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# N=4 Characters in Gepner Models, Orbits and Elliptic Genera.

## 1 Introduction

In the mid eighties, many efforts were deployed to find the characters of the N=2 superconformal algebra (SCA), culminating in the work of \[RY-87, G-88\]. The N=2 characters are defined by tr $`q^{L_0c/24}y^{J_0}`$ with $`L_0`$ the Virasoro operator and $`J_0`$ the $`U(1)`$ charge.111We use the common variables $`q=e^{2\pi i\tau }`$ and $`y=e^{2\pi iz}`$ where $`z`$ keeps track of the $`U(1)`$ theta angle. They fall into two classes: those for continuous central charge $`c>3`$ and those for discrete $`c<3`$, namely $`c=3k/(k+2)`$ with $`k`$ being the level.

In the first class, the characters for massive representations are proportional to $`\vartheta _3(z)/\eta ^3`$ (in the NS sector), while those for massless representations have an extra denominator of $`1+y^{\mathrm{sign}(\mathrm{m})}q^{|m|1/2}`$, where $`m`$ is a quantum number labelling the conformal dimension $`h`$ and the $`U(1)`$ charge $`Q`$. Unitarity constrains $`(h,Q)`$ to lie inside a polygonal domain of the plane. Massless representations are those hitting the unitary bound, ie with $`(h,Q)`$ on the boundary of the polygon. Massive representations are those with $`(h,Q)`$ in the interior of the polygon; they have vanishing Witten index.

In the second class, with discrete $`c<3`$, the characters are spanned by theta functions and the coefficients are the mysterious string functions of \[KP-84\].

In the late eighties, characters for the N=4 SCA were also unravelled \[ET-88-1\]. The N=4 algebra contains an affine $`su(2)`$ Kac-Moody subalgebra of level $`k`$, and the central charge of the SCA is $`c=6k`$. For $`k=1`$, the massive characters are proportional to $`\vartheta _3(z)^2/\eta ^3`$ (in the NS sector), while the massless characters have again an extra denominator. For higher level $`k`$, the characters have an additional factor of $`\chi _{k1}^l`$, which denotes the $`su(2)`$ affine characters (or a slight deformation of them in the massless case) with $`l`$ being the isospin quantum number, $`0lk/2`$. Unitarity requires $`hl`$ (NS sector) and massless representations hit this bound. Massless N=4 characters were found to be expressible as $`_l^{}A_{l,l^{}}\chi _k^l^{}`$ for some branching functions $`A_{l,l^{}}`$, and even expressible as an infinite sum of N=2 characters taken at double or triple points (these are special points in the $`(h,Q)`$ plane).

This correspondence between N=2 and N=4 characters was furthermore enhanced in \[EOTY-89\], where Gepner models were used to write N=4 characters – or rather orbits – as tensor products of several characters of the N=2 minimal theories. Then finite sums over these orbits NSi or Ri yield the traces for the N=4 characters, modular invariant partition functions, elliptic genera, or other topological invariants like

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{NS},\mathrm{R}}}^{^{\mathrm{N}=4}}(1)^Fq^{L_0c/24}y^{J_0}=\underset{i}{}D_i\mathrm{NS}_i^{}\overline{\mathrm{R}}_i^{}$$

for some combinatorial factors $`D_i`$. Since these objects are topological, they should not depend on the particular Gepner model at hand. Gepner models are special points in the moduli space of $`K3`$ surfaces \[NW-99\] where the above trace factorizes into a product of NS and R orbits. That is, we only go to points where the formula holds. At different such points, we have different sets of orbits NSi and of coefficients $`D_i`$. Moreover, each orbit should be expressible as a sum of a massless and a massive N=4 character: NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}(\tau ,z)=\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)+F_i(\tau )\mathrm{ch}^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)`$.

In the context of $`K3`$ compactifications, the non-linear sigma model has central charge $`c=6`$, thus the $`su(2)`$ subalgebra of the N=4 SCA has level $`k=1`$. In the following, we shall give explicit expression of the functions $`F_i(\tau )`$ in the case of the $`1^6`$ and $`2^4`$ theories (and lay the cornerstone for the $`4^3`$ theory) and find that they are essentially given by quotients of Dedekind $`\eta `$ functions, thus reflecting the modular nature of the characters and topological invariants. We also derive the expression for $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in both theories and gather on the way useful results on theta functions and other tools of analytic number theory.

This introduction is followed by six more sections. In section 2, we recall the N=4 characters for the $`c=6`$ SCA of the non-linear sigma model with $`K3`$ target space. We also show how massless and massive characters are used to span the orbits, without yet detailing the construction of these orbits. Section 3 is an expanded version of the results of \[EOTY-89\] on topological invariants for $`K3`$ based on computations with the orbits. Sections 4,5 and 6 are the crux of the paper, revealing in detail the orbits for the $`1^6`$,$`2^4`$ and $`4^3`$ Gepner models respectively, computing the functions $`F_i`$ and developing several lemmas on theta functions. Section 7 studies Gepner models of mixed levels, like $`1^32^2`$, $`1^44`$ and $`1^24^2`$ – the first of which is a toroidal model and the other two are $`K3`$ models.

In section 4, we also explore the function $`a(\tau )`$ which is essential in \[BBG-94\] for deriving Ramanujan identities. In particular, we study the function

$$\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{n}{}(1)^n(6n+1)^kq^{(6n+1)^2/24}$$

for $`k=1,2,3,4`$ (Prop. 4.51 and thereafter), and relate sums of cubes of theta functions to a single theta function (lemma 4.31).

#### Acknowledgements:

Many thanks to Anne Taormina for providing me with the orbits in section 5.1 and for further assistance, to Sander Zwegers for the alternative proof of lemma 4.31, to Herschel Farkas and Frank Garvan for their useful hints, to Katrin Wendland for her feedback and helpful answers, and to Robbert Dijkgraaf for the final touch.

## 2 N=4 Characters

We first write down the characters of the N=4 SCA with central charge $`c=6`$ and level $`k=1`$, ie corresponding to a sigma model with $`K3`$ target space. We give here explicitly the characters of the NS sector, and refer to spectral flow for their counterparts in the R sector. They depend on two variables, $`q=e^{2\pi i\tau }`$ and $`y=e^{2\pi iz}`$ for the modular parameter and the $`U(1)`$ theta angle respectively. Representations are parametrised by highest weight $`h`$ and isospin $`l`$ and unitarity implies $`hl`$ (NS sector). Our N=4 SCA is the enhancement of a N=2 Gepner model by adding $`SU(2)`$ currents $`J^\pm `$, and the latter’s characters are defined by

$$\mathrm{ch}^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z):=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{NS}}}q^{L_0c/24}y^{J_0}$$
(2.1)
### 2.1 The Characters

We rewrite the familiar expressions of \[ET-88-1\] for N=4 characters in a more useful parametrisation. There are two kinds of characters: we denote massless characters (with isospin $`l`$) by $`\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_l^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)`$ and massive ones (with highest weight $`h`$) by ch$`{}_{h}{}^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)`$.

Massless representations saturate the unitarity bound: $`h=l`$ and $`l=0,\frac{1}{2}`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}& =\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\eta ^3}\underset{n}{}q^{n^2/21/8}y^n\frac{1yq^{n1/2}}{1+yq^{n1/2}}=2\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+\left(\frac{q^{1/8}}{\eta }2h_3\right)\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\eta }\right)^2\hfill \\ \hfill \widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}}& =\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\eta ^3}\underset{n}{}q^{n^2/21/8}y^n\frac{1}{1+yq^{n1/2}}=\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+h_3\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\eta }\right)^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.2)
with

$$h_3(\tau ):=\frac{1}{\eta \vartheta _3}\frac{q^{n^2/21/8}}{1+q^{n1/2}}$$
(2.3)
The above equalities follow from the fact that the left hand sides are so-called theta functions of characteristic $`(0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau )`$ of degree 2 (see appendix A below), hence can be spanned by $`\vartheta _1(z)^2`$ and $`\vartheta _3(z)^2`$. The coefficients are obtained by evaluating the lhs at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$ and $`z=0`$ resp., bearing in mind that $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=0`$ and $`\vartheta _1(0)=0`$. For $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, note that the term $`(1q^0)`$ in the product expression of $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2})`$ cancels the denominator of the $`n=0`$ term of the sum, yielding $`2q^{1/4}`$ and $`q^{1/4}`$ for the left hand sides.

Massive representations are simpler and exist for $`h>0`$ and $`l=0`$:

$$\mathrm{ch}_h^{\mathrm{NS}}=q^{h1/8}\frac{\vartheta _3(z)^2}{\eta ^3}.$$
(2.4)
Spectral flow yields the R character (idem for massive characters):

$$\begin{array}{c}\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_l^\mathrm{R}(\tau ,z)=yq^{1/4}\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{\frac{1}{2}l}^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z+\frac{\tau }{2}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.5)
Thus for instance, the Witten index is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}I=\mathrm{tr}__\mathrm{R}q^{L_0c/24}(1)^F=\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{\frac{1}{2}l}^\mathrm{R}(\tau ,\frac{1}{2})=q^{1/4}\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_l^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,\frac{1+\tau }{2})=\{\begin{array}{cc}2,\hfill & l=0\hfill \\ 1,\hfill & l=\frac{1}{2}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.6)
since $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=0`$ and $`\vartheta _1(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=q^{1/8}\vartheta _3`$. For the massive characters, the Witten index vanishes: $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=0`$ in (2.4).

### 2.2 The Orbits

The non-linear sigma models on $`K3`$ have three kinds of NS “orbits”: graviton, massless and massive orbits. Their construction will be detailed in the explicit computations below, sections 4, 5 and 6. For now, we only need to know that they can be spanned by massless and massive N=4 characters. The graviton orbit, for example, contains the massless character $`\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}`$ and a sum of massive characters

$$\underset{n1}{}c_n\mathrm{ch}_n^{\mathrm{NS}}=\left(\underset{n1}{}c_nq^n\right)\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}=:F_1(\tau )\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}.$$

Thus the graviton orbit has coordinates $`(1,F_1)`$ in the basis $`\{\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_0^{\mathrm{NS}},\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}\}`$. Similarly for the other orbits. From the examples of the next sections, it will appear that the massless orbits have always coordinates $`(1,F_i)`$, and the massive orbits have coordinates $`(0,F_j)`$ (hence the name!). We use the subscripts $`1,i,j`$ for the different orbits: $`1`$ for the graviton orbit, $`i=2,\mathrm{},d`$ for the massless orbits and $`j=d+1,\mathrm{},d+d^{}`$ for the massive orbits. Writing the N=4 NSi characters (for the three kinds of orbits) in the basis $`\{\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{0,\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}},\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}\}`$ defines the functions $`F_i(\tau )`$ :

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{NS}_1(\tau ,z)\hfill & =\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)+\hfill & F_1(\tau )\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_i(\tau ,z)\hfill & =\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)+\hfill & F_i(\tau )\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_j(\tau ,z)\hfill & =\hfill & F_j(\tau )\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}(\tau ,z)\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.7)
The set of functions $`F_i`$ is determined by the particular Gepner model under study. Spectral flow generates again the Ramond counterparts, Ri, and subsequent $`(1)^F`$ insertion – denoted by a prime – yields the Witten index of the orbit (non-vanishing for massless characters only): R$`{}_{1}{}^{}=I_1=2`$, R$`{}_{i}{}^{}=I_i=1`$, R$`{}_{j}{}^{}=0`$.

The action of the modular group transforms all these orbits into each other. For instance, the $`S`$-transformation defines a real matrix $`S_{ij}`$:

$$\mathrm{NS}_i(\tau ,z)=\underset{j}{}S_{ij}\mathrm{NS}_j(\frac{1}{\tau },\frac{z}{\tau })e^{2\pi iz^2/\tau }.$$

Define $`D_i:=S_{1,i}/S_{i,1}`$, which are combinatorial factors of tensoring representations when using a Gepner model. For instance, in the $`1^6`$ theory: $`D_i=(1,20,270,30)`$. Using $`D_i`$, we form the modular invariant partition function for the $`K3`$ $`\sigma `$-model:

$$Z(\tau ,\overline{\tau };z,\tau z)=\mathrm{tr}q^{L_0\frac{c}{24}}\overline{q}^{\overline{L}_0\frac{\overline{c}}{24}}y^{J_0}\overline{y}^{\overline{J}_0}=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{d+d^{}}{}}D_i\left(|\mathrm{NS}_i|^2+|\mathrm{NS}_i^{}|^2+|\mathrm{R}_i|^2+|\mathrm{R}_i^{}|^2\right),$$
(2.8)
where the prime represents $`(1)^F`$ insertion. The last term evaluated at $`y=1`$ is but the Witten index $`I`$ and summing over it gives the Euler character:

$$\chi =\underset{i=1}{\overset{d+d^{}}{}}D_iI_i^2=D_12^2+D_2+\mathrm{}D_d=4+h^{1,1}=24,$$
(2.9)
as the sum of $`D_i`$ over the massless orbit always adds up to the Hodge number $`h^{1,1}`$ of the orbifold: 20 in our case of $`K3`$.

## 3 Topological invariants

### 3.1 $`K3`$ elliptic genera

In \[EOTY-89, KKY-93\], the authors studied the c=6 SCA of a sigma-model with $`K3`$ target space. The holonomy of the $`K3`$ manifold allows for two more $`SU(2)`$ currents $`J^\pm `$, ie conformal fields of weight 1 and $`U(1)`$ charge $`J_0=2J_0^3=\pm 2`$, that generate the transformation of double spectral flow (ie NS$``$R$``$ NS) and extend the N=2 algebra to N=4.

The elliptic genus of this $`(c,\overline{c})=(6,6)`$ heterotic sigma model is, geometrically, a double sum whose coefficients are the indices of Dirac operators for certain vector bundles over $`K3`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(\tau ,z)& =_{n,r}c_{n,r}q^ny^r\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{with}c_{n,r}& :=\mathrm{ind}\overline{)}D_{E_{n,r}}=_{K3}\mathrm{ch}(E_{n,r})\mathrm{td}(K3)\hfill \end{array}$$

where the bundle $`E_{n,r}`$ is defined by

$$\underset{n,r}{}E_{n,r}q^ny^r:=y^1\underset{n1}{}\left({}_{q^{n1}y}{}^{}T_{K3}^{}{}_{q^{n1}y^1}{}^{}\overline{T}_{K3}^{}S_{q^n}T_{K3}S_{q^n}\overline{T}_{K3}\right),$$

and $`_qE=_{k0}q^k^kE`$, $`S_qE=_{k0}q^kS^kE`$. ($`^k`$ and $`S^k`$ denote the $`k`$’th exterior and symmetric products.)

The elliptic genus also has a topological expression, given by a trace over the left and right Ramond sectors with $`(1)^F`$ insertion:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(\tau ,z)& :=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{R},\mathrm{R}}}(1)^{F_L+F_R}q^{L_01/4}\overline{q}^{\overline{L}_0\overline{1}/4}y^{J_0}\hfill \\ & =24\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+2\frac{\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4}{\eta ^4}\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\eta }\right)^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.1)
where the second expression will be proved in the next subsection. Note that because we have no $`\overline{y}^{\overline{J}_0}`$ for the right movers, the $`(1)^{F_R}`$ insertion in the R-sector yields only a contribution from the zero modes ($`\overline{q}^0`$-terms). Indeed, for any higher state, Susy ensures the existence of another state with opposite $`(1)^F`$ eigenvalue. Thus the above expressions are independent of $`\overline{q}`$ and we could have dropped that variable from the definition. Note also that the fermion parity operator $`(1)^F=(1)^{F_L+F_R}=(1)^{F_LF_R}`$ is sometimes written $`e^{i\pi (J_0\overline{J}_0)}`$. The $`U(1)`$ charge $`J_0`$ helps to distinguish between bosons and fermions, and its values are in $``$ for the NS sector and in $`+\frac{c}{6}`$ for the R sector. Thus the difference between left- and right-moving $`U(1)`$ charge is always an integer for the NS-NS or R-R sectors.

At the special values of $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2},\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{1}{2}`$ and $`0`$, we obtain specific topological invariants \[EOTY-89\], using (B.14),(B.15) and dropping the extra $`q^{1/4}`$ and $`q^{1/4}`$ in the first two cases:

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\mathrm{Dirac}\mathrm{index}:\hfill & \mathrm{\Phi }_{\widehat{A}}^+\hfill & :=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{NS},\mathrm{R}}}(1)^{F_R}q^{L_01/4}\hfill & =2\vartheta _3^2(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)/\eta ^6\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Phi }_{\widehat{A}}^{}\hfill & :=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{NS},\mathrm{R}}}(1)^{F_L+F_R}q^{L_01/4}\hfill & =2\vartheta _4^2(\vartheta _2^4+\vartheta _3^4)/\eta ^6\hfill \\ \mathrm{Hirzebruch}\mathrm{genus}:\hfill & \mathrm{\Phi }_\sigma \hfill & :=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{R},\mathrm{R}}}(1)^{F_R}q^{L_01/4}\hfill & =2\vartheta _2^2(\vartheta _4^4+\vartheta _3^4)/\eta ^6\hfill \\ \mathrm{Euler}\mathrm{character}:\hfill & \mathrm{\Phi }_\chi \hfill & :=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{R},\mathrm{R}}}(1)^{F_L+F_R}q^{L_01/4}\hfill & =24\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.2)
Whence a shift $`zz+\frac{\tau }{2}`$ generates spectral flow R$``$NS, while $`zz+\frac{1}{2}`$ is responsible for an additional factor of $`(1)^{F_L}`$. The elliptic genus evaluated at specific points thus yields the partition function for different spin structures; at $`z=0`$, we obtain the Witten index – or the bosonic partition function if we have no spin structures.

