text:
# Algebraic 𝐾-theory view on 𝐾𝐾-theory

## Introduction

In noncommutative topology and differential geometry one of the major interest is finding topological invariants of some class of noncommutative algebras. One of the useful and powerful tool is Kasparov $`KK`$theory. So, its comprehensive studying, by methods of other mathematical theories, may be considered as interesting problem.

In the article , it is compendiously given account of the calculation of Kasparov’s $`KK`$-groups by algebraic $`K`$-groups. In this paper we we should like to describe it in detail.

In very first view on the problem calculation of $`KK`$-theory by algebraic $`K`$-theory seems to be improbable. There are some reasons. On the one hand, algebraic $`K`$-theory of an algebra is in general quite hard to calculate. On the other hand, the problem mentioned above seem seems impossible from the view of Kasparov $`KK`$-theory.

The key to solve the problem is to find suitable object which is sensible for both algebraic $`K`$-theory and $`KK`$-theory. In this paper we make accent on the $`C^{}`$-category $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$, where $`A`$ is separable and $`B`$ is $`\sigma `$-unital real or complex $`C^{}`$-algebras with action of a fix compact second countable group. Stimulation factor is that, it was proved in the paper , for the complex algebras case, the existence of an isomorphism, up to a dimensional shift, between the topological $`K`$-theory of the $`C^{}`$-category $`\mathrm{Rep}(A;B)`$ and Kasparov’s groups $`KK`$-groups:

(0.1)
$$KK_n(A,B)=K_{n+1}^t(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)).$$

As it was pointed out in , one offers, both in real and complex cases, to define algebraic, as well as topological, bivariant $`KK`$-theories by the formulas

(0.2)
$$KK_n^a(A,B)=K_{n+1}^a(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B))\mathrm{and}KK_n^t(A,B)=K_{n+1}^a(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)),$$

where $`K_n^a`$ and $`K_n^t`$ are variants of algebraic and topological $`K`$-theories respectively, which will be considered below.

To solve our problem we compare three family of contravariant functors. These are

(0.3)
$$\{KK_{n+1}^a(;B)\}_{nZ},\{KK_{n+1}^t(;B)\}_{nZ},\{KK_n(;B)\}_{nZ}.$$

One of the main our result is that all these three families are so called Cuntz-Bott cohomology theories (see definition and properties in Section 3). By Corollary 3.5 the problem comparison is reduced in a fixed dimension, where the solation of problem is not difficult. So, our main result shows that algebraic and topological $`K`$-theories of $`\mathrm{Rep}(A;B)`$ are essential isomorphic to the Kasparov $`KK(A;B)`$.

Below we shall describe the content of paper.

In the first section there are some definitions, constructions and properties of $`C^{}`$-categories and $`C^{}`$-categoroidies. These are the objects which help us to formulate some working principles and interpretations, used in the next sections. In particular, here we construct category $`\mathrm{Rep}(A;B)`$ that is the main subject of our research. Mainly, the material in this section is given without proof and we refer  for details.

In the next sections we’ll need Higson’s homotopy invariance theorem. Since the complexity of $`C^{}`$-algebras is significant to prove Lemma 3.1.2 and Theorem 3.11 of , we couldn’t dissemination the proof of it for real $`C^{}`$-algebras. The purpose of the Section 2 is to show that it can be deduced from Kasparov’s homotopy invariant theorem, both for real and complex algebras. This fact is enough for our purposes.

The next main fact, used in the solution of our problem, is Cuntz-Bott periodicity theorem . We have shown it in the weaker conditions then those are in . A family of contravariant functors satisfying this conditions we’ll call Cuntz-Bott cohomology. From Cuntz-Bott periodicity theorem we deduce very simple but useful principle: Let $`𝔼`$ and $`𝔼^{}`$ are Cuntz-Bott (co)homology theories. If there exists natural isomorphism $`\mu _m:E_mE_m^{}`$ for some $`mZ`$, then there exists natural isomorphism

$$\mu _n:E_nE_n^{}$$

for all $`nZ`$ (Corollary 3.3).

Excision properties of KK-theory, which was proved in , tells us that $`KK`$theory is Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory relative to the first argument, and Cuntz-Bott homology relative to the second argument.

In the next two sections we study an interpretation of algebraic and topological $`K`$-theories of $`C^{}`$-categories. According to this interpretation, we define algebraic and topological $`K`$-groups for, so called, $`C^{}`$-categoroids. Our definition is a modification of some arguments from , , . Let us consider it more in detail.

Let $`a`$ and $`a^{}`$ be objects in an additive $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$ and $`I`$ be a closed ideal. We say that $`aa^{}`$ if there exists a morphism $`s:aa^{}`$ such that $`s^{}s=1_a`$ (such type morphism is said to be isometry). Denote by $`(a)`$ (resp. $`I(a)`$) the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`\mathrm{hom}_A(a,a)`$ (resp $`\mathrm{hom}_I(a,a)`$). We have a correctly defined inductive system of abelian groups $`\{K_n^a(L(a)),\sigma _{aa^{}}\}_a`$ and $`\{K_n^t(I(a)),\sigma _{aa^{}}\}_a`$, where $`K_n^a`$ (resp. $`K_n^t`$) are usual algebraic (resp. topological) $`K`$-theory groups of the algebra (resp. $`C^{}`$-algebra) $`(a)`$. We suppose that

$$K_n^a(A)=\underset{}{lim}_aK_n^a((a))(\mathrm{resp}.)K_n^t(A)=\underset{}{lim}_aK_n^t((a))).$$

So defined algebraic $`K`$-groups are naturally isomorphic to the Quillen’s $`K`$-groups $`K_n^Q(A)`$ (with respect to the class of all split short exact sequences), when $`n0`$; and the case topological $`K`$-theory gives us an interpretation Karoubi’s topological $`K`$-theory, . One can generalize this definition for an ideal $`I`$ which does not depend on the choice of the enveloping additive $`C^{}`$-category of $`I`$. These $`K`$-theories have excision property generalizing the analogous property of algebraic and topological $`K`$-theories of $`C^{}`$-algebras, , . There is a natural transformation $`\theta _n:K_n^aK_n^t`$ which is a generalization of the classical natural transformation between algebraic and topological $`K`$-theories.

The section 6 of the paper is relatively difficult. In this part we’ll show that

$$\{KK_n^a(;B)\}_{nZ},\mathrm{and}\{KK_{n+1}^t(;B)\}_{nZ}$$

have weak excision property.

In the section 7 we’ll prove our main result which says that all three theories 0.3 are isomorphic Cuntz-Bott cohomology theories.

## 1. $`C^{}`$-categories and $`C^{}`$categoroids

In this section we give some elementary properties of $`C^{}`$-categories and $`C^{}`$ -categoroids, a natural categorical generalization of unital $`C^{}`$ -algebras and $`C^{}`$-algebras. We’ll mainly give basic definitions, constructions and properties without proofs here but we indicate for details the article .

Recall that the diagram scheme $`D`$ consists a class of objects $`\mathrm{Ob}D`$ and a set $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ for any $`a,b\mathrm{Ob}D`$. By a $`k`$-scheme  we mean a diagram scheme $`D`$ such that $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ has the structure of a $`k`$-linear space, where $`k=`$ or $``$, the fields of real and complex numbers respectively. $`D`$ is called an involutive $`k`$-scheme if:

* an anti-linear map $`:\mathrm{hom}(a,b)\mathrm{hom}(b,a)`$ is given for each $`a,b\mathrm{Ob}D`$.
* the bilinear composition law

$`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)\times \mathrm{hom}(b,a)`$ $`\mathrm{hom}(a,a)`$
$`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)\times \mathrm{hom}(b,b)`$ $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$
$`\mathrm{hom}(a,a)\times \mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$
is associative for any $`a,b\mathrm{Ob}D`$.
* $`(f^{})^{}=f`$, and $`(fg)^{}=g^{}f^{}`$ if the composition $`fg`$ exists.

###### Definition 1.1.

By a $`C^{}`$-scheme is meant an involutive $`k`$-scheme $`D`$ such that:

$`1)`$ $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ is a Banach space; $`2)`$ involution is isometry; $`3)`$ $`f^2f^{}f+g^{}g^2`$ for any $`f\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ and $`g\mathrm{hom}(a,b^{})`$  ; $`4)`$ the morphism $`f^{}f`$ is a positive element in the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`\mathrm{hom}(a,a)`$ for any $`f\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ and $`a,bObD`$.

A diagram scheme $`𝒟`$ is called a categoroid if it satisfies all the axioms of category except the existence of identities of objects. Let $`a`$ and $`b`$ be objects from $`𝒟`$. Then $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ denotes a set of morphisms from $`a`$ to $`b.`$ The definition of morphisms between categoroids is analogous to that of a functor, and is called a functoroid. If $`:DD^{}`$ is a functoroid of categoroids and there exists composition of morphisms $`f,g`$ in $`𝒟`$, then $`(fg)=(f)(g).`$

###### Definition 1.2.

A categoroid $`A`$ is called a $`C^{}`$-categoroid if it has the structure of a $`C^{}`$-scheme such that
1) the composition of morphisms is bilinear and $`fgfg`$ if there exists composition of $`f`$ and $`g`$;
2) If $`A`$ is both a category and a $`C^{}`$-categoroid, then it is called a $`C^{}`$-category.

Remark./ With the term ”$`C^{}`$-categoroid” will mean a $`C^{}`$-categoroid with a small underlying categoroid, while the term ”large $`C^{}`$-categoroid” will mean a $`C^{}`$-categoroid with a usual underlying categoroid.

$`1)`$ The category with all Hilbert spaces as objects and all bounded linear maps as morphisms is a large $`C^{}`$-category denoted by $``$.

$`2)`$ Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra. The category $`(A)`$ with all right $`A`$-modules as objects and all bounded $`A`$-linear maps with adjoint as morphisms is a large $`C^{}`$-category.

$`3)`$ $`C^{}`$-algebra is a $`C^{}`$-categoroid with one object $``$ and elements of the $`C^{}`$-algebra as morphisms.

$`4)`$ The category of Hilbert spaces as objects and compact linear maps as morphisms has the structure of a large $`C^{}`$-categoroid.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be $`C^{}`$-categoroids. A $``$-functoroid $`:AB`$ is given if $``$ maps the objects and morphisms of $`A`$ into the objects and morphisms of $`B`$, respectively, so that:

$`\mathrm{a}`$) $`(fg)=(f)(g)`$;

$`\mathrm{b}`$) $`(f+g)=(f)+(g)`$;

$`\mathrm{c}`$) $`(\lambda f)=\lambda (f);`$

$`\mathrm{d}`$) $`(f^{})=(f)^{}`$ when the left side is defined.

If $`A`$ and $`B`$ are categories and $`(1_a)=1_{(1_a)}`$ for any $`a\mathrm{Ob}A`$, then $``$ is called a $``$-functor. We say that a $``$-functoroid between $`C^{}`$-categoroids is faithful if canonical maps between objects and between morphisms are injections.

Any $``$-functoroid is norm decreasing. Moreover, the faithful $``$-functoroid is norm preserving.

### 1.1. An Ideal and the Smallest Categorization

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid and $`I\mathrm{Mor}A`$. Let $`(a,b)_I=\mathrm{hom}(a,b)I`$. Then $`I`$ is called a left ideal if $`(a,b)_I`$ is a linear subspace of $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ and $`f(a,b)_I,g\mathrm{hom}(b,c)`$ implies $`gf(a,c)_I`$. A right ideal is defined similarly. $`I`$ is a two-sided ideal if it is both a left and a right ideal. An ideal $`I`$ is closed if $`(a,b)_I`$ is closed in $`\mathrm{hom}(a,b)`$ for each pair of objects. $`I`$ determines an equivalence relation on the morphisms of $`A:fg`$, if $`fgI`$. If $`I=I^{}`$ is an ideal of $`A`$, the set of equivalence classes $`A/I`$ can be made into a $``$-categoroid in a unique way by requiring that the canonical map $`f\overline{f}`$ of $`AA/I`$ be a $``$-functoroid. $`A/I`$ can be made into a normed $``$-categoroid by defining

$$|\overline{f}|=\underset{g\overline{f}}{sup}|g|.$$

Arguing as for $`C^{}`$-algebras, one can show that if $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid and $`I`$ a closed two-sided ideal of $`A`$. Then $`I=I^{}`$ and $`A/I`$ is a $`C^{}`$-categoroid.

An ideal $`I`$ in $`A`$ is called essential if the intersection $`IJ0`$ for each nonzero ideal $`JA`$.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid. $`C^{}`$-category $`B`$ is called categorization of $`A`$ if $`A`$ is contained in $`B`$ as an essential ideal.

There exists the smallest categorization $`A^+`$ of $`A`$. This $`C^{}`$-category has the same objects as $`A`$, while $`\mathrm{hom}_{A^+}(a,a)=\mathrm{hom}_A(a,a)^+`$ if the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`\mathrm{hom}(a,a)`$ is non-unital and remains otherwise.

### 1.2. Realization of a $`C^{}`$-Categoroid

Any $``$-functoroid $`:A(B)`$ is called a representation, where $`(B)`$ is a large $`C^{}`$-category of right Hilbert $`B`$-modules over the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`B`$ and $`B`$-linear maps which have adjoint. If $``$ is faithful, then it is called a faithful representation or an $``$-imbedding.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid. There exist a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`𝒜`$ and a faithful representation

(1.1)
$$:A(𝒜).$$

### 1.3. Stable $`C^{}`$-Algebra of a $`C^{}`$-Categoroid and Its Representation

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid and $`S^0(A)`$ be a $``$-algebra of finite $`I\times I`$-matrices, i.e., of matrices ($`a_{ij})_{i,jI}`$ with only finite nonzero entries, where $`a_{ij}:ij`$ is a morphism and $`I`$ is the set of objects of $`A`$. As it was pointed above there exists a faithful $``$-functoroid from $`A`$ into the $`C^{}`$-category of Hilbert $`𝒜`$-modules and bounded $`𝒜`$-homomorphisms, i.e., there is an injection $``$-functoroid on objects and morphisms. Hence there exists a $``$-monomorphism of $`S^0(A)`$ into $`L_𝒜(_iE_i)`$, where $`L_𝒜(E_i)`$ is an $`C^{}`$-algebra of all bounded $`𝒜`$-homomorphisms on $`_iE_i`$ which have adjoint. Therefore $`S^0(A)`$ has a (unique) $`C^{}`$-norm induced by $`L_𝒜(E_i)`$. A completion of $`S^0(A)`$ gives a $`C^{}`$-algebra $`S(A)`$ called a stable $`C^{}`$-algebra of the $`C^{}`$-categoroid $`A`$.

Let $`L=\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_n\}`$ be a finite subset of objects from $`A`$, and $`A_L`$ be a full $`C^{}`$-sub-categoroid of $`A`$ with $`L`$ as a set of objects. If $`R`$ is another finite subset of $`\mathrm{Ob}A`$ and $`LR`$, then we have the canonical $``$-homomorphism $`i_{LR}:S^0(A_L)S^0(A_R)`$ defined by $`(f_{ij})(g_{kl})`$, where $`g_{kl}=f_{ij}`$ for $`(k,l)=(i,j)`$, and is zero otherwise. Thus we obtain the direct system $`\{S^0(A_L),i_{LR}\}`$of pre-$`C^{}`$-algebras. One has the following statements:

$`\mathrm{a}`$) Each element from $`S(A)`$ can be represented as the $`I\times I`$-matrix $`(a_{kl})`$, where $`a_{kl}\mathrm{hom}(k,l).`$

$`\mathrm{b}`$) Let $`L=\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_n\}`$ be a finite subset of objects from $`A`$, and $`A_L`$ be a full $`C^{}`$-sub-categoroid of $`A`$ with $`L`$ as a set of objects. Then $`S^0(A_L)`$ is a $`C^{}`$-algebra.

$`\mathrm{c}`$) A stable $`C^{}`$-algebra $`S(A)`$ is the direct limit of the direct system $`\{S^0(A_L),i_{LR}\}`$ of $`C^{}`$-algebras.

### 1.4.  Multiplier $`C^{}`$-Category of a $`C^{}`$-Categoroid

To construct a multiplier category, we need the following definition.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`P=\{p_i\}_{iI}`$ be a set of projections of $`M(A)`$. We say that $`P`$ is a strictly complete set of projections if:

1. $`P`$ is orthogonal, i.e., $`p_ip_j=0`$ for every $`ij`$ from $`I`$;
2. the net $`\{p_l\}`$ converges strictly to $`1`$, where $`l`$ is a finite subset of $`I`$ and $`p_l=\underset{al}{}p_a`$; This means that $`\underset{aI}{}p_a=1`$ in the strict topology of $`M(A)`$.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid. A $`C^{}`$-category $`M(A)`$ is called a multiplier $`C^{}`$-category of $`A`$ if $`A`$ is a closed two-sided ideal in $`M(A)`$ and has following universal property: let $`D`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid containing $`A`$ as a closed two-sided ideal; then there exists a unique $``$-functoroid $`d:DM(A)`$ which is the identity map on $`A`$, such that the diagram

(1.2)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}A& & M(A)\\ & & \\ D& & \end{array}$$

is commutative.

Now, we want to construct the multiplier $`C^{}`$-category for any $`C^{}`$-categoroid.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid. There is an orthogonal strictly complete set of projections $`𝒫=\{p_a\}_{a\mathrm{Ob}A}`$ in $`M(S(A))`$. Indeed, let $`A^+`$ be the smallest categorization of $`A.`$ Since $`S(A)`$ is an essential ideal in $`S(A^+)`$ the canonical $``$-homomorphism $`S(A^+)M(S(A))`$ is injective. For each object $`aA^+`$ there is the identity morphism $`1_a`$ which gives a set of orthogonal projections $`\{p_a\}_{a\mathrm{Ob}A}S(A^+)`$. (The image of $`1_a`$ in $`M(S(A))`$ is denoted by $`p_a)`$. The sums $`p_l=\underset{al}{}p_a`$ are projections for any finite set $`l`$ of objects in $`A`$. Thus we have a set of projections $`\{p_l\}`$ in $`S(A^+)`$ and $`M(S(A))`$. It can be easily shown that $`\{p_l\}`$ is approximate unit for $`S(A^+)`$ so that $`\{1_l\}1`$ strictly in $`M(S(A^+))`$. On the other hand, we have the strictly continuous unital homomorphism $`M(S(A^+))M(S(A))`$ since $`S(A)`$ is an essential ideal in $`S(A^+)`$. Thus $`\{p_l\}`$ converges strictly to $`1`$ in $`M(S(A))`$.

The set of projections $`\{p_a\}_{a\mathrm{ob}A}`$ is called the standard complete set of projections in $`M(S(A))`$. Let $`M(A)`$ be a $`C^{}`$-category with $`\mathrm{Ob}A`$ as the set of objects and the set of elements of the form $`p_a^{}fp_a`$ from $`M(S(A))`$ as the set of morphisms from $`a`$ to $`a^{}`$. The $`C^{}`$-structure is induced by the corresponding structure of $`M(S(A))`$.

The sub-category consisting elements from $`S(A)`$ with property $`x=p_a^{}xp_a`$ form a closed two-sided ideal $`𝒜`$ in $`M(A)`$ which is naturally isomorphic to $`A`$.

