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# Contents

## 1 Introduction

Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime has a natural boundary which, under the Poincaré patch, is a Minkowski spacetime. This provides a simple but non-trivial example with which the holographic principle can be tested through the AdS/CFT correspondence . Since AdS spacetime can exist in higher-dimensions ($`D_{\mathrm{max}}=7`$ in supergravities), it is worth studying the possibility of spontaneous compactification of the AdS boundary. Any Ricci-flat perturbation on the boundary is consistent with the equations of motion of pure Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant. It is of interest to obtain solutions in gauged supergravities whose asymptotic geometry is described by the metric

$$d\widehat{s}_D^2=e^{2kz}ds_{D1}^2+dz^2,$$
(1.1)
where the metric $`ds_{D1}^2`$ is not Ricci-flat. This metric cannot be Einstein for general $`z`$, since the corresponding Ricci-tensor is given by

$`\widehat{R}_{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2kz}R_{ab}(D1)k^2\eta _{ab}`$
$`\widehat{R}_{zz}`$ $`=`$ $`(D1)k^2.`$ (1.2)
However, at the boundary with $`z\mathrm{}`$, the spacetime is Einstein even for non-vanishing $`R_{ab}`$, provided that it is smooth. In this paper, we consider boundary metrics of the type

$$ds_{D1}^2=dx^\mu dx_\mu +\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2,$$
(1.3)
where $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ is the metric of a two-sphere $`S^2`$, hyperbolic two-plane $`H^2`$ or two-torus $`T^2`$. We will refer to the metric (1.1), with the boundary given by (1.3), as the AdS-type metric.

Brane solutions whose boundary metric is given by (1.3) have been studied in various dimensions . They are all supported by a set of 2-form field strengths, which are proportional to the volume of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$, together with a set of scalars and a superpotential. Thus, these solutions can be viewed as the magnetic duals of the AdS black hole solutions obtained in . Smooth and supersymmetric solutions of this type have hitherto been limited to $`H^2`$, with the exception of a smeared NS5-brane on $`S^2`$ .

The case of $`S^2`$, with the radius given by $`\lambda ^1`$, provides a simple procedure for wrapping extra dimensions. This enables one to make contact between $`D`$-dimensional gauged supergravities and $`(D3)`$-dimensional quantum field theories. In fact, investigations into the possibility that our $`D=4`$ world arises as a spontaneous compactification of a $`D=6`$ theory on Minkowski$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$ has a long history . In 1953, Pauli attempted, in one of his many unpublished works, to obtain an $`SU(2)`$ Yang-Mills field from such a compactification of pure six-dimensional Einstein gravity . Such a solution was later obtained in , where additional gauge and Higgs fields, together with a scalar potential, were added. A six-dimensional supergravity theory with such a solution was constructed in . However, the string or M-theory origin of this supergravity theory remained to be understood. In this paper, we have obtained brane solutions in $`D=7`$ gauged supergravity whose boundary is precisely the metric (1.3). This suggests that the effective action at the boundary (with an UV cut-off for inducing gravity) of our brane solution is precisely the aforementioned six-dimensional gauged supergravity.

We use a simple method to obtain first-order equations which describe such solutions and obtain smooth solutions for which $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ is the metric for an $`S^2`$, as well as an $`H^2`$ and $`T^2`$. We begin by performing a Kaluza-Klein reduction on $`S^2`$, keeping only the singlet of the group action $`SO(3)`$. The resulting $`(D2)`$-dimensional theory consists of the metric and a set of scalars with a scalar potential. We find that there exists a superpotential, which enables us to obtain the first-order equations for a domain wall solution. Lifting this system back to $`D`$ dimensions yields a magnetic $`(D3)`$-brane.

With this method, we obtain the first-order equations for a large class of solutions, which include previously-known solutions as well as new ones. Although we have not found the most general analytical solutions, their qualitative structures can easily be investigated. In particular, numerical analysis shows that there is a large class of solutions which smoothly interpolate between AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ geometry in the horizon and AdSD-type geometry in the asymptotic region, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ can be $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$ and $`4D7`$. There are also solutions which have the asymptotic geometry AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ and are singular at small distance. The stationary solutions of AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ with constant scalars and their M-theory and string theory interpretation have already been reported in a letter .

This paper is organized as the follows. In the next section, we re-derive magnetic brane solutions in $`D`$-dimensional AdS Einstein-Maxwell gravity by using the $`(D2)`$-dimensional superpotential. In sections 3 and 4, we use the superpotential method to find single-charge and two-equal-charge branes in $`D`$-dimensional AdS gauged supergravities, respectively. In sections 5-8, we consider general multi-charge branes in various dimensions. Analytical solutions are found for the single-charge branes, whereas numerical analysis is used when there are multiple charges. The ten and eleven dimensional origins of our solutions are described in section 9. Conclusions are presented in section 10.

## 2 Branes in AdS Einstein-Maxwell gravity

Let us consider a $`D`$-dimensional theory with the Lagrangian

$$\widehat{e}^1\widehat{}=\widehat{R}\frac{1}{2n!}\widehat{F}_{\left(n\right)}^2+\mathrm{\Lambda },$$
(2.1)
where $`\widehat{e}=\sqrt{\widehat{g}}`$, $`\widehat{F}_{\left(n\right)}=d\widehat{A}_{\left(n1\right)}`$ and the cosmological constant is given by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. We perform a dimensional reduction on an $`n`$-dimensional space with the ansatz

$`d\widehat{s}_D^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\alpha \phi }ds_{Dn}^2+\lambda ^2e^{2\beta \phi }d\mathrm{\Omega }_n^2,`$
$`\widehat{F}_{\left(n\right)}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵm\lambda ^n\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(n\right)},`$ (2.2)
where

$$\alpha =\sqrt{\frac{n}{2(D2)(Dn2)}},\beta =\frac{(Dn2)\alpha }{n}.$$
(2.3)
The reduction is consistent and the resulting $`(Dn)`$-dimensional Lagrangian becomes

$$e^1=R\frac{1}{2}(\phi )^2V(\phi ),$$
(2.4)
where the scalar potential is given by

$$V=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^2m^2e^{2(Dn1)\alpha \phi }ϵn(n1)\lambda ^2e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{2(D2)}{n}}\alpha \phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{2\alpha \phi }.$$
(2.5)
The constant $`ϵ=1`$, $`1`$ or $`0`$, corresponding to $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_n^2`$ being the metric for a unit $`n`$-sphere, hyperbolic $`n`$-plane or $`n`$-torus, respectively. We would like to express the scalar potential (2.5) in terms of a superpotential $`W`$. Namely,

$$V=(\frac{W}{\phi })^2\frac{Dn1}{2(Dn2)}W^2.$$
(2.6)
We find that this to be possible only for $`n=2`$, in which case the superpotential is given by

$$W=\sqrt{\frac{D2}{D3}}(ϵme^{(D3)\alpha \phi }+2\lambda ^2m^1e^{\alpha \phi }),$$
(2.7)
provided that the constraint $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{2(D1)\lambda ^4}{(D3)m^2}`$ is satisfied. Note that, in the case of $`ϵ=0`$ which corresponds to a 2-torus, the 2-form field strength vanishes. In fact, in this case we find that, if we do turn on $`F_{\left(2\right)}`$, then there is a superpotential only in eleven dimensions, which is given by

$$W=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(3me^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{8}{3\sqrt{7}}}\phi }+\mathrm{\Lambda }m^1e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}}}\phi }\right).$$
(2.8)
Though a curious feature, since there is no vector field in the eleven-dimensional sector of M-theory we shall not further consider this case.

We can now construct a domain wall solution in $`(D2)`$ dimensions, with the metric ansatz

$$ds_{D2}^2=e^{2A}dx^\mu dx_\mu +dy^2,$$
(2.9)
where $`A`$ and $`\phi `$ are assumed to depend only on the transverse coordinate $`y`$. The equations of motion are given by

$`\phi ^{\prime \prime }+(D3)A^{}\phi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{V}{\phi }},A^{\prime \prime }+(D3)A^2={\displaystyle \frac{V}{D4}},`$
$`\frac{1}{2}\phi ^2(D3)(D4)A^2=V,`$ (2.10)
where a prime denotes a derivative with respect to $`y`$. Since the scalar potential can be expressed in terms of a superpotential, these second-order equations can be solved by the first-order equations

$$\phi ^{}=\sqrt{2}\frac{W}{\phi },A^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(D4)}W.$$
(2.11)
We lift these equations of motion back to $`D`$-dimensions, expressed in terms of the coordinate $`\rho `$ such that the solution takes the form

$`ds_D^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2u}dx^\mu dx_\mu +e^{2v}\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+d\rho ^2,`$
$`F_{\left(2\right)}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵm\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.`$ (2.12)
The first-order equations for the functions $`u`$ and $`v`$ are given by

$$\frac{du}{d\rho }=\frac{2\lambda ^2ϵm^2e^{2v}}{m\sqrt{2(D2)(D3)}},\frac{dv}{d\rho }=\frac{2\lambda ^2+(D3)ϵm^2e^{2v}}{m\sqrt{2(D2)(D3)}},$$
(2.13)
which have the solution

$$\mathrm{e}^{2v}=\mathrm{e}^{\frac{4\lambda ^2}{m\sqrt{2(D2)(D3)}}\rho }\frac{(D3)m^2ϵ}{2\lambda ^2},u=\sqrt{\frac{2(D2)}{(D3)^3}}\frac{\lambda ^2}{m}\rho \frac{v}{D3}.$$
(2.14)
With the new coordinate $`r=\lambda ^1\mathrm{e}^v`$, the solution can be expressed as

$`ds_D^2`$ $`=`$ $`(\lambda r)^2H^{\frac{D2}{D3}}dx_\mu ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{dr^2}{(\lambda r)^2H^2}}+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2,`$
$`F_{\left(2\right)}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵm\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}=ϵ\sqrt{\frac{2(D1)}{D3}\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)},`$ (2.15)
where $`H=1+\frac{ϵ(D1)}{\mathrm{\Lambda }r^2}`$. It is interesting to note that, once the cosmological constant is fixed, there is no free parameter associated with the $`F_{\left(2\right)}`$ field strength. This is rather different from the standard brane solution, in which the charge of a supporting field strength is typically an arbitrary integration constant. In the present case, it is uniquely determined by a supersymmetric condition, which translates into the condition presented below (2.7). For vanishing $`ϵ`$, the above solution is purely gravitational with locally AdSD geometry.

The second derivative of the function $`u`$ with respect to the co-moving coordinate $`\rho `$ is given by

$$\frac{d^2u}{d\rho ^2}=\frac{2ϵH}{(D2)(D3)r^2}.$$
(2.16)
We find that, for $`ϵ=0`$, $`d^2u/d\rho ^2=0`$. For $`ϵ=1`$, we have $`d^2u/d\rho ^20`$. In both cases, the solution is regular everywhere. On the other hand, if $`ϵ=1`$, then $`d^2u/d\rho ^2>0`$ and the solution is singular. Thus, there seems to be a clear correlation between the singularity structure and the sign of $`d^2u/d\rho ^2`$. This is rather different from supersymemtric domain wall solutions where $`d^2u/d\rho ^2=(dW/d\varphi )^2`$ is always non-positive regardless the singularity structure .

