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# References

JET PHYSICS AT LEP AND QCD

I.M. Dremin

Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow 119991, Russia

## Abstract

With the advent of LEP we discovered jets and at its last years we learned a lot about intermediate vector bosons. All that strongly supports our belief in QCD. Jet physics is briefly described in this talk. Experimental results are compared with QCD predictions. It is shown that the perturbative QCD has been able not only to describe the existing data but also to predict many bright phenomena.

The main process of $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation at LEP looks like two jets moving in the opposite directions. These jets are considered in QCD as (initiated by quarks and collimated) cascades of consecutive emissions of partons each of which produces observed hadrons due to soft confinement.

1. Early days.

Jets were discovered in 1975. Their angular collimation was demonstrated in studies of such kinematical properties as sphericity, spherocity, thrust etc. They show that the transverse momenta are small compared to the total momenta if the proper coordinate axes are chosen. The collimation increases with energy increase.

The jet axes were defined from these characteristics. It has been shown that the angular ($`\theta `$) distribution of jet axes in $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation follows the dependence $`(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta )`$ expected for spin 1/2 objects.

The quark origin of jets was proven in studies of the ratio of $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation cross sections to hadrons and to $`\mu ^+\mu ^{}`$-pairs. QCD predicts that this ratio should be equal to the sum of squared charges of the objects initiating jets. In experiment, this ratio equals just its value for quarks and increases with energy at the thresholds for heavier quarks.

Thus, these early findings assured us that QCD is on the right way. Later, numerous data supported this conclusion as is shown in what follows in brief. To shorten the presentation, only some of most impressive results have been chosen and no Figures are presented. More complete list with a detailed survey and Figures demonstrating comparison with experiment can be found in the books  and in recent review papers .

2. Theory.

According to QCD, the primary quarks emit gluons which, in their turn, can emit $`e^+e^{}`$-pairs and gluons. Thus the branching process of jet evolution appears. The gluons with high enough transverse momenta can create gluon jets. QCD pretends to describe jets of both quark and gluon origin. Many hadrons are created when partons become confined.

Analytical QCD pretends to start with asymptotical values and proceed to lower energies accounting for conservation laws, higher order perturbative and non-perturbative effects. The perturbative approach is justified at high transferred momenta due to the asymptotic freedom property of QCD which states that the coupling strength becomes smaller with increase of transferred momenta. The perturbative evolution is terminated at some low scale $`Q_01`$GeV for transverse momenta or virtualities of partons. Here, the transition between partonic degrees of freedom at short distances to hadronic degrees of freedom at long distances (i.e., from weak to strong coupling) begins. Every experiment encodes this transition. To deal with it in practice, the local parton-hadron duality (LPHD) is assumed which declares that the distributions at the parton level describe the hadron observables up to some constant factor. This concept originates from the preconfinement property of quarks and gluons to form colorless clusters. In this framework, the perturbative QCD has demonstrated its very high predictive power. It works surprisingly well when applied for comparison with experiment.

The most general approach starts from the equation for the generating functional. The generating functional contains complete information about any multiparticle process. It is defined as

$$G(\{u\},\kappa _0)=\underset{n}{}d^3k_1\mathrm{}d^3k_nu(k_1)\mathrm{}u(k_n)P_n(k_1,\mathrm{},k_n;\kappa _0),$$
(1)
where $`P_n(k_1,\mathrm{},k_n;\kappa _0)`$ is the probability density for exclusive production of particles with momenta $`k_1,\mathrm{},k_n`$ at the initial virtuality (energy) $`\kappa _0`$, and $`u(k)`$ is an auxiliary function. For $`u(k)=`$const, one gets the generating function of the multiplicity distribution $`P_n(\kappa _0)`$. The variations of $`G(\{u\})`$ over $`u(k)`$ (or differentials for constant $`u`$) provide any inclusive distributions and correlations of arbitrary order, i.e. complete information about the process. The general structure of the equation for the generating functional describing the jet evolution for a single species partons can be written symbolically as

$$G^{}\alpha _SK[GGG]𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(2)
It shows that the evolution of $`G`$ indicated by its variation (derivative) $`G^{}`$ is determined by the cascade process of the production of two partons by a highly virtual time-like parton (the term $`GG`$) and by the escape of a single parton ($`G`$) from a given phase space region $`d\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The weights are determined by the coupling strength $`\alpha _S`$ and the splitting function $`K`$ defined by the interaction Lagrangian. The integral runs over all internal variables, and the symbol $``$ shows that the two partons share the momentum of their parent. This is a non-linear integrodifferential probabilistic equation with shifted arguments in the $`GG`$ term under the integral sign.

For quark and gluon jets, one writes down the system of two coupled equations. Their solutions give all characteristics of quark and gluon jets and allow for the comparison with experiment to be done. Let us write them down explicitly for the generating functions now.

$`G_G^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xK_G^G(x)\gamma _0^2[G_G(y+\mathrm{ln}x)G_G(y+\mathrm{ln}(1x))G_G(y)]`$ (3)
$`+`$ $`n_f{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xK_G^F(x)\gamma _0^2[G_F(y+\mathrm{ln}x)G_F(y+\mathrm{ln}(1x))G_G(y)],`$
$$G_F^{}=_0^1𝑑xK_F^G(x)\gamma _0^2[G_G(y+\mathrm{ln}x)G_F(y+\mathrm{ln}(1x))G_F(y)],$$
(4)
where $`G^{}(y)=dG/dy,`$ $`y=\mathrm{ln}(p\mathrm{\Theta }/Q_0)=\mathrm{ln}(2Q/Q_0),p`$ is the initial momentum, $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is the angle of the divergence of the jet (jet opening angle), assumed here to be small, $`Q`$ is the jet virtuality, $`Q_0=`$ const , $`n_f`$ is the number of active flavors,

$$\gamma _0^2=\frac{2N_c\alpha _S}{\pi },$$
(5)
the running coupling constant in the one-loop approximation is

$$\alpha _S(y)=\frac{6\pi }{(11N_c2n_f)y},$$
(6)
the labels $`G`$ and $`F`$ correspond to gluons and quarks, and the kernels of the equations are

$$K_G^G(x)=\frac{1}{x}(1x)[2x(1x)],$$
(7)
$$K_G^F(x)=\frac{1}{4N_c}[x^2+(1x)^2],$$
(8)
$$K_F^G(x)=\frac{C_F}{N_c}\left[\frac{1}{x}1+\frac{x}{2}\right],$$
(9)
where $`N_c`$=3 is the number of colours, and $`C_F=(N_c^21)/2N_c=4/3`$ in QCD. The variable $`u`$ has been omitted in the generating functions.

Let us note that these equations can be exactly solved  if the coupling strength is assumed fixed, i.e. independent of $`y`$. For the running coupling strength, the Taylor series expansion can be used  to get the modified perturbative expansion of physically measurable quantities. The asymptotical results are obtained in the so-called double-logarithmic (DLA) or leading order (LO) approximation when the terms $`(\alpha _S\mathrm{ln}^2s)^n`$ are summed. Here $`s`$ is the cms energy squared. The emitted gluons are assumed so soft that the energy-momentum conservation is neglected. The corrections accounting for conservation laws in the $`GG`$ term and in limits of the integration as well as the higher order terms in the weight $`\alpha _SK`$ (in particular, the non-singular terms of the kernels $`K`$) appear first in the next-to-leading (NLO or MLLA - modified leading logarithm approximation) and then in higher (2NLO,…) orders. Formally, these equations have been proven only for the next-to-leading (NLO) order of the perturbative QCD. However, one can try to consider them as kinetic equations in higher orders and/or generalize them including the abovementioned effects in a more rigorous way than it is usually implied.

3. QCD predictions and their comparison with experiment.

The theoretical results have been successfully compared with available experimental data. The main bulk of the data is provided by $`e^+e^{}`$-processes at $`Z^0`$ energy.

The energy dependence of mean multiplicity.

The equations for the average multiplicities in jets are obtained from the system of equations (3), (4) by expanding the generating functions in $`u1`$ and keeping the terms with $`q`$=0 and 1 according to the definition

$$\frac{dG}{du}_{u=1}=nP_n=n.$$
(10)
From their solutions one learns about the energy evolution of the ratio of multiplicities in quark and gluon jets $`r`$ and of the QCD anomalous dimension $`\gamma `$ (the slope of the logarithm of average multiplicity in a gluon jet) defined as

$$r=\frac{n_G}{n_F},\gamma =\frac{n_G^{^{}}}{n_G}=(\mathrm{ln}n_G)^{^{}}.$$
(11)
They have been represented by the perturbative expansion at large $`y`$ as

$$\gamma =\gamma _0(1a_1\gamma _0a_2\gamma _0^2a_3\gamma _0^3)+O(\gamma _0^5),$$
(12)
$$r=r_0(1r_1\gamma _0r_2\gamma _0^2r_3\gamma _0^3)+O(\gamma _0^4).$$
(13)
Using the Taylor series expansion of $`n`$ at large $`y`$ in the corresponding equations with (12), (13) one gets the coefficients $`a_i,r_i`$.

One of the most spectacular predictions of QCD states that in the leading order approximation, where $`\gamma =\gamma _0`$, average multiplicities should increase with energy  like $`\mathrm{exp}[c\sqrt{\mathrm{ln}s}]`$, i.e., in between the power-like and logarithmic dependences predicted by hydrodynamical and multiperipheral models. Next-to-leading order results account for the term with $`a_1`$ in Eqn. (12)  and contribute the logarithmically decreasing factor to this behavior whereas the higher order terms do not practically change this dependence . The fitted parameters in the final expression are an overall constant normalization factor which is defined by confinement and a scale parameter $`Q_0`$. The $`e^+e^{}`$-data are well fitted by such an expression. Let us note here that the expansion parameter $`\gamma `$ is rather large at present energies being about 0.4 - 0.5.

Let us stress here that the perturbative expansion in Eq. (12) leads to the modification of the perturbative expansion for $`n`$. Since $`\gamma `$ exponentiates in $`n`$, the so called modified perturbative expansion shows up in $`n`$.

Difference between quark and gluon jets

The system of two equations for quark and gluon jets predicts that asymptotically the energy dependence of mean multiplicities in them should be identical. However, normalization differs, and gluon jets are more ”active” so that the ratio $`r=n_G/n_F`$ of average multiplicities in gluon and quark jets should tend at high energies  to the ratio of Casimir operators $`C_A/C_F=9/4`$. Once again, this prediction shows how far are we now from the true asymptotics because in experiment this ratio is about 1.5 at $`Z^0`$ energy and even smaller at lower energies. The higher order terms (calculated now up to 3NLO) improve the agreement and approach the experimental value with an accuracy about 15$`\%`$. The higher order terms change slightly also the energy behavior of quark jets compared to gluon jets as observed in experiment. However, the simultaneous fit of quark and gluon jets with the same set of fitted parameters is still not very accurate. This failure is again due to insufficiently precise description of the ratio $`r`$.

