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# Untitled Document

Poisson brackets and structure of nongraded Hamiltonian Lie algebras related to locally-finite derivations

(to Appear in Canadian J. Math.)

Yucai Su

Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
(e-mail: ycsu@sjtu.edu.cn)

Abstract. Xu introduced a class of nongraded Hamiltonian Lie algebras. These Lie algebras have a Poisson bracket structure. In this paper, the isomorphism classes of these Lie algebras are determined by employing a “sandwich” method and by studying some features of these Lie algebras. It is obtained that two Hamiltonian Lie algebras are isomorphic if and only if their corresponding Poisson algebras are isomorphic. Furthermore, the derivation algebras and the second cohomology groups are determined.

Mathematical Subject Classification (1991): 17B40, 17B65

1. Introduction

A Lie algebra $`(𝒜,[,])`$ is called to have a Poisson bracket structure if there exists a commutative associative algebra structure $`(𝒜,)`$ such that the compatibility condition holds:

$$[u,vw]=[u,v]w+v[u,w]\text{for}u,v,w𝒜.$$
$`(1.1)`$
The algebra $`(𝒜,,[,])`$ with two algebraic structures is also called a Poisson algebra. Poisson bracket structures have many applications in areas of mathematics and physics; they are fundamental algebraic structures on phase spaces in classical mechanics; they are also the main objects in symplectic geometry (cf. \[Z\]).

Let $`𝔽`$ be a field of characteristic zero. A Lie algebra $`𝒜`$ is called graded if $`𝒜=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒜_\alpha `$ is a $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-graded $`𝔽`$-vector space for some abelian group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that

$$\mathrm{dim}𝒜_\alpha <\mathrm{},[𝒜_\alpha ,𝒜_\beta ]𝒜_{\alpha +\beta }\text{for}\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
$`(1.2)`$
A classical Poisson algebra $`𝒫(\mathrm{})`$ is a polynomial algebra $`𝒜=𝔽[t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_2\mathrm{}]`$ in $`2\mathrm{}`$ variables with the Lie bracket

$$[f,g]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(_{t_i}(f)_{t_{\mathrm{}+i}}(g)_{t_{\mathrm{}+i}}(f)_{t_i}(g))\text{for}f,g𝒜,$$
$`(1.3)`$
where $`_{t_i}`$ stands for partial derivative $`\frac{}{t_i}`$. Define

$$𝒫(\mathrm{})_n=\{t_1^{n_1}t_2^{n_2}\mathrm{}t_2\mathrm{}^{n_2\mathrm{}}|n_i,\underset{i=1}{\overset{2\mathrm{}}{}}n_i=n+2\}\text{for}2n,$$
$`(1.4)`$
then $`𝒫(\mathrm{})`$ is a $``$-graded algebra $`𝒫(\mathrm{})=_n𝒫(\mathrm{})_n`$. When we consider only its Lie algebra structure, this Lie algebra is denoted by $`(\mathrm{})`$. Then $`(\mathrm{})`$ (or the simple Lie algebra $`[(\mathrm{}),(\mathrm{})]/𝔽`$) is a classical Lie algebra of Cartan type H (also called a Hamiltonian Lie algebra) \[K1, K2\]. Generalizations of graded Hamiltonian Lie algebras have been studied in \[O, OZ\].

Nongraded Lie algebras appear naturally in the theory of vertex algebras and their multi-variable analogues, they play important roles in mathematical physics. Xu \[X2\] constructed a family of in general nongraded Hamiltonian Lie algebras based on certain derivation-simple algebras and locally finite derivations (we refer to \[SXZ\] for the classification of derivation-simple algebras). In \[SX\], Xu and the author of this paper determined the isomorphism classes of Poisson algebras constructed in \[X2\] (two Poisson algebras are called isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism which preserves both associative algebra structure and Lie algebra structure). However, the structure theory of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras in general does not seem to be well-developed. Since the Poisson algebras have two compatible algebraic structures while the Hamiltonian Lie algebras only have a Lie algebraic structure, the problem of determination of the isomorphism classes of Hamiltonian Lie algebras is thus more complicated, and one can see that some special treatments are needed in order to determine their isomorphism classes.

In \[OZ\], Osborn and Zhao determined the isomorphism classes of the graded Hamiltonian Lie algebras under certain finiteness condition on the skew-symmetric $``$-bilinear forms $`\varphi _0`$. They used the “derivation method” to determine the isomorphism classes of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras, mainly, they first determined the derivation algebras of the Lie algebras in order to obtain their isomorphism theorem. In this paper, we shall determine the isomorphism classes of in general nongraded Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, where $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}`$ is a 7-tuple of nonnegative integers and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is some free abelian group, which correspond to the Lie algebras in \[SX\] with the skew-symmetric $``$-bilinear form $`\varphi `$ being zero and $`\mathrm{}_4=0`$. The reason we choose $`\varphi =\mathrm{}_4=0`$ is that the Hamiltonian Lie algebras look more natural and more explicit, and are therefore easier for application, and also they are general enough to cover already most interesting cases (see §2). The Hamiltonian Lie algebras considered in \[OZ\] in case $`\varphi _0=0`$ are the cases of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`[(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma }),(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })]/𝔽`$ with $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{},0,\mathrm{},0)`$.

Unlike the graded case, where the sets of ad-locally finite elements and ad-locally nilpotent elements can be determined, in the nongraded case, the determination of the sets of ad-locally finite elements and ad-locally nilpotent elements seems to be un-achievable. Here, we use a “sandwich” method to estimate them (see Lemma 3.1). By studying some important features of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras (Lemma 3.4), we are able to obtain the isomorphism theorem without the need to know the structure of their derivation algebras. We obtain

Main Theorem. Two Hamiltonian Lie algebras are isomorphic if and only if their corresponding Poisson algebras are isomorphic.

In Section 2, we shall rewrite the presentations of the above-mentioned Hamiltonian Lie algebras up to certain obvious isomorphisms, which we call normalized forms. Then we shall prove the main theorem in Section 3. In Section 4, we shall use a different method from those in \[F,OZ\] to determine the derivation algebras of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras. The reason we determine the derivation algebras after the determination of the isomorphism classes is that we want to emphasize that the determination of the isomorphism classes does not depend on the determination of the derivation algebras. Then in the final section, we shall determine the second cohomology groups of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras (the second cohomology groups of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras considered in \[OZ\] was determined by Jia \[J\]).

Acknowledgements. The author would like to thank Dr. Xiaoping Xu for suggesting the investigation of this problem and for instructions, Professor Kaiming Zhao for helpful discussions. Part of this research was carried out during the author’s visit to Academy of Mathematics and Systems Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, he wishes to thank the Academy for hospitality and support. This research was Supported by a NSF grant no. 10171064 of China and two research grants from Ministry of Education of China.

2. Normalized Forms

Before we present the normalized forms of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras, to better understand general Hamiltonian Lie algebras, we first explain how one can generalize the classical Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`(\mathrm{})`$ defined in (1.3).

For convenience, we denote

$$\overline{i}=i+\mathrm{}\text{for}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}i\mathrm{}.$$
$`(2.1)`$
The constructional ingredients of the classical Hamiltonian Lie algebra $`(\mathrm{})`$ are the pairs $`(𝒜,𝒟)`$ consisting of the polynomial algebra

$$𝒜=𝔽[t_1,t_{\overline{1}},\mathrm{},t_{\mathrm{}},t_\overline{\mathrm{}}],$$
$`(2.2)`$
and a finite dimensional space $`𝒟=\mathrm{span}\{_{t_i},_{t_{\overline{i}}}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}i\mathrm{}\}`$ of commuting locally finite derivations. The derivations $`_{t_i}=\frac{}{t_i}`$ are called down-grading operators by its obvious meaning for $`1i2\mathrm{}`$. Then the type of derivation pairs $`\{(_{t_i},_{t_{\overline{i}}})|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}i\mathrm{}\}`$ for $`(\mathrm{})`$ is

$$(d,d),$$
$`(2.3)`$
where “d” stands for down-grading operators.

If we replace the polynomial algebra by the Laurant polynomial algebra

$$𝒜=𝔽[x_1^{\pm 1},x_{\overline{1}}^{\pm 1},\mathrm{},x_{\mathrm{}}^{\pm 1},x_\overline{\mathrm{}}^{\pm 1}],$$
$`(2.4)`$
and rewrite (1.3) as

$$[f,g]=\underset{p=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(x_px_{\overline{p}})^1(_p^{}(f)_{\overline{p}}^{}(g)_{\overline{p}}^{}(f)_p^{}(g))\text{for}f,g𝒜,$$
$`(2.5)`$
where $`_p^{}`$ stands for $`x_p\frac{}{x_p}`$ for $`1p2\mathrm{}`$, then we obtain a Hamiltonian Lie algebra, denoted by $`\overline{}(\mathrm{})`$. Now the derivations $`_p^{}`$ are called grading operators by its obvious meaning, and the type of derivation pairs $`\{(_p^{},_{\overline{p}}^{})|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}p\mathrm{}\}`$ for $`\overline{}(\mathrm{})`$ is then

$$(g,g),$$
$`(2.6)`$
where “g” stands for grading operators.

Furthermore, we can replace $`𝒜`$ by a semigroup algebra which is the tensor product of a Laurant polynomial algebra (2.4) and a polynomial algebra (2.2):

$$𝒜=𝔽[x_1^{\pm 1},t_1,x_{\overline{1}}^{\pm 1},t_{\overline{1}},\mathrm{},x_{\mathrm{}}^{\pm 1},t_{\mathrm{}},x_\overline{\mathrm{}}^{\pm 1},t_\overline{\mathrm{}}],$$
$`(2.7)`$
and replace $`_p^{}`$ by $`_p=_p^{}+_{t_p}`$ for $`1p2\mathrm{}`$, then (2.5) defines a Hamiltonian Lie algebra, denoted by $`\widehat{}(\mathrm{})`$. The derivation $`_p`$ are called mixed operator, and the type of derivation pairs $`\{(_p,_{\overline{p}})|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}p\mathrm{}\}`$ for $`\widehat{}(\mathrm{})`$ is now

$$(m,m),$$
$`(2.8)`$
where “m” stands for mixed operators.

In the examples above, we can generally denote a monomial as

$$x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}=x_1^{\alpha _1}x_{\overline{1}}^{\alpha _{\overline{1}}}\mathrm{}x_{\mathrm{}}^\alpha _{\mathrm{}}x_\overline{\mathrm{}}^{\alpha _\overline{\mathrm{}}}t_1^{i_1}t_{\overline{1}}^{i_{\overline{1}}}\mathrm{}t_{\mathrm{}}^i_{\mathrm{}}t_\overline{\mathrm{}}^{i_\overline{\mathrm{}}},$$
$`(2.9)`$
for

$$\alpha =(\alpha _1,\alpha _{\overline{1}},\mathrm{},\alpha _{\mathrm{}},\alpha _\overline{\mathrm{}})\mathrm{\Gamma },\underset{¯}{i}=(i_1,i_{\overline{1}},\mathrm{},i_{\mathrm{}},i_\overline{\mathrm{}})𝒥,$$
$`(2.10)`$
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is an additive subgroup of $`𝔽^2\mathrm{}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{0\}`$ in the case of $`(\mathrm{})`$ (where there are no nonzero grading operators), and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=^2\mathrm{}`$ in the cases of $`\overline{}(\mathrm{})`$ and $`\widehat{}(\mathrm{})`$ (where there are nonzero grading operators), and where $`𝒥`$ is some semi-subgroup of $`^2\mathrm{}`$ such that $`𝒥=^2\mathrm{}`$ in the cases of $`(\mathrm{})`$ and $`\widehat{}(\mathrm{})`$ (where there are nonzero down-grading operators), and $`𝒥=\{0\}`$ in the case of $`\overline{}(\mathrm{})`$ (where there are no nonzero down-grading operators). In all three cases, we can define operators $`_p^{}=x_p\frac{}{x_p},_{t_p}=\frac{}{t_p}`$ and $`_p=_p^{}+_{t_p}`$ such that $`_p^{}=0`$ in the case of $`(\mathrm{})`$ and $`_{t_p}=0`$ in the case of $`\overline{}(\mathrm{})`$.

With the above examples in mind, we can now give generalizations of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras as follows.

First for convenience, for $`m,n`$, we denote

$$\overline{m,n}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{m,m+1,\mathrm{},n\}& \text{if }mn\\ \mathrm{}& \text{otherwise}.\end{array}$$
$`(2.11)`$
We shall construct a semigroup algebra $`𝔽[\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥]`$ (cf. (2.7)), where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is some free abelian subgroup of an $`𝔽`$-vector space $`𝔽^n`$ and $`𝒥`$ is some semi-subgroup of $`^n`$, and construct 7 groups of derivation pairs $`\{(_p,_{\overline{p}})|pI_i\}`$ for $`i\overline{1,7}`$, where $`I_i`$ are some indexing sets such that if we denote each type of derivation pairs $`\{(_p,_{\overline{p}})|pI_i\}`$ by $`(T_i,T_{\overline{i}})`$ for $`i\overline{1,7}`$, then the types of derivation pairs in the order of the groups $`\{(_p,_{\overline{p}})|pI_i\}`$ for $`i\overline{1,7}`$ are

$$\begin{array}{c}(T_1,T_{\overline{1}})=(g,g),(T_2,T_{\overline{2}})=(m,g),(T_3,T_{\overline{3}})=(m,g),(T_4,T_{\overline{4}})=(m,m),\\ (T_5,T_{\overline{5}})=(g,d),(T_6,T_{\overline{7}})=(m,d),(T_7,T_{\overline{7}})=(d,d).\end{array}$$
$`(2.12)`$
Then we shall see that (2.3), (2.6) and (2.8) correspond respectively to the three special cases: (i) $`I_7=\overline{1,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`I_i=\mathrm{}`$ if $`i7`$, (ii) $`I_1=\overline{1,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`I_i=\mathrm{}`$ if $`i1`$, and (iii) $`I_4=\overline{1,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`I_i=\mathrm{}`$ if $`i4`$.

To construct, we let

$$\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{}_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}_7)^7\backslash \{0\}.$$
$`(2.13)`$
Set

$$\iota _0=0,\iota _i=\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}_i,i\overline{1,7},$$
$`(2.14)`$
$$I_{i,j}=\overline{\iota _{i1}+1,\iota _j}\text{for}i,j\overline{1,7},ij.$$
$`(2.15)`$
Denote

$$I_i=I_{i,i},I=I_{1,7},J=\overline{1,2\iota _7}.$$
$`(2.16)`$
Define the map $`\overline{}`$: $`JJ`$ by

$$\overline{p}=\{\begin{array}{cc}p+\iota _7& \text{if }p\overline{1,\iota _7},\\ p\iota _7& \text{if }p\overline{\iota _7+1,2\iota _7},\end{array}$$
$`(2.17)`$
(cf. (2.1)). For any subset $`K`$ of $`\overline{1,2\iota _7}`$, we denote

$$\overline{K}=\{\overline{p}|pK\}.$$
$`(2.18)`$
In particular, we have $`J=I\overline{I}.`$ Set

$$J_i=I_i\overline{I}_i,J_{i,j}=I_{i,j}\overline{I}_{i,j}\text{for}i,j\overline{1,7},ij.$$
$`(2.19)`$
Let $`𝔽`$ be a field of characteristic zero. We write an element $`\alpha `$ of $`𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$ in the form

$$\alpha =(\alpha _1,\alpha _{_{\overline{1}}},\mathrm{},\alpha _{\iota _7},\alpha _{_{\overline{\iota _7}}})\text{ with }\alpha _p𝔽,$$
$`(2.20)`$
(cf. (2.10)). Set

$$\epsilon _p=(\delta _{1,p},\delta _{\overline{1},p},\mathrm{},\delta _{\iota _7,p},\delta _{\overline{\iota _7},p})𝔽^{2\iota _7}\text{for}pJ.$$
$`(2.21)`$
For $`\alpha 𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$ and $`KJ`$, we use $`\alpha __K`$ to denote the vector in $`𝔽^{|K|}`$ (where $`|K|`$ is the size of $`K`$), obtained from $`\alpha `$ by deleting all the coordinate $`\alpha _p`$ with $`pJK`$; for instance,

$$\alpha _{_{\{1,3\}}}=(\alpha _1,\alpha _3)𝔽^2,\alpha _{_{\{1,\overline{2},\overline{3}\}}}=(\alpha _1,\alpha _{\overline{2}},\alpha _{\overline{3}})𝔽^3.$$
$`(2.22)`$
Sometimes, when the context is clear, we also use $`\alpha __K`$ to denote the vector in $`𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$ by putting its $`p`$th coordinate to be zero for $`pJ\backslash K`$.

