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# 1 Two realisations of the Yangian 𝑌(𝑠𝑙_𝑛)

## 1 Two realisations of the Yangian $`Y(sl_n)`$

In this section, two different realisations of the Yangian based on the Lie algebra $`sl_n`$ are presented: the RTT formalism and the Drinfel’d realisation .
The first realisation uses the RTT formalism . Let $`V^{(n)}`$ denotes the $`n`$-dimensional fundamental vector space representation of $`sl_n`$. The Yang’s R-matrix is given by

$`R_{12}^{(n)}(u)=II+{\displaystyle \underset{1i,jn}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{E_{ij}E_{ji}}{u}}End(V^{(n)}V^{(n)})`$ (1.1)
where $`E_{ij}`$ is the elementary matrix with entry 1 in row $`i`$ and column $`j`$ and 0 elsewhere. This R-matrix satisfies the following properties

$`R_{12}^{(n)}(u)R_{13}^{(n)}(u+v)R_{23}^{(n)}(v)=R_{23}^{(n)}(v)R_{13}^{(n)}(u+v)R_{12}^{(n)}(u)\text{(Yang-Baxter equation)}`$ (1.2)
$`R_{12}^{(n)}(u)R_{21}^{(n)}(u)={\displaystyle \frac{u^21}{u^2}}(II)\text{(unitarity)}`$ (1.3)
###### Theorem 1.1

The Yangian of $`sl_n`$, $`Y(sl_n)`$, is isomorphic to the associative algebra, $`U(R)`$, generated by the unit and the elements $`\{T_{i,j}^{(k)}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}i,jn,k_{>0}\}`$ gathered in the formal series

$`T(u)=1+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_{>0}}{}}T_{i,j}^{(n)}u^nE_{ij}={\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}T_{i,j}(u)E_{ij}`$ (1.4)
subject to the defining relations

$`R_{12}^{(n)}(uv)(T(u)1)(1T(v))=(1T(v))(T(u)1)R_{12}^{(n)}(uv)`$ (1.5)
and $`qdetT(u)=1`$ (1.6)
where $`qdetT(u)=_{\sigma 𝔖_n}sgn(\sigma )T_{\sigma (1),1}(u)\mathrm{}T_{\sigma (n),n}(u+n1)`$.

The defining relations (1.5) as commutators of $`T_{ij}(u)`$:

$`(uv)[T_{i,j}(u),T_{k,l}(v)]=T_{k,j}(u)T_{i,l}(v)T_{k,j}(v)T_{i,l}(u).`$ (1.7)
The map

$`T(u)`$ $``$ $`T^1(u)T^{}(u)`$ (1.8)
defines an automorphism of $`Y(sl_n)`$.
To avoid ambiguity, let us stress that $`qdetT(u)=_{\sigma 𝔖_n}sgn(\sigma )T_{\sigma (1),1}(u)\mathrm{}T_{\sigma (n),n}(u+n1)`$ is different from the quantum determinant of the matrix $`\stackrel{~}{T}(u)=T(u)`$:

$$qdet\stackrel{~}{T}(u)=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}sgn(\sigma )T_{\sigma (1),1}(u)\mathrm{}T_{\sigma (n),n}(un+1).$$
(1.9)
The Yangian $`Y(sl_n)`$ has a Hopf algebra structure and the explicit forms of comultiplication, antipode and counit are

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(T_{i,j}(u))={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}T_{i,k}T_{k,j},S(T(u))=T^1(u)\text{and}ϵ(T_{i,j}(u))=\delta _{ij}.`$ (1.10)
The second realisation of the Yangian uses the so-called Drinfel’d generators. Let $`\{\alpha _i|1in1\}`$ be the set of simple roots of $`sl_n`$ and $`(,)`$ be the standard non-degenerate symmetric invariant bilinear form on $`sl_n`$. For each simple root $`\alpha _i`$, $`e_{\alpha _i}`$ and $`f_{\alpha _i}`$ are the corresponding root vectors, such that $`(e_{\alpha _i},f_{\alpha _i})=1`$, and $`h_{\alpha _i}=[e_{\alpha _i},f_{\alpha _i}]`$ are the Cartan generators. The Drinfel’d realisation of the Yangian is given by the following theorem .

###### Theorem 1.2

The Yangian of $`sl_n`$, $`Y(sl_n)`$, is isomorphic to the associative algebra $`𝒜`$, generated by the unit and the elements $`\{e_i^{(k)},f_i^{(k)},h_i^{(k)}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}in1,k_0\}`$ subject to the defining relations

