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# de Sitter/ Anti-de Sitter global monopoles

## I Introduction

In recent years topological defects  in asymptotic de Sitter (dS)/ Anti- de Sitter (AdS) space-time have gained renewed interest. This is mainly due to the proposed dS/CFT , resp. AdS/CFT  correspondences. These correspondences suggest a holographic duality between gravity in a $`d`$-dimensional dS, resp. AdS space and a conformal field theory (CFT) “living” on the boundary of the dS, resp. AdS spacetime and thus being $`d1`$-dimensional. However, dS space-time is also interesting from a cosmological point of view since it seems to be confirmed by observational data  that we live in a universe with positive cosmological constant.

Gravitating global monopoles in asymptotically flat space-time were first discussed in . These topological defects were found to have a negative mass and a deficit angle depending on the vacuum expectation value (vev) of the scalar Goldstone field and the gravitational coupling. For sufficiently high enough values of the vev the solutions have an horizon . These solutions were named (after their string counterparts ) “supermassive monopoles”.

In , it was found that the introduction of a cosmological constant can render the mass of the monopole positive. This was demonstrated by a figure showing the mass function as function of the radial coordinate for different choices of the cosmological constant. In our recent work, we are mainly interested in composite monopole defects  in dS/ AdS space-time . This is why we cross-checked the results of  and found discrepancies between our results and those in .

The paper is organised as follows: we give the model in Section II and discuss the asymptotic behaviour, which should be compared to that in , in Section III. We give our numerical results in Section IV and conclude in Section V.

## II The Model

We consider the following action :

$$S=\left(\frac{1}{16\pi G}(R2\mathrm{\Lambda })\frac{1}{2}_\mu \xi ^a^\mu \xi ^a\frac{\lambda }{4}(\xi ^a\xi ^a\eta ^2)^2\right)\sqrt{g}d^4x$$
(1)
which describes a Goldstone triplet $`\xi ^a`$, $`a=1,2,3`$, interacting with gravity in an asymptotically de Sitter (dS) (for the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>0`$), resp. Anti-de Sitter (AdS) ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }<0`$) space-time. $`G`$ is Newton’s constant, $`\lambda `$ is the self-coupling constant of the Goldstone field and $`\eta `$ the vacuum expectation value (vev) of the Goldstone field.

For the metric, the spherically symmetric Ansatz in Schwarzschild-like coordinates reads :

$$ds^2=g_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu =A^2(r)N(r)dt^2+N^1(r)dr^2+r^2(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d^2\phi ),$$
(2)
while for the Goldstone field, we choose the hedgehog Ansatz  :

$$\xi ^a=\eta h(r)e_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{a}.$$
(3)
We introduce the following dimensionless variable and coupling constants :

$$x=\eta r,\alpha ^2=4\pi G\eta ^2,\gamma =\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\eta ^2}.$$
(4)
Varying (1) with respect to the metric fields gives the Einstein equations which can be combined to give two first order differential equations for $`A`$ and $`\mu `$:

$$A^{}=\alpha ^2Ax(h^{})^2$$
(5)
$$\mu ^{}=\alpha ^2\left(h^21+x^2\frac{\lambda }{4}(h^21)^2+\frac{1}{2}x^2N(h^{})^2\right)$$
(6)
and $`N`$ and $`\mu `$ are related as follows:

$$N(x)=12\alpha ^22\frac{\mu (x)}{x}\frac{\gamma }{3}x^2.$$
(7)
Note that for $`\gamma =0`$, the existence of solutions without horizon is restricted by $`\alpha <\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}`$ .

Variation with respect to the matter fields yields the Euler-Lagrange equations for the Goldstone field :

$$(x^2ANh^{})^{}=A(2h+\lambda x^2h(h^21)),$$
(8)
The prime denotes the derivative with respect to $`x`$. Note that the equations have the same structure as for the asymptotically flat space-time . The cosmological constant just appears in the relation defining $`\mu (x)`$ and $`N(x)`$.

In order to solve the system of equations uniquely, we have to introduce $`4`$ boundary conditions, which we choose to be :

$$\mu (0)=0,h(0)=0,A(\mathrm{})=1,h(\mathrm{})=1.$$
(9)
The dimensionless mass of the solution is determined by the asymptotic value $`\mu (\mathrm{})=\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ of the function $`\mu (x)`$ and is given by $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}/\alpha ^2`$.

## III Asymptotic behaviour

Expanding the functions around the origin gives :

$$h(x0)=c_1x+O(x^3),\mu (x0)=\alpha ^2x+O(x^2),A(x0)=A(0)(1+O(x^2))$$
(10)
where $`c_1`$ and $`A(0)`$ are free parameters to be determined numerically. The asymptotic behaviour ($`x\mathrm{}`$) is given by :

$`h(x>>1)=1`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{(\gamma 3\lambda )}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{9(4\alpha ^2(\gamma 3\lambda )+9\lambda )}{2(2\gamma +3\lambda )(\gamma 3\lambda )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^4}}`$ (11)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{36\mu _{\mathrm{}}}{(5\gamma +3\lambda )(\gamma 3\lambda )}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^5}}+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^6}}),`$ (12)
$`A(x>>1)=1`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9\alpha ^2}{(\gamma 3\lambda )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{36\alpha ^2(4\alpha ^2(\gamma 3\lambda )+9\lambda )}{(2\gamma +3\lambda )(\gamma 3\lambda )^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^6}}`$ (13)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2160\mu _{\mathrm{}}\alpha ^2}{7(5\gamma +3\lambda )(\gamma 3\lambda )^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^7}}+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^8}})`$ (14)
and

$`\mu (x>>1)=\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{9\alpha ^2\lambda }{(\gamma 3\lambda )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{6\alpha ^2(\gamma ^2(2\alpha ^2+3)12\gamma \lambda (\alpha ^21)+9\lambda ^2(12\alpha ^2))}{(2\gamma +3\lambda )(\gamma 3\lambda )^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}`$ (15)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{27\mu _{\mathrm{}}\alpha ^2(\lambda \gamma )}{(5\gamma +3\lambda )(\gamma 3\lambda )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^4}}+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^5}}).`$ (16)
It is worthwhile to contrast the coefficient of the $`1/x`$ correction for the mass function $`\mu (x)`$ appearing in the above equation (15) with its counterpart in , eq.(18). While in the latter the coefficient is independent on both the cosmological constant and the self-coupling of the Goldstone field, we find here a non-trivial dependence on these parameters (which is indeed confirmed by our numerical analysis). We also remark that the expansion presented in  is in contradiction with the figure presented in that paper. The figure of  seems incompatible with the fact that the first asymptotic correction to the mass is supposed to be independent of the cosmological constant.

## IV Numerical results

We remark that without loosing generality, we can choose $`\lambda =1.0`$.

### A The $`\gamma =0`$ limit

This limit was studied previously in great detail in  and . It was found that for $`\gamma =0`$ global monopoles have a negative mass . Thus, the global monopole has a repulsive effect on a test particle in its neighbourhood. Further, it was shown  that global monopoles without horizon only exist for $`\alpha <\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}`$, while for $`\alpha >\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}`$ no static solutions exist at all. The configurations for $`\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}<\alpha <\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}`$ were called “supermassive” monopoles.

We have redone the calculations and found perfect agreement with the results in . Especially, we remark in view of Fig. 1 that for $`\gamma =0`$, the mass of the solution is close to $`\frac{\pi }{2}`$. Since the mass of the global monopole in flat space is just $`=\frac{\pi }{2}`$  (of course in rescaled units in comparison to here), the value of $`\frac{\mu _{\mathrm{}}}{\alpha ^2}\frac{\pi }{2}`$ is in good agreement with these results. We found in addition that the mass function at large $`x`$ is always negative and becomes more and more negative for increasing $`\alpha `$ .

### B Anti-de Sitter (AdS) monopoles

By solving the three equations numerically we constructed solutions for negative values of $`\gamma `$. First, we checked whether the asymptotic behaviour found in (14) is correct. We indeed confirmed numerically that the coefficients have the given dependence on the coupling constants

Following the investigation in , we have then studied the dependence of the mass $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}/\alpha ^2`$ on the cosmological constant $`\gamma `$ for a fixed value of $`\alpha `$. As is demonstrated in Fig. 1 for $`\alpha =0.1`$ and $`\alpha =1.0`$, we find that the mass increases, but stays negative for all values of the cosmological constant. In fact, as is evident from Fig. 1, the mass decreases further with the increase of $`\alpha `$ for a fixed $`\gamma `$. In the limit $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$, the mass tends to zero. We contrast the behaviour of the mass-function $`\mu (x)`$ for different values of $`\gamma `$ with that in Fig.1 of . Since the authors choose the vev of the Goldstone field to be $`=0.01`$, while we choose it to be $`1`$, the values of the negative valued cosmological constant in their plot corresponds to choosing $`\gamma =10`$, $`3`$ here. Moreover, their choice of $`G`$ leads to $`\alpha =0.0355`$. In Fig. 2, we show the profile of the mass function $`\mu (x)`$ for this choice of parameters. Clearly, the mass function is negative for all $`x`$. Of course, we have to add that we have integrated the equations only up to some maximal value of $`x=x_{max}200`$. However, as can been seen for the asymptotic expansion (15), the derivative of $`\mu (x)`$ at large $`x`$ is always negative and thus the function continues to decrease. Because of that, local minima or even zeros of the function $`\mu (x)`$ in the asymptotic region are excluded.