We fix a set $`\{\sigma _p|pJ\}`$ of elements in $`𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$ as follows:

$$\sigma _p=\{\begin{array}{cc}\epsilon _p+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\hfill & \text{if }pI_1I_{3,4},\hfill \\ \epsilon _p\hfill & \text{if }pI_2,\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }pI_{5,7},\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(2.23)`$
and $`\sigma _{\overline{p}}=\sigma _p`$. Using the notations (2.9) and (2.23), the factor $`(x_px_{\overline{p}})^1`$ appears in (2.5) is simply $`x^{\sigma _p}`$ if $`pI_1`$. If we re-denote $`x_p^1`$ by $`x_p`$ (and $`x_p`$ by $`x_p^1`$), then the factor $`(x_px_{\overline{p}})^1`$ in (2.5) can be written as

$$(x_px_{\overline{p}})^1=x^{\sigma _p}.$$
$`(2.24)`$
Now we take an additive subgroup $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$ such that

$$\alpha _{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7}}=0\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },$$
$`(2.25)`$
(this condition is necessary since we require that $`T_{\overline{5}}=T_{\overline{6}}=T_7=T_{\overline{7}}=d`$ by (2.12), which means that $`_p^{}=0`$, i.e., we shall have $`\alpha _p=0`$ if $`p\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (cf. (2.2) and (2.3) ) ), and we shall also require that

$$\sigma _p\mathrm{\Gamma },\epsilon _q\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽\epsilon _r\mathrm{\Gamma }\{0\}\text{for}pI_{1,4},qI_{5,6},rJ_{1,4},$$
$`(2.26)`$
where the first condition is necessary since we require that $`x^{\sigma _p}`$ will appear as a factor in the Lie bracket (cf. (2.5) and (2.24), also see (2.36)), and where the last two conditions are called the distinguishable conditions among the derivations $`_p`$ defined later in (2.33), which are necessary in order to guarantee the simplicity of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras (cf. \[X2\]).

Note that $`^{2\iota _7}`$ is an additive semi-subgroup of $`𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$. We take

$$𝒥=\{\underset{¯}{i}=(i_1,i_{\overline{1}},\mathrm{},i_{\iota _7},i_{_{\overline{\iota _7}}})^{2\iota _7}|\underset{¯}{i}_{J_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5}=0\},$$
$`(2.27)`$
(cf. (2.10)), where the condition $`\underset{¯}{i}_{J_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5}=0`$ is necessary since $`T_1=T_{\overline{1}}=T_{\overline{2}}=T_{\overline{3}}=T_5=g`$ by (2.12), which means that $`_{t_p}=0`$, i.e., we shall have $`i_p=0`$ if $`pJ_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5`$ for $`\underset{¯}{i}𝒥`$ (cf. (2.4) and (2.6)).

Now we let $`𝒜=𝔽[\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥]`$ be the semigroup algebra with basis

$$\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥\},$$
$`(2.28)`$
(cf. (2.9)), and the multiplication

$$x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=x^{\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{i}+\underset{¯}{j}}\text{for}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}),(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥.$$
$`(2.29)`$
Then $`𝒜`$ forms a commutative associative algebra with $`1=x^{0,0}`$ as the identity element. Set

$$𝒜_\alpha =\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|\underset{¯}{i}𝒥\}\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
$`(2.30)`$
Then $`𝒜`$ is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-graded $`𝒜=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝒜_\alpha `$ (but in general $`𝒜_\alpha `$ is infinite dimensional). For convenience, we denote

$$x^\alpha =x^{\alpha ,0},t^{\underset{¯}{i}}=x^{0,\underset{¯}{i}},t_p=t^{\epsilon _p},\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },\underset{¯}{i}𝒥,pJ.$$
$`(2.31)`$
In particular,

$$t^{\underset{¯}{i}}=\underset{pJ}{}t_p^{i_p},x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}=x^\alpha t^{\underset{¯}{i}},\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },\underset{¯}{i}𝒥,$$
$`(2.32)`$
(cf. (2.9)). Define the derivations $`\{_p,_p^{},_{t_p}|pJ\}`$ of $`𝒜`$ by

$$_p=_p^{}+_{t_p}\text{ and }_p^{}(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=\alpha _px^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},_{t_p}(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=i_px^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}\epsilon _p},$$
$`(2.33)`$
for $`pJ,(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥,`$ where we treat

$$x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}=0\text{ if }(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥.$$
$`(2.34)`$
In particular,

$$_p^{}=0,_{t_q}=0\text{for}p\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7,qJ_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5,$$
$`(2.35)`$
by (2.25) and (2.27) (cf. (2.12)). We call the nonzero derivations $`_p^{}`$ grading operators, the nonzero derivations $`_{t_q}`$ down-grading operators, and the derivations $`_r^{}+_{t_r}`$ mixed operators if both $`_r^{}`$ and $`_{t_r}`$ are not zero. Then the types of derivation pairs in the order of the groups $`\{(_p,_{\overline{p}})|pI_i\}`$ for $`i\overline{1,7}`$ are shown as in (2.12).

Now we define the following Lie bracket on $`𝒜`$:

$$[u,v]=\underset{pI}{}x^{\sigma _p}(_p(u)_{_{\overline{p}}}(v)_{_{\overline{p}}}(u)_p(v)),$$
$`(2.36)`$
for $`u𝒜_\alpha ,v𝒜_\beta `$ (cf. (2.30), (2.5) and (2.24)), where $`x^{\sigma _p}`$ appears just as in (2.5) and (2.24). Then $`(𝒜,[,])`$ forms a Hamiltonian Lie algebra, denoted by $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, and $`(𝒜,,[,])`$ forms a Poisson algebra. Then $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the normalized form of a class of in general nongraded Hamiltonian Lie algebra constructed in \[X2\]. From this definition, one sees that the classical Hamiltonian Lie algebra $`(\mathrm{})`$ is simply the Lie algebra $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}^{}},0)`$ with $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}^{}}=(0,\mathrm{},0,\mathrm{})`$, and the Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`\overline{}(\mathrm{})`$ and $`\widehat{}(\mathrm{})`$ are respectively $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }},^{\mathrm{}})`$ and $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime \prime }},^{\mathrm{}})`$, where $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }}=(\mathrm{},0,\mathrm{},0)`$, and $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime \prime }}=(0,0,0,\mathrm{},0,0,0)`$ (cf. (2.12) and the statement after it). The Hamiltonian Lie algebras considered in \[OZ\] in case $`\varphi _0=0`$ are the cases of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`[(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma }),(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })]/𝔽`$ with $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{},0,\mathrm{},0)`$.

The Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ can also be viewed as generalizations of the Lie algebras in \[DZ, X1, Zh\] in the sense that they have some common features stated in Lemma 3.4.

The following theorem was proved in \[X2\].

Theorem 2.1. The Lie algebra $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is central simple, i.e., $`[(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma }),(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })]/𝔽`$ (the derived algebra modulo its center) is simple.

3. Isomorphism Classes

In this section, we shall determine the isomorphism classes of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras of the form $`=(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. We assume that $`𝔽`$ is an algebraically closed field.

By (2.25), (2.27) and (2.35), we can rewrite (2.36) in the following more explicit form:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}]\hfill & =\hfill & \underset{pI_{1,4}}{}(\alpha _p\beta _{_{\overline{p}}}\alpha _{_{\overline{p}}}\beta _p)x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{i}+\underset{¯}{j}}+\underset{pI_{5,6}}{}(\alpha _pj_{_{\overline{p}}}i_{_{\overline{p}}}\beta _p)x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{i}+\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}\hfill \\ & & +\underset{pI_{2,4}}{}(i_p\beta _{_{\overline{p}}}j_p\alpha _{_{\overline{p}}})x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{i}+\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _p}\hfill \\ & & +\underset{pI_4I_{6,7}}{}(i_pj_{_{\overline{p}}}i_{_{\overline{p}}}j_p)x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{i}+\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _p\epsilon _{\overline{p}}},\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(3.1)`$
for $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}),(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$, where the first summand over $`pI_{1,4}`$ corresponds to the fact that $`T_idT_{\overline{i}}`$ for $`i=1,2,3,4`$ (cf. (2.12)). As for other summands in (3.1), they are also obvious by (2.12). In particular, we have

$$[x^\alpha ,x^\beta ]=\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}(\alpha _p\beta _{_{\overline{p}}}\alpha _{_{\overline{p}}}\beta _p)x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta }=\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}\left|\begin{array}{c}\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\\ \beta _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\end{array}\right|x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta }\text{for}\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma },$$
$`(3.2)`$
(cf. (2.31) and (2.22)), where $`\left|\begin{array}{c}\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\\ \beta _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _p& \alpha _{\overline{p}}\\ \beta _p& \beta _{\overline{p}}\end{array}\right|`$ is a $`2\times 2`$ determinant, and

$$[x^{\sigma _p},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}]=\{\begin{array}{cc}(\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}})x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}& \text{if }pI_1,\\ \beta _{\overline{p}}x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}& \text{if }pI_2,\\ (\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}})x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}+j_px^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _p}& \text{if }pI_3,\\ (\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}})x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}+j_px^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _p}j_{\overline{p}}x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}& \text{if }pI_4,\end{array}$$
$`(3.3)`$
and

$$[t_{\overline{q}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}]=\{\begin{array}{cc}\beta _qx^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}& \text{if }qI_5,\\ \beta _qx^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}j_qx^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _q}& \text{if }qI_6.\end{array}$$
$`(3.4)`$
For any $`\underset{¯}{i}𝒥`$, we define the level of $`\underset{¯}{i}`$ to be

$$|\underset{¯}{i}|=\underset{pJ}{}i_p.$$
$`(3.5)`$
For any $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$, we define the support of $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})`$ to be

$$\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})=\{pJ|\alpha _p0\text{ or }i_p0\}.$$
$`(3.6)`$
For any Lie algebra $``$, we denote by $`^F`$ and by $`^N`$ the sets of ad-locally finite elements and of ad-locally nilpotent elements, of $``$ respectively. Generally, to obtain the isomorphism theorem, the ordinary way is first to find the sets $`^F`$ and $`^N`$. However, in our case here, the determinations of the sets $`^F`$ and $`^N`$ seem to be un-achievable. Thus, we use a “sandwich” method to estimate them. To do this, we introduce the following three subsets of $``$. Denote

$$H_1=\{x^{\sigma _p},t_{\overline{q}}|pI_{1,4},qI_{5,6}\},$$
$`(3.7)`$
$$H_2=\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}=\underset{¯}{i}_{J_{1,4}\overline{I}_{5,6}}=0,i_pi_{\overline{p}}=0\text{for}pJ_7\},$$
$`(3.8)`$
$$H_3=\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}=\underset{¯}{i}_{J_{1,4}\overline{I}_{5,6}}=0\},$$
$`(3.9)`$
(cf. (2.22). Then our first result is the following “sandwich” lemma.

Lemma 3.1.

$$H_1H_2^F\mathrm{𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛}(H_1H_3),$$
$`(3.10)`$
$$H_2^NH_3.$$
$`(3.11)`$
Proof. By (3.3) and (3.4), we have $`H_1^F`$. Suppose $`x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}H_2`$. Then by (3.8),

$$\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})I_{5,6}J_7,\text{ and }\overline{p}\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\text{ if }p\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}).$$
$`(3.12)`$
Let $`x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}`$. By (3.1) and (3.12), we see

$$\begin{array}{cc}[x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}]=& 0\text{ or a linear combination of the elements }x^{\gamma ,\underset{¯}{k}}\text{ such that}\\ & \text{there exists at least a }p(\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7)\backslash \mathrm{supp}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\text{ with }k_p<j_p.\end{array}$$
$`(3.13)`$
Thus if we set

$$m=1+\underset{p(\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7)\backslash \mathrm{supp}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})}{}j_p,$$
$`(3.14)`$
then $`\text{ad}_{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}}^m(x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}})=0`$. This proves $`H_2^N^F`$.

Suppose $`u\mathrm{span}(H_1H_3)`$. Write

$$u=\underset{(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})S_0}{}c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},\text{ where}$$
$`(3.15)`$
$$S_0=\{(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥|c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}0\}\text{ is a finite set}.$$
$`(3.16)`$
Then by (3.7) and (3.9), there exist $`(\gamma ,\underset{¯}{k})S_0`$ and $`pI_{1,6}`$ such that at least one of $`p`$ and $`\overline{p}`$ is in $`\mathrm{supp}(\gamma ,\underset{¯}{k})`$, mainly,

$$(\gamma _p,\gamma _{\overline{p}},k_p,k_{\overline{p}})0,$$
$`(3.17)`$
and such that

$$(\gamma ,\underset{¯}{k})(\sigma _p,0)\text{ if }pI_{1,4},\text{ and}$$
$`(3.18)`$
$$(\gamma ,\underset{¯}{k})(0,\epsilon _{\overline{p}}),k_{\overline{p}}0\text{ if }pI_{5,6}.$$
$`(3.19)`$
We prove that $`u`$ is not ad-locally finite. To do this, we choose a total order on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ compatible with group structure of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and define the total order on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$ by the lexicographical order, such that the maximal element $`(\gamma ,\underset{¯}{k})`$ of $`S_0`$ satisfies (3.17)-(3.19) for some $`pI_{1,6}`$, and that $`\sigma _p>\sigma _q`$ for all $`qp`$. This is possible because the set of all nonzero $`\sigma _q`$ is $`𝔽`$-linear independent. To see how it works, say, $`pI_1`$ and $`(\gamma _p,\gamma _{\overline{p}})0`$ (the proof for other cases is similar). Choose $`\beta =b\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ for some $`b𝔽\backslash \{0\}`$ (cf. (2.26)) such that

$$\gamma _pb+m(\gamma _{\overline{p}}\gamma _p)0\text{ for all }m.$$
$`(3.20)`$
Then for $`n`$, the “highest” term of $`\text{ad}_u^n(x^\beta )`$ is $`x^{\beta +n\gamma +n\sigma _p,n\underset{¯}{k}}`$ with the coefficient

$$\underset{m=0}{\overset{n1}{}}(\gamma _p(\beta _{\overline{p}}+m\gamma _{\overline{p}}m)\gamma _{\overline{p}}(m\gamma _pm))=\underset{m=0}{\overset{n1}{}}(\gamma _pb+m(\gamma _{\overline{p}}\gamma _p)0.$$
$`(3.21)`$
Thus by (3.18), the set $`\{\text{ad}_u^n(x^\beta )|n\}`$ is linearly independent, which implies

$$\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{span}\{\text{ad}_u^n(x^\beta )|n\})=\mathrm{}.$$
$`(3.22)`$
Thus $`u^F`$. This proves $`^F\mathrm{span}(H_1H_3)`$. Similarly, $`^NH_3`$.

For any subset $`X`$, we denote by $`E(X)`$ the set of the zero vector and the common eigenvectors in $``$ for $`\text{ad}_X`$, mainly

$$E(X)=\{u|[X,u]𝔽u\}.$$
$`(3.23)`$
Next, we shall determine $`E(^F)`$. To this end, we need to find the eigenvalues for elements of $`\text{ad}_{H_1}`$. So we define a map $`\pi :\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽^{\iota _6}`$ by

$$\pi (\alpha )=\mu =(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _{\iota _6}),\text{ with}$$
$`(3.24)`$
$$\mu _p=\{\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _p\alpha _{\overline{p}}& \text{if }pI_1I_{3,4},\\ \alpha _{\overline{p}}& \text{if }pI_2,\\ \alpha _p& \text{if }pI_{5,6},\end{array}$$
$`(3.25)`$
(cf. (3.3) and (3.4)). We define

$$=\mathrm{span}\{x^\alpha |\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\},$$
$`(3.26)`$
$$_\mu =\mathrm{span}\{x^\alpha |\pi (\alpha )=\mu \}\text{for}\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma }).$$
$`(3.27)`$
Then we have

Lemma 3.2.

$$E(^F)=\underset{\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })}{}_\mu ,$$
$`(3.28)`$
thus $`=\mathrm{𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛}(E(^F))`$.

Proof. By (3.10) and the definition (3.23), we have

$$E(H_1H_2)E(^F)E(\mathrm{span}(H_1H_3)).$$
$`(3.29)`$
We want to prove

$$E(H_1H_2)\underset{\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })}{}_\mu E(\mathrm{span}(H_1H_3)).$$
$`(3.30)`$
Let $`\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. By (3.3), (3.4), (3.7)-(3.9) and (3.24)-(3.27), elements in $`_\mu `$ are common eigenvectors for $`\text{ad}_{H_1}`$, and $`\text{ad}_{H_3}`$ acts trivially on $`_\mu `$. Since elements in $`H_1`$ commute with each other, elements in $`_\mu `$ are common eigenvectors for $`\text{ad}_{\mathrm{span}(H_1H_3)}`$. That is,

$$\underset{\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })}{}_\mu E(\mathrm{span}(H_1H_3)).$$
$`(3.31)`$
Suppose

$$u=\underset{(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})S_0}{}c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},\text{ where }S_0=\{(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥|c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}0\},$$
$`(3.32)`$
is a common eigenvector for $`\text{ad}_{H_1H_2}`$. Since $`\text{ad}_{H_2}`$ is locally nilpotent, $`\text{ad}_{H_2}`$ must act trivially on $`u`$. If $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})S_0`$ with $`i_p0`$ for some $`p\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7`$, then we can choose $`vH_2`$:

$$v=\{\begin{array}{ccc}x^{\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}& \text{if}& p\overline{I}_{5,6},\\ t_{\overline{p}}& \text{if}& pJ_7,\end{array}$$
$`(3.33)`$
such that $`[v,x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}]0`$ by (3.1) and thus $`[v,u]0`$, contradicting the fact that $`\text{ad}_{H_2}`$ acts trivially on $`u`$. Thus $`\underset{¯}{i}_{\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7}=0`$. Similarly, since $`u`$ is a common eigenvector for $`\text{ad}_{H_1}`$, we must have $`\underset{¯}{i}_{I_{2,3}J_4}=0`$ (and thus $`\underset{¯}{i}=0`$) and $`\pi (\alpha )=\mu `$ for some $`\mu `$ if $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})S_0`$. This shows that $`u_\mu `$. This together with (3.31) proves (3.30). Now (3.29) and (3.30) show that all these sets are equal, i.e., we have (3.28).