These solutions are among those that have already been found in  by solving the D-dimensional equations of motion directly 111To recover the notation of , let $`\lambda =\mathrm{}`$ and $`m=\sqrt{\frac{2(D2)}{D3}}q\mathrm{}^2`$., and the corresponding Killing spinors have been determined in . The cases of the $`D=5`$ magnetic string and the $`D=4`$ “cosmic monopole” can be embedded in $`N=2`$ gauged supergravity .

## 3 Single-charge branes in AdS gauged supergravities

The above analysis is only applicable in gauged supergravities in $`D=4`$ and $`D=5`$, since in gauged supergravities in $`D6`$, the 2-form field strengths always have a dilaton coupling. In general, a 2-form field strength couples to a dilatonic scalar in the following fashion:

$$=\frac{1}{4}e^{a\varphi }F_{\left(2\right)}^2,$$
(3.1)
where the constant $`a`$ can be parameterized as

$$a^2=\mathrm{\Delta }\frac{2(D3)}{D2}.$$
(3.2)
Here, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ takes the values $`4/N`$ with $`N=1,2,3,4`$. In , the $`N=1`$ solitons are considered as building blocks, while the $`N=2,3,4`$ solitons are considered as threshold binding states of these basic building blocks, since the field strength associated with $`N>1`$ can be viewed as linear combinations of those with $`N=1`$. In this section and the next, we consider magnetic brane solutions in AdS gauged supergravities supported by a field strength whose dilaton coupling is characterized as $`\mathrm{\Delta }=4`$ and $`2`$. Hence, they can be viewed as single-charge and two-equal-charge branes, respectively.

The relevant Lagrangian can be expressed as

$$\widehat{e}^1\widehat{}=\widehat{R}\frac{1}{2}(\varphi )^2\frac{1}{4}e^{a_1\varphi }\widehat{F}_{\left(2\right)}^2\widehat{V}(\varphi ),$$
(3.3)
where $`a_1`$ is given by $`a`$ in (3.2). The scalar potential can be expressed in terms of a superpotential

$$\widehat{V}=(\frac{\widehat{W}}{\varphi })^2\frac{D1}{2(D2)}\widehat{W}^2,$$
(3.4)
and $`\widehat{W}`$ is given by

$$\widehat{W}=2g\left(\frac{1}{a_1}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi }\frac{1}{a_2}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_2\varphi }\right).$$
(3.5)
The value of $`a_2`$, which can be determined by examining the gauged supergravities in $`D=7,6`$ and 5, is given by

$$a_1a_2=\frac{2(D3)}{D2}.$$
(3.6)
We can reduce the theory on $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ with the ansatz

$`ds_D^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2\alpha \phi }ds_{D2}^2+\lambda ^2e^{2\beta \phi }d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2,`$
$`F_{\left(2\right)}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵm\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)},\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{(D2)(D4)}}},\beta =\frac{1}{2}(D4)\alpha .`$ (3.7)
The $`(D2)`$-Lagrangian is given by

$`e^1`$ $`=`$ $`R\frac{1}{2}\varphi ^2\frac{1}{2}(\phi )^2V,`$
$`V`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}ϵ^2m^2e^{a_1\varphi +2(D3)\alpha \phi }2ϵ\lambda ^2e^{(D2)\alpha \phi }+\widehat{V}e^{2\alpha \phi }.`$ (3.8)
As in the previous discussion, $`ϵ=1`$ for $`S^2`$ and $`ϵ=1`$ for $`H^2`$. Now it amounts to finding a superpotential $`W`$ such that

$$V=(\frac{W}{\varphi })^2+(\frac{W}{\phi })^2\frac{D3}{2(D4)}W^2.$$
(3.9)
The superpotential exists, provided that $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ satisfy (3.6) and that $`\lambda `$, $`g`$ and $`m`$ satisfy

$$(2\lambda ^4m^2g^2)(D2)a_1^22(D3)m^2g^2=0.$$
(3.10)
The superpotential is given by

$$W=\frac{2a_1(D2)\lambda ^2ϵ}{g(2(D3)+a_1^2(D2))}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi +(D3)\alpha \phi }+e^{\alpha \phi }\widehat{W}.$$
(3.11)
It is worth noting that the existence of the superpotential only depends on the condition (3.6), rather than on any specific value of $`a_1`$.

In the case of a single-charge brane, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=4`$ and hence $`a_1^2=\frac{2(D1)}{D2}`$. The constraint (3.10) becomes

$$\lambda ^2=\sqrt{2}a_1^1mg,$$
(3.12)
and the superpotential reduces to

$$W=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}ϵme^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi +(D3)\alpha \phi }+e^{\alpha \phi }\widehat{W}.$$
(3.13)
The first-order equations for the $`(D2)`$-dimensional system are therefore given by

$$\phi ^{}=\sqrt{2}\frac{W}{\phi },\varphi ^{}=\sqrt{2}\frac{W}{\varphi },A^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(D4)}W.$$
(3.14)
Having obtained the first-order equations for the $`D2`$-dimensional domain walls, it is of interest to lift these equations to $`D`$ dimensions so that they correspond to magnetic branes. The brane solutions have the structure

$`ds_D^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^{2u}dx^\mu dx^\nu \eta _{\mu \nu }+e^{2v}\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+d\rho ^2,`$
$`F_{\left(2\right)}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵm\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}={\displaystyle \frac{ϵa_1}{\sqrt{2}g}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)},`$ (3.15)
where the functions $`u`$ and $`v`$ and the dilaton $`\varphi `$ depend only on the coordinate $`\rho `$. They satisfy the first-order equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\varphi }{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}ϵma_1e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi 2v}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{W}}{d\varphi }}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(D2)}}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}ϵm(D3)e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi 2v}+\widehat{W}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{du}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(D2)}}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}ϵme^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi 2v}\widehat{W}\right).`$ (3.16)
Note that the $`(\varphi ,v)`$ fields form a closed system. (3.16) can be solved explicitly by making the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =\mathrm{e}^{\frac{a_2}{2}\varphi }dy`$. Defining

$$F\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(a_2a_1)\varphi },G\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(a_1+a_2)\varphi +2v},$$
(3.17)
we find that the first two equations in (3.16) yield

$$G^{}+ϵm+\gamma G=0,$$
(3.18)
where $`\gamma =\frac{4\sqrt{2}g}{(D3)a_1}`$. The solution is

$$G=\mathrm{e}^{\gamma y}\frac{ϵm}{\gamma }.$$
(3.19)
We have absorbed a trivial integration constant by a constant shift in the coordinate $`y`$. The dilaton equation of motion gives

$$\frac{1}{a_1a_2}\frac{F^{}}{F}=\frac{ϵma_1}{4G}+\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}(1F^1).$$
(3.20)
Plugging in $`G`$ we find that, for $`D5`$,

$$F=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{\gamma y}\frac{D3}{D5}\frac{ϵm}{\gamma }+c_1\mathrm{e}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}(D5)\gamma y}}{G}.$$
(3.21)
This yields

$$\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(a_1a_2)\varphi }=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{\gamma y}\frac{ϵm}{\gamma }}{\mathrm{e}^{\gamma y}\left(\frac{D3}{D5}\right)\frac{ϵm}{\gamma }+c_1\mathrm{e}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}(D5)\gamma y}},$$

$$\mathrm{e}^{2u}=c_2\mathrm{e}^{\gamma y}\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(a_1+a_2)\varphi },\mathrm{e}^{2v}=(\mathrm{e}^{\gamma y}\frac{ϵm}{\gamma })\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(a_1+a_2)\varphi }.$$
(3.22)
The metric of the solution can be expressed as

$$ds_D^2=(gr)^2H^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{D2}}}\left(dx_\mu ^2+(1\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2})\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\right)+H^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{D3}{D2}}}\frac{4dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2},$$
(3.23)
where

$$H=\frac{1\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}}{1\frac{D3}{D5}\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}+\frac{c_1}{(gr)^{D3}}},$$
(3.24)
and the dilaton is given by

$$\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}(a_1a_2)\varphi }=H,$$
(3.25)
with the new coordinate $`r=g^1e^{\gamma y/2}`$. This solution is valid for $`D5`$; we shall present the $`D=5`$ solution momentarily. To understand the solution better, it is instructive to write the function $`H=\stackrel{~}{H}/W`$, where the definitions of $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$ and $`W`$ can be straightforwardly read off from (3.24). Then the metric can be expressed as

$$ds_D^2=\stackrel{~}{H}^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{D2}}}W^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{D2}}}\left[(gr)^2(dx^\mu dx_\mu +\stackrel{~}{H}\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)+\stackrel{~}{H}W^1\frac{4dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2}\right].$$
(3.26)
Thus, the solution can be viewed as an intersection of a domain wall, characterized by the function $`H`$, and a $`(D3)`$-brane, characterized by the function $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$.

Clearly, the asymptotic infinite region of the metric is $`r\mathrm{}`$, in which case $`H1`$ and the metric behaves as

$$ds_D^2=(gr)^2(dx^\mu dx^\mu +\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)+\frac{dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2}.$$
(3.27)
If $`ϵ=0`$, in which case $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ is the metric of a 2-torus, then the above metric describes locally AdSD spacetime. For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$, the above metric can be viewed as a domain wall wrapped on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$.

The full solution with $`ϵ=0`$, also obtained in , describes a domain wall. This can be viewed as a distribution of branes from the ten or eleven-dimensional point of view. Hence, this solution corresponds to the Coulomb branch of the superconformal Yang-Mills theory on the boundary .

For $`ϵ=1`$, the metric is regular everywhere provided that the constant $`c_1=0`$. The corresponding metric interpolates between AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at small distance to the AdSD-type metric (3.27) at large distance. When $`c_1`$ is non-vanishing, the $`c_1`$ term can dominate at small distance and hence the metric can become singular.

For $`ϵ=1`$, the solution is always singular at small distance. The singularity can be naked if $`H`$ vanishes at the singularity but can coincide with the horizon if $`H`$ is divergent at the singularity. The nature of the singularity depends on the specific value of the constant $`c_1`$.

Let us now look at the examples of $`D=7,6,5`$ and $`4`$ in detail.

### 3.1 3-brane in $`D=7`$

This solution was also obtained in . In this case, the dilaton and the function $`H`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\varphi }=H=\frac{1\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}}{1\frac{2ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}+\frac{c_1}{(gr)^4}}.$$
(3.28)
For $`ϵ=1`$ and $`c_1=0`$, the metric is regular everywhere, which approaches AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at small distance. For $`c_10`$, the metric has a singularity which is naked if $`c_1>0`$ and which coincides with a horizon if $`c_1<0`$. The structure of the singularity is qualitatively the same as the domain wall singularity corresponding to $`ϵ=0`$.

If we set $`c_1=0`$ and rescale the coordinates as the following:

$$grkgr,x^\mu \frac{1}{k}x^\mu ,$$
(3.29)
then by sending $`k0`$ we obtain the geometry AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ with a constant dilaton. If we instead take $`c_1=k^2\stackrel{~}{c}_1m/\gamma `$ then, after sending $`k0`$, we obtain the solution

$`ds_7^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(gr)^2}{H^{1/5}}}dx^\mu dx_\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{m}{\gamma \lambda ^2H^{1/5}}}d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+H^{4/5}{\displaystyle \frac{4dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2}},`$
$`H^1`$ $`=`$ $`2+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{c}_1}{(gr)^2}}.`$ (3.30)
When $`r\mathrm{}`$, the metric becomes AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$, where AdS5 approaches the boundary. Depending on the sign of $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1`$, the metric approaches a singularity at $`r=0`$ or at some finite value $`r=r_0`$. In both cases, the singularity coincides with a horizon. However, for $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1>0`$ the metric components of $`H^2`$ diverge while, for $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1<0`$, they vanish.