Fixing $`\gamma `$ and varying $`\alpha `$, we observe a phenomenon not previously discussed in the literature. This is demonstrated in Fig. 3 for $`\gamma =0.1`$. Increasing $`\alpha `$, we observe that a horizon starts to form and at $`\alpha =\alpha _{cr}(\gamma )`$, the solution has a degenerate horizon at $`x=x_h(\alpha _{cr})`$. Thus AdS monopoles without horizon only exist for $`\alpha <\alpha _{cr}`$. We find that the value of $`\alpha _{cr}`$ depends on $`\gamma `$ and that it is increasing with the decrease of $`\gamma `$. E.g. we find that $`\alpha _{cr}(\gamma =0.1)1.1`$ and $`\alpha _{cr}(\gamma =1.0)1.85`$ . Note that the solution outside the horizon can not be completely described by a AdS solution of the form:

$$N(x)=12\alpha ^2\frac{2\mu _{\mathrm{}}}{x}\frac{\gamma }{3}x^2$$
(17)
where $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}/\alpha ^2`$ is the mass of the solution. The reason is that $`h(x)1`$ is not a solution of (8). However, $`h(x)`$ is close to $`1`$ for $`x>x_h`$ and thus (17) can be thought of as an approximation. The solution (17) has a degenerate horizon at $`x_h^a=\sqrt{(12\alpha ^2)/\gamma }`$ with corresponding mass $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}^a/\alpha ^2=\frac{\gamma }{3\alpha ^2}\sqrt{((12\alpha ^2)/\gamma )^3}`$. For the values of the parameters given in Fig. 3 (especially $`\alpha =1.098\alpha _{cr}`$), we find that $`x_h^a=3.756`$ and $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}^a/\alpha ^2=1.465`$. From our numerical analysis, we obtain $`x_h3.5`$ and $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}/\alpha ^21.7`$.

Finally, to study the appearance of horizons in this model in more detail, we have fixed $`\alpha =0.7<\sqrt{1/2}`$ and $`\alpha =0.8>\sqrt{1/2}`$, respectively, and studied the dependence of the value of the zero of $`N(x)`$, $`x_h`$ with $`N(x_h)=0`$ in dependence on $`\gamma `$. We have chosen these two values of $`\alpha `$ because only for $`\alpha \sqrt{1/2}`$ do horizons appear in the asymptotically flat case $`(\gamma =0)`$ . Our results are shown in Fig. 4. Clearly, for $`\alpha =0.7`$ and $`\gamma 0`$ no horizons appear which confirms the results of , while for $`\alpha =0.8`$ and $`\gamma 0`$ we find horizons. In fact, for a specific range of $`\gamma <0`$ two horizons exist. For $`\alpha =0.8`$, we find that this is for $`0.00236\gamma <0`$. At $`\gamma =0.00236`$ the two horizons join and form a degenerate horizon of type shown in Fig. 3. Thus, we have $`\alpha _{cr}(0.00236)=0.8`$ which is in good agreement with the previously presented results. In the limit $`\gamma 0`$, the outer horizon tends to infinity, while the inner horizon tends to the one of the “supermassive” monopoles observed previously .

### C de Sitter monopoles

In  the question was addressed whether the mass of the global monopole can become positive for specific choices of the cosmological constant. It was found that for positive cosmological constants this is possible. As a check for a future publication  on composite monopole defects in dS/AdS space-time, we have tried to obtain the results given in  and found contradictions.

Choosing $`\gamma `$ positive a cosmological horizon appears at $`x=x_c(\gamma )`$ in dS space. We find that $`x_c`$ is a decreasing function of the cosmological constant. For increasing $`\gamma `$, the value of $`x_c=x_0`$ tends to zero as is demonstrated in Fig. 4. We find further that $`\left(\mu _{\mathrm{}}(\gamma >0)\mu _{\mathrm{}}(\gamma =0)\right)/\alpha ^2<0`$ for all $`\gamma >0`$. Since the mass curve does only alter its shape very little when choosing different $`\alpha `$, we conclude that in contrast to what is claimed in , the appearance of a cosmological constant (of either sign) can not alter the sign of the mass of the global monopole. Rather, we find that the mass gets more negative for increasing $`\gamma >0`$ which can be related to the fact that the core of the monopole increases due to increased cosmological expansion.

In Fig. 2, we present the mass function for $`\alpha =0.0355`$ and $`\gamma =0.073`$. This should be compared to the Fig.1 in . First, we remark that we are surprised that the authors of  have managed to find solutions which correspond to our $`\gamma =5`$. We find that increasing $`\gamma `$ from zero to positive values, we can construct solutions only for $`\gamma 0.073`$. The reason is that with increasing cosmological constant the horizon which appears for the dS solutions decreases to lie closer and closer to the core of the monopole. Clearly, the mass function $`\mu (x)`$ is a constantly decreasing function of the coordinate $`x`$ and doesn’t have local extrema like in . Moreover, the asymptotic values of $`\mu (x)`$ are always negative.

## V Conclusions

Topological defects  are believed to be relevant for structure formation in the universe. Global defects, i.e. defects which don’t involve gauge fields are of special interest in this context since they have a long-range scalar field. This leads to the infiniteness of energy in flat space, but however renders a strong gravitational effect when the topological defects are studied in curved space. Moreover, in the case of the global monopole, the coupling to gravity can remove the singularity present in flat space. The space-time then has a deficit angle and is not locally flat. Moreover, the mass of the monopole is negative, which was interpreted as a repulsive effect of the monopole.

While for positive cosmological constant (dS space) a horizon, the so-called “cosmological horizon” always appears independent on the gravitational coupling $`\alpha `$, the existence of horizons in AdS space depends strongly on the values of the cosmological and gravitational constants. For vanishing cosmological constant $`\gamma =0`$, it was found previously that horizons exist only for $`\alpha \sqrt{1/2}`$ . For $`\gamma <0`$ a monotonically decreasing curve in the $`\gamma `$-$`\alpha `$-plane appears which represents the solutions with one, degenerate horizon. Above this curve, solutions with two horizons exist, while below the solutions have no horizons at all.

The authors of  have studied global monopoles in a dS/AdS space-time and found that the inclusion of the cosmological constant can render the mass of the monopole positive. Reconsidering these solutions with a highly accurate numerical routine (see  for a short description) and studying the asymptotic behaviour we come to a different conclusion : global monopoles do not acquire a positive mass in AdS or dS space-time.

###### Acknowledgements.

BH was supported by an EPSRC grant. YB gratefully acknowledges the Belgian FNRS for financial support.


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# Meson-Nucleon Vertex Form Factors at Finite Temperature Using a Soft Pion Form Factor

## Acknowledgments

U.T. Yakhshiev acknowledge International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) for the hospitality during his stay at the Centre. The work of U.T. Yakhshiev was supported in part by INTAS (YSF 00-51). F.C. Khanna would like to thank Tony Thomas for the hospitality at CSSM where the main ideas were considered. The research of F.C.K. is partly supported by NSERC. Finally, this work was supported in part by the Australian Research Council.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The recently established connection  between matrix models and the effective superpotentials of certain $`𝒩=1`$ gauge theories provides us with a new tool for studying supersymmetric field theories. The connection, originally formulated in the context of $`U(N)`$ gauge theories with adjoint matter, has been established following two distinct approaches, one based on superspace diagrammatics , and the other on generalized Konishi anomalies . These derivations were subsequently generalized to a few more gauge groups and matter representations, but the list of examples is actually quite short at present. In particular, the diagrammatic approach has been applied to the classical gauge groups with matter in arbitrary two-index representations , while the anomaly approach has so far been used for $`U(N)`$ with matter in the adjoint and fundamental representations , in (anti)symmetric tensor representations , and to quiver theories . 111The Konishi anomalies have also been applied without direct reference to a matrix model in . So basic questions remain regarding the general applicability of these ideas, and also whether matrix models can in fact successfully reproduce the known physics of supersymmetric gauge theories.

In , theories based on the classical gauge groups with two-index tensor matter were considered using the diagrammatic approach. In the case222Our convention is such that $`Sp(2)SU(2)`$. of $`Sp(N)`$ with anti-symmetric matter, a comparison was made against an independently derived dynamical superpotential  governing these theories. The comparison revealed agreement up to $`h1`$ loops in perturbation theory ($`h`$ is the dual Coxeter number), and a disagreement at $`h`$ loops and beyond. Although it seemed most likely that the disagreement was due to nonperturbative effects, even at the perturbative level there were a number of subtleties deserving of further scrutiny. These subtleties mainly concern the class of diagrams which should be kept in the evaluation of the superpotential, and whether one is allowed to use Lie algebra identities to express objects of the form $`Tr(𝒲_\alpha )^{2h}`$ in terms of lower traces including the glueball superfield $`STr(𝒲_\alpha )^2`$. Since these subtleties arise at the same order in perturbation theory as the observed discrepancies, it seems important to gain a better understanding of them. One motivation for the present work was to rederive the results of  in the anomaly approach to see if this gives the same result, and if so, to see which diagrams are effectively being computed. We will see that the anomaly approach corresponds to keeping at most two $`𝒲_\alpha `$’s per index loop and not using Lie algebra identities. So using these rules, whether one computes using diagrams or anomalies, one finds the same agreements/discrepancies between the gauge theory and the matrix model.