Next we shall determine the sets $`^F`$ and $`^N`$. Recall that the Lie bracket in $``$ has the simple form (3.2).

Lemma 3.3.

$$^F=\mathrm{𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛}\{x^{\sigma _p},x^\alpha |pI_{1,4},\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}=0\},$$
$`(3.34)`$
$$^N=\mathrm{𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛}\{x^\alpha |\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}=0\}.$$
$`(3.35)`$
Proof. We shall prove (3.34) as the proof (3.35) is similar. It is straightforward to verify that by (3.2) elements in the right-hand side of (3.34) commute with each other and they are ad-locally finite on $``$. Thus the right-hand side of (3.34) is contained in $`^F`$. Conversely, suppose $`u`$ is not in the right-hand side of (3.34). Then we can write $`u`$ as in (3.15), where now

$$S_0=\{(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥|\underset{¯}{i}=0,c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}0\}\text{ is a finite set}.$$
$`(3.36)`$
Thus we still have (3.17)-(3.19), and the same arguments after (3.19) show that $`u`$ is not ad-locally finite on $`.`$

Now we shall study some important features of the Lie algebra $``$, which is crucial in the proof of the isomorphism theorem.

Lemma 3.4. (1) Assume that $`\iota _40`$. For $`\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$, regarding $`_\mu `$ as an $`_0`$-module via the adjoint action, we have (i) if $`\mu _{I_{1,4}}=0`$, then the action of $`_0`$ on $`_\mu `$ is trivial and (ii) if $`\mu _{I_{1,4}}0`$, then $`_\mu `$ is a cyclic $`_0`$-module, the nonzero multiplicative scalars of $`x^\alpha `$ for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\pi (\alpha )=\mu `$, are the only generators.

(2) Assume that $`\iota _4=0`$ and $`\iota _60`$. Then $`(_{\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }}𝔽x^\alpha )\backslash \{0\}`$ are the set of the common eigenvectors of $`^F`$ in $``$.

Proof. (1) Assume that $`\iota _40`$. From (3.2) and the definition of $`\pi `$ in (3.24), we see that $`x^\alpha `$ commutes with $`x^\beta `$ if $`\pi (\alpha )=0`$ and $`(\pi (\beta ))_{I_{1,4}}=0`$. Thus if $`\mu _{I_{1,4}}=0`$, the adjoint action of $`_0`$ on $`_\mu `$ is trivial. Assume

$$u=\underset{\beta S_0}{}c_\beta x^\beta _\mu \text{ with }\mu _{I_{1,4}}0,\text{ where}$$
$`(3.37)`$
$$S_0=\{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }|\pi (\beta )=\mu ,c_\beta 0\}\text{ is a finite set.}$$
$`(3.38)`$
By (3.2), one has

$$[x^\alpha ,u]=\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}\alpha _p\mu _px^{\sigma _p+\alpha }u\text{ if }\pi (\alpha )=0.$$
$`(3.39)`$
Thus the subspace

$$U=\mathrm{span}\{x^{\sigma _p+\alpha }u=\underset{\beta S_0}{}c_\beta x^{\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta }|\alpha \text{ker}_\pi ,pI_{1,4}\},$$
$`(3.40)`$
is a $`_0`$-submodule of $`_\mu `$. Let $`u`$ denote the cyclic submodule of $`_\mu `$ generated by $`u`$. Then $`uU`$. If the size $`|S_0|`$ of $`S_0`$ is $`2`$, then $`U`$ in (3.40) is a proper submodule of $`_\mu `$ and so $`u`$ is not a generator of $`_\mu `$.

Now assume that $`S_0`$ is a singleton $`\{\beta \}`$ with $`\pi (\beta )=\mu `$. Suppose $`\mu _p0`$ for some $`pI_{1,4}`$. For any $`k1`$, by (3.25), $`k\sigma _p\text{ker}_\pi `$, thus

$$x^{\beta +k\sigma _p}=((k1)\mu _p)^1[x^{(k1)\sigma _p},x^\beta ]u.$$
$`(3.41)`$
For any $`\alpha \text{ker}_\pi `$, by (3.25), $`\alpha (k+1)\sigma _p\text{ker}_\pi `$. Thus by (3.2), (3.25) and (3.41), noting that $`\beta _{\overline{q}}=\beta _q\mu _q`$ for $`qI_{1,4}`$, it is straightforward to compute that

$$k\mu _px^{\alpha +\beta }+\underset{qI_{1,4}}{}(\delta _{p,q}\alpha _q)\mu _qx^{\alpha +\beta \sigma _p+\sigma _q}=[x^{\alpha (k+1)\sigma _p},x^{\beta +k\sigma _p}]u.$$
$`(3.42)`$
This shows that $`x^{\alpha +\beta }u`$ for all $`\alpha \text{ker}_{\pi _1}`$, but $`_\mu `$ is spanned by such elements. Thus $`u`$ is a generator of $`_\mu `$.

(2) is obtained directly from (3.28).

Let $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}^{},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ be another Hamiltonian Lie algebra defined in last section. We shall add a prime on all the constructional ingredients related to $`(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}^{},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$; for instance, $`^{},𝒥^{},\sigma _i^{},\mathrm{}_i^{},\iota _i^{},`$ etc.

To state our isomorphism theorem, denote by $`M_{m\times n}`$ the space of $`m\times n`$ matrices with entries in $`𝔽`$ and by $`GL_m`$ the group of $`m\times m`$ invertible matrices with entries in $`𝔽`$.

Definition 3.5. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be two additive subgroups of $`𝔽^{2\iota _7}`$ satisfying (2.25) and (2.26). A group isomorphism $`\tau :\alpha \alpha ^{}`$ from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is called preserving if $`\tau `$ has the following form: there exists a permutation $`\nu :pp^{}`$ on the index set $`I_{1,4}`$, which maps $`I_kI_k`$ for $`k=1,2,3,4`$, such that

$$\alpha _{\{p^{},\overline{p^{}}\}}^{}=\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}A_p\text{for}pI_{1,4},$$
$`(3.43)`$
(cf. (2.22)), where $`A_pGL_2`$ and the multiplication in the right-hand side of (3.43) is the vector-matrix multiplication, and

$$A_p=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_p+b_p& a_p\\ 1a_pb_p& 1a_p\end{array}\right)\text{ or }\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ a_p& b_p\end{array}\right)\text{ or }\left(\begin{array}{cc}b_p& 0\\ 1b_p& 1\end{array}\right),$$
$`(3.44)`$
if $`pI_1I_4`$ or $`I_2`$ or $`I_3`$ respectively, for some $`a_p,b_p𝔽`$ with $`b_p0`$, and

$$\alpha _{_{I_5}}^{}=(\alpha _{_{I_1}}\alpha _{_{\overline{I}_1}})B_{1,5}\alpha _{_{\overline{I}_2}}B_{2,5}+\alpha _{_{I_5}}B_{5,5},\text{ where}$$
$`(3.45)`$
$$B_{1,5}M_{\mathrm{}_1\times \mathrm{}_5},B_{2,5}M_{\mathrm{}_2\times \mathrm{}_5},B_{5,5}GL_\mathrm{}_5,$$
$`(3.46)`$
and

$$\alpha _{_{I_6}}^{}=(\alpha _{_{I_1}}\alpha _{_{\overline{I}_1}})B_{1,6}\alpha _{_{\overline{I}_2}}B_{2,6}+(\alpha _{_{I_{3,4}}}\alpha _{_{\overline{I}_{3,4}}})B_{3,6}+\alpha _{_{I_5}}B_{5,6}+\alpha _{_{I_6}}B_{6,6},\text{ where}$$
$`(3.47)`$
$$B_{1,6}M_{\mathrm{}_1\times \mathrm{}_6},B_{2,6}M_{\mathrm{}_2\times \mathrm{}_6},B_{3,6}M_{(\mathrm{}_3+\mathrm{}_4)\times \mathrm{}_6},B_{5,6}M_{\mathrm{}_5\times \mathrm{}_6},B_{6,6}GL_\mathrm{}_6.$$
$`(3.48)`$
Note that the above uniquely determine the isomorphism by (2.25). Let us explain the above definition. First we introduce the following notations. For any $`m\times n`$ matrix $`A=(a_{p,q})`$, we denote by $`\stackrel{~}{A}=(\stackrel{~}{a}_{p,q})`$ (resp. $`\widehat{A}=(\widehat{a}_{p,q})`$) the $`2m\times n`$ matrix such that the odd rows of $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ (resp. $`\widehat{A}`$) forms the matrix $`A`$ (resp. the $`m\times n`$ zero matrix) and the even rows of $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ (resp. $`\widehat{A}`$) forms the matrix $`A`$, i.e.,

$$\stackrel{~}{a}_{2p1,q}=\stackrel{~}{a}_{2p,q}=a_{p,q},\widehat{a}_{2p1,q}=0,\widehat{a}_{2p,q}=a_{p,q}\text{for}p\overline{1,m},q\overline{1,n}.$$
$`(3.49)`$
A preserving isomorphism $`\tau `$ can be decomposed into the composition of two isomorphisms $`\tau =\tau _\nu \tau _0`$ such that $`\tau _\nu `$ only involves the permutation $`\nu `$, i.e., in (3.43)-(3.48), all $`A_p`$ and $`B_{i,i}`$ are identity matrices and all $`B_{i,j}`$ are zero matrices for $`ij`$; and $`\tau _0`$ only involves matrices, i.e., $`\nu =\mathrm{𝟏}_{I_{1,4}}`$ in (3.43). Furthermore, $`\tau _0`$ can be decomposed into $`\tau _0=\tau _1\tau _2`$ such that $`\tau _1,\tau _2`$ have the following forms

$$\tau _1:(\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}^{},\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}^{})=(\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}},\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}})A,\text{ where}$$
$`(3.50)`$
$$A=\mathrm{diag}(A_1,\mathrm{},A_{\iota _4},B_{5,5},B_{6,6}),$$
$`(3.51)`$
and

$$\tau _2:(\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}^{},\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}^{})=(\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}},\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}})C,C=\mathrm{𝟏}_{2\iota _4+\mathrm{}_5+\mathrm{}_6}+D,$$
$`(3.52)`$
where in general $`\mathrm{𝟏}_m`$ denotes the $`m\times m`$ identity matrix, and where $`D`$ has the form

$$D=(0,D_5,D_6),D_5=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{B}_{1,5}\hfill \\ \widehat{B}_{2,5}\hfill \\ 0\hfill \end{array}\right),D_6=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{B}_{1,6}\hfill \\ \widehat{B}_{2,6}\hfill \\ B_{3,6}\hfill \\ B_{5,6}\hfill \\ 0\hfill \end{array}\right),$$
$`(3.53)`$
where $`0`$ denotes some proper zero matrices whose orders are clear from the context.

Now we can state the main result of this paper.

Theorem 3.6. $`\theta :(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}^{},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ if and only if $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}=\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ and there exists a preserving isomorphism $`\tau :\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

Theorem 3.7 (Main Theorem). Two Hamiltonian Lie algebras are isomorphic if and only if their corresponding Poisson algebras are isomorphic.

Proof. By Theorem 3.6 and by \[SX\], the condition for two Hamiltonian Lie algebras being isomorphic is the same as the condition for the corresponding two Poisson algebras being isomorphic.

Proof of Theorem 3.6. “$``$”: Suppose $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}=\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ and $`\tau :\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is a preserving isomorphism. By the explanation above, $`\tau `$ can be written as $`\tau =\tau _\nu \tau _1\tau _2`$, thus it suffices to consider the following 3 cases.

Case a: First assume that $`\tau =\tau _\nu `$ is determined by permutation $`\nu `$.

For any $`\underset{¯}{i}𝒥`$, we define $`\underset{¯}{i}^{}𝒥`$ which is obtained from $`\underset{¯}{i}`$ by permutation $`\nu `$. Then it is straightforward to verify that the linear map

$$\theta _\nu :^{}\text{ such that }\theta _\nu (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=x^{\alpha ^{},\underset{¯}{i}^{}},$$
$`(3.54)`$
is a Lie algebra isomorphism.

Case b: Next assume that $`\tau =\tau _1`$ as in (3.50).

We shall define an isomorphism $`\theta :^{}`$ as Poisson algebra isomorphism (then $`\theta `$ is clearly a Lie algebra isomorphism). By (1.1), it suffices to find the images of the generators $`x^\alpha ,t_p`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },pI_{2,4}I_{6,7}\overline{I}_{4,7}`$ (cf. (3.58) and (3.62)-(3.64) below) such that the following conditions hold (cf. \[SX\]):

$$\theta ([x^\alpha ,x^\beta ])=[\theta (x^\alpha ),\theta (x^\beta )],\theta ([t_p,x^\beta ])=[\theta (t_p),\theta (x^\beta )],\theta ([t_p,t_q])=[\theta (t_p),\theta (t_q)],$$
$`(3.55)`$
for $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`p,qI_{2,4}I_{6,7}\overline{I}_{4,7}`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }=_{pI_{1,4}}\sigma _p`$ be the subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ generated by $`\{\sigma _p|pI_{1,4}\}`$ and define $`\chi :\mathrm{\Delta }𝔽^\times =𝔽\backslash \{0\}`$ to be the character of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ (i.e., the group homomorphism $`\mathrm{\Delta }𝔽^\times `$) determined by

$$\chi (\sigma _p)=b_p\text{for}pI_{1,4},$$
$`(3.56)`$
where $`b_p`$ are elements in $`𝔽`$ appearing as entries of matrices $`A_p`$ in (3.44). We prove that $`\chi `$ can be extended to a character $`\chi :\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽^\times `$ as follows: Assume that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a maximal subgroup of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`\chi `$ can be extended to a character $`\chi :\mathrm{\Delta }_1𝔽^\times `$. If $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, then we choose $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Delta }_1`$ and extend $`\chi `$ to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_2=\alpha +\mathrm{\Delta }_1𝔽^\times `$ by defining

$$\chi (m\alpha +\beta )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\chi (\beta )\hfill & \text{if }\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_1=\{0\},\hfill \\ a^m\chi (\beta )\hfill & \text{if }\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_1=n\alpha ,\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(3.57)`$
for $`m,\beta \mathrm{\Delta }_1`$, where $`a`$ is an $`n`$th root of $`\chi (n\alpha )`$ in the second case (recall that $`𝔽`$ is algebraically closed). This leads to a contradiction with the maximality of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1`$. Thus $`\chi `$ can be extended to a character $`\chi :\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽^\times `$.

Now we define the images of $`x^\alpha `$ to be

$$\theta (x^\alpha )=\chi (\alpha )x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}}\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },$$
$`(3.58)`$
(recall that we add prime on the constructional ingredients related to $`^{}`$). Then by (3.2) we see that the first equation of (3.55) holds because (3.44) and (3.50) guarantees that $`\sigma _p^{}=\sigma _p^{}`$ and that the determinant of $`A_p`$ is $`|A_p|=b_p=\chi (\sigma _p)`$ and

$$\chi (\alpha )\chi (\beta )\left|\begin{array}{c}\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}^{}\\ \beta _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}^{}\end{array}\right|=\chi (\alpha +\beta )\left|\begin{array}{c}\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\\ \beta _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\end{array}\right||A_p|=\chi (\sigma _p+\alpha +\beta )\left|\begin{array}{c}\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\\ \beta _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}\end{array}\right|.$$
$`(3.59)`$
Next we shall find the image of $`t_p`$. To do this, we introduce a new notation: For any vector $`s=(s_1,s_{\overline{1}},s_2,s_{\overline{2}},\mathrm{},s_{\iota _7},s_{\overline{\iota }_7})`$ (with entries in $`𝔽,`$ or in $`^{}`$), we denote

$$\overline{s}=(s_{\overline{1}},s_1,s_{\overline{2}},s_2,\mathrm{},s_{\overline{\iota }_7},s_{\iota _7}).$$
$`(3.60)`$
For a subset $`KJ`$, we denote by $`\overline{s}_K`$ the vector obtained from $`\overline{s}`$ by deleting $`s_{\overline{p}},s_q`$ for $`\overline{p},qJ\backslash K`$; for instance,

$$\overline{s}_{\{\overline{1},\overline{2},3,4,\overline{4}\}}=(s_{\overline{1}},s_{\overline{2}},s_3,s_{\overline{4}},s_4),$$
$`(3.61)`$
(cf. (2.22)). We define

$$\theta (t_p)=s_p\text{for}pI_{2,4}I_{6,7}\overline{I}_{4,7},\text{ where}$$
$`(3.62)`$
$$s_p=t_p^{},s_q=b_qt_q^{},(s_{\overline{r}},s_r)=b_r(t_{\overline{r}}^{},t_r^{})A_r^1\text{for}pI_2,qI_3,rI_4,$$
$`(3.63)`$
$$\overline{s}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}}=\overline{t}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}}^{}\mathrm{diag}(B_{5,5},B_{6,6})^1,\overline{s}_{_{I_6}}=\overline{t}_{_{I_6}}^{}B_{6,6}^T,s_{_{J_7}}=t_{_{J_7}}^{},$$
$`(3.64)`$
where the up-index “T” stands for the transpose of a matrix. Then if $`pI_{2,3}`$, we have

$$[\theta (t_p),\theta (x^\alpha )]=\chi (\alpha )b_p\alpha _{\overline{p}}x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p^{}}=\theta (\alpha _{\overline{p}}x^{\alpha +\sigma _p})=\theta ([t_p,x^\alpha ]),$$
$`(3.65)`$
because by (3.44) and (3.50), $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}=b_p\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$ if $`pI_2`$ and $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}=\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$ if $`pI_3`$. If $`pI_4`$, as $`1\times 2`$ matrices with entries in $``$, we have

$$[\theta (\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}}),\theta (x^\alpha )]=\chi (\alpha )b_p\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}^{}A_p^1x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p^{}}=\chi (\alpha +\sigma _p)\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p^{}}=\theta ([\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}},x^\alpha ]).$$
$`(3.66)`$
Furthermore, we have $`[(\overline{t}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}},\overline{t}_{_{I_6J_7}}),x^\alpha ]=(\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}},0)x^\alpha `$, and

$$\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}^{}=\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}\mathrm{diag}(B_{5,5},B_{6,6}),$$
$`(3.67)`$
by (3.50). From this and (3.64), we obtain

$$[(\theta (\overline{t}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}}),\theta (\overline{t}_{_{I_6J_7}})),\theta (x^\alpha )]=\theta ([(\overline{t}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}},\overline{t}_{_{I_6J_7}}),x^\alpha ]).$$
$`(3.68)`$
From this and (3.66), we obtain the second equation of (3.55).