$`[h_i^{(k)},h_j^{(l)}]=0,[e_i^{(k)},f_j^{(l)}]=\delta _{i,j}h_i^{(k+l)},`$ (1.11)
$`[h_i^{(0)},e_j^{(l)}]=(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)e_j^{(l)},[h_i^{(0)},f_j^{(l)}]=(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)f_j^{(l)},`$ (1.12)
$`[h_i^{(k+1)},e_j^{(l)}][h_i^{(k)},e_j^{(l+1)}]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)(h_i^{(k)}e_j^{(l)}+e_j^{(l)}h_i^{(k)}),`$ (1.13)
$`[h_i^{(k+1)},f_j^{(l)}][h_i^{(k)},f_j^{(l+1)}]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)(h_i^{(k)}f_j^{(l)}+f_j^{(l)}h_i^{(k)}),`$ (1.14)
$`[e_i^{(k+1)},e_j^{(l)}][e_i^{(k)},e_j^{(l+1)}]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)(e_i^{(k)}e_j^{(l)}+e_j^{(l)}e_i^{(k)}),`$ (1.15)
$`[f_i^{(k+1)},f_j^{(l)}][f_i^{(k)},f_j^{(l+1)}]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)(f_i^{(k)}f_j^{(l)}+f_j^{(l)}f_i^{(k)}),`$ (1.16)
and to the Serre relations, for $`ij`$ and $`n_{ij}=12\frac{(\alpha _i,\alpha _j)}{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)}`$:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n_{ij}}}{}}[e_i^{(k_{\sigma (1)})},[\mathrm{},[e_i^{(k_{\sigma (n_{ij})})},e_j^{(l)}]\mathrm{}]=0,`$ (1.17)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n_{ij}}}{}}[f_i^{(k_{\sigma (1)})},[\mathrm{},[f_i^{(k_{\sigma (n_{ij})})},f_j^{(l)}]\mathrm{}]=0.`$ (1.18)
For later conveniences, we define the following formal series:

$`e_i(u)={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e_i^{(k)}}{u^{k+1}}},f_i(u)={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_i^{(k)}}{u^{k+1}}}\text{and}h_i(u)=1+{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{h_i^{(k)}}{u^{k+1}}}`$ , $`\text{for}1in1.`$ (1.19)
The mapping $`e_{\alpha _i}e_i^{(0)},f_{\alpha _i}f_i^{(0)},h_{\alpha _i}h_i^{(0)}`$ defines an embedding $`U(sl_n)Y(sl_n)`$, where $`U(sl_n)`$ is the universal enveloping algebra of $`sl_n`$.

## 2 Quantum minors

Before giving the expression of the isomorphism that relates the two Yangian presentations, in the next section, we introduce the notion of quantum minors and give some of their properties.
Let $`I=\{a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_m\}`$ and $`J=\{b_1,b_2,\mathrm{},b_m\}`$ such that $`I,J\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and $`card(I)=card(J)=m`$ with $`1mn`$. The set of generators $`\{T_{a_i,b_j}(u)|1i,jm\}`$ defines a subalgebra of $`Y(sl_n)`$ with the following commutation relations

$`R_{12}^{(m)}(uv)(T({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)1)(1T({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(v))`$
$`=(1T({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(v))(T({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)1)R_{12}^{(m)}(uv),`$ (2.1)
where $`T({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)=_{i,j=1}^mT_{a_ib_j}(u)E_{ij}`$ .

###### Definition 2.1

The quantum minor $`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ of $`T(u)`$ is defined by

$`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`qdetT({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_m}{}}sgn(\sigma )T_{a_{\sigma (1)},b_1}(u)\mathrm{}T_{a_{\sigma (m)},b_m}(u+m1)`$ (2.2)
One can show that

$`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_m}{}}sgn(\sigma )T_{a_1,b_{\sigma (1)}}(u+m1)\mathrm{}T_{a_m,b_{\sigma (m)}}(u).`$ (2.3)
By convention, when $`m<1`$, the quantum minor is equal to one. Quantum minors satisfy some properties  which are analogous to those of numerical matrices minors.

###### Proposition 2.2

The quantum minor $`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ verifies the following properties:

1. It is antisymmetric, i.e. for $`\rho 𝔖_m`$,

$`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`sgn(\rho )t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{\rho (a_1)\mathrm{}\rho (a_m)})(u)=sgn(\rho )t({}_{\rho (b_1)\mathrm{}\rho (b_m)}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u).`$ (2.4)
2. It is alternated, i.e. if there exists $`ij`$ such that $`a_i=a_j`$ or $`b_i=b_j`$, then $`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)=0`$.
3. It can be expanded with respect to its last column or its last row as follows:

$`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(1)^{k+m}t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_{k1}b_k\mathrm{}b_{m2}b_{m1}}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{k1}a_{k+1}\mathrm{}a_{m1}a_m})(u)T_{a_k,b_m}(u+m1)`$ (2.5)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(1)^{k+m}T_{a_m,b_k}(u+m1)t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_{k1}b_{k+1}\mathrm{}b_{m1}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{k1}a_k\mathrm{}a_{m2}a_{m1}})(u).`$ (2.6)

From the defining relations (1.7), the commutation relations of the quantum minors with $`T_{i,j}(u)`$ can be computed:

$`(uv)[T_{i,j}(u),t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(v)]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}}(t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_{k1}jb_{k+1}\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{k1}a_ka_{k+1}\mathrm{}a_m})(v)T_{i,b_k}(u)T_{a_k,j}(u)t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_{k1}b_kb_{k+1}\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{k1}ia_{k+1}\mathrm{}a_m})(v)).`$ (2.7)
A corollary of (2) is that the quantum minor $`t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ lies in the centre of the subalgebra generated by $`\{T_{a_i,b_j}(u)|1i,jm\}`$ i.e.

