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# Essential Properties of the Vacuum Sector for a Theory of Superselection Sectors

## 1 Introduction

In a series of papers , the first two of which are known as DHR analysis, Doplicher, Haag and Roberts have shown that the properties of charges associated with a global gauge group, like the Bose-Fermi alternative and the charge conjugation symmetry, find a natural description in the superselection sectors of a net of local observables. The theory was based on one important result obtained in a previous investigation : the representations of the net local observables, corresponding to such kind of charges, fulfill the following property: they are local excitations of the vacuum representation. This property was used in  as the criterion for selecting a set of representations of a net of local observables. The authors associate to this set a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category, in which the charge structure arises from the existence of a tensor product, a symmetry and a conjugation. Finally it has been shown by Doplicher and Roberts  that the unobservable quantities underlying the theory, namely the fields and the global gauge group, can be reconstructed from the observables.
At the present time it is not possible to apply this program in a curved spacetime without a global symmetry. In this case, in fact, a notion corresponding to the spectrum condition by which one could define a vacuum representation of a net of local observables does not exist yet111The superselection sectors of a net of local observables on an arbitrary globally hyperbolic spacetime have been studied in . Except when geometrical obstructions are present, the results of the DHR analysis are reproduced. However, the reference representation used in this analysis is not characterized by physical conditions, as the vacuum in the case of Minkowski space, but only by mathematical ones, suggested by a study on the representations, induced by quasi-free Hadamard states, of the local algebras of a free Bose field . In this connection see also .. The DHR analysis is, however, well suited for treating this situation, because no explicit use of Poincaré covariance is made. Moreover, the spectrum condition is not fully used in the theory: only the Borchers property, a consequence of the spectrum condition , has a real role. In this paper we further generalize the theory. We will consider the set of representations that are local excitations of a reference representation, which is not required to satisfy the Borchers property. Also in this case, a tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category having a symmetry is associated with this set of representations. Then, the subject of this paper will be the search for a criterion for selecting the relevant subcategory of the theory: namely, the maximal full subcategory which is closed under tensor products, direct sums and subobjects, and whose objects have conjugates.
In the usual setting of Algebraic Quantum Field Theory (see  and references therein), we consider a local net of von Neumann algebras $`𝕽`$ over $`𝕄^4`$, namely a correspondence $`𝕽:𝒦a(a)`$ associating to an open double cone $`a`$ of $`𝕄^4`$ a von Neumann algebra $`(a)`$ on a fixed Hilbert space $``$, subject to the conditions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}a_1a_2(a_1)(a_2)\hfill & \hfill isotony\\ a_1a_2(a_1)(a_2)^{}\hfill & \hfill locality\end{array}$$

where the symbol $``$ stands for spacelike separation and the prime for the commutant. The algebra $`(a)`$ is generated by all the observables measurable within $`a`$. For an unbounded region $`S𝕄^4`$ there is an associated $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-algebra $`(S)`$ generated by all the algebras $`(a)`$ such that $`a𝒦,aS`$. We denote by $``$ the algebra associated with $`𝕄^4`$. As reference representation of $``$ we consider a locally normal, faithful, irreducible representation $`\pi _o`$, on an infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space $`_o`$, such that the net of local observables in the reference representation

$$𝕬:𝒦a𝔄(a)𝔄$$

where $`𝔄(a)\pi _o((a))`$ and $`𝔄\pi _o()`$, satisfies Haag duality, namely

$$𝔄(a^{})^{}=𝔄(a)a𝒦$$

where $`a^{}`$ denotes the spacelike complement of $`a`$. Now, in the present investigation we are interested in a set of representations of $``$ which is closed under direct sums and subrepresentations, and whose elements are local excitations of $`\pi _o`$. Without the Borchers property, such a set of representations can be selected by a suitable generalization of the DHR criterion. Precisely, we consider the representations $`\pi `$ of $``$ satisfying the following relation: for each $`a𝒦`$ there exists $`n_a`$ and an isometry $`V_a:_\pi _o^{n_a}`$ such that

$$V_a\pi (A)=\pi _o(A)1_{n_a}V_aA(a^{})$$
(1)
We denote by $`\mathrm{SC}`$ the set of the representations verifying this selection criterion.
We will associate to $`\mathrm{SC}`$ the tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category $`(𝕬)`$ of the localized transportable bimodules of the net. This category is closed under direct sums and subobjects. Moreover, we will show the existence of a symmetry $`\epsilon `$, thus, a notion of statistics of sectors can be introduced. However, since there might exist objects without left inverses, not all the sectors of $`(𝕬)`$ fall into the DHR classes of sectors with finite/infinite statistics. The study of the properties of objects having conjugates will provide that, apart from the finiteness of the statistics, an additional condition, called homogeneity, is necessary for the existence of conjugates. Under the assumption that the local algebras are properly infinite, we will prove that the homogeneous sectors with finite statistics have conjugates.
The key result that will allow us to formulate the property of a homogeneous object is that the superselection sectors theory of the net $`𝕬`$ is equivalent to the one of the presheaf $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}:𝒦a𝔄(a)^{}`$. Namely, we will introduce the category $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ of the localized transportable bimodules of the presheaf $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}`$: a bimodule $`\widehat{\rho }`$ of $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}`$ is a collection of morphisms

$${}_{a}{}^{}\rho :𝔄(a)^{}𝔅(_o)𝕄_{n_\rho }a𝒦$$

compatible with the presheaf structure. We will show that this category is isomorphic to $`(𝕬)`$; in particular, any object $`\rho `$ of $`(𝕬)`$ admits a canonical extension to a localized transportable bimodule $`\widehat{\rho }`$ of the presheaf (Theorem 2.3). Using this isomorphism, we introduce the notion of presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho `$ which generalizes the concept of left inverse for unital endomorphisms of a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-algebra to its extension $`\widehat{\rho }`$ to the presheaf (Definition 3.9). However, the property of admitting presheaf-left inverses is not stable under equivalence and depends on the double cone where the object is localized. Hence, we will say that $`\rho `$ is homogeneous whenever all the elements of its equivalence class $`[\rho ]`$ admit presheaf-left inverses (Definition 3.10).
The existence of a maximal full subcategory $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ of $`(𝕬)`$ with homogeneous objects, closed under direct sums, tensor products and subobjects, and having finite statistics, will be proved in Proposition 3.20. Any object of $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is a finite direct sum of irreducible objects $`\rho `$ fulfilling the following conditions: there exists an integer $`d`$, an object $`\gamma `$ and an isometry $`V(\gamma ,\rho ^d)`$ such that

1. $`\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )=\pm 1_\gamma `$;
2. $`VV^+`$ equals either $`\mathrm{A}_d`$ or $`\mathrm{S}_d`$ the totally (anti)symmetric projector in $`(\rho ^d,\rho ^d)`$;
3. the extension $`\widehat{\gamma }`$ of $`\gamma `$ is a faithful morphism of the presheaf, that is $`{}_{a}{}^{}\gamma :𝔄(a)^{}𝔅(_o)𝕄_{n_\rho }`$ is a faithful morphism for each $`a𝒦`$.

$`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is the relevant subcategory of the theory. Indeed, we will prove that on the one hand each object with conjugates belongs to this category (Theorem 4.1), and, on the other hand, if the local algebras are properly infinite any object of $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ has conjugates (Theorem 4.4). This last result suggests that it is reasonable to include proper infiniteness of the local algebras $`𝔄(a)`$ as an axiom of the theory. This proposal is also supported by the following facts: first, this property can be derived, in a particular case, from the existence of conjugates (Theorem 4.2); secondly, in a globally hyperbolic spacetime the algebras of local observables of a multiplet of $`n`$ Klein-Gordon fields in any Fock representation, acted on by $`U(n)`$ as a global gauge group, fulfill this property (this result is proved in  and it will be described in a forthcoming article).
The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we introduce the categories $`(𝕬)`$ and $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ and show that they are isomorphic; Section 3 is entirely devoted to the construction of the category $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$; in Section 4 we study the conjugation and derive the above stated solutions; finally, Section 5 concludes the work. In Appendix A some definitions and results on tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-categories are presented.

## 2 The net and the presheaf approach to the theory, and their equivalence

In this section we introduce the categories $`(𝕬)`$ and $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ which are respectively the categories of localized transportable bimodules of the net and of the presheaf. We show how these categories are related to $`\mathrm{SC}`$ and that they are isomorphic222The relevance of sheaves of von Neumann algebras in the theory of superselection sectors was pointed out for the first time by J.E. Roberts  who showed a correspondence between sectors and some Hermitian bimodules over a sheaf of von Neumann algebras on Minkowski space.. We conclude by introducing the notions of faithfulness and of double faithfulness for the objects of $`(𝕬)`$.

### 2.1 The category $`(𝕬)`$

We show that there is, up to unitary equivalence, a bijective correspondence between $`\mathrm{SC}`$ and the set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ of the localized transportable morphisms of the net. After the observation that the elements of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ are bimodules of $`𝔄`$, the category $`(𝕬)`$ is defined as the category whose set of objects is $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ and whose arrows are the intertwiners of the elements of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$.
A morphism $`\rho :𝔄𝔅(_o)𝕄_{n_\rho }`$ is said to have multiplicity $`n_\rho `$ and to be localized in $`o`$ if for any $`a𝒦,ao`$ then

$$\rho (A)=A1_{n_\rho }\rho (1)A𝔄(a).$$

We denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ the set of localized morphisms and by $`\mathrm{\Delta }(o)`$ the subset of those morphisms which are localized within $`o`$. Given $`\rho ,\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }`$, the set $`(\rho ,\sigma )`$ of the intertwiners between $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ is the set of the operators $`T𝔅(_o^{n_\rho },_o^{n_\sigma })`$ such that

$$T\rho (1)=T=\sigma (1)T\text{and}T\rho (A)=\sigma (A)TA𝔄$$

A localized morphism $`\rho `$ is said to be transportable if for each $`o`$ there exists $`\tau \mathrm{\Delta }(o)`$ and a unitary $`U(\rho ,\tau )`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ the set of localized transportable morphisms and by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ the subset of those morphisms which are localized in $`o`$.
The following lemma is an easy consequence of Haag duality and of the localization property of the elements of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$.

###### Lemma 2.1.

Let $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. Then the following assertions hold:
a) for each $`a𝒦,oa`$ we have $`\rho (𝔄(a))𝔄(a)𝕄_{n_\rho }`$;
b) if $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o_1)`$ and $`T(\rho ,\sigma )`$, then $`T`$ has values $`T_{i,j}`$ in $`𝔄(a)`$ $`a𝒦,oo_1a`$.

