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# Semisimple weak Hopf algebras

## 1. Introduction

In \[BSz1\] G. Böhm and K. Szlachányi introduced weak Hopf algebras as a generalization of ordinary Hopf algebras. It was observed in \[NV2\] that these objects also extend the theory of groupoid algebras. A general theory of weak Hopf algebras was subsequently developed in \[BNSz\]. Briefly, a weak Hopf algebra is a vector space with structures of an algebra and coalgebra related to each other in a certain self-dual way. Weak Hopf algebras naturally appear in different areas of mathematics, including algebra, functional analysis, and representation theory \[KN, NV1, EN, NTV\]; we refer the reader to \[NV2\] for a survey of the subject.

In this paper we begin the study of semisimple weak Hopf algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $`0`$. These are the most accessible weak Hopf algebras that frequently appear in applications. In particular, the representation-theoretic importance of semisimple weak Hopf algebras can be seen from the result of V. Ostrik \[O\], who proved that every semisimple rigid monoidal category with finitely many classes of simple objects (such categories are called fusion categories) is equivalent to the representation category of a semisimple weak Hopf algebra. Weak Hopf algebra techniques were used to prove results about fusion categories in \[N2, ENO\]. In \[ENO\] it was shown that regular semisimple weak Hopf algebras and fusion categories do not admit continuous deformations (this extends the result of D. Stefan for semisimple Hopf algebras \[S\]). Here the regularity condition ensures the absence of “trivial” deformations \[N2, Remark 3.7\]. In particular, this implies that a classification of semisimple weak Hopf algebras is possible. Such a classification will include the classification of fusion categories and module categories over them and will be useful in operator algebras, quantum field theory, and representation theory of quantum groups. In order to proceed with this classification project it is first necessary to bring the theory of semisimple weak Hopf algebras and fusion categories to roughly the same level as that of semisimple Hopf algebras. The present paper is a step in this direction.

Semisimple Hopf algebras is one of the most established subjects of Hopf algebra theory. A number of structural and classification theorems is known, see surveys \[Mo1, Mo2, A\]. In this paper we extend several classical results from ordinary to weak Hopf algebras. Below we describe these results and organization of the paper.

In Section 2 we recall the definition and basic properties of weak Hopf algebras and their representation categories.

In Section 3 we first define a canonical integral of a weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ and give a list of conditions equivalent to the semisimplicity of $`A`$ in Proposition 3.1.5. Next, for a semisimple $`A`$ we study two notions of dimensions of irreducible $`A`$-modules : the quantum and Frobenius-Perron dimensions introduced in \[ENO\]. We show that the vector of Frobenius-Perron dimensions of irreducible $`A`$-modules is a Frobenius-Perron eigenvector (i.e., an eigenvector with strictly positive entries) of the integer matrix $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^t\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the matrix describing the inclusion of the base algebra $`A_s`$ in $`A`$ (Proposition 3.3.10). This extends a result of \[BSz2\] for weak Hopf $`C^{}`$-algebras. In Proposition 3.4.2 we give in terms of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ a sufficient condition of the triviality of a group-like element $`G`$ implementing the square of the antipode of $`A`$ (a pivotal element of $`A`$). In the case when $`A`$ is pseudo-unitary we show in Corollary 3.4.5 that $`G=wS(w)^1`$ where $`w`$ is a Frobenius-Perron element of the base $`A_s`$. In particular, in this case the eigenvalues of $`S^2`$ are all positive and can easily be found.

In Section 4 we study the Grothendieck ring of a semisimple weak Hopf algebra and extend in Theorem 4.2.4 the Class Equation of G. Kac and Y. Zhu \[K, Z1\] (a version of this equation for pivotal fusion categories was proved in \[ENO\]).

In Section 5 we establish analogues of the trace formulas of Larson and Radford \[LR1, LR2\]. The first formula (Corollary 5.1.1) expresses $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)`$ in terms of dual integrals in $`A`$ and $`A^{}`$. The second formula shows that the categorical dimension $`dim(A)`$ of $`A`$ divides its Frobenius-Perron dimension $`\text{FPdim}(A)`$ in the ring of algebraic integers (Theorem 5.2.2). As a consequence we obtain that a weak Hopf algebra is pseudo-unitary if and only if all the eigenvalues of $`S^2`$ are positive.

Section 6 deals with properties of module algebras and coalgebras over a semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$. In Theorem 6.1.3 we extend the result of \[Li\] to prove that if $`A`$ is a pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebra then the Jacobson radical of any finite-dimensional $`A`$-module algebra is $`A`$-stable. In Theorem 6.2.2 we extend the result of \[Z2\] to Frobenius-Perron dimensions of comodule algebras over a semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ : we show that if $`M`$ is an indecomposable finite-dimensional semisimple $`A`$-comodule algebra, then for all irreducible $`M`$-modules $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$ the number $`\text{FPdim}(A)\text{FPdim}(M_1)\text{FPdim}(M_2)/\text{FPdim}(M)`$, where FPdim denotes the Frobenius-Perron dimension, is an algebraic integer. This generalizes the well-known fact that for a finite group $`G`$ the cardinality of a transitive $`G`$-set divides the order of $`G`$.

Acknowledgements. This research was supported by the NSF grant DMS-0200202. The author is grateful to Pavel Etingof for poining out an error in an early version of this paper and to Victor Ostrik and Leonid Vainerman for valuable discussions. Thanks are also due to the referee whose comments helped to improve the presentation.

## 2. Preliminaries

### 2.1. Definition and basic properties of weak Hopf algebras

Let $`k`$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $`0`$. All vector spaces and tensor products in this paper are over $`k`$.

One obtains a weak Hopf algebra by relaxing the axioms related to the unit and counit in the definition of an ordinary Hopf algebra.

###### Definition 2.1.1 (\[BSz1, BNSz\]).

A weak Hopf algebra is a vector space $`A`$ with the structures of an associative algebra $`(A,m,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1})`$ with a multiplication $`m:AAA`$ and unit $`1A`$ and a coassociative coalgebra $`(A,\mathrm{\Delta },ϵ)`$ with a comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }:AAA`$ and counit $`ϵ:Ak`$ such that:

1. The comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a (not necessarily unit-preserving) homomorphism of algebras:

(1)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }(gh)=\mathrm{\Delta }(g)\mathrm{\Delta }(h),$$
2. The unit and counit satisfy the following identities:

(2) $`(\mathrm{\Delta }\text{id})\mathrm{\Delta }(1)`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Delta }(1)1)(1\mathrm{\Delta }(1))=(1\mathrm{\Delta }(1))(\mathrm{\Delta }(1)1),`$
(3) $`ϵ(fgh)`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ(fg_{(1)})ϵ(g_{(2)}h)=ϵ(fg_{(2)})ϵ(g_{(1)}h),`$
3. There is a linear map $`S:AA`$, called an antipode, such that

(4) $`m(\text{id}S)\mathrm{\Delta }(h)`$ $`=`$ $`(ϵ\text{id})(\mathrm{\Delta }(1)(h1)),`$
(5) $`m(S\text{id})\mathrm{\Delta }(h)`$ $`=`$ $`(\text{id}ϵ)((1h)\mathrm{\Delta }(1)),`$
(6) $`S(h)`$ $`=`$ $`S(h_{(1)})h_{(2)}S(h_{(3)}),`$
for all $`f,g,hA`$.

###### Remark 2.1.2.

We use Sweedler’s notation for a comultiplication in a coalgebra $`C`$, writing $`\mathrm{\Delta }(c)=c_{(1)}c_{(2)}`$ for all $`cC`$.

Axioms (2) and (3) above weaken the usual bialgebra axioms requiring $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ to preserve the unit and $`ϵ`$ to be an algebra homomorphism. Axioms (4) and (5) generalize the properties of the antipode in a Hopf algebra. The antipode $`S`$ of a weak Hopf algebra is an algebra and coalgebra antihomomorphism. If $`A`$ is finite-dimensional then $`S`$ is bijective \[BNSz, 2.10\].

###### Remark 2.1.3.

A weak Hopf algebra is a Hopf algebra if and only if $`\mathrm{\Delta }(1)=11`$ and if and only if $`ϵ`$ is a homomorphism of algebras.

A morphism between weak Hopf algebras $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$ is a map $`\varphi :A_1A_2`$ which is both algebra and coalgebra homomorphism preserving $`1`$ and $`ϵ`$ and which intertwines the antipodes of $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$, i.e., $`\varphi S_1=S_2\varphi `$. The image of a morphism is clearly a weak Hopf algebra.

For a finite-dimensional $`A`$ there is a natural weak Hopf algebra structure on the dual vector space $`A^{}=\text{Hom}_k(A,k)`$ given by

(7) $`\varphi \psi ,h=(\varphi \psi ),\mathrm{\Delta }(h),`$
(8) $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\varphi ),gh=\varphi ,gh,`$
(9) $`S(\varphi ),h=\varphi ,S(h),`$
for all $`\varphi ,\psi A^{},g,hA`$. The unit of $`A^{}`$ is $`ϵ`$ and the counit is $`\varphi \varphi ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$.

The linear maps defined by (4) and (5) are called target  and source counital maps and denoted $`\epsilon _t`$ and $`\epsilon _s`$ respectively :

(10)
$$\epsilon _t(h)=ϵ(1_{(1)}h)1_{(2)},\epsilon _s(h)=1_{(1)}ϵ(h1_{(2)}),$$

for all $`hA`$.

An algebra $`M`$ is a left $`A`$-comodule algebra if $`M`$ is a left $`A`$-comodule via $`\delta :MAM:mm^{(1)}m^{(2)}`$ such that

(11)
$$\delta (mn)=\delta (m)\delta (n),\delta (1)=(\epsilon _s\text{id})\delta (1),$$

for all $`m,nM`$.

An algebra $`M`$ is a left $`A`$-module algebra if $`M`$ is a left $`A`$-module via $`hmhm`$ such that

(12)
$$h(mn)=(h_{(1)}m)(h_{(2)}n),h1=\epsilon _t(h),$$

for all $`hA`$ and $`m,nM`$.

The definitions of right module and comodule algebras are similar.

###### Remark 2.1.4.

If $`A`$ is finite-dimensional then a left $`A`$-comodule algebra $`M`$ is a right $`A^{}`$-module algebra via

(13)
$$m\varphi =\varphi ,m^{(1)}m^{(2)},\varphi A^{},mM.$$

### 2.2. Basic properties of weak Hopf algebras

The images of the counital maps defined in (10),

(14)
$$A_t=\epsilon _t(A),A_s=\epsilon _s(A)$$

are semisimple subalgebras of $`A`$, called target and source bases or counital subalgebras of $`A`$. These subalgebras commute with each other; moreover

$`A_t`$ $`=`$ $`\{(\varphi \text{id})\mathrm{\Delta }(1)\varphi A^{}\}=\{hA\mathrm{\Delta }(h)=\mathrm{\Delta }(1)(h1)\},`$
$`A_s`$ $`=`$ $`\{(\text{id}\varphi )\mathrm{\Delta }(1)\varphi A^{}\}=\{hA\mathrm{\Delta }(h)=(1h)\mathrm{\Delta }(1)\}.`$
For any algebra $`B`$ we denote by $`Z(B)`$ the center of $`B`$.

If $`p0`$ is an idempotent in $`A_tA_sZ(A)`$, then $`A`$ is the direct sum of weak Hopf algebras $`pA`$ and $`(1p)A`$. Consequently, we say that $`A`$ is indecomposable if $`A_tA_sZ(A)=k1`$.

Every weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ contains a canonical minimal  weak Hopf subalgebra $`A_{\mathrm{min}}`$ generated, as an algebra, by $`A_s`$ and $`A_t`$ \[N2, Section 3\]. Obviously, $`A`$ is an ordinary Hopf algebra if and only if $`A_{\mathrm{min}}=k1`$. Minimal weak Hopf algebras over $`k`$, i.e., those for which $`A=A_{\mathrm{min}}`$, were completely classified in \[N2, Proposition 3.4\].

The restriction of $`S^2`$ to $`A_{\mathrm{min}}`$ is always an inner automorphism of $`A_{\mathrm{min}}`$, see \[N2\].

