text:
# Optical vortices in dispersive nonlinear Kerr type media

## 1 Introduction

In present day, there are no difficulties for experimentalist in laser physics or nonlinear optics to obtain picosecond or femtosecond optical pulses with equal duration in $`x`$, $`y`$ and $`z`$ directions. The problems with so generated light bullets arise in the process of their propagation in a nonlinear media with dispersion. In the transparency region of a dispersive Kerr type media, as it was established in , the scalar paraxial approximation (no dispersion in the direction of propagation), is in very good accordance with the experimental results. The paraxial approximation, used in the derivation of the scalar 2D+1 nonlinear Schredinger equation (NSE), do not include a small (in first or second order of magnitude) second derivative of the amplitude function in the direction of propagation. The including of this term does not change the main result dramatically: in the case of a linear propagation (pulses with small intensity), as generated optical bullets at short distance are transformed in optical disks, with large transverse and small lengthwise dimension. Some of the experimental possibilities, this small term to become important, were discussed in . In Ref. it was shown, that this second derivative in the direction of propagation term is in the same order and with the same sign as the others only in some special cases: optical pulses near the Langmuir frequency or near some of the electronic resonances. In these regions the sign of the dispersion is negative and the scalar 2D+1 NSE becomes 3D+1 NSE ones . Propagation of optical bullets under the dynamics of 2D+1 and 3D+1 NSE are investigated also in relation to different kind of nonlinearity . A generation of a new kind of 2D and 3D optical pulses, so called optical vortices, has recently become a topic of considerable interest. Generally, the optical vortices are such type of optical pulses, which admit angular dependence of electrical field or helical phase distribution. The electrical field or intensity is zero also in the center of the vortices. The original scalar theory of optical vortices was based on the well known 2D+1 NSE . In a self focusing regime of propagation can be generated optical rings, but they are modulationally unstable . One alternative way of stabilizing of optical vortices in 2D and 3D case, using saturable  or cubic- quintic  nonlinearity, was discussed also. From the other hand, the experiments with optical vortices show, that the polarization, and the vector character of the electric field, play an important role in the dynamics and the stabilization of the vortices . To investigate these cases we are going to a vector version of 3D+1 NSE. In Section 2 we derive this vector version of 3D+1 NSE (VNSE), using also the dispersion in the direction of propagation and envelope approximation in the standard way as it was constructed in . This vector generalization allows us to find exact vortex solutions with spin l=1 and finite energy. The question for shape and finiteness energy of these vortices is crucial, and will discuss largely in Section 5.

## 2 Maxwell’s equations for a source-free, dispersive, nonlinear Kerr type medium

The Maxwell’s equations for a source-free dispersive media with Kerr nonlinearity are:

$`\times \stackrel{}{E}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{B}}{t}},`$ (1)
$`\times \stackrel{}{H}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{D}}{t}},`$ (2)
$$\stackrel{}{D}=0,$$
(3)
$$\stackrel{}{B}=\stackrel{}{H}=0,$$
(4)
$$\stackrel{}{B}=\stackrel{}{H},\stackrel{}{D}=\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}+4\pi \stackrel{}{P}_{nlin},$$
(5)
where $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{H}`$ are the electric and magnetic intensity fields, $`\stackrel{}{D}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{B}`$ are the electric and magnetic induction fields, $`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}`$, $`\stackrel{}{P}_{nlin}`$ are the linear and nonlinear polarizations of the medium respectively. The linear electric polarization of an isotropic, disperse medium can be represented as:

$`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}\left(\delta (t\tau )+4\pi \chi ^{\left(1\right)}\left(t\tau \right)\right)\stackrel{}{E}(\tau ,x,y,z)𝑑\tau =`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}\epsilon _0\left(t\tau \right)\stackrel{}{E}(\tau ,x,y,z)𝑑\tau ,`$ (6)
where $`\chi ^{(1)}`$ and $`\epsilon _0`$ are the linear electric susceptibility and the dielectric constant. In the following, we will study such polarization (linearly or circularly polarized light), where the nonlinear polarization in the case of one carrying frequency can be expressed as:

$`\stackrel{}{P}_{nl}^{(3)}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}\chi ^{\left(3\right)}(t\tau _1,t\tau _2,t\tau _3)`$
$`\times \left(\stackrel{}{E}(\tau _1,x,y,z)\stackrel{}{E}^{}(\tau _2,x,y,z)\right)\stackrel{}{E}(\tau _3,x,y,z)d\tau _1d\tau _2d\tau _3.`$ (7)
It is important to point here the remark of Akhmanov at all in , that the method slowly varying amplitudes of electrical and magnet fields applied to such nonstationary linear and nonlinear representation is valid as well when the optical pulse duration of the pulses $`t_0`$ is greater than the characteristic response time of the media $`\tau _0`$ ($`t_0>>\tau _0`$), as when the time duration of the pulses are equal or less than the time response of the media ($`t_0\tau _0`$). This possibility is discussed in the process of deriving of the amplitude equations.

Taking the curl of equation (1) and using (2) and (5), we then obtain:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{E}\left(\stackrel{}{E}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{D}}{t^2}}=0,`$ (8)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ is the Laplasian operator. Equation (8) is derived without the use of the third Maxwell’s equation. Using equation (3) and the expression for the linear and nonlinear polarizations (2) and (2), it can be estimate the second term in the equation (8) for arbitrary localized vector function of the electrical field. As is shown in , for such type of function $`\stackrel{}{E}0`$ and equation (8) is written:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{E}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{D}}{t^2}}=0.`$ (9)
We define a complex presentation of the real electrical field by the relation:

$`\stackrel{}{E}(x,y,z,t)=\stackrel{}{A}^{}(x,y,z,t){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}(\mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right)c.c),`$ (10)
where $`\stackrel{}{A}^{}`$ and $`\omega _0`$ and $`k_0`$ are the real vector amplitude, the optical frequency and the wave number of the optical field respectively. The real vector amplitude $`\stackrel{}{A}^{}`$ is represented also by a complex vector amplitude field:

$`\stackrel{}{A}^{}(x,y,z,t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}\left(\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,t)\stackrel{}{A}^{}(x,y,z,t)\right),`$ (11)
where $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ is the complex amplitude of the electrical field. In this way our real electrical field is presented with four complex fields of kind:

$`\stackrel{}{E}(x,y,z,t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(\stackrel{}{A}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega _0t))+\stackrel{}{A}^{}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega _0t))\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(\stackrel{}{A}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega _0t))+\stackrel{}{A}^{}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega _0t))\right).`$ (12)
This special kind of presentation of electrical field is connected with shape and finiteness energy of vortex solutions, and it is discussed in Section 5. Here are used also the Fourier representation of the complex amplitude function $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ and their time derivatives to second order:

$`\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,t)={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)\mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(\omega _0\omega \right)t\right)𝑑\omega ,`$ (13)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,t)}{t}}=i{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(\omega \omega _0\right)\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(\omega \omega _0\right)t\right)d\omega ,`$ (14)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,t)}{t^2}}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(\omega \omega _0\right)^2\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(\omega \omega _0\right)t\right)d\omega .`$ (15)
The principe of causality request the next conditions on the responce functions:

$`\epsilon (t\tau )=0;\chi ^{\left(3\right)}(t\tau _1,t\tau _2,t\tau _3)=0,`$
$`t\tau <0;t\tau _i<0;i=1,2,3.`$ (16)
That because we can prolonged the upper integral boundary to infinity and to use standard Fourier presentation :

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}\epsilon _0(\tau t)\mathrm{exp}(i\omega \tau )𝑑\tau ={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\epsilon _0(\tau t)\mathrm{exp}(i\omega \tau )𝑑\tau ,`$ (17)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}\chi ^{\left(3\right)}(t\tau _1,t\tau _2,t\tau _3)𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2𝑑\tau _3=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\chi ^{\left(3\right)}(t\tau _1,t\tau _2,t\tau _3)𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2𝑑\tau _3.`$ (18)
The spectral presentation of linear optical susceptibility $`\widehat{\epsilon _0}(\omega )`$ is connected to the nonstationary optical response function by the next Fourier transform:

$`\widehat{\epsilon }_0(\omega )\mathrm{exp}(i\omega t)={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\epsilon _0(t\tau )\mathrm{exp}(i\omega \tau )𝑑\tau .`$ (19)
Similar is the expression for the spectral presentation of the non-stationary nonlinear optical susceptibility $`\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}`$:

$`\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}(\omega =2\omega \omega )\mathrm{exp}(i\omega t)={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\chi ^{\left(3\right)}(t\tau _1,t\tau _2,t\tau _3)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(\omega (\tau _1+\tau _2+\tau _3)\right)\right)d\tau _1d\tau _2d\tau _3.`$ (20)
From (2), (10), (13) (17)and (19) for the linear polarization of one of the complex fields $`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}\left[\stackrel{}{A}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega t))\right]`$ is obtained:

$`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{t}{}}}\epsilon _0\left(t\tau \right)\mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0\tau )\right){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i(\omega \omega _0)\tau \right)d\omega d\tau `$
$`=\mathrm{exp}(ik_0z){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\stackrel{}{A}_i(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\epsilon _0\left(t\tau \right)\mathrm{exp}(i\omega \tau )𝑑\tau 𝑑\omega .`$ (21)
The second integral in (2) is simply equation (19), and the linear polarization can be written:

$`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}(x,y,z,t)=\mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\widehat{\epsilon }_0\left(\omega \right)\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(\omega \omega _0\right)t\right)d\omega .`$ (22)
It is important to point, that the similar expressions as (2) are written also for the polarization of the complex fields of kind:

$`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}\left[\stackrel{}{A}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega t))\right];\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}\left[\stackrel{}{A}^{}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega t))\right],`$ (23)
and

$`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}\left[\stackrel{}{A}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega t))\right];\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}\left[\stackrel{}{A}^{}\mathrm{exp}(i(k_0z\omega t))\right].`$ (24)
The above procedures are used also to the nonlinear polarization. When the third harmonic term is neglected the result is:

$`\stackrel{}{P}^{nlin}(x,y,z,t)={\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}(\omega )\mathrm{exp}\left(i(\omega \omega _0)t\right)`$
$`\times |\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)|^2\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)d\omega .`$ (25)
Multiply (2), (2) by $`1/c^2`$, and using the second derivatives in time, we obtain:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}(x,y,z,t)}{t^2}}=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(k_0z\omega _0t\right)\right){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2\widehat{\epsilon }_0\left(\omega \right)}{c^2}}\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(\omega \omega _0\right)t\right)d\omega ,`$ (26)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{P}_{nlin}(x,y,z,t)}{t^2}}=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(k_0z\omega _0t\right)\right){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi \omega ^2\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}\left(\omega \right)}{c^2}}`$
$`\times |\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)|^2\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,\omega \omega _0)\mathrm{exp}\left(i(\omega \omega _0)t\right)d\omega .`$ (27)
The spectrum of the amplitude function is restricted, by writing the wave vectors:

$`k_{lin}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2\widehat{\epsilon }_0\left(\omega \right)}{c^2}}},`$ (28)
and

$`k_{nl}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi \omega ^2\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}\left(\omega \right)}{c^2}}}`$ (29)
near the carrying frequency in a Taylor series:

$`k_{lin}^2\left(\omega \right)={\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2\widehat{\epsilon _0}\left(\omega \right)}{c^2}}=k^2\left(\omega _0\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{\left(k^2\left(\omega _0\right)\right)}{\omega _0}}\left(\omega \omega _0\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\left(k^2\left(\omega _0\right)\right)}{\omega _0^2}}\left(\omega \omega _0\right)^2+\mathrm{},`$ (30)
$`k_{nl}^2\left(\omega \right)={\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}\left(\omega \right)}{c^2}}=k_{nl}^2\left(\omega _0\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{\left(k_{nl}^2\left(\omega _0\right)\right)}{\omega _0}}\left(\omega \omega _0\right)+\mathrm{}`$ (31)
It is convenient to express the nonlinear wave vector by linear wave vector and nonlinear refractive index:

$`k_{nl}^2(\omega _0)=3\pi \omega _0^2\widehat{\chi }^{(3)}(\omega _0)/c^2={\displaystyle \frac{\omega _0^2\widehat{\epsilon }(\omega _0)}{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi \widehat{\chi }^{(3)}(\omega _0)}{\widehat{\epsilon }(\omega _0)}}=k_0^2n_2,`$ (32)
where

$`n_2(\omega _0)={\displaystyle \frac{3\pi \widehat{\chi }^{(3)}(\omega _0)}{\widehat{\epsilon }(\omega _0)}},`$ (33)
is the nonlinear refractive index. We note that any approximation of the response function no used. There is only one requirement of the spectral presentations (19)and (2) of the response functions: to admit first and second order derivatives in respect to frequency (to be smooth functions). So, this method is not limited from the time duration of the response function. This give us the possibility to apply it also when the half-max of the pulses are in order of the time duration of the response function (femtosecond pulses). The restriction is only in respect of the relation between the main frequency $`\omega _0`$ and time duration of the envelope functions $`t_0`$ determinate from the relations (2) and (31) (conditions for slowly varying amplitudes). Putting eqn.(2)and (31) in (2)and (2) respectively and keeping in mind the expressions of time derivative of the amplitude functions (2)-(2) for the electric field, the second time derivative of the linear polarization of the optical component is represented in next truncated form:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}^{^{}}(x,y,z,t)}{t^2}}=\left(k_0^2\stackrel{}{A}+{\displaystyle \frac{2ik_0}{v}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}+\left(k_0k_0^\mathrm{"}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{v^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{t^2}}+\mathrm{}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right).`$ (34)
Similar result is obtained also for the linear polarization of the terms of kind (23) and(24). The nonlinear polarization therm is:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{c^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{P}_{nlin}(x,y,z,t)}{t^2}}=\left(k_0^2n_2\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}+2ik_{nl}{\displaystyle \frac{k_{nl}}{\omega }}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}\right)}{t}}+\mathrm{}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right)=`$
$`\left(k_0^2n_2\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}+\left(2ik_0{\displaystyle \frac{n_2}{v}}+ik_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{n_2}{\omega }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\left(\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}\right)}{t}}+\mathrm{}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right),`$ (35)
where $`v=1/(k_{lin}\left(\omega _0\right)/\omega )`$ and $`k_0^\mathrm{"}`$ are the group velocity, and dispersion. From the wave equation (9), using (2), (2), (2) and (23),(24), the next two equations of complex vector amplitude and it complex conjugate are obtained:

$`i\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}+v{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{z}}+\left(n_2+{\displaystyle \frac{k_0v}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_2}{\omega }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\left(\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}\right)}{t}}\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{v}{2k_0}}\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{A}{\displaystyle \frac{v}{2}}\left(k_0^\mathrm{"}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k_0v^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{t^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n_2k_0v}{2}}\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A},`$ (36)
$`i\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}^{}}{t}}+v{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}^{}}{z}}+\left(n_2+{\displaystyle \frac{k_0v}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_2}{\omega }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\left(\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}^{}\right)}{t}}\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{v}{2k_0}}\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{}{A}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{v}{2}}\left(k_0^\mathrm{"}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k_0v^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}^{}}{t^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n_2k_0v}{2}}\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}^{}=0.`$ (37)
The equations (2) and (2) are equal and solving (2) for $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ we can find also $`\stackrel{}{A}^{}`$ and respectively the real amplitude vector field $`\stackrel{}{A}^{}`$. We investigate the case when:

$`v^2k_0k_0^\mathrm{"}=1,`$ (38)
a condition that can only be fulfilled for materials possessing negative dispersion.The $`\frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{t^2}`$ term in this case is neglected. Applying a Galilean transformation to the vector amplitude equation (2), where the new reference frame moves at the group velocity, $`t^{}=t;z^{}=zvt`$ (the primes are missed for clarify) , we obtain our final vector amplitude equation:

$`i\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}+\left(n_2+{\displaystyle \frac{k_0v}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_2}{\omega }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\left(\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}\right)}{t}}\right)+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{v}{2k_0}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{}\stackrel{}{A}{\displaystyle \frac{v^3k_0^\mathrm{"}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{z^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{n_2k_0v}{2}}\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}=0,`$ (39)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}=\frac{^2}{x^2}+\frac{^2}{y^2}`$.

