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# Biological Sequence Analysis

## 1. Introduction

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), and proteins are macromolecules which are unbranched polymers built up from smaller units. In the case of DNA these units are the 4 nucleotide residues A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine) and T (thymine) while for RNA the units are the 4 nucleotide residues A, C, G and U (uracil). For proteins the units are the 20 amino acid residues A (alanine), C (cysteine) D (aspartic acid), E (glutamic acid), F (phenylalanine), G (glycine), H (histidine), I (isoleucine), K (lysine), L (leucine), M (methionine), N (asparagine), P (proline), Q (glutamine), R (arginine), S (serine), T (threonine), V (valine), W (tryptophan) and Y (tyrosine). To a considerable extent, the chemical properties of DNA, RNA and protein molecules are encoded in the linear sequence of these basic units: their primary structure.

The use of statistics to study linear sequences of biomolecular units can be descriptive or it can be predictive. A very wide range of statistical techniques has been used in this context, and while statistical models can be extremely useful, the underlying stochastic mechanisms should never be taken literally. A model or method can break down at any time without notice. Further, biological confirmation of predictions is almost always necessary.

The statistics of biological sequences can be global or it can be local. For example, we might consider the global base composition of genomes: E. coli has 25% A, 25% C, 25% G, 25% T, while P. falciparum has 82%A+T. At the very local, the triple ATG is the near universal motif indicating the start of translation in DNA coding sequence. A major role of statistics in this context is to characterize individual sequences or classes of biological sequences using probability models, and to make use of these models to identify them against a background of other sequences. Needless to say, the models and the tools vary greatly in complexity.

Extensive use is made in biological sequence analysis of the notions of motif or domain in proteins, and site in DNA. We shall use these terms interchangeably to describe the recurring elements of interest to us. It is important to note that while we focus on the sequence characteristics of motifs, domains or sites, in practice they also embody (biochemical) structural significance.

## 2. Deterministic models

The C2H2 (cysteine-cysteine histidine-histidine) zinc-finger DNA binding domain is composed of 25-30 amino acid residues including two conserved cysteines and two conserved histidines spaced in a particular way, with some restrictions on the residues in between and nearby. Of course the arrangement reflects the three-dimensional molecular structure into which the amino-acid sequence folds, for it is the structure which has the real biochemical significance, see Figure 1, which was obtained from http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/.

An example of this motif is the 27-letter sequence known as 1ZNF, this being a Protein Data Bank identifier for the structure XFIN-31 of X. laevis. Its amino acid sequence is

```
1ZNF:  XYKCGLCERSFVEKSALSRHQRVHKNX

```

Note the presence of the two $`C`$s separated by 2 other residues, and the two $`H`$s separated by 3 other residues. Here and elsewhere, X denotes an arbitrary amino acid residue. A popular and useful summary description of C2H2 zinc fingers which clearly includes our example, is the regular expression

$$CX(2,4)CX(3)[LIVMFYWC]X(8)HX(3,5)H$$

where $`X(m)`$ denotes a sequence of $`n`$ unspecified amino acids, while $`X(m,n)`$ denotes from $`m`$ to $`n`$ such, and the brackets enclose mutually exclusive alternatives. There is a richer set of notation for regular expressions of this kind, but for our purposes it is enough to note that this representation is essentially deterministic, with uncertainty included only through mutually exclusive possibilities (e.g. length or residue) which are not otherwise distinguished.

Simple and efficient algorithms exist for searching query sequences of residues to find every instance of the regular expression above. In so doing with sequence in which all instances of the motif are known, we may identify some sub-sequences of the query sequence which are not C2H2 zinc finger DNA binding domains, i.e. which are false positives, and we may miss some sub-sequences which are C2H2 zinc fingers, i.e. which are false negatives. Thus we have essentially deterministic descriptions and search algorithms for the C2H2 motifs using regular expressions. Their performance can be described by the frequency of false positives and false negatives, equivalently, their complements, the specificity and sensitivity of the regular expression. We do not have space for an extensive bibliography, so for more on regular expressions and on most of the other concepts we introduce below, see .

## 3. Regular expressions can be limiting

Most protein binding sites are characterized by some degree of sequence specificity, but seeking a consensus DNA sequence is often an inadequate way to recognize their motifs. Simply listing the alternatives seen at a position may not be very informative, but keeping track of the frequencies with which the different alternatives appear can be very valuable. Thus position-specific nucleotide or amino acid distributions came to represent the variability in DNA or protein motif composition. This is just the set of marginal distribution of letters at each position. Rather than present an extensive tabulation of frequencies for our C2H2 zinc finger example, we present a pictorial representation: a sequence logo coming from http://blocks.fhcrc.org.

Sequence logos are scaled representation of position-specific nucleotide or amino acid distributions. The overall height at a given position is proportional to information content, which is a constant minus the entropy of the distribution at that position. The proportions of each nucleotide or amino acid at a position are in relation to their observed frequency at that position, with the most frequent on top, the next most frequent below, etc.

## 4. Profiles

It is convenient for our present purposes to define a profile as a set of position-specific distributions describing a motif. (Traditionally the term has been used for the derived scores.) How would we use a set of such distributions to search a query sequence for instances of the motif? The answer from bioinformatics is that we score the query sequence, and for suitably large scores, declare that a candidate subsequence is an instance of our motif.

There are a number of approaches for deriving profile scores, but the easiest to explain here is this: scores are log-likelihood ratio test statistics, for discriminating between a probability model $`M`$ for the motif and a model $`B`$ for the background. The model $`M`$ will be the direct product of the position-specific distributions, (i.e. the independent but not identical distribution model), while the background model $`B`$ will be the direct product of a set of relevant background frequencies (i.e. the independent and identical distribution model). Thus, if $`f_{al}`$ is the frequency of residue $`a`$ at position $`l`$ of the motif, and $`f_a`$ background frequency of the same residue, then the profile score assigned to residue $`a`$ at position $`l`$ in a possible instance of the motif will be $`s_{al}=\mathrm{log}f_{al}/f_a`$. These scores are then summed across the positions in the motif, and compared to a suitably defined threshold. Note that proper setting of the threshold requires a set of data in which all instances of the motif are known. The false positive and false negative rate could then be determined for various thresholds, and a suitable choice made.

We briefly discuss variants of the log-likelihood ratio scores. In many contexts, it will matter little whether a position is occupied by a leucine ($`L`$) rather than an isoleucine ($`I`$), as each can evolve in time to or from the other rather more readily than from other residues. Thus it might make sense to modify the scores to take this and similar evolutionary patterns into account. Indeed the first use of profiles involved scores of this kind, using the position specific amino acid distribution of an alignment of instances of the motif and entries from what are known as $`PAM`$ matrices, which embody patterns of molecular evolution. In addition, the background distribution of residues may be modelled more detailed manner, e.g. using the so-called Dirichlet mixture models.

It is also possible to include position-specific scores for insertion and deletion of residues, relative to a consensus pattern. When these are used, the scoring becomes a little more subtle, as the problem is then quite analogous to pairwise sequence alignment, but with position dependent scoring parameters for matches, mismatches, insertions and deletions.

We summarise this section by noting that probability has entered into our description through the use of frequencies, and scores based on them, but so far we do not have global statistical models, at least not ones embodying insertions and deletions, on which we base our estimation and testing. These are all part of the use of profile HMMs, but first we introduce HMMs.

## 5. Hidden Markov models

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are processes $`(S_t,O_t),t=1,\mathrm{},T`$, where $`S_t`$ is the hidden state and $`O_t`$ the observation at time $`t`$. Their probabilistic evolution is constrained by the equations

$`pr(S_t|S_{t1},O_{t1},S_{t2},O_{t2},\mathrm{})`$ $`=`$ $`pr(S_t|S_{t1}),`$
$`pr(O_t|S_{t1},O_{t1},S_{t2},O_{t2},\mathrm{})`$ $`=`$ $`pr(O_t|S_t,S_{t1}).`$
The definitions and basic facts concerning HMMs were laid out in a series of beautiful papers by L. E. Baum and colleagues around 1970, see  for references. Much of their formulation has been used almost unchanged to this day. Many variants are now used. For example, the distribution of $`O`$ may not depend on previous $`S`$, or it may also depend on previous $`O`$ values,

$`pr(O_t|S_t,S_{t1},O_{t1},\mathrm{})`$ $`=`$ $`pr(O_t|S_t),\text{or}`$
$`pr(O_t|S_t,S_{t1},O_{t1},\mathrm{})`$ $`=`$ $`pr(O_t|S_t,S_{t1},O_{t1}).`$
Most importantly for us below, the times of $`S`$ and $`O`$ may be decoupled, permitting the observation corresponding to state time $`t`$ to be a string whose length and composition depends on $`S_t`$ (and possibly $`S_{t1}`$ and part or all of the previous observations). This is called a hidden semi-Markov or generalized hidden Markov model.

Early applications of HMMs were to finance, but these were never published, to speech recognition, and to modelling ion channels. In the mid-late 1980s HMMs entered genetics and molecular biology, where they are now firmly entrenched. One of the major reasons for the success of HMMs as stochastic models is the fact that although they are substantial generalizations of Markov chains, there are elegant dynamic programming algorithms which permit full likelihood calculations in many cases of interest. Specifically, there are algorithms which permit the efficient calculation of a) $`pr(sequence|M)`$, where $`sequence`$ is a sequence of observations and $`M`$ is an HMM; b) the maximum over $`states`$ of $`pr(states|sequence,M)`$, where $`states`$ is the unobserved state sequence underlying the observation $`sequence`$; and c) the maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in M based on the observation $`sequence`$. Step c) is carried out by an iterative procedure which in the case of independent states was later termed the EM algorithm.

## 6. Profile HMMs

In a landmark paper A. Krogh, D. Haussler and co-workers introduced profile HMMs into bioinformatics. An illustrative form of their profile HMM architecture is given in Figure 3.

There we depict the underlying state space of the hidden Markov chain of a profile HMM of length 4, with $`M`$ denoting match states, $`I`$ insert states and $`D`$ delete states, while $`B`$ and $`E`$ are begin and end states, respectively. Encircled states ($`D`$, $`B`$ and $`E`$) do not emit observations, while each of the match and insert states will have position-specific observation or emission distributions. Finally, each arrow will have associated transition probabilities, with the expectation being that the horizontal transition probabilities are typically near unity. This the chain proceeds from left to right, and if it remains within match states, its output will be an amino acid sequence of length 4. Deviation to the insert or delete states will modify the output accordingly. The similarity with a direct product of a sequence of position-specific distributions should be unmistakeable. The profile HMMs in use now have considerably more features, while sharing the basic $`M,I`$ and $`D`$ architecture.