###### Note 2.2.1.

In what follows we will consider only weak Hopf algebras satisfying the following natural property :

(15)
$$S^2|_{A_{\mathrm{min}}}=\text{id}.$$

###### Definition 2.2.2.

We will call a weak Hopf algebra satisfying (15) regular.

###### Remark 2.2.3.

It was shown in \[NV2, 6.1\] that every weak Hopf algebra can be obtained by twisting a regular weak Hopf algebra with the same algebra structure.

### 2.3. Rigid monoidal categories and fusion categories

Recall that a monoidal category consists of a category $`𝒞`$, a tensor product bifunctor $`:𝒞\times 𝒞𝒞`$, a unit object $`E`$, and natural equivalences

(16)
$$(\text{id}\times )(\times \text{id}),\mathrm{?}E\text{id},E\mathrm{?}\text{id},$$

satisfying the pentagon and triangle diagrams \[Ma, BK\].

If $`V`$ is an object in $`𝒞`$ then a right dual of $`V`$ is an object $`V^{}`$ together with two morphisms, $`b_V:EVV^{}`$ and $`d_V:V^{}VE`$, called coevaluation and evaluation, such that

(17) $`(\text{id}_Vd_V)(b_V\text{id}_V)`$ $`=`$ $`\text{id}_V,`$
(18) $`(d_V\text{id}_V^{})(\text{id}_V^{}b_V)`$ $`=`$ $`\text{id}_V^{}.`$
The definition of a left dual object is similar, see \[BK\]. A monoidal category $`𝒞`$ is called rigid if every object in $`𝒞`$ has right and left dual objects.

###### Definition 2.3.1.

A fusion category is an Abelian semisimple rigid monoidal category $`𝒞`$ that has finitely many simple objects and is such that the unit object $`E`$ is simple and all Hom-spaces of $`𝒞`$ are finite-dimensional.

A left module category over a monoidal category $`𝒞`$ is an Abelian category $``$ together with a bifunctor $`:𝒞\times `$ and natural equivalences

(19)
$$(\text{id}\times )(\times \text{id}),E\mathrm{?}\text{id},$$

satisfying pentagon and triangle axioms; see \[O\] for details.

### 2.4. Representation category of a weak Hopf algebra and reconstruction of fusion categories

The category $`\text{Rep}(A)`$ of finite-dimensional left $`A`$-modules has a natural structure of a rigid tensor category that we describe next, following \[NTV\]. The tensor product of two $`A`$-modules $`V`$ and $`W`$ is given by

(20)
$$VW:=V_{A_t}W=\{xV_kW|\mathrm{\Delta }(1)x=x\},$$

where the right action of $`A_t`$ on $`V`$ is by $`vz:=S(z)v,zA_t,vV`$ and the $`A`$-module structure defined via $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. The tensor product of morphisms is defined in an obvious way. The unit object $`E`$ of $`\text{Rep}(A)`$ is the target counital subalgebra $`A_t`$ with the action $`hz=\epsilon _t(hz)`$ for all $`hA,zA_t`$.

The unit object of $`\text{Rep}(A)`$ is irreducible if and only if bases of $`A`$ intersect trivially with the center of $`A`$, i.e., $`Z(A)A_t=k`$.

###### Definition 2.4.1.

If $`Z(A)A_t=k`$ we will say that $`A`$ is connected. We will say that that $`A`$ is coconnected if $`A^{}`$ is connected and that $`A`$ is biconnected if it is both connected and coconnected.

###### Remark 2.4.2.

$`A`$ is coconnected if and only if $`A_sA_t=k`$ \[N1, 3.11\].

If $`V`$ is an $`A`$-module then $`V^{}:=\text{Hom}_k(V,k)`$ is also an $`A`$-module via

(21)
$$h\varphi ,v=\varphi ,S(h)v,$$

for all $`hA,\varphi A^{},vV`$.

For any $`V`$ in $`\text{Rep}(A)`$, we define evaluation and coevaluation morphisms

$$d_V:V^{}VA_t,b_V:A_tVV^{},$$

as follows. For $`_j\varphi ^jv_jV^{}V`$, set

(22)
$$d_V(\underset{j}{}\varphi ^jv_j)=\underset{j}{}\varphi ^j(1_{(1)}v_j)1_{(2)}.$$

Let $`\{f_i\}`$ and $`\{\xi ^i\}`$ be bases of $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ dual to each other, then $`_if_i\xi ^i`$ does not depend on choice of these bases. Set

(23)
$$b_V(z)=z(\underset{i}{}f_i\xi ^i).$$

It was checked in \[NTV\] that $`d_V`$ and $`b_V`$ are well defined $`A`$-linear maps satisfying identities (17) and (18). Thus, $`\text{Rep}(A)`$ becomes a rigid monoidal category. Clearly, $`\text{Rep}(A)`$ is a fusion category if and only if $`A`$ is semisimple and connected.

Let $``$ be a semisimple left module category over a fusion category $`𝒞`$ such that $``$ has finitely many simple objects and all Hom-spaces of $``$ are finite-dimensional. It was shown in \[O\] that there exists a biconnected semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ such that $`\text{Rep}(A)𝒞`$ as fusion categories and $`\text{Rep}(A_t)`$ as module categories over $`𝒞`$. Such a weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is not unique. In particular, the base $`A_t`$ is defined up to a Morita equivalence, and one can always choose $`A_t`$ to be a commutative algebra, in which case $`A`$ is regular in the sense of Definition 2.2.2. Thus, one can study fusion categories and their module categories using weak Hopf algebra techniques.

### 2.5. Grothendieck rings and modules and Frobenius-Perron dimensions

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra. The Grothendieck ring $`K_0(A)`$ is defined as follows. As an Abelian group it is generated by characters $`\chi _V`$ of finite-dimensional $`A`$-modules $`V`$ with the addition $`\chi _U+\chi _V=\chi _{UV}`$ and multiplication $`\chi _U\chi _V=\chi _{UV}`$ for all $`A`$-modules $`U`$ and $`V`$. The unit is the character of the trivial $`A`$-module. The map $`\chi _V\chi _V^{}`$ extends to an anti-multiplicative involution of $`K_0(A)`$ since $`S^2`$ is an inner automorphism of $`A`$. Note that our definition does not differ from the usual one (see, e.g., \[Lo\]) since in the semisimple case we can identify finite-dimensional $`A`$-modules with their characters.

The ring $`K_0(A)`$ has a $`_+`$-basis consisting of characters $`\{\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n\}`$ of irreducible $`A`$-modules $`\{V_1,\mathrm{},V_n\}`$. For every $`A`$-module $`V`$ with the character $`\chi _V`$ the matrix $`[\chi _V]`$ of the left multiplication by $`\chi _V`$ in the basis $`\{\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n\}`$ has non-negative entries and is not nilpotent. By the Frobenius-Perron theorem \[Ga\] the matrix $`[\chi _V]`$ has a real non-negative eigenvalue. The largest among such eigenvalues we will call the Frobenius-Perron dimension of $`V`$ and denote $`\text{FPdim}(V)`$. It was shown in \[ENO\] that the map $`\varphi :V\text{FPdim}(V)`$ defines a ring homomorphism $`K_0(A)`$. This $`\varphi `$ is a unique homomorphism $`K_0(A)`$ with the property $`\varphi (\chi _i)>0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{}n`$.

###### Definition 2.5.1.

Define the character algebra of $`A`$ to be $`R(A)=K_0(A)_{}`$. If $`k=`$, then $`R(A)`$ may be regarded as a subalgebra of $`A^{}`$.

If $`M`$ is a finite-dimensional semisimple $`A`$-comodule algebra via $`\delta :MAM`$ then the Grothendieck group $`K_0(M)`$ becomes a left $`K_0(A)`$-module (with non-negative integer structure constants) via

(24)
$$\chi \xi ,m=\chi \xi ,\delta (m),$$

for all characters $`\chi K_0(A),\xi K_0(M)`$ and $`mM`$. Let $`R(M)=K_0(M)_{}`$.

###### Definition 2.5.2.

We will say that $`M`$ is indecomposable if it is not a direct sum of two non-trivial $`A`$-comodule algebras.

Let $`M`$ be an indecomposable finite-dimensional semisimple $`A`$-comodule algebra. Let $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_t`$ be irreducible $`M`$-modules and let $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _t`$ be their characters. It was shown in \[ENO\] that there exist positive numbers $`\text{FPdim}(M_1),\mathrm{},\text{FPdim}(M_t)`$, defined up to a common positive scalar multiple, and called Frobenius-Perron dimensions of $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_t`$, such that

(25)
$$\xi _f=\underset{i=1}{\overset{t}{}}\text{FPdim}(M_i)\xi _iR(M)$$

is an eigenvector for every $`A`$-character $`\chi _V`$ with the eigenvalue $`\text{FPdim}(V)`$:

(26)
$$\chi _V\xi _f=\text{FPdim}(V)\xi _f.$$

The assignment $`\xi _i\text{FPdim}(M_i)`$ extends to a $`K_0(A)`$-module homomorphism $`\psi :K_0(M)`$ (where $``$ is a $`K_0(A)`$-module via $`\chi _Va=\text{FPdim}(V)a,a`$) with $`\psi (\xi _i)>0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{}t`$. The following statement will be used in the sequel.

###### Lemma 2.5.3.

The above map $`\psi `$ is a unique, up to a positive scalar multiple, $`K_0(A)`$-module homomorphism from $`K_0(M)`$ to $``$ with the property $`\psi (\xi _i)>0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{}t`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`[\chi _V]`$ be the matrix of multiplication by $`\chi _V`$ in the basis $`\{\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _t\}`$ and let $`\stackrel{}{m}`$ be the column vector with entries $`\psi (\xi _i),i=1,\mathrm{},t`$. Then $`[\chi _V]\stackrel{}{m}=\text{FPdim}(V)\stackrel{}{m}`$. Since $`\stackrel{}{m}`$ has strictly positive entries it belongs to the Frobenius-Perron eigenspace of $`[\chi _V]`$ for every $`A`$-module $`V`$. Choosing $`V`$ in such a way that $`[\chi _V]`$ has strictly positive entries we conclude that $`\stackrel{}{m}`$ is defined up to a scalar multiple (since in this case the Frobenius-Perron eigenspace of $`[\chi _V]`$ is $`1`$-dimensional). ∎

## 3. Integrals, semisimplicity, and dimension theory

### 3.1. Integrals in weak Hopf algebras

The following notion of an integral in a weak Hopf algebra is a generalization of that of an integral in a usual Hopf algebra.

###### Definition 3.1.1 (\[BNSz\]).

A left (respectively, right) integral in a weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is an element $`\mathrm{}A`$ (respectively, $`rA`$) such that

(27)
$$h\mathrm{}=\epsilon _t(h)\mathrm{},(\text{respectively, }rh=r\epsilon _s(h))\text{ for all }hA.$$

The space of left (respectively, right) integrals in $`A`$ is a right (respectively, left) ideal of $`A`$ of dimension $`dim_k(A_t)`$. We will denote the spaces of left and right integrals of $`A`$ by $`_A^l`$ and $`_A^r`$.

Any left integral $`\lambda `$ in $`A^{}`$ satisfies the following invariance property :

(28)
$$g_{(1)}\lambda ,hg_{(2)}=S(h_{(1)})\lambda ,h_{(2)}g,g,hA.$$

In what follows we use the Sweedler arrows $``$ and $``$ for the dual actions :

(29)
$$h\varphi ,g=\varphi ,gh\text{ and }\varphi h,g=\varphi ,hg.$$

for all $`g,hA,\varphi A^{}`$.

Recall that a functional $`\varphi A^{}`$ is non-degenerate if its composition with the multiplication defines a non-degenerate bilinear form on $`A`$. Equivalently, $`\varphi `$ is non-degenerate if the linear map $`h(h\varphi )`$ is injective. An integral (left or right) in a weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is called non-degenerate if it defines a non-degenerate functional on $`A^{}`$. A left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ is called normalized if $`\epsilon _t(\mathrm{})=1`$.

It was shown by P. Vecsernyes \[V\] that a finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra always possesses a non-degenerate left integral. In particular, a finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra is a Frobenius algebra (this extends the well-known result of Larson and Sweedler for usual Hopf algebras). It also follows that $`_A^l`$ is a free right $`A_t`$-module of rank $`1`$ and a free right $`A_s`$-module of rank $`1`$ for which any non-degenerate left integral can be taken as a basis.