To verify the last equation of (3.55), note that

$$[\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4I_5J_{6,7}}}^T,\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4I_5J_{6,7}}}]=\mathrm{diag}(0,S_\mathrm{}_4^\sigma ,0,S_{\mathrm{}_6+\mathrm{}_7}),$$
$`(3.69)`$
where

$$S_\mathrm{}_4^\sigma =\mathrm{diag}(\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& x^{\sigma _{\iota _3+1}}\\ x^{\sigma _{\iota _3+1}}& 0\end{array}\right),\mathrm{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& x^{\sigma _{\iota _4}}\\ x^{\sigma _{\iota _4}}& 0\end{array}\right)),$$
$`(3.70)`$
is a $`2\mathrm{}_4\times 2\mathrm{}_4`$ matrix with entries in $``$, and where, in general

$$S_m=\mathrm{diag}(\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right),\mathrm{},\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right))GL_{2m}.$$
$`(3.71)`$
Using (3.69), (3.63) and (3.64), we can obtain

$$[\theta (\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4I_5J_{6,7}}})^T,\theta (\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4I_5J_{6,7}}})]=\theta ([\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4I_5J_{6,7}}}^T,\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4I_5J_{6,7}}}]).$$
$`(3.72)`$
For example, if $`pI_4`$, by (3.56), (3.58) and (3.63), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}[\theta (\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}})^T,\theta (\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}})]& =b_p(A_p^1)^T[\overline{t}{}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}}{}^{^{}T},\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}}^{}]b_pA_p^1\\ & =b_p\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& x^{}^{\sigma _p^{}}\\ x^{}^{\sigma _p^{}}& 0\end{array}\right)=\theta ([\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}}^T,\overline{t}_{\{p,\overline{p}\}}]).\end{array}$$
$`(3.73)`$
This proves the last equation of (3.55).

Case c: Assume that $`\tau =\tau _2`$ as in (3.52).

We define (3.58) with $`\chi (\alpha )=1`$ and we define (3.62) with

$$\overline{s}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4}}=\overline{t}_{_{I_{2,3}J_4}}^{}+\overline{t}_{_{I_6}}^{}E_1,$$
$`(3.74)`$
$$\overline{s}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}}=\overline{t}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}}^{}E_2+\overline{t}_{_{I_6}}^{}E_3+x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma ^{}}E_{4}^{},\overline{s}_{_{I_6J_7}}=\overline{t}_{_{I_6J_7}}^{},$$
$`(3.75)`$
where $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_4`$ are some matrices to be determined in order that (3.55) holds and where $`x^{}^\sigma ^{}`$ denotes the vector

$$x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma ^{}}=(x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _1^{}},\mathrm{},x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _{\iota _4}^{}}).$$
$`(3.76)`$
We shall not give the explicit forms of $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_4`$ here, but an interested reader can find the solutions by considering two special cases of (3.53): (1) $`D_5=0`$, (2) $`D_6=0`$ (the general case is the composition of the two special cases), or refer to \[SX\] (also, cf. the proof of necessity).

$``$”: Assume that there exits a Hamiltonian Lie algebra isomorphism $`\theta :(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}}^{},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$.

First, we make the following conventions: If a subset of $``$ is defined, then we take the definition of the corresponding subset of $`^{}`$ for granted. If a property about $``$ is given, the same property also holds for $`^{}`$, without description.

Clearly, $`\theta `$ maps $`^F,^N`$ to $`^F,^N`$ respectively, thus also maps $`^{}`$ by Lemma 3.2. By Lemma 3.3, we have $`\mathrm{dim}(^F/^N)=\iota _4`$. This shows that

$$\iota _4=\iota _4^{}.$$
$`(3.77)`$
For simplicity, we assume that $`\iota _40`$ (if $`\iota _4=0`$, using Lemma 3.4 (2), one sees that all statements or arguments below either work or do not apply to the case; if $`\iota _6=0`$, then one can go directly to Claim 8 below). Denote

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}=\{\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }|(\pi (\alpha ))_{I_{1,4}}=0\},$$
$`(3.78)`$
(cf. (3.24) and (2.22)). By Lemma 3.2, there exists a bijection $`\tau _1:\pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })\pi (\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})`$ such that

$$\theta (_\mu )=_{\tau _1(\mu )}^{}\text{for}\mu \pi (\mathrm{\Gamma })\text{,    and }\tau _1(0)=0.$$
$`(3.79)`$
From this and Lemma 3.4, there exists a bijection $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}^{}`$ which shall be denoted by $`\tau :\alpha \alpha ^{}`$ such that

$$\theta (x^\alpha )=c_\alpha x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}}\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}\text{ and some }c_\alpha 𝔽^\times .$$
$`(3.80)`$
We shall prove the necessity by establishing several claims.

Claim 1. There exists a bijection $`I_{1,4}I_{1,4}^{}`$ denoted by $`\nu :pp^{}`$ such that

$$\theta (x^{\sigma _p})=d_px^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _p^{}^{}}\text{ for }pI_{1,4}\text{ and some }d_p𝔽^\times .$$
$`(3.81)`$
By (3.7)-(3.9) and Lemma 3.3, we have

$$\{u^F|[u,H_1H_2]=0\}=\mathrm{span}\{x^{\sigma _p}|pI_{1,4}\}=\{u^F|[u,H_1H_3]=0\}.$$
$`(3.82)`$
Thus by Lemma 3.1,

$$\{u^F|[u,^F]=0\}=\mathrm{span}\{x^{\sigma _p}|pI_{1,4}\}.$$
$`(3.83)`$
Let $`pI_{1,4}`$. Then by (3.83),

$$\theta (x^{\sigma _p})\underset{qI_{1,4}^{}}{}𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q^{}}.$$
$`(3.84)`$
Suppose

$$\theta (x^{\sigma _p})\underset{qI_{1,4}^{}}{}𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q^{}}.$$
$`(3.85)`$
By (2.26), there exists $`a𝔽^\times `$ such that $`a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. By (3.2), we have

$$[x^{a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p},x^{a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p}]=2ax^{\sigma _p}.$$
$`(3.86)`$
Note that $`a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p,a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$, by (3.81),

$$\theta (x^{a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p})𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }\backslash \{0\},\theta (x^{a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p})𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }\backslash \{0\}\text{ for some }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}^{}.$$
$`(3.87)`$
By (3.2), we have

$$[x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha },x^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }]=\underset{qI_{1,4}^{}}{}(\alpha _q\beta _{\overline{q}}\alpha _{\overline{q}}\beta _q)x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q^{}+\alpha +\beta }.$$
$`(3.88)`$
By (3.84)-(3.86) and (3.88), there exist $`q,rI_{1,4}^{}`$ with $`qr`$ such that $`\sigma _q^{}+\alpha +\beta =\sigma _r^{}`$. Thus

$$\beta =\alpha \sigma _q^{}\sigma _r^{},$$
$`(3.89)`$
and (3.88) becomes

$$[x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha },x^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }]=(\alpha _q\eta _{\overline{q}}^{}+\alpha _{\overline{q}})x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _r^{}}+(\alpha _r\eta _{\overline{r}}^{}+\alpha _{\overline{r}})x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q^{}},$$
$`(3.90)`$
where in general, for $`qJ_{1,4}`$, we denote

$$\eta _q=\{\begin{array}{cc}1& \text{if }qI_{1,4},\\ 1& \text{if }q\overline{I}_1I_{3,4},\\ 0& \text{if }q\overline{I}_2,\end{array}$$
$`(3.91)`$
and we define $`\eta _q^{}`$ similarly (then $`\sigma _q^{}=\epsilon _q^{}\eta _{\overline{q}}^{}\epsilon _{\overline{q}}^{}`$, cf. (2.23)). By (3.85), both coefficients in (3.90) are nonzero. Since $`2a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$, we have

$$\theta (x^{2a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p})𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma }\backslash \{0\}\text{ for some }\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}^{}.$$
$`(3.92)`$
From $`[x^{2a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p},x^{a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p}]𝔽x^{a\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\sigma _p},`$ it follows from (3.87) that

$$[x^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma },x^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }]𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }.$$
$`(3.93)`$
Thus there exists $`q^{}I_{1,4}^{}`$ such that

$$\gamma _q^{}\beta _{\overline{q}^{}}\gamma _{\overline{q}^{}}\beta _q^{}0\text{ and }\sigma _q^{}^{}+\gamma +\beta =\alpha .$$
$`(3.94)`$
Hence

$$\gamma =\alpha \beta \sigma _q^{}^{}=2\alpha +\sigma _q^{}+\sigma _r^{}\sigma _q^{}^{},$$
$`(3.95)`$
by (3.89). If $`qq^{}r`$, we deduce from (3.89) and (3.95) that

$$\begin{array}{cc}[x^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma },x^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }]=& (\alpha _q\eta _{\overline{q}}^{}+\alpha _{\overline{q}})x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q^{}+\gamma +\beta }+(\alpha _r\eta _{\overline{r}}^{}+\alpha _{\overline{r}})x^{}^{\sigma _r^{}+\gamma +\beta }\\ & +(\gamma _q^{}\beta _{\overline{q}^{}}\gamma _{\overline{q}^{}}\beta _q^{})x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q^{}^{}+\gamma +\beta }𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha },\end{array}$$
$`(3.96)`$
a contradiction with (3.93). Similarly, if $`q^{}=q`$ or $`q^{}=r`$, we can still deduce a contradiction from (3.89), (3.93) and (3.95). This proves the claim.

We extend $`\nu `$ to $`\nu :J_{1,4}J_{1,4}^{}`$ such that $`\nu (\overline{p})=\overline{p}^{}`$ for $`pI_{1,4}`$. For $`pI_{1,4}`$, by (2.26), we fix $`e_p𝔽^\times `$ such that

$$\lambda _p=e_p\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \{0\}.$$
$`(3.97)`$
Then $`\lambda _p\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$. Denote $`\lambda _p^{}=\tau (\lambda _p)`$ (cf. (3.80)). Write

$$\lambda _p^{}=(\lambda _{p,1}^{},\lambda _{p,\overline{1}}^{},\mathrm{},\lambda _{p,\iota _7^{}}^{},\lambda _{p,\overline{\iota }_7^{}}^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}𝔽^{2\iota _7^{}},$$
$`(3.98)`$
(cf. (2.20)). For $`p,qI_{1,4}`$, applying $`\theta `$ to $`[x^{\lambda _p},x^{\sigma _q}]=\delta _{p,q}e_px^{\lambda _p}`$, by (3.80) and (3.81), we obtain

$$d_q(\eta _{\overline{q}^{}}^{}\lambda _{p,q^{}}^{}+\lambda _{p,\overline{q}^{}}^{})=\delta _{p,q}e_p\text{for }p,qI_{1,4}.$$
$`(3.99)`$
Let $`pq`$. Applying $`\theta `$ to $`0=[x^{\lambda _p},x^{\lambda _q}]`$ and using (3.99), we obtain

$$0=\lambda _{p,q^{}}^{}\lambda _{q,\overline{q}^{}}^{}\lambda _{p,\overline{q}^{}}^{}\lambda _{q,q^{}}^{}=\lambda _{p,q^{}}^{}(\lambda _{q,\overline{q}^{}}^{}+\eta _{\overline{q}^{}}^{}\lambda _{q,q^{}}^{})=\lambda _{p,q^{}}^{}d_q^1e_q.$$
$`(3.100)`$
The above two equations imply

$$\lambda _{p,q^{}}^{}=0\text{for}pI_{1,4},qJ_{1,4},qp,\overline{p}.$$
$`(3.101)`$
Denote

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_p=(𝔽\epsilon _p+𝔽\epsilon _{\overline{p}})\mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
$`(3.102)`$
Exactly to the proof of (3.101), we have

$$\alpha _q^{}^{}=0\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_p\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4},p,qJ_{1,4},qp,\overline{p}.$$
$`(3.103)`$
Claim 2. $`\tau :\alpha \alpha ^{}`$ can be uniquely extended to a group isomorphism $`\tau :\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ such that $`\sigma _p^{}=\sigma _p^{}^{}`$ for $`pI_{1,4}`$.

Noting that by (3.24), (3.25) and (3.78), $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ implies $`\alpha +k\sigma _1\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ for $`k`$. For any $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ with $`\alpha ,\beta ,\alpha +\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$, we have (recall (3.91))

$$\begin{array}{cc}(\alpha _1(\beta _{\overline{1}}+\eta _{\overline{1}})& \alpha _{\overline{1}}(\beta _11))c_{\alpha +\beta \sigma _1}x^{}^{(\alpha +\beta )^{}}\\ & =c_\alpha c_{\beta \sigma _1}(\alpha _1^{}^{}(\beta \sigma _1)_{\overline{1}^{}}^{}\alpha _{\overline{1}^{}}^{}(\beta \sigma _1)_1^{}^{})x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _1^{}^{}+\alpha ^{}+(\beta \sigma _1)^{}},\end{array}$$
$`(3.104)`$
by applying $`\theta `$ to (3.2) and by (3.103). By comparing the power of $`x^{}`$, this implies

$$(\alpha +\beta )^{}=\sigma _1^{}^{}+\alpha ^{}+(\beta \sigma _1)^{}$$
$`(3.105)`$
if $`\alpha ,\beta `$ satisfy

$$\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\alpha ,\beta ,\alpha +\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4},\text{ and }\alpha _1(\beta _{\overline{1}}+\eta _{\overline{1}})\alpha _{\overline{1}}(\beta _11)0.$$
$`(3.106)`$
Let $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$. We prove by induction on $`|k|`$ that

$$(k\alpha )^{}k\alpha ^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_1^{},\text{ where }\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_1^{}=\{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }^{}|\beta _q=0\text{ for }qJ_{1,4},q1^{},\overline{1}^{}\}.$$
$`(3.107)`$
Let $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that $`\gamma ,\alpha +\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$. We have

$$\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}(\alpha _p\gamma _{\overline{p}}\alpha _{\overline{p}}\gamma _p)c_{\sigma _p+\alpha +\gamma }x^{}{}_{}{}^{(\sigma _p+\alpha +\gamma )^{}}=c_\alpha c_\gamma \underset{pI_{1,4}^{}}{}(\alpha _p^{}^{}\gamma _{\overline{p}^{}}^{}\alpha _{\overline{p}^{}}^{}\gamma _p^{}^{})x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _p^{}^{}+\alpha ^{}+\gamma ^{}}.$$
$`(3.108)`$
We inductively assume that (3.107) holds for $`k`$ (for instance, $`k=1`$). Let $`\gamma =k\alpha +\beta `$ for some suitable $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$ such that condition (3.106) holds for all the involved pairs for which we need to make use of (3.105) in the following proof (when $`\alpha ,k`$ are fixed, by (2.26), such $`\beta `$ exists), by (3.107) (note that we assume (3.107) holds for $`k`$), (3.105) and (3.103), we see that all terms in (3.108) vanish except the terms corresponding to $`p=1`$ in both sides. Thus we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\sigma _1^{}^{}+((k+1)\alpha )^{}+\beta ^{}& =(\sigma _1+(k+1)\alpha +\beta )^{}\\ & =\sigma _1^{}^{}+\alpha ^{}+(k\alpha +\beta )^{}=2\sigma _1^{}^{}+\alpha ^{}+(k\alpha )^{}+(\beta \sigma _1)^{},\end{array}$$
$`(3.109)`$
where the first and last equalities follow from (3.105) and the second follows from (3.108). From this we see that (3.107) holds for $`k+1`$. This proves (3.107). Now replacing $`\alpha `$ by $`j\alpha `$ (with $`j0`$) and $`\beta `$ by $`k\alpha +\beta \sigma _1`$ in (3.108) (with suitable $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$), since (3.107) holds, we have again that all terms in (3.108) vanish except the terms corresponding to $`p=1`$ in both sides. Thus we have similar formula as in (3.109):

$$((j+k)\alpha +\beta )^{}=2\sigma _1^{}^{}+(j\alpha )^{}+(k\alpha )^{}+(\beta 2\sigma _1)^{}.$$
$`(3.110)`$
From this we obtain

