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# Generalized Albanese morphisms

## 1 Introduction

The Shafarevich conjecture states that the universal cover $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ of a projective variety $`X`$ is holomorphically convex. This means that there exists a proper surjection $`\stackrel{~}{X}Y`$ to a Stein space. This implies (see ) the existence of a morphism $`\mathrm{sh}_X:X\mathrm{Sh}(X)`$ with connected fibers with the property that a curve $`C`$ in $`X`$ is contracted by $`\mathrm{sh}_X`$, iff the image of $`\pi _1(C)`$ in $`\pi _1(X)`$ is finite. The Shafarevich variety $`\mathrm{Sh}(X)`$ is the quotient of the Stein space $`Y`$ by the fundamental group $`\pi _1(X)`$ of $`X`$.

The Shafarevich conjecture is very hard to tackle in terms of algebraic geometry because the holomorphic map $`\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ is not a regular morphism of algebraic varieties unless the fundamental group of $`X`$ is finite. It is, however, possible to deal with the problem of finding the morphism $`\mathrm{sh}_X`$. A first version of such a morphism was given by Kollár in . For Kähler manifolds, Campana constructs  a generic version of the Shafarevich morphism. Katzarkov (see  and ) describes a representation theoretical description of $`\mathrm{sh}_X`$, for one representation $`\pi _1(X)\mathrm{GL}(r)`$. We offer a different approach to such a description for all representations by considering generalized Albanese varieties.

Two constructions for the Albanese variety exist. One construction (2.2) uses global holomorphic one forms, while another (2.2) defines the Albanese variety as the dual of the Picard torus. The intermediate Jacobians are a generalization of the first construction. Here we try to show how to generalize the second construction. In the sense of Kollár , where the Albanese variety can be see as the abelian or $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$-version of the Shafarevich morphism, we intend to give an $`\mathrm{U}(r)`$-version of the Shafarevich morphism that is a map $`\mathrm{alb}_r(X):X\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)`$ having connected fibers, such that an irreducible curve $`C`$ in $`X`$ is contracted under $`\mathrm{alb}_r(X)`$, iff the image of the composition $`\mathrm{Hom}(\pi _1(X),\mathrm{U}(r))\mathrm{Hom}(\pi _1(C),\mathrm{U}(r))`$ has a finite image up to conjugation. If the image of $`\pi _1(C)`$ in $`\pi _1(X)`$ is finite, then $`C`$ is contracted by the generalized Albanese morphisms. Therefore, the generalized Albanese morphisms would factor through the Shafarevich morphism.

In section 2, we review the constructions and some properties of the Albanese variety.

The main result of section 3 is the construction of the nef line bundle $`_r`$ on $`X`$ whose properties are investigated in section 4. The main property of $`_r`$ is that it has degree zero exactly on those curves $`C`$ in $`X`$ for which the morphism $`\mathrm{Hom}(\pi _1(X),\mathrm{U}(r))\mathrm{Hom}(\pi _1(C),\mathrm{U}(r))`$ has a finite image up to conjugation (see theorem 4.4). Thus, $`_r`$ behaves like the pull back of some ample line bundle from $`\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)`$ to $`X`$.

In the fifth section, we use the nef reduction to obtain a rational map with the above property for the general fiber. In the sixth section, we go over the construction for the case of a projective algebraic surface $`X`$. Here we are able to deduce the existence of regular morphisms for all integers $`r1`$ (see 6.6). In the last section, we give an example of a surface with a classical Albanese variety of dimension one and generalized Albanese varieties of dimension two. Thus, this example shows that the generalized Albanese morphism may “reveal” more than the classical Albanese morphism does.

Notations. We work with schemes over the complex numbers. Since we need the restriction of (semi)stable vector bundles to curves, we are required to use the concept of Mumford–Takemoto or slope stability for vector bundles.

## 2 Two constructions for the Albanese variety

2.1 The classical construction for the Albanese variety. Here we assume that $`X`$ is a connected Kähler manifold. We define the Albanese variety $`\mathrm{Alb}(X)`$ to be the quotient

$$\mathrm{Alb}(X):=H^0(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^1)^{}/H_1(X,).$$

If we choose a point $`x_0X()`$, then we can define the Albanese morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_X:X\mathrm{Alb}(X)`$ by $`x_{\gamma _x}`$ where $`\gamma _x`$ is a path connecting $`x_0`$ with $`x`$.

2.2 The $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(\mathrm{Pic}^0)`$-description of $`\mathrm{Alb}(X)`$. Let $`X`$ be a smooth variety over an algebraically closed field $`k`$. We consider the Picard torus $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)`$, i.e., the component of $`\mathrm{Pic}(X)`$ containing $`𝒪_X`$. Furthermore, we consider a Poincaré bundle $`L`$ on $`X\times \mathrm{Pic}^0(X)`$. This bundle is not unique. To normalize it we choose a point $`x_0X(k)`$. If we require that $`L|_{\{x_0\}\times \mathrm{Pic}^0(X)}𝒪_{\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)}`$, then the Poincaré bundle $`L`$ is uniquely determined. If we consider $`L`$ as a family of line bundles on $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)`$ parametrized by $`X`$, then we obtain a morphism from $`X`$ to the Picard torus of $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)`$:

$$\mathrm{alb}_X:X\mathrm{Pic}^0(\mathrm{Pic}^0(X))=:\mathrm{Alb}(X).$$

2.3 Both constructions coincide for smooth varieties over $`\mathrm{Spec}()`$. The use of the same notations in the above constructions is justified, because both coincide for a smooth projective variety over $`\mathrm{Spec}()`$. This follows from the universal property of the Albanese variety and the duality between the Albanese variety and the Picard torus (cf. ). The following proposition describes the fibers of the Albanese morphism. Since it uses both descriptions (2.2 and 2.2), we have to assume that $`X/\mathrm{Spec}()`$ is a smooth projective variety.

2.4 Proposition. (Description of the fibers of the Albanese morphisms $`\mathrm{alb}_X:X\mathrm{Alb}(X)`$, for a projective complex manifold $`X`$ (cf. II.6 in ).)
If $`\iota :ZX`$ is a connected cycle in $`X`$, then the following conditions are equivalent:
(i) $`Z`$ is contained in a fiber of the morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_X`$;

(ii) The image of $`\iota _{}:H_1(Z,)H_1(X,)`$ is finite;

(iii) The pull back morphism $`\iota ^{}:H^0(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^1)H^0(Z,\mathrm{\Omega }_Z^1)`$ is trivial;

(iv) Let $`\rho :\pi _1(X)\mathrm{U}(1)`$ be a representation of the fundamental group. Then the restriction $`\rho |_{\pi _1(Z)}`$ has a finite image;

(v) If $`L`$ is a line bundle on $`X\times S`$, then the pull back $`\iota ^{}L`$ on $`Z\times S`$ is of the form $`L_1L_2`$, for any Noetherian scheme $`S`$.

## 3 The line bundle $`_r`$

3.1 The setup. We fix a smooth projective variety $`X`$ of dimension $`n`$ with a very ample line bundle $`𝒪_X(H)`$ and a positive integer $`r`$. Furthermore, we choose a geometric point $`x_0X`$. Let $`M_r=M_X(r,0,0,\mathrm{},0)`$ be the moduli space of $`S`$–equivalence classes of slope semistable rank $`r`$ bundles $`E`$ with trivial Chern classes in $`H^{}(X,)`$. If $`E`$ is a vector bundle parametrized by $`M_r`$, then we write $`[E]`$ for the corresponding point in $`M_r()`$. By the theorem of Uhlenbeck and Yau (see ), $`M_r`$ parameterizes flat vector bundles on $`X`$ or representations of $`\pi _1(X)`$ in $`\mathrm{U}(r)`$ modulo conjugation. This implies that for $`[E]M_r`$, the restriction $`E|_C`$ of $`E`$ to any curve $`CX`$ is semistable. Moreover, $`M_r`$ is a projective scheme provided that we pass to $`S`$–equivalence classes of semistable bundles. This means we identify any vector bundle $`E`$ in a short exact sequence $`0E^{}EE^{\prime \prime }0`$ of slope zero bundles with the direct sum $`E^{}E^{\prime \prime }`$. Thereafter, we will use use the symbol $`M_r`$ (or $`M_r(X)`$) for the projective moduli space of $`S`$–equivalence classes of slope semistable bundles on $`X`$.

3.2 The line bundle $`𝒪_M(D_H)`$. Using the polarization $`H`$ on $`X`$, we can define a polarization $`D_H`$ on $`M`$. We choose a faithfully flat morphism $`\psi :\stackrel{~}{M}M`$, such that we have a universal sheaf $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{M}\times X`$. That means, for any point $`\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{M}`$, the sheaf $`\stackrel{~}{E}_{\stackrel{~}{m}}:=\stackrel{~}{E}|_{\{\stackrel{~}{m}\}\times X}`$ is a sheaf which belongs to the $`S`$–equivalence class given by $`\psi (\stackrel{~}{m})`$. The theory of Quot schemes gives the existence of such morphisms. Let $`C=H_1H_2\mathrm{}H_{n1}`$ be a complete intersection of $`n1`$ divisors $`H_i|H|`$. Furthermore, we take a rank two vector bundle $`F`$ on $`C`$ with $`det(F)\omega _C`$. We consider the following morphisms:

On $`\stackrel{~}{M}`$, we define the line bundle $`𝒪(\stackrel{~}{D}_H)`$ to be the determinant of cohomology

$$𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{M}}(\stackrel{~}{D}_H):=det(\stackrel{~}{q}_!(\stackrel{~}{E}\stackrel{~}{p}^{}F))^1.$$

This line bundle descends to $`M`$, i.e. there exists a line bundle $`𝒪_M(D_H)`$ and an isomorphism $`𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{M}}(\stackrel{~}{D}_H)\psi ^{}𝒪_M(D_H)`$. Furthermore, the line bundle $`𝒪_M(D_H)`$ does not depend on the choice of the morphism $`\psi :\stackrel{~}{M}M`$ (see ).

