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# The AGN content of the z=0.83 cluster MS1054-0321

## 1 Introduction

Optical studies suggest that active nuclei are relatively rare in cluster environments. Surveying low redshift ($`\overline{z}0.04`$) cluster fields, Dressler et al. (1985) found only 1% of cluster members showed evidence for AGN activity in their optical spectra. A subsequent study of several distant clusters revealed no increase in the cluster AGN fraction to $`z0.5`$ (Dressler et al. 1999). Recently, however, surveys of cluster fields at X-ray wavelengths are uncovering surprisingly large numbers of point sources, many of which are confirmed to be cluster AGN.

X-ray surveys of point sources within cluster fields have been hindered by the high levels of soft X-ray flux from the hot intra-cluster medium and by the traditionally poor angular resolution of X-ray telescopes. The current generation of X-ray observatories, however, offer unprecedented resolution and positional accuracy, as well as high sensitivity over the full X-ray band. Furthermore, multi-scale wavelet detection techniques (e.g. Freeman et al. 2000) can now reliably separate small-scale point source emission from surrounding larger-scale diffuse cluster emission. Consequently, several studies of point sources serendipitously observed in pointed cluster observations have recently been published, nearly all of which report an excess of point sources in these fields.

At low redshift, the excess of X-ray sources seems to be largely due to low luminosity AGN (LLAGN) associated with the cluster. Lazzati et al. (1998), using a wavelet detection algorithm on ROSAT PSPC data, examined the fields of A194 ($`z=0.018`$) and A1367 ($`z=0.022`$) and found 26 and 28 sources, respectively, where only 9 were expected. Sun and Murray (2002) reobserved A1367 with Chandra and resolved 59 point-like sources, 8 of which are confirmed cluster members. The identified sources, with typical X-ray luminosities of a few $`\times 10^{41}`$ erg s-1, have spectra consistent with radiation from central nuclei, thermal halos, and stellar components. In addition to these identified objects, a 2.5 $`\sigma `$ excess in source counts at bright fluxes is found in both hard and soft bands. If these unidentified sources are also associated with the cluster, they have X-ray luminosities consistent with LLAGN and unusually low optical luminosities. A similar, though slightly more X-ray luminous population was reported in A2256 ($`z=0.06`$) by Henry & Briel (1991), who found twice as many sources in a ROSAT PSPC observation than were expected for a blank field. Among these sources, they noted two cluster member AGN with $`L_{(0.12.4\mathrm{keV})}10^{42}`$ erg s-1, as well as a number of optically ‘dark’ objects with comparable X-ray fluxes.

At higher redshifts, more luminous AGN are found in several clusters. In the field of A2104 ($`z=0.154`$), Martini et al. (2002) find that all X-ray sources with optical counterparts brighter than R=20 and B-R colors consistent with the cluster sequence are indeed AGN in the cluster, with $`L_{210\mathrm{keV}}`$ ranging from 1041-45 erg s-1. Only one of the six has spectral characteristics which would have led to it being optically identified as an AGN. The AGN hosts in A2104 are photometrically and spectroscopically similar to old, red galaxies, but have a higher velocity dispersion than non-AGN cluster members, suggesting some may be falling into the cluster for the first time. Cappi et al. (2001) identify X-ray source excesses in 3C295 ($`z=0.46`$) and RXJ0030 ($`z=0.5`$) at fluxes consistent with luminosities at the cluster redshift of 1042-43 erg s-1, and both are found to contain spectroscopically confirmed cluster AGN. Finally, Pentericci et al. (2002) report the association of 2, and possible association of as many as 6, AGN with L$`10^{4245}`$ erg s-1 in a protocluster around the $`z=2.16`$ radio galaxy MRC 1138-262.

Not all moderate to high redshift clusters contain luminous AGN, however. Molnar et al. (2002) found an excess of sources around A1995 ($`z=0.32`$) at fluxes consistent with starburst luminosities at the cluster redshift. They also surveyed MS0451 ($`z=0.55`$) and found no evidence for an excess of sources. This is not inconsistent with MS0451 housing a population similar to that seen in A1995, which would be too faint to observe in the more distant cluster, but it does rule out a population of more luminous sources such as those seen in 3C295 and RXJ003. They conclude that not all clusters exhibit source excesses at these flux levels, and suggest that different types of sources appear to dominate in different clusters.

As part of a programme to investigate the prevalence of AGN activity in galaxies as a function of redshift and dynamical state, we present X-ray observations of one of the most distant known galaxy clusters. At $`z=0.83`$, MS1054-03 is a well studied, rich (Abell class 3) cluster with a bolometric $`L_X=1.2\times 10^{45}h^2`$ erg s-1. It was the most distant cluster in the Einstein Medium Sensitivity Survey X-ray selected cluster sample (Gioia et al. 1990) and has been the subject of an extensive observing campaign yielding a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) mosaic (van Dokkum et al. 2000), deep ground-based infrared and optical imaging (Franx et al. in prep), and Keck spectroscopy (van Dokkum et al. 2000). Substantial substructure in the distribution of galaxies is matched by the diffuse soft X-ray emission, and weak-lensing analysis indicates that the cluster is young, massive, and still relaxing (Hoekstra, Franx, & Kuijken 2000). Though the Butcher-Oemler fraction, $`f_B=0.22\pm 0.05`$, is fairly low for this redshift, the fraction of early-type galaxies in the central regions of the cluster (44%) is quite low and the fraction of merging systems (17%) is quite high (van Dokkum et al. 2000). Extremely deep radio observations at 5 GHz have revealed 6, and possibly 7, radio-loud AGN associated with the cluster (Best et al. 2002; see §4.3). To probe the AGN content in the X-rays, we analyze a 91 ksec Chandra exposure of the field obtained by Jeltema et al.(2001).

§2 describes the compilation of the X-ray sourcelist and the identification of optical counterparts. In §3, the X-ray number counts in the MS1054-03 field are derived and the excess over the expected counts in a ‘blank field’ is identified. Possible reasons for the excess are discussed in §4, along with its relation to the radio source excess observed by Best et al. (2002). Finally, we summarize our conclusions in §5. Throughout the paper, we assume an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=0.3`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=0.7`$, and H0 = 70 km s-1 Mpc-1 cosmology.

