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# Electronic Control of Spin Alignment in 𝜋-Conjugated Molecular Magnets

## Abstract

Intramolecular spin alignment in $`\pi `$-conjugated molecules is studied theoretically in a model of a Peierls-Hubbard chain coupled with two localized spins. By means of the exact diagonalization technique, we demonstrate that a spin singlet ($`S=0`$) to quartet ($`S=3/2`$) transition can be induced by electronic doping, depending on the chain length, the positions of the localized spins, and the sign of the electron-spin coupling. The calculated results provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of spin alignment recently observed in a diradical donor molecule.

Molecular magnetism has captured a large number of experimental and theoretical investigations for decades itoh ; wasserman ; rajca ; miller ; miller2 ; itoh2 . Recently Izuoka and his coworkers have succeeded in controlling intramolecular spin alignment by charge doping in a newly designed organic molecule, thianthrene bis(nitronyl nitroxide) izuoka1 . This molecule, consisting of $`\pi `$-conjugated moiety and two stable radicals, is spin singlet ($`S=0`$) in its ground state and becomes spin quartet ($`S=3/2`$) upon one-electron oxidation, i.e. one-hole doping. The control of spin alignment by photoexcitation has also been demonstrated in a similar type of molecules teki2 . The observation of such controllable intramolecular spin alignment by external stimuli offers us very alluring prospect for its future application on ultrafast light-switching or magnetic storage, because of flexibility and variety in designing $`\pi `$-conjugated molecules.

The dominant mechanism of spin alignment in the ground state of magnetic molecules has been well established as a topological rule mataga ; ovchinnikov ; lieb , based on the dynamical antiferromagnetic spin polarization effect of $`\pi `$ electrons with on-site Coulomb repulsion. However, the topological rule cannot be applied to the doped or excited molecules, and most discussions on the spin alignment control so far have been given on the basis of individual molecular orbitals sakurai ; teki2 ; matsushita ; yamanaka ; mizouchi . The purpose of the present paper, therefore, is to provide a theoretical basis for the spin alignment control by charge doping from a more general point of view. The central question is how the one-electron addition to or removal from the interacting $`\pi `$-electron system alters the correlation between the two separate localized spins.

For this purpose, we design a theoretical model to incorporate delocalized $`\pi `$-electrons and localized spins: a Peierls-Hubbard model on a $`N`$-site linear chain with two localized spins interacting with the $`\pi `$ electrons in the form of the Kondo coupling. The linear chain part corresponding to polyene is subject to electron-lattice interactions, which are taken into account in the form of the Su-Schrieff-Hegger (SSH) coupling ssh . The localized spins correspond to the unpaired electrons of stable radical groups attached to the main chain, as realized in some substituted polyacetylenes ferritto ; iwamura .

Thus, our model is presented in the Hamiltonian,

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,s}{}}t_i(C_{i,s}^{}C_{i+1,s}+h.c.)`$ (1)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}Un_{i,}n_{i,}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{K}{2}}(q_iq_{i+1})^2`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{J}{2}}(C_{i1}^{}\sigma C_{i1}𝐒_{\text{T1}}+C_{i2}^{}\sigma C_{i2}𝐒_{\text{T2}}),`$
$`t_i`$ $``$ $`t_0+\alpha (q_iq_{i+1}),`$ (2)
where $`C_{i,s}^{}`$($`C_{i,s}`$) creates (annihilates) an electron with spin $`s`$($`=`$ or $``$) on site $`i`$. The nearest-neighbor transfer integral $`t_i`$ depends on the lattice deformation with the SSH coupling constant $`\alpha `$. $`q_i`$ is the displacement of site $`i`$. $`U`$ is the on-site Coulomb repulsion energy and $`n_{i,s}C_{i,s}^{}C_{i,s}`$. $`K`$ is the elastic constant of the lattice, whose kinetic energy is neglected. We define a dimensionless coupling constant $`\lambda \alpha ^2/(t_0K)`$ and dimensionless bond-lengths $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i\alpha (q_iq_{i+1})/t_0`$. The fourth term in the r.h.s. of Eq. (1) is the exchange coupling of two localized $`1/2`$ spins ($`𝐒_{\text{T1}}`$ and $`𝐒_{\text{T2}}`$) to the spins of $`\pi `$ electrons at site $`i1`$ and $`i2`$, respectively. $`C_i^{}`$ is defined as $`(C_{i,}^{},C_{i,}^{})`$ and $`\sigma (\sigma _x,\sigma _y,\sigma _z)`$ are the Pauli matrices.

We exactly diagonalized the electronic part of the Hamiltonian in Eq. (1) by the Lanczos algorithm. Then the lattice is treated classically and optimized by means of the Hellmann-Feynman force equilibrium condition $`H/\mathrm{\Delta }_i=H/\mathrm{\Delta }_i=0`$ at zero temperature, resulting in

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_i=\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}(C_{i,s}^{}C_{i+1,s}+h.c.)`$ (3)
where $`<\mathrm{}>`$ denotes the ground state expectation value.

The alignment between the localized spins and the $`\pi `$ spins depends on the strength of the interaction parameters. Typical results are shown below with the following parameters in the unit of $`t_0`$ (on the order of eV): $`U=5.0`$, $`|J|=1.0`$ while $`\lambda `$ is allowed to vary from 0 to 0.5. The sign of $`J`$ is taken to be positive (ferromagnetic) for most of the discussions hereafter, unless the antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling $`J<0`$ is specified for comparison. The origin of positive $`J`$ has been discussed on the basis of molecular orbital calculations sakurai .

Moreover spin alignment also relies on the length of the chain and the location of sites to which the localized spins are coupled. We calculated spin correlation function, total spin, and spin gap of the ground state for various chain lengths and spin locations in order to shed light on the spin alignment of molecular systems with different structures. In our model, the open boundary condition is imposed on the $`\pi `$-conjugated system. Since our model has the electron-hole symmetry, electron doping gives the same results as hole doping. Thus we show the results for hole doping in the present paper.

First we consider the case of the two localized spins coupled to electron spins at both ends of the chain, i.e. $`i1=1`$ and $`i2=N`$. The spin correlation and the lattice deformation are plotted in Fig. 1 for both the half-filled case ($`N_e=N`$) and the single hole doped case ($`N_e=N1`$) with $`N=10`$ and $`\lambda =0.25`$ (a typical value for polyacetylene).

Figure 1(a) shows the correlations of the localized spin $`𝐒_{\text{T1}}`$ with $`\pi `$ electron spins and $`𝐒_{\text{T2}}`$. In the case of the half-filled system, the localized spins $`𝐒_{\text{T1}}`$ and $`𝐒_{\text{T2}}`$ exhibit an antiferromagnetic correlation mediated by the chain with the total spin $`S=0`$. It is straightforward to understand this antiferromagnetic spin alignment for the half-filled ground state in terms of the topological rule. Because of antiferromagnetic correlation within the chain, any couple of electron spins tend to have antiparallel alignment if there are an even number of sites between them. This spin correlation in the $`\pi `$ conjugated system together with the ferromagnetic exchange coupling $`J`$ gives rise to the antiferromagnetic alignment between the localized spins.

However, when a hole is doped into the $`\pi `$ electron system, the correlation between the localized spins becomes positive implying a ferromagnetic alignment. The spin correlation pattern in the right half of the chain ($`i6`$) is reversed by hole doping leading to the parallel alignment of the localized spins. Furthermore, the doped system turns out to be a spin quartet ($`S=3/2`$). The inset in Fig. 1(a) illustrates the alteration of spin alignment from the spin singlet to the spin quartet by such hole doping. This type of alteration corresponds to the one observed in the aforementioned thianthrene derivative izuoka1 . In the case of AF coupling ($`J<0`$), single hole doping results in similar ferromagnetic alignment between the localized spins but with the total spin $`S=1/2`$.

The calculated lattice deformation patterns in Fig. 1(b) show that bond alternation appears in the half-filled system, while in the case of hole doping, bond alternation becomes weak especially around the middle of the lattice.

The electron-lattice interaction may be a two-edged blade to the spin alignment. On one hand, it can reduce the spin correlation in the $`\pi `$ electron system because singlet pairs of electrons are formed in the dimerized lattice. On the other hand, the dimerization opens a Peierls charge gap to stabilize the system against the thermal excitation of $`\pi `$ electrons which may alter the spin structure.

We have examined the effect of electron-lattice coupling in the range of $`\lambda `$ = 0.0 - 0.5. The spin correlation and the gap energy for both the half-filled case and the doped case are plotted as functions of $`\lambda `$ in Fig. 2. The absolute value of spin correlation actually increases as $`\lambda `$ increases for the half-filled ground state. For the doped case, the spin correlation is barely affected by $`\lambda `$.

Figure 2(b) shows the $`\lambda `$ dependence of the gap energy, and an inset indicates the total spin of the first excited state as well as that of the ground state. The gap between the quartet ground state and the doublet excited state in the doped case is slightly enhanced by the electron-lattice coupling, while in the half-filled case, the gap between the singlet ground state and the triplet excited state gradually decreases with increasing $`\lambda .`$ Therefore these results show that weak electron-lattice coupling is preferable in the present case to achieve stable spin alignment control by charge doping.

As is well known, ‘$`\pi `$ topology’ is of great importance to understand the spin alignment of organic molecular system. In the present model, it includes two major factors: the size of molecules and the positions of localized spins. First we proceed to the size effect on the spin alignment. Figure 3 shows the correlations between the localized spins, the total spins, and the gap energies as functions of $`N`$ with the localized spins located at both ends of the chain. For the half-filled case, the spin correlation follows the topological rule perfectly. The systems with even numbers of sites are spin singlet ($`S=0`$) with negative correlation, while those with odd numbers of sites are spin quartet ($`S=3/2`$) with positive correlation. Furthermore, even the hole-doped systems demonstrate regular behavior with respect to the number of sites, although the topological rule is generally only valid for the ground state of the half-filled system. Thus hole doping changes the total spin in the following way: $`S=0S=3/2`$, if $`N`$ is even; $`S=3/2S=0`$, if $`N`$ is odd, as shown in the inset of Fig. 3(b). It is noted that the strength of spin correlation does not decay with increasing the chain length, although the gap energy gradually decreases as shown in Fig. 3(c). In the case of AF coupling, the total spin changes by doping as: $`S=0S=1/2`$, if $`N`$ is even; $`S=1/2S=0`$, if $`N`$ is odd.

Next we investigate the spin alignment in the case of the localized spins attached to inner sites of the chain. We pick up symmetric positions of the localized spins as $`(i1,i2)=(1,N),(2,N1),\mathrm{}`$, for $`N=10`$. The spin correlation and the total spin are plotted as functions of $`i1`$ in Fig. 4. For the half-filled case, the spin alignment is antiferromagnetic with $`S=0`$, as expected by the topological rule, since there are even numbers of sites between the coupling sites.