3.3 Lemma. The first Chern class $`\stackrel{~}{D}_H:=c_1(𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{M}}(\stackrel{~}{D}_H))`$ is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{D}_H=\stackrel{~}{q}_{}((2c_2(\stackrel{~}{E})c_1^2(\stackrel{~}{E})).\stackrel{~}{p}^{}H^{n1}).$$

In particular, we have $`D_{aH}=a^{n1}D_H`$.

Proof: This is straightforward computation using the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch formula

$$\stackrel{~}{D}_H=\left[\stackrel{~}{q}_{}(\mathrm{ch}(\stackrel{~}{E})\mathrm{Td}(\stackrel{~}{q})\stackrel{~}{p}^{}\mathrm{ch}(F))\right]_1,$$

and the equalities

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\hfill \mathrm{ch}(\stackrel{~}{E})& =& r+c_1(\stackrel{~}{E})+\frac{c_1^2(\stackrel{~}{E})2c_2(\stackrel{~}{E})}{2}+\mathrm{}\hfill & & \\ \hfill \mathrm{Td}(\stackrel{~}{q})& =& \stackrel{~}{p}^{}\mathrm{Td}(X)\hfill & =& 1\frac{\stackrel{~}{p}^{}K_X}{2}+\mathrm{}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{ch}(F)& =& \mathrm{ch}(𝒪_X𝒪_X(K_X+(n1)H))\mathrm{ch}(𝒪_H)^{n1}\hfill & =& 2H^{n1}+K_X.H^{n1}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Whereas the first two equalities are standard, the last equality follows from the adjunction formula and the fact that a vector bundle $`F`$ on a curve $`C`$ is determined in the Grothendieck group $`K(C)`$ by its rank and determinant. $`\mathrm{}`$

3.4 Remark. The line bundle $`𝒪_{M_r}(D_H)`$ is an example of a generalized Theta divisor (see  and ). This means that if for a given vector bundle $`F`$ on $`C`$ we have a dense open subset $`UM_r`$ such that $`[E]U`$ implies $`H^1(E|_CF)=0`$, then there exists a section $`s_F𝒪_{M_r}(D_H)`$ which vanishes exactly at the points $`\{[E]M_r|h^1(E|_CF)>0\}`$. In this case, the divisor $`𝒪_{M_r}(D_H)`$ is effective which justifies this notation. It follows that $`F`$ itself is a semistable bundle. However, the existence of such a bundle $`F`$ is not clear for $`r>2`$.

3.5 Lemma. The line bundle $`𝒪_{M_r}(aD_H)`$ is base point free for $`ar^2`$.

Proof: Let $`[E]M_r`$ be a geometric point. Then $`E|_C`$ is a semistable vector bundle on the curve $`C`$. Popa shows in  that if $`ar^2`$, then there exists a rank $`2a`$ vector bundle $`G`$ on $`C`$ with $`det(G)\omega _C^a`$ with the property $`H^{}(C,GE|_C)=0`$. Thus, the generalized Theta divisor $`\theta _GH^0(M_r,det(\stackrel{~}{q}_!(\stackrel{~}{E}\stackrel{~}{p}^{}G))^1)`$ associated to $`G`$ does not pass through the points in $`\psi ^1[E]`$. Analogously to the computations in the proof of lemma 3.3, we see that the line bundle $`det(\stackrel{~}{q}_!(\stackrel{~}{E}\stackrel{~}{p}^{}G))^1`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒪_{M_r}(aD_H)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

3.6 Lemma. The line bundle $`𝒪_{M_r}(D_H)`$ is ample.

Proof: The proof uses the fact that on a projective variety of dimension at least two, the vector bundles $`E`$ and $`E^{}`$ with the same Hilbert polynomial are isomorphic, if and only if their restrictions to a sufficiently big ample divisor $`H`$ are isomorphic. This follows from the long exact sequence

If we have a bounded family of vector bundles as in the case of those parametrized by $`M_r`$, then we can choose a divisor $`H`$ such that for any two bundles in this family, the cohomology groups on the left and right hand vanish.

The restriction theorem of Mehta and Ramanthan (see ) tells us that, for a semistable vector bundle $`E`$ and $`H`$ big enough, the formation of graded objects commutes with restriction to $`H`$. Thus, we obtain an embedding . Repeating the argument, we end up with an embedding for a complete intersection curve $`C`$. By lemma 3.3, we may assume that this curve $`C`$ is the curve we considered in the construction of $`𝒪(D_H)`$.

By construction, $`𝒪(D_H)`$ is the pull back of the generalized Theta line bundle on $`M_r(C)`$. This line bundle is known to be ample by the work of Drezet and Narasimhan (see ). Thus, the lemma holds. $`\mathrm{}`$

3.7 The families $`_{r,i}`$. Let $`M_r^{\mathrm{red}}=_{i=1}^lM_{r,i}`$ be the decomposition of the reduced scheme underlying $`M_r`$ into its irreducible components, and let $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i}`$ be the normalization of the component $`M_{r,i}`$. We have a morphism $`\alpha _i:\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i}M_r`$ and consider the globally generated line bundle (by lemma 3.3) $`N_{r,i}:=\alpha _i^{}𝒪(r^2D_H)`$. Let $`C_{r,i}`$ be the intersection of $`dim(\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i})1`$ general global sections of $`N_{r,i}`$. By Bertini’s theorem, $`C_{r,i}`$ can be assumed to be a smooth irreducible curve. Thus, by Langton’s theorem (see ), we have a universal vector bundle $`_{r,i}`$ on $`C_{r,i}\times X`$. If the universal vector bundle $`_M`$ on $`M_r\times X`$ existed, then $`_{r,i}`$ would be the pull back of this bundle to $`C_{r,i}\times X`$.

3.8 The line bundle $`_{r,i}`$. We consider the vector bundle $`_{r,i}`$ on $`C_{r,i}\times X`$ and the morphisms

We define the line bundle $`N_{r,i}`$ on the curve $`C_{r,i}`$ by $`N_{r,i}:=det(_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{x_0\}}).`$ Let $`G_{r,i}`$ be a vector bundle on $`C_{r,i}`$ with $`\mathrm{rk}(G_{r,i})=2r`$, and $`det(G_{r,i})\omega _{C_{r,i}}^rN_{r,i}^2`$. Similar to the definition of $`𝒪_{M_r}(D_H)`$ in 3.3, we define the line bundle by

$$_{r,i}:=det(p_!(_{r,i}q^{}G_{r,i}))^1.$$

3.9 Remark. Unfortunately, in contrast to $`𝒪_{M_r}(D_H)`$, the line bundle $`_{r,i}`$ is not independent of the choices. We next give an example for this dependence on the choice of the family $`_{r,i}`$.

Let $`X`$ be a curve, and $`_{r,i}`$ be a family of degree zero vector bundles on $`X`$ parametrized by $`C_{r,i}`$. For a point $`cC_{r,i}`$, we consider the vector bundle $`_c:=_{r,i}|_{\{c\}\times X}`$. Furthermore, we assume that $`_c`$ is not stable. Thus, we have a short exact sequence $`0_c^{}_c_c^{\prime \prime }0`$ of degree zero vector bundles on $`X`$. Denote by $`_{r,i}^{}`$ the kernel of the natural surjection $`_{r,i}_c^{\prime \prime }`$. The families $`_{r,i}^{}`$ and $`_{r,i}`$ parameterize the same $`S`$–equivalence classes of vector bundles on $`X`$. A straightforward computation shows that the resulting line bundles $`_{r,i}`$ and $`_{r,i}^{}`$ fulfill

$$_{r,i}^{}=det(_c^{})^{2\mathrm{r}\mathrm{k}(_c^{\prime \prime })}det(_c^{\prime \prime })^{2\mathrm{r}\mathrm{k}(_c^{})}_{r,i}.$$

Thus, we can only hope that the numerical type of $`_{r,i}`$ is well defined. This is the case as we will see in the next section (see Corollary 4.4).

3.10 We end this section by defining the line bundle $`_r`$ on $`X`$ by

$$_r:=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}_{r,i}.$$

## 4 Properties of the line bundles $`_r`$

4.1 Relations defined by nef line bundles. Let $``$ be a nef line bundle on a proper variety $`X`$. This line bundle defines an equivalence relation $`_{}`$ on the geometric points of $`X`$ as follows:

$$x_{}x^{}\left\{\begin{array}{c}\text{There exists a closed curve }CX\hfill \\ \text{with }xC,x^{}C,\text{ and }.C=0.\hfill \end{array}\right\}$$

We define the relation $``$ on nef line bundles by: The condition $`L_1L_2`$ holds if for any curve $`CX`$ the inequality $`L_1.C>0`$ implies $`L_2.C>0`$.

