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# QCD Saturation and Photoproduction on Proton and Nuclei Targets

## 1 Introduction

Over the past few years there has been much progress in the successful application of perturbative QCD to DIS processes for values of $`Q^2\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}GeV^2`$. For very small $`Q^2`$, Regge theory (e.g.) provides a reasonable description of the data. Attempts have been made to bridge the two $`Q^2`$ regions, using methods incorporating high parton densities and saturation. Models based upon these ideas have lead to excellent descriptions of the DIS cross-section for all values of $`Q^2`$ and $`x`$ 0.01 . The saturation hypothesis has been successfully applied to $`\gamma \gamma `$ scattering in Ref. . In our recent paper  we showed that QCD-based saturation models can lead to satisfactory descriptions of cross sections in soft hadron-hadron interactions.

A pioneering attempt to apply the dipole picture and the physics of high parton densities to photoproduction ($`Q^2`$ = 0) processes was made by Golec-Biernat and Wusthoff (GBW) within the framework of their saturation model . Our goal is to investigate futher to what precision high energy photoproduction can be described using the saturation hypothesis. We use a saturation model based on a solution of the nonlinear evolution equation . We also extend our analysis to the case of nuclei targets.

The hypothesis of saturation refers to the interactions between partons from different cascades, which are omitted in the linear evolution equations (DGLAP and BFKL), and which become more significant with increasing energy. The parton saturation phenomenon introduces a characteristic momentum scale $`Q_s(x)`$, which is a measure of the density of the saturated gluons. It grows rapidly with energy, and it is proportional to $`\frac{1}{x^\lambda }`$  with $`\lambda 0.2`$. Parton saturation effects are expected to be relevant at low values of $`Q^2`$ and $`x`$, where the parton densities are sufficiently large.

The starting point of this endevour is the successful fit  within the framework of QCD, to the $`F_2`$ structure function data for all values of $`Q^2`$ and $`x`$ 0.01. This was achieved by using an approximate solution to the Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK)  nonlinear evolution equation, and adding a correcting function to improve the DGLAP behaviour at large $`Q^2`$. Although soft physics was not explicitly included, agreement with experiment was found for all quantities associated with $`F_2`$, in particular for the logarithmic slope $`\lambda \mathrm{ln}F_2/(\mathrm{ln}1/x)`$, where a value of $`\lambda \mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0.08}`$ was obtained for very low $`x`$ and $`Q^2`$ well below $`1\mathrm{GeV}^2`$, i.e. in the saturation region. This value is identical to that of the intercept of the ”soft” Pomeron, associated with the Donnachie-Landshoff (DL) model .

In this paper we further persue the hypothesis that colour dipoles are the correct degrees of freedom in photoproduction scattering processes at high energy, even when large transverse distances come into play. We adopt the well known expression for the DIS cross-sections

$$\sigma ^{\gamma ^{}p}(x,Q^2)=d^2r_{}𝑑zP^\gamma ^{}(Q^2,r_{},z)\sigma _{dipole}(x,r_{}),$$
(1.1)
where $`Q^2`$ is the virtual photon’s four momentum squared. $`P^\gamma ^{}`$ denotes the probability of finding a $`q\overline{q}`$ colour dipole with transverse separation $`r_{}`$ inside the photon. $`s=W^2`$ is the energy squared in the photon-proton system and z, (1 - z) the momentum fraction taken by the quark (antiquark) respectively, $`x=\frac{Q^2}{(W^2+Q^2)}`$. The dipole cross-section $`\sigma _{dipole}`$ describes the interaction of the $`q\overline{q}`$ pair with the proton target. The exact form of this cross-section has not yet been determined. GBW  proposed a very successful parametrization for $`\sigma _{dipole}`$. In our approach $`\sigma _{dipole}`$ is obtained by solving the nonlinear evolution equation, which is derived in QCD.

In  the nonlinear evolution equation with certain approximations, was solved numerically, the initial conditions were determined by fitting to the low $`x`$ DIS data. In this paper the resulting parametrization for $`\sigma _{dipole}`$ is adopted for the case of photoproduction. In contrast to our our treatment of the DIS case , we need to introduce additional nonperturbative parameters to insure a finite result in the limit $`Q^2\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}`$. This leads to a successful description of both the photoproduction and low $`Q^2`$ DIS data. Our approach for photoproduction is very similar to that which we employed for soft hadronic interactions in Ref. .

As a further test of our hypothesis we apply our model to the case of the photon scattering on nuclei targets. This extension does not involve any additional parameters, and can thus be regarded as an independent check. All available data on nuclear shadowing is successfully reproduced for heavy nuclei. An approach similar to the one presented here for the photon scattering on nuclei can be found in Ref. . In  a Glauber formula with the GBW model was used. In this paper, we rely on the model defined in Ref. .

The content of the paper is as follows. In Section 2 we discuss the numerical solution of the BK equation . We briefly review the GBW saturation model , with which we compare some of our results. In Section 3 we present the changes that must be introduced to adapt the formalism for the calculation of photoproduction cross-sections. Section 4 is devoted to the overall picture, including comparison of the model’s results with experimental data. We extend our approach to nuclei targets in Section 5. Section 6 contains a discussion of our results and our conclusions.

## 2  Description of the Saturation Models

In  an approximate solution to the BK non-linear evolution equation  was obtained using numerical techniques. Below we briefly review the method used and the main results obtained. For more details of the method of solution we refer to .

The solution of the BK equation which we denote by $`\stackrel{~}{N}`$, takes into account the collective phenomena of high parton density QCD. Starting from an initial condition which contains free parameters, we have numerically solved the nonlinear evolution equation, restricting ourselves to the point $`b_{}=0`$. The parameters which appear in the initial conditions, have been determined by fitting to the $`F_2`$ data , and the resulting approximate solution is displayed in Fig. 1.