Let $`B`$ be a $`C^{}`$-category and $`A`$ be a closed ideal in $`B`$. The category $`B`$ is the multiplier $`C^{}`$-category of $`A`$ if and only if for any set with two objects $`R=\{a,a^{}\}`$ of $`\mathrm{Ob}B`$ the canonical $``$-homomorphism $`S(B|_R)M(S(A|_R)`$ is an isomorphism.

### 1.5. Existence of Direct Limits in the Category Categoroids

Let $`^{}`$ be the category of $`C^{}`$-categoroids and $``$-functoroids. Bellow we’ll prove existence of direct limits of $`C^{}`$-categoroids over directed sets.

Let $`S`$ be a directed set and $`\{A_\alpha ,\tau _{\alpha \beta }\}`$ be an inductive system of $`C^{}`$-categoroids. Let $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }`$ be monomorphisms on morphisms, i.e. $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }(a)=0`$ iff $`a=0`$, for all $`\alpha \beta `$. Let $`A^{}`$ be the categoroid with $`\mathrm{Ob}A^{}=\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}_\alpha \mathrm{Ob}A_\alpha `$ and $`\mathrm{hom}_A^{}([A_\alpha ],[A_\alpha ^{}])=\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}_\alpha (A_\alpha ,A_\alpha ^{})`$. It is clear that $`A^{}`$ is a $``$-categoroid. Since $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }`$ are monomorphisms one can define

$$[f_\alpha ]=f_\alpha $$

for all $`\alpha `$, which gives a pre-$`C^{}`$-norm structure on $`\mathrm{hom}_A^{}([A_\alpha ],[A_\alpha ^{}])`$. So after completion we have $`\mathrm{hom}([A_\alpha ],[A_\alpha ^{}])`$. One gets in such a way a $`C^{}`$-categoroid $`A`$ is obtained. For each $`\alpha `$ we have the $``$-functoroid $`\tau _\alpha :A_\alpha A`$.

Let us now consider the general case. For each $`A_\alpha `$ let $`I_{\alpha \beta }`$ be the $`C^{}`$-ideal $`\mathrm{ker}\tau _{\beta \alpha }`$ in $`A_\alpha `$. It is clear that $`I_{\alpha \beta }I_{\alpha \gamma }`$ if $`\beta \gamma `$. Thus $`\{I_{\alpha \beta }\}`$ is a direct system of ideals and $`I_\alpha =\overline{_\beta I_{\alpha \beta }}`$ is a two-sided ideal in $`A_\alpha `$. Put $`A_\alpha ^{}=A_\alpha /I_\alpha `$. Since $`I_\alpha =\tau _{\beta \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(I_\beta )`$, the induced $``$-functor $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }^{}:A_\alpha ^{}A_\beta ^{}`$ is a $``$-mono-functor. As above, $`\{A_\alpha ^{},\tau _{\alpha \beta }^{}\}`$ produces $`\{A^{},\tau _\alpha ^{}\}`$, which is the direct limit. Let us show that the pair $`\{A^{},\tau _\alpha ^{}k_\alpha \}`$, where $`k_\alpha :A_\alpha A_\alpha ^{}`$ is the canonical $``$-functoroid, is the direct limit of $`\{A_\alpha ,\tau _{\alpha \beta }\}`$. We have the commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}A_\alpha & \stackrel{\tau _{\alpha \beta }}{}& A_\beta \\ ^{k_\alpha }& & ^{k_\beta }\\ A_\alpha ^{}& \stackrel{\tau _{\alpha \beta }^{}}{}& A_\beta ^{}\end{array}$$

If $`\{B,\nu _\alpha \}`$ is a direct system such that

(1) $`\nu _\alpha :A_\alpha B`$ is $``$-functoroid;

(2) $`\nu _\alpha =\nu _\beta \tau _{\alpha \beta }`$, then $`\mathrm{ker}\nu _\alpha \tau _{\beta \alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{ker}\nu _\beta )\mathrm{ker}\tau _{\beta \alpha }`$, so $`\mathrm{ker}\nu _\alpha I_\alpha `$.

Hence there are $``$-functoroids $`\nu _\alpha ^{}`$ such that $`\nu _\alpha =k_\alpha \nu _\alpha ^{}`$; on the other hand $`\nu _\alpha ^{}=\tau _{\beta \alpha }^{}\nu _\beta ^{}`$. Thus there is a canonical $``$-functoroid $`\nu :A^{}B`$ such that $`\nu \tau _\alpha =\nu _\alpha `$.

An inductive system of $`C^{}`$-categories $`\{A_\alpha ,\tau _{\alpha \beta }\}`$ and let $`\{A;\tau _\alpha \}_\alpha `$ be a set, where $`\tau _\alpha :A_\alpha A`$ is functor for each $`\alpha `$. The set $`\{A;\tau _\alpha \}_\alpha `$ is said to be

1. a direct quasi-limit if for each $`\alpha \beta `$, $`\tau _\beta \tau _{\alpha \beta }=\tau _\alpha `$;
2. filled, if for any morphism $`xA`$, the morphism $`\tau (x)`$ is invertible iff there exists $`\beta \alpha `$ such that $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }(x)`$ is invertible in $`A_\beta `$;
3. full, iff for every $`xA`$ and $`ϵ>0`$ there exist $`\alpha `$ and $`x_\alpha A_\alpha `$ such that $`\tau _\alpha (x_\alpha )x<ϵ`$.

Let $`\{A,\tau _\alpha \}`$ be the direct limit of the inductive system of $`C^{}`$-categories $`\{A_\alpha ,\tau _{\alpha \beta }\}`$. Then $`\{A,\tau _\alpha \}`$ is a filled and full direct quasi-limit. Indeed, fullness comes from the construction of the direct limit. It is also filled. Indeed, let $`a_\alpha `$ be morphisms from $`A_\alpha `$ such that $`\tau _\alpha (a_\alpha )`$ are invertible in $`A`$. Then by construction of the direct limit there exists $`\beta `$ such that $`k_\beta (\tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha ))`$ is invertible in $`A_\beta ^{}`$, hence there exists an element $`a_\beta `$ such that $`k_\beta (a_\beta )`$ is inverse of $`k_\beta (\tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha ))`$. Thus $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha )a_\beta =1+i_\beta `$, $`a_\beta \tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha )=1+i_\beta ^{}`$, where $`i_\beta ,i_\beta ^{}I_\beta `$. In general $`i_\beta <1`$, $`i_\beta ^{}<1`$ for enough large $`\beta `$ since $`I_\beta =\overline{_\gamma I_{\beta \gamma }}`$. Therefore $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha )a_\beta `$ and $`a_\beta \tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha )`$ are invertible elements, so $`\tau _{\alpha \beta }(a_\alpha )`$ is invertible.

### 1.6. Additive and Pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-categories and $`C^{}`$-categoroids

A $`C^{}`$-categoroid $`A`$ is said additive $`C^{}`$-categoroid, if there exists an additive $`C^{}`$-categoroid containing $`A`$ as a closed two-sided ideal. Of course, in this situation the multiplier $`C^{}`$-category must be additive $`C^{}`$-category. A functoroid $`f:AA^{}`$ is said additive if it is restriction of some additive functor between additive $`C^{}`$\- categories containing respectively $`A`$ and $`A^{}`$ as ideals.

Let $`a^{}`$ and $`a`$ be objects in $`A`$ then each element in $`\mathrm{hom}(aa^{})`$ may be uniquely represented by matrix of form

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}l_{aa}& l_{a^{}a}\\ l_{aa^{}}& l_{a^{}a^{}}\end{array}\right)$$

where $`l_{aa}\mathrm{hom}(a,a)`$, $`l_{aa^{}}\mathrm{hom}(a,a^{})`$, $`l_{a^{}a}\mathrm{hom}(a^{},a)`$, $`l_{aa}\mathrm{hom}(a^{},a^{})`$.

###### Lemma 1.3.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be additive $`C^{}`$-categoroids and $`f:AB`$ be an additive $``$-functoroid. Then $`f`$ is $``$-isomorphism if and only if $`f`$ is bijection on the objects and induced $``$-homomorphism of $`C^{}`$-algebras $`f_a:(a)(f(a))`$ is an $``$-isomorphism for any object $`a`$ in $`A`$.

###### Proof.

We only must show that this conditions is sufficient. It is enough to show that for any pair objects $`a,a^{}`$ in $`A`$, the linear map

$$f_{aa^{}}:\mathrm{hom}(a,a^{})\mathrm{hom}(f(a),f(a^{}))$$

is an isomorphism. i. if $`f_{aa^{}}(\alpha )=0`$ then $`f_{aa^{}}(\alpha )f_{aa^{}}(\alpha ^{})=f_{aa^{}}(\alpha ^{})f_{aa^{}}(\alpha )=0`$. This implies that $`\alpha ^{}\alpha =\alpha \alpha ^{}=0`$. Therefore $`\alpha =0`$. This means that $`f_{aa^{}}`$ is injective. ii. Let $`\beta \mathrm{hom}(a,a^{})`$. Consider the matrix

$$\beta ^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ \beta & 0\end{array}\right)$$

the element of $`(f(a)f(a^{})`$. Since $`f_a:(aa^{})(f(a)f(a^{}))`$ is $``$-isomorphism there exists unique $`\alpha `$ such that $`f_a(\alpha )=\beta ^{}`$ where $`\alpha (aa^{})`$. Let

$$\alpha =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _{aa}& \alpha _{a^{}a}\\ \alpha _{aa^{}}& \alpha _{a^{}a^{}}\end{array}\right)$$

Since $`f_{aa^{}}`$ is $``$-isomorphism and $`\beta `$ has unique representation in matrix form, $`\alpha `$ must has the form

$$\alpha =\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ \alpha _{aa^{}}& 0\end{array}\right)$$

Therefore $`f_{aa^{}}(\alpha _{aa^{}})=\beta `$

We say that a $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$ has enough isometries if for any projection $`p(a)`$ and any object $`a`$ in $`A`$ there exists isometry $`s:a^{}a`$ satisfying equality $`ss^{}=p`$. If an additive $`C^{}`$-category has enough isometries then it will be said pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category.

The universal pseudo-additive $`C^{}`$-category $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ of an additive $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$ may be constructed by the following manner  :

i. objects are all pairs of form $`(a,p)`$, $`a\mathrm{Ob}A`$, where $`p(a)`$, such that $`p^2=p`$ and $`p^{}=p`$;

ii. We say that triple $`(f,p^{},p)`$ (or simply, $`f`$) is a morphism in $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ from $`(a^{},p^{})`$ into $`(a,p)`$ if $`f:a^{}a`$ is an morphism in $`A`$ and $`fp^{}=pf=f`$.
The direct sum of objects and morphisms are defined by the formulas:

$$(a,p)(a^{},p^{})=(aa^{},pp^{})\mathrm{and}(f,p,q)(f^{},p^{},q^{})=(ff^{},pp^{},qq^{}).$$

The category $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ has natural structure of an additive C-category inherited from the $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$; Besides, $`A`$ can be identified with a full subcategory of $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ by the map of objects $`a(a,1)`$. Since $`(q,q,p):(a,q)(a,p)`$ is isometry with $`(q,q,p)(q,q,p)^{}=(q,p,p)`$ for any projection $`(q,p,p)((a,p))`$, the $`C^{}`$-category $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ has enough isometries, i.e. $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ is a pseudo-abelian category.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra with unit. Denote by $`\mathrm{F}(A)`$ the additive $`C^{}`$-category which has standard Hilbert right $`A`$-modules $`A^n=A_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{times}}A`$ as the objects and usual $`A`$-homomorphisms (which has an adjoint) as the morphisms. Let $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ be the standard pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category of $`\mathrm{F}(A)`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{P}(A)=\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{F}(A))`$.

We say that a subcategory $`A`$ is a cofinal sub-category of a $`C^{}`$-category $`A^{}`$ if for any object $`a^{}A^{}`$ there exists an object $`aA`$ and an isometry $`s:a^{}a`$. If $`A`$ is an additive full cofinal sub-$`C^{}`$-category in a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category $`A^{}`$ then we say that $`A^{}`$ is generated by the $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$.

### 1.7. The $`C^{}`$-categories $`Rep(A;B)`$ and $`\mathrm{Rep}(A;B)`$

We list some examples of $`C^{}`$-categories and $`C^{}`$-categoroids, useful in the next sections.

1) (See ) Firstly we define the $`C^{}`$-category $`_G(B)`$ over a fixed compact second countable group $`G`$. The objects of this category are countable generated right Hilbert $`B`$-modules equipped with a $`B`$-linear, norm-continuous $`G`$-action such that $`g(xb)=g(x)g(b)`$ and $`<g(x),g(y)>=g<x,y>`$, for all $`gG`$. A morphism $`f:EE^{}`$ is $`B`$-homomorphism commuting with the action of $`G`$, such that there exists $`f^{}:E^{}E`$ satisfying the conditions: $`<T(x),y>=<x,T^{}(y)>`$ where $`xE`$ and $`yE^{}`$. The norm of a morphism is defined as the norm of linear bounded map. $`_G(B)`$ is an additive $`C^{}`$-category with respect to the sum of the Hilbert modules. Note that compact group acts on the morphisms by following rule: if $`f:EE^{}`$ then morphism $`gf:EE^{}`$ is defined by formula $`gf(x)=g(f(g^1(x)))`$ (this action generally isn’t norm-continuous). A morphism is called $`invariant`$ if $`gf=f`$. The category $`_G(B)`$ contains natural class of morphism, so called compact $`B`$-homomorphisms . Denote it by $`𝒦_G(B)`$. Properties of compact $`B`$-homomorphisms implies that $`𝒦_G(B)`$ is a $`C^{}`$-ideal in $`_G(B)`$. Note that there exists a $``$-functor $`\mathrm{}:_G(B)_G(B)`$ and a natural isomorphism of functors $`id_{(B)}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$, where $`E^{\mathrm{}}=EE\mathrm{}`$. This structure will be called an $`\mathrm{}`$-structure.

2) Now, we define the $`C^{}`$-category $`\mathrm{rep}_G(A,B)`$. The objects of this category are pairs of form $`(E,\varphi )`$, where $`E`$ is an object in $`_G`$ and $`\varphi :A(E)`$ is an equivariant $``$-homomorphism. Objects of this type are said to be $`A,B`$-bimodules. A morphism $`f:(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ is an $`B`$-homomorphism $`f:EE^{}`$ in $`_G(B)`$ such that $`f\varphi (a)=\varphi ^{}(a)f`$ for all $`aA`$. The structure of a $`C^{}`$-category and action of $`G`$ is inherited from the $`C^{}`$-category structure of $`_G(B)`$. Let $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ be the sub-$`C^{}`$-category of $`\mathrm{rep}_G(A,B)`$ which has the same object as latter but morphisms are invariant under action of $`G`$. it is easy to show that $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ is an additive $`C^{}`$-category (in fact, a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category). The following property of $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ useful for calculation of the $`K`$-groups of $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$. The $`\mathrm{}`$-structure on $`_G(B)`$ induces a corresponding structure on $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ via the formulas $`(E,\varphi )^{\mathrm{}}=(E^{\mathrm{}},\varphi ^{\mathrm{}})`$, where $`\varphi ^{\mathrm{}}(a)=(\varphi (a))^{\mathrm{}}`$ for all $`aA`$.

3) Consider the additive $`C^{}`$-category $`𝒬_G(B)`$ which is the quotient $`C^{}`$-category $`_G(B)/𝒦_G(B)`$. It has an essential compact group action inherited from the action of a compact group on $`_G(B)`$. Denote by $`\pi :_G(B)𝒬_G(B)`$ the canonical additive $``$-functor. We need also following $`C^{}`$-category denoted by $`𝒬_G(A,B)`$. By definition objects of this category have the form $`(E,\psi )`$, where $`E`$ is an object in $`_G(B)`$ and $`\psi :A\mathrm{hom}_{𝒬_G(B)}(E,E)`$ is a equivariantly liftable $``$-homomorphism, i.e., there exists an $`A,B`$-bimodule $`(E,\varphi )`$ such that $`\pi \varphi =\psi `$. A morphism $`f:(E,\psi )(E^{},\psi ^{})`$ is a morphism $`f:EE^{}`$ of the category $`𝒬_G(B)`$ such that $`f\psi (a)=\psi ^{}(a)f`$ for all $`aA`$. Let $`𝒬(B)`$ be sub-$`C^{}`$-category of $`𝒬_G(B)`$ the invariant liftable morphisms of latter as the morphisms. There is a $``$-functor $`\mathrm{\Theta }:\mathrm{rep}(A,B)𝒬(A,B)`$ given by $`(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi )`$ and $`f\pi (f)`$.

4) Now, we want to define the additive $`C^{}`$-category $`Rep_G(A,B)`$. The class of objects of this category coincides with the class of objects of $`\mathrm{rep}_G(A,B)`$. But a morphism $`f:(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ is a morphism $`f:EE^{}`$ in $`(B)`$ such that

$$f\varphi (a)\varphi ^{}(a)f𝒦_G(E,E^{})$$

for all $`aA`$. The structure of $`C^{}`$-category and action of $`G`$ are inherited from $`_G(B)`$. It is easy to show that $`Rep_G(A,B)`$ is an additive $`C^{}`$-category (but it isn’t a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category). Let $`Rep(A;B)`$ be sub-$`C^{}`$-category of $`Rep_G(A;B)`$ with same class of objects as latter but morphism are those are invariant under the action of $`G`$. There is a canonical additive $``$-functor $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{A,B}:Rep(A,B)𝒬(A,B)`$ defined by $`(E,\varphi )(E,\pi \varphi )`$ and $`f\pi f`$. From the definition follows that the canonical linear map

$$\mathrm{hom}((E,\varphi ),(E^{},\varphi ^{}))\mathrm{hom}((E^{},\varphi ),(E^{},\varphi ^{})$$

is surjective, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is a Serre functor (see for the definition ).

There is an $`C^{}`$-ideal $`D(A,J;B)`$ in $`Rep(A;B)`$, which is associated from any closed ideal $`J`$ in $`A`$. $`C^{}`$-ideal $`D(A,J;B)`$, which we’ll use in the sequel, is defined by the following manner. Let $`(E,\varphi )`$ and $`(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ are objects in $`Rep(A,B)`$. A morphism $`\alpha :(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ in $`Rep(A,B)`$ is in $`D(A,J;B)`$ if $`\alpha \varphi (j)𝒦((E,\varphi ),(E^{}\varphi ^{}))`$ and $`\varphi (j)\alpha 𝒦((E,\varphi ))`$. The space of all morphisms from $`(E,\varphi )`$ to $`(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ will be denoted by $`D_{\varphi ,\varphi ^{}}(A,J;E,E^{};B)`$ (if $`(E^{},\varphi ^{})=(E,\varphi )`$ then it is denoted by $`D_\varphi (A,J;E;B)`$). Sometimes $`Rep(A;B)`$ is denoted by $`D(A,0;B)`$ or $`D(A;B)`$.

Now we come to our main $`C^{}`$-category, that is, $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$.