We write $`L_1L_2`$ if $`L_1L_2`$ holds, and there exists a curve $`CX`$ with $`L_1.C=0`$ and $`L_2.C>0`$. If $`L_1L_2`$ holds, then the relation $`_{L_2}`$ is contained in $`_{L_1}`$, i.e. if $`x_{L_2}x^{}`$, then we have $`x_{L_1}x^{}`$. Whenever both relations $`L_1L_2`$ and $`L_2L_1`$ hold, we write $`L_1L_2`$. This means that the relations $`_{L_1}`$ and $`_{L_2}`$ coincide.

If we have a chain $`L_0L_1\mathrm{}L_k`$ of nef line bundles, then the we have strict inclusions $`(\mathrm{NE}(X)L_k^{})(\mathrm{NE}(X)L_{k1}^{})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{NE}(X)L_0^{})`$ in the cone of curves. Since the orthogonal complements $`L_i^{}`$ are linear subspace of $`H^2(X,)`$, we deduce that $`k\rho (X)=dim(\mathrm{NE}(X))`$.

4.2 Theorem. The line bundle $`_{r,i}`$ is nef, i.e. for any morphism $`\iota :YX`$ of a smooth curve $`Y`$ to $`X`$, the degree of the line bundle $`\iota ^{}_{r,i}`$ is non negative. Furthermore, if the degree of $`\iota ^{}_{r,i}`$ equals zero, then for all geometric points $`y_1`$ and $`y_2`$ of $`Y`$ there exists an isomorphism $`_{C_{r,i}\times \{y_1\}}_{C_{r,i}\times \{y_2\}}`$, and all the vector bundles on $`Y`$ parametrized by $`C_{r,i}`$ are S–equivalent.

Proof: We divide the proof into steps.

Step 1: Reduction to the case where $`X`$ is a smooth projective curve.
Since all the vector bundles parametrized by $`M_r`$ restrict to semistable bundles on every closed subscheme of $`X`$, the pull back $`(\mathrm{id}\times \iota )^{}_{r,i}`$ is a family of semistable rank $`r`$ vector bundles on $`Y`$ parametrized by $`C_{r,i}`$. Since the determinant of cohomology commutes with base change, we may assume $`X=Y`$. Thus, we consider the vector bundle $`_{r,i}`$ on the surface $`C_{r,i}\times X`$ and the following morphisms to smooth curves

Step 2: The line bundles $`L_1`$ and $`L_2:=_{r,i}`$.
Let $`F`$ be vector bundle on $`X`$ with $`\mathrm{rk}(F)=2r`$ and $`det(F)=\omega _X^r`$. For a point $`x_0X`$, we set $`N_{r,i}:=det(_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{x_0\}})`$. Let $`G`$ be a vector bundle on $`C_{r,i}`$ of rank $`2r`$ with $`det(G)=\omega _{C_{r,i}}^rN_{r,i}^2`$. We set $`L_1:=det(q_!(_{r,i}p^{}F))^1`$, and $`L_2:=det(p_!(_{r,i}q^{}G))^1`$. The nefness property of $`_{r,i}`$ is equivalent to $`\mathrm{deg}(L_2)0`$.

Step 3: $`\mathrm{deg}(L_1)=\mathrm{deg}(L_2)`$.
We use the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem to compute the degrees of the line bundles $`L_1`$ and $`L_2`$. Let us fix the notations before doing so: By $`c_0`$ and $`x_0`$, we denote two geometric points of $`C_{r,i}`$ and $`X`$. We use $`F_p`$ and $`F_q`$ to name the fibers $`p^1(x_0)`$ and $`q^1(c_0)`$. The genera of $`C_{r,i}`$ and $`X`$ we denote by $`g_C`$ and $`g_X`$. Since we are only interested in the degrees, we may assume $`\omega _X=𝒪_X((2g_X2)x_0)`$ and $`\omega _{C_{r,i}}=𝒪_X((2g_C2)c_0)`$. For the same reason, we have $`\mathrm{ch}(F)=2r+2r(g_X1)x_0`$ and $`\mathrm{ch}(G)=2r+(2r(g_C1)2(_{C_{r,i}\times X}(F_p.c_1(_{r,i}))))c_0`$. Furthermore, let $`\mathrm{Td}(C_{r,i})=1(g_C1)c_0`$ and $`\mathrm{Td}(X)=1(g_X1)x_0`$ be the (numerical) Todd classes.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathrm{deg}(L_1)& =& _{C_{r,i}}\mathrm{ch}(q_!(_{r,i}p^{}F))\hfill \\ & =& _{C_{r,i}\times X}\mathrm{ch}(_{r,i}p^{}F)p^{}\mathrm{Td}(X)\hfill \\ & =& _{C_{r,i}\times X}\mathrm{ch}(_{r,i})p^{}\mathrm{ch}(F)p^{}\mathrm{Td}(X)\hfill \\ & =& _{C_{r,i}\times X}\mathrm{ch}(_{r,i})p^{}(\mathrm{ch}(F)\mathrm{Td}(X))\hfill \\ & =& _{C_{r,i}\times X}\left(r+c_1(_{r,i})+\frac{c_1^2(_{r,i})2c_2(_{r,i})}{2}\right)p^{}(2r)\hfill \\ & =& r_{C_{r,i}\times X}(2c_2(_{r,i})c_1^2(_{r,i}))\hfill \end{array}$$

Analogously, we obtain for the degree of $`L_2`$ that:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathrm{deg}(L_2)& =& _{C_{r,i}\times X}(r+c_1(_{r,i})+\frac{c_1^2(_{r,i})2c_2(_{r,i})}{2})q^{}(2r(2_{C_{r,i}\times X}(F_p.c_1(_{r,i})c_0)))\hfill \\ & =& r_{C_{r,i}\times X}(2c_2(_{r,i})c_1^2(_{r,i}))+2(_{C_{r,i}\times X}F_p.c_1(_{r,i}))(_{C_{r,i}\times X}F_q.c_1(_{r,i}))\hfill \end{array}$$

Since $`C_{r,i}`$ parameterizes a family of $`X`$ vector bundles of degree zero, the intersection number $`_{C_{r,i}\times X}F_q.c_1(_{r,i})`$ equals zero. Thus, we end up with the claimed equality.

Step 4: $`L_1^r`$ is globally generated. Thus, $`\mathrm{deg}(L_2)=\mathrm{deg}(L_1)0`$.
This is a direct consequence of Popa’s (see ) result about the base point freeness of certain powers of the generalized Theta line bundles. Here the semistability of all vector bundles parametrized by $`C_{r,i}`$ is needed. Popa’s result uses Le Potier’s method (cf. ) of constructing global sections of the generalized Theta bundle.

To prove $`\mathrm{deg}(L_1)0`$, we need fewer premises. Indeed, if at least one point of $`C_{r,i}`$ parameterizes a semistable vector bundle on $`X`$, then a power of $`L_1`$ has a nontrivial section $`s`$ which is what we need. This argument is the same as in the proof of Lemma 3.3.

If the degree of $`L_1`$ is positive, then we consider two points $`c_1`$, $`c_2`$ of $`C_{r,i}`$ with the property that the section $`s`$ vanishes at $`s_1`$ but not at $`s_2`$. It follows, that the $`X`$ vector bundles parametrized by $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are not $`S`$–equivalent.

From now on, we assume that the degrees of $`L_1`$ and $`L_2`$ are zero. For the following steps see also the proof of Theorem I.4 in Faltings article  or for the simpler rank two case see Theorem 3.4 in .

Step 5: For any two geometric points $`P`$ and $`Q`$ of $`X`$, the vector bundles $`_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{P\}}`$ and $`_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{Q\}}`$ are isomorphic.
We show that, given a point $`PX`$, for almost all points $`QX`$, we have an isomorphism between $`_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{P\}}`$ and $`_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{Q\}}`$. From this statement, the assertion of step 5 follows immediately. Let $`_{c_0}:=_{r,i}|_{\{c_0\}\times X}`$ be the semistable vector bundle on $`X`$ parametrized by $`c_0`$. Take a vector bundle $`F_P`$ on $`X`$ such that $`H^{}(X,F_P_{c_0})=0`$. Such a bundle exists because by Le Potier’s result in . Moreover, it defines a global section in a power of $`L_1`$ which does not vanish at $`c_0`$. Since $`\mathrm{deg}(L_1)=0`$, this section has an empty vanishing divisor. This implies that $`H^{}(X,_{r,i}|_{\{c\}\times X})=0`$ for all points $`cC_{r,i}`$. This implies $`R^{}q_{}(_{r,i}p^{}F_P)`$ is zero. Now we consider a nontrivial extension $`F`$ in $`\mathrm{Ext}^1(k(P),F_P)`$

$$(𝒮_P)0F_PF\stackrel{\pi _P}{}k(P)0.$$

The scheme $`(F)`$ parameterizes surjections $`\pi :Fk(Q)`$ from $`F`$ to torsion sheaves of length one. The subset of $`(F)`$ where $`H^{}(X,\mathrm{ker}(\pi )_{c_0})=0`$ is open and not empty because it contains $`\pi _P`$. Thus, for a general point $`Q`$ of $`X`$, there exists a short exact sequence

$$(𝒮_Q)0F_QFk(Q)0$$

with $`H^{}(X,F_Q_{c_0})=0`$. Applying the functor $`R^{}q_{}(_{r,i}p^{}())`$ to the short exact sequences $`(𝒮_P)`$ and $`(𝒮_Q)`$, we obtain that $`q_{}(p^{}F)`$ is isomorphic to $`_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{P\}}`$ and to $`_{r,i}|_{C_{r,i}\times \{Q\}}`$ as well.

