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# Untitled Document

OHSTPY-HEP-T-03-007

Multi-spin string solutions in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$

S. Frolova, Also at Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow. and A.A. Tseytlina,b,∗∗ Also at Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow.

a Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

b Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BZ, U.K.

Abstract

Motivated by attempts to extend AdS/CFT duality to non-BPS states we consider classical closed string solutions with several angular momenta in different directions of $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$. We find a novel solution describing a circular closed string located at a fixed value of $`AdS_5`$ radius while rotating simultaneously in two planes in $`AdS_5`$ with equal spins $`S`$. This solution is a direct generalization of a two-spin flat-space solution where the string rotates in two orthogonal planes while always lying on a 3-sphere. Similar solution exists for a string rotating in $`S^5`$: it is parametrized by the angular momentum $`J`$ of the center of mass and two equal $`SO(6)`$ angular momenta $`J_2=J_3=J^{}`$ in the two rotation planes. The remarkably simple case is of $`J=0`$ where the energy depends on $`J^{}`$ as $`E=\sqrt{(2J^{})^2+\lambda }`$ ($`\lambda `$ is the string tension or ‘t Hooft coupling). We discuss interpolation of the $`E(J^{})`$ formula to weak coupling by identifying the gauge theory operator that should be dual to the corresponding semiclassical string state and utilizing existing results for its perturbative anomalous dimension. This opens up a possibility of studying AdS/CFT duality in this new non-BPS sector. We also investigate small fluctuations and stability of these classical solutions and comment on several generalizations.

04/03

1. Introduction

Generalizing AdS/CFT duality to non-BPS string mode sector can be guided by semiclassical considerations, as suggested in \[1,,2\]. Identifying classical solitonic solutions of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ sigma model carrying basic global charges is important in order to understand the structure of the full string theory spectrum. In general, the states belonging to representations of the isometry group $`SO(2,4)\times SO(6)`$ are expected to be classified by 6=3+3 charges corresponding to Cartan subalgebra generators, $`(E,S_1,S_2;J_1,J_2,J_3)`$. Here $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ are the two spins of the conformal group (labelling representations of $`SO(4)`$ isometry of $`S^3`$ subspace) and $`J_i`$ are the three angular momenta of the $`S^5`$ isometry group. One may search for classical string solutions which have minimal energy for given values of the 5 charges, $`E=E(S_1,S_2,J_1,J_2,J_3)`$.1 The Casimir operators should be functions of these charges. In general, string theory “knows” about many other conserved charges, being integrable. Here we concentrate on most obvious local charges. The importance of such solutions (in contrast to various other oscillating or pulsating solutions) is that having non-zero global charges simplifies identification of the corresponding dual CFT operators.

Particular classical string solutions with special combinations of these charges were discussed in the past. Point-like string solution (geodesic) lying in $`AdS_5`$ does not carry intrinsic spin. Geodesic running in $`S^5`$ can carry only one component of momentum in $`S^5`$ (e.g., $`J=J_1`$), and expansion of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$string theory near such geodesic was studied in . Extended string solution describing folded closed string rotating in a plane in $`AdS_5`$ carries single spin, e.g., $`S=S_1`$ \[3,,2\]. One can boost the center of mass of the string rotating in $`AdS_5`$ along a circle of $`S^5`$ getting a solution with two charges $`(S,J)`$ . Alternatively, one can construct a solution describing folded string rotating about a pole of $`S^5`$ ; while it carries again only one component (say, $`J^{}=J_2`$) of the $`SO(6)`$ spin it is not equivalent to a point-like orbiting solution.2 The corresponding string vertex operators  as well as dual gauge theory operators should be different, with the “point-like” (BPS) one having minimal energy (dimension) for a given value of the angular momentum (R-charge). An interpolating solution with the three charges $`(S,J,J^{})`$ was constructed in . One may think that while in general there should certainly be extended string solutions with more spins in either or both $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ spaces, they may be difficult to construct explicitly, and also their AdS/CFT interpretation may be unclear. Here we would like to point out that such more general solutions are actually easy to find in the special case when the two spins $`S_1,S_2`$ in $`AdS_5`$ or the two of the three angular momenta in $`S^5`$ (e.g., $`J_2`$ and $`J_3`$) are equal. The analytic form of the solution with $`S_1=S_2S`$ turns out to be much simpler than in the single spin case of \[3,,2\]: it is a direct generalization of the flat-space solution describing circular string rotating simultaneously in the two orthogonal spatial planes with equal angular momenta. Such “self-dual” string always lies on an $`S^3`$ surface in Minkowski space, and thus it can be easily “embedded” into $`AdS_5`$ space using global (or covering) coordinates. The string is positioned at a fixed value of the $`AdS_5`$ radius $`\rho =\rho _0`$, being stabilized by rotation. Similar string solution exists for a more general class of 5-d metrics $`ds^2=g(\rho )dt^2+d\rho ^2+h(\rho )d\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$, but not in $`AdS_3`$ or $`AdS_4`$: to stabilize the circular string at a fixed value of $`\rho `$ one needs at least two equal spin components.3 Note that a similar (but non-rotating) “winding” string configuration near the boundary of $`AdS_3`$ is stabilized by the $`B_{mn}`$ flux .

We will show that this stationary solution is stable under small perturbations if the spins $`S_1=S_2=S`$ are smaller than a critical value. The energy $`E`$ is an algebraic function of $`S`$. For a small-radius string having small $`𝒮\frac{S}{\sqrt{\lambda }}1`$, i.e. located close to the center of $`AdS_5`$, one finds the usual Regge trajectory relation, $`E=(\sqrt{\lambda }4S)^{1/2}+\mathrm{}`$. For large string located close to the boundary of $`AdS_5`$ we get $`E=2S+c_1(\lambda S)^{1/3}+\mathrm{}`$ ($`𝒮1`$). 4 Interestingly, the power of $`\lambda `$ that multiplies a power of $`S`$ in the semiclassical correction to $`E2S`$ is the same as the power of $`S`$ only when it is equal to 1/3. One may speculate that a weak-coupling interpolation of this formula is then $`E2S=(1+c\lambda S)^{1/3}`$. The leading $`E=2S`$ behaviour is the same as for the single-spin folded string solution , but the subleading correction here is proportional to $`S^{1/3}`$ instead of $`\mathrm{ln}S`$ in .

Modulo the problem of instability of the two-spin solution at large $`S\sqrt{\lambda }`$, it is natural to conjecture (see section 5) that the Euclidean gauge theory operator in $`R^4`$ that should be dual to this two-spin string state should have the form $`\mathrm{tr}[\mathrm{\Phi }_M(D_1+iD_2)^S(D_3+iD_4)^S\mathrm{\Phi }_M]+\mathrm{}`$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_M`$ are SYM theory scalars. It would be interesting to find how its perturbative anomalous dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ depends on large $`S`$. An interpolation formula suggested by the semiclassical analysis is $`\mathrm{\Delta }(S)=S+f(\lambda )S^{1/3}+\mathrm{}`$, $`S1`$, where $`f(\lambda )_{\lambda 1}=a_1\lambda +a_2\lambda ^2+\mathrm{}`$, and $`f(\lambda )_{\lambda 1}=\lambda ^{1/3}[c_1+\frac{c_2}{\sqrt{\lambda }}+\mathrm{}]`$, As we shall see below (following a similar discussion in the single-spin case ), if one formally ignores the instability, the 1-loop string correction to the energy of the semiclassical 2-spin solution does scale with spin as $`S^{1/3}`$. However, it seems implausible that a perturbative anomalous dimension may depend on the spin as a fractional power. We shall comment on this further in section 3.

The AdS/CFT correspondence seems easier to establish in a different sector corresponding to the string solution carrying $`SO(6)`$ spins, i.e. rotating in $`S^5`$. Indeed, there exists a similar circular string solution with two equal angular momenta in $`S^5`$: the rotating string moves on $`S^3`$ within $`S^5`$, with the radius of the string or of $`S^3`$ being related to the value of $`J^{}`$. In addition, the center of mass of the string may be rotating along another circle of $`S^5`$, leading to a particular string solution with all the three $`S^5`$ charges being non-zero $`(J_3=J,J_1=J_2=J^{})`$. In the most transparent case of $`J=0`$ when the string has maximal size (so that $`2J^{}\sqrt{\lambda }`$) the energy turns out to depend on $`J^{}`$ in a remarkably simple way: $`E=\sqrt{(2J^{})^2+\lambda }`$. While the solution with $`J=0`$ turns out to be unstable, there is always a non-trivial region of stability when $`J0`$, and there are stable solutions with both $`J`$ and $`J^{}`$ being large compared to $`\sqrt{\lambda }`$ .

We suggest that the corresponding dual CFT operator (having minimal canonical dimension for given values of R-charges $`J`$ and $`J_2=J_3=J^{}`$) should be $`\mathrm{tr}[(\mathrm{\Phi }_1+i\mathrm{\Phi }_2)^J(\mathrm{\Phi }_3+i\mathrm{\Phi }_4)^J^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }_5+i\mathrm{\Phi }_6)^J^{}]+\mathrm{},`$ where dots stand for appropriate permutations of factors. For $`J=0`$ the above semiclassical formula $`E(J^{})`$ suggests that for large $`J^{}`$ the anomalous dimension of such operator should be $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2J^{}+\frac{f(\lambda )}{4J^{}}+\mathrm{}`$. We conjecture that $`f(\lambda )`$ should start with a $`\lambda `$-term both at strong and weak coupling, and we propose to check this against known \[9,,10\] perturbative results. Another interesting direction is to consider the limit $`JJ^{}`$ and relate the resulting expression for the energy to the dimensions of operators in the sector studied in .

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we first describe the two-spin closed string solution in flat space and then generalize it to $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ spaces viewed as hypersurfaces in $`R^{2,4}`$ and $`R^6`$ respectively. In section 3 we rederive the $`AdS_5`$ solution and study it in more detail using explicitly the standard set of global coordinates in $`AdS_5`$ space. In particular, we obtain the action for small fluctuations near this solution and find that the solution is stable only if the spin is bounded from above, $`Sa\sqrt{\lambda }`$, where $`a`$ is of order 1.

In section 4 we present a similar analysis of the $`S^5`$ solution. We also note that there exists a “combined” solution where string rotates in both $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ and thus carries 5 charges: $`S_1=S_2,J=J_1`$ and $`J_2=J_3`$. We observe that there are two branches of the solution with $`S=0`$ and $`J=0`$ with different dependence of the energy on $`J^{}`$: one for $`J^{}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$ and another for $`J^{}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$. The solution with $`J^{}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$ is found to be stable for $`J^{}\sqrt{\lambda }\frac{3}{8}`$, while the solution with large $`J^{}`$ and $`J=0`$ turns out to be unstable. Given that there are more general stable solutions with both $`J^{}`$ and $`J`$ being large , we shall assume that the instability may not preclude one from using the remarkably simple solution with $`J=0,J^{}\sqrt{\lambda }`$ in the context of the AdS/CFT duality. For example, there may exist a more complicated (e.g., pulsating) solution with the same quantum numbers $`J=0,J^{}0`$ whose basic features like energy dependence on $`J^{}`$ are the same as of our simple solution. With this motivation in mind we comment on the form of the 1-loop sigma model correction to the energy, and conjecture about the existence of an interpolation formula for $`E(J^{},\lambda )`$.

In section 5 we discuss the structure of the (Euclidean) CFT operators which should be dual to the semiclassical two-spin states. We mention, in particular, that the 1-loop results of \[9,,10\] may be used to check our conjecture that the anomalous dimension of the scalar SYM operator with $`J=0,J_2=J_3=J^{}`$ (with lowest dimension above the BPS bound) should scale with $`J^{}1`$ as $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2J^{}+\frac{\lambda }{4J^{}}+\mathrm{}`$ not only at strong but also at weak coupling. Section 6 contains some remarks on generalizations and open problems.

In Appendix A we give some details of the stability analysis for both the $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ solutions (this will be discussed in more detail in ). In Appendix B we derive the quadratic fermionic part of the $`AdS_5\times S^5`$Green-Schwarz action that supplements the bosonic fluctuation actions in sections 3 and 4. The total action should be the starting point for a computation of 1-loop corrections to the energies of our solutions following . We check, in particular, that the fermionic mass matrix contribution to the logarithmic divergences cancels against the bosonic one, in agreement with the conformal invariance of the $`AdS_5\times S^5`$superstring sigma model action. In Appendix C we sketch the derivation of the bosonic fluctuation actions in the conformal gauge, and check consistency with the static gauge results for the fluctuation actions used in sections 3 and 4. Appendix D contains standard facts about relation between Young tableau and Dynkin labels of representations of $`SU(4)`$ group which is used to identify the operators on the gauge theory side.