We note that the above indices or genera are universal and do not depend on the $`K3`$ moduli. Since they hold for any complex structure, they are rightly called topological invariants.

### 3.2 Derivation by Orbits

We shall prove (3.1) by actually computing $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\widehat{A}}^+`$ with its $`z`$ dependence restored, ie we consider the NS,R sector. This will allow us to work with the functions $`F_i`$ which we defined by the left-moving NSi orbits. Note that in the following, the $`\tau `$-dependence shall be understood and not always explicitly written. The prescription is to replace the trace by a sum over all orbits:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\widehat{A}}^+(\tau ,z):=\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{NS},\mathrm{R}}}q^{L_01/4}y^{J_0}(1)^{F_R}\overline{q}^{\overline{L}_0\overline{1}/4}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{d+d^{}}{}}D_i\mathrm{NS}_i(\tau ,z)\overline{\mathrm{R}}_i^{}(\overline{\tau },\overline{z}=0)$$

This factorization of NS and R sectors will be confirmed by the concrete examples of the next sections.222A thorough treatment of this factorization into tensor products of Hilbert spaces can be found in Katrin Wendland’s PhD thesis \[W-00\] Note that in the right-moving sector, $`\overline{\mathrm{R}}_i^{}(\overline{\tau },0)`$ is but the Witten index $`I_1=2`$, $`I_i=1`$ and $`I_j=0`$. Hence the trace consists of two parts only, one for the graviton orbit and one from the massless orbit. In (2.2), we can interpret the coefficient of $`\vartheta _1(z)^2/\vartheta _3^2`$ as $`I_i`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},d`$ and similarly for the coefficient of $`h_3`$. Bearing this in mind, (2.7) gives us:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}D_i\mathrm{NS}_i(z)\overline{\mathrm{R}}_i^{}(0)& =\underset{i}{}D_i\left[\mathrm{ch}_{0,\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}}(z)+F_i\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}(z)\right]I_i\hfill \\ & =\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}D_iI_i^2\right)\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+\left(\frac{q^{1/8}}{\eta }\left(D_1I_1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}D_iI_iF_i\right)+h_3\underset{=\chi =24}{\underset{}{\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}D_iI_i^2}}\right)\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\eta }\right)^2\hfill \end{array}$$

Since this is a topological invariant, it should be independent of the Gepner model at hand, ie of the particular set of functions $`F_i(\tau )`$. That is, for different Gepner models we have different sets (of variable length) of orbits NSi and functions $`F_i`$, but the above sum yields always the same result. In sections 4 and 5 below, we show (for the $`1^6`$ and $`2^4`$ theories) how the large bracket yields $`2(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)/\eta ^4`$. Hence our Dirac index becomes:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\widehat{A}}^+(z)=24\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+2\frac{\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4}{\eta ^4}\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\eta }\right)^2$$
(3.3)
and the $`z=0`$ value gives back the invariant of (3.2).

To arrive at the elliptic genus (3.1), we need to insert $`(1)^{F_L}`$ and perform spectral flow for the left-movers. This corresponds to shifts $`zz+\frac{1}{2}`$ and $`zz+\frac{\tau }{2}`$ respectively. The first of these operations yields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\widehat{A}}^{}(z)=_{i=1}^dD_i\mathrm{NS}_i^{}(z)\overline{\mathrm{R}}_i^{}(0)`$ and combination with the second yields $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=_{i=1}^dD_i\mathrm{R}_i^{}(z)\overline{\mathrm{R}}_i^{}(0)`$ as in (3.1).

### 3.3 Alternative derivation by orbifolds

The expression for the elliptic genus (3.1) can also be derived from orbifold models of the $`K3`$ surface, as was shown in \[EOTY-89\]. These models are formed by dividing the product of two complex tori $`T\times T^{}`$ by the action of the symmetry group $`_n`$:

$$z_1z_1e^{2\pi i/n}\mathrm{and}z_2z_2e^{2\pi i/n}.$$
(3.4)
Essentially four types occur, corresponding to $`n=2,3,4,6`$.

The partition function for these models consists of an untwisted piece and a twisted one. The untwisted piece is the fermionic contribution (in the NS sector, say) $`|\vartheta _3(z)/\eta |`$ times the bosonic lattice function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2,2}(G,B)/|\eta |^4`$.

The twisted piece consists of two complex fermions and two complex bosons, twisted by some power of the $`_n`$ symmetry generator $`e^{2\pi i/n}`$, that is the $`U(1)`$ theta angle $`z=2\pi \theta `$ will be shifted by $`(s+r\tau )/n`$. For the fermions (in the NS sector, say), we have again $`\vartheta _3(z)/\eta `$ (yet with twists in opposite direction, see (3.4)), while for the bosons we have $`\eta /\vartheta _1`$. Thus the twisted partition function is the sum

$$\underset{r,s}{}^{}n_{r,s}|Z_{r,s}|^2,Z_{r,s}:=\frac{\vartheta _3(z+(s+r\tau )/n)\vartheta _3(z(s+r\tau )/n)}{\vartheta _1((s+r\tau )/n)^2},$$
(3.5)
where the prime on the sum signifies omission of $`r=s=0`$. The weights $`n_{r,s}`$ are defined by $`n_{0,s}:=(s\mathrm{sin}(\pi s/n))^4/n`$ and $`n_{r,s}:=n_{s,nr}`$. Concretely, these weights all equal 8 for $`n=2`$ and 3 for $`n=3`$; while for $`n=4`$ the three weights forming at the half-periods ($`r,s=0,2`$) equal 4 and the remaining twelve weights equal 1. For $`n=6`$, the three half-period weights equal 16/6, the eight third-period weights equal 9/6 while the remaining twenty-four weights equal 1/6. In all cases, the important observation is that the sum of the weights equals 24: $`_{r,s}^{}n_{r,s}=24`$.

By the Riemann addition formula (B.17), the $`(r,s)`$-block can be rewritten as

$$Z_{r,s}(z)=\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+\left(\frac{\vartheta _3((s+r\tau )/n)}{\vartheta _1((s+r\tau )/n)}\right)^2\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2$$
(3.6)
while its equivalent for the R-sector with $`(1)^F`$ insertion is

$$q^{1/4}yZ_{r,s}(z+(1+\tau )/2)=\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2\left(\frac{\vartheta _3((s+r\tau )/n)}{\vartheta _1((s+r\tau )/n)}\right)^2\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2.$$
(3.7)
With these building blocks, we can now compute the elliptic genus:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }(\tau ,z)& =\mathrm{tr}_{_{\mathrm{R},\mathrm{R}}}(1)^Fq^{L_01/4}y^{J_0}\overline{q}^{\overline{L}_0\overline{1}/4}\hfill \\ & =\underset{r,s}{}^{}n_{r,s}q^{1/4}yZ_{r,s}(z+(1+\tau )/2)\overline{q}^{1/4}\overline{Z}_{r,s}((1+\tau )/2)\hfill \\ & =(\underset{r,s}{}^{}n_{r,s})\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2\left(\underset{r,s}{}^{}n_{r,s}\left(\frac{\vartheta _3((s+r\tau )/n)}{\vartheta _1((s+r\tau )/n)}\right)^2\right)\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2\hfill \\ & =24\left(\frac{\vartheta _3(z)}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2+2\frac{\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4}{\eta ^4}\left(\frac{\vartheta _1(z)}{\eta }\right)^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.8)
where we have used (B.33) to transform

$$\underset{r,s}{}^{}n_{r,s}\left(\frac{\vartheta _3((s+r\tau )/n)}{\vartheta _1((s+r\tau )/n)}\right)^2=\left(\frac{\vartheta _3}{2\pi \eta ^3}\right)^2\underset{r,s}{}^{}n_{r,s}\left(\mathrm{}((s+r\tau )/n)\mathrm{const}\right)$$
(3.9)
and this last sum equals $`24`$const, by repeated use of (B.35) for equal values of $`n_{r,s}`$. The constant itself equals $`\frac{\pi ^2}{3}(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)`$. So we do indeed recover (3.1).

## 4 Computations in $`1^6`$ Theory

For clarity, we shall now detail the ideas developed at the beginning of this section, and show what we mean under “orbits” and functions $`F_i`$ in the concrete example of the $`1^6`$ theory. This Gepner model is based on the tensoring of six times the same $`k=1`$, N=2 SCFT. That is, the N=4 characters will be tensor products of six N=2 characters. So we first present those N=2 characters.

### 4.1 General Considerations

In general, for values of the central charge between 0 and 3, unitary representations of N=2 superconformal algebras exist at discrete values of the central charge, namely at $`c=3k/(k+2)`$. The highest weight states have conformal dimension and $`U(1)`$ charge parametrised by two quantum numbers $`l,m`$ (isospin and its third component) \[RY-87\]:

$$h_{l,m}=\frac{l(l+2)m^2}{4(k+2)}Q_{l,m}=\frac{m}{k+2}$$
(4.1)
where $`0lk,lml,lm`$ mod 2. The NS characters of these N=2 theories are linear combinations of $`su(2)`$ theta functions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{ch}_{l,m}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)& =\underset{m^{}=k+1}{\overset{k}{}}c_{l,m^{}}\theta _{(k+2)m^{}mk,k(k+2)}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{k+2})\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _{m,k}(\tau ,z)& :=\underset{n+m/2k}{}q^{kn^2}y^{kn},\theta _{m,k}=\theta _{m+2k,k}\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.2)
For later purposes, note the behaviour under ‘full’ ($`zz+\tau `$) spectral flow:

$$\theta _{m,k(k+2)}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{k+2})\stackrel{zz+\tau }{}q^{\frac{k}{2(k+2)}}y^{\frac{k}{(k+2)}}\theta _{m+2k,k(k+2)}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{k+2}).$$

The coefficients $`c_{l,m}`$ are the string functions of Kac and Peterson \[KP-84\] for $`lm`$ mod 2; for the $`su(2)`$ affine Lie algebra they have an alternative definition via the Weyl-Kac formula:

$$\frac{\theta _{l+1,k+2}\theta _{l1,k+2}}{\theta _{1,2}\theta _{1,2}}=:\underset{m=k+1}{\overset{k}{}}c_{l,m}\theta _{m,k}$$
(4.3)
Since the lhs and rhs have expansions with powers of $`y`$ in $`+l/2`$ and $`+m/2`$ resp., we see that $`c_{l,m}=0`$ if $`lm`$ mod 2. Of course, for each level $`k`$ we have different set of string functions. Note also the symmetries: $`c_{l,m}=c_{l,m}=c_{l,m+2k}=c_{kl,km}`$. For the case of the affine $`su(2)`$ algebra $`A_1^{(1)}`$, the string functions are merely proportional to Hecke ‘indefinite’ modular forms:

$$c_{l,m}=\eta (\tau )^3\underset{|x|<y|x|}{}\mathrm{sign}(x)q^{(k+2)x^2ky^2}$$
(4.4)
where $`x,y`$ are such that $`(x,y)`$ or $`(\frac{1}{2}x,\frac{1}{2}+y)`$ are $`^2+(\frac{l+1}{2(k+2)},\frac{m}{2k})`$.

For our present case of $`k=1`$, $`c=1`$, the latter sum can be remarkably rewritten as

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{|x|<y|x|}{(x,y)(\frac{1}{6},0)\mathrm{or}(\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{2})\mathrm{mod}^2}}{}\mathrm{sign}(x)q^{3x^2y^2}& =\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{j0}{|l|j/2}}{}(1)^{j+l}q^{(3(2j+1)^2(6l+1)^2)/24}\hfill \\ & =\eta (\tau )^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.5)
The last equality is another remarkable result of \[KP-84\]. Our string functions at level one thus become:

$$c_{0,0}=c_{1,1}=c_{1,1}=\frac{1}{\eta (\tau )},c_{0,1}=c_{1,0}=0.$$
(4.6)
### 4.2 Characters and Orbits

So we are in a position to write down the three minimal N=2 characters, obtained for $`l=m=0`$, $`l=m=1`$ and $`l=m=1`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}A:=\mathrm{ch}_{0,0}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)=\frac{1}{\eta }\theta _{0,3}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{3})\hfill & =\frac{1}{\eta }_{}q^{\frac{3}{2}n^2}y^n\hfill & =\frac{1}{\eta }\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )\hfill \\ B:=\mathrm{ch}_{1,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)=\frac{1}{\eta }\theta _{2,3}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{3})\hfill & =\frac{1}{\eta }_{}q^{\frac{3}{2}(n+\frac{1}{3})^2}y^{n+\frac{1}{3}}\hfill & =\frac{1}{\eta }q^{1/6}y^{1/3}\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )\hfill \\ C:=\mathrm{ch}_{1,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)=\frac{1}{\eta }\theta _{4,3}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{3})\hfill & =\frac{1}{\eta }_{}q^{\frac{3}{2}(n+\frac{2}{3})^2}y^{n+\frac{2}{3}}\hfill & =\frac{1}{\eta }q^{2/3}y^{2/3}\vartheta _3(z+2\tau |3\tau )\hfill \\ & & =\frac{1}{\eta }q^{1/6}y^{1/3}\vartheta _3(z\tau |3\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.7)
Under spectral flow, the three $`su(2)`$ theta functions are shifted into one each other:

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _{m,3}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{3})\stackrel{zz+\frac{\tau }{2}}{}q^{1/24}y^{1/6}\theta _{m+1,3}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{3})\stackrel{zz+\frac{\tau }{2}}{}q^{1/6}y^{1/3}\theta _{m+2,3}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{3}),\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.8)
so that under ‘full’ spectral flow, the three characters are cyclicly permuted:

$$A\stackrel{zz+\tau }{}BCA,$$
(4.9)
where we have omitted the incrementing factors of $`q^{1/6}y^{1/3}`$.

To build the various orbits of the $`1^6`$ theory, we consider all possible homogeneous polynomials of degree 6 in $`A,B,C`$, respecting the following two rules:

1. the orbit must be holomorphic, ie its Fourier expansion must have integer powers of $`y`$;
2. the orbit must be covariant under full spectral flow: NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}(zz+\tau )=q^1y^2`$ NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}(z)`$.

Condition (1) excludes combinations like $`A^5B`$, $`A^4B^2`$ or $`A^3B^2C`$,… Condition (2) requires invariance of the orbit under cyclic permutation of $`A,B,C`$, and also guarantees it to be a theta function of characteristic $`(0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i)`$ and degree 2. Thus each orbit can be spanned by $`\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{0,\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}}`$ and ch$`{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{NS}}{}_{0}{}^{}`$, or alternatively by $`\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2`$ and $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2`$.

The four possible orbits respecting the above rules are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{NS}_1& =A^6+B^6+C^6\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_2& =A^3B^3+B^3C^3+C^3A^3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_3& =A^2B^2C^2\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_4& =A^4BC+B^4CA+C^4AB.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.10)
We recall the definition of the combinatorial factors $`D_i`$ associated to a particular model: The above orbits can be checked to have the following modular behaviour \[EOTY-89\]:

$$\mathrm{NS}_i=\underset{j}{}S_{ij}\mathrm{NS}_j(\frac{1}{\tau },\frac{z}{\tau })e^{2\pi iz^2/\tau },S_{ij}=\frac{1}{27}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill 3& \hfill 60& \hfill 270& \hfill 90\\ \hfill 3& \hfill 21& \hfill 27& \hfill 9\\ \hfill 1& \hfill 2& \hfill 9& \hfill 6\\ \hfill 3& \hfill 6& \hfill 54& \hfill 9\end{array}\right)$$
(4.11)
Then the $`D_i`$ are defined by $`D_i:=S_{1,i}/S_{i,1}`$, that is $`(1,20,270,30)`$ in the present case of $`1^6`$ theory. Note that the first column ($`S_{i,1}`$) is just the number of summands in the orbit NSi, while the first row ($`S_{1,i}`$) is $`S_{1,1}`$ times the number of permutations of the factors in any summand of NSi. The same trick will allow a quick determination of the $`D_i`$ in the $`2^4`$ or $`4^3`$ theories.

We note that at $`y=q^{1/2}`$, that is $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, the massive character vanishes and so does B, ch$`(h=0)=0=B`$, while $`A=e^{i\pi /3}C=q^{1/24}`$. Thus at $`y=q^{1/2}`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{NS}_1\hfill & =2q^{1/4}\hfill & =\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}(z=\frac{1+\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_2\hfill & =q^{1/4}\hfill & =\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}}(z=\frac{1+\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_3\hfill & =0\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_4\hfill & =0,\hfill & \end{array}$$
(4.12)
and we recognize that the first orbit is the graviton orbit, the second is the massless orbit (only one), while the third and fourth orbits are massive.