Step 6: The filtration $`F^{}(_{r,i})`$ on the vector bundle $`_{r,i}`$.
If we consider the Harder–Narasimhan filtration on $`G:=q_{}(p^{}F)`$, then the graded summands need not be to be simple bundles. We consider a slight generalization by taking $`G_1`$ to be a subsheaf of $`G`$ which is stable of maximal possible slope. Defining $`F^1(_{r,i}):=G_1q_{}om(p^{}G_1,_{r,i})`$, and $`F^l(_{r,i}):=\pi _1^1(F^{l1}(_{r,i}/F^1(_{r,i})))`$, where $`\pi _1`$ is the surjection from $`_{r,i}_{r,i}/F^1(_{r,i})`$, we obtain a filtration $`0=F^0(_{r,i})F^1(_{r,i})\mathrm{}F^k(_{r,i})=_{r,i}`$ on $`_{r,i}`$ with the property that the $`j`$th graded object $`\mathrm{gr}^j(_{r,i}):=F^j(_{r,i})/F^{j1}(_{r,i})`$ is of the form $`G_jF_j`$. By definition the slopes $`\mu _j:=\mu (G_j)=\frac{\mathrm{deg}(G_j)}{\mathrm{rk}(G_j)}`$ form a decreasing sequence $`\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _k`$.

Restricting the filtration $`F^{}(_{r,i})`$ to a fiber $`p^1(x)`$ of $`p`$, we obtain a filtration of $`G`$ which does not depend on the choice of $`xX`$. The restricted vector bundle $`F^j(_{r,i})|_{p^1(x)}`$ appears in the Harder–Narasimhan filtration of $`G`$, if and only if $`\mu _j>\mu _{j+1}`$. Therefore, we use $`\mathrm{HNF}^{}(_{r,i})`$ to name the subfiltration of the filtration $`F^{}(_{r,i})`$ consisting of those $`F^j(_{r,i})`$ with $`\mu _j>\mu _{j+1}`$.

Step 7: Numerical invariants of the filtration $`F^{}(_{r,i})`$.
In the Grothendieck group $`K(C_{r,i}\times X)`$, we can identify $`_{r,i}`$ with the direct sum of the graded objects $`\mathrm{gr}^j(_{r,i})`$:

$$[_{r,i}]=\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}[\mathrm{gr}^j(_{r,i})]=\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}[G_jF_j].$$

Since the Chern character of the product $`G_jF_j`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathrm{ch}(G_jF_j)& =& q^{}\mathrm{ch}(G_j).p^{}\mathrm{ch}(F_j)\hfill \\ & =& \mathrm{rk}(G_j)\mathrm{rk}(F_j)+\left[\mathrm{rk}(G_j)p^{}c_1(F_j)+\mathrm{rk}(F_j)q^{}c_1(G_j)\right]+p^{}c_1(F_j).q^{}c_1(G_j),\hfill \end{array}$$

we deduce the equality $`_{C_{r,i}\times X}\mathrm{ch}(_{r,i})=_{j=1}^k\mathrm{deg}(G_j)\mathrm{deg}(F_j)`$. In step 3, we identified the left hand side with $`\frac{1}{2r}\mathrm{deg}(L_1)`$. Thus, we have

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\mathrm{deg}(G_j)\mathrm{deg}(F_j)=0$$
(1)
The degree $`\mathrm{deg}_X(F^j(_{r,i})|_{q^1(c)})`$ of $`F^j(_{r,i})`$, restricted to a fiber of $`q`$, is given by $`\mathrm{deg}_X(F^j(_{r,i})|_{q^1(c)})=_{m=1}^j\mathrm{rk}(G_m)\mathrm{deg}(F_m)`$. Since the restriction of $`_{r,i}`$ to a fiber of $`q`$ is semistable of degree zero, we deduce that

$$A_j:=\underset{m=1}{\overset{j}{}}\mathrm{rk}(G_m)\mathrm{deg}(F_m)0,$$
(2)
and $`A_k=0`$. Having in mind that $`\mu _j:=\frac{\mathrm{deg}(G_j)}{\mathrm{rk}(G_j)}`$, we rewrite equation (1)

$$0=\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\mu _j\mathrm{rk}(G_j)\mathrm{deg}(F_j)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}A_j(\mu _j\mu _{j+1}),$$

where we set $`\mu _{k+1}=0`$. The inequalities (2) and $`\mu _j\mu _{j+1}`$ imply, therefore, that $`A_j=0`$ whenever $`\mu _j>\mu _{j+1}`$.

Step 8: $`S`$–equivalence of all bundles parametrized by $`C_{r,i}`$.
The conclusion of the preceding steps is, that each quotient
$`\mathrm{gr}_{\mathrm{HNF}}^j:=\mathrm{HNF}^j(_{r,i})/\mathrm{HNF}^{j1}(_{r,i})`$ is on the one hand semistable of degree zero when restricted to the fibers of $`q`$. On the other hand, the semistable vector bundle on $`C_{r,i}`$ which we obtain by restricting $`\mathrm{gr}_{\mathrm{HNF}}^j`$ to a fiber $`p^1(x)`$ of $`p`$ does not depend on the chosen $`xX`$. Now the situation is symmetric in the sense that $`\mathrm{gr}_{\mathrm{HNF}}^j`$ is semistable on all fibers of $`p`$ and $`q`$. Thus, analogously to step 5, we deduce that the restrictions $`\mathrm{gr}_{\mathrm{HNF}}^j|_{\{c_1\}\times X}`$ and $`\mathrm{gr}_{\mathrm{HNF}}^j|_{\{c_2\}\times X}`$ are isomorphic for all geometric points $`c_1,c_2X`$. In other terms, the direct sum $`_{j=1}^l\mathrm{gr}_{\mathrm{HNF}}^j`$ of the graded objects gives the same direct sum of semistable vector bundles of degree zero on each fiber of $`q`$. In short: All vector bundles parametrized by $`C_{r,i}`$ are $`S`$–equivalent. $`\mathrm{}`$

4.3 Theorem. Let $`\iota :YX`$ be a morphism of a smooth curve $`Y`$ to $`X`$. We obtain a morphism $`\iota _{M_{r,i}}:\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i}(X)M_r(Y)`$ by the pull back of vector bundles. The following two conditions are equivalent:

| (1) | The degree of $`\iota ^{}_{r,i}`$ is zero; |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | The morphism $`\iota _{M_{r,i}}`$ maps $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i}(X)`$ to a point. |

Proof: We consider the morphisms . Theorem 4.4 implies that the degree of $`\iota ^{}_{r,i}`$ is zero, if and only if $`\iota _{M_{r,i}}(C_{r,i})`$ is a point. This implies the theorem because $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i}(X)`$ is irreducible, and $`C_{r,i}`$ is the intersection of ample divisors. $`\mathrm{}`$

4.4 Corollary. The equivalence classes of the nef line bundles $`_{r,i}`$ and $`_r`$ with respect to $``$ (see 4.4) neither depend on the choice of $`C_{r,i}\stackrel{~}{M}_{r,i}`$ nor on the choice of the vector bundle $`_{r,i}`$ on $`C_{r,i}\times X`$. Furthermore, these equivalence classes are independent of the chosen polarization $`H`$ on $`X`$.  $`\mathrm{}`$

4.5 Corollary. The line bundle $`_r`$ on $`X`$ is nef. For a morphism $`\iota :YX`$ of a smooth curve $`Y`$ to $`X`$, we have $`\mathrm{deg}(\iota ^{}_r)=0`$, if and only if the morphism $`M_r(X)M_r(Y)`$ is locally constant. $`\mathrm{}`$

4.6 Proposition. The line bundles $`_r`$ satisfy the inequality $`_r_{r_2}`$, for $`r_1r_2`$.
There exists a number $`R`$ such that $`_r_R`$ for all $`r`$.

Proof: If $`r_1<r_2`$, then we have an embedding of moduli spaces $`M_{r_1}M_{r_2}`$ given by $`[E][E𝒪_X^{(r_2r_1)}]`$. Thus, we deduce from theorem 4.4 that the inequality $`_{r_1}_{r_2}`$ holds. We have seen in 4.4 that in the chain $`_1_2\mathrm{}_r\mathrm{}`$ there are at most $`\rho (X)`$ strict inclusions. This proves the second assertion of the proposition. $`\mathrm{}`$

4.7 The line bundle $`_{\mathrm{}}`$. We use the name $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ for the line bundle $`_R`$ of the above proposition. When referring to this line bundle, we should be aware that $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ is only a class in {nef line bundles}$`/`$. Considering these equivalence classes (with the discrete topology), we have $`lim_r\mathrm{}_r_{\mathrm{}}`$.

In the following theorem, we have summarized the results of this section.

