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# Doubly Special Relativity and de Sitter space

## 1 Introduction

Without doubts the quest for a theory of quantum gravity is one of the most important challenges of the high energy physics. One of the stumbling blocks on our way to formulate and understand quantum gravity was notorious lack of any kind of experimental tests and evidences. In the recent years however the developments on this field have undertaken a sudden turn. Contrary to the earlier expectations it turns out that we are likely to being close to discover “quantum gravity signals” in experiments, if we do not see them already in the anomalous behavior of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and TeV photons (for up to date review of the “quantum gravity phenomenology” see e.g.  and references therein.)

These developments have led to the opening of new and rapidly growing field of research. Since the observable effects are due not to the extremely strong gravitational fields but rather to cumulation of minute effects one should look for the traces of quantum gravity in weak gravitational field regime, something that might be called “quantum special relativity”, being a limit of quantum gravity in a similar way Special Relativity is a limit of General Relativity. Doubly Special Relativity111Let us note at this point that some authors  criticized the use of the term “doubly special relativity”, arguing that it would be more correct to call the theory we are considering “special relativity with two invariant scales”. Though we fully agree with the arguments presented there, and even given the fact that the term “deformed special relativity” (with the same acronym, DSR) would perhaps better describe the nature of the DSR proposal, for historical reasons we decide to follow the original term proposed by Amelino-Camelia. ,  is a proposal of such a theory. The idea is that there exist in nature two observer-independent scales, of velocity, identified with the speed of light, and of mass, which is expected to be of order of Planck mass222It was observed by many authors that the “trans-Planckian” physics may require introduction of an additional scale, identified with the Planck mass or Planck length (see  for more details and early references.) Let us note also that in the recent literature there appear proposals to introduce another second scale, which is interpreted physically as maximal acceleration , , . It is not clear to us if and how such theoretical models are related to DSR. .

The appearance of the second scale is to be understood as a trace of quantum structure of space-time, which is present even if the local degrees of freedom of gravitational field are switched off. Some heuristic arguments supporting such an interpretation have appeared in . Recently it was shown that 2+1 gravity provides an example of a DSR theory , . This opens the possibility to interpret DSR as a semi-classical, flat space limit of quantum gravity in $`3+1`$ dimensions, as follows. It is well known that in the limit $`G0`$ general relativity becomes a topological field theory, whose only solution (without sources) is flat space-time. It is therefore possible that when one takes an appropriate semiclassical, weak coupling limit of quantum gravity $`G0`$, $`\mathrm{}0`$, one finds that $`\kappa ^1lim_{G,\mathrm{}0}\sqrt{G/\mathrm{}}`$ remains finite (and equal to the Planck length.) By construction $`\kappa `$ would be a new fundamental, observer-independent scale governing the particle kinematics in flat space time at ultra high energy. The analysis of particle kinematics in 2+1 gravity supports also the claim that symmetries of particle kinematics are to be described by a quantum group, and that particles are labelled by representations of this quantum group.

Introduction of the second observer-independent scale makes it necessary, of course, to modify the rules that govern transformations from one inertial observer to another. In the algebraic language this is equivalent to replacing the standard Poincaré algebra of Special Relativity by another, deformed algebra, tending to the former in the limit of large mass scale $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$. Indeed such an example of Doubly Special Relativity has been found and described in some details in , . It has been shown further ,  that the structure of this theory, called nowadays DSR1 or bicrossproduct (basis) DSR, with non-commutative space-time, is identical with the quantum deformations of Poincaré symmetry, known as $`\kappa `$-Poincaré algebra , .

DSR1 is of course not the only Doubly Special Relativity. Another theory of this kind has been constructed by Magueijo and Smolin , and it was this paper that became a main motivation to investigate the whole class of DSR theories, instead of particular examples. Such investigations have been undertaken in ,  and the results of these papers can be summarized as follows:

1. There exists a whole class of Doubly Special Relativity Theories, for whose the Lorentz symmetry algebra is not deformed. This means that, contrary to the statements one can sometimes find in the literature, in DSR theories we do not have to do with Lorentz symmetry breaking, i.e., there exist a subgroup of the group of symmetries of the theory, whose algebra is exactly the Lorentz algebra of Special Relativity.
2. The algebra of Lorentz transformations and momenta is deformed, though. All such deformations of Poincaré algebra (i.e., all DSR theories) are related to each other by reparametrizations of momentum variables , . In this paper, for illustrative purposes we will employ the DSR1 theory, described by the $`\kappa `$-Poincaré algebra in the bicrossproduct basis , .
3. Each of the deformed algebras of Lorentz transformation and momenta can be provided with the quantum algebra structure, in particular with the one identical with $`\kappa `$-Poincaré. This structure makes it possible in turn to construct the phase space algebra , , i.e., the set of commutators between Lorentz generators, momenta and positions. It turns out also that positions do not commute, with either $`\kappa `$-Minkowski , or Snyder  type of non-commutativity, so that in DSR we have to do with the Lie type, non-commutative space-time structure , .
4. Since DSR is to be a theory of particle kinematics, one cannot restrict oneself to the energy momentum space only (as it was implicit at the early stages of the development of DSR programme.) Instead a DSR theory is defined by the phase space algebra, which in addition to the energy momentum sector contains the noncommutative space-time structure, and a set of nontrivial cross commutators of energy/momenta with space/time positions.

It has been shown in the recent paper  that all these properties can be understood if one employs a simple geometrical language. Namely, any DSR theory can be understood as a particular coordinate system on four dimensional de Sitter space of momenta imbedded in five dimensional Minkowski space. In this picture the Lorentz transformations are identified with the $`SO(3,1)`$ subgroup of the $`SO(4,1)`$ group of the symmetries of de Sitter space, while the (non-commutative) positions with the remaining four generators, being “translations” in energy-momentum space. The present paper is devoted to investigations of the geometric picture associated with DSR theories in more details. In Section 2 we present some basic information concerning de Sitter space of momenta and its symmetries, in Section 3 we discuss the geometric picture of the DSR theories in more details. Section 4 is devoted to investigating relation between geometric de Sitter space picture and the quantum algebraic approach to DSR. In Section 5 we describe the construction of the covariant differential calculus, and use it to write down the deformed Klein-Gordon equation as well as to derive the plane wave solutions of the this equation. Section 6 is devoted to explaining relation between de Sitter space formalism and some other techniques employed in investigations of DSR theories.

Throughout this paper we try to formulate some results of general nature. For the illustrative purposes however we employ the DSR1 theory. In this theory the (commutative) momenta $`p_\mu `$ transform under action of boosts $`N_i`$, and rotations $`M_i`$ as follows

$$[N_i,p_j]=i\delta _{ij}(\frac{\kappa }{2}(1e^{2p_0/\kappa })+\frac{1}{2\kappa }\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})i\frac{1}{\kappa }p_ip_j,[N_i,p_0]=ip_i,$$
(1)
$$[M_i,p_j]=iϵ_{ijk}p_k,[M_i,p_0]=0.$$
(2)
There are of course many other DSR theories, and we list the basic properties of some of them in the Appendix.

## 2 De Sitter space of momenta

Doubly Special Relativity was initially formulated , , ,  as a theory of nonlinear realization of the Lorentz symmetry on the energy-momentum space. It has been obvious however that one should extend it to the formulation based on the complete phase space. This has been done in  with the help of the quantum $`\kappa `$-Poincaré algebra structure and the so-called Heisenberg double procedure , . In the paper  it has been shown that an equivalent, geometric method of deriving the phase space algebra exists. This method is based on appropriate interpretation of ten symmetries of the four dimensional space of momenta, which contrary to the standard case is assumed to be a maximally symmetric space of constant positive curvature, the de Sitter space. Let us now turn to the description of this space and its symmetries.

Consider the five dimensional space of variables $`\eta _A`$, $`A=0,\mathrm{},4`$ of dimension of momentum equipped with the Minkowski metric

$$ds^2=g^{AB}d\eta _Ad\eta _B=d\eta _0^2+d\eta _i^2+d\eta _4^2.$$
(3)
This metric is invariant under the action of the group $`SO(4,1)`$, whose generators are rotations $`M_i`$, boosts $`N_i`$, and four remaining generators, which we will denote $`X_\mu `$ and call “positions” (this terminology will become clear later on.) The Lorentz generators form the $`𝒮𝒪(3,1)`$ subalgebra of the $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ algebra and satisfy

$$[M_i,M_j]=iϵ_{ijk}M_k,[M_i,N_j]=iϵ_{ijk}N_k,$$

$$[N_i,N_j]=iϵ_{ijk}M_k,$$
(4)
These operators act on the first four variables $`\eta _\mu `$ in a standard way, to wit

$$[M_i,\eta _j]=iϵ_{ijk}\eta _k,[N_i,\eta _j]=i\delta _{ij}\eta _0,[N_i,\eta _0]=i\eta _i,$$
(5)
and leave the variable $`\eta _4`$ invariant. The commutational relations between these generators and positions are defined by decomposing $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ into $`𝒮𝒪(3,1)`$ and the remainder. In the case of Cartan decomposition, we have the relations

$$[X_0,X_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa ^2}N_i,[X_i,X_j]=\frac{i}{\kappa ^2}ϵ_{ijk}M_k$$
(6)
We will identify $`X_\mu `$ with position operators (i.e. generators of “translations” of momenta,) and for that reason we have re-scaled them so that they have the dimension of length. Then one easily sees that the relations (6) correspond to space-time non-commutativity of Snyder’s type .

Another natural decomposition is possible, leading to the commutators

$$[x_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }x_i,[x_i,x_j]=0.,$$
(7)
This quite different type of non-commutativity corresponds to the $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time . Note that contrary to (6), eqs. (7) describe the Lie-type non-commutativity of space-time. To emphasize this difference we will denote positions in Snyder’s non-commutative space-time by capital letters, and those in $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time by small ones. The remaining $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ commutators read then

$$[N_i,X_0]=iX_i,[N_i,X_j]=i\delta _{ij}X_0$$
(8)
and

$$[N_i,x_0]=ix_i\frac{i}{\kappa }N_i,[N_i,x_j]=i\delta _{ij}x_0\frac{i}{\kappa }ϵ_{ijk}M_k.$$
(9)
The relation between $`\kappa `$-Minkowski and Snyder’s position variables $`x_\mu `$ and $`X_\mu `$ reads

$$x_0=X_0,x_i=X_i+\frac{1}{\kappa }N_i,$$
(10)
so that indeed these variables are related by simple rearrangement of the basis of the Lie algebra $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ of symmetries of de Sitter space.