Maschke’s theorem for weak Hopf algebras \[BNSz, 3.13\] states that a weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is semisimple if and only if $`A`$ is separable, and if and only if there exists a normalized left integral in $`A`$. In particular, every semisimple weak Hopf algebra is finite-dimensional.

For a finite-dimensional $`A`$ there is a useful notion of duality between non-degenerate left integrals in $`A`$ and $`A^{}`$ \[BNSz, 3.18\]. If $`\mathrm{}`$ is a non-degenerate left integral in $`A`$ then there exists a unique $`\lambda A^{}`$ such that $`\lambda \mathrm{}=1`$. This $`\lambda `$ is a non-degenerate left integral in $`A^{}`$. Moreover, $`\mathrm{}\lambda =ϵ`$. Such a pair of non-degenerate integrals $`(\mathrm{},\lambda )`$ is called a pair of dual integrals.

A weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is called unimodular if it has a $`2`$-sided non-degenerate integral. A semisimple weak Hopf algebra is unimodular \[BNSz\].

Following Drinfeld, \[D\], we define the algebra of generalized characters of $`A`$ to be

(30)
$$O(A)=\{\varphi A^{}\varphi ,gh=\varphi ,hS^2(g),g,hA\}.$$

It was shown in \[BNSz\] that a left integral $`\mathrm{}_A^l`$ is $`S`$-invariant if and only if its dual left integral $`\lambda _A^{}^l`$ is a generalized character.

###### Proposition 3.1.2.

If $`A`$ is unimodular then $`\{\mathrm{}_A^l\mathrm{}=S(\mathrm{})\}A_tZ(A)`$. In particular if $`A`$ is connected unimodular then there exist unique up to a scalar multiple non-degenerate $`S`$-invariant $`\mathrm{}_A^l`$ and non-degenerate left integral $`\lambda O(A)_A^{}^l`$ dual to each other.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{}A`$ be a two-sided non-degenerate integral, then any other element of $`_A^l`$ is of the form $`\mathrm{}^{}=\mathrm{}z,zA_t`$. It is easy to see that $`S(\mathrm{}^{})=\mathrm{}^{}`$ if and only if $`zA_tZ(A)`$. ∎

###### Definition 3.1.3.

A canonical left integral in $`A^{}`$ is a functional $`\lambda `$ defined by

(31)
$$\lambda ,h=\text{Tr}(L_hS^2|_A),$$

where $`hL_h`$ is the left regular representation of $`A`$.

That the above $`\lambda `$ is an integral was shown, e.g., in \[BNSz\] and \[ENO\]. It follows that if $`A`$ is connected semisimple, then $`\lambda `$ is a basis of $`O(A)_A^{}^l`$.

The following definition was given in \[BNSz\].

###### Definition 3.1.4.

A Haar integral in a weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is a normalized $`2`$-sided integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in $`A`$. Such an integral is necessarily unique and $`S`$-invariant.

Below we give a list of equivalent conditions characterizing the semisimplicity of a biconnected weak Hopf algebra in terms of the canonical and Haar integrals.

###### Proposition 3.1.5.

Let $`A`$ be a biconnected weak Hopf algebra and let $`\lambda A^{}`$ be the canonical integral defined by (31). Then the following conditions are equivalent.

* $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)0`$,
* $`A`$ is semisimple,
* $`A^{}`$ is semisimple,
* There is a Haar integral in $`A^{}`$,
* $`\lambda `$ is a non-degenerate functional on $`A`$.

###### Proof.

(i) $``$ (ii) was proved in \[N2, Corollary 6.6\] and (ii) $``$ (i) follows from \[ENO, Theorem 3.2\]. Since $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)=\text{Tr}(S^2|_A^{})`$ we also get (i) $``$ (iii).

To prove (iii) $``$ (iv) observe that by \[BNSz, Theorem 3.27\] the existence of the Haar integral in $`A`$ is equivalent to $`A^{}`$ being semisimple with $`S^2(\varphi )=\gamma \varphi \gamma ^1`$ for $`\varphi A^{}`$ and

(32)
$$\text{Tr}_V(\gamma ^1)0$$

for every irreducible $`A^{}`$-module $`V`$. But this condition is satisfied in every semisimple weak Hopf algebra, since the following sequence of $`A^{}`$-module homomorphisms

$$A_t^{}\stackrel{b_V^{}}{}V^{}V^{}\stackrel{\text{id}_V^{}\gamma ^1}{}V^{}V\stackrel{d_V}{}A_t^{}$$

is precisely the multiplication by $`\frac{\text{Tr}_V(\gamma ^1)}{dim_k(A_t)}`$ and is non-zero by semisimplicity of $`A^{}`$.

The equivalence (iv) $``$ (v) was proved in \[BNSz, Proposition 3.26(i)\]. ∎

###### Remark 3.1.6.

When $`A`$ is not biconnected there are refined criteria for semisimplicity, cf. \[N2, 6.4\] and \[ENO, 4.10\].

Let $`\{p_\alpha \}`$ be the set of primitive idempotents in $`Z(A_s)`$.

###### Proposition 3.1.7.

For any biconnected weak Hopf algebra we have

(33) $`\epsilon _t(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)}{dim_k(A_s)}}ϵ,`$
(34) $`\epsilon _s(\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_{p_\alpha A})}{dim_k(p_\alpha A_s)}}(p_\alpha ϵ).`$
###### Proof.

Let $`\lambda `$ be the canonical integral defined by (31). The restriction of $`\lambda `$ to $`A_{\text{min}}=A_sA_t`$ is an integral in $`(A_{\text{min}})^{}`$ and hence there exists $`yA_s`$ such that

(35)
$$\lambda ,x=\text{Tr}(xy|_{A_{\text{min}}}),xA_{\text{min}}.$$

In particular, for $`xA_t`$ we get $`\lambda ,x=ϵ(x)ϵ(y)`$. On the other hand,

$$\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)=\lambda ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}=\text{Tr}(y|_{A_{\text{min}}})=ϵ(y)dim_k(A_s),$$

whence (33) follows.

For $`xA_s`$ we have $`\lambda ,x=ϵ(xy)dim_k(A_s)`$, so, $`ϵ_s(\lambda )=dim_k(A_t)(yϵ)`$. Let $`y=_\alpha y_\alpha p_\alpha `$ for some scalars $`y_\alpha `$. To find these scalars, note that $`\lambda ,p_\alpha =\text{Tr}(S^2|_{p_\alpha A})`$ and also that

$$\lambda ,p_\alpha =y_\alpha \text{Tr}(p_\alpha |_{A_{\text{min}}})=y_\alpha dim_k(A_s)dim_k(p_\alpha A_s).$$

Thus,

(36)
$$y=\underset{\alpha }{}\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_{p_\alpha A})}{dim_k(A_s)dim_k(p_\alpha A_s)}p_\alpha ,$$

which implies (34). ∎

### 3.2. Group-like and pivotal elements in a weak Hopf algebra

In \[N2\] a group-like element of $`A`$ was defined as an invertible element $`gA`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(g)=(gg)\mathrm{\Delta }(1)=\mathrm{\Delta }(1)(gg)`$. Group-like elements of $`A`$ form a group $`G(A)`$ under multiplication. This group has a normal subgroup

(37)
$$G_0(A):=G(A_{\mathrm{min}})=\{yS(y)^1yA_s\}$$

of trivial group-like elements. If $`A`$ is finite-dimensional, the quotient group $`\stackrel{~}{G}(A)=G(A)/G_0(A)`$ is finite. It was shown in \[N2\] that if $`\mathrm{}A`$ and $`\lambda A^{}`$ is a dual pair of left integrals, then there exist group-like elements $`\alpha G(A^{})`$ and $`aG(A)`$, called distinguished group-like elements, whose classes in $`\stackrel{~}{G}(A^{})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{G}(A)`$ do not depend on the choice of $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`\lambda `$, such that

(38)
$$S(\mathrm{})=\alpha \mathrm{}\text{ and }S(\lambda )=a\lambda .$$

(Note that $`\alpha `$ and $`a`$ themselves depend on the choice of $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`\lambda `$).

The following result is an analogue of Radford’s formula \[R\] for usual Hopf algebras.

###### Theorem 3.2.1.

\[N2, Theorem 5.13\] One has

(39)
$$S^4(h)=a^1(\alpha h\alpha ^1)a.$$

for all $`hA`$.

###### Remark 3.2.2.

$`A`$ is unimodular if the coset of $`\alpha `$ in $`G(A^{})`$ is trivial.

Recall that a pivotal structure on a rigid monoidal category $`𝒞`$ is an isomorphism between monoidal functors $`i:\text{Id}`$. A weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is pivotal if there is a group-like element $`GA`$ such that $`S^2(h)=GhG^1`$ for all $`hA`$. In other words, $`A`$ is pivotal if and only if $`\text{Rep}(A)`$ is a pivotal category. The element $`G`$ is called a pivotal element of $`A`$.

### 3.3. Dimension theory for weak Hopf algebras

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra and let $`V`$ be a finite-dimensional $`A`$-module. Below we define quantum and Frobenius-Perron dimensions of $`A`$-modules. These dimensions coincide with the $`k`$-vector space dimensions if and only if $`A`$ is a usual Hopf algebra.

Let $`𝒞`$ be a pivotal fusion category with an isomorphism between monoidal functors $`i:\text{Id}`$. One can define the quantum dimension of any object $`V`$ in $`𝒞`$ by

(40)
$$dim(V):=\text{Tr}_V(i)=d_V^{}(i\text{id}_V^{})b_V.$$

Here the right hand side belongs to $`\text{End}_𝒞(E)=k`$. Let $`𝒞=\text{Rep}(A)`$ for a pivotal weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ and let $`V`$ be a finite-dimensional $`A`$-module. If $`G`$ is a pivotal element of $`A`$ then (40) becomes

(41)
$$dim(V)=\frac{\text{Tr}_V(G)}{dim_k(A_t)}.$$

Note that we use $`dim`$ for the quantum dimension and $`dim_k`$ for $`k`$-vector space dimension.

###### Remark 3.3.1.

The squared norm  $`|V|^2`$ of a simple object $`V`$ of $`𝒞`$ can be defined without assuming existence of a pivotal structure \[Mu, ENO\]. If $`𝒞=\text{Rep}(A)`$ for a semisimple $`A`$, then $`\text{End}_k(V)`$ can be identified with a minimal $`2`$-sided ideal of $`A`$ and

(42)
$$|V|^2=\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\text{End}_k(V)})}{dim_k(A_t)^2}.$$

This number is an algebraic integer, which is non-negative if $`k=`$ \[ENO, Theorem 2.3\].

###### Remark 3.3.2.

For a pivotal $`A`$ one has $`|V|^2=dim(V)dim(V^{})`$ \[Mu, ENO\]. In general, $`dim(V)dim(V^{})`$, and so $`|V|^2dim(V)^2`$. This is why we use the term “squared norm” rather than “squared dimension.”

When $`A`$ is a semisimple weak Hopf algebra and $`\{V_j\}_{j=1}^n`$ are all the irreducible $`A`$-modules, the categorical dimension of $`𝒞=\text{Rep}(A)`$ is defined as

(43)
$$dim(𝒞)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}|V_j|^2.$$

We will call $`dim(A)=dim(\text{Rep}(A))`$ the categorical dimension of $`A`$. It follows from (42) that for $`k=`$ one has

(44)
$$dim(A)=\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)}{dim_k(A_t)^2}.$$

It was shown in \[ENO\] that $`dim(A)`$ is an algebraic integer $`1`$.

###### Note 3.3.3.

From now on let $`A`$ be a semisimple biconnected weak Hopf algebra and let $`k=`$ be the field of complex numbers (although some of the results below remain valid over an arbitrary algebraically closed field $`k`$ of characteristic $`0`$ we restrict our attention to $``$ since it is convenient to regard dimensions of $`A`$-modules as elements of the ground field).

Recall from Section 2.5 that the Frobenius-Perron dimension $`\text{FPdim}(V)`$ of a finite-dimensional $`A`$-module $`V`$ is defined as the largest positive eigenvalue of the matrix of multiplication by $`\chi _V`$ in the basis $`\{\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n\}`$ of $`K_0(A)`$, where $`\{\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n\}`$ are characters of irreducible $`A`$-modules $`\{V_1,\mathrm{},V_n\}`$. Clearly, $`\text{FPdim}(V)`$ is a positive algebraic integer.