$$(j\alpha )^{}+(k\alpha )^{}=(j^{}\alpha )^{}+(k^{}\alpha )^{}\text{ if }j+k=j^{}+k^{},j,k,j^{},k^{}0.$$
$`(3.111)`$
From this we obtain

$$(j\alpha )^{}=j\alpha ^{}\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4},j\backslash \{0\}.$$
$`(3.112)`$
For some suitable $`\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_1`$, by (3.105), (3.110) and (3.112), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\sigma _1^{}^{}+(j\alpha +\sigma _1)^{}+(\beta 2\sigma _1)^{}& =((j\alpha +\sigma _1)+(\beta \sigma _1))^{}\\ & =(j\alpha +\beta )^{}=2\sigma _1^{}^{}+j\alpha ^{}+(\beta 2\sigma _1)^{}.\end{array}$$
$`(3.113)`$
From this we obtain

$$(j\alpha +\sigma _1)^{}=j\alpha ^{}+\sigma _1^{}^{}\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4},j\backslash \{0\}.$$
$`(3.114)`$
Now take any $`\alpha ,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ such that

$$\alpha ,\gamma ,\alpha +\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}\text{ and }\alpha _1\gamma _{\overline{1}}\alpha _{\overline{1}}\gamma _10.$$
$`(3.115)`$
Using (3.114) in (3.108), by comparing the term $`x^{}^{(\sigma _1+\alpha +\gamma )^{}}`$ in both sides, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}(\alpha +\gamma )^{}=\alpha ^{}+\gamma ^{}+\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}k_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{(p)}(\sigma _p^{}^{}\sigma _1^{}^{}),\text{ where}\hfill & \\ k_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{(p)}=0,1\text{ such that }\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}k_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{(p)}1.\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`(3.116)`$
We claim that $`(\alpha +\gamma )^{}=\alpha ^{}+\gamma ^{}`$ if the pairs $`(\alpha ,\gamma ),(2\alpha ,2\gamma )`$ satisfy (3.115). Assume that $`k_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{(q)}=1`$ for some $`qI_{1,4}`$. Then we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}(2\alpha )^{}+(2\gamma )^{}+\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}k_{2\alpha ,2\gamma }^{(p)}(\sigma _p^{}^{}\sigma _1^{}^{})\hfill & =(2\alpha +2\gamma )^{}=(2(\alpha +\gamma ))^{}=2(\alpha +\gamma )^{}\hfill \\ & =2(\alpha ^{}+\gamma ^{}+\underset{pI_{1,4}}{}k_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{(p)}(\sigma _p^{}^{}\sigma _1^{}^{})),\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(3.117)`$
from this we obtain $`k_{2\alpha ,2\gamma }^{(q)}=2k_{\alpha ,\gamma }^{(q)}>1`$, which is a contradiction to (3.116).

For any $`\alpha ,\beta ,\alpha +\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$, we can always choose $`\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ such that the pairs

$$(\alpha +\beta ,\gamma ),(2\alpha +2\beta ,2\gamma ),(\alpha ,\beta +\gamma ),(2\alpha ,2\beta +2\gamma ),(\beta ,\gamma ),(2\beta ,2\gamma ),$$
$`(3.118)`$
satisfy (3.115). Hence

$$(\alpha +\beta )^{}+\gamma ^{}=(\alpha +\beta +\gamma )^{}=\alpha ^{}+(\beta +\gamma )^{}=\alpha ^{}+\beta ^{}+\gamma ^{},$$
$`(3.119)`$
which shows

$$(\alpha +\beta )^{}=\alpha ^{}+\beta ^{}\text{for}\alpha ,\beta ,\alpha +\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}.$$
$`(3.120)`$
This shows that $`\tau `$ can be uniquely extended to a group isomorphism $`\tau :\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ such that $`\sigma _1^{}=\sigma _1^{}^{}`$ and so similarly $`\sigma _p^{}=\sigma _p^{}^{}`$ for $`pI_{1,4}`$. This proves the claim.

Claim 3. We have $`\nu (I_i)=I_i^{}`$ for $`i=1,2,3,4`$. In particular, $`(\mathrm{}_1,\mathrm{}_2,\mathrm{}_3,\mathrm{}_4)=(\mathrm{}_1^{},\mathrm{}_2^{},\mathrm{}_3^{},\mathrm{}_4^{})`$, $`I_i=I_i^{}`$ for $`i=1,2,3,4`$, and $`\sigma _p=\sigma _p^{},\eta _p=\eta _p^{}`$ for $`pI_{1,4}`$ (cf. (2.23) and (3.91)).

Note that $`\text{ad}_{x^{\sigma _p}}`$ is a semi-simple operator on $``$ if and only if $`pI_{1,2}`$ (cf. (3.3)). Thus

$$\nu (I_{1,2})=I_{1,2}^{},\text{ and so }\nu (I_{3,4})=I_{3,4}^{}.$$
$`(3.121)`$
Denote

$$\begin{array}{cc}𝒩& =\{u|[u,]\}\\ & =+\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|\alpha =\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}},|\underset{¯}{i}|=1\text{ or }\underset{¯}{i}=\underset{¯}{i}_{_{I_6J_7}}\},\end{array}$$
$`(3.122)`$
$$\begin{array}{cc}𝒩_0& =+\{u𝒩|[x^{\sigma _p},u]=0\text{for}pI_{1,4}\}\\ & =+\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\epsilon _q},x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{j}}|\alpha =\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}},q\overline{I}_{5,6},\underset{¯}{j}=\underset{¯}{j}_{_{I_6J_7}}\},\end{array}$$
$`(3.123)`$
$$𝒩_p=+\mathrm{span}\{u𝒩|[x^{\sigma _p},u]=0\}\text{ for }pI_{1,4}.$$
$`(3.124)`$
Then $`𝒩_0`$ is a Lie algebra and $`𝒩`$ is an $`𝒩_0`$-module such that $`𝒩_p`$ is a submodule for $`pI_{1,4}`$. Note that the quotient module $`𝒩/𝒩_p`$ is zero if $`pI_1`$, is a cyclic $`𝒩_0`$-module (with generator $`t_{\overline{p}}`$) if $`pI_{2,3}`$, and is not cyclic (with two generators $`t_p,t_{\overline{p}}`$) if $`pI_4`$. Applying $`\theta `$ to the above sets and by (3.121), we obtain the claim.

Using Claim 3 and (3.54), by replacing $``$ by $`\theta _\nu ()`$ (cf. (3.54)), we can now suppose $`\nu =1`$.

Claim 4. There exists $`A=\mathrm{diag}(A_1,\mathrm{},A_{\iota _4})GL_{2\iota _4}`$, where

$$A_p=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_p+b_p& a_p\\ 1a_pb_p& 1a_p\end{array}\right),A_q=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ a_q& b_q\end{array}\right)GL_2,$$
$`(3.125)`$
for $`pI_1I_{3,4},qI_2`$, such that $`\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}^{}=\alpha _{\{p,\overline{p}\}}A_p`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4},pI_{1,4}`$.

Using that $`\tau `$ is a group isomorphism and applying $`\theta `$ to

$$[x^{\sigma _p},x^\alpha ]=(\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)x^\alpha $$
$`(3.126)`$
(cf. (3.3) and (3.91)), by (3.80) and (3.81), we obtain

$$d_p(\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p^{})=\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p\text{ if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p0,\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4},pI_{1,4}$$
$`(3.127)`$
Comparing the coefficients in (3.108), we obtain

$$(\alpha _p\gamma _{\overline{p}}\alpha _{\overline{p}}\gamma _p)c_{\sigma _p+\alpha +\gamma }=c_\alpha c_\gamma (\alpha _p^{}\gamma _{\overline{p}}^{}\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}\gamma _p^{})\text{ if }\alpha _p\gamma _{\overline{p}}\alpha _{\overline{p}}\gamma _p0,\alpha ,\gamma ,\alpha +\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}.$$
$`(3.128)`$
Suppose $`\alpha \pm \gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$. Replacing $`\gamma `$ by $`\gamma `$ in (3.128), and dividing the result from (3.128), we obtain

$$c_\gamma c_\gamma ^1=c_{\sigma _p+\alpha \gamma }c_{\sigma _p+\alpha +\gamma }^1=c_{\alpha \gamma }c_{\alpha +\gamma }^1.$$
$`(3.129)`$
In particular, by taking $`\gamma =\sigma _p+\lambda _p`$ (recall (3.97)) and replacing $`\alpha `$ by $`\alpha +\sigma _p+\lambda _p`$, we obtain that

$$c_{\sigma _p\lambda _p}c_{\alpha +2\sigma _p+2\lambda _p}=c_\alpha c_{\sigma _p+\lambda _p},$$
$`(3.130)`$
holds under some conditions on $`\alpha `$ (these conditions are linear inequalities on $`\alpha _p,\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$). Setting $`\gamma =\sigma _p+2\lambda _p`$ in (3.128) and using (3.130), we obtain

$$(\alpha _p(\eta _{\overline{p}}+2e_p)2\alpha _{\overline{p}})c_{\sigma _p\lambda _p}^1=c_{\sigma _p+\lambda _p}^1c_{\sigma _p+2\lambda _p}(\alpha _p^{}(\eta _{\overline{p}}+2\lambda _{p,\overline{p}}^{})\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}(1+2\lambda _{p,p}^{})),$$
$`(3.131)`$
holds under some conditions on $`\alpha `$. Recall from (3.91) that $`\eta _{\overline{p}}=0`$ if $`pI_2`$ and $`\eta _{\overline{p}}=1`$ otherwise. Noting that when $`p`$ is fixed, all coefficients (such as $`\lambda _{p,p}^{}`$) of $`\alpha _p,\alpha _{\overline{p}},\alpha _p^{},\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}`$ appearing in (3.127) and (3.131) are constant. From (3.127) and (3.131), using (3.99), we can solve $`\alpha _p^{},\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}`$ as linear combinations of $`\alpha _p,\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$ with the coefficient matrices as required in the claim (i.e., as shown in (3.125)); furthermore, we have $`b_p=d_p^1`$. Since $`\tau `$ is a group isomorphism, the condition on $`\alpha `$ can be removed, i.e., the claim holds for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

Claim 5. In (3.125), $`a_p=0`$ if $`pI_3`$.

Let $`pI_3`$. We write $`\theta (t_p)=bt_p^{}+_{(0,\epsilon _p)(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\times 𝒥^{}}b_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}`$ for some $`b,b_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}𝔽`$. Then we have

$$\alpha _{\overline{p}}c_{\alpha +\sigma _p}x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p}=\theta ([t_p,x^\alpha ])=bc_\alpha \alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p}+\mathrm{}$$
$`(3.132)`$
for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$, where the missed terms do not contain $`x^{}^{\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p}`$. Thus by (3.125), we have

$$\alpha _{\overline{p}}c_{\alpha +\sigma _p}=bc_\alpha (a_p\alpha _p+(1a_p)\alpha _{\overline{p}}).$$
$`(3.133)`$
Hence $`b0`$. Take $`0\alpha 𝔽\epsilon _p\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (then $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$), we obtain $`a_p=0`$. This also proves (3.43) and (3.44).

Claim 6. Denote $`\sigma =_{pI_{1,4}}\sigma _p`$. For any $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}\sigma `$, we have $`\theta (x^\alpha )=c_\alpha x^{}^\alpha ^{}`$ for some $`c_\alpha 𝔽^\times .`$

Assume that $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ with $`\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}\sigma `$. Then by (2.26), we can always choose $`\beta =\beta _p\epsilon _p+\beta _{\overline{p}}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ for some $`pI_{1,4}`$, such that

$$a=\beta _p(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\beta _{\overline{p}}+\eta _p)\beta _{\overline{p}}(\alpha _p\beta _p1)0.$$
$`(3.134)`$
Then $`\beta ,\alpha \beta \sigma _p\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ and $`\beta ^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_p^{}`$ (where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_p^{}`$ is a similar notation as in (3.107)). We have

$$\theta (x^\alpha )=a^1\theta ([x^\beta ,x^{\alpha \beta \sigma _p}])=a^1c_\beta c_{\alpha \beta \sigma _p}[x^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta ^{}},x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}\sigma _p}]𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}}.$$
$`(3.135)`$
By (3.7) and Lemma 3.1, we have

$$\theta (t_p)^{}{}_{}{}^{F}\mathrm{span}(H_1^{}H_3^{})=\underset{qI_{1,4}^{}}{}𝔽x^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma _q}+\underset{r\overline{I}_{5,6}^{}}{}𝔽t_r^{}+H_3^{},$$
$`(3.136)`$
for $`p\overline{I}_{5,6}`$. Thus, using notations (2.22) and (3.76), we have (also recall notations (3.60) and (3.61))

$$\theta ^1(\overline{t}_{\overline{I}_{5,6}^{}}^{})(x{}_{}{}^{\sigma })_{I_{1,4}}F_1+\overline{t}_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}F_2(\mathrm{mod}H_3),$$
$`(3.137)`$
for some

$$F_1=(a_{p,q})_{pI_{1,4},q\overline{I}_{5,6}^{}}M_{\iota _4\times (\mathrm{}_5^{}+\mathrm{}_6^{})},$$
$`(3.138)`$
$$F_2=(b_{p,q})_{p\overline{I}_{5,6},q\overline{I}_{5,6}^{}}GL_{\mathrm{}_5+\mathrm{}_6},$$
$`(3.139)`$
(in particular $`\mathrm{}_5+\mathrm{}_6=\mathrm{}_5^{}+\mathrm{}_6^{}`$).

Claim 7. We have

$$a_{p,q}=0\text{ if }pI_{3,4},q\overline{I}_5^{},$$
$`(3.140)`$
$$b_{p,q}=0\text{ if }pI_5,q\overline{I}_5^{},$$
$`(3.141)`$
which implies $`(\mathrm{}_5,\mathrm{}_6)=(\mathrm{}_5^{},\mathrm{}_6^{})`$ and $`I_i=I_i^{}`$ for $`i=5,6`$.

Note that the center of $``$ is $`𝒞=\{x^\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }|\alpha =\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}\}`$. Denote the centralizer $`C_{}(𝒞)=\{u|[u,𝒞]=0\}`$. It is straightforward to check that

$$\{t_p|pI_{2,3}J_4I_6\}C_{}(𝒞)\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|\underset{¯}{i}_{_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}}=0\}.$$
$`(3.142)`$
For $`pI_{1,4}`$, (3.142) implies that $`\text{ad}_{x^{\sigma _p}}|_{C_{}(𝒞)}`$ is semi-simple if and only if $`pI_{1,2}`$, and $`\mathrm{ad}_{t_q}|_{C_{}(C)}`$ is semi-simple for $`q\overline{I}_5`$ by (3.142) and is not semi-simple for $`q\overline{I}_6`$. Moreover, by (3.1), for $`p\overline{I}_{5,6}`$, $`\mathrm{ad}_{t_p}`$ is semi-simple if and only if $`p\overline{I}_5`$. We obtain the claim.

By (3.140) and (3.141), we can write $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ is the forms

$$F_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}B_{1,5}& B_{1,6}\\ B_{2,5}& B_{2,6}\\ 0& B_{3,6}\end{array}\right),F_2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}B_{5,5}& B_{5,6}\\ 0& B_{6,6}\end{array}\right),$$
$`(3.143)`$
such that all $`B_{i,j}`$ have the forms in (3.46) and (3.48).

For any $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we denote

$$\widehat{\alpha }=(\alpha _{\overline{1}}+\eta _{\overline{1}}\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{\overline{\iota }_4}+\eta _{\overline{\iota }_4}\alpha _{\iota _4})𝔽^{\iota _4},$$
$`(3.144)`$
(cf. (3.91)). For $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$, applying $`\theta ^1`$ to

$$\alpha _{I_{5,6}}^{}c_\alpha ^1x^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}}=[\overline{t}_{I_{5,6}}^{},c_\alpha ^1x^\alpha ^{}],$$
$`(3.145))`$
(cf. (3.4)), using (3.137), and noting that $`[H_3,]=0`$, we obtain

$$\alpha _{I_{5,6}}^{}x^\alpha =[(x{}_{}{}^{\sigma })_{I_{1,4}}F_1+\overline{t}_{\overline{I}_{5,6}}F_2,x^\alpha ]=(\widehat{\alpha }F_1+\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}F_2)x^\alpha ,$$
$`(3.146)`$
that is

$$\alpha _{I_{5,6}}^{}=\widehat{\alpha }F_1+\alpha _{_{I_{5,6}}}F_2,$$
$`(3.147)`$
holds for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \mathrm{\Gamma }_{1,4}`$ and so holds for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ since $`\tau :\alpha \alpha ^{}`$ is an isomorphism. From this and (3.143), we obtain formulas (3.43)-(3.48) (cf. (3.49)).

Claim 8. $`\mathrm{}_7=\mathrm{}_7^{}`$.