The $`b_{}`$-dependence of the solution is restored using the ansatz:

$$\stackrel{~}{N}(r_{},x;b_{})=(1e^{\kappa (x,r_{})S(b_{})}),$$
(2.1)
where $`\kappa `$ is related to the $`b_{}=0`$ solution

$$\kappa (x,r_{})=\mathrm{ln}(1\stackrel{~}{N}(r_{},x,b_{}=0)).$$
(2.2)
A Gaussian form for the profile function in impact parameter space was taken as

$$S(b_{})=\frac{1}{\pi R_{proton}^2}exp(\frac{b_{}^2}{R_{proton}^2}).$$
(2.3)
where $`R_{proton}^2`$ = 3.1 $`GeV^2`$ refers to the radius of the target proton. Our choice of a Gaussian profile function simplifies the numerical calculations. It was shown  that calculations pertaining to total and integrated cross-sections are insensitive to the details of the profile function, unlike the case for differential quantities.

The dipole-proton cross-section (from eq.(2.4) of ) is given by:

$$\sigma _{dipole}(r_{},x)=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}d^2b_{}\stackrel{~}{N}(r_{},b_{},x).$$
(2.4)
The contribution of the $`F_2`$ structure function is

$$\stackrel{~}{F}_2(x,Q^2)=\frac{Q^2}{4\pi ^2}d^2r_{}𝑑zP^\gamma ^{}(Q^2;r_{},z)\sigma _{\mathrm{dipole}}(r_{},x).$$
(2.5)
The physical content of Eq. (2.5) is easily explained. It describes the two stages of DIS . The first stage is the decay of a virtual photon into a colorless dipole ($`q\overline{q}`$ -pair), the probability of this decay is given by $`P^\gamma ^{}`$. The second stage is the interaction of the dipole with the target i.e. ($`\sigma _{\mathrm{dipole}}`$ in Eq. (2.5)). This equation is a simple manifestation of the fact that color dipoles are the correct degrees of freedom in QCD at high energies . The probability $`P^\gamma ^{}`$ is given by the square of the QED wave functions of the virtual photon, which are well known :

$`P^\gamma ^{}(Q^2;r_{},z)={\displaystyle \frac{N_c}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{f}{}}Z_f^2\times `$
$`\left\{(z^2+(1z)^2)a^2K_1^2(ar_{})+m_q^2K_0^2(ar_{})+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}4}Q^2z^2(1z)^2K_0^2(ar_{})\right\},`$
with $`a^2=Q^2z(1z)+m_q^2`$.

In Ref.  we assumed the mass of the quark to be zero i.e. we took $`m_q=0`$ in the above equation. The structure function $`F_2`$ is given by a sum of three contributions:

$$F_2=\stackrel{~}{F}_2+\mathrm{\Delta }F+F_2^{NSQ},$$
(2.7)
where the first term is given by Eq. (2.5). The second term is a DGLAP (large $`Q^2`$) correction to $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$ and is of no importance for the present analysis. These two terms take into account the gluon contribution to $`F_2`$. Gluons are related to the singlet quark distributions. The third term in (2.7) includes contributions of non-singlet quark distributions:

$$F_2^{NSQ}=\underset{i=u,d}{}e_i^2q_i^V.$$
(2.8)
At the present stage of our investigation we ”borrow” the valence quark distributions ($`q_i^V`$) from the LO CTEQ6 parametrization . It is important to note that these distributions decrease with decreasing $`x`$, and are practically of no significance below $`x10^3`$. As the valence quark parametrization is not given below some scale of order $`1GeV^2`$, for low photon virtualities we freeze the valence quark distribution at its $`Q^2=1GeV^2`$ value.

A popular saturation model was proposed by GBW . In this model the dipole cross-section is taken as

$$\widehat{\sigma }_{dipole}(r_{},x)=\sigma _0\left[1exp(\frac{r_{}^2}{4R_0^2})\right]$$
(2.9)
, with $`R_0^2(x)[GeV^2]=(\frac{x}{x_0})^\lambda `$. The values of the parameters which were determined by fitting to DIS data at HERA for $`x\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0.01}`$, are: $`\sigma _0=`$23 mb, $`\lambda =`$ 0.29 and $`x_0=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}3}\times 10^4`$. The $`r_{}`$ dependence was taken as Gaussian, which leads to a constant-cross section $`\sigma _0`$ for large $`r_{}^2`$ (or small $`Q^2`$).

The dipole cross-section of the GBW saturation model and $`\stackrel{~}{N}`$ are closely related. Both models take into account gluon saturation, preserve unitarity, and describe the physics associated with ”long distances”. Whereas $`\stackrel{~}{N}`$ has its origins in QCD, $`\widehat{\sigma }_{dipole}`$ is phenomenological.

There are differences between the two models. Unlike the GBW $`\widehat{\sigma }_{dipole}`$, the dipole cross-section obtained from the solution of the BK equation is not saturated as a function of $`x`$. With the assumed Gaussian profile function, the integration over impact parameter $`b_{}`$ leads to a logarithmic growth with decreasing $`x`$.

## 3 Details of Our Calculation

In Ref.  we considered a massless ($`m_q=0`$) case only. To proceed to the limit $`Q^20`$ we need to introduce a finite mass as a cutoff for the $`r_{}`$ integration in Eq. (2.5). It is important to stress, however, that we do not modify the dipole cross section $`\sigma _{dipole}`$ (2.4), which was constructed in  from a fit to the $`F_2`$ data. Since $`x`$ is not defined for photoproduction, to relate $`x`$ to the energy of the process we need to introduce an additional nonperturbative scale, denoted as $`Q_0^2`$. Though these two parameters are not obviously related, we set $`Q_0^2=4m_q^2`$. We redefine $`x`$ as

$$x=(Q^2+Q_0^2)/W^2;s=W^2,$$
(3.1)
and use $`m_q`$ as a fitting parameter for high energy photoproduction. The energy dependence of the photoproduction cross section enters only through the $`x`$-dependence of the dipole cross section, the later being adjusted or constructed to describe DIS data of the $`F_2`$ structure function.

Note that having introduced these modifications we alter the results in low $`Q^2`$ domain. This can potentially spoil our original fit . Thus photoproduction should be considered simultaneously with DIS. The fit to the later should not be affected by the introduction of new parameters.

To obtain a finite result in the limit $`Q^2\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}`$, GBW  introduce the quark mass as a regulator, and assume a common mass of 140 MeV for the three light quarks, ”which leads to a reasonable prediction in the photoproduction region”. We refer the reader to  for details of the GBW model, in this paper we use the GBW model only to compare with our results for photoproduction on nuclear targets.