###### Definition 1.4.

Let $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$ be the universal pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category of $`Rep(A,B)`$. Using the definition of a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category, we have the following description of $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$. Objects of it are triples $`(E,\varphi ,p)`$, where $`(E,\varphi )`$ is an object and $`p:(E,\varphi )(E,\varphi )`$ is a morphism in $`Rep(A,B)`$ such that $`p^{}=p`$ and $`p^2=p`$. A morphism $`f:(E,\varphi ,p)(E^{},\varphi ^{},p^{})`$ is a morphism $`f:(E,\varphi )(E,\varphi )`$ in $`Rep(A,B)`$ such that $`fp=p^{}f=f`$. In detail, $`f`$ has the properties

(1.3)
$$f\varphi (a)\varphi ^{}(a)f𝒦(E,F),fp=p^{}f=f.$$

The structure of $`C^{}`$-category of $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$ comes from the corresponding structure of $`Rep(A,B)`$.

## 2. Higson’s Homotopy Invariance Theorem

In the next sections we’ll need Higson’s homotopy invariance theorem. The purpose of this section is to give account of Higson’s homotopy invariant theorem, both for real and complex cases. Higson’s theorem asserts the following. Let $`E`$ be a stable and split additive functor from admissible sub-category of the category $`complex`$ $`C^{}`$-algebras into the category of abelian groups. Then it is homotopy invariance  (Theorem 3.2.2).

This important theorem plays major role for setting homotopy invariance of functors (for example, using this theorem, it was solved well known problem about isomorphism of algebraic and topological $`K`$-theories on stable $`C^{}`$-algebras ). The natural question arises whether this theorem is for real $`C^{}`$-algebras? The reason for it is that we couldn’t dissemination the proof of Lemma 3.1.2 and Theorem 3.11 of  for real $`C^{}`$-algebras; because the complexity of $`C^{}`$-algebras is significant to prove them. We choose another point of view for Higson’s theorem for both cases mentioned above, namely, an investigation of $`KK`$-theory by J. Cuntz and G. Scandalis . We have chosen this interpretation first, because it is simple and only very simple arguments are used from $`KK`$-theory, and on the other hand it is right both for complex and real $`C^{}`$-algebras. Equivalence relation on Kasparov bimodules is defined in this article that is called ”Cobordism”. It’s main feature is that this equivalence coincides with the Kasparov’s induced by homotopy of bimodules.

Let $`(E,\phi ,F)`$ be a Kasparov $`A,B`$-bimodule, where $`E`$ is a countable generated Hilbert right $`B`$-module, $`F_B(E)`$ is a degree one element and $`\phi :A_B(E)`$ is a $``$-homomorphism. We say that $`A,B`$-bimodules $`(E_0,\phi _0,F_0)`$ and $`(E_1,\phi _1,F_1)`$ are $`cs`$-isomorphic if there exists such a degree zero unitary $`u:E_0E_1`$ that $`u\phi _0(a)u^{}=\phi _1(a)`$ for any $`aA`$ and $`uF_0u^{}F_1𝒦(E_1)`$. Now, one easily checks that two Kasparov $`A,B`$-bimodules $`(E_0,\phi _0,F_0)`$ and $`(E_1,\phi _1,F_1)`$ are cobordant if and only if there exists such a Kasparov $`A,B`$-bimodule $`(E,\phi ,F)`$ that $`(E_0,\phi _0,F_0)(E,\phi ,F)`$ and $`(E_1,\phi _1,F_1)(E,\phi ,F)`$ are $`cs`$-isomorphic. Thus from  (Theorem 3.7) one deduces as follows (cf. remark 3.8 in ).

Let $`A`$ be a separable $`Z_2`$-graded $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`B`$ be a $`Z_2`$-graded  $`\sigma `$-unital  $`C^{}`$-algebra. Let $`\overline{KK}(A,B)`$ be the cancellation monoid of the abelian monoid of classes $`A,B`$-bimodules identified by $`cs`$-isomorphism and $`KK(A,B)`$ be Kasparov group. Then the natural homomorphism

$$\tau :\overline{KK}(A,B)KK(A,B)$$

is an isomorphism. In particular, $`\overline{KK}(A,B)`$ is an abelian group and homotopy invariance for both arguments.

Bellow, we give a slightly different variant of this theorem, which will be our fulcrum to approach Higson’s theorem.

Consider Kasparov $`A,B`$-bimodules satisfying conditions $`F^{}=F`$ and $`F^2=1`$ (we call them $`special`$). Let $`\widehat{KK}(A,B)`$ be the cancellation monoid of the abelian monoid of classes special $`A,B`$-bimodules identified by $`cs`$-isomorphism. Then one formulate the above mentioned result in the following form.

$`\mathrm{𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦}`$ A. $`Let`$ $`A`$ $`be`$ $`a`$ $`separable`$ $`Z_2`$-$`graded`$ $`C^{}`$-$`algebra`$ $`and`$ $`B`$ $`it`$ $`be`$ $`a`$ $`Z_2`$-$`graded`$ $`\sigma `$ -$`unital`$ $`C^{}`$ -algebra. Let $`\widehat{KK}(A,B)`$be the cancellation monoid of the abelian monoid of classes special $`A,B`$-bimodules identified by $`cs`$-isomorphism and $`KK(A,B)`$ be Kasparov group. Then the natural homomorphism $`\tau :\widehat{KK}(A,B)KK(A,B)`$  is an isomorphism. In particular, $`\widehat{KK}(A,B)`$ is an abelian group and homotopy invariance for both arguments.

The proof of this theorem is based on the fact that cobordism and homotopy of Kasparov bimodules coincides, and from Lemmas 17.4.2-17.4.3 in . We shortly remind the content of them:

Kasparov $`KK`$-groups won’t be changed if in their definition will be taken only

(1) Kasparov bimodules with property $`F^{}=F`$, and one takes only homotopy or only cobordism;

(2) Kasparov bimodules with property $`F^{}=F`$ and $`F^2=1`$, and one takes homotopy or only cobordism;

(3) special Kasparov bimodules, and one takes only $`cs`$-isomorphism.

We remark that the functional calculus of a self-adjoint element is used to show (1)-(3) in . The functional calculus for a self-adjoint element $`x`$ in complex $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$ is the $``$-monomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }:C(\mathrm{sp}x)A`$, defined by the rule $`id_{\mathrm{sp}x}x`$. For the case of a real $`C^{}`$-algebra under functional calculus we mean the following. Let $`A`$ be a real $`C^{}`$-algebra, and consider the complex involutive algebra $`A_RC`$ with involution $`(ac)^{}=a^{}\overline{c}`$. Then there exists a $`C^{}`$-norm, with respect to which $`A_RC`$ is a complex $`C^{}`$-algebra, and canonical $``$-embedding $`i:AA_RC`$ defined by $`aa1`$ is an isometry (cf. Theorem 2 and Corollary 2 in , also ). For real $`C^{}`$-algebras there exists functional calculus for self-adjoint elements. To be more precise, let $`rA`$ is a self-adjoint element and $`A(r)`$ be the real closed sub-algebra in $`A`$ generated by $`r`$. It is real part of the sub-$`C^{}`$-algebra $`C^{}(r1)`$, generated by the element $`r1`$ in $`A_RC`$. According to functional calculus of complex $`C^{}`$-algebras one has the $``$-monomorphism $`A(r)A_RC`$ defined by rule $`rr1`$. Thus under functional calculus we mean the functional calculus of then element $`r1`$ in $`A_RC`$ (For example, if $`f`$ is continuous real function on the $`\mathrm{sp}(r1)`$ then there exists the unique element $`f(r)A(r)`$ that $`i(f(r))=f(r1)`$).

Now theorem A may be interpreted for trivially graded $`A`$ and $`B`$ in the following way.

Let $`(\phi ,\psi ,U)`$ be a triple, where $`H_\phi `$ and $`H_\psi `$ are countable generated Hilbert right $`B`$-modules with trivial grading; $`\phi :A_B(H_\phi )`$ and $`\psi :A_B(H_\psi )`$ are $``$-homomorphisms; $`U:H_\phi H_\psi `$ is a $`B`$-homomorphism which has an adjoint. A triple $`(\phi ,\psi ,U)`$ is said to be unitary Fredholm $`A,B`$-bimodule if $`U`$ is a unitary and satisfies the following condition:

$`U\phi (a)\psi (a)U𝒦(H_\phi ,H_\psi )`$, for all $`aA`$.

$`A,B`$-bimodules $`(\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)`$ and $`(\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)`$ are said to be $`cs`$-isomorphic if there exists degree zero unitaries $`u:H_{\phi _0}H_{\phi _1}`$ and $`v:H_{\psi _0}H_{\psi _1}`$ that $`u\phi _0(a)u^{}=\phi _1(a)`$, $`v\psi _0(a)v^{}=\psi _1(a)`$ and

$$vU_0u^{}U_1𝒦(H_{\phi _1},H_{\psi _1})$$

for any $`aA`$.

The sum of $`A,B`$-bimodules are defined in usual manner

$$(\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)(\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)=(\phi _0\phi _1,\psi _0\psi _1,U_0U_1).$$

In the definition of group $`\widehat{KK}(A,B)`$ Kasparov special $`A,B`$-bimodules can be replaced by Fredholm unitary $`A,B`$-bimodules. This statement is proved by the following way. First of all, if $`B`$ is trivially graded $`C^{}`$-algebra then any graded Hilbert $`B`$-module $`E`$ can be represented in this form $`E=E_0\overline{E}_1`$ where $`E_0`$ and $`E_1`$ are trivially graded Hilbert $`B`$-modules and $`\overline{E}_1`$ is the opposite to $`E_1`$ graded Hilbert $`B`$-module, i.e. $`\overline{E}_1^{(0)}=0`$ and $`\overline{E}_1^{(1)}=E_1`$. Let $`i_d:E_1\overline{E}_1`$ be the degree one $`B`$-linear map defined by the identity map. Now, if $`(E,\varphi ,F)`$ is a Kasparov special $`A,B`$-bimodule then one has

(2.1)
$$E=E_0\overline{E}_1,\varphi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\phi & 0\\ 0& \overline{\psi }\end{array}\right),\mathrm{and}F=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \overline{U}^{}\\ \overline{U}& 0\end{array}\right).$$

Here $`\phi :A_B(E_0)`$ and $`\psi :A_B(E_1)`$ are $``$-homomorphisms, $`U:E_0E_1`$ is unitary $`B`$-homomorphism, $`\overline{U}=i_dUi_d^{}`$ and $`\overline{\psi }(a)=i_d\psi (a)i_d^{}`$. It is easily check that $`(\phi ,\psi ,U)`$ is Fredholm unitary $`A,B`$-bimodule. Conversely, let $`(\phi ,\psi ,U)`$ be a Fredholm unitary $`A,B`$-bimodule, where $`\phi :A_B(E_0)`$ and $`\psi :A_B(E_1)`$ are $``$-homomorphisms such that $`E_0`$ and $`E_1`$ are trivially graded Hilbert $`B`$-modules. Then the correspondence Kasparov special $`A,B`$-bimodule $`(E,\varphi ,F)`$ is given by the formulas 2.1. Therefore Theorem A may be formulated as follows.

###### Theorem 2.1.

Let $`A`$ be a separable trivially graded $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`B`$ be a trivially graded $`\sigma `$-unital $`C^{}`$-algebra. Let $`\stackrel{~}{KK}(A,B)`$ be the cancellation monoid of the abelian monoid of classes Fredholm $`A,B`$-bimodules identified by $`cs`$-isomorphism, and $`KK(A,B)`$ be Kasparov group. Then the natural homomorphism

$$\stackrel{~}{\tau }:\stackrel{~}{KK}(A,B)KK(A,B)$$

is an isomorphism. In particular,$`\stackrel{~}{KK}(A,B)`$ is an abelian group and homotopy invariance for both arguments.

Let $`𝒮_0`$ be be a sub-category of $`C^{}`$-algebras containing two $`C^{}`$-algebras, $`𝐅`$ and $`𝐅[0;1]`$, as the objects; and two non-trivial morphisms, these are evolution maps $`ev_0:𝐅[0;1]𝐅`$ and $`ev_1:𝐅[0;1]𝐅`$ given by the formulas $`ev_0(f(t))=f(0)`$ and $`ev(f(t))=f(1)`$, where $`f(t)𝐅[0;1]`$. The following definition points out an important class of functors on $`𝒮_0`$.

###### Definition 2.2.

A functor $`E`$ from $`𝒮_0`$ into a category is said to be
(1) weak homotopy (or shortly $`w`$-homotopy) if $`E(ev_0)=E(ev_1)`$.
(2) weak $`K`$ -hereditary if there is a natural transformation of functors

$$\chi :\stackrel{~}{KK}(;𝐅)\mathrm{hom}(E();E(𝐅))$$

so that $`\chi (e,\theta ,1)`$ is the identity morphism from $`E(𝐅)`$ in itself, where $`(e,\theta ,1)`$ is Fredholm unitary $`𝐅,𝐅`$-module; $`e:𝐅𝒦()`$ is a $``$-homomorphism which maps $`1𝐅`$ in a rank one projection, $`\theta :𝐅𝒦(`$ is the zero homomorphism and $`1`$ is unit of the algebra $`()`$, where $``$ is a countable generated Hilbert space.

For example, let $`E`$ be a homotopy invariant covariant functor on the category $`S`$ of separable $`C^{}`$-algebras and $``$-homomorphisms. Then functor $`E(A)`$ is a $`w`$-homotopy functor on $`S_0`$, for any $`AS`$. Conversely, if $`E(A)`$ is a $`w`$-homotopy functor on $`S_0`$, for any $`AS`$ then, of course, $`E`$ is homotopy invariant too.

Next we’ll only need the following very particular case of Theorem 2.1.

###### Corollary 2.3.

The contravariant functor $`\stackrel{~}{KK}(;𝐅)`$ on the category $`𝒮_0`$ is $`w`$-homotopy invariant.

Now, from Corollary 2.3 we deduce the following lemma. We’ll use this lemma to obtain Higson’s theorem.

###### Lemma 2.4.

Let $`E`$ be a weak $`K`$-hereditary functor from $`S_0`$ into a category. Then $`E`$ is $`w`$-homotopy functor.

###### Proof.

Since $`K`$-homology, by Corollary 2.3, is $`w`$-homotopy and $`E`$ is a weak $`K`$-hereditary on $`S_0`$, the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{~}{KK}(𝐅,𝐅)& \stackrel{\chi _𝐅}{}& \mathrm{hom}(E(𝐅),E(𝐅))\\ ^{e\stackrel{~}{v}_0=e\stackrel{~}{v}_1}& & ^{e\overline{v}_0}^{e\overline{v}_1}\\ \stackrel{~}{KK}(𝐅[0;1],𝐅)& \stackrel{\chi _{𝐅[0,1]}}{}& \mathrm{hom}(E(𝐅[0;1]),E(𝐅))\end{array}$$

commutes. Thus $`e\overline{v}_0\chi _𝐅=e\overline{v}_1\chi _𝐅`$. Again, since $`E`$ is a weak $`K`$-hereditary, one has $`E(ev_0)=e\overline{v}_0(\chi _𝐅(\iota ))=e\overline{v}_1(\chi _𝐅(\iota ))=E(ev_1)`$ where $`\iota `$ is the class of Fredholm $`𝐅,𝐅`$-bimodule $`(e,\theta ,1)`$. Therefore $`E`$ is a $`w`$-homotopy functor. ∎

### 2.1. Pairings with Fredholm Pairs

Let $`E:SAb`$ be a functor, where $`Ab`$ is the category abelian groups and homomorphisms. A pairing of $`E`$ with the set of Fredholm pairs is defined in . We’ll recall it.

A Fredholm $`B`$-pair is such a pair $`(\phi ,\psi )`$ where $`\phi `$ and $`\psi `$ are $``$-homomorphisms from $`B`$ into $`_𝐅()`$ that $`\phi (b)\psi (b)𝒦()`$ for any $`bB`$, where $``$ is a countable generated Hilbert space over $`𝐅`$, Here $`𝒦()`$ is the $`C^{}`$-algebra of compact operators. A pairing of $`E`$ with the set of Fredholm $`B`$-pairs is a rule. This assigns to each Fredholm $`B`$-pair $`(\phi ,\psi )`$ a morphism $`\times (\phi ,\psi ):E(AB)E(A𝐅)`$ in the category $`C`$, for any $`AS`$ and $`BS_0`$ , with the following properties:

1. Functoriality.  If $`(\phi ,\psi )`$ is a Fredholm $`B^{}`$-module, and if $`f:BB^{}`$ is a $``$-homomorphism from $`S`$, then the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E(AB)& \stackrel{\times (\phi f,\psi f)}{}& E(A𝐅)\\ ^{E(\mathrm{id}_Af)}& & \\ E(AB^{})& \stackrel{\times (\phi ,\psi )}{}& E(A𝐅)\end{array}$$

commutes.
2. Additivity. If $`(\phi ,\chi )`$ and $`(\chi ,\psi )`$ are Fredholm $`B`$-pairs, then

$$\times (\phi ,\chi )+\times (\chi ,\psi )=\times (\phi ,\psi ).$$
3. Stability. If $`(\phi ,\psi )`$ is a Fredholm $`B`$-pair and $`\eta :B()`$ is any $``$-homomorphism then

$$\times (\phi ,\psi )=\times (\left(\begin{array}{cc}\phi & 0\\ 0& \eta \end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi & 0\\ 0& \eta \end{array}\right)).$$
4. Non-degeneracy. If $`(e,\theta )`$ is a Fredholm $`𝐅`$-module for which $`e:𝐅𝒦()`$ maps $`1𝐅`$ to $`p`$, where $`p`$ is a rank one projection in $`𝒦()`$ and $`\theta `$ is the zero homomorphism. Then

$$\times (e,0):E(A𝐅)E(A𝐅)$$

is the identity morphism.
5. Unitary equivalence. If $`U()`$ is a unitary then

$$\times (\phi ,\psi )=\times (U\phi U^{},U\psi U^{})$$
6. Compact perturbations. If $`U()`$ is a unitary which is equal to the identity modulo compacts, then

$$\times (\phi ,U\phi U^{})=0.$$

The following theorem is exactly theorem 3.1.4 of  (not only on the category of complex $`C^{}`$-algebras as in , but on the category of real $`C^{}`$-algebras too.)

###### Theorem 2.5.

Let be $`E`$ a functor from the category $`𝒮`$ into the category $`Ab`$ of abelian groups and their homomorphisms and the functor admits a pairing with the set of Fredholm $`B`$-pairs, $`BS_0`$. Then $`E`$ is a homotopy functor.

###### Proof.

As it was pointed out after definition 2.2, it is enough to show that $`E(A)`$ is a weak $`K`$-hereditary functor. So, we’ll have to construct a natural transformation functors

$$\chi :\stackrel{~}{KK}(;𝐅)\mathrm{hom}(E(A);E(𝐀𝐅)).$$

Let $`(\phi ,\psi ,U)`$ be a Fredholm unitary $`B,𝐅`$-bimodule, then by definition

$$\chi (\phi ,\psi ,U)=\times (\phi ,U^{}\psi U).$$

The correspondence $`\chi `$ is correctly defined, since $`\stackrel{~}{KK}(;𝐅)`$ is the cancellation monoid of the monoid of the classes of $`cs`$-isomorphic unitary $`A,𝐅`$-bimodules and the following hold.