Another motivation for this work was to apply the anomaly approach to a wider class of theories. For the classical gauge groups with certain two-index tensors plus fundamentals, we will show how solutions to the Konishi anomaly equations can be obtained from solutions to the loop equations of the corresponding matrix model. This leads to the following general formula for the perturbative contribution to the effective glueball superpotential

$`W_{\mathrm{eff}}=N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}_{S^2}+{\displaystyle \frac{w_\alpha w^\alpha }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{S^2}}_{S^2}+4_{RP^2}+_{D^2}`$ (1)
where the $``$’s are matrix model contributions of a given topology to the free energy. This formula generalizes the $`U(N)`$ results of , as well as results  found using the diagrammatic approach.

In fact, the above formula is only directly applicable to cases in which no tracelessness condition is imposed on the two-index tensors. In  it was shown that imposing a tracelessness condition requires one to include additional disconnected matrix model diagrams, and there was no simple formula relating the superpotential to the free energy of the traceless matrix model. On the other hand, one expects that the traceful theory should contain all the information about the traceless case provided one includes a Lagrange multiplier field to set the trace to zero. We will show how this works in detail, and find that indeed, the superpotential of the traceless theory can be extracted from the free energy of the traceful matrix model. We use this to rederive and extend some results from  in a much more convenient fashion.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In sections 2 and 3 we derive the gauge theory Konishi anomaly equations and the matrix model loop equations for the theories of interest. The theories can all be treated in a uniform way by using appropriate projection operators. In section 4 we discuss some of the subtleties alluded to above, and then go on to show that solutions to the gauge theory anomaly equations follow from those of the matrix model loop equations. Section 5 concerns the effects of tracelessness. Details of some of our calculations are given in appendices A and B.

Note: As we were preparing the manuscript,  appeared which overlaps with some of our discussion.

## 2 Loop equations on the gauge theory side

In this section we derive the gauge theory loop equations for various gauge groups and matter representations, extending the $`U(N)`$ result of .

### 2.1 Setup

We consider an $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetric gauge theory with tree level superpotential

$`W_{\mathrm{tree}}=Tr[W(\mathrm{\Phi })]+\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}(\mathrm{\Phi })Q_f,`$ (2)
where the two-index tensor $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$ is in one of the following representations:

* $`U(N)`$ adjoint.
* $`SU(N)`$ adjoint.
* $`SO(N)`$ antisymmetric tensor.
* $`SO(N)`$ symmetric tensor, traceful or traceless.
* $`Sp(N)`$ symmetric tensor.
* $`Sp(N)`$ antisymmetric tensor, traceful or traceless.

For other $`U(N)`$ representations, see . In the $`Sp`$ cases, the object with the denoted symmetry is related to $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ by

$`\mathrm{\Phi }=\{\begin{array}{cc}SJ\hfill & S_{ij}\text{: symmetric tensor},\hfill \\ AJ\hfill & A_{ij}\text{: antisymmetric tensor}.\hfill \end{array}`$ (3)
Here $`J`$ is the invariant antisymmetric tensor of $`Sp(N)`$, namely

$`J_{ij}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 11_{N/2}\\ 11_{N/2}& 0\end{array}\right).`$ (4)
The tracelessness of the $`Sp`$ antisymmetric tensor is defined with respect to this $`J`$, i.e., by $`Tr[AJ]=0`$.

Also, $`Q_f`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_f`$ are fundamental matter fields, with $`f`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ being flavor indices. In the $`U(N)`$ case we have $`N_f`$ fundamentals $`Q_f`$ and $`N_f`$ anti-fundamentals $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}`$, while in the $`SO/Sp`$ case we have $`N_f`$ fundamentals $`Q_f`$. In the $`SO/Sp`$ case, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}`$ is not an independent field but related to $`Q_f`$ by

$`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}})_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}(Q_{\stackrel{~}{f}})_i\hfill & SO(N),\hfill \\ (Q_{\stackrel{~}{f}})_jJ_{ji}\hfill & Sp(N).\hfill \end{array}`$ (5)
In the $`Sp`$ case, $`N_f`$ should be taken to be even to avoid the Witten anomaly .

$`W`$ and $`m`$ are taken to be polynomials

$`W(z)={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{g_p}{p}}z^p,m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}(z)={\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{n^{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_p)_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}}{p}}z^p,`$ (6)
where in the traceless cases the $`p=1`$ term is absent from $`W(z)`$. Further, due to the symmetry properties of the matrix $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, some $`g_p`$ vanish for certain representations:

$`g_{2p+1}=0(p=0,1,2,\mathrm{})\text{for }SO\text{ antisymmetric / }Sp\text{ symmetric}.`$ (7)
The symmetry properties of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ also imply that the matrices $`(m_p)_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}`$ have the following symmetry properties:

$`(m_p)_{f^{}f}=\{\begin{array}{cc}(1)^p(m_p)_{ff^{}}\hfill & SO\text{ antisymmetric,}\hfill \\ (m_p)_{ff^{}}\hfill & SO\text{ symmetric,}\hfill \\ (1)^{p+1}(m_p)_{ff^{}}\hfill & Sp\text{ symmetric,}\hfill \\ (m_p)_{ff^{}}\hfill & Sp\text{ antisymmetric.}\hfill \end{array}`$ (8)
In this and the next few sections, we discuss traceful cases only, postponing the traceless cases to section 5 (we regard the $`SU(N)`$ case as the traceless $`U(N)`$ case).

### 2.2 The loop equations

We will be interested in expectation values of chiral operators. As in ,

$`\{𝒲_\alpha ,𝒲_\beta \}=[\mathrm{\Phi },𝒲_\alpha ]=𝒲_\alpha Q=\stackrel{~}{Q}𝒲_\alpha =0`$ (9)
in the chiral ring. Therefore, the complete list of independent single-trace chiral operators are $`Tr[\mathrm{\Phi }^p]`$, $`Tr[𝒲_\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }^p]`$, $`Tr[𝒲^2\mathrm{\Phi }^p]`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}\mathrm{\Phi }^pQ_f`$. As is standard, we define

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi }}Tr[𝒲_\alpha 𝒲^\alpha ],w_\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}Tr[𝒲_\alpha ].`$ (10)
The chiral operators can be packaged concisely in terms of the resolvents

$$R(z)\frac{1}{32\pi ^2}Tr\left[\frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}\right],w_\alpha (z)\frac{1}{4\pi }Tr\left[\frac{𝒲_\alpha }{z\mathrm{\Phi }}\right],T(z)Tr\left[\frac{1}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}\right],$$

$$M_{f\stackrel{~}{f}}(z)\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}\frac{1}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}Q_f.$$
(11)
Note that the indices of $`M_{f\stackrel{~}{f}}`$ are reversed relative to $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}`$, $`Q_f`$. The resolvent $`w_\alpha (z)`$ is nonvanishing only for $`U(N)`$; in all other cases $`w_\alpha (z)0`$. This can be understood as follows. In these semi-simple cases the Lie algebra generators are traceless, so we cannot have a nonzero background field $`w_\alpha `$. There being no preferred spinor direction specified by the background $`w_\alpha `$, the spinor $`w_\alpha (z)`$ can be nothing but zero. Alternatively, if we integrate out $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, then $`w_\alpha (z)`$ should be of the form $`Tr[𝒲_\alpha ](Tr[𝒲^2])^n`$ by the chiral ring relations (9). If we use the factorization property of chiral operator expectation values, this is proportional to $`w_\alpha S^n`$, which vanishes.

The resolvents defined in equation (11) provide sufficient data to determine the effective superpotential up to a coupling independent part, because of the relation

$`Tr[\mathrm{\Phi }^p]=p{\displaystyle \frac{}{g_p}}W_{\mathrm{eff}},\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}\mathrm{\Phi }^pQ_f=p{\displaystyle \frac{}{(m_p)_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}}}W_{\mathrm{eff}}.`$ (12)
The generalized Konishi  anomaly equation  is obtained by considering the divergence of the current associated with the variation of a particular field $`\mathrm{\Psi }_a`$:

$`\delta \mathrm{\Psi }_a=f_a,`$ (13)
where $`a`$ is a gauge index. Then the anomaly equation reads

$`{\displaystyle \frac{W_{\mathrm{tree}}}{\mathrm{\Psi }_a}}f_a+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}[𝒲_\alpha 𝒲^\alpha ]_a^b{\displaystyle \frac{f_b}{\mathrm{\Psi }_a}}=0,`$ (14)
where $`𝒲_\alpha `$ is in the representation furnished by $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$. The first term in (14) represents the classical change of the action under the variation (13), while the second term in (14) corresponds to the quantum variation due to the change in the functional measure.