However, the localized spins in the doped case show positive correlation except for the location $`(i1,i2)=(5,6)`$. Furthermore, those positively correlated spins can be classified into two categories in terms of the total spin. The doped systems are spin quartet ($`S=3/2`$) for $`i1=1\text{or}3`$ but spin doublet ($`S=1/2`$) for $`i1=2\text{or}4`$. A schematic picture in the inset of Fig. 4(b) illustrates the spin alignment for these two situations. These results show that the topological rule cannot be applied to the doped cases. The molecular systems with the spin locations of $`(i1,i2)=(1,10)`$ or $`(3,8)`$ are more suitable for the purpose of spin alignment control since they exhibit large change in total spin by doping. We have found that the violation of the topological rule also in the case of AF coupling.

In the present paper we have shown the calculated results for relatively large $`U`$ and $`J`$, but even for much smaller values of these parameters the main results remain qualitatively similar except the site dependence shown in Fig. 4. A thorough and detailed analysis of calculated results including such parameter dependences will be reported elsewhere.

In summary, the spin alignment control in $`\pi `$-conjugated molecular magnets by charge doping has been studied in the theoretical model of a Peierls-Hubbard chain connected with two localized spins. It is demonstrated that one-hole doping changes the total spin of the system from $`S=0`$ to $`S=3/2`$, if the localized spins are attached to the ends of the chain with even $`N`$. The intramolecular spin alignment is not much affected by electron-lattice coupling but depends sensitively on the topological structure of the molecular system. It is worth emphasizing that the topological effect in the doped case is different from that in the half-filled case. Conjugated molecules with controlled spin alignment as discussed in the present paper have a possibility of replacing transition-metal ions in ‘molecule-based’ magnets such as Prussian-blue analogs, which exhibit photoinduced bulk magnetism sato ; kawamoto .

###### Acknowledgements.

Authors are very grateful to Prof. A. Izouka and Dr. T. Kawamoto for valuable discussions. This work was partly supported by NEDO under the Nanotechnology Materials Program.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

$`2+1`$ dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS3) is one of the recently studied examples of string theory in non-trivial backgrounds. Since AdS3 is the group manifold of special linear transformations, it can be studied using a $`SL(2,R)`$ Wess–Zumino–Witten model. However, the physical spectrum of the $`SL(2,R)`$ WZW model seemed to contain states of negative norm. A resolution to this problem is to utilize an additional symmetry, known as spectral flow, in the theory. In the context of the $`SL(2,R)`$ WZW model, this symmetry was first discussed in , where it was noted that spectral flow was necessary for the modular invariance of the theory. In , it was shown how the states with negative norm could be removed from the physical spectrum using spectral flow.

One of the possible extensions of  is to study orbifolds of AdS3 space-time. These include AdS$`{}_{3}{}^{}/Z_N`$ orbifolds, which have been examined in . Another interesting case is the Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli (BTZ) black hole , which can be obtained by quotienting AdS3 by a boost. As opposed to pure AdS3, specific features of the BTZ black hole include the appearance of space-time horizons and a region that is analogous to a space-like singularity. String theory on BTZ black holes based on the WZW model has been described in . In the context of spectral flow, the model has been analyzed by . Spectral flow in the fermionic sector has recently been discussed in .

In this letter, we consider a realization of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra using free scalar fields. The realization is given in the hyperbolic basis which is the appropriate choice for a BTZ black hole. Similar investigation has been made by Satoh  (see also ), but the discussion was limited to the principal continuous representations only. We will also clarify the role of the spectral flow in this setup. Spectral flow can be formulated as twisting of a free field in a basis where the generator of the Cartan subalgebra is diagonal. We will also discuss how the scalar field realization can be derived starting from the classical BTZ Lagrangian. We show that the values of the spectral flow parameters obtained in this way coincide with the results of a previous study .

## 2 $`SL(2,R)`$ Current Algebra

### 2.1 Realizations in the Hyperbolic Basis

Most of this subsection is a review of . The $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra in the hyperbolic basis is expressed as

$`J^2(z)J^\pm (z^{})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pm iJ^\pm (z^{})}{zz^{}}}`$
$`J^+(z)J^{}(z^{})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k}{(zz^{})^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2iJ^2(z^{})}{zz^{}}}`$ (1)
$`J^2(z)J^2(z^{})`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k/2}{(zz^{})^2}}`$
We wish to construct a realization of (1) using free fields. For the description of spectral flow, it is useful to work in a basis where the Cartan current $`J^2`$ is diagonal. A suitable realization is obtained when we introduce three bosonic scalar fields $`X_a(a=0,1,2)`$ obeying the following operator product expansion:

$$X_a(z)X_b(z^{})\eta _{ab}\mathrm{ln}(zz^{})$$
(2)
The signature of the metric $`\eta `$ is chosen to be $`\eta =\mathrm{diag}(1,1,1)`$. Then the currents satisfying (1) can be constructed as in :

$$\begin{array}{ccc}iJ^\pm & =& e^{\sqrt{2/k}X_{}}\left(\sqrt{k/2}X_0\sqrt{k^{}/2}X_2\right)\hfill \\ iJ^2& =& \sqrt{k/2}X_1\hfill \end{array}$$
(3)
where the notations $`X_\pm =X_0\pm X_1`$, $`k^{}=k2`$ have been introduced.

The energy-momentum tensor is obtained from the currents as follows:

$$T=\frac{1}{k^{}}\eta _{ab}(J^aJ^b)=\frac{1}{2}\eta ^{ab}X_aX_b+Q^2X_2$$
(4)
The resulting central charge of the system is $`c=3k/k^{}`$. We see that the energy-momentum tensor represents a system of three free fields, where the space-like field $`X_2`$ is coupled to the background charge $`Q=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k^{}}}`$. It turns out that this realization corresponds to the principal continuous representations of $`SL(2,R)`$.

Next, one would like to know what are the vertex operators in this realization. One finds

$$V_{j,J}(z)=\mathrm{exp}\left(iJ\sqrt{2/k}X_{}(z)+j\sqrt{2/k^{}}X_2(z)\right)$$
(5)
The relevant OPEs are then

$$J^2(z)V_{j,J}(z^{})\frac{J}{zz^{}}V_{j,J}(z^{}),J^\pm (z)V_{j,J}(z^{})\frac{Jij}{zz^{}}V_{j,J\pm i}(z^{})$$
(6)
The conformal weight of the vertex operator $`V_{j,J}`$ is related to the second Casimir of $`SL(2,R)`$ as

$$h_{V_{j,J}}=\frac{c_2}{k^{}}=\frac{j(j+1)}{k2}$$
(7)
In the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra, there exist operators that contain only regular terms in their operator products with the currents. These so-called screening operators are given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\eta ^\pm & =& \mathrm{exp}\left(\pm \sqrt{k/2}X_0\sqrt{k^{}/2}X_2\right)\hfill \\ S& =& X_0\mathrm{exp}\left(\sqrt{2/k^{}}X_2\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(8)
The expressions for the screening operators are determined up to constant factors and total derivatives.

This construction of a realization of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra using three scalar fields is not unique. We need another realization that corresponds to the principal discrete representations in order to fully describe the physical spectrum of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra. In this letter, we point out that this realization is obtained by making the substitutions $`X_2iX_0`$, $`X_0iX_2`$ in the previous formulae. Then the currents and the stress tensor become

$`J^\pm `$ $`=`$ $`e^{\pm \sqrt{2/k}(X_1iX_2)}\left(\sqrt{k/2}X_2\pm \sqrt{k^{}/2}X_0\right)`$
$`iJ^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{k/2}X_1`$ (9)
$`T`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta ^{ab}X_aX_b+Q^2X_0`$
with $`Q=\frac{i}{\sqrt{2k^{}}}`$. It should be noted that the field coupling to the background charge is now the time-like field $`X_0`$. The connection between this realization and the discrete representations will be established in the next section.

The vertex operator corresponding to this realization is

$$V_{j,J}(z)=\mathrm{exp}\left(ij\sqrt{2/k^{}}X_0(z)iJ\sqrt{2/k}\left(X_1(z)iX_2(z)\right)\right)$$
(10)
and it has the same dimension and satisfies the same OPEs as in the previous realization (6), (7).

### 2.2 Representations of $`SL(2,R)`$

If a holomorphic field $`X(z)`$ is coupled to a background charge $`Q`$, the mode expansion for $`X(z)`$ can be written as

$$X(z)=\widehat{q}i(\widehat{p}iQ)\mathrm{ln}z+i\underset{n0}{}\frac{\alpha _n}{n}z^n$$
(11)
The corresponding Virasoro generators are then

$$L_n=\frac{1}{2}\underset{\mathrm{}}{}\alpha _{\mathrm{}}\alpha _n\mathrm{}+iQn\alpha _n+\frac{1}{2}Q^2\delta _{n,0}$$
(12)
The $`SL(2,R)`$ invariant vacuum state $`|0`$ is invariant under the global conformal transformations, $`L_{0,\pm 1}|0=0`$. Using the realization (4), the vacuum state is found to be labeled by the background charge,

$$|0=|p^0=p^1=0,p^2=iQ=i/\sqrt{2k^{}}$$
(13)
States corresponding to the vertex operators (5), ie. the primary states, are then

$$|j;J=\underset{z0}{lim}V_{j,J}(z)|0=|p^0=p^1=\sqrt{2/k}J,p^2=i(Q\sqrt{2/k^{}}j)$$
(14)
From this expression, we see that the relation between $`j`$ and the momentum component $`p^2`$ is

$$j=\frac{1}{2}+i\sqrt{k^{}/2}p^2$$
(15)
Let us compare this with the $`j`$-values of the principal continuous representation $`\widehat{𝒞}`$ of $`SL(2,R)`$. The unitary condition of $`\widehat{𝒞}`$ is the following:

$$j=\frac{1}{2}+is,s𝐑$$
(16)
Hence we conclude that the realization (5) actually belongs to $`\widehat{𝒞}`$, since the momentum component $`p^2`$ is real.

However, we introduced another realization (10) where the background charge is coupled to a time-like field. This realization leads to a different set of vacuum and primary states:

$`|0`$ $`=`$ $`|p^1=p^2=0,p^0=iQ=1/\sqrt{2k^{}}`$ (17)
$`|j;J`$ $`=`$ $`|p^1=ip^2=\sqrt{2/k}J,p^0=iQ\sqrt{2/k^{}}j`$ (18)
The corresponding $`j`$-value is now

$$j=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{k^{}/2}p^0$$
(19)
Now, we compare this with the $`j`$-values of the discrete representations $`\widehat{𝒟}^\pm `$ of $`SL(2,R)`$. The unitarity condition

$$j<\frac{1}{2}$$
(20)
is satisfied if time is flowing forward, $`p^0>0`$.