(1). If $`(\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)`$and  $`(\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)`$ are $`cs`$-isomorphic then $`\chi (\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)=\chi (\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)`$.

Indeed, let $`(u,v)`$ be a $`cs`$-isomorphism from $`(\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)`$ in $`(\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)`$, then

$$\begin{array}{c}\chi (\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)=\times (\phi _0,U_0^{}\psi _0U_0)=(\mathrm{by}\mathrm{unitary}\mathrm{equivalence})\\ =\times (\phi _1,u^{}(U_0^{}\psi _0U_0)u)=\times (\phi _1,(u^{}U_0^{}v)(v^{}\psi _0v)(v^{}U_0u))=(\mathrm{by}\mathrm{additivity})\\ =\times (\phi _1,U_1^{}\psi _1U_1)+\times (U_1^{}\psi _1U_1,(u^{}U_0^{}v)\psi _1(v^{}U_0u)))=(\mathrm{by}\mathrm{compact}\mathrm{perturbation})\\ =\times (\phi _1,U_1^{}\psi _1U_1)=\chi (\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1).\end{array}$$

(2). $`\chi (\phi _0\phi _1,\psi _0\psi _1,U_0U_1)=\chi (\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)+\chi (\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)`$.

Indeed,

$$\begin{array}{c}\chi (\phi _0\phi _1,\psi _0\psi _1,U_0U_1)=(\mathrm{by}\mathrm{additivity})\\ =\chi (\phi _0\phi _1,\psi _0\phi _1,U_01)+\chi (U_0^{}\psi _0U_0\phi _1,U_0^{}\psi _0U_0\psi _1,1U_1)=(\mathrm{by}\mathrm{stability})\\ =\chi (\phi _0,\psi _0,U_0)+\chi (\phi _1,\psi _1,U_1)\end{array}$$

Now, Higson’s theorem may be formulated in the following way.

###### Theorem 2.6.

Let $`E`$ be stable and split exact covariant or contravariant functor on the category of separable complex or real $`C^{}`$-algebras. Then $`E`$ is homotopy invariant.

###### Proof.

The complex case, using theorem 3.1.4, was proved in . The latter may be applied, mutatis mutandis, to the real case, according to Theorem 2.5. The contravariant case can be deduced from the covariant case in following manner. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be a contravariant functor with above mentioned properties and $`A`$ be a separable $`C^{}`$-algebra, then consider a covariant functor $`\mathrm{hom}(\mathrm{\Phi }(),\mathrm{\Phi }(A))`$ which, of course, is split exact and stable and thus homotopy invariant. Therefore,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(ev(0))=\mathrm{\Phi }(ev(0))(id_{\mathrm{\Phi }(A))}=\mathrm{\Phi }(ev(1))(id_{\mathrm{\Phi }(A))}=\mathrm{\Phi }(ev(1)),$$

where $`ev(0),ev(1):A([0;1])A`$ are evolutions at $`0`$ and $`1`$. ∎

Let $`S_G`$ be the category of separable $`C^{}`$-algebras with action of a fixed compact second countable group as the objects and the equivariant $``$-homomorphisms as the morphisms. For a fixed $`BS_G`$, one has natural functor $`B:SS_G`$ sending $`C^{}`$-algebra A in the $`BA`$ with diagonal action of $`G`$. Trivial checking shows that latter functor sends a split exact sequence from $`S`$ in the split exact sequence of the category $`S_G`$.

Further, consider algebra $`𝒦`$ as the object in $`S_G`$, assuming that action of $`G`$ on $`𝒦`$ is trivial. We say that functor $`E`$ is stable if $`E(e_A)`$ is an isomorphism, where $`e_A`$ is a natural equivariant inclusion $`e_A:AA𝒦`$ given by the map $`aap`$, $`p`$ is rank one projection.

Now, we’ll make some remarks on the notation of homotopy. Let $`A`$ be an algebra in $`S_G`$. Consider algebra $`A[0;1]`$ with action of $`G`$ defined by equality $`(gf)(t)=g(f(t)),t[0;1]`$. It is well known that the latter algebra is isomorphic to the tensor product $`A𝐅[0;1]`$ where the action of $`G`$ on $`𝐅[0;1]`$ is trivial. Let $`E`$ be a functor on $`S_G`$. It is easily to show that $`E`$ is homotopy invariant if only if $`E(e_A(0))=E(e_A(1))`$ for any $`AS_G`$, where $`e_t:A[0;1]A`$ the evolution at $`t[0;1]`$. This fact may be trivially reformulated in the following way. A functor $`E`$ on $`S_G`$ is homotopy invariant if and only if the functor $`E(A)`$ is homotopy invariant on the category $`S`$ for all $`AS_G`$.

A functor $`E`$ will be said split exact if a functor $`E(A)`$ is split exact on $`S`$, for any algebra $`A`$ in $`S_G`$.

The following corollary is a consequence of Theorem 2.6.

###### Corollary 2.7.

Let $`E`$ be stable and split exact functor on the category $`S_G`$ of real or complex $`C^{}`$-algebras with the action of a fixed compact second countable group $`G`$ and equivariant $``$-homomorphisms. Then $`E`$ is homotopy invariant.

###### Proof.

For any object $`A`$ in $`S_G`$, consider the functor $`E(A)`$ which, of course is stable and split exact on the category $`S`$, thus homotopy invariant by Theorem 2.6. Therefore $`E`$ is homotopy invariant on the category $`S_G`$, by the principle pointed after Theorem 2.6. ∎

## 3. On the Cuntz-Bott Periodicity

As before, let $`S_G`$ denotes category of separable complex or real $`C^{}`$-algebras with action of compact second countable group $`G`$ and equivariant $``$-homomorphisms. let $`𝔼=\{E_n\}_nmathbfZ`$ be a set of covariant functors from $`S_G`$ into the category of abelian groups and homomorphisms, indexed by the integer numbers. One says that $`𝔼`$ is Cuntz-Bott homology theory on the category $`𝔼`$ if

1. $`𝔼`$ has weak excision property. Namely, for any exact sequence $`0IBA0`$ of algebras from $`S_G`$, where epimorphism admits equivariant completely positive an contracive section. Then

i. there exist homomorphism $`\delta _n:E_n(A)E_{n1}(I)`$, for any $`nZ`$, non-depending on a completely positive and contractive section of $`p`$, and natural in the following sense. let

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & I& & B& & A& & 0\\ & & ^{f_I}& & ^{f_B}& & ^{f_A}& & \\ 0& & I^{}& & B^{}& & A^{}& & 0\end{array}$$

be a commutative diagram such that in the horizontal short exact sequences epimorphisms have completely positive and contractive sections. Then diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E_n(A)& \stackrel{\delta }{}& E_{n1}(I)\\ ^{E_n(f_A)}& & ^{E_n(f_I)}\\ E_n(A^{})& \stackrel{\delta ^{}}{}& E_{n1}(I^{})\end{array}$$

commutes. ii. The natural two-sided sequence of abelian groups

$$\mathrm{}E_n(I)E_n(B)E_n(A)\stackrel{\delta _n}{}E_{n1}(I)\mathrm{}$$

is exact.
2. $`𝔼`$ is stable. This means that if $`e_A:AA𝒦`$ is a homomorphism defined by a map $`aap`$, here $`p`$ is a rank one projection in $`𝒦`$, then $`E_n(e_A)`$ is an isomorphism.

Now, we make some remarks about Cuntz’s results on Bott periodicity. Let $`𝐓_{}`$ Toeplitz complex $`C^{}`$-algebra generated by an isometry. Denote by $`C_{}(S^1)`$ the $`C^{}`$-algebra of continuous complex functions on the standard unite cycle $`S^1`$ of the module one complex numbers. There is a short exact sequence

$$0𝒦_{}𝐓_{}\stackrel{t}{}C_{}(S^1)0.$$

The real case may be considered in the following way. There is a ”Real” structure on $`𝐓_{}`$ defined by equality $`\overline{v}=v`$. Similarly, on the $`C_{}(S^1)`$ a ”Real” structure is defined by the map $`f(z)\overline{f(\overline{z})}`$. Denote by $`C_{}(S^1)`$ the real sub-algebra of fixed elements in $`C_{}(S^1)`$ relative the latter conjugation. Let $`t:𝐓_{}C_{(S^1)}`$ is given by a map $`v\mathrm{id}_{S^1}`$. One has a short exact sequence

$$0𝒦_{}𝐓_{}\stackrel{t}{}C_{}(S^1)0.$$

Note that natural projection $`p:𝐓_𝔽𝔽`$ defined by the map $`v1`$ splits by the map $`j:𝔽𝐓_𝔽`$ defined by $`11`$. Let $`𝐓_{}^{}{}_{𝔽}{}^{}`$ be the kernel of $`p`$. The following proposition is completely analogue of the Proposition 4.3. .

###### Proposition 3.1.

Let $`𝔼`$ be a Cuntz-Bott homology. Then the homomorphisms $`E_n(\mathrm{id}_Aj)`$ and $`E_n(\mathrm{id}_Ap)`$ are isomorphisms between $`E_n(A)`$ and $`E_n(A𝐓_𝔽)`$ for arbitrary $`AS_G`$ and $`nZ`$. In particular, $`E_n(A𝐓_{}^{}{}_{𝔽}{}^{})=0`$.

###### Proof.

The sequence

$$0A𝐓_F^{}A𝐓_𝔽A𝔽0$$

is split exact. Since functors $`E_n`$ are split exact and stable, they are homotopy invariant by Higson’s theorem. Then the proof literally coincides with the proof of Proposition 4.3. in . ∎

Now, let $`\mathrm{}_𝔽`$ be a sub-algebra in $`C_{𝔽(S^1)}`$ making sequence

$$0\mathrm{}_𝔽C_{𝔽(S^1)}𝔽0$$

exact. Then one has natural exact sequence

$$0𝒦_𝔽𝐓_𝔽^{}\mathrm{}_𝔽0.$$

From the definition of $`\mathrm{}_𝔽`$ it follows that latter algebra is nuclear $`C^{}`$-algebra. This implies that epimorphism in the latter exact sequence has a completely positive and contractive section. Thus the epimorphism has completely positive and contractive section in the exact sequence

$$0A𝒦_𝔽A𝐓_𝔽^{}A\mathrm{}_𝔽0,$$

by Lemma 1.3.4. in . It implies, According to the Proposition 3.1, that $`E_n(A)`$ is naturally isomorphic to $`E_{n+1}(A\mathrm{}_𝔽)`$. Summarize this fact we have the following.

###### Theorem 3.2.

(cf. $`\mathrm{Cuntz}`$, ) Let $`𝔼`$ be a Cuntz-Bott homology theory. Then there is a natural isomorphism

(3.1)
$$E_n(A)=E_{n+1}(A\mathrm{}_𝔽).$$

From this useful theorem we deduce an elementary but applicable principle which we’ll use in the sequel.

###### Corollary 3.3.

Let $`𝔼`$ and $`𝔼^{}`$ are Cuntz-Bott homology theories. If there exists natural isomorphism $`\mu _m:E_mE_m^{}`$ for some $`mZ`$, then there exists natural isomorphism $`\mu _n:E_nE_n^{}`$ for all $`nZ`$.

###### Proof.

Consider the following short exact sequence

$$0𝐅(0;1)𝐅(0;1]𝐅0$$

where $`𝐅`$ is $``$ or $``$ the fields of real or complex numbers respectively. Since each algebra in the short exact sequence are nuclear $`C^{}`$-algebras, according to Lemma 1.3.4. , one concludes that in the exact sequence

$$0A𝐅(0;1)A𝐅(0;1]A𝐅0$$

the epimorphism has a completely positive and contractive section, for any separable $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$. From definition of Cuntz-Bott homology theory and Higson’s homotopy invariant theorem immediately follows that any functor $`E_n`$ $`E_n^{}`$ are homotopy invariant. From the latter short exact sequence it follows that there are natural isomorphisms

(3.2)
$$E_{n+1}(A)E_n(A\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔽)\mathrm{and}E_{n+1}^{}(A)E_n^{}(A\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔽),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔽=𝐅(0;1)`$. On the one hand, the formulas 3.2 guarantees natural isomorphism $`E_n(A)E_n^{}(A)`$ for $`nm`$. On the other hand, Cuntz isomorphisms 3.1 guarantees natural isomorphism $`E_n(A)E_n^{}(A)`$ for $`nm`$. ∎

The definition of Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory is dual to homology theory case. Let $`𝔼=\{E^n\}_{nZ}`$ be a Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory, We use the following identification $`E^n=E_n`$ in sequel. Then Definition of Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory has the following form.

Let, as before, $`S_G`$ denotes category of separable complex or real $`C^{}`$-algebras with action of compact second countable group $`G`$ and equivariant $``$-homomorphisms. let $`𝔼=\{E_n\}_n𝐙`$ be a set of contravariant functors from $`S_G`$ into the category of abelian groups and homomorphisms, indexed by the integer numbers. One says that $`𝔼`$ is Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory on the category $`𝔼`$ if

1. $`𝔼`$ has weak excision property. Namely, for any exact sequence $`0IBA0`$ of algebras from $`S_G`$, where epimorphism admits equivariant completely positive an contracive section. Then

i. there exist homomorphism $`\delta _n:E_n(I)E_{n1}(A)`$, for any $`nZ`$, non-depending on a completely positive and contractive section of $`p`$, and natural by the following sense. let

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}0& & I& & B& & A& & 0\\ & & ^{f_I}& & ^{f_B}& & ^{f_A}& & \\ 0& & I^{}& & B^{}& & A^{}& & 0\end{array}$$

be a commutative diagram such that in the horizontal short exact sequences epimorphisms have completely positive and contractive sections. Then diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E_n(I)& \stackrel{\delta }{}& E_{n1}(A)\\ ^{E_n(f_I)}& & ^{E_n(f_A)}\\ E_n(I^{})& \stackrel{\delta ^{}}{}& E_{n1}(A^{})\end{array}$$

commutes.

ii. The natural two-sided sequence of abelian groups

$$\mathrm{}E_n(A)E_n(B)E_n(I)\stackrel{\delta _n}{}E_{n1}(A)\mathrm{}$$

is exact.
2. $`𝔼`$ is stable. This means that if $`e_A:AA𝒦`$ is a homomorphism defined by a map $`aap`$, here $`p`$ is a rank one projection in $`𝒦`$, then $`E_n(e_A)`$ is an isomorphism.

In this case one has the properties of cohomology theory like to the above properties of homology theory. We’ll list them.

###### Theorem 3.4.

Let $`𝔼`$ be a Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory. Then there are natural isomorphisms

(3.3)
$$E_{n+1}(A)=E_n(A\mathrm{}_𝔽)\mathrm{and}E_{n1}(A)=E_n(A\mathrm{\Omega }_𝔽).$$

###### Corollary 3.5.

Let $`𝔼`$ and $`𝔼^{}`$ be Cuntz-Bott cohomology theories. If there exists natural isomorphism $`\mu _m:E_mE_m^{}`$ for some $`mZ`$, then there exists natural isomorphism $`\mu _n:E_nE_n^{}`$ for all $`nZ`$.

## 4. On the Algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categories

Before introducing our view on algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categories, let us make some more comment on the results of A. Suslin and M. Wodzicki in algebraic $`K`$-theory. It is well known fact that any $`C^{}`$-algebra has a right (left) bounded approximate unit. They have, by Proposition 10.2 of , the factorization property $`(\mathrm{𝐓𝐅})_{\mathrm{right}}`$. Thus any $`C^{}`$-algebra possesses property $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐇}_𝐙`$ and according on Proposition 1.21 of , one concludes that $`C^{}`$-algebras satisfy excision in algebraic $`K`$-theory. The results mentioned above leads to the anew definition of algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-algebras, which is flexible in the comparison of it with the topological $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-algebras.

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra and denote be $`A^+`$ the $`C^{}`$-algebra obtained by adjoining a unit to $`A`$. If $`A`$ is unital denote by $`GL_n(A)`$ the group of invertible elements in the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`M_n(A)`$, and in the non-unital case define $`GL_n(A)`$ as the group $`\mathrm{ker}(GL_n(A^+)GL_n(A))`$. Since any $`C^{}`$-algebra has a right (left) bounded approximate unit, it implies well known fact $`A=A^2`$. Thus, by Corollary 1.13 of  the group of elementary matrices $`E(A)`$ is a perfect normal subgroup of $`GL(A)`$ with an abelian guotient $`GL(A)/E(A)`$. So one can apply Quillen plus construction to the classifying space $`BGL(A)`$. The resulting space denote by $`BGL(A)^+`$.

The algebraic $`K`$-theory groups are defined by the following manner:

$$K_n^a(A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}K_0(A)\hfill & \text{if}n=0\hfill \\ \pi _{n1}(B^+(GL(A))\hfill & \text{if}n\mathrm{N}.\hfill \end{array}$$

and for negative $`n`$ the group $`K_n^a(A)`$ (so called Bass $`K`$-groups, which sometimes will be denoted by $`K_n^B(A)`$) is defined so that the following sequence

$$K_{1n}^a(A)K_{1n}^a(A[x,x^1]K_n^a(A)0$$

is exact.

Now,according to the results of , one has the following properties of algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-algebras.

1. $`K_i`$ is a covariant functor from the category of $`C^{}`$-algebras and their $``$-homomorphisms into the category of abelian groups for any $`i1`$;
2. For every unital $`C^{}`$-algebra $`R`$, which contains a $`C^{}`$algebra $`A`$ as a two-sided ideal, the canonical map $`K_{}(A)K_{}(R,A)`$ an isomorphism;
3. The natural embedding in the left upper corner $`AM_n(A)`$ induces, for every natural $`n`$, an isomorphism $`K_{}(A)K_{}M_n(A)`$;
4. Any extension of $`C^{}`$-algebras

$$0IBA0$$

induces functorial and infinite two-sided long exact sequence of algebraic groups

(4.1)
$$\mathrm{}K_{i+1}(A)K_i(I)K_i(B)K_A(I)\mathrm{}(i).$$

Using the property (3) and Lemma 2.6.12 in , one gets the following property

* (Invariance under inner automorphism) Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`u`$ be an unitary element in an unital $`C^{}`$-algebra containing $`A`$ as a closed two-sided ideal. Then the inner automorphism $`ad(u):AA`$ induces identity map of $`K`$-groups.

### 4.1. Algebraic $`K`$-functors of $`C^{}`$-categoroids

In this subsection we define algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categoroids in the form which suites our purposes in the sequel.

Let $`J`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid and $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category containing $`J`$ as a closed $`C^{}`$-ideal. Let $`(a)=\mathrm{hom}_A(a,a)`$ and $`(a,J)=\mathrm{hom}_J(a,a)`$. The latter is a closed ideal in the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`(a)`$. A morphism $`v:aa^{}`$ in $`A`$ will be called isometry if $`v^{}v=1_a`$. Let us write $`aa^{}`$ if there is an isometry $`v:aa^{}`$. The relation ”$`aa`$” makes the set of objects into direct system. Any isometry $`v:aa^{}`$ defines $``$-homomorphisms of $`C^{}`$-algebras

$$\mathrm{Ad}(v):(a)(a^{})$$

by the rule $`xvxv^{}`$. It maps $`(a,J)`$ into $`(a^{},J)`$.

