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# New Expressions for Discrete Painlevé Equations

## 1 Introduction

Discrete Painlevé equations are studied from various points of view as integrable systems , . They are discrete equations which are reduced to the Painlevé differential equations in a suitable limiting process, and moreover, which pass the singularity confinement test. Passing this test can be thought of as a difference version of the Painlevé property. The Painlevé differential equations were derived as second order ordinary differential equations whose solutions have no movable singularities other than poles. This property is called the Painlevé property. The singularity confinement test has been proposed by Grammaticos et al. as a criterion for the integrability of discrete dynamical systems . It demands that singularities depending on particular initial values should disappear after a finite number of iteration steps, in which case the information about the initial values ought to be recovered.

H. Sakai constructed all difference Painlevé equations from the point of view as algebraic geometry . Surfaces obtained by successive blow-ups of $`^1\times ^1`$ have been studied by means of connections between Weyl groups and groups of Cremona isometries of the Picard group of surfaces. The Picard group of a rational surface $`X`$ is the group of isomorphism classes of invertible sheaves on $`X`$ and is isomorphic to the group of linear equivalence classes of divisors on $`X`$. A Cremona isometry is an isomorphism of the Picard group that i) preserves the intersection number of any pair of divisors, ii) preserves the canonical divisor $`𝒦_X`$ and iii) leaves the set of effective classes of divisors invariant. In the case where eight points in general positions are blown up in $`^1\times ^1`$, the group of Cremona isometries of $`X`$ is isomorphic to an extension of the Weyl group of type $`E_8^{(1)}`$. Birational mappings on $`^1\times ^1`$ are obtained by subsequent blow downs. Discrete Painlevé equations are recovered as the birational mappings corresponding to translations of affine Weyl groups.

Discrete Painlevé equations were classified on the basis of the types of rational surfaces connected to extended affine Weyl groups and some new equations were discovered in the process. See Table 1.

These equations are organized in a degeneration pattern obtained through coalescence. The $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$) is the most generic one among these, because the equation has Weyl group symmetry of type $`E_8^{(1)}`$ and any of the other discrete Painlevé equations can be obtained from this equation by limiting procedure. The form of this equation is however very complicated as its coefficients are described in terms of elliptic functions , .

Kajiwara et al. presented a $`\tau `$ function formalism for the elliptic discrete Painlevé equation . They gave an explicit form of $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ based on this formalism.

In this paper a new representation of $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ based on total transforms is presented. Kajiwara et al.’s form is described in terms of coordinates in $`^2`$, while our form is described by means of $`^1\times ^1`$. Both descriptions are related by a bitational transform . However, as in our construction all eight points (that are blown up in $`^1\times ^1`$) appear in a symmetric way, the symmetries of $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ are immediately apparent.

In Section 2, we present the representation of $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$. In Section 38, we present expressions for other discrete Painlevé equations, obtained in a similar way. This is made possible by the fact that the limit process is a projective transformation of dependent variables.

Consequently, it can be seen that knowledge of the blow-up of eight points in $`^1\times ^1`$ and of a trivial solution on a curve passing through these points allows one to construct a discrete Painlevé equation in explicit form.

## 2 $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface

In this section, we give a new representation of the $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$). First we present some useful notation.

We construct the $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points $`p_i(i=1,\mathrm{},8)`$. There exists an elliptic curve that passes through generic eight points. We parametrize these eight points and the curve as follows:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{(f_1g_0+f_0g_1+\mathrm{}(2t)f_0g_0)(4\mathrm{}(2t)f_1g_1g_3f_0g_0)}\\ & =\left(f_1g_1+\mathrm{}(2t)(f_1g_0+f_0g_1)+\frac{g_2}{4}f_0g_0\right)^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=(1:\mathrm{}(b_i+t),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:\mathrm{}(tb_i))(i=1,\mathrm{},8).$$
(2.2)
Here $`(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})`$ depend on a variable $`t`$:

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(t),f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(t),g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(t),g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(t))(i=1,\mathrm{},8).$$

We then define the following points:

$`(\overline{f_0}_i,\overline{f_1}_i,\overline{g_0}_i,\overline{g_1}_i)`$ $`=(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\overline{t}),f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\overline{t}),g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\overline{t}),g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\overline{t}))(i=1,\mathrm{},8),`$
$`(\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}})`$ $`=(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}),f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}),g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}),g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}))(i=1,\mathrm{},8),`$
where $`\overline{t}=t+\lambda ,\underset{¯}{t}=t\lambda ,\lambda =\frac{1}{2}_{i=1}^8b_i`$.

The $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$) has the following trivial solution moving on the elliptic curve (2.1) :

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(1,\mathrm{}(q+2t^2/\lambda +t),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{}(tq2t^2/\lambda )),$$
(2.3)
where $`q`$ is a constant determined by the initial condition. We define the following points:

$`(\overline{f_0}_\mathrm{c},\overline{f_1}_\mathrm{c},\overline{g_0}_\mathrm{c},\overline{g_1}_\mathrm{c})`$ $`=(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\overline{t}),f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\overline{t}),g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\overline{t}),g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\overline{t})),`$
$`(\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}})`$ $`=(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}),f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}),g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t}),g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}(\underset{¯}{t})).`$
We now introduce the vectors

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{w_{4,1}(f_0,f_1,g_0,g_1)}\\ & ={}_{}{}^{t}\left(\begin{array}{cccccccccc}f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_1& f_0f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}g_1& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_1& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}f_1g_1& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_1& f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_0& f_0f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}g_0& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_0& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}f_1g_0& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}g_0\end{array}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill v& =w_{4,1}(f_0,f_1,g_0,g_1),\hfill & & & \hfill \stackrel{ˇ}{v}& =w_{4,1}(f_0,f_1,\overline{g_0},\overline{g_1}),\hfill \\ \hfill u& =w_{4,1}(g_0,g_1,f_0,f_1),\hfill & & & \hfill \widehat{u}& =w_{4,1}(g_0,g_1,\underset{¯}{f_0},\underset{¯}{f_1}),\hfill \\ \hfill v_i& =w_{4,1}(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}),\hfill & & & \hfill \stackrel{ˇ}{v}_i& =w_{4,1}(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},\overline{g_0}_i,\overline{g_1}_i),\hfill \\ \hfill u_i& =w_{4,1}(g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}),\hfill & & & \hfill \widehat{u}_i& =w_{4,1}(g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}})\hfill & \hfill (i=1,\mathrm{},8),\\ \hfill v_\mathrm{c}& =w_{4,1}(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}),\hfill & & & \hfill \stackrel{ˇ}{v}_\mathrm{c}& =w_{4,1}(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},\overline{g_0}_\mathrm{c},\overline{g_1}_\mathrm{c}),\hfill \\ \hfill u_\mathrm{c}& =w_{4,1}(g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}),\hfill & & & \hfill \widehat{u}_\mathrm{c}& =w_{4,1}(g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}}).\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{w_{3,1}(f_0,f_1,g_0,g_1)}\\ & ={}_{}{}^{t}\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}g_1& f_0f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_1& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f_1g_1& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}g_1& f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}g_0& f_0f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_0& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}f_1g_0& f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}g_0\end{array}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \varphi _i& =w_{3,1}(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}),\hfill & & & \hfill \stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_i& =w_{3,1}(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},\overline{g_0}_i,\overline{g_1}_i),\hfill \\ \hfill \psi _i& =w_{3,1}(g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}),\hfill & & & \hfill \widehat{\psi }_i& =w_{3,1}(g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}},\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}})\hfill & \hfill (i=1,\mathrm{},8).\end{array}$$

We describe the following theorem by using these vectors.

###### Theorem 1.

$`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ can be written as

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{det(v,v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4,v_5,v_6,v_7,v_8,v_\mathrm{c})det(\stackrel{ˇ}{v},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_1},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_2},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_3},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_4},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_5},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_6},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_7},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_8},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_\mathrm{c}})}\\ & =det(\varphi _1,\varphi _2,\varphi _3,\varphi _4,\varphi _5,\varphi _6,\varphi _7,\varphi _8)det(\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _1},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _2},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _3},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _4},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _5},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _6},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _7},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _8})\hfill \\ & \times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})\times (g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_1g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_0)(\overline{g_0}_\mathrm{c}\overline{g_1}\overline{g_1}_\mathrm{c}\overline{g_0}){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f_1f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f_0),\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.4a)
$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{det(u,u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5,u_6,u_7,u_8,u_\mathrm{c})det(\widehat{u},\widehat{u_1},\widehat{u_2},\widehat{u_3},\widehat{u_4},\widehat{u_5},\widehat{u_6},\widehat{u_7},\widehat{u_8},\widehat{u_\mathrm{c}})}\\ & =det(\psi _1,\psi _2,\psi _3,\psi _4,\psi _5,\psi _6,\psi _7,\psi _8)det(\widehat{\psi _1},\widehat{\psi _2},\widehat{\psi _3},\widehat{\psi _4},\widehat{\psi _5},\widehat{\psi _6},\widehat{\psi _7},\widehat{\psi _8})\hfill \\ & \times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})\times (f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_1f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_0)(\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}}\underset{¯}{f_1}\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}}\underset{¯}{f_0}){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}g_1g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}g_0).\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.4b)
For later use, we calculate the determinants $`C`$ and $`D`$ given by:

$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill C& =det(\varphi _1,\varphi _2,\varphi _3,\varphi _4,\varphi _5,\varphi _6,\varphi _7,\varphi _8)det(\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _1},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _2},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _3},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _4},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _5},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _6},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _7},\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _8})\hfill \\ & \times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}),\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.5a)
$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill D& =det(\psi _1,\psi _2,\psi _3,\psi _4,\psi _5,\psi _6,\psi _7,\psi _8)det(\widehat{\psi _1},\widehat{\psi _2},\widehat{\psi _3},\widehat{\psi _4},\widehat{\psi _5},\widehat{\psi _6},\widehat{\psi _7},\widehat{\psi _8})\hfill \\ & \times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}),\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.5b)
for which we find:

$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill C& ={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma (4t)^4\sigma (4t+2\lambda )^4_{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}\sigma (b_ib_j)^2}{\sigma (q+2t^2/\lambda +t)^{16}}}\hfill \\ & \times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma (q+2t^2/\lambda b_i)\sigma (q+2t^2/\lambda +b_i+2t)}{\sigma (b_i+t)^{14}\sigma (tb_i)^2\sigma (t+\lambda b_i)^2}},\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.6a)
$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill D& ={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma (4t)^4\sigma (4t2\lambda )^4_{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}\sigma (b_ib_j)^2}{\sigma (tq2t^2/\lambda )^{16}}}\hfill \\ & \times {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma (q+2t^2/\lambda b_i)\sigma (2tq2t^2/\lambda b_i)}{\sigma (tb_i)^{14}\sigma (b_i+t)^2\sigma (b_i+t\lambda )^2}}.\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.6b)
###### Remark 2.1.

We can parametrize an isomorphism class of surfaces by using the period mapping. The period mapping maps the elements of the second homology to $``$.

Let $`\omega `$ be a meromorphic 2-form on $`X`$ with $`\mathrm{div}(\omega )=D`$. Then $`\omega `$ determines a period mapping $`\widehat{\chi }:H_2(XD,)`$ which sends $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H_2(XD,)`$ to $`_\mathrm{\Gamma }\omega `$.