### 4.3 The functions $`F_j`$

We will now compute the functions $`F_j`$ for the massive orbits. For $`F_3`$ this is pretty easy, while $`F_4`$ is more involved. $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ do not seem to have appealing expressions. Let us start with $`F_3`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{NS}_3& =A^2B^2C^2=\frac{q^{2/3}}{\eta ^6}\left(\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )\vartheta _3(z\tau |3\tau )\right)^2\hfill \\ & =\frac{q^{2/3}}{\eta ^6}\left(\vartheta _3(z|\tau )\frac{(1q^{3n})^3}{(1q^n)}\right)^2\hfill \\ & =\frac{\eta (3\tau )^6}{\eta ^8}\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2\hfill \\ & \stackrel{!}{=}F_3\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}=F_3q^{1/8}\frac{\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2}{\eta ^3}\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.13)
from which we find that

$$F_3=q^{1/8}\frac{\eta (3\tau )^6}{\eta ^5}.$$
(4.14)
Similarly, for $`F_4`$ we have:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{NS}_4& =ABC(A^3+B^3+C^3)\hfill \\ & =\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta ^4}\vartheta _3(z|\tau )\left[\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )^3+q^{1/2}y\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )^3+q^{2/3}y^{2/3}\vartheta _3(z+2\tau |3\tau )^3\right]\hfill \\ & \stackrel{!}{=}F_4\mathrm{ch}(h=0)=F_4q^{1/8}\frac{\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2}{\eta ^3}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.15)
Thus we see that the large bracket with the sum of cubes of theta functions must be proportional to $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )`$. This is indeed the content of lemma 4.31 below, and we then obtain for $`F_4`$:

$$F_4=q^{1/8}\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta ^4}a(\tau ),$$
(4.16)
where $`a(\tau )`$ is a function already studied in \[BBG-94\]:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill a(\tau )& :=\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)q^{(6n+1)^2/24}\hfill \\ & =\underset{k,l}{}q^{k^2+kl+l^2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.17)
### 4.4 Dirac Index

Although we could not find interesting expressions for $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$, we shall nonetheless derive (3.3), that is we shall show:

###### Proposition 4.18.

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}D_i\mathrm{NS}_iI_i=2\mathrm{NS}_1+20\mathrm{NS}_2=24\frac{\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2}{\vartheta _3^2}+2(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)\frac{\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2}{\eta ^6}.$$
(4.19)
###### Proof.

Because the Dirac index (lhs) is spanned by the massless and massive characters ch0 and ch, or equivalently by $`\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2`$ and $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2`$ , we only need to recover the constants multiplying these two basis vectors. Due to (4.12) and the vanishing of $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )`$ at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, we see that $`\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2`$ is correctly multiplied by $`24/\vartheta _3^2`$. To check the constant in front of $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2`$ would only require setting $`z=0`$, where $`\vartheta _1(z|\tau )`$ vanishes. The lhs then would give $`2(A^6+2B^6)+20(B^3(2A^3+B^3))`$ because $`B=C`$ at $`z=0`$. However, we have not succeeded in showing directly that this equals $`2(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)\vartheta _3^2/\eta ^6`$. Presumably, this is an interesting corollary of the theorem.

Rather, to find the constants multiplying the two basis vectors, we shall differentiate both sides twice and set $`z=\frac{1\tau }{2}`$. This last evaluation has the merit of making the character $`C`$ vanish, and giving also $`A=B=\frac{1}{\eta }\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )`$. For NS1, we have:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\mathrm{NS}_1& =_z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}(A^6+B^6+C^6)=_z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}(A^6+B^6)\hfill \\ & =6A^4[A^{\prime \prime }+5A^{}A]+6B^4[B^{\prime \prime }+5B^{}B].\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.20)
Recalling that $`\vartheta _3`$ and $`\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }`$ are even functions of $`z`$, while $`\vartheta _3^{}`$ is odd, and that they are all periodic under $`zz+1`$, we note the following: $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1\tau }{2}|3\tau )=\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )`$ and similarly for $`\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }`$, but with an additional minus sign for $`\vartheta _3^{}`$. Thus for instance, we have at $`z=\frac{1\tau }{2}`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}A\hfill & =\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )\hfill \\ A|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\hfill & =\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ A^{}|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\hfill & =\vartheta _3^{}(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ A^{\prime \prime }|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\hfill & =\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.21)
$$\begin{array}{cc}B\hfill & =q^{1/6}y^{1/3}\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )\hfill \\ B|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\hfill & =\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ B^{}|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\hfill & =[\frac{2\pi i}{3}\vartheta _3\vartheta _3^{}](\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ B^{\prime \prime }|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\hfill & =[\frac{4\pi i}{9}\vartheta _3+\frac{4\pi i}{3}\vartheta _3^{}+\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }](\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.22)
In particular: $`A^{}B+AB^{}=\frac{2\pi i}{3}\vartheta _3`$. Bearing this in mind, we obtain:

$$\begin{array}{c}_z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\mathrm{NS}_1=\frac{1}{\eta ^6}\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )^4\left[12\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }\vartheta _3+60\vartheta _{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+48\pi i\vartheta _3^{}\vartheta _316\pi ^2\vartheta _3^2\right](\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.23)
Similarly, for NS2, we have:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\mathrm{NS}_2& =_z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}(A^3B^3+B^3C^3+C^3A^3)=_z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}(A^3B^3)\hfill \\ & =3A^2B^2[AB^{\prime \prime }+2A^{}B^{}+A^{\prime \prime }B]+6AB[AB^{}+A^{}B]^2\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{\eta ^6}\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )^4\left[6\vartheta _3\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }+6\vartheta _{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+4\pi ^2\vartheta _3^2\right](\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.24)
Thus the lhs altogether yields:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}(2\mathrm{NS}_1+20\mathrm{NS}_2)& =\frac{4}{\eta ^6}\left[\vartheta _3^5(36\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }+24\pi i\vartheta _3^{}4\pi ^2\vartheta _3)24\pi ^2\vartheta _3\right](\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ & =16\pi ^2q^{1/4}(6+E_2),\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.25)
where we have noted that $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )=q^{1/24}\eta `$ and that the curved bracket is proportional to the second Eisenstein series $`E_2=\frac{12}{i\pi }_\tau \mathrm{log}\eta `$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill q^{1/24}(36\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }+24\pi i\vartheta _3^{}4\pi ^2\vartheta _3)& =4\pi ^2\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)^2q^{(6n+1)^2/24}\hfill \\ & =4\pi ^2\frac{24}{2\pi i}_\tau \underset{}{}(1)^nq^{(6n+1)^2/24}\hfill \\ & =4\pi ^2\frac{24}{2\pi i}_\tau \eta \hfill \\ & =4\pi ^2\eta E_2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.26)
by virtue of (B.5).

We now turn to the rhs of (4.19) and shall differentiate twice. To this effect, we remind a few useful facts:

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\vartheta _1^{}(z+\frac{1\tau }{2}|\tau )\hfill & =_zq^{1/8}y^{1/2}\vartheta _3(z)\hfill & =i\pi \vartheta _1(z+\frac{1\tau }{2}|\tau )+q^{1/8}y^{1/2}\vartheta _3^{}(z|\tau )\hfill & \stackrel{z=0}{}i\pi q^{1/8}\vartheta _3\hfill \\ \vartheta _3^{}(z+\frac{1\tau }{2}|\tau )\hfill & =_ziq^{1/8}y^{1/2}\vartheta _1(z)\hfill & =i\pi \vartheta _3(z+\frac{1\tau }{2}|\tau )iq^{1/8}y^{1/2}\vartheta _1^{}(z|\tau )\hfill & \stackrel{z=0}{}2\pi iq^{1/8}\eta ^3,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.27)
where we used (B.6). Similarly, we find:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\vartheta _1^{\prime \prime }(\frac{1\tau }{2}|\tau )\hfill & =\pi ^2q^{1/8}\vartheta _3+q^{1/8}\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }(0|\tau )\hfill \\ \vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }(z+\frac{1\tau }{2}|\tau )\hfill & =4\pi ^2q^{1/8}\eta ^3.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.28)
Thus equipped, we proceed for the rhs:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2& =q^{1/4}\vartheta _3^2[2\pi ^2+\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }/\vartheta _3]\hfill \\ \hfill _z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2& =4\pi ^2q^{1/4}\eta ^6.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.29)
Taking (B.25) into account, we have overall for the rhs:

$$_z^2|_{z=\frac{1\tau }{2}}\left[24\frac{\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2}{\vartheta _3^2}+2(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)\frac{\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2}{\eta ^6}\right]=16\pi ^2q^{1/4}(6+E_2),$$
(4.30)
which was just the lhs. ∎

### 4.5 Lemmas and Arithmetic Results

###### Lemma 4.31.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _3(z|3\tau )^3& +q^{1/2}y\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )^3+q^2y^2\vartheta _3(z+2\tau |3\tau )^3=a(\tau )\vartheta _3(z|\tau ),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{where}a(\tau )& :=\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)q^{(6n+1)^2/24}=\underset{k,l}{}q^{k^2+kl+l^2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.32)
###### Proof.

That the rhs is proportional to $`\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )`$ follows from the second proof that we shall give. To find the constant $`a(\tau )`$, we differentiate both sides wrt $`z`$ and set $`z=\frac{1\tau }{2}`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}3\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )^2[2\vartheta _3^{}\frac{2\pi i}{3}\vartheta _3](\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )=a(\tau )(2\pi iq^{1/8}\eta ^3)\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.33)
Note that $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )=q^{1/24}\eta `$ and so we find

$$a(\tau )=\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)q^{(6n+1)^2/24}.$$
(4.34)
For the second expression for $`a`$, we offer an alternative proof :

$$\mathrm{lhs}=(\underset{}{}q^{\frac{3}{2}n^2}y^n)^3+(\underset{+\frac{1}{3}}{}q^{\frac{3}{2}n^2}y^n)^3+(\underset{+\frac{2}{3}}{}q^{\frac{3}{2}n^2}y^n)^3=\underset{n}{}q^{\frac{3}{2}(n_1^2+n_2^2+n_3^2)}y^{(n_1+n_2+n_3)}$$
(4.35)
where $`n=(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ on the rhs sweeps through the set $`S:=^3(+\frac{1}{3})^3(+\frac{2}{3})^3`$. This set lies in 1 to 1 correspondence with all $`k^3`$ via the following smart substitution:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill n_1& =(k_1+k_2k_3)/3\hfill \\ \hfill n_2& =(k_12k_2k_3)/3\hfill \\ \hfill n_3& =(k_1+k_2+2k_3)/3\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{cc}\hfill k_1& =n_1+n_2+n_3\hfill \\ \hfill k_2& =n_1n_2\hfill \\ \hfill k_3& =n_1+n_3\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.36)
Note that in the first definitions, all right hand sides are equal mod 1, which guarantees that all $`n_i`$ are in the same component of the set $`S`$; whence the 1-1 correspondence. Moreover:

$$n_1^2+n_2^2+n_3^2=\frac{1}{3}k_1^2+\frac{2}{3}(k_2^2+k_3^2+k_2k_3),n_1+n_2+n_3=k_1$$
(4.37)
Hence

$$\mathrm{lhs}=\left(\underset{k_2,k_3}{}q^{k_2^2+k_2k_3+k_3^2}\right)\underset{}{}q^{\frac{1}{2}k_1^2}y^{k_1}=\mathrm{rhs}$$
(4.38)
###### Corollary 4.39.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{For}z=0:& \vartheta _3(0|3\tau )^3+2q^{1/2}\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )^3=a(\tau )\vartheta _3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{For}z=1/2:& \vartheta _4(0|3\tau )^32q^{1/2}\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )^3=a(\tau )\vartheta _3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{For}z=3\tau /2:& \vartheta _2(0|3\tau )^3+2q^{1/4}\vartheta _2(\tau |3\tau )^3=a(\tau )\vartheta _2\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.40)
For the sake of instruction, we give a third proof of the above lemma, after reformulating it with a different constant of proportionality:

###### Lemma 4.41.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _3(z|\tau )^3& +q^{1/6}y\vartheta _3(z+\frac{\tau }{3}|\tau )^3+q^{2/3}y^2\vartheta _3(z+\frac{2\tau }{3}|\tau )^3=\left(6\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta }+a(\tau )\right)\vartheta _3(z|\frac{\tau }{3}),\hfill \\ \hfill a(\tau )& :=\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)q^{(6n+1)^2/24}\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.42)
###### Proof.

The advantage of having divided $`\tau `$ by 3 is that now all three terms on lhs and the rhs are theta functions of degree 3 and characteristic $`(0,0;6\pi i,3\pi i\tau )`$. The space of such functions is 3 dimensional and can be spanned by

$$\begin{array}{c}\{\vartheta _3(z|\frac{\tau }{3}),\vartheta _3(z+\frac{\tau }{9}|\frac{\tau }{3}),\vartheta _3(z+\frac{2\tau }{9}|\frac{\tau }{3})\}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{by}\{\vartheta _3(3z|3\tau ),y\vartheta _3(3z+\tau |3\tau ),y^2\vartheta _3(3z+2\tau |3\tau )\},\hfill \end{array}$$

etc. Replacing $`\tau 3\tau `$, the lhs as a whole is still a theta function of degree 1 and characteristic $`(0,0;2\pi i,\pi i\tau )`$, hence must be proportional to $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )`$. That is, all we have to do is to compute the constant of proportionality. To this end, we set $`z=0`$ in the lemma and prove:

$$\vartheta _3(0|\tau )^3+2q^{1/6}\vartheta _3(\tau /3|\tau )^3=\left(6\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta }+a(\tau )\right)\vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{3})$$
(4.43)
We quote from \[FK-01\], p. 273 , a property describing how the cubes of theta functions can be spanned by basis vectors:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{i\pi }{3}e^{\frac{i\pi }{6}}\eta \vartheta _3(z+\frac{1+\tau }{2}|\tau )^3=& \pi e^{\frac{i\pi }{6}}q^{\frac{5}{24}}y^{\frac{3}{2}}\eta (3\tau )^3\left[z^{1/2}\vartheta _3(3z+\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )z^{1/2}\vartheta _3(3z+\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\right]\hfill \\ & +\vartheta ^{}\vartheta _3(3z+3\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau ),\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.44)
where

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta ^{}& :=\vartheta ^{}[_1^{1/3}](0|3\tau ):=_z|_0e^{2\pi i/3}q^{1/6}y^{1/3}\vartheta _1(z\tau |3\tau ),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{such}\mathrm{that}\frac{3i}{\pi }e^{i\pi /6}\frac{\vartheta ^{}}{\eta }& =\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)q^{(6n+1)^2/24}\hfill \\ & =a(\tau ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.45)
Special cases of this property are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{at}z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}& :\vartheta _3(0|\tau )^3=6q^{1/6}\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta }\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )+a(\tau )\vartheta _3(0|3\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{at}z=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\tau }{6}& :\vartheta _3(\frac{\tau }{3}|\tau )^3=3\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta }\left[q^{1/6}\vartheta _3(0|3\tau )+\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )\right]+a(\tau )\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau ),\hfill \end{array}$$

so that

$$\vartheta _3(0|\tau )^3+2q^{1/6}\vartheta _3(\tau /3|\tau )^3=\left(6\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta }+a(\tau )\right)\left[\vartheta _3(0|3\tau )+2q^{1/6}\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )\right]$$
(4.46)
Use lemma 6.23 to rewrite the square bracket as $`\vartheta _3(0|\tau /3)`$. ∎

Combining lemma 4.31 and 4.41, we arrive at an interesting observation, already noticed in \[BBG-94\]:

###### Corollary 4.47.

$$a(\tau /3)=6\frac{\eta (3\tau )^3}{\eta }+a(\tau ).$$
(4.48)
For completeness, we also observe that $`a(\tau )`$ can be written as the difference of two Lambert series (ie $`\frac{a_nq^n}{1q^n}`$):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill a(\tau )& =\frac{q^{\frac{1}{24}}}{\eta }_y|_1\underset{}{}(1)^ny^{6n+1}q^{n(3n+1)/2}\hfill \\ & =\frac{q^{\frac{1}{24}}}{\eta }_y|_1y\vartheta _3(6z+\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ & =\frac{q^{\frac{1}{24}}}{\eta }_y|_1y(1q^{3n})(1y^{6n}q^{3n1})(1y^{6n}q^{3n2})\hfill \\ & =1+6\underset{n1}{}\left(\frac{q^{3n1}}{1q^{3n1}}+\frac{q^{3n2}}{1q^{3n2}}\right)\hfill \\ & =1+6q^n\left(\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d|n}{d1(3)}}{}1\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{d|n}{d2(3)}}{}1\right)\hfill \\ & =1+6\delta _{3,1}(n)q^n,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.49)
where $`\delta _{k,l}(n)`$ is the number of divisors of $`n`$ which are $`\frac{kl}{2}`$ mod $`k`$ minus those which are $`\frac{k+l}{2}`$ mod $`k`$. For example, a well-known result of Jacobi states that the number of integer solutions to $`x^2+y^2=n`$ is $`4\delta _{4,2}(n)`$.

Many more beautiful properties about $`a(\tau )`$ are found in \[BBG-94\], such as

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill a(\tau )=\vartheta _3(0|2\tau )\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )+\vartheta _2(0|2\tau )\vartheta _2(0|6\tau ).\end{array}$$
(4.50)
We give a last property, of our own, relating to $`a(\tau )^2`$:

###### Proposition 4.51.

$$2a(\tau )^2=3E_2(3\tau )E_2.$$
(4.52)
###### Proof.