## 2 X-ray sourcelist

Our analysis uses an archival 91 ksec exposure of MS1054-03 taken with the back-illuminated Chandra ACIS-S3 detector on 2000 April 21-22, and first published in Jeltema et al. (2001). We reduced the data with standard CIAO tools, using CALDB version 2.1 which includes an improved ACIS-S3 gain map. There were three periods of significant background flaring during the integration which we excluded, leaving a useable exposure of 74 ksec. The data were filtered by pulse height energy into soft (0.5 - 2 keV), hard (2 - 8 keV), and full (0.5 - 8 keV) bands. Exposure maps were made in each band to estimate variation in effective exposure across the sky due to instrumental effects and source dither. These maps are energy dependent, and were made assuming a power-law spectrum with a photon index $`\gamma `$ = 1.7, typical of unobscured AGN at our flux limit ($`10^{15}`$ erg s-1 cm-2; see Figure 3 of Tozzi et al. 2001). The WAVDETECT source detection algorithm (Freeman et al. 2000) was used to construct independent point source lists in each band. A significance threshold of $`6.1\times 10^7`$ was used, corresponding to an average detection of less than one false source over the area of a single, full-resolution ACIS chip. We further limited our source lists by rejecting sources with a WAVDETECT source significance parameter of less than 3.0. Though this cut-off is arbitrary - the few sources with lower values may be real - visual inspection suggests it is a reasonable, conservative limit and its definition in terms of this parameter is computationally convenient. We find 47 sources in the full band, 33 in the soft band, and 24 in the hard band. Excepting a soft band only detection of a peak in the cluster emission, there are no soft or hard band detections which are not also full band detections. We will use only the full band source list in the rest of this analysis, and fluxes and luminosities are quoted for the observed 0.5 - 8 keV band.

We used the Starlink ASTROM package to astrometrically correct the X-ray source positions. AGN with accurately known coordinates in the optical and/or radio were aligned with their Chandra counterparts in a 6-parameter fit. Eleven sources were used in total, and achieved a good coverage of the chip. The RMS fit residuals were all $`<`$ 1.2″, with a mean of 0.48″. The positional errors include the error in RA and Dec from WAVDETECT, of order 0.25″for a typical source, with a 0.5″astrometric error added in quadrature.

Hardness ratios for each source are defined as $`\frac{HS}{H+S}`$, where $`H`$ and $`S`$ are the counts in the 2 - 8 keV and 0.5 - 2 keV bands, respectively. Background subtracted hard and soft band counts were obtained through aperature photometry in the WAVDETECT source regions. The detected sources are listed in Table 1, and shown in Fig. 1.

### 2.1 Optical counterparts

As illustrated in Figure 1, there is a wealth of optical observations of MS1054-03, none of which completely match the ACIS-S3 $`8.3\mathrm{}\times 8.3\mathrm{}`$ field of view (FOV). Deep HST mosaics made with the Wide-field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) in the F606W and F814W filters cover a central area of $`5\mathrm{}\times 5\mathrm{}`$, corresponding to a radius of $``$ 1 Mpc from the cluster center at the cluster redshift (van Dokkum et al. 2000). Spectroscopy of selected objects has been obtained with the Keck telescope over an area of $`6.8\mathrm{}\times 6.8\mathrm{}`$ yielding redshifts for over 200 objects in the field, 130 of which are confirmed cluster members (van Dokkum et al. 2000).

Where coverage allowed, optical counterparts for X-ray sources were identified from the Keck data and the HST mosaic. Each identification was examined by eye, and the largest observed offset was 1.35 arcsec. All 15 X-ray sources in the HST FOV were identified. 19 out of 31 sources in the Keck FOV were identified, of which 7 were in the HST FOV. In all, optical counterparts were found for 27 of the 47 X-ray sources. Restframe U - B colors are available for only 11 sources within the HST FOV (cf. van Dokkum et al. 2000); none of these lie within 0.2 mags of the cluster sequence. However, as the HST data covers only the inner regions of the cluster, available optical color data can give no indication of the likely cluster membership of sources further from the cluster center (see §3.2, §4.4).

Spectroscopic redshifts were available for just 7 of the X-ray sources, of which two were found to be at the cluster redshift. CXOU105702.7-033943 (source 19) is a visually confirmed match to KECK ID 564. It has extended morphology, is on the cluster sequence, and is also detected in the radio (see §4.3). It has a rest frame $`L_{(0.914.6\mathrm{keV})}=5\times 10^{42}`$ erg s-1, and a hardness ratio of 0.08 which corresponds to an obscuring column of a few times $`10^{22}`$ atoms cm-3 for a typical powerlaw spectrum with energy index, $`\alpha `$, of 0.7 to 1. CXOU105710.6-033500 (source 7) is consistent with being a match to KECK ID 2152, which is brighter and bluer than the cluster sequence. It has a rest frame $`L_{(0.914.6\mathrm{keV})}=2.6\times 10^{43}`$ erg s-1, and a hardness ratio of -0.79, suggesting a somewhat softer spectrum with $`\alpha 1.6`$ for an unobscured powerlaw.

## 3 Source counts

We are interested in how many more of the detected X-ray sources in the MS 1054 field may be associated with the cluster. In the absence of complete spectroscopic identifications, we begin by looking for an excess over the source counts expected in a cluster-free field.

### 3.1 Determining the source counts

Determination of the survey area available to this observation at a given flux is complicated by variation of the effective exposure over the field due to instrumental effects, and by the diffuse emission from the hot cluster gas. We account for these effects by calculating a flux limit map, which indicates the flux of the faintest source which would have been included in our source list at each position on the chip. The sky area available at a given flux limit is then the summed value of all pixels with lower values.

We have chosen to limit our catalog in terms of the WAVDETECT source significance parameter, $`\sigma _{src}`$, defined as

$$\sigma _{src}=\frac{C_{src}}{1+\sqrt{0.75+C_{bkg}}}$$

where $`C_{src}`$ are the net source counts and $`C_{bkg}`$ are the background counts within the source region (Chandra X-ray Center, 2002).

The detected source counts are related to the incident source flux, $`S`$ (erg cm-2 s-1), the effective exposure area, EA (cm2), and the exposure time, $`\tau `$ (s), by

$$C=S\times EA\times \tau \times K$$

where K is a conversion factor from ergs to counts assuming an $`\gamma =1.7`$ powerlaw spectrum.

The background counts in the source region depend on the local background level, $`B`$, as well as the on size of the source, $`D`$, which for point sources mainly reflects the off-axis degradation of the Chandra PSF. We treat the diffuse cluster emission as local background.