Now, there exists a short exact sequence:

$$0H_1(D,)H_2(XD,)Q(E_8^{(1)})0,$$

where $`Q(E_8^{(1)})={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{8}{}}}\alpha _i`$ is the root lattice of type $`E_8^{(1)}`$. So we obtain the mapping

$$\chi :Q(E_8^{(1)})mod\widehat{\chi }(H_1(D,))$$

through the period mapping $`\widehat{\chi }`$. In this case, the parametrization is

$$\begin{array}{c}\chi (\alpha _1)=4t,\chi (\alpha _2)=b_1+b_2+2t,\chi (\alpha _i)=b_ib_{i1}(i=3,\mathrm{},7),\\ \chi (\alpha _8)=b_2b_1,\chi (\alpha _0)=b_8b_7.\end{array}$$
(2.7)
Here $`Q(E_8^{(1)})`$ is realized in $`\mathrm{Pic}(X)=H_2(X,)`$. And $`\alpha _i`$’s are represented by elements of the Picard group as follows:

$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha _1=H_1H_0,\alpha _2=H_0E_1E_2,\alpha _i=E_{i1}E_i(i=3,\mathrm{},7),\\ \alpha _8=E_1E_2,\alpha _0=E_7E_8.\end{array}$$
(2.8)
We denote the total transform of $`f_1=\text{constant}\times f_0`$, (or $`g_1=\text{constant}\times g_0`$) on $`X`$ by $`H_0`$ (or $`H_1`$ respectively) and the total transform of the point $`p_i`$ by $`E_i`$. The Picard group $`\mathrm{Pic}(X)`$ and canonical divisor $`𝒦_X`$ are

$$\mathrm{Pic}(X)=H_0+H_1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}E_i,𝒦_X=2H_02H_1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}E_i,$$

where the intersection numbers of pairs of base elements are

$$H_iH_j=1\delta _{i,j},E_iE_j=\delta _{i,j},H_iE_j=0,\text{where}\delta _{i,j}=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & i=j,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & ij.\hfill \end{array}$$

The generators of the affine Weyl group $`W(E_8^{(1)})=w_i(i=0,1,\mathrm{},8)`$ will act on the total transforms. We give a representation of these actions that will enable us to construct $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$.

$`w_1:`$ $`(H_0,H_1)(H_1,H_0),`$
$`w_2:`$ $`(H_1,E_1,E_2)(H_1+H_0E_1E_2,H_0E_2,H_0E_1),`$
$`w_i:`$ $`(E_{i1},E_i)(E_i,E_{i1})(i=3,\mathrm{},7),`$
$`w_8:`$ $`(E_1,E_2)(E_2,E_1),`$
$`w_0:`$ $`(E_7,E_8)(E_8,E_7).`$
By taking a translation contained in $`W(E_8^{(1)})`$, we obtain a nonlinear difference equation. The translation can be described by a product of simple reflections $`w_i`$:

$$dP(A_0^{(1)})=w_1r^1w_1r:$$
(2.9)
$$(b_i,t,f_0:f_1,g_0:g_1)(b_i,t+\lambda ,\overline{f_0}:\overline{f_1},\overline{g_0}:\overline{g_1})(i=1,\mathrm{},8),$$

$$\lambda =\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}b_i,$$

where
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill r& =w_2w_3w_4w_5w_6w_7w_0w_8w_3w_4w_5w_6w_7w_2\hfill \\ & w_3w_4w_5w_6w_8w_3w_4w_5w_2w_3w_4w_8w_3w_2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.10)
An element $`r`$ of the affine Weyl group acts on these total transforms as

$$r:(H_0,H_1,E_i)(H_0,H_1+4H_0\underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}E_i,H_0E_{9i}).$$
(2.11)
Equation (2.4a) describes exactly this action. The following gives a presentation of the action of $`r`$ on coordinates and parameters:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{r:(f_0:f_1,g_0:g_1,f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})}\\ & (\stackrel{ˇ}{f_0}:\stackrel{ˇ}{f_1},\stackrel{ˇ}{g_0}:\stackrel{ˇ}{g_1},\stackrel{ˇ}{f_0}_i:\stackrel{ˇ}{f_1}_i,\stackrel{ˇ}{g_0}_i:\stackrel{ˇ}{g_1}_i)\hfill \\ & =(f_0:f_1,\overline{g_0}:\overline{g_1},f_{0}^{}{}_{(9i)}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{(9i)}{}^{},\overline{g_0}_{(9i)}:\overline{g_1}_{(9i)}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.12)
For example, if we impose $`\stackrel{ˇ}{g_0}_\mathrm{c}\stackrel{ˇ}{g_1}\stackrel{ˇ}{g_1}_\mathrm{c}\stackrel{ˇ}{g_0}=0`$ in the equation (2.4a), i.e. we impose $`\overline{g_0}_\mathrm{c}\overline{g_1}\overline{g_1}_\mathrm{c}\overline{g_0}=0`$ on $`(f_0:f_1,\overline{g_0}:\overline{g_1})`$ in the equation, we obtain $`det(v,v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4,v_5,v_6,v_7,v_8,v_\mathrm{c})=0`$ on $`(f_0:f_1,g_0:g_1)`$ as an equivalent condition. This expresses the action $`r:H_1H_1+4H_0_{i=1}^8E_i`$. If we impose $`\stackrel{ˇ}{f_0}_i\stackrel{ˇ}{f_1}\stackrel{ˇ}{f_1}_i\stackrel{ˇ}{f_0}=0,\stackrel{ˇ}{g_0}_i\stackrel{ˇ}{g_1}\stackrel{ˇ}{g_1}_i\stackrel{ˇ}{g_0}=0`$ in the equation (2.4a), i.e. we impose $`f_{0}^{}{}_{(9i)}{}^{}f_1f_{1}^{}{}_{(9i)}{}^{}f_0=0,\overline{g_0}_{(9i)}\overline{g_1}\overline{g_1}_{(9i)}\overline{g_0}=0`$ on $`(f_0:f_1,\overline{g_0}:\overline{g_1})`$ in the equation, we obtain $`f_{0}^{}{}_{(9i)}{}^{}f_1f_{1}^{}{}_{(9i)}{}^{}f_0=0`$ on $`(f_0:f_1,g_0:g_1)`$. This expresses $`r:E_iH_0E_{9i}`$.

If we decide the form of the equation in this way, an undetermined constant will remain. However the condition that the trivial solution (2.3) (for arbitrary $`q`$) satisfies the equation completely determines the form of (2.4).

###### Remark 2.2.

We presented the $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ in  as follows. That is, in this section we have rewritten this expression. This system is equivalent to $`\mathrm{ell}.P`$ derived in . The following $`2\times 2`$ matrices represent PGL(2)-action on $`^1`$, i.e., $`w=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)z`$ means $`w=(az+b)/(cz+d)`$. The $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation is the following difference system for unknown functions $`f(t),g(t)`$:

$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \overline{g}& =M(f,c_7,c_8,t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}}c_i)M(f,c_5,c_6,t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}c_i)\hfill \\ & \times M(f,c_3,c_4,t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(c_1+c_2))M(f,c_1,c_2,t)g,\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.13a)
$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{¯}{f}& =M(g,d_7,d_8,t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{6}{}}}d_i)M(g,d_5,d_6,t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}d_i)\hfill \\ & \times M(g,d_3,d_4,t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(d_1+d_2))M(g,d_1,d_2,t)f,\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.13b)
where $`\overline{g}=g(t+\lambda )`$, $`\underset{¯}{f}=f(t\lambda )`$ and

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{M(h,\kappa _1,\kappa _2,s)}\\ & =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}(2s\frac{\kappa _1+\kappa _2}{2})& \mathrm{}(2s\frac{\kappa _1\kappa _2}{2})\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \left(\begin{array}{c}(h\mathrm{}(\kappa _2))(\mathrm{}(2s)\mathrm{}(2s\kappa _2))(\mathrm{}(2s\frac{\kappa _1+\kappa _2}{2})\mathrm{}(2s\frac{\kappa _1\kappa _2}{2}))0\\ 0(h\mathrm{}(\kappa _1))(\mathrm{}(2s)\mathrm{}(2s\kappa _1))(\mathrm{}(2s\frac{\kappa _1+\kappa _2}{2})\mathrm{}(2s\frac{\kappa _1+\kappa _2}{2}))\end{array}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathrm{}(2s\kappa _1)\\ 1& \mathrm{}(2s\kappa _2)\end{array}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.14)
Here $`b_i(i=1,\mathrm{},8)`$ are constant parameters and we set $`\lambda =\frac{1}{2}_{i=1}^8b_i,c_i=b_i+t,d_i=tb_i`$. Note that we will regard $`(f(t),g(t))`$ as inhomogeneous coordinates of $`^1\times ^1`$.

## 3 $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface

We construct the $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points. These eight points and a curve through these points are

$$f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\left(t^2+\frac{1}{t^2}\right)f_0f_1g_0g_1+\left(t^2\frac{1}{t^2}\right)^2f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=0,$$
(3.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=(1:b_it+\frac{1}{b_it},1:\frac{t}{b_i}+\frac{b_i}{t})(i=1,\mathrm{},8).$$
(3.2)
The $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$) has the following trivial solution moving on the curve (3.1) :

$$\begin{array}{c}(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})\hfill \\ \hfill =(1,tq\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2(\mathrm{log}t)^2}{\mathrm{log}\lambda }\right)+\frac{1}{tq\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2(\mathrm{log}t)^2}{\mathrm{log}\lambda }\right)},1,\frac{t}{q\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2(\mathrm{log}t)^2}{\mathrm{log}\lambda }\right)}+\frac{q\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2(\mathrm{log}t)^2}{\mathrm{log}\lambda }\right)}{t}),\end{array}$$
(3.3)
where $`q`$ is a constant determined by the initial condition.

Using these expressions we formulate the theorem:

###### Theorem 2.

$`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ can be written in the form (2.4).

Let $`q=0`$, then the trivial solution (3.3) is

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(0,1,0,1),$$
(3.4)
and $`C,D`$ (2.5) are

$`C`$ $`=\left(t^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^2}}\right)^4\left(t\overline{t}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t\overline{t}}}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2/{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}b_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{7},`$ (3.5a)
$`D`$ $`=\left(t^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^2}}\right)^4\left(t\underset{¯}{t}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t\underset{¯}{t}}}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2/{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}b_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{7}.`$ (3.5b)
## 4 $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface

We construct the $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points. These eight points and a curve on which these points lie are as follows:

$$(f_1g_0f_0g_1)^28t^2(f_0f_1g_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_0g_1)+16t^4f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}g_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=0,$$
(4.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=(1:(b_i+t)^2,1:(tb_i)^2)(i=1,\mathrm{},8),$$
(4.2)
The $`A_0^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$) has the following trivial solution moving on the curve (4.1) :

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(1,\left(q+2t^2/\lambda +t\right)^2,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\left(tq2t^2/\lambda \right)^2),$$
(4.3)
where $`q`$ is a constant determined by initial condition.

###### Theorem 3.

$`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ can be written in the form (2.4).

If $`q=\mathrm{}`$ the trivial solution (4.3) is

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(0,1,0,1)$$
(4.4)
and $`C,D`$ (2.5) are

$`C`$ $`=4096t^4\left(t+\overline{t}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2,`$ (4.5a)
$`D`$ $`=4096t^4\left(t+\underset{¯}{t}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2.`$ (4.5b)
## 5 $`A_1^{(1)}`$-surface

We construct the $`A_1^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points. These eight points and a curve through these points are

$$(f_1g_1t^2f_0g_0)(f_1g_1f_0g_0)=0,$$
(5.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(1:b_it,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:\frac{t}{b_i}\right)\hfill & (i=1,\mathrm{},4),\hfill \\ \left(1:b_i,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:\frac{1}{b_i}\right)\hfill & (i=5,\mathrm{},8).\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.2)
The $`A_1^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_1^{(1)})`$) has the following trivial solution.