Studying $`\mathrm{SC}`$ is equivalent to studying $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ because there exists, up to unitary equivalence, a bijective correspondence between the representations satisfying $`\mathrm{SC}`$ and the morphisms in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$. In fact, for each $`\pi \mathrm{SC}`$ there is a corresponding set of localized transportable morphisms defined as follows

$$\rho _a(A)V_a^+\pi _o(A)V_aA𝔄,a𝒦$$

where $`\{V_a\}_{a𝒦}`$ is a set of isometries associated with $`\pi `$ by (1). Conversely, given $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ then

$$\pi (A)\rho (\pi _o^1(A))A$$

is a representation belonging to $`\mathrm{SC}`$.
In order to associate a category with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$, and hence with $`\mathrm{SC}`$, we need to introduce the tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category $``$ of bimodules of the $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-algebra $`𝔄`$ . The objects are bimodules of $`𝔄`$, namely the morphisms $`\rho :𝔄𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho }`$ with multiplicity $`n_\rho `$. The arrows between two objects $`\rho `$, $`\tau `$ are the intertwiners $`T(\rho ,\tau )`$ with values in $`𝔄`$, i.e. $`T_{i,j}𝔄`$. The composition law between the arrows is the usual rows times columns product, and it is denoted by “$``$”. The identity arrow $`1_\rho `$ of an object $`\rho `$ is the projection $`\rho (1)`$. The adjoint “$`+`$” is defined as $`\rho ^+\rho `$ on the objects, and $`T_{i,j}^+T_{j,i}^{}`$ for each $`T(\rho ,\tau )`$, where $``$ denotes the involution of $`𝔄`$. The tensor product “$`\times `$” is defined by using the lexicographical ordering. Namely $`\times `$ is defined on the objects as

$$\rho \sigma ()_{i,j}\rho (\sigma ()_{i_2,j_2})_{i_1,j_1}\text{ where }i=i_1+n_\rho i_2j=j_1+n_\rho j_2$$

(observe that $`\rho \sigma `$ has multiplicity $`n_\rho n_\sigma `$), and

$$(T\times S)_{i,j}T_{i_1,k}\rho (S_{i_1,j_2})_{k,j_1}\text{ where }i=i_1+n_{\rho _2}i_2j=j_1+n_{\rho _1}j_2$$

for each $`T(\rho _1,\rho _2)`$, $`S(\sigma _1,\sigma _2)`$. The identity object $`\iota `$ of the tensor product is the morphism $`\iota (A)A`$ for each $`A𝔄`$. Since $`𝔄`$ is irreducible $`\iota `$ is irreducible. Finally, one can easily checks that $``$ is closed under direct sums and subobjects.
Now, returning to the problem of stating what category is associated with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$, we notice that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ is a subset of the objects of $``$ because of Lemma 2.1.a, and that by Lemma 2.1.b the set of the intertwiners between $`\rho ,\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ is equal to the set of the arrows between $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ as objects of $``$. The category $`(𝕬)`$ of the localized transportable bimodules of $`𝕬`$ is the full subcategory of $``$ whose objects belong to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$. $`(𝕬)`$ is closed under tensor products, direct sums and subobjects, and the identity object $`\iota `$ is irreducible. In conclusion, $`(𝕬)`$ is the category associated with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ that we were looking for. The superselection sectors of the theory are the unitary equivalence classes of the irreducible objects of $`(𝕬)`$.

### 2.2 The category $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$

The presheaf $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}`$ associated with the net $`𝕬`$ is defined as the correspondence

$$𝕬^{\mathbf{}}:𝒦a𝔄(a)^{}$$

where for $`ab`$ the restriction $`𝔄(b)^{}𝔄(a)^{}`$ is given by the inclusion $`𝔄(b)^{}𝔄(a)^{}`$. A morphism $`\widehat{\rho }`$ of $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}`$ is a collection $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho :𝔄(a)^{}𝔅(_o)𝕄_{n_\rho }`$, $`a𝒦`$, of morphisms with a fixed multiplicity $`n_\rho `$, fulfilling the relations:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}a)\hfill & {}_{a}{}^{}\rho (1)=\rho (1)a𝒦\hfill & \\ b)\hfill & \text{if }ab\text{ then }_a\rho 𝔄(b)^{}=_b\rho \hfill & \hfill (compatibility)\end{array}$$

In a way similar as has been done for the net, the notion of localized transportable morphism of the presheaf can be introduced. A morphism $`\widehat{\rho }`$ of $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}`$ is said to be localized in $`o`$ if

$${}_{o}{}^{}\rho (A)=A1_{n_\rho }\rho (1)A𝔄(o)^{}$$

We denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$ the set of localized morphisms and by $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(o)`$ the subset of those morphisms localized within $`o`$. Given $`\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }^{}`$, the set $`(\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma })`$ of the intertwiners between $`\widehat{\rho }`$ and $`\widehat{\sigma }`$ is the set of the operators $`T𝔅(_o^{n_\rho },_o^{n_\sigma })`$ such that

$$T\rho (1)=T=\sigma (1)T\text{and}T{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (A)={}_{a}{}^{}\sigma (A)TA𝔄(a)^{},a𝒦$$

A localized morphism $`\widehat{\rho }`$ is said to be transportable if for each $`a𝒦`$ there exists $`\widehat{\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(a)`$ and a unitary $`U(\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma })`$. By $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$ we denote the set of localized transportable morphisms and by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}(o)`$ the subset of transportable morphisms which are localized within $`o`$. Finally, we call the category of localized transportable bimodules of $`𝕬^{\mathbf{}}`$, and denote it by $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$, the category whose set of objects is $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$, and whose set of arrows between $`\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$ is $`(\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma })`$. Clearly, $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ is a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category closed under direct sums and subobjects.

###### Proposition 2.2.

Let $`\widehat{\rho }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$ be localized in $`o`$.
a) For each $`a,b,c𝒦,ca,b`$ we have $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho 𝔄(c)=_b\rho 𝔄(c)`$
b) If $`c𝒦,co`$, then $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (A)=A1_{n_\rho }\rho (1)`$ $`A𝔄(c)`$ and $`a𝒦,ac`$.
c) $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (𝔄(a)^{})𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho }`$ for each $`a𝒦,oa`$.
d) Given $`\widehat{\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}(b)`$ and $`T(\rho ,\sigma )`$ then $`T_{i,j}𝔄(a)`$ for each $`a𝒦,oba`$.

###### Proof.

a) Since the spacelike complement of a double cone is pathwise connected in $`𝕄^4`$, there is a path $`p`$, contained in $`c^{}`$, joining $`a`$ to $`b`$. As $`𝔄(c)`$ is contained in the commutant of the algebras associated with each double cone of the path, the proof follows from the compatibility of the morphisms. b) Notice that $`co,a`$. Then, by a) we have $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (A)={}_{o}{}^{}\rho (A)`$ for each $`A𝔄(c)`$. Since $`\widehat{\rho }`$ is localized in $`o`$, the proof follows from the fact that $`𝔄(c)𝔄(o)^{}`$. c) is postponed to the next section. d) follows from b). ∎

Some comments are in order. First, the proposition does not hold in a 2-dimensional Minkowski spacetime because the spacelike complement of a double cone is not pathwise connected. Secondly, the statement $`a)`$ does not depend on the double cone where the object is localized. Thirdly, notice that, once $`o𝒦`$ is fixed, the correspondence

$$\{a𝒦|ao\}a𝔄(a)^{}$$
(2)
is a presheaf of von Neumann algebras and, if $`\widehat{\rho }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$ is localized in $`o`$, then also the correspondence

$$\{a𝒦|ao\}a(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}$$
(3)
is a presheaf of von Neumann algebras, because $`\rho (1)𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho }`$ for each $`a𝒦`$, $`ao`$; here $`(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$ denotes the reduced algebra $`\rho (1)(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })\rho (1)`$. Then, as a consequence of Proposition 2.2.c, the collection $`\{{}_{a}{}^{}\rho |a𝒦,ao\}`$ is a presheaf morphism from (2) to (3). In the following we will refer to the presheaves (2) and (3) as, respectively, the domain and the codomain of $`\widehat{\rho }`$ as an element of the set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}(o)`$.

### 2.3 The isomorphism between $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ and $`(𝕬)`$

The relation between $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ and $`(𝕬)`$ is deeper than the one suggested from their definition: in fact they are isomorphic. The key point of the proof consists in proving that each element of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ admits an extension to a morphism of the presheaf. In order to prove this we need to introduce the cohomological description of the theory of superselection sectors developed by J.E. Roberts  (see also ). By using the same reasoning of that paper, it is possible to introduce the category of 1-cocycles of the net and show that it is equivalent to $`(𝕬)`$. However we limit ourselves to describing the way the set $`Z_t^1(𝕬)`$ of 1-cocycles of the net and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ are related.
Having fixed a double cone $`o`$ and $`\rho `$ localized in $`o`$, for each $`a𝒦`$ let us choose a set of unitary arrows $`V_{ao}(\rho ,\tau _a)`$ where $`\tau _a`$ is localized in $`a`$ and $`\rho =\tau _o`$. Defining

$$z_{ab}V_{ao}V_{bo}^+a,b𝒦.$$
(4)
and observing that $`z_{ab}(\tau _b,\tau _a)`$, we have the 1-cocycle identity

$$\begin{array}{cccc}& a)\hfill & z_{ab}z_{bc}=z_{ac}\hfill & a,b,c𝒦\hfill \\ \text{and that}\hfill & & & \\ & b)\hfill & z_{aa}=\tau _a(1)\hfill & a𝒦\hfill \\ & c)\hfill & z_{ab}\text{ has values in }𝔄(d)\hfill & a,b,d𝒦,abd\hfill \end{array}$$

A collection of partial isometries $`\{\overline{z}_{ab}\}_{a,b𝒦}`$ satisfying a)$``$c) is called a 1-cocycle of $`𝕬`$. A different choice of the set $`V_{ao}a𝒦`$ yields a cohomologous cocycle. Conversely, we can associate with each $`\overline{z}Z_t^1(𝕬)`$ an element of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$. Note that for each $`a,b𝒦`$, $`ab`$ we have

$$\rho (A)=z_{ob}\tau _b(A)z_{bo}=z_{ob}A1_{n_b}z_{bo}A𝔄(a).$$
(5)
Then by replacing $`z`$ with $`\overline{z}`$ in the r.h.s. of (5) one gets a transportable morphism localized in $`o`$.

###### Theorem 2.3.

The categories $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$ and $`(𝕬)`$ are isomorphic.

###### Proof.

First we define the extension functor $`\mathrm{E}:(𝕬)(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$. Let $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ be localized in $`o`$, and let $`z`$ be the 1-cocycle defined by (4). We set

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill {}_{a}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )(A)& & z_{oa}A1_{n_a}z_{ao}\hfill & A𝔄(a)^{}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{E}(T)& & T\hfill & T(\rho ,\sigma )\hfill \end{array}$$

For each $`a𝒦`$, $`{}_{a}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )`$ is a normal morphism of $`𝔄(a)^{}`$ and $`{}_{a}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )(1)=\rho (1)`$. If $`ab`$ then for each $`A𝔄(b)^{}`$ we have:

$${}_{a}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )(A)=z_{oa}A1_{n_a}z_{ao}=z_{ob}z_{ba}A1_{n_a}z_{ba}z_{bo}=_b\mathrm{E}(\rho )(A)$$

because the coefficients of $`z_{ba}`$ belong to $`𝔄(b)`$. Moreover, $`{}_{o}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )(B)=B1_{n_o}\rho (1)`$ for each $`B𝔄(o)^{}`$ because $`z_{oo}=\rho (1)`$. Hence $`\mathrm{E}(\rho )`$ is a morphism of the presheaf and it is localized in $`o`$. It is worth observing that, by (5), we have

$${}_{a}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )(A)=z_{oa}A1_{n_a}z_{ao}=\rho (A)A𝔄(a^{}).$$

Thus, $`{}_{a}{}^{}\mathrm{E}(\rho )`$ is a normal extension of $`\rho `$ to $`𝔄(a)^{}`$ and it is unique because, by Haag duality, $`𝔄(a^{})`$ is weakly dense in $`𝔄(a)^{}`$. After this observation it is easy to see that $`T(\mathrm{E}(\rho ),\mathrm{E}(\sigma ))`$ and consequently that $`\mathrm{E}(\rho )`$ is transportable.
We now pass to define the restriction functor $`\mathrm{R}:(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})(𝕬)`$. Let $`\widehat{\rho }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$. Given $`a𝒦`$, we take $`b𝒦,ab^{}`$ and define

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill \mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho })(A)& =& {}_{b}{}^{}\rho (A)\hfill & A𝔄(a)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{R}(S)& & S\hfill & S(\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma })\hfill \end{array}$$