2. Two-spin solution in flat space and its $`AdS_5`$ or $`S^5`$ generalizations

2.1. Flat case

Let us start with closed bosonic string solutions in flat Minkowski space. In orthogonal gauge, string coordinates are given by solutions of free 2-d wave equation, i.e. by combinations of $`e^{in(\tau \pm \sigma )}`$, subject to the standard constraints $`\dot{X}^2+X^2=0,\dot{X}X^{}=0`$. Let us consider, in particular, a closed string (with its center of mass at rest at the origin of the cartesian coordinate system) which is rotating in the two orthogonal spatial planes 12 and 34. From the closed string equations on a 2-cylinder ($`\tau ,\sigma \sigma +2\pi `$) with Minkowski signature in both target space and world sheet one finds

$$X_0=\kappa \tau ,X=X_1+iX_2=r_1(\sigma )e^{i\varphi (\tau )},Y=X_3+iX_4=r_2(\sigma )e^{i\phi (\tau )},$$

$$\varphi =n_1\tau ,\phi =n_2\tau ,r_1=a_1\mathrm{sin}(n_1\sigma ),r_2=a_2\mathrm{sin}[n_2(\sigma +\sigma _0)].$$

Here $`\sigma _0`$ is an arbitrary integration constant, and $`n_i`$ are arbitrary integer numbers. In what follows we assume that $`n_i`$ are positive. The relation between $`a_i,n_i`$ and $`\kappa `$ follows from the conformal gauge constraint:

$$\kappa ^2=n_1^2a_1^2+n_2^2a_2^2.$$

The energy and the two spins are

$$E=\frac{1}{2\pi \alpha ^{}}_0^{2\pi }𝑑\sigma \dot{X}_0=\frac{\kappa }{\alpha ^{}},$$

$$S_1=\frac{i}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}_0^{2\pi }𝑑\sigma (X\dot{\overline{X}}\overline{X}\dot{X})=\frac{n_1a_1^2}{2\alpha ^{}},S_2=S_1(XY)=\frac{n_2a_2^2}{2\alpha ^{}},$$

i.e.

$$E=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\alpha ^{}}(n_1S_1+n_2S_2)}.$$

To get the states on the leading Regge trajectory (having minimal energy for given values of the spins) one is to choose $`n_1=n_2=1`$.

While for a special solution in (2.1) with $`\sigma _0=0`$ the string is folded, for generic values of $`\sigma _0`$ it has the form of an ellipse. Another remarkable special case is when $`n_2\sigma _0=\frac{\pi }{2}`$, i.e. when $`|X|\mathrm{sin}\sigma `$ but $`|Y|\mathrm{cos}\sigma `$, and

$$n_1=n_2=n,a_1=a_2=\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}n}.$$

Then the string becomes circular  and, while rotating, it always lies on $`S^3`$ in $`R^4`$ space formed by $`(X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4)`$. Indeed, the radius in $`R^4`$ then remains constant

$$|X(\tau ,\sigma )|^2+|Y(\tau ,\sigma )|^2=X_1^2+X_2^2+X_3^2+X_4^2=\frac{\kappa ^2}{2n^2}.$$

In this case the two spins are equal

$$S_1=S_2=\frac{\kappa ^2}{4n\alpha ^{}}S,E=\sqrt{\frac{4n}{\alpha ^{}}S}.$$

Thus, the $`XY`$ symmetric circular string rotating in the two orthogonal planes and corresponding to a state on the leading Regge trajectory ($`n_1=n_2=1`$) is described by the following solution

$$X_0=\kappa \tau ,X_1+iX_2=\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{sin}\sigma e^{i\tau },X_3+iX_4=\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{cos}\sigma e^{i\tau }.$$

The crucial observation is that such solution can be easily generalised to a solution describing a string rotating in any homogeneous space containing $`S^3`$, in particular, $`AdS_n`$ or $`S^n`$ with $`n5`$.

2.2. $`AdS_5`$ case

Indeed, let us consider the $`AdS_5`$ space described as a hypersurface in 6-dimensional space $`R^{2,4}`$:

$$X_MX_M\eta _{MN}X^MX^N=X_5^2X_0^2+X_1^2+X_2^2+X_3^2+X_4^2=1.$$

The corresponding string sigma model Lagrangian is ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a Lagrange multiplier field)

$$I=\frac{R^2}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}𝑑\tau 𝑑\sigma L,L=_aX_M^aX_M+\mathrm{\Lambda }(X_MX_M+1).$$

The equations of motion in the orthogonal gauge then are

$$^2X_M+\mathrm{\Lambda }X_M=0,X_MX_M=1,\mathrm{\Lambda }=_aX_M^aX_M,$$

$$\dot{X}_M\dot{X}_M+X_M^{}X_M^{}=0,\dot{X}_MX_M^{}=0.$$

A special class of solutions of these non-linear equations is characterised by the property $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{const}`$. It is natural to organize the six coordinates $`X_M`$ into the three 2-planes or complex lines,

$$WX_5+iX_0,XX_1+iX_2,YX_3+iX_4,|W|^2|X|^2|Y^2|=1.$$

Then it is easy to check that the following configuration is an example of the solution of (2.1),(2.1) with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\kappa ^2=\mathrm{const}`$ (cf. (2.1))5 It would be interesting to find other solutions with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{const}`$. It might even be possible to classify all such solutions.

$$W=\mathrm{cosh}\rho _0e^{i\kappa \tau },X=\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma e^{i\omega \tau },Y=\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma e^{i\omega \tau },$$

where $`\rho _0`$ and $`\omega `$ are related to $`\kappa `$ as follows

$$\omega ^2=\kappa ^2+1,\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0=\frac{1}{2}\kappa ^2.$$

Notice that the expressions for $`X`$ and $`Y`$ look exactly the same as in the flat space solution (2.1). Indeed, since $`|W|^2=\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0=1+\kappa ^2`$ the $`AdS_5`$ constraint $`|W|^2|X|^2|Y^2|=1`$ is automatically satisfied.

This solution describes a circular closed string rotating in the 12 and 34 planes in the global $`AdS_5`$ time $`t=\kappa \tau `$. It will be rederived in the next section using explicitly the standard set of global $`AdS_5`$ coordinates $`(t,\rho ,\theta ,\varphi ,\phi )`$ related to $`X_M`$ as follows:

$$W=\mathrm{cosh}\rho e^{it},X=\mathrm{sinh}\rho \mathrm{sin}\theta e^{i\varphi },Y=\mathrm{sinh}\rho \mathrm{cos}\theta e^{i\phi }.$$

It is clear that the string described by this solution has equal angular momenta in the 12 and 34 planes. In this $`R^{2,4}`$ embedding representation it is easy to identify the charges of the isometry group $`SO(2,4)`$ of $`AdS_5`$ that are non-vanishing on this solution. In general, the 15 rotation generators $`J_{MN}`$ of $`SO(2,4)`$ can be related to the conformal group generators as follows (see, e.g., )

$$J_{\mu \nu }=M_{\mu \nu },J_{\mu 4}=\frac{1}{2}(K_\mu P_\mu ),J_{\mu 5}=\frac{1}{2}(K_\mu +P_\mu ),J_{54}=D,$$

where $`\mu ,\nu =0,1,2,3`$. We can identify the standard spin with $`S_1=M_{12}=J_{12}`$, the second (conformal) spin with $`S_2=J_{34}=\frac{1}{2}(K_3P_3)`$, and finally the rotation generator in the $`05`$ plane with the global $`AdS_5`$ energy, $`E=J_{05}=\frac{1}{2}(K_0+P_0)`$.6 After the Euclidean continuation $`X_0iX_{0E}`$ and mapping to $`R\times S^3`$ it is natural to classify the representations of the conformal group in terms of maximal compact subgroup $`SO(4)\times SO(2)`$, or $`SU(2)\times SU(2)\times SO(2)`$. Exchanging $`X_{0E}`$ with $`X_4`$ exchanges the generator $`J_{54}=D`$ with $`J_{05}=\frac{1}{2}(P_0+K_0)=E`$. In the present case the only non-vanishing charges are $`J_{50}`$ and $`J_{12},J_{34}`$, i.e. the energy and the two spins

$$E=\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa (1+\frac{1}{2}\kappa ^2),SS_1=S_2=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa ^2\sqrt{\kappa ^2+1}.$$

The three Casimir operators of $`SO(2,4)`$ are then expressed in terms of $`\kappa `$. Note also that $`E^2(2S)^2=\sqrt{\lambda }(\frac{3}{4}\kappa ^4+\kappa ^2)0`$. For small $`\kappa `$ we get $`E\sqrt{4\sqrt{\lambda }S}`$, i.e. the usual Regge trajectory relation, while for large $`\kappa `$ we have $`E2S=S_1+S_2`$, similar to the single-spin case in .

It may be worth stressing the following point. We consider classical string solutions with large angular momenta. In quantum theory such a classical solution should correspond to a vector of an irreducible representation labeled by the charges which would then be (half-)integer. Since on our clasical solutions $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ (and $`E`$) are the only nonvanishing charges among the relevant generators $`J_{MN}`$, we may use them to label representations of the $`SO(4)=SU(2)\times SU(2)`$ subgroup of the conformal group $`SO(2,4)`$. Assuming that $`S_1S_2`$, the usual labels $`j_1`$ and $`j_2`$ of $`SU(2)\times SU(2)`$ can be expressed in terms of $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ as $`2j_1=S_1+S_2,2j_2=S_1S_2`$.7 The charges $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ are, in fact, directly related to the Gelfand–Zeitlin labels of representations of $`SO(4)`$. Moreover, the fact that only $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ do not vanish means that in quantum theory the corresponding quantum state should be the highest weight vector of an $`SO(4)`$ representation. A similar remark will apply to the case of solutions with angular momentum in $`S^5`$ we study below: a similar relation will exist between the only non-vanishing $`SO(6)`$ charges $`J_i=(J_{12},J_{34},J_{56})`$ which are directly (up to permutations) related to the Young tableau labels, and the Dynkin labels of $`SU(4)`$ representations.

2.3. $`S^5`$ case

Let us now consider an $`S^5`$ analogue of the flat-space solution (2.1). Here all is similar to the $`AdS_5`$ case, apart from the fact that the decoupled time coordinate $`t`$ is introduced in addition to the $`S^5`$ directions $`X_A`$

$$X_AX_A=X_1^2+\mathrm{}+X_6^2=|Z|^2+|X|^2+|Y|^2=1,$$

$$Z=X_1+iX_2,X=X_3+iX_4,Y=X_5+iX_6.$$

The relation to the standard 5 angles $`(\gamma ,\psi ,\phi _1,\phi _2,\phi _3)`$ of $`S^5`$ is

$$Z=\mathrm{cos}\gamma e^{i\phi _1},X=\mathrm{sin}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\psi e^{i\phi _2},Y=\mathrm{sin}\gamma \mathrm{sin}\psi e^{i\phi _3}.$$

A particular solution of the $`S^5`$ sigma model equations (which are the direct analogues of (2.1),(2.1)) is (cf. (2.1),(2.1))

$$t=\kappa \tau ,Z=\mathrm{cos}\gamma _0e^{i\nu \tau },X=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma e^{i\mathrm{w}\tau },Y=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma e^{i\mathrm{w}\tau },$$

where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\nu ^2`$ and $`\kappa `$ and $`\nu `$ are independent parameters while the constants $`\gamma _0`$ and $`\mathrm{w}`$ are expressed in terms of them (cf. (2.1))

$$\mathrm{w}^2=1+\nu ^2,\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0=\frac{1}{2}(\kappa ^2\nu ^2).$$

Here the energy of the solution is $`E=\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa `$, and in addition we have 3 non-vanishing components of the $`SO(6)`$ angular momentum tensor $`J_{AB}`$ :

$$J_1=J_{12},J_2=J_{34},J_3=J_{56},$$

$$JJ_1=\sqrt{\lambda }\nu [1\frac{1}{2}(\kappa ^2\nu ^2)],J^{}J_2=J_3=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{\lambda }(\kappa ^2\nu ^2)\sqrt{\nu ^2+1}.$$

This solution describes a circular closed string rotating (with equal speeds) in the two planes in $`S^3`$ within $`S^5`$, with its center of mass orbiting along the orthogonal circle of $`S^5`$. When embedded into $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ it will be located at the origin $`\rho =0`$ of $`AdS_5`$. We shall return to the discussion of this solution in section 4.1.

Notice that (2.1) implies the bound

$$\nu ^2\kappa ^2\nu ^2+2.$$

One limiting case is $`\kappa =\nu `$ when the string is point-like and has no spin $`J^{}`$, i.e. moves along the geodesic discussed in  and thus has $`E=J`$. The other is $`\nu ^2=\kappa ^22`$ so that $`\kappa ^22`$. 8 Here one cannot take the flat-space limit in which $`\kappa 0`$. Here $`J=0`$ and the string has maximal size ($`\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2}`$), while the energy and the two equal $`SO(6)`$ angular momenta $`J_1,J_2`$ take values

$$J^{}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }\sqrt{\kappa ^21}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda },E=\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa =\sqrt{(2J^{})^2+\lambda }\sqrt{2\lambda }.$$

This expression for $`E(J^{})`$ is very simple and interesting, and we shall return to the discussion of it in sections 4.2 and section 5.