This is rather different from our previous solution (3.28) with $`c_1=0`$, in that the structure of AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ occurs at the asymptotic region instead of at the horizon. It is rather interesting that the AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ can be in both the IR region, as in (3.28), and in the UV region, as in (3.30). This indicates that the stationary solution AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ lies on the inflection point of the modulus space.

For $`ϵ=1`$, the function $`H`$ has a simpler form when $`c_1=c_1^{}`$, where $`c_1^{}=m^2/\gamma ^2`$. In this case,

$$H=\left(1\frac{m}{\gamma (gr)^2}\right)^1.$$
(3.31)
Thus, the singularity at small distance coincides with the horizon. Clearly, for $`c_1c_1^{}`$, the denominator of $`H`$ in (3.28) approaches zero first and hence the singularity coincides with the horizon. On the other hand, for $`c_1>c_1^{}`$ the numerator of $`H`$ in (3.28) approaches zero first and hence the singularity is naked.

### 3.2 Membrane in $`D=6`$

In this case, the dilaton and the function $`H`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{\frac{8}{5}}\varphi }=H=\frac{1\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}}{1\frac{3ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}+\frac{c_1}{(gr)^3}}.$$
(3.32)
The singularity structure is similar to that of $`D=7`$. For $`ϵ=1`$ and $`c_1=0`$, we recover a smooth solution that goes to AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ in the IR limit. For $`c_1>0`$, the denominator of $`H`$ in (3.32) is strictly positive and we have a naked singularity. On the other hand, for $`c_1<0`$ the singularity is located on the horizon.

If we set $`c_1=0`$ and perform the rescaling (3.29), then for $`k0`$ we obtain the geometry AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ with a constant dilaton. If we instead take $`c_1=k\stackrel{~}{c}_1m/\gamma `$, then after sending $`k0`$ we obtain the solution

$`ds_6^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(gr)^2}{H^{1/4}}}dx^\mu dx_\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{m}{\gamma \lambda ^2H^{1/4}}}d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+H^{3/4}{\displaystyle \frac{4dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2}},`$
$`H^1`$ $`=`$ $`3+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{c}_1}{gr}},`$ (3.33)
which approaches AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ in the asymptotic region, where AdS4 approaches the boundary. The short-distance behavior is dependent on $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1`$. More precisely, while the singularity coincides with the horizon for positive and negative $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1`$, for $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1>0`$ the length parameter of $`H^2`$ diverges at the singularity. On the other hand, for $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1<0`$ it vanishes. Thus, as in the case of $`D=7`$, the AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ solution appears in both the IR and UV regimes.

Finally, the case of $`ϵ=1`$ can be described in terms of the parameter $`c_1^{}=2(m/\gamma )^{3/2}`$. For $`c_1>c_1^{}`$ there is a naked singularity while, for $`c_1c_1^{}`$, the singularity coincides with a horizon.

### 3.3 String in $`D=5`$

One can find the string solution in a manner analogous to the previous cases, with the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varphi }{\sqrt{6}}}dy`$. The resulting metric has the form (3.26) for $`D=5`$ but with the dilaton and the function $`H`$ given by

$$\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\varphi }=H=\frac{1\frac{ϵm}{\sqrt{3}g^2r}}{1+(c_1\frac{ϵm}{\sqrt{3}g}\mathrm{log}(gr))(gr)^1},$$
(3.34)
where $`gr=\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{3}gy}`$. This solution was obtained and analyzed in . Here, we make a further observation for $`ϵ=1`$ that if we make the rescaling (3.29), accompanied by $`c_1=(\stackrel{~}{c}_1\mathrm{log}k)m/(\sqrt{3}g)`$, then after sending $`k0`$ the function $`H`$ becomes $`H^1=\stackrel{~}{c}_1+\mathrm{log}(gr)`$ and the metric (3.23) becomes

$$ds_5^2=\frac{(gr)^2}{H^{1/3}}dx^\mu dx_\mu +\frac{m}{\gamma \lambda ^2H^{1/3}}d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+H^{2/3}\frac{4dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2}.$$
(3.35)
### 3.4 Black hole in $`D=4`$

In this case we have

$$\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{\frac{4}{3}}\varphi }=H=\frac{1\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}}{1+\frac{c_1}{gr}+\frac{ϵm}{\gamma (gr)^2}}.$$
(3.36)
The metric is clearly singular regardless of the sign of $`ϵ`$. For $`ϵ=1`$, the singularity always coincides with the horizon. For $`ϵ=1`$, the singularity is naked if $`c_1>c_1^{}2(m/\gamma )^{1/2}`$ but coincides with the horizon if $`c_1c_1^{}`$.

For $`ϵ=1`$, we can make the rescaling (3.29) accompanied by $`c_1=m\stackrel{~}{c}_1/(k\gamma )`$. Then, after sending $`k0`$, the function $`H^1=\stackrel{~}{c}_1gr1`$ and the metric (3.23) becomes

$$ds_4^2=\frac{(gr)^2}{H^{1/2}}dt^2+\frac{m}{\gamma \lambda ^2H^{1/2}}d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+H^{1/2}\frac{4dr^2}{\gamma ^2r^2}.$$
(3.37)
Thus, our solution is more general than the previously-known AdS black hole .

## 4 Two-equal-charge branes in AdS gauged supergravities

For the case of a brane with two equal charges, $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2`$ and hence $`a_1^2=2/(D2)`$. The constraint (3.10) becomes

$$\lambda ^2=a_1^1mg,$$
(4.1)
and the superpotential (3.11) becomes

$$W=ϵme^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi +(D3)\alpha \phi }+e^{\alpha \phi }\widehat{W}.$$
(4.2)
The first-order equations for the $`(D2)`$-dimensional system are therefore given by (3.14). Having obtained the first-order equations for the domain walls, it is of interest to lift these equations back to give rise to the first-order equations for the magnetic branes, whose structure is given by (3.15). The higher-dimensional equations of motion are given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\varphi }{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}ϵma_1e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi 2v}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{W}}{d\varphi }}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(D2)}}\left(ϵm(D3)e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi 2v}+\widehat{W}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{du}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(D2)}}\left(ϵme^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}a_1\varphi 2v}\widehat{W}\right).`$ (4.3)
Note that the $`(\varphi ,v)`$ fields form a closed system. We can find exact solutions of this system only in particular cases. In the case of $`D=4`$, the system can be solved exactly but the form of the solution is not very illuminating . However, a simple partial solution for $`D=4`$ is given by

$$\varphi 2v=4gy,\frac{d\rho }{dy}=\mathrm{e}^{\varphi /2}.$$
(4.4)
### 4.1 Domain wall solution

For $`ϵ=0`$, and therefore vanishing flux, the first-order equations (4.3) can be solved straightforwardly by making the coordinate transformation

$$d\rho =dx\mathrm{e}^{\frac{D4}{4}a_1\varphi }.$$
(4.5)
After applying a second coordinate transformation, $`(gr)^{\frac{D3}{2}}=\mathrm{sinh}(\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}a_1}x)`$, the solution can be expressed as

$$ds_D^2=(gr)^2H^{\frac{2}{(D3)(D2)}}(dx_\mu ^2+\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)+\frac{dr^2}{(gr)^2H^{\frac{2}{D2}}},$$

$$\mathrm{e}^\varphi =H^{a_1},$$
(4.6)
where $`H=1+1/(gr)^{D3}`$ and $`r`$ has absorbed a constant factor. In the above, we have used the convention that $`g<0`$. This is a domain wall solution which was obtained in .

### 4.2 Asymptotic boundary region

For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$, we do not find analytical solutions. Here, we shall present the asymptotic behavior at the boundary of the metric. Making the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =dy\mathrm{e}^u`$, we express the metric (3.15) as

$$ds_D^2=\mathrm{e}^{2u}(dx^\mu dx^\nu \eta _{\mu \nu }+dy^2)+\mathrm{e}^{2v}\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2.$$
(4.7)
When $`y0`$ the boundary conditions are $`u(y)v(y)\mathrm{log}y`$, and $`\varphi 0`$. The solution of (4.3) can be solved near $`y=0`$ as an expansion. For $`D5`$, the result is

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(D3)^2}{(D2)g^2y^2}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵmg}{3c^2(D3)\sqrt{2(D2)}}}y^2+\mathrm{}\right),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(D3)^2c^2}{(D2)g^2y^2}}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{ϵmg(3D8)}{3c^2(D3)\sqrt{2(D2)}}}y^2+\mathrm{}\right),`$
$`e^\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵmg}{c^2(D3)(D5)}}y^2+\mathrm{},`$ (4.8)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant which measures the relative scale size of $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ and $`dx^\mu dx_\mu `$. When $`D=5`$, the solution of (4.3) is given by the expansion

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3g^2y^2}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵmg}{3\sqrt{6}c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4c^2}{3g^2y^2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{7ϵmg}{6\sqrt{6}c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}c^2ϵmgy^2\mathrm{log}(y)\mathrm{}.`$ (4.9)
In this case, the field $`\varphi `$ is dual to an operator of dimension $`\mathrm{\Delta }=2`$ . The solutions of the two-dimensional wave equation go as $`r^2`$ and $`r^2\mathrm{log}r`$. Notice that $`\varphi `$ has the second solution only for $`D=5`$, which is the non-normalizable mode associated with the operator dual to the field $`\varphi `$ turned on.

Having obtained the boundary solution, it is of interest to examine how the solution flows into the bulk region. In the case of $`ϵ=1`$, since there is no AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ fixed-point in the system, the solution can only flow into a singularity in the bulk. For the case of $`ϵ=1`$, there is a AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ fixed-point and it is natural to expect that the solution flows into this fixed-point in the bulk. We shall examine this in the following.

### 4.3 AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$

For $`ϵ=1`$, there are fixed-point solutions with constant $`v`$ and $`\varphi `$ for $`D5`$; they are given by

$$\mathrm{e}^{2v}=\frac{2g}{ma_1(D4)}\left(\frac{D4}{D3}\right)^{a_1^2},\mathrm{e}^\varphi =\left(\frac{D4}{D3}\right)^{a_1},$$

$$u=\frac{\sqrt{2}g}{a_1(D4)}\left(\frac{D4}{D3}\right)^{a_1^2/2}\rho ,$$
(4.10)
which have the geometry AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$. For $`D=5`$, this was found in . For $`ϵ=1`$, such a solution would be complex.

### 4.4 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ to AdSD

It is of interest to study whether these fixed-point solutions lie in the IR or UV region. If AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ lies in the IR region, then it can smoothly flow to the UV region of the AdSD-type solution (4.9). On the other hand, if AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ lies in the UV region, then it must instead flow into a singularity.