We apply the previous trick – of differentiating a Jacobi product – to the sum already encountered in (4.26):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E_2& =\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)^2q^{(6n+1)^2/24}\hfill \\ & =\frac{q^{1/24}}{\eta }\frac{1}{4\pi ^2}_z^2|_0(1)^ny^{6n+1}q^{n(3n+1)/2}\hfill \\ & =\frac{q^{1/24}}{\eta }\frac{1}{4\pi ^2}_z^2|_0y\vartheta _3(6z+\frac{1+\tau }{2}|3\tau )\hfill \\ & =\frac{q^{1/24}}{\eta }\frac{1}{4\pi ^2}_z^2|_0y(1q^{3n})(1y^{6n}q^{3n1})(1y^{6n}q^{3n2})\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.53)
Abbreviating the last product by $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$, we have that $`q^{\frac{1}{24}}\mathrm{\Pi }|_0=\eta `$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{}=\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{\prime \prime }=\mathrm{\Pi }(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }:=12\pi i_{n1}\left(\frac{y^6q^{3n1}}{1y^6q^{3n1}}+\frac{y^6q^{3n2}}{1y^6q^{3n2}}\right)`$. In this notation, we also have $`\mathrm{\Sigma }|_0=2\pi i(a(\tau )1)`$. Thus:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E_2& =\left[1+\frac{1}{i\pi }\mathrm{\Sigma }\frac{1}{4\pi ^2}(\mathrm{\Sigma }^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{})\right]_0\hfill \\ & =1+2(a1)+(a1)^236\underset{n1}{}\left(\frac{q^{3n1}}{(1q^{3n1})^2}+\frac{q^{3n2}}{(1q^{3n2})^2}\right)\hfill \\ & =a^2+\frac{3}{2}\left[E_2E_2(3\tau )\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.54)
Since the sums $`\frac{1}{\eta }_{}(1)^n(6n+1)^kq^{(6n+1)^2/24}`$ yield enticing expressions for powers $`k=1,2`$ ($`a(\tau )`$, $`E_2`$ resp.), it is natural to wonder whether this extends to higher power. We have not found any alternative expression for the case $`k=3`$, but can nonetheless relate it to $`a(\tau )`$ and $`E_2`$. Again, we mimic the trick of the previous proposition:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)^3q^{(6n+1)^2/24}& =a^3+\frac{3a}{(2\pi i)^2}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}|_0+\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^3}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }|_0\hfill \\ & =a^3+3a\frac{3}{2}(E_2E_2(3\tau ))+\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^3}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }|_0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.55)
with

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }|_0=(2\pi i)^36^3\underset{n1}{}\left(\frac{q^{3n1}(1+q^{3n1})}{(1q^{3n1})^3}+\frac{q^{3n2}(1+q^{3n2})}{(1q^{3n2})^3}\right)=(2\pi i)^36^3\underset{i1}{}i^2\frac{q^i(1q^i)}{1q^{3i}}$$
(4.56)
The same recursion for the case $`k=4`$ is even more involved and is not worth writing in full, due to the complicated nature of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime \prime }`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)^4q^{(6n+1)^2/24}& =a^4+\frac{6a^2}{(2\pi i)^2}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}|_0+\frac{4a}{(2\pi i)^3}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime }|_0+\frac{3}{(2\pi i)^4}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}|_0^2+\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^4}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\prime \prime \prime }|_0\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{\eta }\left(\frac{24}{2\pi i}_\tau \right)^2\eta =3E_2^22E_4.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.57)
The last line is obtained using the covariant derivative for modular forms; it shows that $`_\tau ^{k/2}\eta `$ (for $`k`$ even) can be expressed as a polynomial in $`E_2,E_4,E_6`$. For instance, for $`k=6`$ this is

$$\frac{1}{\eta }\underset{}{}(1)^n(6n+1)^6q^{(6n+1)^2/24}=16E_630E_2E_4+15E_2^3.$$
(4.58)
## 5 Computations in $`2^4`$ Theory

We mimic here the approach of the $`1^6`$ theory, as detailed in the previous section. This Gepner model is obtained by tensoring 4 times the $`k=2`$, N=2 theory. Although we have more orbits and more cases to study, the mathematics are easier, due to the simpler properties enjoyed by theta functions with $`\tau `$ divided by 4 (instead of divided by 3 as in the $`1^6`$ theory).

### 5.1 Characters and Orbits:

This time we have six minimal N=2 characters, obtained for $`l=0(m=0)`$, $`l=1(m=\pm 1)`$ and $`l=2(m=0,\pm 2)`$. The string functions at level 2, due to their symmetries, number only three:

$$c_{00}=c_{22},c_{20}=c_{02}c_{1,1}=c_{11}.$$
(5.1)
In the following characters, we use the shorthand $`\theta _m`$ for the $`su(2)`$ theta functions $`\theta _{m,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{4})`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}A:=\mathrm{ch}_{0,0}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{00}\theta _0+c_{02}\theta _8\hfill & =\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _3(z|2\tau )+\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}\vartheta _4(z|2\tau )\hfill \\ B:=\mathrm{ch}_{2,2}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _4+c_{00}\theta _4\hfill & =\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _2(z|2\tau )+\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}i\vartheta _1(z|2\tau )\hfill \\ C:=\mathrm{ch}_{2,0}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _0+c_{00}\theta _8\hfill & =\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _3(z|2\tau )\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}\vartheta _4(z|2\tau )\hfill \\ D:=\mathrm{ch}_{2,2}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _4+c_{00}\theta _4\hfill & =\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _2(z|2\tau )\frac{1}{2\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}i\vartheta _1(z|2\tau )\hfill \\ E:=\mathrm{ch}_{1,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{11}(\theta _2+\theta _6)\hfill & =\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta ^2}q^{\frac{1}{16}}y^{\frac{1}{4}}\vartheta _3(z\frac{\tau }{2}|2\tau )\hfill \\ F:=\mathrm{ch}_{1,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{11}(\theta _6+\theta _2)\hfill & =\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta ^2}q^{\frac{1}{16}}y^{\frac{1}{4}}\vartheta _3(z+\frac{\tau }{2}|2\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.2)
The $`su(2)`$ theta functions are related to the standard (or “Ur-”) Jacobi theta function via

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _{m,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{4})=_nq^{(2n+\frac{m}{8})^2}y^{2n+\frac{m}{8}}=q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2}y^{\frac{m}{8}}\vartheta _3(2z+\frac{m\tau }{2}|8\tau ),\hfill \\ \theta _m+\theta _{m+8}=q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2}y^{\frac{m}{8}}\vartheta _3(z+\frac{m\tau }{4}|2\tau ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.3)
The rightmost column of (5.2) is obtained by rewriting $`ac+bd`$ as $`\frac{1}{2}(a+b)(c+d)+\frac{1}{2}(ab)(cd)`$ and using the explicit expression for the string functions from the next subsection.

Under spectral flow, these eight $`su(2)`$ theta functions are shifted into one each other:

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _{m,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{4})\stackrel{zz+\frac{\tau }{2}}{}q^{1/6}y^{1/4}\theta _{m+2,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{4})\stackrel{zz+\frac{\tau }{2}}{}q^{1/4}y^{1/2}\theta _{m+4,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{4}),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.4)
so that under ‘full’ spectral flow, the six characters split into two groups which are cyclicly permuted:

$$A\stackrel{zz+\tau }{}BCDA,EFE,$$
(5.5)
where we have omitted the incrementing factors of $`q^{1/4}y^{1/2}`$, etc.

To build the various orbits of the $`2^4`$ theory, we consider all possible homogeneous polynomials of degree 4 in $`A,B,C,D,E,F`$, respecting the following two rules:

1. the orbit must be holomorphic, ie its Fourier expansion must have integer powers of $`y`$;
2. the orbit must be covariant under full spectral flow: NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}(zz+\tau )=q^1y^2`$ NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}(z)`$.

Note that $`A,C`$ have integer $`y`$-expansion, $`B,D`$ half-integer, and $`E,F`$ have powers of $`y`$ in $`\frac{1}{4}`$ resp. Thus, condition (1) excludes combinations like $`A^3B,A^3E,A^2BC,A^2E`$, etc. Condition (2) requires invariance of the orbit under cyclic permutation of $`A,B,C,D`$ and $`E,F`$ separately, and also guarantees it to be a theta function of characteristic $`(0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i)`$ and degree 2. Thus each orbit can be spanned by ch$`{}_{0}{}^{}(l=0,\frac{1}{2})`$ and ch$`(h=0)`$, or alternatively by $`\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2`$ and $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2`$.

The twelve possible orbits respecting the above rules are:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\hfill \mathrm{NS}_1& =A^4+B^4+C^4+D^4\hfill & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_7& =AB^2C+BC^2D+CD^2A+DA^2B\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_2& =E^4+F^4\hfill & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_8& =ABCD\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_3& =A^2B^2+B^2C^2+C^2D^2+D^2A^2\hfill & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_9& =ABE^2+BCF^2+CDE^2+DAF^2\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_4& =ABF^2+BCE^2+CDF^2+ADE^2\hfill & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{10}& =(A^2+B^2+C^2+D^2)EF\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_5& =B^2D^2+A^2C^2\hfill & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{11}& =E^2F^2\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_6& =AC^3+BD^3+CA^3+BD^3\hfill & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{12}& =(AC+BD)EF\hfill \end{array}$$

The combinatorial factors $`D_i`$, defined after (4.11), associated to these orbits are $`(1,2,6,12,12,4,12,96,12,`$ $`12,24,48)`$.

Due to the following relations among the characters,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill AC& =BD\hfill \\ \hfill AB+CD& =F^2\hfill \\ \hfill AD+BC& =E^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.6)
(proved in lemma 5.24 with $`\tau `$ replaced by $`\frac{\tau }{2}`$), we find that several orbits coincide:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{NS}_2& =\mathrm{NS}_4\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_5& =2\mathrm{NS}_8\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_6& =\mathrm{NS}_7=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{NS}_9=\mathrm{NS}_{11}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.7)
### 5.2 String Functions:

Some explicit expressions for the string functions at level 2 are found in \[KP-84\], p. 220:

$$c_{11}=\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta ^2}=\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _2}{2\eta }},c_{00}c_{02}=\frac{\eta (\tau /2)}{\eta ^2}=\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}$$
(5.8)
The authors also give the complicated modular properties of the string functions. The latter expression, $`c_{00}c_{02}`$, upon shifting $`\tau \tau +1`$, yields $`e^{i\pi /8}(c_{00}+c_{02})`$. Similarly, shifting $`\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}`$ by $`\tau \tau +1`$ yields $`e^{i\pi /8}\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}`$. Together with lemma 5.23 below, this gives333The form $`\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _i}{\eta }}`$ for the string functions $`c_{11}`$ and $`c_{00}\pm c_{02}`$ is expected from the fact that $`\eta c_{ml}`$ gives the character of the field $`\varphi _m^l`$ in the $`_k`$ parafermion model \[FZ-85, GQ-87\]. For our case of $`k=2`$, the $`_2`$ parafermion model is just the Ising model, and its characters are the well known square roots of theta functions (with different spin structures). Thanks to Katrin Wendland for pointing at this and at her PhD thesis (p.50) \[W-00\] which already contains the explicit expressions for (5.2).:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{00}+c_{02}& =\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}=\frac{\eta }{\eta (2\tau )\eta (\tau /2)}=\frac{q^{1/16}}{\vartheta (\tau )q^{1/2}\vartheta (3\tau )}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{00}c_{02}& =\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _4}{\eta }}=\frac{\eta (\tau /2)}{\eta ^2}=\frac{q^{1/16}}{\vartheta (\tau )+q^{1/2}\vartheta (3\tau )}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.9)
Here, and for the remainder of this section, we use the shorthand $`\vartheta (z):=\vartheta _3(z|8\tau )`$. Thus:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{00}& =q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{\vartheta (\tau )}{\vartheta (\tau )^2q\vartheta (3\tau )^2}=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{\vartheta (\tau )}{\eta \eta (2\tau )}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{02}& =q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}}\vartheta (3\tau )}{\vartheta (\tau )^2q\vartheta (3\tau )^2}=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}}\vartheta (3\tau )}{\eta \eta (2\tau )}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.10)
and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{00}^2c_{02}^2& =\frac{1}{\eta \eta (2\tau )}=\frac{q^{\frac{1}{8}}}{\vartheta (\tau )^2q\vartheta (3\tau )^2}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{00}c_{02}& =q^{\frac{5}{8}}\frac{\vartheta (\tau )\vartheta (3\tau )}{\eta ^2\eta (2\tau )^2}=\frac{\eta (8\tau )^2}{\eta ^3\eta (4\tau )}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.11)
We now study the orbits at the special value of $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$. Note first that at this value, $`\theta _{m,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{1+\tau }{8})=(1)^{\frac{m}{8}}q^{((\frac{m}{2})^2+m)/16}\vartheta _3((\frac{m}{2}+1)\tau |8\tau )`$. With lemma 5.23, our characters reduce to

$$\begin{array}{ccc}A=c_{00}\vartheta (\tau )+c_{02}(q^{3/2})\vartheta (5\tau )\hfill & =q^{1/16}\hfill & \\ C=c_{02}\vartheta (\tau )+c_{00}(q^{3/2})\vartheta (5\tau )\hfill & =0\hfill & \\ B=i\left[c_{02}\vartheta (\tau )c_{00}q^{1/2}\vartheta (3\tau )\right]\hfill & =0\hfill & \\ D=i\left[c_{02}\vartheta (\tau )c_{00}q^{1/2}\vartheta (3\tau )\right]\hfill & =iq^{1/16}\hfill & \\ E=\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta ^2}q^{\frac{1}{16}}e^{i\pi /4}\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{2}|2\tau )\hfill & =e^{i\pi /4}q^{1/16}\hfill & \\ F=\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta ^2}q^{\frac{3}{16}}e^{i\pi /4}\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{2}+\tau |2\tau )\hfill & =0\hfill & \end{array}$$
(5.12)
Plugging these values into the orbits NSi yields NS$`{}_{1}{}^{}=2q^{1/4}`$, NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}=q^{1/4}`$ ($`i=2,\mathrm{},4`$), while the remaining NSj vanish ($`j=5,\mathrm{},12`$). We thus recognize from (2.7) the graviton, massless and massive orbits respectively.

### 5.3 The Functions $`F_i`$, $`F_j`$ and the Dirac Index

In order to compute the functions $`F_i`$ (2.2), we set $`z=0`$, in which case $`\theta _{m,8}(\frac{\tau }{2},0)=q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2}\vartheta (\frac{m\tau }{2})=\theta _{m,8}`$. Hence the characters simplify to:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A+C& =\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _3(0|2\tau )=\frac{\eta (2\tau )^4}{\eta \eta (4\tau )^2\eta (\tau /2)}=E^2/B\hfill \\ \hfill AC& =\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )=\frac{\eta (\tau /2)}{\eta (2\tau )}=1/E\hfill \\ \hfill B=D& =\frac{1}{\eta }\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }}\vartheta _2(0|2\tau )=\frac{\eta \eta (4\tau )^2}{\eta (\tau /2)\eta (2\tau )^2}\hfill \\ \hfill E=F& =\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta (\tau /2)}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\frac{\vartheta _2}{\vartheta _4}}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.13)
With these observation and the fact that $`AC=B^2`$ at $`z=0`$ (5.6), the massive orbits at $`z=0`$ have a rather simple form:

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{NS}_5=2\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}_8=2B^4\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_6=\mathrm{NS}_7=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{NS}_9=\mathrm{NS}_{11}=E^4\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{10}=E^6/B^2=\mathrm{NS}_{12}\mathrm{NS}_6/\mathrm{NS}_5\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{12}=2B^2E^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.14)
Given that NS$`{}_{j}{}^{}=F_jq^{\frac{1}{8}}\frac{\vartheta _3^2}{\eta ^3}=F_j\frac{q^{\frac{1}{8}}\eta ^7}{\eta (2\tau )^4\eta (\tau /2)^4}`$ , we find the following values for $`F_j`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}F_5=2F_8=2q^{1/8}\frac{\eta (4\tau )^8}{\eta ^3\eta (2\tau )^4}\hfill \\ F_6=F_7=\frac{1}{2}F_9=F_{11}=q^{1/8}\frac{\eta (2\tau )^8}{\eta ^7}\hfill \\ F_{10}=q^{1/8}\frac{\eta (2\tau )^{14}}{\eta ^9\eta (4\tau )^4}\hfill \\ F_{12}=2q^{1/8}\frac{\eta (2\tau )^2\eta (4\tau )^4}{\eta ^5}\hfill \\ F_5F_{10}=F_6F_{12}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.15)
The massless orbits are a little less elegant, especially NS1 and NS3 which are not factorizable. For the latter, we shall need the following observation, again having set $`z=0`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (A^2+C^2)& =(AC)^2+2B^2=1/E^2+2B^2\hfill \\ & =(A+C)^22B^2=E^4/B^22B^2\hfill \\ \hfill & E^6=B^2+4B^4E^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.16)
and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1/E^2+2B^2& =2\frac{\vartheta _4}{\vartheta _2}+\frac{\vartheta _2(0|2\tau )^2}{\vartheta _2\vartheta _4}=\frac{2\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _2(0|2\tau )^2}{\vartheta _2\vartheta _4}=\frac{3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2}{2\vartheta _2\vartheta _4}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.17)
We note that the last expression cannot be factorized and so we give the graviton + massless orbits as they stand:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{NS}_1\hfill & =(A^2+C^2)^2=(1/E^2+2B^2)^2=\left(\frac{3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2}{2\vartheta _2\vartheta _4}\right)^2\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_2=\mathrm{NS}_4\hfill & =2E^4\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_3\hfill & =(3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2)\frac{\vartheta _3^2\vartheta _2(0|2\tau )^2}{8\eta ^6}=(3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2)\frac{\vartheta _3^2\vartheta _4^2}{4\vartheta _2^2\vartheta _4^2}=(3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2)\frac{\eta \eta (4\tau )}{2\eta (\tau /2)\eta (2\tau )}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_3^2\hfill & =2\mathrm{NS}_1\mathrm{NS}_5\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.18)
with extensive use of formulae in appendix B. Given that NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}=(h_3+F_i\frac{q^{\frac{1}{8}}}{\eta })\frac{\vartheta _3^2}{\eta ^2}`$ for $`i=2,3,4`$ (and $`h_3`$ replaced by $`2h_3`$ for NS1) , we find the following values for $`F_1`$ and $`F_i`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}F_1=q^{1/8}\eta \left[\left(\frac{3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2}{4\eta ^2}\right)^2+2h_3\right]1\hfill \\ F_2=q^{1/8}\eta \left[2\left(\frac{\eta (2\tau )}{\eta }\right)^8h_3\right]=2F_6q^{1/8}\eta h_3\hfill \\ F_3=q^{1/8}\eta \left[(3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2)\frac{\eta (4\tau )^4}{2\eta ^4\eta (2\tau )^2}h_3\right]\hfill \\ F_4=F_2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.19)
As in the $`1^6`$ theory, we shall again derive (3.3), that is we shall show:

###### Proposition 5.20.

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}D_i\mathrm{NS}_iI_i=2\mathrm{NS}_1+2\mathrm{NS}_2+6\mathrm{NS}_3+12\mathrm{NS}_4=24\frac{\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2}{\vartheta _3^2}+2(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)\frac{\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2}{\eta ^6}.$$
(5.21)
###### Proof.