Why was the introduction of the HMM formalism such an advance? The answer is simple: it permitted the construction and application of profiles to be conducted entirely within a formal statistical framework, and that really helped. Instances of the motif embodied in an HMM could be identified by calculating $`pr(sequence|M)/pr(sequence|B)`$ as was done with profiles, using the algorithm for problem a) in X above. Instances of the motif could be aligned to the HMM by calculating the most probable state sequence giving rise to the motif sequence, in essence finding the most probable sequence of matches, insertions, deletions which align the given sequence to the others which gave rise to the HMM, cf. problem b) above. And finally, the parameters in the HMMs could be estimated from data comprising known instances of the motif by using maximum likelihood, an important step for many reasons, one being that it put insert and delete scores on precisely the same footing as match and mismatch scores. Although the estimation of HMM parameters is easiest if the example sequences are properly aligned, the EM algorithm (problem c) above) does not require aligned sequences.

In the years since the introduction of profile HMMs, they have been become the standard approach to representing motifs and protein domains. The database Pfam (http://pfam.wustl.edu) now has 3,849 hidden Markov models (May 2002) representing recognized protein or DNA domains or motifs. Profile HMMs have essentially replaced the use of regular expressions and the original profiles for searching other databases to find novel instances of a motif, for finding a motif or domain match to an input sequence, and for aligning a motif or domain to a an existing family. There is considerable evidence that the HMM-based searches are more powerful than the older profile based ones, though they are slower computationally, and at times that is an important consideration.

## 7. Finding genes in DNA sequence

Identifying genes in DNA sequence is one of the most challenging, interesting and important problems in bioinformatics today. With so many genomes being sequenced so rapidly, and the experimental verification of genes lagging far behind, it is necessary to rely on computationally derived genes in order to make immediate use of the sequence.

What is a gene? Most readers will have heard of the famous central dogma of molecular biology, in which the hereditary material of an organism resides in its genome, usually DNA, and where genes are expressed in a two-stage process: first DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence, and later a processed form of this sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence, i.e. a protein. In general the transcribed sequence is longer than the translated portion: parts called introns (intervening sequence) are removed, leaving exons (expressed sequence), of which only some are expressed, while the rest remain untranslated. The translated sequence comes in triples called codons, beginning and ending with a unique start (ATG) and one of three stop (TAA, TAG, TGA) codons. There are also characteristic intron-exon boundaries called splice donor and acceptor sites, and a variety of other motifs: promoters, transcription start sites, polyA sites, branching sites, and so on.

All of the foregoing have statistical characterizations, and in principle they can all help identify genes in long otherwise unannotated DNA sequence segments. To get an idea of the magnitude of the task with the human genome, consider the following facts about human gene sequences : the coding regions comprise about 1.5% of the entire genome; the average gene length is about 27,000 bp (base pair); the average total coding region is 1,340 bp; and the average intron length is about 3,300 bp. Further, only about 8% of genes have a single exon. We see that the information in human genes is very dispersed along the genome, and that in general the parts of primary interest, the coding exons, are a relatively small fraction of the gene, on average about $`\frac{1}{20}`$.

## 8. Generalized HMMs for finding genes

The HMMs which are effective in finding genes are the generalized HMMs (GHMMs) described in section 5. above. Space does not permit our giving an adequate description here, so we simply outline the architecture of Genscan  one of the most widely used human genefinders. States represent the gene features we mentioned above: exon, intron, and of course intergenic region, and a variety of other features (promotor, untranslated region, polyA site, and so on. Output observations embody state-dependent nucleotide composition, dependence, and specific signal features (such as stop codons). In a GHMM the state duration needs to be modelled, as well as two other important features of genes in DNA: the reading frame, which corresponds to the triples along the mRNA sequence which are sequentially translated, and the strand, as DNA is double stranded, and genes can be on either strand, i.e. they can point in either direction. These features can be seen in Figure 4, which was kindly supplied by Lior Pachter.

The output of a GHMM genefinder after processing a genomic segment is broadly similar to that from a profile HMM after processing an amino acid sequence: the most probable state sequence given an observation sequence is a best gene annotation of that sequence, and a variety of probabilities can be calculated to indicate the support in the observation sequence for various specific gene features.

## 9. Comparative sequence analysis using HMMs

The large number of sequenced genomes now available, and the observation that functionally important regions are evolutionarily conserved, has led to efforts to incorporate conservation into the models and methods of biological sequence analysis. Pair HMMs were introduced in  as a way of including alignment problems under the HMM framework, and recently  they were combined with GHMMs (forming GPHMMs) to carry out alignment and genefinding with homologous segments of the mouse and human genomes. Use of the program SLAM on the whole mouse genome (http://bio.math.berkeley.edu/slam/mouse/) demonstrated the value of GPHMMs in this context.

## 10. Challenges in biological sequence analysis

The first challenge is to understand the biology well enough to begin biological sequence analysis. This part will frequently involve collaborations with biologists. With HMMs, GHMMs and GPHMMs, designing the underlying architecture, and carrying out the modelling for the components parts, e.g. for splice sites in genefinding GHMM is perhaps the next major challenge. Undoubtedly the hardest and most important task of all is the implementation: coding up the algorithms and making it all work with error-prone and incomplete sequence data. Finally, it is usually a real challenge to find good data sets for calibrating and evaluating the algorithms, and for carrying out studies of competing algorithms.

For a recent example of this process, which is a model of its kind, see . There an HMM is presented for the so-called $`\sigma ^A`$ recognition sites, which involve two DNA motifs separated by a variable number of base pairs. In addition to the examples mentioned so far, there are many more HMMs in the bioinformatics literature, see p. 79 of  for ones published before 1998.

## 11. Closing remarks

In this short survey of biological sequence analysis, I have simply touched on some of the major ideas. A much more comprehensive treatment of material covered here can be found in the book , whose title not coincidentally is the same as that of this paper. Many important ideas from biological sequence analysis have not been mentioned here, including molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference, and the use of stochastic context-free grammars, a form of generalization of HMMs suited to the analysis of RNA sequence data.

At this Congress I have talked (and am now writing) on the research of others, in an area in which my own contributions have been negligible. I chose to do so upon being honoured by the invitation to speak at this Congress because I believe this topic – HMMs – to be one of the great success stories of applying mathematics to bioinformatics. In my view it is the one most worthy of a wider mathematical audience. I hope that the fact that there are many others better suited than me to speak on this topic will not prevent readers from appreciating it and following it up through the bibliography.

I owe what understanding I have of this field to collaborations and discussions with a number of people, and I would like to acknowledge them here. Firstly, Tony Wirth, Simon Cawley and Mauro Delorenzi, with whom I have worked on HHMMs. Next, it has been an honour and pleasure to observe from close by the development of SLAM, by Simon Cawley, Lior Pachter and Marina Alexandersson. Finally I’d like to thank Xiaoyue Zhou and Ken Simpson for their kind help to me when I was preparing my talk and this paper.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The recent research efforts and developments in string theory in the last years were focused on the understanding of string/gauge duality and especially AdS/CFT correspondence. AdS/CFT correspondence is based on the conjecture that type II B string theory in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background with large number of fluxes turned on $`S^5`$ is dual to four dimensional $`𝒩=4`$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM). Actually this is the best studied case where the spectrum of a state of string theory on $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ corresponds to the spectrum of single trace operators in the gauge theory. The great interest in AdS/CFT correspondence is inspired by the simple reason that it can be used to make predictions about $`𝒩=4`$ SYM at strong coupling.

Until recently this conjecture has been mostly investigated in the so called zero mode approximation. In this case it was found that the supergravity modes on $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ are in one to one correspondence with the chiral operators in the gauge theory. However, this restriction means that the radius of the curvature is large and all $`\alpha ^{}R`$ corrections are negligible ($`R`$ is the radius of $`AdS`$). Although important, these considerations are not enough to verify the correspondence in its full extent and to extract useful information about the gauge theory at strong coupling. It is important therefore to go beyond the supergravity limit and to consider at least $`\alpha ^{}R`$ correction.

The recent progress in string propagation in pp-wave background attracted much interest . This background possesses at least two very attractive features: it is maximally supersymmetric and at the tree level Green-Schwarz superstring is exactly solvable . Since this background can be obtained by taking the Penrose limit  of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ geometry, the next natural step then is to ask about AdS/CFT correspondence in these geometries. In a remarkable paper, Berenstein, Maldacena and Nastase (BMN)  have been able to connect the tree level string theory and the dual SYM theory in a beautiful way. Starting from the gauge theory side, BMN have been able to identify particular string states with gauge invariant operators with large R-charge $`J`$, relating the energy of the string states to the dimension of the operators. It has been shown that these identifications are consistent with all planar contributions  and non-planar diagrams for large $`J`$ .

Although this is a very important development, it describes however only one particular corner of the full range of gauge invariant operators in SYM corresponding to large $`J`$. It is desirable therefore to extend these results to wider class of operators. Some ideas about the extension of AdS/CFT correspondence beyond the supergravity approximation were actually suggested by Polyakov  but until recently they wasn’t quite explored.

In an important recent development, Gubser, Klebanov and Polyakov  (GKP) suggested another way of going beyond the supergravity approximation. The main idea is to consider a particular configuration of closed string in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background executing a highly symmetric motion. The theory of a generic string in this background is highly non-linear, but semiclassical treatment will ensure the existence of globally conserved quantum numbers. AdS/CFT correspondence will allow us to relate these quantum numbers to the dimensions of particular gauge invariant operators in SYM. Gubser, Klebanov and Polyakov investigated three examples:

a) rotating “string soliton” on $`S^5`$ stretched along the radial direction $`\rho `$ of AdS part. This case represents string states carrying large R-charge and GKP have been able to reproduce the results obtained from string theory in pp-wave backgrounds .

b) rotating “string soliton” on $`AdS_5`$ stretched along the radial direction $`\rho `$. This motion represents string states carrying spin $`S`$. The corresponding gauge invariant operators suggested in  are important for deep inelastic scattering amplitudes as discussed in .

c) strings spinning on $`S^5`$ and stretched along an angular direction at $`\rho =0`$.

All these states represent highly excited string states and since the analysis is semiclassical, the spin $`S`$ is assumed quantized. Shortly after , interesting generalizations appeared. In  a more general solution which includes the above cases was investigated. Beside the solution interpolating between the cases considered by GKP, the authors of  have been able to find a general formula relating the energy $`E`$, spin $`S`$ and the R-charge $`J`$. In  a more general solution interpolating between all the above cases was suggested. Further progress has been made for the case of black hole $`AdS`$ geometry  and confining AdS/CFT backgrounds . The study of the operators with large R-charge and twist two have been initiated in . Further interesting developments of this approach can be found also in . We would note also the solution for circular configurations suggested in . The string soliton in this case can be interpreted as a pulsating string. Further developments exploring this approach to the problem can be found also in .