We study this issue by examining the flow of the solution using the Taylor expansion method. If we assume that there exists a solution which is AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at the asymptotic boundary, then we can Taylor expand to find the next order in the solution slightly away from the boundary. We find the following:

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(D4)^{\frac{2(D3)}{D2}}(D3)^{\frac{2}{D2}}}{(D2)g^2y^2}}(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m(D4)^{\frac{D4}{D2}}(D3)^{\frac{2}{D2}}}{\sqrt{2(D2)}g}}(1\frac{1}{2}c(D4)y^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{\frac{\varphi }{\sqrt{2(D2)}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{D4}{D3}}\right)^{\frac{1}{D2}}(1`$ (4.11)
$`+\frac{1}{8}c(D^23D2+(D2)\sqrt{D^22D+7})y^n+\mathrm{}),`$
where $`n=\frac{1}{2}(D5+\sqrt{D^22D7})`$ and the coordinate $`y`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udy`$. The constant $`c`$ is a free parameter determining how fast the solution flows away from the AdSD-2 boundary. The solution will flow into a singularity in the IR region.

Now, we will instead assume that there exists a solution with AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ on its horizon. Then, expanding away from the horizon yields

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(D4)^{\frac{2(D3)}{D2}}(D3)^{\frac{2}{D2}}(D2)g^2r^2(1+cr^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m(D4)^{\frac{D4}{D2}}(D3)^{\frac{2}{D2}}}{\sqrt{2(D2)}g}}(1\frac{1}{2}c(2D7+\sqrt{D^22D7})r^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{\frac{\varphi }{\sqrt{2(D2)}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{D4}{D3}}\right)^{\frac{1}{D2}}(1`$ (4.12)
$`+\frac{1}{8}c(D^25D+(D4)\sqrt{D^22D+7})r^n+\mathrm{}),`$
where $`n=\frac{1}{2}(5D+\sqrt{D^22D7})`$ and the coordinate $`r`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udr`$. The constant $`c`$ is again a free parameter determining how fast the solution flows away from the AdSD-2 horizon. In fact, the solution smoothly flows to the AdSD-type boundary solution (4.9). We verify this numerically by using (4.12) as our initial data. For example, Fig. 1 shows the functions $`e^u`$, $`e^v`$ and $`e^{\varphi /\sqrt{10}}`$ for $`D=7`$. We see that the dilaton, although not constant, is finite. The functions $`e^u`$ and $`e^v`$ become linearly dependent on the coordinate when the coordinate increases as governed by (4.9) with $`y1/y`$.

To conclude, we find that for two-equal-charge branes there are two types of solutions. The first type has AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ in the UV boundary region but is singular in the IR region. The second type interpolates between the AdSD-type solution in the UV region (4.9) and the AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ solution in the IR region.

## 5 Two-charge 3-brane in $`D=7`$

The maximal gauged supergravity in $`D=7`$ has $`SO(5)`$ gauge fields. We consider the truncation to the two diagonal $`U(1)`$ subsector. The relevant $`D=7`$ Lagrangian is given by

$$\widehat{e}^1_7=\widehat{R}\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _1)^2\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _2)^2\widehat{V}\frac{1}{4}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}X_i^2(\widehat{F}_{\left(2\right)}^i)^2,$$
(5.1)
where $`X_i=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{a}_i\stackrel{}{\varphi }}`$ with

$$\stackrel{}{a}_1=(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{\frac{2}{5}}),\stackrel{}{a}_2=(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{\frac{2}{5}}).$$
(5.2)
The scalar potential $`\widehat{V}`$ is given by

$$\widehat{V}=g^2(4X_1X_22X_0X_12X_0X_2+\frac{1}{2}X_0^2),$$
(5.3)
where $`X_0=(X_1X_2)^2`$. The potential can be expressed in terms of a superpotential given by

$$\widehat{W}=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}(X_0+2X_1+2X_2).$$
(5.4)
We can consistently reduce the theory on the $`S^2`$ with the same metric ansatz as before but specializing to $`D=7`$. The ansatz for the two $`U(1)`$ 2-form field strengths is given by

$$F_{\left(2\right)}^i=ϵm_i\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}\frac{1}{2}ϵq_ig^1\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(5.5)
We obtain the $`D=5`$ scalar potential

$$V=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^2(\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}m_i^2X_i^2)e^{8\alpha \phi }2ϵ\lambda ^2e^{5\alpha \phi }+\widehat{V}e^{2\alpha \phi }.$$
(5.6)
It is straightforward to obtain the corresponding superpotential, which is given by

$$W=\frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}m_iX_i^1)e^{4\alpha \phi }+\widehat{W}e^{\alpha \phi },$$
(5.7)
provided that the constraint

$$\lambda ^2=(m_1+m_2)g$$
(5.8)
is satisfied. Thus, the charge parameters $`q_i`$ have the constraint $`q_1+q_2=2`$. The first-order equations of the five-dimensional domain wall are given by

$$\varphi _i^{}=\sqrt{2}\frac{W}{\varphi _i},\phi ^{}=\sqrt{2}\frac{W}{\phi },A^{}=\frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}W.$$
(5.9)
Lifting the equations back to $`D=7`$ yields the equations of motion for the 3-brane:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2\sqrt{2}}}(m_1\stackrel{}{a}_1X_1^1+m_2\stackrel{}{a}_2X_2^1)e^{2v}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{W}}{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{5\sqrt{2}}}\left(2\sqrt{2}ϵ(m_1X_1^1+m_2X_2^1)e^{2v}+\widehat{W}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{du}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{5\sqrt{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}}(m_1X_1^1+m_2X_2^1)e^{2v}\widehat{W}\right).`$ (5.10)
In the case of $`m_2=0`$, it is consistent to set $`\varphi _1=\sqrt{5}\varphi _2`$, and the system (5.10) reduces to the $`D=7`$ single-charge system discussed in section 3.1. After taking $`g\sqrt{5/6}g`$ and $`\varphi _2\varphi /\sqrt{6}`$, the exact solution is given by (3.26) and (3.28). This solution was obtained in . For $`m_1=m_2`$, the system reduces to the $`D=7`$ two-equal-charge system discussed in section 3.2. For general $`m_i`$, we do not find analytical solutions and so it is instructive to study the solution using numerical approach.

### 5.1 General asymptotic region

We begin by determining the asymptotic behavior in the AdS7-type boundary. As discussed in the previous section, we can express the metric in the form (4.7) by making the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =dy\mathrm{e}^u`$. We have the boundary conditions $`u(y)v(y)\mathrm{log}y`$, and $`\varphi 0`$ for small $`y`$. The leading terms in the Taylor expansion of the solution of (5.10) are given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{g^2y^2}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1+m_2)g}{30c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4c^2}{g^2y^2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{13ϵ(m_1+m_2)g}{60c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1m_2)g}{8c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{},`$ (5.11)
$`e^{\frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{10}}}`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1+m_2)g}{40c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{},`$
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. The normalizable solutions for $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ imply that the dual operators are not turned on. Next, we examine how these solutions flow from the above boundary into the bulk.

### 5.2 AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$

For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$, solutions to the equations (5.10) with constant $`v`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\varphi }`$ are given by

$`\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{2}\varphi _1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_2m_1\pm \sqrt{(m_2m_1)^2+m_1m_2}}{m_2}},\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}\varphi _2}={\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\mathrm{cosh}(\varphi _1/\sqrt{2}),`$
$`\mathrm{e}^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{\sqrt{10}}\varphi _2}}{ϵ(m_1\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}+m_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}})}},u={\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}\mathrm{e}^{\frac{4}{\sqrt{10}}\varphi _2}\rho {\displaystyle \frac{2}{R_{\mathrm{ads}}}}\rho .`$ (5.12)
This solution is discussed in detail in . Note that the AdS radius $`R_{\mathrm{ads}}`$ depends on two variables, namely $`g`$ and the ratial of the charge parameter $`m_1/m_2`$. This is because the charges of this system are constrained by $`q_1+q_2=2`$, as discussed earlier. It is invariant under the simultaneous interchanges $`m_1m_2`$ and $`\varphi _1\varphi _1`$. The reality conditions of the solution constrain the constants $`m_i`$ and $`g`$, as well as the choice of $`\pm `$ in the solution. Let us first consider the case $`ϵ=1`$, corresponding to $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ as the metric of a unit (non-compact) hyperbolic 2-plane. In this case, the reality of the solution implies that $`m_1m_20`$. This includes the choices of $`m_1=0`$ (or $`m_2=0`$) and $`m_1=m_2`$, which were discussed in . The first case gives rise to $`𝒩=4`$ supersymmetry in $`D=5`$, while the second case gives rise to $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetry.

Now let us look at the choice of $`ϵ=+1`$, corresponding to $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ as the metric of $`S^2`$. In this case, the reality conditions for (5.12) imply that $`m_1m_2<0`$. The condition (5.8) implies further that $`m_1m_2`$. Therefore, the AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ solution can only have $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetry but cannot arise from the pure $`D=7`$ minimal gauged supergravity.

If we define a charge parameter $`q=2m_1/(m_1+m_2)`$, then the condition for having $`S^2`$ versus $`H^2`$ can be summarized as the following:

$`q[0,2]`$ $``$ $`H^2,`$
$`q(\mathrm{},0)\text{or}(2,\mathrm{})`$ $``$ $`S^2.`$ (5.13)
The solution was lifted to $`D=11`$ in , and the corresponding metric describes a warped product of AdS5 with a six-dimensional space which can be viewed as $`S^4`$ bundle over $`H^2`$ or $`S^2`$. In the latter case, the solution provides a concrete example of a supersymmetric and smooth compactification of M-theory to AdS5 .

### 5.3 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ to AdS7

As discussed above, AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ arises for $`m_1m_20`$ and $`ϵ=1`$. The special cases of a single non-vanishing $`m_i`$ or $`m_1=m_2`$ have been discussed in sections 3 and 4, respectively . We now consider the general case of $`m_i`$ with $`m_1m_2>0`$. As in the previous cases, AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ can occur at either the boundary or the horizon of the AdS5. In order to demonstrate this, we use a special case of $`m_1=16`$, $`m_2=6`$ and a positive sign in (5.12). For simplicity, we also set $`g=1`$. As a boundary solution, the Taylor expansion of the metric components and the scalars goes as

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{18}{5}(\frac{18}{125})^{1/5}y^2(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`6(450)^{1/5}(1{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{75c(n+1)}{2(25n68)}}y^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{10}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{27}{50})^{1/10}(1{\displaystyle \frac{c(n+1)}{2(n4)}}y^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (5.14)
where the coordinate $`y`$ is defined to be $`d\rho =e^udy`$ and $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. The constant $`n`$ can take two values: $`n=2`$ or $`n=1+\frac{1}{5}\sqrt{193}`$. Clearly, this solution will flow into a singularity in the bulk.

On the other hand, as a solution near the horizon, we find that the Taylor expansion of the next to leading order is given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{18}{5}(\frac{18}{125})^{1/5}r^2(1+cr^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`6(450)^{1/5}(1{\displaystyle \frac{3(2895+209\sqrt{193})c}{2(805+59\sqrt{193})}}r^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{15\sqrt{193}c}{2(43+5\sqrt{193})}}r^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{10}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{27}{50})^{1/10}(1{\displaystyle \frac{c\sqrt{193}}{2(15+\sqrt{193})}}r^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (5.15)
where $`n=\frac{1}{5}\sqrt{193}1`$ and $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. The coordinate $`r`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udr`$. We can use the above as the initial data to obtain a numerical solution. Plots of the functions $`e^u,e^v,e^{\varphi _1/\sqrt{2}}`$ and $`e^{\varphi _2/\sqrt{10}}`$ are presented in Fig. 2, which clearly shows that the solution runs smoothly from AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at $`r0`$ to the AdS7-type solution (5.1) at $`r\mathrm{}`$.