$`\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho })`$ is a morphism of $`𝔄(a)`$ and $`\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho })(1)=\rho (1)`$. By the Proposition 2.2.a $`\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho })`$ does not depends on the choice of $`ba`$ and, for this reason, it is compatible with the net $`𝕬`$. Hence it is extendible by continuity to a morphism of $`𝔄`$. If $`\widehat{\rho }`$ is localized in $`o`$ then, by Proposition 2.2.b, $`\mathrm{E}(\widehat{\rho })`$ is also localized in $`o`$. The proofs both that $`\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho })`$ is transportable and that $`S`$ belongs to $`(\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho }),\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\sigma }))`$ are straightforward and, therefore, we omit them. Finally, observing that $`\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\rho })`$ is the restriction of the components of $`\widehat{\rho }`$ to the algebras of double cones, it easily follows that $`\mathrm{R}\mathrm{E}=id_{(𝕬)}`$ and $`\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}=id_{(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})}`$. ∎

Concerning the functors $`\mathrm{E}`$ and $`\mathrm{R}`$ introduced in the previous theorem, from now on we will use the following notation: we will denote by $`\widehat{\rho }`$ the extension $`\mathrm{E}(\rho )`$ of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$; conversely, we will denote by $`\sigma `$ the restriction $`\mathrm{R}(\widehat{\sigma })`$ of $`\widehat{\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}`$.
As a first consequence of Theorem 2.3, we prove Proposition 2.2.c. Given $`\widehat{\rho }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}(o)`$, let $`z`$ be the 1-cocycle, defined by (4), associated with $`\rho `$. Let $`a𝒦,ao`$. Then for each $`A𝔄(a)`$ and $`B𝔄(a)^{}`$ we have $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (B)A1_{n_o}`$ $`=z_{oa}B1_{n_a}z_{ao}A1_{n_o}`$ $`=z_{oa}B1_{n_a}\tau _a(A)z_{ao}`$ $`=z_{oa}\tau _a(A)B1_{n_a}z_{ao}`$ $`=A{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (B)`$, where the inclusion $`\tau _a(𝔄(a))𝔄(a)𝕄_{n_a}`$ has been used. This completes the proof.
Secondly, a tensor product can be easily introduced on $`(𝕬^{\mathbf{}})`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}\widehat{\rho },\widehat{\sigma }\widehat{\rho }\widehat{\sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}& \text{ where }& \widehat{\rho }\widehat{\sigma }\widehat{\rho \sigma }\hfill \\ (\widehat{\rho }_1,\widehat{\rho }_2),(\widehat{\sigma }_1,\widehat{\sigma }_2)T,STS(\widehat{\rho }_1\widehat{\sigma }_1,\widehat{\rho }_2\widehat{\sigma }_2)& \text{ where }& TST\times S\hfill \end{array}$$

A useful property of $``$ is shown in the following

###### Proposition 2.4.

Let $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a)`$, $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(b)`$. If $`c𝒦,abc`$ then

$${}_{c}{}^{}(\rho \sigma )(A)=_c\rho ({}_{c}{}^{}\sigma (A))A𝔄(c)^{}$$

###### Proof.

Without loss of generality we prove the statement only in the case of objects with multiplicity equal to one (namely endomorphisms, in general not unital, of the algebras $`𝔄(a)^{}`$). Let $`z,\overline{z}`$ be two 1-cocycles associated with $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ respectively. First we observe that $`{}_{c}{}^{}(\rho \sigma )(A)={}_{c}{}^{}(\rho \sigma )(A)=z_{oc}\times \overline{z}_{bc}Az_{co}\times \overline{z}_{cb}`$. Taking $`d,e,h𝒦`$ such that $`de,dec`$, and $`beh,hd`$, then for each $`A𝔄(c)^{}`$ we have

$$\begin{array}{c}{}_{c}{}^{}(\rho \sigma )(A)=z_{od}z_{dc}\times \overline{z}_{be}\overline{z}_{ec}Az_{cd}z_{do}\times \overline{z}_{ce}\overline{z}_{eb}\hfill \\ \hfill =z_{od}\times \overline{z}_{be}z_{dc}\times \overline{z}_{ec}Az_{cd}\times \overline{z}_{ce}z_{do}\times \overline{z}_{eb}=z_{od}\times \overline{z}_{be}Az_{do}\times \overline{z}_{eb}\end{array}$$

where the last equality holds because $`z_{dc}\times \overline{z}_{ec}𝔄(c)^{}`$. Observing that $`z_{od}\times \overline{z}_{be}=z_{od}\tau _d(\overline{z}_{be})=z_{od}\overline{z}_{be}`$, because $`\overline{z}_{be}𝔄(h)`$, and that, by Proposition 2.2.c, $`{}_{c}{}^{}\sigma (𝔄(c)^{})𝔄(c)^{}`$, then it follows that $`z_{od}\times \overline{z}_{be}Az_{do}\times \overline{z}_{eb}`$ $`=z_{od}(\overline{z}_{be}A\overline{z}_{eb})z_{do}`$ $`={}_{d}{}^{}\rho ({}_{e}{}^{}\sigma (A))={}_{c}{}^{}\rho ({}_{c}{}^{}\sigma (A)),`$ where we used the fact that $`\tau _d`$ is localized in $`d`$. This completes the proof. ∎

### 2.4 Faithfulness and Double Faithfulness

Our aim is to identify the relevant subcategory of $`(𝕬)`$. A first step toward the understanding of this problem is made in this section.

###### Definition 2.5.

We say that an object $`\rho `$ of $`(𝕬)`$ is:

* faithful if it is a faithful morphism of $`𝔄`$.
* doubly faithful if its extension $`\widehat{\rho }`$ is a faithful morphism of the presheaf, namely, for each $`a𝒦`$, $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho `$ is a faithful morphism of the algebra $`𝔄(a)^{}`$.

Since an object $`\rho `$ of $`(𝕬)`$ is the restriction to the local algebras of its extension $`\widehat{\rho }`$, double faithfulness implies faithfulness. The converse is, in general, false as can be easily seen by the following proposition.

###### Proposition 2.6.

Let $`\rho `$ be an object of $`(𝕬)`$ and let us denote by $`[\rho ]`$ the equivalence class of $`\rho `$. The following assertions hold:
a) $`\rho `$ is faithful if, and only if, for each $`o,a𝒦,oa`$ and for each $`\tau [\rho ]`$ localized in $`a`$, the central support of $`\tau (1)`$ in $`𝔄(o)^{}𝕄_{n_\sigma }`$ is equal to $`11_{n_\sigma }`$;
b) $`\rho `$ is doubly faithful if, and only if, for each $`o𝒦`$ and for each $`\sigma [\rho ]`$ localized in $`o`$, the central support of $`\sigma (1)`$ in $`𝔄(o)𝕄_{n_\sigma }`$ is equal to $`11_{n_\sigma }`$.

###### Proof.

b) Since the extensions $`\widehat{\rho }`$ and $`\widehat{\sigma }`$ of $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ are equivalent and $`\sigma `$ is localized in $`o`$, for $`A𝔄(o)^{}`$ we have $`{}_{o}{}^{}\rho (A)=0{}_{o}{}^{}\sigma (A)=\sigma (1)A1_{n_\sigma }=0`$, and the proof follows from the definition of central support. The assertion a) follows in a similar way. ∎

Without any further assumptions on the structure of local algebras, and in particular on their centers, we have no way to conclude that these two properties are fulfilled. Notice that properties like the Schlieder property333The net $`𝕬`$ has the Schlieder property if given $`a,b𝒦,ab`$ and $`A𝔄(a),B𝔄(b)`$ then $`AB=0A=0\text{ or }B=0`$. or the simplicity of $`𝔄`$, which are weaker than the Borchers property and imply the faithfulness, cannot be deduced from the hypotheses we have made on the local algebras. Thus, we have to accept the possible existence both of nonfaithful objects and of not doubly faithful objects. Since double faithfulness will turn out to be necessary for the existence of conjugates, in the following, not doubly faithful objects shall have to be excluded from the analysis.
Direct sums, tensor products and equivalence preserve (double) faithfulness:

###### Proposition 2.7.

The following assertions hold:
a) if $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ is doubly faithful $``$ each $`\sigma [\rho ]`$ is doubly faithful;
b) if $`\rho _1,\rho _2\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ are doubly faithful $``$ $`\rho _1\rho _2`$ and $`\rho _1\rho _2`$ are doubly faithful.
The same assertions hold for faithfulness.

###### Proof.

$`a)`$ follows from the fact that if $`\sigma [\rho ]`$ then $`\widehat{\sigma }[\widehat{\rho }]`$. The proof of statement $`b)`$, concerning the direct sum, is obvious. Given $`a𝒦`$, let $`b_1,b_2𝒦,b_1,b_2a`$ and let $`V_i(\rho _i,\sigma _i)`$ be unitary such that $`\sigma _i`$ is localized in $`b_i`$ for i=1,2. For $`A𝔄(a)^{}`$, by Proposition 2.4, we have $`{}_{a}{}^{}(\rho _1\rho _2)(A)=V_1^+\times V_2^+{}_{a}{}^{}(\sigma _1\sigma _2)(A)V_1\times V_2=V_1^+\times V_2^+{}_{a}{}^{}\sigma _{1}^{}({}_{a}{}^{}\sigma _{2}^{}(A))V_1\times V_2`$ and the proof is now completed. ∎

## 3 Statistics and selection of the relevant subcategory

This section is entirely devoted to showing how the relevant subcategory of the theory can be selected. We will find it convenient to work in the net approach, that is to say with $`(𝕬)`$; nevertheless, to introduce the notion of a homegenous object of $`(𝕬)`$, we will have to rely on the presheaf approach. Homogeneity will turn out to be one of the properties characterizing the objects of the relevant subcategory.
We start by proving the existence of a symmetry $`\epsilon `$. Afterwards, we introduce the notions of net-left inverse, presheaf-left inverse and homogeneity. We prove that each doubly faithful simple object is homogeneous. After having introduced the category of objects with finite statistics, we conclude by showing how the relevant subcategory can be selected using doubly faithful simple objects.

### 3.1 Symmetry

When a tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category has a symmetry $`\epsilon `$ (see definition in appendix) it is possible to introduce, as in DHR analysis, a notion of statistics of sectors. Briefly, one first notes that for each object $`\rho `$, by means of $`\epsilon `$, there is an associated unitary representation $`\epsilon _\rho ^n`$ of the permutation group of $`n`$-elements $`(n)`$, with values in $`(\rho ^n,\rho ^n)`$. If $`\rho `$ is irreducible, the statistics of the sector $`[\rho ]`$ is the collection of the unitary equivalence classes of the representations $`\epsilon _\rho ^n`$ as $`n`$ varies. In this section we show that $`(𝕬)`$ has a symmetry $`\epsilon `$ and, therefore, an associated notion of statistics of sectors.
We start by recalling a result from . Let $`(n,m)`$ denote the set of $`m\times n`$ matrices $`A`$ with values $`A_{i,j}`$ in $`𝔄`$. Then, there exists a map $`\theta :n,m\theta (n,m)(nm,mn)`$ with values $`\theta (n,m)_{i,j}`$ in $``$, that verifies

$$\theta (m,m_1)AB=BA\theta (n,n_1)$$
(6)
for each pair $`A(n,m)`$, $`B(n_1,m_1)`$ with commuting values, that is to say $`[A_{i,j},B_{l,k}]=0`$, where $`(AB)_{i,j}A_{i_1,j_1}B_{i_2,j_2}`$ is the lexicographical order product.
The proof of the existence of a symmetry $`\epsilon `$ is based on the following

###### Lemma 3.1.

Let $`\rho _i\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o_i)`$ for $`i=1,2`$, $`\sigma _i\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a_i)`$ for $`i=1,2`$, such that $`o_1a_1`$, $`o_2a_2`$. For $`T(\rho _1,\rho _2)`$, $`S(\sigma _1,\sigma _2)`$ we have

$$\theta (n_2,m_2)T\times S=S\times T\theta (n_1,m_1).$$

where $`n_1,n_2,m_1,m_2`$ denote, respectively, the multiplicities of $`\rho _1,\rho _2,\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$.

To prove the statement we need three preliminary lemmas.

