overset{u}{}}(\varphi _{ij})^2b_j2A[x].$$

The symmetric form on $`(B_0^{A[x]})^{}=A[x]A[x]`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)=f_0\varphi f_0^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi (p,p)& \varphi (p,q)\\ \varphi (q,p)& \varphi (q,q)\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sym}((B_0^{A[x]})^{})\\ (p=(p_1,p_2,\mathrm{},p_u),q=(q_1,q_2,\mathrm{},q_u)B^0=A[x]^u)\end{array}$$

is of the type considered in the proof of Theorem 5.6 (i), with

$$aa^2=b^2x,cc^2x=b^2A_2[x],b2A[x].$$

The Witt class is

$$\begin{array}{cc}(T,\lambda ,\mu ;U)\hfill & =(f,0)_\%(\varphi )\hfill \\ & =\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& c^{}\end{array}\right)Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})(c^{}=cb^2),\hfill \end{array}$$

with isomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})\text{}A_8\mathrm{coker}(2\mathrm{\Delta })A_2[x]A_2[x];\hfill \\ \left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& c^{}\end{array}\right)(a_0,[\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{(2i+1)2^j}/2)x^i,\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_{(2i+1)2^j1}^{}/2)x^i],\hfill \\ \underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(a_{2k+2}/2)x^k,\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(c_{2k+1}^{}/2)x^k),\hfill \\ \mathrm{coker}(2\mathrm{\Delta })\text{}A_4[x]A_2[x];[m,n](mn,m),\hfill \end{array}$$

where

$$2\mathrm{\Delta }:A_2[x]A_4[x]A_4[x];m(2m,2m)$$

as in Theorem 5.6, and

$$Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})=A_8A_4[x]A_2[x]^3.$$

For Dedekind $`A`$ the splitting formula of  gives

$$\mathrm{UNil}_3(A)Q_0(B^{A[x]},\beta ^{A[x]})/A_8A_4[x]A_2[x]^3.$$