In the colour dipole picture, one can hopefully reproduce only the asymptotic energy dependence i.e. the Pomeron contribution. The solution to the BK equation is also used to model this vacuum exchange channel in the nonperturbative domain. Thus parton-hadron duality is used in this approach. At lower energies where most of the photoproduction data are available, there are also contributions from nonvacuum exchanges. The evaluation of these contributions is beyond the scope of our model.

In  the contribution of the nonsinglet exchange was represented by the valence quarks. Since the latter were frozen at $`Q^2=1GeV^2`$, their contribution to the cross section would have the wrong dependence at $`Q^20`$ (become infinite). An improved form for this contribution of the valence quarks below $`1GeV^2`$ is:

$$F_2^{NSQ}=\frac{(Q^2)^{1+\beta }}{1(GeV^2)^{1+\beta }}\frac{(1GeV^2+\mu ^2)}{Q^2+\mu ^2}\underset{i=u,d}{}e_i^2q_i^V(Q^2=1GeV^2).$$
(3.2)
Vector current conservation requires $`\beta 0`$, in principle, both $`\beta `$ and $`\mu `$ are fitting parameters. This freedom was not used in  where $`\beta =0`$ and $`\mu ^20`$. The energy dependence of the valence quark contribution enters through its $`x`$-dependence, which is frozen at $`Q^2=1(GeV^2)`$. Taking $`\mu `$ as a fitting parameter produces a good description of both the DIS and photoproduction data (keeping $`\beta =0`$).

In our approach we use parton-hadron duality in two ways. For the vacuum exchange we assume that the saturation result, which was derived for large $`Q^2`$ virtualities, is a valid description (on average) of the cross section at small values of $`Q^2`$. For the contribution of the non-singlet structure function we can use a parametrization that is successful for soft interactions, namely the exchange of secondary Reggeons. We believe that this exchange can be used for larger $`Q^2`$ (up to $`1GeV^2`$). In the spirit of Ref.  and using Gribov‘s formula  the secondary Reggeon contribution is

$$\left(\frac{s}{s_0}\right)^{\alpha _R}\frac{dM^2\rho (M^2)}{Q^2+M^2}g_R(M^2),$$
(3.3)
where $`\rho (M^2)`$ is related to the cross section for $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation while $`g_R`$ is a residue of the secondary trajectory. We approximate (3.3) by the following contribution

$$\sigma ^{\gamma p}f(0)\frac{\stackrel{~}{M}^2}{(Q^2+\stackrel{~}{M}^2)}(s/s_0)^{\alpha _R};\alpha _R=0.45;s_0=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}(GeV^2).$$
(3.4)
$`f(0)`$ is the residue at $`Q^2=0`$, and is determined by fitting to the low energy photoproduction data. $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$ is an additional fitted parameter.

## 4 Photoproduction and DIS at low $`Q^2`$

A fit to high energy photoproduction data yields the value of

$$m_q=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.15}GeV.$$

Note that we obtain practically the same quark mass as GBW .

As most of the photoproduction data was measured at lower energies, it is essential to include an additional component which is dominant in this energy range. We attempt two alternative parametrizations for this component.
The first is based on the Regge pole model Eq.(3.4) which we denote:

* Model ST: In this model there are two parameters to be fitted which determine the contribution of the non-leading (or secondary trajectories) to the DIS cross-section (see Eq. (3.4)). These are

$$f(0)=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.19}mbarn;\stackrel{~}{M}^2=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}GeV^2.$$

The cross section obtained with these parameter values is indicated by the dashed curve in Figs. 2, 3. The second parametrization is based on the quark model:
* Model VQ: This alternate method of accounting for the non-singlet contribution to the DIS cross-section is via the valence quarks (see Eq. (3.2)). There are also two free parameters here, whose values are determined by fitting to the data. These are

$$\beta =0(keptfixed);\mu ^2=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0.13}GeV^2.$$

The resulting photoproduction cross section with this parametrization for the valence quarks is shown as the full line in Figs. 2, 3.

We note an interesting duality between the two models, both produce reasonable descriptions of the experimental measurements (see Fig. 2), including the low energy photoproduction data. For the case of a proton target we do not present a comparison with the GBW model, since the later was formulated only for high energies and does not include any contribution of secondary trajectories.

## 5 Photoproduction on Nuclei

In our approach we obtain a very small effective radius of the nucleon. The consequence of such a small radius is that the typical parameter that governs the dipole interaction with the nuclear target, is also very small, namely

$$\pi R_{proton}^2S_A(0)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}1}forA200,$$
(5.1)
where $`S_A(b_{})`$ denotes the Wood-Saxon impact parameter distribution of the nucleons in a nucleus. In the standard approach, $`\pi R_{proton}^2S_A(0)`$ is considered to be large. Instead of one equation , Eq. (5.1) leads to a set of non -linear equations which have to be formulated and solved. Before doing so it is necessary to determine the $`b_{}`$ distribution for dipole-nucleon scattering, which is still an ansatz in our approach. At present, the best that we can do is to extend the Glauber formalism which takes into account all rescatterings inside the nucleus. This approach is certainly correct at not too high energies, however to determine the region of applicability we need to solve the explicit set of equations.

The Glauber formula has a familiar form:

$`\sigma (\gamma ^{}A\gamma ^{}A)={\displaystyle d^2b_{}𝑑zd^2r_{}P^\gamma ^{}(r_{},z,Q^2)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\left(\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}e^{\frac{\sigma _{dipole}}{2}S_A(b_{})}\right)}.`$ (5.2)
In our model $`\sigma _{dipole}`$ is given by Eq. (2.4). We use the GBW model for the dipole cross section for comparison (see also Ref.  for a similar analysis).