Let us stress here that LO and NLO terms in energy dependence of mean multiplicities cancel in the ratio $`r`$. Thus, this is the most sensitive measure of higher order corrections which pushes us to work at the limits of our knowledge. Moreover, due to this cancellation the $`\gamma _0^3`$-terms in $`r`$-expansion correspond to $`\gamma _0^4`$-terms in expansion of $`\gamma `$ itself, i.e. to 4NLO and not to 3NLO-terms there. And they have been calculated analytically . Therefore the slight disagreement with experiment should not surprise us very much when we work at (and, may be, even outside!) the limits of applicability of the whole approach.

Moreover, QCD predicted  that the ratio of multiplicities $`r`$ should be smaller than the ratio of their slopes (first derivatives) which, in turn, is smaller than the ratio of their curvatures (second derivatives), and all of them are smaller than 2.25 and tend to this limit in asymptotics. This has been confirmed by experiment as well.

Oscillations of cumulant moments.

The shape of the multiplicity distribution can be described by its higher moments related to the width, the skewness, the kurtosis etc. The $`q`$-th derivative of the generating function corresponds to the factorial moment $`F_q`$, and the derivative of its logarithm defines the so-called cumulant moment $`K_q`$. The latter ones describe the genuine (irreducible) correlations in the system (it reminds the connected Feynman graphs).

$$F_q=\frac{_nP_nn(n1)\mathrm{}(nq+1)}{(_nP_nn)^q}=\frac{1}{n^q}\frac{d^qG(z)}{du^q}_{u=1},$$
(14)
$$K_q=\frac{1}{n^q}\frac{d^q\mathrm{ln}G(z)}{du^q}_{u=1}.$$
(15)
These moments are not independent. They are connected by definite relations that can easily be derived from their definitions in terms of the generating function. In that sense, cumulants and factorial moments are equally suitable.

Solving the Eqns. (3), (4), one gets quite naturally the predictions  for the behavior of the ratio $`H_q=K_q/F_q`$. At asymptotically high energies, this ratio is predicted to behave as $`q^2`$. However, the asymptotics is very far from our realm. At present energies, according to QCD, this ratio should reveal the minimum at $`q5`$ and subsequent oscillations. This astonishing qualitative prediction has been confirmed in experiment (for the first time in Ref. ). Moreover, the oscillations of the moments with their rank have been observed. The quantitative analytical estimates are not enough accurate but the numerical computer solution  reproduces oscillations quite well. These new laws differ from all previously attempted distributions of the probability theory.

The hump-backed plateau.

Dealing with inclusive distributions, one should solve the equations for the generating functional. It has been done up to NLO approximation. As predicted by QCD, the momentum (rapidity $`y`$) spectra of particles inside jets should have the shape of the hump-backed plateau . This striking prediction of the perturbative QCD differs from the previously popular flat plateau advocated by Feynman. It has been found in experiment. The depletion between the two humps is due to angular ordering and color coherence in QCD. The humps are of the approximately Gaussian shape near their maxima if the variable $`\xi =\mathrm{ln}x;x=p/E_j`$ is used. Here $`p`$ is the particle momentum, $`E_j`$ is the jet energy. This prediction was first obtained in the LO QCD, and more accurate expressions were derived in NLO . Moments of the distributions up to the fourth rank have been calculated. The drop of the spectrum towards small momenta becomes more noticeable in this variable. The comparison with experimental data at different energies has revealed good agreement both on the shape of the spectrum and on the energy dependence of its peak position and width.

Difference between heavy- and light-quark jets.

Another spectacular prediction of QCD is the difference between the spectra and multiplicities in jets initiated by heavy and light quarks. Qualitatively, it corresponds to the difference in bremsstrahlung by muons and electrons where the photon emission at small angles is strongly suppressed for muons because of the large mass in the muon propagator. Therefore, the intensity of the radiation is lower in the ratio of masses squared. The coherence of soft gluons also plays an important role in QCD. For heavy quarks the accompanying radiation of gluons should be stronger depleted in the forward direction (dead-cone or ring-like emission). It was predicted  that it should result in the energy-independent difference of companion mean multiplicities for heavy- and light-quark jets of equal energy. The naive model of energy rescaling  predicts the decreasing difference. The experimental data support this QCD conclusion.

Color coherence in 3-jet events.

When three or more partons are involved in hard interaction, one should take into account color-coherence effects. Several of them have been observed. In particular, the multiplicity can not be represented simply as a sum of flows from independent partons. QCD predicts that the particle flows should be enlarged in the directions of emission of partons and suppressed in between them. Especially interesting is the prediction that this suppression is stronger between $`q\overline{q}`$-pair than between $`gq`$ and $`g\overline{q}`$ in $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}g`$ event if all angles between partons are large (the ”string”  or ”drag”  effect). All these predictions have been confirmed by experiment. In $`q\overline{q}g`$ events the particle population values in the $`qg`$ valleys are found larger than in the $`q\overline{q}`$ valley by a factor 2.23$`\pm `$0.37 compared to the theoretical prediction of 2.4. Moreover, QCD predicts that this shape is energy-independent up to an overall normalization factor.

Let us note that for the process $`e^+e^{}q\overline{q}\gamma `$ the emission of additional photons would be suppressed both in the direction of a primary photon and in the opposite one. In the case of an emitted gluon, we observe the string (drag) effect of enlarged multiplicity in its direction and stronger suppression in the opposite one. This suppression is described by the ratio of the corresponding multiplicities in the $`q\overline{q}`$ region which is found to be equal 0.58$`\pm `$0.06 in experiment whereas the theoretical prediction is 0.61.

The color coherence reveals itself as inside jets as in inter-jet regions. It should suppress both the total multiplicity of $`q\overline{q}g`$ events and the particle yield in the transverse to the $`q\overline{q}g`$ plane for decreasing opening angle between the low-energy jets. When hard gluon becomes softer, color coherence determines, e.g., the azimuthal correlations of two gluons in $`q\overline{q}gg`$ system. In particular, back-to-back configuration ($`\phi 180^0`$) is suppressed by a factor $`0.785`$ in experiment, 0.8 in HERWIG Monte Carlo and 0.93 in analytical pQCD. In conclusion, color coherence determines topological dependence of jet properties.

Some proposals have been promoted for a special two-scale analysis of 3-jet events when the restriction on the transverse momentum of a gluon jet is imposed . They found also support from experiment.

Intermittency and fractality.

The self-similar parton cascade leads to special multiparton correlations. Its structure with ”jets inside jets inside jets…” provoked the analogy with turbulence and the ideas of intermittency . Such a structure should result in the fractal distribution in the available phase space . The fractal behavior would display the linear dependence of logarithms of factorial moments on the logarithmic size of phase space windows. The moments are larger in smaller windows, i.e. the fluctuations increase in smaller bins in a power-like manner (see the review paper ).

In QCD, the power dependence appears for a fixed coupling regime . The running property of the coupling strength in QCD flattens  this dependence at smaller bins, i.e. the multifractal behavior takes over there. The slopes for different ranks $`q`$ are related to the Renyi dimensions. Both the linear increase at comparatively large but decreasing bins and its flattening for small bins have been observed in experiment. However, only qualitative agreement with analytical predictions can be claimed here. The higher order calculations are rather complicated and mostly the results of LO with some NLO corrections are yet available. In experiment, different cuts have been used which hamper the direct comparison. However, Monte Carlo models where these cuts can be done agree with experiment better. The role of partonic and hadronization stages in this regime is still debatable.

Subjet multiplicities.

A single quark-antiquark pair is initially created in $`e^+e^{}`$\- annihilation. With very low angular resolution one observes two jets. A three-jet structure can be observed when a gluon with large transverse momentum is emitted by the quark or antiquark. However such a process is suppressed by an additional factor $`\alpha _S`$, which is small for large transferred momenta. It can be calculated perturbatively. At relatively low transferred momenta, the jet evolves to angular ordered subjets (”jets inside jets…”). Different algorithms have been proposed to resolve subjets. By increasing the resolution, more and more subjets are observed. For very high resolution, the final hadrons are resolved. The resolution criteria are chosen to provide infrared safe results.

In particular, one can predict the asymptotical ratio of subjet multiplicities in 3- and 2-jet events if one neglects soft gluon coherence:

$$\frac{n_3^{sj}}{n_2^{sj}}=\frac{2C_F+C_A}{2C_F}=\frac{17}{8}.$$
(16)
Actually, the coherence reduces this value to be below 1.5 in experiment for all acceptable resolution parameters. Theoretical predictions  agree only qualitatively with experimental findings.

Subjet multiplicities have also been studied in separated quark and gluon jets. The analytical results  represent the data fairly well for large values of the subjet resolution scale $`y_0`$.

Jet universality.

According to QCD, jets produced in processes initiated by different colliding particles ($`ep,pp,AA`$ etc) should be universal and depend only on their own parent (gluon, light or heavy quark) if not modified by the secondary interactions. This prediction has been confirmed by many experiments.

4. Conclusions and outlook.

A list of successful analytical and Monte-Carlo QCD predictions can be made longer. In particular, much work was done on the energy dependence of higher moments of multiplicity distributions, on forward-backward multiplicity correlations, on Bose-Einstein correlations, on various shape parameters of jets (and, in general, on event shape distributions), on non- perturbative corrections etc. QCD serves not only as a powerful tool for studies of multiparticle production processes but as a background for new physics as well.

The new era will be opened with the advent of new generations of linear colliders like TESLA.

Acknowledgements.

We should praise LEP and experimentalists from ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL collaborations for numerous results which allowed to enlarge our knowledge of physics of multiparticle production. I regret that the available space for the written version did not allow me to refer to all these papers and I had to omit Figures and cite mostly the theoretical predictions. In oral presentation, I tried to avoid these shortcomings.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Supersymmetric and string theory models throw up long-lived, massive fields like the gravitino, the Polonyi, the moduli and the dilaton . Stability of the corresponding particle may lead to over-abundance, while decay during baryogenesis or BBN nucleosynthesis may disturb $`\eta `$ or nuclear abundances too much . Thermal inflation  has been proposed as a method of diluting away troublesome fields. A scalar field, the flaton, is used to start inflation at a temperature of about $`10^7`$ Gev. The inflation stops at a temperature of the order of the flaton mass, typically $``$ $`10^3`$ Gev. Such a scalar field goes on decaying into Mev-scale temperatures with potential trouble for BBN nucleosynthesis.

The effect of flaton decay on the effective number of neutrino species, $`N_{eff}`$, and the neutrino distribution function during nucleosynthesis has been recently studied in detail . Here, we study the effect of scalar decay on decoupling of the usual left-handed, massless neutrinos. As the phenomenological details of such a decaying particle are still quite open, we consider the general effect of late time entropy production on electron neutrino decoupling, assuming that the decaying scalar once dominated the energy density of the universe. The electron neutrino decoupling temperature is a sensitive input of BBN, and we estimate lower bounds on the scalar decay constant, demanding that this decoupling temperature should not be disturbed.