The Frobenius-Perron dimension of $`A`$ is then defined \[ENO\] as:

(45)
$$\text{FPdim}(A):=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}\text{FPdim}(V_j)^2.$$

###### Remark 3.3.4.

It follows from \[ENO, Section 8.2\] that $`\text{FPdim}(A)=\text{FPdim}(A^{})`$. If $`BA`$ is a biconnected semisimple weak Hopf subalgebra of $`A`$ then $`\frac{\text{FPdim}(A)}{\text{FPdim}(B)}`$ is an algebraic integer. We generalize this result in Section 6.2.

Let us define

(46)
$$\rho :=\underset{j}{}\text{FPdim}(V_j)\text{Tr}_{V_j}R(A).$$

This $`\rho `$ formally replaces the character of the regular representation. We will call $`\rho `$ the Frobenius-Perron character of $`A`$. If $`V`$ is an $`A`$-module with the character $`\chi `$ then $`\chi \rho =\rho \chi =\text{FPdim}(V)\rho `$. In particular, $`\text{FPdim}(A)^1\rho `$ is a minimal idempotent in $`R(A)`$.

A relation between categorical and Frobenius-Perron dimensions was found in \[ENO, Section 8.3\]. For any simple module $`V`$ over a semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ one has $`|V|^2\text{FPdim}(V)^2`$, and hence, $`dim(A)\text{FPdim}(A)`$. The ratio $`dim(A)/\text{FPdim}(A)`$ is an algebraic integer $`1`$. We explore this relation further when we derive the second trace formula in Theorem 5.2.2.

###### Proposition 3.3.5.

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra. There exists a unique, up to a scalar, element $`wZ(A_s)`$ that has strictly positive eigenvalues and satisfies

(47)
$$\text{Tr}_V(zwS(w)^1)=\text{FPdim}(V)ϵ(z)$$

for any $`zA_t`$ and any $`A`$-module $`V`$. In particular, $`w`$ satisfies

(48)
$$\text{FPdim}(V)=\frac{\text{Tr}_V(wS(w)^1)}{dim_k(A_s)}.$$

###### Proof.

The target counital subalgebra $`A_t`$ is a left $`A`$-comodule algebra via the comultiplication. Since $`A^{}`$ is connected, $`A_t`$ is indecomposable in the sense of Definition 2.5.2. As in Section 2.5, the Abelian group $`K_0(A_t)`$ is a left $`K_0(A)`$-module via

(49)
$$\chi \xi ,z=\chi \xi ,\mathrm{\Delta }(z),zA_t,$$

for any characters $`\chi `$ of $`A`$ and $`\xi `$ of $`A_t`$. This module structure naturally extends to the algebra $`R(A_t)=K_0(A_t)_{}`$. It follows that there exists a unique, up to a scalar, $`\xi _fR(A_t)`$ with strictly positive coordinates in the basis of characters $`\{\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _t\}`$ of irreducible $`A_t`$-modules such that

(50)
$$\text{Tr}_V\xi _f=\text{FPdim}(V)\xi _f,$$

for any $`A`$-module $`V`$ with character $`\text{Tr}_V`$. Let $`w=\xi _f1Z(A_s)`$, then

(51)
$$\text{Tr}_Vw=\text{FPdim}(V)w.$$

Thus, $`w`$ is a Frobenius-Perron eigenvector of the linear transformation $`\text{Tr}_V`$ of $`Z(A_s)`$ with the eigenvalue $`\text{FPdim}(V)`$. Note that the corresponding eigenspace is $`1`$-dimensional by the Frobenius theorem \[Ga\]. The last equation, in turn, is equivalent to

(52)
$$1_{(1)}w^1\text{Tr}_V(1_{(2)}w)=\text{FPdim}(V),$$

which is equivalent to (47) (this can be seen by applying $`zϵ`$ to both sides). Therefore, $`w`$ is unique up to a scalar multiple and has positive eigenvalues. ∎

###### Definition 3.3.6.

A non-zero element $`wZ(A_s)`$ will be called a Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s`$ if it has positive eigenvalues and satisfies

(53)
$$\text{Tr}_Vw=\text{FPdim}(V)w$$

for all finite-dimensional $`A`$-modules $`V`$. This element is defined up to a non-zero scalar multiple.

###### Corollary 3.3.7.

Every Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s`$ is a multiple of $`\rho 1`$.

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra. To fix the notation in what follows we let

(54)
$$A_{j=1}^n\text{End}_k(V_j),A_s_{\alpha =1}^lM_{n_\alpha }(),$$

where $`M_n()`$ is the algebra of $`(m\times m)`$-matrices over $``$. Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha j})`$ be the $`(l\times n)`$ matrix of the inclusion $`A_sA`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha j}`$ is the multiplicity of the simple $`A_s`$-module corresponding to $`M_{n_\alpha }()`$ in the restriction of the $`A`$-module $`V_j`$ to $`A_s`$.

###### Definition 3.3.8.

The number

(55)
$$\mu (A)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}dim_k(V_j)\text{FPdim}(V_j)$$

will be called an index of $`A`$, cf. \[BSz2, 4.5\].

In other words, $`\mu (A)`$ is the Frobenius-Perron dimension of the regular representation of $`A`$. The name index comes from the subfactor theory \[GHJ\]: if a subfactor comes from the crossed product with a weak Hopf $`C^{}`$-algebra $`A`$ then the Jones index of the subfactor is equal to the index of $`A`$.

Define the Frobenius-Perron dimension vector of $`A`$ as

(56)
$$\stackrel{}{f}=(\text{FPdim}(V_j))_{j=1}^n.$$

If $`A`$ is pivotal with a pivotal element $`G`$ define the quantum dimension vector of $`A`$ as

(57)
$$\stackrel{}{d}=(dim(V_j))_{j=1}^n.$$

Recall from (46) the canonical character $`\rho =_j\text{FPdim}(V_j)\text{Tr}_{V_j}`$ of $`A`$. Let $`p_\alpha ,\alpha =1,\mathrm{},l`$ be primitive central idempotents of $`A_s`$.

Let $`w_\alpha =\frac{\rho ,p_\alpha }{n_\alpha ^2\mu (A)}`$ and $`v_\alpha =w_\alpha n_\alpha `$. It follows from Corollary 3.3.7 that

$$w=\underset{\alpha }{}w_\alpha p_\alpha =\frac{1}{\mu (A)}\rho 1$$

is a Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s`$. Let

(58)
$$\stackrel{}{v}=(v_\alpha )_{\alpha =1}^l=\left(\frac{\rho ,p_\alpha }{n_\alpha \mu (A)}\right)_{\alpha =1}^l.$$

Note that if $`S^2=\text{id}`$ then $`v_\alpha =n_\alpha `$, i.e., $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ is the dimension vector of $`A_s`$.

###### Remark 3.3.9.

The inclusion matrix $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, vector $`\stackrel{}{v}`$, and index $`\mu (A)`$ are not invariants of the representation category of $`A`$, i.e., there exist semisimple weak Hopf algebras with monoidally equivalent representation categories but different $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\stackrel{}{v}`$, and $`\mu (A)`$.

###### Proposition 3.3.10.

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra. Then $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{}{f}=\mu (A)\stackrel{}{v}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^t\stackrel{}{v}=\stackrel{}{f}`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^t`$ is the transpose of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Consequently,

(59)
$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^t\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{}{f}=\mu (A)\stackrel{}{f}\text{ and }\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }^t\stackrel{}{v}=\mu (A)\stackrel{}{v}.$$

###### Proof.

We have $`\text{FPdim}(V^{})=\text{FPdim}(V)`$ for any simple $`A`$-module $`V`$. Let $`f_j,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and $`v_\alpha ,\alpha =1,\mathrm{},l`$ be the coordinates of vectors $`\stackrel{}{f}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{v}`$. We compute

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha j}f_j`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\text{Tr}_{V_j}(p_\alpha )}{n_\alpha }}\text{FPdim}(V_j)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ,p_\alpha }{n_\alpha }}=\mu (A)v_\alpha ,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha j}v_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\text{Tr}_{V_j}(p_\alpha )}{n_\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ,p_\alpha }{n_\alpha \mu (A)}}`$
$`=`$ $`\mu (A)^1\text{Tr}_{V_j^{}}(1_{(2)})\rho ,1_{(1)}`$
$`=`$ $`\mu (A)^1\rho \text{Tr}_{V_j^{}},1`$
$`=`$ $`\text{FPdim}(V_j)\mu (A)^1\rho ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}=f_j,`$
whence the statement of the proposition follows. ∎

###### Remark 3.3.11.

A version of Proposition 3.3.10 was proved in \[BSz2, Theorem 4.5\] for weak Hopf $`C^{}`$-algebras.

###### Remark 3.3.12.

It follows from Proposition 3.3.10 that $`\rho `$ is a Markov trace \[GHJ\] for the inclusion $`A_sA`$.

The Frobenius-Perron vectors of $`A_s`$ and $`A_s^{}`$ turn out to be colinear as we show in the next Proposition. In the language of \[ENO\] this means that the vectors of Frobenius-Perron dimensions of a finite semisimple module category $``$ viewed as a module category over a fusion category $`𝒞`$ and over its dual $`𝒞_{}^{}`$ are proportional.

###### Proposition 3.3.13.

Let $`w_A`$ and $`w_A^{}`$ be the Frobenius-Perron elements of $`A_s`$ and $`A_s^{}`$ respectively. Then $`w_A^{}`$ and $`w_Aϵ`$ are scalar multiples of one another.

###### Proof.

Recall that $`w_A`$ and $`w_A^{}`$ are defined by (53) in terms of the left coregular actions of $`R(A)`$ and $`R(A^{})`$ on $`Z(A_s)`$ and $`Z(A_s^{})`$ respectively. If we identify $`Z(A_s^{})`$ with $`Z(A_s)`$ via $`\varphi (\varphi 1),\varphi Z(A_s^{})`$, then the above actions make $`Z(A_s)`$ an $`R(A)R(A^{})`$ bimodule with $`w_A`$ being an eigenvector of all $`\chi R(A)`$ and $`xR(A^{})`$. Since $`w_A^{}`$ can be normalized to have positive entries it follows that it belongs to the Frobenius-Perron eigenspace of $`R(A)`$ that also contains $`w_Aϵ`$. ∎

### 3.4. Implementation of the antipode and pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebras

###### Definition 3.4.1.

A semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is said to be pseudo-unitary if $`dim(A)=\text{FPdim}(A)`$.

Any semisimple Hopf algebra $`A`$ is pseudo-unitary since in this case $`dim(A)=\text{FPdim}(A)=dim_{}(A)`$. Weak Hopf $`C^{}`$-algebras considered in \[BNSz, BSz1, BSz2, N1\] are also examples of pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebras. However, there are many semisimple weak Hopf algebras that are not pseudo-unitary \[ENO, Section 8\].

For a pseudo-unitary $`A`$ one has $`|V|^2=\text{FPdim}(V)^2`$ for all irreducible $`A`$-modules $`V`$. It was shown in \[ENO, Section 8.4\] that a pseudo-unitary $`A`$ has a unique pivotal element $`G`$ with respect to which the quantum dimensions of simple objects coincide with their Frobenius-Perron dimensions. We will call this $`G`$ a canonical pivotal element of $`A`$. Below we prove that the canonical pivotal element is a trivial group-like element with positive eigenvalues. The next Proposition establishes a sufficient condition of the triviality of a pivotal element.

###### Proposition 3.4.2.

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra that has a pivotal element $`G`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ be the inclusion matrix of $`A_sA`$ and let $`\stackrel{}{d}=(dim(V_j))_{j=1}^n`$ be the vector of quantum dimensions of irreducible $`A`$-modules. If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{}{d}\stackrel{}{0}`$ the $`G`$ is a trivial group-like element.

###### Proof.

The left coregular action

(60)
$$\varphi (G\varphi ),\varphi A^{},$$

of a group-like element $`GA`$ on $`A^{}`$ is an algebra automorphism of $`A^{}`$. This automorphism preserves the minimal $`2`$-sided ideal $`I=\text{End}_k(A_t^{})`$ of $`A^{}`$ corresponding to the trivial $`A^{}`$-module if and only if $`G`$ is trivial \[N2\].