4.8 Theorem (Properties of the line bundles $`_r`$) Let $`X`$ be a projective variety. We have an infinite sequence of nef line bundles $`_1_2\mathrm{}_r\mathrm{}`$ and a nef limit line bundle $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ with $`lim_r\mathrm{}_r_{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`X`$ such that for any morphism $`\iota :YX`$ of a smooth curve $`Y`$ to $`X`$ the following conditions are equivalent:

| (1) | $`\mathrm{deg}(\iota ^{}_r)=0`$; |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | The restriction morphism $`M_r(X)M_r(Y)`$ is locally constant; |
| (3) | For any connected scheme $`Z`$ and every vector bundle $``$ on $`Z\times X`$ parameterizing semistable rank $`r`$ vector bundles on $`X`$ with trivial Chern classes, the pull back $`(\mathrm{id}_Z\times \iota )^{}`$ parameterizes only one $`S`$–equivalence class on $`Y`$; |
| (4) | Modulo conjugation only finitely many $`\mathrm{U}(r)`$ representations of $`\pi _1(Y)`$ are induced by those of $`\pi _1(X)`$. |

## 5 The generalized Albanese morphisms

5.1 The construction of the generalized Albanese morphism. If $`_r`$ or some power of it were base point free, then it would define a morphism $`\psi :X^m`$. Let $`\phi :X\mathrm{Alb}_r`$ be the Stein factorization of $`\psi `$, i.e., $`\phi `$ is surjective with connected fibers. Two geometric points $`x`$ and $`x^{}`$ of $`X`$ have the same image under $`\phi `$, if and only if $`x__rx^{}`$. By Theorem 4.4, the map $`\phi `$ would meet the requirements of a generalized Albanese variety. Indeed, a curve would be contracted by $`\phi `$, if $`\mathrm{deg}_Y(\iota ^{}_r)=0`$. This means (by theorem 4.4) that all families of semistable rank $`r`$ vector bundles on $`X`$ with trivial Chern classes become constant when restricted to $`Y`$, or only finitely many representation classes modulo conjugation of $`\pi _1(Y)`$ in $`\mathrm{U}(r)`$ are induced by representations of $`\pi _1(X)`$.

If no line bundle $`L_r`$ with $`L_r_r`$ is base point free (Note, that $`L^kL`$, for all $`k>0`$.), then Tsuji’s nef reduction theorem provides us with a rational version of the generalized Albanese variety up to birational equivalence. In this case we obtain only a birational model of the Albanese morphism and variety.

5.2 Theorem. (see Theorem 2.1 in , see also ) There exists a dominant rational map with connected fibers such that:

| (1) | The line bundle $`_r`$ is numerically trivial on all compact fibers $`F`$ of $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | of dimension $`dim(X)dim(\mathrm{Alb}_r(X))`$; |
| (2) | For every general point $`xX`$ and every irreducible curve $`C`$ passing |
|  | through $`x`$ with $`dim(\mathrm{alb}_r(C))>0`$, we have $`C._r>0`$; |
| (3) | There exist compact fibers of $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$. |

Furthermore, the pair $`(\mathrm{alb}_r,\mathrm{Alb}_r(X))`$ is uniquely determined up to birational equivalence.

5.3 The chain of generalized Albanese morphisms. Even though we end up with an infinite sequence of rational morphisms , for each $`r`$, there are at most $`\rho (X)`$ different generalized Albanese morphisms, since for almost all $`r`$, we have $`_r_{r+1}`$. Since $`_r_{r+1}`$, we get a rational morphism . So, we end up with the following commutative diagram:

5.4 Proposition. (Functoriality) If $`\psi :XX^{}`$ is a morphism of projective varieties, then we have $`\psi ^{}_r^{}_r`$ for all $`r\{\mathrm{}\}`$. Therefore, we have commutative diagrams

Proof: Suppose that $`\iota :YX`$ is a morphism from a smooth curve to $`X`$ with $`\mathrm{deg}(\iota ^{}\psi ^{}_r^{})>0`$. This implies by theorem 4.4 that there exists a family $`^{}`$ of rank $`r`$ vector bundles with trivial Chern classes on $`X^{}`$ parametrized by a connected scheme $`Z`$ such that the pull back $`(\mathrm{id}_Z\times (\psi \iota ))^{}^{}`$ of $`^{}`$ to $`Z\times Y`$ parameterizes different $`S`$–equivalence classes on $`Y`$. However, then the family $`=(\mathrm{id}_Z\times \psi )^{}`$ also parameterizes rank $`r`$ vector bundles on $`X`$ which pull back to non $`S`$–equivalent classes. Consequently, again by theorem 4.4, $`\mathrm{deg}(\iota ^{}_r)>0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

5.5 Proposition. If $`\psi :XX^{}`$ is an étale morphism of projective varieties, then we have $`_r\psi ^{}_{r\mathrm{deg}(\psi )}^{}`$ for all $`r`$. Furthermore, $`_{\mathrm{}}\psi ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$.

Proof: The proof is analogous to the preceding one. We simply have to consider the push forward of a family of rank $`r`$ vector bundles on $`X`$ to $`X^{}`$. The statement about $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ is easily obtained from $`_r\psi ^{}_{r\mathrm{deg}(\psi )}^{}_{r\mathrm{deg}(\psi )}`$ and the fact that $`_r_{\mathrm{}}`$ for $`r0`$.

5.6 Remark. Since the first Albanese variety and morphism exist, it would be enough to have the base point freeness of some power of $`_r`$ on every fiber of the Albanese variety to obtain a regular morphism

This is used to study the generalized Albanese morphisms in the case of algebraic surfaces in the next section.

## 6 The case of algebraic surfaces

6.1 We consider here the case of a polarized projective algebraic surface $`(X,H)`$. In this case, we can make a much stronger statement than theorem 5.5. The generalized Albanese morphism is well understood if $`X`$ is not of general type (see 6.6). The rest of this section (6.66.6) is devoted to the proof of the

6.2 Theorem. Let $`(X,H)`$ be a polarized projective surface. Then there exists a surjective morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_r:X\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)`$ with connected fibers, and an effective divisor $`D`$ on $`X`$, such that for all morphisms $`\iota :CX`$ of irreducible curves with $`\iota (C)D`$ the following conditions are equivalent.
(1) $`\mathrm{alb}_r(\iota (C))`$ is a point;  (2) The associated morphism    modulo conjugation has a finite image;  (3) For any base scheme $`S`$ and any rank $`r`$ vector bundle $`E`$ on $`X\times S`$   such that for each $`s`$ $`E_s`$ is semistable with numerically trivial Chern   classes, the pull back of $`E`$ to $`C\times S`$ is a family of S–equivalent vector   bundles.

The divisor $`D`$ of exceptions can be written in the form $`D=C_1+C_2+\mathrm{}+C_l`$, where the $`C_i`$ are irreducible and form a basis of a proper subspace of the rational Néron–Severi vector space $`NS(X)`$. In particular, we have $`l<dim_{}(NS(X))`$.

6.3 Preparations for the proof. We consider the nef line bundle $`_r`$ on $`X`$ satisfying the equivalence of theorem 4.4. There are two extreme cases where the proof is a simple remark: When $`C._r>0`$, for all curves $`C`$, then we set $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$ to be the identity morphism of $`X`$. If $`C._r=0`$ for all curves, then we set $`\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)=\mathrm{Spec}()`$, and we are finished.

Thus, we assume from now on that $`_r`$ is a numerically nontrivial nef line bundle vanishing on a nonempty set $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ of irreducible curves. It follows from the construction that all the curves $`C_i`$ in this family are contracted to points by the classical Albanese morphism.

$`_r`$ being a nef divisor is the limit of ample divisors (with rational coefficients) which yields $`_r^20`$. This implies the following lemma.

6.4 Lemma. If $`CX`$ is an effective divisor with $`C^2>0`$, then $`C._r>0`$.

Proof: We assume the contrary. Since $`_r`$ is nef this means that $`C._r=0`$. The Hodge index theorem (see IV.2.15 in ) implies that $`_r^20`$ with equality only when $`_r`$ is torsion. From $`_r^20`$ and the assumption that $`_r`$ is numerically nontrivial we derive a contradiction. $`\mathrm{}`$

The proof of theorem 6.6 is subdivided into three cases depending on the dimension of $`X`$ in the Albanese variety. This is by definition the dimension of $`\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)`$.

6.5 The nef reduction for $`\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)=\mathrm{Spec}()`$. We consider the curves $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ as vectors in the rational Nerón–Severi space $`\mathrm{NS}_{}(X)`$. The dimension of this vector space is the Picard number $`\rho (X)`$ of $`X`$. The points $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ lie on the hyperplane $`\{C\mathrm{NS}_{}(X)|C._r=0\}`$. Suppose there would be a nontrivial linear relation among the $`C_i`$. If the number of these curves exceeds $`\rho (X)1`$, then we have at least one such relation. We write the linear relation $`a_1C_1+\mathrm{}a_mC_m=a_{m+1}C_{m+1}+\mathrm{}a_MC_M`$ with positive rational $`a_i`$, and $`C_i`$ different from $`C_j`$ whenever $`ij`$.

After multiplication with a positive integer, we may assume the $`a_i`$ to be integers. We set $`D_1:=a_1C_1+\mathrm{}a_mC_m`$ and $`D_2:=a_{m+1}C_{m+1}+\mathrm{}a_MC_M`$. Since $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ coincide in $`\mathrm{NS}_{}(X)`$, their difference is torsion in the Nerón–Severi group. So again, after multiplying with an integer, we may assume that the effective Cartier divisor classes $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ coincide. (Here we use the fact that the Picard torus, the dual of the Albanese torus, is trivial.)