From the preceding discussion it is clear that the extension of the semiclassical analysis to wider class of moving strings in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background is highly desirable. The purpose of this note is to consider a more general sigma model of closed strings moving in the above background. One of the possibilities is to include closed string with antisymmetric B-field turned on. There are several known backgrounds that are solutions to the string equations. One of them is so called Pilch-Warner (PW) geometry . We will consider the case of rotating strings in PW geometry and will analyze the relation between the conserved quantum numbers in the theory - in our case the energy $`E`$ and the spin $`S`$. We found that, for the configurations we investigated, the relations between the energy and the spin are the same as in the case of rotating strings in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background. The presence of the non-trivial NS-NS two-form field manifests itself in considerations of the fluctuation modes defining the quantum corrections to the conserved quantities.

The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we present a brief review of rotating “string soliton” in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background. In Section 3, we give a short description of Pilch-Warner geometry and its basic properties, as well as we briefly comment on the dual conformal theory. Next, in analogy with , we find the relation between the energy $`E`$ and spin $`S`$. After that,we study the quadratic fluctuations around the classical solutions and give explicit calculations of the quantum corrections to the anomalous dimensions. We conclude with summary and comparison of our results with those of taking Penrose limit and discuss some further directions of development. To make the presentation more selfcontained we review the Penrose limit of Pilch-Warner geometry in Appendix A.

## 2 Rotating strings in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$

In this section we will review the semiclassical analysis of rotating strings  following mainly .

The idea is to consider rotating and boosted closed “string soliton” stretched in particular directions of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background. The general form of the non-linear sigma model Lagrangian (bosonic part) can be written as:

$$_B=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{g}g^{\alpha \beta }\left[G_{ab}^{(AdS_5)}_\alpha X^a_\beta X^b+G_{nm}^{(S^5)}_\alpha X^n_\beta X^m\right]$$
(2.1)
The supergravity solutions of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ in global coordinates has the form:

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2=cosh^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2+sinh^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_{S^3}^2+d\psi _1^2\hfill \\ \hfill +cos^2\psi _1\left(d\psi _2^2+cos^2\psi _2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{S}^3}^2\right)\end{array}$$
(2.2)
where,

$`d\mathrm{\Omega }_{S^3}^2=d\beta _1^2+cos^2\beta _1\left(d\beta _2^2+cos^2\beta _2d\beta _3^2\right)`$ (2.3)
$`d\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{S}^3}^2=d\psi _3^2+cos^2\psi _3\left(d\psi _4^2+cos^2\psi _4d\psi _5^2\right)`$ (2.4)
(we have incorporated $`R^2`$ factor in the overall constant multiplying the action, i.e. $`1/\alpha R^2/\alpha `$). Looking for solutions with conserved energy and angular momentum, we assume that the motion is executed along $`\widehat{\varphi }=\beta _3`$ direction on $`AdS_5`$ and $`\theta =\psi _5`$ direction on $`S^5`$. Solution for closed string folded onto itself can be found by making the following ansatz:

$`t=\kappa \tau ;`$ $`\widehat{\varphi }=\omega \tau ;`$ $`\theta =\nu \tau `$ (2.5)
$`\rho =\rho (\sigma );`$ $`\beta _1=\beta _2=0;`$ $`\psi _i=0(i=1,\mathrm{},4)`$
where $`\omega ,\kappa `$ and $`\nu `$ are constants.

We note that one can always use the reparametrization invariance of the worldsheet to set the time coordinate of space-time $`t`$ proportional to the worldsheet proper time $`\tau `$. This means that our rod-like string is rotating with constant angular velocity in the corresponding spherical parts of $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$.

Using the ansatz (2.5) and the Lagrangian (2.1) one can easily find the classical string equations, which in this case actually reduces to the following equation for $`\rho (\sigma )`$:

$$\frac{d^2\rho }{d\sigma ^2}=\left(\kappa ^2\omega ^2\right)cosh\rho sinh\rho $$
(2.6)
and the Virasoro constraints take the form:

$$\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=\kappa ^2cosh^2\rho \omega ^2sinh^2\rho \nu ^2.$$
(2.7)
One can obtain also the induced metric which turns out to be conformally flat as expected:

$$g_{\alpha \beta }=\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\eta _{\alpha \beta },$$
(2.8)
where prime on $`\rho `$ denotes derivative with respect to $`\sigma `$. It is straightforward to obtain the constants of motion of the theory under consideration333We follow the notations of  and :

$`E=\sqrt{\lambda }{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2\pi }{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{_B}{\dot{t}}}\right)=\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa {\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2\pi }{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }}cosh^2\rho `$ (2.9)
$`S=\sqrt{\lambda }{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2\pi }{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{_B}{\dot{\widehat{\varphi }}}}\right)=\sqrt{\lambda }\omega {\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2\pi }{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }}sinh^2\rho `$ (2.10)
$`J=\sqrt{\lambda }{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{2\pi }{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{_B}{\dot{\theta }}}\right)=\sqrt{\lambda }\nu `$ (2.11)
where we denoted $`R^2/\alpha ^{}`$ as $`\sqrt{\lambda }`$. An immediate but important relation following from (2.9) and (2.10) connect $`E`$ and $`S`$:

$$E=\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa +\frac{\kappa }{\omega }S$$
(2.12)
Assuming that $`\rho (\sigma )`$ has a turning point at $`\pi /2`$ and using the periodicity condition444Since the closed string is folded onto itself $`\rho (\sigma )=\rho (\sigma +\pi )`$., one can relate the three free parameters $`\kappa ,\omega `$ and $`\nu `$ as follows:

$$coth^2\rho _0=\frac{\omega ^2\nu ^2}{\kappa ^2\nu ^2}=1+\eta $$
(2.13)
where $`\rho _0`$ is the maximal value of $`\rho (\sigma )`$. A new parameter $`\eta `$ introduced in (2.13) is useful for studying the limiting cases of short strings ($`\eta `$ large) and long strings ($`\eta `$ small). Using the constraint (2.7), the following expressions for the periodicity condition and the constants of motion can be found:

$`\sqrt{\kappa ^2\nu ^2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\eta }}}F({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},1;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}),`$ (2.14)
$`E={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa }{\sqrt{\kappa ^2\nu ^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\eta }}}F({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},1;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}),`$ (2.15)
$`S={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }\omega }{\sqrt{\kappa ^2\nu ^2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\eta ^{3/2}}}F({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},2;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}),`$ (2.16)
where $`F(\alpha ,\beta ;\gamma ;z)`$ is the hypergeometric function.

In the case of short strings $`1/\eta `$ is very small. Straightforward approximations lead to the relation between the energy $`=E/\sqrt{\lambda }`$ and the spin $`𝒮=S/\sqrt{\lambda }`$:

$$\sqrt{\nu ^2+\frac{2𝒮}{\sqrt{1+\nu ^2}}}+\frac{\sqrt{\nu ^2+\frac{2𝒮}{\sqrt{1+\nu ^2}}}}{\sqrt{1+\nu ^2+\frac{2𝒮}{\sqrt{1+\nu ^2}}}}𝒮$$
(2.18)
One can study several limiting cases. The simplest one is when $`\nu <<1`$ and therefore $`𝒮<<1`$. In this case

$$E^2J^2+2\sqrt{\lambda }S$$

which can be interpreted as a string moving in flat space along a circle with angular momentum $`J`$ and rotating in a plane with spin $`S`$.

The second case is when the boost energy is much smaller than the rotational energy: $`\nu ^2<<𝒮`$. The expression (2.18) then reduces to the flat space Regge trajectory :

$$\sqrt{2𝒮}+\frac{\nu }{2\sqrt{2𝒮}}$$
(2.19)
The last and most interesting case is when the boost energy is large, i.e. $`\nu >>1`$. In this case one can find:

$$EJ+S+\frac{\lambda S}{2J^2}+\mathrm{}$$
(2.20)
which coincides with the leading order terms of BMN formula:

$$E=J+\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\sqrt{1+\frac{\lambda n^2}{J^2}}N_n+𝒪\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}\right)$$
(2.21)
Similar analysis can be done in the case of long strings. In this case very interesting relations between the constants of motion were found. We give below the results of

a) when $`\nu <<ln\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}/\eta `$

$$ES+\frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{\pi }ln\left(S/\sqrt{\lambda }\right)+\frac{\pi J^2}{2\sqrt{\lambda }ln\left(S/\sqrt{\lambda }\right)}$$

b) when $`\nu >>ln\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}/\eta `$

$$ES+J+\frac{\lambda }{2\pi ^2J}ln^2\left(S/J\right)$$

We conclude this section by noting that more general solutions can be obtained by taking $`\psi _1=\psi _1(\sigma )`$ . In this case the solutions interpolate smoothly between the cases described above.

We note that the same approach have been applied to the case of $`M`$-theory with $`G_2`$ holonomy  where the logarithmic dependence of the energy on the spin $`J`$ for certain configurations was reproduced.

## 3 Rotating strings in Pilch-Warner geometry

In this Section we apply the ideology developed in the previous Section to the case of Pilch-Warner geometry. First we briefly review the form and the properties of the geometry and its gauge dual theory. Next we consider rotating closed strings in this geometry and fluctuations around particular classical configurations. We compute also the quantum corrections to the energy and other conserved quantities.

### 3.1 Basic facts about Pilch-Warner geometry

In this subsection we will review the basic facts about Pilch-Warner geometry. We discuss briefly also on the dual conformal theory.

The so called Pilch-Warner geometry is obtained in  as a solution of five-dimensional $`𝒩=8`$ gauged supergravity lifted to ten dimensions. This geometry interpolates between the standard maximally supersymmetric $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ in the ultraviolet (UV) critical point and warped $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ times squashed five-sphere in the IR. In this paper we will restrict ourself to the IR critical point. An interesting feature on the gravity side is that it preserves $`1/8`$ supersymmetry everywhere while at IR fixed point it is enhanced to $`1/4`$. On the SYM side the IR fixed point corresponds to large $`N`$ limit of the superconformal $`𝒩=1`$ theory of Leigh-Strassler .