Another special case with $`J=0`$ is $`\nu =0`$: here $`\kappa ^22`$ and $`\mathrm{w}=1`$ so that

$$J^{}=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{\lambda }\kappa ^2\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda },E=\sqrt{4\sqrt{\lambda }J^{}}\sqrt{2\lambda }.$$

Remarkably, here the dependence of the energy on the $`SO(6)`$ spin is exactly the same as for the leading Regge trajectory in flat space! This is not too surprising since the corresponding string solution (2.1) is then the direct embedding of the flat space solution (2.1) into the $`S^3`$ part of $`S^5`$ (note that the Lagrange multiplier $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ in the $`S^5`$ analog of (2.1) vanishes when $`\nu =0`$ and so $`X_M`$ satisfy the flat-space equations of motion).

One can also construct more general multi-spin solution which has all 5 charges being non-vanishing – $`S_1=S_2`$ in $`AdS_5`$, and $`J=J_1`$ and $`J_2=J_3`$ in $`S^5`$. It will be given by a direct combination of (2.1) and (2.1) with the parameters $`\kappa ,\nu ,\rho _0,\gamma _0`$ related by the conformal gauge constraint as $`\kappa ^2=\nu ^2+2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0+2\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0`$. The expressions for the $`SO(2,4)\times SO(6)`$ charges are essentially the same as in (2.1) and (2.1), i.e. (see also section 4.2)

$$E=\sqrt{\lambda }\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0\kappa ,S=S_1=S_2=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0\sqrt{\kappa ^2+1},$$

$$J=J_1=\sqrt{\lambda }\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma _0\nu ,J^{}=J_2=J_3=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\sqrt{\nu ^2+1}.$$

The parameters $`\rho _0,\nu ,\gamma _0`$ and thus $`\kappa `$ can be expressed in terms of $`S,J`$ and $`J^{}`$, giving the general expression for the energy $`E=E(S,J,J^{})`$.

One can also study other similar multi-charge solutions, like an interpolation between the $`J,J^{}`$ solution on $`S^5`$ and the single-spin $`S_10,S_2=0`$ solution \[3,,2\] in $`AdS_5`$ (in this case the radial coordinate $`\rho `$ will no longer be constant). Then one will find $`E=E(S_1,J,J^{})`$ which will be a generalization to $`J^{}0`$ of the expression obtained in \[2,,4\].

3. Two-spin solution in $`AdS_5`$ in global coordinates and stability

Here we shall rederive the $`AdS_5`$ two-spin solution starting from a more general ansatz with two unequal rotation parameters and then study small fluctuations near the resulting solution.

The string action in $`AdS_5`$ written in the conformal gauge in terms of independent global coordinates $`x^m`$ is

$$I=\frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{4\pi }d^2\xi G_{mn}^{(AdS_5)}(x)_ax^m^ax^n,\sqrt{\lambda }\frac{R^2}{\alpha ^{}}$$

Here $`\xi ^a=(\tau ,\sigma ),\sigma \sigma +2\pi `$. We shall use the Minkowski signature in both target space and world sheet, so that in conformal gauge $`\sqrt{g}g^{ab}=\eta ^{ab}=`$diag(-1,1). The equations of motion following from the action should be supplemented by the conformal gauge constraints.

We shall use the following explicit parametrization of the (unit-radius) $`AdS_5`$ metric (related to the embedding coordinates of the previous section by (2.1))

$$(ds^2)_{AdS_5}=G_{mn}^{(AdS_5)}(x)dx^mdx^n=\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_3,$$

$$d\mathrm{\Omega }_3=d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\varphi ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\phi ^2.$$

This metric has translational isometries in $`t,\varphi ,\phi `$ so that a general string solution should possess the following three integrals of motion:

$$E=P_t=\sqrt{\lambda }_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0t\sqrt{\lambda },$$

$$S_1=P_\varphi =\sqrt{\lambda }_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \mathrm{sin}^2\theta _0\varphi \sqrt{\lambda }𝒮_1,$$

$$S_2=P_\phi =\sqrt{\lambda }_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \mathrm{cos}^2\theta _0\phi \sqrt{\lambda }𝒮_2.$$

The first integral is the space-time energy, and the second and third ones are the spins associated with rotations in $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi `$.

3.1. Solution

Our aim is to look for a solution describing a closed string rotating in both $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi `$, thus generalizing the single-spin solution of \[3,,2\]. A natural ansatz for such a solution is

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\varphi =\omega _\varphi \tau ,\phi =\omega _\phi \tau ,\kappa ,\omega _\varphi ,\omega _\phi =\mathrm{const},$$

$$\rho =\rho (\sigma )=\rho (\sigma +2\pi ),\theta =\theta (\sigma )=\theta (\sigma +2\pi ),$$

where $`\rho `$ and $`\theta `$ are subject to the corresponding second-order equations (prime denotes derivative over $`\sigma `$)

$$\rho ^{\prime \prime }=\mathrm{sinh}\rho \mathrm{cosh}\rho (\kappa ^2+\theta ^2\omega _\varphi ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \omega _\phi ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta ),$$

$$(\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \theta ^{})^{}=\frac{1}{2}(\omega _\phi ^2\omega _\varphi ^2)\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \mathrm{sin}2\theta .$$

The first of the conformal gauge constraints

$$G_{mn}^{(AdS_5)}(x)(\dot{x}^m\dot{x}^n+x^mx^n)=0,G_{mn}^{(AdS_5)}(x)\dot{x}^mx^n=0,$$

then implies that $`\rho (\sigma )`$ and $`\theta (\sigma )`$ must satisfy the following 1-st order equation

$$\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \theta ^2=\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho (\omega _\varphi ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +\omega _\phi ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta ).$$

Unfortunately, we do not know how to solve the system of non-linear equations (3.1),(3.1) for generic values of the frequencies $`\omega _\phi `$ and $`\omega _\varphi `$, so in what follows we shall assume that the frequencies are equal:

$$\omega _\phi =\omega _\varphi =\omega .$$

Then (3.1) implies

$$\theta ^{}=\frac{c}{\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho },c=\mathrm{const}.$$

The special solution of (3.1) with $`c=0`$, i.e. $`\theta =\mathrm{const}`$ leads us back to the single-spin case of \[3,,2\]: one can make a global $`SO(3)`$ rotation (or redefinition of $`\varphi ,\phi `$) to put the rotating string in a single plane. If one assumes that $`\theta ^{}0`$, one can show by a detailed analysis that there exists no solution to (3.1),(3.1) with non-constant $`\rho `$, i.e. one must set 9 Using (3.1) we get from (3.1): $`\rho ^2=V(\rho ),V(\rho )\frac{c^2}{\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho +\omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho `$. From the form of the effective “potential” $`V`$ in this equation one finds that one cannot satisfy the closed string periodicity condition in $`\sigma `$ (3.1) unless $`\rho `$ is fixed to be at zero of $`V`$.

$$\rho (\sigma )=\rho _0=\mathrm{const}.$$

Then the equations (3.1) and (3.1) take the form

$$\theta ^2=\omega ^2\kappa ^2,\theta ^2=\mathrm{coth}^2\rho _0\kappa ^2\omega ^2.$$

The solution to these equations is given by

$$\theta =n\sigma ,\kappa ^2=2n^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0,\omega ^2=n^2(1+2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0)=\kappa ^2+n^2.$$

Here $`n`$ is an arbitrary integer representing how many times the string “winds” around the $`\theta `$-circle (cf. (2.1)). The parameter $`\rho _0`$ determines the radius ($`\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0`$) of a circular string rotating in $`S^3`$. It is remarkable that one needs two rotation parameters to be non-zero in order to stabilize the size of the string at fixed value of the $`AdS_5`$ radius $`\rho `$.

In what follows we shall consider the case of (cf.(2.1))

$$n=1,\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.\kappa =\sqrt{2}\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0,\omega ^2=\kappa ^2+1.$$

In the flat space limit ($`\kappa 0`$, $`\rho _00`$) this corresponds to a state on the leading Regge trajectory, i.e. having minimal energy for a given spin. The dependence on the “winding number” $`n`$ can be easily restored in all the equations below.

The integrals of motion (3.1), (3.1), (3.1) on this solution are given by the same expressions as in (2.1) (we consider the values rescaled by the string tension $`\sqrt{\lambda }`$ as defined in (3.1),(3.1),(3.1))

$$=\kappa \mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0=\kappa (1+\frac{1}{2}\kappa ^2),$$

$$𝒮_1=𝒮_2𝒮,𝒮=\frac{1}{2}\omega \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0=\frac{1}{4}\kappa ^2\sqrt{\kappa ^2+1},$$

One can easily solve the cubic equation for $`\kappa ^2`$ as a function of $`𝒮`$ to find the dependence of $``$ on $`𝒮`$. In the case of a small string with $`\rho _00,\kappa 0`$ (i.e. a string near the center of $`AdS_5`$) we get

$$=\sqrt{4𝒮}\left[1+𝒮+O(𝒮^2)\right],𝒮1.$$

This is the usual Regge trajectory relation in flat space plus the first correction due to the curvature of $`AdS_5`$. In the case of a large string with $`\rho _01,\kappa 1`$ (i.e. a long string close to the boundary of $`AdS_5`$) we get

$$=2𝒮+\frac{3}{4}(4𝒮)^{1/3}+O(𝒮^{1/3}),𝒮1.$$

Note that here the first correction to $`2𝒮`$ goes as $`𝒮^{1/3}`$, which is different from the $`\mathrm{ln}𝒮`$ behavior in the single-spin (folded rotating closed string) case in . However, as we explain in the next section, the solution with large $`𝒮`$ turns out to be unstable.

3.2. Fluctuations, stability and 1-loop correction

To compute the quadratic action for fluctuations near the above solution it is useful to start with the Nambu-Goto analog of the action (3.1) and choose the static gauge

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\theta =\sigma .$$

Let us note that the induced metric on our solution is flat:

$$ds_2^2=\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0(d\tau ^2+d\sigma ^2).$$

Shifting the remaining three fields away from their classical values

$$\rho \rho _0+\stackrel{~}{\rho },\varphi \omega \tau +\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\phi \omega \tau +\stackrel{~}{\phi },$$

and expanding the Nambu-Goto action up to the second order in the fluctuation fields, we get the quadratic Lagrangian for the fluctuations $`\stackrel{~}{\rho },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$

$$L=\frac{1}{2}(_a\stackrel{~}{\rho })^2\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma \kappa ^2[1+\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma (1+\kappa ^2)](_a\stackrel{~}{\phi })^2$$

$$\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{sin}^2\sigma \kappa ^2[1+\mathrm{sin}^2\sigma (1+\kappa ^2)](_a\stackrel{~}{\varphi })^2\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma \mathrm{sin}^2\sigma \kappa ^2(1+\kappa ^2)_a\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^a\stackrel{~}{\phi }$$

$$+2\sqrt{\kappa ^2(1+\kappa ^2)(2+\kappa ^2)}\stackrel{~}{\rho }(_0\stackrel{~}{\phi }\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma +_0\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{sin}^2\sigma )+(2+\kappa ^2)\stackrel{~}{\rho }^2.$$

This Lagrangian takes simpler form after making the following change of variables $`(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\phi })(\alpha ,\beta )`$ 10 This transformation has a very simple interpretation in terms of fluctuations of the complex fields $`X`$ and $`Y`$ in (2.1): expanding near their classical values (2.1) in the static gauge where $`\theta `$ is not fluctuating and ignoring fluctuations of $`\rho `$ we get: $`\stackrel{~}{X}=i\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma e^{i\omega \tau }\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{Y}=i\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma e^{i\omega \tau }\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$. Then $`\alpha ,\beta `$ expressed in terms of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$ take the form (at each given $`\tau `$) of an $`O(2)`$ rotation with angle $`\sigma `$.

$$\alpha =a(\stackrel{~}{\phi }\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma +\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{sin}^2\sigma ),\beta =b\mathrm{sin}2\sigma (\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\stackrel{~}{\phi }),$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\frac{\alpha }{a}+\frac{\beta }{2b}\mathrm{tan}\sigma ,\stackrel{~}{\phi }=\frac{\alpha }{a}\frac{\beta }{2b}\mathrm{cot}\sigma ,$$

$$a=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\kappa }\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2},b=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\kappa }.$$

An apparent singularity of the transformation (3.1) at $`\sigma =0,\frac{\pi }{2},\pi ,\frac{3\pi }{2}`$ is not physical because it is a reflection of the obvious coordinate singularity of the $`AdS_5`$ metric (3.1),(3.1) at $`\theta =0,\frac{\pi }{2},\pi ,\frac{3\pi }{2}`$.11 While to cover $`S^3`$ once one is usually assuming $`0\theta \frac{\pi }{2}`$ with $`\varphi `$ and $`\phi `$ changing from $`0`$ to $`2\pi `$, here to embed the closed string in $`S^3`$ at each fixed moment of time (3.1) we need to consider $`\theta `$ in the interval from $`0`$ to $`2\pi `$. In terms of the new fields (3.1) takes the following simple form

$$L=\frac{1}{2}(_a\stackrel{~}{\rho })^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\beta )^2$$

$$+2\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}_0\alpha \stackrel{~}{\rho }2\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}_1\alpha \beta 2(1+\kappa ^2)\beta ^2+(2+\kappa ^2)\stackrel{~}{\rho }^2.$$

The Lagrangian (3.1) can be rewritten as (omitting total derivative)

$$L=\frac{1}{2}(D_a\eta ^s)^2\frac{1}{2}M_{sr}\eta ^s\eta ^r,D_a\eta ^s=_a\eta ^s+A_a^{sr}\eta _r,\eta ^s=(\stackrel{~}{\rho },\alpha ,\beta ),$$

$$A_0^{\alpha \stackrel{~}{\rho }}=A_0^{\stackrel{~}{\rho }\alpha }=\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)},A_1^{\alpha \beta }=A_1^{\beta \alpha }=\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2},$$

$$M_{sr}\eta ^s\eta ^r=2\stackrel{~}{\rho }^2+\kappa ^2\alpha ^2+(2+3\kappa ^2)\beta ^2,$$

where the 2-d non-abelian $`SO(3)`$ gauge field $`A_a^{sr}`$ has a constant but non-vanishing field strength $`F_{01}^{\beta \stackrel{~}{\rho }}=\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)(2+\kappa ^2)}`$. It is remarkable that in spite of the $`\tau `$ and $`\sigma `$ dependence of our background solution, the fluctuation action is quite simple, having constant coefficients; in particular, it is simpler than the corresponding action in the one-spin case in . The absence of explicit dependence on $`\sigma `$ will allow us to solve the linearized equations of motion for the fluctuations.