$`D_1^2=D_1.D_20`$, because $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ have no common components. In view of lemma 6.6, and $`D_1._r=0`$, we conclude that $`D_1^2=0`$. This implies that $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ are disjoint.

Consequently, the line bundle $`L:=𝒪_X(D_1)𝒪_X(D_2)`$ has two linearly independent sections which do not intersect. Thus, $`L`$ is base point free and defines a morphism whose Stein factorization we denote by $`\mathrm{alb}_r:X\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)`$.

On the one hand, we have that $`F._r=0`$ for all fibers of $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$. On the other hand, suppose $`C._r=0`$ for a curve $`CX`$. Let $`F`$ be an irreducible fiber of $`\mathrm{alb}_r(X)`$. If $`C`$ were not contained in a fiber, then we would have $`(C+mF)^2>0`$ for $`m0`$. However, we have $`(C+mF)._r=0`$ which contradicts lemma 6.6. Thus, each curve $`C`$ with $`C._r=0`$ is contained in a fiber.

This means that the effective divisor $`D`$ of 6.6 can be taken to be the empty set once we have a linear relation between the $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ in $`\mathrm{NS}_{}(X)`$. Since the resulting morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$ contracts all these curves, we conclude that $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$ does not depend on the chosen linear relation.

6.6 The nef reduction when $`\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)`$ is a curve. We consider the morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_1:X\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)`$. This morphism is the Stein factorization of the classical Albanese morphism. It follows from $`_1_r`$, that each curve $`C`$ with $`C._r=0`$ is contained in a fiber of this morphism. Let $`F`$ be the generic fiber of $`\mathrm{alb}_1`$.

If $`F._r=0`$, then all curves $`C`$ with $`C._r=0`$ are contracted by $`\mathrm{alb}_1`$. Consequently we set $`\mathrm{alb}_r=\mathrm{alb}_1`$ and theorem 6.6 is proven.

We suppose now that $`F._r`$ is positive. The set of curves $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ consists of components of reducible fibers of the morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_1`$. We will show that this set is not only finite but linearly independent in $`\mathrm{NS}_{}(X)`$. Indeed, if there were a linear relation, then we would obtain (see 6.6) an effective divisor $`D_1=a_1C_1+\mathrm{}a_mC_m`$. This divisor satisfies $`D_1^2=0`$, $`D_1._r=0`$, and consists of fiber components. This contradicts Zariski’s lemma (see Lemma III.8.2 in ), because $`F._r>0`$ for all fibers $`F`$. This shows that theorem 6.6 holds when setting $`\mathrm{alb}_r=\mathrm{id}_X`$.

6.7 Remark. The finite collection of curves $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ must have a negative definite intersection matrix, because of Zariski’s lemma. Thus, by Grauert’s criterion (Theorem III.2.1 in ), there exists a contraction of these curves. However, this contraction is not necessarily a projective morphism. If it were, we could take this contraction to be our generalized Albanese morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_r`$.

6.8 The nef reduction for $`dim(\mathrm{Alb}_1(X))=2`$. In this case, the generalized Albanese morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_1:X\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)`$ contracts finitely many curves. Among those curves are the $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ which are numerically trivial with respect to $`_r`$. The intersection matrix of these $`\{C_i\}_{iI}`$ is negative definite. This yields that these curves form a basis of a proper subspace of $`\mathrm{NS}_{}(X)`$. Again, just setting $`\mathrm{alb}_r=\mathrm{id}_X`$, the assertions of 6.6 are fulfilled. As before remark 6.6 applies.

6.9 Surfaces of Kodaira dimension less than 2. Let $`X`$ be a projective algebraic surface of Kodaira dimension $`\kappa (X)1`$. We assume that $`X`$ is minimal. This is not a restriction, because the fundamental group of rational curves is zero. The next table gives the generalized Albanese morphism for these surfaces following the Enriques-Kodaira classification (see VI. in ). The last two rows are perhaps the most interesting ones. They show that the generalized Albanese morphisms may reveal more of the surface than the classical one. We assume in these two rows that the surface $`X`$ is not a product of two curves.

| $`\kappa (X)`$ | class of $`X`$ | the generalized Albanese morphism |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`\mathrm{}`$ | rational surfaces | $`X\mathrm{Spec}()`$ |
| $`\mathrm{}`$ | ruled surfaces | $`XB`$ |
|  | $`XB`$ with $`g(B)1`$ |  |
| 0 | Enriques surfaces | $`X\mathrm{Spec}()`$ |
| 0 | K3 surfaces | $`X\mathrm{Spec}()`$ |
| 0 | tori | $`XX`$ |
| 0 | hyperelliptic surfaces | $`\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)`$ is an elliptic curve, whereas |
|  |  | $`\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)X`$, for $`r>1`$, see also §7. |
| 1 | properly elliptic surfaces | $`\mathrm{Alb}_1(X)`$ is an algebraic curve, and |
|  |  | $`\mathrm{Alb}_r(X)X`$, for $`r>1`$. |

## 7 An example

7.1 The group $`G`$. We consider the group $`G`$ which as a set is $`^4`$ with group structure given by $`(a,b,c,d)(a^{},b^{},c^{},d^{})=(a+a^{},b+b^{},c+(1)^ac^{},d+(1)^ad^{})`$. The group $`G`$ has the four generators $`g_0=(1,0,0,0)`$, $`g_1=(0,1,0,0)`$, $`g_2=(0,0,1,0)`$, and $`g_3=(0,0,0,1)`$ satisfying the six relations:

$$g_0g_1=g_1g_0g_0g_2=g_2^1g_0g_0g_3=g_3^1g_0g_1g_2=g_2g_1g_1g_3=g_3g_1g_2g_3=g_3g_2.$$

$`G`$ may be described as the semidirect product $`(^2)(^2)`$ where the homomorphism $`(^2)\mathrm{Aut}(^2)`$ is given by $`(a,b)(1)^a\mathrm{id}_^2`$.

7.2 Characters of $`G`$. It is easy to check that the commutator subgroup $`[G,G]`$ is generated by $`g_2^2`$ and $`g_3^2`$. Thus, we obtain $`G/[G,G]^2(/2)^2`$. Consequently, each group homomorphism $`\tau :G\mathrm{U}(1)`$ must send $`g_2`$ and $`g_3`$ to $`\pm 1`$. Thus, in a continuous family $`\tau _t`$ of such morphisms the images of $`g_2`$ and $`g_3`$ are locally constant. We conclude that there are four families of $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$-representations of $`G`$. One is given by

$$\tau _{t_1,t_2}(g_0)=\mathrm{exp}(t_1i)\tau _{t_1,t_2}(g_1)=\mathrm{exp}(t_2i)\tau _{t_1,t_2}(g_2)1\tau _{t_1,t_2}(g_3)$$

with $`(t_1,t_2)(/2\pi )^2`$. The other three representations of $`G`$ in $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ are obtained by changing the image of $`g_2`$ or $`g_3`$ to $`1`$.

7.3 $`G`$ is the fundamental group of a hyperelliptic surface. We consider two elliptic curves $`(E_1,0)`$ and $`(E_2,0)`$ with a nonzero two-torsion point $`e_1E_1`$. The fix point free action of $`/2`$ on $`E_1\times E_2`$ generated by $`(z_1,z_2)(z_1+e_1,z_2)`$ induces a smooth projective quotient $`X`$, and a $`2:1`$ covering $`p:E_1\times E_2X`$. This $`X`$ is a hyperelliptic surface (see  V.5). The fundamental group $`\pi _1(X)`$ is isomorphic to $`G`$ and the commutative subgroup $`2\times ^3`$ of index two corresponds to the cover $`p`$. Denoting the $`/2`$-quotient of $`E_1`$ by $`e_1`$ by $`\overline{E}_1`$, we obtain a morphism $`\alpha :X\overline{E}_1`$. The induced map on the first homology groups

$$\alpha _{}:\left[H_1(X,)^2(/2)^2\right]\left[H_1(\overline{E}_1,)^2\right]$$

is an isomorphism between the free parts whereas the torsion part of $`H_1(X,)`$ is mapped to zero. Thus, the morphism $`\alpha `$ is the Albanese morphism for the surface $`X`$.

7.4 The generalized Albanese morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_2(X)`$ differs from the ordinary Albanese morphism. Let $`_2`$ be the line bundle defining the second generalized Albanese morphism $`\mathrm{alb}_2(X)`$ on $`X`$. And $`\stackrel{~}{}_1`$ be the corresponding line bundle on $`E_1\times E_2`$. Since $`\mathrm{Alb}(E_1\times E_2)=E_1\times E_2`$, the line bundle $`\stackrel{~}{}_1`$ is ample. From proposition 5.5 we deduce that $`\stackrel{~}{}_1p^{}_2`$. Thus $`_2.C>0`$ for all curves $`C`$ in $`X`$.

Since $`_2_r`$ for all $`r2`$, the equivalence relation $`__r`$ defined by the line bundles $`_r`$ is the identity relation. Thus, $`\mathrm{alb}_r=\mathrm{id}_X:XX`$ for all $`r2`$. On the other hand, the classical Albanese variety has only dimension one.

