text:
# Spectropolarimetry of the borderline Seyfert 1 galaxy ESO 323-G077 Based on observations obtained at the ESO VLT UT1 (Antu) at Cerro Paranal, Chile (ESO program 66.B-0063).

## 1 Introduction

With $`m_\mathrm{V}=13.2`$ mag ESO 323-G077 is one of the brightest Seyfert 1 galaxies known. The host galaxy is an SB0 spiral at $`z=0.0150`$ with a weak bar and a triaxal bulge (Greusard et al. greusard00 (2000)). The presence of an active nucleus was reported first by Fairall (fairall86 (1986)). This relatively late discovery may have been due to the galaxy’s location in the less well surveyed southern sky and its relatively low galactic latitude ($`b=+22^{}`$). Therefore ESO 323-G077 has not been included in any of the polarimetric surveys of active galaxies like those of e.g. Martin et al. (martin83 (1983)) or Brindle et al. (1990a ). No polarimetric observations have been reported in the literature so far. On the other hand, the nuclear colors and the spectrum of ESO 323-G077 indicate substantial reddening (Winkler et al. winkler92a (1992); Winkler winkler92b (1992)), a property often observed in high-polarization Seyfert 1 galaxies, such as Fairall 51 (Schmid et al. schmid01 (2001)) or Mrk 231 (Smith et al. smith95 (1995)). This prompted us to obtain for ESO 323-G077 spectropolarimetric observations, which indeed revealed a high linear polarization.

Scattering polarization is well known to occur in Seyfert 2 galaxies and is particularly important for the investigation of aspect-dependent properties of these objects. Spectropolarimetric observations of Seyfert 2s often show the presence of Seyfert 1 type features in polarized light and thus provide the most direct evidence for the standard unified model of AGN (Antonucci & Miller antonucci85 (1985); Antonucci antonucci93 (1993)).

As pointed out below the high polarization detected for the ESO 323-G077 appears to be of similar origin as in Seyfert 2 galaxies. However the inclination angle seems to fall in between the typical values for Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 galaxies. Therefore, this galaxy offers the opportunity to investigate the geometric properties of the obscuring and light collimating torus assumed in the standard AGN models. Compared to other borderline Seyfert 1 galaxies ESO 323-G077 has the additional advantage that the geometric orientation of the torus can be inferred from the \[O iii\] emission cone which is known to exist in this object from earlier observations.

Following this introduction we outline in Sect. 2 the observations and the data reduction, followed by a description of the spectroscopic and polarimetric properties of the nucleus in ESO 323-G077 in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4 an interpretation of the observations is given.

## 2 Observations

Optical spectropolarimetry of ESO 323-G077 was obtained during the two nights of January 29 and 31, 2001 with FORS1 (Appenzeller et al. appenzeller98 (1998)) at the ESO VLT Unit Telescope UT 1 (Antu). Data were taken using the three grisms G300V, G600B and G600R as summarized in Table 1. In all cases a slit width of 1″ , a slit height of 20″, and a north-south slit orientation was used. The linear polarization was measured using cycles of 4 exposures with different half-wave plate position angles, as described in Schmid et al. (schmid01 (2001)). The spectrum was extracted from the central 10′′. DIM seeing was always about 1″.

To determine the Galactic interstellar polarization in the direction to ESO 323-G077 we made a short spectropolarimetric observation of the nearby star GSC 07777-00007

The instrument response curve was determined using wide-slit observations of the spectrophotometric standard star EG 21. This response curve was used to carry out an approximate flux calibration of the relative flux observed through the 1 arcsec slit centered on the nucleus. However, since the observing conditions were not photometric these flux values are of uncertain absolute accuracy, although the relative flux should be correct. Since we found that the calibrated spectra obtained with two different grisms taken on Jan. 29 agree rather well (deviations $`<`$5 %), we regard the fluxes obtained for that night more reliable. The flux obtained from the G600R spectrum taken on Jan. 31 is 45 % lower. Hence we adjusted the flux of the G600R spectrum to the G300V/G600B scale.

Figure 1 combines the spectropolarimetric data of the G600B observation for $`\lambda <5850`$ Å and the G600R observation for $`\lambda >5850`$ Å. H$`\alpha `$ is truncated in order to show the weaker lines and the continuum. The H$`\alpha `$ line profile structure is given in Fig. 2(a). A flux spectrum without truncation can be found in Fairall (fairall86 (1986)). The Tables 2 and 3 give flux values and the polarization for emission lines and 250 – 400 Å wide spectral intervals, respectively.

Due to the longer integration time the signal to noise ratio of the G600B data is higher than for G600R. A small step in the percentage polarization $`p`$ and the polarized flux $`p\times f`$ is visible at $`\lambda =5850`$ Å. This is probably due to slightly different seeing conditions and slightly different slit positions for the two pointings, resulting in slightly different relative flux contributions from the polarized nucleus and the unpolarized host galaxy. The atmospheric dispersion corrector used with FORS helps to keep such effects small, but they cannot be completely eliminated. In our data, the polarization $`p(\lambda )`$ of the G600B observation is lower by $`\mathrm{\Delta }p=0.13\%`$, than for the G300V observation, while $`p`$ of G600R is 0.14 % higher than for G300V. Therefore, whenever possible, mean values were calculated and given in Tables 2 and 3.

The wavelength region from 4050 to 4150 Å in the G600B observation is affected by an optical reflex, which is known to occur for this Grism/Wollaston configuration. The comparison with the reflex-free G300V observation indicates that only the flux spectrum and the relative polarization $`p`$ are affected, but not the polarized flux and the polarization angle.

In addition we observed spectropolarimetric standard stars (HD 94851, HD 126593, BD+25$^∘$727111Note that in the list of polarized standard stars of Turnshek et al. (turnshek90 (1990)) the polarization of BD+25727 should be $`p=6.27\%`$ instead of $`p=4.27\%`$ (e.g. Whittet et al. whittet92 (1992)).) for estimating the instrument polarization, which was found to be always $`<`$ 0.1 % and thus negligible within the accuracy required for this study.

## 3 Observational results

### 3.1 The flux spectrum

The observed combined flux and polarization spectra of ESO 323-G077 are displayed in Fig. 1. The flux spectrum shows a flat or slightly reddish continuum (in $`F_\lambda `$) and broad emission lines due to H i, He i and Fe ii. Very strong narrow lines are due to \[O iii\] $`\lambda \lambda `$4959,5007. There are also strong emissions of \[O ii\] $`\lambda `$3726/29, \[Ne iii\] $`\lambda `$3869, \[S ii\] $`\lambda \lambda `$6716,6731, and there are traces of \[N ii\] $`\lambda `$6583,6548, \[O i\] $`\lambda `$6300, and \[O iii\] $`\lambda `$4363. On top of the broad H i line components weak, narrow H i lines are clearly visible.

Measured fluxes (uncorrected for slit losses) for the narrow and broad lines and for 250–400Å-wide flux intervals are given in Tables 2, and 3, respectively. For the H i lines it is difficult to separate accurately the narrow and broad line components. Therefore, we present in Table 2 the flux of the total H i emission. However, the contribution of \[N ii\] to H$`\alpha `$ and \[O iii\] to H$`\gamma `$ has been subtracted. About 10 % of the total H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$ line flux are due to the narrow line components. This percentage is uncertain by about a factor of 2 due to uncertainties in the profiles adopted for the broad component, which has been inferred from the comparison of the line profiles in total and polarized flux (Fig. 2, Sect. 3.4).

Our continuum and line fluxes for the stronger lines agree within about 20 % with those reported by Winkler (winkler92b (1992)).

### 3.2 Continuum and line polarization

The solid curves in Fig. 1 show the spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric signal obtained for ESO 323-G077. The corresponding polarization parameters, linear polarization $`p_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ and position angles $`\theta _{\mathrm{obs}}`$, are listed in the Tables 2 and 3 for the emission lines and for $`250400`$ Å spectral intervals, respectively. The parameters $`p_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ and $`\theta _{\mathrm{obs}}`$ were calculated from the observed Stokes Q and U spectra according to $`p=(Q^2+U^2)^{1/2}/f`$, where $`f`$ is identical to Stokes $`I`$, and $`\theta =0.5\mathrm{arctan}(U/Q)`$.

The errors of the continuum polarization (Table 3) include the instrumental polarization. The errors of the polarization of the broad lines is strongly affected by the uncertainties in the continuum definition. Therefore, the errors are larger for weaker lines and for the broad Fe ii features.

No significant polarization was measured for the narrow lines. Therefore, the narrow lines are absent in the polarized flux spectrum $`p\times f`$. The polarization $`p`$ shows at the position of the narrow lines a sharp minimum due to the dilution of the polarized continuum by the unpolarized narrow-line light.

The observed spectropolarimetric properties of ESO 323-G077 can be summarized as follows:

* The observed linear polarization $`p_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ in the continuum rises from about 2.2 % at 8300 Å to 7.8 % at 3600 Å. Compared to the total flux, the colours of the polarized flux $`p\times f`$ are significantly bluer by about $`\mathrm{B}\mathrm{V}=0.30`$ mag.
* The broad H i lines, but also the Fe ii features at $`\lambda `$5200 and $`\lambda `$4750 and He i $`\lambda `$5876, show a higher polarization $`p_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ than the adjacent continuum. The polarization of the Balmer lines decreases from H$`\delta `$ over H$`\gamma `$, H$`\beta `$ to H$`\alpha `$.
* The position angle of polarization is $`\theta =84^{}(\pm 2^{})`$, independent of wavelength.
* The narrow \[O iii\] lines and all other forbidden lines show no detectable polarization.

### 3.3 The possible contribution of the Milky Way ISM to the observed polarization and reddening

Because of the relatively low Galactic latitude $`b=+22.4^{}`$ of ESO 323-G077 an interstellar reddening and a possible Galactic interstellar contribution to the observed polarization has to be considered. According to the far-IR dust emission (Schlegel et al. schlegel98 (1998) / NED database) an interstellar reddening of $`E_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{V}}=0.10`$ is to be expected in the direction of ESO 323-G077.

Some information on the interstellar polarization in this direction is provided by our observations of the star GSC 07777-00007 located only 30″ from the nucleus of ESO 323-G077. For this star we find a continuum polarization of $`p=0.22\%`$, $`\theta =177^{}`$. A literature search yields similar values for the interstellar reddening and polarization of other distant stars in the general region of ESO 323-G077, e.g. for the the two B stars HD 112192 and HD 114981 (Mathewson & Ford mathewson70 (1970); Hill hill70 (1970); Kilkenny et al. kilkenny75 (1975)). Hence we conclude that the result for GSC 07777-00007 can be regarded as representative for this direction.

Our observed spectrum indicates that GSC 07777-00007 is a late F star, or an early metal deficient G star. It seems safe to assume that such a star is intrinsically unpolarized. The observed spectrum and the apparent magnitude ($`m_V=11.4`$ mag) yields a minimum distance $`d>300`$ pc and a minimum distance to the galactic symmetry plane of about 150 pc. Hence the light path to this star passes through most of the galactic dust layer. The observed polarization of this star can, therefore, be regarded as characteristic for the Galactic interstellar polarization of extragalactic objects in this direction. If this is the case, the Galactic interstellar polarization along the line of sight is very small compared to the intrinsic polarization of ESO 323-G077. Moreover, the position angle of the interstellar polarization $`\theta =177^{}`$ is practically perpendicular to the intrinsic polarization $`\theta =84^{}`$. Hence, an interstellar polarization correction would enhance the intrinsic polarization by about 0.2 % without changing the angle significantly. Since systematic errors in the derivation of the relative contribution of the unpolarized light of the host galaxy to the polarized nuclear spectrum introduce larger uncertainties, and since there may be local variations of the Galactic interstellar polarization no attempt was made to correct for the small Galactic polarization.