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}).$$

###### Theorem 4.

$`dP(A_1^{(1)})`$ can be written in the form (2.4).

$`C,D`$ (2.5) are

$`C`$ $`=t^8\left(1t^2\right)^4\left(1t\overline{t}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},4\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=5,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2/{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}b_i,`$ (5.3a)
$`D`$ $`=t^{12}\left(1t^2\right)^4\left(1t\underset{¯}{t}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},4\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=5,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2/{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}b_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{6}.`$ (5.3b)
## 6 $`A_1^{(1)}`$-surface

We construct the $`A_1^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points. These eight points and a curve passing through these points are

$$(f_1g_0+f_0g_12tf_0g_0)(f_1g_0+f_0g_1)=0,$$
(6.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(1:b_i+t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:tb_i\right)\hfill & (i=1,\mathrm{},4),\hfill \\ \left(1:b_i,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:b_i\right)\hfill & (i=5,\mathrm{},8).\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.2)
The $`A_1^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_1^{(1)})`$) has the following trivial solution.

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1})$$

and we have the following theorem:

###### Theorem 5.

$`dP(A_1^{(1)})`$ can be written in the form (2.4).

$`C,D`$ (2.5) are

$`C`$ $`=16t^4\left(t+\overline{t}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},4\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=5,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2,`$ (6.3a)
$`D`$ $`=16t^4\left(t+\underset{¯}{t}\right)^4{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=1,\mathrm{},4\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=5,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2.`$ (6.3b)
## 7 $`A_2^{(1)}`$-surface

We construct $`A_2^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points. These eight points and a curve on which these points lie are

$$f_0g_0(f_1g_1f_0g_0)=0,$$
(7.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(1:b_it,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}:1\right)\hfill & (i=1,2),\hfill \\ \left(0:1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:\frac{t}{b_i}\right)\hfill & (i=3,4),\hfill \\ \left(1:b_i,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}:\frac{1}{b_i}\right)\hfill & (i=5,\mathrm{},8).\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.2)
The $`A_2^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_2^{(1)})`$) has the trivial solution

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}).$$

If we write $`dP(A_2^{(1)})`$ in the form (2.4), then both sides of (2.4a) are $`0`$. However we can derive the following expression from the form of $`dP(A_1^{(1)})`$.

###### Theorem 6.

$`dP(A_2^{(1)})`$ can be written as

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{det(v,v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4,v_5,v_6,v_7,v_8,\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{c})det(\stackrel{ˇ}{v},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_1},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_2},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_3},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_4},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_5},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_6},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_7},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_8},\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{c}})}\\ & =t^3\overline{t}^3(b_1b_2)^2(b_3b_4)^2{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=5,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2/b_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}b_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}\hfill \\ & \times \left(g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_1g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}g_0\right)\left(\overline{g_0}_\mathrm{c}\overline{g_1}\overline{g_1}_\mathrm{c}\overline{g_0}\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}\left(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f_1f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f_0\right),\hfill \end{array}`$ (7.3a)
$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{det(u,u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5,u_6,u_7,u_8,u_\mathrm{c})det(\widehat{u},\widehat{u_1},\widehat{u_2},\widehat{u_3},\widehat{u_4},\widehat{u_5},\widehat{u_6},\widehat{u_7},\widehat{u_8},\widehat{u_\mathrm{c}})}\\ & =t^9\underset{¯}{t}(b_1b_2)^2(b_3b_4)^2{\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i,j=5,\mathrm{},8\\ i<j\end{array}}{}}\left(b_ib_j\right)^2/{\displaystyle \underset{i=3}{\overset{8}{}}}b_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{5}\hfill \\ & \times \left(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_1f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}f_0\right)\left(\underset{¯}{f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}}\underset{¯}{f_1}\underset{¯}{f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{}}\underset{¯}{f_0}\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{8}{}}}\left(g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}g_1g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}g_0\right),\hfill \end{array}`$ (7.3b)
where

$$\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{c}=\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{c}}={}_{}{}^{t}\left(\begin{array}{cccccccccc}0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

## 8 $`A_3^{(1)}`$-surface

We construct the $`A_3^{(1)}`$-surface by blowing up $`^1\times ^1`$ at eight points. These eight points and a curve through them are

$$f_0f_1g_0g_1=0,$$
(8.1)
$$p_i:(f_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:f_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}:g_{1}^{}{}_{i}{}^{})=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(1:b_i,0:1\right)\hfill & (i=1,2),\hfill \\ \left(0:1,1:\frac{1}{b_i}\right)\hfill & (i=3,4),\hfill \\ \left(1:b_it,1:0\right)\hfill & (i=5,6),\hfill \\ \left(1:0,1:\frac{t}{b_i}\right)\hfill & (i=7,8).\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.2)
The $`A_3^{(1)}`$-surface discrete Painlevé equation ($`dP(A_3^{(1)})`$) has the trivial solution.

$$(f_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},f_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{0}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{},g_{1}^{}{}_{\mathrm{c}}{}^{})=(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}),$$

for which we have

###### Theorem 7.

$`dP(A_3^{(1)})`$ can be written as

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{det(v,v_1,v_2,v_3,v_4,v_5,v_6,v_7,v_8,\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{c})det(\stackrel{ˇ}{v},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_1},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_2},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_3},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_4},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_5},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_6},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_7},\stackrel{ˇ}{v_8},\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{v}_\mathrm{c}})}\\ & ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(b_1b_2)^2(b_3b_4)^2(b_5b_6)^2(b_7b_8)^2t^7\overline{t}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{b_3b_4b_7b_8}{b_1b_2b_5b_6}}\right)^2\hfill \\ & \times g_1\overline{g}_1(f_1b_1f_0)(f_1b_2f_0)f_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(f_1b_5tf_0)(f_1b_6tf_0)f_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},\hfill \end{array}`$ (8.3a)
$`\begin{array}{ccc}\multicolumn{3}{c}{det(u,u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4,u_5,u_6,u_7,u_8,\mathrm{u}_\mathrm{c})det(\widehat{u},\widehat{u_1},\widehat{u_2},\widehat{u_3},\widehat{u_4},\widehat{u_5},\widehat{u_6},\widehat{u_7},\widehat{u_8},\widehat{\mathrm{u}_\mathrm{c}})}\\ & ={\displaystyle \frac{b_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}b_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}b_{7}^{}{}_{}{}^{6}b_{8}^{}{}_{}{}^{6}}{(b_1b_2)^2(b_3b_4)^2(b_5b_6)^2(b_7b_8)^2t^{11}\overline{t}}}\hfill \\ & \times f_0\underset{¯}{f_0}g_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(g_11/b_3g_0)(g_11/b_4g_0)g_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(g_1t/b_7g_0)(g_1t/b_8g_0),\hfill \end{array}`$ (8.3b)
where

$$\mathrm{u}_\mathrm{c}=\widehat{\mathrm{u}_\mathrm{c}}={}_{}{}^{t}\left(\begin{array}{cccccccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right).$$

If we expand the determinant in (8.3), we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{g_1\overline{g}_1}{g_0\overline{g}_0}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(f_1b_5tf_0)(f_1b_6tf_0)}{(f_1b_1f_0)(f_1b_2f_0)}},`$ (8.4a)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_1\underset{¯}{f_1}}{f_0\underset{¯}{f_0}}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(g_1t/b_7g_0)(g_1t/b_8g_0)}{(g_11/b_3g_0)(g_11/b_4g_0)}}.`$ (8.4b)
This is exactly $`q`$-$`\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{VI}}`$ .

## 9 Discussion

In this paper we presented a new representation of discrete Painlevé equations. Up to now, the complexity of some of the difference Painlevé equations prevented us from studying their properties. It is our hope that these new forms of these equations, especially for $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$, $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$, and $`dP(A_0^{(1)})`$ which have Weyl groups of type $`E_8^{(1)}`$, will prove useful in such analysis.

Acknowledgement. The author would like to thank K. Okamoto and H. Sakai for discussions and advice. The author is also grateful to R. Willox for useful comments.


text:
# Continuous action of Lie groups on ℝ^𝑛 and Frames

## Introduction

The wavelet transform, and more generally time frequency analysis, has become a widely used and studied tool in mathematics, physics, engineering, and applied science during the last decade. One of the interesting aspect is the role played by abstract harmonic analysis and representation theory of locally compact groups. In wavelet theory one studies square integrable representations of semidirect products $`G=^n\times _sH`$, and in time frequency analysis representations of the Heisenberg group are used to understand Gabor frames build from a lattice $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2d}`$. In this article we will discuss frames built from the continuous wavelet transform and discrete subsets $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`G`$.

In the language of representation theory the continuous wavelet transform on the line is given by taking the matrix coefficients of the natural representation $`\pi `$ of the $`(ax+b)`$-group, i.e., the group of dilations and translations on the line, on the Hilbert space $`L^2()`$. Thus

$$\pi (a,b)\psi (x)=|a|^{1/2}\psi \left(\frac{xb}{a}\right)=T_bD_a\psi (x)$$

and

(0.1)
$$W_\psi (f)(a,b)=(f\pi (a,b)\psi )=|a|^{1/2}_{}f(x)\overline{\psi (\frac{xb}{a})}𝑑x.$$

Here $`T_b:L^2()L^2()`$ stands for the unitary isomorphism corresponding to translation $`T_bf(x)=f(xb)`$ and $`D_a:L^2()L^2()`$ is the unitary map corresponding to dilation $`D_af(x)=|a|^{1/2}f(x/a)`$, $`a0`$.

The discrete wavelet transform is obtained by sampling the wavelet transform, given by a suitable wavlet $`\psi `$, of a function $`f`$ at points gotten by replacing the full $`(ax+b)`$-group by a discrete subset generated by translation by integers and dilations of the form $`a=2^n`$:

$`W_\psi ^d(f)(2^n,2^nm)`$ $`=`$ $`(f\pi ((2^n,m)^1)\psi )`$
$`=`$ $`2^{n/2}{\displaystyle _{}}f(x)\overline{\psi (2^nx+m)}𝑑x.`$
Hence, the corresponding frame is

(0.2)
$$\{\pi ((2^n,m)^1)\psi n,m\}.$$

The inverse refers here to the inverse in the $`(ax+b)`$-group.

This observation, in particular (0.1) is the basis for the generalization of the continuous and discrete wavelet transform to higher dimensions and more general settings. For the continuous wavelet transform the relation to representation theory of the $`(ax+b)`$-group was already pointed out by Grossmann, Morlet, and Paul in 1985 . Since then several people have worked on wavelets related to actions of topological groups acting on $`^n`$. Without trying to be complete we would like to name the work of Ali, Antoine, and Gazeau, , Bernier and Taylor , Für and Führ and Mayer , and finally Laugesen, Weaver, Weiss, and Wilson . In most of these cases the group generalizing the $`(ax+b)`$-group is a semidirect product $`^n\times _sH`$, where $`H`$ is a closed subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$. For the continuous wavelet transform one often assumes that the group $`H`$ has open orbits $`𝒪_1,\mathrm{},𝒪_r`$ such that the complement of their union has measure zero. As a further condition for the existence of wavelet functions, or admissible functions, one needs that for $`\omega `$ in an open orbit the stabilizer

$$H^\omega =\{hH(h^1)^T(\omega )=\omega \}$$

is compact. In  the case where this condition is not satisfied were discussed. Instead it was assumed that $`H`$ is reductive, $`H^T=H`$, and that the stabilizer group $`H^\omega `$ is a symmetric subgroup, i.e., there exits an involutive automorphism $`\tau :HH`$ such that $`H_o^\tau H^\omega H^\tau `$. For any given open orbit $`𝒪`$ we then able to construct a group $`Q=ANRH`$ such that the following holds:

1. There exists points $`\omega _0,\mathrm{},\omega _k𝒪`$ such that the $`Q`$-orbits $`𝒪_j=Q^T(\omega _j)`$, $`0jk`$, are open and $`𝒪(𝒪_1\mathrm{}𝒪_k)`$ has measure zero.
2. The group $`Q`$ has the form $`ANR`$ where $`A`$ is simply connected and abelian, $`N`$ is simply connected and unipotent, and $`R`$ is compact and containing the stabilizer of $`\omega _j`$, $`0jk`$. In particular the stabilizer of $`\omega _j`$ in $`Q`$ is compact.