$`[T_{a_i,b_j}(u),t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(v)]=0,\text{for}1i,jm.`$ (2.8)
The map

$`T_{i,j}(u)t({}_{1\mathrm{}pp+j}{}^{1\mathrm{}pp+i})(u)`$ (2.9)
defines an algebra homomorphism $`Y(sl_{np})Y(sl_n)`$, for $`1pn1`$ and $`1i,jnp`$. Note that this homomorphism allows us to compute a simple way the commutation relations among the $`t({}_{1\mathrm{}pp+j}{}^{1\mathrm{}pp+i})(u)`$ minors.
Finally, quantum minors allow us to express some elements of the inverse matrix of $`T(u)`$ thanks to the following proposition, proved by A.I.Molev :

###### Proposition 2.3

For $`1i,jn`$, the following equality holds

$$\left(T^1(u+n1)\right)_{i,j}=(1)^{i+j}t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{1\mathrm{}j1j+1\mathrm{}n})(u).$$
(2.10)
## 3 Isomorphisms between the two realisations of $`Y(sl_n)`$

For clarity purposes, the isomorphism between the two previous realisations is recalled, see e.g. . Two presentations of this isomorphism are possible. The first one uses the quantum minors and the second one uses the Gauss decomposition.

###### Theorem 3.1

The map $`\varphi :𝒜U(R)`$

$`e_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)`$ $``$ $`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)`$ (3.1)
$`f_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)`$ $``$ $`t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i+1})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ (3.2)
$`h_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)`$ $``$ $`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1})(u)t({}_{1\mathrm{}i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i+1})(u1)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u1)\right)^1`$ (3.3)
is an algebra isomorphism.

Note that the image of $`h_i(u)`$ can be written differently as:

$`\varphi \left(h_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ $`=\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i+1})(u)\varphi \left(f_i(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}})e_i(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}})\right)`$ (3.5)
$`=t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i+1})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1\varphi \left(f_i(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}})e_i(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}})\right)`$
The other presentation of the isomorphism $`\varphi `$ uses the Gauss decompositions of the matrix $`T(u)`$:

$`T(u)=(\begin{array}{cccc}1& & & 0\\ f_{2,1}(u)& 1& & \\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \\ f_{n,1}(u)& \mathrm{}& f_{n,n1}(u)& 1\end{array})(\begin{array}{ccc}k_1(u)& & 0\\ & \mathrm{}& \\ 0& & k_n(u)\end{array})\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& e_{1,2}(u)& \mathrm{}& e_{1,n}(u)\\ & 1& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ & & \mathrm{}& e_{n1,n}(u)\\ 0& & & 1\end{array}\right)`$ (3.17)
$`=(\begin{array}{cccc}1& \stackrel{~}{e}_{1,2}(u)& \mathrm{}& \stackrel{~}{e}_{1,n}(u)\\ & 1& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ & & \mathrm{}& \stackrel{~}{e}_{n1,n}(u)\\ 0& & & 1\end{array})(\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{~}{k}_1(u)& & 0\\ & \mathrm{}& \\ 0& & \stackrel{~}{k}_n(u)\end{array})\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& & & 0\\ \stackrel{~}{f}_{2,1}(u)& 1& & \\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \\ \stackrel{~}{f}_{n,1}(u)& \mathrm{}& \stackrel{~}{f}_{n,n1}(u)& 1\end{array}\right)`$ (3.29)
The expression of the elements of the Gauss decomposition (3.17) in terms of quantum minors has been computed by K. Iohara . For the alternative Gauss decomposition (3.29), the computations are similar and one obtains:

###### Proposition 3.2

Let $`1i<jn`$ and $`1pn`$. The formal series $`e_{i,j}(u),\stackrel{~}{e}_{i,j}(u),f_{j,i}(u),\stackrel{~}{f}_{j,i}(u),`$ $`k_p(u)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{k}_p(u)`$ in the Gauss decompositions, can be expressed in terms of quantum minors:

$`e_{i,j}(u+i1)=\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1j}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u),`$ (3.30)
$`f_{j,i}(u+i1)=t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1j})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1,`$ (3.31)
$`k_j(u+j1)=t({}_{1\mathrm{}j}{}^{1\mathrm{}j})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}j1}{}^{1\mathrm{}j1})(u)\right)^1,`$ (3.32)
$`k_1(u)=t({}_{1}{}^{1})(u)=T_{1,1}(u),`$ (3.33)
and

$`\stackrel{~}{e}_{i,j}(u+nj)=t({}_{jj+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{ij+1\mathrm{}n})(u)\left(t({}_{j+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{j+1\mathrm{}n})(u)\right)^1,`$ (3.34)
$`\stackrel{~}{f}_{j,i}(u+nj)=\left(t({}_{j+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{j+1\mathrm{}n})(u)\right)^1t({}_{ij+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{jj+1\mathrm{}n})(u),`$ (3.35)
$`\stackrel{~}{k}_i(u+ni)=\left(t({}_{i+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{i+1\mathrm{}n})(u)\right)^1t({}_{i\mathrm{}n}{}^{i\mathrm{}n})(u),`$ (3.36)
$`\stackrel{~}{k}_n(u)=t({}_{n}{}^{n})(u)=T_{n,n}(u).`$ (3.37)
Remark: Proposition 3.2 proves the existence of the two Gauss decomposition.
Then, proposition 3.2 implies that the map $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }:𝒜U(R)`$

$`e_i(u)`$ $``$ $`e_{i,i+1}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)`$ (3.38)
$`f_i(u)`$ $``$ $`f_{i+1,i}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)`$ (3.39)
$`h_i(u)`$ $``$ $`k_{i+1}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)k_i^1\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)`$ (3.40)
is an algebra isomorphism, for $`1in1`$.
In the following, as in equation (1.8), $`T^{}(u)`$ denotes $`T(u)^1`$ and $`t^{}({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ denotes the quantum minors of $`T^{}(u)`$ .