As discussed previously, at low energies we need to add contributions of the secondary trajectories. For the Glauber approach the $`A`$ dependence of the secondary trajectory can be estimated as follows:

$$A_{eff}^{st}(x)=d^2r_{}|\mathrm{\Psi }_\pi (r_{})|^2d^2b_{}S_A(b_{})e^{\frac{\sigma _{dipole}(r_{},x)}{2}S_A(b_{})}.$$
(5.3)
Here $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pi `$ denotes the pion wave function. For $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pi `$ we use a simple Gaussian parametrization taken from Ref. . The physical meaning and the derivation of Eq. (5.3) is clear from Fig. 4. Indeed, the exchange of secondary Regge trajectories is screened by the black disc type interaction in the vacuum channel (the two diagrams in Fig. 4 which cancel each other at small $`b_{}`$). The factor $`exp\left(\sigma _{dipole}S(b_{})/2\right)`$ is the probability that the dipole does not to have any inelastic interaction (for a more detailed discussion see Ref. ).

We compute the total cross section for $`\gamma A`$ collision as a sum of two terms

$`\sigma (\gamma ^{}A)=Eq.(\text{5.2})+A_{eff}^{st}\times Eq.(\text{3.4}).`$ (5.4)
Figs. 5, 6 7 illustrate the dependence of $`A_{eff}=\sigma (\gamma ^{}A)/\sigma (\gamma ^{}p)`$ as a function of $`x`$ for different values of the photon virtuality $`Q^2`$ for photo scattering on Pb, Xe, and Ca respectively. Fig. 8 shows a comparison for $`F_2`$ on Ca. The data sets have a few percents overall normalization uncertainity.

In the figures below we use the following notation: the solid line shows the results of our formalism, where $`\sigma _{dipole}`$ in Eq. (5.2) is calculated from the solution of the non-linear equation. The dotted line illustrates the Glauber approximation for the GBW model for the dipole-nucleon cross section, without a secondary Regge pole contribution. <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1In principle, contributions of the secondary trajectories should be added to the GBW model as well.

Agreement with experimental data for both dipole models is good. A comparison of our model prediction for a lead target with the results other models can be found in the recent preprint .

In Fig. 9 we plot the $`x`$ dependence of $`\alpha `$ for the parametrization $`\sigma (\gamma ^{}A)A^\alpha `$. Compared to GBW our results appear to be in slightly better agreement with the data. However, the data are not precise enough to really distinguish between the two models.

Our prediction for the $`Q^2`$ dependence of $`\alpha `$ is shown in Fig. 10.

We compare the predictions for the energy behaviour of our approach with the relevant data for $`A_{eff}/A`$ for photoproduction on Pb in Fig. 11, and on Cu in Fig. 12. We slightly underestimate the data for Pb case, and are consistent with the Cu measurements. Some points of the Caldwell data (1979)  are read off the plots and divided by our photoproduction cross section.

The curves in Fig. 13 which show predictions for the values of the total $`\gamma ^{}A`$ cross section are crucial as a check of our approach. The results of both models are very close and this boosts our confidence in our calculations. The predictions for $`F_2`$ for $`\gamma ^{}`$ \- gold scattering for both approaches are given in Fig. 14, again the results are close to one another.

## 6 Discussion and Conclusions

This paper demonstrates that assuming QCD saturation of the parton densities at high energies, one is able to describe photoproduction processes, as well as DIS at small values of photon virtuality. We establish that the revised parametrization does not spoil the predictions made for DIS processes at large and moderate values of $`Q^2`$. This is important as it allows us to use the DIS data to fix the phenomenological parameters of our approach.

As in our treatment of the soft hadron interactions in Ref. , the present analysis is based on two parameters and two major assumptions. The parameters are:

(a) The effective radius of proton which is taken from the description of the DIS data for $`x<10^2`$;
(b) The parameter $`Q_0^2`$, (introduced in Eq. (3.1)), is adjusted by comparing with the high energy photoproduction data.

The two assumptions are:

(i) We use Eq. (2.1) as an ansatz for the $`b_{}`$-dependence. This Glauber-type $`b_{}`$ dependence has no solid theoretical foundation and should be considered to be an initial guess. It is therefore reassuring to see that our successful description of the photoproduction data is in reasonable agreement with this ansatz;
(ii) We use hadron-parton duality to introduce the contribution of the secondary Regge trajectories. The result that the contribution of the secondary reggeons is dual to the valence quark one, is unexpected and interesting.

Our main result, that we are successful in describing the photoproduction data for nuclear targets, is compelling and encourages us to suggest further measurements of photon - nuclei interactions. We stress that the Glauber approach for nuclear targets does not contain any additional assumptions, thus nuclear data can be used for clarifying the situation regarding our assumptions and fitting parameters.

This paper and our previous work , provide evidence that an approach based on the QCD dipole picture and on QCD saturation is successful in describing processes which traditionally have been associated with soft physics. They also reinforce the results obtained in Ref.  namely, that QCD saturation is a natural bridge between soft physics and conventional perturbative QCD.

## 7 Acknowledgments

We thank Nestor Armesto, Eran Naftali, and Anna Stasto for useful discussions. E.L. is indebted to the DESY Theory Division for their hospitality, while E.G. is grateful to the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UCI for their cordial support. M.L. thanks the Institute for Nuclear Theory at the University of Washington for its hospitality and the Department of Energy for partial support during the completion of this work. This research was supported in part by the GIF grant # I-620-22.14/1999, and by the Israel Science Foundation, founded by the Israeli Academy of Science and Humanities.


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# Untitled Document

Modular Representations of p-adic Groups

and of Affine Hecke Algebras

Marie-France Vignéras* Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, Université de Paris 7, France. E-mail: vigneras@math.jussieu.fr

Abstract

I will survey some results in the theory of modular representations of a reductive $`p`$-adic group, in positive characteristic $`\mathrm{}p`$ and $`\mathrm{}=p`$.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11S37, 11F70, 20C08, 20G05, 22E50.

Keywords and Phrases: Modular representation, Reductive $`p`$-adic group, Affine Hecke algebra.

Introduction  The congruences between automorphic forms and their applications to number theory are a motivation to study the smooth representations of a reductive $`p`$-adic group $`G`$ over an algebraically closed field $`R`$ of any characteristic. The purpose of the talk is to give a survey of some aspects of the theory of $`R`$-representations of $`G`$. In positive characteristic, most results are due to the author; when proofs are available in the litterature (some of them are not !), references will be given.