There exists a problem with the Hilbert space of the discrete representations. Namely, their spectrum is afflicted by ghosts (states with negative norm). The ghosts appear in the discrete representations when $`j<k/2`$. The spectrum could be truncated by hand, but doing so would create a lower bound on the second Casimir $`c_2=j(j+1)`$, which is related to the mass of a state. In string theory, such a bound would be considered artificial. A way out of this conundrum was given in  using the spectral flow symmetry of the theory.

The fact that $`J^\pm `$ shifts $`J`$ by $`ij`$ as in equation (6) might first appear puzzling, but this is actually a feature of the hyperbolic basis . The operator $`J^2`$ now corresponds to a non-compact direction of the target space, and has a continuous spectrum. Therefore the states in the Hilbert space must be defined as

$$|\mathrm{\Phi }=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑J\mathrm{\Phi }(J)|j;J$$
(21)
The action of the currents $`J^2,J^\pm `$ on the states are

$`J_0^2|\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑JJ\mathrm{\Phi }(J)|j;J`$
$`J_0^+|\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑Jf(J)\mathrm{\Phi }(Ji)|j;J`$ (22)
$`J_0^{}|\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑Jg(J+i)\mathrm{\Phi }(J+i)|j;J`$
The functions $`f(J)`$, $`g(J)`$ correspond to matrix elements of $`J_0^+`$, $`J_0^{}`$.

### 2.3 Twisting and Spectral Flow

We now turn to discuss spectral flow in the free field realization. Our goal is to show how spectral flow can be interpreted as twisting of the field $`X_1`$ in the realizations introduced in section 2.1. The BTZ space-time has the topology of a solid cylinder with one compact space-like direction. Twisted sectors of the theory are generated by winding the string around the compact dimension. It will be shown in section 3 that the winding of the string can be accomplished by twisting the field $`X_1`$.

In the presence of rotation, the mode expansion for a scalar field compactified on a circle of radius $`=\mathrm{Re}R=\frac{1}{2}(R+\overline{R})`$ becomes

$$X_1(z,\overline{z})=\widehat{q}^1\frac{i}{2}(\widehat{p}^1+mR)\mathrm{ln}z\frac{i}{2}(\widehat{p}^1m\overline{R})\mathrm{ln}\overline{z}+i\underset{n0}{}\frac{1}{n}\left(\alpha _n^1z^n+\overline{\alpha }_n^1\overline{z}^n\right)$$
(23)
The imaginary part of $`R`$ is related to the intrinsic angular momentum of the rotating target space. If the system is non-rotating, $`\overline{R}=R`$. The integer $`m`$ measures the winding of the field $`X_1`$ around the compact dimension. Also, the momentum becomes quantized, $`p^1=n/`$.

The mode expansion (23) tells that twisting acts as shifting of the momentum $`p^1`$. Effectively, twisting is

$$\alpha _0^1\alpha _0^1\sqrt{2k}w,\overline{\alpha }_0^1\overline{\alpha }_0^1+\sqrt{2k}\overline{w}$$
(24)
where we have introduced $`w=mR/\sqrt{2k}`$, $`\overline{w}=m\overline{R}/\sqrt{2k}`$ for convenience. Consequently, the currents transform under (24) as

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}J^\pm (z)& & \stackrel{~}{J}^\pm (z)& =& J^\pm (z)z^{\pm iw}& ,& \overline{J}^\pm (\overline{z})& & \stackrel{~}{\overline{J}}^\pm (\overline{z})& =& \overline{J}^\pm (\overline{z})\overline{z}^{\pm i\overline{w}}\\ J^2(z)& & \stackrel{~}{J}^2(z)& =& J^2(z)+\frac{kw}{2z}& ,& \overline{J}^2(\overline{z})& & \stackrel{~}{\overline{J}}^2(\overline{z})& =& \overline{J}^2(\overline{z})\frac{k\overline{w}}{2\overline{z}}\end{array}$$
(25)
and the transformation of the energy-momentum tensor is the following:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}T(z)& & \stackrel{~}{T}(z)=T(z)+\frac{w}{z}J^2(z)+\frac{kw^2}{4z^2}\\ \overline{T}(\overline{z})& & \stackrel{~}{\overline{T}}(\overline{z})=\overline{T}(\overline{z})\frac{\overline{w}}{\overline{z}}\overline{J}^2(\overline{z})+\frac{k\overline{w}^2}{4\overline{z}^2}\end{array}$$
(26)
Notice that the this transformation is independent of the representations $`\widehat{𝒞}`$ and $`\widehat{𝒟}^\pm `$.222 Note that also the screening charges remain invariant.

The transformed currents $`\stackrel{~}{J}^a`$ satisfy the $`SL(2,R)`$ algebra (1) and the Virasoro algebra. Thus the transformation (24) generates a new representation of the current algebra, which should be taken into account when considering the Hilbert space of the theory.

In terms of modes, the transformation reads

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}J_n^\pm & & J_{n\pm iw}^\pm \hfill & & \overline{J}_n^\pm & & \overline{J}_{n\pm i\overline{w}}^\pm \hfill \\ J_n^2& & J_n^2+\frac{k}{2}w\delta _{n,0}\hfill & & \overline{J}_n^2& & \overline{J}_n^2\frac{k}{2}\overline{w}\delta _{n,0}\hfill \\ L_n& & L_n+wJ_n^2+\frac{k}{4}w^2\delta _{n,0}\hfill & & \overline{L}_n& & \overline{L}_n\overline{w}\overline{J}_n^2+\frac{k}{4}\overline{w}^2\delta _{n,0}\hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
This result is in exact agreement with . Hence we identify the transformation (24) as spectral flow in the free field realization. Because the transformation (24) is nothing but twisting, we conclude that spectral flow in the free field realization is twisting of the field $`X_1`$. A remaining task is to find out what is the compactification radius $`R`$. We will discuss this in section 3.

The importance of spectral flow comes from the fact that it can be used to eliminate the appearance of ghosts in the discrete representations of $`SL(2,R)`$. In general, the spectral flowed discrete representations are related by

$$\widehat{𝒟}_j^{\pm ,w}=\widehat{𝒟}_{k/2j}^{,\stackrel{~}{w}=1\pm w}$$
(28)
It was shown by Maldacena and Ooguri  that spectral flow naturally imposes the limit $`1/2>j>(k1)/2`$ on the values of $`j`$. Within this range of $`j`$, ghosts do not appear in the spectrum of the discrete representations. If spectral flow is taken to be a symmetry of the theory, the theory will be free of ghosts.

## 3 Lagrangian Approach

### 3.1 BTZ Coordinates

The aim here is to show explicitly how the free fields $`X_a`$ introduced in the previous section are related with the fields appearing in the sigma model form of the BTZ Lagrangian. For a correct description of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra at the quantum level, one needs to resolve some subtleties arising from the transformation of the classical Lagrangian. For the AdS3 case, similar discussion has been given in .

The BTZ metric  for a $`2+1`$ dimensional black hole is

$$ds^2=\frac{(r^2r_+^2)(r^2r_{}^2)}{r^2}dt^2+\frac{r^2dr^2}{(r^2r_+^2)(r^2r_{}^2)}+r^2\left(d\theta \frac{r_+r_{}}{r^2}dt^2\right)^2$$
(29)
Here $`r_{}`$ and $`r_+`$ are the inner and outer horizons, respectively. The angular coordinate has periodicity $`\theta \theta +2\pi `$. The time coordinate is usually taken to be non-compact, $`\mathrm{}<t<\mathrm{}`$.

The mass and the angular momentum of the black hole are given in terms of the inner and outer horizon, $`M_{BH}=r_+^2+r_{}^2`$ and $`J_{BH}=2r_+r_{}`$. For a non-rotating black hole, the inner horizon goes to zero: $`r_{}=0`$.

To proceed with the analysis, we transform the metric (29) into a more convenient form. We make an analytic continuation to Euclidean time $`t_E=it`$ and make a coordinate transformation

$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2r_+^2}{r^2r_{}^2}}}e^{(r_+r_{})(\theta it_E)}`$
$`\overline{\gamma }`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{r^2r_+^2}{r^2r_{}^2}}}e^{(r_++r_{})(\theta +it_E)}`$ (30)
$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r_+^2r_{}^2}{r^2r_{}^2}}\right)(r_+\theta +ir_{}t_E)`$
The resulting metric is the Poincare patch for Euclidean AdS3. The Lagrangian describing string propagation on this manifold can be written in the sigma model form as

$$L=k(\varphi \overline{}\varphi +e^{2\varphi }\overline{\gamma }\overline{}\gamma )$$
(31)
The level number $`k`$ has been included for the correct normalization of the path integral. The periodicity of the BTZ angular coordinate $`\theta `$ translates into the following periodic identifications for $`\gamma ,\overline{\gamma },\varphi `$:

$$\gamma (z)\gamma (z)e^{2\pi \mathrm{\Delta }_{}},\overline{\gamma }(\overline{z})\overline{\gamma }(\overline{z})e^{2\pi \mathrm{\Delta }_+},\varphi (z,\overline{z})\varphi (z,\overline{z})2\pi r_+$$
(32)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pm `$ is given in terms of the inner and outer horizon as $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pm =r_+\pm r_{}`$.

A common trick is to rewrite the Lagrangian by introducing new fields $`\beta ,\overline{\beta }`$. The original Lagrangian (31) can then be recovered from

$$L=k\varphi \overline{}\varphi \beta \overline{}\gamma \overline{\beta }\overline{\gamma }\frac{1}{k}\beta \overline{\beta }e^{2\varphi }$$
(33)
by integrating over the fields $`\beta ,\overline{\beta }`$. At quantum level, however, the above transformation leads to an anomalous factor in the functional measure. After evaluation of this factor (for details, see ), one gains the effective Lagrangian:

$$L=k^{}\varphi \overline{}\varphi \frac{\varphi }{4}\sqrt{h}R^{(2)}\beta \overline{}\gamma \overline{\beta }\overline{\gamma }\frac{1}{k}\beta \overline{\beta }e^{2\varphi }$$
(34)
Here $`R^{(2)}`$ is the scalar curvature in two dimensions. It is useful to think of the interaction term $`L_{int}=\frac{1}{k}\beta \overline{\beta }e^{2\varphi }`$ as a screening current. In the limit $`\varphi \mathrm{}`$, it can be treated perturbatively.