To begin with, we discuss first the form of the metric describing so called Pilch-Warner geometry. It is warped $`AdS_5`$ space times squashed $`S^5`$ given by555We use the notations of .:

$$ds^2=\frac{X^{1/2}\mathrm{cosh}\chi }{\rho }\left(e^{2A}ds^2(𝕄^4)+dr^2\right)+ds_5^2,$$
(3.1)
$$\begin{array}{c}ds_5^2=L_0^2\frac{X^{1/2}sech\chi }{\rho ^3}[d\theta ^2+\frac{\rho ^6\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }{X}(\sigma _1^2+\sigma _2^2)\hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{\rho ^{12}\mathrm{sin}^2(2\theta )}{4X^2}\left(\sigma _3+\frac{(2\rho ^6)}{2\rho ^6}d\varphi \right)^2\\ \hfill +\frac{\rho ^6\mathrm{cosh}^2\chi }{16X^2}(3\mathrm{cos}(2\theta ))^2(d\varphi +\frac{4\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }{3\mathrm{cos}(2\theta )}\sigma _3)^2],\end{array}$$
(3.2)
where we used

$$X(r,\theta )=\mathrm{cos}^2\theta +\rho ^6\mathrm{sin}^2\theta .$$

and the left-invariant $`SU(2)`$ one-forms $`\sigma _i`$ are given in (3.7) below. The global isometries of the metric can be readily read off from (3.2) and it is $`SU(2)\times U(1)_\beta \times U(1)_\varphi `$ taught only a certain combinations of $`\beta `$ and $`\varphi `$ is preserved by the two-form fields. The IR is described by $`r\mathrm{}`$ which means the following IR limit for the fields:

$$\chi 2/\sqrt{3};\rho 2^{1/6};A(r)\frac{2^{5/3}r}{3L_0}$$

All these together gives in global coordinates:

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2(IR)=\frac{3\sqrt{3}L_0^2}{8}\sqrt{3\mathrm{cos}2\theta }\left(cosh^2\rho d\tau ^2+d\rho ^2+sinh^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2\right)\hfill \\ \hfill +ds_5^2(IR),\end{array}$$
(3.3)
$$\begin{array}{c}ds_5^2(IR)=\frac{\sqrt{3}L_0^2}{4}\sqrt{3\mathrm{cos}2\theta }[d\theta ^2+\frac{4\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }{3\mathrm{cos}2\theta }(\sigma _1^2+\sigma _2^2)\hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{4\mathrm{sin}^2(2\theta )}{(3\mathrm{cos}2\theta )^2}\sigma _3^2+\frac{2}{3}(d\varphi +\frac{4\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }{3\mathrm{cos}(2\theta )}\sigma _3)^2],\end{array}$$
(3.4)
This geometry is supported by the following five- and two-form fields:

$`F_5(IR)=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{2^{1/3}}{L_0}}(1+)ϵ(𝔼^4)dr,`$ (3.5)
$`A_2(IR)=`$ $`Ae^{2i\varphi }{\displaystyle \frac{L_0^2\mathrm{cos}\theta }{2}}\left(d\theta {\displaystyle \frac{2i\mathrm{sin}2\theta }{3\mathrm{cos}2\theta }}\sigma _3\right)(\sigma _1+i\sigma _2),`$ (3.6)
where the left invariant $`SU(2)`$ one-forms are given by

$`\sigma _1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathrm{sin}\beta d\alpha \mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{cos}\beta d\gamma \right)`$
$`\sigma _2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\mathrm{cos}\beta d\alpha +\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\beta d\gamma \right)`$ (3.7)
$`\sigma _3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(d\beta +\mathrm{cos}\alpha d\gamma \right)`$
normalized by $`d\sigma _i=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon _{ijk}d\sigma _jd\sigma _k`$666Note that our normalization is that employed in  with the corresponding numerical coefficients in the metric (3.4) (cf. ref.).. The three-form field strength is $`G_3=dA_2=F_3+iH_3`$.

Pilch-Warner geometry actually represents ”holographic renormalization group flow” from $`𝒩=4`$ Yang-Mills theory in UV to Leigh-Strassler theory in the $`𝒩=1`$ IR fixed point by a deformation of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ background. In the dual gauge theory, the $`SU(2)`$ doublet parametrized by

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}u^1\\ u^2\end{array}\right)=e^{i\varphi /2}\mathrm{cos}\theta g\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right),`$ $`u^3=e^{i\varphi }\mathrm{sin}\theta `$
$`g=\left(\begin{array}{cc}v^1& \overline{v}^2\\ v^2& \overline{v}^1\end{array}\right)SU(2)`$
corresponds to two massless chiral superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^2`$ while the singlet corresponds to a massive superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }^3`$. The relevant $`𝒩=1`$ deformation of $`𝒩=4`$ SYM is define by the modified superpotential

$$U=gtr\mathrm{\Phi }^3[\mathrm{\Phi }^1,\mathrm{\Phi }^2]+\frac{1}{2}mtr(\mathrm{\Phi }^3)^2.$$

The $``$-symmetry in this case is a direct product of $`SU(2)`$ acting on $`\mathrm{\Phi }^1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^2`$, and $`U(1)_R`$. The $`U(1)_R`$ charges for the superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{1,2,3}`$ ensuring long distance conformal dynamics are correspondingly $`(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1)`$ (for more details see  and references therein). In the next subsection we will study the AdS/CFT correspondence beyond the supergravity limit.

### 3.2 Rotating strings in Pilch-Warner geometry

In this subsection we develop semiclassical analysis of a closed string in Pilch-Warner geometry (2.3). First of all we will consider classical solutions of closed string and their conserved quantities such as energy, $``$-charge and spin. To start with, let us consider an ansatz for the embedding coordinates representing string configuration of folded string executing symmetric motion in the space-time defined in (3.4).

The classical configuration we will study is realized by the following ansatz:

$`t=\kappa \tau ;`$ $`\beta _3=\omega \tau ;`$ $`\beta _{i3}=0;`$
$`\rho =\rho (\sigma )=\rho (\sigma +2\pi );`$ $`\theta =0;`$ $`\alpha =0;`$ (3.8)
$`\varphi =\varphi (\tau );`$ $`\beta =\beta (\tau );`$ $`\gamma =\gamma (\tau ).`$
It is straightforward exercise to check that the above ansatz solves the string equations of motion providing

$$\ddot{\beta }+\ddot{\gamma }+\ddot{\varphi }=0$$
(3.9)
We assume that the ”string soliton” defined in (3.8) is rotating in $`\beta ,\gamma `$ and $`\varphi `$ directions with777We note that with the choice (3.8) the metric gets degenerated and the three degrees of freedom $`\beta ,\gamma `$ and $`\varphi `$ are replaced by one: $`\psi =\beta +\gamma +\varphi `$. The same happens in the case of taking Penrose limit in .:

$`\beta =c_\beta \tau ,`$ $`\gamma =c_\gamma \tau ,`$ $`\varphi =c_\varphi \tau `$
$`\nu \stackrel{def}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(c_\beta +c_\gamma +c_\varphi ),`$ $`\psi \stackrel{def}{=}\beta +\gamma +\varphi `$ (3.10)
With the choice (3.8) and (3.10) the bosonic part of the Lagrangian becomes:

$$_B=\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2}}L_0^2\left(\kappa ^2cosh^2\rho +\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\omega ^2sinh^2\rho \nu ^2\right)$$
(3.11)
From (3.11) it is obvious that the equations of motion for $`\rho (\sigma )`$ and the Virasoro constraints have formally the same form as in the case of rotating strings in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ considered in the previous Section:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2\rho }{d\sigma ^2}}=\left(\kappa ^2\omega ^2\right)cosh\rho sinh\rho `$
$`\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=\kappa ^2cosh^2\rho \omega ^2sinh^2\rho \nu ^2.`$ (3.12)
Therefore, all the conclusions concerning the classical values of the conserved quantities including the limiting cases of short and long strings remain unchanged (up to numerical coefficients). This is because for the chosen configuration the CS term vanishes and the Lagrangian takes formally the same form. The difference from the case studied in Sec 1. is that in our case we can have different momenta along the angles $`\varphi ,\beta ,\gamma `$ which will correspond to different operators in SYM. We should note that the famous logarithmic dependence for long strings also take place but it is not a priori obvious that there will be no higher power logarithmic terms coming from the quantum corrections888The absence of higher powers of logarithmic corrections in the case of rotating strings in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ is discussed in .. We will return to this question in the Concluding section.

It is worth to note that for point-like string the Lagrangian becomes

$$_B=\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2}}L_0^2\left(\dot{\tau }^2+\dot{\psi }^2\right)$$
(3.13)
and the result should be compared with those of taking Penrose limit  (see the discussion in the Concluding section and the Appendix).

### 3.3 Quadratic fluctuations

In this Section we study the quadratic fluctuations around the classical solutions of previous subsection. The aim is to find the leading quantum corrections to the energy spectrum which determines the anomalous dimensions in SYM.

A standard method for studying small fluctuations around $`\overline{X}^\mu `$ is the use of Riemann normal coordinates developed in . We start with the sigma model string action:

$$S=\frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}d^2\sigma \left\{\sqrt{g}g^{\alpha \beta }G_{\mu \nu }_\alpha X^\mu _\beta X^\nu +\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }B_{\mu \nu }_\alpha X^\mu _bX^\nu \right\}.$$
(3.14)
The small fluctuations around $`\overline{X}^\mu `$ generates the following transformations for the entries of (3.14) (see for instance )