Let $`v_1:aa^{}`$ and $`v_2:aa^{}`$ are two isometries. Then $`\mathrm{Ad}v_1`$ and $`\mathrm{Ad}v_2`$ induce the same homomorphisms

$$\mathrm{Ad}_{}v_1=\mathrm{Ad}_{}v_2:K_n^a(L(a))K_n^a(L(a^{}))$$

and

$$\mathrm{Ad}_{}v_1=\mathrm{Ad}_{}v_2:K_n^a(L(a,J))K_n^a(L(a^{},J)).$$

Indeed, let $`u`$ be an unitary element in an unital $`C^{}`$-algebra containing $`A`$ as an ideal, then for the inner automorphism $`ad(u):AA`$ the homomorphism $`K_n^a(ad(u))`$ is the identity map. Therefore, the maps

$$x\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{and}x\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& x\end{array}\right)$$

taking $`(a^{})`$ into $`M_2((a^{}))`$, induces the same isomorphisms after using the functor $`K_n^a`$. So, it is enough to show that the maps

$$x\left(\begin{array}{cc}v_1xv_1^{}& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\mathrm{and}x\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& v_2xv_2^{}\end{array}\right),$$

which take $`(a)`$ into $`M_2((a^{}))`$, induce by $`K_n^a`$ the same map. Indeed, the second is obtained from the first conjugating by the unitary

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}1v_1v_1^{}& v_1v_2^{}\\ v_2v_1^{}& 1v_2v_2^{}\end{array}\right),$$

which is an element of $`M_2((a^{}))`$.

This discussion shows that the homomorphism $`\nu _{}^{aa^{}}=K_n^a(\nu ^{aa^{}})`$ is not depended on choosing an isometry $`\nu ^{aa^{}}:aa^{}`$. Therefore one has direct system $`\{K_n^a((a)),\nu _{}^{aa^{}})\}_{a,a^{}obA}`$.

###### Definition 4.1.

Let $`J`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-categoroid and $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category containing $`J`$ as a closed $`C^{}`$-ideal. Define

(4.2)
$$\begin{array}{c}𝐊_n^a(A,J)=\underset{}{lim}K_n^a((a,J)).\end{array}$$

###### Lemma 4.2.

Let $`J`$ be a $`C^{}`$-categoroid considered as a closed ideal in an additive $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$. Then $`𝐊_n^a(A,J)=𝐊_n^a(M(J),J)`$. where $`M(J)`$ is the multiplier (additive) $`C^{}`$-category of $`J`$.

###### Proof.

Since there exists natural $``$-functor $`G:AM(J)`$ identity on $`J`$, the relation ”$`aa^{}`$” in $`A`$ implies ”$`aa^{}`$” in $`M(J)`$. This means that there is natural morphism of direct systems

$$\{K_n^a((a)),\nu _{}^{aa^{}})\}_{a,a^{}obA}\{K_n^a((a)),\nu _{}^{aa^{}})\}_{a,a^{}obM(J)},$$

which is given by identity homomorphism on each $`K_n^a((a))`$. This morphism is cofinal, since if ”$`aa^{}`$” in $`M(J)`$ then ”$`aaa^{}`$” in $`A`$ and ”$`a^{}aa^{}`$” in $`M(J)`$. ∎

According to Lemma 4.2, one has the following.

###### Definition 4.3.

Let $`J`$ be an an additive $`C^{}`$-categoroid. Then by definition

$$𝐊_n^a(J)=𝐊_n^a(M(J),J).$$

###### Definition 4.4.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ are $`C^{}`$-categories. A $``$-functor $`G:AB`$ is said to be cofinal if for of a for any object $`bB`$ there exists an object $`aA`$ and an isometry $`s:bG(a)`$. A $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$ is said to be a $`cofinal`$ sub-category in $`B`$, if natural inclusion functor is cofinal.

The following lemma is trivial but useful in the next part of paper.

###### Lemma 4.5.

Let $`A^{}`$ be a cofinal full sub-$`C^{}`$-category of an additive $`C^{}`$-category. Then $`𝐊_n^a(A^{})=𝐊_n^a(A)`$.

Now, we prove excision property of algebraic $`K`$-theory on the category of $`C^{}`$-categoroids, which plays major role in this paper.

###### Proposition 4.6.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be additive $`C^{}`$-categories and $`J`$ be an ideal in $`B`$ such that the sequence

$$0JBA0$$

is exact. Then two-side sequence of algebraic $`K`$-groups

(4.3)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}𝐊_n^a(A)𝐊_{n1}^a(J)𝐊_{n1}^a(B)\mathrm{}& \\ \mathrm{}𝐊_0^a(A)\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}𝐊_m^a(A)𝐊_{m1}^a(J)\mathrm{}\end{array}$$

is exact $`n,m\mathrm{N}`$.

###### Proof.

Consider exact sequence of $`C^{}`$-algebras

$$0(a,J)(a)(a)/(a,J)0.$$

By excision property of algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-algebras , one has two sided long exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}K_n^a((a)/(a,J))K_{n1}^a((a,J))K_{n1}^a((a))K_{n1}^a((a)/(a,J))\mathrm{}$$

Using lemma 4.2 and definitions 4.3 and 4.1, one can have exactness of (4.3), because direct limit preserves exactness. ∎

### 4.2. Comparison of ”+” and ”Q” Variants of Algebraic $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categories

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra with unit. Denote by $`\mathrm{F}(A)`$ the additive $`C^{}`$-category which has standard Hilbert right $`A`$-modules $`A^n=A_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{times}}A`$ as the objects and usual $`A`$-homomorphisms (which has an adjoint) as the morphisms. Let $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ be the standard pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category of $`\mathrm{F}(A)`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{P}(A)=\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{F}(A))`$.

If an additive full sub-category $`A`$ in a pseudo-abelian category $`A^{}`$ is cofinal subcategory then we’ll say that $`A`$ generates $`A^{}`$.

Let $`a`$ be an object in a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$. Put $`a^_n=a\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{times}}\mathrm{}a,n`$. Let $`F_a`$ be full additive subcategory of $`A`$ which has $`\{a^_n|n=1,\mathrm{}\}`$ as the set of objects. Consider a full sub-$`C^{}`$-category $`A_a`$ consisting all such objects $`a^{}`$ in $`A`$ for which there exists an isometry $`s:a^{}a^_n`$, where $`a^_nF(a)`$. It is clear, that $`A_a`$ is a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category, which is said to be maximal pseudo-abelian sub- $`C^{}`$-category  generated by an object $`aA`$.

###### Lemma 4.7.

Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category and $`J:AB`$ be a $``$-additive functor, where $`B`$ is a pseudo-additive $`C^{}`$-category. Then there is a functor $`\mathrm{J}:\mathrm{P}(A)B`$ extending $`J`$. Moreover, if $`J^{}:AB`$ is an other functor isomorphic to $`J`$ then $`\mathrm{J}`$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{J}^{}`$, where latter functor is an extension of $`J^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`a`$ be an object in $`A`$ and $`p_a(a)`$ a projection. Since $`B`$ is a pseudo-abelian category, one can choose an object $`[p_a]`$ in $`B`$ such that $`[1_a]=J(a)`$ and an isometry $`s_{p_a}:[p_a]J(a)`$ such that $`ss^{}=J(p_a)`$. Define a functor $`\mathrm{J}:\mathrm{P}(A)B`$ by the maps $`(a,p)[p_a]`$ and $`fs_{p_a^{}^{}}^{}J(f)s_{p_a}`$, where $`f:(a,p_a)(a^{},p_a^{}^{})`$ is a morphism in $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$. Simple checking shows that $`\mathrm{J}`$ satisfies the requirement of the lemma. To show the second part of the lemma, let $`p(a)`$ be a projection. Then there is an isometry $`\{p\}:(a,p)(a,1)`$ induced by projection $`p`$. So, one has the isometries $`s_p:[p]J(a)`$ and $`s_p^{}:[p]J^{}(a)`$ such that $`\mathrm{J}(a,p)=[p]`$, $`\mathrm{J}^{}(a,p)=[p]^{}`$, and $`\mathrm{J}(\{p\})=s_p`$ and $`\mathrm{I}^{}(\{p\})=s_p^{}`$. It is easily to check that the collection $`\{s_p^{}\tau _as_p\}`$ is the natural isomorphism of functors from $`\mathrm{J}`$ to $`\mathrm{J}^{}`$, where $`\{\tau _a\}`$ is a natural isomorphism from $`J`$ to $`J^{}`$. ∎

###### Remark 4.8.

Let $`A`$ be an unital $`C^{}`$-algebra. Then Lemma 4.7 implies that $`\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{F}(A))`$ (further it is also denoted by $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$) is equivalent to the category $`𝒫(A)`$ of finitely generated projective right $`A`$-modules, where $`\mathrm{F}(A)`$ is the additive $`C^{}`$-category of standard finitely generated free right Hilbert $`A`$-modules. From now on, we consider the pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category $`\mathrm{P}(A)`$ as the substitute of the category $`𝒫(A)`$.

Now, we give an interpretation of Quillens $`K`$-groups ,  on which is based our calculations in the next part of paper.

###### Definition 4.9.

Let $`A`$ be a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category. Under $`K_n^Q(A)`$, $`n0`$ we mean Quillen’s $`K`$-groups relative to the family of split short exact sequences in $`A`$; when $`A`$ is unital $`C^{}`$-algebra, by definition $`K_n^Q(A)=K_n^Q(\mathrm{P}(A))`$, $`n0`$.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be unital $`C^{}`$-algebras and $`\phi :AB`$ be a $``$-homomorphisms (not unital in general). Then one has a $``$-functor $`\mathrm{P}(\phi ):\mathrm{P}(A)\mathrm{P}(B)`$ defined by the maps $`(A^n,p)(B^n,\phi ^n(p))`$ and $`(f_{ij})(\phi (f_{ij}))`$ where $`(f_{ij})`$ is $`n\times m`$-matrix which defines a $`A`$-homomorphism from $`A^n`$ into $`A^m`$. Therefore we get a functor $`\mathrm{P}`$ from the category of unital $`C^{}`$-algebras and $``$-homomorphisms (non-unital in general) into category of pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-categories and $``$-functors.

#### 4.2.1. Construction

Let $`A`$ be a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-category and let $`s:a^{}a`$ be an isometry in $`A`$. There are a $``$-homomorphism $`f_s:(a^{})(a)`$ defined by the map $`\alpha s\alpha s^{}`$ and the induced $``$-functor

$$\mathrm{P}(f_s):\mathrm{P}((a^{}))\mathrm{P}((a)).$$

If $`s_1:a^{}a`$ is an other isometry there exists natural isomorphism $`\upsilon :\mathrm{P}(f_s)\mathrm{P}(f_{s_1})`$ defined by the following way. For an object of form $`(a^{},p)`$ in $`\mathrm{P}((a^{}))`$ let’s define $`\upsilon _{(a^{},p)}:(a,sps^{})(a,s_1ps_1^{})`$ by equality $`\upsilon _{(a^{},p)}=s_1ps^{}`$. Since

$$(sps_1^{})(s_1ps^{})=sps^{}\mathrm{and}(s_1ps^{})(sps_1^{})=s_1ps_1^{},$$

$`\upsilon _{(a^{},p)}`$ is an isomorphism in $`\mathrm{P}((a))`$. In general, for the objects of form $`(a^n^{},p)`$ we define $`\upsilon _{(a^n^{},p)}=s_1^nps^n`$. Since isomorphic additive functors induce the same homomorphism after using algebraic $`K`$-functor, one has

(4.4)
$$K_n^a(\mathrm{P}(f_s))=K_n^a(\mathrm{P}(f_{s_1})).$$

Let $`a`$ and $`a^{}`$ be objects in $`A`$. we write $`a^{}a`$ if there is an isometry $`s:a^{}a`$. The relation ”$`a^{}a`$” makes the set of objects of a pseudo-abelian category $`A`$ into a direct system $`\{obA,\}`$. Therefore one has correctly defined direct system of abelian groups.

(4.5)
$$\mathrm{\Omega }_1(A)=\{K_n^a((a)),\kappa _{a^{}a}^n)\}_{\{obA,\}}$$

where $`\kappa _{a^{}a}^n`$ is the homomorphism $`K_n^a(\mathrm{P}(f_s))`$ and by (4.4) it is not depended from the choosing of an isometry $`s:a^{}a`$.

#### 4.2.2. Construction

Consider, now, a second direct system of abelian groups for $`A`$. Let, as above, $`A_a`$ be the maximal pseudo-abelian sub-$`C^{}`$-category generated by an object $`aA`$. It is evident that if there exists isometry $`s:a^{}a`$ then one has natural inclusion additive $``$-functor (not depended on $`s`$) $`i_{a^{}a}:A_a^{}A_a`$ and thus we have the direct system $`\{A_a,i_{a^{}a}\}_{(obA,)}`$ of the pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$-categories. Let $`\mu _{a^{}a}^n=K_n(i_{a^{}a})`$. Therefore we have the following direct system of abelian groups

(4.6)
$$\mathrm{\Omega }_2(A)=\{K_n(A_a),\mu _{a^{}a}^n\}_{(obA,)},$$

which is connected to the direct system $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1(A)`$.

There is a natural isomorphism from the direct system $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1(A)`$ into the direct system $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2(A)`$. Indeed, consider natural $``$-functor $`\omega _a:\mathrm{F}((a))A`$ which is given by the maps $`^n(a)a^n`$ and $`(f_{ij})(f_{ij})`$. Then by Lemma 4.7 one can choose $`\omega _a^{}:\mathrm{P}((a))A`$, an extension of $`\omega _a`$ for every $`aA`$. Elementary checking shows that $`\omega _a^{}`$ is equivalence from $`\mathrm{P}((a))`$ onto $`A_a`$.

###### Proposition 4.10.

On the category of pseud-abelian $`C^{}`$-categories and additive $``$-functors the functors $`𝐊^a`$ and $`𝐊^Q`$ are naturally isomorphic.

###### Proof.

Let $`s:aa^{}`$ be an isometry. Then one has the isometries $`s^n:a^na^n`$ for any natural $`n`$, where $`s^n=s\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{times}}\mathrm{}s`$. Define a functor $`f_s:\mathrm{P}(a)\mathrm{P}(a^{})`$ by the maps $`(a^n,p)(a^n,s^nps^n)`$ and $`ls^mls^n`$, where $`l:(a^n,p)(a^m,q)`$ is an morphism in $`\mathrm{P}(a)`$. We assert that the following diagram

(4.7)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{P}((a^{}))& \stackrel{\omega _a^{}}{}& A_a^{}\\ {}_{}{}^{f_s}& & ^{i_{aa^{}}}\\ \mathrm{P}((a))& \stackrel{\omega _a}{}& A_a\end{array}$$

is commutative up to isomorphism of functors, i.e. $`\omega _a^{}f_si_{a^{}a}\omega _a`$. According to Lemma 4.7, it is enough to construct an isomorphism

$$g:\omega _a^{}(f_s((a)))i_{aa^{}}(\omega _a((a))).$$

But $`\omega _a^{}^{}(f_s((a)))=\omega _a^{}^{}(a^{},ss^{})`$ and $`i_{aa^{}}(\omega _a((a)))=a`$. Note that in the definition of $`\omega ^{}`$ the object $`\omega ^{}((a^{},ss^{})=[ss^{}]`$ is taken such that there exists isometry $`s_1:[ss^{}]a^{}`$ that $`s_1^{}s_1=1_{ss^{}}`$ and $`s_1s_1^{}=ss^{}`$. Now, by definition $`g=s^{}s_1`$ which, of course, is an isomorphism from $`[ss^{}]`$ into $`a`$. Therefore the latter diagram is commutative up to isomorphism of functors. Now, apply $`K^Q`$-functor. Since isomorphic functors have the same $`K`$-value, the diagram

(4.8)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}K_n^Q((a))& \stackrel{\zeta _n^a}{}& K_n^Q(A_a)\\ {}_{}{}^{v_{a^{}a}^n}& & ^{\mu _{a^{}a}^n}\\ K_n^Q((a^{}))& \stackrel{\zeta _n^a^{}}{}& K_n^Q(A_a^{})\end{array}$$

is commutative, where $`\zeta _n^a=K^Q(\omega _a)`$. Thus we give the natural isomorphism of direct systems $`\{\zeta _n^a\}:\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$. It is clear, that algebraic ($`C^{}`$-algebraic) direct limit of the direct system $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ is the category $`A`$. Since algebraic $`K`$-functors commute with direct limits one has

(4.9)
$$\underset{}{lim}_aK_n^Q(\mathrm{P}((a)))K_n^Q(A).$$

But $`K_n^Q(\mathrm{P}((a)))`$ is naturally isomorphic to $`K^a((a))`$. Therefore $`𝐊^a`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐊^Q`$. ∎

###### Remark 4.11.

Let $`A`$ be a pseudo-abelian $`C^{}`$ category. Then, for $`n0`$, the groups $`𝐊_n^a(A)`$, by Proposition 4.10, is exactly $`K_n^Q(A)`$. For $`n<0`$, the groups $`𝐊_n^a(A)`$ can be considered as the generalization of Bass groups, and in this case this $`K`$-groups sometimes will be denoted by $`𝐊_n^B(A)`$.

## 5. On the Topological $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categoroids

Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`A^+`$ be the $`C^{}`$-algebra obtained by adjoining a unit to $`A`$. If $`A`$ is unital denote by $`GL_n(A)`$ the topological group of invertible elements in the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`M_n(A)`$, and in the non-unital case define $`GL_n(A)`$ as the topological subgroup

$$\mathrm{ker}(GL_n(A^+)GL_n(A)).$$

The topological $`K`$-theory groups are defined in the following way:

$$K_n^t(A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}K_0(A)\hfill & \text{if}n=0\hfill \\ \pi _{n1}(GL(A))\hfill & \text{if}n\mathrm{N}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The following properties of topological $`K`$-groups.

1. If homomorphisms $`f,g:AB`$ are homotopic then induced homomorphisms $`K_0^t(f)`$ and $`K_0^t(g)`$ are equal.

2. if $`0IBA0`$ is an exact sequence of $`C^{}`$-algebras then the following sequence abelian groups

$$\mathrm{}K_n^t(I)K_n^t(B)K_n^t(A)\stackrel{\delta }{}K_n^t(I)\mathrm{}K_0^t(I)K_0^t(B)K_0^t(A)$$

is exact.

3. Let $`AA𝒦`$ be a homomorphism, defined, for any $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$, by the map $`aap`$, where $`p𝒦`$ is rank one projection. Then induced homomorphism is an isomorphism $`K_n^t(A)K_n^t(A𝒦)`$.

4. Let $`\{A_i;f_{ij}\}_I`$ be a direct system of $`C^{}`$-algebras and $`\{A;f_i\}`$ is the direct limit. Then natural homomorphism

$$\underset{}{lim}K_n^t(f_i):\underset{}{lim}K_n^t(A_i)K_n^t(A)$$

is an isomorphism for any $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$ and natural $`n`$.