Therefore the flux limit, $`S_{lim}`$, for inclusion in our $`\sigma _{src}>3`$ source list is

$$S_{lim}=3\times \frac{1+\sqrt{0.75+(B\times D)}}{EA\times \tau \times K}$$

In practice, maps of the same size and resolution as the data were made for quantities $`B`$, $`D`$, and $`EA`$, allowing calculation of $`S_{lim}`$ for each pixel. The derivation of the exposure map is discussed in the previous section.

To produce a map of the true background plus the diffuse cluster emission, we first subtracted all identified point sources using the CIAO tool dmcalc. We filled the resulting “holes” with pixel values sampled from the Poisson distribution whose mean and standard deviation equalled that of the surrounding background pixels with dmfilth. This source-free image was then smoothed with a 30″ Gaussian kernal using csmooth. Our background estimate was compared to the output background image from WAVDETECT to ensure no significant error was introduced by the inclusion of low significance “sources” in our map which are excluded during the wavelet detection process. The WAVDETECT background image was not used directly due to minor artifacts left from the iterative subtraction of bright sources.

In theory, the size of a detected point source should equal the size of the Chandra PSF, which depends largely on source angular distance from the optical axis, and also to some extent on source energy. The Chandra PSF library contains radially averaged encircled energy curves for several off-axis angles at a number of calibration energies, and these data were interpolated to create a map of PSF size over the extent of the S3 chip. We used the calibration data at 1.49 keV, as this was the value chosen for the WAVDETECT input parameter eenergy which specifies the PSF curves used in the detection algorithm. Comparing the source sizes reported by WAVDETECT for detected sources with those predicted by our source size map, we noted the WAVDETECT values were significantly higher at low off-axis angles. This appears to be due to a trend toward higher values of the WAVDETECT source extent parameter, PSFRATIO, near the optical axis, and not to an inconsistency in the expected PSF size (WAVDETECT PSF\_SIZE ). Since our estimation of the limiting flux hinges on whether the source would have been detected by the wavelet detection algorithm, we have empirically fit the dependence of WAVDETECT source size on off-axis angle and included this in our source size map.

### 3.2 The source excess

Figure 2 shows the resulting number counts for the MS 1054 field. We have overplotted the best fit to number counts from the ELAIS Deep X-ray Survey (EXDS) presented in Manners et al. (2002). We choose the EXDS number counts computed in the 0.5 - 8 keV band for ease of comparison. Comparisons of the EXDS counts in soft and hard bands show them to be fully consistent with counts derived from other Chandra deep surveys, notably that of Mushotsky et al. (2000) obtained with the S3 chip. A clear excess of sources is seen at moderate fluxes in the MS1054-03 field, reaching $``$ 50% at $`5\times 10^{15}`$ erg cm-2 s-1, which corresponds to a source luminosity of $`10^{43}`$ erg s-1 at the redshift of the cluster. Sources with fluxes in the range contributing to this excess are highlighted in Figure 1, where they are seen to avoid the cluster center.

We have repeated the analysis with sources detected independently in the soft and hard bands. Consistent with earlier papers (Cappi et al. 2001, Pentericci et al. 2002), we detect an excess of comparable significance in the soft band sources but no significant excess of hard sources.

To investigate where in the field these excess sources are, we compare radial source histograms for the data and a simulated field with the same spatially-dependent sensitivity. The latter was made by converting the flux limit map described above to an “expected source” map, using the EXDS number counts to obtain the fractional expected source count per pixel at each limiting flux. Cumulative radial source counts for our data and for the cluster-free field are compared in Figure 3 from a distance of 400″ to the cluster center. We show both the sources detected to the survey limit (upper, dark line), and those contributing to the excess at fluxes above $`5\times 10^{15}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 (lower, light line). The 47 sources detected at all fluxes compare with 40 sources expected over the same area for a cluster-free observation. As sources 105715.7-033502 and 105715.7-033506 may constitute a single object (see footnote to Table 1), we reliably detect 6 sources more than we would expect in a blank field. This is only a 1$`\sigma `$ excess overall, and is fully consistent with observed levels of cosmic variance in Chandra deep survey fields (Manners et al. 2002). At fluxes higher than $`5\times 10^{15}`$ erg s-1 cm-2, however, we expect only 10 sources, and detect 16, which corresponds to an excess of $`2\sigma `$. It is clear from Figure 3 that this excess arises in the outer regions of the cluster between 1 and 2 Mpc. The two confirmed X-ray detected cluster AGN, one brighter and one fainter than the $`5\times 10^{15}`$ erg s-1 limit, are found 134″ and 222″ from the cluster center, corresponding to distances of $``$ 1.0 and 1.7 Mpc.

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 Cosmic variance

While the probability of randomly observing as many excess sources as are seen in this field over the entire flux range is 0.19, the result at brighter fluxes has a probability of only 0.05. As noted by Cappi et al. (2001), the magnitude of the excess – $``$ 50% at $`5\times 10^{15}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 – is higher than the 20%-30% variation seen in deep field surveys due to cosmic variance. Furthermore, the fact that this magnitude of excess sources has been detected in all but one of the seven Chandra pointed observations of clusters argues strongly against explanation by cosmic variance.

### 4.2 Gravitational lensing

As noted in Cappi et al. (2001), gravitational lensing of background sources by the cluster is also not a viable explanation for the observed effect. An intervening lens produces two effects which alter the apparent source counts in opposite senses. The apparent luminosity of sources is boosted by the lens, but the sky area in the lensed regions is decreased. Whether an increase or a deficit of sources is observed depends critically on the slope of the number counts being lensed. If the unlensed integral source counts are described as a powerlaw

$$N(>S_\nu )S_\nu ^\alpha $$

then the counts boosted by a factor $`\mu (\theta )`$ will be

$$N^{}(>S_\nu )=\frac{1}{\mu (\theta )}N(>\frac{S_\nu }{\mu (\theta )})=\mu ^{\alpha 1}N(>S_\nu )$$

where $`\theta `$ is the angular distance from the lens center. For source populations with an integral slope $`\alpha <1`$ the apparent source counts will be depleted, while those with steeper slopes will be enhanced.