### 5.4 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ to AdS7

The AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ fixed-point arises for $`m_1m_2<0`$ and $`ϵ=+1`$. The Taylor expansion analysis indicates that the solution can occur either in the boundary or the horizon of the AdS5. For a concrete example, we choose $`m_1=5`$, $`m_2=3`$, $`g=1`$ and a negative sign in (5.12). The boundary solution behaves as

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{25}{8})^{2/5}y^2(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),e^{2v}=(\frac{625}{2})^{1/5}(1\frac{3}{2}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{5}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{5(n+1)}{n10}}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{10}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{5}{16})^{1/10}(1{\displaystyle \frac{n+1}{2(n4)}}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (5.16)
where $`n=2`$ or $`n=1+\sqrt{15}`$. The constant $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. Clearly, the flow of this solution from the boundary leads to a singularity in the bulk.

As a horizon, AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ has the behavior

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{64}{625})^{1/5}r^2(1+cr^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{625}{2})^{1/5}(1{\displaystyle \frac{3(15+4\sqrt{15})c}{2(7+2\sqrt{15})}}r^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{5}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{5\sqrt{15}c}{9+\sqrt{15}}}r^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{10}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{5}{16})^{1/10}(1{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{15}c}{2(3+\sqrt{15})}}r^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (5.17)
where $`n=1+\sqrt{15}`$, $`c`$ is an integration constant and $`r`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udr`$. We can use this solution as our initial data for numerical analysis. The result is plotted in Fig. 3.

The plot clearly demonstrates that there is a smooth solution which interpolates between AdS$`\times S^2`$ at $`r0`$ and the AdS7-type solution (5.1) at $`r\mathrm{}`$. This solution provides a concrete framework with which to study the M-theory dual to a certain six-dimensional theory whose IR dynamics is given by a $`D=4`$, $`𝒩=1`$ superconformal field theory.

## 6 Two-charge membrane in $`D=6`$

The scalar potential in gauged supergravity with two $`U(1)`$ isometries was obtained in . From this, we deduce that the relevant Lagrangian involving the two $`U(1)`$ vector fields is given by

$$\widehat{e}^1_6=\widehat{R}\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _1)^2\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _2)^2\widehat{V}\frac{1}{4}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}X_i^2(\widehat{F}_{\left(2\right)}^i)^2,$$
(6.1)
where $`X_i=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{a}_i\stackrel{}{\varphi }}`$ with

$$\stackrel{}{a}_1=(\sqrt{2},\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}),\stackrel{}{a}_2=(\sqrt{2},\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}).$$
(6.2)
The scalar potential is given by

$$\widehat{V}=\frac{4}{9}g^2(X_0^29X_1X_26X_0X_16X_0X_2),$$
(6.3)
where $`X_0=(X_1X_2)^{3/2}`$. As in the previous case, the scalar potential can be expressed in terms of a superpotential $`\widehat{W}`$, given by

$$\widehat{W}=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}(\frac{4}{3}X_0+2X_1+2X_2).$$
(6.4)
We consistently reduce the theory on the $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$ with the same metric ansatz as before but specializing to $`D=6`$. The ansatz for the two $`U(1)`$ field strengths is given by $`F_{\left(2\right)}^i=ϵm_i\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}\frac{1}{2}ϵq_ig^1\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}`$. We obtain the $`D=4`$ scalar potential

$$V=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^2(\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}m_i^2X_i^2)e^{6\alpha \phi }2ϵ\lambda ^2e^{4\alpha \phi }+\widehat{V}e^{2\alpha \phi }.$$
(6.5)
It is straightforward to obtain the corresponding superpotential, given by

$$W=\frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}m_iX_i^1)e^{3\alpha \phi }+\widehat{W}e^{\alpha \phi }.$$
(6.6)
As in the $`D=7`$ case, the constraint $`\lambda ^2=(m_1+m_2)g`$ must be satisfied, implying $`q_1+q_2=2`$. The first-order equations of the four-dimensional domain-wall has the same form as (5.9), but with $`A^{}=W/(2\sqrt{2})`$. Lifting the equations back to $`D=6`$ yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2\sqrt{2}}}(m_1\stackrel{}{a}_1X_1^1+m_2\stackrel{}{a}_2X_2^1)e^{2v}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{W}}{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}}ϵ(m_1X_1^1+m_2X_2^1)e^{2v}+\widehat{W}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{du}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}}(m_1X_1^1+m_2X_2^1)e^{2v}\widehat{W}\right).`$ (6.7)
In the case of $`m_2=0`$, it is consistent to set $`\varphi _1=2\varphi _2`$, and the system reduces to the $`D=6`$ system discussed in section 3.1. After taking $`g\sqrt{4/5}g`$ and $`\varphi _2\varphi /\sqrt{5}`$, the exact solution is given by (3.26) and (3.32). For general $`m_i`$, we do not find analytical solutions and so it is instructive to study the system using the numerical approach.

### 6.1 Asymptotic boundary region

We can express the metric in the form (4.7) by making the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =dy\mathrm{e}^u`$. We have the boundary conditions $`u(y)v(y)\mathrm{log}y`$ and $`\varphi 0`$ for small $`y`$. The leading terms in the Taylor expansion of the solution of (6.7) are given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9}{4g^2y^2}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1+m_2)g}{18c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9c^2}{4g^2y^2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{5ϵ(m_1+m_2)g}{18c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1m_2)g}{3c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{},e^{\frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{8}}}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1+m_2)g}{12c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{},`$ (6.8)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. As in the case of $`D=7`$, the normalizable solutions for $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ imply that the dual operators are not turned on. Next, we examine how these solutions flow from the above boundary into the bulk.

### 6.2 AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$

For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$, solutions to the equations (6.7) with constant $`v`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\varphi }`$ are given by

$`\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{2}\varphi _1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_2m_1\pm \sqrt{(m_2m_1)^2+\frac{4}{9}m_1m_2}}{m_2}},\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{2}\varphi _2}={\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\mathrm{cosh}({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}),`$
$`\mathrm{e}^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4g\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{2}}}}{3ϵ(m_1\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}+m_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}})}},u={\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}g\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{\sqrt{8}}\varphi _2}\rho {\displaystyle \frac{2}{R_{\mathrm{ads}}}}\rho ,`$ (6.9)
which have the geometry AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ or AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$ for $`ϵ=1`$ or $`+1`$, respectively. These solutions were discussed in detail in  and are similar to one found in . As in the $`D=7`$ result, we can define a charge parameter $`q=\frac{2m_1}{m_1+m_2}`$. We have $`H^2`$ or $`S^2`$ depending on the following conditions:

$`q[0,2]`$ $``$ $`H^2,`$
$`q(\mathrm{},0)\text{or}(2,\mathrm{})`$ $``$ $`S^2.`$ (6.10)
When $`q=0`$ or $`q=2`$, the system has $`𝒩=4`$ supersymmetry. Otherwise, it has $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetry. Note that the AdS4 radius $`R_{\mathrm{ads}}`$ depends on only $`g`$ and $`m_1/m_2`$.

These solutions have been lifted back to $`D=10`$ massive supergravity in . The $`D=10`$ metric describes a warped product of Ads4 with an internal metric composed of an $`S^4`$ bundle over $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$.

### 6.3 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ to AdS6

As we discussed above, AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ arises for $`m_1m_20`$ and $`ϵ=1`$. The special cases of one non-vanishing $`m_i`$ and $`m_1=m_2`$ have been discussed in sections 3 and 4, respectively . We will now consider the general case of $`m_i`$ with $`m_1m_2>0`$. As in the previous cases, AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ can occur as an asymptotic geometry in one solution and a horizon geometry in another. In order to demonstrate this explicitly, we take $`m_1=5`$, $`m_2=2`$ and a positive sign in (6.9). For simplicity, we also set $`g=1`$. As an asymptotic boundary solution, the Taylor expansions of the metric components and the scalars go as

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{128}{81})^{1/4}y^2(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`(648)^{1/4}(1cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1\frac{12(n+1)}{9n17}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{8}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{32}{81})^{1/8}(1\frac{(3n+5)(6n7)}{2(9n17)}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (6.11)
where the coordinate $`y`$ is defined to be $`d\rho =e^udy`$ and $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. The constant $`n`$ can take two values: $`n=1`$ or $`n=\frac{1}{6}(3+\sqrt{185})`$. Clearly, this solution will flow into a singularity in the bulk.

On the other hand, for the solution with AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at the horizon, we find the Taylor expansion of the next leading order to be given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{81}{128})^{1/4}r^2(1+cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`(648)^{1/4}(1\frac{25n69}{7n19}cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1\frac{12(n+1)}{9n17}cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{8}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{32}{81})^{1/8}(1\frac{(n+1)c}{2(n+3)}cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$ (6.12)
where $`n=\frac{1}{6}(3+\sqrt{185})`$ and $`c`$ is an integration constant. The coordinate $`r`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udr`$. This solution runs smoothly to large distance, where it asymptotes to the AdS6-type solution (6.8). This can be demonstrated with numerical calculation, using the above Taylor expansions as the initial data. In Fig. 4, the smooth functions $`e^u`$, $`e^v`$, $`e^{\varphi _1/\sqrt{2}}`$ and $`e^{\varphi _2/\sqrt{8}}`$ are plotted.

### 6.4 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$ to AdS6

The AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$ fixed-point arises for $`m_1m_2<0`$ and $`ϵ=+1`$. The Taylor expansion analysis indicates that there are solutions with AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$ in the asymptotic boundary as well as at the near-horizon geometry. For a concrete example, we choose $`m_1=7`$, $`m_2=5`$, $`g=1`$ and a negative sign in (6.9). The boundary solution behaves as

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{9}{4}(\frac{7}{36})^{3/4}y^2(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`3(\frac{343}{36})^{1/4}(1cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{7}}(1\frac{6(n+1)}{2n11}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{8}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{7}{36})^{1/8}(1\frac{n+1}{2(n3)}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (6.13)
where $`n=1`$ or $`n=\frac{1}{2}(1+\sqrt{35})`$, and $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. Clearly, the solution runs from this asymptotic region into a singularity in the bulk.

In the solution whose near-horizon geometry is AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$, the Taylor expansion is given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{16384}{3087})^{1/4}(1+cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{3087}{4})^(1/4)(1\frac{1}{13}(19+2\sqrt{35})cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{7}(1+\frac{3}{65}(25+9\sqrt{35})cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{8}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{7}{36})^{1/8}(1+\frac{1}{2}(3+2\sqrt{7/5})cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$ (6.14)
where $`c`$ is an integration constant and $`r`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udr`$. We can use the above Taylor expansion as the initial conditions for numerical calculation. The plots of the above functions are presented in Fig. 5, which clearly show that the solution runs smoothly to the asymptotic AdS6-type solution given by (6.8).