### 3.2 Currents

The free part of the Lagrangian (34) leads to the Wakimoto free field realization  of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra. In this realization, coordinates $`\beta ,\gamma `$ ($`\overline{\beta },\overline{\gamma }`$) constitute a holomorphic (antiholomorphic) system of bosonic ghosts. Their OPE is given by

$$\beta (z)\gamma (z^{})\frac{1}{zz^{}}$$
(35)
and a similar relation holds for the antiholomorphic fields. In the hyperbolic basis, the holomorphic currents of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra are:

$`iJ^+(z)`$ $`=`$ $`\beta (z)`$
$`iJ^{}(z)`$ $`=`$ $`((\gamma \gamma )\beta )(z)+\sqrt{2k^{}}(\gamma \varphi )(z)+k\gamma (z)`$ (36)
$`iJ^2(z)`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma \beta )(z)+\sqrt{k^{}/2}\varphi (z)`$
Now, we introduce three scalar fields $`X_a`$ and (re-)bosonize the ($`\beta ,\gamma `$) system. The OPEs for the fields $`X_a`$ have been defined in (2). The transformation between $`\beta ,\gamma ,\varphi `$ and $`X_a`$ is

$`\beta (z)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\sqrt{2/k}X_{}(z)}\left(\sqrt{k/2}X_0(z)\sqrt{k^{}/2}X_2(z)\right)`$
$`\gamma (z)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\sqrt{2/k}X_{}(z)}`$ (37)
$`\varphi (z)`$ $`=`$ $`1/\sqrt{2k^{}}X_2(z)1/\sqrt{2k}X_{}(z)`$
Not surprisingly, the resulting currents and the energy-momentum tensor coincide with the ones given in the previous section (3), (4).

Next we consider the periodicity of the coordinates. From (32) we find that

$$X_{}(z)X_{}(z)+\pi \sqrt{2k}\mathrm{\Delta }_{},\stackrel{~}{X}_{}(\overline{z})\stackrel{~}{X}_{}(\overline{z})+\pi \sqrt{2k}\mathrm{\Delta }_+$$
(38)
In the spirit of the previous section, we require that the twisted sectors of the system are generated by twisting of the field $`X_1`$. The respective periodicities for holomorphic and antiholomorphic part of the coordinate $`X_1`$ are then

$$X_1(z)X_1(z)\pi \sqrt{2k}\mathrm{\Delta }_{},\stackrel{~}{X}_1(\overline{z})\stackrel{~}{X}_1(\overline{z})\pi \sqrt{2k}\mathrm{\Delta }_+$$
(39)
In this setup, $`X_0`$ and $`X_2`$ are not periodic.333 If we considered a single cover of the $`SL(2,R)`$ group manifold, the time-like coordinate $`X_0`$ would be periodic. The same periodicities are obtained for the discrete representations.

Comparing the mode expansion (23) and the spectral flow transformation (24), we find

$$w=m\mathrm{\Delta }_{},\overline{w}=m\mathrm{\Delta }_+$$
(40)
A similar relation was found in  using classical considerations.

## 4 Summary

We have examined a realization of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra in the hyperbolic basis using free scalar fields. The energy-momentum tensor of the model has a simple form, where one of the scalar fields couples to a gravitational background charge. We have shown that the realizations belong to the principal continuous representations $`\widehat{𝒞}`$ if the field coupling to the background charge is space-like, and to the principal discrete representations $`\widehat{𝒟}^\pm `$ if the coupled field is time-like. This has a nice analogy in , where it was found that long string states generated by spectral flow of space-like geodesics correspond to principal continuous representations, and short string states generated by spectral flow of time-like geodesics correspond to principal discrete representations.

We demonstrated how spectral flow could be interpreted as twisting of a free scalar field in this model. Using the BTZ Lagrangian as a starting point, we reviewed the construction of the free field realization of the $`SL(2,R)`$ current algebra. The periodic conditions of the BTZ coordinates imply that only a discrete set of values is allowed for the spectral flow parameters. These values also agree with .

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank E. Keski-Vakkuri and S. Kawai for useful discussions.


text:
# Polarization squeezing with cold atoms

## Abstract

We study the interaction of a nearly resonant linearly polarized laser beam with a cloud of cold cesium atoms in a high finesse optical cavity. We show theoretically and experimentally that the cross-Kerr effect due to the saturation of the optical transition produces quadrature squeezing on both the mean field and the orthogonally polarized vacuum mode. An interpretation of this vacuum squeezing as polarization squeezing is given and a method for measuring quantum Stokes parameters for weak beams via a local oscillator is developed.

A great deal of attention has been recently given to the quantum features of the polarization states of the light, essentially because of their connections with quantum information technology. Several theoretical schemes to produce polarization squeezing using Kerr-like media have been proposed Chirkin  and realized using optical fibers Boivin . Other experimental realizations achieve polarization squeezing by mixing squeezed vacuum (generated by an OPO) with a strong coherent beam on a polarizing beam splitter Grangier  or mixing two independent quadrature squeezed beams (generated by an OPA) on a polarizing beam splitter Bowen . Very recently it has been proposed to propagate a linearly polarized light beam through an atomic medium exhibiting self rotation to generate squeezed vacuum in the orthogonal polarization Matsko , which is equivalent to achieving polarization squeezing.
In previous works Lambrecht  the interaction between a cloud of cold cesium atoms placed in a high finesse optical cavity and a circularly polarized laser beam nearly resonant with an atomic transition has been studied. Because of optical pumping, the atomic medium is conveniently modelled by an ensemble of two-level atoms. The saturation of the optical transition gives rise to an intensity-dependent refraction index. It is well known that the interaction of the light with a Kerr-like medium produces bistable behavior of the light transmitted by the cavity and that, at the turning point of the bistability curve, the quantum fluctuations of the light can be strongly modified and generate quadrature squeezing hilico . A noise reduction of 40% has thus been observed in our group Lambrecht .
In this paper we focus on the theoretical and experimental investigation of polarization squeezing via the interaction of a linearly polarized laser beam with cold cesium atoms. In this configuration, the two-level atom model is no longer applicable and the situation much more complicated. We describe the interaction between light and the atomic medium by means of an X-like four-level quantum model based on the linear input-output method. Our theoretical analysis shows clearly that competitive optical pumping may result in polarization switching, and polarization squeezing is predicted by the model Josse . In agreement with the model we observe quadrature squeezing in the probe laser mode and in the orthogonal vacuum mode. Experimentally, we obtain a polarization squeezing of $`13\%`$ and we show for the first time that the quantum Stokes parameters for very weak beams can be measured together with their phases using a local oscillator (LO). In our case squeezing is due to cross-Kerr effect induced by the mean field rather than to the polarization self-rotation responsible for polarization switching.

The configuration used in the experiment is described in detail in Lambrecht . In Fig. 1 we present the main features of the set-up. The cesium atoms are cooled in a standard magneto-optical trap which operates with three orthogonal circularly polarized trapping beam generated by a Ti:Sapphire laser and an inhomogeneous magnetic field. The trapping Ti:Sapphire laser is detuned by 3 times the linewidth of the upper state on the low frequency side of the 6S1/2, F=4 to 6P3/2, F=5 transition. To prevent atoms from being optically pumped to the 6S1/2, F=3 state, we superimpose a diode laser tuned to the 6S1/2, F=3 to 6P3/2, F=4 transition to the trapping beams. We use a 25 cm long linear cavity built around the cell. The cavity is close to the hemifocal configuration with a waist of 260 $`\mu `$m. The coupling mirror has a transmission coefficient $`T`$ of 10%, the rear mirror is highly reflecting. Hence, the cavity is close to the bad cavity limit for which the cavity linewidth ($`\kappa =5`$ MHz) is larger than the atomic linewidth ($`\gamma =2.6`$ MHz). We probe the atoms with a linearly polarized laser beam detuned by about 50 MHz in the red of the 6S1/2, F=4 to 6P3/2, F=5 transition. The optical power of the probe beam ranges from 5 to 15 $`\mu `$W. Under these conditions, the number of atoms interacting with the light beam is about $`10^6`$-$`10^7`$. The polarization of the light transmitted by the cavity is analyzed with a quarter-wave plate and a polarizing beamsplitter (PBS1), so that Vs1 and Vs2 give the amount of respectively left-handed ($`I_+`$) and right-handed ($`I_{}`$) circular light.

A typical recording of the transmitted intensities $`I_\pm `$ as a function of the cavity length is shown in Fig. 2: starting from the left up to point $`A`$, the polarization remains linear (nearly equal amount of circular polarized light on both photodiodes), then it becomes circular. This polarization switching was known to occur in Fabry-Perot cavities containing atomic vapors with degenerate sublevels in the ground state Cecchi ; Giacobino . In the experiment the probe beam is nearly resonant with the 6S1/2, F=4 to 6P3/2, F=5 transition: in principle, all the 20 Zeeman sub-levels are involved in the interaction. In order to get a qualitative physical insight into this problem, avoiding too heavy calculations, we model the atomic medium as an $`X`$-like four-level system \[see Fig. 3\].

The competitive optical pumping between the circular component $`\sigma _\pm `$ of light makes the linear polarization unstable inside the cavity above some intensity threshold. The optical pumping is responsible for polarization switching and the general shape of the cavity resonance curve \[see Fig. 2\] is well understood within this theoretical frame Josse ; Giacobino ; Cecchi . Alternatively, the polarization switching threshold may be interpreted as a laser oscillation threshold for the mode orthogonal to the main polarization mode Josse . Here, we are interested in the quantum fluctuations of the light, which can be strongly modified via the interaction with the atoms. When the polarization of the light is circular, the situation is analogous to the previous experimental scheme when the incoming field was circularly polarized Lambrecht . We will therefore focus in the following on the case for which the polarization remains linear along the $`x`$-axis. The saturation of the $`\sigma _\pm `$ components of light causes the medium to behave as a Kerr-like medium for the mean field $`\widehat{A}_x`$. In addition, the vacuum orthogonal $`\widehat{A}_y`$ mode experiences a non linear dephasing via cross-Kerr effect Boivin ; Josse . This system is then expected to generate quadrature squeezing for both modes; in the large detuning limit \[$`\mathrm{\Delta }\gamma `$\], the equation for the vacuum mode fluctuations reads Josse