The effect of lensing by clusters of galaxies on the resolved and unresolved components of the X-ray background (XRB) is discussed at length in Refregier & Loeb (1997), who predict an overall depletion of resolved sources due to the shallow slope of the XRB number counts at fluxes fainter than $`10^{14}`$ erg s-1. The measured slope of the full band EXDS number counts over the flux range (1.1 - 15)$`\times 10^{15}`$ erg s-1cm-2 is $`\alpha 0.8`$, steepening to a Euclidean slope at brighter fluxes (Manners et al. 2002). Lensing in the MS1054-03 field should lead to a deficit rather than an excess of in the number counts at all fluxes fainter than the break.

To investigate whether this effect might be significant enough to significantly deplete the source counts in the inner regions of the cluster, we model the cluster as a single isothermal sphere (SIS) with a central density profile $`\rho (r)r^2`$. While clearly a gross approximation to the complex mass structure observed in MS1054-03, the SIS profile provides a simple estimate of the magnitude of the lensing effect. For a SIS lensing potential, the lensing factor, $`\mu (\theta )`$, can be expressed as

$$\mu (\theta )=\left|1\frac{\theta _E}{\theta }\right|^1$$

where $`\theta _{(E)}`$ is the Einstein radius. Following Blandford & Narayan (1992), $`\theta _{(E)}`$ is given in terms of the angular diameter distances between the source and the lens, $`D_{LS}`$, and between the source and the observer, $`D_{OS}`$:

$$\theta _E=\frac{4\pi \theta ^2}{c^2}\frac{D_{LS}}{D_{OS}}=2.6\mathrm{}\sigma _{300}^2\frac{D_{LS}}{D_{OS}}$$

where $`\sigma _{300}`$ is the velocity dispersion of the lens, in units of 300 km s-1.

The velocity dispersion of MS1054-03 has been measured dynamically (Tran et al. 1999; $`\sigma 1170\pm 150`$ km s-1) and estimated through weak lensing analysis (Hoekstra et al. 2000; $`\sigma =1215_{67}^{+63}`$ km s-1). We adopt a value of 1200 km s-1.

The effect of lensing on the measured source counts is less than 5% beyond $``$ 1Mpc and less than 10% beyond $``$ 0.5 Mpc. As we expect detection of only a few sources interior to 0.5 Mpc in a blank field (see Figure 3), the lensing deficit is effectively negligible at all radii.

### 4.3 Radio overlap

Best et al. (2002) conducted extremely deep radio observations of MS1054-03 at 5 GHz with a full-width-half-power primary antenna beam diameter of $`9\mathrm{}`$. They detected 34 sources to a 6$`\sigma `$ level of 32 $`\mu `$Jy, compared with 25 expected from a blank field. The excess radio source counts are all found within 1 Mpc of the cluster center, and 8 sources are spectroscopically confirmed cluster members. Of the cluster radio sources, seven appear to be powered by AGN. On the basis of radio flux density to optical emission line flux ratio, Best et al. (2002) report six cluster AGN and one ambiguous source with a ratio between that expected for AGN and that expected for star-forming galaxies. The ambiguous source is detected in the X-ray image with a $`L_{(0.58\mathrm{keV})}10^{43}`$ erg s-1, however, which confirms it is an AGN. Four of these host galaxies are in merging systems, suggesting the activity may be induced by interactions.

Six sources are detected in both radio and X-ray, only one of which is at the cluster redshift. The single cluster AGN detected in both the X-ray and the radio is CXOU105702.7-033943 (source 19; Best et al. source 14). As stated earlier, the optical counterpart has galactic morphology and colors on the cluster sequence and the X-ray hardness ratio is consistent with a typical AGN powerlaw spectrum with moderate ($`10^{22}`$ atoms cm-3) intrinsic absorption. The radio and X-ray luminosities are in good agreement with the Elvis et al. mean SED for radio-loud AGN (see below, and Figure 4).

The fraction of X-ray sources detected in the radio – 6 out of 47 – is consistent with the observation that $``$ 10% of all AGN are radio-loud (e.g. Sramek & Weedman 1980). If this fraction holds within the cluster, we would expect no more than one of the two confirmed or six suspected X-ray AGN to be radio-loud. Referencing the mean SED of Elvis et al. (1994), the expected radio flux for a radio-quiet QSO with $`L_{(0.58\mathrm{keV})}10^{43}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 is an order of magnitude lower than the radio detection limit. The detection of just one of the X-ray AGN in MS1054-03 at radio wavelengths is therefore consistent with expectation.

The small fraction of radio sources detected in the X-ray – 6 out of 34 – is perhaps more surprising. While many of the field radio sources are likely to be starburst galaxies which we would not expect to detect in X-ray observations at this depth, at least 7 of the sources are radio-loud cluster AGN which should emit strongly in the X-ray. However, since the radio to X-ray flux ratio in AGN is seen to vary by several orders of magnitude (Brinkmann et al. 2000, Bauer et al. 2002), it is difficult to estimate the expected X-ray luminosity of the radio AGN. In figure 4 we plot the radio flux of the seven cluster radio AGN versus the expected X-ray flux calculated from the Elvis et al. (1994) mean radio-loud QSO SED. Following the Elvis et al. SED, all seven sources could have been detected in our X-ray observation. Though scatter around the mean might account for the non-detection of the fainter radio sources, the brightest sources have predicted X-ray fluxes which are 1 to 2.5 orders of magnitude brighter than the flux limit.

Dense absorbing columns could provide a possible explanation. Obscuration of 12 – 70% of the 0.5 - 8 keV X-ray flux expected from the faintest four radio detections would be sufficient to put them below the X-ray detection limit. This level of absorption would result from relatively modest columns of $`5\times 10^{21}`$ atoms cm-3 up to a few times $`10^{23}`$ atoms cm-3. For the brightest three radio sources, 95% to 99% of the expected X-ray flux would need to be absorbed to push them below the detection limit. Absorbing columns of $`10^{2425}`$ atoms cm-3, as are found to be relatively common in Seyfert 2s (e.g. Maoilino et al. 1998), would be needed for these three objects.

It is possible the Elvis et al. mean SED, derived from a sample of 18 luminous X-ray selected radio-loud QSOs, is not representative of the weaker radio AGN populating MS1054-03. Sambruna & Eracleous (1999) include weaker radio galaxies in their X-ray survey which, in the unified model, contain substantial absorption along the line of sight and may more closely resemble the sources in our cluster. The dotted line in Figure 4 shows their empirical relation of lobe 5 GHz luminosity to hard X-ray flux, assuming that lobe emission dominates the radio flux, and extrapolating hand band X-ray flux to full band flux using an unobscured powerlaw spectrum with an energy index, $`\alpha =0.7`$. The resulting expected X-ray fluxes are likely too high, as non-negligible radio flux may arise from the compact core and obscuring material having little effect on the hard band flux may significantly absorb flux at lower energies. However, even these optimistically high fluxes suggest that all seven radio AGN in MS1054-03 may be too faint to be observed in the X-ray.