Observe from (3.9) that

$$H_3=C_{}()\text{ ( the centralizer of }\text{)},$$
$`(3.148)`$
$$\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}H_3|\underset{¯}{i}_{_{J_7}}=0\}=C(H_3)\text{ ( the center of }H_3\text{)}.$$
$`(3.149)`$
By exchanging $``$ with $`^{}`$ if necessary, we can suppose $`\mathrm{}_7\mathrm{}_7^{}`$. As in the proof of sufficiency, we can construct an embedding $`\overline{\theta }:^{}`$ such that

$$\overline{\theta }(x^\alpha )=\theta (x^\alpha ),\overline{\theta }(\overline{t}_{\overline{I}_{5,6}})\theta (\overline{t}_{\overline{I}_{5,6}})(\mathrm{mod}H_3^{}),$$
$`(3.150)`$
(cf. Claim 6 and (3.137), note that using (3.137), we can now obtain that Claim 6 holds for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ if $`\mathrm{}_5+\mathrm{}_60`$). Thus by identifying $``$ with $`\overline{\theta }()`$, we can assume that $``$ is a subalgebra of $`^{}`$ such that there exists an isomorphism $`\theta `$ satisfying

$$\theta (x^\alpha )=x^\alpha ,\theta (t_{\overline{p}})t_{\overline{p}}(\mathrm{mod}H_3^{})\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },pI_{5,6}.$$
$`(3.151)`$
By restricting $`\theta `$ to $`H_3`$, we want to prove

$$\theta (t_p)=t_p+c_p\text{for}pI_6\text{ and some }c_p𝔽,$$
$`(3.152)`$
$$\theta (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}t^{\underset{¯}{j}})=x^\alpha \underset{pI_6}{}(\theta (t_p))^{i_p}\underset{qJ_7}{}(\theta (t_q))^{j_q}\text{for}\alpha =\alpha _{I_{5,6}},\underset{¯}{i}=\underset{¯}{i}_{I_6},\underset{¯}{j}=\underset{¯}{j}_{J_7}.$$
$`(3.153)`$
To prove (3.152), first by (3.149), we have $`c_p=\theta (t_p)t_pC(H_3^{})`$. Then by (3.151), we have

$$[t_{\overline{q}},c_p]=\theta ([\theta ^1(t_{\overline{q}}),t_p])[t_{\overline{q}},t_p]=0,$$
$`(3.154)`$
where the second equality follows from the fact that $`\theta ^1(t_{\overline{q}})=t_{\overline{q}}(\mathrm{mod}H_3)`$ and $`[H_3,t_p]=0`$. From (3.154), we obtain that $`c_p𝔽`$. Thus we have (3.152). Similarly, we have

$$\theta (x^{\alpha ,\epsilon _p})=x^\alpha (t_p+c_{\alpha ,p})\text{for}pI_6\text{ and some }c_{\alpha ,p}𝔽.$$
$`(3.155)`$
By considering $`\theta ([x^\alpha ,t_pt_{\overline{p}}])=[\theta (x^\alpha ),\theta (t_pt_{\overline{p}})]`$, we see that $`c_{\alpha ,p}=c_p`$, and we obtain

$$\theta (t_pt_{\overline{p}})=(t_p+c_p)t_{\overline{p}}+u_p\text{for}pI_6\text{ and some }u_pC_{^{}}(C(H_3^{})).$$
$`(3.156)`$
From this and (3.152), we can deduce

$$\theta (x^{\alpha ,\epsilon _p})=x^\alpha (t_p+c_p)\text{for}pI_6.$$
$`(3.157)`$
Similar to (3.156), we have

$$\theta (x^{\sigma _p,\epsilon _p+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}})=x^{\sigma _p,\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}(t_p+c_p)+u_p^{}\text{for}pI_6\text{ and some }u_p^{}C_{^{}}(C(H_3^{})).$$
$`(3.158)`$
Now from (3.152), (3.155)-(3.158), we can obtain (3.153) by induction on $`|\underset{¯}{i}|`$ in case $`\underset{¯}{j}=0`$.

Assume that (3.153) holds for all $`\underset{¯}{j}`$ with $`|\underset{¯}{j}|<n`$, where $`n1`$. We denote by $`A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{j}}`$ the difference between the left-hand side and the right-hand side of (3.153). Then the inductive assumption says that $`A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{j}}=0`$ if $`|\underset{¯}{j}|<n`$. Now suppose $`|\underset{¯}{j}|=n`$. Say $`j_r1`$ for some $`rI_7`$ (the proof is similar if $`r\overline{I}_7`$). Let $`\underset{¯}{k}=\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _r+\epsilon _{\overline{r}}`$. Then we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}[\theta (t_r),A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{k}}]\hfill & =\theta ([t_r,x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}t^{\underset{¯}{k}}])\theta ([t_r,\theta ^1(x^\alpha )])\underset{pI_6}{}(\theta (t_p))^{i_p}\underset{qJ_7}{}(\theta (t_q))^{k_q}\hfill \\ & x^\alpha [\theta (t_r),\underset{pI_6}{}(\theta (t_p))^{i_p}\underset{qJ_7}{}(\theta (t_q))^{k_q}]\hfill \\ & =(j_{\overline{r}}+1)(\theta (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}t^{\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _r})x^\alpha \underset{pI_6}{}(\theta (t_p))^{i_p}\underset{qJ_7}{}(\theta (t_q))^{j_q\delta _{q,r}})\hfill \\ & =(j_{\overline{r}}+1)A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _r}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
$`(3.159)`$
where the first equality follows from (1.1), the second equality follows from (1.1) and (3.151). By (1.1) and (3.159), we obtain

$$[\theta (t_r^2),A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{k}}]=\theta ([t_r^2,\theta ^1(A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{k}})])=2\theta (t_r[t_r,\theta ^1(A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{k}})])=0.$$
$`(3.160)`$
On the other hand, exactly similar to (3.159), we have

$$[\theta (t_r^2),A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{k}}]=2(j_{\overline{r}}+1)A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{j}}.$$
$`(3.161)`$
Now (3.160) and (3.161) show that $`A_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i},\underset{¯}{j}}=0`$. This proves (3.153). By (3.152), (3.153) and by identifying $`C(H_3)`$ with $`C(H_3^{})`$ using the isomorphism, we see that $`\theta `$ is an associative algebra isomorphism $`H_3H_3^{}`$ over the domain ring $`C(H_3)`$. From this we obtain $`\mathrm{}_7=\mathrm{}_7^{}`$ since $`2\mathrm{}_7`$ is the transcendental degree of $`H_3`$ over the domain ring $`C(H_3)`$. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.6.

4. Derivations

In this section, we shall determine the structure of the derivation algebra of the Hamiltonian Lie algebra $`=(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. As pointed in \[F\], the significance of derivations for Lie theory primarily resides in their affinity to low dimensional cohomology groups, their determination therefore frequently affords insight into structural features of Lie algebras which do not figure prominently in the defining properties. Some general results concerning derivations of graded Lie algebras were established in \[F\]. However in our case the algebras are in general nongraded, the results in \[F\] can not be applied to our case here. Thus we try a different method to determine derivations of the Hamiltonian Lie algebras $``$. Our method is also different from that used in \[OZ\].

Recall that a derivation $`d`$ of the Lie algebra $``$ is a linear transformation on $``$ such that

$$d([u_1,u_2])=[d(u_1),u_2]+[u_1,d(u_2)]\text{for}u_1,u_2.$$
$`(4.1)`$
Denote by $`\text{Der }`$ the space of the derivations of $``$, which is a Lie algebra. Moreover, $`\text{ad}_{}`$ is an ideal. Elements in $`\text{ad}_{}`$ are called inner derivations, while elements in $`\text{Der }\backslash \text{ad}_{}`$ are called outer derivations.

We can embed $``$ into a larger Lie algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ has a basis $`\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times ^{2\iota _7}\}`$ (i.e., in $`\stackrel{~}{}`$, we replace $`𝒥`$ by $`^{2\iota _7}`$, cf. (2.27), and we have (3.1) with the last three summands running over $`pI_{1,6},pI_{1,4}`$ and $`pI`$ respectively). Then for $`pJ_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5`$, clearly, $`t_p`$, but $`[t_p,]`$. Thus

$$d_p=\text{ad}_{t_p}|_{}\text{for}pJ_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5,$$
$`(4.2)`$
defines an outer derivation of $``$. For $`pI_{2,3}J_4\overline{I}_5J_{6,7}`$, obviously, $`_{t_p}`$ is a derivation of $``$ (cf. (2.27), (2.35) and (3.1)). For $`pJ`$, we define $`\text{sgn}(p)=1`$ if $`pI`$ and $`\text{sgn}(p)=1`$ if $`p\overline{I}`$. Then

$$_{t_p}=\text{sgn}(p)\text{ad}_{t_{\overline{p}}}\text{for}p\overline{I}_5J_{6,7}.$$
$`(4.3)`$
Define $`d_0(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=(_{pI_{1,4}}\alpha _p+1)x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}`$ for $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$. It is straightforward to verify that $`d_0`$ is an outer derivation of $``$. Denote $`\sigma =_{pI_{1,4}}\sigma _p`$. If $`\iota _7=\mathrm{}_1`$, then $`=[,]+𝔽x^\sigma `$, and we can define an outer derivation $`d_0^{}`$ by setting

$$d_0^{}([,])=0,d_0^{}(x^\sigma )=1_{}.$$
$`(4.4)`$
If $`\iota _7\mathrm{}_1`$, we set $`d_0^{}=0`$.

We denote by $`\text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ the set of group homomorphisms $`\mu :\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽`$ such that $`\mu (\sigma _p)=0`$ for $`pI_{1,4}`$. For $`\mu \text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$, we define a linear transformation $`d_\mu `$ on $``$ by

$$d_\mu (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=\mu (\alpha )x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}\text{for}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥.$$
$`(4.5)`$
Clearly, by (3.1), $`d_\mu `$ is a derivation of $``$. We identify $`\text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ with a subspace of $`\text{Der }`$ by $`\mu d_\mu `$. For $`pI_{1,6}`$, we define $`\mu _p\text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ by

$$\mu _p(\alpha )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p& \text{if }pI_{1,4},\\ \alpha _p& \text{if }pI_{5,6},\end{array}$$
$`(4.6)`$
for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (cf. (3.91)). By (3.3) and (3.4), we have

$$\text{ad}_{x^{\sigma _p}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}d_{\mu _p}& \text{if }pI_{1,2},\\ d_{\mu _p}+_{t_p}& \text{if }pI_3,\\ d_{\mu _p}+_{t_p}_{t_{\overline{p}}}& \text{if }pI_4,\end{array}$$
$`(4.7)`$
$$\text{ad}_{t_{\overline{q}}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}d_{\mu _q}& \text{if }qI_5,\\ d_{\mu _q}_{t_q}& \text{if }qI_6.\end{array}$$
$`(4.8)`$
We fix a subspace $`\text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ of $`\text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ such that

$$\text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)=\text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)\mathrm{span}\{\mu _p|pI_{1,6}\},$$
$`(4.9)`$
is a direct sum as vector spaces. Since $`\text{ad}_𝔽=0`$, we set $`^{}=\mathrm{span}\{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}|(0,0)(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥\}`$.

Theorem 4.1. The derivation algebra $`\text{Der }`$ is spanned by

$$d_0^{},d_p,_{t_q},d_\mu ,\text{ad}_{^{}}\text{for}p\{0\}J_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5,qI_{2,3}J_4,\mu \text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽).$$
$`(4.10)`$
Furthermore, we have the following vector space decomposition as a direct sum of subspaces:

$$\text{Der }=((𝔽d_0^{}+\underset{p\{0\}J_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5}{}𝔽d_p)\underset{qI_{2,3}J_4}{}𝔽_{t_q}\text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽))\text{ad}_{^{}}.$$
$`(4.11)`$
In particular, all derivations of the classical Hamiltonian Lie algebras $`(\mathrm{})`$ (cf. (1.3)) are inner.

Proof. First note that in \[OZ\], $`d_0`$ was written as a derivation of the form $`d_\mu `$ with $`\mu `$ satisfying $`\mu (\sigma _p)=\mu (\sigma _1)`$ for $`pI_{1,4}`$. Let $`d\text{Der }`$ and let $`D`$ be the subspace of $`\text{Der }`$ spanned by the elements in (4.10). Note that $`D\text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ by (4.7) and (4.8). We shall prove that after a number of steps in each of which $`d`$ is replaced by $`dd^{}`$ for some $`d^{}D`$ the $`0`$ derivation is obtained and thus proving that $`dD`$. This will be done by a number of claims.

Claim 1. We can suppose (i) $`d(1)=0`$, (ii) $`d(x^{\sigma _p})=0`$ for $`pI_{3,4}`$, (iii) $`d(x^{\epsilon _q})=d(t_r)=0`$ for $`qI_{5,6},r\overline{I}_6J_7`$.

By replacing $`d`$ by $`dd(1)d_0`$, we can suppose $`d(1)=0`$. For any $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$, we write

$$d(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}}{}c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}x^{\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}\text{for some}c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}𝔽,\text{ where}$$
$`(4.12)`$
$$M_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}=\{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥|c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}0\},$$
$`(4.13)`$
is a finite set. We set $`c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}=0`$ if $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}`$. We shall denote $`M_{\alpha ,0}`$ simply by $`M_\alpha `$. Using inductive assumption, suppose we have proved that $`d(x^{\sigma _r})=0`$ for $`rI_{3,4}`$ and $`r<p`$. Let $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}`$. Using (3.3), one can deduce by induction on $`|\underset{¯}{j}|`$ that

$$x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=[u_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}},x^{\sigma _p}]\text{for some}u_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}},$$
$`(4.14)`$
such that $`u_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}`$ has the following form

$$u_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=\underset{k,\mathrm{}}{}b_{k,\mathrm{}}x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}+k\epsilon _p+\mathrm{}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}\text{for some}b_{k,\mathrm{}}𝔽,$$
$`(4.15)`$
(recall convention (2.34)). Thus we can take

$$u=\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}}{}c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}u_{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}\text{ such that }(d\text{ad}_u)(x^{\sigma _p})=0,$$
$`(4.16)`$
Applying $`d`$ to $`[x^{\sigma _r},x^{\sigma _p}]=0`$, we obtain

$$\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}}{}c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}[x^{\sigma _r},x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}]=0\text{for}rI_{3,4},r<p,$$
$`(4.17)`$
i.e.,

$$c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}(\beta _r\beta _{\overline{r}})c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}+\epsilon _{\overline{r}})}(j_{\overline{r}}+1)+c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}+\epsilon _r)}(j_r+1)=0,$$
$`(4.18)`$
for $`rI_{3,4},r<p,`$ from this and by induction on $`j_r+j_{\overline{r}}`$ ranging from $`\mathrm{max}\{k_r+k_{\overline{r}}|(\beta ,\underset{¯}{k})M_{\sigma _p}\}`$ down to zero, we obtain

$$\beta _r=\beta _{\overline{r}},j_r=j_{\overline{r}}=0\text{for}(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p},rI_{3,4},r<p.$$
$`(4.19)`$
Then (4.15), (4.16) and (4.19) show that $`\text{ad}_u(x^{\sigma _r})=0`$ for $`rI_{3,4},r<p`$. Thus if we replace $`d`$ by $`d\text{ad}_u`$, we have $`d(x^{\sigma _r})=0`$ for $`rI_{3,4},rp`$. This proves Claim 1(ii). Note that for $`v=x^{\epsilon _q},qI_{5,6},`$ or $`v=t_r,r\overline{I}_6J_7`$, we have $`\text{ad}_v()=`$. Thus similar to the above proof, we have Claim 1(iii).

Note that for $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$, by (3.3) and (3.4), we have

$$(\beta _{\overline{p}}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\beta _p)x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=[x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}},x^{\sigma _p}]\text{for}pI_{1,2},$$
$`(4.20)`$
$$(1+\beta _p)e_px^{\lambda _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=[x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}},x^{\lambda _p}]+j_px^{\lambda _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _p}\text{for}pI_{1,4},$$
$`(4.21)`$
(recall notations $`\lambda _p,pI_{1,4}`$ in (3.97)), and

$$\beta _px^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=[x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}},t_{\overline{p}}]\text{for}pI_5.$$
$`(4.22)`$
Claim 2. By replacing $`d`$ by $`dd^{}`$ for some $`d^{}D`$, we can suppose

$$\beta _{\overline{p}}+\eta _{\overline{p}}\beta _p=0\text{for}(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p},pI_{1,2},$$
$`(4.23)`$
$$\beta _p=1\text{for}(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p},pI_{1,4},$$
$`(4.24)`$
$$\beta _p=0\text{for}(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{0,\epsilon _{\overline{p}}},pI_5.$$
$`(4.25)`$
The proof of (4.23) is similar to that of Claim 1. To prove (4.24), suppose we have proved

$$\beta _r=1\text{for}(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _r},iI_{1,4},r<p.$$
$`(4.26)`$
To see how the proof works, for simplicity, we assume that $`pI_1`$ (the proof for $`pI_{2,4}`$ is exactly similar). Then the second term on the right-hand side of (4.21) vanishes. Let

$$u=\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p},\beta _p1}{}c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}((1+\beta _p)e_p)^1x^{\sigma _p+\beta }.$$
$`(4.27)`$
Then by replacing $`d`$ by $`d\text{ad}_u`$, from (4.21), we see that (4.24) holds for $`p`$. We want to prove that after this replacement, Claim 1, (4.23) and (4.26) still hold. It suffices to prove

$$[u,x^{\sigma _q}]=[u,x^{\epsilon _q^{}}]=[u,t_{q^{\prime \prime }}]=[u,x^{\lambda _r}]=0,$$
$`(4.28)`$
for $`qI_{1,4},q^{}I_{5,6},q^{\prime \prime }\overline{I}_6J_7,rI_{1,4},r<p.`$

We have

$$\begin{array}{c}e_p\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p}}{}c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}x^{\lambda _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}=e_pd(x^{\lambda _p})=d([x^{\sigma _p},x^{\lambda _p}]\\ =\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}}{}c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}(1+\beta _p)x^{\lambda _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}+\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p}}{}c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}(\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}e_p)x^{\lambda _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}.\end{array}$$
$`(4.29)`$
This gives

$$\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}=(c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})})^1(\beta _p1)c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}\text{for}(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p}.$$
$`(4.30)`$
If $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}`$, then the right-hand side of (4.30) is zero; on the other hand, if $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}`$, then (4.23) gives $`\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}=0`$. In any case, we have $`\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}=0`$ for $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p}`$. Thus by (4.27),

$$[u,x^{\sigma _p}]=\underset{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\lambda _p},\beta _p1}{}c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}((1+\beta _p)e_p)^1(\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}})x^{\sigma _p+\beta }=0.$$
$`(4.31)`$
Similarly, we can prove other equations in (4.28). This proves (4.24). Similarly, we have (4.25).