Our aim in this article is to use the special structure of the group $`Q=ANR`$ listed abouve, to construct frames for $`L^2(^n)`$ generalizing (0.2). Our ideas are based on the article  by Bernier and Taylor , but it should be pointed out that seveal of the ideas in  are based on privious work of others. We would like to mention the article by Daubechies, Grossmann, and Meyer , the work of Feichtinger and Gröchenig , Al, Antoine, and Gazeau , and finally the work of Heil and Walnut .

In  the authors considered a subgroup $`H\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ as above and assume that $`H`$ acts freely on $`^n`$, i.e., the stabilizer group is trivial. Define an action of $`H`$ on $`^n`$ by $`ax=(a^1)^T(x)`$. The authors introduced the notion of separated sets and frame generators. A separated set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a subset of $`H`$ such that there exist a compact set $`B𝒪`$, $`B^o\mathrm{}`$, such that $`aBbB\mathrm{}`$ implies that $`a=b`$. In particular all the translates $`a^TB`$, $`a\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, of $`B`$ are disjoint. A frame generator is a pair $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ is separated and $`𝔽`$ is a compact subset of $`𝒪`$ such that $`_{a\mathrm{\Gamma }}a𝔽=𝒪`$. In  the author show, that if $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator, then there exist a function $`\psi `$ and a discrete set $`\{v(m)^nm^n\}`$ such that the set $`\{\pi ((a,v(m))^1)\psi a\mathrm{\Gamma },m^n\}`$ is a frame for the Hilbert space of $`L^2`$-functions whose Fourier transform is supported in $`𝒪`$.

In the first part of this article we show that the same construction can be carried out if the action is not free, but the stabilizer group is compact. Motivated by the construction in  we apply this to groups of the form $`ANR`$ as in (2) above except we do not need to assume that $`N`$ is simply connected. The assumption needed is, that $`N`$ contains a discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash N`$ is compact. In this case we can carry out the construction by Bernier and Taylor to get a frame related to an open $`ANR`$-orbit, c.f. Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2. We recall in section 4 the construction from  and explain it using the action of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ on the space of symmetric matrices.

Then author would like to thank C. Heil and G. Weiss for helpfull comments and corrections.

## 1. Separated sets

Let $`H`$ be a closed subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$. Then $`H`$ acts in a natural way on $`^n`$. We will also consider the action

$$(h,v)hv:=(h^1)^T(v)$$

of $`H`$ on $`^n`$. Here $`a^T`$ denotes the transpose of the matrix $`a\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$. We denote by $`\theta :^n^n`$ the homomorphism $`\theta (h)=(h^1)^T`$. For simplicity we will also write $`h^\theta =\theta (h)`$. We assume that there exist an open orbit $`𝒪^n`$ under the twisted action $`(h,v)h^\theta (v)`$. For $`\omega 𝒪`$ let

$$H^\omega :=\{hHh\omega =\omega \}$$

be the stabilizer of $`\omega `$ in $`H`$. Notice that $`H^\omega =\{hHh^T(v)=v\}`$ as $`H^\omega `$ is a subgroup of $`H`$. Because of the applications that we have in mind, we assume from now on that $`H^\omega `$ is compact. The following definition is from :

###### Definition 1.1.

Let $`H`$ be a locally compact Hausdorff topological group acting on the locally compact Hausdorff topological space $`X`$. A subset $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ is called separated if there exist a compact set $`BX`$ such that $`B^o\mathrm{}`$ and $`hBkB=\mathrm{}`$ for all $`h,k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`hk`$. We then say that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B`$.

###### Example 1.2.

Let $`H=^+\mathrm{SO}(n)`$. Let $`A\mathrm{SO}(n)`$ be a non-empty subset and let $`\lambda >1`$.

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }:=\{\lambda ^kak,aA\}.$$

Let $`0<\alpha <\beta `$ be such that $`\lambda \alpha >\beta `$ and define

$$B=\{v^n\alpha v\beta \}.$$

Then $`B`$ is compact with non-empty interior. If $`b=\lambda ^ka\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ then

$$bB=\{v^n\lambda ^k\alpha v\lambda ^k\beta \}.$$

Suppose that $`km`$ and that $`\lambda ^k\mathrm{SO}(n)B\lambda ^m\mathrm{SO}(n)B`$. Then $`\lambda ^k\alpha \lambda ^m\beta `$ and, hence,

$$\lambda ^{mk}\alpha \beta $$

which is only possible if $`mk=0`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B`$.

Fix from now on $`\omega _0𝒪`$ and recall that we are assuming that $`L:=\{hHh^T(\omega _0)=\omega _0\}`$ is compact. We can always assume that $`\omega _0B^o`$. Otherwise take $`bH`$ such that $`b\omega _0B^o`$. Thus $`\omega _0=b^1B`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:=\mathrm{\Gamma }b`$ and $`B^{}:=b^1B`$. Then for $`h,k\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`hk`$ we have

$$(hb)(b^1B)(kb)(b^1B)=hBkB=\mathrm{}$$

so that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is separated by $`B^{}`$.

###### Lemma 1.3.

Let $`L=\{hHh^\theta (\omega _0)=\omega _0\}`$ and let $`\kappa :H𝒪`$ be the map $`hh^\theta (\omega _0)`$ that defines an $`H`$-isomorphism $`H/L𝒪`$. Let $`B𝒪`$ be compact. Then $`\stackrel{~}{B}:=\kappa ^1(B)H`$ is a right $`L`$-invariant compact subset of $`H`$ such that $`\kappa (\stackrel{~}{B})=B`$. Furthermore the following holds:

1. $`\omega _0B`$ if and only if $`e\stackrel{~}{B}`$;
2. $`B^o\mathrm{}`$ if and only if $`\stackrel{~}{B}^o\mathrm{}`$;
3. If $`\stackrel{~}{B}^o\mathrm{}`$ then $`\kappa (\stackrel{~}{B}^o)=B^o`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{B}^o`$ is right $`L`$-invariant.

###### Proof.

All of this is well know, but let us go over the argument here. That $`\stackrel{~}{B}L=\stackrel{~}{B}`$ follows from the fact that $`\kappa (ab)=a^\theta (\kappa (b))=(ab)\omega _0`$.

(a) follows by $`\kappa (e)=\omega _0`$.

(b) and (c) follows from the fact that $`\kappa `$ is open and continuous.

We can assume that $`e\stackrel{~}{B}`$. Then $`L\stackrel{~}{B}`$. Let $`VH`$ be an open neighborhood of $`e`$ such that $`\overline{V}`$ is compact. Then $`\kappa (V)𝒪`$ is open and

$$B\underset{gH}{}g\kappa (V).$$

Hence, there are finitely many $`g_1,\mathrm{},g_n`$ such that

$$B\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}g_j\kappa (V).$$

Let $`S:=_{j=1}^ng_j\overline{V}`$. Then $`S`$ is compact and $`B\kappa (S)`$. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{B}SL`$. But $`SL`$ is compact as the continuous image of the compact set $`S\times LH\times H`$ under the continuous map $`H\times HH`$, $`(a,b)ab`$. As $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ is closed it follows that $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ is compact. ∎

###### Lemma 1.4.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ be a separated set. Let $`D𝒪`$ be compact. Let $`S=\kappa ^1(D)`$. Then for each $`a\mathrm{\Gamma }`$:

$$\mathrm{\#}\{b\mathrm{\Gamma }aDbD\mathrm{}\}=\mathrm{\#}\{b\mathrm{\Gamma }aSbS\mathrm{}\}.$$

###### Proof.

We have

$$\kappa (aSbS)=a^\theta (D)b^\theta (D).$$

Hence, if $`aSbS\mathrm{}`$ then $`a^\theta (D)b^\theta (D)\mathrm{}`$ and it follows that the right hand side is greater or equal to the left hand side. Assume now that $`xa^\theta (D)b^\theta (D)`$. Then there exists $`s,tS`$ such that $`\kappa (as)=\kappa (bt)`$. Hence, there exist $`hL`$ such that $`as=bth`$. As $`SL=S`$ it follows that $`aSbS\mathrm{}`$ and, hence,

$$\mathrm{\#}\{b\mathrm{\Gamma }aDbD\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{\#}\{b\mathrm{\Gamma }aSbS\mathrm{}\}$$

finishing the proof. ∎

We have now the necessary tools to prove the main results of this section.

###### Theorem 1.5.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ and that $`B𝒪`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{B}=\kappa ^1(B)`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B`$ in $`𝒪`$ if and only of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ in $`H`$ under the natural action of $`H`$ on $`H`$ given by left multiplication.

###### Proof.

We have already seen that $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ is compact with $`\stackrel{~}{B}^o`$ non-empty. Assume that $`a\stackrel{~}{B}b\stackrel{~}{B}\mathrm{}`$ for some $`a,b\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ then it follows by Lemma 1.4 that $`aBbB\mathrm{}`$. Hence, $`a=b`$ as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B`$. ∎

###### Theorem 1.6.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ is a separated subset of $`H`$. Let $`D𝒪`$ be compact. Then

$$\underset{k\mathrm{\Gamma }}{sup}\mathrm{\#}\{h\mathrm{\Gamma }hDkD\mathrm{}\}<\mathrm{}.$$

###### Proof.

This has been proved in  for the case where the action of $`H`$ is free. Using Lemma 1.4 and Theorem 1.5 the general statement is reduced to that case and, hence, the claim. ∎

## 2. The continuous wavelet transform

In this section we review some basic facts about the continuous wavelet transform on $`^n`$ with respect to a group action, see  for more information and references. Denote by $`\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ the group of invertable affine linear transformations on $`^n`$. Then $`\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ consists of pairs $`(x,h)`$ such that $`h\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ and $`x^n`$. The action of $`(x,h)\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ on $`^n`$ is given by

$$(x,h)(v)=h(v)+x.$$

The product is the composition of maps. Thus

$$(x,a)(y,b)=(a(y)+x,ab)$$

and the inverse of $`(x,a)\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ is given by

$$(x,a)^1=(a^1(x),a^1).$$

Thus $`\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ is the semidirect product of the abelian group $`^n`$ and the group $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$; $`\mathrm{Aff}(^n)=^n\times _s\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$.