### 3.4 Polarization structure of the emission lines

Fig. 2 shows the line profiles for the total flux $`f`$ and for the polarized flux $`p\times f`$ of the strongest emission lines. In each case the continuum flux has been subtracted. In the case of H$`\alpha `$ weak narrow nebular \[N ii\] lines are superimposed. Apart from small effects resulting from this blending, the line profiles of the broad components of H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$ are obviously very similar in the total and in the polarized flux. On the other hand, the narrow nebular lines \[O iii\] near H$`\beta `$ and \[N ii\] at 6683 Å are very weak or absent in the polarized light. The same seems to be true for the narrow line components of H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$. Thus, the line profile in polarized flux can be used as guide for separating the broad line components from the narrow line components in the total flux spectrum. We used this to estimate the relative contribution of the narrow component to the total line flux for H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$ (see Sect. 3.1).

Fig. 2 also indicates that the polarization in the blue wing and the line center of the broad H$`\alpha `$ component is about $`p=4.5\%`$, while it is higher than 5 % in the red wing around 7000 Å. For the broad H$`\beta `$ component the blue wing and line center have a polarization of about 7 %, while the red line wing shows about 8 %. The polarization of the entire H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$ features as given in Table 2 are lower because of the contribution of the unpolarized narrow line components.

Moreover we see for H$`\alpha `$ in the position angle spectrum in Fig. 1 a small position angle rotation of about $`8^{}`$ from the blue line wing to the red line wing. Such structures in the polarization angle are often seen in high quality data of the H$`\alpha `$-lines in Seyfert 1 galaxies (e.g. Goodrich & Miller goodrich94 (1994); Young et al. young99 (1999); Schmid et al. schmid00 (2000); Smith et al. smith02 (2002)). It is beyond the scope of this paper to investigate the nature of this effect. The interested reader is refered to the detailed description and discussion in Smith et al. (smith02 (2002)).

## 4 Interpretation

Seyfert 1 galaxies with high scattering polarization are rare (e.g. Smith et al. smith02 (2002)). Good examples are Mrk 231, Mrk 486, Mrk 704 and Fairall 51 (Goodrich & Miller goodrich94 (1994); Smith et al. smith95 (1995),smith97 (1997); Schmid et al. schmid01 (2001)). ESO 323-G077 is a new member of this group. In the following discussion we adopt for ESO 323-G077 the analysis procedure developed and described by Schmid et al. (schmid01 (2001)) for the high-polarization Seyfert 1 galaxy Fairall 51. This appears reasonable since both objects have very similar spectropolarimetric properties.

Important for the spectropolarimetric analysis of Seyfert nuclei is an estimate of the host galaxy’s contribution to the intensity spectrum. In contrast to F51 our spectra of ESO 323-G077 show no undisturbed spectral features from the host galaxy which could be used to estimate the host galaxy’s contribution. Therefore, we rely on the assumption that the broad lines and continuum from the nucleus have at a given wavelength the same polarization, i.e. the relative polarization spectrum $`p_{\mathrm{AGN}}=p_{\mathrm{obs}}\times f_{\mathrm{obs}}/f_{\mathrm{AGN}}`$ is essentially featureless apart from a slope from blue to red. This is expected if the nuclear spectrum and the broad lines have the same scattering geometry, which is to be expected if the scattering occurs far away from the nuclear continuum and broad line emission region. On the basis of this assumption we subtracted from the observed spectrum a scaled “typical” galaxy spectrum, with the scaling factor adjusted to reach a polarization in the broad lines equal to the adjacent continuum. As a “typical “ galaxy spectrum we used that of the E0 galaxy NGC 3379 (Kennicutt kennicutt92 (1992)), which should be a reasonable approximation for the central (bulge) region of the ESO 323-G077 host galaxy. The relative flux of the host galaxy spectrum $`f_{\mathrm{gal}}`$ derived in this way has been plotted in the top panel of Fig. 1 as a dashed line. Table 3 gives the resulting flux $`f_{\mathrm{AGN}}=f_{\mathrm{obs}}f_{\mathrm{gal}}f_{\mathrm{NLR}}`$ and polarization $`p_{\mathrm{AGN}}`$ for the active nucleus. For this purpose we also subtracted the narrow line emission $`f_{\mathrm{NLR}}`$.

According to the study on Fairall 51, the nuclear spectrum $`f_{\mathrm{AGN}}`$ can be further separated into direct $`f_\mathrm{d}`$ and scattered $`f_\mathrm{s}`$ light. These components must have the following properties in order to explain the presence of a high scattering polarization (see Schmid et al. schmid01 (2001)):

* $`f_\mathrm{d}`$ must pass through a dust layer producing an attenuation and reddening of the direct (unpolarized) light,
* a sufficiently large scattering region must be present and visible from us which can produce the observed fraction of polarized nuclear light,
* the scattering angle has to be of the order $`45^{}`$ to produce a sufficiently high polarization.

The spectrum of ESO 323-G077 obviously shows all spectral components required by the model. The amount of the observed polarization is slightly lower but of the same order as in the case of Fairall 51. Hence, the relative contributions to the observed light are similar. Thus, the new observations strongly support the general scenario outlined for the case of Fairall 51 and illustrated by Fig. 6 of Schmid et al.( schmid01 (2001)). In this model the circumnuclear torus is inclined so that the direct light from the central source has a line of sight close to the torus walls where substantial reddening occurs. The high polarization is due to scattering by optically thin dust located in polar directions above and inside the torus. The scattering angle and therefore the inclination of the torus plane must be around $`45^{}`$ with respect to the line of sight in order to explain the high scattering polarization in ESO 323-G077 and Fairall 51. For smaller inclinations the scattering angle would be too small to produce a strong polarization signal (as in normal Seyfert 1s), while for larger inclinations the direct (unpolarized) emission from the continuum source and the BLR would be completely hidden by the torus as in Seyfert 2s.

While the data described here support the qualitative model developed on the basis of Fairall 51, the new data of ESO323-G077 contain important additional information concerning the scattering geometry. Important is that the polarization position angle (PA) defines the relative orientation of the scattering region with respect to the light source, since the E vector of the scattered light has to be perpendicular to the scattering plane (the plane containing the incident and scattered ray). As shown by Fig. 3 the observed PA of polarization in ESO 323-G077 is within the limits of the observational errors perpendicular to the PA of the extended \[O iii\] emission region observed by Mulchaey et al. (1996a ) for this galaxy. This is exactly the orientation which we have to expect if the observed extended \[O iii\] emission originates in an ionization cone produced by the non-isotropic radiation field of the AGN.

Such \[O iii\] emission regions are seen in many Seyfert 2 galaxies (e.g. Pogge pogge89 (1989); Mulchaey et al. 1996a ,b) and are normally taken as evidence for an emission of the ionizing radiation from the active nucleus along the symmetry axis of the disk and torus system present according to the unified model of Seyfert galaxies (Antonucci & Miller antonucci85 (1985); Krolik & Begelman krolik88 (1988); Antonucci antonucci93 (1993)). Apart from Seyfert 2 galaxies the perpendicular alignment between the polarization and the objects symmetry axis has also been observed in narrow-line radio galaxies (the AGN type 2 equivalent to the type 1 broad-line radio galaxies, see e.g. Cohen et al. cohen99 (1999)).

In Seyfert 1 galaxies the situation is more complicated. For those low polarization Seyfert 1s where radio structures or extended emission line regions have been detected the position angle of polarization can be parallel or perpendicular to these structures (Smith et al. smith02 (2002)).

What is the situation for Seyfert 1s with high scattering polarization? In Mrk 231 the polarization is clearly perpendicular to a well defined radio structure (Goodrich & Miller goodrich94 (1994); Neff & Ulvestad neff88 (1988)). With ESO 323-G077 we have now another case of a high polarization Seyfert 1 galaxy which shows a perpendicular alignment between polarization and extended nebular emission. We are not aware that extended radio structures or emission line regions have been detected in other systems of this class. Thus, the high polarization Seyfert 1 galaxies ESO 323-G077 and Mrk 231 behave like Seyfert 2 galaxies. Therefore, they strongly support the dust torus induced ionization cone model within the unification scheme which suggest that Seyfert 1 and 2 nuclei are the same physical objects viewed at different orientations.

Hence, the new data and in particular the orientation of the polarisation with respect to the observed \[O iii\] emission strongly support our assumptions that the high-polarization Seyfert 1 galaxies, like ESO 323-G077, Fairall 51, Mrk 231 and probably others, are AGN with orientations very close to the transition between Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2. In these borderline Seyfert 1 objects a major fraction of the observed light from the nucleus is scattered light reaching us via illuminated dust regions. These could be optically thin dust clouds within or above the torus and/or the illuminated inner edge of the dust torus itself. The other part of the light reaches us directly but significantly reddened by dust extinction in the semi-transparent inner boundary region of the torus.

## 5 Conclusions

We have shown that the high polarization of the Seyfert 1 galaxy ESO323-G077 has very similar properties as observed earlier in Fairall 51. As for Fairall 51, the observations of ESO323-G077 can be understood assuming that the AGN is observed at an inclination of roughly $`45^{}`$, so that the nucleus is partially obscured by the torus and where scatterings by dust in polar directions above or within the torus produce the high linear polarization.

The fact that in the case of ESO 323-G077 the observed polarization is found to be perpendicular to the AGN’s projected symmetry axis, as deduced from the orientation of the extended \[O iii\] emission region, supports the dust torus induced ionization cone model.

The finding that the inclination angle of the active nuclei in ESO 323-G077 and Fairall 51 cannot be much different from 45 degrees, provides important constraints on the aspect ratio of the AGN dust tori. Further information on this question could be derived from the frequency of objects like ESO323-G077, Fairall 51, and Mrk 231, which must be regarded in the unified model for Seyfert galaxies as borderline cases between type 1 and type 2 systems. Because of the constraints on the inclination angles which can be derived from the amount of observed polarization, these high polarization Seyfert 1 galaxies can play an important role for determining the geometric properties of AGN. Therefore, it will be very desirable to look for further examples of this apparently rare class of Seyferts in order to obtain a meaningful sample for a statistical evaluation of their properties.

###### Acknowledgements.

We thank the referee, A. Robinson, for thoughtfull comments and for pointing out the observations of the radio structure in Mrk 231 in the literature.


format: text

text:
# Hopf Algebra Equivariant Cyclic Cohomology, K-theory and Index Formulas

## Introduction

This paper is part of a project which aims to extend the theory of noncommutative geometry of Connes \[C\] to $`q`$-homogeneous spaces in such a way that the various $`q`$-deformed geometric notions play as natural a role as possible. This is beneficial from the point of view of computations. In this paper we focus on the pairing between equivariant cyclic cohomology and equivariant $`K`$-theory, acknowledging the Chern character as the backbone of noncommutative geometry.