###### Corollary 3.3

For $`1mn`$, the following equalities hold

$`t^{}({}_{1\mathrm{}m}{}^{1\mathrm{}m})(un+1)`$ $`=`$ $`t({}_{m+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{m+1\mathrm{}n})(u)`$ (3.41)
$`t^{}({}_{1\mathrm{}m1m}{}^{1\mathrm{}m1m+1})(un+1)`$ $`=`$ $`t({}_{mm+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{m+1m+2\mathrm{}n})(u)`$ (3.42)
$`t^{}({}_{1\mathrm{}m1m+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}m1m})(un+1)`$ $`=`$ $`t({}_{m+1m+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{mm+2\mathrm{}n})(u)`$ (3.43)
$`t^{}({}_{1\mathrm{}m1m+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}m1m+1})(un+1)`$ $`=`$ $`t({}_{mm+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{mm+2\mathrm{}n})(u)`$ (3.44)
Proof: Let $`T(u)`$ decomposed according to (3.29). Then, $`T^{}(u)`$ decomposes as in (3.17). Using the relation $`T^{}(u)=T(u)^1`$, we deduce

$`e_{i,i+1}^{}(u)`$ $`=`$ $`e_{i,i+1}(u),`$ (3.45)
$`f_{i+1,i}^{}(u)`$ $`=`$ $`f_{i+1,i}(u),\text{for}1in1`$ (3.46)
$`k_i^{}(u)`$ $`=`$ $`(k_i(u))^1,\text{for}1in`$ (3.47)
with obvious notations. Finally, using proposition 3.2, the equalities are proven.
For $`1i<jn`$, the elements $`e_{i,j}^{(0)}=T_{i,j}^{(1)}`$ and $`f_{j,i}^{(0)}=T_{j,i}^{(1)}`$ are root generators of the algebra $`sl_n`$, which can be expressed in terms of simple root generators, $`e_i^{(0)}`$ and $`f_i^{(0)}`$, as follows:

$`e_{i,j}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`[\mathrm{}[e_{j1}^{(0)},e_{j2}^{(0)}],e_{j3}^{(0)}],\mathrm{}],e_{i+1}^{(0)}],e_i^{(0)}],`$ (3.48)
$`f_{j,i}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`[f_i^{(0)},[f_{i+1}^{(0)},[\mathrm{},[f_{j3}^{(0)},[f_{j2}^{(0)},f_{j1}^{(0)}]\mathrm{}].`$ (3.49)
Remark: In (3.48) and (3.49), the isomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ has been omitted for simplicity. In the following, this losely notation is always used, i.e. the isomorphisms between two realisations of the same algebra are omitted.

## 4 The Hopf structure of $`Y(sl_n)`$ in the Drinfel’d basis

Before giving the Hopf structure of $`Y(sl_n)`$ in the Drinfel’d basis, the images of any quantum minor under the coproduct, the antipode and the counit are needed. Let us recall that $`T^{}(u)`$ denotes $`T(u)^1`$ and $`t^{}({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)`$ denotes its quantum minors.

###### Proposition 4.1

Let $`1mn`$, $`1a_1<\mathrm{}<a_mn`$ and $`1b_1<\mathrm{}<b_mn`$. The images of a quantum minor under the coproduct, the antipode and the counit are given by:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)\right)={\displaystyle \underset{1c_1<\mathrm{}<c_mn}{}}t({}_{c_1\mathrm{}c_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{c_1\mathrm{}c_m})(u),`$ (4.1)
$`S\left(t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)\right)=(1)^{\left[\frac{i}{2}\right]}t^{}({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(um+1),`$ (4.2)
$`\epsilon \left(t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_m}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_m})(u)\right)=\delta _{a_1,b_1}\mathrm{}\delta _{a_m,b_m},`$ (4.3)
where $`\left[\frac{i}{2}\right]`$ is the integer part of $`\frac{i}{2}`$.

Proof: Direct computation, using the definition of the Hopf structure (1.10) and the property that the comultiplication and counit are morphisms while the antipode is an anti-morphism.
In particular, one obtains the following well-known result:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(qdetT(u))=qdetT(u)qdetT(u).`$ (4.4)
The comultiplication, the antipode and the counit are established in the Drinfel’d basis thanks to the isomorphism $`\varphi `$ (see theorem 3.1) between $`𝒜`$ and $`U(R)`$.

### 4.1 Comultiplication

The adjoint actions of the elements of the algebra $`sl_n`$ on $`XY(sl_n)`$ will be denoted by, for $`1i<jn`$:

$`Ad_{e_{i,j}}^\pm (X)=\pm [e_{i,j}^{(0)},X]\text{and}Ad_{f_{j,i}}^\pm (X)=\pm [f_{j,i}^{(0)},X].`$ (4.5)
Moreover, by convention $`Ad_{e_{i,i}}^\pm (X)=X`$ and $`Ad_{f_{i,i}}^\pm (X)=X`$. To determine the explicit form of the comultiplication, the following generalisation of the adjoint action, depending on a spectral parameter, is useful.