A third possibility is that the radio luminosities may be contaminated by a stellar component. The low optical emission line flux to radio flux density values, as well as the red optical colours of the radio sources which are consistent with the cluster sequence, argue against a post-starburst origin. However, we cannot entirely rule out some amount of the radio emission arising from stellar activity rather than AGN activity, and this could help to explain the X-ray non-detections.

If the stellar contamination to the radio fluxes is low, and if the usual radio-loud to radio-quiet ratio holds throughout the cluster, the radio-detected AGN may trace a larger AGN population nearer to the the cluster core. For the 7 detected radio-loud AGN, one would expect $`70`$ radio-quiet counterparts. Like the radio-loud but X-ray quiet sources, these would need to be either heavily obscured or simply much less luminous than the detected X-ray sources to avoid detection in the current data. While a vast increase in the fraction of heavily obscured objects in the inner regions of the cluster seems improbable, a population of less luminous AGN, such as those observed in clusters at low redshift, cannot be ruled out. Alternatively, the radio-loud to radio quiet fraction within the core of MS1054 may be elevated due to a dependence on AGN luminosity and/or environment.

### 4.4 Radial distributions

The X-ray detected AGN are not distributed randomly within the cluster but tend to populate the outer 1-2 Mpc, suggesting they may just be falling into the cluster. Similarly, Martini et al. (2002) note that while the galaxies hosting the cluster AGN in A2104 have colors on the cluster sequence, their velocity dispersion is larger than the mean cluster dispersion, perhaps suggesting recent infall. If galaxies hosting luminous cluster AGN are found to be recent arrivals to the dense cluster environment, it may indicate the AGN activity is induced by infall. It is an open debate whether introduction into a cluster environment serves purely to quench star formation activity in infalling field galaxies, or results in an initial enhancement in activity before quenching begins (cf. Poggianti 2002, and references therein). The post-starburst ‘k+a’ galaxies seen in abundance in distant clusters (Dressler et al. 1999) may be evidence of the latter scenario, if it is found that starburst activity in the field is not sufficient to account for them. If the conditions prompting starbursts in infalling members also serve to fuel AGN, the detection of an excess of AGN at the edges of dynamically active clusters may be expected, and could be a discriminator between the two scenarios described above.

Finally, it is worth emphasizing in this context that the AGN identified by radio observations are found somewhat nearer to the cluster center ($`<1`$ Mpc). If they are the radio-loud members of a population of weaker AGN which are below the X-ray flux limit, they may indicate a decrease of AGN activity in host galaxies which have been longer resident in the dense cluster environment.

## 5 Conclusions

We have detected an excess of point sources in the field of the rich cluster MS1054-03 at $`z=0.83`$. The excess is most significant at fluxes brighter than S$`{}_{(0.58\mathrm{keV})}{}^{}=5\times 10^{15}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 (corresponding to a rest frame $`L_{(0.914.6keV)}10^{43}`$ erg s-1 for cluster members) and arises in the outer parts of the cluster field, at angular separations consistent with radial distances of 1 - 2 Mpc from the cluster center. The observed source counts cannot be accounted for by cosmic variance, and gravitational lensing of background counts by the cluster is expected to be negligible across the field. We conclude the most likely explanation of the excess counts are a number of luminous (L $`10^{43}`$ erg s-1) AGN associated with the cluster. The X-ray excess arises between 1 and 2 Mpc from the cluster center, exterior to the excess of radio sources identified by Best et al. (2002). Follow-up observations will be necessary to completely identify the X-ray detections in this field, but the association of two luminous AGN with the cluster is already confirmed from existing observations. CXOU105710.6-033500 (source 7) is 1.7 Mpc from the cluster center with a luminosity of $`2.6\times 10^{43}`$ erg s-1, and CXOU105702.7-033943 (source 19) is 1.0 Mpc from the cluster center with a luminosity of $`5.0\times 10^{42}`$ erg s-1. Including the further 6 radio AGN detected at 5 GHz by Best et al. (2002), there are at least 8 luminous active nuclei associated with MS1054-03.

This study augments earlier results, confirming that luminous AGN can and do reside in rich cluster environments. The luminosities of $`10^{43}`$ erg s-1 we observe at $`z=0.83`$ suggest this population is similar to that seen in 3C295 and RXJ0030 at $`z0.5`$ (Cappi et al. 2001). Fainter populations such as the LLAGN seen in nearby clusters and the starburst population seen in A1995 at $`z=0.32`$ may also be present in higher redshift clusters such as MS1054-03. The radio AGN detected by Best et al. (2002) but not detected in the X-ray may be evidence of just such a weaker population in MS1054-03. However, there is no low redshift equivalent to the population of luminous sources which are apparently common in high redshift clusters like MS1054-03. As not all clusters exhibit a population of point sources, the extent and strength of AGN activity within a cluster is likely dependent on both redshift and dynamical state. Further study will be directed to examining these relations. Finally, the fact that the luminous X-ray sources in MS1054-03 are observed only at the edges of the cluster is suggestive of infall induced activity, the quenching of which may give rise to fainter AGN at smaller cluster-centric radii. Exploring this possibility is another motivation for further complete surveys of AGN in distant clusters.

## Acknowledgments

We thank Pieter van Dokkum for his generous help with this work, and the referee for helpful comments. OJ thanks Ignas Snellan and Andy Lawrence for useful discussions, and the School of Physics, University of Edinburgh for partial funding. PNB and OA gratefully acknowledge the support of the Royal Society.

## References

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text:
# Peter Simon La Place and the Schwarzschild Black hole

## Peter Simon La Place and the Schwarzschild Black hole

One of the first proofs that there may be black holes in our universe is due to La Place. In his paper with the title ”Proof of the theorem that a heavenly body can be such large that light cannot leak out from it” he uses Newtonian gravity theory to calculate the escape velocity of a star, and shows that it might be larger than that of light.