In the $`U(N)`$ case considered in , there is no additional symmetry imposed on the field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, so $`\delta \mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}=f_{ij}`$ can be any function of $`𝒲_\alpha `$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. In general, the tensor $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ will have some symmetry properties (symmetric or antisymmetric tensor in the present $`SO/Sp`$ study), and $`f_{ij}`$ should be chosen to reflect those. Similarly, the derivative $`/\mathrm{\Psi }_a=/\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$ should be defined in accord with the symmetry property of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$. To this end, we define a projector $`P`$ appropriate to each case:

$`P_{ij,kl}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\delta _{ik}\delta _{jl}+\sigma t_{il}t_{jk}),`$ (15)
where

$`\{\begin{array}{cc}t_{ij}=\delta _{ij},\sigma =1\hfill & SO\text{ antisymmetric,}\hfill \\ t_{ij}=\delta _{ij},\sigma =+1\hfill & SO\text{ symmetric, }\hfill \\ t_{ij}=J_{ij},\sigma =1\hfill & Sp\text{ symmetric, }\hfill \\ t_{ij}=J_{ij},\sigma =+1\hfill & Sp\text{ antisymmetric }.\hfill \end{array}`$ (16)
The tensor $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$ satisfies $`P_{ij,kl}\mathrm{\Phi }_{kl}=\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$. Then, the symmetry property of $`\delta \mathrm{\Phi }`$ discussed above is implemented by the replacements

$`f_a=f_{ij}P_{ij,kl}f_{kl},{\displaystyle \frac{}{\mathrm{\Psi }_a}}={\displaystyle \frac{}{\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}}}P_{ij,kl}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\mathrm{\Phi }_{kl}}}.`$ (17)
With this replacement, $`f_{ij}`$ can be any function of $`𝒲_\alpha `$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ as in the $`U(N)`$ case. The derivative can be treated as in the $`U(N)`$ case also.

There is no such issue for the $`Q`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ fields, although we have to remember that they are not independent for $`SO/Sp`$.

With the projectors in hand, there is no difficulty in deriving the loop equations for $`SO/Sp`$. Here we just present the resulting loop equations, leaving the details to Appendix A:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [W^{}R]_{}& =\frac{1}{2}R^2,\hfill \\ \hfill [W^{}T+tr(m^{}M)]_{}& =\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(T\frac{2}{z}\right)R\hfill & SO\text{ antisymmetric},\hfill \\ \left(T2\frac{d}{dz}\right)R\hfill & SO\text{ symmetric },\hfill \\ \left(T+\frac{2}{z}\right)R\hfill & Sp\text{ symmetric },\hfill \\ \left(T+2\frac{d}{dz}\right)R\hfill & Sp\text{ antisymmetric},\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \hfill 2[(Mm)_{ff^{}}]_{}& =R\delta _{ff^{}},\hfill \\ \hfill 2[(mM)_{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}}]_{}& =R\delta _{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(18)
where $`[F(z)]_{}`$ means to drop non-negative powers in a Laurent expansion in $`z`$. The last two equations are really the same equation due to the symmetry properties of $`m`$ (see equation (8)), and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Note that there is no $`w_\alpha (z)`$ in these cases as explained below Eq. (11). For the sake of comparison, the $`U(N)`$ loop equations are

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [W^{}R]_{}& =R^2,\hfill \\ \hfill [W^{}w_\alpha ]_{}& =2w_\alpha R,\hfill \\ \hfill [W^{}T+tr(m^{}M)]_{}& =2TR+w_\alpha w^\alpha \hfill \\ \hfill [(Mm)_{ff^{}}]_{}& =R\delta _{ff^{}},\hfill \\ \hfill [(mM)_{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}}]_{}& =R\delta _{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(19)
One observes some extra numerical factors in the $`SO/Sp`$ case as compared to the $`U(N)`$ case. The $`\frac{1}{2}`$ in the first equation is from the $`\frac{1}{2}`$ in the definition of $`P_{ij,kl}`$, while the factor $`2`$ in the last two equations is because in the $`SO/Sp`$ case $`Q`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ are really the same field, so the variation of $`\stackrel{~}{Q}mQ`$ under $`\delta Q`$ for $`SO/Sp`$ is twice as large as that for $`U(N)`$. Finally, the $`\frac{1}{z}R(z)`$ and $`\frac{d}{dz}R(z)`$ terms in the second equation of (18) come from the second term of $`P_{ij,kl}`$.

The solution to the loop equations (18) or (19) is determined uniquely  given the condition

$`S={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}R(z),w_\alpha ={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}w_\alpha (z),N={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}T(z),`$ (20)
where the second equation is only for the $`U(N)`$ case. The contour $`C`$ goes around the critical point of $`W(z)`$. Therefore, if we recall the relation (12), we can say that the loop equations are all we need to determine the superpotential $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$.

## 3 Loop equations on the matrix model side

Let us consider the matrix model which corresponds to the gauge theory in the previous section. Its partition function is

$`𝐙=e^{\frac{1}{𝐠^2}𝐅(𝐒)}={\displaystyle 𝑑𝚽𝑑𝐐𝑑\stackrel{~}{𝐐}e^{\frac{1}{𝐠}W_{\mathrm{tree}}(𝚽,𝐐,\stackrel{~}{𝐐})}}.`$ (21)
We denote matrix model quantities by boldface letters. Here, $`𝚽`$ is an $`𝐍\times 𝐍`$ matrix with the same symmetry property as the corresponding matter field in the gauge theory. $`𝐐_f`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}`$ are defined in a similar way to their gauge theory counterparts (therefore $`d\stackrel{~}{𝐐}`$ in (21) is not included for $`SO/Sp`$). The function (or the “action”) $`W_{\mathrm{tree}}`$ is the one defined in (2). We will take the $`𝐍\mathrm{}`$, $`𝐠0`$ limit with the ’t Hooft coupling $`𝐒=\mathrm{𝐠𝐍}`$ kept fixed. The dependence of the free energy $`𝐅(𝐒)`$ on $`𝐍`$ is eliminated using the relation $`𝐍=𝐒/𝐠`$, and we expand $`𝐅(𝐒)`$ as

$`𝐅(𝐒)={\displaystyle \underset{}{}}𝐠^{2\chi ()}_{}(𝐒)=_{S^2}+𝐠_{RP^2}+𝐠_{D^2}+\mathrm{},`$ (22)
where the sum is over all compact topologies $``$ of the matrix model diagrams written in the ’t Hooft double-line notation, and $`\chi ()`$ is the Euler number of $``$. The cases which will be of interest to us are the sphere $`S^2`$, projective plane $`RP^2`$, and disk $`D^2`$, with $`\chi =2,1`$, and 1, respectively. All other contributions have $`\chi 0`$.

We define matrix model resolvents as follows:

$`𝐑(z)𝐠Tr\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right],𝐌_{f\stackrel{~}{f}}(z)𝐠\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}𝐐_f.`$ (23)
These resolvents provide sufficient data to determine the free energy $`𝐅`$ up to a coupling independent part since

$`𝐠Tr[𝚽^p]=p{\displaystyle \frac{}{g_p}}𝐅,𝐠\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}𝚽^p𝐐_f=p{\displaystyle \frac{}{(m_p)_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}}}𝐅.`$ (24)
We expand the resolvents in topologies just as we did for $`𝐅`$:

$`𝐑(z)={\displaystyle \underset{}{}}𝐠^{2\chi ()}𝐑_{}(z),𝐌(z)={\displaystyle \underset{}{}}𝐠^{2\chi ()}𝐌_{}(z).`$ (25)
Although $`𝐑_{RP^2}`$ and $`𝐑_{D^2}`$ are of the same order in $`𝐠`$, they can be distinguished unambiguously because all terms in $`𝐑_{D^2}`$ contains coupling constants $`m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}`$, while $`𝐑_{RP^2}`$ does not depend on them at all. This is easily seen in the diagrammatic expansion of $`𝐅`$. Also, because $`𝐅_{S^2}`$ and $`𝐅_{RP^2}`$ do not contain $`m`$, the expansion of $`𝐌`$ starts from the disk contribution, $`𝐌_{D^2}`$.

Now we can derive the matrix model loop equations. Consider changing the integration variables as

$`\delta 𝚿_a=𝐟_a.`$ (26)
Since the partition function is invariant under this variation, we obtain

$`0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{𝐠}}{\displaystyle \frac{W_{\mathrm{tree}}}{𝚿_a}}𝐟_a+{\displaystyle \frac{𝐟_a}{𝚿_a}}.`$ (27)
The first term came from the change in the “action” and corresponds to the first term (the classical variation) of the generalized Konishi anomaly equation (14). On the other hand, the second term came from the Jacobian and corresponds to the second term (the anomalous variation) of Eq. (14).

The derivation of the loop equations now can be done exactly in parallel to the derivation of the gauge theory loop equations. In the $`SO/Sp`$ case, we again have to consider the projector $`P_{ij,kl}`$. Here we leave details of the derivation to Appendix B and present the results. For $`SO/Sp`$, they are

$$𝐠Tr\frac{W^{}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}+𝐠\stackrel{~}{𝐐}\frac{m^{}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}𝐐=\frac{1}{2}\left(𝐠Tr\frac{1}{z𝚽}\right)^2\pm \frac{\sigma }{2}𝐠^2Tr\frac{1}{(z𝚽)(z\sigma 𝚽)},$$

$$2\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}\frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}𝐐_f^{}=𝐠Tr\frac{1}{z𝚽}\delta _{ff^{}},2\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}\frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{f}^{}f}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}𝐐_f=𝐠Tr\frac{1}{z𝚽}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}},$$
(28)
in the $`SO`$ and $`Sp`$ cases, respectively. The last two equations are really the same because of the symmetry properties of $`𝚽`$ and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}`$.