7.5 A class of examples. The above example is a special case of the following class of examples. Let $`G`$ be a finite group with $`|G|`$ elements and $`C_1`$, $`C_2`$ be two smooth projective curves with a $`G`$ action such that

| (1) | The genera $`g_{C_1}`$ and $`g_{C_2}`$ are positive; |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | $`G`$ acts free on $`C_1`$, i.e the quotient map $`C_1C_1/G`$ is étale; |
| (3) | There are no $`G`$–invariant global sections in $`H^0(C_2,\omega _{C_2})`$. This is equivalent to $`C_2/G^1`$. |

We obtain a free $`G`$–action on $`C_1\times C_2`$. Let $`X:=(C_1\times C_2)/G`$ be the quotient of this action and $`p:C_1\times C_2X`$ the projection. Since $`C_1\times C_2`$ is embedded into its Albanese variety, we deduce from proposition 5.5, that $`_{|G|}.C>0`$ for all curves $`CX`$. Thus, $`\mathrm{alb}_r=\mathrm{id}_X:XX`$ for all $`r|G|`$, whereas the classical Albanese morphism is just the map to the curve $`C_1/G`$.

Georg Hein
Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Mathematik II, Arnimallee 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
ghein@math.fu-berlin.de


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# ULTRAQUANTUM DYNAMICS11footnote 1Based on a talk presented to IARD 2002, The Third Biennial Meeting of the International Association for Relativistic Dynamics, June 24 - 26, 2002 at Howard University. A fuller account of the work is in preparation.

## 1 Segal Doctrine

A group that is not semisimple we call compound; a theory based on a compound group we also call compound. Compound theories have idols in the sense of Francis Bacon, false absolutes, which couple into other entities with no reciprocal coupling.

A group is unstable if any neighborhood of its structure tensor — defining the product on its Lie algebra — contains structure tensors of a non-isomorphic group . Then almost every group (structure tensor) in the neighborhood is non-isomorphic to the unstable group. Since measurements of structure tensors have error bars, they assign probability 0 to unstable groups. Unstable groups in physics are not based on experimental results as much as on faith in an idol.

Lie products $`\times :VVV`$ — also called structure tensors — form a quadratic submanifold $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ of the space of tensors $`VVV`$. By a contraction of a Lie algebra we mean the endpoint $`\times (0)`$ of a homotopy $`\times (p)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ with $`\times (1)=\times `$, $`\times (p)\times `$ for $`0<p1`$, and $`\times (0)\cong ̸\times `$. The concept is Segal’s, the nomenclature ours. Segal’s concept includes the Inönü-Wigner contraction as a very special case.

Segal  proposed that groups of a physical theory should be stable. He further pointed out that stability requires semisimplicity: Compounds are unstable. The Segal Doctrine suggests that any compound physical theory is a contraction of a more stable, more accurate, semisimple theory, which we call its expansion.

## 2 Examples

The standard example of group contraction and expansion is the Galileo group, in which

$$B_x\times B_y=0,R_z\times B_x=B_y,R_z\times B_y=B_x,\mathrm{}$$
(1)
Here $`B_x`$ is the boost along the $`x`$ axis, $`R_z`$ is the rotation about the $`z`$ axis, and $`A\times B:=[A,B]=ABBA`$ is a Lie product. The Galileo algebra is unstable, its idol the absolute time $`t`$. Its familiar expansion is the Lorentz group, in which now

$$B_x\times B_y=c^2R_z,R_z\times B_x=B_y,R_z\times B_y=B_x,\mathrm{}.$$
(2)
This expansion is now stable against itself: a further small change in $`c`$ makes no difference to the group. The expansion parameter is $`1/c^20`$.

Every bundle in physics implies a non-reciprocity, an idol, an instability, and a compound group. Indeed, the Galileo group is a bundle, the Lorentz is not.

For example, the point $`p=(x,y)`$ is a simple object, the chord $`(p_1,p_2)`$ is a semisimple object, the Cartesian product of two simples, but the limiting chord, the tangent vector $`(p,dp)`$, is a compound, containing the simple $`p`$ but not as a factor in a Cartesian product. The differential calculus is thus unstable, and so may be an unsuitable language for a supposedly empirical fundamental physics.

In consequence the Heisenberg Lie algebra defined by

$$p\times x=\mathrm{}i,\mathrm{}i\times p=x\times \mathrm{}i=0$$
(3)
is not simple or semisimple but compound and unstable. Its idol is $`i`$. In the seminal paper  that stimulated the paper of Inönü and Wigner , , Segal proposed an expansion that simplified the Heisenberg algebra. For homogeneity we introduce skewsymmetric operators $`\widehat{x}:=ix`$, $`\widehat{p}=ip`$ to go with $`i`$ and designate their ultraquantum expansions by $`\stackrel{˘}{x},\stackrel{˘}{p},\stackrel{˘}{i}`$. The Segal ultraquantum commutation relations are essentially

$$\stackrel{˘}{p}\times \stackrel{˘}{x}=\mathrm{}\stackrel{˘}{i},\stackrel{˘}{i}\times \stackrel{˘}{p}=\mathrm{}^{}\stackrel{˘}{x},\stackrel{˘}{x}\times \stackrel{˘}{i}=\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }\stackrel{˘}{p}.$$
(4)
The compound Heisenberg algebra has become the simple $`\text{SO}(3)`$ algebra. ($`\text{SO}(2,1)`$ is another possibility, more promising in several respects.) This ultraquantum theory has two ultraquantum constants $`\mathrm{}^{},\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }`$ in addition to the quantum constant $`\mathrm{}`$. It also goes beyond the quantum theory in that it quantizes — gives a discrete spectrum to — the canonical variables themselves. The space and time coordinates obey essentially the same commutation relations with the momentum and energy, and therefore undergo the same expansion and quantization.

## 3 Quantum Principles

By the relativity group  of a system we mean the group of all admissible frame transformations. In classical mechanics this is the canonical group of the phase space. In quantum theory it is the unitary group of the Hilbert space of the quantum system. The Segal stability criterion suggests a fundamental quantum principle :

The relativity group of the system is a simple Lie group.

We recover the part of quantum logic expressed by the ortholattice of predicates or projection operators as the lattice of simple Lie subgroups of the relativity group of the system; the orthogonality of two predicates is the commutativity of two orthogonal subgroups, element by element. It is well-known how to build the rest of the standard quantum kinematics on this ortholattice foundation. The ortholattice in question being non-distributive, the simplicity principle implies all the well-known quantum paradoxes.

Just as one may associate the unit energy intervals of the harmonic oscillator with an elementary quantum or phonon, we identify the unit intervals of the discrete ultraquantum spectrum of time with an elementary operation which we call the chronon , characterized by a fundamental unit of time $`\mathrm{X}`$ (Chi).

## 4 Standard Model

We apply the Segal criterion to the Standard Model. The elements of the theory are

* Complex numbers
* Charges: hypercharge, isospin, color $`\text{U}(1)\times \text{SU}(2)\times \text{SU}(3)`$
* Spin $`\text{S}\text{L}(2,\text{})`$
* Space-time
* Fermions
* Bosons

We have italicized the unstable compounds. The instabilities both arise from the Heisenberg commutation relations: for $`x`$ and $`_x`$ in the case of space-time, for annihilators $`\varphi `$ and creators $`\varphi ^{}`$ in the case of Bose statistics. The key idol is the $`i`$ (or 1) on the right-hand side of the canionical commutation relation. The fermion algebra is a Clifford algebra, which is stable.

The diffeomorphism group of general relativity is likewise unstable and has the same idol. Thus present physics is infested with a cluster of idols all of the same tribe.

The expansion parameters $`\mathrm{}^{},\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }`$ stabilize all these compounds if we replace every occurrence of the unstable Heisenberg quantum commutation relations by the stable ultraquantum commutation relations of Segal. Stability thus leads us to a real quantum theory rather than complex, with a large orthogonal group rather than a unitary one. The representations of this group may be found within its Clifford algebra.

Associativity is just as destabilizing as commutativity. It seems likely that experiment will eventually reveal non-associative processes underlying the present associative ones. Physically, non-associativity is a kind of binding. A powerful language for non-associative combination is set theory. There binding is represented by the Cantor brace $`\{x\}`$, which maps any set to a unit set. This defines a non-associative product: $`\{\{xy\}z\}\{x\{yz\}\}`$. We do not pursue non-associative physics at present. We introduce an ultraquantum set theory only to expand the classical set theory incorporated in the present theory of space-time.

We form the mode vector space of ultraquantum set theory by expanding the mode vector space of Fermi-Dirac statistics, a Grassmann algebra. The result is a free Clifford algebra $`\text{Cliff}V`$ over a quadratic space $`V`$. We write this as an exponential

$$\text{Cliff}V=\mathrm{𝟐}^V,$$
(5)
the quantum correspondent of the classical power-set exponential

$$\text{P}X=2^X.$$
(6)
We designate the Clifford algebra over a quadratic space with dimension $`n=n_++n_{}`$ and signature $`s=n_+n_{}`$ by $`\text{Cliff}(n_+,n_{})`$. Our $`\text{Cliff}(n_+,n_{})`$ has $`n_+`$ generators $`\gamma `$ with $`\gamma ^2=1`$ and $`n_{}`$ with $`\gamma ^2=+1`$. In particular $`\text{Cliff}(1,0)=\text{}`$.