Equivariant cyclic cohomology for group actions was introduced in \[KKL\]. It is straightforward to generalize these results to the context of Hopf algebras with involutive antipode. In the general case the pertinent formulas are less obvious. Several approaches have been proposed in \[AK1, AK2\]. In the previous version of this paper we introduced equivariant cyclic cohomology in the case when the Hopf algebra admits a modular element, by which we mean a group-like element implementing the square of the antipode. However, this cyclic cohomology turns out to be isomorphic to the one introduced in the latest version of \[AK1\], so we prefer working with the latter definition.

In Section 1 we establish basic properties of equivariant cyclic cohomology such as Morita invariance and the construction of the trace map. In Section 2 we set up the pairing between equivariant cyclic cohomology and the equivariant $`K`$-groups. Restricting to the case when the Hopf algebra in question has a modular element, we discuss the relation of this pairing to twisted cyclic cohomology \[KMT\]. In Section 3 we extend these results to compact quantum groups in that we replace the Hopf algebra by the algebra of finitely supported functions on the dual discrete quantum group. Incorporating equivariant summable even Fredholm modules allows us to state an index formula. In the remaining part of the paper we study equivariant $`K`$-theory for compact quantum group actions. We establish its relation to ordinary $`K`$-theory of the crossed product algebra, thus generalizing a result of Julg \[J\]. Finally we obtain an analogue of the fact that equivariant vector bundles on homogeneous spaces are induced from representations of the stabilizer group.

## 1 Cyclic cohomology

### 1.1 Cocyclic objects

Recall \[L\] that a cocyclic object in an abelian category $`𝒞`$ consists of a sequence of objects $`C^n`$ in $`𝒞`$, $`n0`$, together with morphisms

$$d_i^n:C^{n1}C^n,s_i^n:C^{n+1}C^n,t_n:C^nC^n,(0in)$$

that satisfy

$`d_j^nd_i^{n1}`$ $`=`$ $`d_i^nd_{j1}^{n1}\text{for}i<j;`$
$`s_j^ns_i^{n+1}`$ $`=`$ $`s_i^ns_{j+1}^{n+1}\text{for}ij;`$
$`s_j^nd_i^{n+1}`$ $`=`$ $`d_i^ns_{j1}^{n1}\text{for}i<j;`$
$`s_j^nd_i^{n+1}`$ $`=`$ $`\iota \text{for}i=j\text{or}i=j+1;`$
$`s_j^nd_i^{n+1}`$ $`=`$ $`d_{i1}^ns_j^{n1}\text{for}i>j+1;`$
$`t_nd_i^n`$ $`=`$ $`d_{i1}^nt_{n1}\text{for}i1,\text{and}t_nd_0^n=d_n^n;`$
$`t_ns_i^n`$ $`=`$ $`s_{i1}^nt_{n+1}\text{for}i1,\text{and}t_ns_0^n=s_n^nt_{n+1}^2;`$
$`t_n^{n+1}`$ $`=`$ $`\iota .`$
Every cocyclic object gives a bicomplex

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}\mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \\ b& & b^{}& & b& & b^{}& & \\ C^2& \stackrel{1\lambda }{}& C^2& \stackrel{N}{}& C^2& \stackrel{1\lambda }{}& C^2& \stackrel{N}{}& \mathrm{}\\ b& & b^{}& & b& & b^{}& & \\ C^1& \stackrel{1\lambda }{}& C^1& \stackrel{N}{}& C^1& \stackrel{1\lambda }{}& C^1& \stackrel{N}{}& \mathrm{}\\ b& & b^{}& & b& & b^{}& & \\ C^0& \stackrel{1\lambda }{}& C^0& \stackrel{N}{}& C^0& \stackrel{1\lambda }{}& C^0& \stackrel{N}{}& \mathrm{}\end{array}$$

with morphisms $`b_n=_{i=0}^n(1)^id_i^n`$, $`b_n^{}=_{i=0}^{n1}(1)^id_i^n`$, $`\lambda _n=(1)^nt_n`$ and $`N^n=_{i=0}^n\lambda _n^i`$. The cyclic cohomology $`HC^{}`$ of a cocyclic object is by definition the cohomology of the total complex associated to its bicomplex, whereas the Hochschild cohomology $`HH^{}`$ is defined to be the cohomology of the complex $`(C^{},b)`$. A cocyclic object yields a long exact sequence, referred to as the $`IBS`$-sequence of Connes, written

$$\mathrm{}HC^n\stackrel{I}{}HH^n\stackrel{B}{}HC^{n1}\stackrel{S}{}HC^{n+1}\stackrel{I}{}\mathrm{},$$

where $`S`$ is the periodicity operator and $`B_n=N^ns_n^nt_{n+1}(\iota \lambda _{n+1})`$.

We denote the cohomology of the complex $`(\mathrm{Ker}(\iota \lambda ),b)`$ by $`H_\lambda ^{}`$. The equality $`HC^{}=H_\lambda ^{}`$ holds whenever the objects $`C^n`$ are vector spaces over a ground field that contains the rational numbers. In this case the periodicity operator gives the periodic cyclic cohomology $`HP^0`$ and $`HP^1`$ as direct limits of $`HC^{2n}`$ and $`HC^{2n+1}`$, respectively.

### 1.2 Equivariant cyclic cohomology

By $`(,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ we mean a Hopf algebra (over $``$) with comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, invertible antipode $`S`$ and counit $`\epsilon `$. We adapt the Sweedler notation

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^n(\omega )=\omega _{(0)}\mathrm{}\omega _{(n)},$$

(with summation understood) where $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n=(\iota \mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{\Delta }^{n1}`$. Let $``$ denote a unital right $``$-module algebra, that is, a unital algebra with a right action $``$ of $``$ on $``$ such that

$$(b_1b_2)\omega =(b_1\omega _{(0)})(b_2\omega _{(1)})\text{and}1\omega =\epsilon (\omega )1.$$

Following \[AK1\] we introduce a cocyclic object in the category of vector spaces using the above data. The associated cyclic cohomology is called the equivariant cyclic cohomology of $``$ and denoted by $`HC_{}^{}()`$. Likewise we write $`HH_{}^{}()`$ and $`HP_{}^{}()`$ for the equivariant Hochschild cohomology and the equivariant periodic cyclic cohomology, respectively. Let $`C^n=C_{}^n()`$ be the space of linear functionals $`f`$ on $`^{(n+1)}`$ that are $``$-invariant in the sense that

$$\omega f=\epsilon (\omega )f\text{for all}\omega .$$

Here the left action $``$ of $``$ on the space of linear functionals on $`^{(n+1)}`$ is given by

$$(\omega f)(\eta b_0\mathrm{}b_n)=f(S^1(\omega _{(0)})\eta \omega _{(1)}b_0\omega _{(2)}\mathrm{}b_n\omega _{(n+2)}).$$

To see that this actually is a left action, recall that the tensor product $`X_1X_2`$ of two right $``$-modules $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$ is again a right $``$-module with action

$$(x_1x_2)\omega =x_1\omega _{(0)}x_2\omega _{(1)}.$$

Thus, considering $``$ itself as a right $``$-module with respect to the action

$$\eta \omega =S^1(\omega _{(0)})\eta \omega _{(1)},$$

we regard $`^{(n+1)}`$ as a right $``$-module, which in turn shows that the space of linear functionals on $`^{(n+1)}`$ is a left $``$-module. Now define

$`(t_nf)(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_n)`$ $`=`$ $`f(\omega _{(0)}b_n\omega _{(1)}b_0\mathrm{}b_{n1}),`$
$`(s_i^nf)(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_n)`$ $`=`$ $`f(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_i1b_{i+1}\mathrm{}b_n),`$
$`(d_i^nf)(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_n)`$ $`=`$ $`f(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_{i1}b_ib_{i+1}b_{i+2}\mathrm{}b_n)\text{for}i<n`$
and put $`d_n^n=t_nd_0^n`$. These formulas give linear maps

$$t_n:C_{}^n()C_{}^n(),d_i^n:C_{}^{n1}()C_{}^n(),s_i^n:C_{}^{n+1}()C_{}^n()$$

which define a cocyclic object in the category of vector spaces. Indeed, if we consider a new Hopf algebra $`(_1,\mathrm{\Delta }_1)`$ with $`_1=`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1=\mathrm{\Delta }^{op}`$, and define a left action of $`_1`$ on $``$ by $`\omega b=bS(\omega )`$, then the correspondence $`f\stackrel{~}{f}`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{f}(b_0\mathrm{}b_n)(\omega )=f(S^2(\omega )b_0\mathrm{}b_n),$$

defines an isomorphism of the cocyclic object above with the cocyclic object associated with the left $`_1`$-algebra $``$ as defined by \[AK1\]. The axioms of the cocyclic objects can also be checked directly. We include a proof of the most critical identity $`t_n^{n+1}=\iota `$:

Note that

$$(t_n^{n+1}f)(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_n)=f(\omega _{(0)}b_0\omega _{(1)}\mathrm{}b_n\omega _{(n+1)}).$$

Hence it suffices to show that if $`X`$ is a right $``$-module and $`f`$ is a linear functional on $`X`$ such that $`\eta f=\epsilon (\eta )f`$, then

$$f(\omega x)=f(\omega _{(0)}x\omega _{(1)}).$$

Due to the identity $`\omega =\omega _{(0)}\omega _{(1)}`$ we indeed obtain

$$f(\omega _{(0)}x\omega _{(1)})=f(\omega _{(0)}\omega _{(1)}x\omega _{(2)})=\epsilon (\omega _{(1)})f(\omega _{(0)}x)=f(\omega x).$$

### 1.3 Morita invariance

Let $`X`$ be a right $``$-module and let $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ denote the algebra of all complex linear maps on $`X`$. Write $`\pi _X`$ for the antihomomorphism $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ given by the right $``$-action. Then $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is clearly a right $``$-module algebra with respect to the adjoint action

$$T\omega =\pi _X(\omega _{(0)})T\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(1)}).$$

If in addition $`X`$ is a unital algebra, we identify $`X`$ with the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ consisting of those endomorphisms which are given by multiplication from the left. In this case the adjoint action on $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ restricts to the original action of $``$ on $`X`$ if and only if $`X`$ is a right $``$-module algebra.

###### Lemma 1.1

For any right $``$-module $`X`$, the subalgebra $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ of $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is an $``$-submodule with respect to the adjoint action of $``$ on $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$, where the tensor product $`X`$ is regarded as a right $``$-module. Moreover, the adjoint action on $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is given by

$$(Tb)\omega =\pi _X(\omega _{(0)})T\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(2)})b\omega _{(1)},$$

for which $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is a right $``$-module algebra.

Proof. First observe that $`\pi _X(\omega )=\pi _X(\omega _{(0)})\pi _{}(\omega _{(1)})`$. To any $`b`$ define $`L_b`$ to be the endomorphism on $``$ given by left multiplication with $`b`$. Then for $`T\mathrm{End}(X)`$, we derive

$`(TL_b)\omega `$ $`=`$ $`\pi _X(\omega _{(0)})(TL_b)\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(1)})`$
$`=`$ $`\pi _X(\omega _{(0)})T\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(3)})\pi _{}(\omega _{(1)})L_b\pi _{}S^1(\omega _{(2)})`$
$`=`$ $`\pi _X(\omega _{(0)})T\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(2)})L_{b\omega _{(1)}}.`$
It is now immediate that $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is an $``$-submodule subalgebra of $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$.