When reading his paper, one might be surprised to see that it is written in German and even more surprised that it was published in Weimar, in a journal with the title ”Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden” (for the benefit of the readers who may not have access to this paper we gave it in full). Why in German, and why exactly in Weimar, the town famous due to Goethe and Schiller? And who else dealt there with ”Schwerkraft” (gravity) - the German word La Place uses - in those days? Today, to get answers to this kind of questions, one is inclined to consult a database or the internet. But for this old stuff other sources have to be found.

The most famous source for German words and notions is Grimm’s ”Deutsches Wörterbuch”. In this many-volume dictionary all German words found in the literature of the three centuries from Luther to Goethe have been collected, a task, the Grimm brothers could not finish themselves, it took them and their successors more than 100 years. If here we look up the word ”Schwerkraft”, we learn that the first ever to use this German word (instead of the Latin-based gravitation) was Friedrich von Schiller, in a poem called ”The Fountain”.

This leads us back to Weimar, and one may ask whether there is more what Schiller and La Place have in common than only the Schwerkraft - one coining the word, and the other using its physics - and the place where they worked and published. Here the German philosopher Kant enters. Using Kant’s ideas, La Place developed a model of the origin of our planetary system, called the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. And Kant had also a big influence on Schillers thinking, so big and enduring that Goethe and others were concerned that this influence might seriously damage Schiller’s poetic abilities.

Putting all these pieces together one may wonder whether there are more papers by Schiller concerned with gravity.

Der Taucher

1 $`,,`$Wer wagt es, Rittersmann oder Knapp’,
Zu tauchen in diesen Schlund?
Einen goldnen Becher werf ich hinab,
Verschlungen schon hat ihn der schwarze Mund.
Wer mir den Becher kann wieder zeigen,
Er mag ihn behalten, er ist sein eigen.”

2 Der König spricht es und wirft von der Höh’
Der Klippe, die schroff und steil
Hinaushängt in die unendliche See,
Den Becher in der Charybde Geheul.
$`,,`$Wer ist der Beherzte, ich frage wieder,
Zu tauchen in diese Tiefe nieder?”

3 Und die Ritter, die Knappen um ihn her
Vernehmen’s und schweigen still,
Sehen hinab in das wilde Meer,
Und Keiner den Becher gewinnen will.
Und der König zum dritten Mal wieder fraget:
$`,,`$Ist Keiner, der sich hinunter waget?”

4 Doch Alles noch stumm bleibt wie zuvor,
Und ein Edelknecht, sanft und keck,
Tritt aus der Knappen zagendem Chor,
Und den Gürtel wirft er, den Mantel weg,
Und alle die Männer umher und Frauen
Auf den herrlichen Jüngling verwundert schauen.

5  Und wie er tritt an des Felsen Hang
Und blickt in den Schlund hinab,
Die Wasser, die sie hinunterschlang,
Die Charybde jetzt brüllend wiedergab,
Und wie mit des fernen Donners Getose
Entstürzen sie schäumend dem finstern Schoße.

6 Und es wallet und siedet und brauset und zischt,
Wie wenn Wasser mit Feuer sich mengt,
Bis zum Himmel spritzet der dampfende Gischt,
Und Flut auf Flut sich ohn’ Ende drängt,
Und will sich nimmer erschöpfen und leeren,
Als wollte das Meer noch ein Meer gebären.

The Diver

”What knight or what vassal will be so bold
As to plunge in the gulf below?
See! I hurl in its depths a goblet of gold,
Already the waters over it flow.
The man who can bring back the goblet tome,
May keep it henceforward, - his own it shall be.”

Thus speaks the king, and he hurls from the height
Of the cliffs that, rugged and steep,
Hang over the boundless sea, with strong might,
The goblet afar, in the bellowing deep.
”And who’ll be so daring, - I ask it once more,
As to plunge in these billows that wildly roar?”

And the vassals and knights of high degree
Hear his words, but silent remain.
They cast their eyes on the raging sea,
And none will attempt the goblet to gain.
And a third time the question is asked by the king:
”Is there none that will dare in the gulf now to spring?”

Yet all as before in silence stand,
When a page,with a modest pride,
Steps out of the timorous squirely band,
And his girdle and mantle soon throws aside,
And all the knights, and the ladies too,
The noble stripling with wonderment view.

And when he draws nigh to the rocky brow,
And looks in the gulf so black,
The waters that she had swallowed but now,
The howling Charybdis is giving back;
And, with the distant thunder’s dull sound
From her gloomy womb they all-foaming rebound

And it boils and it roars, and it hisses and seethes.
As when water and fire first blend;
To the sky spurts the foam in steam-laden wreaths,
And wave presses hard upon wave without end.
And the ocean will never exhausted be,
As if striving to bring forth another sea.

7 Doch endlich, da legt sich die wilde Gewalt,
Und schwarz aus dem weißen Schaum
Klafft hinunter ein gähnender Spalt,
Grundlos, als ging’s in den Höllenraum,
Und reißend sieht man die brandenden Wogen
Hinab in den strudelnden Trichter gezogen.

8 Jetzt schnell, eh’ die Brandung wiederkehrt,
Der Jüngling sich Gott befiehlt,
Und - ein Schrei des Entsetzens wird rings gehört,
Und schon hat ihn der Wirbel hinweggespült,
Und geheimnisvoll über dem kühnen Schwimmer
Schließt sich der Rachen, er zeigt sich nimmer.

9 Und stille wird’s über dem Wasserschlund,
In der Tiefe nur brauset es hohl,
Und bebend hört man von Mund zu Mund:
$`,,`$Hochherziger Jüngling, fahre wohl!”
Und hohler und hohler hört man’s heulen,
Und es harrt noch mit bangem, mit schrecklichem Weilen.

10 Und, würfst du die Krone selber hinein
Und sprächst: Wer mir bringet die Kron’,
Er soll sie tragen und König seyn!
Mich gelüstete nicht nach dem theuren Lohn.
Was die heulende Tiefe da unter verhehle,
Das erzählt keine lebende glückliche Seele.

11 Wohl manches Fahrzeug, vom Strudel gefaßt,
Schoßjäh in die Tiefe hinab,
Doch zerschmettert nur rangen sich Kiel und Mast,
Hervor aus dem Alles verschlingenden Grab -
Und heller und heller, wie Sturmes Sausen,
Hört man’s näher und immer näher brausen.

12 Und es wallet und siedet und brauset und zischt,
Wie wenn Wasser mit Feuer sich mengt,
Bis zum Himmel spritzet der dampfende Gischt,
Und Well’ auf Well’ sich ohn’ Ende drängt,
Und wie mit des fernen Donners Getose
Entstürzt es brüllend dem finstern Schoße.