Note that the radial fluctuation $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ has a negative mass term in (3.1), suggesting an instability (the Hamiltonian corresponding to (3.1) is not positive definite). However, since it is coupled to a gauge field (i.e. is mixing with other fluctuations) the latter may, in principle, stabilize the $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ evolution.12 Examples of similar situations are a charged (inverted) harmonic oscillator in a magnetic field, and a “tachyon” mode in $`AdS`$ space. Thus the stability issue needs to be carefully studied. This is done in Appendix A. It is found there that the solution is stable only for a certain range of values of $`\kappa `$, i.e. for not very large values of $`𝒮`$ (see (3.1))

$$0\kappa ^2\frac{5}{2},\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}\mathrm{.\; 0}𝒮\frac{5}{8}\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}.$$

Note that for the maximal value of $`𝒮`$, i.e. $`𝒮1.17`$ the value of the spin $`S=\sqrt{\lambda }𝒮`$ is still large since in the semiclassical approximation it is assumed that $`\sqrt{\lambda }1`$.

It is of interest to compute the 1-loop superstring sigma model correction to the energy of the two-spin solution. In principle, it can be done following the same approach as was used in  in the single-spin case. It is straightforward to supplement (3.1) with the Green-Schwarz quadratic fermionic term as in \[12,,4\] (see Appendix B). The fermionic contribution cancels the 2-d logarithmic divergence coming from the mass term in (3.1) (which is proportional to $`_rM_{rr}=4\kappa ^2`$). If we ignore the instability of the solution for large $`\kappa `$ and formally consider the limit $`\kappa 1`$ in (3.1) we will get

$$L_{_{\kappa 1}}\frac{1}{2}(_a\stackrel{~}{\rho })^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\beta )^2+2\sqrt{2}\kappa _0\alpha \stackrel{~}{\rho }2\kappa _1\alpha \beta 2\kappa ^2\beta ^2+\kappa ^2\stackrel{~}{\rho }^2.$$

Since $`\kappa `$ is the only non-trivial parameter in (3.1), the 1-loop correction to the energy on the 2-d cylinder is expected to scale as $`\kappa `$ (see the discussion ). That would imply that the large $`𝒮`$ expansion of the energy in (3.1) is corrected at the one loop order by (cf. (3.1)) $`_1\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{\lambda }}\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}𝒮^{1/3},𝒮1`$. This may be consistent with the following conjecture for the general behaviour of $`E(S,\lambda )`$

$$E=2S+[h(\lambda )+f(\lambda )S]^{1/3}+\mathrm{},S1,$$

where

$$f(\lambda )_{_{\lambda 1}}=\lambda (c_0+\frac{c_1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}+\mathrm{}),f(\lambda )_{_{\lambda 1}}=\lambda (b_0+b_1\lambda +\mathrm{}).$$

We caution, however, that the instability of the solution for large $`\kappa `$ or large $`𝒮`$ may preclude interpolation from strong to weak coupling in the large spin limit. One could still hope that since the solution with large $`𝒮`$ should evolve into a solution which will still carry the same spin, one may still find the classical energy behaving with spin as in (3.1). However, one may not be able then to compute the sigma model loop corrections to the energy in a reliable way.

4. Multi-spin string solutions in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$

Let us now find a similar rotating string solution in $`S^5`$ and its generalizations having spins in both $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ factors. This was already discussed in terms of the embedding coordinates in section 2. Here we will rederive these solutions in terms of angles of $`S^5`$ and study some of their properties in more detail.

The bosonic part of the $`AdS_5\times S^5`$string action is

$$I=\frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{4\pi }d^2\xi \left[G_{mn}^{(AdS_5)}(x)_ax^m^ax^n+G_{pq}^{(S^5)}(y)_ay^p^ay^q\right],\sqrt{\lambda }\frac{R^2}{\alpha ^{}}.$$

We shall use the following explicit parametrization of the unit-radius metric on $`S^5`$:

$$(ds^2)_{S^5}=G_{pq}^{(S^5)}(y)dy^pdy^q=d\gamma ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma d\phi _1^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma (d\psi ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\psi d\phi _2^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\psi d\phi _3^2).$$

This metric has three translational isometries in $`\phi _i`$, so that in addition to the three $`AdS_5`$ integrals of motion (3.1),(3.1),(3.1), a general solution should also have the following three integrals of motion depending on the $`S^5`$ part of the action:

$$J_1=P_{\phi _1}=\sqrt{\lambda }_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma _0\phi _1\sqrt{\lambda }𝒥_1,$$

$$J_2=P_{\phi _2}=\sqrt{\lambda }_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma \mathrm{cos}^2\psi _0\phi _2\sqrt{\lambda }𝒥_2,$$

$$J_3=P_{\phi _3}=\sqrt{\lambda }_0^{2\pi }\frac{d\sigma }{2\pi }\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma \mathrm{sin}^2\psi _0\phi _3\sqrt{\lambda }𝒥_3.$$

4.1. Circular string rotating in $`S^5`$

Let us look for a solution describing a closed string located at the center $`\rho =0`$ of $`AdS_5`$ and at a fixed value of one of the $`S^5`$ angles $`\gamma =\gamma _0=\mathrm{const}`$, rotating within $`S^3`$ part of $`S^5`$ (with equal frequences as in the $`AdS_5`$ case), with its center of mass orbiting along a circle of $`S^5`$. A natural ansatz for such a solution is

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =0,\gamma =\gamma _0,\phi _1=\nu \tau ,\phi _2=\phi _3=\mathrm{w}\tau ,\psi =\sigma ,$$

where $`\kappa ,\gamma _0,\nu ,\mathrm{w}=\mathrm{const}`$. The equations of motion for the fields and the conformal gauge constraints then lead to the following relations between $`\gamma _0`$, $`\kappa `$, $`\nu `$ and $`\mathrm{w}`$

$$\mathrm{w}^2=\nu ^2+1,\kappa ^2=\nu ^2+2\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0.$$

Just as in the case of the two-spin solution in $`AdS_5`$ the induced metric here is flat

$$ds_2^2=\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0(d\tau ^2+d\sigma ^2).$$

Taking into account that

$$𝒥𝒥_1=\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma _0\nu ,𝒥_2=𝒥_3=𝒥^{},𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\mathrm{w},$$

we find the following equation for $`\nu =\nu (𝒥,𝒥^{})`$

$$\nu \sqrt{\nu ^2+1}=𝒥\sqrt{\nu ^2+1}+2𝒥^{}\nu .$$

Since the energy $``$ in (3.1) is equal to $`\kappa `$, we can use eq.(4.1) to find the dependence of the energy on the R-charges $`𝒥`$ and $`𝒥^{}`$

$$^2=\nu ^2+\frac{4𝒥^{}}{\sqrt{\nu ^2+1}},=(𝒥,𝒥^{}).$$

It is instructive to restore the $`\lambda `$-dependence in the formulas (4.1) and (4.1), i.e. to rewrite them in terms of the energy $`E`$, the R-charges $`J,J^{}`$ and the auxiliary “charge” $`𝒱=\sqrt{\lambda }\nu =\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma J`$:

$$𝒱\sqrt{𝒱^2+\lambda }=J\sqrt{𝒱^2+\lambda }+2J^{}𝒱,𝒱\sqrt{\lambda }\nu ,$$

$$E^2=𝒱^2+\frac{4\lambda J^{}}{\sqrt{𝒱^2+\lambda }}=𝒱^2+2\lambda (1\frac{J}{𝒱}),E=E(J,J^{}).$$

A nice feature of this representation is that if $`𝒱\sqrt{\lambda }`$ then the expression for the energy takes the form of a perturbative expansion in $`\lambda `$ because $`𝒱`$ can be found from (4.1) as a series in $`\frac{\lambda }{(J+2J^{})}`$. In particular, we get the following expression for the energy at the first order in $`\lambda `$

$$E^2(J+2J^{})^2+\frac{2\lambda J^{}}{J+2J^{}},EJ+2J^{}+\frac{\lambda J^{}}{(J+2J^{})^2},$$

where $`𝒱J+2J^{}\frac{\lambda J^{}}{(J+2J^{})^2}`$. Note that here there is no restriction on values of $`J`$ and $`J^{}`$ apart from the requirement that $`J+2J^{}\sqrt{\lambda }`$.

One may be tempted to conjecture that the formula (4.1) may be valid at small  values of $`\lambda `$ if $`J+2J^{}`$ is very large. However, (4.1) was obtained in the strong coupling $`\lambda 1`$ regime, and we expect it to receive $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}`$ string sigma model corrections. In particular, even the coefficient in front of $`J+2J^{}`$ may get changed by the corrections, and, if so, the one-loop perturbative correction to the dimension of the corresponding CFT operator dual to the string solution will not be of order $`\frac{J^{}}{(J+2J^{})^2}`$ but of order $`J+2J^{}`$.

If $`JJ^{}`$ the energy (4.1) takes the form

$$EJ+2J^{}+\lambda \frac{J^{}}{J^2}.$$

This expression for $`E`$ is consistent with the string oscillation spectrum in the sector with large $`J\sqrt{\lambda }`$ \[1,,13\], i.e. with the plane-wave spectrum (similar comparison was done in ). From the plane-wave spectrum point of view, $`J^{}`$ represents the angular momentum carried by string oscillations. Since the linear term in $`J`$ is not renormalized in the BMN limit, one may conjecture that the same should happen here.

If we set $`J=0`$ in (4.1) we get

$$E^2=(2J^{})^2+\lambda ,\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.E2J^{}+\frac{\lambda }{4J^{}}.$$

Thus at large $`J^{}`$ the correction goes as $`\frac{1}{J^{}}`$, instead of a constant shift found in the case of the single-spin folded string rotating in $`S^5`$ .

We can also consider the case with $`𝒱\sqrt{\lambda }`$ (when $`𝒱J`$)

$$E^24\sqrt{\lambda }J^{}+J^2.$$

Setting $`J=0`$ we reproduce the usual Regge trajectory relation.

It is interesting to note that the limit $`J0`$ depends on the value of the second angular momentum $`J^{}`$ (see also the discussion of this case in sections 2 and 4.3). When $`J^{}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$ the dependence of the energy on the angular momentum changes its form, i.e. the system undergoes a kind of “second order phase transition” (the second derivative of the energy over the orbital momentum has a discontinuity at $`J^{}=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$). This happens because for $`\nu =0`$ one has $`𝒥^{}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0`$, so that the value $`𝒥^{}=\frac{1}{2}`$ is found when the string reaches its maximal size ($`\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2})`$, i.e. when it rotates on the maximal-size 3-sphere within $`S^5`$.

4.2. Circular string rotating in both $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$

As already discussed in section 2, it is straightforward to combine the two-spin solution in $`AdS_5`$ with the three angular momenta solution in $`S^5`$. For completeness, let us summarize the resulting solution depending on 3 different parameters in terms of the global coordinates of $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ used in section 3 and in this section:

$$\rho =\rho _0,t=\kappa \tau ,\phi =\varphi =\omega \tau ,\theta =\sigma ,$$

$$\gamma =\gamma _0,\phi _1=\nu \tau ,\phi _2=\phi _3=\mathrm{w}\tau ,\psi =\sigma .$$

The equations of motion and the conformal gauge constraint lead to the following relations

$$\omega ^2=\kappa ^2+1,\mathrm{w}^2=\nu ^2+1,\kappa ^2=\nu ^2+2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0+2\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0,$$

and the energy and the 5 conserved charges are given by the same relations as in (2.1),(2.1)

$$=\kappa \mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0=\kappa [1+\frac{1}{2}(\kappa ^22\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\nu ^2)],$$

$$𝒮=\omega \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0=\frac{1}{2}(\kappa ^22\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\nu ^2)\sqrt{\kappa ^2+1},$$

$$𝒥=\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma _0\nu ,𝒥^{}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\mathrm{w}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\sqrt{\nu ^2+1}.$$

One can use these equations to analyse the dependence of the energy on the spins and $`SO(6)`$ charges. In particular, when $`𝒥`$ is very large while the string size is small, one reproduces the corresponding part of the oscillator plane-wave string spectrum (with spin $`𝒮`$ and angular momentum $`𝒥^{}`$ here carried by the semiclassical string instead of being produced by string oscillations as in ).