Knowing the algebra, we can write down the action of $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ generators on the variables $`\eta _A`$. The Lorentz boosts and rotations act in the standard way

$$[M_i,\eta _j]=iϵ_{ijk}\eta _k,[M_i,\eta _0]=[M_i,\eta _4]=0$$
(11)
$$[N_i,\eta _j]=i\delta _{ij}\eta _0,[N_i,\eta _0]=i\eta _i,[N_i,\eta _4]=0$$
(12)
The cross commutators of $`\kappa `$-Minkowski positions and $`\eta _A`$ have the form

$$[x_0,\eta _4]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _0,[x_0,\eta _0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _4,[x_0,\eta _i]=0,$$
(13)
$$[x_i,\eta _4]=[x_i,\eta _0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _i,[x_i,\eta _j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\delta _{ij}(\eta _0\eta _4),$$
(14)
while for the Snyder’s position variables one finds

$$[X_0,\eta _4]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _0,[X_0,\eta _0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _4,[X_0,\eta _i]=0,$$
(15)
$$[X_i,\eta _4]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _i,[X_i,\eta _0]=0[X_i,\eta _j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\delta _{ij}\eta _4,$$
(16)
As it will be shown in the next section equations (11)–(16) can be used to reconstruct the whole of the phase space of any particular DSR theory.

## 3 DSR theories as coordinates on de Sitter space

It is well known that the algebra $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ discussed in the previous section is an algebra of symmetries of de Sitter space defined as a following surface in the five-dimensional Euclidean space of Minkowski signature (3)

$$\eta _0^2+\eta _1^2+\eta _2^2+\eta _3^2+\eta _4^2=\kappa ^2,$$
(17)
Let us define an origin $`𝒪`$ of de Sitter space as a point invariant under action of the $`SO(3,1)`$ subgroup of this symmetry group, cf. (11), (12); thus the point $`𝒪`$ has the coordinates $`(0,0,0,0,\kappa )`$. Let us define coordinates $`p_0,p_i`$ (physical momenta) on the surface (17) by

$$\eta _0=\eta _0(p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}),\eta _i=p_i\eta (p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}),\eta _4=\sqrt{\kappa ^2+\eta _0^2\eta _1^2\eta _2^2\eta _3^2},$$
(18)
where we explicitly assumed that the coordinates $`p_0,p_i`$ transform under rotations in the standard way, and such that $`\eta _0(0,\stackrel{}{0})=0`$. Thus the origin $`𝒪`$ corresponds to the zero value of the physical momenta.

Of course, the coordinates $`p_0,p_i`$ are defined only up to an arbitrary redefinition, i.e., general coordinate transformation, leaving the origin $`𝒪`$ invariant, and may or may not cover the whole of the space (17).

As an example take the following coordinates

$`\eta _0`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{p_0}{\kappa }}+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{2\kappa }}e^{\frac{p_0}{\kappa }}`$
$`\eta _i`$ $`=`$ $`p_ie^{\frac{p_0}{\kappa }}`$
$`\eta _4`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \mathrm{cosh}{\displaystyle \frac{p_0}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{2\kappa }}e^{\frac{p_0}{\kappa }}.`$ (19)
Using the expressions (12) and Leibniz rule one easily finds that these coordinates correspond to the transformation rules of DSR in the bicrossproduct basis (1). Thus the prescription (19) provides the geometric definition of the DSR1. Similar prescriptions are possible for other DSR models, and we present them in the Appendix.

A natural question arises as to whether there is a freedom in choosing the coordinates on de Sitter space, corresponding to the given DSR transformation rules, i.e., given commutators of Lorentz boosts and physical momenta of a particular DSR model. To answer it, let us consider the most general DSR boost transformations (assuming, as usual, the standard action of rotations)

$$[N_i,p_j]=i\delta _{ij}\alpha +ip_ip_j\beta $$
(20)
(the term of form $`ϵ_{ijk}p_k`$ is excluded by Jacobi identity) and

$$[N_i,p_0]=ip_i\gamma ,$$
(21)
where $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$ are functions of $`p_0`$, $`\stackrel{}{p}^2`$ only, i.e., they are scalars with respect to rotations and are restricted by Jacobi identity

$$\frac{\alpha }{p_0}\gamma +2\frac{\alpha }{\stackrel{}{p}^2}(\alpha +\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}\beta )\alpha \beta =1$$
(22)
Take now some $`\eta _\mu `$ transforming according to (12). Because of the undeformed action of rotations with no loss of generality we can make the ansatz

$$\eta _0=\eta _0(p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}),\eta _i=p_i\eta (p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})$$
(23)
Assume now that the momenta of (23) transform under boost according to (20), (21). Using (12) and Leibniz rule we get the following system of differential equations

$$\frac{\eta _0}{p_0}[N_i,p_0]+2\frac{\eta _0}{\stackrel{}{p}^2}p_j[N_i,p_j]=ip_i\eta $$
(24)
$$[N_i,p_j]\eta +\frac{\eta }{p_0}[N_i,p_0]p_j+2\frac{\eta }{\stackrel{}{p}^2}p_jp_k[N_i,p_k]=i\delta _{ij}\eta _0.$$
(25)
From eq. (25) we have

$$\alpha \eta =\eta _0$$
(26)
and

$$\beta \eta +\frac{\eta }{p_0}\gamma +2\frac{\eta }{\stackrel{}{p}^2}\left(\alpha +\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}\beta \right)=0$$
(27)
It can be checked that for any solution of eqs. (26), (27) eq. (24) is satisfied identically due to the Jacobi identity (22).

As an example consider again the DSR1, for whose

$$\alpha =\frac{\kappa }{2}\left(1e^{2p_0/\kappa }\right)+\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{2\kappa },\beta =\frac{1}{\kappa },\gamma =1.$$

Eq. (27) can be then solved explicitly, giving

$$\eta =e^{p_0/\kappa }f\left[\kappa \mathrm{cosh}\left(\frac{p_0}{\kappa }\right)\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{2\kappa }e^{p_0/\kappa }\right],$$
(28)
where $`f`$ is an arbitrary function of the Casimir $`𝒞`$ (30). In particular, for $`f=1`$ we get the expression (19).

Let us observe that the argument of the function $`f`$ above is nothing but $`\eta _4`$ in (19) and this suggests that the general solution of eq. (27) is of the form

$$\eta (p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})=A(p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})f(𝒞),$$
(29)
where $`A(p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})`$ is a particular solution of eq. (27) ($`A(p_0,\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})=e^{p_0/\kappa }`$ for DSR1), and

$$𝒞\eta _0^2\stackrel{}{\eta }{}_{}{}^{2}=\left(2\kappa \mathrm{sinh}\left(\frac{p_0}{2\kappa }\right)\right)^2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}e_{}^{p_0/\kappa }=m^2$$
(30)
is the Casimir of the algebra (20), (21). It can be easily shown that any solution of eq. (27) is of this form. However we have not be able to prove that any solution of this equation has the form (29) in general case, i.e., for arbitrary choice of $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, and $`\gamma `$.

Let us now turn to eqs. (13), (14) in order to get the remaining commutators of the phase space. Let us first note that

$$\eta _4=\sqrt{\kappa ^2+\eta _0^2\stackrel{}{\eta }^2}=\sqrt{\kappa ^2+\eta ^2(\alpha ^2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})}$$
(31)
Then one plugs this formula along with the expressions $`\eta _0=\alpha \eta `$, $`\eta _i=p_i\eta `$ to eqs. (13), (14) and reads the phase space commutators using Leibniz rule. For example, for the bicrossproduct basis with $`f=1`$, one gets

$$[p_0,x_0]=i,[p_i,x_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }p_i,$$

$$[p_i,x_j]=i\delta _{ij}e^{2p_0/\kappa }\frac{i}{\kappa ^2}\left(\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}\delta _{ij}^{}2p_ip_j\right),[p_0,x_i]=\frac{2i}{\kappa }p_i$$
(32)
Let us note that in addition to the freedom of choosing de Sitter coordinates corresponding to given Lorentz transformation rules, there exists an additional freedom in construction of the phase space. Indeed it is clear from eq. (12) that the action of Lorentz generators is unaffected by the replacement $`\eta _\mu \eta _\mu `$, $`\eta _4\eta _4`$, while such replacement clearly changes the position–momentum commutators. For example if we replace the bicrossproduct basis above with

$`\eta _0`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{P_0}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{2\kappa }}e^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}`$
$`\eta _i`$ $`=`$ $`P_ie^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}`$
$`\eta _4`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \mathrm{cosh}{\displaystyle \frac{P_0}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{2\kappa }}e^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }},`$ (33)
(which corresponds to $`f=1`$ in (29),) and make use of eqs. (13), (14), we find

$$[P_0,x_0]=i,[P_i,x_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }P_i,[P_i,x_j]=i\delta _{ij},[P_0,x_i]=0.$$
(34)
This is nothing but the $`\kappa `$-Minkowski phase space, well known from the literature on quantum $`\kappa `$-Poincaré (quantum) algebra and $`\kappa `$-Poincaré (quantum) group (see, e.g., .) Let us therefore investigate the relation between quantum algebraic and geometric approaches in more details.

## 4 De Sitter vs. quantum algebraic approach to DSR

The phase space of DSR has been first derived not by m aking use of the geometric picture presented in the preceding section, but in the framework of quantum algebras. Let us recall this construction.

The starting point is the extension of the algebra (1), (2) to the Hopf algebra, by introducing additional structures: co-product $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and antipode $`S`$, as follows

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(M_i)=M_i1\mathrm{l}+1\mathrm{l}M_i,`$ (35)
(36)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(N_i)=N_ie^{P_0/\kappa }+1\mathrm{l}N_i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa }}ϵ_{ijk}M_jP_k,`$ (37)
(38)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(P_i)=P_i1\mathrm{l}+e^{P_0/\kappa }P_i,`$ (39)
(40)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(P_0)=P_01\mathrm{l}+1\mathrm{l}P_0,`$ (41)
$`S(P_i)=e^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}P_i`$ $`S(P_0)=P_0`$ (42)
$`S(M_i)=M_i`$ $`S(N_i)=e^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}N_i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\kappa }}\epsilon _{ijk}e^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}P_jM_k.`$ (44)
In equations above we used capital letter $`P_\mu `$ to denote momenta. The difference between these variables and the variables $`p_\mu `$ used in the previous section will be explained in a moment.