A prominent role is played by the unipotent block which contains the trivial representation. There is a finite list of types, such that the irreducible representations of the unipotent block are characterized by the property that they contain a unique type of the list. The types define functors from the $`R`$-representations of $`G`$ to the right modules over generalized affine Hecke algebras over $`R`$ with different parameters; in positive characteristic $`\mathrm{}`$, the parameters are $`0`$ when $`\mathrm{}=p`$, and roots of unity when $`\mathrm{}p`$.

In characteristic $`0`$ or $`\mathrm{}p`$, for a $`p`$-adic linear group, there is a Deligne-Langlands correspondence for irreducible representations; the irreducible in the unipotent block are annihilated by a canonical ideal $`J`$; the category of representations annihilated by $`J`$ is Morita equivalent to the affine Schur algebra, and the unipotent block is annihilated by a finite power $`J^k`$.

New phenomena appear when $`\mathrm{}=p`$, as the supersingular representations discovered by Barthel-Livne and classified by Ch. Breuil for $`GL(2,𝐐_p)`$. The modules for the affine Hecke algebras of parameter $`0`$ and over $`R`$ of characteristic $`p`$, are more tractable than the $`R`$-representations of the group, using that the center $`Z`$ of a $`𝐙[q]`$-affine Hecke algebra $`H`$ of parameter $`q`$ is a finitely algebra and $`H`$ is a generated $`Z`$-module. The classification of the simple modules of the pro-$`p`$-Iwahori Hecke algebra of $`GL(2,F)`$ suggests the possibility of a Deligne-Langlands correspondence in characteristic $`p`$.

Complex case

Notation. $`𝐂`$ is the field of complex numbers, $`G=\underset{¯}{G}(F)`$ is the group of rational points of a reductive connected group $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ over a local non archimedean field $`F`$ with residual field of characteristic $`p`$ and of finite order $`q`$, and $`Mod_𝐂G`$ is the category of complex smooth representations of $`G`$. All representations of $`G`$ will be smooth, the stabilizer of any vector is open in $`G`$. An abelian category $`C`$ is right (left) Morita equivalent to a ring $`A`$ when $`C`$ is equivalent to the category of right (left) $`A`$-modules.

The modules over complex affine Hecke algebras with parameter $`q`$ are related by the Borel theorem to the complex representations of reductive $`p`$-adic groups.

Borel Theorem  The unipotent block of $`Mod_𝐂G`$ is (left and right) Morita equivalent to the complex Hecke algebra of the affine Weyl group of $`G`$ with parameter $`q`$.

The proof has three main steps, in reverse chronological order, Bernstein a) \[B\] \[BK\], Borel b) \[Bo\], \[C\], Iwahori-Matusmoto c) \[IM\], \[M\].

a) (1.a.1)  $`Mod_𝐂G`$ is a product of indecomposable abelian subcategories “the blocks”.

The unipotent block contains the trivial representation. The representations in the unipotent block will be called unipotent, although this term is already used by Lusztig in a different sense.

(1.a.2) The irreducible unipotent representations are the irreducible subquotients of the representations parabolically induced from the unramified characters of a minimal parabolic subgroup of $`G`$.

b) Let $`I`$ be an Iwahori subgroup of $`G`$ (unique modulo conjugation).

(1.b.1) The category of complex representations of $`G`$ generated by their $`I`$-invariant vectors is abelian, equivalent by the functor

$$VV^I=Hom_{𝐂G}(𝐂[I\backslash G],V)$$

to the category $`ModH_𝐂(G,I)`$ of right modules of the Iwahori Hecke algebra

$$H_𝐂(G,I)=End_{𝐂G}𝐂[I\backslash G].$$

(1.b.2) This abelian category is the unipotent block.

c) (1.c) The Iwahori Hecke algebra $`H_𝐂(G,I)`$ is the complex Hecke algebra of the affine Weyl group of $`G`$ with parameter $`q`$.

The algebra has a very useful description called the Bernstein decomposition \[L1\] \[BK\], basic for the geometric description of Kazhdan-Lusztig \[KL\].

From (1.b.1), the irreducible unipotent complex representations of $`G`$ are in natural bijection with the simple modules of the complex Hecke algebra $`H_𝐂(G,I)`$. By the “unipotent” Deligne-Langlands correspondence, the simple $`H_𝐂(G,I)`$-modules “correspond” to the $`G^{}`$-conjugacy classes of pairs $`(s,N)`$, where $`sG^{}`$ is semisimple, $`NLieG^{}`$ and $`Ad(s)N=qN`$, where $`G^{}`$ is the complex dual group of $`G`$ with Lie algebra $`LieG^{}`$. This is known to be a bijection when $`G=GL(n,F)`$ \[Z\] \[R\]. When $`G`$ is adjoint and unramified (quasi-split and split over a finite unramified extension), it is also known to be a bijection if one adds a third ingredient, a certain irreducible geometric representation $`\rho `$ of the component group of the simultaneous centralizer of both $`s`$ and $`N`$ in $`G^{}`$; this is was done by Chriss \[C\], starting from the basic case where $`G`$ is split of connected center treated by Kazhdan Lusztig \[KL\] and by Ginsburg \[CG\] * * Introduction page 18. Complex representations of the absolute Weil-Deligne group with semi-simple part trivial on the inertia subgroup (6.1) are in natural bijection with the $`\mathrm{}`$-adic representations of the absolute Weil group trivial on the wild ramification subgroup for any prime number $`\mathrm{}p`$ \[T\] \[D\]. In the Deligne-Langlands correspondence, one considers only the representations which are Frobenius semi-simple.. The adjoint and unramified case is sufficient for many applications to automorphic forms; to my knowledge the general case has not been done.

According to R. Howe, the complex blocks should be parametrized by types. The basic type, the trivial representation of an Iwahori subgroup, is the type of the unipotent block. An arbitrary block should be right Morita equivalent to the Hecke algebra of the corresponding type. The Hecke algebra of the type should be a generalized affine Hecke complex algebra with different parameters equal to positive powers of $`p`$. This long program started in 1976 is expected to be completed soon. The most important results are those of Bushnell-Kutzko for $`GL(n,F)`$ \[BK\], of Morris for the description of the Hecke algebra of a type \[M\], of Moy and Prasad for the definition of unrefined types \[MP\].