Claim 3. By replacing $`d`$ by $`d_{pJ_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5}a_pd_pd_\mu `$ for some $`a_p𝔽`$ and some $`\mu \text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$, we can suppose $`d(x^{\sigma _p})=d(x^{\lambda _q})=d(t_r)=0`$ for $`pI_{1,2},qI_{1,4},rI_5.`$

Again for simplicity, we prove that after some replacement, $`d(x^{\sigma _p})=d(x^{\lambda _p})=0`$ for $`pI_1`$. Defining $`\mu \text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ by $`\mu (\alpha )=c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(0,0)}e_p^1(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)`$, and by replacing $`d`$ by $`dd_\mu `$, we obtain $`c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(0,0)}=0`$ (recall (4.12) that $`c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}`$ is the coefficient of $`x^{\alpha +\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}`$, not that of $`x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}`$). Obviously, this replacement does not affect the result we have obtained so far. Recalling the definition of $`d_p`$ in (4.2), we have

$$d_p(x^{\sigma _p})=[t_p,x^{\sigma _p}]=1,d_{\overline{p}}(x^{\sigma _p})=1,d_p(x^{\lambda _p})=e_px^{\sigma _p+\lambda _p},d_{\overline{p}}(x^{\lambda _p})=0.$$
$`(4.32)`$
Thus by replacing $`d`$ by $`da_pd_pa_{\overline{p}}d_{\overline{p}}`$ for some $`a_p,a_{\overline{p}}𝔽`$, we can suppose

$$c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\sigma _p,0)}=c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(\sigma _p,\lambda _p)}=c_{\lambda _p,0}^{(0,0)}=0,$$
$`(4.33)`$
Note again that the replacement does not affect the results we have obtained so far.

Let $`qI_1,qp`$. We have

$$0=d([x^{\sigma _p},x^{\sigma _q}])=(c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}(\beta _{\overline{q}}\beta _q)+c_{\sigma _q,0}^{(\beta +\sigma _q\sigma _p,\underset{¯}{j})}(\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}))x^{\sigma _p+\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}},$$
$`(4.34)`$
$$0=d([x^{\sigma _p},x^{\lambda _q}])=(c_{\sigma _p,0}^{(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})}\beta _qe_q+c_{\lambda _q,0}^{(\beta +\sigma _q\sigma _p,\underset{¯}{j})}(\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}))x^{\sigma _p+\sigma _q+\beta +\lambda _q,\underset{¯}{j}}.$$
$`(4.35)`$
Now (4.23), (4.34) and (4.35) show that $`\beta _{\overline{q}}=\beta _q=0`$ if $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}`$. Similarly, we can prove $`\beta _r=j_r=0`$ for all $`rJ,rp,\overline{p}`$ if $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}`$. This and (4.30) show that $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})=(\sigma _p,0)`$ if $`(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_{\sigma _p}`$. But $`(\sigma _p,0)M_{\sigma _p}`$ by (4.33), i.e., $`M_{\sigma _p}=\mathrm{}`$. Thus $`d(x^{\sigma _p})=0`$. Similarly $`d(x^{\lambda _p})=0`$. Analogously, we can obtain other results of Claim 3.

Claim 4. We can suppose $`d=0`$.

Note that $`x^\alpha `$ is a common eigenvector for the elements of the set

$$A=\{x^{\sigma _p},x^{\epsilon _q},t_r|pI_{1,4},qI_{5,6},r\overline{I}_{5,6}J_7\}.$$
$`(4.36)`$
Since $`d(A)=0`$, $`d(x^\alpha )`$ is also a common eigenvector for the elements of $`A`$. From this and Lemma 3.2, we obtain

$$\eta _{\overline{p}}\beta _p+\beta _{\overline{p}}=\beta _q=0,\underset{¯}{j}=0\text{for}pI_{1,4},qI_{5,6}\text{ and }(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_\alpha .$$
$`(4.37)`$
For simplicity, we denote $`c_\alpha ^{(\beta )}=c_{\alpha ,0}^{(\beta ,0)}`$. We want to prove

$$d(x^\alpha )=m_\alpha x^\alpha \text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ and some }m_\alpha 𝔽,$$
$`(4.38)`$
i.e., $`M_\alpha `$ is either empty or a singleton $`\{(0,0)\}`$. Thus assume that

$$\beta _p0\text{ for some }(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})M_\alpha ,pI_{1,4},\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
$`(4.39)`$
For convenience, we again suppose $`pI_1`$. Denote $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_p=(𝔽\epsilon _p+𝔽\epsilon _{\overline{p}})\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as in (3.102), and set $`_p=\mathrm{span}\{x^\alpha |\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_p\}`$. We have

$$d(x^\alpha )_p\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_p,$$
$`(4.40)`$
by using the fact that $`x^\alpha `$ commutes with elements of $`A`$ except possibly $`x^{\sigma _p},x^{\lambda _p}`$. By (4.37) and by

$$0=d([x^{\sigma _p\lambda _p},x^{\lambda _p}])=[d(x^{\sigma _p\lambda _p}),x^{\lambda _p}]=c_{\sigma _p\lambda _p}^{(\beta )}e_px^\beta ,$$
$`(4.41)`$
and by (4.40), we obtain

$$d(x^{\sigma _p\lambda _p})=a_px^{\lambda _p},d(x^{\lambda _p\sigma _p})=a_px^{\lambda _p}\text{ for some }a_p𝔽,$$
$`(4.42)`$
where the second equation is obtained from $`d([x^{\sigma _p\lambda _p},x^{\lambda _p\sigma _p}])=0`$. Applying $`d`$ to

$$[x^{2\sigma _p},x^{\lambda _p}]=2e_px^{\sigma _p+\lambda _p},[x^{2\sigma _p},x^{\sigma _p\lambda _p}]=2e_px^{2\sigma _p\lambda _p},$$
$`(4.43)`$
$$[x^{2\sigma _p\lambda _p},x^{\lambda _p\sigma _p}]=3e_px^{2\sigma _p},$$
$`(4.44)`$
we obtain respectively

$$d(x^{2\sigma _p})=2a_px^{\sigma _p},d(x^{2\sigma _p\lambda _p})=0,a_p=0.$$
$`(4.45)`$
Thus all equations in (4.42) and (4.45) are zero. Applying $`d`$ to $`[x^{\lambda _p\sigma _p},x^{k\lambda _p}]=kx^{(k+1)\lambda _p}`$, using induction on $`k`$, we obtain

$$d(x^{k\lambda _p})=0\text{for}k1.$$
$`(4.46)`$
Applying $`d`$ to

$$[x^\alpha ,x^{2\sigma _p}]=2(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)x^{\alpha \sigma _p},[x^\alpha ,x^{\sigma _pk\lambda _p}]=(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _pk\alpha _{\overline{p}}e_p)x^{\alpha k\lambda _p},$$
$`(4.47)`$
$$[x^{\alpha k\lambda _p},x^{k\lambda _p}]=k\alpha _pe_px^{\alpha +\sigma _p},$$
$`(4.48)`$
for $`k1`$, using (4.37), we obtain

$$2(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)c_\alpha ^{(\beta )}=2(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)c_{\alpha +\sigma _p}^{(\beta )},$$
$`(4.49)`$
$$(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _pk(\alpha _p+\beta _p)e_p)c_\alpha ^{(\beta )}=(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _pk\alpha _pe_p)c_{\alpha k\lambda _p}^{(\beta )},$$
$`(4.50)`$
$$k(\alpha _p+\beta _p)e_pc_{\alpha k\lambda _p}^{(\beta )}=k\alpha _pe_pc_{\alpha +\sigma _p}^{(\beta )}.$$
$`(4.51)`$
If $`\alpha _p\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$, then the above three equations gives $`\beta _p=0`$, a contradiction with (4.39). Thus we obtain

$$\beta _p0,(\beta ,0)M_\alpha \alpha _p=\alpha _{\overline{p}}.$$
$`(4.52)`$
Replacing $`\alpha `$ by $`\alpha \sigma _p`$ in (4.51), it gives

$$(\alpha _p1)c_\alpha ^{(\beta )}=(\alpha _p1+\beta _p)c_{\alpha \sigma _p\lambda _p}^{(\beta )}.$$
$`(4.53)`$
Noting that for $`\alpha ^{}=\alpha \sigma _p\lambda _p`$, we have $`\alpha _p^{}\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}`$. Assume $`(\beta ,0)M_\alpha `$. If $`(\beta ,0)M_\alpha ^{}`$, then (4.52) shows that $`\beta _p=0`$, again a contradiction with (4.39). Thus $`(\beta ,0)M_\alpha ^{}`$ and the right-hand side of (4.53) is zero. This and (4.52) show that $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}=\alpha _p=1`$. Note that for $`\alpha ^{\prime \prime }=\alpha k\lambda _p,k1`$, the relation $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{\prime \prime }=\alpha _p^{\prime \prime }=1`$ does not hold, thus the right-hand side of (4.50) is zero. We obtain $`\alpha _p+\beta _p=0`$. Hence

$$\alpha _{\overline{p}}=\alpha _p=\beta _p=\beta _{\overline{p}}=1\text{ if }\beta _p0,(\beta ,0)M_\alpha .$$
$`(4.54)`$
If $`\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}\sigma `$ (cf. (2.22)), say $`(\alpha _q,\alpha _{\overline{q}})(1,1)`$ for some $`qI_1,qp`$. Suppose $`\alpha _q1`$ (the proof is similar if $`\alpha _{\overline{q}}1`$), then we can write

$$x^\alpha =((\alpha _q1)e_q)^1[x^{\alpha \sigma _q\lambda _q+\sigma _p},x^{\lambda _q\sigma _p}].$$
$`(4.55)`$
Since for $`\alpha ^{}=\alpha \sigma _q\lambda _q+\sigma _p`$ or $`\lambda _q\sigma _p`$, the relation $`\alpha _p^{}=\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}=1`$ does not holds, we have $`\beta _p=0`$ if $`(\beta ,0)M_\alpha ^{}`$. Then applying $`d`$ to (4.55) gives that $`\beta _p=0`$ if $`(\beta ,0)M_\alpha `$, which contradicts (4.39) again. Hence

$$\alpha _{_{J_{1,4}}}=\sigma ,\text{ and }\beta =\sigma ,$$
$`(4.56)`$
by (4.37) and (4.54). If $`\mathrm{}_5+\mathrm{}_6+\mathrm{}_70`$, we can write

$$x^\alpha =\{\begin{array}{cc}(\alpha _q+k)^1[x^{\alpha +\sigma _p+k\epsilon _q},x^{\sigma _pk\epsilon _q,\epsilon _{\overline{q}}}]& \text{for }qI_{5,6},k,\alpha _q+k0,\\ [x^{\alpha +\sigma _p,\epsilon _r},x^{\sigma _p,\epsilon _{\overline{r}}}]& \text{for }rI_7.\end{array}$$
$`(4.57)`$
Note that for

$$(\alpha ^{},\underset{¯}{i}^{})=(\alpha +\sigma _p+k\epsilon _q,0),(\sigma _pk\epsilon _q,\epsilon _{\overline{q}}),(\alpha +\sigma _p,\epsilon _r)\text{ or }(\sigma _p,\epsilon _{\overline{r}}),$$
$`(4.58)`$
the relation $`\alpha _p^{}=\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}=1`$ does not holds, one can prove as above that $`\beta _p=0`$ if $`(\beta ,0)M_{\alpha ^{},\underset{¯}{i}^{}}`$. Then applying $`d`$ to (4.57) gives that $`\beta _p=0`$ if $`(\beta ,0)M_\alpha `$, which again contradicts (4.39). Hence $`\mathrm{}_5+\mathrm{}_6+\mathrm{}_7=0`$. Similarly, one can prove $`\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3+\mathrm{}_4=0`$. But then $`\iota _7=\mathrm{}_1`$, and we can replace $`d`$ by $`dc_\alpha ^{(\beta )}d_0^{}`$ (cf. (4.4) and (4.56)), so that $`c_\alpha ^{(\beta )}`$ becomes zero. This proves that the assumption (4.39) does not holds. Thus we have (4.38).

Now we prove

$$d(t^{\underset{¯}{i}})=0\text{ if }\underset{¯}{i}=\underset{¯}{i}_{_{J_7}}.$$
$`(4.59)`$
By Claim 1, we can suppose $`|\underset{¯}{i}|=n2`$. Assume that we have proved (4.59) for $`|\underset{¯}{i}|<n`$. Then $`d([v,t^{\underset{¯}{i}}])=0`$ for $`vA`$. From this, we obtain $`d(t^{\underset{¯}{i}})𝔽1_{}`$. Suppose $`i_p>0`$ for some $`pI_7`$. Then $`t^{\underset{¯}{i}}=(i_{\overline{p}}+1)^1[t_p^2,t^{\underset{¯}{i}\epsilon _p+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}]`$, and $`|\underset{¯}{i}\epsilon _p+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}|=n`$, thus $`d(t^{\underset{¯}{i}})[𝔽,t^{\underset{¯}{i}\epsilon _p+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}]+[t_p^2,𝔽]=0`$. Similarly, by replacing $`d`$ by $`dd^{}`$ for some $`d^{}_{qI_{2,3}J_4}𝔽_{t_q}`$ (which does not affect the results we have obtained so far), we can suppose

$$d(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=m_\alpha x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },\underset{¯}{i}=\underset{¯}{i}_{_{J_7}},$$
$`(4.60)`$
and

$$d(t_p)=d(t_q^2)=0\text{for}pI_{2,3}J_4,q\overline{I}_5J_6.$$
$`(4.61)`$
Note that $``$ is generated by elements in (4.60) and (4.61), thus we obtain that (4.60) holds for all $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$. From this and (3.1), one can easily deduce that

$$\mu :\alpha m_\alpha \text{ is a group homomorphism such that }\mu \text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)\text{ if }\iota _7\mathrm{}_1.$$
$`(4.62)`$
Assume that $`\iota _7=\mathrm{}_1`$. Then by (3.2) and (4.38), we have

$$m_\alpha +m_\beta =m_{\alpha +\beta +\sigma _p}\text{ if }\alpha _p\beta _{\overline{p}}\alpha _{\overline{p}}\beta _p\text{ and }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma },pI_{1,4}.$$
$`(4.63)`$
By (4.42), (4.45), (4.46), and by induction on $`|i|+|j|`$, one can prove

$$m_{i\sigma _p+j\lambda _p}=0\text{for}i,j,pI_{1,4}.$$
$`(4.64)`$
From this we want to prove

$$m_\alpha =m_{\alpha +i\sigma _p+j\lambda _p}\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },i,j.$$
$`(4.65)`$
By replacing $`\alpha `$ by some $`\alpha +\sigma _p`$ if necessary, we can suppose $`(\alpha _p,\alpha _{\overline{p}})(0,0),(1,1)`$. By (4.64) and by $`[x^\alpha ,x^{\sigma _p+j\lambda _p}]=(\alpha _p(i+j\lambda _p)i\alpha _{\overline{p}})x^{\alpha +(i+1)\sigma _p+j\lambda _p}`$, we obtain $`m_\alpha =m_{\alpha +i\sigma _p+j\lambda _p}`$ if $`\alpha _p(i1+je_p)(i1)\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$, from this, one can deduce (4.65). Now from (4.63) and (4.65), we obtain (4.62) again. Thus by replacing $`d`$ by $`dd_\mu `$, we have $`d=0`$. This proves Claim 4 and also (4.10).

To prove that (4.11) is a direct sum, suppose

$$d=a_0^{}d_0^{}+\underset{p\{0\}J_1\overline{I}_{2,3}I_5}{}a_pd_p+\underset{qI_{2,3}J_4}{}b_q_{t_q}+d_\mu +\underset{(0,0)(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥}{}c_{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}\text{ad}_{x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}}},$$
$`(4.66)`$
is the $`0`$ derivation. Applying $`d`$ to $`A\{1,t_p|pI_{2,3}J_4I_6\}`$ (cf. (4.36)), we obtain that all coefficients are zero except $`a_0^{}`$. Thus $`d=a_0^{}d_0^{}=0`$. By (4.4), we obtain either $`a_0^{}=0`$ or $`d_0^{}=0`$. Thus (4.11) is a direct sum.

5. Second cohomology groups

In this section, we shall determine the second cohomology groups of the Hamiltonian Lie algebra $`=(\underset{¯}{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. It is well known that all one-dimensional central extensions of a Lie algebra are determined by the second cohomology group. Central extensions are often used in the structure theory and the representation theory of Kac-Moody algebras \[K3\]. Using central extension, we can construct many infinite dimensional Lie algebras, such as affine Lie algebras, infinite dimensional Heisenberg algebras, and generalized Virasoro and super-Virasoro algebras, which have a profound mathematical and physical background (cf. \[K3, S1, SZ\]). Since the cohomology groups are closely related to the structures of Lie algebras, the computation of cohomology groups seems to be important and interesting as well (cf. \[J, LW, S1, S2, S3, SZ\]).