4.3. Fluctuations and stability of $`S^5`$ solution with $`J=0,J^{}0`$

Let us now discuss the stability of the simplest $`S^5`$ solution with $`𝒥=0`$ and $`𝒥^{}0`$. There are two different cases that should be discussed separately.

$`𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}`$ case

The solution with $`𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}`$ is found by setting $`\nu =0`$ in (4.1),(4.1) (see also (2.1)). Then (see (4.1))

$$\nu =0,\mathrm{w}=1,\kappa ^2=2\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _02,𝒥^{}=\frac{1}{4}\kappa ^2,=\sqrt{4𝒥^{}}.$$

As was already mentioned in section 2 (below (2.1)), this solution is essentially the embedding of the flat space solution into $`S^5`$. However, the fluctuation spectrum will of course be different from the flat space case.

The computation of the quadratic fluctuation action is a repetition of the one done in the $`AdS_5`$ case in section 3.2. We choose the static gauge

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\psi =\sigma $$

and expand the Nambu-Goto action up to the second order in fluctuations. As in the case of point-like string orbiting in $`S^5`$ , the Lagrangian for the $`AdS_5`$ fluctuations will be represented by the 4 massive field contributions13 Expanding near the $`\rho =0`$ point in (3.1) one needs to introduce the 4 cartesian-type coordinates, e.g., writing the $`AdS_5`$ metric as $`ds^2=\frac{(1+{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{4}}\eta ^2)^2}{(1{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{4}}\eta ^2)^2}dt^2+\frac{d\eta _kd\eta _k}{(1{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{4}}\eta ^2)^2}`$.

$$L_{AdS_5}=\frac{1}{2}(_a\stackrel{~}{\eta }_k)^2\frac{1}{2}\kappa ^2\stackrel{~}{\eta }_k^2,k=1,2,3,4.$$

The additional contribution of $`S^5`$ fluctuations is (cf.(3.1))

$$L_{S^5}=\frac{1}{2}(_a\widehat{\phi }_1)^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\stackrel{~}{\gamma })^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\beta )^22\mu _0\alpha \stackrel{~}{\gamma }$$

$$2\sqrt{2}_1\alpha \beta +\mu ^2\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^22\beta ^2,\mu ^22\kappa ^2.$$

Here $`\widehat{\phi }_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\mu \stackrel{~}{\phi }_1`$ and the fields $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are defined as in (3.1)

$$\alpha =\kappa (\stackrel{~}{\phi }_2\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma +\stackrel{~}{\phi }_3\mathrm{sin}^2\sigma ),\beta =\frac{\kappa }{2\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{sin}2\sigma (\stackrel{~}{\phi }_2\stackrel{~}{\phi }_3).$$

This Lagrangian is similar to the one (3.1) for fluctuations around the two-spin solution in $`AdS_5`$. Its $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma },\alpha ,\beta `$ part can be written in the form (3.1) as follows

$$L(\stackrel{~}{\gamma },\alpha ,\beta )=\frac{1}{2}(_0\stackrel{~}{\gamma }+\mu \alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\stackrel{~}{\gamma })^2+\frac{1}{2}(_0\alpha \mu \stackrel{~}{\gamma })^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\alpha +\sqrt{2}\beta )^2$$

$$+\frac{1}{2}(_0\beta )^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\beta \sqrt{2}\alpha )^2+\frac{1}{2}\mu ^2\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^2+\frac{1}{2}(2\mu ^2)\alpha ^2\beta ^2.$$

Note that the sum of squares of masses here vanishes, in agreement with the discussion of fluctuation Lagrangian in conformal gauge in Appendix C.

The Hamiltonian corresponding to (4.1) does not appear to be positive definite, and so the stability of the solution is a priori in question. It is shown in Appendix A that the solution is, in fact, stable if

$$\frac{1}{2}\mu ^22,\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}\mathrm{.\; 0}𝒥^{}\frac{3}{8}.$$

$`𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}`$ case

The solution with $`𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}`$ is found by setting $`\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2}`$. Since $`\mathrm{cos}\gamma _0=0`$, the value of $`\nu `$ in this case is undetermined (cf. (4.1)), and the conformal gauge constraint gives (cf. (4.1),(4.1),(4.1))

$$\kappa ^2=\mathrm{w}^2+12,𝒥^{}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{w},=\kappa ,\mathrm{i}.\mathrm{e}.=\sqrt{(2𝒥^{})^2+1}.$$

The coordinates $`\gamma `$ and $`\phi _1`$ are not suitable for studying fluctuations around $`\gamma =\frac{\pi }{2}`$ (which is a center of the “2-sphere” part $`d\gamma ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma d\phi _1^2`$ of the $`S^5`$ metric (4.1)). Introducing instead the “cartesian-type” coordinates $`X_1,X_2`$ as in (2.1) (which have zero values on the classical solution)

$$Z=X_1+iX_2=\mathrm{cos}\gamma \mathrm{e}^{i\phi _1},$$

we find that the quadratic fluctuation action (obtained in the static gauge $`t=\kappa \tau ,\psi =\sigma `$) is then given by the sum of the $`AdS_5`$ part (4.1) and (we ignore total derivative terms)

$$L_{S^5}=\frac{1}{2}|_aZ|^2\frac{1}{2}(\kappa ^22)|Z|^2+L(\alpha ,\beta ),$$

$$L(\alpha ,\beta )=\frac{1}{2}(_a\alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_a\beta )^22\kappa _1\alpha \beta 2(\kappa ^21)\beta ^2$$

$$=\frac{1}{2}(_0\alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\alpha +\kappa \beta )^2+\frac{1}{2}(_0\beta )^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\beta \kappa \alpha )^2+\frac{1}{2}\kappa ^2\alpha ^2\frac{1}{2}(3\kappa ^24)\beta ^2,$$

where, as in (3.1),(4.1),

$$\alpha =\kappa (\mathrm{cos}^2\sigma \stackrel{~}{\phi }_2+\mathrm{sin}^2\sigma \stackrel{~}{\phi }_3),\beta =\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}2\sigma (\stackrel{~}{\phi }_2\stackrel{~}{\phi }_3).$$

The Lagrangian (4.1) is simpler than (4.1), describing a collection of 2 coupled fields with a constant abelian connection; however, the mass matrix is not $`O(2)`$ invariant, so after the rotation there will be a remaining $`\sigma `$-dependence in the mass matrix. Note that the sum of mass-squared terms for $`S^5`$ fluctuations is equal to $`2(\kappa ^22)\kappa ^2+3\kappa ^24=4(\kappa ^22)`$ in correspondence with the results in the conformal gauge and with the cancellation of divergences between the bosonic and fermionic sectors (see Appendices B and C).

The negative mass term for $`\alpha `$ in (4.1) raises again the question about stability. To analyze the stability of this solution it is sufficient to consider only the $`\alpha ,\beta `$ part (4.1) of the Lagrangian. Following the procedure explained for the $`AdS_5`$ case in Appendix A, i.e. expanding the fluctuations $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ in Fourier series in $`\sigma `$, and then looking for solutions in the form $`\mathrm{e}^{i\omega _n\tau }`$, we find the following frequency spectrum

$$\omega _n^2=n^2+2(\kappa ^21)\pm 2\sqrt{(\kappa ^21)^2+\kappa ^2n^2}.$$

It is clear that the $`\omega _n`$ spectrum is real if

$$[n^2+2(\kappa ^21)]^24[(\kappa ^21)^2+\kappa ^2n^2]=n^2(n^24)0.$$

This condition does not depend on $`\kappa `$ and is not satisfied for the mode with $`n=\pm 1`$.14 The stability is obvious for the $`e^{in\sigma }`$ fluctuation modes with $`n2`$. Indeed, (4.1) can be written as $`L(\alpha ,\beta )=\frac{1}{2}(_0\alpha )^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\alpha +2\kappa \beta )^2+\frac{1}{2}(_0\beta )^2\frac{1}{2}(_1\beta )^2+2\beta ^2`$, and thus the corresponding Hamiltonian is non-negative for the modes with $`n2`$. Let us note also that the problem of analysing the small fluctuation spectrum of this theory is similar to the one of solving string theory in “non-diagonal” (metric and 2-form field) plane-wave background (cf. ).  A possible interpretation of this mode is that in the frame rotating together with the string where string is at rest, it describes the obvious instability of a circular string wound around large circle of $`S^3`$ .15 Such unstable mode would be absent in the $`S^5/Z_2`$ case.

We conclude that the rotating solution with $`J=0`$ is not stable for any value of the angular momentum $`J^{}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$.

As was already mentioned in the introduction, to get a stable solution with large $`J^{}`$ one needs also to switch on a non-zero (and large) value of the angular momentum $`J`$ . If one could ignore the instability, the solution with $`J=0,J^{}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$ would be the most simple and interesting case for the study of the AdS/CFT correspondence in a novel sector of states. One could try to compute the 1-loop string sigma model correction to the classical energy in (4.1) by starting with the sum of the bosonic fluctuation action (4.1) (assuming one could formally omit the unstable mode absent at large $`J`$) and the fermionic action derived in Appendix B. This will be discussed (for the general stable case of $`J,J^{}0`$) in . To estimate this correction at large values of $`𝒥^{}`$ one may note that for large $`\kappa `$ all non-zero masses of the 2-d fields are equal to $`\kappa `$, and thus (see ) the 1-loop correction to the energy should be expected to scale as

$$_1\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{\lambda }}\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}𝒥^{},𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}\kappa 1.$$

That seems to suggest the following interpolation formula for the energy (cf. (4.1))

$$E=2h(\lambda )J^{}+f(\lambda )\frac{\lambda }{4J^{}},J^{}1,$$

$$h(\lambda )_{_{\sqrt{\lambda }1}}=1+\frac{a_1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}+\mathrm{},f(\lambda )_{_{\sqrt{\lambda }1}}=1+\frac{b_1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}+\mathrm{}.$$

In spite of the absence of 2-d supersymmetry in the corresponding quadratic part of GS action, it may actually happen that the coefficients $`a_1`$ and $`b_1`$ vanish, i.e. the first two terms in the energy are not renormalized at the leading order in $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}`$ expansion. That would support the conjecture, prompted by the appearance of the first power of $`\lambda `$ in the calssical expression for $`E`$, that $`E=2J^{}+\frac{\lambda }{4J^{}}+\mathrm{}`$ is actually true also at weak coupling, i.e. is the exact result for the first two terms in the anomalous dimension of the corresponding dual gauge theory operator. We shall discuss this conjecture further in the next section.

5. Towards testing AdS/CFT duality in non-supersymmetric multi-spin sectors

Let us now discuss the gauge-theory operators that should correspond to the string states represented by the classical solutions found above. The eventual aim is to try to compare their anomalous dimensions as functions of spins and R-charges to the semiclassical expressions for the energies found above.

5.1. $`AdS_5`$ rotation case

The semiclassical closed string states found in global coordinates in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ should be dual to SYM states on $`R\times S^3`$. Going through the usual argument of Euclidean continuation and conformal mapping to $`R^4`$ (cf. ) they should correspond to local operators in Euclidean 4-d space. One can then rotate back to Minkowski space, but here we prefer not to do that. The $`SO(4)`$ isometry of $`S^3`$ in $`AdS_5`$ is then becoming the “Lorentz” symmetry of $`R^4`$. Thus the Euclidean gauge theory operators will be classified by its representations, i.e. will be labelled by the values $`(S_1,S_2)`$ of the two $`SO(4)=SU(2)\times SU(2)`$ spins. In addition, they will carry also the three quantum numbers of $`SO(6)`$ R-symmetry group.