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\delta \widehat{A}_y}{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`[\kappa +i(\mathrm{\Delta }_c\mathrm{\Delta }_0)]\delta \widehat{A}_y`$
$`i\mathrm{\Delta }_0{\displaystyle \frac{s_x}{2}}[2\delta \widehat{A}_y{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{A}_x^2}{|\widehat{A}_x|^2}}\delta \widehat{A}_y^{}]+{\displaystyle \frac{2\kappa }{\sqrt{T}}}\delta \widehat{A}_y^{in}`$
with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_c`$ the cavity detuning, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=2Ng^2\kappa /\mathrm{\Delta }T`$ the linear atomic dephasing, $`s_x=2g^2|\widehat{A}_x|^2/\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ the saturation parameter and $`\delta \widehat{A}_y^{in}`$ the incident field fluctuations. The cross-Kerr induced term has two contributions: a dephasing ($`|\widehat{A}_x^2\delta \widehat{A}_y`$) and the term in $`\widehat{A}_x^2\delta \widehat{A}_y^{}`$, responsible for the squeezing of this mode. A similar equation can be derived for the mean field $`\widehat{A}_x`$, for which the squeezing is then generated via the usual Kerr term ($`\widehat{A}_x^2\delta \widehat{A}_x^{}`$). These equations are valid when the large excess noise due to optical pumping can be neglected, that is for times smaller than the optical pumping time, in contrast with Matsko . Squeezing is then predicted for noise frequencies higher than the inverse optical pumping time.
Using the experimental set-up described in Fig. 1, we have measured the quadrature noise of both modes. The signal recorded at the output of the cavity (see Fig. 2) is used to lock the cavity length on the regime where the polarization remains linear. After interacting with the atoms, both fields are mainly reflected by BS and then mixed on PBS2 with a 10 mW local oscillator beam (LO). Using the half-wave plate $`\lambda /2a`$, we are able to send either the mean field mode or the orthogonal vacuum mode to PBS3 and perform the usual homodyne detection. By varying the relative phase of the LO with respect to the probe beam we can detect the noise features of all the quadratures of the field. In agreement with the theoretical predictions, we observe quadrature squeezing on both the main mode and the orthogonal mode. The results are 5% (7% after correction for optical losses, mainly due to BS) of noise reduction for the main polarization mode at 6 MHz and 13% (18% after correction) for the squeezed vacuum state at 3 MHz, as shown in Fig. 4. This system is then able to produce simultaneously two squeezed modes, for which the relatives phases are intrinsically fixed. Let us note that these two squeezed modes can be used to generate a pair of entangled beams, which will be presented in a forthcoming publication Josse2 .

In the following we focus on the study of the noise of the mode with orthogonal polarization with respect to the main mode, commonly referred to as polarization noise. The characterization of the quantum features of the polarization state relies on the measurement of the quantum Stokes parameters Korolkova . They are defined from their classical counterparts

$`\widehat{S}_0`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{A}_x^{}\widehat{A}_x+\widehat{A}_y^{}\widehat{A}_y,\widehat{S}_1=\widehat{A}_x^{}\widehat{A}_x\widehat{A}_y^{}\widehat{A}_y`$
$`\widehat{S}_2`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{A}_x^{}\widehat{A}_y+\widehat{A}_y^{}\widehat{A}_x,\widehat{S}_3=i(\widehat{A}_y^{}\widehat{A}_x\widehat{A}_x^{}\widehat{A}_y)`$
These operators obey the commutation relations $`[\widehat{S}_0,\widehat{S}_i]=0`$ and $`[\widehat{S}_i,\widehat{S}_j]=ϵ_{ijk}2i\widehat{S}_k`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$). Their spectral noise densities satisfy uncertainty relations $`V_{\widehat{S}_i}(\omega )V_{\widehat{S}_j}(\omega )|ϵ_{ijk}\widehat{S}_k|^2`$. In our case the light is linearly polarized along the $`x`$-axis, then $`\widehat{S}_0=\widehat{S}_1=\alpha _x^2`$ and $`\widehat{S}_2=\widehat{S}_3=0`$, where $`\widehat{A}_x=\alpha _x`$ is chosen real. Then the only non trivial Heisenberg inequality is $`V_{\widehat{S}_2}(\omega )V_{\widehat{S}_3}(\omega )\alpha _x^4`$. Polarization squeezing is then achieved if $`V_{\widehat{S}_2}`$ or $`V_{\widehat{S}_3}`$ is below the coherent state value $`\alpha _x^2`$. The fluctuations of $`\widehat{S}_2`$ and $`\widehat{S}_3`$ are related to the fluctuations of the quadratures of the vacuum orthogonal mode

$`\delta \widehat{S}_2=\alpha _x(\delta \widehat{A}_y^{}+\delta \widehat{A}_y),\delta \widehat{S}_3=i\alpha _x(\delta \widehat{A}_y^{}\delta \widehat{A}_y)`$ (2)
The physical meaning of the Stokes parameters fluctuations is the following: the $`\delta \widehat{S}_2`$ fluctuations lead to a geometric jitter of the polarization axis, whereas the $`\delta \widehat{S}_3`$ fluctuations are linked to ellipticity fluctuations. It can be seen from Eq. (2) that these fluctuations are related to the amplitude and phase fluctuations of $`\widehat{A}_y`$. Therefore polarization squeezing is equivalent to vacuum squeezing on the orthogonal mode.

The measurement of the Stokes parameters can be carried out directly by means of two balanced photodiodes and suitable combinations of half-wave and quarter-wave plates Korolkova . In our set-up, however, the power of the probe beam interacting with the atoms ($`10\mu `$W) is not sufficient, so that we need a LO for the detection. The fluctuations of the vacuum mode $`\widehat{A}_y`$ are measured using the homodyne detection described above. Following Eq. (2) the photocurrent can be expressed in terms of the fluctuations of $`\widehat{S}_2`$ and $`\widehat{S}_3`$:

$$\delta i_{hd}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{hd}\delta \widehat{S}_2+\mathrm{sin}\theta _{hd}\delta \widehat{S}_3\delta \widehat{S}_{\theta _{hd}}$$
(3)
where $`\theta _{hd}`$ is the relative phase between the LO and the mean field. As $`\theta _{hd}`$ is varied in time, we correspondingly detect the fluctuations of the Stokes parameter $`\widehat{S}_{\theta _{hd}}`$. For instance, $`\theta _{hd}=0`$ (respectively $`\pi /2`$) corresponds to the detection of the fluctuations of $`\widehat{S}_2`$ (respectively of $`\widehat{S}_3`$). Hence, in the experiment we can get the Stokes parameters simply by simultaneously measuring the relative phase $`\theta _{hd}`$ and the quadrature noise of the vacuum mode. This measurement is readily performed by setting the half-wave plate before PBS2 in such a way that the $`\widehat{A}_y`$ mode is sent to the homodyne detection; the mean field $`\widehat{A}_x`$ goes through the other port of the beam splitter and is detected together with a portion of the LO by a photodiode (see Fig. 1). The phase is determined via the interference signal between LO and $`\widehat{A}_x`$ ($`i_\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta _{hd})`$. The two signals $`i_\theta `$ and $`\delta i_{hd}`$ are sent to the $`XY`$ channel of the oscilloscope, giving the characteristic curves reported below.

In Fig. 5 the normalized quadrature noise of $`\widehat{A}_y`$, obtained at a noise frequency of 3 MHz, is plotted as a function of the relative phase between the mean field and the LO. In agreement with Eq. (3), it can be seen that the noise of $`\widehat{S}_2`$ is given by the extreme points $`\theta _{hd}=0,\pm \pi `$ on the diagram and that of $`\widehat{S}_3`$ by the center point $`\theta _{hd}=\pm \pi /2`$. In general, for an arbitrary squeezed quadrature, a linear combination of $`\widehat{S}_2`$ and $`\widehat{S}_3`$ is squeezed (Fig. 5a). We find that the polarization squeezing strongly depends on the operating point and on the noise frequency. For instance, in Fig. 5b, we see that $`\widehat{S}_3`$ is squeezed.

To conclude, we have demonstrated that the nearly resonant interaction of a linearly polarized laser beam with a cloud of cold atoms in an optical cavity can produce quadrature squeezing on the mean field mode and on the orthogonally polarized vacuum mode. We have shown that these results can be interpreted as polarization squeezing and developed a method to measure the quantum Stokes parameters for weak beams, using a local oscillator and a standard homodyne detection.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported by the QIPC European Project No. IST-1999-13071 (QUICOV).


text:
# Spherically symmetric space-time with the regular de Sitter center

## I  Introduction

The well known Schwarzschild metric is the vacuum spherically symmetric solution with a central singularity inevitable if conditions of validity of singularity theorems are satisfied . Any other vacuum spherically symmetric solution is reduced, by the Birkhoff theorem, to the Schwarzschild solution in the case $`T_{\mu \nu }=0`$, or to the Kottler-Trefftz solution  known as the Schwarzschild-de Sitter geometry  in the case when a cosmological constant is included.

The non-singular modification of the Schwarzschild geometry can be obtained by replacing a singularity with a regular core asymptotically de Sitter as $`r0`$. The idea goes back to the 1966 papers of Sakharov  who considered $`p=\rho `$ as the equation of state for superhigh densities, and of Gliner who suggested that a vacuum associated with the Einstein cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ ($`\mu `$-vacuum in his terms), could be a final state in a gravitational collapse .

In 1991 Morgan has considered a black hole in a simple model for quantum gravity in which quantum effects are represented by an upper cutoff on the curvature, and obtained de Sitter-like past and future cores replacing singularities . In 1992 Strominger demonstrated the possibility of natural, not ad hoc, arising of de Sitter core inside a black hole in the model of two-dimensional dilaton gravity conformally coupled to $`N`$ scalar fields .

Direct matching of Schwarzschild metric to de Sitter metric within a short transitional space-like layer of the Planckian depth  results in metrics typically with a jump at the junction surface.

In 1988 Poisson and Israel proposed to introduce a transitional layer of ”non-inflationary material” of uncertain depth where geometry can be self-regulatory and describable semiclassically down a few Planckian radii by the Einstein equations

$$G_{\mu \nu }=8\pi GT_{\mu \nu }$$
$`(1)`$
with a source term representing vacuum polarization effects .

Generic properties of ”noninflationary material” have been considered in Ref.. For a smooth de Sitter-Schwarzschild transition a source term satisfies

$$T_t^t=T_r^r;T_\theta ^\theta =T_\varphi ^\varphi $$
$`(2)`$
and the equation of state, following from $`T_{\nu ;\mu }^\mu =0`$, is

$$p_r=\rho ;p_{}=\rho \frac{r}{2}\rho ^{}$$
$`(3)`$
The stress-energy tensor with the algebraic structure (2) has an infinite set of comoving reference frames and is identified as describing a spherically symmetric vacuum $`T_{\mu \nu }^{vac}`$, invariant under boosts in the radial direction  (for review ).

The exact analytical solution was found for the case of the density profile

$$\rho (r)=\rho _0e^{r^3/r_0^2r_g};r_0^2=3/\mathrm{\Lambda };r_g=2Gm$$
$`(4)`$
describing a de Sitter-Schwarzschild transition in a simple semiclassical model for vacuum polarization in the spherically symmetric gravitational field .

In the course of Hawking evaporation a vacuum nonsingular black hole evolves towards a self-gravitating particle-like vacuum structure without horizons , kind of gravitational vacuum soliton called G-lump .