###### Definition 4.2

Let $`1ijn`$, $`1\alpha n`$ and $`X`$ an element of $`Y(sl_n)`$. The generalised adjoint actions are defined by

$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{i,j}^{}(u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`Ad_{e_{i,j}}^+(X)+\delta _{i\alpha <j}Ad_{e_{i,\alpha }}^{}\left(Ad_{e_{\alpha +1,j}}^+(e_\alpha (u))\right)X,`$ (4.6)
$`_{i,j}^\alpha (u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`Ad_{e_{i,j}}^+(X)+\delta _{i\alpha <j}XAd_{e_{i,\alpha }}^{}\left(Ad_{e_{\alpha +1,j}}^+(e_\alpha (u))\right),`$ (4.7)
and

$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{j,i}^{}(u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`Ad_{f_{j,i}}^{}(X)+\delta _{i\alpha <j}Ad_{f_{\alpha ,i}}^+\left(Ad_{f_{j,\alpha +1}}^{}(f_\alpha (u))\right)X,`$ (4.8)
$`_{j,i}^\alpha (u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`Ad_{f_{j,i}}^{}(X)+\delta _{i\alpha <j}XAd_{f_{\alpha ,i}}^+\left(Ad_{f_{j,\alpha +1}}^{}(f_\alpha (u))\right),`$ (4.9)
where $`\delta _{i\alpha <j1}=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if}i\alpha <j1,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & otherwise.\hfill \end{array}`$

Let $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }𝒢`$, $`𝒢^\beta `$ be any actions on $`Y(sl_n)`$. Hereafter, for simplicity, the notation $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }𝒢_{}^{\beta }`$ means either $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }𝒢`$ or $`𝒢^\beta `$.
To compute the comultiplication, we also need:

###### Definition 4.3

For $`1mn`$, $`1k_1<k_2<\mathrm{}<k_mn`$ and $`k_mm`$, $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }E_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }F_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)(X)`$ are defined by for $`XY(sl_n)`$:

$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }E_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{1im1}{\overset{}{}}}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{i,k_i}^{\beta }(u)\right)\left({}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{m+1,k_m}^{\beta }(u)\left(X\right)\right),`$ (4.10)
$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }F_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{1im1}{\overset{}{}}}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{k_i,i}^{\beta }(u)\right)\left({}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{k_m,m+1}^{\beta }(u)\left(X\right)\right),`$ (4.11)
where, for $`\{𝒢_p|1pm1\}`$, a set of actions on $`Y(sl_n)`$, we denote

$`{\displaystyle \underset{1im1}{\overset{}{}}}𝒢_i(X)=𝒢_1(\mathrm{}(𝒢_{m2}(𝒢_{m1}(X))\mathrm{}).`$ (4.12)
In particular, one gets for $`k>1`$

$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }E_{k}^{\beta }(u)(X)={}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{2,k}^{\beta }(u)(X)`$ , $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }F_{k}^{\beta }(u)(X)={}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{k,2}^{\beta }(u)(X).`$ (4.13)
By convention, if the set of indices $`\{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m\}`$ is empty, then $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }E_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)(X)=1`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }F_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)(X)=1`$. Remark that these generators can be expressed only in terms of the elements of the Drinfel’d basis, thanks to equations (3.48) and (3.49).
These generalised actions show up in the following lemma:

###### Lemma 4.4

For $`1in1`$, $`1a_1<\mathrm{}<a_in`$ and $`a_ii`$, one gets

$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{i}E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^{}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\left(e_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.14)
$`t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)\left(e_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.15)
$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_i})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{i}F_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^{}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)\left(f_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.16)
$`t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_i})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`F_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\left(f_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.17)
$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{i1}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i+1})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{i}E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^{}(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}})\left(\stackrel{~}{g}{}_{i}{}^{}(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}})\right)`$ (4.18)
$`t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{i1}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i+1})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)\left(g_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.19)
$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{i1}a_i})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{i}F_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^{}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\right)\left(\stackrel{~}{g}_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.20)
$`t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{i1}a_i})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`F_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\left(g_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.21)
where

$`g_i(u)`$ $`=`$ $`h_i\left(u\right)+f_i\left(u\right)e_i\left(u+1\right)`$ (4.22)
$`\stackrel{~}{g}_i(u)`$ $`=`$ $`h_i\left(u\right)+f_i\left(u+1\right)e_i\left(u\right)`$ (4.23)
Proof: The proof is only given for (4.14). Let $`i`$ and $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i\}`$ fixed as in the lemma. The first step is to evaluate the quantum minor $`t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)`$ in terms of the quantum minor $`t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)`$ and in terms of some generators of the $`sl_n`$ algebra. Selecting the coefficient of $`u^0v^1`$ in equation (2), the following relation is obtained for $`1b_1<\mathrm{}<b_in`$, $`1pi`$ and $`1mnb_p`$:

$`Ad_{e_{b_p,b_p+m}}^+\left(t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_p\mathrm{}b_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}p\mathrm{}i})(v)\right)=[T_{b_p,b_p+m}^{(1)},t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_p\mathrm{}b_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}p\mathrm{}i})(v)]=t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_p+m\mathrm{}b_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}p\mathrm{}i})(v).`$ (4.24)
This relation allows us to increase the parameters of the quantum minor. Using this relation, the indices $`\{1,\mathrm{},i1,i+1\}`$ of $`t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)`$ can be increased up to $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i\}`$:

$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{1pi1}{\overset{}{}}}Ad_{e_{p,a_p}}^+\right)\left(Ad_{e_{i+1,a_i}}^+\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)\right)\right)=t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)`$ (4.25)
The second step of the proof consists in determining the commutator of $`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ with $`e_{j,j+1}^{(0)}`$. The commutation relations are computed using equation (2):

$`(uv)[T_{j,j+1}(u),t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(v)]=\delta _{ij}t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(v)T_{ii}(u)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{u}}\right)`$ (4.26)
Multiplying by $`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(v)\right)^1`$ both sides of the $`u^0`$ coefficient in (4.26), one gets

$`[e_{j,j+1}^{(0)},\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(v)\right)^1]`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ij}e_i(v+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}})\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(v)\right)^1`$ (4.27)
Thus, thanks to the relations (3.48) and (4.27), one obtains for $`XY(sl_n)`$:

$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1Ad_{e_{p,a_p}}^+(X)={}_{}{}^{i}_{p,a_p}^{}(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}})\left(\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1X\right)`$ (4.28)
This proves the equation (4.14). Equation (4.15) is proven along the same lines, remarking that

$`t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u1)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u1)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u),`$ (4.29)
which explains the shift in the spectral parameter between (4.14) and (4.15). For the relations (4.16)-(4.21), the proof is analogous.
Now we can state the main theorem of the letter.

###### Theorem 4.5

Let $`1in1`$. The comultiplication in the Drinfel’d basis is given by:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(e_i(u))={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^m\left({\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}1b_1<\mathrm{}<b_in\\ b_ii\end{array}}{}}{}_{}{}^{i}E_{b_1,\mathrm{},b_i}^{}(u)(e_i(u)){}_{}{}^{i}F_{b_1,\mathrm{},b_i}^{}(u+1)(f_i(u+1))\right)^m`$
$`\times \left(1e_i(u)+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}1a_1<\mathrm{}<a_in\\ a_ii\end{array}}{}}{}_{}{}^{i}E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^{}(u)(e_i(u)){}_{}{}^{i}F_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^{}(u+1)\left(\stackrel{~}{g}_i(u)\right)\right)`$ (4.30)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(f_i(u))=\left(f_i(u)1+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}1a_1<\mathrm{}<a_in\\ a_ii\end{array}}{}}E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i(u+1)(g_i(u))F^i(a_1\mathrm{}a_i)(u)(f_i(u))\right)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^m({\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}1b_1<\mathrm{}<b_in\\ b_ii\end{array}}{}}E_{b_1,\mathrm{},b_i}^i(u+1)(e_i(u+1))F_{b_1,\mathrm{},b_i}^i(u)(f_i(u)))^m`$ (4.31)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(h_i(u))=\left(f_i(u)e_i(u+1)+{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}1a_1<\mathrm{}<a_in\\ a_ii\end{array}}{}}E_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i(u+1)(g_i(u))F_{a_1,\mathrm{},a_i}^i(u)(g_i(u))\right)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^m({\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}1b_1<\mathrm{}<b_in\\ b_ii\end{array}}{}}E_{b_1,\mathrm{},b_i}^i(u+1)(e_i(u+1))F_{b_1,\mathrm{},b_i}^i(u+1)(f_i(u)))^m`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(f_i(u))\mathrm{\Delta }(e_i(u+1))`$ (4.32)
Proof: The full proof is presented only for $`e_i(u)`$, the outline of proofs for $`f_i(u)`$ and $`h_i(u)`$ being similar. The comultiplication in the Drinfel’d realisation is constructed thanks to the isomorphism given in the theorem 3.1.

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(e_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1\mathrm{\Delta }\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)\right)`$ (4.35)
$`=({\displaystyle \underset{b_1<\mathrm{}<b_i}{}}t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{b_1\mathrm{}b_i})(u))^1{\displaystyle \underset{a_1<\mathrm{}<a_i}{}}t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{i1}a_i})(u)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m0}{}}(1)^m({\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}b_1<\mathrm{}<b_i\\ b_ii\end{array}}{}}\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{b_1\mathrm{}b_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{b_1\mathrm{}b_i})(u))^m`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{a_1<\mathrm{}<a_i}{}}\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{a_1\mathrm{}a_i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{i1}a_i})(u)`$
The lemma 4.4 allows us to evaluate all the terms of equation (4.35), which proves (4.5).

### 4.2 Antipode and counit

As for the comultiplication, generalised adjoint actions must be introduced to express the antipode.