Define a unitary representation of $`\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ on $`L^2(^n)`$ by

(2.1)
$$[\pi (x,a)f](v)=|det(a)|^{1/2}f((x,a)^1(v)=|det(a)|^{1/2}f(a^1(vx)).$$

For $`fL^2(^n)`$ denote by $`\widehat{f}`$ the Fourier transform of $`f`$

$$\widehat{f}(\omega )=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{n/2}}_^nf(x)e^{i(x\omega )}𝑑x,fL^1(^n)L^2(R^n).$$

We denote by $`\widehat{\pi }(x,a)`$ the unitary action on $`L^2(^n)`$ given by

$$\widehat{\pi }(x,a)f(v)=\sqrt{|det(a)|}e^{i(xv)}f(a^T(v))=\sqrt{|det(a)|}e^{i(xv)}f(a^1v).$$

The Fourier transform intertwines the representations $`\pi `$ and $`\widehat{\pi }`$ , Lemma 3.1:

###### Lemma 2.1.

Let $`fL^2(^n)`$ and $`(x,a)\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$. Then

$$\widehat{\pi (x,a)f}(\omega )=\widehat{\pi }(x,a)\widehat{f}(\omega ).$$

Let $`H\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ be a closed subgroup. Denote by $`G:=^n\times _sH`$ the subgroup of $`\mathrm{Aff}(^n)`$ given by

$$G=\{(x,a)\mathrm{Aff}(^n)aH\}.$$

We assume that there exists open sets $`\{𝒪_j\}_{j𝕁}`$, where $`𝕁`$ is a finite or countably infinite index set, such that

1. Each $`𝒪_j`$ is invariant and homogeneous under the action of $`H`$ given by $`(a,v)av=a^\theta (v)`$;
2. We have $`𝒪_i𝒪_j=\mathrm{}`$ if $`ij`$;
3. The complement of $`_{j𝕁}𝒪_j`$ has measure zero with respect to the Lebesgue measure on $`^n`$.

For a measureable function $`f`$ denote by $`\mathrm{Supp}(f)`$ the complement of the maximal open set $`U^n`$ such that $`f(x)=0`$ for almost all $`xU`$. For $`\mathrm{}U`$ open in $`^n`$ denote by $`L_U^2(^n)`$ the closed subspace of $`L^2(^n)`$ given by

(2.2)
$$L_U^2(^n)=\{fL^2(^n)\mathrm{Supp}(\widehat{f})\overline{U}\}.$$

Suppose that $`U`$ is $`H`$-invariant under the twisted action $`hv=h^\theta (v)`$, then by 2.1, it follows that $`L_U^2(^n)`$ is $`G`$-invariant. Furthermore, by Theorem 3.4 in , $`L_U^2(^n)`$ is irreducible if and only if $`U`$ is homogeneous. Hence, the decomposition of $`L^2(^n)`$ into irreducible parts is given by

(2.3)
$$L^2(^n)\underset{j𝕁}{}L_{𝒪_j}^2(^n).$$

Denote by $`dh`$ a left invariant Haar measure on $`H`$. Then a left invariant Haar measure on $`G`$ is given by $`dg=(2\pi )^n|det(a)|^1dadv`$.

###### Definition 2.2.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{}U`$ is an open subset of $`^n`$. Then a nonzero function $`fL_{𝒪_j}^2(^n)`$ is called admissible if $`\pi _{g,f}(h):=(g\pi (x,a)f)`$ is in $`L^2(G)`$ for all $`gL_{𝒪_j}^2(^n)`$.

A simple calculation, see , shows that

(2.4)
$$_G|(g\pi (x,a)f)|^2\frac{dadx}{|det(a)|}=(2\pi )^n_U|\widehat{g}(\omega )|^2_H|\widehat{f}(h^T(\omega ))|^2dhd\omega $$

In particular, if $`U`$ is homogeneous, then $`C_f=_H|\widehat{f}(h^T(\omega ))|^2𝑑h`$ is independent of $`\omega U`$ and, hence,

$$_G|(g\pi (x,a)f)|^2\frac{dadx}{|det(a)|}=C_fg^2.$$

In particular $`f`$ is admissible if and only if $`Hhf(h^T\omega )`$ is in $`L^2(H)`$, which in particular implies that the condition

1. For all $`\omega U`$ we have that $`H^\omega =\{hHh^T(\omega )=\omega \}`$ is compact

has to be satisfied.

## 3. Separated sets and Frames

In this section we recall some basic facts from  on how to construct frames from the continuous wavelet transform using separating sets. Let us also recall that we are assuming that $`H\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ is closed and that $`𝒪`$ is a homogeneous open subset of $`^n`$ such that the condition (W4) is satisfied.

Let us start with the well known definition:

###### Definition 3.1.

Let $`𝐇`$ be a Hilbert space. A sequence $`\{v_n\}`$ in $`𝐇`$ is called a frame if there exits numbers $`A,B>0`$ such that for all $`v𝐇`$ we have

$$Av^2\underset{n}{}|(vv_n)|^2Bv^2.$$

The numbers $`A`$ and $`B`$ are called frame bounds.

The following definition is a simple generalisation of the definition by Bernier and Taylor :

###### Definition 3.2.

Let $`H`$ be a locally compact Hausdorff topological group acting transitively on the locally compact Hausdorff topological space $`X`$. A frame generator is a pair $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a countable separated subset of $`H`$ and $`𝔽`$ is a compact subset of $`X`$ such that

(3.1)
$$X=\underset{a\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}a𝔽.$$

In our case we will take $`X=𝒪`$ or $`X=H`$. Notice (3.1) implies in this case that $`𝔽^o\mathrm{}`$ and that for each $`a\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ we have $`\mathrm{\#}\{b\mathrm{\Gamma }a𝔽b𝔽\mathrm{}\}<\mathrm{}`$. Notice also that $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator for the action on $`𝒪`$ if and only if $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },\kappa ^1(𝔽))`$ is a frame generator for the action of $`H`$ on $`H`$ by multiplication.

Let us now go back to the situation considered in the previous sections. Let $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ be a frame generator, let $`D𝒪`$ be compact subset of $`𝒪`$ such that $`𝔽D^o`$. Let $`R^n`$ be a parallelepiped such that $`DR`$. Choose $`a_j<b_j`$ ($`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$) and a basis $`v_j^n`$ ($`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$) such that

$$R=\{\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_jv_ja_jx_jb_j\}.$$

Let $`w_1,\mathrm{},w_n`$ be the dual base to $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$, i.e., $`(v_iw_j)=\delta _{ij}`$. For $`m=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)^n`$ define $`w(m)^n`$ by

$$w(m):=\frac{m_j}{b_ja_j}w_j.$$

Finally we define $`e_m:^n`$ by

$$e_m(v)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{Vol}(R)}}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}2\pi i(vw(m)))\chi _R(v)$$

where $`\chi _F`$ denotes the indicator function of a set $`F^n`$. We identify $`e_m`$ with its restriction to $`R`$. Then $`\{e_m\}_{m^n}`$ is an orthonormal basis for $`L^2(R)`$. Let

$$\alpha :=\underset{a\mathrm{\Gamma }}{sup}\mathrm{\#}\{b\mathrm{\Gamma }aDbD\mathrm{}\}.$$

Then $`\alpha `$ is finite by Lemma 1.6. Let $`\phi L_𝒪^2(^n)`$ be such that:

1. $`\mathrm{Supp}(\widehat{\phi })D`$;
2. $`a(\phi ):=inf_{\omega 𝔽}|\widehat{\phi }(\omega )|>0`$;
3. $`b(\phi ):=sup_{\omega D}|\widehat{\phi }(\omega )|<\mathrm{}`$.

In particular we could take $`\phi `$ such that $`\widehat{\phi }=\chi _𝔽`$.

###### Theorem 3.3 (Bernier-Taylor).

Assume that $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator and that $`\phi L_𝒪^2(^n)`$ satisfies the conditions (F1), (F2), and (F3). Then, with the above notation, the sequence

$$\{\pi ((a,w(m))^1)\phi \}_{(a,m)\mathrm{\Gamma }\times ^n}$$

is a frame for $`L_𝒪^2(^n)`$ with frame bounds $`A=\mathrm{Vol}(R)a(\phi )^2`$ and $`B=\mathrm{Vol}(R)\alpha b(\phi )^2`$.

###### Proof.

See , Theorem 3. ∎

###### Example 3.4.

Let $`H=^+\mathrm{SO}(n)`$ as in Example 1.2. Then $`H`$ has two orbits, $`\{0\}`$ and $`𝒪:=^n\{0\}`$ in $`^n`$. Notice that $`L_𝒪^2(^n)=L^2(^n)`$ in this case. If $`u𝒪`$ and $`r1`$ then $`ruu`$ and, hence, $`H^\omega `$ is a closed subgroup of $`\mathrm{SO}(n)`$ and therefore compact. In fact it is easy to see that $`H^\omega `$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{SO}(n1)`$ for all $`\omega 𝒪`$. Thus all the conditions (W1) – (W4) are fullfilled.

Let $`\lambda >1`$ and let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{\lambda ^nn\}`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by example 1.2. Choose $`\rho <\sigma `$ such that $`\lambda \rho \sigma `$ and define $`𝔽=\{v^n\rho v\sigma \}`$. Let $`v𝒪`$. Then there exist an $`n`$ such that $`\lambda ^n\rho v<\lambda ^{n+1}\rho \lambda ^n\sigma `$. Hence, $`v\lambda ^n𝔽=\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽`$. Thus $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator.

###### Example 3.5.

In this example we consider a case of a subgroup $`H^+\mathrm{SO}(1,n)`$ acting on $`^{n+1}`$ which is more complicated than the example 3.4. But our construction relies on the fact that the action on each of the open orbits is free, i.e., the stabilizer is trivial.

For $`\lambda ^{}=\{rr0\}`$, $`t`$, and $`x^{n1}`$ define $`a(\lambda ,t),n(x)\mathrm{GL}(n+1,)`$ by

$$a(\lambda ,t)=\lambda \left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{cosh}(t)& 0& \mathrm{sinh}(t)\\ 0& \mathrm{I}_{n1}& 0\\ \mathrm{sinh}(t)& 0& \mathrm{cosh}(t)\end{array}\right)$$

and

$$n(x)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1+\frac{1}{2}x^2& x^T& \frac{1}{2}x^2\\ x& \mathrm{I}_{n1}& x\\ \frac{1}{2}x^2& x^T& 1\frac{1}{2}x^2\end{array}\right)$$

and let

$$A:=\{a(\lambda ,t)\lambda >0,t\}\mathrm{and}N=\{n(x)x^{n1}\}.$$

Then $`A`$ and $`N`$ are abelian groups. But calculations are in fact easier using the corresponding Lie algebras, which are abelian and isomorphic to $`^2`$, respectively $`^{n1}`$. For that let

$$H(s,t)=sI_{n+1}+s(E_{1n+1}+E_{n+\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1}})\mathrm{and}X(x)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& x^T& 0\\ x& 0& x\\ 0& x^T& 0\end{array}\right),$$

where $`x^{n1}`$ and $`E_{\nu \mu }=(\delta _{i\nu }\delta _{j\mu })_{ij}`$. Define

$$𝔞=\{H(s,t)s,t\}^2\mathrm{and}𝔫=\{X(x)x^{n1}\}^{n1}.$$

Denote by

$$X\mathrm{exp}(X)=e^X=\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{X^j}{j!}$$

the matrix exponential function. Then

$$e^{H(s,t)}=a(e^s,t)\mathrm{and}e^{X(x)}=n(x).$$

Furthermore $`\mathrm{exp}:𝔞A`$ and $`\mathrm{exp}:𝔫N`$ is a group homomorphism, i.e., in both cases we have $`e^{X+Y}=e^Xe^Y`$ ($`X,Y𝔞`$ or $`X,Y𝔫`$), hence, the multiplication in $`A`$, respectively, $`N`$ can be reduced to the usual addition in $`^2`$, respectively $`^{n1}`$.