The canonical integral $`\lambda A^{}`$ defined by (31) is a rank $`1`$ element of $`I`$. Therefore, $`G`$ is a trivial group-like element if and only if $`(G^1\lambda )I`$, i.e., if $`G^1\lambda `$ acts as non-zero in the trivial representation of $`A^{}`$. Since $`G^1\lambda =_i\text{Tr}_{V_i}(G^1)\text{Tr}_{V_i}`$, the last condition is equivalent to

(61)
$$\underset{i}{}\text{Tr}_{V_i}(G)\text{Tr}_{V_i}|_{A_tA_s}0.$$

In particular, this condition follows if $`_i\text{Tr}_{V_i}(G)\text{Tr}_{V_i}(p_\alpha )0`$ for some primitive idempotent $`p_\alpha Z(A_s)`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha i}=\frac{\text{Tr}_{V_i}(p_\alpha )}{n_\alpha }`$ and $`d_i=\frac{\text{Tr}_{V_i}(G)}{dim_k(A_s)}`$ we get the result. ∎

###### Corollary 3.4.3.

Suppose that $`A`$ has a pivotal element $`G`$ with respect to which all quantum dimensions of simple $`A`$-modules are non-negative. Then $`G`$ is a trivial group-like element.

###### Corollary 3.4.4.

Let $`A`$ be a pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebra and let $`GA`$ be the pivotal element with respect to which the quantum dimensions of all simple objects coincide with their Frobenius-Perron dimensions. Then $`G`$ is a trivial group-like element.

###### Corollary 3.4.5.

If $`A`$ is pseudo-unitary, then $`G=wS(w)^1`$, where $`wZ(A_s)`$ is a Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s`$, is the canonical group-like element of $`A`$.

###### Proof.

Up to a scalar multiple we have $`w=\rho 1`$. Since $`A`$ is pseudo-unitary, its canonical pivotal element $`G`$ is trivial by Corollary 3.4.4, i.e., $`G=gS(g)^1`$ for some $`gZ(A_s)`$. We also have $`\rho =dim_k(A_s)^1(G^1\lambda )`$, where $`\lambda `$ is the canonical integral in $`A^{}`$. We compute

$`dim_k(A_s)w`$ $`=`$ $`1_{(1)}\lambda ,G^11_{(2)}`$
$`=`$ $`g1_{(1)}\lambda ,g^11_{(2)}`$
$`=`$ $`g(\lambda g^1).`$
Since $`\lambda `$ is an integral and $`A`$ is biconnected, we have $`\lambda g^1A_sA_t=k1`$ is a scalar, hence $`w`$ and $`g`$ are proportional and $`wS(w)^1=gS(g)^1=G`$. ∎

###### Remark 3.4.6.

It follows that if $`A`$ is pseudo-unitary then the eigenvalues of $`S^2`$ belong to the set $`\{\frac{w_\alpha w_\beta }{w_\gamma w_\delta }\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta =1,\mathrm{},l\}`$, where $`w`$ is a Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s`$. In particular, the eigenvalues of $`S^2`$ of a pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebra are strictly positive. Below we will see (Corollary 5.2.5) that the converse is also true.

## 4. The class equation

### 4.1. The character algebra and the Grothendieck ring of a weak Hopf algebra

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra, $`K_0(A)`$ be the Grothendieck ring of $`A`$ defined in Section 2.5, and $`R(A)A^{}`$ be the character algebra.

###### Remark 4.1.1.

Note that, in general, $`ϵR(A)`$. The identity element of $`R(A)`$ is the character of the trivial representation of $`A`$, $`\chi _1=ϵ_{(1)}ϵ_{(2)}`$.

In what follows we will identify $`K_0(A)`$ with a subring of $`R(A)`$. For any finite-dimensional $`A`$-module $`V`$ let $`\chi _V`$ be its character. The operation of taking the dual module gives rise to an anti-isomorphism of $`R(A)`$ :

(62)
$$\chi _V\chi _V^{}=\chi _VS,$$

for any character $`\chi _V`$. The map $``$ extends to an involutive anti-linear algebra anti-homomorphism.

Let $`V_1,\mathrm{},V_n`$ be a complete set of simple $`A`$-modules, with $`V_1=A_t`$ the trivial $`A`$-module. Let $`\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n`$ be the corresponding characters and let $`\chi _j^{}=\chi _jS`$ be the character of $`V_j^{}`$.

The following lemma is standard.

###### Lemma 4.1.2.

The bilinear form $`(,):R(A)\times R(A)`$ defined by

(63)
$$(\chi _V,\chi _W):=dim_k\text{Hom}_A(V,W^{})$$

is non-degenerate, associative, $``$-invariant, and symmetric.

###### Proof.

That the given form is non-degenerate follows from the fact that the bases $`\{\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n\}`$ and $`\{\chi _1^{},\mathrm{},\chi _n^{}\}`$ of $`R(A)`$ are dual to each other with respect to $`(,)`$, i.e., $`(\chi _i,\chi _j^{})=\delta _{ij}`$ for all $`i`$ and $`j`$. The associativity of $`(,)`$ follows from the isomorphism of vector spaces

$$\text{Hom}_A(VU,W^{})\text{Hom}_A(VUW,V_1)\text{Hom}_A(V,W^{}U^{}),$$

for all $`A`$-modules $`V,U,W`$. Clearly, the form is $``$-invariant and symmetric. ∎

###### Lemma 4.1.3.

The character algebra $`R(A)`$ is semisimple.

###### Proof.

We claim that $`_i\chi \chi _i\chi _i^{}=_i\chi _i\chi _i^{}\chi `$ for all $`\chi R(A)`$. Indeed, evaluating both sides of this equality against $`\chi _k\chi _l`$ we get $`(\chi ,\chi _l\chi _k)`$, whence the claim follows by Lemma 4.1.2.

Next, $`(_i\chi _i\chi _i^{}\chi ,\chi ^{})=_i(\chi _i\chi ,(\chi _i\chi )^{})0`$, where the equality occurs only for $`\chi =0`$. This implies that $`(_i\chi _i\chi _i^{})\chi 0`$ for $`\chi 0`$, and so $`_i\chi _i\chi _i^{}`$ is an invertible central element in $`R(A)`$. This means that $`R(A)`$ is separable, and therefore, semisimple. ∎

###### Remark 4.1.4.

The element $`_i\chi _i\chi _i^{}K_0(A)`$ is the character of the adjoint representation of $`A`$ on the centralizer $`C_A(A_t)`$ of its target base, cf. \[NTV\].

### 4.2. The class equation for weak Hopf algebras

We extend the argument of \[Lo\] to obtain an analogue of the class equation of Kac \[K\] and Zhu \[Z1\] showing that the categorical dimension $`dim(A)`$ of a semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is equal to a sum of its divisors in the ring of algebraic integers of $``$.

Let $`eR(A)`$ be a primitive idempotent in $`R(A)`$, and $`\widehat{e}`$ be its central support in $`R(A)`$, i.e., the primitive idempotent in $`Z(R(A))`$ such that $`e\widehat{e}=e`$. Let $`m`$ be the dimension of the simple $`R(A)`$-module $`R(A)e`$, then $`R(A)\widehat{e}(R(A)e)^m`$ as $`R(A)`$-modules.

Let $`\mu `$ be the character of $`R(A)\widehat{e}`$ and let $`\omega =\frac{1}{m}\mu `$.

###### Lemma 4.2.1.

We have $`\widehat{e}=m\mu (\stackrel{~}{e})^1\stackrel{~}{e}=\omega (\stackrel{~}{e})^1\stackrel{~}{e}`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{e}=_i\mu (\chi _i^{})\chi _i`$ is an invertible element in $`Z(R(A))`$.

###### Proof.

That $`\stackrel{~}{e}`$ is central and invertible follows from the proof of Lemma 4.1.3. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{e}e^{}=0`$ for all primitive idempotents $`e^{}Z(R(A))`$ such that $`e^{}\widehat{e}`$, therefore $`\stackrel{~}{e}`$ is proportional to $`\widehat{e}`$ and $`\widehat{e}=m\chi (\stackrel{~}{e})^1\stackrel{~}{e}`$. ∎

Let $`d=dim_k(A_t)`$.

###### Lemma 4.2.2.

In any finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ we have

(64)
$$\text{Tr}(S^2|_{1_{(1)}1_{(2)}A})=\frac{1}{d}\text{Tr}(S^2|_A).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\lambda A^{}`$ be the canonical left integral defined in (31). Let $`yZ(A_s)`$ be as in the proof of Proposition 3.1.7, i.e., such that

(65)
$$\lambda ,x=\text{Tr}(xy|_{A_{\text{min}}}),xA_{\text{min}}.$$

Observe that

(66)
$$\text{Tr}(zy|_{A_{\text{min}}})=ϵ(z)ϵ(y),zA_t,yA_s.$$

Taking $`x=1_{(1)}1_{(2)}`$ in (65) we get

$`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{1_{(1)}1_{(2)}A})`$ $`=`$ $`\text{Tr}(1_{(1)}1_{(2)}y|_{A_{\text{min}}})`$
$`=`$ $`ϵ(1_{(1)}y)ϵ(1_{(2)})=ϵ(y)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d}}\text{Tr}(y|_{A_{\text{min}}})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{d}}\text{Tr}(S^2|_A).`$
###### Proposition 4.2.3.

We have $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{eA^{}})0`$ and

(67)
$$\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)}{d\text{Tr}(S^2|_{eA^{}})}=\omega (\stackrel{~}{e}).$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be the left canonical integral in $`A`$, cf. (31), i.e.,

(68)
$$\varphi ,\mathrm{}=\text{Tr}(L_\varphi S^2|_A^{}),\varphi A^{},$$

where $`\varphi L_\varphi `$ is the left regular representation of $`A^{}`$. From Lemma 4.2.1 we get

$$\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\widehat{e}A^{}})=\widehat{e},\mathrm{}=\omega (\stackrel{~}{e})^1\stackrel{~}{e},\mathrm{}.$$

On the other hand, since $`\chi _i,\mathrm{}=0`$ if $`i1`$, we have

$`\stackrel{~}{e},\mathrm{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\mu (\chi _i^{})\chi _i,\mathrm{}`$
$`=`$ $`\mu (\chi _1)\chi _1,\mathrm{}`$
$`=`$ $`m\text{Tr}(S^2|_{ϵ_{(1)}ϵ_{(2)}A^{}}).`$
Combining two last formulas we get

$$\omega (\stackrel{~}{e})\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\widehat{e}A^{}})=m\text{Tr}(S^2|_{ϵ_{(1)}ϵ_{(2)}A^{}}).$$

Next, since $`S^2|_{R(A)}=\text{id}`$ the value $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{eA^{}})`$ is the same for all primitive idempotents $`e\widehat{e}R(A)`$, hence $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\widehat{e}A^{}})=m\text{Tr}(S^2|_{eA^{}})`$. Using this and Lemma 4.2.2 we obtain the result. ∎

Recall from equation (44) that the categorical dimension of a semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is

$$dim(A)=\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)}{d^2}=\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_A^{})}{d^2}.$$

###### Theorem 4.2.4 (The Class Equation).

Let $`e_1,\mathrm{}e_k`$ be primitive idempotents of $`R(A)`$ such that $`e_ie_j=\delta _{i,j}e_i`$ and $`_ie_i=ϵ_{(1)}ϵ_{(2)}`$. Then

(69)
$$dim(A)=\underset{i}{}\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_{e_iA^{}})}{d},$$

where the numbers $`n_i={\displaystyle \frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_{e_iA^{}})}{d}},i=1,\mathrm{},k`$ are such that the ratios $`dim(A)/n_i`$ are algebraic integers in $``$.

###### Proof.

In view of Proposition 4.2.3 it only remains to show that $`\omega (\stackrel{~}{e})`$ is an algebraic integer. We reproduce here the argument of \[Lo\] for the sake of completeness. Note first that for any character $`\psi `$ of $`R(A)`$ we have $`\psi (K_0(A))\text{alg. int.}()`$. Indeed, the regular representation of $`K_0(A)`$ on itself is faithful, and so each $`\chi _iK_0(A)`$ satisfies a monic polynomial over $``$, e.g., the characteristic polynomial of the matrix $`(N_i)_{jk}=(\chi _i\chi _j,\chi _k^{})`$. Hence, so does the image $`\pi (\chi _i)`$ under any representation $`\pi `$ of $`R(H)`$. Therefore, all eigenvalues of $`\pi (\chi _i)`$ and $`\text{Tr}(\pi (\chi _i))`$ belong to $`\text{alg. int.}()`$.