As explained in , ,  the co-product encodes information concerning the phase space of the theory. To disclose this information one uses the procedure called “Heisenberg double”, which consists of the following:

1. One defines the bracket $`<,>`$ between momentum variables $`P,Q`$ and position variables $`X,Y`$ in a natural way as follows

$$<P_\mu ,x_\nu >=i\eta _{\mu \nu },\eta _{\mu \nu }=\text{diag}(1,1,1,1).$$
(45)
2. This bracket is to be consistent with the co-product structure in the following sense

$$
=<P_{(1)},x><P_{(2)},y>,$$

$$<PQ,x>=
<Q_{(2)},x_{(2)}>,$$
(46)
where we use the natural (“Sweedler”) notation for co-product

$$\mathrm{\Delta }𝒯=𝒯_{(1)}𝒯_{(2)}.$$

It should be also noted that by definition

$$<1\mathrm{l},1\mathrm{l}>=1.$$

One sees immediately that the fact that momenta commute translates to the fact that positions co-commute

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x_\mu =1\mathrm{l}x_\mu +x_\mu 1\mathrm{l}.$$
(47)
Then the first equation in (46) along with (45) can be used to deduce the form of the space-time commutators.
3. It remains only to derive the cross relations between momenta and positions. These can be found from the definition of the so-called Heisenberg double (see ) and read

$$[P,x]=x_{(1)}<P_{(1)},x_{(2)}>P_{(2)}xP$$
(48)

As an example let us perform these steps in the DSR1 It follows from (46) that

$$<P_i,x_0x_j>=\frac{1}{\kappa }\delta _{ij},<P_i,x_jx_0>=0,$$

from which one gets

$$[x_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }x_i.$$
(49)
Let us now make use of (48) to get the standard relations

$$[P_0,x_0]=i,[P_i,x_j]=i\delta _{ij}.$$
(50)
It turns out that this algebra contains one more non-vanishing commutator, namely

$$[P_i,x_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }P_i.$$
(51)
Thus starting from the $`\kappa `$-Poincaré co-product (41) using the Heisenberg double prescription one derives the phase space (34).

It is then obvious that the existence of the second phase space (32) must be related to the existence of another co-product on the same deformed $`\kappa `$-Poincaré algebra (1), (2). This co-product can be computed by a rather tedious procedure and we have been able to construct it only up to linear terms in the first factor, and therefore we will not present it here explicitly. Using this co-product and the Heisenberg double procedure one obtains the phase space relation (32).

Similarly one deduces the commutators of boost an position operators. One starts with the pairing

$$<N_i,x_j>=i\delta _{ij}x_0,<N_i,x_0>=ix_i.$$
(52)
Then, after simple computations, making use of eq. (41) we get

$$[N_i,x_j]=i\delta _{ij}x_0\frac{i}{\kappa }ϵ_{ijk}M_k,[N_i,x_0]=ix_i\frac{i}{\kappa }N_i.$$
(53)
This relations are of course identical with the ones obtained by geometrical method (9). One should note at this point that, as proved in  the commutators (53) are basis independent, because in the Heisenberg double procedure they picked up contributions from the first order terms in co-product, that are left unchanged if one turns from one DSR basis to another. This of course in perfectly consistent with the universal role the $`𝒮𝒪(4,1)`$ algebra of symmetries of de Sitter space plays in the geometric formulation of DSR.

## 5 Differential calculus and plane waves

As emphasized above the space-time of DSR theories is a non-commutative space (with Lie type non-commutativity, contrary to the “central-charge-type” non-commutativity considered in string theory.) It is therefore a highly non-trivial exercise to establish the differential calculus on this space-time. Such a calculus in turn is necessary to give meaning to derivative and other differential operators, needed to formulate field theory.

On $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time one can construct two distinct differential calculi. Chronologically the first one is the calculus bi-covariant under action of the full DSR algebra; however it is necessarily five dimensional . Such a calculus (in four space-time dimensions) was derived in ,  using the methods of quantum groups theory. Here we present an alternative (though equivalent) derivation of this form of differential calculus.

On $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time there also exists a four-dimensional translational invariant calculus proposed by Majid and Oeckl , which is however not covariant under the action of the full DSR algebra (generated by momenta and Lorentz generators). For this reason we will not consider it here. It should be noted that this calculus has been used in  to derive properties of the plane waves in DSR1 theory.

The problem we are to solve here is the following. In commutative space-time positions commute with differentials (one forms). However here we are working with non-commutative space-time, and thus we cannot assume a priori that positions commute with one forms. Instead, let us take a basis of one forms. This basis should include differentials $`dx_\mu `$, but it turns out that in order to obtain a consistent covariant differential calculus one must add one more one-form, which we will denote $`\varphi `$. Let us therefore denote the elements of the basis of one forms by $`\chi _A=(dx_\mu ,\varphi )`$, $`A=0,\mathrm{},4`$. In the next step we must postulate the form of the commutator $`[x_\mu ,\chi _A]`$ and we assume that it is proportional to the linear combination of the basic one-forms, to wit

$$[x_\mu ,\chi _A]=f^B{}_{\mu A}{}^{}\chi _{B}^{}.$$
(54)
Since positions form Lie type algebra, $`[x_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }x_i`$, taking the commutator of both sides of this equation with $`\chi _A`$ and using the Jacobi identity and (54) we get

$$f^B{}_{0A}{}^{}f_{}^{C}{}_{iB}{}^{}f^B{}_{iA}{}^{}f_{}^{C}{}_{0B}{}^{}=\frac{i}{\kappa }f^C{}_{iA}{}^{}.$$
(55)
Next we apply the exterior derivative to both sides of $`[x_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }x_i`$ and we use the Leibnitz rule to obtain

$$[x_0,dx_i]+[dx_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }dx_i$$

that is

$$f^B{}_{0i}{}^{}f^B{}_{i0}{}^{}=\frac{i}{\kappa }\delta ^B{}_{i}{}^{}.$$
(56)
Similarly, using $`[x_i,x_j]=0`$ we find

$$f^B{}_{ij}{}^{}f^B{}_{ji}{}^{}=0.$$
(57)
Note that by taking exterior derivative once again and using the fact that $`d^2=0`$ we find

$$[dx_\mu ,dx_\nu ]=0$$
(58)
We need to append these conditions with the covariance requirement, i.e., the condition that both sides of (54) transform in the same way under action of rotations and boosts. Using Jacobi identity we find (cf. (9)

$$[x_0,[\chi _A,M_i]]=f^B{}_{0A}{}^{}[M_i,\chi _B],$$
(59)
$$iϵ_{ijk}f^B{}_{kA}{}^{}\chi _{B}^{}[x_j,[\chi _A,M_i]]=f^B{}_{jA}{}^{}[M_i,\chi _B],$$
(60)
$$if^B{}_{iA}{}^{}\chi _{B}^{}+\frac{i}{\kappa }[\chi _A,N_i][x_0,[\chi _A,N_i]]=f^B{}_{0A}{}^{}[N_i,\chi _B],$$
(61)
$$i\delta _{ij}f^B{}_{0A}{}^{}\chi _{B}^{}+\frac{i}{\kappa }ϵ_{ijk}[\chi _A,M_k][x_j,[\chi _A,N_i]]=f^B{}_{jA}{}^{}[N_i,\chi _B],$$
(62)
Any solution of eqs. (55) – (62) determines the first order covariant calculus of differential forms. It is now clear why the four dimensional covariant differential calculus does not exist. To see this recall that the Lorentz generators form together with the positions the algebra $`SO(4,1)`$. Eqs. (55) – (62) together with eqs. (5), (7), (9) would therefore define a Lie algebra of the semidirect product of $`SO(4,1)`$ with $`R^4`$, but such algebra could exist only if $`x_\mu `$ commutes with $`dx_\mu `$. Therefore we conclude that the minimal dimension of the covariant differential calculus equals $`5`$. The same conclusion can be reached, of course, by tedious analysis of eqs. (55) – (62).

Thus we see that the basis of one-forms of the covariant differential calculus is indeed $`\chi _A=(dx_\mu ,\varphi )`$. Since $`\varphi `$ does not carry the space-time index, it must be invariant under action of the Lorentz generators

$$[M_i,\varphi ]=[N_i,\varphi ]=0,$$
(63)
because invariance is the only covariant behavior of scalars. Moreover, since the action of rotations is assumed to be classical, we have

$$[M_i,dx_0]=0,[M_i,dx_j]=iϵ_{ijk}dx_k.$$
(64)
Next, since the action of boosts must transform one forms into one forms, we have that

$$[N_i,dx_0]=idx_i,[N_i,dx_j]=i\delta _{ij}dx_0.$$
(65)
(In principle one can add a term proportional to $`i\delta _{ij}\varphi `$ to the right hand side of the second equation, but such term can be absorbed into redefinition of $`dx_0`$.) Then one can solve eqs. (55) – (62) to obtain

$$[x_\mu ,\varphi ]=\frac{i}{\kappa }dx_\mu ,$$

$$[x_0,dx_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\varphi ,[x_0,dx_i]=0,$$

$$[x_i,dx_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }dx_i,[x_i,dx_j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\delta _{ij}\left(dx_0\varphi \right).$$
(66)
Compare now the expressions (66) with eqs. (13), (14). They are identical if we substitute $`dx_\mu =\eta _\mu `$, $`\varphi =\eta _4`$. Thus the $`\eta _A`$ variables are nothing but the basis of one forms.

Knowing the basis of one forms, one can try to understand the meaning of the differential of function. To this end, one must define a particular ordering of polynomials, which we assume to be “$`x_0`$-to-the-left” one, and denote it by $`::`$. Then such an ordering can be, at least formally, extended to any analytic function of positions. Given such a function, its differential is defined to be

$$df=_\mu fdx^\mu +f\varphi ,$$
(67)
which in turn defines the left partial derivatives $`_\mu ,`$. Let us now derive the explicit expression for partial derivatives. Using equation above, after tedious computations one finds the general expression for the differential

$$d:f(x):=:(\kappa \mathrm{sin}(\left(\frac{_0}{\kappa }\right)+\frac{i}{2\kappa }e^{i_0/\kappa }\frac{^2}{x_ix_i})f:dx_0+:e^{i_0/\kappa }\frac{}{x_i}f:dx_i$$

$$i:\left(1\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{_0}{\kappa }\right)\frac{1}{2}e^{i_0/\kappa }\frac{^2}{x_ix_i}\right)f:\varphi .$$
(68)
and partial derivatives

$$_0:f:=:(\kappa \mathrm{sin}(\left(\frac{_0}{\kappa }\right)+\frac{i}{2\kappa }e^{i_0/\kappa }\frac{^2}{x_ix_i})f:$$
(69)
$$_i:f:=:e^{i_0/\kappa }\frac{}{x_i}f:$$
(70)
$$:f:=i:(1\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{_0}{\kappa }\right)\frac{1}{2}e^{i_0/\kappa }\frac{^2}{x_ix_i})f:$$
(71)
for ordered functions.

Note the remarkable fact that differential operators in eqs. (68)–(71) are just expressions (19) or (33) with momenta replaced by appropriate derivatives. This property can be easily understood if one notices that for the DSR1 momenta with the phase space (34) one has

$$F(P_\mu ):f(x):=:F\left(i\frac{}{x_\mu }\right)f(x):$$
(72)
We can conclude that this property distinguishes the DSR1 theory among other DSR theories, but, of course, one could reach the same conclusion by observing that the phase space structure (34) is the simplest possible one, compatible with $`\kappa `$-Minkowski type non-commutativity.

Let us also stress that in derivation of the (68)–(71) formulae we used only the definition of covariant differentials and the $`\kappa `$-Minkowski non-commutativity.