A simple calculation shows that

$$a(\lambda ,t)n(x)a(\lambda ,t)^1=n(e^tx).$$

In particular it follows that $`H=AN=NA`$ is a closed subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(n+1,)`$ with $`N`$ a normal subgroup. Next we notice that $`a(\lambda ,t)^\theta =a(\lambda ,t)^1=a(\lambda ^1,t)`$, $`n(x)^1=n(x)`$, and

$$n(x)^\theta =n(x)^T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1+\frac{1}{2}x^2& x^T& \frac{1}{2}x^2\\ x& I_{n1}& x\\ \frac{1}{2}x^2& x^T& 1\frac{1}{2}x^2\end{array}\right).$$

Hence, the twisted action of $`a(\lambda ,t)`$ and $`n(x)`$ is given by

$$a(\lambda ,t)v=\lambda ^1(\mathrm{cosh}(t)v_1\mathrm{sinh}(t)v_{n+1},v_2,\mathrm{},v_n,\mathrm{sinh}(t)v_1+\mathrm{cosh}(t)v_{n+1})^T$$

and

$$n(x)v=v+(v_1v_{n+1})(\frac{1}{2}x^2,x^T,\frac{1}{2}x^2)^T\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{n1}{}}x_jv_{j+1}\right)(1,0,\mathrm{},0,1)^T.$$

In particular, if we take $`v=e_1`$ and $`v=e_{n+1}`$, where $`\{e_j\}_{j=1}^{n+1}`$ is the standard basis of $`^n`$, we get

$$n(x)a(\lambda ,t)e_1=\lambda ^1(\mathrm{cosh}(t)+\frac{e^t}{2}x^2,e^tx^T,\mathrm{sinh}(t)+\frac{e^t}{2}x^2)^T$$

and

$$n(x)a(\lambda ,t)e_{n+1}=\lambda ^1(\mathrm{sinh}(t)\frac{e^t}{2}x^2,e^tx^T,\mathrm{cosh}(t)\frac{e^t}{2}x^2)^T.$$

Notice that the stabilizer of $`e_1`$ and $`e_{n+1}`$ is trivial. Let $`\beta `$ be the bilinear form

$$\beta (v,w)=v_1w_1\underset{j=2}{\overset{n+1}{}}v_jw_j.$$

We can now describe the four open $`H`$-orbits:

$`𝒪_1`$ $`=`$ $`\{v^{n+1}\beta (v,v)>0,v_1>0\}=He_1`$
$`𝒪_2`$ $`=`$ $`\{v^{n+1}\beta (v,v)>0,v_1<0\}=H(e_1)`$
$`𝒪_3`$ $`=`$ $`\{v^{n+1}\beta (v,v)<0,v_1<v_{n+1}\}=He_{n+1}`$
$`𝒪_4`$ $`=`$ $`\{v^{n+1}\beta (v,v)<0,v_1>v_{n+1}\}=H(e_{n+1})`$
The complement of $`𝒪_1\mathrm{}𝒪_4`$ is given by

$$^{n+1}(𝒪_1\mathrm{}𝒪_4)=\{v^{n+1}\beta (v,v)=0\}\{v^{n+1}\beta (v,v)<0,v_1=v_{n+1}\}$$

which obviously has measure zero in $`^n`$. Thus (W1) – (W4) holds. Notice also, that if we allow $`\lambda `$ to take positive and negative values, i.e., replace $`H`$ by the non-connected group $`\{a(\lambda ,t)\lambda ^{},t\}N`$; then there are only two open orbits, $`𝒪_1𝒪_2`$ and $`𝒪_3𝒪_4`$.

Define now

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_A=\{\mathrm{exp}(H(n,m))n,m\}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{\Gamma }_N=\{\mathrm{exp}X(x)x^n\}.$$

Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ are discrete subgroups of $`A`$ respectively $`N`$ and $`N/\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ is compact. Let

(3.2)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_A\mathrm{\Gamma }_NH.$$

Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a discrete subset of $`H`$, but notice that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is not a group. For $`ϵ>0`$ denote by

$$B_ϵ=\{x^{n1}xϵ\}.$$

Choose $`0<\delta <1/4`$ such that $`e^tB_{1/2}B_{3/4}`$ for all $`t[\delta ,\delta ]`$. Then $`e^t^{n1}B_{1/2}=\{0\}`$ for all $`|t|\delta `$. Let

$$B=\{a(e^s,t)n(x)|s|1/4,|t|\delta ,xB_{1/2}\}.$$

Then $`BH`$ is compact and $`B^o\mathrm{}`$. Let $`a,b\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and assume that $`aBbB\mathrm{}`$. Then there exists $`a(e^r,t)n(x),a(e^s,u)n(y)B`$, such that $`aa(e^r,t)n(x)=ba(e^s,u)n(y)`$. Write $`a=a(e^{n_1},m_1)n(𝐦_1)`$ and $`b=a(e^{n_2},m_2)n(𝐦_2)`$ with $`n_j,m_j`$, and $`𝐦_j^{n1}`$ ($`j=1,2`$). Then we have

$`aa(e^r,t)n(x)`$ $`=`$ $`a(e^{n_1+r},m_1+t)n(e^r𝐦_1+x)`$
$`=`$ $`ba(e^s,u)n(y)`$
$`=`$ $`a(e^{n_2+s},m_2+u)n(e^s𝐦_2+y).`$
But this is only possible if

$$n_1+r=n_2+s,m_1+t=m_2+s\mathrm{and}e^r𝐦_1+x=e^s𝐦_2+y.$$

But then $`n_1n_2=sr[1/2,1/2]=\{0\}`$ and, hence, $`n_1=n_2`$ and $`s=r`$. Similarly it follows that $`m_1=m_2`$ and $`t=u`$. Thus

$$e^r𝐦_1+x=e^r𝐦_2+y$$

or

$$e^r(𝐦_1𝐦_2)=yxe^r^{n1}B_{1/2}=\{0\}$$

which implies that $`𝐦_1=𝐦_2`$ and $`y=x`$. In particular it follows that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B`$ in $`H`$. Let $`\omega _1=e_1`$, $`\omega _2=e_2`$, $`\omega _3=e_{n+1}`$ and $`\omega _4=e_{n+1}`$. For $`j=1,2,3,4`$ the map

$$Hh\kappa _j(g):=h^\theta (\omega _j)=h\omega _j𝒪_j$$

is a diffeomorphism such that $`\kappa _j(ab)=a\kappa _j(b)`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B_j:=\kappa _j(B)`$ ($`j=1,\mathrm{},4`$).

For $`j=1,\mathrm{},r`$ let

$$𝔽_j=\kappa _j(\{a(e^s,t)n(x^T)|s|1,|t|1,|x_k|1(k=1,\mathrm{},n1)\}).$$

Then a simple calculation shows that $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽_j)`$ is a frame generator.

###### Example 3.6.

Let $`H`$ be a locally compact Hausdorff topological group, and assume that there exist a countable discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash H`$ is compact. Then there exist a compact subset $`KH`$ such that $`eK^o`$, $`K^1=\{k^1kK\}=K`$ and $`K^2=\{aba,bK\}\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{e\}`$. Assume that $`a,b\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`aKbK\mathrm{}`$. Then $`b^1aK^2\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{e\}`$ and therefore $`a=b`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`K`$. As $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash H`$ is compact there exist $`𝔽H`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽=H`$. Thus $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator.

Assume now that $`H\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ is closed and that $`𝒪^n`$ is an open orbit. We assume that there exist $`\omega 𝒪`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H^\omega =\{e\}`$. Let, as usual, $`\kappa :H𝒪`$ be the canonical map $`\kappa (a)=a^\theta (\omega )=(a^1)^T(\omega )`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is separated by $`B=\kappa (K)`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },\kappa (𝔽))`$ is a frame generator. We would expect that by modifying the proof of Theorem 3 in  one can remove the condition that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H^\omega =\{e\}`$, which would give several examples of reductive groups acting on $`^n`$. The question is also, if one can remove the condition that $`H^\omega `$ is compact, by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H^\omega `$ is finite and one assumes that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash G/H^\omega `$ is compact.

## 4. Action of some special groups and frame generators

There are natural examples where $`^n`$ contains finitely many open orbits satisfying (W1) – (W3) but some of which do not have compact stabilizers. In  it was shown that in the case where $`H`$ is reductive, or more simply stated, $`H^T=H`$ and the stabilizer $`L=H^\omega `$, $`\omega 𝒪`$, is a symmetric subgroup of $`H`$, then one can always find a subgroup $`Q=RAN=ANR`$ such that $`𝒪`$ decomposes – up to a set of measure zero – into finitely many open orbits such that (W1) – (W4) holds. More importantly, the structure of the group $`Q`$ is relatively simple and well understood. In particular we have the following:

1. The map $`A\times N\times R(a,n,r)anrQ`$ is a diffeomorphism;
2. $`R`$ is a compact group and the stabilizer of $`\omega `$ is contained in $`R`$;
3. $`A`$ is abelian and $`A`$ and $`R`$ commutes;
4. Both $`R`$ and $`A`$ normalize the group $`N`$;
5. Let

$$𝔞=\{XM(n,)t:e^{tX}A\}$$

be the Lie algebra of $`A`$. Then $`\mathrm{exp}:𝔞A`$ is an isomorphism of abelian groups, i.e., $`e^{X+Y}=e^Xe^Y`$ for $`X,Y𝔞`$;
6. Let

$$𝔫=\{XM(n,)t:e^{tX}N\}$$

be the Lie algebra of $`N`$. Then $`\mathrm{exp}:𝔫N`$ is a diffeomorphism.

We refer to  for the exact construction, but for completeness we recall some of the main constructions in the next section, but first we will show how those facts can be used to construct a separated set and a frame generator. The construction is very much in the spirit of Example 3.5. In fact we do not need the last conditions, so from now on we will assume that $`Q=ANR\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ is a closed subgroup satisfying the conditions (1) – (5).

Let $`H_1,\mathrm{},H_r`$ be a basis for $`𝔞`$. For $`𝐭^r`$ let $`a(𝐭):=\mathrm{exp}(_{j=1}^rt_jH_j)`$. Let

(4.1)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_A=\{a(𝐦)A𝐦^r\}.$$

Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`A`$. If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`N`$ let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_A\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a discrete subset of $`AN`$, but in general $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is not a subgroup.

###### Theorem 4.1.

Assume that $`Q=ANR`$ is a closed subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ such that (1) – (5) above holds. Suppose that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`N`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_A\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$. Assume that $`𝒪^n`$ is an open $`Q`$-orbit such that $`\overline{𝒪}𝒪`$ has measure zero. Let $`\omega 𝒪`$ and assume that $`Q^\omega =LR`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a separated set.

###### Proof.

For $`ϵ>0`$ denote by $`B_ϵ`$ the closed ball in $`𝔫`$ with center zero and radius $`ϵ`$, $`B_ϵ=\{X𝔫\mathrm{Tr}(XX^T)ϵ\}`$. Let $`K_ϵ=\mathrm{exp}(B_ϵ)`$. Choose $`ϵ>0`$ such that $`\mathrm{exp}:B_{2ϵ}^o\mathrm{exp}(B_{2ϵ}^o)`$ is a diffeomorphism, and

(4.2)
$$K_ϵ^4\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{e\}.$$

Choose $`0<\delta 1/4`$ such that for $`|t_j|\delta `$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},r`$, we have

(4.3)
$$\mathrm{exp}(a(𝐭)B_ϵa(𝐭)^1)=a(𝐭)K_ϵa(𝐭)^1K_ϵ^2.$$

This is possible because the action $`A\times 𝔫(a,X)aXa^1𝔫`$ is continuous. For $`X𝔫`$ let $`n(X)=\mathrm{exp}(X)`$. Define (using the obvious notation)

$$B(Q)=\{a(𝐫)n(X)b|r_j|\delta ,XB_ϵ,bB\}Q.$$

Then $`B(Q)`$ is compact with $`B(Q)^o\mathrm{}`$.