But at length the wild tumult seems pacified,
And blackly amid the white swell
A gaping chasm its jaws opens wide,
As if leading down to the depths of hell:
And the howling billows are seen by each eye
Down the whirling funnel all madly to fly

Then quickly, before the breakers rebound,
The stripling commends him to Heaven,
And - a scream of horror is heard around, -
And now by the whirlpool away he is driven,
And secretly over the swimmer brave
Close the jaws, and he vanishes ’neath the dark wave.

O’er the watery gulf dread silence now lies,
But the deep sends up a dull yell,
And from mouth to mouth thus trembling it flies:
”Courageous stripling, oh, fare thee well!”
And duller and duller the howls recommence,
While they pause in anxious and fearful suspense.

”If even thy crown in the gulf thou shouldst fling,
And shouldst say, ’He who brings it to me
Shall wear it henceforward, and be the king,’
Thou couldst tempt me not e’en with that precious fee;
What under the howling deep is concealed
To no happy living soul is revealed! ”

Full many a ship, by the whirlpool held fast,
Shoots straightway beneath the mad wave,
And, dashed to pieces, the hull and the mast
Emerge from the all-devouring gave. -
And the roaring approaches still nearer and nearer,
Like the howl of the tempest, still clearer and clearer.

And it boils and it roars, and it hisses and seethes,
As when water and fire first blend;
To the sky spurts the foam in steam-laden wreaths
And wave passes hard upon wave without end,
And, with the distant thunder’s dull sound,?
From the ocean-womb they all-bellowing bound.

13 Und sieh’! aus dem finster flutenden Schoß,
Da hebet sich’s schwanenweiß,
Und ein Arm und ein glänzender Nacken wird bloß,
Und es rudert mit Kraft und mit emsigem Fleiß,
Und er ist’s, und hoch in seiner Linken
Schwingt er den Becher mit freudigem Winken.

14 Und athmete lang und athmete tief
Und begrüßte das himmlische Licht.
Mit Frohlocken es Einer dem Andern rief:
$`,,`$Er lebt! Er ist da! Es behielt ihn nicht!
Aus dem Grab, aus der strudelnden Wasserhöhle
Hat der Brave gerettet die lebende Seele.”

15 Und er kommt, es umringt ihn die jubelnde Schar,
Zu des Königs Füßen er sinkt,
Den Becher reicht er ihm kniend dar,
Und der König der lieblichen Tochter winkt,
Die füllt ihn mit funkelndem Wein bis zum Rande,
Und der Jüngling sich also zum König wandte:

16 $`,,`$Lange lebe der König! Es freue sich,
Wer da atmet im rosigten Licht!
Da unten aber ist’s fürchterlich,
Und der Mensch versuche die Götter nicht
Und begehre nimmer und nimmer zu schauen,
Was sie gnädig bedeckten mit Nacht und Grauen.”

17 $`,,`$Es rißmich hinunter blitzesschnell,
Da stürzt’ mir aus felsigem Schacht
Wildflutend entgegen ein reißender Quell;
Mich packte des Doppelstroms wüthende Macht,
Und, wie einen Kreisel, mit schwindendelm Drehen
Trieb mich’s um, ich konnte nicht widerstehen.”

18 $`,,`$Da zeigte mir Gott, zu dem ich rief,
In der höchsten schrecklichen Noth,
Aus der Tiefe ragend, ein Felsenriff,
Das erfaßt’ ich behend und entrann dem Tod.
Und da hing auch der Becher an spitzen Korallen,
Sonst wär er ins Bodenlose gefallen.”

And lo! from the darkly flowing tide
Comes a vision white as a swan,
And an arm and a glistening neck are descried,
With might and with active zeal steering on;
And ’tis he, and behold! his left hand on high
Waves the goblet, while beaming with joy is his eye.

Then breathes he deeply, then breathes he long,
And blesses the light of the day;
While gladly exclaim to each other the throng:
”He lives! he is here! he is not the sea’s prey!
From the tomb, from the eddying waters’ control,
The brave one has rescued his living soul!”

And he comes, and they joyously round him stand;
At the feet of the monarch he falls, -
The goblet he, kneeling, puts in his hand,
And the king to his beauteous daughter calls,
Who fills it with sparkling wine to the brim;
The youth turns to the monarch, and speaks thus to him:

”Long life to the king! Let all those be glad
Who breathe in the light of the sky!
For below all is fearful, of moment sad;
Let not man to tempt the immortals e’er try,
Let him never desire the thing to see
That with terror and night they veil graciously.

”I was torn below with the speed of light,
When out of a cavern of rock
Rushed towards me a spring with furious might;
I was seized by the twofold torrent’s wild shock,
And like a top, with a whirl and a bound,
Despite all resistance, was whirled around.

”Then God pointed out, - for to Him I cried
In that terrible moment of need, -
A craggy reef in the gulf’s dark side;
I seized it in haste, and from death was then freed.
And there, on sharp corals, was hanging the cup, -
The fathomless pit had else swallowed it up.

19 $`,,`$Denn unter mir lag’s noch bergetief,
In purpurner Finsternißda,
Und, ob’s hier dem Ohre gleich ewig schlief,
Das Auge mit Schaudern hinuntersah,
Wie’s von Salamandern und Molchen und Drachen
Sich regt’ in dem furchtbaren Höllenrachen.”

20 $`,,`$Schwarz wimmelten da, in grausem Gemisch,
Zu scheuslichen Klumpen geballt,
Der stachligte Roche, der Klippenfisch,
Des Hammers gräuliche Ungestalt,
Und dräuend wies mir die grimmigen Zähne
Der entsetzliche Hay, des Meeres Hyäne.”

21 $`,,`$Und da hing ich und war’s mir mit Grausen bewußt,
Von der menschlichen Hülfe so weit,
Unter Larven die einzige fühlende Brust,
Allein in der gräßlichen Einsamkeit,
Tief unter dem Schall der menschlichen Rede
Bei den Ungeheuern der traurigen Oede.”

22 $`,,`$Und schaudernd dacht ich’s - da kroch’s heran,
Regte hundert Gelenke zugleich,
Will schnappen nach mir; in des Schreckens Wahn
Laßich los der Koralle umklammerten Zweig,
Gleich faßt mich der Strudel mit rasendem Toben,
Doch es war mir zum Heil, er rißmich nach Oben.”