Note that $``$ is in general not an $``$-submodule subalgebra of $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$, while $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is. Remark also that since $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ and $``$ are right $``$-modules, one can consider the $``$-module tensor product action

$$(Tb)\omega =T\omega _{(0)}b\omega _{(1)}.$$

When the Hopf algebra $``$ is cocommutative this action coincides with the action above. In general, however, these two actions are different, and $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ equipped with the tensor product action need not even be an $``$-module algebra.

Suppose now that $`X`$ is finite dimensional. For each $`n0`$ and $`fC_{}^n()`$, define

$$(\mathrm{\Psi }^nf)(\omega (T_0b_0)\mathrm{}(T_nb_n))=f(\omega _{(0)}b_0\mathrm{}b_n)\mathrm{Tr}(\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(1)})T_0\mathrm{}T_n),$$

where $`\mathrm{Tr}`$ is the canonical non-normalized trace on $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$.

###### Lemma 1.2

The formula above gives maps

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^n:C_{}^n()C_{}^n(\mathrm{End}(X)),$$

which constitute a morphism of cocyclic objects, and thus induces homomorphisms

$$[\mathrm{\Psi }^n]:HC_{}^n()HC_{}^n(\mathrm{End}(X)).$$

Proof. Let $`fC_{}^n()`$. To check $``$-invariance of $`\mathrm{\Psi }^nf`$, compute
$`(\mathrm{\Psi }^nf)((\eta (T_0b_0)\mathrm{}(T_nb_n))\omega )`$

$`=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Psi }^nf)(S^1(\omega _{(0)})\eta \omega _{(1)}(\pi _X(\omega _{(2)})T_0\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(4)})b_0\omega _{(3)})\mathrm{}`$
$`\mathrm{}(\pi _X(\omega _{(3n+2)})T_n\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(3n+4)})b_n\omega _{(3n+3)}))`$
$`=`$ $`f(S^1(\omega _{(1)})\eta _{(0)}\omega _{(2)}b_0\omega _{(5)}\mathrm{}b_n\omega _{(3n+5)})\mathrm{Tr}(\pi _XS^2(\omega _{(0)})\pi _XS^1(\eta _{(1)})\times `$
$`\times \pi _XS^1(\omega _{(3)})\pi _X(\omega _{(4)})T_0\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(6)})\mathrm{}\pi _X(\omega _{(3n+4)})T_n\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(3n+6)})).`$
Using the identity $`\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(0)})\pi _X(\omega _{(1)})=\epsilon (\omega )`$ repeatedly, this expression simplifies to
$`f(S^1(\omega _{(1)})\eta _{(0)}\omega _{(2)}b_0\omega _{(3)}\mathrm{}b_n\omega _{(n+3)})\mathrm{Tr}(\pi _XS^2(\omega _{(0)})\pi _XS^1(\eta _{(1)})T_0\mathrm{}T_n\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(n+4)}))`$

$`=`$ $`\epsilon (\omega _{(1)})f(\eta _{(0)}b_0\mathrm{}b_n)\mathrm{Tr}(\pi _XS^2(\omega _{(0)})\pi _XS^1(\eta _{(1)})T_0\mathrm{}T_n\pi _XS^1(\omega _{(2)}))`$
$`=`$ $`f(\eta _{(0)}b_0\mathrm{}b_n)\mathrm{Tr}(\pi _XS^2(\omega _{(0)}S(\omega _{(1)}))\pi _XS^1(\eta _{(1)})T_0\mathrm{}T_n)`$
$`=`$ $`\epsilon (\omega )(\mathrm{\Psi }^nf)(\eta (T_0b_0)\mathrm{}(T_nb_n)).`$
Thus $`\mathrm{\Psi }^n`$ is a well-defined map $`C_{}^n()C_{}^n(\mathrm{End}(X))`$. It is readily verified that $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$ commutes with the maps $`t_n`$, $`d_i^n`$ and $`s_i^n`$.

Suppose $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$ is an idempotent such that $`p\omega =\epsilon (\omega )p`$ and $`pX`$ is a submodule with trivial $``$-action. In other words, $`\pi _X(\omega )p=p\pi _X(\omega )=\epsilon (\omega )p`$. Then the map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_p:\mathrm{End}(X)`$ given by $`\mathrm{\Phi }_p(b)=pb`$ is a homomorphism of algebras which respects the right actions of $``$. Hence it induces homomorphisms $`[\mathrm{\Phi }_p^n]:HC_{}^n(\mathrm{End}(X))HC_{}^n()`$.

###### Theorem 1.3

Suppose $`X`$ is a finite dimensional vector space endowed with the trivial right action $`x\omega =\epsilon (\omega )x`$ of $``$. Then $`[\mathrm{\Psi }^n]:HC_{}^n()HC_{}^n(\mathrm{End}(X))`$ from Lemma 1.2 is an isomorphism with inverse $`[\mathrm{\Phi }_p^n]`$, where $`p`$ is any one-dimensional idempotent in $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$.

Proof of Theorem 1.3. The demonstration is similar to the proof in the non-equivariant case: Recall \[L, Corollary 2.2.3\] that the $`IBS`$-sequence of Connes implies that if a morphism of cocyclic objects induces an isomorphism for Hochschild cohomology then it also does so for cyclic cohomology. Since $`\mathrm{\Phi }_p\mathrm{\Psi }=\iota `$ already on the level of complexes, it is therefore enough to show that $`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Phi }_p`$ induces the identity map on Hochschild cohomology. Thus it suffices to show that $`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Phi }_p`$ is homotopic to the identity regarded as a morphism of $`(C_{}^{}(\mathrm{End}(X)),b)`$. Let $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_m`$ be a basis in $`X`$ with corresponding matrix units $`m_{ij}\mathrm{End}(X)`$. We may assume that $`p=m_{11}`$. Then \[L, Theorem 1.2.4\] the required homotopy $`h^n:C_{}^{n+1}(\mathrm{End}(X))C_{}^n(\mathrm{End}(X))`$ is given by $`h^n=_{j=0}^n(1)^jh_j^n`$, where

$$(h_j^nf)(\omega (T_0b_0)\mathrm{}(T_nb_n))=\underset{k_0,\mathrm{},k_{j+1}}{}(T_0)_{k_0k_1}(T_1)_{k_1k_2}\mathrm{}(T_j)_{k_jk_{j+1}}\times $$

$$\times f(\omega (m_{k_01}b_0)(m_{11}b_1)\mathrm{}(m_{11}b_j)(m_{1k_{j+1}}1)(T_{j+1}b_{j+1})\mathrm{}(T_nb_n))$$

and $`T_{ij}`$ stand for matrix coefficients of $`T`$.

The following corollary is a standard consequence of Morita invariance. It is obtained by considering two embeddings $`bm_{11}b`$, $`bm_{22}b`$ of $``$ into $`\mathrm{Mat}_2()=\mathrm{Mat}_2()`$ and the automorphism $`\mathrm{Ad}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& b\end{array}\right)`$ of $`\mathrm{Mat}_2()`$.

###### Corollary 1.4

Let $`b`$ be an invertible $``$-invariant element of $``$. Then the automorphism $`\mathrm{Ad}b`$ induces the identity map on $`HC_{}^{}()`$.

## 2 K-theory

We make the same assumptions on $`(,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ and $``$ as in the previous section.

### 2.1 Equivariant K-theory

By an $``$-equivariant $``$-module we mean a vector space with $``$-module and $``$-module structures compatible in the sense that

$$(xb)\omega =(x\omega _{(0)})(b\omega _{(1)}).$$

Equivalently, equivariant modules can be considered as $`()`$-modules, where the crossed product $``$ is the algebra with underlying space $``$ and product

$$(b\omega )(c\eta )=b(cS^1(\omega _{(1)}))\omega _{(0)}\eta .$$

In the sequel we will always write $`b\omega `$ instead of $`b\omega `$ whenever we mean an element of $``$. The identities

$$\omega b=(bS^1(\omega _{(1)}))\omega _{(0)}\text{and}b\omega =\omega _{(0)}(b\omega _{(1)})$$

in $``$ are easily verified.

Let $`𝒞_{}()`$ be the full subcategory of the category of $`()`$-modules consisting of those modules which are isomorphic to $`X`$ for finite dimensional (as vector spaces) right $``$-modules $`X`$. As before, we consider $`X`$ as a right $``$-module with tensor product action, while the $``$-module structure is defined by the right action of $``$ on itself. Furthermore, let $`\stackrel{~}{𝒞}_{}()`$ denote the associated pseudo-abelian category, that is, the category of modules isomorphic to $`X_p=p(X)`$ for idempotents $`p\mathrm{End}_{}(X)`$. Note that for $`T\mathrm{End}_{}(X)=\mathrm{End}(X)`$ we have $`T\mathrm{End}_{}(X)`$ if and only if $`T`$ is $``$-invariant. Thus $`\mathrm{End}_{}(X)`$ is the algebra of $``$-invariant elements in $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$.

Let $`K_0^{}()`$ be the Grothendieck group of the category $`\stackrel{~}{𝒞}_{}()`$. More concretely, consider all possible $``$-invariant idempotents $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$. Say that two such idempotents $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$ and $`p^{}\mathrm{End}(X^{})`$ are equivalent if there exist $``$-invariant elements $`\gamma \mathrm{Hom}_{}(X,X^{})`$ and $`\gamma ^{}\mathrm{Hom}_{}(X^{},X)`$ such that $`\gamma \gamma ^{}=p^{}`$ and $`\gamma ^{}\gamma =p`$. Note that $`\mathrm{Hom}_{}(X,X^{})`$ can be considered as a subspace of $`\mathrm{End}(XX^{})`$ and as such is endowed with a canonical $``$-module structure. The set of equivalence classes of $``$-invariant idempotents is an abelian semigroup in a standard fashion. Then $`K_0^{}()`$ coincides with the associated Grothendieck group of this semigroup.

Recall also that if for two $``$-invariant idempotents $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$ and $`p^{}\mathrm{End}(X^{})`$ there exist $``$-invariant elements $`\gamma \mathrm{Hom}_{}(X,X^{})`$ and $`\gamma ^{}\mathrm{Hom}_{}(X^{},X)`$ such that $`\gamma \gamma ^{}=p^{}`$ and $`\gamma ^{}\gamma =p`$, then, if we consider $`p`$ and $`p^{}`$ as elements of $`\mathrm{End}(XX^{})`$, there exists an $``$-invariant invertible element $`\gamma _0\mathrm{End}(XX^{})`$ such that $`\gamma _0p\gamma _0^1=p^{}`$. Namely, put

$$\gamma _0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1p& p\gamma ^{}p^{}\\ p^{}\gamma p& 1p^{}\end{array}\right).$$

Hence we can equivalently define $`K_0^{}()`$ as the Grothendieck group of the semigroup of equivalence classes of $``$-invariant idempotents with the equivalence relation generated by similarity (two idempotents $`p`$ and $`p^{}`$ are called similar if there exists an invertible $``$-invariant element $`\gamma \mathrm{Hom}_{}(X,X^{})`$ such that $`\gamma p\gamma ^1=p^{}`$) and the condition $`pp0`$, where we think of $`p0`$ as living in $`\mathrm{End}(XX^{})`$.