## 2 Entropy Generation and Decoupling

The entropy generation rate is calculated from

$$dS_\mathrm{\Phi }=\frac{d(a^3\rho _\varphi )}{T},$$

where $`\rho _\varphi `$ is the scalar energy density at radiation temperature T, all massless particles being collectively called radiation. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be the scalar decay constant. Writing $`\mathrm{\Phi }=a^3\rho _\varphi ,`$ the equation for the evolution of the scalar energy density is $`\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}=\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Phi },`$ with the solution $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_Ee^{\mathrm{\Gamma }(tt_E)}\text{[6]},`$ where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_E`$ is the value of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ at a fiducial time $`t=t_E.`$ This gives

$$\dot{S_\mathrm{\Phi }}=(\mathrm{\Gamma }/T)\mathrm{\Phi }_Ee^{\mathrm{\Gamma }(tt_E)}.$$
(1)
What is the standard situation in the absence of scalar decay? In the era of neutrino decoupling, the electron neutrinos interact via charged and neutral currents, while muon and taon neutrinos interact via neutral currents alone. So, the muon and taon neutrinos decouple at a slightly higher temperature than the electron neutrinos. Then, the change in electron neutrino ($`\nu `$ ) number occurs due to the process $`\nu +\overline{\nu }e^{}+e^+`$.

The decoupling of electron neutrinos is governed by the integrated Boltzmann equation

$$\dot{n}+3Hn=<\sigma |v|>(n^2n_{EQ}^2),$$
(2)
where $`n`$ is the number density of the electron neutrinos, $`n_{EQ}`$ their equilibrium number density, and $`<\sigma |v|>`$ the thermally averaged cross-section times relative velocity. Assuming an absence of neutrino degeneracy, we use the Boltzmann distribution function to give

$$n_{EQ}=T^3/\pi ^2.$$
(3)
Following the usual method of calculation , neglecting the masses of the neutrino and the electron,

$`<\sigma |v|>={\displaystyle \frac{8}{\pi }}G_F^2[(C_{Ve}+1)^2+(C_{Ae}+1)^2]T^2`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{4.112\times 10^{10}}{Gev^4}}T^2.`$ (4)
The decoupling may be taken to start when the following relation just holds.

$$<\sigma |v|>(n^2n_{EQ}^2)<3Hn.$$
(5)
Denoting $`(a^3)`$ times entropy density as $`S`$, the net contribution, into the $`\nu ,\overline{\nu }`$ sector, of the covariant divergence $`(1/a^3)\dot{S}`$ of the usual entropy density current, due to the process $`e^{}+e^+\nu +\overline{\nu }`$, is $`2\alpha <\sigma |v|>(n^2n_{EQ}^2)\text{[11]},`$ where333In , the distribution function of the decoupling particle is taken as $`f(p)=e^{\alpha (t)\beta (t)E(p)}(1+\xi (p))`$. For sufficiently strong elastic collisions, it is shown that $`\xi 1`$, and the process is well represented by the time-dependent parameter $`\alpha (t)`$. Despite the resemblance, $`\alpha `$ is not a chemical potential. It parametrises the distribution and is the same for particle and anti-particle, instead of being different in sign.The $`2`$ factor in $`2\alpha `$ arises because our equation (2) considers the change in particle density alone, while $`\dot{S}`$ considers net entropy transferred to both particle and antiparticle.  does not have the $`2`$ factor as particle and anti-particle are there considered together as a single species.

$$n=n_{EQ}e^\alpha .$$
(6)
If there is additional entropy generation due to scalar decay, there will be a corresponding extra term on the RHS of (2). To find a lower bound to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, such that scalar decay does not affect neutrino decoupling, we require this additional term to be small compared to the term $`<\sigma |v|>(n^2n_{EQ}^2)`$ on the RHS, at decoupling. To find the lower bound on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we consider the worst case scenario when the entire additional entropy due to scalar decay is transferred444In current models, it is usually assumed that the scalar cannot decay directly to neutrinos . Any massive decay products of the scalar quickly decouple and the entropy due to scalar decay passes to the $`e^{},e^+,\gamma `$ sector, and thence to the neutrinos via the annihilation process $`e^{}+e^+\nu +\overline{\nu }`$. As electromagnetic interactions keep the $`e^{},e^+,\gamma `$ sector very near equilibrium, almost all the entropy may be supposed to pass to the neutrinos. to the neutrinos. Then, if decoupling is to be kept undisturbed, we can require that the contribution, to the $`\nu ,\overline{\nu }`$ sector, of the covariant divergence of the entropy current due to scalar decay should be less than that due to the usual annihilation process, or

$$\frac{1}{a^3}\dot{S_\mathrm{\Phi }}<2\alpha <\sigma |v|>(n^2n_{EQ}^2),$$

when (5) holds. This means that the required lower bound to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is to be obtained from the criterion

$$\frac{1}{a^3}\dot{S_\mathrm{\Phi }}<2\alpha (3Hn),$$
(7)
where $`\alpha `$ corresponds555We assume that the electron neutrino distribution function continues to be parametrised as $`f(p)=e^{\alpha (t)\beta (t)E(p)}`$ even when there is scalar decay. It is shown in meticulous detail in ref. that, for low values of the scalar decay constant, the distribution is not thermalised. There is a deficit from the thermal distribution. So, our assumption is tantamount to an approximation of the deficit by a uniform factor $`e^\alpha `$, with $`\alpha >0`$. to its decoupling value, in the absence of scalar decay, worked out from the equality corresponding to (5).

## 3 Estimating the Entropy Generation

(1) indicates that $`\dot{S_\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ depends on $`\mathrm{\Phi }_E`$. In the absence of definite phenomenological values, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_E`$ is to be estimated indirectly. We are interested in the era when radiation domination has begun, and (1) is dominated by the exponential. Then, the pre-exponential may be estimated approximately, to an order of magnitude. So, in the pre-exponential, we define the initial epoch $`t_E`$ by putting $`\rho _{\varphi E}=\rho _{RE}`$, $`\rho _R`$ being the radiation energy density. Radiation domination is taken to start after this epoch. Further, we neglect entropy generation while estimating the pre-exponential in (1), and put

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_E=a_E^3\rho _{\varphi E}=a_E^3\rho _{RE}=(\pi ^2/30)g_E^{}a_E^3T_E^4`$
$`=(\pi ^2/30)g^{}a^3T^3T_E,`$ (8)
where $`g^{},a,T`$ refer to the epoch of decoupling.

### 3.1 Estimate of $`T_E`$

We assume that when the neutrinos decouple, $`\rho _\varphi \rho _R`$, such that $`\rho _\varphi /\rho _R`$ cannot be neglected, but its higher powers can. It is possible to show , in fact, that decoupling is not possible when $`\rho _\varphi \rho _R.`$ In the era $`\rho _\varphi \rho _R`$ of incomplete radiation domination, the Friedmann equation is put in the form

$$H^2=\frac{8\pi R}{3M_{Pl}^2a^4}(1+\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }a}{R}),$$
(9)
where $`R=a^4\rho _R.`$ If, well into this epoch, the correction term $`\mathrm{\Phi }a/R`$ on the RHS of (9) is neglected, the full radiation domination relations are found:

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2t}},\text{ and}`$
$`a`$ $`=`$ $`At^{\frac{1}{2}},`$ (10)
$`A`$ being a constant.

The $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ evolution equation has, as solution, a falling exponential in $`t`$, viz. $`\mathrm{\Phi }e^{\mathrm{\Gamma }t}`$. Instead of taking the falling exponential in $`t`$ directly, a suitable approximation to the correction term $`\mathrm{\Phi }a/R`$ on the RHS of (9) is first worked out. Let $`t_0`$ be a sufficiently late epoch, when $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }_00`$. Then, for use only in the correction term $`\mathrm{\Phi }a/R`$, one takes

$`\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }_0=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{t}})\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{t_0}})={\displaystyle \frac{d\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}{d\frac{1}{t}}}|_{t_0}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t_0}}).`$
Neglecting $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0,1/t_0`$ compared to $`\mathrm{\Phi },1/t`$, respectively, an approximation

$$\mathrm{\Phi }\frac{B}{t},$$
(11)
will be used only in the correction term $`\mathrm{\Phi }a/R`$, i.e., in the correction term, the falling exponential will be approximated by a rectangular hyperbola. B is a constant.

A similar approximation is considered for $`R`$. From

$$\frac{}{t}[a^3(\rho _\varphi +\rho _R)]+p_R\frac{}{t}a^3=0,$$

one obtains

$$\dot{R}=a\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Phi }.$$
(12)
It ought to be mentioned that $`R`$ refers to the total radiation present, and not only to that produced by decay. However, the change in $`R`$ is due to $`\varphi `$ decay and consequent entropy production. In the absence of this decay, $`\dot{R}=0`$. Using (10) and (11) in (12), and, integrating, one obtains approximately, for use only in the correction term $`\mathrm{\Phi }a/R`$,

$$RR_E2AB\mathrm{\Gamma }(t^{\frac{1}{2}}t_E^{\frac{1}{2}}).$$

If $`t_E`$ is sufficiently early compared to $`t`$, and there is sufficiently copious radiation production since $`t_E`$, it is sufficient to take

$$R2AB\mathrm{\Gamma }t^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

in the correction term $`\mathrm{\Phi }a/R`$. (10) and (11) are now used to give, in the correction term,

$`x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{H}}`$ (13)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{R}{\mathrm{\Phi }a}}.`$
Introducing the variable $`x`$ in (9), we get (9) in the form

$`H={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{x}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{4.461\times 10^{19}}{Gev}}T^2(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}})^{\frac{1}{2}},`$ (14)
putting $`g^{}=10.75`$. (14) is a good equation for $`x1.`$ But, we approximate $`T_E`$ in the pre-exponential term $`\mathrm{\Phi }_E`$ of (1), by putting $`x=x_E=1`$ in (14) (corresponding to $`\rho _\varphi =\rho _R`$, or $`\mathrm{\Phi }a=R`$, at $`t=t_E`$) to get

$$T_E=\frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\sqrt{\sqrt{2}\times 4.461\times 10^{19}/Gev}}.$$
(15)
## 4 Numerical Results and Conclusions

Now, BB nucleosynthesis is consistent with a neutrino decoupling temperature $`T_D`$ a few Mev. Here, we take $`T_D=1,2,3`$ Mev, and find corresponding values of $`\alpha `$, in the absence of scalar decay, from the equality corresponding to (5), using (3), (6) and $`H=4.461\times 10^{19}T^2`$, the last being the usual radiation domination value of $`H`$. The results are shown in the first two columns of Table I.