Equations (28) include terms of all orders in $`𝐠`$. Expanding the matrix model expectation values in powers of $`𝐠`$, plugging in the expansion (25) and comparing the $`𝒪(1)`$ and $`𝒪(𝐠^1)`$ terms, we obtain the $`SO/Sp`$ loop equations333In the $`SO`$ antisymmetric and $`Sp`$ symmetric cases, $`𝐑_{RP^2}`$ can be expressed  in terms of $`𝐑_{S^2}`$, which leads to the expression    $`_{S^2}(𝐒)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{𝐒}}_{RP^2}`$  (29)  in the $`SO`$ and $`Sp`$ cases, respectively. . This is done in Appendix B, and the results are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [W^{}𝐑_{S^2}]_{}& =\frac{1}{2}(𝐑_{S^2})^2\hfill \\ \hfill [W^{}𝐑_{RP^2}]_{}& =\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(𝐑_{RP^2}\frac{1}{2z}\right)𝐑_{S^2}\hfill & SO\text{ antisymmetric}\hfill \\ \left(𝐑_{RP^2}\frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dz}\right)𝐑_{S^2}\hfill & SO\text{ symmetric}\hfill \\ \left(𝐑_{RP^2}+\frac{1}{2z}\right)𝐑_{S^2}\hfill & Sp\text{ symmetric}\hfill \\ \left(𝐑_{RP^2}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dz}\right)𝐑_{S^2}\hfill & Sp\text{ antisymmetric}\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ \hfill [W^{}𝐑_{D^2}+tr(m^{}𝐌_{D^2})]_{}& =𝐑_{D^2}𝐑_{S^2}\hfill \\ \hfill 2[(𝐌_{D^2}m)_{ff^{}}]_{}& =𝐑_{S^2}\delta _{ff^{}}\hfill \\ \hfill 2[(m𝐌_{D^2})_{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}}]_{}& =𝐑_{S^2}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(30)
We separated the $`𝐑_{RP^2}`$ and $`𝐑_{D^2}`$ contributions using the difference in their dependence on $`m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}`$ (see the argument below Eq. (25)). Again, the last two equations are really the same equation. For comparison, the $`U(N)`$ loop equations are

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [W^{}𝐑_{S^2}]_{}& =(𝐑_{S^2})^2\hfill \\ \hfill [W^{}𝐑_{D^2}+tr(m^{}𝐌_{D^2})]_{}& =2𝐑_{D^2}𝐑_{S^2}\hfill \\ \hfill [(𝐌_{D^2}m)_{ff^{}}]_{}& =𝐑_{S^2}\delta _{ff^{}}\hfill \\ \hfill [(m𝐌_{D^2})_{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}}]_{}& =𝐑_{S^2}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(31)
Note that there is no $`RP^2`$ contribution for $`U(N)`$.

The solutions to equations (30) or (31) are determined uniquely given the condition

$`𝐒={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}𝐑_{S^2}(z),0={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}𝐑_{RP^2}(z),0={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}𝐑_{D^2}(z).`$ (32)
In this sense, the loop equations are all we need to determine the free energy $`𝐅`$.

## 4 Connection between gauge theory and matrix model resolvents

On the gauge theory side we have arrived at the loop equations (18). If we can solve these equations for the resolvents, in particular for $`T(z)`$, we will have sufficient data to determine the glueball superpotential $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}(S)`$ up to a coupling independent part. In , it was shown for $`U(N)`$ with adjoint matter that the solution can be obtained with the help of an auxiliary matrix model. On the other hand, in  it was proved by perturbative diagram expansion that, for $`U(N)`$ and $`SO/Sp`$ with two-index tensor matter, if one only inserts up to two field strength superfield $`𝒲_\alpha `$’s per index loop then the calculation of $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}(S)`$ reduces to matrix integrals.

However, there are a number of reasons to study further the relation between the gauge theory and matrix model loop equations. First, as pointed out in  (see also p.11 of , and ), there are subtleties in using chiral ring relations at order $`S^h`$ and higher, where $`h`$ is the dual Coxeter number of the gauge group, and these could be related to the discrepancies observed in . Since traces of schematic form $`Tr[(𝒲_\alpha ^2)^n]`$ $`(nh)`$ can be rewritten in terms of lower power traces at these orders, imposing chiral ring relations before using the equation of motion of $`S`$ is not necessarily justified. So, it is important to clarify how this subtlety is treated in the Konishi anomaly approach. Second, as a practical matter, the anomaly approach is more efficient than the diagrammatic approach in the cases we studied.

So, let us adopt the following point of view (some related ideas were explored in ). Let us not assume the reduction to a matrix model a priori. Then the gauge theory resolvents $`R`$, $`T`$, and $`M`$ are just unknown functions that enable us to determine the coupling dependent part of the glueball effective action. We do know that we can evaluate the perturbative contribution to them by Feynman diagrams, but we do not know whether they are affected by nonperturbative effects or whether they can be calculated using a matrix model. These resolvents satisfy the loop equations (18), and given the conditions (20), they are determined uniquely. Similarly, the matrix model resolvents $`𝐑_{S^2}`$, $`𝐑_{RP^2}`$, $`𝐑_{D^2}`$, and $`𝐌_{D^2}`$ are now just functions satisfying matrix model loop equations (30). If we impose the condition (32), these resolvents are also determined uniquely, and by definition can be evaluated in matrix model perturbation theory.

Now, let us ask what the relation between the two sets of resolvents is. Actually it is simple: if we know the matrix model resolvents, we can construct the gauge theory resolvents as follows. In the $`SO/Sp`$ case,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R(z)& =𝐑_{S^2}(z),\hfill \\ \hfill T(z)& =N\frac{}{𝐒}𝐑_{S^2}(z)+4𝐑_{RP^2}(z)+𝐑_{D^2}(z),\hfill \\ \hfill M(z)& =𝐌_{D^2}(z)\hfill \end{array}$$
(33)
with $`S`$ and $`𝐒`$ identified; in the $`U(N)`$ case, we get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R(z)& =𝐑_{S^2}(z),w_\alpha (z)=w_\alpha \frac{}{𝐒}𝐑_{S^2}(z),\hfill \\ \hfill T(z)& =N\frac{}{𝐒}𝐑_{S^2}(z)+\frac{w_\alpha w^\alpha }{2}\frac{^2}{𝐒^2}𝐑_{S^2}(z)+𝐑_{D^2}(z),\hfill \\ \hfill M(z)& =𝐌_{D^2}(z)\hfill \end{array}$$
(34)
with the same $`S=𝐒`$ identification.444Some of these relations have been written down in . One can easily check that if the matrix model resolvents satisfy the matrix model loop equations (30) or (31), then the gauge theory resolvents satisfy the gauge theory loop equations (18) or (19). The requirement (20) is also satisfied provided that the matrix model resolvents satisfy the requirement (32). Further, these relations lead to

$`Tr[\mathrm{\Phi }^p]_{\text{gauge theory}}=p{\displaystyle \frac{}{g_p}}W_{\mathrm{eff}}=p{\displaystyle \frac{}{g_p}}\left[N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}_{S^2}+{\displaystyle \frac{w_\alpha w^\alpha }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{S^2}}_{S^2}+4_{RP^2}+_{D^2}\right],`$ (35)
which implies a relation between the effective superpotential and the matrix model quantities:

$`W_{\mathrm{eff}}=N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}_{S^2}+{\displaystyle \frac{w_\alpha w^\alpha }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{S^2}}_{S^2}+4_{RP^2}+_{D^2}`$ (36)
up to a coupling independent additive part. This proves that the gauge theory diagrams considered in the Konishi anomaly approach reduce to matrix model integrals for all matter representations considered. Further, we do not have to take into account nonperturbative effects, since we can assume a perturbative expansion in the matrix model (although, strictly speaking, one should also verify that the Konishi anomalies receive no nonperturbative corrections ).

The relations (33) and (34) are consistent with inserting at most two $`𝒲_\alpha `$’s per index loop, but not with inserting more than two and then using Lie algebra relations. For instance, this can be seen from the diagrammatic expansion of $`𝐑_{S^2}(z)`$. So this shows us explicitly which diagrams are being computed in the Konishi anomaly approach.

In the $`U(N)`$ case , it was convenient to collect all the gauge theory resolvents into a “superfield” $``$, because of the “supersymmetry” under a shift of $`𝒲_\alpha `$ by a Grassmann number, and one could relate $``$ to the matrix model resolvent $`𝐑_{S^2}`$. This fact enabled one to extract all the gauge theory resolvents solely from $`𝐑_{S^2}`$. However, in more general cases this trick does not work, and we have to relate the two sets of resolvents directly as in (33).

## 5 Traceless cases

So far, we considered two-index traceful matter $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$, and discussed the relation between the gauge theory and the corresponding matrix model. In this section, we consider traceless555In this section, we denote traceless quantities by tildes to distinguish them from their traceful counterparts. tensors $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{ij}`$. These traceless tensors were studied in , and a method of evaluating the glueball effective superpotential $`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}(S)`$ from the combinatorics of the matrix model diagrams was given. However, the precise connection between the gauge theory and the matrix model quantities was not transparent, since one had to keep some of the matrix model diagrams and drop others in a way that seemed rather arbitrary from the matrix model point of view. Instead, here we show that the calculation of $`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}(S)`$ in gauge theory with traceless matter reduces to a traceful matrix model.