$`_\alpha X^\mu =_\alpha \overline{X}^\mu +D_\alpha \xi ^\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}R_{\lambda \kappa \nu }^\mu \xi ^\lambda \xi ^\kappa _\alpha \overline{X}^\nu +\mathrm{}`$
$`G_{\mu \nu }(X)=G_{\mu \nu }(\overline{X}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}R_{\mu \rho \nu \kappa }\xi ^\rho \xi ^\kappa +\mathrm{}`$
$`B_{\mu \nu }(X)=B_{\mu \nu }(\overline{X})+D_\rho B_{\mu \nu }(\overline{X})\xi ^\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}D_\lambda D_\rho B_{\mu \nu }(\overline{X})\xi ^\lambda \xi ^\rho `$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}R_{\rho \mu \kappa }^\lambda (\overline{X})B_{\lambda \nu }(\overline{X})\xi ^\rho \xi ^\kappa +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}R_{\rho \nu \kappa }^\lambda B_{\lambda \mu }(\overline{X})\xi ^\rho \xi ^\kappa +\mathrm{},`$
where

$$D_\alpha \xi ^\mu =_\alpha \xi ^\mu +\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\lambda \nu }^\mu \xi ^\lambda _\alpha \overline{X}^\nu ,$$

and $`R_{\nu \rho \lambda }^\mu `$ is the usual Riemann tensor for the ambient space. The quadratic part can be easily extracted from (3.14)

$$S^{(2)}=S_G^{(2)}+S_B^{(2)},$$

where

$`S_G^{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle d^2\sigma \sqrt{g}g^{\alpha \beta }\left[G_{\mu \nu }(\overline{X})D_\alpha \xi ^\mu D_\beta \xi ^\nu +A_{\mu \nu ;\alpha \beta }\xi ^\mu \xi ^\nu \right]}`$ (3.15)
$`S_B^{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle d^2\sigma \epsilon ^{\alpha \beta }\left[_\alpha \overline{X}^\delta H_{\delta \mu \nu }\xi ^\nu D_\beta \xi ^\mu +\frac{1}{2}D_\lambda H_{\delta \mu \nu }\xi ^\lambda \xi ^\delta _\alpha \overline{X}^\mu _\beta \overline{X}^\nu \right]}.`$ (3.16)
In (3.15) $`A_{\mu \nu ;\alpha \beta }`$ is defined as999The expressions for the AdS part of the metric are analogous to those in  for the open superstring. In our case there are additional contributions from the squashed sphere.:

$$A_{\mu \nu ;\alpha \beta }=R_{\mu \delta \nu \kappa }(\overline{X})_\alpha \overline{X}^\delta _\beta \overline{X}^\kappa .$$
(3.17)
It is convenient to rewrite $`S_G^{(2)}`$ in Lorentz frame

$$S_G^{(2)}=\frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}d^2\sigma \sqrt{g}\left[g^{\alpha \beta }\eta _{AB}𝒟_\alpha \xi ^A𝒟_\beta \xi ^B+\left(g^{\alpha \beta }R_{ACBD}Y_\alpha ^CY_\beta ^D\right)\xi ^A\xi ^B\right],$$
(3.18)
where

$`𝒟_\alpha \xi ^A=_a\xi ^A+\omega _\alpha ^{AB}\xi ^B`$ (3.19)
$`Y_\alpha ^A=E_\mu ^A_\alpha \overline{X}^\mu .`$
In (3.19) the coefficients of the projected spin connection are

$`\omega _{B\mu }^A=E_\nu ^A\left(_\mu E_B^\nu +\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu \lambda }^\nu E_B^\lambda \right)`$
$`\omega _\alpha ^{AB}=\omega _\mu ^{AB}_\alpha \overline{X}^\mu .`$
Now we have to apply the above general scheme to the case of Pilch-Warner geometry (3.3-3.6) and string configuration (3.8), (3.10). It is tedious but straightforward to calculate the components of the projected spin connection for our concrete configuration and the result is given as follows101010We will use indices with tilde for $`S_5`$ part and without tilde for AdS part. The same will be applied to Lorentz indices denoted by numbers.

a) for $`AdS`$ part

$$\omega _{\overline{0}}^{01}=\kappa sinh\rho ;\omega _{\overline{0}}^{14}=\omega cosh\rho .$$
(3.20)
b) for $`S_5`$ part

$$\omega _{\overline{0}}^{\stackrel{~}{0}\stackrel{~}{3}}=\frac{1}{3}\left(4c_\varphi +c_\beta +c_\gamma \right);\omega _{\overline{0}}^{\stackrel{~}{4}\stackrel{~}{2}}=\frac{1}{3}\left(2c_\varphi +2c_\beta c_\gamma \right).$$
(3.21)
The mass terms can be computed by using the following expressions

a) for $`AdS`$ part

$$\frac{3\sqrt{6}}{8}L_0^2R_{ACBD}=\eta _{AB}\eta _{CD}+\eta _{AD}\eta _{CB}.$$
(3.22)
b) for $`S_5`$ part, after projection on $`\theta =\alpha =0`$, the only non-vanishing components are

$`R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\varphi \stackrel{~}{\nu }\varphi }\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\beta \stackrel{~}{\nu }\beta }\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\gamma \stackrel{~}{\nu }\gamma }\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=`$
$`R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\varphi \stackrel{~}{\nu }\beta }\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\varphi \stackrel{~}{\nu }\gamma }\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\beta \stackrel{~}{\nu }\gamma }\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }},`$ (3.23)
with

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }\varphi \stackrel{~}{\nu }\varphi }e_A^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}e_B^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=\frac{13}{9}\left[\delta _A^{\stackrel{~}{0}}\delta _B^{\stackrel{~}{0}}+\delta _A^{\stackrel{~}{3}}\delta _B^{\stackrel{~}{3}}\right]+\frac{4}{9}\left[\delta _A^{\stackrel{~}{2}}\delta _B^{\stackrel{~}{2}}+\delta _A^{\stackrel{~}{4}}\delta _B^{\stackrel{~}{4}}\right].$$
(3.24)
We will use the above expressions to write the Lagrangian describing fluctuations in $`S_5`$ part.

c) for the non-vanishing mixed terms $`R_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }\nu \stackrel{~}{\nu }}`$, $`\mu ,\nu AdS`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mu },\stackrel{~}{\nu }S_5`$ we find only two non-vanishing terms

$`R_{t\stackrel{~}{\mu }t\stackrel{~}{\nu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}={\displaystyle \frac{3\sqrt{6}L_0^2}{16}}cosh^2\rho \left[\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{0}}^2+\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{3}}^2\right]`$
$`R_{\beta _3\stackrel{~}{\mu }\beta _3\stackrel{~}{\nu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}\xi ^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}={\displaystyle \frac{3\sqrt{6}L_0^2}{16}}sinh^2\rho \left[\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{0}}^2+\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{3}}^2\right].`$ (3.25)
The final form of $`_B`$ describing quadratic fluctuations in Lorentz frame is

$$_B=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}(c_\varphi +c_\beta +c_\gamma )(_1\zeta ^{\stackrel{~}{0}},_1\zeta ^{\stackrel{~}{3}})\widehat{A}(\delta \frac{\pi }{2})\left(\begin{array}{c}\zeta ^{\stackrel{~}{4}}\\ \zeta ^{\stackrel{~}{2}}\end{array}\right),$$
(3.26)
where $`\delta =2\varphi +\beta +\chi `$ and $`\widehat{A}SU(2)`$ is

$$\widehat{A}(\delta \frac{\pi }{2})=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}(\delta \frac{\pi }{2})& \mathrm{sin}(\delta \frac{\pi }{2})\\ \mathrm{sin}(\delta \frac{\pi }{2})& \mathrm{cos}(\delta \frac{\pi }{2})\end{array}\right).$$
(3.27)
We find for the Lagrangian describing fluctuating modes in $`AdS`$ part the expression

$$\begin{array}{c}_{AdS}=_\alpha \stackrel{~}{t}^\alpha \stackrel{~}{t}+_\alpha \stackrel{~}{\rho }^\alpha \stackrel{~}{\rho }+_\alpha \stackrel{~}{\varphi }^\alpha \stackrel{~}{\varphi }+_\alpha \stackrel{~}{\beta }_i^\alpha \stackrel{~}{\beta }_im_t^2\stackrel{~}{t}^2+m_\rho ^2\stackrel{~}{\rho }^2+m_\beta ^2\stackrel{~}{\beta }_i^2\hfill \\ \hfill +4\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\kappa sinh\overline{\rho }_0\stackrel{~}{t}\omega cosh\overline{\rho }_0\stackrel{~}{\varphi }),\end{array}$$
(3.28)
with

$`\stackrel{~}{t}=\zeta ^0,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }=\zeta ^1,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }_2=\zeta ^3`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\zeta ^4,`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }_1=\zeta ^2`$ (3.29)
$`m_t^2=2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+\nu ^2\kappa ^2,`$ $`m_\varphi ^2=2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+\nu ^2\omega ^2`$
$`m_\rho ^2=2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+2\nu ^2\kappa ^2\omega ^2,`$ $`m_\beta ^2=2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+\nu ^2.`$ (3.30)
Let us turn now to the quadratic fluctuations in $`S_5`$ part. By making use of (3.24) we find for $`_{S_5}`$ the following expression:

$`_{S_5}=`$ $`\left[_0\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{5}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(4c_\varphi +c_\beta +c_\gamma )\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{3}}\right]^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[_0\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(4c_\varphi +c_\beta +c_\gamma )\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{5}}\right]^2`$
$`\left[_0\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(2c_\varphi +2c_\beta c_\gamma )\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{4}}\right]^2\left[_0\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(2c_\varphi +2c_\beta c_\gamma )\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{2}}\right]^2`$
$`(_0\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{1}})^2+(_1\zeta _a)^2+\nu ^2\left[\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{2}}^2+\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{4}}^2\right]+({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\overline{\rho ^{}}+4\nu ^2)\left[\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{5}}^2+\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{3}}^2\right].`$ (3.31)
To diagonalize the terms in the square brackets we perform the following rotations

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{5}}\\ \zeta _{\stackrel{~}{3}}\end{array}\right)=\widehat{A}(\frac{4c_\varphi +c_\beta +c_\gamma }{3}\tau )\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}\\ \stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}\end{array}\right),$$
(3.32)
$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\zeta _{\stackrel{~}{4}}\\ \zeta _{\stackrel{~}{2}}\end{array}\right)=\widehat{A}(\frac{2c_\varphi +2c_\beta c_\gamma }{3}\tau )\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}\\ \stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}\end{array}\right),$$
(3.33)
which leaves the rest of $`_{S_5}`$ unchanged. The final from is given by

$$_{S_5}=_\alpha \stackrel{~}{\zeta }_a^\alpha \stackrel{~}{\zeta }_a+(4M^2+\frac{3}{2}\overline{\rho ^{}}^2)\left[\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}^2+\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}^2\right]+M^2\left[\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}^2+\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}^2\right],$$
(3.34)
where we defined

$$M^2=\nu ^2=\frac{4}{9}(c_\varphi +c_\beta +c_\gamma )^2.$$
(3.35)
The transformations (3.32),(3.33) however affect $`_B`$ since B-field is coupled to $`S_5`$ part. Choosing the arbitrary constant $`\chi =\pi /2`$ as in , the expression for $`_B`$ actually simplifies

$$_B=2\sqrt{3}M\left[_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}\right].$$
(3.36)
Adding (3.36) to $`_{S_5}`$, we find for quadratic fluctuations in $`S_5`$ part the expression

$$\begin{array}{c}_{S_5}^{tot}=_\alpha \stackrel{~}{\zeta }^A^\alpha \stackrel{~}{\zeta }^A+M^2\left[\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}^2+\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}^2\right]+(4M^2+\frac{3}{2}\overline{\rho ^{}}^2)\left[\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}^2+\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}^2\right]\hfill \\ \hfill +2\sqrt{3}M\left(\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}\right).\end{array}$$
(3.37)
It is straightforward now to write the equations of motion:

a) for $`S_5`$ part

$`^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{1}}=0`$
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}M^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}+\sqrt{3}M_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}=0`$
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}(4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\overline{\rho ^{}}^2)\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{3}}\sqrt{3}M_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{2}}=0`$
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}M^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}\sqrt{3}M_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}=0`$ (3.38)
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}(4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\overline{\rho ^{}}^2)\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{5}}+\sqrt{3}M_1\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_{\stackrel{~}{4}}=0`$
b) for $`AdS`$ part