## 7 Three-charge string in $`D=5`$

Let us now consider the minimal gauged supergravity in $`D=5`$ coupled to two vector multiplets. The Lagrangian is given by

$$e^1_5=\widehat{R}\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _1)^2\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _2)^2\frac{1}{4}\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}X_i^2(\widehat{F}_{\left(2\right)}^i)^2\widehat{V}+e^1\frac{1}{4}ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma \lambda }\widehat{F}_{\mu \nu }^1\widehat{F}_{\rho \sigma }^2\widehat{A}_\lambda ^3,$$
(7.1)
with the scalar potential

$$\widehat{V}=4g^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}X_i^1.$$
(7.2)
The quantities $`X_i`$ are given by

$`X_i=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{a}_i\stackrel{}{\varphi }},`$
$`\stackrel{}{a}_1=(\sqrt{2},{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}}),\stackrel{}{a}_2=(\sqrt{2},{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}}),\stackrel{}{a}_3=(0,{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\sqrt{6}}}).`$ (7.3)
The scalar potential $`\widehat{V}`$ in (7.2) can be also expressed in terms of the superpotential $`\widehat{W}`$, given by

$$\widehat{W}=\sqrt{2}g\underset{i}{}X_i.$$
(7.4)
We now reduce the theory on $`S^2`$ with the previous metric ansatz specializing on $`D=5`$. The ansatz for the three $`U(1)`$ 2-form field strengths is given by

$$F_{\left(2\right)}^i=ϵm_i\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}\frac{1}{2}ϵq_ig^1\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(7.5)
The resulting $`D=3`$ scalar potential is

$$V=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^2(\underset{i}{}m_i^2X_i^2)e^{4\alpha \phi }2ϵ\lambda ^2e^{3\alpha \phi }+\widehat{V}e^{2\alpha \phi },$$
(7.6)
and the corresponding superpotential is

$$W=\frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}(\underset{i}{}m_iX_i^1)e^{2\alpha \phi }+\widehat{W}e^{\alpha \phi },$$
(7.7)
provided that the following constraint is satisfied:

$$\lambda ^2=g\underset{i}{}m_i.$$
(7.8)
Thus, the charge parameters $`q_i`$ satisfy $`q_1+q_2+q_3=2`$. The first-order equations for the three-dimensional system have the same form as (5.9) but now with $`A^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}W`$. Lifting the equations, we obtain the first-order equations describing the three-charge magnetic string in $`D=5`$:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2\sqrt{2}}}(m_1\stackrel{}{a}_1X_1^1+m_2\stackrel{}{a}_2X_2^1+m_3\stackrel{}{a}_3X_3^1)e^{2v}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{W}}{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}}\left(\sqrt{2}ϵ(m_1X_1^1+m_2X_2^1+m_3X_3^1)e^{2v}+\widehat{W}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{du}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}}(m_1X_1^1+m_2X_2^1+m_3X_3^1)e^{2v}\widehat{W}\right).`$ (7.9)
A 3-charge string with constant scalars was found in . On the other hand, for $`m_1=m_2=m_3`$, it is consistent that $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ vanish and this system reduces to the $`D=5`$ system of section 2, with the solution given by (2.15) . For $`m_1=m_2`$ we can consistently set $`\varphi _1=0`$ while keeping $`\varphi _2`$. In particular, if $`m_1=m_2=0`$, this system reduces to the $`D=5`$ system of section 3.1. After taking $`g\sqrt{3/4}g`$, an exact solution is given by the formulae (3.26) and (3.34).

For $`m_1=m_2=m_3`$, it has recently been found that one can consistently set $`\varphi _1=\sqrt{3}\varphi _2`$, with an exact solution given by

$`ds_5^2`$ $`=`$ $`H^{2/3}\left[(gr)^2(\mathrm{e}^{\frac{ϵm}{2g^3r^2}}dx_\mu ^2+H^2\lambda ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)+H^2{\displaystyle \frac{dr^2}{(gr)^2}}\right],`$
$`\mathrm{e}^{\sqrt{6}\varphi _2}`$ $`=`$ $`H,`$ (7.10)
where we made the coordinate transformation

$$\frac{d\rho }{dr}=\frac{\mathrm{e}^v}{(gr)^2},$$
(7.11)
and where

$$H=1\frac{ϵm}{2g^3r^2}.$$
(7.12)
For general $`m_i`$, we do not find analytical solutions and so it is instructive to study the system with a numerical approach.

### 7.1 Asymptotic boundary region

We can express the metric in the form (4.7) by making the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =dy\mathrm{e}^u`$. The boundary conditions are $`u(y)v(y)\mathrm{log}y`$ and $`\varphi 0`$ for small $`y`$. The leading terms of the Taylor expansion of the solution of (7.9) are given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g^2y^2}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1+m_2+m_3)g}{9c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{g^2y^2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{7ϵ(m_1+m_2+m_3)g}{18c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _1}{\sqrt{2}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1m_2)g}{2c^2}}y^2\mathrm{log}y+\mathrm{},`$ (7.13)
$`e^{\frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{6}}}`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ(m_1+m_22m_3)g}{6c^2}}y^2\mathrm{log}y+\mathrm{},`$
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. The non-normalizable solutions for $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ imply that the dual operators are turned on, provided that the values of $`m_i`$ are such that the fields are non-vanishing . Next, we examine how these solutions flow from the above boundary into the bulk.

### 7.2 AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$

For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$, the fixed-point solution is given by

$`e^{\sqrt{2}\varphi _1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_1}{m_2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_3+m_2m_1}{m_3m_2+m_1}}\right),e^{\sqrt{6}\varphi _2}={\displaystyle \frac{m_1m_2(m_3^2(m_1m_2)^2)}{m_3^2(m_1+m_2m_3)^2}},`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`ϵg\left({\displaystyle \frac{(m_1+m_2m_3)(m_3^2(m_1m_2)^2)}{m_1^2m_2^2m_3^2}}\right)^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{3}}},`$
$`u`$ $`=`$ $`ge^{\frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{6}}}\left(\mathrm{cosh}(\varphi _1/\sqrt{2})+\frac{1}{2}e^{\sqrt{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{3}{2}}}\varphi _2}\right)\rho {\displaystyle \frac{2}{R_{\mathrm{ads}}}}\rho .`$ (7.14)
This solution was discussed in detail in . The reality condition of the solution implies that when three vectors with the magnitudes $`|m_i|`$ can form a triangle, $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ should be the $`H^2`$ metric. On the other hand, when they cannot form a triangle, the metric should be that of $`S^2`$.222AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$ solutions were also recently found in  in a different construction. If any of the $`m_i`$ vanish, there is no fixed-point solution, except when one vanishes with the remaining two being equal. The AdS3 radius depends on $`g`$ and two of the three charge parameters.

### 7.3 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ to AdS5

As in the previous cases, AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ can occur either as an asymptotic geometry or on the horizon. In order to demonstrate this, we take $`m_1=m_2=2`$ and $`m_3=3`$. For this choice of charge parameters, we can set $`\varphi _1=0`$. For simplicity, we also set $`g=1`$. As an asymptotic boundary geometry, the Taylor expansions of the metric components and the scalars are

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{\mathrm{8\hspace{0.17em}2}^{1/3}}{25}y^2(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}^{1/3}(1\frac{1}{2}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{6}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`2^{1/3}(1+\frac{1}{16}(11+3\sqrt{17})y^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (7.15)
where the coordinate $`y`$ is defined to be $`d\rho =e^udy`$ and $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. The constant $`n`$ can take two values: $`n=\frac{1}{5}(3+\sqrt{17})`$. Clearly, this solution will flow into a singularity in the bulk.

On the other hand, for the solution with AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at its horizon, we find the Taylor expansion of the next leading order to be

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{25}{\mathrm{8\hspace{0.17em}2}^{1/3}}r^2(1+cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}^{1/3}(1\frac{1}{26}(33+10\sqrt{17})cr^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{6}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`2^{1/3}(1+\frac{1}{208}(14711\sqrt{17})r^2+\mathrm{}),`$ (7.16)
where $`c`$ is an integration constant and $`r`$ is defined by $`d\rho =e^udr`$. We can use this as the initial conditions for the numerical calculation. The resulting plots are presented in Fig. 6), which show that the solution runs smoothly from AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at the horizon to the AdS5-type asymptotic behavior given by (7.1). The 3-charge string with constant scalars also interpolates between AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ and the AdS5-type geometry .

### 7.4 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$ to AdS5

AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$ can also occur as an asymptotic geometry for one solution or as a horizon geometry for another. As a concrete example, let us consider $`m_1=m_2=1`$ and $`m_3=4`$, for which case we have $`\varphi _1=0`$. For simplicity, we set $`g=1`$. The boundary solution behaves as

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{9}{1024})^{1/3}y^2(1+cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`6^{1/3}(1\frac{1}{2}cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{6}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`6^{1/3}(1+\frac{1}{20}(11+3\sqrt{19})cy^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (7.17)
where $`n=\frac{1}{2}(1+\sqrt{19})`$ and $`c`$ is an integration constant. Clearly, the solution will encounter a singularity when it runs away from this asymptotic region.

For the solution with AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$ at its horizon, the near-horizon behavior is

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`(\frac{1024}{9})^{1/3}(1+cr^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`6^{1/3}(1\frac{1}{10}(11+2\sqrt{19})cr^n+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{\varphi _2}{\sqrt{6}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`6^{1/3}(1+\frac{1}{100}(711\sqrt{19})cr^n+\mathrm{}),`$ (7.18)
where $`n=\frac{1}{2}(1+\sqrt{19})`$ and $`c`$ is an integration constant. We can use this as the initial conditions for a numerical calculation and the results are plotted in Fig. 7. This shows that the solution runs smoothly from AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$ at the horizon to the AdS5-type asymptotic geometry given by (7.1).

## 8 Four-charge black hole in $`D=4`$

Let us now consider the $`U(1)^4`$ gauged $`N=2`$ supergravity in four dimensions. The Lagrangian is given by

$$e^1_4=\widehat{R}\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _1)^2\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _2)^2\frac{1}{2}(\varphi _3)^2\frac{1}{4}\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}X_i^2(\widehat{F}_{\left(2\right)}^i)^2\widehat{V},$$
(8.1)
with the scalar potential

$$\widehat{V}=4g^2\underset{i<j}{}X_iX_j.$$
(8.2)
The quantities $`X_i`$ are given by

$`X_i=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{a}_i\stackrel{}{\varphi }},`$
$`\stackrel{}{a}_1=(1,1,1),\stackrel{}{a}_2=(1,1,1),\stackrel{}{a}_3=(1,1,1),\stackrel{}{a}_4=(1,1,1).`$ (8.3)
The scalar potential $`\widehat{V}`$ in (8.2) can be also expressed in terms of the superpotential $`\widehat{W}`$, where

$$\widehat{W}=\sqrt{2}g\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}X_i.$$
(8.4)
We use the metric ansatz (2.12) and take the four $`U(1)`$ 2-form field strengths to be

$$F_{\left(2\right)}^i=ϵm_i\lambda ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}\frac{1}{2}ϵq_ig^1\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(8.5)
A solution will be supersymmetric provided that the following constraint is satisfied:

$$\lambda ^2=g\underset{i}{}m_i,$$
(8.6)
and hence $`q_1+q_2+q_3+q_4=2`$. The equations of motion are given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}m_i\stackrel{}{a}_iX_i^1e^{2v}+{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{W}}{d\stackrel{}{\varphi }}}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}m_iX_i^1e^{2v}+\widehat{W}\right),`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{du}{d\rho }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}}m_iX_i^1e^{2v}\widehat{W}\right).`$ (8.7)
For $`m_1=m_2=m_3=m_4`$, it is consistent that $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ vanish and this system reduces to the $`D=4`$ system of section 2, with the solution given by (2.15) . For general $`m_i`$, we do not find analytical solutions and it is instructive to study the system using the numerical approach.