### 5.1 Traceless gauge theory vs. traceful matrix model

To derive the generalized Konishi anomaly equation for a traceless tensor we have to use the appropriate projector

$`\stackrel{~}{P}_{ij,kl}P_{ij,kl}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\delta _{ij}P_{mm,kl}=P_{ij,kl}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\delta _{ij}\delta _{kl},`$ (37)
where $`P`$ is the projector of the corresponding traceful theory; the second equality holds for any projector defined in (15). The anomaly term (the second term of Eq. (14)) is the same as in the traceful case, since the trace part is a singlet and does not couple to the gauge field. Therefore, the only difference in the anomaly equation between traceful and traceless cases is in the classical variation (the first term of Eq. (14)), namely

$`Tr[(Pf)\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })]Tr[(\stackrel{~}{P}f)\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })]=Tr[(Pf)\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}Tr[f]Tr[\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })].`$ (38)
For definiteness, let us focus on $`SU(N)`$ adjoint matter, which can be thought of as traceless $`U(N)`$ adjoint matter, without fundamentals added; we will generalize the discussion to other groups and matter representations afterward. In this case, the last term of Eq. (38) changes the $`U(N)`$ loop equation (the first and the third lines of (19)) to

$`[\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(z)\stackrel{~}{R}(z)]_{}+g_1\stackrel{~}{R}(z)=\stackrel{~}{R}(z)^2,[\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(z)\stackrel{~}{T}(z)]_{}+g_1\stackrel{~}{T}(z)=2\stackrel{~}{R}(z)\stackrel{~}{T}(z).`$ (39)
Note that $`w_\alpha (z)=0`$ for $`SU(N)`$. The constant $`g_1`$ is

$`g_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}Tr[\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }})].`$ (40)
If we define

$`W(z)\stackrel{~}{W}(z)+g_1z,`$ (41)
the above equations are

$`[W^{}(z)\stackrel{~}{R}(z)]_{}=\stackrel{~}{R}(z)^2,[W^{}(z)\stackrel{~}{T}(z)]_{}=2\stackrel{~}{R}(z)\stackrel{~}{T}(z).`$ (42)
These are of the same form as the loop equations with traceful matter and the tree level superpotential $`W`$. Therefore, in order to obtain the effective glueball superpotential $`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}(S)`$ for traceless matter, we can instead solve the traceful theory with the shifted tree level superpotential $`W`$, choosing the value of $`g_1`$ appropriately. The solution to these loop equations is determined uniquely given the condition

$`S={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}\stackrel{~}{R}(z),N={\displaystyle _C}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{2\pi i}}\stackrel{~}{T}(z).`$ (43)
In the case of traceful matter, the contour is around a critical point of the tree level superpotential. However, for traceless matter, the loop equations above tell us that the contour should be taken around the critical point of the shifted superpotential (41), rather than the original $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$. This is because we cannot change all the eigenvalues of $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ independently due to the tracelessness condition $`Tr[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}]=0`$.

Let the resolvents of the traceful theory with tree level superpotential $`W(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ be $`R`$ and $`T`$, with $`g_1`$ treated as an independent variable. $`R`$ and $`T`$ are functions of $`z`$, $`g_{p1}`$ as well as $`S`$, $`N`$: $`R=R(z;g_{p1},S)`$, $`T=T(z;g_{p1},S,N)`$. We will often omit $`S`$ and $`N`$ in the arguments henceforth to avoid clutter. Since $`R`$ and $`T`$ satisfy the same loop equations as $`\stackrel{~}{R}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ provided $`g_1`$ is chosen appropriately, i.e. $`g_1=g_1(g_{p2},S,N)\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$, it should be that

$`\stackrel{~}{R}(z;g_{p2})=R(z;g_{p1})|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1},\stackrel{~}{T}(z;g_{p2})=T(z;g_{p1})|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}.`$ (44)
These satisfy the conditions (43) given that $`R`$ and $`T`$ satisfy the conditions (43) without tildes. Expanding these in $`z`$, we find

$`Tr[𝒲^2\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^p]{}_{g_{p2}}{}^{\mathrm{traceless}}=Tr[𝒲^2\mathrm{\Phi }^p]{}_{g_{p1}}{}^{\mathrm{traceful}}|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}^{},Tr[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^p]{}_{g_{p2}}{}^{\mathrm{traceless}}=Tr[\mathrm{\Phi }^p]{}_{g_{p1}}{}^{\mathrm{traceful}}|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}^{}.`$ (45)
In particular, setting $`p=1`$ in the second equation,

$`Tr[\mathrm{\Phi }]{}_{g_{p1}}{}^{\mathrm{traceful}}|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}^{}=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{}{g_1}}T(z;g_{p1})\right]|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}=0,`$ (46)
which can be used for determining $`g_1`$ in terms of all other parameters.666 One might have expected that $`g_1`$ can be determined by Eq. (40). However, it is easy to show using the relation (45) that the equation is just the equation of motion of the traceful theory, which is identically satisfied for any $`g_1`$: $`0Tr[W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })]=Tr[\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }})]+Ng_1.`$ We infer from Eq. (44) equality between the traceless and traceful effective superpotentials:

$`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}(g_{p2},S,N)=W_{\mathrm{eff}}(g_{p1},S,N)|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1(g_{p2},S,N)}.`$ (47)
As long as we impose the tracelessness condition (46), this correctly reproduces the relation (45). Note that $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$ depends on $`N`$; this is the origin of the complicated $`N`$ dependence of $`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ found in .

Because we know that the traceful theory can be solved by the associated traceful matrix model, we can calculate the effective superpotential using that matrix model. Specifically, in the present case, it is given in terms of the free energy of the traceful matrix model by

$`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}(g_{p2},S,N)=\left[N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}_{S^2}\right]|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}.`$ (48)
The function $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1(g_2,g_3,\mathrm{},S,N)`$ is determined by

$`Tr[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}]=\left[N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{g_1}}_{S^2}\right]|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}=0.`$ (49)
If we add fundamental fields, the shift constant $`g_1`$ is changed to

$`g_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}Tr[\stackrel{~}{W}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }})]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\stackrel{~}{Q}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}Q_f,`$ (50)
but everything else remains the same; we just have to work with the traceful theory and the shifted tree level superpotential. $`g_1`$ is determined by the tracelessness condition.

We only discussed the $`SU(N)`$ case in the above, but the generalization to other tensors, i.e., $`SO`$ traceless symmetric tensor and $`Sp`$ traceless antisymmetric tensor, is straightforward. We just shift the tree level superpotential as (41), and work with the traceful theory instead.

### 5.2 Examples

Here we explicitly demonstrate how the method outlined above works in the case of a cubic tree level superpotential,

$`\stackrel{~}{W}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }})={\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{3}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^3.`$ (51)
The associated traceful tree level superpotential is

$`W(\mathrm{\Phi })=\lambda \mathrm{\Phi }+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}\mathrm{\Phi }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{3}}\mathrm{\Phi }^3`$ (52)
($`g_1=\lambda ,g_2=m,g_3=g`$).

#### 5.2.1 SU(N) adjoint

We first consider $`SU(N)`$ with adjoint matter and no fundamentals. In  it was found by perturbative computation to order $`g^6`$ that the corresponding $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ vanishes due to a cancellation among diagrams. We will now prove that $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}=0`$ to all orders in $`g`$.

The planar contributions to the free energy of the traceful matrix model can be computed exactly by the standard method :

$`_{S^2}=`$ $`SW_0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}S^2\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{m}}{\sqrt{1+y}m}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{S^2}{y}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}y+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}y^2(1+y)^{3/2}\right]`$ (53)
with

$`\stackrel{~}{m}=\sqrt{m^24\lambda g}`$
$`W_0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2g}}(\stackrel{~}{m}m)\left(\lambda +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12g}}(\stackrel{~}{m}m)(\stackrel{~}{m}+2m)\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{y}{(1+y)^{3/2}}}={\displaystyle \frac{8g^2S}{m^3}}.`$ (54)
We discarded some $`g`$ independent contributions. The $`W_0`$ term arises from shifting $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to eliminate the linear term in $`W(\mathrm{\Phi })`$. The superpotential is therefore

$`W_{\mathrm{eff}}=N{\displaystyle \frac{_{S^2}}{S}}=NW_0+{\displaystyle \frac{NS}{6y}}\left[46y+6y\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{m}}{m\sqrt{1+y}}}\right)+4(1+y)^{3/2}\right].`$ (55)
Imposing $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}/\lambda =0`$ leads to, after some algebra,

$`\lambda ={\displaystyle \frac{2gS}{m}},y={\displaystyle \frac{8g^2S}{m^3}}.`$ (56)
Substituting back into (55) and doing some more algebra, we find

$`W_{\mathrm{eff}}=0.`$ (57)
This vanishing of the perturbative contribution to the effective superpotential is consistent with the gauge theory analysis of . In fact, it is shown there that $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}=0`$ for any tree level superpotential with only odd power interactions.