Next, we consider scalar decay. The value of $`T_E`$ from (15) is used in (8) and the latter is put into (1). Utilising (14) to relate the temperature and $`x`$ where necessary, and estimating $`t_E`$ from $`H=1/(2t),(\text{13}),\text{and}x_E=1`$, the equality corresponding to the relation (7) is now solved for $`x=x_D`$, keeping the same values of $`\alpha `$ already found to correspond to decoupling temperatures $`T_D=1,2,3`$ Mev in the absence of scalar decay. The results are in the third column of Table I. Finally, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is found corresponding to these values of $`x_D`$ from (14) for $`T_D=1,2,3`$ Mev. The form of $`\dot{S_\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ and the inequality (7) show that these values correspond to a lower bound on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

We conclude that if the entropy produced by scalar decay is not to disturb the neutrino decoupling temperature, the lower bound on the scalar decay constant must be of the order of $`8\times 10^{24}Gev,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}26.5}\times 10^{24}Gev,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}60}\times 10^{24}Gev`$, corresponding to neutrino decoupling temperatures of $`1,2,3`$ Mev. So, neutrino decoupling is unaffected, and BB nucleosynthesis safe on this count, if the scalar decay constant is greater than about $`10^{22}`$ Gev, corresponding to a reheating temperature of 8.6 Mev.
Acknowledgements

PA wishes to thank the authorities of Presidency College, Kolkata, for facilities. DRC wishes to thank Rahul Biswas for help in locating reference material.


text:
# Densité de points et minoration de hauteur

## 1 Introduction

On sait depuis les travaux de Philippon   , puis Bost, Gillet, Soulé  dans le cadre de l’intersection arithmétique, comment définir la hauteur des variétés projectives ; l’idée étant de considérer un point comme une variété de dimension zéro et de généraliser ceci en dimension supérieure. De même que dans le cas des points, on sait pour les variétés abéliennes munies d’un fibré en droites ample et symétrique définir une hauteur particulierement agréable : la hauteur canonique $`\widehat{h}_L`$, ou hauteur normalisée. En dimension zéro, il existe un théorème caractérisant les points de hauteur normalisée nulle ; c’est un résultat de Kronecker dans le cas de $`𝔾_m`$. Philippon  (dans le cas d’un produit de courbes elliptiques) puis Zhang  et David-Philippon  dans le cas général ont montré comment généraliser ce résultat pour caractériser les sous-variétés de hauteur normalisée nulle : ce sont les translatées d’un sous-groupe algébrique par un point de torsion. On dit qu’une telle sous-variété est une sous-variété de torsion. La réponse à cette question répond à une conjecture de Bogomolov. Ceci étant, on peut se demander comment minorer la hauteur normalisée d’une sous-variété de hauteur non-nulle d’une variété abélienne. Dans leur article , David et Philippon ont formulé un problème général (le problème 1.7) contenant cette question. On peut notamment faire ressortir de la discussion suivant la formulation de leur problème l’énoncé suivant :

###### Conjecture 1

(David-Philippon) Soit $`A`$ une variété abélienne définie sur un corps de nombres $`k`$, munie d’un fibré ample et symétrique $`L`$. Soit $`V`$ une sous-variété stricte de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible et qui n’est pas réunion de sous-variétés de torsion, alors, on a l’inégalité

$$\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_L(V)}c(A,L)\mathrm{deg}_L(V)^{\frac{1}{s\text{dim}V}},$$

$`s`$ est la dimension du plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`V`$, et où $`c(A,L)`$ est une constante ne dépendant que de $`A`$ et de $`L`$.

Dans ce qui suit, on reprend le résultat principal (ainsi que le schéma de démonstration) de Amoroso-David  concernant le groupe multiplicatif $`𝔾_m^n`$, pour obtenir un résultat analogue dans le cadre des variétés abéliennes. En utilisant les résultats de David-Hindry  concernant le problème de Lehmer abélien, on obtient en corollaire un résultat en direction de la conjecture 1. Ce dernier ne concerne que les variétés abéliennes de type C.M., par contre il est essentiellement optimal (à un facteur $`\mathrm{log}`$ près) en le degré de $`V`$.

Remerciements Je tiens à remercier M. Hindry pour sa patiente relecture, et je le remercie également, ainsi que S. David, pour m’avoir encouragé à écrire cet article. Par ailleurs je souhaite aussi remercier chaleureusement É. Gaudron et G. Rémond pour m’avoir indiqué une erreur dans la preuve du lemme 3 dans une version préliminaire de cet article.

### 1.1 Degré et hauteur

Soit $`k`$ un corps de nombres. On dira que $`V`$ est une variété algébrique sur $`k`$ si $`V`$ est un $`k`$-schéma de type fini géométriquement réduit. On dira que $`G`$ est un groupe algébrique sur $`k`$ si c’est une variété en groupes sur $`k`$. On dira que $`A`$ est une variété abélienne définie sur $`k`$ si c’est un groupe algébrique connexe propre et lisse sur $`k`$. Par sous-variété on entendra toujours sous-variété fermée.

Soient $`𝒪_k`$ l’anneau des entiers de $`k`$, $`n`$ un entier, et $`X`$ une variété projective munie d’un plongement $`\phi _L:X_k^n`$ défini par un fibré $`L`$ très ample sur $`X`$. Si $`𝒪(1)`$ dénote le fibré standard sur $`_{𝒪_k}^n,`$ on a $`\phi _L^{}𝒪(1)_kL`$. On note $`\overline{𝒪(1)}`$ le fibré standard muni de la métrique de Fubini-Study. Si $`V`$ est une sous-variété de $`X`$, on note $`𝒱_L`$ l’adhérence schématique de $`\phi _L(V)`$ dans $`_{𝒪_k}^n`$.

Définition 1 On définit le degré de la variété $`V`$ relativement à $`L`$, et on note $`\mathrm{deg}_LV`$ l’entier $`\mathrm{deg}_k\left(c_1(𝒪(1)_k)^{\text{dim}V}\phi _L(V)\right)`$$`\mathrm{deg}_k`$ est le degré projectif usuel sur $`_k^n`$.

Définition 2 On appelle hauteur de la variété $`V`$ associée à $`L`$, et on note $`h_L(V)`$ la hauteur de $`𝒱_L`$, au sens de Bost-Gillet-Soulé  p. 945 définition 3.1.1., associée au fibré hermitien $`\overline{𝒪(1)}`$. Notons que l’on ne normalise pas cette hauteur par le degré $`\mathrm{deg}_L(V)`$.

Remarque 1 Par le théorème 3 p. 366 de , $`h_L(V)`$ coincide avec la hauteur $`h(f_{V,L})`$ de Philippon, telle que définie au paragraphe 2. de , où $`f_{V,L}`$ est une forme éliminante de l’idéal de définition de $`\phi _L(V)`$ dans $`k[X_0,\mathrm{},X_n]`$. (Le terme d’erreur de  disparait du fait du changement de normalisation pour la hauteur de Philippon entre les articles  et ).

Définition 3 Dans le cas où $`X=A`$ est une variété abélienne, et où $`L`$ est en plus symétrique, Philippon  (dans le cas où $`L`$ définit un plongement projectivement normal) puis Zhang , avec des méthodes arakeloviennes, ont montré en utilisant un procédé de limite à la Néron-Tate, comment définir une hauteur canonique, notée $`\widehat{h}_L(.)`$, sur l’ensemble des sous-variétés de $`A`$. Cette hauteur vérifie notamment : si $`X`$ est une sous-variété de $`A`$, de stabilisateur $`G_X`$, et si $`n`$ est un entier, alors,

$$\widehat{h}_L\left([n](X)\right)=\frac{n^{2(\text{dim}X+1)}}{\text{ker}[n]G_X}\widehat{h}_L(X).$$

Définition 4 Soit $`A/k`$ une variété abélienne. On dit que $`V`$ est une sous-variété de torsion de $`A`$ si $`V=a+B`$ avec $`aA_{\text{tors}}`$ et $`B`$ une sous-variété abélienne de $`A`$. On dit que c’est une sous-variété de torsion stricte de $`A`$ si c’est une sous-variété de torsion $`a+B`$ avec $`B`$ une sous-variété abélienne stricte de $`A`$.

D’après les résultats de Philippon , David-Philippon  et Zhang , on a, si $`V`$ est une sous-variété de $`A/k`$ définie sur une extension finie $`K/k`$,

$$\widehat{h}_L(V)=0\text{ si et seulement si }V\text{ est une sous-variété de torsion.}$$

Définition 5 Soient $`V`$ une sous-variété de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, et $`\theta `$ un nombre réel positif. On pose $`V(\theta ,L)=\left\{xV(\overline{k})/\widehat{h}_L(x)\theta \right\}.`$ On définit alors le minimum essentiel de $`V`$, et on note $`\mu _L^{\text{ess}}(V)`$ le réel

$$\mu _L^{\text{ess}}(V)=inf\left\{\theta >0/\overline{V(\theta ,L)}=V\right\},$$

$`\overline{V(\theta ,L)}`$ est la fermeture de Zariski de $`V(\theta ,L)`$ dans $`A`$.

### 1.2 Résultats

Soient $`k`$ un corps de nombres, $`A/k`$ une variété abélienne de dimension $`g`$, et $`L`$ un fibré en droites très ample sur $`A`$. On démontre le théorème suivant :

###### Théorème 1

Soient $`K/k`$ une extension finie, et $`V`$ une sous-variété algébrique de $`A`$ sur $`K`$, $`K`$-irréductible et contenue dans aucune réunion de sous-variétés de torsion strictes de $`A`$. Alors, pour tout réel $`\epsilon >0`$, l’ensemble des points $`xV(\overline{K})`$ d’ordre infini pour toute sous-variété abélienne stricte de $`A`$, et dont la hauteur de Néron-Tate relativement à $`L`$ vérifie

$$\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}+\epsilon $$

est Zariski dense dans $`V`$.

On peut donner deux corollaires à ce théorème. Pour cela, on a besoin d’une définition.

Définition 6 Soient $`A`$ une variété abélienne définie sur un corps de nombres $`k`$, $`L`$ un fibré en droites ample symétrique, et $`xA(\overline{k}).`$ Suivant  définition 1.2., on appelle indice d’obstruction de $`x`$, et on note $`\delta _L(x)`$ la quantité

$$\delta _L(x)=\mathrm{min}\{\mathrm{deg}_LX^{\frac{1}{\text{codim }X}}/xX\},$$

où le minimum est pris sur l’ensemble des sous-variétés strictes, X, de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductibles.

On peut voir le point $`xA(\overline{k})`$ comme une sous-variété de $`A`$, définie sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible, de dimension $`0`$ et de degré $`[k(x):k]`$. Avec cette interprétation, la définition précédente admet la généralisation suivante : si $`V`$ est une sous-variété stricte de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible, on appelle indice d’obstruction de $`V`$, et on note $`\delta _L(V)`$ la quantité

$$\delta _L(V)=\mathrm{min}\{\mathrm{deg}_LX^{\frac{1}{\text{codim }X}}/VX\},$$

où le minimum est pris sur l’ensemble des sous-variétés strictes, X, de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductibles.

Remarque 2 On a par définition, $`1\delta _L(V)\mathrm{deg}_L(V)^{\frac{1}{\text{codim }V}}`$. Dans le cas où $`V`$ est de dimension $`0`$, on retrouve ainsi le lemme 1.3. de .

En utilisant le résultat de  concernant le problème de Lehmer pour les variétés abéliennes de type C.M., on peut alors montrer le résultat suivant :

###### Corollaire 1

Supposons de plus que $`A`$ est de type C.M. Soit $`V`$ une sous-variété algébrique stricte de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible et contenue dans aucune réunion de sous-variétés de torsion strictes de $`A`$. Alors, l’ensemble

$$\left\{xV(\overline{k})/\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{c(A,L)}{\delta _L(V)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(V))}{\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(V))}\right)^{\kappa (g)}\right\},$$

n’est pas Zariski dense dans $`V`$. Ici $`c(A,L)`$ est une constante ne dépendant que de $`A`$ et de $`L`$, et $`\kappa (g)`$ est une constante effectivement calculable ne dépendant que de $`g`$ (par exemple $`\kappa (g)=(2g(g+1)!)^{g+2}`$ convient).