Let us now turn to the issue of definition of plane waves on $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time, using the differential calculus presented above. The plane waves, as in the standard case, are defined to be fundamental solutions of an appropriate operator, which defines standard dynamics (the non-commutative analog of the Klein-Gordon operator).

Let us observe now that the operator $``$ defined in (71) is a natural candidate for such an operator. Indeed, it is clearly Lorentz invariant, and is by construction closely related to the Casimir operator (recall that $`\eta _4=\sqrt{\kappa ^2+\eta _0^2\stackrel{}{\eta }^2}=\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}`$.) It is now sufficient to observe that the dynamical (deformed Klein-Gordon) operator takes the form

$$0=\mathrm{\Psi }=(_0^2\stackrel{}{}{}_{}{}^{2})\mathrm{\Psi },$$
(73)
where the partial derivatives are defined by eqs. (69), (70). But then it follows immediately that for the wave

$$\mathrm{\Psi }=e^{iP_0x_0}e^{iP_ix_i}$$
(74)
the on-shell condition takes the form

$$\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}\frac{p_0}{\kappa }\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{2}e^{p_0/\kappa }=0$$
(75)
Thus (74) represents the on-shell massless excitation moving in the $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time. Let us note at this point that one can transform the plane wave solution (74) to any other DSR basis, given by $`𝒫_0,𝒫_i`$ by simply making use of the transformation $`P_0P_0(𝒫_0,𝒫_i)`$, $`P_iP_i(𝒫_0,𝒫_i)`$.

At this point we face the following problem. In the analysis reported in  the authors prove that group velocity for the wave packet composed from the waves of the form (74)333In the paper  the authors make use of the different, Majid and Oeckl four dimensional differential calculus, which further strengthens the result obtained here. is $`v_g=\frac{p_0}{|\stackrel{}{p}}`$. Yet in the hamiltonian analysis reported in  one finds that for all DSR theories, the velocity of massless particles equals $`1`$, the universal velocity of light444This result agrees with another calculation of group velocity of wave packets moving in $`\kappa `$-Minkowski space-time reported in . The method employed in this paper has been however criticized in .. It seems that the only way out of this dilemma is that wave packets constructed as a linear combination of plane waves do not represent localized particles states in the DSR theories. One should recall at this point that in Special Relativity the three velocity obtained from hamiltonian analysis is given by $`v_i^{(H)}=u_i/u_0`$, while the group velocity of wave packet is given by the derivative of energy with respect to momenta calculated on-shell. However it is an accidental property of Special Relativistic kinematics that these velocities turn out to be equal. Of course, the proper understanding of the concept of velocity in DSR theories is the question of central importance for the whole DSR programme and deserves urgent studies.

## 6 Relation to other formalisms

In this section we would like to discuss relation between de Sitter space formalism developed in the preceding sections and some other techniques used in the context of Doubly Special Relativity. More specifically, we will discuss the the use of classical four-momenta variables for description of energy-momentum conservation laws ,  and the method of $`𝒰`$ operator employed by Magueijo and Smolin , .

#### Classical variables variables and energy-momentum conservation

In the papers ,, in order to solve the outstanding problems of addition of momenta for multi-particle systems and conservation laws in DSR, Lukierski and Nowicki and Judes and Visser proposed as a simple solution to introduce auxiliary “classical” variables $`𝒫_\mu `$, related to the physical momenta $`p_\mu `$ in a given basis in such a way that $`𝒫_\mu `$ transform under Lorentz transformation precisely in the way momenta in standard Special Relativity do. The authors of these papers claim that in order to compute total momentum of the system one must simply use the standard rules Special Relativistic linear addition rule for $`𝒫_\mu `$, and then just transform back the result to the physical variables.

It is a rather trivial observation that in the geometric language adopted here the classical variables are nothing but the de Sitter coordinates $`\eta _\mu `$, the latter having the required transformation rules under action of Lorentz transformation. However, as shown in , these variables have physical interpretation of four velocities. More specifically, if we have a point particle carrying energy/momentum $`(p_0,p_i)`$ and if we compute the four-velocity of the particle using the standard hamiltonian method, and taking care of the non-trivial phase space structure of DSR, in any DSR theory we find $`u_\mu =\eta _\mu `$. This provides a relation between four velocity (and three velocity as well) of one particle and the energy/momentum it carries, however a priori does n ot tell anything about total energy/momentum of a system composed of many particles.

One should also stress that the construction of classical variables is not as straightforward as it may apparently seem to be. The problem is that, as shown in Section 3, the construction of these variables is not unique. There are many functions $`\eta _\mu (p_\mu )`$ (or in the language of , $`𝒫_\mu (p_\mu )`$) that correspond to given Lorentz transformation rules for $`p_\mu `$. It might be argued that this freedom is in fact severely restricted, since from the results of Section 3 we know that various choices of $`\eta _\mu (p_\mu )`$ are controlled by an arbitrary function of the Casimir. However one still faces the problem, which choice should be made for the mapping from the physical variables to the classical ones and its inverse, in particular should both of them be the same. Moreover, one should note that every choice of this mapping leads to different phase space, and it seems hard to believe that energy/momentum composition law is to be independent of the form of the phase space of the system under consideration.

We would like to stress it once again that a DSR theory does not consist only of the prescription of how Lorentz generators act on momenta, but of the whole of the phase space in which dynamics of the system takes place. If DSR was a just the momentum space Special Relativity in a nonlinear disguise, it would not be of much interest, because, as observed in , , it most likely would be physically indistinguishable from Special Relativity. But Doubly Special Relativity is built, as shown above, on a highly non-trivial non-commutative space-time sector, along with strongly deformed phase space.

To conclude, it seems that from the point of view of the geometrical analysis presented here, the only relevance of the classical variables seem to be that they are just identical with de Sitter variables. We will return to this issue in the next section.

#### Magueijo–Smolin operator

In order to construct their DSR theory (called nowadays DSR2) Magueijo and Smolin 555The formulation of the DSR2 theory in the de Sitter space language is presented in the Appendix. started from the non-linear realization of the Lorentz generators $``$ of the form

$$=𝒰^1L𝒰,$$
(76)
where $`𝒰`$ is some one-to-one mapping, and $`L`$ denotes the standard Lorentz generators.

In the framework of the geometric de Sitter space approach to DSR, the role of $`𝒰`$ mapping is easy to understand. This mapping is just a one-to-one map from a subset of momentum de Sitter space, on which the physical momenta $`p_\mu `$ are defined as coordinates to a subset of the five-dimensional Minkowski space, with coordinates $`\eta _\mu `$. For example, in the case of the DSR1 (33) we have

$`\eta _0`$ $`=`$ $`𝒰(P_0,\stackrel{}{P})P_0=\kappa \mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{P_0}{\kappa }}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{P}^2}{2\kappa }}e^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}`$
$`\eta _i`$ $`=`$ $`𝒰(P_0,\stackrel{}{P})P_i=P_ie^{\frac{P_0}{\kappa }}.`$ (77)
As in the case of the original construction presented by Magueijo and Smolin  it is useful to represent $`𝒰(p_0,\stackrel{}{p})`$ as an exponent of a linear operator acting on $`p_\mu `$. Then the meaning of eq. (76) is clear: one goes from de Sitter to Minkowski, performs Lorentz transformation and that goes back to de Sitter. This is of course, a direct counterpart of the Leibnitz rule procedure employed in Section III.

## 7 Concluding remarks and open problems

In this paper we investigated in details the de Sitter geometric picture of Doubly Special Relativity theories. This picture is equivalent to the quantum algebraic approach to these theories, initiated by investigations of the $`\kappa `$-Poincaré algebra  and then generalized to incorporate the quantum algebraic structure to all DSR theories in , . In particular we show that the geometric approach makes it possible to construct the phase space of DSR (which agrees with the one obtained by the Heisenberg double” prescription), the Lorentz transformation rules for both momenta and positions, as well as the covariant differential calculus, which is the first step in construction of the DSR-covariant field theory.

It should be stressed that all the results reported in this paper concern kinematics of one particle. Therefore the only physical prediction which can be made at this stage of developments is the relation between velocity of a particle and energy it carries. Remarkably, it turns out that for all DSR models based on de Sitter geometry of momentum space, the speed of massless particles equals $`1`$ . However, for massive particles such relation is model dependent (and differs from the one provided by special relativity). It is therefore very important to understand which of the DSR models describes nature. The possible relation between DSR and the flat space, semiclassical limit of quantum gravity, along with the experience gained by analyzing the $`2+1`$ gravity models seems to suggest that the relevant basis is the classical one. The reason is that in the natural, minimal coupling of particles to gravity one has to do with the standard dispersion relation.

In the recent literature (see for example ) there appeared claims that DSR is nothing but Special Relativity in non-linear disguise. It is clear from the results presented above that this claim could not be correct, at least in the case of our formulation of DSR, as there is no mapping from the DSR phase space to the phase space of single particle in special relativity. The reason is simply that the topologies of these phase spaces are different (noncommutative $`R^4`$ $`\times `$ dS in the case of DSR versus commutative $`R^4`$ $`\times `$ $`R^4`$ in SR.) Similarly there does not exist any form of the $`\kappa `$-Poincaré Hopf algebra (which is an algebra of symmetries of DSR) that is equivalent to the standard Poincaré algebra (because the co-product of the former is non-trivial.) Thus the DSR description of particle kinematics differs from the standard special relativistic one, and can be reduced to the latter only in the limit $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$.

Many outstanding problems remain still to be solved, of course. Let us finish this paper with (a partial) list of the open problems that we feel are most urgent

* The theory we present in this paper is to be understood as a theory of kinematics of one particle systems. In particular we do not know yet how the proper description of the many particle states should look like. In the course of transition from the description one particle to many particles system one would have to define, among others the consistent notion of the total momentum and energy, and the conservation rules. The fact that our theory can be at best invariant under non-commutative translations indicates that the conservation rules would differ from the ones well known from the classical (relativistic and non-relativistic) mechanics and field theory.
* Keeping in mind that very sensitive time-of-flight experiments  are expected to be performed in a near future, the question of what velocity of physical particles is, is perhaps the most urgent one in the field of DSR phenomenology.
* The algebras we have been dealing with are understood to be commutator algebras of quantum operators. Therefore to formulate a complete theory one investigate the functional analysis of these operators. In particular it would be interesting to see if these algebras lead to the appearance of the minimal length.
* Understanding quantum mechanics on DSR phase space would make it possible to built quantum field theory with Doubly Special Relativity playing the role analogous to the one played by Poincaré symmetry in the standard QFT.
* Last but not least, if indeed, as claimed in the Introduction, Doubly Special Relativity can be understood as a “Quantum Special Relativity” the complete understanding of DSR would without doubt be an important step in our quest for the theory of quantum gravity.