#### 5.2.2 Sp(N) antisymmetric tensor

Now consider $`Sp(N)`$ with an antisymmetric tensor and no fundamentals. By diagram calculations or by computer, the planar and $`RP^2`$ contributions to the free energy of the traceful matrix model are

$`_{S^2}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2S}{2m}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda S^2}{2m^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^3S}{3m^3}}\right)g\left({\displaystyle \frac{S^3}{6m^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2S^2}{m^4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^4S}{2m^3}}\right)g^2`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda S^3}{m^5}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8\lambda ^3S^2}{3m^6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^5S}{m^7}}\right)g^3\left({\displaystyle \frac{S^4}{3m^6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5\lambda ^2S^3}{m^7}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8\lambda ^4S^2}{m^8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{7\lambda ^6S}{3m^9}}\right)g^4`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\lambda S^4}{m^8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{70\lambda ^3S^3}{3m^9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{128\lambda ^5S^2}{5m^{10}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{6\lambda ^7S}{m^{11}}}\right)g^5`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{7S^5}{6m^9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{32\lambda ^2S^4}{m^{10}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{105\lambda ^4S^3}{m^{11}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{256\lambda ^6S^2}{3m^{12}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{33\lambda ^8S}{2m^{13}}}\right)g^6`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{21\lambda S^5}{m^{11}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{640\lambda ^3S^4}{3m^{12}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{462\lambda ^5S^3}{m^{13}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2048\lambda ^7S^2}{7m^{14}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{143\lambda ^9S}{3m^{15}}}\right)g^7`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{16S^6}{3m^{12}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{231\lambda ^2S^5}{m^{13}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1280\lambda ^4S^4}{m^{14}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2002\lambda ^6S^3}{m^{15}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1024\lambda ^8S^2}{m^{16}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{143\lambda ^{10}S^1}{m^{17}}}\right)g^8+𝒪(g^9),`$ (58)
$`_{RP^2}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda S}{2m^2}}g+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3\lambda S^2}{8m^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2S}{m^4}}\right)g^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{9\lambda S^2}{4m^5}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8\lambda ^3S}{3m^6}}\right)g^3`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{59S^3}{48m^6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{45\lambda ^2S^2}{4m^7}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8\lambda ^4S}{m^8}}\right)g^4+\left({\displaystyle \frac{59\lambda S^3}{4m^8}}+{\displaystyle \frac{105\lambda ^3S^2}{2m^9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{128\lambda ^5S}{5m^{10}}}\right)g^5`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{197S^4}{32m^9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{118\lambda ^2S^3}{m^{10}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{945\lambda ^4S^2}{4m^{11}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{256\lambda ^6S}{3m^{12}}}\right)g^6`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1773\lambda S^4}{16m^{11}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2360\lambda ^3S^3}{3m^{12}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2079\lambda ^5S^2}{2m^{13}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2048\lambda ^7S}{7m^{14}}}\right)g^7`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{4775S^5}{128m^{12}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{19503\lambda ^2S^4}{16m^{13}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4720\lambda ^4S^3}{m^{14}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{9009\lambda ^6S^2}{2m^{15}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1024\lambda ^8S}{m^{16}}}\right)g^8+𝒪(g^9),`$ (59)
up to a $`\lambda `$ and $`g`$ independent part. From the tracelessness (46), we find

$`\lambda =`$ $`\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{N}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{S}{m}}g+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{N}}+{\displaystyle \frac{12}{N^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{S^2}{m^4}}g^3+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \frac{24}{N^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{160}{N^3}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{S^3}{m^7}}g^5`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{4N}}{\displaystyle \frac{27}{N^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{192}{N^3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2688}{N^4}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{S^4}{m^{10}}}g^7+𝒪(g^9)\stackrel{~}{\lambda }.`$ (60)
Therefore, the effective superpotential is, up to an $`\alpha `$ independent additive part,

$`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}=`$ $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}|_{\lambda =\stackrel{~}{\lambda }}=\left[N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}_{S^2}+4_{RP^2}\right]|_{\lambda =\stackrel{~}{\lambda }}`$
$`=`$ $`\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{N}}\right)S^2\alpha +\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{8}{N}}+{\displaystyle \frac{160}{3N^2}}\right)S^3\alpha ^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{12}{N}}{\displaystyle \frac{256}{3N^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3584}{3N^3}}\right)S^4\alpha ^3`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{24}{N}}{\displaystyle \frac{352}{N^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{33792}{N^4}}\right)S^5\alpha ^4+\mathrm{},`$ (61)
where $`\alpha \frac{g^2}{2m^3}`$. This reproduces the result of  up to $`𝒪(\alpha ^3)`$ and extends it further to $`𝒪(\alpha ^4)`$.

From these examples, the advantage of the present approach over the traceless diagram approach of  should be clear. In that approach, one has to evaluate contributing diagrams order by order and evaluating the combinatorics gets very cumbersome. On the other hand, in this traceful approach, there is no issue of keeping and dropping diagrams, and calculations can be done more systematically. Therefore, being able to reduce the traceless problem to a traceful problem is a great advantage.

### 5.3 Traceless matrix model

We saw that the traceless gauge theory can be solved by the traceful matrix model, not the traceless matrix model. In the following, we argue that the traceless matrix model is not useful in determining the effective superpotential of the traceless gauge theory, $`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}`$. The relation among traceless and traceful theories, as far as the effective superpotential is concerned, is shown in Fig. 1.

The matrix model loop equation for traceless matter can be derived almost in parallel to the traceless gauge theory loop equation derived in the previous subsection. Again, we replace the projector $`P`$ with the appropriate traceless version $`\stackrel{~}{P}`$. For example, in the case of $`SU(N)`$ adjoint without fundamentals, which was considered in the previous section on the gauge theory side, the loop equation is

$`[W^{}\stackrel{~}{𝐑}_{S^2}]_{}`$ $`=(\stackrel{~}{𝐑}_{S^2})^2.`$ (66)
Here $`W`$ is the shifted superpotential defined in (41), with $`g_1`$ defined in (40) and the gauge theory expectation values replaced by the matrix model expectation values.

Eq. (66) is of the same form as the traceful matrix model loop equation, and the first equation of the traceless gauge theory loop equations (42). Finally, using the equivalence of the traceful gauge theory and matrix model, we conclude that

$`\stackrel{~}{𝐑}(z;g_{p2})=𝐑(z;g_{p1})|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}=R(z;g_{p1})|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}=\stackrel{~}{R}(z;g_{p2}).`$ (67)
However, what we need to determine $`\stackrel{~}{W}_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$, which we saw in the last subsection to be obtainable from the traceful theory as

$`\stackrel{~}{T}(z;g_{p2},S,N)=T(z;g_{p2},S,N)|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1(g_2,g_3,\mathrm{},S,N)}=\left[N{\displaystyle \frac{}{S}}R(z;g_{p2})\right]|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1(g_2,g_3,\mathrm{},S,N)}.`$ (68)
From the standpoint of the traceless matrix model, the only thing we know is $`\stackrel{~}{𝐑}=\stackrel{~}{R}=R|_{g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1}`$, and we have no information about the $`g_1`$ dependence of $`R`$. In the framework of the traceless matrix model, there is no way of performing the derivative $`/S`$ in (68) before making the replacement $`g_1=\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$, because $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$ depends on $`S`$ also.

Therefore, it is impossible to obtain the effective superpotential for the traceless gauge theory directly, just by using the data from the corresponding traceless matrix model. We really need to invoke the traceful matrix model.

## Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by NSF grant PHY-0099590.

Appendix

## Appendix A Loop equations on the gauge theory side

In this appendix, we are going to calculate the gauge theory loop equations using the approach of  . We start with generalized Konishi currents and corresponding transformations of the fields

$`\begin{array}{ccccccc}J_f& & Tr\mathrm{\Phi }^{}e^{V_{\mathrm{adj}}}f(𝒲_\alpha ,\mathrm{\Phi })& & \delta \mathrm{\Phi }& =& f(𝒲_\alpha ,\mathrm{\Phi })\\ J_g& & Q_f^{}e^{V_{\mathrm{fund}}}g_{ff^{}}(\mathrm{\Phi })Q_f^{}& & \delta Q_f& =& g_{ff^{}}(\mathrm{\Phi })Q_f^{}\end{array}`$ (69)
The explicitly written indices on the $`Q_f`$’s and $`g_{ff^{}}`$ are flavor indices, and gauge indices are suppressed. We find the generalized anomaly equations

$`\overline{D}^2J_f`$ $`=`$ $`Trf(𝒲_\alpha ,\mathrm{\Phi })W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })+\stackrel{~}{Q}f(𝒲_\alpha ,\mathrm{\Phi })m^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })Q+{\displaystyle \underset{jklm}{}}A_{jk,lm}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{kj}}{\mathrm{\Phi }_{lm}}}`$
$`\overline{D}^2J_g`$ $`=`$ $`2\stackrel{~}{Q}m(\mathrm{\Phi })g(\mathrm{\Phi })Q+TrA^{\mathrm{fund}}g(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ (70)
and $`\overline{D}^2J_f`$ and $`\overline{D}^2J_g`$ vanish in the chiral ring.

The field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ being considered transforms by commutation under gauge transformations, so the elementary anomaly coefficient is the same as the one appearing in ,

$`A_{jk,lm}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}\left[(𝒲_\alpha 𝒲^\alpha )_{jm}\delta _{lk}+(𝒲_\alpha 𝒲^\alpha )_{lk}\delta _{jm}2(𝒲_\alpha )_{jm}(𝒲^\alpha )_{lk}\right]`$ (71)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}\{𝒲_\alpha ,[𝒲^\alpha ,e_{ml}]\}_{jk}`$
where $`e_{ml}`$ is the basis matrix with the single non-zero entry $`(e_{ml})_{jk}=\delta _{mj}\delta _{lk}`$. For fields transforming in the fundamental representation we should use

$`A_{jk}^{\mathrm{fund}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}(𝒲_\alpha 𝒲^\alpha )_{jk}`$ (72)
There is one modification in the treatment of fundamental fields, as compared to the $`U(N)`$ case studied in . Since the fundamental representation is real for $`SO`$ and pseudo-real for $`Sp`$, the fields $`Q`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Q}`$ are not independent; instead, they are related by (5). This results in the factor of 2 in the second equation in (A), but otherwise the discussion proceeds as in . In the rest of the Appendix we omit reference to fundamentals.