Assume that we have $`g_1=\gamma _1\eta _1,g_2=\gamma _2\eta _2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\gamma _j\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$ and $`\eta _j\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ ($`j=1,2`$), such that $`g_1B(Q)g_2B(Q)\mathrm{}`$. Then we can find $`a_j=a(𝐫_j)\{a(𝐫)|r_j|\delta \}A`$, $`n_j=n(X_j)\{n(X)XB_ϵ\}`$, and $`b_jB`$ ($`j=1,2`$), such that

$$\gamma _1\eta _1a_1n_1b_1=\gamma _2\eta _2a_2n_2b_2.$$

But then

$$\gamma _1a_1((a_1^1\eta _1a_1)n_1)b_1=\gamma _2a_1(a_2^1\eta _2a_2)n_2b_2.$$

As the map $`QA\times N\times R`$ (cf. condition (a)) we must have $`\gamma _1a_1=\gamma _2a_2`$, $`(a_1^1\eta _1a_1)n_1=(a_2^1\eta _2a_2)n_2`$, and $`b_1=b_2`$. Write $`\gamma _j=a(𝐦_j)`$ with $`𝐦_j^r`$ ($`j=1,2`$). Then

$$a(𝐦_1+𝐫_1)=a(𝐦_2+𝐫_2).$$

As the exponential map $`\mathrm{exp}:𝔞A`$ is an isomorphism of groups (cf. (5)) it follows that $`𝐧_1𝐧_2=𝐫_2𝐫_1^r\{𝐫^r|r_j|\delta \}=\{0\}`$. Hence, $`𝐧_1=𝐧_2`$ and $`𝐫_1=𝐫_2`$. It follows that $`\gamma _1=\gamma _2`$ and $`a_1=a_2`$. Let $`a=a_1=a_2`$. Then we have

$$a^1\eta _1an(X_1)=a^1\eta _2an(X_2)$$

or (by conjugating by $`a`$):

$$\eta _1n(aX_1a^1)=\eta _2n(aX_2a^1).$$

Write $`\eta =\eta _2^1\eta _1\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$. Then we get

$$\eta =n(aX_2a^1)n(aX_2a^1)\mathrm{\Gamma }K_ϵ^4=\{e\}$$

by (4.2) and (4.3). But then $`\eta _1=\eta _2`$ and $`n_1=n_2`$ showing that $`B(Q)`$ separate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`Q`$.

Let $`\kappa :Q𝒪`$, $`pp\omega =(p^1)^T(\omega )`$. Then $`\kappa (pq)=p\kappa (q)`$. Then $`B:=\kappa (B(Q))`$ is compact and $`B^o=\kappa (B(Q)^o)\mathrm{}`$. We claim that $`B`$ separate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝒪`$. For that assume that there are $`g_1,g_2\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`g_1Bg_2B\mathrm{}`$. Then there exists $`b_1,b_2B(Q)`$ such that $`g_1b_1=g_2b_2`$. Then it follows that $`g_1=g_2`$ and, hence, the claim. ∎

Assume now that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`N`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N\backslash N`$ is compact. Choose $`F_NN`$ compact such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_NF_N=N`$. Then $`F_N^o\mathrm{}`$. Define $`𝔽_A=\{a(𝐭)j\{1,\mathrm{},r\}:|t_j|1\}`$ and

$$𝔽_Q:=F_AF_NBQ.$$

Then $`𝔽_Q`$ is compact and $`𝔽^o\mathrm{}`$. Furthermore $`\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽_Q=Q`$ as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A𝔽_A=A`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N\{a\gamma a^1a𝔽_A,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }_N\}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N𝔽_N=N`$.

###### Theorem 4.2.

Assume that $`Q=ANR`$ is a closed subgroup of $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ such that (1) – (5) above holds. Suppose that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ is a discrete subgroup of $`N`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N\backslash N`$ is compact. Set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_A\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ and define $`𝔽_Q=𝔽_A𝔽_NB`$ as above. Assume further that $`𝒪^n`$ is an open $`Q`$-orbit such that $`\overline{𝒪}𝒪`$ has measure zero . Let $`\omega 𝒪`$ and assmume that $`Q^\omega =LR`$. Let $`𝔽=𝔽_Q\omega `$. Then $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator.

###### Proof.

This follows from the discussion just before the statement of the Theorem. ∎

By condition (6) we see that the group $`N`$ as constructed in  is a simply connected nilpotent Lie group. We recall here the most general statement about the existence of co-compact subgroups of nilpotent Lie group, but first let us recall the following definition. Let $`𝔤`$ be a Lie algebra and let $`\{X_1,\mathrm{},X_r\}`$ be a basis for $`𝔤`$. Then we can write

$$[X_i,X_j]=\underset{k=1}{\overset{r}{}}c_{ijk}X_k.$$

The constants $`c_{ijk}`$ ($`1i,j,kr`$) are called the structure constants of $`𝔤`$ relative to the basis $`\{X_1,\mathrm{},X_r\}`$.

###### Theorem 4.3 (Malcev, 1949).

Suppose that $`N`$ is a simply connected nilpotent Lie group with Lie algebra $`𝔫`$. Then $`N`$ contains a co-compact discrete subgroup if and only if $`𝔫`$ has a basis with rational structure constants.

The following is also well known and follows from Theorem 4.3. See also , p. 511, for proof.

###### Theorem 4.4.

Assume that $`N\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ is unipotent (i.e., the Lie algebra is nilpotent) and defined over $``$. Let $`N_{}:=N\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$. Then $`N_{}\backslash N`$ is compact.

We notice also the following simple application of the ideas in the proof of Theorem 4.1 and Theorem 4.2

###### Lemma 4.5.

Let $`H\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ be a closed subgroup. Assume that $`𝒪`$ is an open $`H`$-orbit under the twisted action such that $`H^\omega `$ is compact for $`\omega 𝒪`$. Assume that $`\overline{𝒪}𝒪`$ has measure zero and that there exist a co-compact discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }H^\omega =\{e\}`$. Then there exits a compact subset $`𝔽𝒪`$ such that $`(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ is a frame generator.

###### Proof.

Let $`FH`$ be a compact subset such that such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }F=G`$.

## 5. Action of reductive groups

In this section we recall the construction from  of the group $`Q`$. This in particular gives us a simple criteria for the existence of a co-compact discrete subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_N`$ in $`N`$. We refer to  for proofs.

###### Definition 5.1.

A closed subgroup $`H\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ is called reductive if there exist a $`x\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ such that $`xHx^1`$ is invariant under transposition, $`aa^T`$.

We assume from now on that $`H`$ is reductive. For simplicity we can then assume that $`H^T=H`$. In order to handle cases where $`𝒪=H\omega `$ do not necessarily have compact stabilizers, we will assume that there exist an involution $`\tau :HH`$ such that

$$H_o^\tau H^\omega =\{hHh^T(\omega )=\omega \}H^\tau $$

where

$$H^\tau =\{hH\tau (h)=h\}$$

and the subscript “<sub>o</sub>” indicates the connected component containing the identity element. Notice that the involution $`\tau `$ may depend on the open orbit. We can assume that $`L`$ is also invariant under transposition. Then $`\theta :h(h^T)^1`$ and $`\tau `$ commute. Let $`K=\mathrm{O}(n)H=\{kHk^T=k^1\}`$. Then $`K`$ is a maximal compact subgroup of $`H`$ and $`LK`$ is a maximal compact subgroup of $`L`$. Denote by $`𝔥`$ the Lie algebra of $`H`$, i.e., $`𝔥=\{XM_n()t:e^{tX}H\}`$. Then $`𝔥`$ decomposes as

$`𝔥`$ $`=`$ $`𝔨𝔰`$
$`=`$ $`𝔩𝔮`$
$`=`$ $`𝔨𝔩𝔨𝔮𝔰𝔩𝔰𝔮`$
where

$$𝔰=\{X𝔥X^T=X\}$$

is the subspace of symmetric matrices, and

$$𝔮=\{X𝔥\tau (X)=X\}.$$

Notice that

$$[𝔩,𝔮]𝔮\text{and}[𝔨,𝔰]𝔰.$$

Even if we are not going to use it, we would also like to recall the isomorphism $`𝔮T_\omega (𝒪)`$ given in the following way. For $`X𝔮`$ define a derivation $`D_X`$ by

$$D_X(f):=\frac{d}{dt}f(e^{tX}\omega )|_{t=0}.$$

Then $`𝔮XD_XT_\omega (𝒪)`$ is a linear isomorphism. As $`L`$ fixes $`\omega `$ it follows that $`L`$ acts on $`T_\omega (𝒪)`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{}_h`$ the map $`\mathrm{}_h(\eta )=h\eta `$. Then for $`hL`$ we have

$`(d\mathrm{}_h)_\omega (D_X)f`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(he^{tX}\omega )|_{t=0}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}f(e^{t\mathrm{Ad}(h)(X)}\omega )|_{t=0}`$
$`=`$ $`D_{\mathrm{Ad}(h)(X)}(f).`$
Hence, the action of $`L`$ corresponds to the natural action of $`L`$ on $`𝔮`$. In particular it follows then that the tangent bundle $`T(𝒪)`$ can be described as the vector bundle $`T(𝒪)=H\times _L𝔮`$.

Recall the linear maps $`\mathrm{Ad}(a),\mathrm{ad}(X):𝔥𝔥`$, $`aH`$, $`X𝔥`$, are given by $`\mathrm{ad}(X)Y=XYYX=[X,Y]`$ and $`\mathrm{Ad}(a)Y=aYa^1`$. Let $`𝔞`$ be a maximal commutative subspace of $`𝔰𝔮`$; thus $`XYYX=0`$ for all $`X,Y𝔞`$. Then the algebra $`\mathrm{ad}(𝔞)`$ is also commutative. Let $`()`$ be the inner product on $`𝔥`$ given by $`(XY):=\mathrm{Tr}(XY^T)`$. Then a simple calculation shows that $`(\mathrm{ad}(X)YZ)=(Y\mathrm{ad}(X^T)Z)`$. Thus $`\mathrm{ad}(X)^T=\mathrm{ad}(X^T)`$. In particular, if $`X𝔰`$ then $`\mathrm{ad}(X)`$ is symmetric. It follows that we can diagonalize the action of $`𝔞`$ on $`𝔥`$. Specifically, for $`\alpha 𝔞^{}`$ set

$$𝔥^\alpha =\{Y𝔥X𝔞:\mathrm{ad}(X)Y=\alpha (X)Y\}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\{\alpha 𝔥^{}𝔥^\alpha \left\{0\right\}\}\left\{0\right\}`$. Notice that the set $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is finite. Hence, there is a $`X_r𝔞`$ such that $`\alpha (X_r)0`$ for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }^+=\{\alpha \alpha (X_r)>0\}`$ and Let

$$𝔫=\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }^+}{}𝔥^\alpha .$$

Let $`𝔪_1=\{X𝔥[𝔞,X]=\left\{0\right\}\}`$, and $`𝔪=\{X𝔪_1Y𝔞:(XY)=0\}`$. Then $`𝔪_1=𝔪𝔞`$. Furthermore $`𝔪`$, $`𝔫`$, and $`𝔭=𝔪𝔞𝔫`$ are subalgebras of $`𝔥`$ and

$`𝔥`$ $`=`$ $`𝔨+𝔭`$
$`=`$ $`𝔩+𝔭.`$
Notice that this is not a direct sum in general because $`𝔨𝔭=𝔨𝔪`$ and $`𝔩𝔭=𝔩𝔪`$. Let $`𝔪_2`$ be the algebra generated by $`𝔪𝔰`$, i.e., $`𝔪_2=[𝔪𝔰,𝔪𝔰]𝔪𝔰`$. Then $`𝔪_2`$ is an ideal in $`𝔪`$ and contained in $`𝔪𝔩`$.