Recall that a 2-cocycle on $``$ is an $`𝔽`$-bilinear function $`\psi :\times 𝔽`$ satisfying the following conditions:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\psi (v_1,v_2)=\psi (v_2,v_1)& \text{(skew-symmetry)},\\ \psi ([v_1,v_2],v_3)+\psi ([v_2,v_3],v_1)+\psi ([v_3,v_1],v_2)=0& \text{(Jacobian identity)},\end{array}$$
$`\begin{array}{c}(5.1)\\ (5.2)\end{array}`$
for $`v_1,v_2,v_3`$. Denote by $`C^2(,𝔽)`$ the vector space of 2-cocycles on $``$. For any $`𝔽`$-linear function $`f:𝔽`$, one can define a 2-cocycle $`\psi _f`$ as follows

$$\psi _f(v_1,v_2)=f([v_1,v_2])\text{for}v_1,v_2.$$
$`(5.3)`$
Such a 2-cocycle is called a 2-coboundary or a trivial 2-cocycle on $``$. Denote by $`B^2(,𝔽)`$ the vector space of 2-coboundaries on $``$. A 2-cocycle $`\varphi `$ is said to be equivalent to a 2-cocycle $`\psi `$ if $`\varphi \psi `$ is trivial. For a 2-cocycle $`\psi `$, we denote by $`[\psi ]`$ the equivalent class of $`\psi `$. The quotient space

$$H^2(,𝔽)=C^2(,𝔽)/B^2(,𝔽)=\{\text{the equivalent classes of 2-cocycles}\},$$
$`(5.4)`$
is called the second cohomology group of $``$.

Lemma 5.1. If $`\iota _7\mathrm{}_1`$, then $`H^2(,𝔽)=0`$.

Proof. Let $`\psi `$ be a 2-cocycle. Say $`\mathrm{}_40`$ (the proof is exactly similar if $`\mathrm{}_i0`$ for $`i1,4`$). We fix $`pI_4`$. Define a linear function $`f`$ by induction on $`i_{\overline{p}}`$ as follows:

$$f(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=\{\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _{\overline{p}}^1(\psi (t_p,x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})i_{\overline{p}}f(x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}))& \text{if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}0,\\ (i_{\overline{p}}+1)^1\psi (t_p,x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}})& \text{if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}=0,\end{array}$$
$`(5.5)`$
for $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$. Set $`\varphi =\psi \psi _f`$. Then (5.5) shows that

$$\varphi (t_p,x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}})=0\text{for}(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥.$$
$`(5.6)`$
Using Jacobian identity (5.2), we obtain

$$0=\varphi (t_p,[x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}}])=(\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\beta _{\overline{p}})\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}})+i_{\overline{p}}\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}})+j_{\overline{p}}\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}),$$
$`(5.7)`$
for $`(\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}),(\beta ,\underset{¯}{j})\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝒥`$. If $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\beta _{\overline{p}}0`$, by induction on $`i_{\overline{p}}+j_{\overline{p}}`$, we obtain $`\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}})=0`$. On the other hand, if $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\beta _{\overline{p}}=0`$, then (5.7) gives

$$\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}})=j_{\overline{p}}(i_{\overline{p}}+1)^1\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}+\epsilon _{\overline{p}}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}\epsilon _{\overline{p}}}),$$
$`(5.8)`$
and by induction on $`j_{\overline{p}}`$, we again have $`\varphi (x^{\alpha ,\underset{¯}{i}},x^{\beta ,\underset{¯}{j}})=0`$. Thus $`\varphi =0`$.

Assume that $`\iota _7=\mathrm{}_1`$. Denote $`\sigma =_{pI_1}\sigma _p`$, and we use notation $`\text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ as in (4.9) (cf. (4.6)). We construct 2-cocycles $`\varphi _p,\varphi _p^{},\varphi _\mu `$ for $`pI_1,\mu \text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ as follows:

$$\begin{array}{c}\varphi _p(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=\alpha _p\delta _{\alpha +\beta ,\sigma \sigma _p},\\ \varphi _p^{}(x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=\alpha _{\overline{p}}\delta _{\alpha +\beta ,\sigma \sigma _p},\\ \varphi _\mu (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=\mu (\alpha )\delta _{\alpha +\beta ,\sigma },\end{array}$$
$`\begin{array}{c}(5.9)\\ (5.10)\\ (5.11)\end{array}`$
for $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It is straightforward to verify that they are 2-cocycles (cf. \[J\]). From the proof of Theorem 5.2 below, one can see why we construct such 2-cocycles.

Theorem 5.2. (1) $`H^2(,𝔽)=0`$ if $`\iota _7\mathrm{}_1`$; (2) if $`\iota _7=\mathrm{}_1`$, then $`H^2(,𝔽)`$ is the vector space spanned by $`B=\{[\varphi _p],[\varphi _p^{}],[\varphi _\mu ]|pI_1,\mu \text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)\}`$. Furthermore, for $`a_p,b_p𝔽,\mu \text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$, we have

$$\underset{pI_1}{}(a_p[\varphi _p]+b_p[\varphi _p^{}])+[\varphi _\mu ]=0a_p=b_p=\mu =0.$$
$`(5.12)`$
Proof. (1) follows from Lemma 5.1, while (2) follows from \[J\]. We give a simple proof of (2) as follows.

First we prove (5.12). Thus suppose

$$\psi =\underset{pI_1}{}(a_p\varphi _p+b_p\varphi _p^{})+\varphi _\mu +\psi _f,$$
$`(5.13)`$
is the zero 2-cocycle for some $`a_p,b_p𝔽`$ and some linear function $`f`$. Then for $`pI_1,\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }`$, by applying $`\psi `$ to $`(x^{\sigma _p},x^\sigma ),(x^{\lambda _p},x^{\sigma \lambda _p\sigma _p}),(x^\alpha ,x^{\sigma \alpha })`$, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}0=\psi (x^{\sigma _p},x^\sigma )=a_pb_p,\\ 0=\psi (x^{\lambda _p},x^{\sigma \lambda _p\sigma _p})=e_pb_p,\\ 0=\psi (x^\alpha ,x^{\sigma \alpha })=\mu (\alpha )+\underset{pI_1}{}(\alpha _p\alpha _{\overline{p}})f(x^{\sigma _p+\sigma }),\end{array}$$
$`\begin{array}{c}(5.14)\\ (5.15)\\ (5.16)\end{array}`$
(cf. the definition of $`\lambda _p`$ in (3.97)). We obtain that $`a_p=b_p=0`$ for $`pI_1`$ and by (4.9),

$$\mu =\underset{pI_1}{}c_p\mu _p\text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)\mathrm{span}\{\mu _p|pI_1\}=\{0\},$$
$`(5.17)`$
where $`c_p=f(x^{\sigma _p+\sigma })𝔽`$. This proves (5.12).

Now suppose $`\psi `$ is a 2-cocycle. We define a linear function $`f`$ as follows: set $`f(x^\sigma )=0`$, and for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \{\sigma \}`$, we define

$$p_\alpha =\mathrm{min}\{pI_1|(\alpha _p,\alpha _{\overline{p}})(1,1)\},$$
$`(5.18)`$
and set

$$f(x^\alpha )=\{\begin{array}{cc}(\alpha _p\alpha _{\overline{p}})^1\psi (x^{\sigma _p},x^\alpha )& \text{if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p,\\ e_p^1(1\alpha _p)^1\psi (x^{\lambda _p},x^{\alpha \sigma _p\lambda _p})& \text{if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}=\alpha _p1,\end{array}$$
$`(5.19)`$
for $`p=p_\alpha `$. Set

$$\varphi =\psi \underset{pI_1}{}(a_p\varphi _p+b_p\varphi _p^{})\psi _f,$$
$`(5.20)`$
where

$$a_p=\psi (x^{\sigma _p},x^\sigma )b_p,b_p=e_p^1\psi (x^{\lambda _p},x^{\sigma \lambda _p\sigma _p}),$$
$`(5.21)`$
(cf. (5.14) and (5.15)). Then one can prove

$$\varphi (x^{\sigma _p},x^\alpha )=0\text{for}pI_1,\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }.$$
$`(5.22)`$
In fact, if $`\alpha =\sigma `$, it follows from (5.9), (5.10), (5.20) and (5.21). Assume $`\alpha \sigma `$. Let $`p=p_\alpha `$ and write

$$x^\alpha =\{\begin{array}{cc}(\alpha _p\alpha _{\overline{p}})^1[x^{\sigma _p},x^\alpha ]& \text{if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p,\\ e_p^1(1\alpha _p)^1[x^{\lambda _p},x^{\alpha \sigma _p\lambda _p}]& \text{if }\alpha _{\overline{p}}=\alpha _p1,\end{array}$$
$`(5.23)`$
(cf. (5.19)), we can obtain (5.22) by the Jacobian identity (5.2). From (5.22), by considering $`\varphi (x^{\sigma _p},[x^\alpha ,x^\beta ])`$ and by (5.2), we obtain

$$\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=0\text{if}\alpha _p+\beta _p\alpha _{\overline{p}}+\beta _{\overline{p}}\text{for some}pI_1.$$
$`(5.24)`$
Now we want to prove

$$\varphi (x^{\lambda _q},x^\alpha )=0\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },qI_1.$$
$`(5.25)`$
By (5.24), we can suppose $`\alpha _p=\alpha _{\overline{p}}`$ if $`pq`$, and $`\alpha _q=\alpha _{\overline{q}}+e_q`$. If $`\alpha =\sigma \lambda _q\sigma _q`$, (5.25) follows from (5.9), (5.10), (5.20) and (5.21). So suppose $`\alpha \sigma \lambda _q\sigma _q`$. Let $`\alpha ^{}=\alpha +\lambda _q+\sigma _q\sigma `$. If $`p=p_\alpha ^{}q`$, then $`\alpha _p^{}=\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{}=\alpha _p=\alpha _{\overline{p}}1`$, and by writing $`x^\alpha =e_p^1(1\alpha _p)^1[x^{\lambda _p},x^{\alpha \sigma _p\lambda _p}]`$, we obtain

$$\varphi (x^{\lambda _q},x^\alpha )=e_p^1(1\alpha _p)^1e_q\alpha _q\varphi (x^{\lambda _p},x^{\alpha ^{}\sigma _p\lambda _p})=0,$$
$`(5.26)`$
by (5.19). On the other hand, if $`p=q`$, we again have $`\varphi (x^{\lambda _q},x^\alpha )=\varphi (x^{\lambda _q},x^{\alpha ^{}\sigma _p\lambda _p})=0`$ by (5.19).

Now by (5.25) and by writing $`(\alpha _p1)x^\alpha =e_p^1[x^{\lambda _p},x^{\alpha \lambda _p\sigma _p}]`$, we obtain

$$(\alpha _p1)\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=\beta _p\varphi (x^{\alpha \lambda _p\sigma _p},x^{\beta +\lambda _p+\sigma _p}),$$
$`(5.27)`$
$$(\alpha _p2)\varphi (x^{\alpha \lambda _p\sigma _p},x^{\beta +\lambda _p+\sigma _p})=(\beta _p+1)\varphi (x^{\alpha 2\lambda _p2\sigma _p},x^{\beta +2\lambda _p+2\sigma _p}),$$
$`(5.28)`$
for $`pI_1`$, where (5.28) is obtained from (5.27). Using (5.28) in (5.27) and by writing

$$(3(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)2\alpha _pe_p)x^{\alpha 2\lambda _p2\sigma _p}=[x^\alpha ,x^{2\lambda _p3\sigma _p}],$$
$`(5.29)`$
we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}(3(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)2\alpha _pe_p)(\alpha _p1)(\alpha _p2)\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )\\ =\beta _p(\beta _p+1)(\varphi ([x^\alpha ,x^{\beta +2\lambda _p+2\sigma _p}],x^{2\lambda _p3\sigma _p})+\varphi (x^\alpha ,[x^{2\lambda _p3\sigma _p},x^{\beta +2\lambda _p+2\sigma _p}])).\end{array}$$
$`(5.30)`$
We prove that

$$\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^{2\lambda _p3\sigma _p})=0\text{for}\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma },pI_1.$$
$`(5.31)`$
By (5.24), we can suppose $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}=\alpha _p+2e_p`$. If $`\alpha _p1,2`$, by setting $`\beta =2\lambda _p3\sigma _p`$ in (5.27) and (5,28), then the right-hand side of (5.28) is zero by (5.22), and thus (5.31) holds. Suppose $`\alpha _p=1,2`$. Then $`\alpha _{\overline{p}}=1+2e_p`$ or $`2+2e_p`$, thus we can write $`\alpha `$ in the following form

$$\alpha =\alpha ^{}+\sigma _p+2\lambda _p\text{ or }\alpha ^{}+2\sigma _p+2\lambda _p\text{ for some }\alpha ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ such that }(\alpha _p^{},\alpha _{\overline{p}}^{})=(0,0).$$
$`(5.32)`$
We denote

$$\begin{array}{cc}c_i=\varphi (x^{\alpha ^{}+i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p},x^{i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p}),& c_i^{}=\varphi (x^{\alpha ^{}+i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)},x^{i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p}),\\ d_i=\varphi (x^{\alpha ^{}+i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)2\sigma _p},x^{i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)}),& d_i^{}=\varphi (x^{\alpha ^{}+i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p},x^{i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)}),\end{array}$$
$`\begin{array}{c}(5.33)\\ (5.34)\end{array}`$
for $`i.`$ By writing

$$(i2j)e_px^{i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p}=[x^{j(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p},x^{(ij)(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p}]\text{for}j,$$
$`(5.35)`$
we obtain

$$(i2j)c_i=(i+j)c_{ij}(2ij)c_j,(i2j)c_i^{}=i(c_{ij}^{}c_j^{})\text{for}i,j.$$
$`(5.36)`$
By writing

$$\begin{array}{c}2(ji)e_px^{\alpha ^{}+i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p}=[x^{\alpha ^{}+j(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)2\sigma _p},x^{(ij)(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)}],\\ (ji)e_px^{\alpha ^{}+i(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)}=[x^{\alpha ^{}+j(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)\sigma _p},x^{(ij)(\sigma _p+\lambda _p)}],\end{array}$$
$`\begin{array}{c}(5.37)\\ (5.38)\end{array}`$
we obtain

$$2(ji)c_i=(2i+j)d_{ji}(ij)d_j,(ji)c_i^{}=(i+j)d_{ji}^{}+(ij)d_j^{}\text{for}i,j.$$
$`(5.39)`$
Note that the system (5.36) has up to multiplicative scalars unique solutions for $`c_i,c_i^{}`$, and we find that

$$c_i=(i^3i)c,c_i^{}=i^2c^{}\text{for }i\text{ and some}c,c^{}𝔽,$$
$`(5.40)`$
are the only solutions. If we substitute $`j`$ by $`1`$ and by $`i+1`$ in (5.39), we then obtain $`c_i=c_i^{}=d_i=d_i^{}=0`$ for all $`i`$. This in particular proves (5.31) by (5.32)-(5.34).

Now using (5.31) in (5.30), noting that $`\beta _p\beta _{\overline{p}}=\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p`$ by (5.24), we deduce that

$$(\beta _p(\beta _p+1)(3(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)+2e_p(\beta _p1))(\alpha _p1)(\alpha _p2)(3(\alpha _{\overline{p}}\alpha _p)2\alpha _pe_p))\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=0.$$
$`(5.41)`$
As in the proof of (5.31), we can prove $`\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^{2\lambda _p})=0`$. Thus we can replace $`\lambda _p`$ by $`2\lambda _p`$ in the above discussion, i.e., if we replace $`e_p`$ by $`2e_p`$, (5.41) still holds. This forces

$$\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=0\text{ or }\beta _p1=\alpha _p\text{ for all }pI_1,$$
$`(5.42)`$
i.e., if $`\alpha +\beta \sigma `$, then $`\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=0`$. Thus we can suppose

$$\varphi (x^\alpha ,x^\beta )=m_\alpha \delta _{\alpha +\beta ,\sigma }\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }\text{ and some }m_\alpha 𝔽.$$
$`(5.43)`$
As in the proof of (5.31), we can prove $`m_{i\sigma _p+j\lambda _p}=0`$ for $`i,j,pI_1`$. Then for any $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma },pI_1`$, let $`v_1=x^\alpha ,v_2=x^\beta ,v_3=x^{\sigma \alpha \beta \sigma _p}`$ in (5.2), one can easily deduce that $`\mu :\alpha m_\alpha `$ is a group homomorphism $`\mu :\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔽`$ such that $`\mu (\sigma _p)=0`$. Thus $`\mu \text{Hom}_{}^+(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽)`$ and $`\varphi =\psi _\mu `$. Furthermore, we can write $`\mu =\nu +\lambda `$ for $`\nu \text{Hom}_{}^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma },𝔽),\lambda \mathrm{span}\{\mu _p|pI_1\}`$ by (4.9). Then $`\varphi =\psi _\nu +\psi _\lambda `$. But from (5.16) and (5.17), one can see that $`\psi _\lambda `$ corresponds to a trivial 2-cocycle, thus we can suppose $`\varphi =\varphi _\nu `$. This proves Theorem 5.1.

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