To define $`K_1^{}()`$, consider invertible elements $`u\mathrm{End}_{}(Y)`$, where $`Y`$ is an object in the category $`𝒞_{}()`$. Then $`K_1^{}()`$ is by definition the abelian group generated by isomorphism classes of such $`u`$ satisfying the following relations:
(i) $`[u]+[v]=[uv]`$ for $`u,v\mathrm{End}_{}(Y)`$;
(ii) $`[u_1]+[u_2]=[u]`$ whenever there exists a split exact sequence

$$0Y_1\stackrel{i}{}Y\stackrel{j}{}Y_20$$

with $`u_1\mathrm{End}_{}(Y_1)`$, $`u_2\mathrm{End}_{}(Y_2)`$ and $`u\mathrm{End}_{}(Y)`$ such that $`ui=iu_1`$ and $`u_2j=ju`$.

The relation (ii) can be rewritten as follows. Given invertible $``$-invariant elements $`u_i\mathrm{End}(X_i)`$, $`i=1,2`$, and an $``$-invariant element $`T\mathrm{Hom}_{}(X_2,X_1)`$, we have

$$[u_1]+[u_2]=\left[\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1& T\\ 0& u_2\end{array}\right)\right].$$

Note also that if we use $`\stackrel{~}{𝒞}_{}()`$ instead of $`𝒞_{}()`$ in the definition of $`K_1^{}()`$, we get exactly the same group.

If $``$ is semisimple, which in particular implies that it is finite dimensional, we can equivalently describe the category $`\stackrel{~}{𝒞}_{}()`$ as the category of f.g. (finitely generated) projective $`()`$-modules.

###### Theorem 2.1

Suppose $``$ is semisimple. Then there exist bijective correspondences between
(i) the equivalence classes of $``$-invariant idempotents in $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$, where $`X`$ ranges over all finite dimensional $``$-modules;
(ii) the isomorphism classes of $``$-equivariant f.g. projective right $``$-modules;
(iii) the isomorphism classes of f.g. projective right $`()`$-modules.

In particular, $`K_0^{}()K_0()`$ and $`K_1^{}()K_1()`$.

Proof. For any $``$-invariant idempotent $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$ we have already seen that $`X_p=p(X)`$ is an $``$-equivariant f.g. projective right $``$-module. It is furthermore clear that two idempotents $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$ and $`p^{}\mathrm{End}(X^{})`$ are equivalent if and only if $`X_p`$ and $`X_p^{}^{}`$ are isomorphic as $``$-equivariant $``$-modules, or as $`()`$-modules. So to prove the theorem we just have to show that
(a) $`X_p`$ is a projective $`()`$-module;
(b) any $``$-equivariant f.g. projective right $``$-module is isomorphic to $`X_p`$ for some $`X`$ and $`p`$;
(c) any f.g. projective right $`()`$-module is isomorphic to $`X_p`$ for some $`X`$ and $`p`$.

Since $`X_p`$ is a direct summand of $`X`$, in proving (a) we may assume $`p=1`$. By semisimplicity $`X`$ is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of modules $`q_1,\mathrm{},q_n`$ for some idempotents $`q_1,\mathrm{},q_n`$. Thus we may assume $`X=q`$ for some idempotent $`q`$. The map $`qq()`$, $`\omega b\omega b`$, is an isomorphism with inverse obtained by restricting the map $``$, $`b\omega \omega _{(0)}b\omega _{(1)}`$, to $`q()`$. Thus $`X_p`$ is indeed a f.g. projective $`()`$-module.

To establish (b) consider an $``$-equivariant f.g. projective right $``$-module $`Y`$ with generators $`y_1,\mathrm{},y_n`$. Set $`X=y_1+\mathrm{}+y_n`$. Then $`X`$ is an $``$-module which is finite dimensional as a vector space. The map $`T:XY`$, $`xbxb`$, is a surjective homomorphism of $`()`$-modules. Since $`Y`$ is a projective $``$-module, there exists a $``$-module map $`T^{}:YX`$ such that $`TT^{}=\iota `$. By semisimplicity there exists a right integral $`\eta `$ in $``$ (that is, an element such that $`\eta \omega =\epsilon (\omega )\eta `$ for any $`\omega `$) such that $`\epsilon (\eta )=1`$. Replacing $`T^{}`$ by $`T^{}\eta =\pi _X(\eta _{(0)})T^{}\pi _YS^1(\eta _{(1)})`$, it is clear that we can assume that $`T^{}`$ is also an $``$-module map. Then $`YX_p`$ with $`p=T^{}T`$. The proof of (c) is similar, but shorter since $`T^{}`$ from the beginning can be chosen to be a $`()`$-module map.

The established bijective correspondences immediately imply $`K_0^{}()K_0()`$. Since every exact sequence of projective modules is split, the result for $`K_1`$ also follows.

### 2.2 Pairing with cyclic cohomology

Let $`R()`$ be the space of $``$-invariant linear functionals on $``$. As before, we consider the action $`\eta \omega =S^1(\omega _{(0)})\eta \omega _{(1)}`$ of $``$ on itself.

###### Theorem 2.2

There exists pairings

$$,:HC_{}^{2n}()\times K_0^{}()R()\text{and},:HC_{}^{2n+1}()\times K_1^{}()R(),$$

such that for $`fC_{}^{2n}()`$ and $`p\mathrm{End}(X)`$ we have

$$[f],[p](\omega )=(\mathrm{\Psi }^{2n}f)(\omega p\mathrm{}p),$$

and such that for $`fC_{}^{2n+1}()`$ and $`u\mathrm{End}(X)`$ we have

$$[f],[u](\omega )=(\mathrm{\Psi }^{2n+1}f)(\omega (u^11)(u1)\mathrm{}(u^11)(u1)),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}`$ is the map defined before Lemma 1.2.

Proof. The proof can be reduced to the non-equivariant case as follows. First observe that the quantities $`f,p(\omega )=(\mathrm{\Psi }^{2n}f)(\omega p\mathrm{}p)`$ and

$$f,u(\omega )=(\mathrm{\Psi }^{2n+1}f)(\omega (u^11)(u1)\mathrm{}(u^11)(u1))$$

remain unchanged if we replace $`p`$ by $`p0`$ and $`u`$ by $`u1`$. Secondly note that the relation

$$f,u_1(\omega )+f,u_2(\omega )=f,\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1& T\\ 0& u_2\end{array}\right)(\omega )$$

follows from $`f,uv(\omega )=f,u(\omega )+f,v(\omega )`$, because $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1& T\\ 0& u_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1& 0\\ 0& u_2\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& u_1^1T\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$ and $`f,u(\omega )=0`$, whenever $`(u1)^2=0`$, due to the condition $`t_{2n+1}f=f`$.

By substituting $``$ with $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ it is thus enough to show that $`f,p(\omega )`$ and $`f,u(\omega )`$ depend only on the cohomology class of $`f`$, the similarity class of $`p^{}`$ and the isomorphism class of $`u^{}`$, and that $`f,uv(\omega )=f,u(\omega )+f,v(\omega )`$ for invertible elements $`u`$ and $`v`$ in $`^{}`$. Now for a fixed $`\omega `$ consider the morphism $`\omega _{}:C_{}^{}()C^{}(^{})`$ of cocyclic objects given by

$$(\omega _{}f)(b_0\mathrm{}b_n)=f(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_n)$$

for $`fC_{}^n()`$. Then $`f,p(\omega )=\omega _{}f,p`$ and $`f,u(\omega )=\omega _{}f,u`$, so the result follows from the analogous result in the non-equivariant case \[C\].

Note that the proof in \[C\] implies even a stronger result that $`HC_{}^{2n+1}()`$ pairs with $`K_1^{}()/_h`$, where $`_h`$ is the equivalence relation given by polynomial homotopy.

Suppose now that we have a group-like element $`\rho `$ of $``$. Consider the twisted cyclic cohomology $`HC_{\theta _\rho }^{}()`$ of $``$ introduced in \[KMT\], where $`\theta _\rho `$ is the twist automorphism of $``$ given by $`\theta _\rho (b)=b\rho `$. More generally, for any finite dimensional right $``$-module $`X`$ consider the twist automorphism $`\theta _{X,\rho }=\mathrm{Ad}\pi _X(\rho )\theta _\rho `$ on $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$. As in Subsection 1.3 we can construct a map

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\rho ^n:HC_{\theta _\rho }^n()HC_{\theta _{X,\rho }}^n(\mathrm{End}(X))$$

given by

$$(\mathrm{\Psi }_\rho ^nf)((T_0b_0)\mathrm{}(T_nb_n))=f(b_0\mathrm{}b_n)\mathrm{Tr}(\pi _X(\rho ^1)T_0\mathrm{}T_n).$$

Using this map we get a pairing

$$,_\rho :HC_{\theta _\rho }^{2n}()\times K_0^{}()$$

given by $`[f],[p]_\rho =(\mathrm{\Psi }_\rho ^{2n}f)(p^{(2n+1)})`$. On the other hand, there exists a map $`\rho _{}:HC_{}^n()HC_{\theta _\rho }^n()`$ determined by

$$(\rho _{}\varphi )(b_0\mathrm{}b_n)=\varphi (\rho b_0\mathrm{}b_n),$$

and such that the following diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}HC_{}^{2n}()\times K_0^{}()& \stackrel{,}{}& R()\\ \rho _{}& & \rho _{}\\ HC_{\theta _\rho }^{2n}()\times K_0^{}()& \stackrel{,_\rho }{}& \end{array}$$

commutes, where $`\rho _{}:R()`$ is the evaluation map $`\rho _{}(f)=f(\rho )`$. This diagram is particularly interesting for Hopf algebras which admit a modular element $`\rho `$. We shall return to it in Subsection 3.2.

## 3 Compact quantum group actions

### 3.1 Extending the formalism

So far we have only considered Hopf algebra actions. The theory does however apply to more general contexts, notably to the case when $``$ is the algebra of finitely supported functions on a discrete quantum group. As explained in Introduction this is in fact the main motivation for the present work, and the purpose of this section is to extend our results to this setting.

Throughout this section $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ denotes a compact quantum group in the sense of Woronowicz, and $`\alpha :BAB`$ denotes a left coaction of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ on a unital C-algebra $`B`$. We shall follow notation and conventions in \[NT\] with the only exception that we replace $`\rho `$ by $`\rho ^1`$. In particular, we assume that $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is a reduced compact quantum group, so the Haar state $`\phi `$ on $`A`$ is faithful. The coaction $`\alpha `$ is assumed to be non-degenerate in the sense that $`(A1)\alpha (B)`$ is dense in $`AB`$.

The dual discrete quantum group $`(\widehat{A},\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }})`$ has a canonical dense $``$-subalgebra $`\widehat{𝒜}`$, which can be considered as the algebra of finitely supported functions on the discrete quantum group. The elements of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ are bounded linear functionals on $`A`$. Thus the coaction $`\alpha `$ defines a right action of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ on $`B`$ given by

$$b\omega =(\omega \iota )\alpha (b).$$

Set $`=B\widehat{𝒜}`$. The assumption on non-degeneracy ensures that $``$ is a dense $``$-subalgebra of $`B`$ such that $`\alpha ()𝒜`$ and $`\widehat{𝒜}=`$, where $`𝒜A`$ is the Hopf $``$-algebra of matrix coefficients of irreducible unitary corepresentations of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$.