In principle we need not give a separate meaning to the sub-symbol $`\mathrm{𝟐}`$, since we use it only in the combination $`\mathrm{𝟐}^V`$. In fact we think of $`\mathrm{𝟐}`$ as a two-dimensional Clifford algebra, either the complex numbers $`\text{Cliff}(1,0)`$ or the duplex numbers $`\text{Cliff}(0,1)`$, depending on the signature of $`V`$. $`\mathrm{𝟐}^V`$ is a Clifford product of $`\mathrm{𝟐}`$’s, complex or duplex, one for each dimension of $`V`$, with all its $`i`$’s anticommuting. For even dim $`V`$, we designate the underlying spinor module by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }:=\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟐}}^V`$. This power notation for Clifford algebras and spinors incorporates several useful combinatorial identities.

## 5 Ultraquantum Dirac Algebra

We unify in one Clifford algebra $`\text{Cliff}(3,3)^N`$ of dimension $`2^{6N}`$ the variables of space-time-momentum-energy-spin and the imaginary unit $`i`$ , a six-fold unity, putting off for the moment the unitary charges. We index Clifford generators $`\gamma ^\omega (n)\text{Cliff}(3N,3N)\text{Cliff}(3,3)^N`$, $`\omega =1,\mathrm{},6`$, $`n=1,\mathrm{},N`$. The index $`n`$ enumerates processes along the world line, a proper time variable. The usual Dirac spin $`\gamma ^\mu `$ is the “growing tip” of the world line, $`\gamma ^{\mu 5}(N)`$,

The ultraquantum variables for one spin-1/2 particle are then

$`\stackrel{˘}{i}`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\gamma ^{56}(n),`$ (7)
$`\stackrel{˘}{x}^\mu `$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{X}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\gamma ^{\mu 5}(n),`$ (9)
$`\stackrel{˘}{p}^\nu `$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{E}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\gamma ^{\nu 6}(n),`$ (11)
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }^\mu `$ $`:=`$ $`\gamma ^{\mu 5}(N).`$ (13)
In the contraction to the quantum limit of the ultraquantum theory, $`N\mathrm{},`$ $`\mathrm{X},\mathrm{E}0,`$ $`i^21,`$ we impose $`\mathrm{XE}N\frac{\mathrm{}}{2}`$. Then Alg$`(\stackrel{˘}{i},\stackrel{˘}{x},\stackrel{˘}{p})`$ contracts to the Heisenberg algebra Alg$`(i,x,p)`$ and Alg$`(\stackrel{˘}{i},\stackrel{˘}{x},\stackrel{˘}{p},\stackrel{~}{\gamma })`$ contracts to Dirac’s extension of the Heisenberg algebra, Alg$`(i,x,p,\gamma )`$.

## 6 Ultraquantum Dirac Equation

A natural expansion of the Dirac equation, with expanded symmetry group, is

$`\stackrel{~}{D}\psi `$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (14)
$`\stackrel{~}{D}`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{E}}{\mathrm{}^2}}\stackrel{˘}{S}^{\omega \rho }\stackrel{˘}{L}_{\omega \rho }`$ (15)
$``$ $`\gamma ^\mu _\mu +m_\mathrm{X}\text{ as }N\mathrm{},\mathrm{E}0,\mathrm{and}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{remains}\mathrm{finite}.`$ (16)
Here,

$`\stackrel{˘}{S}^{\omega \rho }`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{2}}\gamma ^{\omega \rho }(N+1),`$ (17)
$`\stackrel{˘}{L}_{\omega \rho }`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\gamma _{\omega \rho }(n),`$ (18)
with $`\omega ,\rho =1,\mathrm{},6,`$ and $`\mu ,\nu =1,\mathrm{},4`$.

We guess that $`m_\mathrm{X}`$ top-quark mass and $`N\mathrm{X}\stackrel{<}{_{}}`$ age of universe:

$`m_\mathrm{X}`$ $``$ $`10^2\text{ GeV}`$
$`\mathrm{X}`$ $``$ $`10^{25}\mathrm{sec}`$
$`N`$ $`\stackrel{<}{_{}}`$ $`10^{41}.`$
## 7 Cosmos Theory

Quantum theory treats of sharp filtration processes. No experimenter can carry out sharp filtration processes on the entire cosmos. How can one make a sensible cosmos theory?

Actually field theorists do this all the time. Laplace already did it. Their method was to ignore the philosophical problem and invent an imaginary exocosmic observer. We do the same.

The Segal criterion helps here: The purely operationalist theory is naive, and makes the absolute experimenter into a destabilizing idol.

Thus the first step is to renounce operationalism. Instead of the usual idealized version of the physical experimenter $`\widehat{𝐒}`$ on the system we introduce an imaginary Cosmic Experimenter $`\widehat{𝐔}`$ who inputs, propagates, and outtakes the cosmos; a quantum version of Laplace’s fictitious omniscient intellect. The CE does experiments described by unitary operators $`U`$ with matrix elements of the form

$$\tau =+T|U|\tau =T,$$
(19)
where $`2T`$ is the duration of the experiment in the proper time of the CE. We imagine $`\widehat{𝐔}`$ measures what $`\widehat{𝐒}`$ measures; and ignores (traces over) what $`\widehat{𝐒}`$ ignores: especially the proper time $`\tau `$ of the CE. Then cosmic energy $`E=(i/\mathrm{})d/d\tau `$ is a central (“superselection”) operator.

## 8 Q/Q Kinematics

Field theory began with classical fields on classical space-time (C/C), evolved to quantum fields on classical space-time (Q/C), and we can now formulate a Q/Q theory (quantum fields on quantum space-time).

Question: How do we define a field space

$$F=f^b$$
(20)
with quantum fiber and base defined by mode spaces $`f,b`$? By correspondence we demand that these spaces admit a concept of dimension with $`Dimf^b=(Dimf)^{Dimb}`$.

Answer : Set $`f=(\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟐}})^\varphi `$.

Then

$$F=f^b:=((\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟐}})^\varphi )^b=(\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟐}})^{\varphi b}.$$
(21)
For this construction the field $`f`$ must be spinorial, of course. So it is.

## 9 Qubits to Qunats

We propose to use the new algebraic structure created by the $`\mathrm{X}`$ expansion to make the observed bosons out of our fundamental fermions. Fermion occupation numbers are quantum binary numbers with eigenvalues $`b=0,1`$: qubits. A boson occupation number is a variable natural number with eigenvalues $`n=0,1,2,3,\mathrm{}`$: a qunat. We have to make qunats out of qubits.

It is easy to make “nats” (natural numbers) out of bits; evidently 1 nat = $`\mathrm{}`$ bits. Likewise 1 qunat = $`\mathrm{}`$ qubits. Here is one way of making a qunat $`(q,p)`$ from $`N`$ qubits $`\gamma (i,n)`$, $`i=0,1,2,0nN`$ in the limit $`N\mathrm{}`$:

$`\widehat{q}`$ $`=`$ $`Q\mathrm{\Sigma }_n\gamma ^{01}(n),`$ (22)
$`\widehat{p}`$ $`=`$ $`P\mathrm{\Sigma }_n\gamma ^{02}(n),`$ (23)
$`\widehat{ı}`$ $`=`$ $`N^1\mathrm{\Sigma }_n\gamma ^{12}(n),`$ (24)
$`\widehat{q}\times \widehat{p}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{i},`$ (25)
$`\widehat{ı}\times \widehat{q}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}^{}\widehat{p},`$ (26)
$`\widehat{p}\times \widehat{ı}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }\widehat{q},`$ (27)
$`\widehat{ı}^2`$ $`=`$ $`1.`$ (28)
$`2NQP`$ $`=`$ $`1,2Q=N\mathrm{},2PQ=\mathrm{}^{}.`$ (29)
Here $`\mathrm{}^{},\mathrm{}^{\prime \prime }<<1`$ are Segal ultraquantum constants and the value of the qunat is the usual oscillator Hamiltonian $`H=\frac{\omega }{2}(p^2+q^2)H_0`$ with minimum eigenvalue $`H_0`$ reset to 0 by subtraction. For finite $`J,Q,P`$, however — and this is supposedly the actuality — these are not oscillators but rotators, namely spins, and the nat is bounded by $`2l+1`$.

## 10 Covariant Finite Toy Q/Q Kinematics

The above $`\text{Cliff}(3,3)`$ is a toy: the least Clifford algebra expanding and stabilizing the Poincaré and Heisenberg Lie algebras. It doesn’t accommodate the standard model. In quantum set theory, after the Dirac algebra $`C^2=\text{Cliff}(1,3)`$ comes $`C^3=\text{Cliff}(10,6)`$, a Clifford algebra over a 16-dimensional space instead of a 6-dimensional one. The additional 10 dimensions might accommodate the GUT, and 16 resonates with the Cartan-Atiyah-Singer-Botts octal periods.

Let us apply the Q/Q field construction (21) to the $`\text{Cliff}(3,3)`$ toy:

$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`\text{Cliff}(3,3)\mathrm{𝟖},`$
$`f`$ $`=`$ $`(\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟐}})^\varphi (\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟐}})^8\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}.`$
The number of qubits per cell in this toy is 16. The main thing is that the number is finite and the theory is covariant.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

One of the authors (A.G) acknowledges support from grant no. NICHD HD39787-02. We thank Larry Horwitz for helpful suggestions.