###### Lemma 3.2.

Let $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$, $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a)`$ such that $`oa`$. If $`b𝒦,o,ab`$ and $`A𝔄(b)`$ then we have $`\theta (n,m)\rho \sigma (A)=\sigma \rho (A)\theta (n,m)`$.

###### Proof.

Notice that $`\rho \sigma (A)=1_\rho 1_\sigma A1_{n_\sigma }`$ and $`\sigma \rho (A)=1_\sigma 1_\rho A1_{n_\rho }`$ because of localization of $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$. As $`1_\rho `$ and $`1_\sigma `$ have commuting values, by (6) we have the proof. ∎

###### Lemma 3.3.

Let $`\rho _1,\rho _2\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$, $`\sigma _1,\sigma _2\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a)`$ such that $`oa`$ and let $`T(\rho _1,\rho _2),S(\sigma _1,\sigma _2)`$. Then we have $`\theta (n_2,m_2)TS=ST\theta (n_1,m_1)`$.

###### Proof.

$`(T\times S)_{i,j}=T_{i_1,k}\rho _1(S_{i_2,j_2})_{k,j_1}`$ = $`T_{i_1,j_1}S_{i_2,j_2}=(TS^{})_{i,j}`$. Similarly $`S\times T=ST`$. Since the values of $`T`$ and $`S`$ commute, the proof follows by (6). ∎

###### Lemma 3.4.

If $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o),\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a)`$ such that $`oa`$ then $`\theta (n,m)(\rho \sigma ,\sigma \rho )`$.

###### Proof.

For each $`b𝒦,oab`$ let us take $`a_1,o_1,c,d𝒦`$ such that $`o_1,a_1b`$, $`(oo_1)d`$, $`(aa_1)c`$ and $`dc`$. Moreover, let $`U(\rho ,\rho _1)`$, $`V(\sigma ,\sigma _1)`$ be unitaries and $`\rho _1\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o_1)`$, $`\sigma _1\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a_1)`$. For $`A𝔄(b)`$ by Lemma 3.2 and Lemma 3.3 we have

$`\theta (n,m)\rho \sigma (A)`$ $`=\theta (n,m)(U^+\times V^+)\rho _1\sigma _1(A)(U\times V)`$
$`=(V^+\times U^+)\theta (n_1,m_1)\rho _1\sigma _1(A)(U\times V)`$
$`=(V^+\times U^+)\sigma _1\rho _1(A)\theta (n_1,m_1)(U\times V)`$
$`=(V^+\times U^+)\sigma _1\rho _1(A)(V\times U)\theta (n,m)=\sigma \rho (A)\theta (n,m).`$
###### Proof of Lemma 3.1.

We use a standard deformation argument. Let $`U(\sigma _3,\sigma _1)`$ be unitary with $`\sigma _3\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a_3)`$ and $`(a_3a_1)o_1`$. By Lemma 3.3 $`\theta (n_1,m_1)1_{\rho _1}\times U`$ = $`U\times 1_{\rho _1}\theta (n_1,m_3)`$. Setting $`S_1SU`$ we have that $`\theta (n_2,m_2)T\times S_1`$ = $`S_1\times T\theta (n_1,m_3)`$ if, and only if, $`\theta (n_2,m_2)T\times S`$ = $`S\times T\theta (n_1,m_1)`$. Similarly we can move the support444By support we mean the double cone where the object is localized. of $`\rho _1`$ without changing the statement of the lemma. If the number of spatial dimensions is bigger than 1, by a finite number of displacements of the supports we can reduce the problem to the trivial situation of the Lemma 3.3. ∎

###### Theorem 3.5.

The category $`(𝕬)`$ has a unique symmetry $`\epsilon `$ satisfying

$$\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )=\theta (n,m)$$

whenever $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ are localized in mutually spacelike double cones.

###### Proof.

Let us observe that if $`\epsilon `$ is a symmetry satisfying the relation in the statement, given two unitaries $`U(\rho ,\rho _1)`$, $`V(\sigma ,\sigma _1)`$ such that $`\rho _1\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o_1)`$, $`\sigma _1\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a_1)`$ where $`o_1a_1`$, then we have $`\theta (n_1,m_1)U\times V`$ = $`\epsilon (\rho _1,\sigma _1)U\times V`$ = $`V\times U\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )`$. According to this observation we define

$$\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )V^+\times U^+\theta (n_1,m_1)U\times V.$$
(7)
The definition of $`\epsilon `$ does not depend on the choice of $`U`$, $`V`$. Indeed, given two unitaries $`U_1(\rho ,\rho _2)`$, $`V_1(\sigma ,\sigma _2)`$ such that $`\rho _2\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o_2)`$, $`\sigma _2\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a_2)`$ where $`o_2a_2`$, then by Lemma 3.1 we have $`\theta (n_2,m_2)(U_1U^+\times V_1V^+=(V_1V^+\times U_1U^+)\theta (n_1,m_1)`$. Hence

$$(V_1^+\times U_1^+)\theta (n_2,m_2)(U_1\times V_1)=V^+\times U^+\theta (n_1,m_1)U\times V.$$

We now prove that $`\epsilon `$ is a symmetry for $`(𝕬)`$. Let $`S(\rho ,\tau )`$, $`T(\sigma ,\beta )`$ and let $`W(\tau ,\tau _1)`$, $`R(\beta ,\beta _1)`$ be unitaries such that $`\tau _1`$ and $`\beta _1`$ are localized in spacelike double cones. By Lemma 3.1 we have $`\theta (l_1,k_1)(WSU^+)\times (RTV^+)=(RTV^+)\times (WSU^+)\theta (m_1,n_1)`$, therefore, multiplying the r.h.s. of this identity by $`R^+\times W^+`$ and the l.h.s. by $`U\times V`$ we obtain:

$$\epsilon (\tau ,\beta )S\times T=T\times S\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma ).$$

Now, by using (7) we have

$`\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )\epsilon (\sigma ,\rho )`$ $`=V^+\times U^+\theta (n_1,m_1)1_{\rho _1}\times 1_{\sigma _1}\theta (m_1,n_1)V\times U`$
$`=V^+\times U^+\theta (n_1,m_1)\theta (m_1,n_1)V\times U=1_{\sigma \rho }.`$
Finally, let $`X(\gamma ,\gamma _1)`$ be unitary, such that $`\gamma _1\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(b_1)`$ where $`b_1o_1`$ and $`(b_1o_1)a_1`$. Observing that $`\theta (n_1,m_1)\times 1_{\gamma _1}1_{\rho _1}\times \theta (l_1,m_1)=\theta (n_1l_1,m_1)`$ we have

$`\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )\times `$ $`1_\gamma 1_\rho \times \epsilon (\gamma ,\sigma )=`$
$`=(V^+\times U^+\times 1_\gamma )\theta (n_1,m_1)\times 1_\gamma (U\times V\times 1_\gamma )`$
$`(1_\rho \times V^+\times X^+)1_\rho \times \theta (l_1,m_1)(1_\rho \times X\times V)`$
$`=(V^+\times U^+\times X^+)\theta (n_1,m_1)\times 1_{\gamma _1}1_{\rho _1}\times \theta (l_1,m_1)(U\times X\times V)`$
$`=(V^+\times U^+\times X^+)\theta (n_1l_1,m_1)(U\times X\times V)=\epsilon (\rho \gamma ,\sigma ).`$
This completes the proof. ∎

### 3.2 Net-left inverses, presheaf-left inverses and homogeneity

The net-left inverse of an object of $`(𝕬)`$ is the obvious generalization of the concept of left inverse of unital endomorphisms of a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-algebra to the case where $`\rho `$ is a morphism of the net.

###### Definition 3.6.

A net-left inverse $`\phi `$ of an object $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ is a nonzero completely positive normalized linear map $`\phi :(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}𝔄`$ fulfilling the relation

$$\phi (B\rho (A))=\phi (B)A$$

for each $`A𝔄`$, $`B(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$.

Clearly the faithfulness of the objects is necessary for the existence of net-left inverses. It is less obvious to see that it is also sufficient. The physical idea used in DHR analysis to show the existence of left inverses for unital endomorphisms, which is based on a charge transfer chain to infinite, can be suitably adapted to our case. Unfortunately it does not work. The reason is clear: as the objects are nonunital morphisms it is not possible to check whether the chain has a trivial limit or not. However, there is another idea that can be used to prove the existence of net-left inverses. Notice that a net-left inverse of $`\rho `$ is also a linear map extending $`\rho ^1`$ to the codomain algebra $`(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$ of $`\rho `$. Such an extension can be obtained by generalizing, to our case, an argument used for unital endomorphisms .

###### Proposition 3.7.

Each faithful object has a net-left inverse.

###### Proof.

Let $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ be faithful and let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_o`$. Then we can define a state $`\omega `$ as $`\omega (A)(\mathrm{\Omega },\rho ^1(A)\mathrm{\Omega })`$ for $`A\rho (𝔄)`$. Since the inclusion $`\rho (𝔄)(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$ preserves the identity, there is a state $`\omega ^{}`$ of the algebra $`(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$ which extends $`\omega `$. Let $`(^{},\pi ^{},\mathrm{\Omega }^{})`$ be the GNS construction associated with $`\omega ^{}`$ and let us define $`VA\mathrm{\Omega }\pi ^{}(\rho (A))\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ for $`A𝔄.`$ As $`𝔄`$ is irreducible and $`\omega ^{}`$ is an extension of $`\omega `$, $`V:_o^{}`$ is an isometry fulfilling the relation $`VA=\pi ^{}(\rho (A))V`$ for $`A𝔄`$. Now, by setting $`\phi (A)V^{}\pi ^{}(A)V`$ for $`A(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$, one easily checks that $`\phi `$ is a net-left inverse of $`\rho `$. ∎

A left inverse (see the definition in appendix) is uniquely associated with a net-left inverse of an object $`\rho `$. To show this we will need to represent an element $`E(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )`$ as a $`n_\sigma \times n_\tau `$ matrix with values $`[E]_{i,j}`$ in $`(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$ (see appendix for more details).

###### Proposition 3.8.

Let $`\phi `$ be a net-left inverse of an object $`\rho `$. Then there exists a unique positive normalized left inverse $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of $`\rho `$ verifying for each $`\sigma ,\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ the relation

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(E)_{i,j}=\phi ([E]_{i,j})E(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )$$
(8)
for $`i=1,\mathrm{}n_\tau `$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},n_\sigma `$.

###### Proof.

The proof of the uniqueness follows once we have shown that the relation (8) defines a left inverse of $`\rho `$. So, let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be the set of the linear maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }`$ for $`\sigma ,\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ defined by (8). $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is obviously normalized, and it is positive because $`\phi `$ is completely positive. In the rest of the proof the relations (A.6),(A.7) and (A.8) will be used. Let $`A𝔄`$ and $`E(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )`$, then

$$\begin{array}{c}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(E)\sigma (A))_{i,j}=\phi ([E]_{i,k})\sigma (A)_{k,j}=\phi ([E]_{i,k}\rho (\sigma (A)_{k,j}))\hfill \\ \hfill =\phi ([E\rho (\sigma (A))]_{i,j})=\phi ([\rho (\tau (A))E]_{i,j})=(\tau (A)\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(E))_{i,j}.\end{array}$$

Hence $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(E)(\sigma ,\tau )`$. Given $`S(\alpha ,\sigma )`$, $`T(\beta ,\tau )`$, then we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\alpha ,\beta }(1_\rho \times T^+E1_\rho \times S)_{i,j}=\phi ([1_\rho \times T^+E1_\rho \times S]_{i,j})\hfill \\ \hfill =\phi (\rho (T_{i,k}^+)[E]_{k,l}\rho (S_{l,j}))=T_{i,k}^+\phi ([E]_{k,l})S_{l,j}=(T^+\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(E)S)_{l,j}.\end{array}$$

In a similar way one can show that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma \pi ,\tau \pi }(X\times 1_\pi )=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(X)\times 1_\pi `$ for $`X(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )`$. This completes the proof. ∎

Summing up, faithfulness is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of net-left inverses. Moreover, for each net-left inverse there is an associated left inverse of the object. It is worth observing that this excludes neither the existence of nonfaithful objects with left inverses nor the existence of objects without left inverses.
We now turn to the presheaf-left inverse.