Let us first recall the form of the gauge theory operators that are expected to be dual to the single-spin string state in $`AdS_5`$ . If $`\mathrm{\Phi }_M`$ ($`M=1,\mathrm{},6`$) are the adjoint scalars of $`N=4`$ SYM theory and $`D_\mu `$ is the covariant derivative, a representative operator with canonical dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=S+2`$ is the standard gauge-invariant minimal twist operator $`O_{\{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _S\}}=\mathrm{tr}\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_MD_{\{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D_{\mu _S\}}\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right)`$, where $`\{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _S\}`$ denotes symmetrization and subtraction of traces. This operator will in general mix with similar operators obtained by replacing the scalars $`\mathrm{\Phi }_M`$ by the gauge field strength $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ or by the fermions so to find its perturbative anomalous dimension one would need to diagonalise the corresponding anomalous dimension matrix (see, e.g., \[16,,17,,18\] and references there).16 Two-loop anomalous dimensions for some higher spin currents were found in . The equivalent form of the above operator is

$$O_S=\mathrm{tr}\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_MD_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D_{\mu _S}\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right)n^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}n^{\mu _S}=\mathrm{tr}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_M(n^\mu D_\mu )^S\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right],$$

where the multiplication by the product of constant null vector $`n^\mu `$ ($`n^\mu n_\mu =0`$) factors implements the symmetrization and subtraction of traces. In Minkowski $`R^{1,3}`$ theory one may choose $`n^\mu =(1,0,0,1)`$, getting $`O_S=\mathrm{tr}\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_M(D_+)^S\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right)`$, $`D_+=D_0+D_3`$. In the Euclidean version which we use here one is to choose $`n^\mu `$ to be complex, e.g., $`n^\mu =(1,i,0,0)`$, getting

$$O_S=\mathrm{tr}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_M(D_X)^S\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right],D_XD_1+iD_2.$$

It is now clear how to generalize this discussion to the case of operators carrying two spins of $`SO(4)`$: a representative operator will be

$$O_{S_1,S_2}=\mathrm{tr}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_M(D_X)^{S_1}(D_Y)^{S_2}\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right],$$

$$D_XD_1+iD_2,D_YD_3+iD_4,\mathrm{\Delta }_0=S_1+S_2+2.$$

Since the covariant derivatives $`D_X`$ and $`D_Y`$ do not commute, this operator will be mixing, in particular, with various other operators containing permutations of $`S_1`$ derivatives $`D_X`$ and $`S_2`$ derivatives $`D_Y`$ and having the same canonical dimension, e.g.,

$$\mathrm{tr}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_M(D_X)^{k_1}(D_Y)^{m_2}\mathrm{}(D_X)^{k_l}(D_Y)^{m_l}\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right],\underset{i}{}k_i=S_1,\underset{i}{}m_i=S_2.$$

The eigenvector of anomalous dimension matrix is expected to be a particular combination of such operators (in addition to others involving gauge field strength and fermions). An irreducible representation of the rotation group is represented by a particular Young tableau with two rows with $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ as numbers of boxes, i.e. should contain additional antisymmetrizations of $`D_X`$ and $`D_Y`$ factors in (5.1).17 Due to these antisymmetrizations the resulting operators may not be superconformal primary operators.

The equivalent “covariant” form of (5.1) is found by introducing two independent null vectors $`n^\mu `$ and $`m^\nu `$ and generalising (5.1) as follows

$$O_{S_1,S_2}=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{\Phi }_MD_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}D_{\mu _{S_1}}D_{\nu _1}\mathrm{}D_{\nu _{S_2}}\mathrm{\Phi }_M)n^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}n^{\mu _{S_1}}m^{\nu _1}\mathrm{}m^{\nu _{S_2}},n^\mu n_\mu =0,m^\mu m_\mu =0.$$

This operator can be readily extended to the Minkowski version of the theory by choosing, e.g., $`n^\mu =(1,0,0,1)`$ and $`m^\mu =(0,1,i,0)`$ with $`\eta _{\mu \nu }=(1,1,1,1)`$.

As is well known , for $`S_1=S1,S_2=0`$ (or vice versa) the perturbative anomalous dimension of such operators scales as $`\mathrm{ln}S`$, which is the same as the scaling of the energy of the single-spin rotating string solution in $`AdS_5`$; this strongly supports the existence of an interpolation formula $`\mathrm{\Delta }=S+f(\lambda )\mathrm{ln}S`$ between the weak coupling and the strong coupling regions \[2,,4\].

To compare with the string solution found in the present paper where $`S_1=S_2=S1`$ one needs to know the perturbative (one-loop) anomalous dimension of the operators like

$$O_{S,S}=\mathrm{tr}\left[\mathrm{\Phi }_M(D_X)^S(D_Y)^S\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right]+\mathrm{}.$$

where dots stand for appropriate permutations of $`D_X`$ and $`D_Y`$. We are not aware of computations of anomalous dimension of such operators in the literature, and here can only speculate about possible interpolation formula for $`\mathrm{\Delta }(S)`$ in this case (see also section 3.2). Assuming one can trust the expression (3.1) for the energy for large $`𝒮=\frac{S}{\sqrt{\lambda }}`$ (in spite of instability of the solution for large $`𝒮`$) one would expect to find the order $`S^{1/3}`$ correction in the anomalous dimension replacing the familiar $`\mathrm{ln}S`$ correction for the single-spin operators (5.1). However, it seems hard to imagine how such fractional-power term could appear in the 1-loop SYM computation for the anomalous dimension of (5.1). We suspect that the interpolation formula (3.1),(3.1) may be a more plausible alternative, implying that at large $`S`$ but small $`\lambda `$ (with $`\lambda S1`$) one should expect to find the anomalous dimension of (5.1) going as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=2k(\lambda )S+\mathrm{},k(\lambda )=1+a_1\lambda +a_2\lambda ^2+\mathrm{}.$$

It would be very interesting to check this by direct perturbative computations on the gauge theory side.

5.2. $`S^5`$ rotation case

The construction of operators that carry several $`SO(6)`$ “spins” and thus should be dual to the string states represented by the solutions in section 4 describing closed strings rotating in $`S^5`$ is somewhat similar. Let us introduce the notation for the three complex scalars of $`N=4`$ SYM theory (cf. (2.1))

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_Z=\mathrm{\Phi }_1+i\mathrm{\Phi }_2,\mathrm{\Phi }_X=\mathrm{\Phi }_3+i\mathrm{\Phi }_4,\mathrm{\Phi }_Y=\mathrm{\Phi }_5+i\mathrm{\Phi }_6.$$

Among the operators with the minimal canonical dimension for given $`(J_1,J_2,J_3)`$ values of $`SO(6)`$ charges there are operators with holomorphic dependence of the three complex scalars:

$$O_{J_1,J_2,J_3}=\mathrm{tr}[(\mathrm{\Phi }_Z)^{J_1}(\mathrm{\Phi }_X)^{J_2}(\mathrm{\Phi }_Y)^{J_3}]+\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_0=J_1+J_2+J_3,$$

where dots stand for permutations of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_X,\mathrm{\Phi }_Y,\mathrm{\Phi }_Z`$ factors needed to form an irreducible representation of $`SO(6)`$ that is expected to be an eigenvector of the anomalous dimension matrix. The 1-loop anomalous dimension matrix for generic scalar operators of the form

$$𝒪_{M_1\mathrm{}.M_j}=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{M_1}\mathrm{}.\mathrm{\Phi }_{M_j})$$

was computed in \[9,,10\]. Taking its symmetric traceless part (i.e. multiplying (5.1) by a null vector, e.g., $`n^M=(1,i,0,0,0,0)`$) one finds a chiral primary operator whose dimension is protected. This case is equivalent to (5.1) with $`J_1=J`$ and $`J_2=J_3=0`$, i.e. $`O_{J,0,0}=\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{\Phi }_Z)^J`$, which is dual to the ground state of the string theory expanded near the point-like string orbiting in $`S^5`$ .18 We are considering only single-trace operators as seems appropriate for the elementary string state – gauge theory operator correspondence in the large $`N`$ limit. Note that there exist also multi-trace operators which may carry the same quantum numbers and may be 1/4 or 1/8 BPS (see, e.g.,  and refs. there).

The operator that should be dual to the string solution with $`J_1=J,J_2=J_3=J^{}`$ found above should then be

$$O_{J,J^{},J^{}}=\mathrm{tr}[(\mathrm{\Phi }_Z)^J(\mathrm{\Phi }_X)^J^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }_Y)^J^{}]+\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Delta }_0=J+2J^{}.$$

This operator belongs to the irreducible representation of $`SU(4)`$ with Young tableau labels $`(J,J^{},J^{})`$ or with Dynkin labels $`[0,JJ^{},2J^{}]`$ (see Appendix D)19 We are grateful to M. Staudacher and N. Beisert for correcting a mistake in this identification in the original version of this paper. if $`JJ^{}`$, and to the representation $`(J^{},J^{},J)=[J^{}J,0,J^{}+J]`$ if $`J^{}J`$, and does not seem to be a superconformal primary operator. For example, it is known that the operator with $`J=0,J^{}=2`$ is a superconformal descendant of the Konishi operator $`K=\mathrm{tr}\left(\mathrm{\Phi }_M\mathrm{\Phi }_M\right)`$. In the near-BPS limit $`JJ^{}`$ the operators of the form (5.1) are examples of the BMN operators  with a small number of impurities, and one can, in principle, make detailed comparison between semiclassical predictions (4.1) and the perturbative results of  and \[9,,10\]. If $`J^{}`$ is comparable to or much larger than $`J`$, we are very far from the BPS operator $`\mathrm{tr}(\mathrm{\Phi }_Z)^J`$, and the conformal dimensions of the operators cannot be computed from the plane-wave string spectrum.

The semiclassical results obtained in section 4 are the only source of nonperturbative predictions for the dimensions of these operators. Let us stress again that among a large number of operators in these representations only the one with the lowest conformal dimension should be dual to the string solution we found. It is also interesting to point out that one and the same formula (4.1) should be giving the conformal dimensions of the operators from the two different ($`[0,JJ^{},2J^{}]`$ or $`[J^{}J,0,J^{}+J]`$) representations. This should be true not only in the large $`\lambda `$ limit but also in the weak-coupling perturbation theory.

As discussed in section 4.3, the simplest novel case for a non-trivial check of the AdS/CFT duality in a non-supersymmetric sector is when the circular string orbiting in $`S^5`$ has maximal size, i.e. has $`J=0`$, $`J^{}\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\lambda }`$. The exact expression for its classical energy given in (2.1),(4.1) is $`E=\sqrt{(2J^{})^2+\lambda }`$. Provided the instability of this solution could be ignored (e.g., by embedding it into a class of stable solutions with $`J0`$) for large $`𝒥^{}=\frac{J^{}}{\sqrt{\lambda }}`$ the expression for the energy $`E(J^{})`$ gives the following prediction for the strong-coupling behaviour of the anomalous dimension of the corresponding operator

$$O_{0,J^{},J^{}}=\mathrm{tr}[(\mathrm{\Phi }_X)^J^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }_Y)^J^{}]+\mathrm{},$$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=2J^{}+\frac{\lambda }{4J^{}}+\mathrm{},J^{}\sqrt{\lambda }1.$$

As was already discussed in section 4.3, our conjecture is that this expression is actually valid also at weak  coupling, i.e. the first two terms in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ are not renormalized.

One can check this against the results of  applied to the operators transforming in the $`[J^{},0,J^{}]`$ representation for $`J^{}=4`$ and $`J^{}=5`$. At $`J^{}=4`$ one finds that the lowest anomalous dimension of the operators in $`[4,0,4]`$ is $`\gamma =0.0411\lambda `$ while eq.(5.1) predicts the anomalous dimension to be $`\gamma =0.0625\lambda `$, i.e. the deviation is about 34%.20 Diagonalizing the matrix of anomalous dimensions from \[9,,10\] one finds also an operator with much closer value $`\gamma 0.0619\lambda `$, but comparison with the results of  shows that it belongs to  representation. We are grateful to G. Arutyunov and J. Minahan for explanations related to this point. However, at $`J^{}=5`$ one gets the lowest anomalous dimension to be $`g=0.042\lambda `$ while eq.(5.1) predicts $`\gamma =0.05\lambda `$, i.e. the deviation in this case is just 16%. It would be useful to compute one-loop anomalous dimensions of the $`[J^{},0,J^{}]`$ operators for $`J^{}=6`$ to see if the agreement with eq.(5.1) is really getting better at large $`J^{}`$.

Since it is sufficient to consider the operators with holomorphic dependence on the fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_X`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_Y`$, the Hamiltonian of the integrable $`SO(6)`$ spin chain considered in  reduces to the Hamiltonian of the simplest XXX1/2 spin model . It would be very interesting to find the corresponding one-loop anomalous dimension and the explicit form of the associated operator (5.1) in the large $`J^{}`$ limit by utilizing this connection to the XXX1/2 model.

6. Concluding remarks

There are various generalizations of the $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ solutions we have found. For example, the special $`S^5`$ solution considered in section 4.3 with maximal size of the string ($`\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2}`$) is also a solution of string theory on $`R_t\times S^3`$:

$$ds^2=dt^2+d\psi ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\psi d\phi _2^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\psi d\phi _3^2,$$

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\psi =\sigma ,\phi _2=\phi _3=\mathrm{w}\tau ,\kappa ^2=\mathrm{w}^2+1.$$

It is plausible, therefore, that it can be embedded into various other spaces containing $`S^3`$ factors, in particular into $`AdS_5\times T^{1,1}`$ space related via AdS/CFT to an $`N=2`$ superconformal theory .