Model-independent analysis of the Einstein spherically symmetric minimally coupled equations has shown  which geometry they can describe in principle if certain general requirements are satisfied: a) regularity of metric and density at the center; b) asymptotic flatness at infinity and finiteness of the ADM mass; c) dominant energy condition for $`T_{\mu \nu }`$.

The requirements (a)-(c) define the family of asymptotically flat solutions with the regular center which includes the class of metrics asymptotically de Sitter as $`r0`$ and asymptotically Schwarzschild at large $`r`$. A source term connects de Sitter vacuum in the origin with the Minkowskli vacuum at infinity. Space-time symmetry changes smoothly from de Sitter group at the center to the Lorentz group at infinity through the radial boosts in between, and the standard formula for the ADM mass relates it (generically, since a matter source can be any from considered class) to both de Sitter vacuum trapped inside an object and breaking of space-time symmetry .

This class of metrics is extended to the case of non-zero cosmological term at infinity  corresponding to extension of the Einstein cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ to an $`r`$dependent second rank symmetric tensor $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }=8\pi GT_{\mu \nu }^{vac}`$ connecting smoothly two de Sitter vacua with different values of a cosmological constant . In this approach a constant scalar $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ associated with a vacuum density $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=8\pi G\rho _{vac}`$, becomes a tensor component $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_t^t`$ associated explicitly with a density component of a perfect fluid tensor whose vacuum properties follow from its symmetry and whose variability follows from the Bianchi identities.

In this paper we review $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ geometry and its application, but first we show that requirements leading to existence of such a geometry, can be loosed to a) regularity of density, b) finiteness of mass and c) dominant energy condition on a stress-energy tensor. This question is addressed in Section 2. In Section 3 we outline geometry asymptotically flat at infinity, de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry. Section 4 is devoted to geometry asymptotically de Sitter at both origin and infinity. Section 5 contains summary and discussion.

## II $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ geometry

### A Basic equations

A static spherically symmetric line element can be written in the form

$$ds^2=e^{\mu (r)}dt^2e^{\nu (r)}dr^2r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
$`(5)`$
where $`d\mathrm{\Omega }^2`$ is the metric of a unit 2-sphere. The metric coefficients satisfy the Einstein equations (1) which reduce to

$$\kappa T_t^t=\kappa \rho (r)=e^\nu \left(\frac{\nu ^{}}{r}\frac{1}{r^2}\right)+\frac{1}{r^2}$$
$`(6)`$
$$\kappa T_r^r=\kappa p_r(r)=e^\nu \left(\frac{\mu ^{}}{r}+\frac{1}{r^2}\right)+\frac{1}{r^2}$$
$`(7)`$
$$\kappa T_\theta ^\theta =\kappa T_\varphi ^\varphi =\kappa p_{}(r)=$$

$$e^\nu \left(\frac{\mu ^{\prime \prime }}{2}+\frac{\mu _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4}+\frac{(\mu ^{}\nu ^{})}{2r}\frac{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}{4}\right)$$
$`(8)`$
Here $`\kappa =8\pi G`$ (we adopted $`c=1`$ for simplicity), $`\rho (r)=T_t^t`$ is the energy density, $`p_r(r)=T_r^r`$ is the radial pressure, and $`p_{}(r)=T_\theta ^\theta =T_\varphi ^\varphi `$ is the tangential pressure for anisotropic perfect fluid . The prime denotes differentiation with respect to $`r`$. Integration of Eq.(6) gives

$$e^{\nu (r)}=g(r)=1\frac{2GM(r)}{r};M(r)=4\pi _0^r\rho (x)x^2𝑑x$$
$`(9)`$
whose asymptotic for large $`r`$ is $`e^\nu =12Gm/r`$, with the mass parameter

$$m=4\pi _0^{\mathrm{}}\rho (r)r^2𝑑r$$
$`(10)`$
Equations (6)-(8) give the Oppenheimer equation

$$\kappa (T_t^tT_r^r)=\kappa (p_r+\rho )=\frac{e^\nu }{r}(\nu ^{}+\mu ^{})$$
$`(11)`$
and hydrodynamic equation which generalizes the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation  to the case of different principal pressures

$$p_{}=p_r+\frac{r}{2}p_r^{}+(\rho +p_r)\frac{GM(r)+4\pi Gr^3p_r}{2(r2GM(r))}$$
$`(12)`$
To investigate the system we impose the following requirements:

a)Regularity of a density $`\rho (r)`$

b) Finiteness of the mass parameter $`m`$

c) Dominant Energy Condition (DEC) on $`T_{\mu \nu }`$

The dominant energy condition, $`T^{00}|T^{ab}|`$, $`a,b=1,2,3`$, holds if and only if

$$\rho 0;\rho p_k\rho ;k=1,2,3$$
$`(13)`$
and implies that the energy density as measured by any local observer moving along a time-like curve, is non-negative, and each principal pressure does not exceed the energy density. The Weak Energy Condition (WEC) contained in the DEC, reads $`T_{\mu \nu }\xi ^\mu \xi ^\nu 0`$ for any time-like vector $`\xi ^\mu `$, and holds if and only if

$$\rho 0,\rho +p_k0,k=1,2,3$$
$`(14)`$
The requirements a)-c) imposed on a system (6)-(8), enforce the following behavior. Finiteness of a mass (10) leads to $`\nu (r)=0`$ as $`r\mathrm{}`$, and requires a density profile $`\rho (r)`$ to vanish at infinity quicker than $`r^3`$. DEC requires $`p_k`$ to vanish equally fast or faster as $`r\mathrm{}`$. By the Oppenheimer equation (11), $`\mu ^{}=0`$ and $`\mu =`$const at infinity. Rescaling the time coordinate leads to the standard boundary condition $`\mu 0`$ as $`r\mathrm{}`$, asymptotic flatness needed to identify (10) as the ADM mass .

Regularity of density $`\rho (r=0)<\mathrm{}`$, requires the mass function $`M(r)`$ to vanish as $`r^3`$ when $`r0`$, as a result $`\nu (r)0`$ as $`r0`$. It leads also, by DEC, to regularity of pressures, then $`p_r+\rho <\mathrm{}`$ leads to $`\nu ^{}+\mu ^{}=0`$ and $`\nu +\mu =\mu (0)`$ at $`r=0`$ with $`\mu (0)`$ playing the role of the family parameter.

The weak energy condition defines, by the Oppenheimer equation (11), the sign of the sum $`\mu ^{}+\nu ^{}`$. It demands $`\mu ^{}+\nu ^{}0`$ everywhere (in the regions inside the horizons, the radial coordinate $`r`$ is time-like and $`T_t^t`$ represents a tension, $`p_r=T_t^t`$, along the axes of the space-like 3-cylinders of constant time $`r`$=const , then $`T_t^tT_r^r=(p_r+\rho )`$). As a result the function $`\mu +\nu `$ is growing from $`\mu =\mu (0)`$ at $`r=0`$ to $`\mu =0`$ at $`r\mathrm{}`$, which gives $`\mu (0)0`$ .

The example of solution from this family is boson stars  (for review ) which are regular configurations without horizons generated by a self-gravitating massive scalar field whose stress-energy tensor is essentially anisotropic, $`p_rp_{}`$.

The range of family parameter $`\mu (0)`$ includes the value $`\mu (0)=0`$. In this case the function $`\nu (r)+\mu (r)`$ is zero at $`r=0`$ and at $`r\mathrm{}`$, its derivative is non-negative, it follows that $`\nu (r)=\mu (r)`$ everywhere.

For this class of metrics behavior at $`r0`$ is dictated by the WEC. It is easily to prove  that the function $`\mu (r)+\nu (r)`$ cannot have extremum at $`r=0`$, therefore $`\mu ^{\prime \prime }+\nu ^{\prime \prime }=0`$ at $`r=0`$. It leads to $`p_r+\rho =0`$ at $`r=0`$, and in the limit $`r0`$ Eq.(12) gives $`p_{}=\rho \frac{r}{2}\rho ^{}`$. The DEC and regularity of $`\rho `$ requires $`p_k+\rho <\mathrm{}`$ and thus $`|\rho ^{}|<\mathrm{}`$. The equation of state near the center becomes $`p=\rho `$ , which gives de Sitter asymptotic as $`r0`$

$$ds^2=\left(1\frac{r_2}{r_0^2}\right)dt^2\frac{dr^2}{\left(1\frac{r_2}{r_0^2}\right)}r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
$`(15a)`$
$$T_{\mu \nu }=\rho _0g_{\mu \nu };\rho _0=\kappa ^1\mathrm{\Lambda };r_0^2=\frac{3}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$$
$`(15b)`$
where $`\rho _0=\rho (r=0)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the cosmological constant which appeared at the origin although was not present in the basic equations.

The weak energy condition $`p_{}+\rho 0`$ gives $`\rho ^{}0`$, and thus demands monotonic decreasing of a density profile. This defines the form of the metric function $`g(r)`$. In the region $`0<r<\mathrm{}`$ it has only minimum and the geometry can have not more than two horizons .

Requirements a)-c) lead thus to the existence of the class of metrics

$$ds^2=g(r)dt^2\frac{dr^2}{g(r)}r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
$`(16a)`$
$$g(r)=1\frac{R_g(r)}{r};R_g(r)=2GM(r);M(r)=4\pi _0^r\rho (x)x^2𝑑x$$
$`(16b)`$
It is asymptotically de Sitter as $`r0`$, asymptotically Schwarzschild at large $`r`$

$$ds^2=\left(1\frac{r_g}{r}\right)\frac{dr^2}{\left(1\frac{r_g}{r}\right)}r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2;r_g=2Gm$$
$`(17)`$
and has at most two horizons: a black hole horizon and an internal Cauchy horizon.

This class of metrics is extended to the case of nonzero background cosmological constant $`\lambda `$ by introducing $`T_t^t(r)=\rho (r)+(8\pi G)^1\lambda `$. The metric function

$$g(r)=1\frac{2GM(r)}{r}\frac{\lambda r^2}{3}$$
$`(18)`$
is asymptotically de Sitter at both origin and infinity, with $`\lambda `$ as $`r\mathrm{}`$ and with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }+\lambda `$ as $`r0`$. The source term evolves from $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }+\lambda )g_{\mu \nu }`$ to $`\lambda g_{\mu \nu }`$.

### B Cosmological term

For the class of metrics (16) a source term has the algebraic structure (2) . It is invariant under rotations in the $`(r,t)`$ plane, has an infinite set of comoving reference frames and is identified as describing a spherically symmetric vacuum $`T_{\mu \nu }^{vac}`$, invariant under boosts in the radial direction .