###### Definition 3.9.

A presheaf-left inverse of an object $`\rho `$ in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ is defined as a collection $`\widehat{\phi }\{_a\phi :(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}𝔄(a)^{}|a𝒦,ao\}`$ of nonzero completely positive normalized linear maps verifying the relations:
i) $`{}_{a}{}^{}\phi (𝔄(b)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}={}_{b}{}^{}\phi `$, $`b𝒦,bo,ab`$
ii) $`{}_{a}{}^{}\phi (B{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (A))=_a\phi (B)A,`$ $`A𝔄(a)^{},B(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$.

It is worth observing that the definition of presheaf-left inverse depends on the double cone $`o`$ where the object $`\rho `$ is localized. This is so because the inclusion $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho (𝔄(a)^{})(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$ is verified only for double cones $`a`$ which are spacelike separated from $`o`$. Morever, notice that by (2) and (3), a presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ can be seen as a linear map from the codomain of $`\widehat{\rho }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}^{}(o)`$ onto its domain which is, by relation i), compatible with the presheaf structure and fulfills relation ii).
Now, if $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ has a presheaf-left inverse then each $`\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(b)`$ equivalent to $`\rho `$, with $`ob`$, has a presheaf-left inverse. In fact, given a unitary $`U(\rho ,\sigma )`$, the collection of linear maps defined as $`{}_{a}{}^{}\phi (U^+BU)`$ for $`B(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\sigma })_{\sigma (1)}`$ and for each $`ab`$ is a presheaf-left inverse of $`\sigma `$. This argument cannot be applied to the elements of $`[\rho ]`$ localized in double cones which do not contain $`o`$. Hence, in general, having a presheaf-left inverse is not a property of the equivalence class of the object. This leads to the following

###### Definition 3.10.

We say that an object $`\rho `$ of $`(𝕬)`$ is homogeneous if each element of its equivalence class has presheaf-left inverses, namely if for each $`a𝒦`$, any $`\sigma [\rho ]`$ localized in $`a`$ has, as an element of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(a)`$, a presheaf-left inverse.

Concerning homogeneity and existence of presheaf-left inverses, in this section we will limit ourselves to the following remark. If $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ has a presheaf-left inverse, then $`{}_{a}{}^{}\rho `$ is a faithful morphism for each $`ao`$. This does not imply the double faithfulness of $`\rho `$. Double faithfulness occurs when $`\rho `$ is homogeneous. Conversely, it is not clear whether in general double faithfulness it is enough both for the existence of presheaf-left inverses and for homogeneity. We only know that this happens in the particular case of doubly faithful simple objects (see next section).
As a consequence of the definition of presheaf-left inverse we have the following

###### Proposition 3.11.

Let $`\widehat{\phi }`$ be a presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. Then there exists a unique net-left inverse $`\phi `$ of $`\rho `$ such that for each $`a,b𝒦`$ and $`ba,o`$ we have

$$\phi (A)=_b\phi (A)A(𝔄(a)𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}.$$
(9)
###### Proof.

Since $`a^{}o^{}`$ is pathwise connected, the compatibility of $`\widehat{\phi }`$ implies (in the same way as in Proposition 2.2.a) that the relation (9) defines a net-left inverse of $`\rho `$. ∎

The relations (9), (8) yield a correspondence between presheaf-left inverses and left inverses. Namely, given a presheaf-left inverse $`\widehat{\phi }`$ of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ we have

$$\{\text{presheaf-left inverses of }\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)\}\widehat{\phi }\stackrel{(\text{9})}{}\phi \stackrel{(\text{8})}{}\mathrm{\Phi }\{\text{left inverses of }\rho \}$$
(10)
We denote by $`l(\widehat{\phi })`$ the left inverse defined by relation (10) and call it the left inverse associated with $`\widehat{\phi }`$. Notice that for each $`E(\rho ,\rho )`$ we have

$$l(\widehat{\phi })_{\iota ,\iota }(E)=_a\phi (E)ao^{}_a\phi (E)=c1a𝒦,ao$$

because of the irreducibility of $`\iota `$.
We conclude this section by studying how the correspondence $`\widehat{\phi }l(\widehat{\phi })`$ behaves under the categorical operations. Let $`\widehat{\phi }`$,$`\widehat{\phi }_1`$ and $`\widehat{\phi }_2`$ be presheaf-left inverses of $`\rho ,\rho _1,\rho _2\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ respectively. Given two isometries $`W_i(\alpha ,\rho _i)`$ for $`i=1,2`$ verifying $`W_1W_1^++W_2W_2^+=1_\alpha `$, and given an isometry $`V(\beta ,\rho )`$ ($`VV^+E`$ ), the linear maps $`\widehat{\phi }_1\widehat{\phi }_2`$, $`\widehat{\phi }_1^s\widehat{\phi }_2`$ for $`s[0,1]`$ and $`\widehat{\phi }^E`$ defined as

$`{}_{a}{}^{}(\phi _1\phi _2)(A){}_{a}{}^{}\phi _{1}^{}(_a\phi _2([A]))`$ $`A(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_2n_1})_{\rho _2\rho _1(1)}`$ (11)
$`{}_{a}{}^{}\left(\phi _1^s\phi _2\right)(B)s_a\phi _1(W_1^+BW_1)+(1s)_a\phi _2(W_2^+BW_2)`$ $`B(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\alpha })_{\alpha (1)}`$ (12)
$`{}_{a}{}^{}\phi _{}^{E}(C){}_{a}{}^{}\phi (E)^1{}_{a}{}^{}\phi (VCV^+)\text{if }{}_{a}{}^{}\phi (E)0`$ $`C(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\beta })_{\beta (1)}`$ (13)
for each $`ao`$, are, respectively, presheaf-left inverses of $`\rho _2\rho _1`$, $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ as elements of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. The definitions (11) and (12) entail that the existence of presheaf-left inverses and the homogeneity are stable properties under tensor products and direct sums. This cannot be asserted for subobjects because $`\widehat{\phi }^E`$ exists only if the scalar $`{}_{a}{}^{}\phi (E)0`$. Now, note that the same constructions we have made for presheaf-left inverses can be made for the associated left inverses $`l(\widehat{\phi })`$, $`l(\widehat{\phi }_1)`$ and $`l(\widehat{\phi }_2)`$ (see (A.1), (A) and (A.3)). One can easily show that the correspondence $`\widehat{\phi }l(\widehat{\phi })`$ is compatible: for each $`\sigma ,\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ we have

$`\left(l(\widehat{\phi }_1)l(\widehat{\phi }_2)\right)_{\sigma ,\tau }`$ $`=l(\widehat{\phi }_1\widehat{\phi }_2)_{\sigma ,\tau }`$ (14)
$`\left(l(\widehat{\phi }_1)^sl(\widehat{\phi }_2)\right)_{\sigma ,\tau }`$ $`=l(\widehat{\phi }_1^s\widehat{\phi }_2)_{\sigma ,\tau }`$ $`s[0,1]`$ (15)
$`l(\widehat{\phi })_{\sigma ,\tau }^E`$ $`=l(\widehat{\phi }^E)_{\sigma ,\tau }`$ $`\text{if }l(\widehat{\phi })_{\iota ,\iota }(E)0`$ (16)
These relations allow us to work with the more tractable associated left inverses rather than with the presheaf-left inverses. In particular, by (16) the existence of the presheaf-left inverse $`\widehat{\phi }^E`$ for the subobject $`\beta \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ is equivalent to the condition $`l(\widehat{\phi })_{\iota ,\iota }(E)0`$.

### 3.3 Simple objects

In this section we study the simple objects of $`(𝕬)`$, namely objects characterized by the following property: $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ is simple if $`\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )=\chi _\gamma 1_{\gamma ^2}`$ where $`\chi _\gamma \{1,1\}`$. In this section we show that each doubly faithful simple object is homogeneous.
Let us start by noting that if $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ is simple then each element of $`[\gamma ]`$ is simple. Now, if $`\gamma `$ has a left inverse $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ then the following properties are equivalent

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\gamma ,\gamma }(\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma ))=\pm 1_\gamma \gamma \text{ is simple }(\gamma ^2,\gamma ^2)=1_{\gamma ^2}$$

(see Proposition A.6). Moreover the l.h.s. and the r.h.s. relations imply that $`\gamma `$ is irreducible. Hence when a simple object $`\gamma `$ has a left inverse we can say that $`[\gamma ]`$ is a simple sector.
Progress now results from studying the structure of the faithful simple objects.

###### Lemma 3.12.

Let $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ be a faithful simple object and let $`\phi `$ be a net-left inverse of $`\gamma `$. For each $`b𝒦,ob`$ and for each unitary $`U(\sigma ,\gamma )`$ such that $`\sigma `$ is localized in $`b`$ we have

$$\sigma (\phi (B))=U^+BUB(𝔄(o)𝕄_n)_{\gamma (1)}.$$

In particular $`\phi (𝔄(a)𝕄_n)_{\gamma (1)}`$ is injective for each $`a𝒦,oa`$.

###### Proof.

In the proof the relations (A.6),(A.7) and (A.8) will be used. Observing that $`1_\sigma B=\sigma (B)`$, because $`ob`$, we have

$`[1_\sigma B]_{i,j}`$ $`=\sigma (B_{i,j})=U^+\gamma (B_{i,j})U`$
$`=U^+\gamma ((1_\gamma )_{i,t})\gamma (B_{t,s})\gamma ((1_\gamma )_{s,j})U=[U^+\times 1_\gamma \gamma (B)U\times 1_\gamma ]_{i,j}`$
By using this identity we have

$`B`$ $`1_\sigma =`$
$`=\theta (n_\sigma ,n_\gamma )1_\sigma B\theta (n_\gamma ,n_\sigma )=\theta (n_\sigma ,n_\gamma )U^+\times 1_\gamma \gamma (B)U\times 1_\gamma \theta (n_\gamma ,n_\sigma )`$
$`=\epsilon (\sigma ,\gamma )U^+\times 1_\gamma \gamma (B)U\times 1_\gamma \epsilon (\gamma ,\sigma )=1_\gamma \times U^+\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )\gamma (B)\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )1_\gamma \times U`$
$`=1_\gamma \times U^+\gamma (B)1_\gamma \times U`$
In conclusion we have

$`\sigma (\phi (B))_{i,j}`$ $`=\phi (B)\sigma (1)_{i,j}=\phi (B\gamma (\sigma (1)_{i,j}))=\phi ([B1_\sigma ]_{i,j})`$
$`=\phi ([1_\gamma \times U^+]_{i,t}[\gamma (B)]_{t,s}[1_\gamma \times U]_{s,j})=\phi (\gamma (U_{i,t}^+)\gamma (B_{t,s})\gamma (U_{s,j}))`$
$`=(U^+BU)_{i,j}`$
###### Theorem 3.13.

Let $`\gamma `$ be a simple object. If $`\gamma `$ is faithful, then $`\gamma :𝔄(𝔄𝕄_n)_{\gamma (1)}`$ is an isomorphism and $`\gamma ^1`$ is the unique net-left inverse of $`\gamma `$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\gamma `$ be localized in $`o`$. For each $`a𝒦,oa`$, let $`U(\sigma ,\gamma )`$ be unitary such that $`\sigma `$ is localized in a double cone spacelike separated from $`a`$. Observing that $`\phi ((𝔄(a)𝕄_n)_{\gamma (1)})=𝔄(a)`$ then by the previous lemma we have

$`\sigma (\phi (A^+B))=U^+A^+BU`$ $`=U^+A^+UU^+BU`$
$`=\sigma (\phi (A))^{}\sigma (\phi (B))=\sigma (\phi (A)^{}\phi (B))`$
$`A,B(𝔄(a)𝕄_n)_{\gamma (1)}`$. Since $`\sigma `$ is faithful, $`\phi (A^+B)=\phi (A)^{}\phi (B)`$ that is, $`\phi `$ is a morphism. It is surjective and injective therefore $`\phi =\gamma ^1`$ on $`(𝔄(a)𝕄_n)_{\gamma (1)}`$. Now, the proof follows by continuity of $`\phi `$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.14.