## Acknowledgement

One of us (JKG) would like to thank Giovanni Amelino-Camelia, Achim Kempf, Jerzy Lukierski, Joao Magueio, Lee Smolin, Jan Sobczyk for many discussions and comments at various stages of the work on this project. He would also like to thank Perimeter Institute for hospitality during his stay there in December 2002, when the work on this project started.

## Appendix. Another DSR bases

In this Appendix we present the derivation of phase spaces for a class of “classical bases” in which momenta transform under Lorentz transformations in the same way as in Special relativity, and some bases with transformation law of Magueijo and Smolin.

### The classical bases

According to our investigations of Section 3, the most general form of $`\eta `$ variables in the classical basis reads

$$\eta _\mu =p_\mu f(p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})$$

$$\eta _4=(\kappa ^2+(p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2})f^2(p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}))^{1/2}\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2f^2},$$

where we used abbreviation $`m^2p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}^2`$. The functions $`f`$ are restricted only by the requirement that in the limit $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$, $`f1`$.

Let us assume now that

$$[x_0,p_i]=ip_iA,[x_0,p_0]=iB$$

where $`A`$ and $`B`$ are rotational invariant functions. It follows from

$$[x_0,\eta _i]=0$$

that

$$2f^{}p_0B+A(f2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}f_{}^{})=0,$$
(78)
where $`f^{}`$ denotes derivative of $`f`$ with respect to its argument. From

$$[x_0,\eta _0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _4$$

we find

$$(f+2p_0^2f^{})B2p_0\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}f_{}^{}A=\frac{1}{\kappa }\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2f^2}$$
(79)
Note that equations (78), (79) become degenerate for $`f^{}=0`$ (the equation $`f2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}f_{}^{}=0`$ does not have any solutions.) With no loss of generality we can assume that $`f=1`$. Below we will consider the degenerate case, and the generic non-degenerate one.

In the case $`f=1`$ we have to do simply with the algebra (13), (14) with $`\eta _4`$ replaced with $`\sqrt{\kappa ^2+p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}^2}`$:

$$[x_0,p_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\sqrt{\kappa ^2+p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}^2},[x_0,p_i]=0,$$
(80)
$$[x_i,p_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }p_i,[x_i,p_j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\delta _{ij}(p_0\sqrt{\kappa ^2+p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}^2}),$$
(81)
In the generic case, we have

$$[x_0,p_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\frac{\left(\kappa ^2+m^2f^2\right)^{1/2}(f+2\stackrel{}{p}{}_{}{}^{2}\frac{f}{\stackrel{}{p}^2})}{f\left(f2m^2\frac{f}{\stackrel{}{p}^2}\right)}$$
(82)
$$[x_0,p_i]=ip_i\frac{1}{\kappa }\frac{\left(\kappa ^2+m^2f^2\right)^{1/2}2p_0\frac{f}{\stackrel{}{p}^2}}{f\left(f2m^2\frac{f}{\stackrel{}{p}^2}\right)}$$
(83)
The remaining commutators have the form

$$[x_i,p_j]=i(\delta _{ij}B+p_ip_jC),[x_i,p_0]=ip_i(\frac{1}{\kappa }+p_0C)$$
(84)
where

$$B=\frac{1}{\kappa }\frac{p_0f\left(\kappa ^2+m^2f^2\right)^{1/2}}{f},$$

$$C=\frac{1}{\kappa }\frac{2\frac{f}{\stackrel{}{p}^2}(p_0\kappa B)}{f2m^2\frac{f}{\stackrel{}{p}^2}},$$

where, as above $`m^2p_0^2\stackrel{}{p}^2`$.

### Magueio–Smolin basis (DSR2)

The Magueio–Smolin basis (DSR2)  is defined by

$$\eta _\mu =\frac{P_\mu }{1P_0/\kappa }$$
(85)
Let us derive the phase space commutators. By making use of

$$[x_0,\eta _0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _4$$

we find

$$[x_0,P_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }(\kappa ^2(1P_0/\kappa )^2+P_0^2\stackrel{}{P}^2)^{1/2}(1P_0/\kappa )$$
(86)
and from

$$[x_0,\eta _i]=0$$

we obtain

$$[x_0,P_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }(\kappa ^2(1P_0/\kappa )^2+P_0^2\stackrel{}{P}^2)^{1/2}.$$
(87)
Next, from

$$[x_i,\eta _0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\eta _i$$

it follows that

$$[x_i,P_0]=iP_i(1P_0/\kappa ),$$
(88)
while from

$$[x_i,\eta _j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\delta _{ij}(\eta _0\eta _4)$$

$$[x_i,P_j]=\frac{i}{\kappa }\left(\delta _{ij}\left(P_0(\kappa ^2(1P_0/\kappa )^2+P_0^2\stackrel{}{P}^2)^{1/2}\right)P_iP_j\right)$$
(89)
In the paper  we made use of the another form of the DSR2 basis, given by

$$\eta _0=p_0\left(1\frac{2p_0}{\kappa }+\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{\kappa ^2}\right)^{1/2}$$
(90)
$$\eta _4=(\kappa p_0)\left(1\frac{2p_0}{\kappa }+\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{\kappa ^2}\right)^{1/2}$$
(91)
$$\eta _i=p_i\left(1\frac{2p_0}{\kappa }+\frac{\stackrel{}{p}^2}{\kappa ^2}\right)^{1/2}$$
(92)
with the phase space

$$[p_0,x_i]=\frac{i}{\kappa }p_i$$
(93)
$$[p_0,x_0]=i\left(1\frac{2p_0}{\kappa }\right)$$
(94)
$$[p_i,x_j]=i\delta _{ij}$$
(95)
$$[p_i,x_0]=\frac{i}{\kappa }P_i.$$
(96)
The relation between these bases reads

$$P_\mu =\frac{p_\mu }{(12p_0/\kappa +\stackrel{}{p}^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}}/\kappa ^2)^{1/2}p_0/\kappa }.$$
(97)


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# Differential Recursion Relations for Laguerre Functions on Hermitian Matrices

## Introduction

In this article we continue our study of Laguerre functions and Laguerre polynomials on symmetric cones. Let $`\nu >0`$ and $`\alpha =\nu 1`$. It is an old and well known fact that the classical Laguerre functions $`\mathrm{}_n^\alpha (t)=e^tL_n^\alpha (2t)`$ form an orthogonal basis for $`L^2(^+,t^\alpha dt)`$ and satisfy several differential equations and recursion relations. The same holds for the Laguerre polynomials $`L_n^\alpha (t)`$, in fact they may be defined as the polynomial solution to a second order differential operator known as Laguerre’s differential operator. In our previous article  it was shown that the representation theory of $`G=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SL}(2,)}`$, the universal covering group of $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$, unified many of the disparate properties of Laguerre functions. Briefly, the Laguerre functions $`\mathrm{}_n^\alpha `$ form a basis of the space of $`K=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{SO}(2)}`$-finite vectors of a highest weight representations $`T_\alpha `$ of $`G`$ acting on $`L^2(^+,t^\alpha dt)`$. The Lie algebra $`𝔰𝔩(2,)`$ acts by at most second order differential operators on the space of smooth vectors of those representations. In particular, the elements

$$X^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& i\\ i& 1\end{array}\right),X^+=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& i\\ i& 1\end{array}\right)=\overline{X^{}},\mathrm{and}X^0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right)$$

act, respectively, by the differential operators

(1) $`D^{}`$ $`=tD^2+(2t+\nu )D+(t+\nu )`$
(2) $`D^+`$ $`=tD^2(2t\nu )D+(t\nu )`$
(3) $`D^0`$ $`=tD^2+\nu Dt.`$
Notice that $`X^0`$ is a basis for $`𝔰𝔬(2)`$ and that our normalization is such that

$$[X^0,X^{}]=2X^{},[X^0,X^+]=2X^+,\mathrm{and}[X^+,X^{}]=4X^0.$$

Furthermore, the action of $`D^0`$ gives us the following differential equation for the Laguerre functions:

(4)
$$(tD^2+\nu Dt)\mathrm{}_n^\alpha =(2n+\nu )\mathrm{}_n^\alpha $$

and the actions of the annihilating operator $`D^{}`$ and the creation operator $`D^+`$ give us the recurrence relations for the Laguerre functions:

(5)
$$D^{}\mathrm{}_n^\alpha =(tD^2+(2t+\nu )D+(t+\nu ))\mathrm{}_n^\alpha =2(n+\nu 1)\mathrm{}_{n1}^\alpha $$

and

(6)
$$D^+\mathrm{}_n^\alpha =(tD^2(2t\nu )D+(t\nu ))\mathrm{}_n^\alpha =2(n+1)\mathrm{}_{n+1}^\alpha .$$

These equations are transparent in the natural setting where the group acts on holomorphic functions on the upper half plane $`^+=\{z=x+iyy>0\}`$. That natural setting is related to $`L^2(^+,t^\alpha dt)`$ by the Laplace transform $`_\nu (f)(z)=_^+e^{zt}f(t)t^\alpha 𝑑t`$ which we derived by a simple application of the restriction principle (see ). The Laplace transform is then used to transfer results from the holomorphic setting to $`L^2(^+,t^\alpha dt)`$. Notice that the automorphism group of the cone $`^+`$ is in this case

$$H\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^t& 0\\ 0& e^t\end{array}\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left(tZ\right)t\}$$

where

$$Z=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{2}(X^{}X^+).$$

The corresponding differential operator is $`2tD+\nu `$ and we get

(7)
$$\left(2tD+\nu \right)\mathrm{}_n^\alpha =(n+1)\mathrm{}_{n+1}^\alpha (n+\nu 1)\mathrm{}_{n1}^\alpha $$

which is, up to normalization of the Laguerre functions, the recursion relation stated in general in Theorem 7.9 and Remark 7.10 in , see equation (8) below.