## 3 Norming VNSE. Exact vortex solutions

In this section we will obtain solutions in the case of amplitude vector equations of one carrying frequency. The case of two carrying frequencies is discussed in . The case of three and more localized optical waves on different frequencies with additional conditions on the frequencies (parametric vortices) will be discussed in a next paper. Defining the rescaled variables:

$`\stackrel{}{A}=A_0\stackrel{}{A}^{};x=r_0x^{};y=r_oy^{};z=r_0z^{};t=t_0t^{},`$ (40)
and constants:

$`\alpha =2k_0r_0^2/t_0v;\beta =v^2k\mathrm{"}k_0;\gamma =k_0^2r_0^2n_2\left|A_0\right|^2;`$
$`\gamma _1=k_0r_0n_2\left|A_0\right|^2;\gamma _2={\displaystyle \frac{v}{c}}k_0r_0n_2\left|A_0\right|^2,`$ (41)
equation (2) can be transformed in the following (the primes are not written):

$`i\left(\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}+(\gamma _1+\gamma _2){\displaystyle \frac{\left(\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}\right)}{t}}\right)+`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}\stackrel{}{A}\beta {\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{z^2}}+\gamma \left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}=0.`$ (42)
The dispersion therm (the second derivative in ’z’ direction of the amplitude function) in transparency region of a media is usually one or two order of magnitude smaller than the diffractive therm (transverse Laplasian). That because usually the linear (dispersion) parameter is $`\beta 10^2`$. There is possibility to reach $`\beta =1`$ only in some special cases, near to Lengmuire frequency in cold plasma, high-frequency transparency region of dielectrics and near to some of the electronic resonances . The constant $`\alpha `$ has a value of $`\alpha 10^2`$ ($`\alpha r_0k_0`$) if the of slowly varying approximation is used. When the nonlinear constant admit typical, critical for self-focusing regime value $`\gamma =1`$, the constants $`\gamma _1\gamma _210^2`$ are small. We point here that the effects of asymmetry of the pulses (asymmetry of their spectrum) due to nonlinear addition to the group velocity presented by second therm in equation (3) is substantial when $`\gamma _1\gamma _21`$ or $`\gamma 10^2`$. These terms depends from intensity of the fields and when $`\gamma 10^2`$ or $`n_2\left|A_0\right|^210^2`$ effects of self-steepening of the pulses, connected also with considerable self-focusing can be estimated. Such type of experiments  are provided with $`80`$ femtosecond pulses and intensity $`I_010^{14}Wt/cm^2`$. This correspond to the parameters discussed above ($`\gamma 10^2`$ or $`n_2\left|A_0\right|^210^2`$). In this paper is investigated the case, when $`\beta =1`$ (negative dispersion) and $`\gamma =1`$. Neglecting the small terms the equation (3) becomes:

$`i\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}+\mathrm{\Delta }_{}\stackrel{}{A}+{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{z^2}}+\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A}=0.`$ (43)
Now we going to the next step - the possible polarization of the amplitude vector field (43). Recently, this problem was discussed largely  and was pointed the different between the polarization of the optical waves with spectral bandwidth (slowly varying amplitudes), and the polarization of monochromatic fields. In case of monochromatic and quasi-monochromatic fields the Stokes parameters can be constructed from transverse components of the wave field . This lead to two component vector fields in a plane, transverse to direction of propagation. For electromagnetic fields with spectral bandwidth (our case) the two dimensional coherency tensor cannot be used and the Stokes parameters cannot be found directly. As it was shown by T.Carozzi and all in , using high order of symmetry (SU(3)), six independent Stokes parameters can be found. This corresponds to three component vector field. Here is investigate this case. The increasing of the spectral bandwidth of the vector wave, increasing also the depolarization term (component, normal to the standard Stokes coherent polarization plane). The amplitude vector function of electrical field $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ is represented as sum of three orthogonal linearly polarized amplitudes:

$`\stackrel{}{A}(x,y,z,t)={\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{}{j}=\stackrel{}{x},\stackrel{}{y},\stackrel{}{z}}{}}\stackrel{}{j}A_j(x,y,z)\mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right).`$ (44)
In a Cartesian coordinate system, for solutions of the kind of (44), the vector equation is reduced to a scalar system of three nonlinear wave equations:

$`\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }A^l+\mathrm{\Delta }A^l+{\displaystyle \underset{j=x,y,z}{}}\left(\left|A^j\right|^2\right)A^l=0;l=x,y,z.`$ (45)
As it was pointed in , we may choose to express each of the components $`A_i`$ in spherical coordinates $`A_i(r,\theta ,\phi )`$ of the independent variables $`i=x,y,z`$. In this way the linear unique (polarization) vector of each of the components hold down. The system (45) in spherical variables is:

$`\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }A^l+\mathrm{\Delta }_rA^l+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\theta ,\phi }A^l+{\displaystyle \underset{j=x,y,z}{}}\left(\left|A^j\right|^2\right)A^l=0;l=x,y,z,`$ (46)
where

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_r={\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}\left(r^2{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}\right);`$ (47)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\theta ,\phi }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}\left(\mathrm{sin}\theta {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}^2\theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\phi ^2}},`$ (48)
are the radial and the angular operator respectively and $`r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}`$ $`\theta =\mathrm{arccos}\frac{z}{r}`$ $`\phi =arctan\frac{x}{y}`$, are the moving spherical variables of the independent variables $`x,y,z`$. The system of equations (46) are solved, using the method of separation of the variables. We present the components of the field as a product of a radial and an angular part:

$`A^l(r,\theta ,\phi )=R(r)Y_l(\theta ,\phi );l=x,y,z,`$ (49)
with the additional constraint on the angular parts:

$`\left|Y_x(\theta ,\phi )\right|^2+\left|Y_y(\theta ,\phi )\right|^2+\left|Y_z(\theta ,\phi )\right|^2=const.`$ (50)
Multiplying equation (46) by $`\frac{r^2}{RY_l}`$, and bearing in mind the constraint expressed in (50), we obtain:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{r^2\mathrm{\Delta }_rR}{R}}+r^2\left(\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }+\left|R\right|^2\right)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_{\theta ,\phi }Y_l}{Y_l}}=\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1),`$ (51)
where $`\mathrm{}`$ is a number. Thus the following equations for the radial and the angular parts of the wave functions are obtained:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_rR+\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }R+\left|R\right|^2R{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1)}{r^2}}R=0`$ (52)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\theta ,\phi }Y_l+\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1)Y_l=0;l=x,y,z.`$ (53)
Equations (52)-(53) shows that the nonlinear term occurs only in the radial components of the fields. As for the angular parts we have the usual linear eigenvalue problem. The solutions of equations (53) of the angular parts are well known; each of them has exact solutions of the form:

$`Y_l=Y_{\mathrm{}}^m=\mathrm{\Theta }_{\mathrm{}}^m(\theta )\mathrm{\Phi }_m(\phi )=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{3}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{}+(\mathrm{}m)!}{4\pi (\mathrm{}+m)!}}}P_{\mathrm{}}^m(\mathrm{cos}\theta )\mathrm{exp}\left(im\phi \right),`$ (54)
where $`P_{\mathrm{}}^m`$ are the Legendre’s functions for a discrete series of numbers: $`\mathrm{}=0,1,2\mathrm{}.;m=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,..`$ and $`\left|m\right|<\mathrm{}`$. Returning to equation (46), it is seen that separation of variables for spherical functions, which satisfy condition (50), is possible only for $`l=1`$:

$`Y_x=Y_1^1=\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi `$
$`Y_y=Y_1^1=\mathrm{sin}\theta c\mathrm{sin}\phi `$
$`Y_z=Y_1^0=\mathrm{cos}\theta ,`$ (55)
or another appropriate combination of axes. By choosing one of these angular components for each of the field components we see that the eigenfunctions (3) are solutions to the angular part of the set of equations (53). It is straightforward to show that the radial part of the equations (52) admit “de Broglie soliton” solutions  of the form:

$`R=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}.`$ (56)
In this way, we prove the existence of vortex solutions with angular momentum $`l=1`$ in a Kerr type medium. The solutions of the vector amplitude equation (43) in a fixed basis are:

$`A_x=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi \mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right),`$ (57)
$`A_y=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi \mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right),`$ (58)
$`A_z=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right).`$ (59)
The equation (43) is normed and this lead to the next normed constants:

$`\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }=1;\mathrm{\Omega }=10^2.`$ (60)
Now we can turn bask to the amplitude of real solutions $`\stackrel{}{A}^{^{}}`$, using equation (11):

$`A_x^{^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}\left(A_xA_x^{}\right)=`$
$`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r+\mathrm{\Omega }t\right)}{r}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi ,`$ (61)
$`A_y^{^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}\left(A_yA_y^{}\right)=`$
$`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r+\mathrm{\Omega }t\right)}{r}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi ,`$ (62)
$`A_z^{^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}\left(A_zA_z^{}\right)=`$
$`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r+\mathrm{\Omega }t\right)}{r}}\mathrm{cos}\theta .`$ (63)
The condition $`\stackrel{}{E}=0`$ separates the nonlinear Maxwell’s system in two wave equation system, one nonlinear, of the electric field, and another nonlinear wave equation of the magnetic field. We define again a complex presentation of the real magnet field by the relation:

$`\stackrel{}{H}(x,y,z,t)=\stackrel{}{C}^{}(x,y,z,t){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}(\mathrm{exp}\left(i(k_0z\omega _0t)\right)c.c),`$ (64)
where $`\stackrel{}{C}^{}`$ and $`\omega _0`$ and $`k_0`$ are the real vector amplitude, the optical frequency and the wave number of the optical field respectively. The real magnet vector amplitude $`\stackrel{}{C}^{}`$ is represented also by a complex vector amplitude field:

$`\stackrel{}{C}^{}(x,y,z,t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}\left(\stackrel{}{C}(x,y,z,t)\stackrel{}{C}^{}(x,y,z,t)\right),`$ (65)
where $`\stackrel{}{C}`$ is the complex amplitude of the magnet field. Applying similar procedures to those who were made for electric, namely; using the Fourier representation of the amplitude functions $`\stackrel{}{C}`$ and their time derivatives to second order, as were done for the electric, we obtain the vector equation of slowly varying amplitudes of the magnetic field $`\stackrel{}{C}`$:

$`i\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{C}}{t}}+\mathrm{\Delta }_{}\stackrel{}{C}+{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{C}}{z^2}}+\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\stackrel{}{C}=0,`$ (66)
if the condition:

$`\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2\times \stackrel{}{A}=0,`$ (67)
is satisfied. For solutions of the amplitudes of electrical field like (57)-(59), the condition (67) is satisfied. Equation (66) has a localized solution of the same kind (57)-(59), as the amplitude functions of the electric field, but with opposite phase:

$`C_x=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi \mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right),`$ (68)
$`C_y=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi \mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right),`$ (69)
$`C_z=\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(i\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}r\right)}{r}}\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{exp}\left(i\mathrm{\Omega }t\right).`$ (70)
The real dynamics of localized fields can be understood only by investigating both equation (3) and (66).The solutions of electrical (57)- (59) and magnet (68) - (70) fields are with opposite phase, and that because the corresponding electromagnetic localized wave oscillating in coordinate system moving with group velocity.

## 4 Experimental conditions

The results presented above require the conditions relating the linear parameter $`\beta `$ and the nonlinear parameter $`\gamma `$ to satisfy: namely $`\beta =1`$ and $`\gamma =1`$. The relation $`\gamma =1`$ is a typical critical value for starting of self-focusing regime of a Gausian pulse. The nonlinear parameter written again is:

$`\gamma =r_0^2k_0^2n_2\left|A_0\right|^2=\alpha ^2n_2\left|A_0\right|^2=1.`$ (71)
The constant $`\alpha =r_0k_i`$ in the optical region ranges in value from:

$`\alpha 10^210^3.`$ (72)
Using this range in the condition (71), we obtain a required nonlinear refractive index change:

$`n_2\left|A_0\right|^210^410^6.`$ (73)
It was shown, using relations (3), that if we investigate near to the critical value of self-focusing $`\gamma =1`$, then $`\gamma _1\gamma _210^210^3`$. This is one important result: The nonlinear addition to the group-velocity therm in amplitude equation (3) is relatively small, even for (femtosecond) pulses with time duration equal or little to characteristic time response of the nonlinear media.

Using the condition of linear parameter $`\beta `$:

$`\beta =k_0v^2k\mathrm{"}=1,`$ (74)
we see that the vortex propagation take place only in the negative-dispersion region. In  we find, that the constraint, given in equation (74) correspond to the next two experimental situations:

1. Cold plasma near the Langmuir frequency.

2. A region near an electronic resonance in an isotropic medium.

There is also a equivalence in high-frequency region between the spectral presentation of dielectric susceptibility of a cold plasma and this of a dielectric media. The expression is equal wish precise a (dielectric) constant. Near these frequencies the dispersion parameter increases rapidly and admits values:

$`k\mathrm{"}10^{24}10^{25}\frac{cek^2}{cm}`$ This lead to the fact, that the dispersion term (the second derivative in z direction of the amplitude function) in normed amplitude equations of electric (3) and magnet (66) field is of the same order of the diffractive term (transverse Laplasian).

## 5 Finiteness of the energy for the vortex solutions

Now we come to the crucial point - energy and shape of the vortex solutions (3)-(3) and (68)-(70) of the electric and magnet fields. To prove the finiteness of energy of the vortex solutions (3)-3) and (68)-(70), we start with the equations for averaged in time balance of energy density of electrical and magnet field :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{W}{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi }}\left(\stackrel{}{E}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{D}^{}}{t}}+\stackrel{}{E}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{D}}{t}}+\stackrel{}{B}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{B}^{}}{t}}+\stackrel{}{B}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{B}}{t}}\right),`$ (75)
where $`\stackrel{}{D}=\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}+4\pi \stackrel{}{P}_{nlin}`$ is a sum of the linear induction and the nonlinear induction of the electrical field. In more of the books the calculations of the averaged energy of the optical waves in a dispersive media are worked out bearing in mind only the first order of slowly varying amplitude approximation of the linear electrical induction. That is because the result comes to the old result of Brillouin 1921 for energy density of electrical field:

$`W_{lin}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\left(\omega ϵ_0\right)}{\omega }}\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2+\left|\stackrel{}{C}\right|^2\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{v}}\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2+\left|\stackrel{}{C}\right|^2\right).`$ (76)
It is straightforward to show using this approximation that after integrating in space our vortex solutions they admit infinite energy. As seen from (5), this approximation do not include the dispersion parameter $`k\mathrm{"}`$, which is present in the envelope equations (3), (66) as coefficient in front of the second derivative in z direction. So there is no possibility to estimate the influence of $`k\mathrm{"}`$ in the energy integral. Our vector amplitude equations are obtained, using the second order approximation of $`\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}`$. The right expression of the energy density in this case requires to expand the linear electrical inductions in the energy integral also up to the second order, and to include this dispersion parameter in the energy integral. Using truncated form for first derivative in time of the linear induction of electrical field we have:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{P}_{lin}}{t}}=i\omega _0ϵ(\omega _0)\stackrel{}{A}+{\displaystyle \frac{c}{v}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{ick^\mathrm{"}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2\stackrel{}{A}}{t^2}}.`$ (77)
From (75), (77) and complex conjugate of (77) we obtain:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{W_{lin}}{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{c}{v}}\left(\stackrel{}{A}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}^{}}{t}}+\stackrel{}{A}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{ick^\mathrm{"}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}\left(\stackrel{}{A}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}\stackrel{}{A}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}^{}}{t}}\right)`$
$`+\stackrel{}{B}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{B}^{}}{t}}+\stackrel{}{B}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{B}}{t}},`$ (78)
or

$`W_{lin}={\displaystyle \frac{c}{v}}\left|\stackrel{}{A}\right|^2+\left|\stackrel{}{C}\right|^2+{\displaystyle \frac{ick^\mathrm{"}}{2}}\left(\stackrel{}{A}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}}{t}}\stackrel{}{A}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{A}^{}}{t}}\right),`$ (79)
where $`A^{}`$ denote complex conjugate in time amplitude function. Rewriting the vortex solutions of electrical (3)-(3) and magnet (68)-(70) fields in not normed (dimension) coordinates and substituting in (79), for the case of negative dispersion finally we obtain the next expression of the linear part of averaged energy density:

$`W_{lin}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{c}{v}}ck^\mathrm{"}\mathrm{}\omega \right)\stackrel{}{A^{}}^2,`$ (80)
where $`\mathrm{}\omega `$ denote the spectral bandwidth of the vortices. We obtain one unexpected result: with the increasing of the spectral bandwidth of our solutions the linear part of energy density will decrease in the negative dispersion region. Conditions when the linear part of the energy density of electrical field is zero determine one critical spectral bandwidth $`\mathrm{}\omega _c`$:

$`\mathrm{}\omega _c={\displaystyle \frac{v+c}{vc}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k\mathrm{"}}}.`$ (81)
Near to plasma frequency or some of the electronic resonances the dispersion parameter increases and values about: $`k\mathrm{"}10^{24}10^{25}\frac{cek^2}{cm}`$. The critical spectral bandwidth in this case becomes: $`\mathrm{}\omega _c10^{14}10^{15}`$ Hz. The envelope approximation request, that: $`\omega _0>\mathrm{}\omega _c`$. This condition shows that the linear part of energy density of vortices is zero only when their main frequency is situated in optical region, or regions, which frequency is greater than the optical and admit spectral bandwidth equal to $`\mathrm{}\omega _c`$. The nonlinear part of averaged energy density is expressed in  and for the vortex solutions (57)-(59) it becomes:

$`W_{nlin}=n_2\left|\stackrel{}{A^{}}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A^{}}^2+\omega _0{\displaystyle \frac{n_2}{\omega _0}}.\left|\stackrel{}{A^{}}\right|^2\stackrel{}{A^{}}^2.`$ (82)
These results give the conditions for the finiteness of energy of the vortices: the spectral bandwidth of vortices to be equal to $`\mathrm{}\omega _c`$. Integrating $`W_{nlin}`$ on the 3D space we obtained a finite value proportional to the main frequency $`\omega _0`$. The intensity part in this expression for the energy (82) is limited by the experimental condition (73) and it is a constant. In this way we obtain the result, that the localized energy of the solutions increasing linearly with the increasing of the main frequency. The numerical investigation of stability for such type vortices, using split-step Fourier method, is provided in . Comparing the numerical calculations for vortices with these, of a standard Gausian pulse, it can be clearly seen that the vortices propagate without any changing of their shape, whereas the Gaussian pulse, with the same initial amplitude, self-focuses rapidly in a much shorter distance.