###### Definition 4.6

Let $`1i,jn`$, $`1\alpha n`$. $`X`$ denotes an element of $`Y(sl_n)`$. The generalised adjoint actions are defined by

$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{i,j}^{}(u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if}i>j\hfill \\ X\hfill & \text{if}i=j,\hfill \\ X+{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{i,j}^{}(u)\left({}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{j,i}^{}(u+1)(X)\right)\hfill & otherwise,\hfill \end{array}`$ (4.36)
$`_{i,j}^\alpha (u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if}i>j\hfill \\ X\hfill & \text{if}i=j,\hfill \\ X+_{i,j}^\alpha (u+1)\left(_{j,i}^\alpha (u)(X)\right)\hfill & otherwise,\hfill \end{array}`$ (4.37)
Let $`1mn1`$ and $`1k_1<k_2<\mathrm{}<k_mn`$. Then, one has:

$`{}_{}{}^{\alpha }H_{k_1,k_2,\mathrm{},k_m}^{\beta }(u)(X)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{1pm1}{\overset{}{}}}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{p,k_p}^{\beta }(u)\right)\left({}_{}{}^{\alpha }_{m+1,k_m}^{\beta }(u)\left(X\right)\right).`$ (4.38)
Similary, $`\widehat{E}_m(u)(X)`$ is defined as:

$`\{\begin{array}{cc}_{2,n}^1(u+1)\left(_{n1,1}^1(u)(X)\right)\hfill & \text{if}m=1\hfill \\ _{1,nm+1}^m(u+1)_{nm,1}^m(u)\left({\displaystyle \underset{2pm1}{\overset{}{}}}_{p,nm+p}^m(u)\right)_{m+1,n}^m(u+1)_{n,m}^m(u)(X)\hfill & otherwise,\hfill \end{array}`$ (4.39)
and $`\widehat{F}_m(u)(X)`$ as:

$`\{\begin{array}{cc}{}_{}{}^{1}_{1,n1}^{}(u)\left({}_{}{}^{1}_{n,2}^{}(u+1)(X)\right)\hfill & \text{if}m=1\hfill \\ {}_{}{}^{m}_{1,nm}^{}(u+1){}_{}{}^{m}_{nm+1,1}^{}(u)\left({\displaystyle \underset{2pm1}{\overset{}{}}}{}_{}{}^{m}_{p,nm+p}^{}(u)\right){}_{}{}^{m}_{m,n}^{}(u+1){}_{}{}^{m}_{n,m+1}^{}(u)(X)\hfill & otherwise.\hfill \end{array}`$ (4.40)
To find the image under the antipode, the following lemma is needed.

###### Lemma 4.7

For $`1in1`$ and $`1ji+1`$, one has:

$`t({}_{ji+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{ji+2\mathrm{}n})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}ni}{}^{1\mathrm{}ni})(u)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`H_{j,i+2,\mathrm{},n}^{ni}(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni2}{2}})\left(g_{ni}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.41)
$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}ni}{}^{1\mathrm{}ni})(u)\right)^1t({}_{ji+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{ji+2\mathrm{}n})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{ni}H_{j,i+2,\mathrm{},n}^{}(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni2}{2}})\left(\stackrel{~}{g}{}_{ni}{}^{}(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni2}{2}})\right)`$ (4.42)
and

$`t({}_{i+1i+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{ii+2\mathrm{}n})(u)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}ni}{}^{1\mathrm{}ni})(u)\right)^1`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{E}_{ni}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni2}{2}}\right)\left(e_{ni}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.43)
$`\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}ni}{}^{1\mathrm{}ni})(u)\right)^1t({}_{ii+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{i+1i+2\mathrm{}n})(u)`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{F}_{ni}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni2}{2}}\right)\left(f_{ni}\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{ni}{2}}\right)\right)`$ (4.44)
Proof: This lemma is proven along the same lines as the lemma 4.4.

###### Theorem 4.8

The antipode and the counit in the Drinfel’d basis are given by, for $`1in1`$:

$`S\left(e_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}}\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{E}_{ni}\left(u\right)\left(e_{ni}\left(u+1\right)\right)\left(H_{i+1,\mathrm{},n}^{ni}\left(u\right)\left(g_{ni}\left(u\right)\right)\right)^1`$ (4.45)
$`S\left(f_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}}\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({}_{}{}^{ni}H_{i+1,i+2,\mathrm{},n}^{}(u)\left(\stackrel{~}{g}{}_{ni}{}^{}\left(u\right)\right)\right)^1\widehat{F}_{ni}(u)\left(f_{ni}(u+1)\right)`$ (4.46)
$`S\left(h_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}}\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({}_{}{}^{ni}H_{i+1,i+2,\mathrm{},n}^{}(u)\left(\stackrel{~}{g}_{ni}(u)\right)\right)^1{}_{}{}^{ni}H_{i,i+2,\mathrm{},n}^{}(u)\left(\stackrel{~}{g}_{ni}(u)\right)`$ (4.47)
$`S(e_{ni}(u+1))S(f_{ni}(u))`$
and

$$ϵ(e_i(u))=0,ϵ(f_i(u))=0,ϵ(h_i(u))=1.$$
(4.48)
Proof: The proof is given for $`S(e_{ni}(u))`$. $`S(h_{ni}(u))`$ and $`S(f_{ni}(u))`$ are proven analogously.