In our article  we explore, among other things, a generalization and extension of these results to the setting where $`^+`$ is replaced by a symmetric cone $`H/L=\mathrm{\Omega }`$, contained in a Euclidean Jordan algebra $`J`$, and $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is replaced by the Hermitian group $`G=\mathrm{Aut}(T(\mathrm{\Omega }))_o`$, where $`T(\mathrm{\Omega })=\mathrm{\Omega }+iJ`$. Furthermore, the measure $`t^\alpha dt`$ is replaced by $`d\mu _\nu (t)=\mathrm{\Delta }(t)^{\nu d/r}dt`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the determinant function of $`J`$, $`d=\mathrm{dim}(J)`$, and $`r`$ is the rank of $`J`$ (see  for the structure theory of Jordan algebras). In this setting the Laguerre functions form an orthogonal basis for the space of $`L`$-invariant functions $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )^L`$. And again, the differential operators and recurrence relations that they satisfy can be derived from the action of the complexified Lie algebra $`𝔤_{}`$ of $`G`$. If $`𝔤_{}^L`$ denotes the $`L`$-invariant elements of $`𝔤_{}`$ then $`𝔤_{}^L`$ acts on the space of Laguerre functions. If $`𝔤`$ is simple then $`dim(𝔤_{}^L)=3`$ and in fact there is a Lie algebra isomorphism

$$\phi :𝔤_{}^L𝔰𝔩(2,).$$

We use the same notation as before and let $`X^0`$ be taken from the center of $`𝔨`$, where $`𝔨`$ is the Lie algebra of a maximal compact subgroup $`K`$ of $`G`$, containing $`L`$. If $`\sigma :𝔤_{}𝔤_{}`$ is the conjugation with respect to the real form $`𝔤`$ and $`\theta `$ is the Cartan involution such that $`G^\theta =K`$, then we can choose the isomorphism $`\phi `$ such that $`\phi (\sigma (X))=\overline{\phi (X)}`$ and $`\phi (\theta (X))=\phi (X)^t`$. We then fix $`X^0`$ such that

$$\phi (X^0)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right).$$

The operator $`\mathrm{ad}(X^0):𝔤_{}𝔤_{}`$ has eigenvalues $`0,2,`$ and $`2`$. The eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue $`0`$ is $`𝔨_{}`$ whereas the eigenspace $`𝔭^\pm `$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $`\pm 2`$ is an abelian Lie algebra and $`\sigma (𝔭^+)=𝔭^{}`$. In particular, $`𝔭^+𝔭^{}=\{0\}`$. We choose $`X^{}(𝔭^\pm )^L`$ such that

$$\phi (X^{})=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& i\\ i& 1\end{array}\right),\mathrm{and}\phi (X^+)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& i\\ i& 1\end{array}\right).$$

Then $`Z=\frac{1}{2}(X^{}X^+)`$ is in the center of $`𝔥`$. In  it was shown, that $`Z`$ corresponds to the differential operator

$$E_\nu =\nu r+2E,$$

where $`E`$ is the Euler operator $`Ef(x)=\frac{d}{dt}f(tx)|_{t=1}`$. Furthermore, the following difference equation was derived:

(8)
$$2E_\nu \mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}c_𝐦(j)\mathrm{}_{𝐦+\gamma _j}^\nu \underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{𝐦}{𝐦\gamma _j}\right)(𝐦_j1+\nu (j1)\frac{d}{2})\mathrm{}_{𝐦\gamma _j}^\nu $$

where $`c_m(j)`$ are certain constants. We notice that this equation includes the annihilation operator and the creation operator. It is one of our aims in this paper to separate the action of the creation and annihilation operators. We therefore return to the paradigm discussed earlier for $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ and carry out our extension for the group $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ acting on the tube type domain $`T(\mathrm{\Omega })`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the cone of positive definite $`n\times n`$ Hermitian matrices and $`T(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is $`\mathrm{\Omega }+i\mathrm{Herm}(n)`$. Using the Laplace transform we determine the action of $`𝔤_{}`$ on $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu ).`$ This calculation is carried out on $`𝔨_{}`$, where $`𝔨`$ is the Lie algebra of $`K`$, on $`𝔭^+`$, and on $`𝔭^{}`$. The result is:

Theorem 4.1 Let $`fL^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ be a smooth vector.

1. Let $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)𝔨_{}`$. Then

$$\lambda _\nu \left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)f(s)=\mathrm{tr}(sb+(saas\nu b)+bs)f(s)$$
2. Let $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^+`$. Then

$$\lambda _\nu \left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)f(s)=\mathrm{tr}(sx+(\nu x+sx+xs)+(\nu x+sx))f(s).$$
3. Let $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^{}`$. Then

$$\lambda _\nu \left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)f(s)=\mathrm{tr}(sx+(\nu x+sx+xs)+(\nu xsx))f(s).$$

Specializing to $`𝔤_{}^L=\mathrm{span}(X_{},X^{},X^+)`$ gives the analogue to Laguerres differential operator, the annihilation operator, and the creation operator. Specifically, we get

Theorem 5.1 The Laguerre functions are related by the following recursion relations:

1. $`\mathrm{tr}(s\nu +s)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =(r\nu +|𝐦|)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu .`$
2. $`\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{tr}(s+(\nu I+2s)+(\nu I+s))\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu (s)=_{j=1}^r\left(\begin{array}{c}𝐦\\ 𝐦\gamma _𝐣\end{array}\right)(m_j1+\nu (j1)\frac{d}{2})\mathrm{}_{𝐦\gamma _𝐣}^\nu `$
3. $`\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{tr}(s+(\nu I+2s)+(\nu Is))\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =_{j=1}^rc_𝐦(j)\mathrm{}_{𝐦+\gamma _𝐣}^\nu .`$

Several aspects of these formulas suggest an interpretation involving the structure theory of Jordan algebras. We have not pursued that here.

Our realization of the highest weight representations $`\lambda _\nu `$ in $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ has an interesting connection to the set of Whittaker vectors of the representation $`\lambda _\nu `$, see . Recall that $`𝔷(𝔥)=Z.`$ Let

(9)
$$𝔫=\{X𝔤[Z,X]=2X\}.$$

Then $`𝔫`$ is an abelian Lie algebra, and $`𝔥𝔫=:𝔭_{\mathrm{max}}`$ is a maximal parabolic subalgebra in $`𝔤`$. Let $`P=\stackrel{~}{H}N`$ be the corresponding maximal parabolic subgroup and notice that $`\stackrel{~}{H}_o=H`$. Let us recall here the construction of the isomorphism $`_\nu (\mathrm{\Omega })L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ where $`_\nu (\mathrm{\Omega })𝒪(T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ is the usual Hilbert space realization of the highest weight representation $`\pi _\nu `$. Then the restriction map $`R(f):=f|_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is injective and intertwines in an obvious way the $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$-action on both sides. Now it is a well known fact that the cone $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a natural realization in the vector space $`𝔫N`$ and therefore this map also intertwines in a natural way the $`N`$-action on both sides. It then follows that $`(\pi _\nu ,_\nu )`$ can be realized as $`(\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_\nu ,L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },dt))`$ where we think now of $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },dt)`$ as a subspace of $`L^2(N)`$. The isomorphism $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },dt)`$ is here given by

(10)
$$f\mathrm{\Delta }^{(\nu d/r)/2}f$$

In our example of $`G=\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ we have $`Z=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$,

$$N=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& x\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)x\}.$$

and

$$P=\pm \{\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& x\\ 0& a^1\end{array}\right)a>0,x\}.$$

Furthermore, the isomorphism $`L^2(^+,t^\alpha dt)L^2(^+,dt)`$ is simply

$$f(tt^{\alpha /2}f(t)).$$

Let

$$X_N=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)=\frac{i}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}(X^++X^{})X^0\right).$$

The set of equations (1-3) gives us then the following action of the Lie algebra on functions on $`L^2(^+,dt)`$:

$`Zf(t)`$ $`=2tf^{}(t)+f(t)`$
$`X_Nf(t)`$ $`=tif(t)`$
$`(iX_0)f(t)`$ $`=i\left(tf^{\prime \prime }(t)+f^{}(t)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2}{4t}}+t\right)f(t)\right)`$
These are exactly the equations in . The motivation in  is different though. There, as well as in , the differential equations satisfied by the Laguerre functions were used to reconstruct the representation $`\lambda _\nu `$ whereas we have used the representation $`\lambda _\nu `$ to derive the differential equations that the Laguerre functions satisfy. It is now an interesting task to generalize this for the universal covering of the group $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$. We remark the following. First notice that $`r/d=1/n`$. The isomorphism $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Delta }(t)^{\nu 1/n}dt)L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },dt)`$ is again given by

$$f\mathrm{\Delta }^{\frac{n\nu 1}{2n}}f.$$

Now one should use Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 3.2, which gives us the derivatives of $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\frac{n\nu 1}{2n}}`$, to derive the the action of $`𝔰𝔲(n,n)`$ on $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },dt)`$.

After we submitted this article the paper of Ricci and Vignati  came to our attention. There a system of differential operators are defined that are diagonal on the Laguerre basis with different eigenvalues. This system generalizes the classical Laguerre operator, however, the raising and lowering operators are not discussed.

## 1. $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ and its Lie Algebra

We keep the notation from the introduction but specialize to the case $`G=\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$. The standard definition of $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ as found on page 444 of  acts naturally on the generalized unit disk. Our definition below is suited for the right half plane action and is conjugate to the standard version by the Cayley transform. The group $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ is thus defined as follows: Let $`J=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right)`$. Then

$$\mathrm{SU}(n,n)=\{g\mathrm{SL}(2n,)gJg^{}=J\}.$$

We frequently write $`gSU(n,n)`$ in block form as $`g=\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ C& D\end{array}\right).`$ We then have the following relations on the entries:

$`AB^{}+BA^{}`$ $`=0B^{}D+D^{}B=0`$
$`CD^{}+DC^{}`$ $`=0A^{}C+C^{}A=0`$
$`AD^{}+BC^{}`$ $`=1A^{}D+C^{}B=1`$
$`DA^{}+CB^{}`$ $`=1B^{}C+D^{}A=1.`$
The cone $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in $`J=\mathrm{Herm}(n)`$ can be identified as the set of positive definite Hermitian matrices. The group $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ acts on $`T(\mathrm{\Omega })=\mathrm{\Omega }+iJ`$ by linear fractional transformations:

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ C& D\end{array}\right)T=(AT+B)(CT+D)^1.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Omega }(\nu )`$ be the Gindikin-Koecher Gamma function associated with the cone $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, see :

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Omega }(\nu )=_\mathrm{\Omega }e^{\mathrm{tr}(x)}det(x)^{\nu n}dx.$$

Assume that $`\nu >2n1`$. Let $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ be the space of holomorphic functions $`F:T(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ such that

(11) $`F^2:=\alpha _\nu {\displaystyle _{T(\mathrm{\Omega })}}|F(x+iy)|^2det(y)^{\nu 2n}dxdy<\mathrm{}`$
where

$$\alpha _\nu =\frac{2^{n\nu }}{(4\pi )^{n^2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Omega }(\nu n)}.$$

Then $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ is a Hilbert space and the group $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ acts unitarily and irreducibly on $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ by

$$\pi _\nu (g)F(z)=J(g^1,z)^{\frac{\nu }{2n}}f(g^1z),$$

where $`J(\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ C& D\end{array}\right),z)=det(Cz+D)^{2n}`$, (see section 2.8 of ). Let us also mention, that the Hilbert space structure and the unitary action extends analytically to the domain $`\nu >n1`$, .