In additional, we also investigate the shape and the behavior of electrical and magnet field in the origin and infinity. To obtain the correct result, the real part solutions of the amplitude equations (3)-(3) and (68)- (70) must be rewritten in the independent Cartesian coordinates x, y, z:

$`A_x^{}={\displaystyle \frac{x\mathrm{sin}(\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}+\mathrm{\Omega }t)}{x^2+y^2+z^2}},`$ (83)
$`A_y^{}={\displaystyle \frac{y\mathrm{sin}(\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}+\mathrm{\Omega }t)}{x^2+y^2+z^2}},`$ (84)
$`A_z^{}={\displaystyle \frac{z\mathrm{sin}(\sqrt{\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }}\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}+\mathrm{\Omega }t)}{x^2+y^2+z^2}}.`$ (85)
The limits of these functions in origin and in infinity are investigated, using the Haine criteria for limit of a multidimensional function. It is straightforward to show that the solutions (83)-(85) are odd functions, going to zero in infinity and admit very little value near to the origin. In the origin, using the same criteria, we find that the above functions have no limit. But as we must point out, the envelope function (83)-(85) is only imagine functions around the real electric field, expressed in our case by the relation (10):

$`E_x=A_x^{}\mathrm{sin}(k_0z\omega _0t)`$ (86)
$`E_y=A_y^{}\mathrm{sin}(k_0z\omega _0t)`$ (87)
$`E_z=A_z^{}\mathrm{sin}(k_0z)\omega _0t.`$ (88)
Using the same criteria as in the previous case, it is seen, that the electrical field admit exact limit zero in the origin and infinity:

$`lim_{x,y,z0}(E_i)=0`$
$`lim_{x,y,z\pm \mathrm{}}(E_i)=0;i=x,y,z.`$ (89)
## 6 Conclusion

The applied method of slowly varying amplitudes of the electrical and magnet vector fields give us the possibility to reduce the nonlinear vector integro-differential equations to vector nonlinear differential equations of amplitudes. Here is the place to explain more some of the differences between the solutions, obtained by separation of the variables of the usual linear scalar Schredinger equation with potential depending only on ’r’ (for example hydrogen atom) and solutions of the vector version of NSE. For the linear Schredinger equations with potential, to higher order spherical functions correspond more higher order of radial spherical Bessel functions. While for vector version of NSE to higher order of spherical functions ($`\mathrm{}=1,2,..`$) correspond higher number of the fields components and higher value of localized energy. We have for all radial solutions the zero spherical Bessel function $`\frac{\mathrm{sin}\alpha r}{r}`$ in nonlinear case. This is the reason to start with such special kind of complexification of our electrical field (10). It is important to highlight also the equivalence in high frequency region between the linear dielectric susceptibility of a cold plasma and this of a dielectric media. A plasma frequency of dielectric media in this region can determine also. The expression is equal to this of cold plasma wish precise a (dielectric) constant. This discussion shows two possible regions for observing optical vortices: $`1.`$ High frequency (transparency) region of cubic dielectrics or cold plasma. $`2.`$ Near to some of the electronics resonances of $`\chi ^{(3)}`$ media. Above mentioned investigations are provided only for the real part of linear and nonlinear susceptibility. That is why the first possibility, high frequency region, is more attractive for observing of optical vortices. The complex part of linear susceptibility is significant near to electronic resonances and should be get in mind in a more detailed analysis.


format: text

text:
# Approach to the extremal limit of the Schwarzschild–de Sitter black hole

## Appendix A Pöschl–Teller potential

The PT QNMs are well known Ferrari , but the present recapitulation adds a normalization for the eigenfunctions, as it applies to the perturbation theory which is also sketched. Consider

$$[d_x^2V(x)+\omega ^2]\psi (x,\omega )=0,$$
(17)
$$V(x)=\frac{V_0}{\mathrm{ch}^2(x/2)},$$
(18)
and define $`q=\sqrt{4V_0\frac{1}{4}}`$. The outgoing wave to the left, $`f(x\mathrm{})1e^{i\omega x}`$, reads

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f(x,\omega )& =[\xi (1\xi )]^{i\omega }\hfill \\ & \times F(\frac{1}{2}+iq2i\omega ,\frac{1}{2}iq2i\omega ;12i\omega ;\xi ),\hfill \end{array}$$
(19)
where $`F`$ is the hypergeometric function and $`\xi 1/(1+e^x)`$. The outgoing wave to the right, $`g(x\mathrm{})1e^{i\omega x}`$, follows as $`g(x,\omega )=f(x,\omega )`$, i.e., $`\xi 1\xi `$ in (19). Using the connection formulas for $`F`$ yields

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill g(x,\omega )& =\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(12i\omega )\mathrm{\Gamma }(2i\omega )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}+iq2i\omega )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}iq2i\omega )}f(x,\omega )\hfill \\ & +\frac{\mathrm{sin}[\pi (\frac{1}{2}+iq)]}{\mathrm{sin}[2\pi i\omega ]}f(x,\omega ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(20)
The Wronskian $`J(\omega )=gf^{}fg^{}`$ becomes

$$J(\omega )=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(12i\omega )^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}+iq2i\omega )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}iq2i\omega )},$$
(21)
and has zeros $`2\omega _n=\pm q(n+\frac{1}{2})i`$, $`n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ Here, we focus on real $`q`$ and, without loss of generality, on the QNMs in the fourth quadrant (plus sign), as has tacitly been done in the main text. The derivative is

$`J^{}(\omega _n)`$ $`=()^{n+1}2in!{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}niq)^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n2iq)}}`$ (22)
$`=2\omega _nf_ng_n,`$ (23)
where the second line is a general relation between the Wronskian and the norm of the eigenfunctions rmp . For potentials decaying as a series of exponentials \[like (18)\], this norm $`a`$ is defined as the constant term in the asymptotic expansion of $`_{x_1}^{x_2}𝑑xa(x)`$ for $`x_1,x_2\mathrm{}`$. Since the parity of $`V`$ presently implies that $`g_n=()^nf_n`$,

$$f_n^2=2n!\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}niq)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}niq)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n2iq)},$$
(24)
$$f_n(x)=[\xi (1\xi )]^{i\omega _n}F(n,n2iq;\frac{1}{2}niq;\xi ).$$
(25)
For the lowest few $`n`$, one can verify (24) by substituting (25); in terms of $`\xi `$, the integral reduces to analytically continued Beta functions Tam .

Let us turn to the perturbation theory of (17), in a form which assumes neither completeness of the QNMs nor finitely supported perturbing potentials. Since this only slightly generalizes previous analyses rmp ; Tam , the discussion will be brief. Let $`VV+ϵV^{}+ϵ^2V^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`\omega _n\omega _n+ϵ\omega _n^{}+ϵ^2\omega _n^{\prime \prime }`$. The starting point is the derivative of (17), $`[d_x^2V+\omega _n^2]f_n^{}=[V^{}2\omega _n^{}\omega _n^{}]f_n`$. The solution $`f_n^{}`$ is arbitrary up to two independent homogeneous solutions, say $`f_n`$ and $`\chi _n`$. The former, corresponding to an $`\omega `$-dependent change in normalization, is irrelevant; the latter has to be adjusted so that $`f_n^{}`$ is outgoing. If the potentials decay at least exponentially and $`\mathrm{Re}\omega _n0`$, imposing the boundary conditions does not involve any subtleties Alec ; Wong . Satisfying the *two* conditions (for $`x\pm \mathrm{}`$) simultaneously is possible iff

$$\omega _n^{}=\frac{f_nV^{}f_n}{2\omega _nf_n^2};$$
(26)
note that the whole calculation is manifestly finite, and that neither the ‘matrix element’ in the numerator nor the norm involves complex conjugation rmp . Analogously, one obtains in second order

$$\omega _n^{\prime \prime }=\frac{f_n[(V^{}2\omega _n^{}\omega _n^{})f_n^{}+V^{\prime \prime }f_n]}{2\omega _nf_n^2}\frac{(\omega _n^{})^2}{2\omega _n},$$
(27)
which may be simpler than its counterpart in terms of logarithmic-derivative wave functions Tam . One can of course write $`f_n(V^{}2\omega _n^{}\omega _n^{})f_n^{}=f_n^{}[d_x^2V+\omega _n^2]f_n^{}`$, but this does not seem to have an advantage. For $`V`$ even and $`V^{}`$ odd, the situation of the main text, $`\omega _n^{}=0`$, but the outgoing condition on $`f_n^{}`$ remains non-trivial.