5. By Cuntz-Bott periodicity theorem , there are the natural isomorphisms

$$K_n^t(A)=\{\begin{array}{cc}K_n^t(AC_0()C_0())\hfill & \text{in complex case},\hfill \\ K_n^t(AC_0()C_0^R(i))\hfill & \text{in real case}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Note that so defined functors has period 2 in the complex $`C^{}`$-algebras case, and period 8 in the real $`C^{}`$-algebra case.

From the latter property follows that for negative integers $`K`$-groups may be defined by the formulas

* $`K_n^t(A)=K_0^t(AC_0()^n)`$ for the complex case;
* $`K_n^t(A)=K_0^t(AC_0^R(i))^n`$ for the real case

where $`C_0^R(i))`$ is Cuntz’s algebra defined in .

From the property 3 and Lemma 2.6.12 in  immediately follows that topological (as well as algebraic) $`K`$-theory has the following property.

* (Invariance under inner automorphism) Let $`A`$ be a $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`u`$ be an unitary element in a unital $`C^{}`$-algebra containing $`A`$ as a closed two-sided ideal. Then the inner automorphism $`ad(u):AA`$ induces identity map of topological $`K`$-groups.

Now, we remark that in the subsection 4.1 one can replaces algebraic $`K`$-groups by topological $`K`$-groups then all the results are true. This is possible since invariance under inner automorphism of algebraic $`K`$-theory was used and the same property has topological $`K`$-theory too. So we have the following definitions and properties of topological $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categories.

Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-categoroid and $`M(A)`$ be the additive $`C^{}`$-category centralizers. Let $`(a)=\mathrm{hom}_{M(A)}(a,a)`$ and $`A(a)=\mathrm{hom}_A(a,a)`$ . The latter is a closed ideal in the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`(a)`$. Any isometry $`v:aa^{}`$ in $`M(A)`$ defines $``$-homomorphisms of $`C^{}`$-algebras

$$\mathrm{Ad}(v):A(a)A(a^{})$$

by the rule $`xvxv^{}`$. Thus one has an induced homomorphism

$$\mathrm{Ad}_n(v):K_n^t(A(a))K_n^t(A(a^{}))$$

which isn’t depended on choosing of isometry $`v:aa^{}`$. Denote this homomorphism by $`\tau _{aa^{}}`$. We have the direct system of abelian groups $`\{K_n^t(A(a));\tau _{aa^{}}\}_{aA}`$

###### Definition 5.1.

By definition

(5.1)
$$\begin{array}{c}𝐊_n^t(A)=\underset{}{lim}K_n^t(A(a)).\end{array}$$

One can easily prove the following.

###### Lemma 5.2.

Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category and $`A^{}`$ be a cofinal additive $`C^{}`$-subcategory. Then the canonical additive functor $`A^{}A`$ induces an isomorphism

$$𝐊_n^t(A^{})𝐊_n^t(A).$$

In particular, $`𝐊_n^t(A)=𝐊_n^t(\mathrm{P}(A))`$.

The given bellow is excision property of topological $`K`$-theory on the category of $`C^{}`$-categoroids.

###### Proposition 5.3.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be additive $`C^{}`$-categoroids and $`J`$ be an ideal in $`B`$ such that the sequence

$$0JBA0$$

is exact. Then following two-side sequence of topological $`K`$-groups

(5.2)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}𝐊_n^t(A)𝐊_{n1}^t(J)𝐊_{n1}^t(B)\mathrm{}& \\ \mathrm{}𝐊_0^t(A)\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}𝐊_m^t(A)𝐊_{m1}^t(J)\mathrm{}\end{array}$$

is exact $`n,m\mathrm{N}`$.

Now, we’ll give an interpretation of Karoubi’s $`K`$-groups ,  by the functors $`K^t`$. The methods, used in the subsection 4.2, may be applied.

Since $`C^{}`$-category $`A`$ is algebraic limit of direct system of $`C^{}`$-categories $`\{A_a,i_{aa^{}}\}`$, $`aA`$, it is $`C^{}`$-algebraic direct limit too. From the construction of $`C^{}`$-algebraic direct limit and its property (see subsection 1.5) implies that the natural homomorphism

$$\underset{}{lim}(i_{aa^{}}):\underset{}{lim}K^n(A_a)K^n(A)$$

is an isomorphism Karoubi’s $`K`$-groups.

By analogy with Subsection 4.2, one can easily proof that $`K_n^t`$ naturally isomorphic to Karoubi’s $`K^n`$, where $`n=0,1,\mathrm{}`$

### 5.1. Karoubi’s Topological $`K`$-theory of $`C^{}`$-categories

The purpose of this subsection is to transform some main results of $`K`$-theory of Banach categories, introduced by M. Karoubi in , , to $`C^{}`$-categories.

The group $`K^0(A)`$ of an additive $`C^{}`$-category is the Grothendieck group of the abelian monoid of unitary isomorphism classes of objects of $`A`$. Note that this definition coincides with usual definition because in a $`C^{}`$-category, objects are isomorphic if and only if they are unitarily isomorphic. Indeed, if $`u:EF`$ is isomorphism then $`u_0=u\sqrt{(u^{}u)^1}`$ is a unitary isomorphism.

Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category. The canonical functor induces an isomorphism $`i_{}:K^0(\stackrel{~}{A})𝕂^0(\xi A)`$, where the left-hand $`K`$-group is the same as in the definition above, and the right one as in , .

Now we’ll give discussion analogous questions for the $`K^1`$ group (cf. , ). Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category. Consider the set of pairs $`(E,\alpha )`$, where $`EA`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{hom}(E,E)`$ is a unitary automorphism.

a). The pairs $`(E,\alpha )`$ and $`(E^{},\alpha ^{})`$ are said to be *unitarily isomorphic* if there exists a unitary isomorphism $`u:EE^{}`$ such that diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E& \stackrel{u}{}& E^{}\\ ^\alpha & & ^\alpha ^{}\\ E& \stackrel{u}{}& E^{}\end{array}$$

is commutative.

b). The pairs $`(E,\alpha )`$ and $`(E,\alpha ^{})`$ are said to be *homotopic* if $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ are homotopic in $`\mathrm{Aut}E`$.

c). A pair $`(E,\alpha )`$ is said to be *elementary* if it is homotopic to $`(E,1_E)`$.

d). The sum is defined by the formula

$$(E,\alpha )(E^{},\alpha ^{})=(EE^{},\alpha \alpha ^{}).$$

e). The pairs $`(E,\alpha )`$ and $`(E^{},\alpha ^{})`$ are said to be *stably isomorphic* if there exist elementary pairs $`(\overline{E},\overline{e})`$ and $`(\widehat{E},\widehat{e})`$, and a unitary isomorphism

$$(E,\alpha )(\overline{E},\overline{e})(E^{},\alpha ^{})(\widehat{E},\widehat{e}).$$

f). The abelian monoid $`K^1(A)`$ is defined as the monoid of classes of stably isomorphic pairs. Denote by $`d(E,\alpha )`$ the class of $`(E,\alpha )`$ in $`K^1(A)`$.

There are the following relations in $`K^1(A)`$:

a) $`d(E,\alpha )+d(E,\alpha ^{})=0`$;

b) If $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ are homotopic unitary isomorphisms, then $`d(E,\alpha )=d(E,\alpha ^{})`$.

c) $`d(E,\alpha )+d(E,\beta )=d(E,\beta \alpha )`$;

In particular, $`K^1(A)`$ is an abelian group.

The next proposition is analogous to the corresponding property of $`K^0(A)`$.

###### Proposition 5.4.

Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category. The canonical homomorphism

$$i_{}:K^1(A)𝕂^1(A),$$

defined by $`d(E,\alpha )d(E,\alpha )`$ is an isomorphism. Here $`𝕂^1(A)`$ is Karoubi’s group.

###### Proof.

$`i_{}`$ is an epimorphism: Let $`(E,\alpha )`$ be a pair with $`\alpha `$ an isomorphism. Consider the unitary isomorphism $`\overline{\alpha }=\alpha \sqrt{\alpha ^{}\alpha }^1`$. It is homotopic to $`\alpha `$, because $`\alpha ^{}\alpha `$ is homotopic to $`1_E`$. We get that $`d(E,\alpha )=d(E,\overline{\alpha })`$. $`i`$ is a monomorphism: If $`i(d(E,\alpha ))=0`$, then there exists elementary $`(E^{},e^{})`$ such that $`(EE,\alpha e)`$ is elementary. Then $`(EE,\overline{\alpha e^{}})`$ is also elementary, that is $`(EE^{},\alpha \overline{e^{}})`$ elementary. This means $`d(E,\alpha )=0`$. ∎

Thus the properties of $`K^1(A)`$ are inherited from the corresponding properties of $`𝕂^1(A)`$. In particular, we get the following:

###### Theorem 5.5.

Let $`A`$ be an additive $`C^{}`$-category, $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ be the associated pseudoabelian $`C^{}`$-category and $`i:A\stackrel{~}{A}`$ the canonical additive $``$-functor. Then the induced homomorphism

(5.3)
$$i_{}:K^1(A)K^1(\stackrel{~}{A})$$

is isomorphism.

Let $`A`$ and $`B`$ be additive $`C^{}`$-categories and $`:AB`$ be an additive $``$-functor. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }()`$ the set of triples $`(E,F,\alpha )`$, where $`E`$ and $`F`$ are objects in $`A`$, and $`\alpha :(E)(F)`$ is a unitary isomorphism in $`B`$.

a) Two triples $`(E,F,\alpha )`$ and $`(E^{},F^{},\alpha ^{})`$ are *unitarily isomorphic* if there exist unitary isomorphisms $`f:EE^{}`$ and $`g:FF^{}`$ such that the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}E& \stackrel{\alpha }{}& F\\ ^f& & ^g\\ E^{}& \stackrel{\alpha ^{}}{}& F^{}\end{array}$$

is commutative.

b). Two triples $`(E,F,\alpha )`$ and $`(E,F,\alpha ^{})`$ are called *homotopic* if $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ are homotopic in the subspace of unitary isomorphisms in $`\mathrm{hom}(E,F)`$.

c). The triple $`(E,E,1_E)`$ is called trivial. A triple $`(E,F,\alpha )`$ is said to be *elementary* if this triple is homotopic to the trivial triple.

e). The sum of triples is defined by the formula $`(E,F,\alpha )(E^{},F^{},\alpha ^{})=(EE^{},FF^{},\alpha \alpha ^{})`$.

f). Two triples $`\sigma =(E,F,\alpha )`$ and $`\sigma ^{}=(E^{},F^{},\alpha ^{})`$ are *stably unitarily isomorphic* if there exist elementary pairs $`\tau =(\overline{E},\overline{E},\overline{\alpha })`$ and $`\tau ^{}=(\overline{E}^{},\overline{E}^{},\overline{\alpha }^{})`$ such that $`\sigma \tau `$ and $`\sigma ^{}\tau ^{}`$ are unitarily isomorphic.

The set $`K()`$ of stably isomorphic triples is an abelian monoid with respect to the sum of triples. Denote by $`d(E,F,\alpha )`$ the class of $`(E,F,\alpha )`$ in $`K()`$. The monoid $`K()`$ is an abelian group. Moreover $`d(E,F,\alpha )+d(F,E,\alpha ^{})=0.`$ Note that $`d(E,F,\alpha )+d(F,E,\alpha ^{})=d(EF,FE,\alpha \alpha ^{})`$ The last triple is isomorphic to $`(EF,\beta )`$, where

$$\beta =\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \alpha ^{}\\ \alpha & 0\end{array}\right)$$

which is homotopic to $`1_{(E)(F)}`$ by $`u(t)=\sigma (t)\sqrt{\sigma ^{}(t)\sigma (t)}`$, where

$$\sigma (t)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& t\alpha ^{}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ t\alpha & 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& t\alpha ^{}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$

The following theorem compares our definition of $`K()`$ with the corresponding one of Karoubi.

###### Theorem 5.6.

The canonical homomorphism $`i:K()𝕂()`$ defined by

$$d(E,F,\alpha )d(E,F,\alpha )$$

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

Let $`(E,F,\alpha )`$ be a triple which defines an element in $`𝕂()`$, where $`\alpha `$ is an isomorphism (but not unitary isomorphism). Let $`\overline{\alpha }=\alpha \sqrt{\alpha ^{}\alpha }`$. $`\overline{\alpha }`$ is unitary and is homotopic to $`\alpha `$ because $`\alpha ^{}\alpha `$ is homotopic to $`1_{(E)}`$. This proves that $`i`$ is an epimorphism. Now, let $`d(E,F,\alpha )K()`$ defines $`0`$ in $`𝕂()`$. This means, by , that there exist objects $`G`$ and $`H`$ and isomorphisms (but after polar decomposition we may suppose they are unitary isomorphisms) $`u:EGH`$ and $`v:FGH`$ that $`(v)(\alpha 1_{}(G))(u^{})`$ is homotopic to $`1_{(H)}`$ (see ) by a homotopy $`h(t)`$. Then $`\overline{h}(t)=h(t)\sqrt{(h^{}(t)h(t))^1}`$ gives homotopy between $`(E,F,\alpha )(G,G,1_G)`$ and $`(H,H,1_H)`$. This means $`d(E,F,\alpha )=0`$ in $`K()`$. ∎

This theorem shows that all properties of $`K()`$ inherited from the corresponding properties of $`𝕂()`$. In particular, we’ll get the following results. (Cf. , .) There are the following relations in $`K()`$:

a) If $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ are homotopic, then $`d(E,F,\alpha )=d(E,F,\alpha ^{})`$;

b) $`d(E,F,\alpha )+d(F,G,\beta )=d(E,G,\beta \alpha )`$.

Let $`:AB`$ be a Serre quasi-surjective additive $``$-functor. Then

a) if in the definition of $`K()`$ we replace elementary triples by trivial triples we get the same group.

b) $`d(E,F,\alpha )=0`$ iff there exist an object $`G`$ from $`A`$ and unitary isomorphism $`\beta :EGFG`$ such that $`(\beta )=\alpha 1_{(G)}`$.

###### Proposition 5.7.

Let $`:AB`$ be a quasi-surjective additive $``$-functor. Then the sequence of abelian groups

(5.4)
$$K^1(A)\stackrel{f_1}{}K^1(B)\stackrel{}{}K^0()\stackrel{i}{}K^0(A)\stackrel{}{}K^0(B)$$

is exact, where $`i(d(E,F,\alpha ))=d(E)d(F)`$ (for the definition of $``$ see ). In addition, if there exists a functor $`\mathrm{\Psi }:BA`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Psi }Id_B`$, then there exists a split exact sequence

(5.5)
$$0K^0()\stackrel{i}{}K^0(A)\stackrel{j}{}K^0(B)0.$$

Now, we’ll discus two examples, which we’ll need in the sequel.

1) Recall that an object of $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ has the form $`(E,\varphi )`$, where $`E`$ is a right Hilbert $`B`$-module with action of compact group and $`\varphi :A(E)`$ is supposed equivariant. A morphism from $`(E,\varphi )`$ to $`(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ is by definition an invariant $`B`$-homomorphism $`f:EE^{}`$ such that $`f\varphi (a)=\varphi ^{}(a)f`$. Note that $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ is a pseudoabelian $`C^{}`$-category. To show that $`K^i(\mathrm{rep}(A,B))=0`$ for all $`iZ_2`$, consider the $`\mathrm{}`$-structure of $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$ $`E^{\mathrm{}}=EE\mathrm{}`$, $`\alpha ^{\mathrm{}}=\alpha \alpha \mathrm{}`$, and $`\varphi ^{\mathrm{}}(a)=(\varphi (a))^{\mathrm{}}`$. Let

$$\mathrm{}:\mathrm{rep}(A,B)\mathrm{rep}(A,B)$$

be the $``$-functor defined by the formula $`\mathrm{}(E)=E^{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\mathrm{}(\varphi )=\varphi ^{\mathrm{}}`$, and if $`\alpha `$ is a morphism in $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$, then $`\mathrm{}(\alpha )=\alpha ^{\mathrm{}}`$. There exists a natural isomorphism $`id_{\mathrm{rep}(A,B)}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$. From this it follows that the groups $`K^i(\mathrm{rep}(A,B))`$ of classes of isomorphic objects of $`\mathrm{rep}(A,B)`$) have an automorphism $`I`$ with property that

$$id_{K^i(\mathrm{rep}(A,B))}+I=I.$$

From this fact it follows that $`K^i(\mathrm{rep}(A,B))=0`$.

2) Consider the canonical quasi-surjective functor

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_{A,B}:\mathrm{rep}(A,B)\mathrm{Cal}(A,B).$$

Applying the exact sequence (5.4) of $`K`$-groups and result of example 1, one gets that the canonical homomorphism

(5.6)
$$:K^1(\mathrm{Cal}(A,B))K^0(\mathrm{\Theta }_{A,B})$$

is an isomorphism.

## 6. Weak Excision

In this section we’ll show that the contravariant functors

$$𝐊_n^a((Rep(;B))\mathrm{and}𝐊_n^t((Rep(;B))$$

have weak excision property for all $`nZ`$.

At first one needs following proposition, which easily comes from the proposition 4.6.

###### Proposition 6.1.

Let $`J`$ be a $`G`$-invariant $`C^{}`$-ideal in a separable $`GC^{}`$-algebra $`A`$, and let

$$0D(A,J;B)Rep(A,B)Rep(A,B)/D(A,J;B)0$$

be induced exact sequence of $`C^{}`$-categoroids. Then for the algebraic $`K`$-theory one has the following exact sequences

(6.1)
$$_{\mathrm{}K_n^a(D(A,J;B))K_n^a(Rep(A,B))K_n^a(Rep(A,B)/D(A,J;B))K_{n1}^a(D(A,J;B))\mathrm{}.,}$$

respectively for topological $`K`$-groups

(6.2)
$$_{\mathrm{}K_n^t(D(A,J;B))K_n^t(Rep(A,B))K_n^t(Rep(A,B)/D(A,J;B))K_{n+1}^t(D(A,J;B))\mathrm{}.}$$

Let $`0JAA/J0`$ be exact sequence of $`C^{}`$-algebras such that epimorphism has an equivariant completely positive and contractive section. The solution of the problem comes from the showing of

1. $`𝐊_n^a(Rep(A;B)/D(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(J;B))`$
2. $`𝐊_n^a(Rep(A/J;B))𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B))`$

### 6.1. The Isomorphism $`𝐊_n^a(Rep(A;B)/D(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(J;B))`$

Let $`(E,\varphi )`$ be an object in $`Rep(A,B)`$ and $`j:JA`$ natural equivariant inclusion. There is the canonical $``$-functor, induced by the natural inclusion $`j`$

(6.3)
$$\mathrm{j}:Rep(A;B)Rep(J;B)$$

defined by maps $`(E,\varphi )(E,\varphi j)`$ and $`xx`$.

###### Proposition 6.2.

The canonical $``$-functor 6.3 maps $`D(A,J;B)`$ into $`D(J,J;B)`$ and the induced $``$-functor

(6.4)
$$\xi :Rep(A;B)/D(A,J;B)Rep(J;B)/D(J,J;B)$$

is an isomorphism of $`C^{}`$-categories.