Let $`\gamma `$ be a simple object. Then $`\gamma `$ is doubly faithful if, and only if, $`\gamma `$ is homogeneous. In particular if $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ is doubly faithful, then $`\{_a\gamma :𝔄(a)^{}(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)},ao\}`$ is a presheaf isomorphism and $`\widehat{\gamma }^1\{_a\gamma ^1,ao\}`$ is the unique presheaf-left inverse of $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$.

###### Proof.

Let us assume that $`\gamma `$ is localized in $`o𝒦`$. It is only a matter of calculation to check that, for each $`ao`$, $`{}_{a}{}^{}\gamma _{}^{1}(𝔄(a^{})𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)}𝔄(a)^{}`$. Applying $`{}_{a}{}^{}\gamma `$ to this inclusion and observing that, by Proposition 2.2.c, $`{}_{a}{}^{}\gamma (𝔄(a)^{})(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)}`$ we have

$$(𝔄(a^{})𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)}_a\gamma (𝔄(a)^{})(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)}.$$

Passing to the weak closure, by Haag duality, we have $`{}_{a}{}^{}\gamma (𝔄(a)^{})=(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)}`$. This implies that $`\{_a\gamma :𝔄(a)^{}(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\gamma (1)},ao\}`$ is a presheaf isomorphism and that $`\widehat{\gamma }^1`$, defined as above, is the unique presheaf-left inverse of $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. Since double faithfulness is stable under equivalence, each element of the equivalence class of $`\gamma `$ admits presheaf-left inverses. Hence, $`\gamma `$ is homogeneous; the converse statement is contained in the observation following Definition 3.10. ∎

### 3.4 The category of objects with finite statistics

The only known way to classify the statistics of sectors of a tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category with a symmetry, is the one followed in DHR analysis and based on using left inverses. But this procedure might not be applicable to all the sectors of $`(𝕬)`$ because, as observed in Section 3.2, we cannot exclude the existence of objects without left inverses. Disregarding the sectors associated with this kind of objects, we could proceed as in DHR analysis and classify the statistics of the sectors as finite or infinite. However, we will see that objects with conjugates have finite statistics; henceforth we will confine ourselves to this case.
Let $`\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d},\mathrm{S}_\mathrm{d}(\rho ^d,\rho ^d)`$ be the (anti)symmetrizer associated with $`\epsilon _\rho ^d`$.

###### Definition 3.15.

We say that an object of $`(𝕬)`$ has finite statistics if it is finite direct sum of irreducibles $`\rho `$ fulfilling the following conditions: there is a 3-tuple $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ where $`d`$ is an integer, $`\gamma `$ is a faithful simple object and $`V(\gamma ,\rho ^d)`$ is an isometry satisfying one of the following alternatives:

$$B)VV^+=\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d}\text{or}F)VV^+=\mathrm{S}_\mathrm{d}.$$

We denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{f}`$ the set of the objects with finite statistics and by $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$ the full subcategory of $`(𝕬)`$ whose objects have finite statistics.

The finiteness of the statistics is stable under equivalence. Moreover, each object $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{f}`$ has left inverses. By definition of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{f}`$ and by (A) it is enough to prove this in the case where $`\rho `$ is irreducible. Let $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ be the 3-tuple associated with $`\rho `$. Since $`\gamma `$ is faithful, it has a left inverse $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, Proposition 3.7. Then

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\beta }(X)\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\beta }(V^+\times 1_\beta 1_{\rho ^{d1}}\times XV\times 1_\sigma )X(\rho \sigma ,\rho \beta )$$
(17)
defines a left inverse of $`\rho `$.
Our definition of objects with finite statistics is equivalent to the usual one, as the following propositions show.

###### Proposition 3.16.

Let $`\rho `$ be irreducible. Then the following assertions are equivalent:
a) $`\rho `$ has finite statistics;
b) each left inverse $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ of $`\rho `$ verifies the relation $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))=\lambda 1_\rho 0`$

###### Proof.

b) $``$ a) follows directly from DHR analysis, \[5, Section III\]. We show a) $``$ b) only in the case $`B)`$. In a similar way, one can easily check that this holds in the case $`F)`$ as well. Furthermore, it is possible to prove, as in DHR analysis, that if $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a left inverse of $`\rho `$ such that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))=\lambda 1_\rho `$ then the real number $`\lambda `$ is an invariant of the equivalence class $`[\rho ]`$. Hence, the proof follows once we have shown the existence of one left inverse verifying the relation in the statement. In order to prove this let $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ be the 3-tuple associated with $`\rho `$, and let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be a left inverse of $`\gamma `$. Moreover, let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be the left inverse of $`\rho `$ defined by using $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in (17). $`\rho `$ being irreducible then $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))=\lambda 1_\rho `$. We now prove that $`\lambda 0`$. To this aim, we need some preliminary observations. First, we recall the following formula \[4, Lemma 5.3\]:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d})=d!^1(1\lambda )(12\lambda )\mathrm{}(1(d1)\lambda )()$$

where $`\mathrm{\Psi }^_d`$ is the left inverse of $`\rho ^d`$ given by the $`d`$-fold composition of $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$. Secondly, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ^d,\rho ^d}^_d(\epsilon (\rho ^d,\rho ^d))=\lambda ^d1_{\rho ^d}`$ because of (A.4). Thirdly, if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d})0`$, then

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\sigma ,\tau }(F)=(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d}))^1\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\tau }^_d(V\times 1_\tau FV^+\times 1_\sigma )F(\gamma \sigma ,\gamma \tau )$$

defines a left inverse of $`\gamma `$ such that

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\chi _\gamma 1_\gamma \hfill & =& \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\gamma ,\gamma }(\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma ))=(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d}))^1\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\gamma }^_d(V^+\times 1_\gamma \epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )V\times 1_\gamma )\hfill & \\ & =& (\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d}))^1V\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ^d,\rho ^d}^_d(\epsilon (\rho ^d,\rho ^d))V^+=(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d}))^1\lambda ^d1_\gamma \hfill & \hfill ()\end{array}$$

because $`\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )=\chi _\gamma 1_{\gamma ^2}`$. Now the proof that $`\lambda 0`$ proceeds as follows. If $`\lambda `$ were equal to $`0`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ would be well defined because, by $`()`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }^_d(\mathrm{A}_\mathrm{d})=d!^1`$. This leads to a contradiction because, by $`()`$, we should have $`\chi _\gamma 1_\gamma =0`$. ∎

###### Proposition 3.17.

The following assertions hold:
a) $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$ is closed under tensor products, direct sums and subobjects;
b) $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{f}`$ $``$ has a standard left inverse $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, that is $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))^2=c1_\rho >0`$.

###### Proof.

a) The closedness under direct sums and subobjects is obvious by definition of $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$. Once we have shown that given two irreducibles $`\rho ,\sigma `$ with finite statistics each subobject of $`\rho \sigma `$ has left inverses, the closedness under tensor products follows as in DHR analysis. For this purpose, let $`\mathrm{\Phi },\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be two left inverses of $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ respectively. By Proposition A.4 the left inverse $`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of $`\rho \sigma `$ is faithful. Hence each subobject of $`\rho \sigma `$ has a left inverse defined by (A.3). b) $`()`$ follows as in the DHR analysis. $`()`$ By Proposition A.3 any standard left inverse is faithful. Therefore each subobject of $`\rho `$ has left inverses. The rest of the proof follows as in DHR analysis. ∎

### 3.5 The selection of the relevant subcategory

In the previous section, in order to exclude objects without conjugates, we introduced the category $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$. With the same motivation, we can affirm that this is only a preliminary step since properties like (double) faithfulness and homogeneity might fail to hold in $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$. Observing that homogeneity implies the other two properties, we show in this section how to select the maximal full subcategory of $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$ with homogeneous objects, closed under tensor products, direct sums and subobjects. We claim here but will prove in the next section that, this is the relevant subcategory.
To understand the problem we are facing, we recall that homogeneity might not be stable under subobjects (see the observation related to (13)). Consequently the category we are looking for does not correspond, in general, to the subcategory of $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$ whose objects are homogeneous. However, this category can be selected by adding further conditions.

###### Definition 3.18.

We denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ the subset of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_t`$ whose objects are finite direct sums of irreducibles $`\rho `$ fulfilling the following conditions:

* $`\rho `$ has finite statistics;
* given the 3-tuple $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ associated with $`\rho `$, the simple object $`\gamma `$ is doubly faithful (or, equivalently, homogeneous).

We denote by $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ the full subcategory of $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$ whose objects belong to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$.

Notice that the property of belonging to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is stable under equivalence. Now, the next proposition shows a useful characterization of the irreducible elements of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$, while the subsequent one proves the main claim of this section.

###### Proposition 3.19.

Let $`\rho `$ be irreducible. Then the following assertions are equivalent:
a) $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$;
b) $`\rho `$ is homogeneous and belongs to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{f}`$.

###### Proof.

a) $``$ b) Given $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ be the 3-tuple associated with $`\rho `$, where $`\gamma `$ is homogeneous. Let us assume that $`\rho `$ and $`\gamma `$ are localized in the same double cone $`o`$. Let $`\widehat{\gamma }^1`$ be the presheaf-left inverse of $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ defined by Corollary 3.14. Setting

$$_a\phi (A)_a\gamma ^1(V_a^+\rho ^{d1}(A)V)A(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\gamma })_{\rho (1)}$$
(18)
for each $`a𝒦,ao`$, we have that the set $`\widehat{\phi }=\{{}_{a}{}^{}\phi ,ao\}`$ is a presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. Since each element of $`[\rho ]`$ belong to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$, $`\rho `$ is homogeneous. $`a)b)`$ Let $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ be the 3-tuple associated with $`\rho `$, where in this case $`\gamma `$ is faithful. The proof follows once we have shown that $`\gamma `$ is homogeneous. Let us assume that $`\rho `$ and $`\gamma `$ are localized in the same double cone $`o`$ and let $`\widehat{\phi }`$ be a presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. By Proposition 3.16 the left inverse $`l(\widehat{\phi })`$ of $`\rho `$ associated with $`\widehat{\phi }`$ satisfies the relation $`l(\widehat{\phi })_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))=\lambda 1_\rho 0`$. Combining this with Proposition A.4 we obtain that $`l(\widehat{\phi })^_d`$ is a faithful left inverse of $`\rho ^d`$. We now notice that $`l(\widehat{\phi })^_d=l(\widehat{\phi }^_d)`$ because of (14), where $`\widehat{\phi }^_d`$ is the presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho ^_d\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ given by the d-fold composition of $`\widehat{\phi }`$. This entails that $`l(\widehat{\phi }^_d)_{\iota ,\iota }(VV^+)0`$ and, by (13), that $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$ has presheaf-left inverses. Since, by transportability, this argument can be applied to each element of $`[\gamma ]`$, $`\gamma `$ is homogeneous. ∎

###### Proposition 3.20.

The following assertions hold:
a) $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is closed under tensor products, direct sums and subobjects, and its objects are homogeneous;
b) $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is the maximal full subcategory of $`(𝕬)_\mathrm{f}`$ closed under subobjects and whose objects are homogeneous.