Due to (5.12) and the vanishing of $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )`$ at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, we see that $`\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2`$ is correctly multiplied by $`24/\vartheta _3^2`$. We only need to recover the factor multiplying $`\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2`$. Unlike in $`1^6`$ theory, setting $`z=0`$ on both sides will easily do the job:

$$\mathrm{lhs}|_0=\frac{1}{2\vartheta _2^2\vartheta _4^2}\left[(3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _2^2)^2+(2+12)\vartheta _2^4+6(3\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _3^2)\frac{1}{2}(\vartheta _3^2\vartheta _4^2)\right]$$
(5.22)
The square brackets yield a total of $`16(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)`$, while the prefactor is $`\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\vartheta _3}{2\eta ^3}\right)^2`$ . Thus we obtain the rhs. ∎

### 5.4 Lemmas:

###### Lemma 5.23.

With the shorthand $`\vartheta (z):=\vartheta _3(z|8\tau )`$, we have:

1. $`q\vartheta (5\tau )=\vartheta (3\tau )`$
2. $`\vartheta (0)q\vartheta (4\tau )=\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )=\frac{\eta ^2}{\eta (2\tau )}`$
3. $`\vartheta (0)+q\vartheta (4\tau )=\vartheta _3(0|2\tau )=\frac{\eta ^2}{\eta (2\tau )}`$
4. $`\vartheta (\tau )+q^{1/2}\vartheta (3\tau )=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{1}{2}\vartheta _2(0|\tau /2)=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{\eta ^2}{\eta (\tau /2)}`$
5. $`\vartheta (\tau )q^{1/2}\vartheta (3\tau )=\vartheta _2(\tau /2|2\tau )=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{\eta (2\tau )\eta (\tau /2)}{\eta }`$

###### Proof.

These are all instances of the more general lemma 6.21. Alternatively:

1. directly from sum or product expression.
2. lhs $`=q^{4n^2}q^{4(n+\frac{1}{2})^2}=q^{4(\frac{n}{2})^2}=\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )=(1q^{2n})(1q^{2n1})^2=(1q^n)(1q^{2n})^1=`$rhs
3. idem
4. lhs $`=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\left(q^{4(n\frac{1}{8})^2}+qq^{4(n+\frac{3}{8})^2}\right)=q^{\frac{1}{16}}q^{(n\frac{1}{4})^2}=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{1}{2}q^{(n\frac{1}{2})^2}=q^{\frac{1}{16}}\frac{1}{2}\vartheta _2(0|\tau /2)=(1q^{n/2})(1+q^{n/2})^2=(1q^n)^2(1q^{n/2})^1=`$ rhs $`=\vartheta _3(\tau /2|2\tau )`$
5. idem

###### Lemma 5.24.

$$\begin{array}{c}\vartheta _4(0|\frac{\tau }{2})\left(\vartheta _1(z|\tau )^2+\vartheta _4(z|\tau )^2\right)=\vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{2})\left(\vartheta _3(z|\tau )^2\vartheta _2(z|\tau )^2\right)=\vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _3(\frac{z}{2}|\frac{\tau }{4})\vartheta _4(\frac{z}{2}|\frac{\tau }{4})\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _2(z|\tau )\vartheta _3(z|\tau )+\vartheta _4(0|\frac{\tau }{2})i\vartheta _1(z|\tau )\vartheta _4(z|\tau )=\vartheta _2(0|\frac{\tau }{2})q^{\frac{1}{16}}y^{\frac{1}{2}}\vartheta _3(z\frac{\tau }{4}|\tau )^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _2(z|\tau )\vartheta _3(z|\tau )\vartheta _4(0|\frac{\tau }{2})i\vartheta _1(z|\tau )\vartheta _4(z|\tau )=\vartheta _2(0|\frac{\tau }{2})q^{\frac{1}{16}}y^{\frac{1}{2}}\vartheta _3(z+\frac{\tau }{4}|\tau )^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.25)
###### Proof.

Both sides of the first equation are theta functions of degree two and characteristic $`(0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau )`$, ie elements of the two-dimensional vector space $`𝒯_{2,2\pi i\tau }`$ (see appendix A). In the other two equations, all terms – upon extra multiplication with $`y`$ – are elements of $`𝒯_{2,3\pi i\tau }`$. So all we need to do is to verify the relations at two independent values of $`z`$.

For all line, verification at $`z=0,\tau /2`$ is immediate with (B.19), (B.20). The rhs gives a handy factorized form of the lhs, which would not lend itself to straightforward factorisation as the sums $`(i\vartheta _1\pm \vartheta _4)`$ cannot be made into a theta function. ∎

## 6 Computations in $`4^3`$ Theory

We mimic here the approach of the two previous sections. This Gepner model is obtained by tensoring 3 times the $`k=4`$, N=2 theory. We have considerably more orbits and more cases to study; the mathematics involve properties of theta functions with $`\tau `$ divided by 3, 4 and 6.

### 6.1 Characters and Orbits:

This time we have 15 minimal N=2 characters, obtained for $`l=0(m=0)`$, $`l=1(m=\pm 1)`$, $`l=2(m=0,\pm 2)`$, $`l=3(m=\pm 1,3)`$, $`l=4(m=0,\pm 2,\pm 4)`$. The string functions at level 4, due to their symmetries, number only seven:

$$c_{00}=c_{44},c_{02}=c_{42},c_{04}=c_{40},c_{20}=c_{24},c_{22},c_{11}=c_{33},c_{13}=c_{31}.$$
(6.1)
In the following characters, $`\theta _m`$ is a shortcut for the $`su(2)`$ theta function evaluated as $`\theta _{m,24}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{6})`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}A:=\mathrm{ch}_{0,0}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _{12}\hfill & +c_{00}\theta _0\hfill & +c_{02}\theta _{12}\hfill & +c_{04}\theta _{24}\hfill \\ B:=\mathrm{ch}_{4,4}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _{20}\hfill & +c_{04}\theta _{16}\hfill & +c_{02}\theta _4\hfill & +c_{00}\theta _8\hfill \\ C:=\mathrm{ch}_{4,2}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _{20}\hfill & +c_{04}\theta _8\hfill & +c_{02}\theta _4\hfill & +c_{00}\theta _{16}\hfill \\ D:=\mathrm{ch}_{4,0}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _{12}\hfill & +c_{04}\theta _0\hfill & +c_{02}\theta _{12}\hfill & +c_{00}\theta _{24}\hfill \\ E:=\mathrm{ch}_{4,2}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _4\hfill & +c_{04}\theta _8\hfill & +c_{02}\theta _{20}\hfill & +c_{00}\theta _{16}\hfill \\ F:=\mathrm{ch}_{4,4}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{02}\theta _4\hfill & +c_{04}\theta _{16}\hfill & +c_{02}\theta _{20}\hfill & +c_{00}\theta _8\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.2)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}G:=\mathrm{ch}_{2,2}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{22}\theta _{20}\hfill & +c_{20}\theta _8\hfill & +c_{22}\theta _4\hfill & +c_{20}\theta _{16}\hfill \\ H:=\mathrm{ch}_{2,0}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{22}\theta _{12}\hfill & +c_{20}\theta _0\hfill & +c_{22}\theta _{12}\hfill & +c_{20}\theta _{24}\hfill \\ I:=\mathrm{ch}_{2,2}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{22}\theta _4\hfill & +c_{20}\theta _8\hfill & +c_{22}\theta _{20}\hfill & +c_{20}\theta _{16}\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.3)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}J:=\mathrm{ch}_{1,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{13}\theta _{22}\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _{10}\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _2\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _{14}\hfill \\ K:=\mathrm{ch}_{1,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{13}\theta _{14}\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _2\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _{10}\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _{22}\hfill \\ L:=\mathrm{ch}_{3,3}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{11}\theta _{18}\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _{18}\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _6\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _6\hfill \\ M:=\mathrm{ch}_{3,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{11}\theta _{22}\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _{10}\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _2\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _{14}\hfill \\ N:=\mathrm{ch}_{3,1}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{11}\theta _{14}\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _2\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _{10}\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _{22}\hfill \\ O:=\mathrm{ch}_{3,3}^{\mathrm{NS}}(y,q)\hfill & =c_{11}\theta _6\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _6\hfill & +c_{13}\theta _{18}\hfill & +c_{11}\theta _{18}\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.4)
The $`su(2)`$ theta functions are related to the standard Jacobi theta function via

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _{m,24}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{6})=_nq^{12(n+\frac{m}{48})^2}y^{4(n+\frac{m}{48})}=q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\vartheta _3(4z+\frac{m\tau }{2}|24\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.5)
Under full spectral flow, these $`su(2)`$ theta functions are shifted into one each other:

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _{m,24}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{6})\stackrel{zz+\tau }{}q^{1/3}y^{2/3}\theta _{m+8,24}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{z}{6}),\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.6)
so that the fifteen characters split into three groups which are cyclicly permuted:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& A\stackrel{zz+\tau }{}BCDEFA,\hfill \\ & GHIG,\hfill \\ & JKLMNOJ,\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.7)
where we have omitted the incrementing factors of $`q^{1/3}y^{2/3}`$, etc.

To build the various orbits of the $`4^3`$ theory, we consider all possible homogeneous polynomials of degree 3 in $`A,B,\mathrm{},O`$, respecting our usual rules. Note the following powers for the $`y`$-expansions:     $`A,D,H`$ have powers of $`y`$ in $``$, $`J,M`$ in $`+\frac{1}{6}`$,  $`B,E,I`$ in $`\frac{1}{3}`$, $`K,N`$ in $`\frac{1}{6}`$,  $`C,F,G`$ in $`+\frac{1}{3}`$, $`L,O`$ in $`+\frac{1}{2}`$.

The twenty-three possible orbits are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{NS}_1& =A^3+B^3+C^3+D^3+E^3+F^3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_2& =G^3+H^3+I^3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_3& =(BC+EF)H+(CD+FA)I+(DE+AB)G\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_4& =AO^2+BJ^2+CK^2+DL^2+EM^2+FN^2\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_5& =(JL+MO)G+(KM+NJ)H+(LN+OK)I\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_6& =AL^2+BM^2+CN^2+DO^2+EJ^2+FK^2\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{NS}_7=A^2D+B^2E+C^2F+D^2A+E^2B+F^2C\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{16}=\left(L^2+O^2\right)H+\left(J^2+M^2\right)I+\left(K^2+N^2\right)G\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_8=ABC+BCD+CDE+DEF+EFA+FAB\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{17}=\left(A+D\right)LO+\left(B+E\right)JM+\left(C+F\right)KN\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_9=AEC+BFD\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{18}=HLO+IJM+GKN\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{10}=GHI\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{19}=AJK+BKL+CLM+DMN+ENO+FOJ\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{11}=ADH+BEI+CFG\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{20}=DJK+EKL+FLM+AMN+BNO+COJ\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{12}=\left(A^2+D^2\right)H+\left(B^2+E^2\right)I+\left(C^2+F^2\right)G\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{21}=\left(JK+MN\right)H+\left(KL+NO\right)I+\left(LM+OJ\right)G\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{13}=\left(BF+EC\right)H+\left(AC+DF\right)I+\left(BD+AE\right)G\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{22}=CJL+DKM+ELN+FMO+ANJ+BOK\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{14}=\left(A+D\right)H^2+\left(B+E\right)I^2+\left(C+F\right)G^2\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{23}=FJL+AKM+BLN+CMO+DNJ+EOK\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{15}=\left(C+F\right)HI+\left(A+D\right)IG+\left(B+E\right)GH\hfill & \end{array}$$

The coefficients $`D_i`$, see after (4.11), are thus (1; 2,6,3,6,3; 3,6,18,36,12,3,6,3,6; 3,6,12,6,6,6,6,6).

### 6.2 String Functions:

Some explicit expressions for the string functions at level 2 are found in \[KP-84\], pp. 219-220. We use the notation $`\eta _n`$ for $`\eta (n\tau )`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{02}=\frac{\eta _{12}^2}{\eta ^2\eta _6},c_{00}c_{04}& =\frac{1}{\eta _2},c_{11}+c_{13}=\frac{1}{\eta _{1/2}},\hfill \\ \hfill c_{00}+c_{04}2c_{02}+2c_{20}2c_{22}& =\frac{\eta _{1/12}^2}{\eta ^2\eta _{1/6}}\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.8)
The behaviour under $`S`$ and $`T`$ transformation is also outlined by the authors. For example, $`T`$ transforms the third equation into

$$c_{11}c_{13}=\frac{\eta _{1/2}\eta _2}{\eta ^3},$$

where we discarded $`e^{i\pi /24}`$ on both sides. Similarly, $`T^6`$ (ie $`\tau \tau +6`$) transforms the last equation into

$$\left(c_{00}+c_{04}+2c_{02}+2c_{20}+2c_{22}\right)=\frac{\eta _{1/6}^5}{\eta ^2\eta _{1/12}^2\eta _{1/3}^2},\mathrm{since}\eta _{1/2}\stackrel{T}{}\frac{\eta ^3}{\eta _{1/2}\eta _2}e^{i\pi /24}.$$
(6.9)
Furthermore,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{00}& \stackrel{S}{}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(c_{00}+c_{04}+2c_{02}+2c_{20}+2c_{22}+2\sqrt{3}(c_{11}+c_{13})\right)\hfill \\ \hfill c_{04}& \stackrel{S}{}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(c_{00}+c_{04}+2c_{02}+2c_{20}+2c_{22}2\sqrt{3}(c_{11}+c_{13})\right)\hfill \\ \hfill c_{02}& \stackrel{S}{}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(c_{00}+c_{04}2c_{02}+2c_{20}2c_{22}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill c_{20}& \stackrel{S}{}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(2c_{00}+2c_{04}+4c_{02}2c_{20}2c_{22}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill c_{00}& \stackrel{S}{}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(2c_{00}+2c_{04}4c_{02}2c_{20}+2c_{22}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.10)
and so

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{00}+c_{04}\stackrel{S}{}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(2c_{00}+2c_{04}+4c_{02}+4c_{20}+4c_{22}\right)& =\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau }}\left(\frac{\eta _{1/6}^5}{\eta ^2\eta _{1/12}^2\eta _{1/3}^2}\right)\hfill \\ & \stackrel{S}{}\frac{\eta _6^5}{\eta ^2\eta _{12}^2\eta _3^2},\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.11)
since $`\eta _n\stackrel{S}{}\sqrt{i\tau /n}\eta _{1/n}`$ for rational $`n`$. We thus find

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{00}+c_{04}& =\frac{\eta _6^5}{\eta ^2\eta _{12}^2\eta _3^2}=\frac{\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )}{\eta ^2}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{00}c_{04}& =\frac{1}{\eta _2}=\frac{\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )}{\eta ^2}\hfill \\ \hfill c_{02}& =\frac{\eta _{12}^2}{\eta ^2\eta _6}=\frac{\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )}{2\eta ^2}\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{20}+c_{22}& =\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\left(\frac{\eta _{1/6}^5}{\eta _{1/12}^2\eta _{1/3}^2}\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )\right)=\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\left(\vartheta _3(0|\tau /6)\vartheta _3(0|3\tau /2)\right)=\frac{q^{1/12}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(\frac{\tau }{2}|\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill c_{20}c_{22}& =\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\left(\frac{\eta _{1/12}^2}{\eta _{1/6}}\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )+\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )\right)=\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\left(\vartheta _4(0|\tau /6)\vartheta _4(0|3\tau /2)\right)=\frac{q^{1/12}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _4(\frac{\tau }{2}|\frac{3\tau }{2}),\hfill \end{array}$$

where we have used lemma 6.21, 6.23. Thus

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_{20}& =\frac{q^{1/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(2\tau |6\tau )=\frac{q^{1/12}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _2(\tau |6\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill c_{22}& =\frac{q^{1/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _2(2\tau |6\tau )=\frac{q^{1/12}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.12)
### 6.3 Relation with $`1^6`$ theory

With the above values of the string functions, we shall show some coincidences of the characters of $`4^3`$ theory with those of $`1^6`$ theory. We first note:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \theta _m+\theta _{m+24}& =q^{3(n+\frac{m}{24})^2}y^{2(n+\frac{m}{24})}\hfill & =q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\vartheta _3(2z+\frac{m\tau }{4}|6\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _m\theta _{m+24}& =(1)^nq^{3(n+\frac{m}{24})^2}y^{2(n+\frac{m}{24})}\hfill & =q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\vartheta _4(2z+\frac{m\tau }{4}|6\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _m+\theta _{m+12}+\theta _{m+24}+\theta _{m+36}& =q^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2}y^{n+\frac{m}{12}}\hfill & =q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\vartheta _3(z+\frac{m\tau }{8})|\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _m\theta _{m+12}+\theta _{m+24}\theta _{m+36}& =(1)^nq^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2}y^{n+\frac{m}{12}}\hfill & =q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\vartheta _4(z+\frac{m\tau }{8})|\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.13)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \theta _m+\theta _{m+12}\theta _{m+24}\theta _{m+36}& =\delta _nq^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2}y^{n+\frac{m}{12}},\delta _n:=+,+,,\text{ for }n0,1,2,3\text{ mod }4\hfill \\ \hfill \text{ for }m2\text{ mod }8:& =(qe^{2\pi i})^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2}y^{n+\frac{m}{12}}\hfill \\ & =q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3+3/16}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\frac{\eta _3}{\eta _6\eta _{3/2}}\vartheta _3(z+(\frac{3}{4}+\frac{m}{8})\tau |3\tau )\vartheta _3(z+(\frac{3}{4}\frac{m}{8})\tau |3\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \text{ and for}m2\text{ mod }8:& =(1)^n(qe^{2\pi i})^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2}y^{n+\frac{m}{12}}\hfill \\ & =q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3+3/16}y^{\frac{m}{12}}\frac{\eta _3}{\eta _6\eta _{3/2}}\vartheta _4(z+(\frac{3}{4}+\frac{m}{8})\tau |3\tau )\vartheta _4(z+(\frac{3}{4}\frac{m}{8})\tau |3\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$

The trick for the last formula is the same as in the special case leading to (6.18).