$`^2\stackrel{~}{t}(2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+\nu ^2\kappa ^2)\stackrel{~}{t}+2\kappa sinh\overline{\rho }_0\stackrel{~}{\rho }=0`$
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\rho }(2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+2\nu ^2\kappa ^2\omega ^2)\stackrel{~}{\rho }2(\kappa sinh\overline{\rho }_0\stackrel{~}{t}\omega cosh\overline{\rho }_0\stackrel{~}{\varphi })=0`$
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+\nu ^2\omega ^2)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }2\omega cosh\overline{\rho }_0\stackrel{~}{\rho }=0`$
$`^2\stackrel{~}{\beta }_i(2\overline{\rho ^{}}^2+\nu ^2)\stackrel{~}{\beta }_i=0.`$ (3.39)
Now we are in a position to calculate the contribution of the massive modes to the classical energy. To do that we will use the approximations in the two limiting cases – short and long strings. The problem is that in eqs. (3.38) and (3.39) the mass terms contain $`\sigma `$-dependent part through $`\overline{\rho }^{}`$ which can be accounted for by using long and short string approximations.

Let us consider first the case of short strings. In this case an approximate solution for $`\overline{\rho ^{}}^2(\sigma )`$ is

$$\overline{\rho ^{}}^2\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma }{\eta }$$

It is clear that the contribution from $`\overline{\rho ^{}}^2`$ is very small ($`\eta `$ is very large) and it can be replaced by its average $`<\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma >=1/2`$ and the mass terms containing $`\overline{\rho ^{}}^2`$ will be corrected by terms $`1/2\eta `$. The analysis of the contributions from $`AdS_5`$ part follows as in . The contribution of $`\beta `$-fields can be calculated by solving the corresponding eigenvalue problem and the solution is given by

$`\beta _i={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\beta _n^i\mathrm{exp}(i\omega _n+in\sigma )`$
$`\omega _n^2n^2+\nu ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}`$ (3.40)
Due to the choice $`t=\kappa \tau `$ the space-time energy is proportional to the worldsheet one and we can write

a) for small $`\nu `$, $`\nu ^2𝒮1`$

$$E\sqrt{\lambda }\left(\sqrt{2𝒮}+\frac{\nu ^2}{2\sqrt{2𝒮}}\right)+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2𝒮}}\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(1\frac{\nu ^2}{4𝒮n^2}+\frac{𝒮}{n^2}\right)|n|N_n+\mathrm{}$$
(3.41)
b) for $`\nu 1`$

$$E\lambda \left(\nu +𝒮+\frac{𝒮}{2\nu ^2}\right)+\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(1+\frac{n^2}{2\nu ^2}\frac{n^2𝒮}{\nu ^5}\right)N_n+\mathrm{}$$
(3.42)
Taking into account that $`2\overline{\rho ^{}}^21/\eta `$, $`\kappa ^2\nu ^21/\eta `$ and $`\omega ^2\kappa ^21`$ the equations for $`t`$-fluctuations becomes trivial, $`^2t=0`$ while the frequencies for $`\rho `$ and $`\phi `$ are

$$\begin{array}{c}(\omega _n^\pm )^2=n^21+\frac{1}{2}[4\omega ^2(1+\frac{1}{4\eta })^2\frac{1}{\eta }\pm \hfill \\ \hfill \sqrt{[4\omega ^2(1+\frac{1}{4\eta })^2\frac{1}{\eta }]^2+16\omega ^2(1+\frac{1}{4\eta })^2(n^21)}],\end{array}$$
(3.43)
where $`\omega ^21+1/\eta +\nu ^2`$. Let us turn now to the more involving $`S^5`$ part. The mode expansion $`\zeta ^{\stackrel{~}{i}}=_n\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{i}}\mathrm{exp}(i\omega _n+in\sigma )`$ and the approximation $`\overline{\rho ^{}}^21/(2\eta )`$ gives the following equations

$`\left[\omega _n^2+n^2+M^2\right]\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{2}}in\sqrt{3}M\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{3}}=0`$
$`\left[\omega _n^2+n^2+4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4\eta }}\right]\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{3}}+in\sqrt{3}M\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{2}}=0`$
$`\left[\omega _n^2+n^2+M^2\right]\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{4}}+in\sqrt{3}M\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{5}}=0`$ (3.44)
$`\left[\omega _n^2+n^2+4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4\eta }}\right]\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{5}}in\sqrt{3}M\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{\stackrel{~}{4}}=0,`$
where $`M^2=\nu ^2`$. The solutions for the frequencies are

$`(\omega _n^\pm )^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[5M^2+2n^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4\eta }}\pm \sqrt{12n^2M^2+9(M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\eta }})^2}\right],`$
$`\omega _0^+=\sqrt{4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4\eta }}},\omega _0^{}=M.`$ (3.45)
We find for the mode expansion of the fluctuations the expressions

$$\begin{array}{c}\zeta ^A(\tau ,\sigma )=\mathrm{cos}\sqrt{4M^2+\frac{3}{4\eta }}\tau \zeta _0^A+\frac{\alpha ^{}}{\sqrt{4M^2+\frac{3}{4\eta }}}\mathrm{sin}\sqrt{4M^2+\frac{3}{4\eta }}\tau p_0^A\hfill \\ \hfill +i\sqrt{\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}\underset{n0}{}[\frac{1}{\omega _n^+}(\zeta _n^Ae^{in\sigma }+\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^Ae^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^+\tau }\\ \hfill +\frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}(\zeta _n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma }+\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau }]\end{array}$$
(3.46)
$$\begin{array}{c}\zeta ^{A+2}(\tau ,\sigma )=\mathrm{cos}M\tau \zeta _0^{A+2}+\frac{\alpha ^{}}{M}\mathrm{sin}M\tau p_0^{A+2}\hfill \\ \hfill +i\sqrt{\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}\underset{n0}{}[\frac{c_n^+}{\omega _n^+}(\zeta _n^Ae^{in\sigma }\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^Ae^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^+\tau }\\ \hfill +\frac{c_n^{}}{\omega _n^{}}(\zeta _n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma }\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau }]\end{array}$$
(3.47)
where

$$c_n^\pm =\frac{i}{2n\sqrt{3}M}\left(3M\frac{3}{4\eta }\pm \sqrt{12n^2M^2+(3M^2+\frac{3}{4\eta })^2}\right);c_n^+c_n^{}=1.$$
(3.48)
To write the Hamiltonian in canonical form we must first normalize the oscillators so that they satisfy the canonical oscillator algebra. This can be achieved by rescaling the oscillators as follows

$`\zeta _n^A=\sqrt{\omega _n^+{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^{}}{c_n^{}c_n^+}}}\widehat{\zeta }_n^A;`$ $`\zeta _n^A=\sqrt{\omega _n^+{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^{}}{c_n^{}c_n^+}}}\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_n^A`$
$`\zeta _n^{A+2}=\sqrt{\omega _n^{}{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^+}{c_n^+c_n^{}}}}\widehat{\zeta }_n^{A+2};`$ $`\zeta _n^{A+2}=\sqrt{\omega _n^{}{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^+}{c_n^+c_n^{}}}}\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_n^{A+2}`$ (3.49)
and similarly for $`\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^A`$. We also redefine the zero modes as

$`\widehat{\zeta }_0^A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4m^2+\frac{3}{4\eta })^{\frac{1}{4}}}}\left(\alpha ^{}p_0^A\sqrt{4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4\eta }}}\zeta _0^A\right)`$
$`\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_0^A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4m^2+\frac{3}{4\eta })^{\frac{1}{4}}}}\left(\alpha ^{}p_0^A+\sqrt{4M^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4\eta }}}\zeta _0^A\right)`$
$`\widehat{\zeta }_0^{A+2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}M}}}\left(\alpha ^{}p_0^AM\zeta _0^{A+2}\right)`$
$`\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_0^{A+2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}M}}}\left(\alpha ^{}p_0^{A+2}+M\zeta _0^A\right)`$ (3.50)
The commutation relations for this oscillator basis are

$$[\widehat{\zeta }_0^A,\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_0^B]=\delta ^{AB};[\widehat{\zeta }_n^A,\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_m^B]=\delta _{nm}\delta ^{AB},$$
(3.51)
and the Hamiltonian takes the standard form

$$\begin{array}{c}H=E+\sqrt{4M^2+\frac{3}{4\eta }}\underset{A=1,2}{}N_0^{(A)}+M\underset{A=3,4}{}N_0^{(A)}\hfill \\ \hfill +\underset{n>0}{}\left[\omega _n^+N_n^{(A)}+\omega _n^{}N_n^{(A+2)}\right].\end{array}$$
(3.52)
The occupation number operators are defined as usually by

$$N_n^{(A)}=\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_n^A\widehat{\zeta }_n^A+\overline{\stackrel{~}{\zeta }}_n^A\stackrel{~}{\zeta }_n^A;N_0^{(A)}=\overline{\widehat{\zeta }}_0^A\widehat{\zeta }_0^A.$$
(3.53)
It is straightforward now to expand the frequencies by making use that $`1/\eta `$ is small. Since $`1/\eta 2𝒮/\sqrt{\nu ^2+1}`$, the expansion of (3.45) can be written as

$$\omega _n^\pm \omega _n^{(0)\pm }+\frac{3}{8}\left[1\pm \frac{3\nu ^2}{\sqrt{12n^2\nu ^2+9\nu ^4}}\right]\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\nu ^2}}\frac{𝒮}{\omega _n^{(0)\pm }},$$
(3.54)
where

$$\omega _n^{(0)\pm }=sign(n)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[5\nu ^2+2n^2\pm \sqrt{12n^2\nu ^2+9\nu ^4}\right]^{1/2}.$$
(3.55)
In the case of $`\nu >>1`$ we get

$`\omega _n^+=2\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{n^2}{2\nu }}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8\nu ^2}}𝒮`$ $`\omega _n^{}=\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{n^4}{3\nu ^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n^2}{4\nu ^4}}𝒮`$
$`\omega _0^+=2\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8\nu ^2}}𝒮`$ $`\omega _0^{}=\nu .`$ (3.56)
When $`\nu <<1`$ the result is

$`\omega _n^\pm =n\left(1\pm {\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\nu }{|n|}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8n}}𝒮`$
$`\omega _0^+=\left(2{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}𝒮\right)\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8\nu }}𝒮,\omega _0^{}=\nu .`$ (3.57)
We note that 2d energy is related to the space-time energy by multiplicative factor $`\sqrt{\kappa }`$ where $`\kappa ^21/\eta +\nu ^2`$.