###### Proof.

a) The closedness under direct sums and subobjects is obvious. Let $`\rho _1,\rho _2\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ be two irreducibles localized in the same double cone $`o`$. Since $`\rho _1,\rho _2`$ are homogeneous, both the direct sum and the tensor product of these two objects are homogeneous (see observation related to (11), (12)). It remains to be proved that each subobject of $`\rho _1\rho _2`$ is homogeneous. Since $`\rho _1`$ and $`\rho _2`$ are homogeneous objects with finite statistics, the proof follows by the same argument used in the proof of the implication a) $``$ b) of the previous proposition. b) Let $`𝒞`$ be a category fulfilling the properties written in the statement. Since each object of $`𝒞`$ is a finite direct sum of homogenous irreducible objects with finite statistics, the proof follows from Proposition 3.19. ∎

## 4 Conjugation

This section concludes the investigation of Sections 2 and 3. We start by recalling the definition of the conjugate of an object. An object $`\rho `$ has conjugates if there exists an object $`\overline{\rho }`$ and a pair of arrows $`R(\iota ,\overline{\rho }\rho )`$, $`\overline{R}(\iota ,\rho \overline{\rho })`$ satisfying the conjugate equations:

$$\overline{R}^+\times 1_\rho 1_\rho \times R=1_\rho ,R^+\times 1_{\overline{\rho }}1_{\overline{\rho }}\times \overline{R}=1_{\overline{\rho }}$$

Conjugation is a property which is stable under equivalence, tensor product, direct sums and subobjects .
The next result proves the assertions we have been claiming throughout this paper:

###### Theorem 4.1.

Each object of $`(𝕬)`$ with conjugates belongs to $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$.

###### Proof.

Given $`\rho `$, $`\overline{\rho }`$ localized in $`o`$, let $`R,\overline{R}`$ be a pair of arrows solving the conjugate equations for $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$. Then by setting

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(X)(R^+R)^1\left(R^+\times 1_\tau 1_{\overline{\rho }}\times XR\times 1_\sigma \right)X(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )$$

for each $`\sigma ,\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$, we get a left inverse $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ of $`\rho `$. Since it is always possible to choose $`\overline{R},R`$ in a way that $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is standard , by Proposition 3.17.b $`\rho `$ has finite statistics. Now, the set of linear maps defined as

$${}_{a}{}^{}\phi (A)(R^+R)^1\left(R^+{}_{a}{}^{}\overline{\rho }(A)R\right)A(𝔄(a)^{}𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}$$

for each $`ao`$, is a presheaf-left inverse of $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}(o)`$. As conjugation is stable under equivalence, each element of $`[\rho ]`$ has presheaf-left inverses. Thus $`\rho `$ is homogeneous. Finally, since conjugation is stable under subobjects, Proposition 3.20.b completes the proof. ∎

Theorem 4.1 states that all the relevant objects of the theory belong to $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$. We claim that $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is the relevant subcategory of the theory. In fact, as we will prove later, each object of $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ has conjugates under the assumption that the local algebras are properly infinite, and there are several reasons for considering this assumption as an essential property of the reference representation:
First, in an arbitrary globally hyperbolic spacetime the algebras of local observables of a multiplet of $`n`$ Klein-Gordon fields in any Fock representation, acted on by $`U(n)`$ as a global gauge group, fulfill this property (this result is proved in  and will be described in a forthcoming article).
Secondly, it turns out to be a necessary condition in the following particular situation

###### Theorem 4.2.

Let $`\rho ,\overline{\rho }`$ be two conjugate objects with multiplicity equal to one. If $`\rho `$ is not a simple object, then $`𝕬`$ is a net of properly infinite von Neumann algebras.

The proof is based on the following

###### Lemma 4.3.

Let $`\sigma ,\overline{\sigma }`$ be two conjugate objects localized, respectively, in $`o_1,o_2𝒦`$. If $`\sigma `$, $`\overline{\sigma }`$ have multiplicity equal to one, then each nonzero orthogonal projection $`E(\sigma ,\sigma )`$ is equivalent to $`1`$ on $`𝔄(a)`$ for each $`a𝒦,o_1o_2a`$.

###### Proof.

We recall that an object with multiplicity equal to one is an endomorphism, in general not unital, of the algebra $`𝔄`$. Let $`V(\tau ,\sigma )`$ be an isometry such that $`VV^+=E`$. The subobject $`\tau `$ is an endomorphism of $`𝔄`$ localized in $`o_1`$, and $`\tau (1)=E`$. Given a pair of arrows $`R,\overline{R}`$ solving the conjugation equations for $`\sigma `$ and $`\overline{\sigma }`$, let us define $`SV^+\times 1_{\overline{\sigma }}\overline{R}(\iota ,\tau \overline{\sigma })`$. By \[11, Lemma 2.1\] $`S0`$, hence $`S^{}St^{1/2}`$ is an isometry, where $`S^+S=t1`$. Then $`1S^{}S_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}`$ $`\tau \overline{\sigma }(1)`$ $`\tau (1)1`$. Hence $`E1`$ on $`𝔄(a)`$. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 4.2.

Let us assume that $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$ are, respectively, localized in $`o_1`$, $`o_2`$, and let $`a𝒦,o_1o_2a`$. By \[2, Proposition 3\] it is enough to show that $`𝔄(a)`$ is properly infinite. Notice that $`\rho ^2`$ is reducible because $`\rho `$ is not simple, Proposition A.6. Hence there is a nonzero orthogonal projection $`E(\rho ^2,\rho ^2)`$ such that $`E\rho ^2(1)`$. By Lemma 4.3 $`\rho ^2(1)1`$ $`(\rho ^2(1)E)`$ $`E`$ on $`𝔄(a)`$. If $`\mathrm{Tr}`$ were a finite normal trace of $`𝔄(a)`$, then the previous relation should entail the equality $`\mathrm{Tr}(1)`$ $`=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho ^2(1))`$ $`=\mathrm{Tr}(E)`$ $`=\mathrm{Tr}(\rho ^2(1))\mathrm{Tr}(E)`$, which is possible if, and only if, $`\mathrm{Tr}(1)=0`$. ∎

In spite of this theorem, we cannot assert that a general requirement on the reference representation for the existence of nontrivial conjugate objects is that the local algebras are properly infinite. A counterexample of this assertion can be found in . The results obtained in that paper, however, do not affect the hypothesis of considering the local algebras $`𝔄(a)`$ properly infinite as an essential property of the reference representation because we are interested to applications deriving from models of quantum fields theory, while that paper concerns quantum statistical mechanics and the local algebras are defined on a lattice.

###### Theorem 4.4.

If $`𝕬`$ is a net of properly infinite algebras, then $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is the full subcategory of $`(𝕬)`$ whose objects have conjugates.

###### Proof.

By virtue of the Theorem 4.1, we only have to prove that each object of $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ has conjugates. The existence of conjugates in $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ is equivalent to the existence of conjugates for its simple objects. In order to prove this, let us consider an irreducible object $`\rho `$ of $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ and let $`(d,\gamma ,V)`$ be the 3-tuple associated with $`\rho `$. If $`\gamma `$ has a conjugate $`\overline{\gamma }`$ and $`T(\iota ,\overline{\gamma }\gamma )`$, $`\overline{T}(\iota ,\gamma \overline{\gamma })`$ solve the conjugate equations for $`\gamma `$ and $`\overline{\gamma }`$, then by setting

$$\overline{\rho }\overline{\gamma }\rho ^{d1}R1_{\overline{\gamma }}\times VT\overline{R}\epsilon (\overline{\rho },\rho )R,$$

one can easily checks that $`R`$ and $`\overline{R}`$ solve the conjugate equations for $`\rho `$ and $`\overline{\rho }`$. Now, let $`\gamma `$ be a simple object of $`(𝕬)_{\mathrm{fh}}`$ localized in $`o`$. Since $`\gamma `$ is doubly faithful, by Proposition 2.6.b $`\gamma (1)`$ has central support $`11_{n_\gamma }`$ in $`𝔄(o)𝕄_{n_\gamma }`$. Since the local algebras are properly infinite, there exists an isometry $`V:_o_o^{n_\gamma }`$ with values $`V_i`$ in $`𝔄(o)`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n_\gamma `$, such that $`VV^+=\gamma (1)`$. So, $`\gamma _1()V^+\gamma ()V`$ is automorphism of $`𝔄`$ localized in $`o`$ and transportable. Hence, as in DHR analysis, it turns out that $`\gamma _1^1`$ is a conjugate of $`\gamma `$. ∎

## 5 Conclusions

We have shown that in a tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category associated with a set of representations of a net of local observables which are local excitations of a reference representation, the charge structure, in the sense of DHR analysis, manifests itself even when the Borchers property of the reference representation is not assumed. What it is essential is that the local algebras are properly infinite in the reference representation.
The main problem we have solved, has been to identify the subcategory carrying the charge structure of the theory, that is the subcategory whose objects have conjugates. Apart from the finiteness of the statistics, the sectors of this category are characterized by a new property called homogeneity. The key result allowing us to formulate this property has been that the theory can be equivalently studied using both the net and the presheaf approach.
As mentioned at the beginning, the superselection sectors of a net of local observables on globally hyperbolic spacetimes have been studied under the assumption that the reference representation fulfills the Borchers property . We observed that this assumption has been verified only for certain models . The results here suggest that it is reasonable to include the proper infiniteness of the algebras of local observables in the reference representation as an axiom of the theory. In this case the charge structure of the theory is carried not by the subcategory whose objects have finite statistics but by the one generated by the homogeneous sectors with finite statistics.

## Appendix A Some notions and results on tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-categories

We introduce the definition of a tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category and prove some results concerning left inverses and simple objects. The last part of this section is devoted to exposing some relations concerning the notation introduced in Section 3.2. The references are .
Left inverses, symmetry and simple objects
Let $`𝒞`$ be a category. We denote by $`\rho ,\sigma ,\tau ,`$ etc.. the objects of the category and the set of the arrows between $`\rho ,\sigma `$ by $`(\rho ,\sigma )`$. The composition of arrows is indicated by “$``$” and the unit arrow of $`\rho `$ by $`1_\rho `$. Sometimes, if no confusion is possible, we will omit the symbol “$``$” when we will write the composition of arrows.
$`𝒞`$ is said to be a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category if the set of the arrows between two objects $`(\rho ,\sigma )`$ is a complex Banach space and the composition between arrows is bilinear; there is an adjoint, that is an involutive contravariant functor $``$ acting as the identity on the objects; the norm satisfies the $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-property, namely $`R^{}R=R^2`$ for each $`R(\rho ,\sigma )`$. Notice, that if $`𝒞`$ is a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category then the set of the form $`(\rho ,\rho )`$ is a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-algebra for each $`\rho `$.
Assume that $`𝒞`$ is a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category. An arrow $`V(\rho ,\sigma )`$ is said to be an isometry if $`V^{}V=1_\rho `$; a unitary, if it is an isometry and $`VV^{}=1_\sigma `$. The property of admitting a unitary arrow, defines an equivalence relation on the set of the objects of the category. We denote by the symbol $`[\rho ]`$ the unitary equivalence class of the object $`\rho `$. An object $`\sigma `$ is said to be irreducible if $`(\sigma ,\sigma )=1_\sigma `$. $`𝒞`$ is said to be closed under subobjects if for each orthogonal projection $`E(\rho ,\rho )`$, $`E0`$ there exists an isometry $`V(\beta ,\rho )`$ such that $`VV^{}=E`$. $`𝒞`$ is said to be closed under direct sums, if given $`\rho _ii=1,2`$ there exists an object $`\alpha `$ and two isometries $`W_i(\rho _i,\alpha )`$ such that $`W_1W_1^{}+W_2W_2^{}=1_\alpha `$.
A strict tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category (or tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category) is a $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category $`𝒞`$ equipped with a tensor product, namely an associative bifunctor $`:𝒞\times 𝒞𝒞`$ with a unit $`\iota `$, commuting with $``$, bilinear on the arrows and satisfying the exchange property, i.e. $`(TS)(T^{}S^{})=TT^{}SS^{}`$ when the composition of the arrows is defined. To simplify the notation we omit the symbol $``$ when applied to objects, namely $`\rho \sigma \rho \sigma `$.
From now on, we assume that $`𝒞`$ is a tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category closed under direct sums, subobjects, and the identity object $`\iota `$ is irreducible.
A left inverse $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ of an object $`\rho `$ is a set of nonzero linear maps $`\mathrm{\Psi }=\{\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\tau }:(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )(\sigma ,\tau )\}`$ satisfying

$`i)`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ^{},\tau ^{}}(1_\rho TX1_\rho S^{})=T\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(X)S^{}`$ $`T(\tau ,\tau ^{}),S(\sigma ,\sigma ^{})`$
$`ii)`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma \pi ,\tau \pi }(X1_\pi )=\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\tau }(X)1_\pi `$ $`X(\rho \sigma ,\rho \tau )`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is said to be positive if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }`$ is positive $`\sigma 𝒞`$; faithful if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }`$ is positive and faithful $`\sigma 𝒞`$; normalized if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }(1_\rho )=1_\iota `$.
From now on by left inverse we mean a positive normalized left inverse.