Similarly, analogs of $`AdS_5`$ two-spin solution of section 3 exist for a more general class of 5-d (or higher-dimensional) metrics with $`SO(4)`$ isometry, e.g., $`ds^2=g(\rho )dt^2+d\rho ^2+h(\rho )d\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$. As in the $`AdS_5`$ case, the two equal rotations in $`S^3`$ allow one to stabilize a circular string at a fixed value of $`\rho =\rho _0`$ (stability under small fluctuations will depend on the explicit form of $`g(\rho )`$ and $`h(\rho )`$ and on the value of the spin). In particular, such solution will exist for an $`AdS`$ black hole metric.21 Single-spin solutions in this and similar “non-conformal” cases were discussed in \[3,,24\].

There are several directions in which the present work needs to be completed or extended. In  we shall study the $`S^5`$ solution with $`J0,J^{}0`$ in detail, identifying the range of its stability, and computing the 1-loop superstring sigma model correction to the classical energy. One should then be able to compare the string results (e.g., for $`JJ^{}`$) to the perturbative results for anomalous dimensions of the corresponding gauge theory operators. It would be very interesting also to compute the leading-order perturbative contributions to the anomalous dimensions of the operators discussed in section 5. This applies, in particular, to the operator (5.1) whose dimension should be possible to find using the integrable-model connection suggested in .

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to G. Arutyunov, N. Beisert, R. Metsaev, J. Minahan, M. Staudacher and K. Zarembo for useful discussions and comments. This work was supported by the DOE grant DE-FG02-91ER40690. The work of A.T. was also supported in part by the PPARC SPG 00613 and INTAS 99-1590 grants and the Royal Society Wolfson award.

Appendix A. Stability analysis

Here we analyze the stability of the $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ two-spin solutions discussed above under small perturbations.

A.1. Stability of the two-spin $`AdS_5`$ solution

The equations of motion for fluctuations that follow from (3.1) are

$$\ddot{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{\prime \prime }2(2+\kappa ^2)\stackrel{~}{\rho }2\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}\dot{\alpha }=0,$$

$$\ddot{\alpha }\alpha ^{\prime \prime }2\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}\beta ^{}+2\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}\dot{\stackrel{~}{\rho }}=0,$$

$$\ddot{\beta }\beta ^{\prime \prime }+4(1+\kappa ^2)\beta +2\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}\alpha ^{}=0.$$

To solve the system (A.1)–(A.1) of linear differential equations we expand the fluctuations in Fourier series in $`\sigma `$

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho }=\underset{n}{}\rho _n(\tau )\mathrm{e}^{in\sigma },\alpha =\underset{n}{}\alpha _n(\tau )\mathrm{e}^{in\sigma },\beta =\underset{n}{}\beta _n(\tau )\mathrm{e}^{in\sigma }.$$

Then we get the following system of equations for the $`n`$-th modes of the fluctuations

$$\ddot{\rho _n}+n^2\rho _n2(2+\kappa ^2)\rho _n2\dot{\alpha _n}\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}=0,$$

$$\ddot{\alpha _n}+n^2\alpha _n+2\dot{\rho _n}\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}2in\beta _n\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}=0,$$

$$\ddot{\beta _n}+n^2\beta _n+4(1+\kappa ^2)\beta _n+2in\alpha _n\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}=0.$$

We start the analysis of the system (A.1)-(A.1) by looking for solutions of the form

$$\rho _n(\tau )=C_n^\rho \mathrm{e}^{i\omega _n\tau },\alpha _n(\tau )=C_n^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{i\omega _n\tau },\beta _n(\tau )=C_n^\beta \mathrm{e}^{i\omega _n\tau }.$$

The stability of the two-spin string solution requires the frequencies $`\omega _n`$ to be real. Substituting (A.1) into (A.1),(A.1),(A.1) we get

$$[n^22(2+\kappa ^2)\omega _n^2]C_n^\rho 2i\omega _n\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}C_n^\alpha =0,$$

$$(n^2\omega _n^2)C_n^\alpha +2i\omega _n\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}C_n^\rho 2in\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}C_n^\beta =0,$$

$$[n^2+4(1+\kappa ^2)\omega _n^2]C_n^\beta +2in\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}C_n^\alpha =0.$$

This is a system of linear equations for the coefficients $`C_n^\rho ,C_n^\alpha ,C_n^\beta `$ which can be written in the form $`A_{ij}C^j=0`$; it has nontrivial solutions only for such values of $`\omega _n`$ for which the determinant of the matrix $`A_{ij}`$ vanishes. This gives the equation for $`\omega _n`$:

$$f_n(z)=0,z\omega _n^2,$$

$$f_n(z)z^3(8+10\kappa ^2+3n^2)z^2+(16+40\kappa ^2+24\kappa ^4+8\kappa ^2n^2+3n^4)zn^2(n^24)(n^242\kappa ^2).$$

We need to find the values of $`\kappa `$ such that all roots of this cubic equation are positive. It is not difficult to show that the two extrema $`z_{}`$ and $`z_+`$ ($`z_{}<z_+`$) of $`f_n(z)`$ are positive, and $`f_n(z_{})>0`$ and $`f_n(z_+)<0`$. Therefore, all roots are positive if

$$f_n(0)=n^2(n^24)(n^242\kappa ^2)0.$$

We see that $`f_0(0)=f_2(0)=0`$, $`f_1(0)<0`$ and $`f_3(0)=45(52\kappa ^2)`$. From the expression for $`f_3(0)`$ we conclude that the solution is stable only if

$$\kappa ^2\frac{5}{2}.$$

We also see that for $`n=0`$ and $`n=2`$ the determinant of the matrix $`A_{ij}`$ in (A.1) vanishes at $`\omega _n=0`$. That means that for these modes there is a solution of the form

$$\rho _n(\tau )=\stackrel{~}{C}_n^\rho \tau +C_n^\rho ,\alpha _n(\tau )=\stackrel{~}{C}_n^\alpha \tau +C_n^\alpha ,\beta _n(\tau )=\stackrel{~}{C}_n^\beta \tau +C_n^\beta .$$

Substituting (A.1) into the equations of motion (A.1), (A.1) and (A.1), one can easily find the corresponding solutions for $`n=0`$ and $`n=2`$

$$\rho _0(\tau )=C_0^\rho ,\alpha _0(\tau )=\frac{2+\kappa ^2}{\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}}C_0^\rho \tau +C_0^\alpha ,\beta _0(\tau )=0,$$

$$\rho _2(\tau )=C_2^\rho ,\alpha _2(\tau )=\frac{\kappa ^2}{\sqrt{2(1+\kappa ^2)}}C_0^\rho \tau +C_2^\alpha ,\beta _2(\tau )=\frac{i}{\sqrt{2+\kappa ^2}}\alpha _2(\tau ).$$

Since the fluctuation $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ corresponding to (A.1),(A.1) does not depend on $`\tau `$, such solutions do not lead to instability of the two-spin string solution. In fact, both solutions (A.1) and (A.1) have simple interpretation. The $`n=0`$ solution reflects the fact that the radius $`\rho _0`$ (or $`\kappa `$) of the two-spin string solution (3.1)–(3.1) is a free parameter. This parameter can be changed, and this leads to the existence of the zero mode in the spectrum of fluctuations. The $`n=2`$ solution appears because the two-spin string solution was found only for equal frequencies. We expect that the general solution will depend on the two independent frequencies, and, therefore, on the two parameters; the existence of the zero mode fluctuation with $`n=2`$ is related to this (cf. (3.1)).

A.2. Stability of the two-spin $`S^5`$ solution

The analysis of stability in the $`S^5`$ case follows closely the procedure explained above in the $`AdS_5`$ case. Here we shall consider explicitly only the case of the solution with $`J=0`$ and $`𝒥^{}\frac{1}{2}`$ discussed in section 4.3. The equations of motion for fluctuations that follow from (4.1) are

$$\ddot{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^{\prime \prime }2\mu ^2\stackrel{~}{\gamma }+2\mu \dot{\alpha }=0,$$

$$\ddot{\alpha }\alpha ^{\prime \prime }2\sqrt{2}\beta ^{}2\mu \dot{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}=0,$$

$$\ddot{\beta }\beta ^{\prime \prime }+4\beta +2\sqrt{2}\alpha ^{}=0.$$

Expanding the fluctuations $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }`$, $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ in Fourier series in $`\sigma `$, and then looking for solutions in the form $`\mathrm{e}^{i\omega _n\tau }`$, we find the following equation for the frequency spectrum ($`\mu ^22\kappa ^2`$)

$$f_n(z)=0,z\omega _n^2,$$

$$f_n(z)z^3(4+2\mu ^2+3n^2)z^2+(8\mu ^2+3n^4)zn^2(n^24)(n^22\mu ^2).$$

Just as in the $`AdS_5`$ case, the two extrema $`z_{}<z_+`$ of $`f_n(z)`$ are positive, with $`f_n(z_{})>0`$ and $`f_n(z_+)<0`$. Therefore, all roots are positive if

$$f_n(0)=n^2(n^24)(n^22\mu ^2)0.$$

Since $`\mu ^22`$, the solution is stable only if $`f_1(0)=3(12\mu ^2)0`$, i.e. if

$$\frac{1}{2}\mu ^22.$$

Appendix B. Quadratic fermionic part of the superstring action

The quadratic part of the $`AdS_5\times S^5`$Green-Schwarz superstring action  expanded near a particular bosonic string solution can be found as described, e.g., in \[26,,12\] and used in a similar context in . Assuming the induced metric is flat, the relevant part of the fermionic action is

$$L_F=i(\eta ^{ab}\delta ^{IJ}ϵ^{ab}s^{IJ})\overline{\theta }^I\varrho _aD_b\theta ^J,\varrho _a\mathrm{\Gamma }_Ae_a^A,e_a^A=E_M^A_aX^M,$$

where $`I,J=1,2`$, $`s^{IJ}=`$diag(1,-1), and $`\varrho _a`$ are projections of the 10-d Dirac matrices. Here $`X^M`$ are the string coordinates (given functions of $`\tau `$ and $`\sigma `$ for a particular classical solution) corresponding to the $`AdS_5`$ ($`M=0,1,2,3,4`$) and $`S^5`$ ($`M=5,6,7,8,9`$) factors. The covariant derivative $`D_a`$ can be put into the following form

$$D_a\theta ^I=(\delta ^{IJ}\mathrm{D}_a\frac{i}{2}ϵ^{IJ}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\varrho _a)\theta ^J,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{01234},\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^2=1,$$

where

$$\mathrm{D}_a=_a+\frac{1}{4}\omega _a^{AB}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB},\omega _a^{AB}_aX^M\omega _M^{AB},$$

and the “mass term” originates from the R-R 5-form coupling .

B.1. $`AdS_5`$ case

In the case of the $`AdS_5`$ two-spin solution (4.1) the 2-d projections of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-matrices that enter the fermionic action are (the indices $`A=0,1,2,3,4`$ here will label the $`t,\rho ,\theta ,\varphi ,\phi `$ directions in the tangent space):

$$\varrho _0=\kappa \mathrm{cosh}\rho _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_0+\omega \mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_4,\varrho _1=\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_2,\varrho _{(a}\varrho _{b)}=\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0\eta _{ab},$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_3\mathrm{cos}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_3\mathrm{sin}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_4,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_4\mathrm{cos}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_4+\mathrm{sin}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_3.$$

The projected Lorentz connection $`\omega _a^{AB}=_aX^M\omega _M^{AB}`$ has the following components

$$\omega _0^{01}=\kappa \mathrm{sinh}\rho _0,\omega _0^{31}=\omega \mathrm{cosh}\rho _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma ,\omega _0^{41}=\omega \mathrm{cosh}\rho _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma ,$$

$$\omega _0^{32}=\omega \mathrm{cos}\sigma ,\omega _0^{42}=\omega \mathrm{sin}\sigma ,\omega _1^{21}=\mathrm{cosh}\rho _0.$$

Then

$$\mathrm{D}_0=_0+\frac{1}{2}(\kappa \mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_0+\omega \mathrm{cosh}\rho _0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_4)\mathrm{\Gamma }_1+\frac{1}{2}\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }_2\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_3,\mathrm{D}_1=_1\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{cosh}\rho _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\mathrm{\Gamma }_2.$$

After the $`\sigma `$-dependent rotation of $`\theta ^I`$ in the 34-plane, $`\theta ^I\mathrm{\Psi }^I=S^1\theta ^I,S=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_3\mathrm{\Gamma }_4)`$, we find $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{3,4}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{3,4}`$ in (B.1) and (B.1), at the expense of getting an additional constant $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_3\mathrm{\Gamma }_4`$ term in D1. This eliminates the $`\sigma `$-dependence from the fermionic action. Note that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ is invariant under this rotation.