###### Proof.

(cf. ) By lemma 1.3 it is enough to show that for any object $`(E,\varphi )`$ the $``$-homomorphism $`C^{}`$-algebras

$$\xi _{J,\varphi }:D_\varphi (A;E;B)/D_\varphi (A,J,E;B)D_{\varphi j}(J,E;B)/D_{\varphi j}(J,J,E;B)$$

is an $``$-isomorphism. It is easy to show that $`\xi _{J,\varphi }`$ is a monomorphism. To show that $`\xi _{J,\varphi }`$ is an epimorphism, let $`xD_{\varphi j}(J,E;B)`$ and let $`E_1`$ be a $`GC^{}`$-algebra in $`(E)`$ generated by $`\varphi (J)𝒦(E)`$; $`E_2`$ be the separable $`GC^{}`$-algebra generated by all elements of form $`[x,\varphi (y)]`$, $`yJ`$; and $``$ be the $`G`$-invariant separable linear space generated by $`x`$ and $`\varphi (A)`$. One has

* $`E_1E_2𝒦(E)`$, because $`\varphi (b)[\varphi (a),x][\varphi (ba),x]𝒦(E),`$ $`aA,bJ`$,
* $`[,E_1]E_1`$, because $`[x,\varphi (J)]𝒦(E)`$ and $`[\varphi (A),\varphi (J)]\varphi (J)`$.

From the Kasparov technical theorem follows that there exists positive $`G`$-invariant operator $`X`$ such that

1. $`X\varphi (J)𝒦(E)`$;
2. $`(1X)[\varphi (A),x]𝒦(E)`$;
3. $`[x,X]𝒦(E)`$.

Since $`[(1X)x,\varphi (a)]=(1X)[x,\varphi (a)][X,\varphi (a)]x`$, it follows from (2) and (3) that $`(1X)xD_\varphi (A,E;B)`$. In addition, it follows from (2) that $`XxD_{\varphi j}(J,J,E;B)`$, and so that the image of $`(1X)x`$ in $`D_{\varphi j}(J,E;B)/D_{\varphi j}(J,J,E;B)`$ coincides with the image of $`x`$.∎

Now, we prove the following.

###### Theorem 6.3.

Let $`A`$ be a separable $`GC^{}`$-algebra and $`B`$ be a $`\sigma `$-unital $`GC^{}`$-algebra. Let $`J`$ be a closed ideal in $`A`$. There exists the essential isomorphism

(6.5)
$$𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B)/D(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(J,B))$$

###### Proof.

It follows from the Proposition 6.2 that

$$𝐊_n^a(Rep(A;B)/D(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(J;B)/D(J,J;B)).$$

Thus it is enough to show that the natural homomorphism

$$𝐊_{}^a(Rep(J;B))𝐊_{}^a(Rep(J;B)/D(J,J;B))$$

is an isomorphism. From the exact sequence 6.1 it follows that it is enough to show that $`K_{}(D(J,J;B))=0`$. By Lemma 4.5, we can use the cofinal subcategory $`Rep_{H_B^G}(J;B)`$, with the objects of form $`(H_B^G,\phi )`$, where $`H_B^G`$ is Kasparov’s universal Hilbert $`B`$-module . Note that the canonical isometry

$$i_1^{H_B}:H_B^GH_B^GH_B^G$$

in the first summand is in $`D_{\varphi ,\varphi 0}(J;H_B^G,H_B^GH_B^G;B)`$ and induces inner homomorphism

$$\mathrm{ad}(i_1^{H_B^G}):D_\varphi (J,J;H_B^G;B)D_{\varphi 0}(J,J;H_B^GH_B^G;B).$$

Consider a sequence of $``$-homomorphisms

(6.6)
$$D_\varphi (J,J;H_B^G;B)D_{\varphi \varphi }(J,J;H_B^GH_B^G;B)D_{\varphi 0}(J,J;H_B^GH_B^G;B)$$

where the inclusion is given by the map $`xx`$ . If the first arrow is induced by the inclusion $`\iota _1:H_B^GH_B^GH_B^G`$ in the first summand, then the composition is $`\mathrm{ad}(i_1^{H_B^G})`$. If the first arrow is induced by the inclusion $`\iota _2:H_BH_BH_B`$ in the first summand, one gives a homomorphism $`\lambda ^{H_B^G}`$. On the other hand, the homomorphism $`\lambda ^{H_B^G}`$ is the composition of the natural $``$-homomorphisms of $`C^{}`$-algebras

$$D_\varphi (J,J;H_B^G;B)D_0(J,J;H_B^G;B)D_{\varphi 0}(J,J;H_B^GH_B^G;B),$$

given by the maps

$$xx\mathrm{and}x\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& x\end{array}\right).$$

Remark that $`D_0(J,J;H_B^G;B)=M(J𝒦_G)`$. It is well known that the latter algebra has trivial algebraic (as well as topological) $`K`$-theory groups. If we apply $`K`$-functors then corresponding homomorphism of $`\lambda ^{H_B^G}`$, is zero homomorphisms. Now, let $`xK_n^a(D_\varphi (J,J;H_B;B))`$ represents an element in $`𝐊_n^a(D(J,J;B))`$. Then $`x`$ and $`𝐊_n^a(\mathrm{ad}(i_1^{H_B^G})(x))`$ represent the same element. Since

$$𝐊_n^a(\mathrm{ad}(i_1^{H_B^G}))=𝐊_n^a(\lambda ^{H_B^G}),$$

the element represented by $`x`$ must be zero. Therefore $`𝐊_{}(D(J,J;B))=0`$. ∎

### 6.2. The Isomorphism $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n:𝐊_n^a(Rep(A/J;B))𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B))`$

Let $`A`$ and $`J`$ be as in the last subsection. Let $`p:AA/J`$ be the canonical homomorphism which admits an equivariant completely positive and contractive section $`s:A/JA`$. Let $`(E,\varphi )`$ be an object in $`Rep(A;B)`$ i.e. there is given an equivariant $``$-homomorphism $`\varphi :A(E)`$. A $``$-homomorphism

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{11}& \psi _{12}\\ \psi _{21}& \psi _{22}\end{array}\right):A/J(EE^{}))$$

will be called $`Gs`$-$`dilation`$ for $`\varphi `$ if $`\psi _{11}(a)=\varphi (s(a))`$, where $`E^{}`$ is a right Hilbert $`B`$-module.

According to generalized Stinespring’s theorem there exists a right Hilbert $`B`$-module $`E^{}`$ and a $`Gs`$-dilation

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi s& \psi _{12}\\ \psi _{21}& \psi _{22}\end{array}\right):A/J(EE^{})$$

for any completely positive and contractive section $`s:A/JA`$ .

###### Lemma 6.4.

Let $`\psi `$ be a $`s`$-dilation for $`\varphi `$. Then
(1) $`\psi _{12}(a^{})=\psi _{21}(a)^{}`$;
(2) for any $`a,bA`$ there exists $`jJ`$ such that $`\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{21}(b)=\varphi (j)`$.
(3) $`\psi _{12}(a)x`$ and $`x\psi _{21}(a)`$ are compact morphisms for any $`aA`$ and $`xD_\varphi (A,J;B)`$.

###### Proof.

The case (1) is trivial, because $`\psi `$ is a $``$-homomorphism. The case (2). Since $`\psi `$ is a $``$-homomorphism, $`\varphi (s(ab)s(a)s(b))=\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{21}(b)`$. But $`j=s(ab)s(a)s(b)J`$. Therefore $`\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{21}(b)=\varphi (j)`$. The case (3). If $`xD_\varphi (A,J;B)`$ then $`x\varphi (j)`$ and $`\varphi (j)x`$ are compact morphisms for any $`jJ`$. Then $`x\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{12}^{}(a)x^{}=x\varphi (j^{})x^{}`$ for some $`j^{}J`$. This fact implies that $`x\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{12}(a^{})x^{}`$ is compact morphism. Therefore $`x\psi _{12}(a)`$ and $`\psi _{21}(a)x`$ ($`=(x^{}\psi _{12}(a^{}))^{}`$) are compact morphisms. ∎

###### Lemma 6.5.

Let $`A`$ be separable $`C^{}`$-algebra and $`J`$ be a closed ideal such that the projection $`p:AA/J`$ has a completely and contractive section $`s`$. Let $`\varphi :A/J(E)`$ is a $``$-homomorphism and $`\psi :A/J(EE^{})`$ is $`s`$-dilation for $`\varphi p`$. There exists a $``$-homomorphism $`\phi :A/J(E^{})`$ such that

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi & 0\\ 0& \phi \end{array}\right)$$

###### Proof.

A $`s`$-dilation for $`\varphi p`$ has the form

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi & \psi _{12}\\ \psi _{21}& \phi \end{array}\right).$$

Since $`\psi `$ and $`\varphi `$ are $``$-homomorphisms, $`\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{21}(b)=0`$. According to (1) of Lemma 6.4, we have $`\psi _{12}(a)\psi _{12}(a)^{}=0`$. Therefore $`\psi _{12}(a)=0`$ (similarly, $`\psi _{12}(a)=0`$). These facts easily imply that $`\phi `$ is a $``$-homomorphism. ∎

###### Lemma 6.6.

The map $`x=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x_{11}& x_{12}\\ x_{21}& x_{22}\end{array}\right)x^{}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}x_{11}& 0& x_{12}\\ 0& 0& 0\\ x_{21}& 0& x_{22}\end{array}\right)`$ defines a $``$-monomorphism

(6.7)
$$\xi :M_2(D_\varphi (A,J,EE;B))D_{\psi p\varphi }(A,J,EE^{}E;B).$$

###### Proof.

By assumption one has $`(\varphi (a)\varphi (a))xx(\varphi (a)\varphi (a))𝒦(EE)`$, for any $`aA`$, and $`(\varphi (b)\varphi (b))x𝒦(EE)`$, $`x(\varphi (b)\varphi (b))𝒦(EE)`$ for any $`bJ`$. It implies that

$$\begin{array}{c}\varphi (a)x_{mn}x_{mn}\varphi (a)𝒦(E),aA,\mathrm{and}\\ \varphi (b)x_{mn}𝒦(E),x_{mn}\varphi (b)𝒦(E),bJ.\end{array}$$

Then $`(\psi (p(a))\varphi (a))x^{}x^{}(\psi (p(a))\varphi (a))=`$

$$=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}x_{11}\psi _{11}(p(a))\psi _{11}(p(a))x_{11}& x_{11}\psi _{12}(p(a))& x_{12}\varphi (a)\psi _{11}(p(a))x_{12}\\ \psi _{21}(p(a))x_{11}& 0& \psi _{21}(p(a))x_{12}\\ x_{21}\psi _{11}(p(a))\varphi (a)x_{21}& x_{21}\psi _{12}(p(a))& x_{22}\varphi (a)\varphi (a)x_{22}\end{array}\right).$$

As in Lemma 6.4, one has $`\psi _{21}(p(a))x_{11}𝒦(E,E^{})`$, $`x_{11}\psi _{12}(p(a))𝒦(E^{},E)`$, $`x_{21}\psi _{12}(p(a))𝒦(E^{},E)`$ and $`\psi _{21}(p(a))x_{12}𝒦(E,E^{})`$. Using the fact $`\varphi (a)\psi _{11}(p(a))\varphi (J)`$, one has

$$(\psi (p(a))\varphi (a))x^{}x^{}(\psi (p(a))\varphi (a))𝒦(EE^{}E),aA.$$

To show that $`(\psi (p(b))\varphi (b))x^{}`$ and $`x^{}(\psi (p(b))\varphi (b))`$ are in $`𝒦(EE^{}E)`$ when $`bJ`$, note that $`(\psi (p(b))\varphi (b))x^{}`$ and $`x^{}(\psi (p(b))\varphi (b))`$ are equal to

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\\ \varphi (b)x_{21}& 0& \varphi (b)x_{22}\end{array}\right)\mathrm{and}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& x_{12}\varphi (b)\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& x_{22}\varphi (b)\end{array}\right)$$

respectively. They are compact morphisms because each entries of matrices are compact. ∎

Let $`A`$ be a separable $`C^{}`$-algebra, $`J`$ be a closed ideal in $`A`$ and $`p:AA/J`$ be the canonical $``$-homomorphism. Let $`D^{(p)}(A,J;B)`$ be a full $`C^{}`$-sub-categoroid in $`D(A,J;B)`$ which has all pair of the form $`(E,\varphi p)`$ as objects, where a pair $`(E,\varphi )`$ is an object in $`D(A/J;B)`$.

Consider a $``$-functoroid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:Rep(A/J;B))D^{(p)}(A,J;B)`$ defined by the following rules:

1. if $`(E,\varphi )`$ is an object in $`Rep(A/J;B)`$, then the corresponding object in $`D^{(p)}(A,J;B)`$ is the object $`(E,\varphi p)`$;
2. if $`x:(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ is a morphism in $`Rep(A/J;B)`$, the corresponding morphism is $`x:(E,\varphi p)(E^{},\varphi ^{}p)`$.

Let a functoroid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:Rep(A/J;B))D(A,J;B)`$ be the composition of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ with the natural $``$-inclusion $`\epsilon :D^{(p)}(A,J;B)D(A,J;B)`$.

###### Lemma 6.7.

The $``$-functoroid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ is an $``$-isomorphism of $`C^{}`$-categoroids.

###### Proof.

Since $`Rep(A/J;B))`$ and $`D^{(p)}(A,J;B)`$ are additive $`C^{}`$-categoroids, it is enough, by Lemma 1.3, to show that for any object $`(E,\varphi )`$ the induced $``$-homomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(E,\varphi )}^{}:D_\varphi (A/J;E;B)D_{\varphi p}(A,J;E;B)$$

is an $``$-isomorphism. Indeed, if $`x\varphi (a^{})\varphi (a^{})x𝒦(E)`$, $`a^{}A/J`$, then $`x\varphi (p(a))\varphi (p(a))x𝒦(E)`$, $`aA`$ and $`x\varphi (p(j))=\varphi (p(j))x=0𝒦(E)`$, $`jJ`$. Conversely is more trivial. ∎

In the theorem bellow we’ll need a $``$-functoroid

$$ϵ:D(A,J;B)D^{(p)}(A,J;B)$$

defined in the following way. For any object $`(E,\varphi )`$ choose an object $`(EE^{},\psi ^\varphi p)`$ such that $`\psi ^\varphi `$ must be a $`s`$-dilation for $`\varphi `$. This is possible, since $`p`$ has completely positive and contractive section $`s`$, and by Stinespring’s theorem there exists a $`s`$-dilation for any completely positive and contractive section. If $`x:(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ is a morphism in $`D(A,J;B)`$ then

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right):(E,\psi ^\varphi p)(E^{},\psi ^\varphi ^{}p)$$

is a morphism in $`D^{(p)}(A,J;B)`$. Indeed,

(6.8)
$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{11}^\varphi (p(a))& \psi _{12}^\varphi (p(a))\\ \psi _{21}^\varphi (p(a))& \psi _{22}^\varphi (p(a))\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{11}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))& \psi _{12}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))\\ \psi _{21}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))& \psi _{22}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\\ =\left(\begin{array}{cc}x\psi _{11}^\varphi (p(a))\psi _{11}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))x& x\psi _{12}^\varphi (p(a))\\ \psi _{21}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))x& 0\end{array}\right).\end{array}$$

Since

$$x\psi _{11}^\varphi (p(a))\psi _{11}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))x=x\varphi (sp(a))\varphi (sp(a))x=(x\varphi (a)\varphi (a)x)+x\varphi (j)\varphi (j)x,$$

$`aA`$, where $`j=asp(a)J`$, one has that $`x\psi _{11}^\varphi (p(a))\psi _{11}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))x`$ is a compact morphism. The morphisms $`x\psi _{12}^\varphi (p(a))`$ and $`\psi _{21}^\varphi ^{}(p(a))x`$ are, by Lemma 6.4, compact morphism too. Therefore (6.8) is a compact morphism. Besides,

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{11}^\varphi (p(j))& \psi _{12}^\varphi (p(j))\\ \psi _{21}^\varphi (p(j))& \psi _{22}^\varphi (p(j))\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi _{11}^\varphi (p(j))& \psi _{12}^\varphi (p(j))\\ \psi _{21}^\varphi (p(j))& \psi _{22}^\varphi (p(j))\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)=0.$$

Thus $``$-functoroid $`ϵ`$ is correctly defined.

###### Theorem 6.8.

Let $`A`$ be a separable $`C^{}`$-algebra, $`J`$ be a closed ideal in $`A`$ such that canonical $``$-homomorphism $`p:AA/J`$ has a completely and contractive section. Then the functoroid $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ induces an isomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_n:𝐊_n^a(Rep(A/J;B))𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B))$$

###### Proof.

According to Lemma 6.7, it is enough to show that $`\epsilon :D^{(p)}(A,J;B)D(A,J;B)`$ induces the isomorphism

$$\epsilon _n:𝐊_n^a(D^{(p)}(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B)).$$

Consider homomorphism

$$ϵ_n:𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(D^{(p)}(A,J;B)).$$

We assert, that $`ϵ_n\epsilon _n`$ and $`\epsilon _nϵ_n`$ are the identity homomorphisms. Let consider the first case. Let $`(E,\varphi p)`$ be an object in $`D^{(p)}(A,J;B)`$. Then functor $`ϵ\epsilon `$ sends it in the object of form $`(EE^{},\psi p)`$ where $`\psi `$ is $`s`$-dilation of $`\varphi p`$. According to Lemma 6.5 $`\psi =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi & 0\\ 0& \phi \end{array}\right)`$ where $`\phi `$ is $``$-homomorphism from $`A`$ into $`(E^{})`$. If $`xD_{\varphi p}(A,J;E;B)`$ then $`ϵ\epsilon (x)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)D_{\psi p}(A,J;EE^{};B)`$. Let $`i_1:EEE^{}`$ be the inclusion in the first summand. We assert, that $`i_1\varphi (p(a))=\psi (p(a))i_1`$ and $`ϵ\epsilon (x)=i_1xi_1^{}`$ for $`aA`$. Indeed, $`i_1(\varphi (p(a))(\xi ))=\varphi (p(a))(\xi )0`$ and

$$\psi (p(a))i_1(\xi )=\psi (p(a))(\xi 0)=\varphi (p(a))(\xi )0,\xi E.$$

Now, let $`kK_n^a(D_{\varphi p}(A,J;E;B))`$ represents an element $`\{k\}`$ in $`𝐊_n^a(D^{(p)}(A,J;E;B))`$. Then $`ϵ_n\epsilon _n(\{k\})=\{ϵ_n\epsilon _n(k)\}`$. Since $`ϵ\epsilon =ad(i_1)`$ one has $`\{ϵ_n\epsilon _n(k)\}=\{k\}`$. Therefore $`ϵ_n\epsilon _n`$ is identity homomorphism. Now, we show that homomorphism $`\epsilon _nϵ_n`$ is the identity homomorphism. Recall that restriction of $`\epsilon ϵ`$ on the object $`(E,\varphi )`$ induces the $``$-homomorphism

$$D_\varphi (A,J;E;B)D_{\psi p}(A,J;EE^{}B)$$

given by the map $`x\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$. Consider a homomorphism $`\vartheta `$ which is the composition

$$D_\varphi (A,J;E;B)D_{\psi p}(A,J;EE^{}B)D_{\psi p\varphi }(A,J;EE^{}E;B),$$

where the first is induced by $`\epsilon ϵ`$ and the second arrow is induced by the isometry in the first two summands. The $``$-homomorphism $`\vartheta :D_\varphi (A,J;B)D_{\psi p\varphi }(A,J;B)`$ is defined by

$$x\left(\begin{array}{ccc}x& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right).$$

Note that this homomorphism has the decomposition:

$$D_\varphi (A,J;B)\stackrel{i_1}{}M_2(D_\varphi (A,J;B))\stackrel{\xi }{}D_{\psi p\varphi }(A,J;B)$$

where $`i_1`$ is given by the map $`x\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)`$ and second arrow is (6.7). Consider $`\eta `$ the composition of the sequence of $``$-homomorphisms

$$D_\varphi (A,J;B)\stackrel{i_2}{}M_2(D_\varphi (A,J;B))\stackrel{\xi }{}D_{\psi p\varphi }(A,J;B)$$

where $`i_2`$ is given by the correspondence $`x\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& x\end{array}\right)`$. The homomorphisms $`\vartheta `$ and $`\eta `$ induces the same homomorphisms of $`K`$-groups, since $`i_1`$ and $`i_2`$ induce the same homomorphisms of $`K`$-groups. Let $`kK_n^a(D_\varphi (A,J;E;B))`$ defines an element $`\{k\}𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B))`$. Let $`k^{}`$ be the image of $`k`$ relative to the homomorphism induced by the $``$-homomorphism $`\vartheta `$. Of course, $`\{\epsilon _nϵ_n(k)\}=\{k^{}\}`$. On the other hand, $`k^{}`$ coincides with the image of $`k`$ relative to the homomorphism induced by the $``$-homomorphism $`\eta `$. Since $`\eta `$ is defined by the isometry of $`E`$ in the third summand of $`EE^{}E`$, one has $`\{k\}=\{k^{}\}=\{\epsilon _nϵ_n(k)\}`$. This means that $`\epsilon _nϵ_n`$ is the identity homomorphism. ∎

Now, we are ready to prove the following excision property, which plays one of the main role in this article.