This means that $`\stackrel{~}{e}=_i\mu (\chi _i^{})\chi _i`$ is a linear combination of elements of $`K_0(A)`$ with coefficients from $`\text{alg. int.}()`$. Since $`\omega :Z(R(A))`$ is an algebra homomorphism, $`\omega (\chi _i)\text{alg. int.}(),i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Thus, $`\omega (\stackrel{~}{e})\text{alg. int.}()`$. ∎

###### Remark 4.2.5.

It was shown in \[ENO\] that if $`A`$ is pivotal then the numbers $`n_i`$ are algebraic integers equal to the quantum dimensions of irreducible submodules of the $`D(A)`$-module induced from the trivial $`A`$-module, where $`D(A)`$ is the Drinfeld double of $`A`$ \[NTV\].

## 5. Trace formulas

Recall that in the case of a usual semisimple Hopf algebra $`A`$ at least one of the summands in the Class Equation (69) equals $`1`$. Namely, if Tr denotes the trace of the left regular representation of $`A`$, then $`\rho =dim_{}(A)^1\text{Tr}`$ is a minimal idempotent in $`R(A)`$ and $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\rho A^{}})=1`$. Below we extend this observation to weak Hopf algebras and also establish an analogue of the trace formula \[LR2, Formula (6)\].

### 5.1. The first trace formula

A weak Hopf algebra analogue of the Larson-Radford formula for $`\text{Tr}(S^2)`$ \[LR2\] was established in \[N2\]. As in the case of usual Hopf algebras, this formula is related to the semisimplicity of the corresponding weak Hopf algebra and its dual.

It follows from (28) that for a non-degenerate integral $`\mathrm{}`$ in $`A`$ with the dual integral $`\lambda `$, the element $`(\mathrm{}_{(2)}\lambda )S^1(\mathrm{}_{(1)})A^{}A`$ is the dual bases tensor. This implies that for every $`T\text{End}_{}(A)`$ we have

(70)
$$\text{Tr}(T)=\lambda ,T(S^1(\mathrm{}_{(1)}))\mathrm{}_{(2)}).$$

In particular, for $`T=S^2`$, we get the following analogue of \[LR2, Theorem 2.5(a)\] with counits replaced by counital maps.

###### Corollary 5.1.1 (The first trace formula \[N2\]).

Let $`\mathrm{}A`$ be a non-degenerate integral in a finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ and let $`\lambda `$ be the dual integral. Then

(71)
$$\text{Tr}(S^2|_A)=\epsilon _s(\lambda ),\epsilon _s(\mathrm{}).$$

### 5.2. The second trace formula

We will derive a relation between the categorical and Frobenius-Perron dimensions of a semisimple weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ that extends the result of \[LR2\].

Recall that $`\chi _1=ϵ_{(1)}ϵ_{(2)}`$ is the character of the trivial left $`A`$-module $`A_t`$.

###### Lemma 5.2.1.

$`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\chi _1A^{}})=\frac{1}{d}\text{Tr}(S^2|_A^{})`$.

###### Proof.

Follows from Lemma 4.2.2. ∎

Let $`V_1,\mathrm{},V_n`$ be irreducible $`A`$-modules with characters $`\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _n`$. Recall that if $`\rho =_j\text{FPdim}(V_j)\chi _j`$ then $`\text{FPdim}(A)^1\rho `$ is a minimal idempotent in $`R(A)`$.

###### Theorem 5.2.2 (The second trace formula).

We have

(72)
$$dim(A)=\frac{\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\rho A^{}})}{d}\text{FPdim}(A).$$

###### Proof.

Note that the canonical left integral $`\mathrm{}`$ defined by (68) belongs to the matrix block corresponding to the trivial representation of $`A`$ and $`\frac{d}{\text{Tr}(S^2|_A^{})}\mathrm{}`$ is a primitive idempotent. Hence, $`\rho ,\mathrm{}=\chi _1,\mathrm{}`$. Using Lemma 5.2.1 we obtain

$`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\rho A^{}})`$ $`=`$ $`\text{FPdim}(A)^1\text{Tr}(\rho S^2|_A^{})`$
$`=`$ $`\text{FPdim}(A)^1\rho ,\mathrm{}`$
$`=`$ $`\text{FPdim}(A)^1\text{Tr}(S^2|\chi _1A^{})`$
$`=`$ $`\text{FPdim}(A)^1d^1\text{Tr}(S^2|_A^{}),`$
whence the result follows since $`dim(A)=d^2\text{Tr}(S^2|_A^{})`$. ∎

###### Remark 5.2.3.

It was shown in \[ENO\] that the ratio $`dim(A)/\text{FPdim}(A)`$ is an algebraic integer.

###### Corollary 5.2.4.

We have $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\rho A^{}})d`$.

###### Proof.

It follows from \[ENO\] that the categorical dimension of $`A`$ is not bigger than its Frobenius-Perron dimension, which implies the statement. ∎

###### Corollary 5.2.5.

A finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra $`A`$ is pseudo-unitary if and only if the eigenvalues of $`S^2`$ are positive.

###### Proof.

It was shown in Corollary 3.4.5 that for a pseudo-unitary $`A`$ the square of the antipode is the conjugation by $`wS(w)^1`$, where $`wZ(A_s)`$ has positive eigenvalues. Since $`w`$ and $`S(w)`$ commute it follows that the eigenvalues of $`S^2`$ are positive.

To prove the converse, observe that the action of $`\rho `$ on the trivial $`A^{}`$-module $`V_1`$ is not zero because $`\rho ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}=\mu (A^{})0`$, where $`\mu (A)`$ is the index of $`A^{}`$ from Definition 3.3.8. Thus $`\rho `$ gives rise to a non-zero element in $`\text{End}_{}(V_1)`$. Therefore, $`\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\rho A^{}})\text{Tr}(S^2|_{\rho \text{End}_{}(V_1)})=d`$ and $`dim(A)=\text{FPdim}(A)`$ by Corollary 5.2.4. ∎

###### Corollary 5.2.6.

The dual of a pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebra is pseudo-unitary. Weak Hopf subalgebras and quotients of a pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebra are pseudo-unitary.

## 6. The structure of module algebras over weak Hopf algebras

### 6.1. $`A`$-module ideals and stability of the Jacobson radical

Let $`A`$ be a finite-dimensional weak Hopf algebra and let $`M`$ be a finite-dimensional left $`A`$-module algebra.

The following Lemma extends \[Li, 2.2(a)\].

###### Lemma 6.1.1.

If $`IM`$ is a two-sided ideal then

(73)
$$AI=\{\underset{i}{}h_ix_ih_iA,x_iI\}$$

is an $`A`$-stable ideal of $`M`$.

###### Proof.

It is clear that $`AI`$ is an $`A`$-stable subspace of $`M`$. For all $`mM,hA,xI`$ we compute

$`m(hx)`$ $`=`$ $`(1_{(1)}m)(1_{(2)}hx)=(h_{(2)}S^1(h_{(1)})m)(h_{(3)}x)`$
$`=`$ $`h_{(2)}((S^1(h_{(1)})m)x)AI;`$
$`(hx)a`$ $`=`$ $`(1_{(1)}hx)(1_{(2)}a)=(h_{(1)}x)(h_{(2)}S(h_{(3)})a)`$
$`=`$ $`h_{(1)}(x(S(h_{(2)})a))AI,`$
and hence, $`AI`$ is an ideal. ∎

###### Lemma 6.1.2.

Let $`L`$, $`R`$, and $`T`$ be linear endomorphisms of $`M`$ defined by

(74)
$$L(m)x=mx,R(m)x=xm,T(h)x=hx\text{ for all }m,xM,hA.$$

Then

1. for all $`yA_s`$ and $`zA_t`$ we have $`T(y)=R(y1)`$ and $`T(z)=L(z1)`$,
2. for all $`hA`$ and $`mM`$ we have $`L(hm)=T(h_{(1)})L(m)T(S(h_{(2)})`$.

###### Proof.

We compute

$$T(y)m=y(m1)=(1_{(1)}m)(1_{(2)}y1)=m(y1),yA_s,mM,$$

and similarly for $`T(z)`$, which proves (i). Next, for $`hA`$ and $`m,xM`$ we have we compute

$`T(h_{(1)})L(m)T(S(h_{(2)}))x`$ $`=`$ $`h_{(1)}(m(S(h_{(2)})x))`$
$`=`$ $`(h_{(1)}m)(h_{(2)}S(h_{(3)})x)`$
$`=`$ $`(1_{(1)}hm)(1_{(2)}x)`$
$`=`$ $`(hm)x=L(hm)x,`$
which proves (ii). ∎

In \[Li\] V. Linchenko proved that the Jacobson radical of a module algebra over a semisimple Hopf algebra $`A`$ is an $`A`$-stable ideal. Below we extend this result to pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebras, cf. Definition 3.4.1 (note that a semisimple Hopf algebra is pseudo-unitary).

###### Theorem 6.1.3.

Let $`A`$ be a pseudo-unitary weak Hopf algebra and let $`M`$ be a finite-dimensional $`A`$-module algebra. Then the Jacobson radical $`J(M)`$ of $`M`$ is an $`A`$-stable ideal of $`M`$.

###### Proof.

We will use notation from Lemma 6.1.2. Let $`G=wS(w^1)A`$ be the element from Corollary 3.4.5 such that $`S^2(h)=GhG^1`$ for all $`hA`$. Here $`wZ(A_s)`$ is a Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s`$. In particular, all the eigenvalues of $`A_s`$ are positive. Let Tr denote the trace of a linear endomorphism of $`M`$. We compute

$`\text{Tr}(T(G)L(hm))`$ $`=`$ $`\text{Tr}(T(S((h_{(2)})Gh_{(1)})L(m)))`$
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}(T(GS^1(\epsilon _s(h)))L(m))`$
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}(T(G)L((\epsilon _s(h)1)m))`$
$`=`$ $`\text{Tr}(L((S(w)1)(\epsilon _s(h)1)m)R(w^11)),`$
for all $`hA,m,M`$. Now if $`mJ(M)`$, then $`L((S(w)1)(\epsilon _s(h)1)m)`$ is a nilpotent endomorphism of $`M`$ that commutes with $`R(w^11)`$, therefore,

(75)
$$\text{Tr}(T(G)L(hm))=0,\text{ for all }hA,mJ(M).$$

Since $`T(G)=L(w)R(w^1)`$ and $`AJ(M)`$ is an $`A`$-stable ideal by Lemma 6.1.1 it follows that

(76)
$$\text{Tr}(L(hm)R(w^1))=0,\text{ for all }hA,mJ(M).$$

Consequently,

(77)
$$\text{Tr}(L(x)^nR(w^1))=0,\text{ for all }xAJ(M)\text{ and }n=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{}.$$

Since $`R(w^1))`$ is a diagonalizable linear operator with positive eigenvalues it follows by a standard linear algebra argument that $`L(x)`$ is a nilpotent operator for all $`xAJ(M)`$. Hence, any such $`x`$ is a nilpotent element of $`M`$ and, therefore, $`AJ(M)`$ is a nil ideal of $`M`$. It is well known that every nil ideal is contained in the Jacobson radical, whence the result follows. ∎

### 6.2. Frobenius-Perron dimensions of module algebras

A classical result in group theory states that if $`G`$ is a finite group then the cardinality of any transitive $`G`$-set divides $`|G|`$. This was extended to semisimple Hopf algebras by Y. Zhu who showed in \[Z2\] that if $`M`$ is an indecomposable semisimple module algebra over a semisimple Hopf algebra $`A`$ and $`M_1,M_2`$ are irreducible $`M`$-modules then $`dim_{}(M)`$ divides $`dim_{}(M_1)dim_{}(M_2)dim_{}(H)`$.

In this section we extend Zhu’s result to semisimple weak Hopf algebras and their (co)module algebras. In this case the vector space dimensions should be replaced by Frobenius-Perron dimension.