The case of long string can be treated analogously. The only difference comes from the approximation of the $`\sigma `$-dependent term entering the masses.

Since $`\eta `$ is very small, the situations is more tricky and the only nontrivial Virasoro constraint is

$`\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ $`=(\kappa ^2\nu ^2)\left[1\eta sinh^2\rho \right]`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(\kappa ^2\nu ^2)}{2}}\left[2+\eta \eta cosh2\rho \right].`$ (3.58)
One can integrate the equation (3.58) explicitly and the result is

$$2\sqrt{\kappa ^2\nu ^2}\sigma =\left[F(\mathrm{arcsin}\sqrt{\frac{2+\eta \eta cosh\rho }{2}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\eta }})K\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\eta }}\right)\right],$$
(3.59)
where $`F(\phi ,k)`$ is the incomplete elliptic integral of first kind and $`K(k)`$ is the complete elliptic integral of first kind, $`F(\pi /2,k)`$. Since $`\eta `$ is small one can expand around $`k1`$. After long but straightforward calculations one can find the following leading in $`1/\eta `$ term for $`sinh^2\rho `$ ($`0\sigma <\pi /2`$)

$$sinh^2\rho \eta ^{\frac{2\sigma }{\pi }}.$$

The substitution in $`\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ gives

$$\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=(\kappa ^2\nu ^2)\left(1\eta sinh^2\rho \right)(\kappa ^2\nu ^2)\left(1\eta ^{\frac{\pi 2\sigma }{\pi }}\right).$$
(3.60)
Taking into account that for long string

$$\kappa ^2\nu ^2\frac{1}{\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}^2\frac{1}{\eta },$$

we get

$`\rho _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^2}}\mathrm{log}^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^2}}\eta ^{\frac{\pi 2\sigma }{\pi }}\mathrm{log}^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^2}}\mathrm{log}^2\eta ,`$ (3.61)
where in the second line we used that $`\eta ^ϵ\mathrm{log}^2\frac{1}{\eta }`$, ($`ϵ>0`$) vanishes when $`\eta 0`$ and $`\mathrm{log}^21/\eta =\mathrm{log}^2\eta `$.

We note that the masses in this case are extremely heavy, but one can still evaluate the quantum corrections to the energy $`E`$. Repeating the steps in the analysis of short strings we find for the Hamiltonian

$$\begin{array}{c}H=E+\sqrt{4M^2+\frac{3}{2\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}^2\eta }\underset{A=1,2}{}N_0^{(A)}+M\underset{A=3,4}{}N_0^{(A)}\hfill \\ \hfill +\underset{n>0}{}\left[\omega _n^+N_n^{(A)}+\omega _n^{}N_n^{(A+2)}\right],\end{array}$$
(3.62)
where the frequencies are given by

$$\begin{array}{c}(\omega _n^\pm )^2=\frac{1}{2}[5M^2+2n^2+\frac{3}{2\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}^2\eta \hfill \\ \hfill \pm \sqrt{12n^2M^2+9(M^2+\frac{1}{2\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}^2\eta )^2}]\end{array}$$
(3.63)
$$\omega _0^+=\sqrt{4M^2+\frac{3}{2\pi ^2}\mathrm{log}^2\eta },\omega _0^{}=M.$$
(3.64)
For long strings we can also expand the low frequencies in two limiting cases. When $`\nu ^2<<(1/\pi ^2)\mathrm{log}^21/\eta `$ we have $`1/\eta \pi 𝒮/2`$ and the expressions for the low frequencies becomes

$`\omega _n^+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{log}𝒮+2\pi \nu ^2\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{log}𝒮}}+(3n^24\nu ^2){\displaystyle \frac{2^{1/2}\pi ^3\nu ^2}{3^{3/2}\mathrm{log}^3𝒮}}`$
$`\omega _n^{}\nu \left(1{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2n^2}{\mathrm{log}^2𝒮}}\right)`$ (3.65)
$`\omega _0^+\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}𝒮}{\pi }}+2\nu ^2\pi \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{log}𝒮}}4{\displaystyle \frac{2^{1/2}\pi ^3\nu ^4}{3^{3/2}\mathrm{log}^3𝒮}},\omega _0^{}=\nu .`$
Analogous expansion for low frequencies can be applied also in the other limiting case – $`\nu ^2>>(1/\pi ^2)\mathrm{log}^21/\eta `$. To the leading order we find

$`\omega _n^+2\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{3\mathrm{log}^2(2𝒮/\nu )+4n^2\pi ^2}{8\pi ^2\nu }},`$
$`\omega _n^{}\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{n^2[3\mathrm{log}^2(2𝒮/\nu )+2n^2\pi ^2]}{12\pi ^2\nu ^3}},`$ (3.66)
$`\omega _0^+2\nu +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8\pi ^2\nu }}\mathrm{log}^2(2𝒮/\nu ),\omega _0^{}=\nu `$
We note that in the case of long strings the multiplicative factor relating world-sheet and space-time energy is given by $`\kappa ^2\nu ^2+(1/\pi ^2)\mathrm{log}^21/\eta `$.

## 4 Conclusions

In this paper we considered the semiclassical rotating string in Pilch-Warner background. For the classical configuration we considered we found expression for the classical energy and the corresponding quantum corrections in the case of short and long strings. The classical analysis for our configuration follows closely that in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ case and we found the same qualitative picture. This is because for our configuration Chern-Simons term vanishes and the string do not feel the presence of the non-trivial B-field. In the case of short string we recovered to the leading order the familiar Regge behavior and gave explicit expression for the classical energy. In the case of long strings we obtained the famous logarithmic dependence of the energy in $`𝒮`$.

In Section 3 the quantum fluctuations around our classical string configuration is considered. We calculated the quantum corrections to the energy in the two limiting cases – short and long strings. The presence of B-field now significantly affects the solutions because it couples the fluctuation modes in $`S^5`$ part in a nontrivial way. We calculated the frequencies that enters the 2d Hamiltonian for various cases of short and long strings.

Although it is well known that expanding near null geodesic one gets quadratic action that is the same as the full string action in the corresponding plane wave geometry obtained by Penrose limit, certainly it is interesting to compare our results with those obtained by taking pp-wave limit 111111We thank A. Tseytlin for comments on this point.. To do that, we consider the following special case:

$$\omega =\kappa =\nu .$$
(4.1)
For this choice of the parameters all the fields in AdS part becomes massless (see (3.12) and (3.30))

$$m_t^2=m_\rho ^2=m_\varphi ^2=0.$$
(4.2)
To diagonalize the last term in (3.28) we perform a boost defined by

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=cosh\overline{\rho }\varphi sinh\overline{\rho }t`$
$`\stackrel{~}{t}=cosh\overline{\rho }tsinh\overline{\rho }\varphi .`$ (4.3)
The boost (4.3) combined with the $`SO(2)`$ rotation

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\widehat{\rho }\\ \widehat{\varphi }\end{array}\right)=\widehat{A}(\nu \tau )\left(\begin{array}{c}\rho \\ \stackrel{~}{\varphi }\end{array}\right),$$
(4.4)
brings the Lagrangian to the form

$$_{AdS}=_\alpha \stackrel{~}{t}^\alpha \stackrel{~}{t}+_\alpha \widehat{\varphi }^\alpha \widehat{\rho }+_\alpha \beta _i^\alpha \beta _i+\nu ^2\left[\widehat{\rho }^2+\widehat{\varphi }^2+\beta _1^2+\beta _2^2\right].$$
(4.5)
To keep the notations close to those in  we rename the fields as follows

$`t=Z,`$ $`\widehat{\rho }=X_6,`$ $`\beta _2=X_8`$
$`\widehat{\varphi }=X_5,`$ $`\beta _1=X_7,`$ (4.6)
and the Lagrangian in these notations becomes

$$_{AdS}=_\alpha Z^\alpha Z+_\alpha X^p^\alpha X^p+M^2X^p,$$
(4.7)
where we used that $`\nu =M`$ and $`p=5,6,7,8`$.

The resulting equations of motion for AdS part are

$`^2Z=0`$
$`^2X^pM^2X^p=0.`$ (4.8)
To compare with the case of pp-wave limit we simply choose point-like string configuration $`\rho =\rho _0`$ with $`\rho ^{}=0`$ (which, for our choice of parameters (4.1), follows from (3.12) and (3.30) and therefore $`\rho `$ is $`\sigma `$-independent). The complete set of equations (3.38) and (4.8) reduces to those given in the Appendix, see (A.9).121212See also . The analysis then proceeds as in the Appendix with the corresponding corrections to the anomalous dimensions of the operators in SYM. Therefore, we can conclude that point-like string limit of our semiclassical rotating string configuration in PW geometry reproduces the results obtained by taking pp-wave limit of the corresponding supersting theory.

To conclude, we note that the considerations in this paper were restricted to the bosonic sector of the theory. It would be interesting to proceed with the analysis of the fermionic part, the supersymmetry and more detailed analysis of AdS/CFT correspondence. We hope to return to this point in the near future.

Acknowledgements: R.R. would like to thank A. Tseytlin for comments and critically reading the draft of the paper. This work has been supported in part by an operating grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

## Appendix A Appendix: Penrose limit of Pilch-Warner geometry

In this Appendix we review the results of  about Penrose limit of Pilch-Warner geometry at the IR fixed point and resulting superstring theory.

Let us consider geodesics for which $`\theta =\alpha =0`$ leading to the Lagrangian:

$$=\left(\dot{\tau }^2+\frac{4}{9}\stackrel{~}{\psi }^2\right)$$
(A.1)
where131313We note that $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ differs from our $`\psi `$ defined in Section 3. In this appendix we use the notations of .