Remarque 3 Ce corollaire est une conséquence formelle du théorème 1 et du théorème principal de . En particulier, toute amélioration dans la direction de la conjecture de Lehmer abélienne, améliore d’autant le corollaire. Le meilleur résultat possible correspondrait au cas où $`A/k`$ est une variété abélienne quelconque, et où l’on peut prendre $`\kappa (g)=0`$, i.e., à la conjecture de Lehmer abélienne telle que énoncée dans .

Dans ce qui suit, si $`A`$ est une variété abélienne, on suppose donné avec $`A`$ une isogénie avec un produit de variétés abéliennes simples $`A_i^{n_i}`$. On suppose de plus que la variété produit est munie du fibré associé au plongement

$$A=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{r_i}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}_{n_i}^{r_i}\stackrel{\text{Segre}}{}^N,$$

les $`A_i`$ étant plongées dans $`_{n_i}`$ par des fibrés $`L_i`$ amples et symétriques. Si $`L`$ est un fibré en droites symétrique ample sur $`A`$, on notera par $`c(A,L)`$ une constante ne faisant intervenir que ces données.

###### Corollaire 2

Si $`A`$ est de type C.M., $`L`$ un fibré en droites ample et symétrique de $`A`$, et si $`V`$ est une sous-variété algébrique stricte de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible et qui n’est pas réunion de sous-variétés de torsion, alors, on a l’inégalité

$$\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_L(V)}\mu _L^{\text{ess}}(V)c(A,L)\mathrm{deg}_L(V)^{\frac{1}{s\text{dim}V}}\left(\mathrm{log}(3\mathrm{deg}_L(V))\right)^{\kappa (s)},$$

$`s`$ est la dimension du plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`V`$.

Remarque 4 Soit $`PA(\overline{k})`$. En notant $`V`$ la sous-variété de $`A`$ sur $`k`$ obtenue à partir de $`P`$ en rajoutant tous ses conjugués, on constate que le résultat obtenu est bien une généralisation d’un énoncé du type Lehmer : il s’agit d’un énoncé de nature arithmétique faisant intervenir le degré d’un corps de définition de $`V`$.

Remarque 5 En fait, il suit des preuves des corollaires 1 et 2 le résultat suivant :

> soient $`A/k`$ une variété abélienne de dimension $`g`$, $`L`$ un fibré en droites symétrique ample sur $`A`$. On appelle Lehmer$`(A/k,L,\gamma )`$ la propriété suivante : il existe des constantes $`c(A,L)`$ ne dépendant que de $`A`$ et de $`L`$, et $`\gamma (g)`$ ne dépendant que de $`g`$, telles que pour tout point $`xA(\overline{k})`$ qui est d’ordre infini modulo toute sous-variété abélienne stricte de $`A`$, on a
>
> $$\widehat{h}_L(x)c(A,L)\delta (x)^{\gamma (g)}.$$
>
> On note ensuite Minorant$`(A/k,L,V,\gamma )`$ l’énoncé : il existe des constantes $`c^{}(A,L)`$ ne dépendant que de $`A`$ et de $`L`$, et $`\gamma (g)`$ ne dépendant que de $`g`$, telles que si $`V`$ est une sous-variété algébrique stricte de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible et qui n’est pas réunion de sous-variétés de torsion, alors, on a l’inégalité
>
> $$\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_L(V)}c^{}(A,L)\mathrm{deg}_L(V)^{\frac{\gamma (g)}{s\text{dim}V}},$$
>
> $`s`$ est la dimension du plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`V`$.
>
> Avec ces notations, on a
>
> $$\text{Lehmer}(A/k,L,\gamma )\text{ Minorant}(A/k,L,V,\gamma ).$$

De plus, et avec les notations de la remarque précédente 5, on trouve dans  la conjecture suivante concernant le problème de Lehmer abélien :

###### Conjecture 2

(David-Hindry) L’assertion Lehmer$`(A/k,L,1)`$ est vraie pour toute variété abélienne $`A/k`$.

En utilisant la remarque, on en déduit qu’une bonne minoration de la hauteur sur les points entraine une bonne minoration de la hauteur sur toutes les sous-variétés. Plus précisément, on a :

###### Corollaire 3

La conjecture 2 implique la conjecture 1.

La suite est consacrée à une démonstration du théorème 1 et de ces corollaires.

## 2 La proposition clé

###### Proposition 1

(Amoroso-David) Soient $`n`$ un entier et $`X`$ une sous-variété de $`^n`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible. Pour tout $`\epsilon >0`$, il existe $`\delta _0=\delta _0(\epsilon ,X)>0`$ vérifiant les propriétés suivantes :

> soient $`\delta `$ un entier supérieur à $`\delta _0`$, et $`Y`$ une sous-variété de $`^n`$ sur $`k`$ ne contenant pas $`X`$. Si
>
> $$\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_k(Y)\frac{\delta \epsilon }{4\text{dim}X},$$
>
> alors il existe $`x(XY)(\overline{k})`$ tel que
>
> $$h_{𝒪(1)}(x)\frac{h_{𝒪(1)}(X)}{\mathrm{deg}_k(X)}+\epsilon \text{ et }[k(x):k](\mathrm{deg}_k(X))\delta ^{\text{dim}X}.$$

Démonstration C’est la proposition 2.1. de  : cette dernière est simplement énoncée avec $`Y`$ une hypersurface, mais la preuve dans le cas général reste mot pour mot la même. $`\mathrm{}`$

En utilisant un procédé de limite, on en déduit :

###### Corollaire 4

Soit $`V`$ une sous-variété de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible. Pour tout $`\epsilon _1>0`$, il existe $`\delta _1=\delta _1(\epsilon _1,V,A,L)>0`$ vérifiant les propriétés suivantes :

> soient $`\delta `$ un entier supérieur à $`\delta _1`$, et $`W`$ une sous-variété de $`A`$ sur $`k`$ ne contenant pas $`V`$. Si
>
> $$\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_LW\frac{\delta }{4\text{dim}V},$$
>
> alors il existe $`x(VW)(\overline{k})`$ tel que
>
> $$\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}+\epsilon _1\text{ et }[k(x):k]c_0(\epsilon _1,A,L)(\mathrm{deg}_LV)\delta ^{\text{dim}V},$$
>
> $`c_0(\epsilon _1,A,L)`$ est une constante strictement positive ne dépendant que de $`\epsilon _1`$, $`A`$ et $`L`$.

Démonstration Quitte à remplacer $`L`$ par $`L^4`$, on suppose que le plongement $`\phi :A^n`$ associé au fibré en droites très ample symétrique $`L`$, est projectivement normal. Soit $`p`$ un nombre premier et $`N`$ un entier strictement positif. On considère le plongement projectif $`\psi =\psi _{p,L}`$ de $`A`$, composé des plongements suivants

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}A& & A^N& & (^n)^N& \underset{\text{Segre}}{}& ^{(n+1)^N1}\\ x& & (x,[p]x,\mathrm{},[p^{N1}]x)& & & & \end{array}$$

Il s’agit du plongement enroulé défini dans  paragraphe 3. En notant $`h_\psi `$ la hauteur associée à ce plongement, la proposition 7. de  nous dit que

$$\mathrm{deg}_\psi (V)=\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)^{\text{dim}V}\mathrm{deg}_L(V),\text{ et }\widehat{h}_\psi (V)=\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)^{\text{dim}V}\widehat{h}_L(V).$$

Ainsi, en appliquant la proposition 9. de , on en déduit qu’il existe un réel $`c_p>0`$ indépendant de $`N`$, tel que

$$\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_L(V)}\frac{h_{𝒪(1)}(\psi (V))}{\mathrm{deg}_k(\psi (V))}8c_pN.$$
(1)
Soit maintenant $`\epsilon _1>0`$. On fixe $`p=3`$ par exemple, et on choisit $`N=N(\epsilon _1,A,L)`$ le plus petit entier tel que

$$\frac{16c_pN+1}{\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)}\epsilon _1.$$

On va appliquer la proposition précédente 1 avec $`\epsilon =1`$, $`X=\phi (V)`$ et $`Y=\phi (W)`$. On choisit $`\delta \delta _1(\epsilon _1,V,A,L)=\mathrm{max}\{8(\text{dim}V)^2N\mathrm{log}p,\delta _0(1,X)\}`$, et on suppose que

$$\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_L(W)\frac{\delta }{4\text{dim}X}.$$

Avec ces choix, on a

$`\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_kY`$ $`=\text{dim}V\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}}\right)+\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_LW`$
$`2N\text{dim}V\mathrm{log}p+\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_LW`$
$`2N\text{dim}V\mathrm{log}p+{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{4\text{dim}V}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{2\text{dim}V}}\text{ par choix de }\delta _1.`$
La proposition 1 nous dit qu’il existe $`y\left(\phi (V)\phi (W)\right)(\overline{k})`$ tel que :

$$h_{𝒪(1)}(y)\frac{h_{𝒪(1)}(X)}{\mathrm{deg}_k(X)}+18c_pN+\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_L(V)}+1,$$

et tel que

$$[k(y):k]\mathrm{deg}_k(X)\delta ^{\text{dim}V}\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)^{\text{dim}V}\mathrm{deg}_L(V)\delta ^{\text{dim}V}.$$

Par définition, il existe $`xVW`$ tel que

$$y=\phi (x),\text{ et tel que }h_{𝒪(1)}(y)\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\widehat{h}_L(x)8c_pN.$$

On en déduit

$$\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}+\frac{16c_pN+1}{\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)},\text{ et }[k(x):k]\left(\frac{p^{2N}1}{p^21}\right)^{2\text{dim}V}\delta ^{\text{dim}V}\mathrm{deg}_LV.$$

Le choix de $`N`$ permet de conclure. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Un lemme de majoration

Dans ce qui suit, $`A/k`$ est une variété abélienne définie sur un corps de nombres $`k`$, et $`L`$ est un fibré en droites symétrique très ample sur $`A`$. On suppose $`k`$ plongé dans $``$. On commence par rappeler un résultat classique concernant le corps de définition d’une sous-variété abélienne de $`A`$.

###### Lemme 1

Il existe une extension F/k finie, ne dépendant que de $`A`$, et notamment de degré majoré par une constante ne dépendant que de $`A`$, telle que toute sous-variété abélienne de $`A`$ soit définie sur $`F`$.

Démonstration Le groupe $`\text{End}_{}(A)`$ est un $``$-module de type fini. Il existe donc une extension finie $`F/k`$ ne dépendant que de $`A`$ telle que $`\text{End}_{}(A)=\text{End}_F(A)`$. Soit maintenant $`B`$ une sous-variété abélienne de $`A`$. Par le théorème d’irréductibilité de Poincaré, il existe une sous-variété abélienne $`C`$ de $`A`$ et une isogénie $`\phi :AB\times C.`$ En notant $`pr_1`$ la projection de $`B\times C`$ sur $`B`$, et $`i`$ l’inclusion de $`B`$ dans $`A`$, on a : $`f=ipr_1\phi \text{End}_F(A)`$. Or $`B=f(A)`$, donc $`B`$ est définie sur $`F`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Remarque 6 En fait on peut prendre $`F/k`$ de degré inférieur à $`3^{16\text{dim}A^4}`$ (cf.  lemma 2.2.).