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra and let $`M`$ be an indecomposable finite-dimensional semisimple left $`A`$-comodule algebra. Recall from Remark 2.1.4 that in this case $`M`$ is a right $`A^{}`$-module algebra via

(78)
$$m\varphi :=m^{(1)},\varphi m^{(2)},mM,\varphi A^{},$$

where $`\delta (m)=m^{(1)}m^{(2)}`$ is the coaction of $`A`$.

The Grothendieck group $`K_0(M)`$ is a left $`K_0(A)`$-module via

(79)
$$\chi \xi ,m:=\chi \xi ,\delta (m)=\xi (m\chi ),$$

for all $`\chi K_0(A),\xi K_0(M)`$, and $`mM`$.

Let $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_t`$ be irreducible $`M`$-modules and let $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _t`$ be their characters.

Recall from Section 2.5 that there exists a unique up to a scalar multiple Frobenius-Perron character $`\xi R(M)=K_0(M)_{}`$ of $`M`$ defined by the property

(80)
$$\text{Tr}_V\xi =\text{FPdim}(V)\xi ,$$

for all finite-dimensional $`A`$-modules $`V`$. The coefficients of $`\xi `$ in the basis $`\{\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _t\}`$ are Frobenius-Perron dimensions of irreducible $`M`$-modules.

The space of Frobenius-Perron characters of $`M`$ is $`1`$-dimensional and is equal to $`\rho R(M)`$, where $`\rho `$ is the Frobenius-Perron character of $`A`$. Let $`w_A^{}k\epsilon _s(\rho )`$ be any Frobenius-Perron element of $`A_s^{}`$ from Definition 3.3.6. The next Proposition expresses a Frobenius-Perron character of $`M`$ in terms of this element.

###### Proposition 6.2.1.

The element

(81)
$$\xi _f=\underset{k=1}{\overset{t}{}}\xi _k(1w_A^{})\xi _k$$

is a Frobenius-Perron character of $`M`$.

###### Proof.

Choose a normalization $`w_A^{}=\epsilon _s(\rho )`$. Note that the map

(82)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }:K_0(A):\xi \xi (1w_A^{})$$

is a $`K_0(A)`$-module homomorphism, where $``$ is a $`K_0(A)`$-module via FPdim. Indeed, we have

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(\text{Tr}_V\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`\xi (1w_A^{}\text{Tr}_V)`$
$`=`$ $`\xi (1\rho \text{Tr}_V)`$
$`=`$ $`\text{FPdim}(V)\xi (1\rho )=\text{FPdim}(V)\mathrm{\Phi }(\xi ).`$
Since $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\xi _k)>0`$ for all $`k=1,\mathrm{},t`$ it follows from Lemma 2.5.3 that $`_k\mathrm{\Phi }(\xi _k)\xi _k`$ is a Frobenius-Perron character of $`M`$. ∎

It follows that we can choose the Frobenius-Perron dimensions of irreducible $`M`$-modules to be

(83)
$$\text{FPdim}(M_k)=\xi _k(1w_A^{}),k=1,\mathrm{},t.$$

For any $`M`$-module $`U`$ with the character $`\xi =_{k=1}^ta_k\xi _kK_0(M),a_k_0`$ its Frobenius-Perron dimension is

(84)
$$\text{FPdim}(U):=\underset{k=1}{\overset{t}{}}a_k\text{FPdim}(M_k).$$

Define the Frobenius-Perron dimension of $`M`$ by

(85)
$$\text{FPdim}(M):=\underset{k=1}{\overset{t}{}}\text{FPdim}(M_k)^2.$$

Of course, the numbers $`\text{FPdim}(M_k)`$, $`\text{FPdim}(M)`$ depend (up to a scalar) on our choice, but the ratios $`\text{FPdim}(M_i)\text{FPdim}(M_k)/\text{FPdim}(M),i,k=1,\mathrm{}t`$ do not.

The following Theorem extends the main result of \[Z2\].

###### Theorem 6.2.2.

Let $`A`$ be a semisimple weak Hopf algebra and $`M`$ be an indecomposable finite dimensional semisimple left $`A`$-comodule algebra. Let $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_t`$ be irreducible $`M`$-modules. Then the numbers

(86)
$$\frac{\text{FPdim}(A)\text{FPdim}(M_i)\text{FPdim}(M_k)}{\text{FPdim}(M)},i,k=1,\mathrm{},t,$$

are algebraic integers.

###### Proof.

Let $`\xi _k`$ be the character of $`M_k,k=1,\mathrm{},t`$ and let $`e_k`$ be the corresponding primitive central idempotent of $`M`$. Let $`\xi _f=_{k=1}^t\text{FPdim}(M_k)\xi _k`$ be a Frobenius-Perron character of $`M`$ and let $`\rho `$ be the Frobenius-Perron character of $`A`$. Then

$`\rho \xi _k`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}\text{FPdim}(V_j)\text{Tr}_{V_j}\xi _k`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}N_{jk}^i\text{FPdim}(V_j)\xi _i,`$
where $`N_{jk}^l`$ are some non-negative integers. Hence, $`\rho \xi _k`$ is a linear combination of $`\xi _l,l=1\mathrm{},t`$ with algebraic integer coefficients. On the other hand, since both $`\rho \xi _k`$ and $`\rho \xi _f`$ are Frobenius-Perron characters of $`M`$, we have

$`\rho \xi _k`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\text{FPdim}(M_k)}{\text{FPdim}(M)}}\rho \xi _f`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\text{FPdim}(A)\text{FPdim}(M_k)}{\text{FPdim}(M)}}\xi _f`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\text{FPdim}(A)\text{FPdim}(M_k)\text{FPdim}(M_i)}{\text{FPdim}(M)}}\xi _i.`$
Comparing the coefficients of $`\xi _i`$ in the two above formulas for $`\rho \xi _k`$ we get the result. ∎


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# On the valence-bond solid phase of the crossed-chain quantum spin model

## I Introduction

Frustrated quantum magnets have attracted considerable interest recently. On the one hand this is related to the ongoing quest for systems exhibiting spin liquid behavior and quantum disorder Lhuillier02a . On the other hand numerous materials displaying geometrical or quantum chemical frustration of the magnetic exchange have been discovered recently. Prominent examples are the one-dimensional (1D) frustrated spin-Peierls compound CuGeO3Hase93a  or the 2D orthogonal spin-dimer system SrCu2(BO3)2 with frustrating inter-dimer couplingKageyama00a  as well as the 3D tetrahedral tellurate compounds Cu2Te2O5X2, with X=Cl, BrLemmens01a ; Brenig03a . One promising route into spin-liquid behavior is via the coupling of locally frustrated units like triangles or tetrahedra, as in the kagomé, the pyrochlore, and the checkerboard (i.e. planar pyrochlore) lattices. Both, on the kagomé and the checkerboard lattice low-lying singlets seem to exist with no long-range magnetic order (LRO) in the formerLecheminant97Waldtmann98 ; Mila00a , and a valence-bond-crystal (VBC) ground state in the latter caseFouet03a ; Brenig02a ; Canals02a ; Sindzingre02a . The physics of the 3D pyrochlore quantum-magnet is still far from clarified with a hope that analysis of the planar model may lead to further progress in three dimensionsKoga01a ; Tsunetsugu01a ; Tsunetsugu02a ; Berg03a .

A closely related approach to spin-liquids above one dimensions has become of interest recently based on the frustrated coupling of spin-1/2 Heisenberg chains to form the planar crossed-chain model (CCM)Emery00a ; Vishwanath01a ; Starykh02a . A generalized version of this is depicted in fig. 1 which resembles the generic CCM for $`j_0`$=$`j_1`$. The generic CCM interpolates between three rather distinct regimes. Due to the complete frustration of the inter-chain exchange at $`j_0=j_1`$ and for $`j_2/j_11.25`$, it has been argued that the CCM stabilizes a 2D ’sliding Luttinger liquid’ (SLL)Emery00a ; Vishwanath01a ; Starykh02a . This is in contrast to the instability of coupled Heisenberg chains with respect to spinon-binding and the formation of antiferromagnetism (AFM) or VBC order if linked via non-frustrating exchange. The SLL shows no LRO with massless, deconfined spinons forming the elementary excitations. At $`j_0`$=$`j_1`$=$`j_2`$ the CCM is identical to the checkerboard magnet exhibiting the aforementioned VBC ground state and a spin gapFouet03a ; Brenig02a ; Canals02a ; Sindzingre02a . Finally, for $`j_20`$ and $`j_0`$=$`j_1`$ the CCM maps onto the 2D spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on the square-lattice with AFM LRO and gapless magnon excitations. The AFM LRO in the latter region and the VBC have been suggested to coexist in the vicinity of the point $`j_2/j_10.7`$Sushkov01a ; Sachdev02a , which however has been questioned based on results from exact diagonalization (ED)Sindzingre02a .

The CCM is under intense current investigation. The SLL limit has been analyzed by bosonizationEmery00a ; Vishwanath01a ; Starykh02a . Numerical studies have been performed on up to 36 spinsFouet03a ; Brenig02a ; Sindzingre02a ; Palmer01a . In particular, ED for $`j_0`$=$`j_1`$ in ref.Sindzingre02a  suggests the VBC spin-gap to close below $`j_2/j_10.65`$ and moreover 1D, i.e. SLL, behavior is found above $`j_2/j_11.5`$. Several analytical methods have been employed, including various semiclassical, Sp(N), and linear-spin-wave (LSW) approaches incorporating $`1/S`$-corrections alsoSingh98a ; Lieb99 ; Moessner01a ; Canals02a ; Tchernyshyov03a . LSW predicts stability of the AFM LRO for $`j_2/j_10.76`$ at $`j_0`$=$`j_1`$ and spin-1/2Singh98a . Because it is not even obvious that extrapolations from the large-$`S`$ or -$`N`$ limit will lead to conclusive answers for the quantum case, it seems highly desirable to obtain results from other analytic approaches applicable to $`S`$=1/2, such as eg. series expansions (SE). At $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$ SE has been performed starting from the quadrumerBrenig02a  and the tetrahedralElhajal01a  limit. However, SE for $`j_1j_2`$ is not available.

In this context it is the purpose of this work to shed more light onto the quantum CCM by studying its elementary excitations, the stability of the VBC phase, and the ground state properties. This will be done by series expansions starting from the limit of decoupled quadrumers. The paper is organized as follows. In section two we describe our method of calculation. In section three and four we discuss the triplet excitations and the instabilities of the VBC phase with respect to triplet softening. Section five is devoted to the ground state energy. A summary and some technical details are provided in the conclusions and the appendix.

## II Series Expansion by Continuous Unitary Transformation

Recently it has been shown, that the checkerboard point of the CCM, i.e. $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$=1, can be described by SE in terms of the single coupling constant $`j`$=$`j_1`$=$`j_2`$, starting from the limit of decoupled quadrumesBrenig02a . The SE was found to adiabatically connect the bare VBC at $`j=0`$ to a renormalized one at $`j=1`$ without being hindered by quantum phase transitions. This is consistent with other findings of a VBC at $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$=1Fouet03a ; Sindzingre02a ; Canals02a . Motivated by this we decompose the Hamiltonian of the CCM in a form adapted to a VBC symmetry breaking and normalized to the overall unit of energy $`j_0`$ which will be set equal to unity hereafter

$`H`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{𝐥}{}}[{\displaystyle \underset{i=1\mathrm{}4}{}}𝐒_{i𝐥}𝐒_{i+1𝐥}+j_1(𝐒_{2𝐥}𝐒_{1𝐥+𝐲}+𝐒_{3𝐥}𝐒_{4𝐥+𝐲}+`$ (2)
$`𝐒_{3𝐥}𝐒_{2𝐥+𝐱}+𝐒_{4𝐥}𝐒_{1𝐥+𝐱})+j_2(𝐒_{2𝐥}𝐒_{4𝐥+𝐲}+𝐒_{3𝐥}𝐒_{1𝐥+𝐲}+`$
$`𝐒_{3𝐥}𝐒_{1𝐥+𝐱}+𝐒_{4𝐥}𝐒_{2𝐥+𝐱})]`$
$`=H_0+{\displaystyle \underset{n=N}{\overset{N}{}}}(j_1T_{1n}+j_2T_{2n})`$
$`𝐒_{i𝐥}`$ refers to spin-$`1/2`$ operators residing on the vertices $`i=1\mathrm{}4`$ of the quadrumer at site $`𝐥`$ with periodic boundary conditions on $`i`$, c.f. fig. 1a). $`H_0`$ is the sum over local quadrumer Hamiltonians the spectrum of which, c.f. fig. 1b), consists of four equidistant levels which can be labeled by the local total spin $`S_𝐥`$ and a number of local energy quanta $`q_𝐥`$. $`H_0`$ displays an equidistant ladder spectrum labeled by $`Q=_𝐥q_𝐥`$. The $`Q`$=0 sector is the unperturbed ground state $`|0`$ of $`H_0`$, which is a VBC of quadrumer-singlets. The $`Q`$=1-sector of $`H_0`$ consists of linear combinations of local $`S_𝐥`$=1 single-particle excitations of the VBC with $`q_𝐥`$=1, where $`𝐥`$ runs over the lattice. At $`Q`$=2 the spectrum of $`H_0`$ has total spin $`S`$=0,1, or 2 and is of multiparticle nature. Eg., for total $`S`$=0 at $`Q`$=2 it comprises of one-particle singlets with $`q_𝐥`$=2 and two-particle singlets constructed from triplets with $`q_𝐥`$=$`q_𝐦`$=1 and $`𝐥𝐦`$. In turn, the perturbing terms in (2) $`j_{1,2}`$, can be understood as a sum of operators $`T_{1n,2n}`$ which nonlocally create(destroy) $`n0`$ ($`n<0`$) quanta within the ladder spectrum of $`H_0`$.