Thus, using lemma 6.27:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill A+D& =2c_{02}\vartheta _2(2z|6\tau )+(c_{00}+c_{04})\vartheta _3(2z|6\tau )=\frac{1}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )^2\hfill & =A^2_{[1^6\mathrm{theory}]}\hfill \\ \hfill B+E& =\frac{q^{1/3}y^{2/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )^2\hfill & =B^2_{[1^6\mathrm{theory}]}\hfill \\ \hfill C+F& =\frac{q^{4/3}y^{4/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(z+2\tau |3\tau )^2\hfill & =C^2_{[1^6\mathrm{theory}]}\hfill \\ \hfill G& =c_{22}q^{\frac{1}{12}}y^{\frac{1}{3}}\vartheta _3(2z+\tau |6\tau )+c_{20}q^{\frac{1}{12}}y^{\frac{1}{3}}\vartheta _2(2z+\tau |6\tau )\hfill & \\ & =\frac{q^{1/6}y^{1/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )\hfill & =AB_{[1^6\mathrm{theory}]}\hfill \\ \hfill H& =\frac{q^{5/6}y}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(z+\tau |3\tau )\vartheta _3(z+2\tau |3\tau )\hfill & =BC_{[1^6\mathrm{theory}]}\hfill \\ \hfill I& =\frac{q^{2/3}y^{2/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(z|3\tau )\vartheta _3(z+2\tau |3\tau )\hfill & =AC_{[1^6\mathrm{theory}]},\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.14)
where the rhs’s are taken from (4.7). In particular, this implies $`(A+D)H=GI`$, etc, and for the orbits:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 4^3\mathrm{theory}& 1^6\mathrm{theory}\hfill \\ & \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_1+3\mathrm{NS}_7& =\mathrm{NS}_1\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_2& =\mathrm{NS}_2\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_3+\mathrm{NS}_{13}& =\mathrm{NS}_2\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{1}{3}\mathrm{NS}_{14}=\mathrm{NS}_{10}=\mathrm{NS}_8+\mathrm{NS}_9& =\mathrm{NS}_3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{15}=\mathrm{NS}_{12}+2\mathrm{NS}_{11}& =\mathrm{NS}_4.\hfill \end{array}$$

These relations will be useful for the study of Gepner models with mixed levels, in particular the $`1^44`$ theory.

### 6.4 Characters at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$:

We now study the orbits at the special value of $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$. Note first that at this value, $`\theta _m=\theta _{m,24}(\frac{\tau }{2},\frac{1+\tau }{12})=e^{2\pi i\frac{m}{24}}q^{(\frac{m^2}{8}+m)/24}\vartheta _3((\frac{m}{2}+2)\tau |24\tau )`$, as well as:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \theta _8=\theta _{16},\theta _{22}& =\theta _{14},\theta _{10}=\theta _2\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _m+\theta _{m+12}+\theta _{m+24}+\theta _{m+36}& =e^{2\pi i\frac{m}{24}}q^{(\frac{m^2}{8}+m)/24}\vartheta _4((\frac{m}{8}+\frac{1}{2})\tau |\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _m+\theta _{m+12}\theta _{m+24}\theta _{m+36}& =e^{2\pi i\frac{m}{24}}\delta _nq^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2+\frac{1}{2}(n+\frac{m}{12})},\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.15)
where $`\delta _n=+,+,,`$ for $`n0,1,2,3`$ mod 4. Without $`\delta _n`$, we would recover the sum of the four theta functions with only $`+`$ signs. Note that $`\delta _n`$ can be removed if we replace $`q^{1/2}`$ with $`q^{1/2}`$ in the sum and additionally multiply the sum by some root of unity, since $`(1)^{\frac{3}{2}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2+n+\frac{m}{12}}=i^{\frac{m^2}{48}+\frac{m}{6}}i^{3n^2+(2+\frac{m}{2})n}`$. For $`m=6`$ or $`2`$, we recover $`e^{2\pi i/16}\delta _n`$. Thus we obtain the last line from the sum with only $`+`$ signs by inserting $`q^{1/2}`$ in the latter’s result. For $`m=6`$ and $`2`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \theta _6+\theta _{18}+\theta _{18}+\theta _6& =iq^{\frac{1}{16}}\vartheta _4(\frac{\tau }{4}|\frac{3\tau }{2})=iq^{\frac{1}{12}}\eta (\frac{\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _2+\theta _{10}+\theta _{22}+\theta _{14}& =q^{\frac{1}{12}}\eta (\frac{\tau }{2})\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.16)
On the rhs, replacing $`q^{1/2}`$ with $`q^{1/2}`$ in $`q^{\frac{1}{12}}\eta (\tau /2)`$ yields:

$$q^{\frac{1}{16}}(1q^n)(1q^{n1/2})e^{2\pi i/16}q^{\frac{1}{16}}(1q^n)(1+q^{n1/2})=e^{2\pi i/16}q^{\frac{1}{12}}\frac{\eta ^3}{\eta (\tau /2)\eta (2\tau )}$$
(6.17)
Thus:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \theta _6+\theta _{18}\theta _{18}\theta _6& =iq^{\frac{1}{12}}\frac{\eta ^3}{\eta (\tau /2)\eta (2\tau )}\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _2+\theta _{10}\theta _{22}\theta _{14}& =q^{\frac{1}{12}}\frac{\eta ^3}{\eta (\tau /2)\eta (2\tau )}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.18)
This will be useful for the characters $`K,L,N,O`$.

With lemmas 6.29,6.31 and 6.33 our characters at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$ reduce to

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A& =\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\left[\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )(\theta _{12}+\theta _{12})+\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )(\theta _0+\theta _{24})+\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )(\theta _0\theta _{24})\right]\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\left[\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )(q^{1/4})\vartheta _3(2\tau |6\tau )+\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )+\underset{q^{1/12}\eta ^2}{\underset{}{\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )\vartheta _4(\tau |6\tau )}}\right]=q^{1/12}\hfill \\ \hfill B& =C=D=E=0\hfill \\ \hfill F& =e^{2\pi i/3}q^{1/12}\hfill \\ \hfill G& =\frac{q^{1/12}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )(\theta _{20}+\theta _4)+\frac{q^{1/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(2\tau |6\tau )(\theta _8+\theta _{16})=0\hfill \\ \hfill H& =0\hfill \\ \hfill I& =e^{2\pi i/6}q^{1/12}\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill J& =c_{13}(\theta _{22}+\theta _{14})+c_{11}(\theta _{10}+\theta _2)=0\hfill \\ \hfill K& =\frac{1}{2}(c_{11}+c_{13})(\theta _{14}+\theta _2+\theta _{10}+\theta _{22})+\frac{1}{2}(c_{11}c_{13})(\theta _{14}+\theta _2+\theta _{10}\theta _{22})=e^{2\pi i/12}q^{1/12}\hfill \\ \hfill L& =M=N=0\hfill \\ \hfill O& =iq^{1/12}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Plugging these values into the orbits NSi yields NS$`{}_{1}{}^{}=2q^{1/4}`$, NS$`{}_{i}{}^{}=q^{1/4}`$ ($`i=2,\mathrm{},6`$), while the remaining NSj vanish ($`j=7,\mathrm{},23`$). We thus recognize from (2.7) the graviton, massless and massive orbits respectively. Also, the value of the elliptic genus at $`z=0`$ is $`\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=_{i=1}^dD_i|\mathrm{R}_i^{}(0)|^2=_{i=1}^dD_i|q^{1/4}\mathrm{NS}_i(\frac{1+\tau }{2})|^2=_{i=1}^dD_iI_i^2=4D_1+D_2+\mathrm{}+D_6=24`$, which is the correct coefficient for a $`K3`$ model (3.1).

### 6.5 Characters at $`z=0`$:

In order to compute the functions $`F_i`$ or the Dirac genus, we set $`z=0`$, in which case

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \theta _m& =\theta _{m,24}(\frac{\tau }{2},0)=q^{12(n+\frac{m}{48})^2}=q^{(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}\vartheta _3(\frac{m\tau }{2}|24\tau )=\theta _m\hfill \\ \hfill \theta _m+\theta _{m+12}\theta _{m+24}\theta _{m+36}& =\delta _nq^{\frac{3}{4}(n+\frac{m}{12})^2}=\delta _nq^{\frac{3}{4}(n1\frac{m}{12})^2}\hfill \\ \hfill (\mathrm{for}m=10,2:)& =\delta _nq^{\frac{3}{4}(n\frac{1}{6})^2}=e^{2\pi i(\frac{m}{8})^2/3}(1)^n(q^{1/2})^{\frac{3}{2}(n\frac{1}{6})^2}=\frac{\eta ^3}{\eta _{1/2}\eta _2},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\delta _n:=+,+,,`$ and the last line is obtained by replacing $`q^{1/2}`$ by $`q^{1/2}`$ in $`\eta (\tau /2)`$ (same trick as earlier).

With lemma 6.27, the characters at $`z=0`$ take the following values:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A& =\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(0|3\tau )^2+\frac{1}{2\eta ^2}\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )\vartheta _4(0|6\tau )=:A_1+A_2\hfill \\ \hfill B=F& =\frac{q^{1/3}}{2\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )^2+\frac{q^{1/3}}{2\eta ^2}\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )\vartheta _4(2\tau |6\tau )=:B_1+B_2\hfill \\ \hfill C=E& =B_1B_2\hfill \\ \hfill D& =A_1A_2\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.19)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G=I& =\frac{q^{1/6}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(0|3\tau )\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill H& =\frac{q^{1/3}}{\eta ^2}\vartheta _3(\tau |3\tau )^2=2B_1\hfill \\ \hfill J=K& =\frac{q^{1/48}}{2\eta _{1/2}}\vartheta _3(\frac{\tau }{4}|\frac{3\tau }{2})+\frac{1}{2}=:J_1+\frac{1}{2}\hfill \\ \hfill L=O& =\frac{1}{2\eta _{1/2}}\vartheta _2(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill M=N& =J_1\frac{1}{2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.20)
We did not succeed in factorizing them, as we did for the $`1^6`$ and $`2^4`$ theories. The corresponding values for the orbits are not particularly enlightening. We only note the following coincidence: NS22 = NS$`{}_{23}{}^{}=2A_1(J_1^2\frac{1}{4})+4LJ_1B_1`$. Due to 2.7, this equality holds in general (not only at $`z=0`$) since $`F_{22}=F_{23}`$.

Thus we shall also refrain from giving here horrendous expressions (unfactorized) for the functions $`F_i`$ and the Dirac index. But they can be easily written down on the basis of the above information. For instance, proving the value of the Dirac index (3.3) boils down to verifying its coefficient at $`z=0`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _{i=1}^d& D_i\mathrm{NS}_i(0)I_i=2\mathrm{NS}_1+2\mathrm{NS}_2+6\mathrm{NS}_3+3\mathrm{NS}_4+6\mathrm{NS}_5+3\mathrm{NS}_6\hfill \\ & =32B_1^34A_1^312A_1A_2^248B_1B_2^2+4G^3+24G(A_1B_1+A_2B_2+J_1L)+24B_1J_1^2+12A_1L^2\hfill \\ & \stackrel{!}{=}2\frac{\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4}{\eta ^6}\vartheta _3^2,\hfill \end{array}$$

which is an arduous manipulation with theta functions identities (left to the reader).

### 6.6 Lemmas and arithmetic results:

###### Lemma 6.21.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _3(z|\tau )& =\vartheta _3(2z|4\tau )+\vartheta _2(2z|4\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _4(z|\tau )& =\vartheta _3(2z|4\tau )\vartheta _2(2z|4\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.22)
###### Proof.

Directly from Fourier expansion. ∎

###### Lemma 6.23.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _2(0|\tau )& =\vartheta _2(0|9\tau )+2q^{1/2}\vartheta _2(3\tau |9\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3(0|\tau )& =\vartheta _3(0|9\tau )+2q^{1/2}\vartheta _3(3\tau |9\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _4(0|\tau )& =\vartheta _4(0|9\tau )2q^{1/2}\vartheta _4(3\tau |9\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.24)
###### Proof.

Idem. For instance, the middle line goes like

$$\mathrm{lhs}=q^{(3n)^2/2}+q^{(3n+1)^2/2}+q^{(3n+2)^2/2}=q^{(3n)^2/2}+2q^{(3n+1)^2/2}=\mathrm{rhs}.$$

###### Lemma 6.25.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})\hfill & =\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )q^{1/3}\vartheta _3(2\tau |6\tau )\hfill & =\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )q^{1/12}\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )\hfill \\ \vartheta _2(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})\hfill & =\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )+q^{1/3}\vartheta _2(2\tau |6\tau )\hfill & =\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )+q^{1/12}\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.26)
###### Proof.

Idem. For instance, the first line:

$$\mathrm{lhs}=q^{n^2/3}e^{2\pi in/3}=q^{3n^2/3}+(e^{2\pi i/3}+e^{2\pi i/3})q^{3(n+\frac{1}{3})^2/3}=\mathrm{rhs}.$$

###### Lemma 6.27.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\vartheta _3(z|\tau )\vartheta _3(z^{}|\tau )+\vartheta _2(z|\tau )\vartheta _2(z^{}|\tau )\hfill & =\vartheta _3(\frac{z+z^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _3(\frac{zz^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(z|\tau )\vartheta _3(z^{}|\tau )\vartheta _2(z|\tau )\vartheta _2(z^{}|\tau )\hfill & =\vartheta _4(\frac{z+z^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _4(\frac{zz^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.28)
###### Proof.

Idem. For instance, the first line:

$$\mathrm{lhs}=\underset{^2(+\frac{1}{2})^2}{}q^{(m^2+n^2)/2}y^my_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}=\underset{^2}{}q^{(k^2+l^2)/4}y^{(k+l)/2}y_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(k+l)/2}=\mathrm{rhs},$$

where we made the substitution $`k=m+n,l=mn`$.

For the second line, one just needs to introduce $`(1)^{2n}`$ and $`(1)^{kl}`$ in the two sums respectively. ∎

###### Lemma 6.29.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )\hfill & \vartheta _2(0|6\tau )\vartheta _2(\tau |6\tau )\hfill & =q^{1/12}\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{6})\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{6}|\frac{\tau }{6})\hfill & \vartheta _4(0|\frac{\tau }{6})\vartheta _4(\frac{1}{6}|\frac{\tau }{6})\hfill & =6\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _2(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})\hfill & +\vartheta _2(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})\hfill & =3\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\vartheta _4(\tau |\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill & \vartheta _4(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\vartheta _3(\tau |\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill & =2q^{1/3}\eta ^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.30)
###### Proof.

The first line is just lemma 6.27 with $`z=0`$ and $`(z^{}|\tau )`$ replaced by $`(1+\tau |6\tau )`$. The second line is obtained from the first by $`S`$ transformation, ie $`\tau 1/\tau `$. The third line is obtained by rewriting the second line as $`ab+cd=(a+c)(b+d)/2+(ac)(bd)/2`$ and using lemma 6.21. The fourth line is again an $`S`$ transformation of the previous line. Applying the rewriting trick on this last line, we would of course fall back on the first line. ∎

We note that the first line in Fourier series gives us an interesting formula: $`\eta ^2=(1)^nq^{3(n^2+m^2)}`$ where $`(m,n)(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{3})(0,\frac{1}{6})+^2`$. This is to be compared with the previous formula 4.5. The crucial difference is that we presently have a positive definite quadratic form in the exponent of $`q`$, whereas previously the form was indefinite (this accounts for the extra constraint on $`x,y`$ there).

In the first line, use lemma 6.23 to replace $`2q^{1/12}\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )`$ by $`\vartheta _2(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )`$ and similarly for $`2q^{1/12}\vartheta _2(\tau |6\tau )`$, and obtain:

###### Lemma 6.31.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\vartheta _2(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )\vartheta _3(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )\hfill & =2\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _4(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{6})\vartheta _3(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\vartheta _4(0|\frac{\tau }{6})\hfill & =4\eta ^2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.32)
where an $`S`$ transformation connects the two lines. Unlike in the previous lemma, performing the rewriting trick will not give two more variants; here this trick is just equivalent to the $`S`$ transformation itself.