Conjecturally, the classification of simple modules over complex generalized affine Hecke algebras and the theory of types will give the classification of the complex irreducible representations of the reductive $`p`$-adic groups.

We consider now the basic example, the general linear $`p`$-adic group $`GL(n,F)`$. The the complex irreducible representations of $`GL(n,F)`$ over $`R`$ are related by the “semi-simple” Deligne-Langlands correspondence (proved by Harris-Taylor \[HT1\] and Henniart \[He\]), to the representations of the Galois group $`Gal(\overline{F}/F)`$ of a separable algebraic closure $`\overline{F}`$ of $`F`$.

Deligne-Langlands correspondence

(1.d)  The blocks of $`Mod_𝐂GL(n,F)`$ are parametrized by the conjugacy classes of the semi-simple $`n`$-dimensional complex representations $`\tau `$ of the inertia group $`I(\overline{F}/F)`$ which extend to the Galois group $`Gal(\overline{F}/F)`$.

(1.e)  The block parametrized by $`\tau `$ is equivalent to the unipotent block of a product of linear groups $`G_\tau =GL(d_1,F_1)\times \mathrm{}\times GL(d_r,F_r)`$ over unramified extensions $`F_i`$ of $`F`$ where $`d_i[F_i:F]=n`$.

(1.f)  The irreducible unipotent representations of $`GL(n,F)`$ are parametrized by the $`GL(n,R)`$-conjugacy classes of pairs $`(s,N)`$ where $`sGL(n,𝐂)`$ is semi-simple, $`NM(n,𝐂)`$ is nilpotent, and $`sN=qNs`$.

Modular case  Let $`R`$ be an algebraically closed field of any characteristic. When the characteristic of $`R`$ is $`0`$, the theory of representations of $`G`$ is essentially like the complex theory, and the above results remain true although some proofs need to be modified and this is not always in the litterature. From now on, we will consider “modular or $`mod\mathrm{}`$” representations, i.e. representations over $`R`$ of characteristic $`\mathrm{}>0`$.

Banal primes  Although a reductive $`p`$-adic group $`G`$ is infinite, it behaves often as a finite group. Given a property of complex representations of $`G`$ which has formally a meaning for $`mod\mathrm{}`$ representations of $`G`$, one can usually prove that outside a finite set of primes $`\mathrm{}`$, the property remains valid. This set of primes is called “banal” for the given property.

For $`mod\mathrm{}`$ representations the Borel theorem is false, because the $`mod\mathrm{}`$ unipotent block of $`GL(2,F)`$ contains representations without Iwahori invariant vectors when $`q1mod\mathrm{}`$ \[V1\].

(2)  The Borel theorem is valid for $`mod\mathrm{}`$ representations when $`\mathrm{}`$ does not divide the pro-order of any open compact subgroup of $`G`$.

These primes are banal for the three main steps in the proof of the complex theorem.

a) (2.a)  Any prime is banal for the decomposition of $`Mod_RG`$ in blocks.

The complex proof of (1.a.1) does not extend. There is a new proof relying of the theory of unrefined types \[V5 III.6\] when $`\mathrm{}p`$.

b) (1.a.2), (1.b.1), (1.b.2) remain true because $`\mathrm{}`$ does not does not divide the pro-order of the Iwahori subgroup $`I`$ and \[V2\] \[V4\]:

(2.b)  Any irreducible cuspidal $`mod\mathrm{}`$-representation of $`G`$ is injective and projective in the category of $`mod\mathrm{}`$-representations of $`G`$ with a given central character when $`\mathrm{}`$ is as in theorem 2.

c) Any prime $`\mathrm{}`$ is banal for the Iwahori-Matsumoto step because the proofs of Iwahori-Matusmoto and of Morris are valid over $`𝐙`$, and for any commutative ring $`A`$, the Iwahori Hecke $`A`$-algebra

$$H_A(G,I)=End_{AG}A[I\backslash G]H_𝐙(G,I)_𝐙A$$

is isomorphic to the Hecke $`A`$-algebra of the affine Weyl group of $`G`$ with parameter $`q_A`$ where $`q_A`$ is the natural image of $`q`$ in $`A`$.

The primes $`\mathrm{}`$ of theorem 2 are often called the banal primes of $`G`$ because such primes are banal for many properties. For example, the category of $`mod\mathrm{}`$-representations of $`G`$ with a given central character has finite cohomological dimension \[V4\]. In the basic example $`GL(n,F)`$, $`\mathrm{}`$ is banal when $`\mathrm{}p`$ and the multiplicative order of $`q`$ modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ is $`>n`$.

Limit primes  The set of primes banal for (1.a.2), (1.b.1) is usually larger than the set of banal primes of $`G`$. The primes of this set which are not banal will be called, following Harris, the limit primes of $`G`$. In the basic example $`GL(n,F)`$, the limit primes $`\mathrm{}`$ satisfy $`q1mod\mathrm{}`$ and $`\mathrm{}>n`$ \[V3\]. For number theoretic reasons, the limit primes are quite important \[DT\] \[Be\] \[HT2\]. They satisfy almost all the properties of the banal primes. For linear groups, the limit primes are banal for the property that no cuspidal representation is a subquotient of a proper parabolically induced representation. This is may be true for $`G`$ general.

Let $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$ be an algebraic closure of the field $`𝐐_{\mathrm{}}`$ of $`\mathrm{}`$-adic numbers, $`\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}`$ its ring of integers and $`\overline{𝐅}_{\mathrm{}}`$ its residue field. The following statements follow from the theory of types, or from the description of the center of the category of $`mod\mathrm{}`$ representations (the Bernstein center).

(3.1)  The reduction gives a surjective map from the isomorphism classes of the irreducible cuspidal integral $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representations of $`G`$ to the irreducible cuspidal $`\overline{𝐅}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representations of $`G`$, when $`\mathrm{}`$ is a banal or a limit prime for $`G`$.

Natural characteristic  The interesting case where the characteristic of $`R`$ is $`p`$ is not yet understood. There is a simplification: $`R`$-representations of $`G`$ have non zero vectors invariant by the pro-p-radical $`I_p`$ of $`I`$. The irreducible are quotients of $`R[I_p\backslash G]`$.