###### Lemma A.1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a left inverse of $`\rho `$. The following relations hold:
a) $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R)^{}=\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\sigma }(R^{})`$, $`R(\rho \sigma ,\rho \gamma )`$;
b) $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(R^{}R)\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\sigma }(R^{})\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R)`$, $`R(\rho \sigma ,\rho \gamma )`$

###### Proof.

a) By polarization of the identity the assertion holds for the $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-algebra $`(\rho \beta ,\rho \beta )`$ for each object $`\beta `$. For the general case, let $`R(\rho \sigma ,\rho \gamma )`$. Since the category is closed under direct sums the exists an object $`\beta `$ and two isometries $`V(\sigma ,\beta )`$, $`W(\gamma ,\beta )`$ such that $`VV^{}+WW^{}=1_\beta `$. Since $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\beta ,\beta }(1_\rho WR1_\rho V^{})^{}`$ = $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\beta ,\beta }(1_\rho VR^{}1_\rho W^{})`$, we have $`V\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\sigma }(R)^{}W^{}=V\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R^{})W^{}`$ therefore $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\sigma }(R)^{}=\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R^{})`$. The statement b) follows from the following inequality: $`0\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }\left((R1_\rho \mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R))^{}(R1_\rho \mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R))\right)=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(R^{}R)\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\sigma }(R^{})\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R)`$

A first consequence of this lemma is the following

###### Lemma A.2.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a left inverse of $`\rho `$. Then $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is zero if, and only if, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }(1_\rho )=0`$.

###### Proof.

$`()`$ is trivial. $`()`$ Let $`R(\rho \sigma ,\rho \gamma )`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(R^{}R)R^2\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(1_{\rho \sigma })=R^2(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }(1_\rho )1_\sigma )`$, we have $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(R^{}R)=0`$. By Lemma A.1.b $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(R)=0`$. ∎

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi }^1,\mathrm{\Psi }^2`$ be, respectively, left inverses of $`\rho ,\rho _1,\rho _2`$. Let $`\alpha `$ be the direct sums of $`\rho _1`$ and $`\rho _2`$ and let $`\beta `$ be a subobject of $`\rho `$. Hence there are two isometries $`W_i(\rho _i,\alpha )`$ for $`i=1,2`$ such that $`1_\alpha =W_1W_1^{}+W_2W_2^{}`$ and there is an isometry $`V(\beta ,\rho )`$ such that $`VV^{}E`$. Then the sets $`\mathrm{\Psi }^1\mathrm{\Psi }^2`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }^1^s\mathrm{\Psi }^2`$ for $`s[0,1]`$, and $`\mathrm{\Psi }^E`$ defined by

$`(\mathrm{\Psi }^1\mathrm{\Psi }^2)_{\sigma ,\gamma }()\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }^1(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho _2\sigma ,\rho _2\gamma }^2())`$ (A.1)
$`(\mathrm{\Psi }^1^s\mathrm{\Psi }^2)_{\sigma ,\gamma }()s\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }^1(W_1^{}1_\gamma ()W_11_\sigma )`$
$`+(1s)\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }^2(W_2^{}1_\gamma ()W_21_\sigma )`$ (A.2)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }^E()(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }(E))^1\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\gamma }(V1_\gamma ()V^{}1_\sigma )if\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }(E)0`$ (A.3)
are, respectively, left inverses for $`\rho _2\rho _1`$, $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$. Let us observe that $`\mathrm{\Psi }^E`$ is defined if $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }(E)0`$. Hence, for an object the existence of left inverses does not imply the existence of left inverses for its subobjects.
A symmetry $`\epsilon `$ in the tensor $`\mathrm{C}^{}`$-category $`𝒞`$ is a map

$$Obj(𝒞)\rho ,\sigma \epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )(\rho \sigma ,\sigma \rho )$$

satisfying the relations:

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill i)& \epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )TS=ST\epsilon (\tau ,\beta )\hfill & \hfill ii)& \epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )^{}=\epsilon (\sigma ,\rho )\hfill \\ \hfill iii)& \epsilon (\rho ,\tau \sigma )=1_\tau \epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )\epsilon (\rho ,\tau )1_\sigma \hfill & \hfill iv)& \epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )\epsilon (\sigma ,\rho )=1_{\sigma \rho },\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`T(\tau ,\rho ),S(\beta ,\sigma )`$. By $`ii)iv)`$ it follows that $`\epsilon (\rho ,\iota )=\epsilon (\iota ,\rho )=1_\rho `$ for each $`\rho `$.
From now on we assume that $`𝒞`$ has a symmetry $`\epsilon `$.

###### Proposition A.3.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a left inverse of $`\rho `$. Then,
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ,\rho }(R^{}R)1_\rho R(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))1_\sigma )^2R(\rho \sigma ,\rho \gamma ).`$

###### Proof.

By using the properties i), iii) of $`\epsilon `$ we have $`R^{}R1_\rho `$ $`=1_\rho \epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )\epsilon (\rho ,\rho )1_\sigma (1_\rho R^{}R)\epsilon (\rho ,\rho )1_\sigma 1_\rho \epsilon (\sigma ,\rho )`$. Using this relation and Lemma A.1.a we have $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(R^{}R)1_\rho `$ $`(\epsilon (\rho ,\sigma )\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho \sigma ,\rho \sigma }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho )1_\sigma )R^{})(R\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho \sigma ,\rho \sigma }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho )1_\sigma ))\epsilon (\sigma ,\rho ))`$, that implies the inequality written in the statement. ∎

Let us now recall that given two left inverses $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ of $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ respectively, then the following relation holds (\[14, Section 3.2.6, Lemma 6\]):

$$(\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Phi })_{\rho \sigma ,\rho \sigma }(\epsilon (\rho \sigma ,\rho \sigma ))=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))\times \mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(\epsilon (\sigma ,\sigma ))$$
(A.4)
###### Proposition A.4.

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be two left inverses of $`\rho `$ and $`\sigma `$ respectively. Assume that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\rho ,\rho }(\epsilon (\rho ,\rho ))=\lambda _\rho 1_\rho `$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\sigma ,\sigma }(\epsilon (\sigma ,\sigma ))=\lambda _\sigma 1_\sigma `$ where $`\lambda _\rho ,\lambda _\sigma `$. If $`\lambda _\rho 0`$ and $`\lambda _\sigma 0`$, then $`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is faithful.

###### Proof.

Using the relation (A.4) we have $`(\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Phi })_{\rho \sigma ,\rho \sigma }(\epsilon (\rho \sigma ,\rho \sigma ))=\lambda _\rho \lambda _\sigma 1_{\rho \sigma }0`$. The proof follows from Proposition A.3. ∎

An object $`\gamma `$ is said to be simple if $`\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )=\chi _\gamma 1_{\gamma ^2}`$. Since $`\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )`$ is self-adjoint and unitary, $`\chi _\gamma \{1,1\}`$.

###### Lemma A.5.

Let $`\gamma `$ be simple. Then:
a) $`\gamma ^n`$ is simple for each integer $`n`$. Moreover, if $`\gamma `$ has left inverses then:
b) each left inverse of $`\gamma `$ is faithful;
c) $`\gamma ^n`$ is irreducible for each integer $`n`$.

###### Proof.

a) follows from the property iii) of the symmetry. b) follows from Proposition A.3. c) By a) it suffices to prove the statement for $`\gamma `$. Let us assume that $`\gamma `$ is reducible. Then there exists an orthogonal projection $`E(\gamma ,\gamma )`$ such that $`E1_\gamma `$. Moreover $`0E(1_\gamma E)(\gamma ^2,\gamma ^2)`$. In fact, since each left inverse $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ of $`\gamma `$ is faithful, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\gamma }((1_\gamma E)E)=cE`$ where $`c1_\iota =\mathrm{\Psi }_{\iota ,\iota }((1_\gamma E))0`$. By virtue of this fact we have $`E(1_\gamma E)=\chi _\gamma \epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )(E(1_\gamma E))=\chi _\gamma ((1_\gamma E)E)\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )=(1_\gamma E)E`$ which gives rise to a contradiction. ∎

###### Proposition A.6.

Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a left inverse of $`\gamma `$. Then the following properties are equivalent:

$$a)\mathrm{\Psi }_{\gamma ,\gamma }(\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma ))=\pm 1_\gamma b)\gamma issimplec)\gamma ^2isirreducible.$$

###### Proof.

a) $``$ b) By Lemma A.3 $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is faithful. Since $`(1_{\gamma ^2}\epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma ))(\gamma ^2,\gamma ^2)`$ is positive, we have $`1_{\gamma ^2}=\pm \epsilon (\gamma ,\gamma )`$. b) $``$ c) follows from the previous lemma. c) $``$ a) is obvious. ∎

The notation introduced in Section 3.2
Given $`\rho \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$, let us consider, for each pair $`\sigma ,\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$, a bounded linear operator $`T𝔅(_o^{n_\rho n_\sigma },_o^{n_\rho n_\tau })`$ with values $`T_{i,j}`$ in $`𝔄`$, and such that $`T\rho \sigma (1)=T=\rho \tau (1)T`$. Such an operator can be represented as an $`n_\tau \times n_\sigma `$ matrix with values $`[T]_{i,j}`$ in $`(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)}`$, that is

$$T=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}[T]_{1,1}& \mathrm{}& [T]_{1,n_\sigma }\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ [T]_{n_\tau ,1}& \mathrm{}& [T]_{n_\tau ,n_\sigma }\end{array}\right)\text{where}[T]_{i,j}(𝔄𝕄_{n_\rho })_{\rho (1)},$$
(A.5)
and $`i=1,\mathrm{},n_\tau `$ and $`j=1,\mathrm{},n_\sigma `$. The following relations hold:
$``$ if $`\rho ,\sigma \mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{t}`$ then

$$[\rho \sigma (A)]_{i,j}=\rho (\sigma (A)_{i,j})i,j=1\mathrm{}n_\sigma A𝔄$$
(A.6)
$``$ if $`F(\rho ,\rho ),E(\tau ,\sigma )`$ then

$$[F\times E]_{i,j}=F\rho (E_{i,j})i=1,\mathrm{},n_\tau ,j=1,\mathrm{},n_\sigma $$
(A.7)
$``$ if $`G(\rho \tau ,\rho \sigma )`$, $`L(\rho \sigma ,\rho \beta )`$ then

$$[LG]_{i,j}=[L]_{i,k}[G]_{k,j}i=1,\mathrm{},n_\tau ,j=1,\mathrm{},n_\beta $$
(A.8)
Acknowledgments. I would like to thank John E. Roberts for helpful discussions and his constant interest in this work. I am also grateful to him and to Daniele Guido for their critical comments on the preliminary version of the manuscript. Moreover, I would like to thank the anonymous referee for a careful reading of the manuscript. Finally, I am grateful to Ezio Vasselli, Fabio Ciolli, Gerardo Morsella, Gherardo Piacitelli, and Pasquale Zito for fruitful discussions, and to Isabella Baccarelli and Patrick O’Keefe for their precious help.