The $``$-algebra $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ is isomorphic to the algebraic direct sum $`_{sI}B(H_s)`$ of full matrix algebras $`B(H_s)`$, where $`I`$ denotes the set of equivalence classes of irreducible unitary corepresentations of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$. The comultiplication $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ restricts to a $``$-homomorphism

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}:\widehat{𝒜}M(\widehat{𝒜}\widehat{𝒜})=\underset{s,tI}{}B(H_s)B(H_t).$$

If $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\omega )=(\omega _{st})_{s,tI}`$, then the matrix $`(\omega _{st})_{s,t}`$ has only finitely many non-zero components in each column and row. This together with the property $`\widehat{𝒜}=`$ shows that expressions like $`b_1\omega _{(0)}b_2\omega _{(1)}`$ make sense as elements of $``$. It is then straightforward to check that all the results and notions from the previous sections remain true for $``$ whenever $`(,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is replaced by $`(\widehat{𝒜},\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }})`$. Even Theorem 2.1, which is not directly applicable since $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ is not semisimple, has an analogue in this context, as will be shown in Subsection 3.3 below.

Remark that if $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is a $`q`$-deformation of a compact semisimple Lie group $`G`$, then $`𝒜^{}=M(\widehat{𝒜})`$ has a dense Hopf subalgebra, namely the $`q`$-deformed universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of the group $`G`$. One can work with this algebra instead of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$. Then our previous results do not require any modifications. Since this algebra consists of unbounded elements, in many cases it is however more convenient to work with $`(\widehat{𝒜},\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }})`$.

### 3.2 The Chern character and index formulas

Suppose $`(\pi ,H,F,\gamma ,U)`$ is an $`\alpha `$-equivariant even Fredholm module over $``$. By this we mean that $`\pi `$ is a bounded $``$-representation of $``$ on a graded Hilbert space $`H=H_{}H_+`$, that $`F`$ is a symmetry on $`H`$ ($`F=F^{}`$, $`F^2=1`$), that $`\gamma =\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$ is the grading operator for which $`F`$ is odd and $`\pi (b)`$, $`b`$, is even, and that the commutator $`[F,\pi (b)]`$ is a compact operator on $`H`$ for each $`b`$. Furthermore, the element $`UM(AK(H))`$ is a unitary corepresentations of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$, so $`(\mathrm{\Delta }\iota )(U)=U_{13}U_{23}`$, which commutes with $`1F`$ and with $`1\gamma `$, and

$$U(\iota \pi )\alpha (b)=(1\pi (b))U.$$

The corepresentation $`U`$ defines a bounded $``$-representation of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ on $`H`$ by $`\pi _U(\omega )=(\omega \iota )(U)`$. Recall that a Fredholm module $`(\pi ,H,F)`$ over $``$ is called $`(2n+1)`$-summable if $`[F,\pi (b)]^{2n+1}(H)`$ for any $`b`$, where $`^{2n+1}(H)`$ is the Schatten $`(2n+1)`$-class. Then we can define

$$\varphi _F(\omega b_0\mathrm{}b_{2n})=\frac{(1)^n}{2}\mathrm{Tr}(\gamma \pi _U(\omega )F[F,\pi (b_0)]\mathrm{}[F,\pi (b_{2n})]).$$

The identity $`U(\iota \pi )\alpha (b)=(1\pi (b))U`$ implies $`\pi _U(\omega _{(0)})\pi (b\omega _{(1)})=\pi (b)\pi _U(\omega )`$. It is now easy to see that $`\varphi _F`$ is a cyclic cocycle and thus defines an element of $`HC_{\widehat{𝒜}}^{2n}()`$.

Suppose $`p`$ is a $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant projection, and define projections $`p_+=\frac{1}{2}(1+\gamma )\pi (p)`$ and $`p_{}=\frac{1}{2}(1\gamma )\pi (p)`$. Then $`p_{}Fp_+:p_+H_+p_{}H_{}`$ is a Fredholm operator. Since $`F`$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\pi (p)`$ all commute with the algebra $`\pi _U(\widehat{𝒜})`$, the finite dimensional spaces $`\mathrm{Ker}(p_{}Fp_+)`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(p_{}Fp_+)^{}`$ are $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant. Denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_+`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{}`$ the finite dimensional representations of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ on $`\mathrm{Ker}(p_{}Fp_+)`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(p_{}Fp_+)^{}`$, respectively, given by restriction. Define $`\varphi _\pm (\omega )=\mathrm{Tr}(\stackrel{~}{\pi }_\pm (\omega ))`$ and $`(\mathrm{Ind}_Fp)(\omega )=\varphi _+(\omega )\varphi _{}(\omega )`$. Note that if $`\omega `$ is a sufficiently large projection in $`\widehat{𝒜}`$, then

$$(\mathrm{Ind}_Fp)(\omega )=dim\stackrel{~}{\pi }_+dim\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{}.$$

###### Theorem 3.1

We have $`(\mathrm{Ind}_Fp)(\omega )=[\varphi _F],[p](\omega )`$.

Proof. The proof is analogous to the one in \[C\], and is based on the fact that if $`\tau `$ is trace on an algebra, then $`\tau ((pp^{})^{2n+1})=\tau (pp^{})`$ for any two idempotents $`p`$ and $`p^{}`$ and any $`n`$.

Consider now a finite dimensional unitary corepresentation $`VAB(H_V)`$ of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$. Set $`\stackrel{~}{U}=U_{13}V_{12}M(AK(H_VH))`$ and consider the coaction $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V`$ of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ on $`B(H_V)B`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V(Tb)=(V^{}1)(1T1)\alpha (b)_{13}(V1).$$

Then $`(\iota \pi ,H_VH,1F,1\gamma ,\stackrel{~}{U})`$ is an $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V`$-equivariant even Fredholm module over $`B(H_V)`$. For any $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V`$-invariant projection $`pB(H_V)`$, we define $`\mathrm{Ind}_Fp`$ as above. Note that the right action of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ on $`B(H_V)`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V`$ in the sense that $`x\omega =(\omega \iota )\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V(x)`$ is precisely the action introduced in Lemma 1.1, where $`H_V`$ is the right $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-module with action $`\xi \omega =\pi _V\widehat{S}(\omega )\xi `$. Indeed,

$`(\omega \iota )\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_V(Tb)`$ $`=`$ $`(\omega \iota \iota )((V^{}1)(1T1)\alpha (b)_{13}(V1))`$
$`=`$ $`((\omega _{(0)}\iota )(V^{})1)(Tb\omega _{(1)})((\omega _{(2)}\iota )(V)1)`$
$`=`$ $`\pi _V\widehat{S}(\omega _{(0)})T\pi _V(\omega _{(2)})b\omega _{(1)}.`$
Thus $`p`$ defines an element of $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}()`$ and we get a homomorphism $`\mathrm{Ind}_F:K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}()R(\widehat{𝒜})`$. The cocycle corresponding to the Fredholm module $`(\iota \pi ,H_VH,1F,1\gamma ,\stackrel{~}{U})`$ is exactly $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{2n}\varphi _F`$. Hence $`\mathrm{Ind}_F=[\varphi _F],`$ on $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}()`$.

Recall now that there exists a canonical element $`\rho M(\widehat{𝒜})`$ such that $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\rho )=\rho \rho `$ and $`\widehat{S}^2(\omega )=\rho ^1\omega \rho `$. Then in the above notation $`(\mathrm{Ind}_Fp)(\rho )=\varphi _+(\rho )\varphi _{}(\rho )`$ is nothing but the difference between the quantum dimensions of $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_+`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }_{}`$. We denote this quantity by $`q\mathrm{Ind}_Fp`$ and think of it as a quantum Fredholm index of $`p_{}Fp_+`$.

We say that an $`\alpha `$-equivariant Fredholm module $`(\pi ,H,F,\gamma ,U)`$ over $``$ is $`(2n+1,\rho )`$-summable if

$$\pi _U(\rho )^{\frac{1}{2(2n+1)}}|[F,\pi (b)]|\pi _U(\rho )^{\frac{1}{2(2n+1)}}^{2n+1}(H)$$

for any $`b`$. Under this condition $`q\mathrm{Ind}_F=\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_F,_\rho `$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_FHC_{\theta _\rho }^{2n}()`$ is the twisted cocycle given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_F(b_0\mathrm{}b_{2n})=\frac{(1)^n}{2}\mathrm{Tr}(\gamma F[F,\pi (b_0)]\mathrm{}[F,\pi (b_{2n})]\pi _U(\rho )).$$

As will be shown elsewhere, the quantum index is much easier to compute than the usual one and the equivariant index $`\mathrm{Ind}_F`$.

### 3.3 Julg’s theorem

We have shown how an $`\alpha `$-equivariant Fredholm module gives rise to an index map on equivariant $`K`$-theory. In the rest of the paper we address the question of how to compute the $`K`$-theory. First we shall obtain an analogue of Theorem 2.1 and thus extend the result of \[J\] to compact quantum groups.

Equivariant $`K`$-theory for coactions of arbitrary locally compact quantum groups was defined in \[BS1\]. While the general case requires $`KK`$-theory technique, the case of compact quantum groups can be handled using the simple-minded definition in Subsection 2.1. Thus we define $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)`$ as the Grothendieck group associated with the semigroup of equivalence classes of all $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant projections in $`B(H_V)B`$ for all finite dimensional unitary corepresentations of $`V`$ of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ (in view of \[BS1\] this group should rather be denoted by $`K_0^A(B)`$). Since $`(B(H_V)B)\widehat{𝒜}=B(H_V)`$, by definition $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)=K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}()`$. We shall now describe $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)`$ in terms of $`\alpha `$-equivariant Hilbert $`B`$-modules.

By an $`\alpha `$-equivariant Hilbert $`B`$-module we mean a right Hilbert $`B`$-module $`X`$ together with a non-degenerate continuous linear map $`\delta :XAX`$ (here we consider $`AX`$ as a right Hilbert $`(AB)`$-module, and non-degeneracy means that $`\delta (X)(A1)`$ is dense in $`AX`$) such that $`(\mathrm{\Delta }\iota )\delta =(\iota \delta )\delta `$ and
(i) $`\delta (\xi b)=\delta (\xi )\alpha (b)`$ for $`\xi X`$ and $`bB`$;
(ii) $`\delta (\xi _1),\delta (\xi _2)_{AB}=\alpha (\xi _1,\xi _2_B)`$ for $`\xi _1,\xi _2X`$.

If $`VAB(H_V)`$ is a finite dimensional unitary corepresentation of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ and $`pB(H_V)B`$ is a $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant projection, then $`H_{V,p}=p(H_VB)`$ is an $`\alpha `$-equivariant Hilbert $`B`$-module with

$$\delta (\xi b)=(V^{}1)(1\xi 1)\alpha (b)_{13}\text{and}\xi _1b_1,\xi _2b_2=(\xi _2,\xi _1)b_1^{}b_2.$$

###### Lemma 3.2

Any $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. Hilbert $`B`$-module $`X`$ is isomorphic to $`H_{V,p}`$ for some $`V`$ and $`p`$.