Au vu de ce lemme, on supposera dans toute la suite que toutes les sous-variétés abéliennes de $`A/k`$ sont définies sur $`k`$.

###### Lemme 2

Soient $`d`$ un entier, et $`xA`$ un point rationnel sur une extension de degré inférieur à $`d`$. Si $`x`$ est un point de torsion modulo une sous-variété abélienne stricte $`B`$ de $`A`$, alors on peut écrire $`x=y+\xi `$ avec $`yB`$ et $`\xi A(F)_{\text{tors}}`$$`F`$ est une extension de degré inférieur à $`c_1(A)d`$, $`c_1(A)`$ étant une constante ne dépendant que de $`A`$.

Démonstration On note $`\pi :AA/B=C`$. On sait (cf. ) que l’on peut construire une sous-variété abélienne $`C^{}`$ de $`A`$ telle que $`A=B+C^{}`$, et telle que $`\text{Card}\left(BC^{}\right)c_1(A)`$ pour une constante $`c_1(A)`$ ne dépendant que de $`A`$. Notons $`\pi ^{}=\pi _C^{}`$ l’isogénie de $`C^{}`$ vers $`C`$, et posons $`K=k(x)`$. On peut écrire $`x=b+c^{}`$ avec $`bB`$ et $`c^{}C^{}`$. On a $`\pi (x)=\pi ^{}(c^{})C(K)_{\text{tors}}`$. L’application $`\pi ^{}`$ étant une isogénie, le point $`c^{}`$ est de torsion, et il est rationnel sur une extension de $`K`$ de degré majoré par $`c_1(A)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemme 3

Soient $`d`$ un entier, et $`xA`$ un point rationnel sur une extension de degré inférieur à $`d`$. Si $`x`$ est de torsion modulo une sous-variété abélienne stricte $`B`$ de $`A`$, alors, il existe une sous-variété abélienne $`B_x`$ stricte de $`A`$ et un point de torsion $`\xi `$ défini sur une extension de degré au plus $`c_1(A)d`$ de $`k`$, tels que $`x\left(B_x+\xi \right),`$ et tels que

$$\mathrm{deg}_LB_xc_2(A,L)d^{c_3(A)}\mathrm{max}\{1,\widehat{h}_L(x)\}^{c_4(A)},\text{}$$

$`c_2`$ ne dépend que de $`A`$ de $`L`$, et où $`c_3`$, $`c_4`$ sont des constantes ne dépendant que de $`A`$.

Démonstration On note $`G_x`$ le plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`x`$, et on note $`B_x=G_x^0`$ sa composante neutre. Par hypothèse sur $`x`$, la sous-variété abélienne $`B_x`$ est strictement incluse dans $`A`$, et $`x`$ est de torsion modulo $`B_x`$. Ainsi, le lemme 2 entraine que $`x\left(B_x+\xi \right)`$ avec $`\xi `$ point de torsion défini sur une extension de degré au plus $`c_1(A)d`$ de $`k`$. Il reste à voir que le degré de $`B_x`$ est majoré comme on veut. On va pour cela utiliser l’article  de Bertrand. En suivant les notations de cet article, on note $`(A)`$ l’ensemble des classes d’isomorphismes de sous-variétés abéliennes de $`A`$. La proposition 1.(ii) de  nous assure que cet ensemble est fini. De plus, si $`K/k`$ est une extension de degré $`d`$ telle que le point $`x`$ est $`K`$-rationnel, en utilisant le theorem p. 154 de , on note que le cardinal de $`A(K)_{\text{tors}}`$ est majoré par $`c_8^{}(A)d^{7\text{dim }A}`$. Il en va donc de même du cardinal de $`Y(K)_{\text{tors}}`$ pour toute sous-variété abélienne $`Y`$ de $`A`$. Par le lemme 2, pour toute sous-variété abélienne $`Y`$ de $`A`$, le cardinal du sous-groupe de torsion de $`(A/Y)(K)`$ divise une quantité majorée par $`c_9^{}(A)d^{c_{10}^{}(A)}`$. Avec les notations de  poroposition 1. (i), on peut donc prendre $`\nu (A/K)c_9^{}(A)d^{c_{10}^{}(A)}`$. En appliquant maintenant le Corollary p.239 et la remark 2. (i) p.231 de , et avec ses notations, on obtient la majoration

$$\mathrm{deg}_LB_xc(A,K)^1c_9^{\prime \prime }(A,L)d^{c_{11}^{}(A)}\mathrm{max}\{1,\widehat{h}_L(x)\}^g.$$

Il nous suffit maintenant de montrer que $`c(A,K)c_{11}^{\prime \prime }(A,L)d^{c_{10}^{\prime \prime }(A)}`$. L’ensemble $`(A,K)=(A,k)`$ de classes de K-isomorphismes de sous-variétés abéliennes de $`A`$ est fini (et ne dépend que de $`A`$ et $`k`$ par le lemme 1) :

$$(A,k)=\{B_1,\mathrm{},B_{n(A)}\}.$$

On note $`b_i`$ le degré de la polarisation sur $`B_i`$ déduite de $`(A,L)`$. On pose $`c_{12}^{}(A,L)=\mathrm{min}b_i>0`$. La remarque suivant le corollary p.239 de  nous indique alors (en mettant dans une même constante $`c_2(A,L)`$ la dépendance en $`h_{\text{Falt}}(A)`$ et en $`c_{12}^{}(A,L))`$ que

$$c(A,K)c_{11}^{\prime \prime }(A,L)d^{c_{10}^{\prime \prime }(A)}.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

Remarque 7 La preuve de ce lemme nous permet même de spécifier $`B_x`$ : on peut prendre pour $`B_x`$ la composante neutre du plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant le point $`x`$.

Remarque 8 Dans son article , Rémond obtient une version plus fine de ce lemme 3.

Soit $`D`$ un entier. On définit une sous-variété de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, notée $`Y(D,d)`$, par :

$$Y(D,d)=\underset{B}{}\left(\underset{\xi }{}\left(B+\xi \right)\right),$$

$`B`$ décrit l’ensemble $`_L(D)`$ des sous-variétés abéliennes strictes de $`A`$ de degré (relativement à $`L`$) inférieur à $`D`$, et $`\xi `$ décrit l’ensemble des points de torsion de $`A`$ définis sur une extension de degré au plus $`c_1(A)d`$ de $`k`$.

###### Lemme 4

Il existe une constante $`c_5(A,L)`$ telle que

$$\text{Card }_L(D)c_5(A,L)D^{(2\text{dim}A)^2}.$$

Démonstration Le fibré $`L`$ est très ample, donc il définit une forme de Riemann $`H_L`$ sur $`t_{A()}`$, telle que la forme symplectique $`E_L=\text{Im}H_L`$, est à valeurs entières sur le réseau des périodes $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{A()}`$. En utilisant essentiellement le théorème de Riemann-Roch pour les variétés abéliennes, la proposition 3 p.269 de  nous indique que, si $`B`$ est une sous-variété abélienne de $`A`$, alors

$$\mathrm{deg}_LB=(\text{dim}B)!\text{Vol}_{E_L}\mathrm{\Omega }_{B()},$$

où le volume est relatif à la norme $``$ induite par la forme bilinéaire symétrique définie positive $`e_L`$ donnée par $`e_L(x,y)=E_L(ix,y)`$. En notant $`c_6^{}(A,L)`$ le volume de la boule unitée de $`^{2\text{dim}A}`$ pour cette norme, le théorème des minimas successifs de Minkowski nous permet d’en déduire qu’il existe une base de $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{B()}`$ formée d’éléments (notés $`\{\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{2\text{dim}B}\}`$) appartenant à $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{A()}`$, tels que

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{2\text{dim}B}{}}\omega _ic_6^{}(A,L)\mathrm{deg}_LB.$$

On pose $`c_{\mathrm{min}}(A,L)=\mathrm{min}\{1,\lambda _i/\lambda _i\mathrm{\Omega }_{A()}\{0\}\}`$, et on note $`\omega _{\mathrm{max}}`$ le $`\omega _i`$ de plus grande norme. On a

$$\omega _{\mathrm{max}}c_{\mathrm{min}}(A,L)^{2g1}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2\text{dim}B}{}}\omega _ic_6^{}(A,L)D.$$

Ainsi, on tire $`\omega _{\mathrm{max}}c_7^{}(A,L)D,`$ ce qui entraine

$$\text{Card }_L(D)c_5(A,L)D^{(2\text{dim}A)^2}.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemme 5

Le degré relativement à $`L`$ de $`Y(D,d)`$ est majoré par une expression de la forme $`c_6(A,L)D^{c_7(A)}d^{c_8(A)}.`$

Démonstration On sait par le theorem p. 154 de  que tout point de torsion de $`A(\overline{k})`$ défini sur une extension de degré inférieur à $`c_1(A)d`$ est d’ordre majoré par $`c_8^{}(A)d^{7\text{dim}(A)}.`$ On en déduit donc que l’ensemble des points de torsion définis sur une extension de degré inférieur à $`c_1(A)d`$ est de cardinal majoré par

$$c_9^{}(A)d^{(7\text{dim}(A))(2\text{dim}(A)+1)}.$$
(2)
Par ailleurs, on sait majorer le cardinal de $`_L(D)`$ par le lemme précédent, donc l’additivité du degré nous donne

$$\mathrm{deg}_LY(D,d)D\left(c_5(A,L)D^{(2\text{dim}A)^2}\right)\left(c_9^{}(A)d^{(7\text{dim}(A))(2\text{dim}(A)+1)}\right).$$
(3)
L’inégalité (3) est bien de la forme voulue. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Preuve du théorème 1

Quitte à remplacer $`V`$ par la réunion des $`\sigma (V)`$ avec $`\sigma \text{Gal}(\overline{k}/k)`$, on peut supposer que $`V`$ est définie sur $`k`$ et $`k`$-irréductible. Soit $`\epsilon >0`$ un réel. On suppose par l’absurde qu’il existe une hypersurface $`Z`$ de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, ne contenant pas $`V`$ mais contenant tous les points de $`V`$ d’ordre infini modulo toute sous-variété abélienne stricte de $`A`$, et tels que la hauteur vérifie $`\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}+\epsilon .`$ Soit alors, $`\delta `$ un entier non nul. On considère la sous-variété $`Y_\delta `$ de $`A`$ sur $`k`$ de codimension supérieure à $`1`$, définie par

$$Y_\delta =Y(D,d),$$

$`Y(D,d)`$ est définie comme au paragraphe précédent, et où

$$D=c_2(A,L)\left(\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_L(V)}+\epsilon \right)^{c_4(A)}\left(c_0(\epsilon )\mathrm{deg}_L(V)\delta ^{\text{dim}V}\right)^{c_3(A)},$$

et,

$$d=c_0(\epsilon )\mathrm{deg}_L(V)\delta ^{\text{dim}V}.$$

Par hypothèse, $`V`$ n’est contenue dans aucune réunion de sous-variétés de torsion strictes de $`A`$, donc $`VY_\delta `$. Il existe $`\delta _1(\epsilon ,V,A,L)`$ tel que pour tout $`\delta \delta _1(\epsilon ,V,A,L)`$, on a l’inégalité

$$\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_L(Y_\delta Z)\frac{\delta }{4\text{dim}V}.$$