The following table summarizes most aspects of the specialization from the introduction to $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$, some of which we have already used:

| $`G`$ | $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`a`$ | 2 |
| $`d`$ | $`n^2`$ |
| $`r`$ | $`n`$ |
| $`p`$ | $`2n`$ |
| $`K`$ | $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& B\\ B& A\end{array}\right)\mathrm{SU}(n,n):A\pm B\mathrm{U}(n)`$ |
| $`H`$ | $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& 0\\ 0& (A^{})^1\end{array}\right)\mathrm{SL}(2n,):A\mathrm{GL}(n,)`$ |
| $`L`$ | $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}A& 0\\ 0& A\end{array}\right)\mathrm{SL}(2n,):A\mathrm{SU}(n)`$ |
| $`J`$ | Herm(n): the $`n\times n`$ Hermitian matrices |
| $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ | positive definite matrices in $`J`$ |
| $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ | $`det`$ |

### 1.1. The Lie Algebra

The Lie algebra for $`\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ is

$$𝔤=𝔰𝔲(n,n)=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)𝔰𝔩(2n,)a=d^{},b=b^{},c=c^{}\}.$$

Its complexification, $`𝔤_{}`$, is the set $`𝔰𝔩(2n,)`$. Important Lie subalgebras are $`𝔨`$, the Lie algebra of $`K`$, its complexification $`𝔨_{}`$, and $`𝔭^+`$ and $`𝔭^{}`$, which act by annihilation and creation operators in $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$. They are given as follows:

$$𝔨=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)a=a^{},b=b^{},\text{ and }\mathrm{tr}(a)=0\},$$

$$𝔨_{}=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)\mathrm{tr}(a)=0\},$$

$$𝔭^+=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)x=x^{}\},$$

and

$$𝔭^{}=\{\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)x=x^{}\}.$$

## 2. The actions of the subalgebras $`𝔨,𝔭^{},\text{ and }𝔭^+`$

In this section we give the action of the complexification, $`𝔤_{}`$, of the Lie algebra of $`G=\mathrm{SU}(n,n)`$ on $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$. The proof is a straightforward calculation and will not be given here. Recall though the basic definitions. Let $`X𝔤`$ and let $`F_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ be a smooth vector. By definition

$`\pi _\nu (X)F(z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\pi _\nu (\mathrm{exp}tX)F(z)|_{t=0}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}J(\mathrm{exp}tX,z)^{\frac{\nu }{2n}}F(\mathrm{exp}(tX)z)|_{t=0}.`$
The representation of $`𝔤_{}`$ is defined by $`\pi _\nu (X+iY)=\pi _\nu (X)+i\pi _\nu (Y)`$. But since functions in $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ are holomorphic we get that $`\pi _\nu (X)`$ is given by the same formula for $`X𝔤_C`$.

###### Theorem 2.1.

For $`wV`$ let $`\delta (w)`$ denote the non-normalized directional derivative in the direction $`w`$. Let $`F`$ be a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$-vector in $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$.

1. Let $`X=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)𝔨_{}.`$ Then

$$\pi _\nu (X)F(z)=\nu \mathrm{tr}(bz)F(z)+\delta (zbz+zaazb)F(z).$$
2. Let $`X=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^+.`$ Then

$$\pi _\nu (X)F(z)=\nu \mathrm{tr}(x(1+z))F(z)\delta ((1+z)x(1+z))F(z).$$
3. Let $`X=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^{}.`$ Then

$$\pi _\nu (X)F(z)=\nu \mathrm{tr}(x(z1))F(z)+\delta ((z1)x(z1))F(z).$$

## 3. The gradient

Our main results are expressed in terms of the gradient of complex valued function. This section establishes notation and well known results.

Let $`V`$ be a finite dimensional complex vector space with inner product $`()`$. Suppose $`J`$ is a real form on which the restriction of the inner product is a real inner product. Let $`f:J`$ be a differentiable function, i.e., all (nonnormalized) directional derivatives $`D_u,uJ`$ , exist. For $`sJ`$, we define $`f(s)J`$ by the formula

$$(f(s)u)=D_uf(s).$$

For a $``$-valued function $`f=f_1+if_2`$ we define $`f=f_1+if_2.`$ For $`z=x+iyV`$, $`x,yJ`$, we define $`D_z=D_x+iD_y`$. The following proposition is for the most part a consequence of these definitions.

###### Proposition 3.1.

Let the notation be as above. Then the following holds:

1. Let $`f:J`$ be differentiable. Then

$$(f(s)|z)=D_{\overline{z}}f(s),$$

where $`\overline{z}`$ is conjugation with respect to $`J`$.
2. If $`f:J`$ is the restriction of a $``$-linear map $`F:V`$ to $`J`$, then $`(f(s)w)=F(\overline{w})`$. In particular if $`z,wV`$ and $`f(s)=(zs)=(s\overline{z})`$ then $`(f(s)w)=([(zs)]w)=(zw)`$.
3. If $`f`$ is the restriction of a holomorphic function on $`V`$ to $`J`$ then $`D_z=\delta _z`$. I.e.

$$D_zf(s)=\frac{d}{dt}f(s+tz)|_{t=0},$$

is the (non-normalized) directional derivative in $`V`$.
4. For $`z,wV`$ we have $`D_w(zs)=(z\overline{w}).`$

Suppose $`z=x+iy`$, $`x,yJ,`$ $`x0`$, $`y0`$. Then $`z`$ and $`\overline{z}`$ are independent over $``$, and $`\mathrm{span}_{}\{z,\overline{z}\}=\mathrm{span}_{}\{x,y\}.`$ On the other hand, if $`z=x`$ then $`\mathrm{span}_{}\{z\}=\mathrm{span}_{}\{x\}`$ and if $`z=iy`$ then $`\mathrm{span}_{}\{z\}=\mathrm{span}_{}\{y\}.`$ It follows from these observations that there is an orthonormal basis of $`V`$ of the form

$$\{e_1,\mathrm{},e_n,z_1,\overline{z_1},\mathrm{},z_k,\overline{z_k}\},$$

where $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_nJ`$ and

$$\{e_1,\mathrm{},e_n,x_1,\mathrm{},x_k,y_1,\mathrm{}y_k\},$$

where $`z_j=x_j+iy_j,j=1,\mathrm{},k`$, forms a basis of J. We call such a basis of $`V`$ compatible with $`J`$.

Now let $`J`$ be the $``$-vector space of $`n\times n`$ Hermitian symmetric spaces. I.e. $`J=\{sM_{n,n}():s=s^{}\}`$. On $`V=M_{n,n}()`$ there is a complex inner product given by $`(z_1|z_2)=\mathrm{tr}(z_1z_2^{})`$ which, when restricted to $`J`$, is a real scalar product. Notice also that conjugation with respect to the real form J is given by the adjoint , i.e., $`\overline{v}=v^{}`$. It is convenient to pick a specific basis for the calculations in the next section. Let $`E_{i,j}`$ be the $`n\times n`$ matrix with $`1`$ in the $`(i,j)`$-entry and $`0`$’s elsewhere. Then the collection $`\{E_{i,j}\}`$ is a basis of $`V`$ compatible with $`J`$. For, observe that $`E_{i,i}^{}=E_{i,i}`$ and $`E_{i,j}^{}=E_{j,i}`$, $`ij`$. Let $`I_i=E_{i,i},J_{i,j}=E_{i,j}+E_{j,i},\text{ and }K_{i,j}=iE_{i,j}iE_{j,i}.`$ (There should be no confusion between the index $`i`$ a positive integer and the complex number $`i=\sqrt{1}`$.) Then $`E_{i,j}=\frac{1}{2}(J_{i,j}iK_{i,j}).`$ Furthermore

$$=\{I_i,\frac{1}{2}J_{i,j},\frac{1}{2}K_{i,j}\},$$

where $`i<j`$, is a corresponding basis of $`J`$. Let $`D_{i,j}=D_{E_{i,j}}=D_{\frac{1}{2}(J_{i,j}iK_{i,j})}.`$ Using this notation it follows that

$$()_{i,j}f:=(f)_{i,j}=(f|E_{i,j})=D_{\overline{E}_{i,j}}f=D_{j,i}f.$$

Furthermore, for $`wV`$,

$$D_wf=w_{i,j}D_{i,j}f=w_{i,j}()_{j,i}f=\mathrm{tr}(w)f,$$

where $`\mathrm{tr}`$ is the usual trace functional.

###### Proposition 3.2.

1.
2. For $`1i,j,k,ln`$ we have

$$D_{i,j}s_{k,l}=\delta _{i,k}\delta _{j,l}.$$
3. Suppose $`wV`$ and $`sJ`$ is invertible. Then

$$D_wdet(s)^m=mdet(s)^m\mathrm{tr}(s^1w).$$
4. For $`1i,jn`$ we have

$$D_{i,j}det(s)^m=mdet(s)^{m1}\mathrm{cof}_{i,j}(s),$$

where $`\mathrm{cof}_{i,j}(s)`$ denotes the $`(i,j)`$-cofactor of $`s`$

###### Proof.

(1) is clear and (3) follows from (2). Since $`det`$ is the restriction of a holomorphic function we have

$$D_wdet(s)=\frac{d}{dt}det(s)det(1+ts^1w)|_{t=0}=det(s)\mathrm{tr}(s^1w).$$

Thus

$$D_wdet(s)^m=mdet(s)^{m1}D_wdet(s)=mdet(s)^m\mathrm{tr}(s^1w).$$

###### Proposition 3.3.

Suppose that $`f,gL^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ are smooth and $`f`$ vanishes on the boundary of the cone $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Let $`1i,jn`$. Then

1. $$_\mathrm{\Omega }D_{i,j}f(s)g(s)𝑑s=_\mathrm{\Omega }f(s)D_{i,j}g(s)𝑑s.$$
2. $$_\mathrm{\Omega }e^{(z|s)}z_{i,j}f(s)𝑑s=_\mathrm{\Omega }e^{(z|s)}D_{j,i}f(s)𝑑s.$$

###### Proof.

(1) is Stokes Theorem and (2) follows from (1) and the fact that $`D_{j,i}e^{(z|s)}=e^{(z|s)}z_{i,j}.`$

## 4. The action of $`𝔤_{}`$ on $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$

In section 2 we determined the algebraic action of $`𝔤_{}`$ on $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$. Recall the measure $`d\mu _\nu (t)=det(t)^{\nu n}dt`$and the inner product $`(xy)=\mathrm{tr}(xy)`$. The Laplace transform

$$_\nu :L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega })),$$

given by the formula

$$_\nu (f)(z)=_\mathrm{\Omega }e^{(z|s)}f(s)det(s)^{\nu n}ds=_\mathrm{\Omega }e^{(zs)}f(s)𝑑\mu _\nu (s),$$

defines an isomorphism between $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ and $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$. We can thus define an equivalent action, denoted $`\lambda _\nu `$, of $`𝔤_{}`$ on $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$. This action is given in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 4.1.

Let $`fL^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ be a smooth vector.