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }=\varphi +\beta +\gamma .$$

The light-cone coordinates which brings the metric into Brinkmann form after Penrose limit are defined as;

$$u=\frac{1}{2E}\left(\tau +\frac{2}{3}\stackrel{~}{\psi }\right);v=EL^2\mathrm{\Omega }_0^2\left(\tau \frac{2}{3}\stackrel{~}{\psi }\right)$$
(A.2)
where $`E`$ stands for the conserved energy associated with the Killing vector $`_\tau `$. The conserved quantity associated with the other Killing vector $`_\psi `$ is the angular momentum $`J`$($`=3/2E`$). Penrose limit means that $`L\mathrm{}`$ should be taken and the fact that we consider geodesics for $`\rho =\theta =\alpha =0`$ means that they should be also scaled in appropriate way:

$$\rho =\frac{r}{L},\theta =\frac{y}{L},\alpha =\frac{w}{L}.$$
(A.3)
Defining the angular coordinates $`\widehat{\varphi }`$ and $`\widehat{\gamma }`$ as

$$\widehat{\varphi }=\varphi \frac{1}{3}\psi ,\widehat{\gamma }=\gamma \frac{2}{3}\psi ,$$
(A.4)
Penrose limit reduce the metric to the form:

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2=2dx^+dx^{}E^2\left(r^2+w^2+4y^2\right)dx_{}^{+}{}_{}{}^{2}+dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+dy^2\hfill \\ \hfill +y^2d\widehat{\varphi }^2+dw^2+w^2d\widehat{\gamma }^2.\end{array}$$
(A.5)
The form fields then becomes

$`F_5=`$ $`E(1+)dx^+ϵ(𝔼^4)`$
$`G_3=`$ $`\sqrt{3}Ee^\beta dx^+(dyiy^2d\widehat{\varphi })(dwiw^2d\widehat{\gamma }).`$ (A.6)
The bosonic part of the action with B-field turned on in directions $`i=1,\mathrm{}4`$ becomes:

$$\begin{array}{c}H_B=\frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}d^2\xi \{\sqrt{g}g_{ab}(2_aX^+_bX^{}+A_{ij}X^iX^j_aX^+_bX^+\hfill \\ \hfill +_aX^i_bX^i)\sqrt{3}E\epsilon ^{ab}(X^1_aX^+_bX^3X^2_aX^+_bX^4)\}\end{array}$$
(A.7)
where

$$A_{ij}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 4\end{array}\right)$$
(A.8)
The standard light-cone gauge $`X^{}=\alpha ^{}p^+\tau +const`$ follows from the equations of motion for $`X^{}`$ while the other equations of motion are

$`^2X^14M^2X^1+\sqrt{3}M_\sigma X^3=0`$
$`^2X^24M^2X^2\sqrt{3}M_\sigma X^4=0`$
$`^2X^3M^2X^1\sqrt{3}M_\sigma X^1=0`$ (A.9)
$`^2X^4M^2X^1+\sqrt{3}M_\sigma X^2=0`$
$`^2X^pM^2X^p=0,`$
where $`M=E\alpha ^{}p^+`$ and the index $`p`$ stands for the directions unaffected by $`B_2`$.

Using the Virasoro constraints ($`T_{ab}=0`$) the action (A.7) can be brought to the form

$$\begin{array}{c}S_B=\frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}d^2\xi \{2\alpha ^{}p^+_\tau X^+(\alpha ^{}p^+)^2A_{ij}X^iX^j+\eta ^{ab}_aX^i_bX^i\hfill \\ \hfill 2\sqrt{3}M(X^1_\sigma X^2X^2_\sigma X^4)\}.\end{array}$$
(A.10)
Substituting the standard Fourier expansion for $`X^i`$

$$X^i(\tau \sigma )=\underset{i}{}C_n^ie^{i(\omega _n+n\sigma )}$$

and assuming periodic boundary conditions we get the following solutions to the equations of motion

$$\begin{array}{c}X^p(\tau \sigma )=\mathrm{cos}M\tau x_0^p+\frac{\alpha ^{}}{M}\mathrm{sin}M\tau p_0^p\hfill \\ \hfill +i\sqrt{\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}\underset{i0}{}\frac{1}{\omega _n}\left(\alpha _n^pe^{in\sigma }+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^pe^{in\sigma }\right)e^{i\omega _n\tau }\end{array}$$
(A.11)
where:

$$\omega _{\pm n}=\pm \sqrt{n^2+M^2},(\alpha _n^p)^{}=\alpha _n^p,(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p)^{}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p$$
(A.12)
with

$$[x_0^p,x_0^q]=\delta ^{pq},[\alpha _n^p,\alpha _m^q]=[\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_m^q]=\delta _{n+m,0}^{pq}.$$

The solutions in $`p`$-directions are

$$\begin{array}{c}X^A(\tau ,\sigma )=\mathrm{cos}2M\tau x_0^A+\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2M}\mathrm{sin}2M\tau p_0^A\hfill \\ \hfill +i\sqrt{\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}\underset{n0}{}[\frac{1}{\omega _n^+}(\beta _n^Ae^{in\sigma }+\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^Ae^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^+\tau }\\ \hfill +\frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}(\gamma _n^Ae^{in\sigma }+\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^Ae^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau }]\end{array}$$
(A.13)
$$\begin{array}{c}X^{A+2}(\tau ,\sigma )=\mathrm{cos}2M\tau x_0^{A+2}+\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2M}\mathrm{sin}2M\tau p_0^{A+2}\hfill \\ \hfill +i\sqrt{\frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}\underset{n0}{}[\frac{c_n^+}{\omega _n^+}(\beta _n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma }\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^+\tau }\\ \hfill +\frac{c_n^{}}{\omega _n^{}}(\gamma _n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma }\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^{A+2}e^{in\sigma })e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau }]\end{array}$$
(A.14)
where $`A=1,2`$ and

$`(\omega _n^\pm )^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(2n^2+5M^2\pm \sqrt{12n^2M^2+9M^4}\right)`$
$`c_n^\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\sqrt{3}nM}}\left(3M^2\pm \sqrt{12n^2M^2+9M^4}\right);c_n^+c_n^{}=1.`$ (A.15)
The Hermitian conjugation and commutation relations are

$`(\beta _n^A)^{}=\beta _n^a,(\gamma _n^A)^{}=\gamma _n^a,(\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^A)^{}=\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^a,(\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^A)^{}=\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^a,`$
$`[x_0^A,x_0^B]_{PB}=[x_0^{A+2},x_0^{B+2}]_{PB}=\delta ^{AB}`$
$`[\beta _m^A,\beta _n^B]_{PB}=[\stackrel{~}{\beta }_m^A,\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^B]_{PB}=i\omega _m^+{\displaystyle \frac{c_m^{}}{c_m^{}c_m^+}}\delta _{n+m,0}\delta ^{AB}`$
$`[\gamma _m^a,\gamma _n^B]_{PB}=[\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m^A,\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^B]_{PB}=i\omega _m^{}{\displaystyle \frac{c_m^+}{c_m^+c_m^{}}}\delta _{n+m,0}\delta ^{AB}`$ (A.16)
The Virasoro constraints imposes $`N=\stackrel{~}{N}`$ with

$`N={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}n\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}\alpha _n^p\alpha _n^p+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^+}}(1c_{n}^{+}{}_{}{}^{2})\beta _n^A\beta _n^A+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}(1c_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})\gamma _n^A\gamma _n^A\right]`$
$`\stackrel{~}{N}={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}n\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^+}}(1c_{n}^{+}{}_{}{}^{2})\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^A\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^A+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}(1c_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^A\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^A\right]`$ (A.17)
The Hamiltonian of the theory then becomes

$$\begin{array}{c}H_B=\frac{1}{2\alpha ^{}}\left[\alpha _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}p_0^ip_o^i+4M^2\underset{i=1,2}{}x_0^ix_0^i+M^2\underset{i=3}{\overset{8}{}}x_0^ix_0^i\right]\hfill \\ \hfill +\frac{1}{2}\underset{n0}{}[\alpha _n^p\alpha _n^p+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^p+(1c_{n}^{+}{}_{}{}^{2})(\beta _n^a\beta _n^a+\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^a\stackrel{~}{\beta }_n^a)\\ \hfill +(1c_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})(\gamma _n^a\gamma _n^a+\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^a\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_n^a)]\end{array}$$
(A.18)
The quantization of the theory should be performed by replacing the Poisson brackets with commutators of the canonically normalized oscillators

$`\alpha _n^p=\sqrt{\omega _n}a_n^p,`$ $`\alpha _n^p=\sqrt{\omega _n}\overline{a}_n^p,`$
$`\beta _n^A=\sqrt{\omega _n^+{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^{}}{c_n^{}c_n^+}}}b_n^A,`$ $`\beta _n^A=\sqrt{\omega _n^+{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^{}}{c_n^{}c_n^+}}}\overline{b}_n^A,`$
$`\gamma _n^A=\sqrt{\omega _n^{}{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^+}{c_n^+c_n^{}}}}c_n^A,`$ $`\gamma _n^A=\sqrt{\omega _n^{}{\displaystyle \frac{c_n^+}{c_n^+c_n^{}}}}\overline{c}_n^A,`$
$`a_0^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{4M\alpha ^{}}}}(\alpha ^{}p_0^i2iMx_0^i),`$ $`\overline{a}_0^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{4M\alpha ^{}}}}(\alpha ^{}p_0^i+2iMx_0^i),(i=1,2)`$
$`a_0^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2M\alpha ^{}}}}(\alpha ^{}p_0^iiMx_0^i),`$ $`\overline{a}_0^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2M\alpha ^{}}}}(\alpha ^{}p_0^i+iMx_0^i),(i=3,\mathrm{}8).`$
In this oscillator basis the Hamiltonian takes the form

$$H=\mathrm{\Delta }E+2M\underset{i=1,2}{}N_0^{(i)}+M\underset{i=3}{\overset{8}{}}N_0^{(i)}+\underset{n>0}{}\left(\omega _nN_n^{(a)}+\omega _n^+N_n^{(b)}+\omega _n^{}N_n^{(c)}\right)$$
(A.19)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ is the zero point energy and the occupation numbers are defined in a standard way

$$N_n^{(a)}=\overline{a}_n^pa_n^p+\stackrel{~}{\overline{a}}_n^p\stackrel{~}{a}_n^p,N_0^i=\overline{a}_0^ia_n^i$$
(A.20)
and similarly for $`N_n^{(b)}`$ and $`N_n^{(c)}`$. The frequencies $`\omega _n`$ and $`\omega _n^\pm `$ are given in (A.12A.14). The difference with the maximally supersymmetric case is encoded in the complicated form of the frequencies $`\omega _n^\pm `$.

We note that the same analysis can be applied to the case of point-like string (see section Conclusions). In this case $`\rho \rho _0,\rho ^{}=0`$ and the equations of motion becomes the same as (A.9). Therefore, all the results and conclusions concerning quantum corrections to the classical energy are the same as in the above.