Proof. The coaction $`\delta `$ defines a right action of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ on $`X`$, $`\xi \omega =(\omega \iota )\delta (\xi )`$. By non-degeneracy $`X\widehat{𝒜}`$ is dense in $`X`$. Since $`X`$ is f.g. as a $`B`$-module, we can find a finite number of generators in $`X\widehat{𝒜}`$, cf \[J\]. Since $`\xi \widehat{𝒜}`$ is a finite dimensional space for any $`\xi X\widehat{𝒜}`$, we conclude that there exists a finite dimensional non-degenerate $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-submodule $`X_0`$ of $`X`$ such that $`X_0B=X`$. There exists a finite dimensional unitary corepresentation $`VAB(H_V)`$ such that the right $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-modules $`H_V`$ and $`X_0`$ are isomorphic. Fix an isomorphism $`T_0:H_VX_0`$ and define $`T:H_VBX`$ by $`T(\xi b)=(T_0\xi )b`$. The mapping $`T`$ is a surjective morphism of $`B`$-modules. Since $`H_VB`$ is a f.g. Hilbert $`B`$-module, it makes sense to consider the polar decomposition of $`T^{}`$, $`T^{}=u|T^{}|`$. Then $`|T^{}|`$ is an invertible morphism of the $`B`$-module $`X`$, and $`u:XH_VB`$ is a $`B`$-module mapping such that $`u^{}u=\iota `$. Property (ii) in the definition of $`\alpha `$-equivariant Hilbert modules together with non-degeneracy ensure that $`T^{}`$ is a morphism of $`\alpha `$-equivariant modules, hence so are $`|T^{}|`$, $`u=T^{}|T^{}|^1`$ and $`u^{}`$. Thus $`u`$ is an isomorphism of the $`\alpha `$-equivariant $`B`$-module $`X`$ onto $`H_{V,p}`$ with $`p=uu^{}`$.

Thus $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)`$ can equivalently be described as the Grothendieck group of the semigroup of isomorphism classes of $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. Hilbert $`B`$-modules. Note that $`K_1^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)`$ as defined in \[BS1\] is identical to $`K_1`$ of the Banach category of $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. right Hilbert $`B`$-modules \[K\]. To get the pairing with cyclic cohomology, one needs a continuous version of equivariant cyclic cohomology, but we shall not discuss this any further here.

Consider the C-algebra crossed product $`B\widehat{A}`$, that is, the C-algebra generated by $`\alpha (B)(\widehat{A}1)`$, where we consider $`A`$ and $`\widehat{A}`$ as subalgebras of $`B(L^2(A,\phi ))`$. Note that as $`\widehat{A}`$ is non-unital, the algebra $`B`$ should be considered as a subalgebra of $`M(B\widehat{A})`$. As before, we write just $`b\omega `$ instead of $`\alpha (b)(\omega 1)`$. This notation agrees with the notation introduced earlier in the sense that $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ becomes a dense $``$-subalgebra of $`B\widehat{A}`$. In the proof below we denote by $`_s`$ the spectral subspace of $`B`$ corresponding to an equivalence class $`s`$ of irreducible unitary corepresentations of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$, so

$$_s=BB(H_s)=BI_s,$$

where we identify $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ with $`_{tI}B(H_t)`$ and where $`I_s`$ is the unit in $`B(H_s)`$.

###### Lemma 3.3

We have $`(\widehat{𝒜})(B\widehat{A})(\widehat{𝒜})\widehat{𝒜}`$.

Proof. Let $`p`$ be a central projection in $`\widehat{𝒜}`$. It is enough to prove that $`p(B\widehat{A})p\widehat{𝒜}`$. Suppose a net $`\{x_n\}_n`$ in $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ with $`px_np=x_n`$ converges to an element $`xB\widehat{A}`$. Fix a basis $`\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _m`$ in $`\widehat{𝒜}p`$. Then $`x_n=_ib_i(n)\omega _i`$ for some $`b_i(n)`$. Since

$$x_n=px_n=\underset{i}{}(b_i(n)\widehat{S}^1(p_{(1)}))p_{(0)}\omega _i,$$

we may assume that there exists a finite set $`F`$ of equivalence classes of irreducible unitary corepresentations of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ such that $`b_i(n)_{sF}_s`$ for all $`n`$ and $`i`$. Namely, if $`p=_{tF_0}I_t`$, then for $`F`$ we can take the set of irreducible components of $`\overline{t}_1\times t_2`$ for $`t_1,t_2F_0`$. Fix matrix units $`m_{jk}^s`$ in $`B(H_s)`$, and let $`u_{jk}^s𝒜`$ be the corresponding matrix coefficients. Then there exists uniquely defined elements $`b_i^s(n),b_{ijk}^s(n)_s`$ such that $`b_i(n)=_{sF}b_i^s(n)`$ and

$$\alpha (b_i^s(n))=\underset{j,k}{}u_{jk}^sb_{ijk}^s(n).$$

By assumption the net

$$\underset{i}{}\alpha (b_i(n))(\omega _i1)=\underset{sF}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\underset{j,k}{}u_{jk}^s\omega _ib_{ijk}^s(n)$$

converges in $`K(L^2(A,\phi ))B`$. Since the map $`𝒜\widehat{𝒜}K(L^2(A,\phi ))`$, $`a\omega a\omega `$, is injective, we conclude that the nets $`\{b_{ijk}^s(n)\}_n`$ converge in $`B`$ for all $`s,i,j,k`$. Then $`b_i^s(n)=_{j,k}\epsilon (u_{jk}^s)b_{ijk}^s(n)`$ converge to elements $`b_i^s_s`$, so $`x=_s_ib_i^s\omega _i`$ is an element of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$.

Let $`V`$ be a finite dimensional unitary corepresentation of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ and $`pB(H_V)`$ a $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant projection. As in Subsection 2.1 we can consider $`X_p=p(H_V)`$ as a $`(\widehat{𝒜})`$-module. The same argument as we used there shows that it is isomorphic to a f.g. projective $`(\widehat{𝒜})`$-module $`q(\widehat{𝒜})^n`$ for some idempotent $`q\mathrm{Mat}_n(\widehat{𝒜})`$. More precisely, if $`V=V^s`$ is irreducible and $`p=1`$, then for $`q`$ we can take any one-dimensional idempotent in $`B(H_{\overline{s}})\widehat{𝒜}`$. Conversely, if $`q\mathrm{Mat}_n(\widehat{𝒜})`$, then there exists an idempotent $`e`$ in $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ such that $`q(1e)=q`$ in $`\mathrm{Mat}_n()(\widehat{𝒜})`$. Then the $`(\widehat{𝒜})`$-module $`q(\widehat{𝒜})^n`$ is a direct summand of the module $`(e(\widehat{𝒜}))^n(e\widehat{𝒜})^n`$, so it is of the form $`X_p`$ for some $`V`$ and $`p`$. We can now consider $`q`$ as an idempotent in $`\mathrm{Mat}_n(B\widehat{A})`$, so the corresponding projective $`(B\widehat{A})`$-module is just $`X_p_{\widehat{𝒜}}(B\widehat{A})`$. Given two $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant projections $`pB(H_V)`$ and $`p^{}B(H_V^{})`$, it is clear that they are equivalent if and only if the $`\alpha `$-equivariant modules $`H_{V,p}`$ and $`H_{V^{},p^{}}`$ are isomorphic, if and only if the $`(\widehat{𝒜})`$-modules $`X_p`$ and $`X_p^{}`$ are isomorphic, if and only if the corresponding idempotents $`q`$ and $`q^{}`$ in $`_n\mathrm{Mat}_n(\widehat{𝒜})`$ are equivalent. But according to Lemma 3.3 equivalence of idempotents in $`_n\mathrm{Mat}_n(\widehat{𝒜})`$ is the same as equivalence of idempotents in $`_n\mathrm{Mat}_n(B\widehat{A})`$. We summarize this discussion in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 3.4

There are bijective correspondences between
(i) the isomorphism classes of $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. right Hilbert $`B`$-modules;
(ii) the equivalence classes of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$-invariant projections in $`B(H_V)B`$ for finite dimensional unitary corepresentations $`V`$ of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$;
(iii) the equivalence classes of idempotents in $`_n\mathrm{Mat}_n(\widehat{𝒜})`$;
(iv) the equivalence classes of projections in $`K(l^2())(B\widehat{A})`$.

In particular, $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}()K_0(\widehat{𝒜})K_0(B\widehat{A})`$.

Proof. The bijective correspondences are already explained. It remains to note that though the algebras $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ and $`B\widehat{A}`$ are in general non-unital, we can choose an approximate unit $`\{e_n\}_n`$ in $`B\widehat{A}`$ consisting of central projections in $`\widehat{𝒜}`$, so that $`K_0(B\widehat{A})`$ and $`K_0(\widehat{𝒜})`$ can be described in terms of idempotents in $`_m_n\mathrm{Mat}_m(e_n(B\widehat{A})e_n)=_m_n\mathrm{Mat}_m(e_n(\widehat{𝒜})e_n)=_m\mathrm{Mat}_m(\widehat{𝒜})`$.

### 3.4 Equivariant vector bundles on homogeneous spaces

In this section we consider quantum homogeneous spaces and prove an analogue of the geometric fact that an equivariant vector bundle on a homogeneous space is completely determined by the representation of the stabilizer of some point in the fiber over this point. It seems that in the quantum case such a result is less obvious than in the classical case, and we deduce it from Theorem 3.4 combined with the Takesaki-Takai duality.

We consider a closed subgroup of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$, that is, a compact quantum group $`(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$ together with a surjective $``$-homomorphism $`P:AA_0`$ such that $`(PP)\mathrm{\Delta }=\mathrm{\Delta }_0P`$. Consider the right coaction $`\mathrm{\Delta }_R:AAA_0`$ of $`(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$ on $`A`$ given by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)=(\iota P)\mathrm{\Delta }(a)`$, and the corresponding quotient space $`B=A^{\mathrm{\Delta }_R}=\{aA|\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)=a1\}`$ together with the left coaction $`\alpha =\mathrm{\Delta }|_B:BAB`$ of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ on $`B`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{Irr}(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$ the set of equivalence classes of irreducible unitary corepresentations of $`(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$. For each $`t\mathrm{Irr}(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$ fix a representative $`V^tA_0B(H_t)`$ of this class. On $`H_tA`$ define a right $`A_0`$-comodule structure by

$$\delta _t:H_tAH_tAA_0,\delta _t(\xi a)=V_{31}^t(\xi 11)(1\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)).$$

The comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ induces also a left $`A`$-comodule structure on $`H_tA`$ by

$$\delta :H_tAAH_tA,\delta (\xi a)=(1\xi 1)\mathrm{\Delta }(a)_{13}.$$

Set

$$X_t=(H_tA)^{\delta _t}=\{xH_tA|\delta _t(x)=x1\}.$$

Since $`(\delta \iota )\delta _t=(\iota \delta _t)\delta `$, the projection $`E_t:H_tAX_t`$, $`E_t=(\iota \phi _0)\delta _t`$, has the property $`\delta E_t=(\iota E_t)\delta `$, so $`\delta `$ induces a structure of an $`\alpha `$-equivariant right $`B`$-module on $`X_t`$. Here $`\phi _0`$ denotes the Haar state on $`A_0`$. To introduce a $`B`$-valued inner product on it, consider the conditional expectation $`E:AB`$ given by $`E=(\iota \phi _0)\mathrm{\Delta }_R`$. Then set

$$\xi _1a_1,\xi _2a_2=(\xi _2,\xi _1)E(a_1^{}a_2).$$

###### Lemma 3.5

The module $`X_t`$ is an $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. right Hilbert $`B`$-module.