For considered class of metrics it must be asymptotically de Sitter as $`r0`$. It connects de Sitter vacuum $`T_{\mu \nu }=\rho _0g_{\mu \nu }`$ in the origin with the Minkowski vacuum $`T_{\mu \nu }=0`$ at infinity or two de Sitter vacua with different values of cosmological constant

$$\kappa ^1\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }T_{\mu \nu }^{vac}\kappa ^1\lambda g_{\mu \nu }$$
$`(19)`$
In the paper on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-variability, Overduin and Cooperstock distinguished two basic approaches to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ existing in the literature . In the first approach $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ is shifted onto the right-hand side of the Einstein equations and treated as a dynamical part of the matter content. This approach, characterized by Overduin and Cooperstock as connected to dialectic materialism of the Soviet physics school, goes back to Gliner who interpreted $`\kappa ^1\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ as vacuum stress-energy tensor , and to Zel’dovich who connected $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ with the gravitational interaction of virtual particles . The second (idealistic) approach prefers to keep $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ on the left-hand side of Eqs.(1) as geometrical entity and treat it as a constant of nature.

In any case direct association of a cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ with the vacuum stress tensor $`\rho _{vac}g_{\mu \nu };\rho _{vac}=\kappa ^1\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ seems widely accepted today .

Here we started from the Einstein equation (1) and found the case when we have on the right-hand side a stress-energy tensor describing a spherically symmetric anisotropic vacuum with variable density and pressures. Nothing would prevent from shifting $`T_{\mu \nu }^{vac}`$ to the left-hand side of Eqs.(1) and treating it as evolving geometrical entity.The Einstein equations (1) can be written in the four-indices form $`G_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }=8\pi GT_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }`$ as the equivalence relations which put the matter and geometry in direct algebraic correspondence . A variable cosmological term

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu }^{vac}$$
$`(20)`$
satisfies the Einstein equation (1) which in this case reads

$$G_\mu ^\nu +\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mu ^\nu =0$$
$`(21)`$
and the Bianchi identities determine its evolution

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\nu ;\mu }^\mu =0$$
$`(22)`$
As a result $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ satisfies the equation of state (3) with

$$\kappa \rho ^\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_t^t;\kappa p_r^\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_r^r;\kappa p_{}^\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_\theta ^\theta =\mathrm{\Lambda }_\varphi ^\varphi $$
$`(23)`$
A cosmological tensor $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ represents the extension of the algebraic structure of the Einstein cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ to an $`r`$-dependent cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ which includes $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ as the particular case $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\kappa \rho _{vac}`$=const when the full symmetry is restored, and remains $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ as proper asymptotics of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ at both regular center and infinity. In such extension the cosmological constant - scalar associated with the vacuum density - becomes a tensor component $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_t^t`$ associated explicite with the density component of vacuum stress tensor $`T_{\mu \nu }^{vac}`$ defined by its symmetry.

## III  De Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry

De Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry (for review ) is asymptotically de Sitter as $`r0`$ and asymptotically Schwarzschild as $`r\mathrm{}`$.

For the case of density profile (4) the metric and mass functions are

$$g(r)=1\frac{r_g}{r}\left(1e^{r^3/r_0^2r_g}\right);M(r)=m\left(1e^{r^3/r_0^2r_g}\right)$$
$`(24)`$
Two horizons, a black hole event horizon $`r_+`$ and an internal Cauchy horizon $`r_{}`$, are shown in Fig.1 together with two characteristic surfaces of the geometry: a zero-gravity surface $`r=r_c`$ beyond which the strong energy condition of singularities theorems  is violated (zero-gravity surface is defined by $`2\rho +r\rho ^{}=0`$), and a zero-curvature surface $`r=r_s`$ at which scalar curvature $`R(r)`$ vanishes. For the case (24) $`r_s`$ is given by

$$r_s=\left(\frac{4}{3}r_0^2r_g\right)^{1/3}=\left(\frac{m}{\pi \rho _0}\right)^{1/3}$$
$`(25)`$
and confines about 3/4 of the mass $`m`$.

Horizons come together at the value of a mass parameter $`m_{crit}`$, which puts a lower limit on a black hole mass . For the case of a density profile (4) the critical mass is

$$m_{crit}0.3m_{Pl}\sqrt{\rho _{Pl}/\rho _0}$$
$`(26)`$
For $`m<m_{crit}`$ geometry describes a self-gravitating particle-like structure without horizons. De Sitter-Schwarzschild configurations are shown in Fig.2.

For $`mm_{crit}`$ de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry describes the vacuum nonsingular black hole, and global structure of space-time shown in Fig.3, contains an infinite sequence of black and white holes whose future and past singularities are replaced with regular cores asymptotically de Sitter as $`r0`$ . It resembles the Reissner-Nordström case, but differs essentially at the surfaces $`r=0`$ which are regular surfaces of de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry.

Vacuum nonsingular black and white holes can be called $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$WH, since de Sitter vacuum ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$) appears instead of a singularity at approaching each regular surface $`r=0`$.

### A Vacuum nonsingular white hole

Replacing a Schwarzschild singularity with the regular core transforms the space-like singular surfaces $`r=0`$ of Schwarzschild geometry into the time-like regular surfaces $`r=0`$ in the future of a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH and in the past of a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$WH. In a sense this rehabilitates a white hole whose existence in a singular version has been forbidden by the cosmic censorship since a singularity open into the future of a universe $`U`$ breaks the predictability in $`U`$ . In the case of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$WH predictability is only restricted by the existence of the Cauchy horizon in de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry .

The regular core in the past of a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$WH models an early evolution of an expanding universe. The expansion starts from a regular surface $`r=0`$ with a nonsingular non-simultaneous de Sitter bang followed by a Kasner-like stage of anisotropic expansion at which most of mass is produced .

### B Baby universes inside a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH

The idea of a universe inside a black hole has been suggested by Farhi and Guth in 1987  as the idea of creation of a universe in the laboratory starting from a false vacuum bubble in the Minkowski space. They studied an expanding spherical de Sitter bubble separated by a thin wall from the outside region of the Schwarzschild geometry. The case of direct de Sitter-Schwarzschild matching corresponds to arising of a closed or semiclosed world inside a black hole .

In general case of a distributed density profile, situation is different since the global structure of space-time is essentially different. In de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry, closed or semiclosed world can arise in any of the regular cores near $`r=0`$ in the future of a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH. An infinite number of such cores inside a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH enhances the probability of arising of closed or semiclosed world inside a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH .

Global structure of space-time in case of a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH leads to additional possibilities related to instability of the de Sitter vacuum near the surface $`r=0`$. Instability of de Sitter vacuum with respect to quantum birth of a universe is well studied . The essential feature is possibility of multiple birth of causally disconnected universes from the de Sitter vacuum noted first in 1975 in the Ref . The global structure of space-time was considered in 1982 by Gott III for the case of creation of an open FRW universe . In the context of the minisuperspace model quantum birth of an open or flat universe is possible when an initial quantum fluctuation contains an admixture of radiation and strings or some other quintessence with the equation of state $`p=\rho /3`$ which mimics a curvature term. In the presence of radiation quantum tunnelling occurs from a discrete energy level with a nonzero quantized temperature . An infinite number of regular cores $`r=0`$ inside a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH enhances essentially the probability of quantum birth of baby universes inside it as a result of quantum instability of de Sitter vacuum .

### C Vacuum nonsingular black hole

A $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH emits Hawking radiation from both horizons with the Gibbons-Hawking temperature  which for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH with two horizons is given by

$$kT=\frac{\mathrm{}c}{4\pi }\left[\frac{R_g(r_h)}{r_h^2}\frac{R_g^{}(r_h)}{r_h}\right];r_h=r_+,r_{}$$
$`(27)`$
The form of the emperature-mass diagram is generic for de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry. The temperature on the BH horizon drops to zero at $`m=m_{crit}`$, while the Schwarzschild asymptotic requires $`T_+0`$ as $`m\mathrm{}`$. The temperature-mass curve has thus a maximum between $`m_{crit}`$ and $`m\mathrm{}`$. In a maximum the specific heat is broken and changes its sign testifying to a second-order phase transition in the course of Hawking evaporation and suggesting symmetry restoration to the de Sitter group in the origin .

For particular form of the density profile (4) the temperature is given by

$$T_h=\frac{\mathrm{}c}{4\pi kr_0}\left[\frac{r_0}{r_h}\frac{3r_h}{r_0}\left(1\frac{r_h}{r_g}\right)\right]$$
$`(28)`$
The mass at the maximum and the temperature of the phase transition are

$$m_{tr}0.38m_{Pl}\sqrt{\rho _{Pl}/\rho _0};T_{tr}0.2m_{Pl}\sqrt{\rho _{Pl}/\rho _0}$$
$`(29)`$
### D G-lump

For masses $`m<m_{crit}`$ de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry describes a self-gravitating particle-like vacuum structure, globally regular and globally neutral. It resembles Coleman’s lumps - non-singular, non-dissipative solutions of finite energy, holding themselves together by their own self-interaction . G-lump holds itself together by gravity due to balance between gravitational attraction outside and gravitational repulsion inside of zero-gravity surface $`r=r_c`$. For the case of density profile (4) it is perfectly localized (see Fig.4) .

Since de Sitter vacuum is trapped within a G-lump, it can be modelled by a spherical bubble with monotonically decreasing density. Its geometry is described by the metric

$$ds^2=d\tau ^2\frac{2GM(r(R,\tau ))}{r(R,\tau )}r^2(R,\tau )d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
$`(30)`$
The equation of motion  has the first integral

$$\dot{r}^2\frac{2GM(r)}{r}=f(R)$$
$`(31)`$
which resembles the equation of a particle in the potential $`V(r)=\frac{GM(r)}{r}`$, with the constant of integration $`f(R)`$ playing the role of the total energy $`f=2E`$.

A spherical bubble can be described by the minisuperspace model with a single degree of freedom . Zero-point vacuum energy for G-lump, which clearly represents an elementary spherically symmetric excitation of a vacuum defined macroscopically by its symmetry (2), is evaluated as its minimal quantized energy.

By the standard procedure of quantization the equation (26) transforms into the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in the minisuperspace

$$\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m_{Pl}}\frac{d^2\psi }{dr^2}(V(r)E)\psi =0$$
$`(32)`$
Near the minimum $`r=r_m`$ the equation (32) reduces to the equation for a harmonic oscillator with the energy $`\stackrel{~}{E}=EV(r_m)`$, and the energy spectrum is

$$E_n=\mathrm{}\omega \left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\frac{GM(r_m)}{r_m}E_{Pl}$$
$`(33)`$
where $`\omega ^2=\mathrm{\Lambda }c^2\stackrel{~}{p}_{}(r_m)`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{p}_{}`$ is the dimensionless pressure normalized to vacuum density $`\rho _0`$ at $`r=0`$; for the density profile (4) $`\stackrel{~}{p}_{}(r_m)0.2`$.