### 8.1 Asymptotic boundary region

We can express the metric in the form (4.7) by making the coordinate transformation $`d\rho =dy\mathrm{e}^u`$. We have the boundary conditions $`u(y)v(y)\mathrm{log}y`$ and $`\varphi 0`$ for small $`y`$. The leading terms of the Taylor expansion of the solution of (8.7) are given by

$`e^{2u}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4g^2y^2}}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}m_ig}{3c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{2v}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{4g^2y^2}}(1{\displaystyle \frac{2ϵ\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}m_ig}{3c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{}),`$
$`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{}{\varphi }}`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\stackrel{}{a}_im_ig}{2c^2}}y^2+\mathrm{},`$ (8.8)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. As in the cases of $`D=7`$ and $`6`$, the normalizable solutions for $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ imply that the dual operators are not turned on. Next, we examine how these solutions flow from the above boundary into the bulk.

### 8.2 AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$

For $`ϵ=\pm 1`$, we have not obtained the general solution for arbitrary $`m_i`$. However, a class of special solutions results from setting $`m_2=m_3=m_4`$ . This enables one to consistently set $`\varphi _1=\varphi _2=\varphi _3\varphi `$. For this truncation, fixed-point solutions for $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ are given by

$`\mathrm{e}^{2\varphi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3m_2m_1\pm \sqrt{(m_1m_2)(m_19m_2)}}{2m_2}},\mathrm{e}^{2v}=4gϵ{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\varphi }{m_1\mathrm{e}^{2\varphi }m_2}},`$
$`u`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}g\left({\displaystyle \frac{2(m_1\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\varphi }+3m_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi })}{m_2m_1\mathrm{e}^{2\varphi }}}\mathrm{sinh}\varphi +\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\varphi }+3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi }\right)\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{2}{R_{\mathrm{ads}}}}\rho .`$ (8.9)
This solution was discussed in detail in . The reality condition of the solution implies that for $`ϵ=1`$, corresponding to $`H^2`$, we must have either $`m_2>0`$ and $`0<m_1m_2`$ or $`m_2<0`$ and $`m_2m_1<3m_2`$. For $`ϵ=1`$, corresponding to $`S^2`$, we must have $`m_20`$ and $`m_1>3m_2`$. In general, the AdS2 radius depends on $`g`$ and three of the four charge parameters.

### 8.3 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ to AdS4

As in the previous cases, AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ can occur at the asymptotic boundary of one solution and the horizon geometry of another. This can be demonstrated using Taylor expansion. For a concrete example, let us consider $`m_1=2`$ and $`m_2=m_3=m_4=3`$. As shown in the previous subsection, we have $`\varphi _i=\varphi `$. Near the asymptotic boundary, the solution behaves as

$$e^{2u}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{25}y^2(1+cy^{2/5}+\mathrm{}),e^{2v}=\sqrt{2}(1+\mathrm{}),e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi }=2^{1/4}(1\frac{7}{6}cy^{2/5}+\mathrm{}).$$
(8.10)
Clearly this solution will run into a singularity in the bulk.

On the other hand, for the solution with the AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ horizon, the near-horizon behavior is given by

$$e^{2u}=\frac{25}{\sqrt{2}}r^2(1+cr+\mathrm{}),e^{2v}=\sqrt{2}(1\frac{35}{19}cr+\mathrm{}),e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi }=2^{1/4}(1+\frac{5}{38}cr+\mathrm{}),$$
(8.11)
where $`c`$ is an integration constant. Using this as initial data for numerical calculation, we plot the result in Fig. 8. Thus, we see that the solution runs from AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ at the horizon to the AdS4-like geometry (8.8) in the asymptotic region. A black hole solution which interpolates between AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ and the AdS4-type geometry was first found in .

### 8.4 Interpolating from AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ to AdS4

Analogously, AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ can also either occur at the horizon region of a solution and at the asymptotic region of another. As an example, let us consider $`m_1=7`$ and $`m_2=m_3=m_4=2`$, which implies that $`\varphi _i=\varphi `$. For the solution with AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ in its asymptotic region, the behavior can be studied using Taylor expansion:

$$e^{2u}=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{100}(1+cr^{6/5}+\mathrm{}),e^{2v}=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{4}(1+\mathrm{}),e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi }=7^{1/4}(1\frac{11}{18}cr^{6/5}+\mathrm{}),$$
(8.12)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary integration constant. Clearly, the flow of this solution from the boundary leads to a singularity in the bulk.

For the solution with AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ at its horizon, the near-horizon behavior is given by

$$e^{2u}=\frac{100}{\sqrt{7}}r^2(1+cr+\mathrm{}),e^{2v}=\frac{\sqrt{7}}{4}(1\frac{55}{41}cr+\mathrm{}),e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi }=7^{1/4}(1+\frac{15}{82}cr+\mathrm{}),$$
(8.13)
where $`c`$ is an integration constant. Using this as initial data, we perform numerical calculation. The plots are presented in Fig. 9. From the plots, we see that the solution runs smoothly from the AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ horizon to the AdS4-like asymptotic region given in (8.8).

## 9 String and M-theory origins

Gauged supergravities in $`D=4,5,6`$ and $`7`$ can be obtained from consistent sphere reductions of M-theory, type IIB or massive type IIA supergravities. Thus, it is straightforward to lift our solutions back to higher dimensions and study their properties. A particularly interesting class of solutions which we obtained are those that smoothly interpolate between AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ at the horizon and AdSD-type spacetime in the asymptotic region. When lifted to higher dimensions, the asymptotic region becomes a direct product of AdSD with a relevant sphere 333Except in the case of massive type IIA supergravity, for which the AdS6 embedding involves a singular warp factor .. On the other hand, the horizon region becomes a warped product of AdSD-2 with an internal metric that is an $`S^p`$ bundle over $`S^2`$ for $`p=4,5`$ and 7. We shall look at these cases in detail. Some of the results have been reported in a recent letter .

### 9.1 $`D=7`$ solutions embedded in M-theory

It is straightforward to lift the AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ solutions given by (5.12) to $`D=11`$ by using the ansatz obtained in . Since the solutions for general $`m_i`$ are rather complicated to present, we only consider a representative example of AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ with $`m_1=5g`$ and $`m_2=3g`$. The M-theory metric is given by

$`ds_{11}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{3}}}[ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_5}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g^2c}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4c}}(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2)`$ (9.1)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}(\frac{1}{4}d\mu _0^2+\frac{1}{5}(d\mu _1^2+\mu _1^2(d\varphi _1\frac{5}{2}\mathrm{cos}\theta d\phi )^2)`$
$`+d\mu _2^2+\mu _2^2(d\varphi _2+\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{cos}\theta d\phi )^2)\}],`$
where $`c=10^{2/5}`$ and $`\mu _i`$ are spherical coordinates which satisfy $`\mu _0^2+\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2=1`$. The warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, which is not to be confused with the dilaton coupling parameter in section 3, is given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=c(4\mu _0^2+5\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2)>0.$$
(9.2)
The AdS5 metric is given by

$$ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_5}^2=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{2\rho }{R}}}dx^\mu dx_\mu +d\rho ^2,$$
(9.3)
where the AdS radius is $`R=\frac{1}{2cg}`$. Note that, for all lifted solutions, $`g`$ is defined as in sections 4-7.

The case of $`m_1=m_2`$ provides an example of AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ which is easily embedded in M-theory. The corresponding eleven-dimensional metric is given by

$`ds_{11}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{3}}}[ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_5}^2+(\frac{3}{4})^{3/5}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g^2}}\{d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\phi ^2+d\psi _1^2`$ (9.4)
$`+(\frac{3}{4})^{4/5}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{cos}^2\psi _1(d\psi _2^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\psi _2(d\varphi _1\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{cosh}\theta d\phi )^2`$
$`+\mathrm{sin}^2\psi _2(d\varphi _2\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{cosh}\theta d\phi )^2)\}].`$
The warp factor $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=(\frac{3}{4})^{4/5}\mathrm{sin}^2\psi _1+(\frac{3}{4})^{1/5}\mathrm{cos}^2\psi _1>0,$$
(9.5)
and the AdS radius is $`R=(\frac{3}{4})^{4/5}\frac{2}{g}`$.

In the above geometries, the internal space of the $`D=11`$ metric can be viewed as an $`S^4`$ bundle over $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$, with two diagonal $`U(1)`$ bundles 444Supersymmetric AdS solutions of M-theory with internal spaces which can be viewed as $`S^4`$ bundles over various spaces have also been discussed in .. In general, the internal metric can be labelled by the two diagonal monopole charges $`(q_1,q_2)=(\frac{2m_1}{m_1+m_2},\frac{2m_2}{m_1+m2})`$. In the specific example of AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ above, $`(q_1,q_2)=(5,3)`$ and the solution is smooth everywhere. For general $`(m_1,m_2)`$, the metric does not have a power-law singularity. However, it could have a conical orbifold singularity, which is absent only if $`(q_1,q_2)`$ are integers. Since $`q_i`$ satisfy the constraint $`q_1+q_2=2`$, it follows that they are either both even or both odd integers. In the even case, the bundle is topologically trivial, whilst it is twisted for the odd case. The internal space can be regarded as having a generalized holonomy group , since it is not Ricci flat and involves a form field.

The solution preserves $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetry; it is a supergravity dual to an $`𝒩=1`$, $`D=4`$ superconformal field theory on the boundary of AdS5. This provides a concrete framework to study AdS5/CFT4 from the point of view of M-theory.

The seven-dimensional single-charge 3-brane given by (3.23) and (3.28) can also be lifted to M-theory. The corresponding eleven-dimensional metric is given by

$$ds_{11}^2=\mathrm{\Delta }^{1/3}ds_7^2+\frac{1}{g^2\mathrm{\Delta }^{2/3}}\left[H^{1/5}\mathrm{\Delta }d\theta ^2+H^{2/5}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_2^2+H^{3/5}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\varphi _1+A_{\left(1\right)})^2\right],$$
(9.6)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=H^{3/5}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +H^{2/5}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta >0,dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(9.7)
### 9.2 $`D=6`$ solutions embedded in massive IIA theory

Using the reduction ansatz in , it is straightforward to lift the AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times S^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ solutions given by (6.9) up to $`D=10`$ massive IIA supergravity. The metric is given by

$`ds_{10}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _0^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{12}}}X_0^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{8}}}(X1X_2)^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{4}}}\mathrm{\Delta }^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{3}{8}}}[ds_6^2+g^2\mathrm{\Delta }^1(X_0^1d\mu _0^2`$
$`+X_1^1(d\mu _1^2+\mu _1^2(d\phi _1+gA_{\left(1\right)}^2)^2)+X_2^1(d\mu _2^2+\mu _2^2(d\phi _2+gA_{\left(2\right)}^1)^2))],`$
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=_{\alpha =0}^2X_\alpha \mu _\alpha ^2>0`$ and $`\mu _0^2+\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2=1`$. Thus, the $`D=10`$ metric is a warped product of AdS4 with an internal six-metric, which is an $`S^4`$ bundle over $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$, depending on the charge parameter $`p`$ according to the rule (6.10).