Now, in the third line of lemma 6.29, use lemma 6.25 to replace $`\vartheta _2(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})`$ by $`\vartheta _2(0|6\tau )+q^{1/3}\vartheta _2(2\tau |6\tau )`$ and similarly for $`\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})`$, and obtain the first line of

###### Lemma 6.33.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\vartheta _3(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _3(\tau |6\tau )\hfill & \vartheta _2(0|\frac{2\tau }{3})\vartheta _2(\tau |6\tau )\hfill & =q^{1/12}\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{\tau }{6})\hfill & \vartheta _4(0|\frac{3\tau }{2})\vartheta _4(\frac{1}{3}|\frac{\tau }{6})\hfill & =2\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(0|6\tau )\vartheta _2(\frac{2}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})\hfill & +\vartheta _3(0|6\tau )\vartheta _3(\frac{2}{3}|\frac{2\tau }{3})\hfill & =\eta ^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _4(0|\frac{\tau }{6})\vartheta _3(\tau |\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill & \vartheta _3(0|\frac{\tau }{6})\vartheta _4(\tau |\frac{3\tau }{2})\hfill & =q^{1/3}\eta ^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.34)
###### Proof.

Again, the successive lines are obtained by $`S`$ transformation, the rewriting trick, and $`S`$ transformation. ∎

## 7 Computations in Mixed Theories

We have met with success the construction of N=4 characters in pure Gepner models like $`1^6,2^4,4^3`$ theories. Other Gepner models for the N=4 SCFT on $`K3`$ are mixed tensor products of N=2 theories, like $`1^32^2`$, $`1^44`$, $`1^24^2`$, $`26^2`$, $`12^24`$, $`\mathbf{}`$. All these products $`k_1^{n_1}\mathrm{}k_j^{n_j}`$ are formed with the requirement that the central charge equal six: $`c=n_i\frac{3k_i}{k_i+2}=6`$. We shall investigate the first three cases of such theories with mixed levels $`k_i`$ and see that they do not necessarily share the previous structure characteristic of pure theories. Specifically, the notion of gravitational, massless and massive orbits, with values at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$ equal to $`2q^{1/4},q^{1/4}`$ and 0 respectively – expected from (2.7), only applies to $`K3`$ models like the $`1^44`$ or $`1^24^2`$ theories below. The other CY twofold, the complex torus, gives a model whose orbits all vanish at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, yielding a zero Euler characteristic as in the $`1^32^2`$ theory below.

### 7.1 Computations in $`1^32^2`$ Theory

The NSi orbits are tensor products of three orbits from the $`k=1`$ theory (section 4) and two orbits from the $`k=2`$ theory (section 5). The former theory has characters $`A,B,C`$ (with powers of $`y`$ in $`+0,\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3}`$ resp.), while the latter’s characters we denote by $`\overline{A},\overline{B},\overline{C},\overline{D},\overline{E},\overline{F}`$ (with powers of $`y`$ in $`+0,\frac{1}{2},0,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4}`$ resp.). In order to have only integer powers of $`y`$ and cyclic permutation in the orbits, the only possible combinations are products of $`ABC`$, $`A^3+B^3+C^3`$ with $`\overline{A}\overline{C}+\overline{B}\overline{D}`$, $`\overline{E}\overline{F}`$, $`\overline{A}^2+\overline{C}^2+\overline{B}^2+\overline{D}^2`$. Each of these products vanishes at $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, so all orbits are massive and the Dirac index vanishes. This is to be expected as both the $`1^3`$ and the $`2^2`$ theories are toroidal models (with complex and Kähler moduli $`\tau =\rho =e^{2\pi i/3}`$ and $`\tau =\rho =i`$ resp.), hence so is their tensor product. That is, the target space of the sigma model is not $`K3`$ but a complex two-torus.

### 7.2 Computations in $`1^44`$ Theory

We denote the characters of the $`k=4`$ theory by a bar over the letters. Our usual two rules (integer powers of $`y`$ and invariance under cyclic permutation) restrict the orbits to be of the following form:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{NS}_1=A^4(\overline{A}+\overline{D})+B^4(\overline{B}+\overline{E})+C^4(\overline{C}+\overline{F})\hfill & & \mathrm{NS}_5=ABC(A\overline{H}+B\overline{I}+C\overline{G})\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_2=A^3B(\overline{B}+\overline{E})+B^3C(\overline{C}+\overline{F})+C^3A(\overline{A}+\overline{D})\hfill & & \mathrm{NS}_6=A^4\overline{H}+B^4\overline{I}+C^4\overline{G}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_3=A^3C(\overline{C}+\overline{F})+B^3A(\overline{D}+\overline{A})+C^3B(\overline{E}+\overline{B})\hfill & & \mathrm{NS}_7=A^3B\overline{I}+B^3C\overline{G}+C^3A\overline{H}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_4=A^2B^2\overline{G}+B^2C^2\overline{H}+C^2A^2\overline{I}\hfill & & \mathrm{NS}_8=A^3C\overline{G}+B^3A\overline{H}+C^3B\overline{I}\hfill \end{array}$$

Due to the relations between the $`4^3`$ characters and the $`1^6`$ characters established in (6.14), the orbits 2,3,4 are equal, and so are the orbits 6,7,8. Thus we obtain consecutively the orbits NS1, NS2, 3 NS3 and NS4 of $`1^6`$ theory (4.10), which proves the equivalence of both models!

The coefficients $`D_i=S_{1,i}/S_{i,1}`$ defined after (4.11) are (1; 4,4,12; 24; 2,8,8), where $`S_{i,1}=(6;6,6,3;3;3,3,3)`$ are the numbers of terms in each orbit and $`S_{1,i}=(1;4,4,6;12;1,4,4)`$ is $`S_{1,1}`$ times the number of permutations of the factors in any term of orbit NSi (look only at the $`1^4`$ factors). Thus for the Dirac index, we have correctly $`2`$ NS1 \+ (4+4+12) NS2, as in (4.19).

### 7.3 Computations in $`1^24^2`$ Theory

This time, we are even allowed to include the characters $`J,K,..,O`$ from the $`k=4`$ theory. The orbits take the form

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{NS}_1=A^2\left(\overline{A}^2+\overline{D}^2\right)+B^2\left(\overline{B}^2+\overline{E}^2\right)+C^2\left(\overline{C}^2+\overline{F}^2\right)\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_2=A^2\left(\overline{L}^2+\overline{O}^2\right)+B^2\left(\overline{J}^2+\overline{M}^2\right)+C^2\left(\overline{K}^2+\overline{N}^2\right)\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_3=A^2\left(\overline{B}+\overline{E}\right)\overline{G}+B^2\left(\overline{C}+\overline{F}\right)\overline{H}+C^2\left(\overline{D}+\overline{A}\right)\overline{I}\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_4=A^2\left(\overline{C}+\overline{F}\right)\overline{I}+B^2\left(\overline{D}+\overline{A}\right)\overline{G}+C^2\left(\overline{E}+\overline{B}\right)\overline{H}\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_5=AB\overline{G}^2+BC\overline{H}^2+CA\overline{I}^2\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_6=AB\left(\overline{A}\overline{B}+\overline{D}\overline{E}\right)+BC\left(\overline{B}\overline{C}+\overline{E}\overline{F}\right)+CA\left(\overline{C}\overline{D}+\overline{F}\overline{A}\right)\hfill & \\ \mathrm{NS}_7=AB\left(\overline{L}\overline{J}+\overline{O}\overline{M}\right)+BC\left(\overline{M}\overline{K}+\overline{J}\overline{N}\right)+CA\left(\overline{N}\overline{L}+\overline{K}\overline{O}\right)\hfill & \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{NS}_8=A^2\overline{H}^2+B^2\overline{I}^2+C^2\overline{G}^2\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{17}=A^2\overline{A}\overline{D}+B^2\overline{B}\overline{E}+C^2\overline{C}\overline{F}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_9=AB\left(\overline{C}+\overline{F}\right)\overline{G}+BC\left(\overline{A}+\overline{D}\right)\overline{H}+CA\left(\overline{B}+\overline{E}\right)\overline{I}\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{18}=A^2\overline{L}\overline{O}+B^2\overline{J}\overline{M}+C^2\overline{K}\overline{N}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{10}=AB\overline{H}\overline{I}+BC\overline{I}\overline{G}+CA\overline{G}\overline{H}\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{19}=AB\overline{C}\overline{F}+BC\overline{D}\overline{A}+CA\overline{E}\overline{B}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{11}=A^2\left(\overline{B}\overline{C}+\overline{E}\overline{F}\right)+B^2\left(\overline{C}\overline{D}+\overline{F}\overline{A}\right)+C^2\left(\overline{D}\overline{E}+\overline{A}\overline{B}\right)\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{20}=AB\left(\overline{A}\overline{E}+\overline{D}\overline{B}\right)+BC\left(\overline{B}\overline{F}+\overline{E}\overline{C}\right)+CA\left(\overline{C}\overline{A}+\overline{F}\overline{D}\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{12}=A^2\left(\overline{B}\overline{F}+\overline{E}\overline{C}\right)+B^2\left(\overline{C}\overline{A}+\overline{F}\overline{D}\right)+C^2\left(\overline{D}\overline{B}+\overline{A}\overline{E}\right)\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{21}=AB\left(\overline{L}\overline{M}+\overline{O}\overline{J}\right)+BC\left(\overline{M}\overline{N}+\overline{J}\overline{K}\right)+CA\left(\overline{N}\overline{O}+\overline{K}\overline{L}\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{13}=A^2\overline{I}\overline{G}+B^2\overline{G}\overline{H}+C^2\overline{H}\overline{I}\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{22}=A^2\left(\overline{J}\overline{N}+\overline{M}\overline{K}\right)+B^2\left(\overline{K}\overline{O}+\overline{N}\overline{L}\right)+C^2\left(\overline{L}\overline{J}+\overline{O}\overline{M}\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{14}=A^2\left(\overline{A}+\overline{D}\right)\overline{H}+B^2\left(\overline{B}+\overline{E}\right)\overline{I}+C^2\left(\overline{C}+\overline{F}\right)\overline{G}\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{23}=A^2\left(\overline{J}\overline{K}+\overline{M}\overline{N}\right)+B^2\left(\overline{K}\overline{L}+\overline{N}\overline{O}\right)+C^2\left(\overline{L}\overline{M}+\overline{O}\overline{J}\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{15}=AB\left(\overline{B}+\overline{E}\right)\overline{H}+BC\left(\overline{C}+\overline{F}\right)\overline{I}+CA\left(\overline{A}+\overline{D}\right)\overline{G}\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{24}=AB\overline{K}\overline{N}+BC\overline{L}\overline{O}+CA\overline{J}\overline{M}\hfill \\ \mathrm{NS}_{16}=AB\left(\overline{A}+\overline{D}\right)\overline{I}+BC\left(\overline{B}+\overline{E}\right)\overline{G}+CA\left(\overline{C}+\overline{F}\right)\overline{H}\hfill & \mathrm{NS}_{25}=AB\left(\overline{K}^2+\overline{N}^2\right)+BC\left(\overline{L}^2+\overline{O}^2\right)+CA\left(\overline{J}^2+\overline{N}^2\right)\hfill \\ & \mathrm{NS}_{26}=AB\left(\overline{C}^2+\overline{F}^2\right)+BC\left(\overline{D}^2+\overline{A}^2\right)+CA\left(\overline{E}^2+\overline{B}^2\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

At $`z=\frac{1+\tau }{2}`$, the first two orbits give $`2q^{1/4}`$ and $`2q^{1/4}`$ resp., while the next five orbits give $`q^{1/4}`$; the other orbits all give 0. This embarrassing second orbit prevents us to classify it as either a graviton, massless or massive orbit. The coefficients $`D_i`$ are (1,1,2,2,4,4,4; 2,4,8,2,2,4,2,4,4; 4,4,4,4,4,2,2,8,2,2). So the value of the elliptic genus at $`z=0`$ is $`\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=_{i=1}^dD_i|\mathrm{R}_i^{}(0)|^2=_{i=1}^dD_iI_i^2=4D_1+4D_2+D_3+\mathrm{}+D_7=24`$, so this is a $`K3`$ model with the appropriate Euler character.

Due to the relations between the $`4^3`$ characters and the $`1^6`$ characters established in (6.14), we find the following relations between the orbits:

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill 1^24^2\mathrm{theory}& 4^3\mathrm{theory}\hfill & \hfill 1^24^2\mathrm{theory}& 4^3\mathrm{theory}\hfill & \hfill 1^24^2\mathrm{th}.& 4^3\mathrm{theory}\hfill \\ & & & & & \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_1& \mathrm{NS}_1+\mathrm{NS}_7\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_8=\mathrm{NS}_9=\mathrm{NS}_{10}& \mathrm{NS}_{14}=3\mathrm{NS}_{10}\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{18}& \mathrm{NS}_{17}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_2& \mathrm{NS}_4+\mathrm{NS}_6\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{11}& 2\mathrm{NS}_8\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{19}& \mathrm{NS}_{11}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_3=\mathrm{NS}_4=\mathrm{NS}_5& \mathrm{NS}_3+\mathrm{NS}_{13}\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{12}& \mathrm{NS}_8+3\mathrm{NS}_9\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{20}& \mathrm{NS}_{13}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_6& \mathrm{NS}_3\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{13}=\mathrm{NS}_{14}=\mathrm{NS}_{15}& \mathrm{NS}_{15}=\mathrm{NS}_{12}+2\mathrm{NS}_{11}\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{21}& \mathrm{NS}_{21}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_7& \mathrm{NS}_5\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{16}& \mathrm{NS}_7\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{22}& \mathrm{NS}_{22}+\mathrm{NS}_{23}\hfill \\ & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{17}& \mathrm{NS}_{15}\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{22}& \mathrm{NS}_{19}+\mathrm{NS}_{20}\hfill \\ & & & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{24}& \mathrm{NS}_{18}\hfill \\ & & & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{25}& \mathrm{NS}_{16}\hfill \\ & & & & \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{26}& \mathrm{NS}_{12}\hfill \end{array}$$

In addition, some of these orbits match even those of $`1^6`$ theory:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 1^24^2\mathrm{theory}& 4^3\mathrm{theory}& 1^6\mathrm{theory}\hfill \\ & & \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_1+2\mathrm{NS}_{16}& \mathrm{NS}_1+3\mathrm{NS}_7& \mathrm{NS}_1\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_3=\mathrm{NS}_4=\mathrm{NS}_5=\mathrm{NS}_6+\mathrm{NS}_{20}& \mathrm{NS}_3+\mathrm{NS}_{13}& \mathrm{NS}_2\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_8=\mathrm{NS}_9=\mathrm{NS}_{10}& \mathrm{NS}_{14}=3\mathrm{NS}_{10}& 3\mathrm{NS}_3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{11}+\mathrm{NS}_{12}& 3(\mathrm{NS}_8+\mathrm{NS}_9)& 3\mathrm{NS}_3\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{NS}_{13}=\mathrm{NS}_{14}=\mathrm{NS}_{15}& \mathrm{NS}_{15}=\mathrm{NS}_{12}+2\mathrm{NS}_{11}& \mathrm{NS}_4\hfill \end{array}$$

## Appendix A Appendix: Theta functions of given characteristic

A holomorphic function $`T:`$ is called a theta function with period $`\mathrm{\tau }`$ and characteristic $`(\mathrm{a}_1,\mathrm{b}_1;\mathrm{a}_2,\mathrm{b}_2)`$ if it is almost periodic on the lattice, ie if it transforms according to

$$T(v+1)=e^{a_1v+b_1}T(v),\mathrm{and}T(v+\tau )=e^{a_2v+b_2}T(v)$$
(A.1)
We call $`n:=(a_1\tau a_2)/2\pi i`$ the degree of the function.

For example, the following functions are all theta functions with characteristic and degree

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill y^{1/2}:& (0,i\pi ;0,i\pi \tau )\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _1(v):& (0,i\pi ;2\pi i,i\pi (\tau +1))\hfill & 1\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _2(v):& (0,i\pi ;2\pi i,i\pi \tau )\hfill & 1\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3(v):& (0,0;2\pi i,i\pi \tau )\hfill & 1\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _4(v):& (0,0;2\pi i,i\pi (\tau +1))\hfill & 1\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _1(2v|2\tau ):& (0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau i\pi )\hfill & 2\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _2(2v|2\tau ):& (0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau )\hfill & 2\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3(2v|2\tau ):& (0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau )\hfill & 2\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _4(2v|2\tau ):& (0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau i\pi )\hfill & 2\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _i(v)^2:& (0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau )\hfill & 2,i=1,\mathrm{},4\hfill \end{array}$$

Note that characteristics add up when multiplying theta functions. Note also that $`\vartheta _3(nv|n\tau )`$ and $`\vartheta _3(v|\frac{\tau }{n})`$ are of degree $`n`$ and characteristic $`(0,0;2n\pi i,n\pi i\tau )`$. As another example, consider the character functions of the level $`k`$ and isospin $`l`$ representation of affine $`su(2)`$ algebra \[ET-88-2\]:

$$\chi _k^l(y):=\frac{q^{(l+1/2)^2/(k+1/2)1/8}}{_{n1}(1q^n)(1y^2q^n)(1y^2q^{n1})}\underset{m}{}q^{(k+2)m^2+(2l+1)m}\left(y^{2m(k+2)+2l}y^{2m(k+2)2l2}\right)$$
(A.2)
This is a theta function of characteristic $`(0,0;4k\pi i,2ki\pi \tau )`$ and degree $`2k`$, ie it transforms like
$`\chi _k^l(v+\tau )=q^ky^{2k}\chi _k^l(v)`$.

Each theta function can be multiplied by trivial theta functions (ie of degree 0) so that the resulting characteristic reads $`(0,0;2\pi in,b_2)`$ where $`n`$ the degree (an integer). For fixed $`b_2`$, this is a vector space of dimension $`n`$ as can be seen from the fact that contour integration around one lattice cell yields $`n`$ zeros for $`T`$: $`PZ=T^{}/T=\mathrm{log}T=n`$. We denote this complex vector space by $`𝒯_{n,b_2}`$. For $`b_2=n\pi i\tau `$, it’s spanned by $`\vartheta _3(nv|n\tau ),y\vartheta _3(nv+\tau |n\tau ),\mathrm{},y^{n1}\vartheta _3(nv+(n1)\tau |n\tau )`$.