Next we consider the symmetries of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. In equation (69), $`f=\delta \mathrm{\Phi }`$ must have the same symmetry properties as $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ itself. The tensor field will be taken either symmetric or antisymmetric. We can discuss all four cases in a uniform fashion by using the notation

$`\mathrm{\Phi }^T=\{\begin{array}{cc}\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }& \text{for groups }SO(N)\text{,}\\ \sigma J\mathrm{\Phi }J^1& \text{for groups }Sp(N)\text{,}\end{array}`$ (73)
and $`\sigma =\pm 1`$. The gauge field satisfies $`𝒲_\alpha {}_{}{}^{T}=𝒲_\alpha `$ for $`SO`$ groups, and $`𝒲_\alpha {}_{}{}^{T}=J𝒲_\alpha J^1`$ for $`Sp`$ groups. As discussed in Subsection 2.2, $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ has the property

$`\mathrm{\Phi }=P\mathrm{\Phi },\text{or explicitly}\mathrm{\Phi }_{ab}=P_{ab,ij}\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$ (74)
with the projectors defined in (15). To ensure that $`f`$ has the same symmetry as $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, we should replace $`fPf`$ in (A). Specifically, we will take $`\delta \mathrm{\Phi }`$ of the form

$`f^{SO}`$ $`=`$ $`P^{SO}{\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)+\sigma \left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)^T=\left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)+\sigma \left({\displaystyle \frac{B^T}{z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }}}\right),`$ (75)
$`f^{Sp}`$ $`=`$ $`P^{Sp}{\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)+\sigma J\left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)^TJ=\left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)+\sigma \left({\displaystyle \frac{JB^TJ}{z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }}}\right),`$ (76)
with $`B=1`$ or $`B=𝒲^2𝒲_\beta 𝒲^\beta `$. Using the symmetry of the gauge field and the chiral ring relations, both (75) and (76) reduce to

$`f`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}+\sigma {\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }}}.`$ (77)
Also, to take derivatives with respect to matrix elements777 In the case of $`U(N)`$ of , one had $`P_{lm,ab}=(e_{lm})_{ab}`$ which satisfies $`(e_{lm})_{ab}B_{ab}=B_{lm}`$, for any matrix $`B`$.  correctly we should set

$`_{lm}\mathrm{\Phi }_{ab}=P_{lm,ab}`$ (78)
Then the tensor field anomaly term becomes

$`A_{jk,lm}_{lm}f_{kj}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}\left[(𝒲^2)_{jm}\delta _{lk}+\delta _{jm}(𝒲^2)_{lk}2(𝒲_\alpha )_{jm}(𝒲^\alpha )_{lk}\right]`$ (79)
$`\times \left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)_{ra}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)_{bs}P_{kj,rs}P_{lm,ab}\right].`$
After using the projectors (15), the identity $`Tr𝒲_\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }^k=0`$, the symmetry properties of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`𝒲_\alpha `$, and the chiral ring relations, we find

$`A_{jk,lm}_{lm}f_{kj}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}[(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}})(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}})+(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}})(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2B}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}})`$ (80)
$`+4k\sigma Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2B}{(z\mathrm{\Phi })(z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi })}}]`$
The only difference in (80) between the two types of gauge groups is that the sign in front of the single trace term is $`k=+1`$ for $`SO`$, and $`k=1`$ for $`Sp`$. Taking $`B=1`$ and $`B=𝒲^2`$ in (80) we find

$`0`$ $`=`$ $`Tr{\displaystyle \frac{W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}+\sigma Tr{\displaystyle \frac{W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }}}`$ (81)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{32\pi ^2}}\left[\left(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)\left(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)+2k\sigma \left(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{(z\mathrm{\Phi })(z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi })}}\right)\right]`$
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}+\sigma Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z+\mathrm{\Phi }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}\left[\left(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)\left(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)\right]`$ (82)
Now recall that $`W(\mathrm{\Phi })^T=W(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ for $`SO(N)`$, and $`W(\mathrm{\Phi })^T=JW(\mathrm{\Phi })J^1`$ for $`Sp(N)`$ since it only appears inside a trace; so

$`Tr{\displaystyle \frac{W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma Tr{\displaystyle \frac{W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}},Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\sigma \mathrm{\Phi }}}=\sigma Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2W^{}(\mathrm{\Phi })}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}.`$ (83)
The single trace terms have to be treated separately: when $`\sigma =1`$,

$`Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z^2\mathrm{\Phi }^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2z}}Tr\left[𝒲^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z+\mathrm{\Phi }}}\right)\right]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{z}}Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}`$ (84)
while for $`\sigma =+1`$, we should use

$`Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{(z\mathrm{\Phi })^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Tr{\displaystyle \frac{𝒲^2}{z\mathrm{\Phi }}}.`$ (85)
Putting everything together, we find the loop equations written in equation (18).

## Appendix B Loop equations on the matrix model side

Here we derive the matrix model loop equations for $`SO/Sp`$ following Seiberg , who discussed the $`U(N)`$ case. Start with the matrix model partition function

$`Z={\displaystyle 𝑑𝚽𝑑𝐐\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{1}{𝐠}\left[Tr[W(𝚽)]+\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}(𝚽)𝐐_f\right]\right\}}.`$ (86)
Because the fundamental matter is real for $`SO(N)`$ and pseudo-real for $`Sp(N)`$, there is no integration over $`\stackrel{~}{𝐐}`$. It is not an independent variable, but related to $`𝐐`$ by Eq. (5). We will write the symmetry properties of the the tensor field $`𝚽`$ as

$`𝚽^T=\{\begin{array}{cc}\sigma 𝚽\hfill & SO(N),\hfill \\ \sigma J𝚽J^1\hfill & Sp(N).\hfill \end{array}`$ (87)
where $`\sigma =\pm 1`$. The matrix $`m(𝚽)`$ has symmetry properties as given in Eq. (8).

Now we perform two independent transformations

$`\delta 𝚽=BP{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}},\delta 𝐐_f=\lambda _{ff^{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}𝐐_f^{}`$ (88)
where $`B`$ (number) and $`\lambda `$ (matrix) are independent and infinitesimal. To make sure that $`\delta 𝚽`$ has the same symmetry properties as $`𝚽`$ itself, we have introduced the appropriate projector $`P`$ in (88), see Eq. (15). The measure in (86) changes as

$`d𝚽`$ $``$ $`d𝚽J_𝚽=d𝚽(1+\mathrm{\Delta }_𝚽),`$
$`d𝐐`$ $``$ $`d𝐐J_𝐐=d𝐐(1+\mathrm{\Delta }_𝐐)`$ (89)
to first order in $`B`$ and $`\lambda `$, where the corresponding changes in the Jacobians are

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝚽`$ $`=`$ $`BP_{ij,ab}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right)_{ia}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right)_{bj}`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝐐`$ $`=`$ $`\left(Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right)\left(tr\lambda \right),`$ (90)
where $`tr`$ is a trace over the flavor indices. The classical pieces change by

$`\delta Tr[W(𝚽)]=BTr\left[W^{}(𝚽)P{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right]=BTr{\displaystyle \frac{W^{}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}}.`$ (91)
One can show the second equality using symmetry properties of $`W`$: since it only enters $`Z`$ in the form of the trace, we should take $`W(𝚽^T)=W(𝚽)`$ for $`SO`$ and $`W(𝚽^T)=JW(𝚽)J^1`$ for $`Sp`$. Similarly,

$`\delta (\stackrel{~}{𝐐}m𝐐)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{𝐐}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^Tm}{z\sigma 𝚽}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m\lambda }{z𝚽}}\right)𝐐+B\stackrel{~}{𝐐}m^{}\left(P{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right)𝐐`$ (92)
$`=`$ $`2\stackrel{~}{𝐐}{\displaystyle \frac{m\lambda }{z𝚽}}𝐐+B\stackrel{~}{𝐐}{\displaystyle \frac{m^{}}{z𝚽}}𝐐,`$
where we used a similar symmetry property of the matrix $`m`$. Finally, with the explicit form of the projectors (15) we find that in all four cases the statement $`\delta Z=0`$ gives two independent loop equations (one for $`B`$, and one for $`\lambda `$):

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(𝐠Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right)^2\pm {\displaystyle \frac{\sigma }{2}}𝐠𝐠Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(z𝚽)(z\sigma 𝚽)}}`$ $`=𝐠Tr{\displaystyle \frac{W^{}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}}+𝐠\stackrel{~}{𝐐}{\displaystyle \frac{m^{}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}}𝐐,`$
$`𝐠Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\delta _{ff^{}}`$ $`=2\stackrel{~}{𝐐}_{\stackrel{~}{f}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{f}f}(𝚽)}{z𝚽}}𝐐_f^{},`$ (93)
for $`SO`$ and $`Sp`$, respectively. This is Eq. (28) quoted in Section 3.

As it is written, equation (B) includes all orders in $`𝐠`$. The anomaly term in the first equation (B) factorizes as

$`\left(𝐠Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}\right)^2=𝐠Tr{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z𝚽}}^2\times \left[1+𝒪(𝐠^2)\right]`$ (94)
as can be seen from a diagram expansion. With this and the definition of matrix model resolvents (23) and (25), we obtain the loop equations (30).