Some calculations have been made for $`GL(2,F)`$ \[BL\] \[Br\] \[V9\]. A direct classification of the irreducible $`R`$-representations of $`G=GL(2,𝐐_p)`$ \[BL\] \[Br\] and of the pro-$`p`$-Iwahori Hecke $`R`$-algebra $`H_R(G,I_p)=End_{RG}R[I_p\backslash G]`$ (called a $`modp`$ pro-$`p`$-Iwahori Hecke algebra) shows:

(4.1)  Suppose $`R`$ of characteristic $`p`$. The pro-$`p`$-Iwahori functor gives a bijection between the irreducible $`R`$-representations of $`GL(2,𝐐_p)`$ and the simple right $`H_R(G,I_p)`$\- modules.

This is the “$`modp`$ simple Borel theorem” for the pro-$`p`$-Iwahori group of $`GL(2,𝐐_p)`$. In particular $`p`$ is banal for the simple version of (1.b.1) when $`G=GL(2,𝐐_p)`$. Irreducible $`modp`$ representations of $`GL(2,F)`$ which are non subquotients of parabolically induced representations from a character of the diagonal torus are called supersingular \[BL\]. There is a similar definition for the $`modp`$ simple supersingular modules of the pro-$`p`$-Iwahori Hecke algebra of $`GL(2,F)`$.

(4.2)  There is a natural bijection between the $`modp`$ simple supersingular modules of the $`modp`$ pro-$`p`$-Iwahori Hecke algebra of $`GL(2,F)`$ and the $`modp`$ irreducible dimension $`2`$ representations of the absolute Weil group of $`F`$.

This suggests the existence of a $`modp`$ Deligne-Langlands correspondence. Some computations are beeing made by R. Ollivier for $`GL(3,F)`$.

We end this section with a new result on affine Hecke algebras as in \[L3\], which is important for the theory of representations modulo $`p`$.

(4.3)  Let $`H`$ be an affine Hecke $`𝐙[q]`$-algebra of parameter $`q`$ associated to a generalized affine Weyl group $`W`$. Then the center $`Z`$ of $`H`$ is a finitely generated $`𝐙[q]`$-algebra and $`H`$ is a finitely generated $`Z`$-module.

The key is to prove that $`H`$ has a $`𝐙[q]`$-basis $`(q^{k(w)}E_w)_{wW}`$ where $`(E_w)`$ is a Bernstein $`𝐙[q^1]`$-basis of $`H[q^1]`$. The assertion (4.3) was known when the parameter $`q`$ is invertible.

Non natural characteristic  $`R`$ an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic $`\mathrm{}p`$. Any prime $`\mathrm{}p`$ is banal for the “simple Borel theorem”. The “simple Borel theorem” is true $`mod\mathrm{}p`$.

(5.1)  Suppose $`\mathrm{}p`$. The Iwahori-invariant functor gives a bijection between the irreducible $`R`$-representations of $`G`$ with $`V^I0`$ and the simple right $`H_R(G,I)`$-modules.

The existence of an Haar measure on $`G`$ with values in $`R`$ implies that $`Mod_RG`$ is left Morita equivalent to the convolution algebra $`H_R(G)`$ of locally constant, compact distributions on $`G`$ with values in $`R`$. When the pro-order of $`I`$ is invertible in $`R`$, the Haar measure on $`G`$ over $`R`$ normalized by $`I`$ is an idempotent of $`H_R(G)`$, and (5.1) could have been already proved by I. Schur \[V3\]. In general (5.1) follows from the fact that $`R[I\backslash G]`$ is “almost projective” \[V5\].

More generally, one expects that the Howe philosophy of types remains true for modular irreducible representations. Their classification should reduce to the classification of the simple modules for generalized affine Hecke $`R`$-algebras of parameters equal to $`0`$ if $`\mathrm{}=p`$, and to roots of unity if $`\mathrm{}p`$. This is known for linear groups if $`\mathrm{}p`$ \[V5\] or in characteristic $`\mathrm{}=p`$ for $`GL(2,F)`$ \[V9\].

The unipotent block is described by a finite set $`S`$ of modular types, the “unipotent types” \[V7\]. The set $`S`$ contains the class of the basic type $`(I,id)`$. In the banal or limit case, this is the only element of $`S`$. A unipotent type $`(P,\tau )`$ is the $`G`$-conjugacy class of an irreducible $`R`$-representation of a parahoric subgroup $`P`$ of $`G`$, trivial on the pro-$`p`$-radical $`P_p`$, cuspidal as a representation of $`P/P_p`$ (the group of rational points of a finite reductive group over the residual field of $`F`$). The isomorphism class of the compactly induced representation $`ind_P^G\tau `$ of $`G`$ determines the $`G`$-conjugacy class of $`\tau `$, and conversely. We have $`ind_I^Gid=R[I\backslash G]`$.

(5.2) Theorem  Suppose $`\mathrm{}p`$. There exists a finite set $`S`$ of types, such that

\- $`ind_P^G\tau `$ is unipotent for any $`(P,\tau )S`$,

\- an irreducible unipotent $`R`$-representation $`V`$ of $`G`$ is a quotient of $`ind_P^G\tau `$ for a unique $`(P,\tau )S`$, called the type of $`V`$,

\- the map $`VHom_{RG}(ind_P^G\tau ,V)`$ between the irreducible quotients of $`ind_P^G\tau `$ and the right $`H_R(G,\tau )=End_{RG}ind_P^G\tau `$ modules is a bijection.

The set $`S`$ has been explicitely described only when $`G`$ is a linear group \[V5\]. In the example of $`GL(2,F)`$ and $`q1`$ modulo $`\mathrm{}`$, the set $`S`$ has two elements, the basic class and the class of $`(GL(2,O_F),\tau )`$ where $`\tau `$ is the cuspidal representation of dimension $`q1`$ contained in the reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ of the Steinberg representation of the finite group $`GL(2,𝐅_q)`$.

The Hecke algebra $`H_R(G,\tau )`$ of the type $`(P,\tau )`$ could probably be described a generalized affine Hecke $`R`$-algebra with different parameters (complex case \[M\] \[L2\], modular case for a finite group \[GHM\]).

The linear group in the non natural characteristic  We consider the basic example $`G=GL(n,F)`$ and $`R`$ an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic $`\mathrm{}p`$.