A few toy examples, in fact relevant to (6), are

$`V_1(x,ϵ)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{V_0+ϵ}{\mathrm{ch}^2(x/2)}}V_1^{}=\mathrm{ch}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{2}}\right),\omega _{1,n}^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{q}};`$ (28)
$`V_2(x,ϵ)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{V_0}{\mathrm{ch}^2[x/(2+ϵ)]}}V_2^{}={\displaystyle \frac{V_0}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{x\mathrm{sh}(x/2)}{\mathrm{ch}^3(x/2)}},`$
$`\omega _{2,n}^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16q}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2n+1}{8}}i;`$ (29)
$`V_3(x,ϵ)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{V_0}{\mathrm{ch}^2[(xϵ)/2]}}V_3^{}={\displaystyle \frac{V_0\mathrm{sh}(x/2)}{\mathrm{ch}^3(x/2)}},`$
$`\omega _{3,n}^{}=0.`$ (30)
For the first few $`n`$, $`\omega _{1(2),n}^{}`$ can again be found explicitly from (26), while $`\omega _{3,n}^{}=0`$ is obvious since $`f_n^2V_3^{}`$ is odd. Working out these examples to the second order (27), and/or studying them asymptotically in $`n`$, should be a useful (though not yet sufficient) stepping stone for the analogous analysis of (8)–(11).


text:
# A new cohomology theory associated to deformations of Lie algebra morphisms.

## 1  Introduction.

In his foundatory work \[G\] Gerstenhaber developed a theory of deformation of associative and Lie algebras. His theory links cohomologies of these algebras and a cup-product giving ”obstructions” to deformations. Nijenhuis and Richardson noticed strong similarities between Gerstenhaber’s theory and the deformations of complex analytic structures on compact manifolds (\[N-R1\]). They axiomatized the theory of deformations via the introduction of graded Lie algebras(\[N-R2\]). The next step was to try to find more examples of structures entering under the scope of those ideas. One such example was given by the theory of deformations of homomorphisms (\[N-R3\]).

The purpose of this paper is to study another equivalence relation that the one used in \[N-R3\] and to introduce a new type of cohomology. It enables us to deform simultaneously algebras and homorphisms. The article is organised as follows:

In Section 2 we recall the concept of deformation for Lie algebras and the results obtained in \[N-R3\] for the case of homorphisms. In section 3 we introduce a bundle wich enables a more natural notion of equivalence. In section 4 we explore the nature of the cohomology theory that should be associated with simultaneous deformations. In section 5 we define the complex and give an explicit formula for the coboundary operator. We check fundamental properties, and also that, in the particular case when the algebra structures are fixed, one recovers the classical notions of \[N-R3\]. Our approach differs from that of \[A\] in which the target Lie algebra is fixed.

Let us point out that the deformation equation obtained in this paper cannot be reduced to the form of Maurer-Cartan equation. This equation is cubic and therefore cannot be expressed in terms of graded Lie algebras. This aspect is developed in section 6.

## 2  Theoretical background.

We recall the definition of cohomology of Lie algebras and their homomorphisms in Section 2.1. We then explain how deformations are related to cohomology. We follow \[G\] and \[LN\] in Section 2.2 for the case of Lie algebras and \[N-R1\] in Section 2.3 for the case of morphisms.

### 2.1 Cohomolgy theory of Lie algebras and their homomorphisms

Let $`U`$ and $`V`$ be to vector spaces. Denote $`^p(U,V)`$ the space of p-linear skewsymetric maps from $`U`$ to $`V`$ . The direct sum of these spaces $`(U,V)=_n^p(U,V)`$ is naturaly $``$-graded.

Consider two structures of Lie algebras $`\rho `$ on $`U`$ and $`\theta `$ on $`V`$. They are not allowed to be deformed. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:(U,\rho )(V,\theta )`$ be a Lie morphism then $`V`$ is a $`(U,\rho )`$-module via $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$: $`u.v:=\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(u),v)`$. The space $`(U,V)`$ is then a complex (Hoschild- Serre cohomology of the $`(U,\rho )`$-module $`V`$ ) whose coboundary operator associated to the triple ($`\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi }`$) is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\delta ^p\psi (x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+1})=_{1sp+1}(1)^s\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(x_s),\psi (x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x_s},\mathrm{},x_{p+1}))\hfill \\ +_{1s<tp+1}(1)^{s+t1}\psi (\rho (x_s,x_t),x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x_s},\mathrm{},\widehat{x_t},\mathrm{},x_{p+1}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(1)
Define $`B^p=im\delta ^{p1}`$ and $`Z^p=ker\delta ^p`$. One can prove the fundamental property:

$$\delta ^{p+1}\delta ^p=0$$

hence $`B^pZ^p`$.

###### Remark 2.1

Please note that $`\delta ^p,B^p,Z^p`$ depend on $`\rho ,\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ but we omit it to simplify the notations.

The general case of (1) defines the cohomology associated to the morphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Cohomology of the Lie algebra $`\rho `$ is defined setting $`\rho =\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }=identity`$ in equation (1).

### 2.2 Deformations of algebraic structures : the case of Lie algebras.

Let us recall this classical theory, well described in \[LN\]. This will show how one can deduce cohomology formulas from a geometrical argument which will be usefull while seeking our formulas. A point $`\rho ^2(U,U)`$ is a Lie algebra if it satisfies the Jacobi identity i.e for all $`a,b,cU`$

$$\underset{}{}\rho (\rho (a,b),c)=0$$
(2)
where $``$ means sum over all cyclic permutations of $`a,b,c`$.

The solutions to the Jacobi identity form an algebraic variety $`_U`$ in $`^2(U,U)`$, since introducing coordinates (structure constants), equation (2) becomes a set of quadratic polynomials. Points of this algebraic variety are precisely the Lie algebra structures on $`U`$. Given a point $`\rho `$ in $`_U`$, one calls a deformation of $`\rho `$ a curve $`C(t)`$ in $`_U`$ such that $`C(0)=\rho `$. If $`C(t)`$ is analytic, it can be expanded in series:

$$C(t)=\rho +\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\rho _it^i$$

where each $`\rho _i^2(U,U)`$.

But $`C(t)`$, obeys Jacoby for all t,

$$\underset{}{}C(t)(C(t)(a,b),c)=0.$$

Expanding it and identifying the first order terms one gets:

$$\underset{}{}\rho (\rho _1(a,b),c)+\rho _1(\rho (a,b),c)=0$$
(3)
The left hand side of this equation is noted $`\delta ^2\rho _1(a,b,c)`$. One can check that $`\delta ^2\rho _1^3(U,U)`$. Moreover $`\delta ^2:^2(U,U)^3(U,U)`$ is linear. It is the coboundary operator.

One can then conclude that the tangent space to $`_U`$ in $`\rho `$ is included in the set $`Z^2`$ of cocycles (i.e solutions $`\varphi `$ of $`\delta ^2\varphi =0`$). It can be shown that these spaces are in fact the same.

$`GL(U)`$ has a natural action on $`_U`$ given by if $`gGL(U)`$ and $`\rho _U`$

$$(𝒜_U(g)\rho )(a,b)=g^1\rho (g(a),g(b))a,bU.$$

Let $`g(t)`$ be a one parameter analytic curve in $`GL(U)`$ whose value for $`t=0`$ is the identity.

Write down the action of this curve on $`\rho `$:

$`(𝒜(g(t))\rho )(a,b)`$ $`=`$ $`(𝕀tg_1+o(t))`$
$`\rho (a+`$ $`tg_1(a)`$ $`+o(t),b+tg_1(b)+o(t))`$
$`=`$ $`\rho (a,b)+t\left(g_1\left(\rho (a,b)\right)+\rho (g_1(a),b)+\rho (a,g_1(b))\right)`$
$`+o(t)`$
The first order coefficient defines a tangent vector at $`\rho `$ to the $`GL(U)`$-orbit. Let us call it $`\delta ^1g_1`$:

$$\delta ^1g_1(a,b)=g_1\rho (a,b)+\rho (g_1a,b)+\rho (a,g_1b)$$
(4)
$`a,b,cU`$ Clearly, $`\delta ^1g_1^2(U,U)`$. Moreover $`\delta ^1:^1(U,U)^2(U,U)`$ is linear. It is the coboundary operator. Its image is the set $`B^2`$ of coboundaries. We have just shown that the set of coboundaries contains the tangent space at $`\rho `$ to the orbit. The converse is also true and can be shown by exponentiation. These two operators $`\delta ^1`$ and $`\delta ^2`$ agree with the definition (1) and can be viewed as the motivating example.