$`S\left(e_i\left(u+{\displaystyle \frac{i2}{2}}\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`S\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)\right)S\left(\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)\right)^1`$ (4.49)
$`=`$ $`t^{}({}_{1\mathrm{}i1i+1}{}^{1\mathrm{}i1i})(u)\left(t^{}({}_{1\mathrm{}i}{}^{1\mathrm{}i})(u)\right)^1`$ (4.51)
$`=`$ $`t({}_{i+1i+2\mathrm{}n}{}^{ii+2\mathrm{}n})(un+i)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}ni}{}^{1\mathrm{}ni})(un+i)\right)^1`$
$`\times \left(t({}_{i+1\mathrm{}n}{}^{i+1\mathrm{}n})(un+i)\left(t({}_{1\mathrm{}ni}{}^{1\mathrm{}ni})(un+i)\right)^1\right)^1(\text{corollary}(\text{3.3}))`$
The terms in the relation (4.51) can be expressed thanks to the lemma 4.7, which proves the relation for $`S(e_{ni}(u))`$.
The proof for the counit is obvious.
Remark: This Hopf structure can be extended to the double Yangian $`DY(sl_n)`$. The image of the generators $`x(u)Y(sl_n)DY(sl_n)`$ under the comultiplication, the antipode or the counit are unchanged. For the dual generator $`x^{}(u)`$ of $`x(u)`$, its image is given by the same formula where all the generators are replaced by their dual.

### 4.3 Examples

We give two examples to show explicit computations using the theorems 4.5 and 4.8. The comultiplication of $`Y(sl_2)`$ is given by:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(e_1(u))={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(e_1(u)f_1(u+1)\right)^m\left(1e_1(u)+e_1(u)\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u+1)e_1(u)\right)\right)`$
$`=1e_1(u)+{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^me_1(u)^{m+1}f_1(u+1)^mh_1(u)`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(f_1(u))=\left(f_1(u)1+\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u+1)e_1(u)\right)f_1(u)\right){\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(e_1(u+1)f_1(u)\right)^m`$
$`=f_1(u)1+{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^mh_1(u)e_1(u+1)^mf_1(u)^{m+1}`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(h_1(u))=\left(f_1(u)e_1(u+1)+\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)\right)\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)\right)\right)`$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(e_1(u+1)f_1(u)\right)^m\mathrm{\Delta }(f_1(u))\mathrm{\Delta }(e_1(u+1))`$ (4.57)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^k(k+1)h(u)e_1(u+1)^kf_1(u+1)^kh(u)`$
The explicit forms (4.3), (4.3) and (4.57) allows us to show that the comultiplication, introduced in this letter, is the opposite of the comultiplication used by A.I. Molev . Remark that the proof of the relation (4.57) from (4.3) is not obvious. A simpler way consists in using the form (3.3) instead of the form (3.5) in the proof of the theorem 4.5. Despite its simpler form, the generalisation to $`sl_n`$ of the form given by A.I.Molev does not seem possible.
The antipode and the counit of $`Y(sl_2)`$ are given by:

$`S(e_1(u+1))`$ $`=`$ $`e_1(u+1)\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)\right)^1,`$ (4.58)
$`S(f_1(u+1))`$ $`=`$ $`\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u+1)e_1(u)\right)^1f_1(u+1),`$ (4.59)
$`S(h_1(u+1))`$ $`=`$ $`\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u+1)e_1(u)\right)^1S(e_1(u+1))S(f_1(u)),`$ (4.60)
and

$`ϵ(e_1(u))=0,ϵ(f_1(u))=0\text{and}ϵ(h_1(u))=1.`$ (4.61)
For $`Y(sl_3)`$, the comultiplication in the Drinfel’d basis is given by:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(e_1(u))`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^m\left(e_1(u)f_1(u+1)[e_2^0,e_1(u)][f_2^0,f_1(u+1)]\right)^m`$
$`\times \left(1e_1(u)+e_1(u)\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u+1)e_1(u)\right)[e_2^0,e_1(u)][f_2^0,h_1(u)+f_1(u+1)e_1(u)]\right)`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(f_1(u))`$ $`=`$ $`\left(f_1(u)1+\left(h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)\right)f_1(u)[e_2^0,h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)][f_2^0,f_1(u)]\right)`$ (4.63)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^m(e_1(u+1)f_1(u)[e_2^{(0)},e_1(u+1)][f_2^{(0)},f_1(u)])^m`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(h_1(u))`$ $`=`$ $`(f_1(u)e_1(u)+(h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1))(h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1))`$
$`[e_2^{(0)},h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)][f_2^{(0)},h_1(u)+f_1(u)e_1(u+1)])`$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^m\left(e_1(u+1)f_1(u)[e_2^{(0)},e_1(u+1)][f_2^{(0)},f_1(u)]\right)^m\mathrm{\Delta }(f_1(u))\mathrm{\Delta }(e_1(u+1))`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(e_2(u))`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Delta }(f_2(u))`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }(h_2(u))`$ ) is obtained by exchanging the subscripts 1 and 2 in equation (4.3) (resp. (4.63), (4.3)). Of course, the antipode and the counit for $`Y(sl_3)`$ can be computed thanks to theorem 4.8, however we leave it to the reader.

Acknowledgements: I warmly thank D. Arnaudon, J. Avan, V. Caudrelier, L. Frappat and E. Ragoucy for discussions and advice.