(6.1)  Any prime $`\mathrm{}p`$ is banal for the Deligne-Langlands correspondence.

This means that (1.d) (1.e) (1.f) remain true when $`𝐂`$ is replaced by $`R`$. The proof is done by constructing congruences between automorphic representations for unitary groups of compact type \[V6\].

The unipotent block is partially described by the affine Schur algebra

$$S_R(G,I)=End_{RG}V,V=_{PI}ind_P^Gid,$$

which is the ring of endomorphisms of the direct sum of the representations of $`G`$ compactly induced from the trivial representation of the parahoric subgroups $`P`$ containing the Iwahori subgroup $`I`$. The functor of $`I`$-invariants gives an isomorphism from the endomorphism ring of the $`RG`$-module $`V`$ to the endomorphism ring of the right $`H_R(G,I)`$-module $`V^I`$ and the $`(S_R(G,I),H_R(G,I))`$ module $`V^I`$ satisfies the double centralizer property \[V8\].

(6.2)  $`End_{H_R(G,I)}V^I=S_R(G,I),End_{S_R(G,I)}V^I=H_R(G,I).`$

In the complex case, the affine Schur algebra $`S_𝐂(G,I)`$ is isomorphic to an algebra already defined R.M. Green \[Gr\]: A complex affine quantum linear group $`\widehat{U}(gl(n,q))`$ has a remarkable representation $`W`$ of countable dimension such that the tensor space $`W^n`$ satisfies the double centralizer property

$$End_{\widehat{S}(n,q)}W^n=\widehat{H}(n,q),End_{\widehat{H}(n,q)}W^n=\widehat{S}(n,q)$$

where $`\widehat{S}(n,q)`$ is the image of the action of $`\widehat{U}(gl(n,q))`$ in $`W^n`$. The algebras $`\widehat{S}(n,q)`$ and $`\widehat{H}(n,q)`$ are respectively isomorphic to $`S_𝐂(G,I)`$ and $`H_𝐂(G,I)`$; the bimodules $`W^n`$ and $`V^I`$ are isomorphic.

Let $`J`$ be the annihilator of $`R[I\backslash G]`$ in the global Hecke algebra $`H_R(G)`$.

(6.3) Theorem  Suppose $`\mathrm{}p`$.

There exists an integer $`k>0`$ such that the unipotent block of $`Mod_RG`$ is the set of $`R`$-representations of $`G`$ annihilated by $`J^k`$.

An irreducible representation of $`G`$ is unipotent if and only if it is a subquotient of $`R[I\backslash G]`$, if and only if it is annihilated by $`J`$.

The abelian subcategory of representations of $`G`$ annihilated by $`J`$ is Morita equivalent to the affine Schur algebra $`S_R(G,I)`$.

This generalizes the Borel theorem to $`mod\mathrm{}`$ representations when $`G`$ is a linear group. The affine Schur algebra exists and the double centralizer property (6.2) is true for a general reductive $`p`$-adic group $`G`$; in the banal case, the affine Schur algebra is Morita equivalent to the affine Hecke algebra.

Integral structures  Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be any prime number. There are two notions of integrality for an admissible $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representation $`V`$ of $`G`$, $`dimV^K<\mathrm{}`$ for all open compact subgroups $`K`$ of $`G`$, which coincide when $`\mathrm{}p`$ \[V3\]. One says that $`V`$ is integral if $`V`$ contains a $`G`$-stable $`\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}`$-submodule generated by a $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-basis of $`V`$, and $`V`$ is locally integral if the $`H_{\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}}(G,K)`$-module $`V^K`$ is integral, i.e. contains a $`H_{\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}}(G,K)`$-submodule $`\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}`$-generated by a $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-basis of $`V^K`$, for all $`K`$.

When $`V`$ is irreducible and integral, the action of the center $`Z`$ of $`G`$ on $`V`$, the central character, is integral, i.e. takes values in $`\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}`$. The situation is similar for a simple integral $`H_{\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}}(G,I)`$-module $`W`$. The central character is integral, i.e. its restriction to the center of $`H_{\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}}(G,I)`$ takes values in $`\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}`$.

(7.1) Théorème

a) An irreducible cuspidal $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representation $`V`$ of $`G`$ is integral if and only if its central character is integral.

b) A simple $`H_{\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}}(G,I)`$-module is integral if and only if its central character is integral.

c) An irreducible representation $`V`$ of $`G`$ with $`V^I0`$ is locally integral if and only if $`V^I`$ is an integral $`H_{\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}}(G,I)`$-module.

The assertion b) results from (4.3). For a) \[V3\]. For $`\mathrm{}=p`$, c) is due to J.-F. Dat, using its theory of $`\mathrm{}`$-adic analysis \[D\].

A general irreducible $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representation $`V`$ of $`G`$ is contained in a parabolically induced representation of an irreducible cuspidal representation $`W`$ of a Levi subgroup of $`G`$. If $`W`$ is integral then $`V`$ is integral, but the converse is false when $`\mathrm{}=p`$. When $`\mathrm{}p`$, the converse is proved for classical groups by Dat using results of Moeglin (there is a gap in the “proof” of the converse in \[V3\]).

(7.2) Brauer-Nesbitt principle  \[V3\]\[V11\] When $`\mathrm{}p`$, the integral structures $`L`$ of an irreducible $`\overline{𝐐}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representation of $`G`$ are $`\overline{𝐙}_{\mathrm{}}G`$-finitely generated (hence commensurable) and their reduction $`L\overline{𝐅}_{\mathrm{}}`$ are finite length $`\overline{𝐅}_{\mathrm{}}`$-representations of $`G`$ with the same semi-simplication (modulo isomorphism).

When $`\mathrm{}=p`$, this is false. An integral cuspidal irreducible $`\overline{𝐐}_p`$-representation $`V`$ of $`G`$ embeds in $`\overline{𝐐}_p[\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash G]`$, for any discrete co-compact-mod-center subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`G`$, and has a natural integral structure with an admissible reduction \[V10\]. When the theory of types is known, $`V`$ is induced from an open compact-mod-center subgroup, hence has an integral structure with a non admissible reduction, which is not commensurable with the first one.

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