Thus for instance, all degree 2 theta functions of characteristic $`(0,0;4\pi i,2\pi i\tau )`$ should be expressible as linear combinations of $`\vartheta _1(v)^2`$ and $`\vartheta _3(v)^2`$ (or any two of the $`\vartheta _i(v)^2`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},4`$) with $`\tau `$-dependent coefficients. This was the case for the N=4 massless NS characters (2.2), for $`\vartheta _2(v)^2`$ or $`\vartheta _4(v)^2`$ as in (B.18), or for the level 1 $`su(2)`$ theta functions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \chi _1^0(y):=\frac{q^{1/24}}{_{n1}(1q^n)(1y^2q^n)(1y^2q^{n1})}\underset{m}{}q^{3m^2+m}\left(y^{6m}y^{6m2}\right)& =\frac{\vartheta _3(2v|2\tau )}{\eta }\hfill \\ \hfill \chi _1^{1/2}(y):=\frac{q^{5/24}}{_{n1}(1q^n)(1y^2q^n)(1y^2q^{n1})}\underset{m}{}q^{3m^2+m}\left(y^{6m+1}y^{6m3}\right)& =\frac{\vartheta _2(2v|2\tau )}{\eta }.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.3)
The right hand sides can be obtained by noting that these too belong to $`𝒯_{2,2\pi i\tau }`$ (and by checking the equalities at $`y=1,q^{1/2}`$ say). Alternatively, they are reproduced by the quintuple identity (B.16).

Similarly, any element of $`𝒯_{2,2\pi i\tau }`$ can be spanned by the N=4 characters $`\widehat{\mathrm{ch}}_{0,\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{NS}}`$ and $`\mathrm{ch}_0^{\mathrm{NS}}`$, as was done with the NS orbits in (2.7).

## Appendix B Appendix: Formulae for theta functions

These are standard definitions and formulae for theta functions. Some of this material is drawn from Appendix A of \[K-97\].

Definition

$$\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau )=\underset{nZ}{}q^{\frac{1}{2}\left(n\frac{a}{2}\right)^2}e^{2\pi i\left(v\frac{b}{2}\right)\left(n\frac{a}{2}\right)},$$
(B.1)
where $`a,b`$ are real and $`q=e^{2\pi i\tau }`$. We also set $`y=e^{2\pi iv}`$.

Periodicity properties

$$\vartheta [_b^{a+2}](v|\tau )=\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau ),\vartheta [_{b+2}^a](v|\tau )=e^{i\pi a}\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau ),$$
(B.2)
$$\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau )=\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau ),\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau )=e^{i\pi ab}\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau )(a,bZ).$$
(B.3)
In the usual Jacobi/Erderlyi notation we have $`\vartheta _1=\vartheta [_1^1]`$, $`\vartheta _2=\vartheta [_0^1]`$, $`\vartheta _3=\vartheta [_0^0]`$, $`\vartheta _4=\vartheta [_1^0]`$.

Product formulae

$$\begin{array}{cc}\vartheta _1(v|\tau )=i_n(1)^nq^{(n+\frac{1}{2})^2/2}y^{n+\frac{1}{2}}\hfill & =2q^{\frac{1}{8}}\mathrm{sin}[\pi v]_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}(1q^n)(1q^ny)(1q^ny^1)\hfill \\ \vartheta _2(v|\tau )=q^{(n+\frac{1}{2})^2/2}y^{n+\frac{1}{2}}\hfill & =2q^{\frac{1}{8}}\mathrm{cos}[\pi v](1q^n)(1+q^ny)(1+q^ny^1)\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(v|\tau )=q^{n^2/2}y^n\hfill & =(1q^n)(1+q^{n1/2}y)(1+q^{n1/2}y^1)\hfill \\ \vartheta _4(v|\tau )=(1)^nq^{n^2/2}y^n\hfill & =(1q^n)(1q^{n1/2}y)(1q^{n1/2}y^1)\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.4)
Define also the Dedekind $`\eta `$-function:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \eta (\tau )& =q^{\frac{1}{24}}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1q^n)=q^{\frac{1}{24}}\vartheta _4(\tau /2|3\tau )=iq^{\frac{1}{6}}\vartheta _1(\tau |3\tau )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\vartheta _2(\frac{1}{6}|\frac{\tau }{3})\hfill \\ & =q^{\frac{1}{24}}\underset{}{}(1)^nq^{n(3n+1)/2}\hfill \end{array}.$$
(B.5)
It is related to the $`v`$ derivative of $`\vartheta _1`$:

$$\frac{}{v}|_{v=0}\vartheta _1(v)=:\vartheta _1^{}=2\pi \eta ^3(\tau )$$
(B.6)
and satisfies

$$\eta \left(\frac{1}{\tau }\right)=\sqrt{i\tau }\eta (\tau ).$$
(B.7)
The other $`v`$-derivatives yield (at $`v=0`$):

$$\vartheta _1^{\prime \prime }=0=\vartheta _2^{}=\vartheta _3^{}=\vartheta _4^{}.$$
(B.8)
$`v`$-periodicity formula

$$\vartheta [_b^a](v+\frac{ϵ_1}{2}\tau +\frac{ϵ_2}{2}|\tau )=e^{\frac{i\pi \tau }{4}ϵ_1^2\frac{i\pi ϵ_1}{2}(2vb)\frac{i\pi }{2}ϵ_1ϵ_2}\vartheta [_{bϵ_2}^{aϵ_1}](v|\tau )$$
(B.9)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta [_b^a](v+\frac{1}{2})& =\vartheta [_{b1}^a](v)\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta [_b^a](v+\frac{\tau }{2})& =i^bq^{1/8}y^{1/2}\vartheta [_b^{a1}](v)\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta [_b^a](v+\frac{1+\tau }{2})& =i^{b+1}q^{1/8}y^{1/2}\vartheta [_{b1}^{a1}](v)\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta [_b^a](v+1)& =(1)^a\vartheta [_b^a](v)\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta [_b^a](v+\tau )& =(1)^bq^{1/2}y^1\vartheta [_b^a](v)\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.10)
That is, $`\vartheta [_b^a]`$ is a theta function of characteristic $`(0,i\pi a;2\pi i,i\pi (\tau +b))`$ and degree 1, see appendix A.

At the half-periods ($`v=0,ϵ_{1,2}=0,1`$), we are back to the theta constants (“Theta Nullwerte”):

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\vartheta _1(\frac{1}{2})=\vartheta _2\hfill & \vartheta _1(\frac{\tau }{2})=iq^{1/8}\vartheta _4\hfill & \vartheta _1(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=q^{1/8}\vartheta _3\hfill \\ \vartheta _2(\frac{1}{2})=0\hfill & \vartheta _2(\frac{\tau }{2})=q^{1/8}\vartheta _3\hfill & \vartheta _2(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=iq^{1/8}\vartheta _4\hfill \\ \vartheta _3(\frac{1}{2})=\vartheta _4\hfill & \vartheta _3(\frac{\tau }{2})=q^{1/8}\vartheta _2\hfill & \vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=0\hfill \\ \vartheta _4(\frac{1}{2})=\vartheta _3\hfill & \vartheta _4(\frac{\tau }{2})=0\hfill & \vartheta _4(\frac{1+\tau }{2})=q^{1/8}\vartheta _2\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.11)
At the quarter periods, we have

$$\vartheta _4(\frac{\tau }{4})=i\vartheta _1(\frac{\tau }{4})=q^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\eta (\tau /4)\eta }{\eta (\tau /2)}\vartheta _2(\frac{\tau }{4})=\vartheta _3(\frac{\tau }{4})=q^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{\eta (\tau /2)^2}{\eta (\tau /4)}$$
(B.12)
Useful identities

$$\vartheta _2=2\frac{\eta (2\tau )^2}{\eta }\vartheta _3=\frac{\eta ^5}{\eta (2\tau )^2\eta (\tau /2)^2}\vartheta _4=\frac{\eta (\tau /2)^2}{\eta }$$
(B.13)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _2\vartheta _3\vartheta _4& =2\eta ^3\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3(z|\tau )\vartheta _3(z^{}|\tau )+\vartheta _2(z|\tau )\vartheta _2(z^{}|\tau )& =\vartheta _3(\frac{z+z^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _3(\frac{zz^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3(z|\tau )\vartheta _3(z^{}|\tau )\vartheta _2(z|\tau )\vartheta _2(z^{}|\tau )& =\vartheta _4(\frac{z+z^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\vartheta _4(\frac{zz^{}}{2}|\frac{\tau }{2})\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _2(v|\tau )^4\vartheta _1(v|\tau )^4& =\vartheta _3(v|\tau )^4\vartheta _4(v|\tau )^4\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.14)
For $`v=0`$, the latter is but Jacobi’s abstruse identity:

$$\vartheta _3^4=\vartheta _2^4+\vartheta _4^4.$$
(B.15)
A more elaborate formula is the quintuple identity:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{n}{}(1)^n& q^{(3n^2+n)/2}(y^{3n+\frac{1}{2}}+y^{3n\frac{1}{2}})\hfill \\ & =(y^{\frac{1}{2}}+y^{\frac{1}{2}})\underset{n1}{}(1q^n)(1+yq^n)(1+y^1q^n)(1y^2q^{2n1})(1y^2q^{2n1})\hfill \\ & =(y^{\frac{1}{2}}+y^{\frac{1}{2}})\underset{n1}{}(1q^n)\frac{(1y^2q^n)(1y^2q^n)}{(1yq^n)(1y^1q^n)}\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.16)
Here are few instances of Riemann addition formulae:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _3(u+v)\vartheta _3(uv)\vartheta _3^2& =\vartheta _3(u)^2\vartheta _3(v)^2+\vartheta _1(u)^2\vartheta _1(v)^2\hfill \\ & =\vartheta _4(u)^2\vartheta _4(v)^2+\vartheta _2(u)^2\vartheta _2(v)^2\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _4(u+v)\vartheta _4(uv)\vartheta _4^2& =\vartheta _3(u)^2\vartheta _3(v)^2\vartheta _2(u)^2\vartheta _2(v)^2\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.17)
About twenty such formulae can be found on p.20 of \[M-82\]. As special cases ($`u=0,1/2`$), we recover formulae that generalise Jacobi’s abstruse identity:

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \vartheta _3(v)^2\vartheta _3^2=\vartheta _2(v)^2\vartheta _2^2+\vartheta _4(v)^2\vartheta _4^2,\\ \hfill \vartheta _4(v)^2\vartheta _3^2=\vartheta _3(v)^2\vartheta _4^2+\vartheta _1(v)^2\vartheta _2^2.\end{array}$$
(B.18)
Duplication formulae

$$\vartheta _2(0|2\tau )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{\vartheta _3^2\vartheta _4^2},\vartheta _3(0|2\tau )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{\vartheta _3^2+\vartheta _4^2},$$
(B.19)
$$\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )=\sqrt{\vartheta _3\vartheta _4},\eta (2\tau )=\sqrt{\frac{\vartheta _2\eta }{2}}.$$
(B.20)
The last two of these are readily seen, while the first two follow from (B.13) and from the next properties (most can be derived using the product form for $`\vartheta `$):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta _2& =2q^{1/8}\vartheta _2(\tau |4\tau )=2q^{1/8}\vartheta _3(\tau |4\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3(v|\tau )& =\vartheta _3(2v|4\tau )+\vartheta _2(2v|4\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _4(v|\tau )& =\vartheta _3(2v|4\tau )\vartheta _2(2v|4\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3^2\vartheta _2^2& =\vartheta _4(0|\tau /2)^2\hfill \\ \hfill \vartheta _3^2+\vartheta _2^2& =\vartheta _3(0|\tau /2)^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.21)
$$\begin{array}{cccc}\vartheta _2\vartheta _3\hfill & =\frac{1}{2}\vartheta _2(0|\frac{\tau }{2})^2\hfill & =2q^{1/8}\vartheta _3(\frac{\tau }{2}|2\tau )^2\hfill & =2\left(\eta ^2/\eta (\frac{\tau }{2})\right)^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _2\vartheta _4\hfill & =q^{1/8}\vartheta _2(\frac{1}{4}|\frac{\tau }{2})^2\hfill & =2q^{1/8}\vartheta _3(\frac{1+\tau }{2}|2\tau )^2\hfill & =2\left(\eta (\frac{\tau }{2})\eta (2\tau )/\eta \right)^2\hfill \\ \vartheta _3\vartheta _4\hfill & =\vartheta _3(\frac{1}{4}|\frac{\tau }{2})^2\hfill & =\vartheta _4(0|2\tau )^2\hfill & =\left(\eta ^2/\eta (2\tau )\right)^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.22)
Heat equation

The $`\vartheta `$-functions satisfy the following heat equation

$$[\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^2}\frac{^2}{v^2}\frac{1}{i\pi }\frac{}{\tau }]\vartheta [_b^a](v|\tau )=0,$$
(B.23)
as well as

$$\frac{1}{4\pi i}\frac{\vartheta _2^{\prime \prime }}{\vartheta _2}=_\tau \mathrm{log}\vartheta _2=\frac{i\pi }{12}\left(E_2+\vartheta _3^4+\vartheta _4^4\right),$$
(B.24)
$$\frac{1}{4\pi i}\frac{\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }}{\vartheta _3}=_\tau \mathrm{log}\vartheta _3=\frac{i\pi }{12}\left(E_2+\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4\right),$$
(B.25)
$$\frac{1}{4\pi i}\frac{\vartheta _4^{\prime \prime }}{\vartheta _4}=_\tau \mathrm{log}\vartheta _4=\frac{i\pi }{12}\left(E_2\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _3^4\right),$$
(B.26)
where the $`E_2`$ is the second Eisenstein series. We note that (B.24) can be rewritten as

$$_\tau \mathrm{log}\frac{\vartheta _2}{\eta }=\frac{i\pi }{12}(\vartheta _3^4+\vartheta _4^4),$$
(B.27)
and more generally for $`(a,b)(1,1)`$:

$$_\tau \mathrm{log}\frac{\vartheta [_b^a]}{\eta }=\frac{i\pi }{12}(\vartheta ^4[_b^{a+1}]\vartheta ^4[_{b+1}^a]+(1)^b\vartheta ^4[_{b+1}^{a+1}]).$$
(B.28)
The Weierstrass function

$$\mathrm{}(z)=4\pi i_\tau \mathrm{log}\eta (\tau )_z^2\mathrm{log}\vartheta _1(z)=\frac{1}{z^2}+𝒪(z^2)$$
(B.29)
is even and is the unique analytic function on the torus with a double pole at zero.

$$\mathrm{}(z)=\mathrm{}(z),\mathrm{}(z+1)=\mathrm{}(z+\tau )=\mathrm{}(z),$$
(B.30)
$$\mathrm{}(z,\tau +1)=\mathrm{}(z,\tau ),\mathrm{}(\frac{z}{\tau },\frac{1}{\tau })=\tau ^2\mathrm{}(z,\tau ).$$
(B.31)
The constant of $`z`$ in (B.29) has been chosen so as to cancel the $`z^0`$ term in the Laurent expansion, and it equals also

$$4\pi i_\tau \mathrm{log}\eta (\tau )=\frac{\pi ^2}{3}E_2=\frac{1}{3}\frac{\vartheta _1^{\prime \prime \prime }}{\vartheta _1^{}}.$$
(B.32)
Alternatively, performing the logarithmic derivative in an appropriate branch, we can express (B.29) as

$$\mathrm{}(z)=\left(\frac{\vartheta _1^{}}{\vartheta _3}\right)^2\left(\frac{\vartheta _3}{\vartheta _1}(z)\right)^2+\mathrm{const}$$
(B.33)
where the constant equals $`\frac{1}{3}\frac{\vartheta _1^{\prime \prime \prime }}{\vartheta _1^{}}\frac{\vartheta _3^{\prime \prime }}{\vartheta _3}=4\pi i_\tau \mathrm{log}\frac{\vartheta _3}{\eta }=\frac{\pi ^2}{3}(\vartheta _2^4\vartheta _4^4)`$.

If we divide the intervals $`[0,\tau ]`$ and $`[0,1]`$ into $`n`$ parts and consider the regular grid (on the fundamental lattice) marked by the points $`(s+r\tau )/n`$ for $`s,r=0,\mathrm{},n1`$, the $`\mathrm{}`$-values at these points transform into each other under the action of $`SL(2,)`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{}(\frac{s+r\tau }{n},\tau )& \stackrel{T}{}\mathrm{}(\frac{(s+r)+r\tau }{n},\tau )\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{}(\frac{s+r\tau }{n},\tau )& \stackrel{S}{}\mathrm{}(\frac{r+s\tau }{n\tau },\frac{1}{\tau })=\tau ^2\mathrm{}(\frac{r+s\tau }{n},\tau )\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.34)
Putting all these $`\mathrm{}`$-values – except $`s=r=0`$ – into a vector with $`n^21`$ components, we obtain a vector-valued modular form of weight 2. Summing all components yields 0, as there is no modular form of weight 2:

$$\underset{r,s}{}^{}\mathrm{}\left(\frac{s+r\tau }{n}\right)=0,$$
(B.35)
where the prime indicates exclusion of $`s=r=0`$. For $`n=2`$, this is the well-known identity for the half-periods,

$$\mathrm{}(1/2)+\mathrm{}(\tau /2)+\mathrm{}((1+\tau )/2)=0,$$
(B.36)
also derivable from (B.33).