En effet, par le lemme 5, on sait que

$$\mathrm{deg}_LY_\delta c_6(A,L)D^{c_7(A)}d^{c_8(A)}.$$

En remplaçant $`D`$ et $`d`$ par leurs valeurs, et par additivité du degré, on en déduit l’inégalité pour tout $`\delta \delta _1(\epsilon ,V,A,L)`$ assez grand. On se fixe désormais un tel $`\delta `$, et on applique le corollaire 4 à $`Y_\delta Z`$. On obtient ainsi un $`xV(Y_\delta Z)`$ tel que

$$\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}+\epsilon \text{ et }[k(x):k]c_0(\epsilon )(\mathrm{deg}_LV)\delta ^{\text{dim}V}.$$

Si $`x`$ est un point de torsion modulo une sous-variété abélienne stricte de $`A`$, alors, le lemme 3 et le choix de $`D`$ dans $`Y_\delta `$ entraine que $`xY_\delta `$. Ceci est impossible, donc par définition de $`Z`$, $`x`$ appartient à $`Z`$. Mais ceci est également impossible. Ceci conclut par l’absurde. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Preuve du corollaire 1

On commence par rappeler le théorème de Zhang sur les minimas successifs (cf.  theorem 5.2, et  theorem 1.10). Plus exactement, on en donne une version affaiblie qui nous suffira, ne faisant intervenir que le minimum essentiel.

###### Théorème 2

(Zhang) Si $`V`$ est une sous-variété de $`A`$ sur $`K`$, alors

$$\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\left(\text{dim }V+1\right)\mathrm{deg}_LV}\mu _L^{\text{ess}}(V)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}.$$

On peut maintenant passer à la preuve du corollaire 1 : soit $`\epsilon >0`$, le théorème 1 nous indique que l’ensemble des $`xV(\overline{k})`$ d’ordre infini modulo toute sous-variété abélienne stricte de $`A`$ et qui sont de hauteur $`\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{\widehat{h}_L(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_LV}+\epsilon `$ est Zariski dense dans $`V`$. En utilisant le théorème 2 de Zhang, on en déduit que les points $`xV(\overline{k})`$ d’ordre infini modulo toute sous-variété abélienne, et de hauteur $`\widehat{h}_L(x)(\text{dim }V+1)\mu _L^{\text{ess}}(V)+\epsilon `$ est Zariski dense dans $`V`$. En particulier cet ensemble est non-vide. On choisit un élément $`x`$ dedans. En appliquant le théorème 1.5. de  ainsi que la remarque qui suit ce théorème, on en déduit

$$\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{c(A,L)}{\delta _L(x)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(x))}{\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(x))}\right)^{\kappa (g)},$$

$`c(A,L)`$ est une constante ne dépendant que de $`A`$ et de $`L`$, et $`\kappa (g)`$ est une constante effectivement calculable ne dépendant que de $`g`$ (par exemple $`\kappa (g)=(2g(g+1)!)^{g+2}`$ convient). Or $`\delta _L(x)\delta _L(V)`$ car une sous-variété de $`A`$ contenant $`V`$ contient $`x`$. On en déduit

$$\widehat{h}_L(x)\frac{c(A,L)}{\delta _L(V)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(V))}{\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(V))}\right)^{\kappa (g)}.$$

Notamment on en conclut

$$\left(\text{dim }V+1\right)\mu _L^{\text{ess}}(V)+\epsilon \frac{c(A,L)}{\delta _L(V)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(V))}{\mathrm{log}(3\delta _L(V))}\right)^{\kappa (g)}.$$

Ceci termine la preuve en faisant tendre $`\epsilon `$ vers $`0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 6 Preuve du corollaire 2

On commence par prouver le corollaire dans un cas particulier, auquel on se ramènera ensuite.

###### Corollaire 5

Si $`A=_{i=1}^nA_i^{r_i}`$, où les $`A_i`$ sont simples, est de type C.M., et si $`V`$ est une sous-variété algébrique stricte de $`A`$ sur $`k`$, $`k`$-irréductible et qui n’est pas réunion de sous-variétés de torsion, alors, on a l’inégalité

$$\frac{\widehat{h}_M(V)}{\mathrm{deg}_M(V)}\mu _M^{\text{ess}}(V)c(A,M)\mathrm{deg}_M(V)^{\frac{1}{s\text{dim}V}}\left(\mathrm{log}(3\mathrm{deg}_M(V))\right)^{\kappa (s)},$$

$`s`$ est la dimension du plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`V`$, et où $`M`$ est le fibré en droites ample associé au plongement

$$A=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{r_i}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}_{n_i}^{r_i}\stackrel{\text{Segre}}{}^N,$$

les $`A_i`$ étant plongées dans $`_{n_i}`$ par des fibrés $`L_i`$ très amples et symétriques.

Démonstration On note $`G`$ le plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`V`$. On note $`G^0`$ la composante connexe de l’identité de $`G`$. C’est une sous-variété abélienne de $`A`$, et elle est donc isogène à $`B=_{i=1}^nA_i^{s_i}`$$`0s_ir_i`$. On note alors $`\pi :AB`$ une projection naturelle obtenue par oubli de certaines coordonnées, de sorte que $`\pi _G`$ est une isogénie. Montrons maintenant que l’on est dans les conditions d’application du corollaire 1 en prenant comme variété abélienne $`B`$, et comme sous-variété algébrique $`\pi (V)`$.

Si $`\pi (V)`$ est inclus dans une réunion de sous-variétés de torsion $`(C_i+\xi _j)`$$`\text{dim}C_i<\text{dim}B,`$ en notant $`H`$ le plus petit sous-groupe algébrique contenant $`\pi (V)`$, on a toujours $`\text{dim}H<\text{dim}B`$. Ainsi $`G_1=G\pi ^1(H)`$ est un sous-groupe algébrique strict de $`G`$ (car $`\pi _G`$ est une isogénie), contenant $`V`$. Ceci est absurde.

Si $`\pi (V)=B`$, alors $`V`$ est de torsion. Ceci est absurde.

Finalement, $`\pi (V)`$ est une $`k`$-sous-variété stricte de $`B`$, irréductible, et n’est pas incluse dans une réunion de sous-variétés de torsion strictes. On peut donc appliquer le corollaire 1. Par ailleurs, la hauteur et le degré sont définis relativement aux plongements

$$A=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{r_i}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}_{n_i}^{r_i}\stackrel{\text{Segre}}{}^{N_A},\text{ et }B=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i^{s_i}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}_{n_i}^{s_i}\stackrel{\text{Segre}}{}^{N_B}.$$

De plus l’application $`\overline{\pi }:_{i=1}^n_{n_i}^{r_i}_{i=1}^n_{n_i}^{s_i}`$ est la projection linéaire définie par oubli de coordonnées. Dans ce cas et pour ces plongements on a,

$$\mu _{M_B}^{\text{ess}}(\pi (V))\mu _M^{\text{ess}}(V),\text{ et, }\mathrm{deg}_{M_B}\pi (V)\mathrm{deg}_M(V).$$

Ceci nous donne

$`\mu _M^{\text{ess}}(V)`$ $`\mu _{M_B}^{\text{ess}}(\pi (V)),\text{d’où par le corollaire }\text{1}\text{ et la remarque 2,}`$
$`c(B,M_B)\left(\mathrm{deg}_{M_B}\pi (V)\right)^{\frac{1}{s\text{dim}V}}\left(\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_{M_B}\pi (V)\right)^{\kappa (s)}`$
$`c(B,M_B)\left(\mathrm{deg}_MV\right)^{\frac{1}{s\text{dim}V}}\left(\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_M(V)\right)^{\kappa (s)}.`$
$`c^{}(A,M)\left(\mathrm{deg}_MV\right)^{\frac{1}{s\text{dim}V}}\left(\mathrm{log}\mathrm{deg}_M(V)\right)^{\kappa (s)},`$
où on a pris pour $`c^{}(A,M)`$ le minimum des $`c(B,M_B)`$ quand $`s_i`$ varie dans $`[[0,r_i]]`$. On conclut en appliquant le théorème 2 de Zhang. $`\mathrm{}`$ $`\mathrm{}`$

On donne maintenant la preuve du corollaire 2 : la variété abélienne $`A`$ est donnée avec une isogénie $`\rho `$ vers $`B=_{i=1}^nA_i^{r_i}`$. Soit $`V`$ la sous-variété de $`A`$ comme dans les hypothèses. On vérifie que $`W=\rho (V)`$ est une sous-variété de $`B`$ vérifiant les mêmes hypothèses. Il résulte facilement de la preuve de la proposition 14. de  qu’il existe $`c^{}(A,L)`$ tel que

$$\widehat{h}_L(V)c^{}(A,L)\widehat{h}_M(W).$$

Ainsi, en appliquant le résultat précédent, on en déduit presque l’inégalité voulue : il faut encore remplacer le degré $`\mathrm{deg}_M(W)`$ par $`\mathrm{deg}_L(V)`$. Or

$$\mathrm{deg}_M(W)=(\mathrm{deg}\rho )\mathrm{deg}_{\rho ^{}M}(V).$$

D’autre part $`\rho ^{}M`$ et $`L`$ sont amples, donc on a des inégalités

$$c_2(A,L)\mathrm{deg}_{\rho ^{}M}(V)\mathrm{deg}_LVc_3(A,L)\mathrm{deg}_{\rho ^{}M}(V).$$

En injectant ceci dans l’inégalité donnée par le corollaire 5 précédent, on peut conclure.


text:
# Low-energy excitations around (𝜋/2,𝜋/2) points in the pseudogap phase of Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4

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## Abstract

Polarized electronic Raman scattering from the Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 superconductor at optimal electron doping ($`T_c=22`$ K) reveals the formation of an anisotropic pseudogap below a characteristic temperature $`T^{}220`$ K and energy $`E_g^{}=850`$ cm-1. Below $`T^{}`$ a pronounced suppression of the incoherent spectral weight below $`E_g^{}`$ in the nodal directions of k-space is observed. This is concomitant with the emergence of long-lived excitations in the vicinity of the $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points that do not contribute to the optical conductivity.