The energy of zero-point vacuum mode

$$\stackrel{~}{E}_0=\frac{\sqrt{3\stackrel{~}{p}_{}}}{2}\frac{\mathrm{}c}{r_0}$$
$`(34)`$
never exceeds the binding energy $`V(r_m)`$. It remarkably agrees with the Hawking temperature from the de Sitter horizon $`kT_H=\frac{1}{2\pi }\frac{\mathrm{}c}{r_0}`$ , representing the energy of virtual particles which could become real in the presence of the horizon. In the case of G-lump they are confined by the binding energy $`V(r_m)`$ .

### E Cosmological term as a source of mass

The mass of both G-lump and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH is directly connected to cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ by the ADM formula (9) which in this case reads

$$m=(2G)^1_0^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_t^t(r)r^2𝑑r$$
$`(35)`$
and relates mass to the de Sitter vacuum at the origin . In de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry the parameter $`m`$ is identified as a gravitational mass by flat asymptotic at infinity. A mass is related to cosmological term, since de Sitter vacuum appears as $`r0`$.

This fact does not depend on extension of a cosmological term from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$. Whichever would be a matter source (2) for this class of metrics and its interpretation (as associated with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ or not), mass is related to both de Sitter vacuum trapped inside an object, and breaking of space-time symmetry. De Sitter vacuum supplies an object with mass via smooth breaking of space-time symmetry from the de Sitter group in its center to the Lorentz group at its infinity .

This picture conforms with the basic idea of the Higgs mechanism for generation of mass via spontaneous breaking of symmetry of a scalar field vacuum. In both cases de Sitter vacuum is involved and vacuum symmetry is broken. The gravitational potential $`g(r)`$ resembles a Higgs potential (see Fig.5).

Applying de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry to estimate limits on sizes of fundamental particles whose masses are related to de Sitter vacuum through the Higgs mechanism, we get numbers close to experimental limits . Characteristic size in this geometry $`r_s`$ given by (25), depends on vacuum density at $`r=0`$ and presents modification of the Schwarzschild radius $`r_g`$ to the case when singularity is replaced by de Sitter vacuum. For the electron getting its mass from the vacuum at the electroweak scale it gives $`r_s^e10^{18}`$ cm, while the Schwarzschild radius is $`r_g^e10^{57}`$ cm which is many orders of magnitude less than $`l_{Pl}`$. In Fig.6 the geometrical lower limits on lepton sizes estimated by (25), are compared with electromagnetic (EM) and electroweak (EW) experimental upper limits. This geometry gives also reasonable upper bound on the mass of the Higgs scalar, $`m_H154`$ GeV .

## IV Two-lambda geometry

### A Types of configurations

In the case of non-zero value of cosmological constant at infinity, there are two vacuum scales, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at the center and $`\lambda <\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at infinity, and geometry has at most three horizons . These are the internal Cauchy horizon $`r_{}`$, the black hole event horizon $`r_+`$, and the cosmological horizon $`r_{++}`$. The number of horizons depends on the mass parameter $`m`$ and on the parameter $`q=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }/\lambda }`$. The horizon-mass diagram is plotted in Fig.7.

In the range of masses $`M_{cr1}<m<M_{cr2}`$, geometry has three horizons and describes a vacuum cosmological nonsingular black hole. The global structure of space-time contains an infinite sequence of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$BH and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$WH, their future and past regular cores asymptotically de Sitter with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ as $`r0`$, and asymptotically de Sitter universes with $`\lambda g_{\mu \nu }`$ as $`r\mathrm{}`$ in the regions $`𝒞𝒞`$ between cosmological horizons and space-like infinities .

Three-horizon configuration represents the nonsingular modification of the Kottler-Trefftz solution  known as the Schwarzschild-de Sitter geometry . The case $`m=M_{cr2}(r_+=r_{++})`$ is the nonsingular modification of the Nariai solution .

The case $`m=M_{cr1}(r_+=r_{})`$ is another extreme black hole state which appears due to replacing a singularity with a de Sitter core. The critical value of mass $`M_{cr1}`$ at which $`r_{}=r_+`$, puts the lower limit on a black hole mass. It practically does not depend on the parameter $`q=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }/\lambda }`$ and is given by (31).

Five types of configurations described by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ geometry are shown in Fig.8  for the case $`q\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }/\lambda }=10`$.

The case $`M=2`$ can be seen as a particle-like structure at the de Sitter background $`\lambda g_{\mu \nu }`$. On the other hand, the global structure in this case is the same as for de Sitter geometry, so that in cosmological coordinates it represents cosmological model of de Sitter type on global structure but with cosmological density $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_t^t`$ evolving from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at the beginning to $`\lambda `$ at late times. Similar case is for $`M=9`$. Those two cases differ only on dynamics (nontrivial behavior in the R region in the first case and in the T region in the second).

### B $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ dominated cosmologies

All cosmological models dominated by variable cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ belong to the Lemaitre class of cosmologies with anisotropic perfect fluid described by

$$ds^2=c^2d\tau ^2e^{\mu (R,\tau )}dR^2r^2(R,\tau )d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
$`(36)`$
and governed by equations

$$\kappa p_r^\mathrm{\Lambda }r^2=e^\mu r^22r\ddot{r}\dot{r}^21$$
$`(37a)`$
$$2\kappa p_{}^\mathrm{\Lambda }r=2e^\mu r^{\prime \prime }e^\mu r^{}\mu ^{}\dot{\mu }\dot{r}\ddot{\mu }r$$
$`(37b)`$
$$\kappa \rho ^\mathrm{\Lambda }r^2=e^\mu \left(2rr^{\prime \prime }+r^2rr^{}\mu ^{}\right)+\left(r\dot{r}\dot{\mu }+\dot{r}^2+1\right)$$
$`(37c)`$
$$e^{\mu (R,\tau )}=\frac{r_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{1+f(R)}$$
$`(37d)`$
The dot denotes differentiation with respect to $`\tau `$ and the prime with respect to $`R`$.

The equation of motion describing the evolution

$$\dot{r}^2+2r\ddot{r}+\kappa p_r^\mathrm{\Lambda }r^2=f(R)$$
$`(38)`$
It has the first integral

$$\dot{r}^2=A+e^{\mu (R,\tau )}r(R,\tau )+f(R)r$$
$`(39)`$
and the second integral

$$\tau \tau _0(R)=_{r_0}^r\sqrt{\frac{x}{A+e^{\mu (x)}x+f(R)}}𝑑x$$
$`(40)`$
Here $`\tau _0(R)`$ is an arbitrary function called the ”bang-time function”. In the case of the Tolman-Bondi dust-filled model the evolution is described by $`r(R,\tau )=(9GM(R)/2)^{1/3}(\tau \tau _0(R))^{2/3}`$, where $`\tau _0(R)`$ represents the big bang singularity surface for which $`r(R,\tau )=0`$.

Near the regular surface $`r=0`$ corresponding to $`R+\tau =\mathrm{}`$ the metric (36) takes the FRW form with the de Sitter scale factor $`a(\tau )\mathrm{cosh}(H_0\tau )`$ for $`f(R)<0`$, $`a(\tau )\mathrm{exp}(H_0\tau )`$ for $`f(R)=0`$, $`a(\tau )\mathrm{sinh}(H_0\tau )`$ for $`f(R)>0`$, where $`H_0`$ is the Hubble parameter corresponding to the initial value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The evolution starts with the nonsingular non-simultaneous de Sitter bang . The inflationary start is followed by a Kasner-type stage with contraction in the radial direction and expansion in the tangential direction

$$ds^2=d\tau ^2F(R)(\tau +R)^{2/3}dR^2a(\tau +R)^{4/3}d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
$`(41)`$
where $`F(R)`$ is a smooth regular function and $`A`$ is the constant expressed in the model parameters. This is the stage when acceleration of the ”scale factor” $`r(R,\tau )`$ changes quickly and drastically. In Fig.9 it is shown for the case of a spatially flat model with $`f(R)=0`$ .

For a certain class of observers $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ dominated models can be specified as Kantowski-Sachs models with regular R regions. For the Kantowski-Sachs observers evolution starts from horizons with a highly anisotropic ”null bang” where the volume of the spatial section vanishes. A null bung surface seems singular to a comoving observer although it is perfectly regular in the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ geometry .

In the case of the planar spatial symmetry nonsingular $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ dominated cosmologies are Bianchi type I, and in the pseudospherical case they are hyperbolic analogs of the Kantowski-Sachs models. At late times all $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ dominated models approach de Sitter asymptotic with $`\lambda <\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ .

## V Discussion

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ geometry follows from the Einstein spherically symmetric equations with imposing the requirements of finiteness of the ADM mass, regularity of density and dominant energy condition on stress-energy tensor $`T_{\mu \nu }`$, identified, by its symmetry, with the spherically symmetric vacuum associated with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$. Dependently on the choice of coordinates and range of parameters, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$ geometry describes vacuum nonsingular black and white holes, particle-like vacuum structures, and cosmologies with evolving vacuum density.

The inflationary cosmology specified various matter sources associated with the Einstein cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }`$ (for review ).

The question whether a regular black hole can be obtained as a false vacuum configuration described by $`S=d^4x\sqrt{g}\left[R+(\varphi )^22V(\varphi )\right]`$ with a scalar field potential $`V(\varphi )`$, is addressed in the ”no-go theorem” : Asymptotically flat regular black hole solutions are absent for any non-negative potential $`V(\varphi )`$. This result has been generalized to the theory with the action $`S=d^4x\sqrt{g}\left[R+F[(\varphi )^2,\varphi ]\right]`$, where $`F`$ is an arbitrary function, to the multi-scalar theories of sigma-model type, and to scalar-tensor and curvature-nonlinear gravity theories . It has been shown that the only possible regular solutions are either de Sitter-like with a single cosmological horizon or those without horizons, including asymptotically flat ones. The latter do not exist for $`V(\varphi )0`$, so that the set of causal false vacuum structures is the same as known for $`\varphi =const`$ case, namely Minkowski (or anti-de Sitter), Schwarzschild, de Sitter, and Schwarzschild-de Sitter , and thus does not include de Sitter-Schwarzschild configurations.

In the case of complex massive scalar field the regular structures can be obtained in the minimally coupled theory with positive $`V(\varphi )`$ . The best example is boson stars ( and references therein), but in this case algebraic structure of the stress-energy tensor does not satisfy Eq.(21), and asymptotic at $`r=0`$ is not de Sitter.

The stress-energy tensor of structure (2) gives the regular magnetic monopole solution in nonlinear electrodynamics . This is the first candidate for a matter source associated with the variable cosmological term $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mu \nu }`$.

## Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research through the grant 5P03D.007.20 and through the grant for UWM.