###### Theorem 6.9.

Let $`B`$ be a $`\sigma `$-unital $`C^{}`$-algebra. If in an exact sequence of separable $`C^{}`$-algebras $`0IA\stackrel{p}{}A/I0`$ $`p`$ admits a completely positive and contractive section. Then there exist two-sided long exact sequence

(6.9)
$$_{\mathrm{}𝐊_n^t(Rep(A,B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(J,B))𝐊_{n1}^a(Rep(A/J,B))𝐊_{n1}^a(Rep(A,B))}\mathrm{}$$

###### Proof.

Consider short exact sequence of $`C^{}`$-categoroids

<sub>0→D(A,J;B)→Rep(A,B)→Rep(A,B)/D(A,J;B)→0.</sub>
We have, by Proposition 4.6, the two-sided long exact sequence

$$_{..𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B)/D(A,J;B))\stackrel{}{}𝐊_{n1}^a(D(A,J;B))𝐊_{n1}^a(Rep(A,B))}$$

According to Theorem 6.3 and Theorem 6.8, one has

(6.10)
$$𝐊_n^a(Rep(A;B)/D(A,J;B))𝐊_n^a(Rep(J;B))$$

and

(6.11)
$$𝐊_n^a(Rep(A/J;B))𝐊_n^a(D(A,J;B).$$

It gives us the two-sided long exact sequence (6.9). ∎

One has also similar sequence for the case of topological $`K`$-theory:

(6.12)
$$._{..𝐊_n^t(Rep(A,B))𝐊_n^t(Rep(J,B))𝐊_{n1}^t(Rep(A/J,B))𝐊_{n1}^t(Rep(A,B))\mathrm{}}$$

## 7. The Isomorphisms of Algebraic, Topological and Kasparov $`KK`$-groups

In this section we’ll turn to the our main problem mentioned in the introduction.

Define algebraic bivariant $`KK`$-groups by

(7.1)
$$KK_n^a(;B)=\{\begin{array}{cc}𝐊_{n+1}^Q(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))\hfill & \text{if},n1\hfill \\ 𝐊_{n+1}n^B(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))\hfill & \text{if},n<1,\hfill \end{array}$$

and topological $`KK`$-groups by

(7.2)
$$KK_n^t(;B)=𝐊_{Kar}^{n1}(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))$$

where $`𝐊_n^Q`$, $`𝐊_n^B`$ and $`𝐊_{kar}^n`$ are Quillen, Bass and Karoubi $`K`$-groups respectively. We’ll write by $`KK_n(A,B)`$ Kasparov’s group $`KK^n(A,B)`$. Our main goal is proof of isomorphism of families mentioned above.

In the first place we proof isomorphism in the fix dimension.

### 7.1. On the Isomorphism $`𝐊_0^a(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))KK_1(;B)`$

Consider a triple $`(\phi ,E;p)`$, where $`E`$ is trivially graded countable generated right $`B`$-module, $`\phi :A_B(E)`$ is a $``$-homomorphism and $`p_B(E)`$, so that

(7.3)
$$\begin{array}{c}p\phi (a)\phi (a)p𝒦_B(E),\\ (p^{}p)\phi (a)𝒦_B(E),(p^2p)\phi (a)𝒦_B(E),aA.\end{array}$$

Such a triple is called Kasparov-Fredholm $`A,B`$-module. If all left parts in 7.3 are zero, then such a triple is said to be degenerate.

Define sum Kasparov-Fredholm $`A,B`$-modules by the formula

$$(\phi ,E;p)(\phi ^{},E^{};p^{})=(\phi \phi ^{},EE^{};pp^{}).$$

Consider the equivalence relations:

* (Unitary isomorphism) $`A,B`$-modules $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ and $`(\phi ^{},E^{};p^{})`$ will be said to be unitary isomorphic if there exists unitary isomorphism $`u:EE^{}`$ such that

$$u\phi (a)u^{}=\phi ^{}(a),upu^{}=p^{},aA.$$
* (Homology) $`A,B`$-modules $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ and $`(\phi ^{},E;p^{})`$ will be said to be homological if

$$p^{}\phi ^{}(a)p\phi (a)𝒦_B(E),aA.$$

Simple checking shows that the equivalence relations, defined above, are well behaved relative to the sum.

Let $`^1(A,B)`$ be a abelian monoid of classes of equivalence $`A,B`$-modules generated by the unitary isomorphism and homology. Denote by $`𝒟^1(A,B)`$ a sub-monoid of $`^1(A,B)`$ consisting of only those classes which are classes of all degenerate triples. By definition

$$E^1(A,B)=^1(A,B)/𝒟^1(A,B)$$

Using the Kasparov stabilization theorem, one can to show that definition of $`E^1(A,B)`$ coincides with Kasparov’s original definition of $`E^1(A,B)`$. Therefore one sees that the last monoid (group) may be considered as a model of $`KK^1(A,B)`$ by lemma 2 of section 7 of .

Recall, that the objects in $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$, by definition, has the form $`(\phi ,E;p)`$, where $`p:(\phi ,E)(\phi ,E)`$ is projection in the category $`Rep(A;B)`$. More precisely,

$$\phi (a)pp\phi (a)𝒦_B(E),p^{}=p,p^2=p.$$

An unitary isomorphism $`s:(\phi ,E;p)(\psi ,E^{},q)`$ is partial isomorphism $`s:EE^{}`$ such that

$$s\phi (a)\psi (a)s𝒦_B(E,E^{}),s^{}s=p,ss^{}=q.$$

Let $`_\pi ^1(A,B)`$ be abelian monoid of unitary isomorphic objects in $`\mathrm{Rep}(\mathrm{A};\mathrm{B})`$. Thus Grothendieck group of $`_\pi ^1(A,B)`$ is exactly $`K_0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B))`$.

Kasparov-Fredholm $`A,B`$-modules $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ and $`(\phi ^{},E^{};p^{})`$ will be said to be strong unitary isomorphic if there exists unitary isomorphism $`u:EE^{}`$ such that

$$u\phi (a)u^{}\phi ^{}(a)𝒦_B(E^{}),p^{}=upu^{},aA.$$

Let $`s:(\phi ,E;p)(\phi ^{},E^{};p^{})`$ be an unitary isomorphism in $`\mathrm{Rep}(\mathrm{A};\mathrm{B})`$. Then

$$\overline{s}:\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\phi \psi & EE& \overline{p}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\psi \phi & EE& \overline{p}^{}\end{array}\right)$$

is strong isomorphism, where

$$\overline{s}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}s& 1ss^{}\\ 1s^{}s& s\end{array}\right),\overline{p}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}p& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)\mathrm{and}\overline{p}^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& p^{}\end{array}\right).$$

Other hand, simple checking shows that strong unitary isomorphic Kasparov-Fredholm $`A,B`$-modules is contained in the equivalence generated by unitary isomorphism and homology. This means that one has correctly defined homomorphism

$$\lambda _1:K^0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B))E^1(A,B),$$

given by the map $`[(\phi ,E;p)]\{(\phi ,E;p)\}`$.

Let $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)/\mathrm{D}(A,A;B))`$ be pseudo-abelian category of the category $`Rep(A,B)/D(A,A;B))`$. Let $`(\phi ;E;p)`$ be a Kasparov-Fredholm $`A,B`$-module. The $`p`$ defines projector $`\dot{p}`$ in the category $`Rep(A,B)/D(A,A;B))`$. Thus the triple $`(\phi ;E;\dot{p})`$ is an object in $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)/\mathrm{D}(A,A;B))`$. We want definition of a homomorphism

$$\mu :E^1(A,B)K_0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)/\mathrm{D}(A,A;B))$$

by the map $`(\phi ;E;p)(\phi ;E;\dot{p})`$. We’ll show that this is correct.

We recall definition of operatorial homotopy:

* (Operatorial homotopy) $`A,B`$-module $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ is operatorial homotopic to a triple $`(\phi ,E;p^{})`$ if there exist a continuous map $`p_t:[0;1]_B(E)`$ such that $`(\phi ,E;p_t)`$ is $`A,B`$-module for any $`t[0;1]`$.

If $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ is homological to $`(\psi ,E;q)`$, then $`(\phi ,E;p)(\psi ,E;0)`$ is operatorial homotopic to $`(\phi ,E;0)(\psi ,E;q)`$. Indeed, Desired homotopy is defined by the formula

$$(\left(\begin{array}{cc}\phi & 0\\ 0& \psi \end{array}\right),EE,\frac{1}{1+t^2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}p& tpq\\ tqp& t^2q\end{array}\right)),t[0;\mathrm{}].$$

(cf. section 7 in ). Thus the projections $`\dot{p0}`$ and $`\dot{0q}`$ are homotopic. Then, using Lemma 4 section 6 in , one concludes that the objects $`(\phi ,E;\dot{p})(\psi ,E;\dot{0})`$ and $`(\phi ,E;\dot{0})(\psi ,E;\dot{q})`$ are unitary isomorphic objects in $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)/\mathrm{D}(A,A;B)`$. Let $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ is unitary isomorphic to $`(\psi ,E;q)`$. Then $`(\phi ,E;\dot{p})`$ is isomorphic to $`(\psi ,E;\dot{q})`$ in the category $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)/\mathrm{D}(A,A;B)`$. Therefore $`\mu `$ is correctly defined.

We are just ready to prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 7.1.

The natural homomorphism

$$\lambda _1:K^0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B))E^1(A,B)$$

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

Of course, $`\lambda _1`$ is epimorphism. Indeed, let $`(\phi ,E;p)`$ be Kasparov-Fredholm $`A,B`$-module. Applying analogue to Lemmas 17.4.2-17.4.3 in , one can suppose that $`p^{}=p`$ and $`p1`$. Then it is equivalent to $`(\phi 0,EE;p^{})`$, where

$$p^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}p& \sqrt{pp^2}\\ \sqrt{pp^2}& 1p\end{array}\right).$$

Simple checking shows that $`p^{}`$ is a projection and $`(\phi 0,EE;p^{})`$ is an object in $`\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)`$. To show that $`\lambda _1`$ is monomorphism, consider commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}K^0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B))& \stackrel{\lambda _1}{}& E^1(A,B)\\ & & ^\mu \\ K^0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B))& \stackrel{\xi }{}& K^0(\mathrm{Rep}(A,B)/\mathrm{D}(A,A;B)).\end{array}$$

By Theorem 6.3, $`\xi `$ is an isomorphism. Therefore $`\lambda _1`$ is monomorphism. ∎

### 7.2. The Main Theorem

Now, we present our main result in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 7.2.

Let $`B`$ be a $`\sigma `$-unital $`C^{}`$-algebra. Then the families of functors

(7.4)
$$\{KK_n^a(;B)\}_{nZ},\{KK_n^t(;B)\}_{nZ},\{KK_n(;B)\}_{nZ}.$$

are naturally isomorphic Cuntz-Bott cohomology theories on the category of separable $`C^{}`$-algebras and $``$-homomorphisms.

###### Proof.

By Proposition 4.10 the functor $`KK_n^a(;B)`$ is naturally isomorphic to $`𝐊_{n+1}^a(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))`$ (respectively for $`KK_n^t(;B)`$. See 5). But by Theorem 6.9 family

$$\{𝐊_n^a(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))\}_{nZ}.$$

has weak excision property. The same property has also

$$\{𝐊_n^t(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))\}_{nZ}.$$

Further, thanks to the result of , the family

$$\{KK_n(;B)\}_{nZ}$$

has weak excision property. Now, we show:

* functors $`𝐊_n^a(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))`$, $`𝐊_n^t(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))`$ and $`KK_n(;B)`$ have stable property, for all $`nZ`$.

This fact with the Theorem 6.9 implies that all three families are Cuntz-Bott cohomology theories. Let us go on to show it.

Let $`p𝒦`$ be a rank one projection and $`A`$ be a separable $`C^{}`$-algebra. The $``$-homomorphism $`e_A:AA𝒦`$ defined by the map $`aap`$, $`aA`$, induces a $``$-functor

$$e_A^{}:Rep(A𝒦;B)Rep(A;B).$$

Now, we construct a $``$-functor

$$\epsilon :Rep(A;B)Rep(A𝒦;B)$$

which is somehow a right inverse to $`e_A^{}`$. Let $`\varphi :A(E)`$ be an object in $`Rep(A;B)`$. One has the induced $``$-homomorphism

$$\varphi id_𝒦:A𝒦(E_C)$$

defined as the composition

$$A𝒦(E)()(E_C),$$

of natural maps. Of course, this is an object in $`Rep(A𝒦;B)`$. Let $`f:(E,\varphi )(E^{},\varphi ^{})`$ be a morphism in $`Rep(A;B)`$, i.e. $`f\varphi (a)\varphi (a)f𝒦(E)`$, $`aA`$. Then

$$\epsilon (f)=fp:(E_C,\varphi id_𝒦)(E^{}_C,\varphi ^{}id_𝒦)$$

is a morphism in $`Rep(A𝒦;B)`$.

Now we construct an useful isometry $`\sigma _E:EE_k`$, for any countable generated $`B`$-module $`E`$. Choose $`y`$ such that $`p(y)=y`$ and $`y=1`$ and consider a $`B`$-homomorphism $`\sigma _E`$ given by the formula $`xxy`$. For a $`z`$, there exists $`\lambda _zk`$ determined uniquely by the equation $`p(z)=\lambda _zy`$ (note, that $`p`$ is rank one projection). Define $`\sigma _E^{}`$ by the correspondence $`xz\lambda _zx`$. The $`B`$-homomorphism $`\sigma _E^{}`$ is the adjoint to $`\sigma _E`$. Indeed, since $`p(y)=y`$ and $`y=1`$,

$$\sigma _E(x);x^{}z=xy;x^{}z=x;x^{}y,pz=x;\lambda _zx^{}=x;\sigma _E^{}(x^{}z)x,x^{},zE.$$

Since $`\sigma _E^{}\sigma _E(x)=\sigma _E^{}(xy)=x`$, one concludes $`\sigma _E`$ is an isometry.

Since

$$\sigma _E\varphi (a)(z)((\varphi id_𝒦)e_A(a))\sigma _E(z)=\varphi (a)(z)y(\varphi (a)p)(zy)=0,zE,$$

the isometry $`\sigma _E`$ is a morphism from $`(E,\varphi )`$ into $`(E_C,(\varphi id_𝒦)e_A)`$.

Consider restriction of $`e_A^{}\epsilon `$ on the $`D_\varphi (A;E;B)`$. Thus we have the $``$-homomorphism

(7.5)
$$(e_A^{}\epsilon )_E:D_\varphi (A;E;B)D_{(\varphi id)e_A}(A;E_k;B)$$

which maps $`x`$ to $`xp`$. But

$$(\sigma _Ex)(z)=(\sigma _E)(x(z))=x(z)y=((xp)\sigma _E)(z),xD_\varphi (A;E;B),zE.$$

This means

(7.6)
$$(e_A^{}\epsilon )_E(x)=\sigma _Ex\sigma _E^{}.$$

Now, we show the functor $`e_A^{}\epsilon `$ induces the identity homomorphism of group $`𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B))`$ onto itself. Indeed, choose an element $`r𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B))`$. By definition of $`𝐊_n^a`$-groups the element $`r`$ is represented by an element $`r_\varphi K_n^a(D_\varphi (A;E;B))`$. Then the element $`𝐊_n^a(e_A^{}\epsilon )(r)`$ is represented by the element

(7.7)
$$K_n^a((e_A^{}\epsilon )_E)(r_\varphi ).$$

The equation 7.6 implies that the element 7.7 represents the element $`r`$. This means that $`e_A^{}\epsilon `$ induces identity homomorphism of $`𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B))`$ onto itself. Thus $`\epsilon _n=K_n^a(\epsilon )`$ is a right inverse of $`K_n^a(e_A^{})`$. This means that $`K_n^a(e_A^{})`$ is epimorphism. Thus it is enough to show that $`K_n^a(e_A^{})`$ is a monomorphism. Consider commutative diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝐊_n^a(Rep(A,B))& \stackrel{K_n^a(e_A^{})}{}& 𝐊_n^a(Rep(A^I𝒦,B))\\ ^{𝐊_n^a(e_0^A)}& & ^{𝐊_n^a(e_0^A)}\\ 𝐊_n^a(Rep(A^I,B))& \stackrel{\epsilon _n}{}& 𝐊_n^a(Rep(A^I𝒦,B)),\end{array}$$

where $`e_t^A:A^IA`$ is the evolution at $`tI=[0;1]`$. Since $`𝐊_n^a(Rep(𝒦,B))`$ is split and stable functor, it is homotopy invariant functor. This fact implies that right vertical arrow is an isomorphism. Therefore $`K_n^a(e_A^{})`$ is an monomorphism. Therefore the family $`\{𝐊_n^a(\mathrm{Rep}(;B))\}_{nZ}`$ is Cuntz-Bott cohomology theory. According to Corollary 3.5 and Theorem 7.1, one concludes that all three theories are isomorphic. ∎