23 Der König darob sich verwundert schier
Und spricht: $`,,`$Der Becher ist dein,
Und diesen Ring noch bestimm’ ich dir,
Geschmückt mit dem köstlichsten Edelgestein,
Versucht du’s noch einmal und bringst mir Kunde,
Was du sahst auf des Meeres tiefunterstem Grunde.”

24 Das hörte die Tochter mit weichem Gefühl,
Und mit schmeichelndem Munde sie fleht:
$`,,`$Laßt, Vater, genug seyn das grausame Spiel!
Er hat Euch bestanden, was Keiner besteht,
Und, könnt Ihr des Herzens Gelüste nicht zähmen,
So mögen die Ritter den Knappen beschämen.”

”For under me lay it, still mountain-deep,
In a darkness of purple-tinged dye,
And though to the ear all might seem then asleep
With shuddering awe ’twas seen by the eye
How the salamanders’ and dragons’ dread forms
Filled those terrible jaws of hell with their swarms.

”There crowded, in union fearful and black,
In a horrible mass entwined,
The rock-fish, the ray with the thorny back,
And the hammer-fish’s misshapen kind,
And the shark, the hyena dread of the sea,
With his angry teeth, grinned fiercely on me.

”There hung I, by fulness of terror possessed,
Where all human aid was unknown,
Amongst phantoms, the only sensitive breast,
In that fearful solitude all alone,
Where the voice of mankind could not reach to mine ear, ’
Mid the monsters foul of that wilderness drear.

”Thus shuddering methought - when a something
crawled near,
And a hundred limbs it out-flung,
And at me it snapped; - in my mortal fear,
I left hold of the coral to which I had clung;
Then the whirlpool seized on me with maddened roar,
Yet ’twas well, for it brought me to light once more.”

The story in wonderment hears the king,
And he says, ”The cup is thine own,
And I purpose also to give thee this ring,
Adorned with a costly , a priceless stone,
If thou’lt try once again, and bring word to
me What thou saw’st in the nethermost depths of sea.”

His daughter hears this with emotions soft,
And with flattering accent prays she: ”
That fearful sport, father, attempt not too oft!
What none other would dare, he hath ventured for thee;
If thy heart’s wild longings thou canst not tame,
Let the knights, if they can, put the squire to shame.”

25 Drauf der König greift nach dem Becher schnell,
In den Strudel ihn schleudert hinein:
$`,,`$Und schaffst du den Becher mir wieder zur Stell’,
So sollst du der trefflichste Ritter mir sein
Und sollst sie als Ehgemahl heut’ noch umarmen,
Die jetzt für dich bittet mit zartem Erbarmen.”

26 Da ergreift’s ihm die Seele mit Himmelsgewalt,
Und es blitzt aus den Augen ihm kühn,
Und er siehet erröthen die schöne Gestalt
Und sieht sie erbleichen und sinken hin -
Da treibt’s ihn, den köstlichen Preis zu erwerben,
Und stürzt hinunter auf Leben und Sterben.

27 Wohl hört man die Brandung, wohl kehrt sie zurück,
Sie verkündigt der donnernde Schall,
Da bückt sich’s hinunter mit liebendem Blick -
Es kommen, es kommen die Wasser all,
Sie rauschen herauf, sie rauschen nieder -
Den Jüngling bringt keines wieder.

(1797)

The king then seizes the goblet in haste,
In the gulf he hurls it with might:
”When the goblet once more in my hands thou hast placed,
Thou shalt rank at my court as the noblest knight,
And her as a bride thou shalt clasp e’en today
Who for thee with tender compassion cloth pray.”

Then a force, as from Heaven, descends on him there,
And lightning gleams in his eye,
And blushes he sees on her features so fair,
And be sees her turn pale, and swooning lie;
Then eager the precious guerdon to win,
For life or for death, lo! he plunges him in!

The breakers they hear, and the breakers return,
Proclaimed by a thundering sound;
They bend o’er the gulf with glances that yearn
And the waters are pouring in fast around;
Though upwards and downwards they rush and they rave,
The youth is brought back by no kindly wave.

(Translation anonymous, 1902)

## What Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller has to say

When searching Schiller’s collected works for contributions to gravity, one of course has to take into account that Schiller was a poet, not a scientist. He will wrap up everything by a story on love, young and pretty girls and brave boys, and instead of dealing with the depth, force and loneliness of space, he will describe those of the sea or the human soul. Keeping that in mind when searching Schiller’s collected papers (fortunately the poems usually are in the first volume of such collections) we quite easily find what we are looking for : it is his famous poem ”The Diver”. It describes in some detail, and rather beautifully, the encounter of men with a rotating black hole.

Once said, all pieces fit together, and we shall not bore the reader by explaining everything lengthy and in much detail. Rather we shall give some hints, and ask the reader to enjoy the full text of this poem. (Numbers refer to the relevant verses, and sometimes we refer to the original German wording when the translation does not reflect the meaning correctly.)

The opening is blunt and direct: The king looks over the infinite space (the boundless sea), sees the black hole (1, the ”Schwarze Schlund” = the black gorge) and sets the task of exploring it and recovering energy (gold). It is a rotating black hole (7, whirling funnel), which also ejects matter, but mainly swallows it via its accretion disc (5, 11). The page sets out to explore the black hole, and happily returns. He tells that he was forced to corotate 17 (not with ”the speed of light” - this a poetic translation of ”blitzesschnell” = as fast as lightning, so don’t blame Schiller for that!), but luckily enough the page found that he could retrieve energy (the goblet) and was able to return: he had passed the surface of stationarity and been in the ergosphere. He also became aware of the cosmic censorship (15, ”… what the immortals veil graciously …”). But the king wants to know what is behind the horizon; as politicians are, he does not listen to reasoning and sends the page a second time - right into the black hole and the death.

All this is a surprisingly exact description of a Kerr Black Hole, with a detailed poetic picture of all the debris in the accretion disc.

## PS

Let use end with the remark that certainly this early blossoming of gravity research had a strong influence on Jena, the town situated so near to Weimar and also home to Schiller before he went to Weimar, and made the people there susceptible for the ideas of gravitation until our days.

*

It has already been observed by psychoanalysts that the emotional story of the diver and the terrors of the sea which frighten men is deeply anchored in what mankind loves and fears - this of course is also true for the black holes and may explain the attraction they find by the general public.

*