1. Let $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)𝔨_{}`$. Then

$$\lambda _\nu \left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& a\end{array}\right)f(s)=\mathrm{tr}(sb+(saas\nu b)+bs)f(s)$$
2. Let $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^+`$. Then

$$\lambda _\nu \left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)f(s)=\mathrm{tr}(sx+(\nu x+sx+xs)+(\nu x+sx))f(s).$$
3. Let $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^{}`$. Then

$$\lambda _\nu \left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)f(s)=\mathrm{tr}(sx+(\nu x+sx+xs)+(\nu xsx))f(s).$$

The proof of this theorem is somewhat long and certainly tedious. We will provide the details for the subalgebra $`𝔭^+`$. The actions for the other algebras are done in a similar manner. Throughout we will use without reference the results of section 3.

### 4.1. (2) The proof for the $`𝔭^+`$\- action

Let $`X=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)𝔭^+`$ and let $`fL^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ be a smooth vector. We use the Laplace transform $`_\nu `$ to transfer the action of $`𝔭^+`$ on $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$. Thus we seek a formula for $`\lambda _\nu (X)`$ such that

$$\pi _\nu (X)_\nu f(z)=_\nu (\lambda _\nu (X)f)(z).$$

Recall from Theorem 2.1 that for $`F`$ a smooth vector in $`_\nu (T(\mathrm{\Omega }))`$ we have

$$\pi _\nu (X)F(z)=\nu \mathrm{tr}(x(1+z))F(z)\delta ((1+z)x(1+z))F(z).$$

Our first calculation will begin with $`\delta ((z+1)x(z+1))_\nu f(z)`$. Let $`m=\nu d/r=\nu n.`$

###### Lemma 4.2.

$`\delta ((z+1)x(z+1))_\nu f(z)`$ $`=\delta ((z+1)x(z+1)){\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`={\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}((z+1)x(z+1)|s)f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
(A) $`={\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}(x|s)f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
(B) $`+{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}(xz|s)f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
(C) $`+{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}(zx|s)f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
(D) $`+{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}(zxz|s)f(s)det(s)^mds}.`$
###### Lemma 4.3 (B).

$$e^{(z|s)}(xz|s)f(s)det(s)^mds=(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)+e^{(z|s)}\mathrm{tr}(sx)f(s)det(s)^mds.$$

###### Proof.

First observe that $`(xz|s)=_{i,j}(xz)_{i,j}s_{i,j}^{}=_{i,j,k}x_{i,k}z_{k,j}s_{j,i}.`$

$`B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j}{}}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}x_{i,k}D_{j,k}\left(s_{j,i}f(s)det(s)^m\right)𝑑s}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j}{}}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}x_{i,k}\delta _{k,i}f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j}{}}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}x_{i,k}s_{j,i}(D_{j,k}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j}{}}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}x_{i,k}s_{j,i}f(s)mdet(s)^{m1}\mathrm{cof}_{j,k}(s)ds}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)+{\displaystyle \underset{j,k}{}}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}(sx)_{j,k}(D_{j,k}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)+{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}\mathrm{tr}(sx)f(s)det(s)^mds}.`$
###### Lemma 4.4 (C).

$$e^{(z|s)}(zx|s)f(s)det(s)^mds=(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)+e^{(z|s)}\mathrm{tr}(xs)f(s)det(s)^mds.$$

###### Proof.

This proof is very similar to the proof of lemma (4.3). It is omitted. ∎

Putting B and C together gives

###### Lemma 4.5.

$$B+C=2(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)+_\nu (tr((xs+sx))f)(z).$$

We now calculate D and obtain

###### Lemma 4.6 (D).

$`D`$ $`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+(n+m)_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(x)f)(z)`$
$`+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z).`$
###### Proof.

First observe that

$$(zxz|s)=\underset{i,j,k,l}{}z_{i,k}x_{k,l}z_{l,j}s_{j,i}.$$

Thus

$`D`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}z_{i,k}z_{l,j}s_{j,i}x_{k,l}f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}z_{i,k}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}D_{j,l}(s_{j,i}f(s)det(s)^m)𝑑s}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}z_{i,k}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}\delta _{l,i}f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}z_{i,k}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}s_{j,i}(D_{j,l}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}z_{i,k}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}s_{j,i}f(s)mdet(s)^{m1}\mathrm{cof}_{j,l}(s)ds}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m){\displaystyle \underset{k,l}{}}x_{k,l}z_{l,k}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}f(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}z_{i,k}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}s_{j,i}(D_{j,l}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu f(z)+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}D_{k,i}(s_{j,i}(D_{j,l}f)(s)det(s)^m)𝑑s}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}\delta _{k,j}(D_{j,l}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}s_{j,i}(D_{k,i}D_{j,l}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i,k,j,l}{}}x_{k,l}{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}s_{j,i}(D_{j,l}f)(s)mdet(s)^{m1}\mathrm{cof}_{k,i}(s)ds}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+(n+m){\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}\underset{k,l}{}x_{k,l}(D_{k,l}f)(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`+{\displaystyle e^{(z|s)}\underset{i,k,j,l}{}s_{j,i}(D_{k,i}x_{k,l}(D_{j,l}f))(s)det(s)^mds}`$
$`=`$ $`(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+(n+m)_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(x)f)(z)`$
$`+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z).`$
By putting together lemmas (4.2)-(4.6) we obtain

###### Lemma 4.7.

$`\delta ((z+1)x(z+1))_\nu f(z)`$ $`=`$ $`_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z)+2(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+_\nu (D_{xs+sx}f)(z)+(n+m)\mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu (f)(z)`$
$`+(n+m)_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(x)f)(z)+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z).`$
We thus obtain

$`\pi _\nu (\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& x\\ x& x\end{array}\right)_\nu (f)(z)`$ $`=`$ $`\nu \mathrm{tr}(x(z+1))_\nu f(z)\delta ((z+1)x(z+1)_\nu f(z)`$
$`=`$ $`\nu \mathrm{tr}(xz)_\nu f(z)\nu \mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z)+2\nu \mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}((sx+xs))f)(z)+\nu \mathrm{tr}(zx)_\nu f(z)`$
$`+\nu _\nu (\mathrm{tr}(x)f)(z)+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z)`$
$`=`$ $`\nu \mathrm{tr}(x)_\nu f(z)+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z)`$
$`+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}((sx+xs))f)(z)`$
$`+\nu _\nu (\mathrm{tr}(x)f)(z)+_\nu (\mathrm{tr}(sx)f)(z)`$
$`=`$ $`_\nu (\mathrm{tr}((\nu x+sx)+(\nu x+sx+xs)+sx)f)(z)`$
This completes the proof.

## 5. Recursion Relations

We will now state the main recursion relations implied by these actions. The notation and definition for the Laguerre functions are in , section 7.

###### Theorem 5.1.

The Laguerre functions are related by the following recursion relations:

1. $`\mathrm{tr}(s\nu +s)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =(r\nu +2|𝐦|)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu .`$
2. $`\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{tr}(s+(\nu I+2s)+(\nu I+s))\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu (s)=_{j=1}^r\left(\begin{array}{c}𝐦\\ 𝐦\gamma _𝐣\end{array}\right)(m_j1+\nu (j1))\mathrm{}_{𝐦\gamma _𝐣}^\nu `$
3. $`\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{tr}(s+(\nu I+2s)+(\nu Is))\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =_{j=1}^rc_𝐦(j)\mathrm{}_{𝐦+\gamma _𝐣}^\nu .`$

###### Proof.

Let $`\xi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right).`$ Then by lemma 5.5 of

$$\pi _\nu (\xi )q_{𝐦,\nu }=(r\nu +2|𝐦|)q_{𝐦,\nu },$$

where, by theorem 7.8 of , $`_\nu (\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu )=\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐦+\nu )q_{𝐦,\nu }.`$ From this it follows that

$`\lambda _\nu (\xi )\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu `$ $`=`$ $`_\nu ^1\pi _\nu (\xi )_\nu \mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu `$
$`=`$ $`_\nu ^1\pi _\nu (\xi )\mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu (𝐦+\nu )q_{𝐦,\nu }`$
$`=`$ $`(r\nu +2|𝐦|)_\nu ^1(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐦+\nu )q_{𝐦,\nu })`$
$`=`$ $`(r\nu +2|𝐦|)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu .`$
On the other hand, if $`a=0`$ and $`b=1`$ in Theorem 4.1, then

$$\lambda _\nu (\xi )\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =\mathrm{tr}(s\nu +s)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu $$

and part (1) follows.

The vector $`\xi `$ is in the center of $`𝔨_{}`$ and $`\mathrm{ad}(\xi )`$ acts by $`2I`$ on $`𝔭^+`$ and $`2I`$ on $`𝔭^{}`$, where $`I`$ is the identity operator. Let

$$L_k^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )=\{fL^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu ):\lambda _\nu (\xi )f=(r\nu +2k)f\}.$$

Since $`\lambda _\nu `$ is an irreducible highest weight representation it is well known that $`L_k^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ is finite dimensional, nonzero if $`k0`$, and $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )=L_k^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu ).`$ Furthermore, part (1) implies that $`\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu L_{|𝐦|}^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu ),`$ for all $`𝐦\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (c.f. (2.15) of ). For $`x𝔭^+`$ and $`fL_k^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ we have

$`\lambda _\nu (\xi )\lambda _\nu (x)f`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda _\nu (x)\lambda _\nu (\xi )f+\lambda _\nu ([\xi ,x])f`$
$`=`$ $`(r\nu +2k)\lambda _\nu (x)f2\lambda _\nu (x)f`$
$`=`$ $`(r\nu +2(k1))\lambda _\nu (x)f.`$
This implies that $`\lambda _\nu (x)fL_{k1}^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$. Similarly, for $`x𝔭^{}`$, we have $`\lambda _\nu (x)fL_{k+1}^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu ).`$

Now let $`X^+=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right)𝔭^+`$, $`X^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right)𝔭^{}`$, and $`Z=\frac{1}{2}(X^{}X^+)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).`$ Then by theorem 7.9 of  and its proof

$$\lambda _\nu (Z)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m}{m\gamma _j}\right)(m_j1+\nu (j1))\mathrm{}_{m\gamma _j}^\nu +\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}c_m(j)\mathrm{}_{m+\gamma _j}^\nu .$$

If $`P_k`$ denotes the orthogonal projection of $`L^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ onto $`L_k^2(\mathrm{\Omega },d\mu _\nu )`$ then

$$\frac{1}{2}\lambda _\nu (X^+)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =P_{|𝐦|1}\lambda _\nu (Z)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m}{m\gamma _j}\right)(m_j1+\nu (j1))\mathrm{}_{m\gamma _j}^\nu $$

and

$$\frac{1}{2}\lambda _\nu (X^{})\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =P_{|𝐦|+1}\lambda _\nu (Z)\mathrm{}_𝐦^\nu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}c_m(j)\mathrm{}_{m+\gamma _j}^\nu .$$

Formulas (2) and (3) now follow from theorem 4.1 part (2) and (3), respectively, by setting $`x=1`$.