To interpret the resulting fermionic action as a collection of massive 2-d fermions with standard kinetic terms it is useful to make as in  a further “rotation” (Lorentz boost) in the 04-plane, with $`S=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_0\mathrm{\Gamma }_4)`$, where $`\mathrm{cosh}\alpha =\kappa \mathrm{cosh}\rho _0`$. Then we get $`\varrho _a=\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\tau _a,\tau _a=(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0,\mathrm{\Gamma }_2),\tau _{(a}\tau _{b)}=\eta _{ab}`$. There is the corresponding change in Da while $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ remains invariant. Fixing the kappa-symmetry gauge by $`\mathrm{\Psi }^1=\mathrm{\Psi }^2`$ and rescaling the fermions by $`\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0`$ we can interpret the resulting action

$$L_F=2i\left(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\tau ^a\mathrm{D}_a\mathrm{\Psi }+i\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}M\mathrm{\Psi }\right),$$

$$M=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0ϵ^{ab}\tau _a\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\tau _b=im__F\mathrm{\Gamma }_{134},m__F=\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\kappa $$

as describing a collection of 2-d massive Majorana fermions on a flat 2-d background coupled to a constant non-abelian 2-d gauge field (represented by constant Lorentz connection $`\omega _a^{AB}`$ terms). Indeed, in the representation for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2`$ are 2-d Dirac matrices times a unit $`8\times 8`$ matrix we get as in  4+4 species of 2-d Majorana fermions with masses $`\pm m__F`$.

We will not go into a detailed analysis of this action here and just mention that, as expected on the general grounds of conformal invariance of the $`AdS_5\times S^5`$string action , the fermionic contribution to the divergent part of the 1-loop effective action (which is proportional to the sum of mass-squared terms, i.e. $`8\times \frac{\kappa ^2}{2}`$) cancels the logarithmic divergence coming from the bosonic fluctuation action (3.1) (connection terms in both the bosonic and fermionic actions do not contribute to logarithmic divergences in 2 dimensions).

B.2. $`S^5`$ case

In the case of the $`S^5`$ solution (4.1) we shall label the tangent space coordinates by $`A=0,5,6,7,8,9`$ corresponding to the $`t`$ direction of $`AdS_5`$ and $`\gamma ,\phi _1,\psi ,\phi _2,\phi _3`$ directions of $`S^5`$. Then

$$\varrho _0=\kappa \mathrm{\Gamma }_0+\nu \mathrm{cos}\gamma _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_6+\mathrm{w}\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_8,\varrho _1=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_7,\varrho _{(a}\varrho _{b)}=\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\eta _{ab},$$

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_8\mathrm{cos}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_8+\mathrm{sin}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_9,\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_9\mathrm{cos}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_9\mathrm{sin}\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_8.$$

The projected Lorentz connection has the following non-zero components

$$\omega _0^{65}=\nu \mathrm{sin}\gamma _0,\omega _0^{85}=\mathrm{w}\mathrm{cos}\gamma _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma ,\omega _0^{95}=\mathrm{w}\mathrm{cos}\gamma _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma ,$$

$$\omega _0^{87}=\mathrm{w}\mathrm{sin}\sigma ,\omega _0^{97}=\mathrm{w}\mathrm{cos}\sigma ,\omega _1^{75}=\mathrm{cos}\gamma _0.$$

As above, we first do local Lorentz rotation in the 89-plane to eliminate the $`\sigma `$-dependence; as a result, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{8,9}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{8,9}`$. Then (for generic $`\nu `$ and $`\gamma _0`$) we need to do two rotations – in the 68 and 06 planes – to put $`\varrho _0`$ into the form $`\varrho _0=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. After the rotation in the 68-plane (under which $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ in (B.1) is invariant) we get $`\varrho _0=\kappa \mathrm{\Gamma }_0+a\mathrm{\Gamma }_6,a^2=\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma _0+\mathrm{w}^2\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0=\nu ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0`$. Under the boost in the 06-plane $`S=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_0\mathrm{\Gamma }_6)`$, where $`\mathrm{cosh}\beta =\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0}`$, the expression for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}`$ becomes

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{}=S^1\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}S=i(\mathrm{cosh}\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_0\mathrm{sinh}\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_6)\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1234}.$$

Then fixing the kappa-symmetry gauge by $`\mathrm{\Psi }^1=\mathrm{\Psi }^2`$ and rescaling the fermions by $`\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0`$ we finish with the same action as in (B.1) with $`\tau _a=(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0,\mathrm{\Gamma }_7)`$ and

$$M=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0ϵ^{ab}\tau _a\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{}\tau _b=im__F\mathrm{\Gamma }_{07}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{12346},m__F=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{sinh}\beta =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{\kappa ^2+\nu ^2}.$$

The contribution to the divergences is then proportional to $`8\times \frac{1}{2}(\kappa ^2+\nu ^2)=4\kappa ^2+4\nu ^2`$ which is indeed the same as coming from the bosonic sector (see also Appendix C).

The same result is found also in the special cases discussed in section 4.3. When $`\nu =0`$ (see (4.1)) we have $`\varrho _0=\kappa \mathrm{\Gamma }_0+\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_8,\varrho _1=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{\Gamma }_7,\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0=\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}`$. Here we need a boost in 08-plane with parameter $`\mathrm{cosh}\beta =\sqrt{2}`$ to get $`\varrho _a=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\tau _a`$. Then $`m__F`$ is the same as in (B.1). When $`\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2}`$, $`\mathrm{w}^2=\kappa ^21`$ (see (4.1))22 Note that for $`\mathrm{cos}\gamma _0=0`$ the connection (B.1) simplifies substantially. we get $`\varrho _0=\kappa \mathrm{\Gamma }_0+\mathrm{w}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_8,\varrho _1=\mathrm{\Gamma }_7`$ and thus the required 08-boost parameter has $`\mathrm{cosh}\beta =\kappa `$. That gives

$$\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2}:M=im__F\mathrm{\Gamma }_{07}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{12348},m__F=\mathrm{sinh}\beta =\sqrt{\kappa ^21}.$$

Note that the fermionic and bosonic masses are different, reflecting the absence of the 2-d supersymmetry. The fermionic contribution to the logarithmic divergence is proportional to $`8\times (\kappa ^21)=4\kappa ^2+4(\kappa ^22)`$ which indeed cancels the contribution from the bosonic fluctuations: 4 massive $`AdS_5`$ fields (4.1) and 4 massive $`S^5`$ fields in (4.1).

Appendix C. Bosonic fluctuation action in conformal gauge

In discussing fluctuation actions in the main part of the paper we used the static gauge. Let us note for completeness that similar conclusions can be reached also if one uses the conformal gauge (see, e.g., \[12,,4\]). Let us recall that the general form of the quadratic fluctuation action for a sigma model in the conformal gauge written in terms of tangent-space fluctuations ($`X^MX^M+\zeta ^M,`$ $`\zeta ^A=E_M^A(X)\zeta ^M`$) is

$$I_B^{(2)}=\frac{1}{2}d^2\xi \left(\sqrt{g}g^{ab}\mathrm{D}_a\zeta ^A\mathrm{D}_b\zeta ^B\eta _{AB}+M_{AB}z^Az^B\right),$$

$$M_{AB}=\sqrt{g}g^{ab}e_a^Ce_b^DR_{ACBD},e_a^A_aX^ME_M^A(X),g_{ab}=e_a^Ae_b^B\eta _{AB},$$

where D$`{}_{a}{}^{}\zeta _{}^{A}=_a\zeta ^A+\omega _a^{AB}(X)\zeta ^B`$ with the same projected Lorentz connection as in (B.1). For the $`AdS_5`$ part the curvature is $`R_{ACBD}=\eta _{AB}\eta _{CD}+\eta _{AD}\eta _{CB}`$ while for the $`S^5`$ part it has the opposite sign, $`R_{ACBD}=\delta _{AB}\delta _{CD}\delta _{AD}\delta _{CB}`$. If the induced metric is flat (as in all examples discussed in the present paper), the divergent part of the 1-loop action is determined simply by the trace of $`M_{AB}`$ and should be the same as found in the static gauge, cf. .

Let list the expression for the mass matrix in (C.1) for the solutions discussed above (the expressions for the corresponding connections can be found in Appendix B). In the $`AdS_5`$ case (4.1) one gets:

$$e_0^0=\kappa \mathrm{cosh}\rho _0,e_1^2=\mathrm{sinh}\rho _0,e_0^2=\omega \mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma ,$$

$$e_0^3=\omega \mathrm{sinh}\rho _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma ,g_{ab}=\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0\eta _{ab},$$

so that $`\eta _{AB}M^{AB}=M_{AdS_5}^2`$,

$$M_{AdS_5}^2=4\eta ^{ab}e_a^Ce_b^D\eta _{CD}=4(\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0\omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho _0)=4\kappa ^2.$$

This gives the same contribution to divergences as coming from the fermions (cf. (B.1)).

For the $`S^5`$ solution (4.1) one has both the $`AdS_5`$ and $`S^5`$ fluctuations, and

$$e_0^0=\kappa ,e_0^6=\nu \mathrm{cos}\gamma _0,e_1^7=\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0,$$

$$e_0^8=\mathrm{w}\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{cos}\sigma ,e_0^9=\mathrm{w}\mathrm{sin}\gamma _0\mathrm{sin}\sigma ,g_{ab}=\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\eta _{ab},$$

so that here

$$\eta _{AB}M^{AB}=M_{AdS_5}^2+M_{S^5}^2,M_{AdS_5}^2=4\eta ^{ab}e_a^Ce_b^D\eta _{CD}=4\kappa ^2,$$

$$M_{S_5}^2=4\eta ^{ab}e_a^Ce_b^D\delta _{CD}=4(\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma _0\mathrm{w}^2\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma _0)=4\nu ^2.$$

This is in agreement with the static gauge result (4.1) for $`\nu =0`$ and is the same as the divergent contribution coming from the fermionic sector with mass matrix (B.1).

In the special case $`\gamma _0=\frac{\pi }{2},\mathrm{w}^2=\kappa ^21`$ we get instead

$$M_{S_5}^2=4(\kappa ^22),$$

which is also in agreement with the static gauge result (4.1) and again cancels the divergences coming from the fermionic sector (4.1).

Appendix D. Dynkin labels and Young tableau labels of $`SU(4)`$ irreps

In this Appendix we recall (see, e.g., ) how the Dynkin labels of representations of the algebra $`so(6)`$ or, equivalently, of $`su(4)`$, are expressed in terms of the Young labels (numbers of boxes in raws of a Young tableau). Recall that the generators $`J_1=J_{12},J_2=J_{34},J_3=J_{56}`$ form a basis of Cartan generators of $`so(6)`$. The simple roots can be chosen as

$$\alpha _1^{so(6)}=e_1e_2=\{1,1,0\},\alpha _2^{so(6)}=e_2e_3=\{0,1,1\},\alpha _3^{so(6)}=e_2+e_3=\{0,1,1\}.$$

Since $`\alpha _2^{so(6)}\alpha _1^{so(6)}=\alpha _1^{so(6)}\alpha _3^{so(6)}=1`$ and $`(\alpha _a^{so(6)})^2=2`$ the root system is equivalent to the $`su(4)`$ root system with the following identification of the simple roots

$$\alpha _1^{su(4)}=\alpha _2^{so(6)},\alpha _2^{su(4)}=\alpha _1^{so(6)},\alpha _3^{su(4)}=\alpha _3^{so(6)},$$

i.e. the two algebras are isomorphic.

An irreducible representation of $`su(4)`$ can be labelled by the eigenvalues of the Cartan generators $`J_i`$ on the highest weight vector:

$$J_i|j_1,j_2,j_3=j_i|j_1,j_2,j_3,j_1j_2j_30,$$

where $`j_i`$ is the number of boxes in the $`i`$-th row of the Young tableau associated with the representation which can then be denoted as $`(j_1,j_2,j_3)`$. The same representation can be also labeled by the Dynkin labels $`d_a`$ that are related to the Young labels $`j_i`$ as follows:

$$j=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}d_a\lambda _a,j\{j_1,j_2,j_3\},$$

where $`\lambda _a`$ are the fundamental weights defined by

$$\frac{2\lambda _a\alpha _b}{\alpha _b^2}=\lambda _a\alpha _b=\delta _{ab}.$$

By using (D.1) and (D.1), we can easily solve (D.1) to get

$$\lambda _1=\{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}\},\lambda _2=\{1,0,0\},\lambda _3=\{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}\}.$$

Then from (D.1) and (D.1) we find

$$j_1=\frac{1}{2}(d_1+2d_2+d_3),j_2=\frac{1}{2}(d_1+d_3),j_3=\frac{1}{2}(d_1+d_3).$$

Solving the system, we get the relation between the Dynkin labels and the Young labels

$$d_1=j_2j_3,d_2=j_1j_2,d_3=j_2+j_3.$$

The Dynkin labels have to be non-negative. The representation associated with the Dynkin labels $`d_i`$ is denoted as $`[d_1,d_2,d_3]`$.

Coming back to the string solution (2.1), we see that if $`JJ^{}`$ then the representation is $`(J,J^{},J^{})`$ or $`[0,JJ^{},2J^{}]`$. If $`J^{}J`$ the representation is $`(J^{},J^{},J)`$ or $`[J^{}J,0,J^{}+J]`$. Note that in the last case we also have to rearrange the Cartan generators in such an order that $`j_1j_2j_30`$.

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