Let

$$𝔯:=\{X𝔪Y𝔪_2:(X,Y)=0\}=𝔪_2^{}.$$

Then $`𝔯`$ is an ideal in $`𝔪`$ and $`𝔪=𝔯𝔪_2`$. Let

$$N_K(𝔞)=\{kKX𝔞:\mathrm{Ad}(a)X𝔞\}$$

and

$$N_{LK}(𝔞)=N_K(𝔞)L.$$

Finally let

$$M_K=Z_K(𝔞)=\{kKX𝔞:aXa^1=X\}$$

and

$$M_L=Z_{LK}=LM_K(𝔞).$$

Then

$$W=N_K(𝔞)/M_K\text{and}W_0=N_{KL}(𝔞)/M_LW.$$

are finite groups For $`0jk=\mathrm{\#}W/W_0`$ choose $`s_jN_K`$ such that $`s_0=e`$ and by obvious abuse of notation

$$W=\dot{}s_jW_0\text{(disjoint union)\hspace{0.17em} .}$$

Let $`P=\{aH\mathrm{Ad}(a)𝔭=𝔭\}`$, $`A=\{e^XX𝔞\text{ }\}`$ and $`N=\{e^XX𝔫\}`$. Then $`P,A`$, and $`N`$ are closed subgroups of $`H`$, and $`A,NP`$. Let $`M_2`$ be the group generated by $`\mathrm{exp}(𝔪_2)`$, and $`R_o=\mathrm{exp}(𝔯)`$. Then $`F=\mathrm{exp}(i𝔞)KM_K`$ is finite and such that $`R=FR_o`$ is a group. Furthermore

$$R\times M_2\times A(r,m,a)rmaZ_H(A)$$

is a diffeomorphism. Notice that by definition $`F`$ is central in $`Z_H(A)`$ and $`mFm^1=F`$ for all $`mN_K(𝔞)`$. Let $`M=RM_2`$. Then $`P=MAN`$. Furthermore each element $`pP`$ has a unique expression $`p=man`$ with $`mM`$, $`aA`$, $`nN`$. The final step is now to define

(5.1)
$$Q:=RAN=ANRP.$$

Then $`Q`$ is a closed subgroup of $`H`$ with Lie algebra $`𝔮=𝔯𝔞𝔫`$. Notice that $`𝔥=𝔩+(𝔯𝔞𝔫)`$ and $`𝔩(𝔯𝔞𝔫)=𝔩𝔯`$.

By Theorem 4.3 in  we have the following:

###### Theorem 5.2.

Choose $`e=s_0,s_1,\mathrm{},s_kW`$ such that $`W`$ is the disjoint union of the cosets $`s_jW_0`$. Then

$$\dot{}_{j=0}^kQs_jLH$$

is open and dense. Furhermore there exist an analytic function $`\psi :H`$ such that

$$H\underset{j=0}{\overset{k}{}}Qs_jL=\{hH\psi (h)=0\}.$$

In particular $`H_{j=0}^kQs_jL`$ has measure zero.

###### Theorem 5.3.

Let the notation be as above. Let $`𝒪^n`$ be an open orbit such that $`L=H^\omega `$ is a symmetric subgroup. Let $`𝒪_j=Q(s_j\omega )`$. Then

$$\dot{}_{j=0}^k𝒪_j𝒪$$

is open and

$$𝒪\dot{}_{j=0}^k𝒪_j𝒪$$

has measure zero. Furthermore the stabilizer in $`Q`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$ in $`𝒪_j`$ ($`1jk`$) is compact.

###### Example 5.4 ($`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ acting on symmetric matrices).

Let $`V`$ be the space $`\mathrm{Sym}(n.)`$ of symmetric $`n\times n`$ matrices. Then $`V^{n(n+1)/2}`$ Under this identification the standard inner product on $`^{n(n+1)/2}`$ corresponds to the inner product $`(X,Y):=\mathrm{Tr}(XY)=\mathrm{Tr}(XY^T)`$ on $`V`$. Define an action of $`H=\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ on $`V`$ by

$$a(X)=(a^1)^TXa^1.$$

Then

$$aX=a^\theta (X)=aXa^T.$$

Each symmetric matrix is up to conjugation determined by the signature and rank. The set $`V_{\mathrm{reg}}=\{XVdetX0\}`$ is open and dense in $`V`$ and has measure zero. Furthermore each matrix in $`V_{\mathrm{reg}}`$ is conjugate to one of the matrices $`I(0)=I_n`$, $`I(n)=I_n`$ or

$$I(p)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}I_{np}& 0\\ 0& I_{np}\end{array}\right)$$

where $`1pn1`$. Denote the corresponding orbit by $`𝒪_p`$. Notice that $`XX`$ defines a $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ isomorphism $`𝒪_p𝒪_{np}`$. The group $`\mathrm{O}(p,np)`$ is by definition given by

$$\mathrm{O}(p,np)=\{g\mathrm{GL}(n,)gI(p)g^T=I(p)\}$$

where we use the notation $`\mathrm{O}(n)=\mathrm{O}(n,0)=\mathrm{O}(0,n)`$. Notice that $`\mathrm{SO}(p,np)`$ is compact if and only if $`p=n`$. It follows that only the orbits $`𝒪_0`$ and $`𝒪_n`$ satisfy the condition (W4). As before we let $`\theta :\mathrm{GL}(n,)\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ be the involution $`\theta (g)=(g^1)^T`$. For $`j=0,\mathrm{},n`$ we define $`\tau _p:\mathrm{GL}(n,)\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ by

(5.2)
$$\tau _p(g)=I(p)\theta (g)I(p).$$

Then

$$\tau _p(g)=ggI(p)g^T=I(p)$$

and, hence,

$$H^{\tau _p}=\{g\mathrm{GL}(n,)\tau _p(g)=g\}=\mathrm{O}(p,np)=H^{I(p)}$$

and hence the orbit $`𝒪_p\mathrm{GL}(n,)/\mathrm{O}(p,np)`$ is a symmetric space.

By abuse of notation we denote the derived involutions on $`M(n,)`$ by the same letters, i.e.,

$$\theta (X)=X^T,\tau _p(X)=I(p)X^TI(p).$$

Then $`\theta (\mathrm{exp}X)=\mathrm{exp}(\theta (X))`$ and $`\tau _p(\mathrm{exp}X)=\mathrm{exp}(\tau _p(X))`$. Define as in the last section:

$`𝔨`$ $`=`$ $`\{XM(n,)\theta (X)=X\}=𝔬(n),`$
$`𝔰`$ $`=`$ $`\{XM(n,)\theta (X)=X\}=\mathrm{Sym}(n,),`$
$`𝔥`$ $`=`$ $`\{XM(n,)\tau _p(X)=X\}=𝔬(p,np),`$
$`𝔮`$ $`=`$ $`\{XM(n,)\tau _p(X)=X\},`$
where we leave out the dependence of $`𝔥`$ and $`𝔮`$ on $`p`$ as that should be clear in each case. Then

$`𝔤𝔩(n,)`$ $`=`$ $`𝔨𝔰`$
$`=`$ $`𝔥𝔮`$
$`=`$ $`𝔨𝔥𝔨𝔮𝔰𝔥𝔰𝔮.`$
In this case the abelian subalgebra $`𝔞`$ is given by:

$$𝔞=\{d(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)t_1,\mathrm{},t_n\}$$

where $`d(d_1,\mathrm{},t_n)=d(𝐭)`$ stands for the diagonal matrix with diagonal entries $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_n`$. In this case $`𝔞`$ is maximal abelian in $`𝔰`$ and in fact maximal abelian in $`𝔥`$. Hence, the centralizer of $`𝔞`$ in $`𝔨`$ and $`𝔩`$ is trivial. Thus we will have $`P=Q`$ in this case.

A simple calculation shows that

$$[d(𝐭),E_{ij}]=(t_it_j)E_{ij},$$

i.e., the matrices $`E_{ij}`$ are the joint eigenvectors of $`\{\mathrm{ad}(d(𝐭))d(𝐭)𝔞\}`$, with eigenvalues $`t_it_j`$. Define $`\alpha _{ij}:𝔞`$ by $`\alpha _{ij}(d(𝐭))=t_it_j`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\{\alpha _{ij}1i,jn,i0\}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }^+=\{\alpha _{ij}1i<jn\}`$. Then $`𝔫`$ is the Lie algebra of upper triangular matrices with zero on the main diagonal:

$$𝔫=\underset{1i<jn}{}E_{ij}.$$

Furthermore $`A=\mathrm{exp}(𝔞)=\{d(e^{t_1},\mathrm{},e^{t_n})=\{d(𝐭)t_j>0\}`$ and $`N=\mathrm{exp}(𝔫)`$ is the group of upper triangular matrices with one on the main diagonal. So in particular $`AN`$ is the group of upper triangular matrices with positive diagonal elements. In this case the group $`M`$ is given by $`M=\{d(ϵ)ϵ_j=\pm \}\{1,1\}^n`$ and $`P=MAN`$ is the group of regular upper triangular matrices. The group $`N_K(A)`$ is the finite group of elements with only one coefficient non-zero in each column and row, and that non-zero element is either $`1`$ or $`1`$. Let $`𝔖_n`$ be the group of permutations of $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$. Then $`W`$ acts on $`𝔞`$ by

$$\sigma d(t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)=d(t_{\sigma ^1(1)},\mathrm{},t_{\sigma ^1(n)}).$$

Notice that this action can be realized as the conjugation by the orthogonal matrix

$$s_{ij}=(I_nE_{ii}E_{jj})+E_{ij}E_{ji}M^{}.$$

It follows that $`W𝔖_n`$. The group $`LK=\mathrm{O}(p,np)\mathrm{O}(n)`$ is given by

$$LK\mathrm{O}(p)\times \mathrm{O}(np)$$

where the isomorphism is given by

$$(a,b)\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& b\end{array}\right).$$

Hence, $`W_0𝔖_p\times 𝔖_{np}`$. In particular each of the open $`\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$-orbits is decomposed into $`\frac{n!}{p!(np)!}`$ $`P`$-orbits. Finally we remark that in this example we can take

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_N=N\mathrm{GL}(n,)$$

the group of upper triangular matrices with integer coefficients and one on the diagonal.

###### Remark 5.5.

Examples of pairs $`(H,^n)`$ such that $`H`$ is reductive and has finitely many open oribts of full measure is given by the pre-homogeneous vector spaces of parabolic type (see ). But there are simple examples where the stabilizer is not symmetric. For that let $`H=\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$. Then $`H`$ acts on $`^2`$ in a natural way and the orbits are $`\{0\}`$ and $`^2\{0\}`$. Hence there is only one open orbit, and that orbit has full measure. The stabilizer of $`e_1`$ is the group

$$N=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& x\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)x\}$$

which is not symmetric in $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$. Let

$$Q=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ y& 1/a\end{array}\right)a0y\}$$

Then $`Q`$ has three orbits $`\{0\}`$, $`\{(0,y)^T^2y0\}`$ and the open oribt $`𝒪=\{(x,y)^T^2x0\}`$. The stabilizer of $`e_1𝒪`$ is trivial and, hence, we can replace $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ by $`Q`$ to construct frames. Notice that $`Q`$ is isomorphic to the $`(ax+b)`$-group.

###### Remark 5.6.

Assume that $`(H,^n)`$ is a pre-homogeneous vector space of parabolic type. Then one can show that the same group $`Q`$ works for all the open oribts . Furthermore the group $`Q`$ is admissible in the sense of Laugesen, Weaver, Weiss, and Wilson  and contains an expansive matrix.