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The origin of the pseudogap (PG) in cuprate superconductors is believed to lie at the heart of a general understanding of superconductivity in this material class. A large body of experimental results have been collected for hole doped cuprates and many theoretical approaches have been developed . A consensus on the underlaying mechanism is still far from being reached. Recently studies of electron doped cuprates have shifted under focus, first, with the reexamination of the symmetry of the order parameter  whereby a $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ symmetry was established for under- and optimal doping, and second, with the investigation of the PG . It was also found that electron doped cuprates violate the Wiedemann-Franz law, indicating the breakdown of Fermi liquid theory . These materials offer the unique possibility of comparison with their hole doped counterparts which can serve as a touchstone for theory. Furthermore, electron doped materials like Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 (NCCO) show their own peculiarities. The doping range where the superconducting (SC) transition occurs is much narrower than for hole doped cuprates and the maximum achievable SC transition temperatures (Tc ) are much lower. Also, the normal state in-plane-resistivity shows a tendency to a quadratic temperature dependence  in contrast to the optimally hole doped cuprates where the dependence is linear .

While PG phenomena for hole doped cuprates was investigated by a large number of experimental probes the evidence for a PG in electron doped cuprates is still limited. A recent optics study has found a large PG for underdoped NCCO . For optimally doped NCCO it has been shown that the scattering rate extracted from optical conductivity, $`\sigma (\omega )`$, is suppressed below certain energies and temperatures . The ARPES experiment showed regions of suppressed intensity at the Fermi surface (FS) with a broad peak at about 100 meV ($`800`$ cm-1) at low temperatures . These regions are shifted closer to the nodal directions with respect to the hole doped cuprates. On the other hand, $`c`$-axis tunneling studies did not indicate PG suppression above Tc.

Here we report a Raman study of NCCO in the PG phase. In contrast to the observations for hole doped cuprates, for NCCO, a substantial suppression of the Raman response below an onset temperature $`T^{}220`$ K and a threshold energy $`E_g^{}=850`$ cm-1 was observed for the symmetry that probes excitations in the proximity of the nodal directions of k-space. Furthermore, we found novel long lived low energy excitations that reside in the vicinity of $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ regions in the PG phase but do not show an observable contribution to the optical conductivity. The excitations in the proximity of the Brillouin zone (BZ) boundaries observed by Raman scale to the optical conductivity data.

The Raman experiments were performed from a natural $`ab`$ surface of plate-like single crystals grown as described in Ref. . After growth, the crystals were annealed in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere to induce the doping level for an optimal Tc . The SC transition measured by SQUID was about 22 K with a width of about 2 K. The sample was mounted in an optical continuous helium flow cryostat. Spectra were measured in a backscattering geometry using the 6471 Å excitation of a Kr+ laser. An incident laser power less than 10 mW was focused to a 50 $`\mu `$m spot on the sample surface. The referred temperatures were corrected for estimated laser heating. The spectra were analyzed by a custom triple grating spectrometer and were corrected for the instrumental response.

The presented data were taken in ($`xy`$) and ($`x^{}y^{}`$) scattering geometries, with $`x=[100]`$, $`y=[010]`$, $`x^{}=[110]`$, and $`y^{}=[\overline{1}10]`$. For tetragonal D4h symmetry the ($`xy`$) and ($`x^{}y^{}`$) geometries correspond to spectra of B2g \+ A2g and B1g \+ A2g representations. Measurements in an external magnetic field have been performed with circularly polarized light where a right-left (RL) scattering geometry corresponds to spectra of B1g \+ B2g representation. In addition, by using right-right (RR) geometry, we checked the intensity of the A2g component and found it to be negligibly weak.

The electronic Raman response function for a given scattering geometry is proportional to the sum over the density of states at the FS weighted by a momentum k dependent Raman form factor. By choosing the scattering geometry one can selectively probe different regions of the FS. In the insets of Fig. 1 we sketch the first BZ for NCCO as suggested by ARPES data . The shaded area corresponds to occupied electron states. For the B2g channel the Raman form factor vanishes along $`(0,0)(\pi ,0)`$ and the equivalent lines of k-space. The Raman response projects out excitations in the vicinity of $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points of the BZ. In contrast, the B1g intensity vanishes along the diagonals and the intensity is collected from the regions of the BZ distant from the diagonals. The $`45^{}`$ rotated square indicates the antiferromagnetic Brillouin zone (AF BZ). Intersections of the FS and the AF BZ are marked in the upper left quadrant with black circles. These points are connected by the AF unit vector $`(\pi ,\pi )`$.

In Fig. 1 we show the Raman response as a function of temperature for the B1g and B2g channels. For B2g symmetry two distinct features develop in the spectra with cooling:

(i) A ”knee” like intensity loss of the Raman response below 850 cm-1. This suppression of spectral weight starts at $`T_{B_{2g}}^{}220`$ K. It deepens with cooling and decreasing energy yielding an almost linear slope of the spectra between 300 and 850 cm-1. We identify this suppression as the opening of a PG with a temperature independent energy scale.

(ii) An overdamped peak is seen at about 350 cm-1 at room temperature. This peak sharpens with cooling and shifts to lower frequencies from 150 cm-1 at 220 K to 25 cm-1 at 35 K. We refer to this feature as a quasi-elastic scattering peak (QEP).

The opening of the PG with a similar energy scale is also present but not as pronounced in the B1g channel. The QEP however is much weaker and at higher energies.

In contrast, for hole doped cuprates the PG suppression is most pronounced for the B1g channel . For hole underdoped cuprates a destruction of the FS near its intersection with AF BZ boundary has been observed . Therefore Raman scattering for the B1g symmetry is suppressed leaving only small PG effects for the B2g channel .

A conjecture that the PG opens up at the intersections of the AF BZ and FS, the *hot spots* , reconciles the observed differences for the electron and hole doped materials. Strong antiferromagnetic interactions suppress the spectral weight at the chemical potential in the *hot spots* leading to a ”destruction” of the FS in this region of k-space and opening of the PG. In hole doped cuprates *hot spots* are located closer to the ($`\pi `$, 0) points while for electron doping the FS shrinks shifting *hot spots* closer to the nodal directions . Hence, for the hole underdoped systems the PG is more pronounced in B1g while for electron doped systems in the B2g scattering channel.

Cooling the sample below T$`{}_{c}{}^{}=22`$ K leads to opening of the SC gap and formation of a pair breaking 2$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ peak . The QEP is suppressed in this regime. An applied magnetic field up to 9 T did not influence either the PG or the QEP above Tc . In contrast, below Tc an external magnetic field of this magnitude strongly suppresses SC correlations  and reveals the underlying QEP (See Fig. 2).

In Fig. 2 we show the low frequency part of the Raman response in the B2g channel. The QEP develops with decreasing temperature. It is also present at temperatures below Tc if superconductivity is suppressed by a magnetic field . We fit the low energy B2g response by an extended Drude model:

$$\chi ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ,T)N_F^{B_{2g}}\frac{\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }^{B_{2g}}(\omega ,T)}{\omega ^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }^{B_{2g}}(\omega ,T)^2},$$
(1)
where $`N_F^{B_{2g}}`$ is the density of states at the Fermi level weighted by a symmetry dependent Raman form factor and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{B_{2g}}(\omega ,T)`$ is a frequency and energy dependent scattering rate. The scattering rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{B_{2g}}(\omega ,T)`$ for different temperatures extracted from the extended Drude fits is shown in the inset of Fig. 2. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{B_{2g}}`$ is about 300 cm-1 at room temperature and decreases rapidly with cooling. The small variation with frequency suggests that a simple Drude model is a good description of the data. However, qualitative differences appear when the momentum dependence of the scattering rate is analyzed.

In Fig. 3 we compare optical conductivity and $`\chi _\mu ^{\prime \prime }/\omega `$ for $`\mu =B_{2g}`$ and $`B_{1g}`$ channels between 35 and 300 K. In the lowest order approximation $`\chi _\mu ^{\prime \prime }(\omega )/\omega `$ is proportional to optical conductivity weighted by a geometrical Raman form factor . We notice that the Drude response narrows with cooling for $`\sigma (\omega )`$ as well as for $`\chi _\mu ^{\prime \prime }/\omega `$ in both $`\mu =B_{2g}`$ and $`B_{1g}`$ channels. For B1g the width of the peak decreases from above 400 cm-1 around room temperature to 45 cm-1 above the superconducting transition, retaining however a value about twice that of the B2g channel at corresponding temperatures. This difference implies a momentum dependence of the scattering rate: a longer lifetime for excitations in the vicinity of $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points and more incoherence for excitations around the BZ boundaries. Our observation of increased coherence in the B2g channel is consistent with ARPES results, where the quasi-particle peak linewidth at the Fermi energy decreases in going from the BZ boundary to $`(\pi /2,\pi /2)`$ point .

The momentum dependence of the scattering rate is consistent with the high frequency Raman data (Fig. 1). In the inset of Fig. 1 we present $`I_\mu =_0^{850}\chi _\mu ^{\prime \prime }/\omega 𝑑\omega `$ ($`\mu =B_{1g},B_{2g}`$) as a function of temperature . While $`I_{B_{1g}}`$ is a constant $`I_{B_{2g}}`$ increases with cooling until 170 K indicating a shift of spectral weight from regions beyond 850 cm-1 to the lower frequencies . The pronounced suppression of the $`B_{2g}`$ Raman continuum intensity is another indication of increased coherence at low energies for excitations in the vicinity of $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points.

On the right side of Fig. 3 we also plot optical conductivity from Ref. . Surprisingly, $`\sigma (\omega )`$ exhibits almost perfect scaling to $`\chi _{B_{1g}}^{\prime \prime }(\omega )/\omega `$ Raman data: the scaling factor for the double vertical axes was determined for T = 120 K data and then used for all temperatures. The fact that the B1g response bears out the pseudoidentity Re $`\sigma \chi _{B_{1g}}^{\prime \prime }(\omega )/\omega `$  suggests that quasi-particle contributions to the low frequency and $`dc`$ conductivities are dominated by parts of the Fermi surface away from the $`(0,0)(\pi ,\pi )`$ diagonal. The more coherent excitations in the vicinity of $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points do not contribute significantly to the optical response. Nevertheless the latter excitations dominate the low frequency B2g Raman response in the PG state. Although further studies are necessary, we suggest that these chargeless excitations may be responsible for the excessive heat transport that leads to the Wiedemann-Franz law violation .

In summary, we study charge carrier relaxation dynamics in the PG phase of NCCO. We observe suppression of spectral weight below 850 cm-1 for the B2g Raman response and identify it as an anisotropic PG in the vicinity of $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points of the BZ. We propose that the PG originates from enhanced AF interactions in *hot spot* regions, which for electron doped cuprates, in contrast to hole doped, are located closer to $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points than to the BZ boundary. For the Raman response in the B2g channel we observe a narrow Drude-like QEP in the PG phase. This QEP reveals the emergence of novel long lived excitations in the vicinity of the $`(\pm \pi /2,\pm \pi /2)`$ points that do not contribute to optical conductivity. In contrast, the excitations in the $`B_{1g}`$ Raman response were found to be in agreement with optical conductivity data.

AK acknowledges partial support by the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes. RLG acknowledges support by NSF grant DMR-0102350. PF acknowledges the support from CIAR, NSERC and the Foundation FORCE (Sherbrooke). We thank C. Homes for providing the optical conductivity data. AK acknowledges discussions with S.V. Borisenko and T. Pichler.


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# A FOUR-PARAMETRIC RATIONAL SOLUTION TO PAINLEVÉ VI

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