As an example of a supersymmetric, though singular, compactification of AdS4 from massive IIA theory, we can take $`m_1=7g`$, $`m_2=5g`$ and a negative sign in (6.9). This gives $`X_0=6c`$, $`X_1=7c`$ and $`X_2=c`$, where $`c=6^{1/4}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}7}^{3/8}`$. Also, $`A_{\left(1\right)}^1=\frac{7}{2g}\mathrm{cos}\theta d\phi `$, $`A_{\left(1\right)}^2=\frac{5}{2g}\mathrm{cos}\theta d\phi `$ and the radius of AdS4 is given by $`R=1/(4cg)`$. On the other hand, $`m_1=m_2`$ provides an embedding of AdS$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$ in massive IIA theory.

The six-dimensional single-charge membrane given by (3.23) and (3.32) can also be lifted to massive IIA theory. The corresponding ten-dimensional metric is given by

$$ds_{10}^2=(\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\psi )^{1/12}H^{1/64}(\mathrm{\Delta }^{3/8}ds_6^2+\frac{1}{g^2\mathrm{\Delta }^{5/8}}[H^{1/4}\mathrm{\Delta }d\theta ^2+$$

$$H^{3/8}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_2^2+H^{5/8}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\varphi _1+A_{\left(1\right)})^2]),$$
(9.9)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=H^{5/8}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +H^{3/8}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta >0,dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(9.10)
Note that the overall warping factor depends on two internal coordinates.

### 9.3 $`D=5`$ solutions embedded in IIB theory

The AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times S^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}\times H^2`$ solutions given by (7.14) can be lifted to ten-dimensional IIB theory with the reduction ansatz obtained in . Since the solution with general $`m_i`$ is complicated to present, we consider a simpler case with $`m_2=m_1`$. The ten-dimensional metric is

$`ds_{10}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}\{ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_3}^2+ϵg^2({\displaystyle \frac{m_1}{m_32m_1}})^{1/3}(\frac{1}{2}q_1d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+d\theta ^2)`$ (9.11)
$`+g^2\mathrm{\Delta }^1[c^{1/3}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta (d\psi ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\psi (d\phi _1+\frac{1}{2}q_1A_{\left(1\right)})^2`$
$`+\mathrm{cos}^2\psi (d\phi _2+\frac{1}{2}q_1A_{\left(1\right)})^2)+c^{2/3}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\phi _3+\frac{1}{2}q_3A_{\left(1\right)})^2]\},`$
where

$`c=\left|{\displaystyle \frac{m_1}{2m_1m_3}}\right|,\mathrm{\Delta }=c^{1/3}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta +c^{2/3}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta >0,dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)},`$
$`ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_3}^2=e^{\frac{2\rho }{R}}(dt^2+dx^2)+d\rho ^2,R=\left|{\displaystyle \frac{2m_1}{g(4m_1m_3)c^{1/3}}}\right|.`$ (9.12)
We have introduced the charge parameters $`q_i=2m_i/(m_1+m_2+m_3)`$, and hence they satisfy the constraint $`q_1+q_2+q_3=2`$. In the above solution, if $`|m_3|<2|m_1|`$, we should have $`ϵ=1`$, corresponding to $`H^2`$; if $`|m_3|>2|m_1|`$, we should have $`ϵ=1`$, corresponding to $`S^2`$. In general, the internal metric is an $`S^5`$ bundle over $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$, depending the values of the $`q_i`$ according to the above rules.

It is especially simple to lift the five-dimensional equal-three-charge string given by (2.15), due to the absence of scalars. The corresponding ten-dimensional metric is given by

$$ds_{10}^2=ds_5^2+\frac{1}{g^2}[d\theta ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta (d\psi ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\psi (d\varphi _1+\frac{1}{3}A_{\left(1\right)})^2$$

$$+\mathrm{cos}^2\psi (d\varphi _2+\frac{1}{3}A_{\left(1\right)})^2)+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\varphi _3+\frac{1}{3}A_{\left(1\right)})^2],$$
(9.13)
where $`dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}`$.

For the five-dimensional three-equal-charged string with a nontrivial dilaton, given by (7.10), the corresponding ten-dimensional metric is

$$ds_{10}^2=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}ds_5^2+\frac{1}{g^2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}[\mathrm{\Delta }H^{1/3}d\theta ^2+H^{2/3}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\varphi _1+\frac{1}{3}A_{\left(1\right)})^2+$$

$$H^{1/3}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta (d\psi ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\psi (d\varphi _2+\frac{1}{3}A_{\left(1\right)})^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\psi (d\varphi _3+\frac{1}{3}A_{\left(1\right)})^2)],$$
(9.14)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=H^{1/3}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta +H^{2/3}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta >0,dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(9.15)
For five-dimensional single-charge string given by (3.23) and (3.34), the corresponding metric is

$$ds_{10}^2=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}ds_5^2+\frac{1}{g^2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\left[H^{1/3}\mathrm{\Delta }d\theta ^2+H^{1/3}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+H^{2/3}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\varphi _3+A_{\left(1\right)})^2\right],$$
(9.16)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`A_{\left(1\right)}`$ are given by (9.15).

### 9.4 $`D=4`$ solutions embedded in M-theory

We use the reduction ansatz obtained in  to lift the AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times S^2`$ and AdS$`{}_{2}{}^{}\times H^2`$ solutions given by (8.9) back to $`D=11`$, with the metric

$`ds_{11}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{2/3}\{ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_2}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2v}}{(m_1+3m_2)g}}d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2`$ (9.17)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g^2\mathrm{\Delta }}}[\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\varphi }(d\mu _1^2+\mu _1^2(d\varphi _1+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵm_1}{m_1+3m_2}}A_{\left(1\right)})^2)`$
$`+\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi }{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}(d\mu _i^2+\mu _i^2(d\varphi _i+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵm_2}{m_1+3m_2}}A_{\left(1\right)})^2)]\},`$
where

$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\varphi }\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi })\mu _1^2+\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi }>0,dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)},ds_{\mathrm{AdS}_2}^2=e^{\frac{2\rho }{R}}dt^2+d\rho ^2,`$
$`R`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{g}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2(m_1\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\varphi }+3m_2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi })}{m_2m_1\mathrm{e}^{2\varphi }}}\mathrm{sinh}\varphi +\mathrm{e}^{\frac{3}{2}\varphi }+3\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{2}\varphi }\right]^1.`$ (9.18)
In general, the nine-dimensional internal metric is an $`S^7`$ bundle over $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$, depending the values of the $`m_i`$. This is an especially interesting example of a space with generalized holonomy group, since nine-dimensional Ricci-flat manifolds do not have an irreducible special holonomy group.

The four-dimensional single-charge black hole given by (3.26) and (3.36) can also be embedded in M-theory, with the corresponding eleven-dimensional metric

$$ds_{11}^2=\mathrm{\Delta }^{2/3}ds_4^2+\frac{H^{1/4}}{g^2\mathrm{\Delta }^{1/3}}[(1+(H^{1/2}1)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\phi )d\theta ^2+$$

$$\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \left(1+(H^{1/2}1)\mathrm{sin}^2\phi \right)d\phi ^2+\frac{1}{2}(H^{1/2}1)\mathrm{sin}(2\theta )\mathrm{sin}(2\phi )d\theta d\phi +$$

$$H^{1/2}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\phi d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\varphi _1+A_{\left(1\right)})^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \mathrm{sin}^2\phi d\varphi _2^2],$$
(9.19)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=H^{1/4}(\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \mathrm{sin}^2\phi )+H^{1/4}\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\phi >0,dA_{\left(1\right)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{\left(2\right)}.$$
(9.20)
## 10 Conclusions

We have investigated a large class of supersymmetric magnetic brane solutions supported by $`U(1)`$ gauge fields in gauged supergravities of dimensions $`4D7`$. We have obtained first-order equations by using a superpotential approach. These equations admit stationary AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ solutions, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ can be $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$ depending on the values of the $`U(1)`$-charges. The $`U(1)`$-charges $`q_i`$ satisfy the condition

$$q_1+q_2+\mathrm{}+q_n=2.$$
(10.1)
For $`D=7`$ and $`6`$, a maximum of two $`U(1)`$ charges are allowed and the rule for having $`S^2`$ or $`H^2`$ can be clearly summarized by (5.13). For $`D=5`$ and $`4`$, the maximum number of charges can be 3 and 4, respectively, and the complete rule remains to be specified, although we have obtained explicit examples of $`S^2`$ and $`H^2`$. Such constraints show that magnetic branes in AdS gauged supergravity are rather different from those in ungauged supergravities since, for the latter case, charges are unconstrained integration constants. The radius of AdSD-2 depends on the $`D`$-dimensional cosmological constant and $`(n1)`$ charge parameters.

The fraction of supersymmetry preserved by our brane solutions is the same as for those in ungauged supergravities, and depends on the number of $`U(1)`$ field strengths involved. Embedded in maximal supersymmetric theories, the preserved fraction of the supersymmetry is $`2^N`$, for $`N=1`$, 2, or 3 field strengths. In the case of $`N=4`$, the introduction of the fourth field strength does not break further supersymmetry and hence the preserved fraction is $`1/8`$.

Our first-order equations support two types of solutions that run from the aforementioned stationary ones. The first type has a geometry which approaches AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ in the asymptotic region and the solution runs into a singularity at small distance. The second type, which is more interesting, has a near-horizon geometry of AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ and smoothly runs to an AdSD-type geometry (1.1) in the asymptotic region. The non-constant scalar fields are bounded. This implies the existence of a large class of conformal field theories in diverse dimensions whose renormalization group flows from the UV conformal fixed point to the IR conformal fixed point. The fact that, from the same set of equations, AdS$`{}_{D2}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ arises as the horizon geometry in one type of solution and the asymptotic geometry in another, suggests that the stationary solution lies at the inflection point of the modulus space. Thus, a phase transition can occur, determining whether the system runs into a singularity or an AdSD-type metric.

The asymptotic AdSD-type geometry of the second type of solution has a boundary of Minkowski$`{}_{D3}{}^{}\times \mathrm{\Omega }^2`$. The case of $`D=7`$ arises as a vacuum solution of a six-dimensional gauged supergravity constructed in . This vacuum solution is of particular interest since the $`SU(2)`$ Yang-Mills field can be obtained from the internal $`S^2`$ without introducing a non-vanishing cosmological constant. Similar possibilities have also been observed for $`S^3`$ and brane-world Kaluza-Klein reduction of string theory . However, unlike these present solutions, the reduction discussed in  is non-supersymmetric and singular. Of course, the asymptotic AdSD-type geometry (1.1) is not an exact solution everywhere, since it runs to AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times S^2`$ in the bulk. We do not expect that there exists a consistent Kaluza-Klein reduction of $`D=7`$ gauged supergravity to the $`D=6`$ theory of . Rather, the latter theory should be viewed as the effective theory only at the boundary of our solutions. Since there are also solutions that smoothly run from AdS$`{}_{5}{}^{}\times H^2`$ to an AdS7-type geometry with the boundary Minkowski$`{}_{4}{}^{}\times H^2`$, we expect that there exists an effective gauged supergravity theory in $`D=6`$ that admits such a vacuum solution.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Gary Gibbons, Chris Pope and Ergin Sezgin for useful discussions.