Proof. Consider the left action of $`\widehat{𝒜}_0`$ on $`A`$ given by $`\omega a=(\iota \omega )\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)`$. Let $`A_t=B(H_{\overline{t}})A`$ be the spectral subspace of $`A`$ corresponding to $`t`$. Equivalently $`A_t`$ can be described as the linear span of elements $`(\iota \phi _0(u))\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)`$, where $`aA`$ and $`u`$ is a matrix coefficient of $`V^t`$. Since $`X_t=E_t(H_tA)`$, it follows that $`X_tH_tA_t`$. Thus it is enough to prove that $`A_t`$ considered as a $`B`$-module with inner product $`a_1,a_2=E(a_1^{}a_2)`$ is a f.g. right Hilbert $`B`$-module.

To check that $`A_t`$ is complete, choose matrix units $`e_{ij}`$ in $`B(H_{\overline{t}})`$ and consider the corresponding matrix coefficients $`v_{ij}`$ for $`V^{\overline{t}}`$. Then define $`B`$-module mappings $`E_{ij}:A_tA_t`$ by letting $`E_{ij}(a)=e_{ij}a`$, so

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)=\underset{i,j}{}E_{ij}(a)v_{ij}.$$

The orthogonality relations imply that the $`B`$-valued inner product $`a_1,a_2^{}=_{i,j}E_{ij}(a_1^{})E_{ij}(a_2)`$ defines an equivalent norm. Since $`a=_{i,j}\epsilon _0(v_{ij})E_{ij}(a)`$ for $`aA_t`$, where $`\epsilon _0`$ is the counit on $`𝒜_0`$, it follows that the topology on $`A_t`$ is the usual norm topology inherited from $`A`$. Thus $`A_t`$ is complete.

It remains to show that $`A_t`$ is finitely generated. This is, in fact, known (see e.g. \[D\] for a more general statement), but we include a proof for the sake of completeness. Since $`A_t^{}=A_{\overline{t}}`$, it is enough to show that $`A_t`$ is finitely generated as a left $`B`$-module. Let $`UAB(H)`$ be a finite dimensional unitary corepresentation of $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$. Then $`(P\iota )(U)`$ is a unitary corepresentation of $`(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$. We can decompose it into irreducible ones, and then the image of the space of matrix coefficients of $`U`$ under $`P`$ is precisely the space of matrix coefficients of those irreducible unitary corepresentations. Since $`P(𝒜)`$ is dense in $`A_0`$, using orthogonality relations, we conclude that there exists an irreducible unitary corepresentation $`U`$ such that $`V^{\overline{t}}`$ is a subcorepresentation of $`(P\iota )(U)`$. Thus we can identify $`H_{\overline{t}}`$ with a subspace of $`H`$ and complete the orthonormal basis $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _m`$ in $`H_{\overline{t}}`$ to an orthonormal basis $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _n`$ in $`H`$. Consider the corresponding matrix coefficients $`u_{ij}`$, $`1i,jn`$, of $`U`$. Then $`P(u_{ij})=v_{ij}`$ for $`1i,jm`$, so the elements $`b_{ij}=u_{ij}`$, $`1in`$, $`1jm`$, lie in $`A_t`$. We claim that they generate $`A_t`$ as a left $`B`$-module. Indeed, for $`aA_t`$ set

$$a_{ij}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{}}E_{kj}(a)b_{ik}^{},1in,1jm.$$

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }_R(E_{kj}(a))=_{p=1}^mE_{pj}(a)v_{pk}`$, we get

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a_{ij})=\underset{k,p,q=1}{\overset{m}{}}(E_{pj}(a)v_{pk})(u_{iq}^{}v_{qk}^{})=\underset{p=1}{\overset{m}{}}E_{pj}(a)u_{ip}^{}1=a_{ij}1,$$

so $`a_{ij}B`$. Then we compute

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}a_{ij}b_{ij}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{j,k=1}{\overset{m}{}}E_{kj}(a)u_{ik}^{}u_{ij}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}E_{jj}(a)=I_{\overline{t}}a=a.$$

Now we can formulate the main result of this subsection.

###### Theorem 3.6

Any $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. right Hilbert $`B`$-module is isomorphic to a unique finite direct sum of modules $`X_t`$, $`t\mathrm{Irr}(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$.

In particular, $`K_0^{\widehat{𝒜}}(B)`$ is a free abelian group with basis $`[X_t]`$, $`t\mathrm{Irr}(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$.

To prove Theorem we first realize $`B\widehat{A}`$ as a subalgebra of $`B(L^2(A,\phi ))`$. Since $`BA`$, we can consider $`B\widehat{A}`$ as a subalgebra of $`A\widehat{A}`$. Then we can apply the following particular case of the Takesaki-Takai duality, see e.g. \[BS2\].

###### Lemma 3.7

The representations of $`A`$ and of $`\widehat{A}`$ on $`L^2(A,\phi )`$ define an isomorphism of $`A\widehat{A}`$ onto $`K(L^2(A,\phi ))`$.

Specifically, the homomorphism $`B(L^2(A,\phi ))B(L^2(A,\phi )L^2(A,\phi ))`$, $`xV(x1)V^{}`$, sends $`\omega \widehat{A}`$ to $`\omega 1`$ and $`aA`$ to $`\mathrm{\Delta }(a)`$, where $`V=(J\widehat{J}1)\mathrm{\Sigma }W\mathrm{\Sigma }(J\widehat{J}1)`$, $`J`$ is the modular involution corresponding to $`\phi `$, $`\widehat{J}`$ is the modular involution corresponding to the right invariant Haar weight on $`\widehat{A}`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is the flip, and $`W`$ is the multiplicative unitary for $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta })`$.

Thus there is no ambiguity in writing $`a\omega `$ irrespectively of whether we consider it as an element of $`A\widehat{A}`$ or as an operator on $`L^2(A,\phi )`$.

Define a unitary $`U_0`$ on $`L^2(A,\phi )L^2(A_0,\phi _0)`$ by

$$U_0(a\xi _\phi \xi )=\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)(\xi _\phi \xi ).$$

Then define a right coaction $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_R:K(L^2(A,\phi ))M(K(L^2(A,\phi ))A_0)`$ of $`(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$ on $`K(L^2(A,\phi ))`$ by setting $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_R(x)=U_0(x1)U_0^{}`$. We obviously have $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_R(a)=\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)`$ for $`aA`$. Since the representation of $`\widehat{𝒜}`$ on $`L^2(A,\phi )`$ by definition has the property $`\omega a\xi _\phi =(\widehat{S}^1(\omega )1)\mathrm{\Delta }(a)\xi _\phi `$, we see also that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_R(\omega )=\omega 1`$. It follows that we can identify $`B\widehat{A}`$ with $`(A\widehat{A})^{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_R}`$.

Choose an irreducible unitary corepresentation $`UAB(H)`$ such that $`V^t`$ is a subcorepresentation of $`(P\iota )(U)`$, and choose an orthonormal basis $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _n`$ in $`H`$ such that $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _m`$ is an orthonormal basis in $`H_t`$. Let $`u_{ij}`$, $`1i,jn`$, be the corresponding matrix coefficients for $`U`$, and $`v_{ij}`$, $`1i,jm`$, the matrix coefficients for $`V^t`$. Fix $`i`$, $`1in`$.

###### Lemma 3.8

The map $`H_t𝒜K(L^2(A,\phi ))`$, $`\xi _jau_{ij}I_0a`$, defines a right $`(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$-module and right $`𝒜_0`$-comodule isomorphism of $`H_t𝒜`$ onto $`p_t(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$, where $`p_tK(L^2(A,\phi ))`$ is the projection onto the space spanned by $`u_{ij}\xi _\phi `$, $`1jm`$.

Proof. We have already used the isomorphisms $`𝒜I_0\widehat{𝒜}𝒜I_0(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$, where $`I_0\widehat{𝒜}`$ is the projection such that $`I_0\omega =\widehat{\epsilon }(\omega )I_0`$. In other words, the map $`𝒜I_0(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$, $`aI_0a`$, is an $`(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$-module isomorphism. Note also that since $`I_0`$ is the projection onto $`\xi _\phi `$, the operator $`u_{ij}I_0`$ is, up to a scalar, a partial isometry with initial space $`\xi _\phi `$ and range space $`u_{ij}\xi _\phi `$. It follows that the map in the formulation of Lemma is an injective morphism of $`(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$-modules. Moreover, since $`p_t`$ is a linear combination of $`u_{ij}I_0u_{ij}^{}`$, we have $`u_{ij}I_0(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})p_t(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$ and $`p_t(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})_ju_{ij}I_0(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$. Thus the map is an isomorphism of the $`(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$-modules $`H_t𝒜`$ and $`p_t(𝒜\widehat{𝒜})`$. It remains to check that it is an $`𝒜_0`$-comodule morphism. By definition we have

$$\delta _t(\xi _ja)=V_{31}^t(\xi _j11)(1\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a))=\underset{k}{}(\xi _k1v_{kj})(1\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a)).$$

On the other hand,

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_R(u_{ij}I_0a)=\underset{k}{}(u_{ik}v_{kj})(I_01)\mathrm{\Delta }_R(a).$$

Thus the map is indeed an $`𝒜_0`$-comodule morphism.

Proof of Theorem 3.6. Consider the $`(\widehat{𝒜})`$-module $`\chi _t=(H_t𝒜)^{\delta _t}`$. As an immediate consequence of Lemma 3.8 we have $`\chi _tp_t(\widehat{𝒜})`$. By Theorem 3.4 we get a f.g. $`\alpha `$-equivariant right Hilbert $`B`$-module $`\stackrel{~}{X}_t=\chi _t_{}B`$. The inclusion $`\chi _tX_t`$ induces a morphism $`\stackrel{~}{X}_tX_t`$ of $`\alpha `$-equivariant f.g. right Hilbert $`B`$-modules. This map is surjective, since by the proof of Lemma 3.5, we know that $`\chi _tB=X_t`$. The map is also injective, since it is equivariant and injective on $`\chi _t`$, and since any equivariant $`B`$-module map on $`\stackrel{~}{X}_t`$ maps $`\chi _t`$ into itself. Thus $`\stackrel{~}{X}_tX_t`$. By Theorem 3.4 it is thus enough to show that any projection in $`K(l^2())(B\widehat{A})`$ is equivalent to a unique direct sum of projections $`p_t`$, $`t\mathrm{Irr}(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$.

Note that $`(U_0)_{21}M(A_0K(L^2(A,\phi )))`$ is a unitary corepresentation of $`(A_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$. Thus we can decompose the space $`L^2(A,\phi )=_t(H_tL_t)`$ so that $`(U_0)_{21}=_t(V_t1)`$. Then $`B\widehat{A}_tK(L_t)`$, so to prove Theorem, it is enough to show that under this isomorphism $`p_t`$ becomes a minimal projection in $`K(L_t)`$. Equivalently, we must show that the restriction of $`(U_0)_{21}`$ to $`p_tL^2(A,\phi )`$ is isomorphic to $`V^t`$. This is indeed the case since in the notation of the proof of Lemma 3.8 we have

$$(U_0)_{21}(\xi u_{ij}\xi _\phi )=\underset{k}{}v_{kj}\xi u_{ik}\xi _\phi .$$

Sergey Neshveyev

Mathematics Institute

University of Oslo

PB 1053 Blindern

Oslo 0316

Norway

e-mail: neshveyev@hotmail.com