### 2.3 Nijenhuis-Richardson theory of deformations of Lie algebra homomorphisms.

We give a short overview of the theory, mainly to show in which sense our point of view will differ from the classical approach.

In \[G\], Gerstenhaber deduced the cohomology from the deformation theory. Nijhenhuis and Richardson then axiomatized his theoty in \[N-R1\]. In their point of view a deformation theory is encoded in a $``$-graded vector space called a graded Lie algebra together vith a coboundary operator. In the case of deformations of Lie algebras, it coincides with the set of cochains $`(U,U)`$ and the cobondary operator as defined in Section 2.1. The graded vector space has a “super”-bracket defined as follows in the case of $`(U,V)`$:

if $`\varphi =\omega v^p(U,V)\text{ and }\psi =\pi w^q(U,V)`$ where $`\omega ,\pi (^p(U))^{}`$ and $`v,wV`$ :

$$[[\varphi ,\psi ]]=\omega \pi [v,w]$$

cf (\[N-R2\]). The Maurer-Cartan equation takes the form:

$$\delta \varphi (t)=\frac{1}{2}[[\varphi (t),\varphi (t)]]$$
(5)
To satisfy the axioms, a deformation theory must also have a group of symmetry (structure group). It is the exponentiation of the ad representation of the 0th subspace of the given graded space. It is linked to the cohomology since coboundaries are then the tangent vectors to the orbit. In \[N-R2\], Nijenhuis and Richardson applied this to the case of Lie algebra morphisms. The graded vector space seemed more or less obvious and was given by $`(U,V)`$. A good candidate for the coboundary operator was given by equation (1). Accordingly to the axiomatisation they made, the group of symmetry had to be $`G=\{e^{\mathrm{a}da},a^0(U,V)\}`$. Here $`\mathrm{a}d`$ is understood in the sense of superbracket $`\mathrm{a}da:b[[a,b]]`$.

But this equivalence relation does not seem natural to me: in my opinion, two morphisms should be equivalent if they are conjugated (change of basis formula).

## 3  The morphism bundle.

Our idea in the following is to take for starting point an other equivalence relation. We then deduce the whole deformation structure analogously to what has been recalled in 2.2. The most natural notion of equivalence for the linear morphisms from $`U`$ to $`V`$ seems to be:

###### Definition 3.1

Consider the $`GL(U)\times GL(V)`$ action:

$`𝒜:(GL(U)\times GL(V))\times L(U,V)`$ $``$ $`L(U,V)`$
$`(g,h,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $``$ $`h^1\mathrm{\Phi }g.`$
Two linear maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ are said to be equivalent if they belong to the same orbit.

Let $`\rho `$ be a Lie algebra structure on $`U`$ and $`\theta `$ be a Lie algebra structure on $`V`$. One defines the set of Lie algebra morphisms associated to the couple $`(\rho ,\theta )`$:

$$_{\rho ,\theta }=\{\mathrm{\Phi }L(U,V)|\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho (a,b))=\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))\}$$

The space $`_{\rho ,\theta }`$ is not stable under the action $`𝒜`$. Hence we are looking for a natural extension of $`𝒜`$ and $`_{\rho ,\theta }`$ in order to recover this covariance.

One has to consider the subbundle $``$ of the trivial vector bundle $`_U\times _V\times L(U,V)`$ defined by:

$$=\{(\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })_U\times _V\times L(U,V)|\mathrm{\Phi }_{\rho ,\theta }\}$$

where $`_U`$ is the algebraic variety of Lie algebra structures on $`U`$ (see section 2.2). Differently stated, a point of the base of the bundle $`_U\times _V`$ is the simultaneous data of a Lie algebra structure on $`U`$ a Lie algebra structure on $`V`$. The fibre over such a couple is constituted by all the Lie morphisms between these two algebras. Note that $``$ is not a vector bundle.

One can then extend the action $`𝒜`$ (using notations of 2.2)

$`𝒜:(GL(U)\times GL(V))\times `$ $``$ $``$
$`(g,h,(\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi }))`$ $``$ $`(𝒜_U(g)\rho ,𝒜_V(h)\theta ,h^1\mathrm{\Phi }g).`$
The morphism bundle $``$ is clearly stable with respect to the action $`𝒜`$.

## 4 Guessing the formulas from geometry.

A one-parameter deformation of $`(\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ is a curve $`𝒞_t=(\rho _t,\theta _t,\mathrm{\Phi }_t)`$ in $``$ passing through $`(\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ for $`t=0`$. Let us assume in the sequel that $`𝒞_t`$ is analytic. This assumption is needed to find the formulas and can be relaxed in applications (for instance once one has the formulas, one can adopt the framework of formal deformations).

We will reproduce what has been done in section 2.2 in order to obtain the cohomology we want to define.

### 4.1 Deducing the 2-cocycles.

One has to write then the constraints $`𝒞_t`$ should obey in order to be in $``$, namely:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_t(\rho _t(a,b))=\theta _t(\mathrm{\Phi }_t(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_t(b))$$
(6)
which is the fibre constraint, and

$$(\rho _t,\theta _t)_U\times _V$$
(7)
The study of constraints (7) has already been done in section 2.2. Developping the fiber constraint (6) in series:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho (a,b)+t\rho _1(a,b)+o(t))+t\mathrm{\Phi }_1(\rho (a,b)+t\rho _1(a,b)+o(t))+o(t)=`$
$`\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(a)+t\mathrm{\Phi }_1(a)+o(t),\mathrm{\Phi }(b)+t\mathrm{\Phi }_1(b)+o(t))`$
$`+t\theta _1(\mathrm{\Phi }(a)+t\mathrm{\Phi }_1(a)+o(t),\mathrm{\Phi }(b)+t\mathrm{\Phi }_1(b)+o(t))+o(t)`$
and identifying the first order terms in t one has

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_1(\rho (a,b))+\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho _1(a,b))=\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }_1(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))+\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_1(b))+\theta _1(\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))$$

which can also be written

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{\delta \mathrm{\Phi }_1}{\underset{}{\mathrm{\Phi }_1(\rho (a,b))\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }_1(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_1(b))}}\\ \underset{extraterm}{\underset{}{\theta _1(\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))+\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho _1(a,b))}}=0.\end{array}$$
(8)
One should define the cohomology operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ in such a way that the preceding equation together with equation (3) gives the equation of a 2-cocycle:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }^1\left(\begin{array}{c}\rho _1\\ \theta _1\\ \mathrm{\Phi }_1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \hfill \\ x,y,z\hfill \\ a,b\hfill \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}_{}\rho (\rho _1(\alpha ,\beta ),\gamma )+\rho _1(\rho (\alpha ,\beta ),\gamma )\hfill \\ _{}\rho (\rho _1(x,y),z)+\rho _1(\rho (x,y),z)\hfill \\ \begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_1(\rho (a,b))\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }_1(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_1(b))\\ \theta _1(\mathrm{\Phi }(a),\mathrm{\Phi }(b))+\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho _1(a,b)).\end{array}\hfill \end{array}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(9)
must be zero.

### 4.2 Deducing the 2-coboundaries.

A coboundary has to be a tangent vector to the orbit. Let $`g(t)\times h(t)`$ be a one parameter analytic curve in $`GL(U)\times GL(V)`$ whose value for $`t=0`$ is the identity.

Write down the action of this curve on $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_t`$ $`=`$ $`𝒜(g(t),h(t))\mathrm{\Phi }`$
$`=`$ $`(𝕀th_1+o(t))\mathrm{\Phi }(𝕀+tg_1+o(t))`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }+t(h_1\mathrm{\Phi }+\mathrm{\Phi }g_1)+o(t)`$
The first order coefficient $`h_1\mathrm{\Phi }+\mathrm{\Phi }g_1`$ clearly defines the projection along the fibre of a tangent vector to the orbit.

This, together with equation (4) tells us what shape coboundaries must have:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }^0\left(\begin{array}{c}g_1\\ h_1\\ 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\alpha ,\beta \hfill \\ x,y\hfill \\ a\hfill \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}g_1\rho (\alpha ,\beta )+\rho (g_1\alpha ,\beta )+\rho (\alpha ,g_1\beta )\hfill \\ h_1\theta (x,y)+\theta (h_1x,y)+\theta (x,h_1y)\hfill \\ h_1\mathrm{\Phi }(a)+\mathrm{\Phi }g_1(a)\hfill \end{array}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(10)
## 5 The main definitions and properties.

In this section we give our main definitions generalizing all the above examples.

###### Definition 5.1

The set of p-cochains $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^p(U,V)`$ is defined by:

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^p(U,V)=^{p+1}(U,U)^{p+1}(V,V)^p(U,V)$$

where the summands in the right hand side were defined in Section 2.1. We change the 0th order term and take for convention $`^0(U,V)=0`$.

Let us introduce the notation $``$: if $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }^p(V,V)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }Ł(U,V)`$, one defines $`\lambda \mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }^p(U,V)`$ by:

$$\lambda \mathrm{\Phi }(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p)=\lambda (\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1),\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }(x_p))$$

where $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_pU`$

###### Definition 5.2

Let $`X^p=(X_1,X_2,X_3)`$ be a p-cochain and let $`(\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })`$. One defines the coboundary operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }^p:\mathrm{\Lambda }^p(U,V)\mathrm{\Lambda }^{p+1}(U,V)`$ associated to $`(\rho ,\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ (one will forget to mention this triple in the following):

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^p\left(\begin{array}{c}X_1\hfill \\ X_2\hfill \\ X_3\hfill \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\delta ^{p+1}(X_1)\hfill \\ \delta ^{p+1}(X_2)\hfill \\ \delta ^p(X_3)+(1)^p(\mathrm{\Phi }X_1X_2\mathrm{\Phi })\hfill \end{array}\right).$$

where $`\delta ^{p+1}(X_1)`$ and $`\delta ^{p+1}(X_2)`$ are as in section 2.2 and $`\delta ^p(X_3)`$ is given by formula of section 2.3

###### Remark 5.1

formulas (9) and (10) coincide with this definition.

###### Theorem 5.1

The following identity is true

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^{p+1}\mathrm{\Delta }^p=0.$$

and hence $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }^p(U,V),\mathrm{\Delta }^p)`$ forms a complex.

Proof

let $`X`$ be a p-cochain. By definition of $`\mathrm{\Delta }^p`$:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }^{p+1}\mathrm{\Delta }^p\left(\begin{array}{c}X_1\hfill \\ X_2\hfill \\ X_3\hfill \end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{p+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}\delta ^{p+1}(X_1)\hfill \\ \delta ^{p+1}(X_2)\hfill \\ \delta ^p(X_3)+(1)^p(\mathrm{\Phi }X_1X_2\mathrm{\Phi })\hfill \end{array}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{c}\delta ^{p+2}(\delta ^{p+1}(X_1))\hfill \\ \delta ^{p+2}(\delta ^{p+1}(X_2))\hfill \\ \begin{array}{c}\delta ^{p+1}(\delta ^p(X_3)+(1)^p(\mathrm{\Phi }X_1X_2\mathrm{\Phi }))\\ +(1)^{p+1}(\mathrm{\Phi }\delta ^p(X_1)\delta ^p(X_2)\mathrm{\Phi })\end{array}\hfill \end{array}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{c}0\hfill \\ 0\hfill \\ \begin{array}{c}\delta ^{p+1}((1)^p(\mathrm{\Phi }X_1X_2\mathrm{\Phi }))\hfill \\ +(1)^{p+1}(\mathrm{\Phi }\delta ^p(X_1)\delta ^p(X_2)\hfill \end{array}\mathrm{\Phi })\hfill \end{array}\right)`$
Hence one has to show that the last component of this cochain vanishes.

Choose any $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+2}`$ from $`U`$, then one has:

$`\delta ^{p+1}(\mathrm{\Phi }X_1)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+2})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1sp+2}{}}(1)^s\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(x_s),\mathrm{\Phi }X_1)(x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},x_{p+2}))`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{1s<tp+2}{}}(1)^{s+t1}`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`X_1(\rho (x_s,x_t),x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_t,\mathrm{},x_{p+2})`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }({\displaystyle \underset{1sp+2}{}}(1)^s\rho (x_s,X_1(x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},x_{p+2}))`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{1s<tp+2}{}}(1)^{s+t1}`$ $`X_1`$ $`(\rho (x_s,x_t),x_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_t,\mathrm{},x_{p+2}))`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\delta ^p(X_1))(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+2}).`$
Hence

$$\delta ^{p+1}(\mathrm{\Phi }X_1)=\mathrm{\Phi }(\delta ^p(X_1)).$$

Furthermore,

$`\delta ^{p+1}(X_2\mathrm{\Phi })(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+2})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1sp+2}{}}(1)^s\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(x_s),X_2(\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1),\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }(x_{p+2})))`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{1s<tp+2}{}}(1)^{s+t1}`$ $`X_2`$ $`(\mathrm{\Phi }(\rho (x_s,x_t)),\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1),\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_t,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }(x_{p+2}))`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{1sp+2}{}}(1)^s\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(x_s),X_2(\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1),\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }(x_{p+2})))`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{1s<tp+2}{}}(1)^{s+t1}`$ $`X_2`$ $`(\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }(x_s),\mathrm{\Phi }(x_t)),\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1),\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_s,\mathrm{},\widehat{x}_t,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }(x_{p+2}))`$
$`=`$ $`\delta ^p(X_2)\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+2}).`$
Hence,

$$\delta ^{p+1}(X_2\mathrm{\Phi })=\delta ^p(X_2)\mathrm{\Phi }.$$

Which completes the proof of the theorem.

## 6 The deformation equation

equation (5) is the main character of deformation theory. It is known as the Maurer-Cartan (or “deformation”) equation. The solutions of this equation precisely correspond to the deformations. We discuss in this section an analog of this equation in our framework. We get back to the notations of Section 4.1. If $`𝒞_t=(\mathrm{\Phi }_t,\theta _t,\rho _t)`$ is an analytic curve in $``$, it can be expanded in series:

$`𝒞_t=_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}𝒞^it^i`$ where $`𝒞^i=\left(\begin{array}{c}\rho _i\\ \theta _i\\ \mathrm{\Phi }_i\end{array}\right)`$.

Denote $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒞^i)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒞^i)_1\\ \mathrm{\Delta }(𝒞^i)_2\\ \mathrm{\Delta }(𝒞^i)_3\end{array}\right)`$ and let us introduce the notation: $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_t=\rho _t\rho `$, $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }_t=\theta _t\theta `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_t=\mathrm{\Phi }_t\mathrm{\Phi }`$.

###### Proposition 6.1

$`𝒞_t=(\mathrm{\Phi }_t,\theta _t,\rho _t)`$ is a curve in $``$ (i.e a deformation) if and only if $`\theta _t`$ and $`\rho _t`$ satisfy equation (5) and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_t`$ satisfies the equation

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒞_t)_3& =& \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_t(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_t)+\theta _t(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_t(a),\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_t(b))\\ & +& \stackrel{~}{\theta }_t(\mathrm{\Phi }_t(a),\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_t(b))+\stackrel{~}{\theta }_t(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_t(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_t(b))\end{array}$$
(16)
Proof

Identifying nth order terms in equation (6) one gets

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝒞^n)_3(a,b)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}(\mathrm{\Phi }_i\rho _{ni}(a,b)+\theta (\mathrm{\Phi }_i(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_{ni}(b))`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{ni}{}}}\theta _i(\mathrm{\Phi }_j(a),\mathrm{\Phi }_{nij}(b))).`$
One can conclude collecting all these equations in a single formula.

###### Remark 6.1

This equation (16) is cubic and therefore cannot be reduced to the Maurer-Cartan equation (5).

## 7  Conclusions and outlooks

Let us stress that our point of view can be applied to other cases. For example it can be done for associative algebra morphisms and leads to a cohomology formula almost identical to the one obtained in this paper.

The study of the right hand side of the Maurer-Cartan equation (5) led Nijenhuis and Richardson \[N-R2\] to define the structure of graded Lie algebras recalled in 2.3. Does there exist an algebraic structure underlying the right-hand-side of deformation equation (16)?

A fruitfull application in physics of deformation theory is the concept of deformation quantization of a mechanical system. On the other hand, Lie morphisms can be found as symetries (moment maps) of such systems. Since it is possible now to deform simultaneously Lie algebra structures and morphisms, it is natural to try a deformation quantization of the symetries of dynamical systems. This problem of conservation of symetries is known in physics under the name of anomalies. It reduces to solving a Maurer-Cartan equation (”no ghost” theorem). But this “deformation equation”’ doesn’t come from a deformation. Can our deformation theory help to fill this gap?

Acknowledgments. I am grateful to V.Ovsienko for fruitful discussions and motivations. I would also like to thank C.Duval for his constant help and his kindness, C.Roger, F.Pellegrini and J.Merker for their interest on this work and valuable remarks.

Yaël FREGIER
C.N.R.S., C.P.T.
Luminy-Case 907
F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
&
Institut Girard Desargues, URA CNRS 746
Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I
43 bd. du 11 Novembre 1918
69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France