It has been shownStein97 ; Mielke98 ; Knetter00 ; Brenig02a ; Brenig03a  that problems of type (2) allow for perturbative analysis using a continuous unitary transformation generated by the flow equation method of WegnerWegner94 . The unitarily rotated effective Hamiltonian $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ readsStein97 ; Knetter00

$`H_{\mathrm{eff}}=H_0+{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{\left|𝐦\right|=n}{M(𝐦)=0}}{}}C(𝐦)W_{m_1}W_{m_2}\mathrm{}W_{m_n}`$ (3)
where $`𝐦=(m_1\mathrm{}m_n)`$ with $`|𝐦|=n`$ is an $`n`$-tuple of integers, each in a range of $`m_i\{0,\pm 1,\mathrm{},\pm N\}`$ and $`W_n=j_1T_{1n}+j_2T_{2n}`$. In contrast to $`H`$ of (2), $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ conserves the total number of quanta $`Q`$. This is evident from the constraint $`M(𝐦)=_{i=1}^nm_i=0`$. The amplitudes $`C(𝐦)`$ are rational numbers computed from the flow equation method Stein97 ; Knetter00 . Explicit tabulationHttpRef  of the $`T_{in}`$ shows that for the Hamiltonian in (2) $`N=4`$. In the context of spin systems the flow equation approach has been applied successfully to 1D and 2D dimer-models Knetter00 ; MH00 , as well as to 2D and 3D quadrumer-models Brenig02a ; Brenig03a

$`Q`$-conservation of $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ leads to a ground state energy of $`E_g=0|H_{\mathrm{eff}}|0`$. $`Q`$-conservation also guarantees the $`Q`$=1-triplets to remain genuine one-particle states, i.e., their dispersion can be calculated via $`E_\mu (𝐤)=_{lm}t_{\mu ,lm}e^{i(k_xl+k_ym)}`$ where $`t_{\mu ,lm}=\mu ,lm|H_{\mathrm{eff}}|\mu ,00\delta _{lm,00}E_g^{obc}`$ are hopping matrix elements from site $`(0,0)`$ to site $`(l,m)`$ for a quadrumer excitation $`\mu `$ inserted into the unperturbed ground state. $`t_{\mu ,lm}`$ has to be evaluated on clusters with open boundary conditions large enough to embed all linked paths of length $`n`$ connecting sites $`(0,0)`$ to $`(l,m)`$ at $`O(n)`$ of the perturbation. $`E_g^{obc}=0|H_{\mathrm{eff}}|0`$ on the $`t_{\mu ,00}`$-cluster. States from sectors with $`Q>1`$ will not only disperse via $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ but require the solution of an interacting problem.

## III Elementary Triplet Excitations

We have evaluated the one particle hopping matrix elements up to fifth order. They are listed explicitly in the appendix. Several of the resulting dispersions $`E_T(𝐤,j_1,j_2)`$ are shown in fig. 2 both, as a function of the wave vector along the irreducible wedge of the Brillouin zone of the 2D square lattice and for various values of the coupling constants $`j_1`$ and $`j_2`$.

Two effects can be extracted from fig. 2. First, it demonstrates that the CCM ’localizes’ triplet excitations on the line of largest inter-quadrumer frustration, i.e. for $`j_1=j_2`$. This can be observed both, from the three panels a), b), and c) where the dispersions seem completely flat for $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$, but also from the explicit expressions for $`t_{lm}`$ in appendix B. I.e., up to $`O(4)`$ and for $`lm`$ all hopping matrix elements are proportional to powers of $`(j_1j_2)`$. For $`lm`$ and $`lm10`$ this remains true even up to $`O(5)`$, where however $`t_{10}0`$. Therefore the triplet-localization at maximum frustration is not complete and a weak hopping remains beyond $`O(4)`$. Inserting $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$ into (7-19) we find that $`E_T(𝐤,j_1=j_2)`$ is exactly identical up to $`O(5)`$ with an $`O(7)`$ SE which is available for this caseBrenig02a .

The second fact to note from fig. 2 is that the VBC ground-state is unstable with respect to triplet-softening, i.e. magnetic ordering at suitably chosen values of the coupling constants. Depending on the ratio of $`j_2/j_1>1`$ or $`<1`$ this instability will occur either at a critical wave vector of $`𝐤_c=`$($`\pi ,\pi `$) or (0,0). Consistently with this the structure of exchange for the CCM, although topologically distinct, is bipartite both, for $`j_10`$, $`j_20`$ and for $`j_10`$ and $`j_20`$. The instabilities are studied in more detail in the next section.

Finally, panel a) and b) of fig. 2 contain $`O(4)`$ SEs for a comparison with the $`O(5)`$ results. The difference is small only. For $`j_1`$ and $`j_2`$ along path c) the difference is hardly visible and the $`O(4)`$ SE has not been displayed in the corresponding panel. The case of $`j_1=0.5`$ and $`j_2=0`$ in panel c) is identical to a particular realization of the plaquette square-lattice Heisenberg magnet. The triplet dispersion of this system has been investigated with a rather different type of fifth-order plaquette SE by Koga and KawakamiKoga99a . Their result for the triplet dispersion, is included by the dots in panel c) and is in excellent agreement with our findings.

## IV Quantum Phase Transitions

In the following we consider the lines of quantum phase transitions resulting from the closing of the elementary triplet-gap. This provides for an upper bound on the extent of the region of stability of the VBC in a tentative quantum phase diagram of the CCM. In principle additional first order transitions could occur or excited states other than the elementary triplets could collapse onto the ground state as well, leading to additional phase boundaries. Here we focus on the triplet instability. Moreover, we limit our discussion to AFM couplings $`j_{1(2)}>0`$ and consider ferromagnetic cases elsewhereWBunpublished .

Before proceeding we stress that the CCM is symmetric under the interchange $`j_1j_0`$ and a diagonal shift by one unit cell. This implies that the complete quantum phase diagram can be obtained from a mirror reflection of the region $`0<j_1<1`$ and $`0<j_2`$ at the line $`(j_1=1,j_2)`$ and a subsequent relabeling of the axis by $`j_1j_0/j_11/j_1`$ and $`j_2j_2/j_1`$.

The results are summarized in figs. 3 and 4 which display information from the plain series as well as from a Dlog-Padé analysis. In fig. 3a) we show the evolution with increasing order of the lines of vanishing triplet gap of the bare series. First, this figure further clarifies the location of the critical wave-vector $`𝐤_c`$ as anticipated already in fig. 2. Second the panel is intended to prove a monotonous and smooth behavior of the bare series within the range of interest. Based on the $`O(5)`$ SE, fig. 3b) shows the transition lines resulting from single-variable Dlog-Padés which have been obtained by parameterizing $`j_{2(1)}`$ of the bare SE by $`j_{2(1)}=aj_{1(2)}`$ for $`j_{2(1)}<j_{1(2)}`$. The figure displays a  and a  Dlog-Padé. They are indistinguishable on the scale of the plot. The lower(upper) critical value of $`j_2`$ which they yield for the closing of the triplet gap on the line ($`j_1`$=1,$`j_2`$) are $`j_2^{c_1}=0.81`$ and $`j_2^{c_2}=1.06`$. As discussed in the next paragraph, along the diagonal, i.e. for $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$, Dlog-Padés can be obtained also from an $`O(7)`$ SEBrenig02a . They result in somewhat larger values of the critical couplings than the $`O(5)`$ SE. Roughly interpolating the difference in $`j_2^c`$ between the $`O(5)`$ and $`O(7)`$ Dlog-Padés along this direction down to the line ($`j_1`$=1,$`j_2`$) we approximate an error for the critical couplings of $`j_2^{c_1}=0.79\mathrm{}0.81`$ and $`j_2^{c_2}=1.06\mathrm{}1.13`$. These values should be contrasted against LSW theorySingh98a , which predicts stability of an AFM phase for $`j_2/j_10.76`$ at $`j_1=1`$. Moreover, ED at $`j_1=1`$ for up to 36 spinsSindzingre02a  suggests a closing of the spin-gap below $`j_2/j_10.65`$ and a crossover to 1D SLL-behavior at $`j_2/j_11.5`$.

The role of the Padé analysis in fixing the location of the quantum critical points as compared to the bare SE is clarified in more detail in fig. 4 where several reintegrated Dlog-Padés are displayed along with the plain series for three selected directions shown in fig. 3b). For $`j_1=j_2`$, where the Padé analysis is expected to be most relevant, an $`O(7)`$ SE from ref.Brenig02a  has been included in fig. 4.3). Because of the symmetries of the quantum phase diagram the curves beyond the vertical dashed line in fig. 4.3) do not refer to actual values of the spin gap for $`j>1`$. This range is shown for completeness sake only. Most important, from fig. 4.3) one realizes that both, the plain SE as well as all of the Padé approximants yield no critical points for $`j1`$. While this agrees with earlier findings of a finite spin gap at $`j=1`$ in refs.Brenig02a ; Sindzingre02a ; Fouet03a  it seems that the checkerboard point is almost critical. Panel 3) shows that the - and the - approximants at $`O(7)`$ and $`O(5)`$, respectively, are well clustered with critical points clearly separated from those of the corresponding plain SE and the  and  approximants. Therefore, the Dlog-Padé analysis at $`O(5)`$ and arbitrary $`j_1`$, $`j_2`$ in fig. 3b) has been based on the  and  approximants. The effects of the Dlog-Padés in figs. 4.1) and 2) is rather minute, with the  and  approximants leading to essentially identical spin gaps.

As noted already, direction 1) in fig. 3b) refers to the plaquette square-lattice Heisenberg model. Its transition to the AFM state for $`j1`$ has been studied by several groups. We may therefore compare the critical coupling $`j_c=0.555`$ which we find with that obtained by other SE investigations, i.e. $`j_c=0.555`$ in ref.Singh99a  and $`j_c=0.54`$ in ref.Koga99b , as well as by ED, i.e. $`j_c=0.6`$ in ref.Voigt02a . The agreement is satisfying.

Regarding the symmetry of the ground state in region AFM(’) in fig. 3b), no conclusions can be drawn from the quadrumer SE. Yet, subsuming the present work with refs.Singh98a ; Sindzingre02a ; Singh99a ; Koga99b ; Voigt02a  it is very likely that region AFM exhibits simple Neél-type AFM-LRO. Within AFM’ the CCM acquires a bipartite lattice-structure as $`j_10`$ which could trigger a ’4-up-4-down’-type AFM-LRO of the crossed chains for $`j_21`$. The crossover between this and the SLL phase as $`j_11`$ is an open issue.

## V Ground State Energy

To obtain SEs for the ground state energy valid to $`O(n)`$ in the thermodynamic limit, i.e. for systems of infinite size one may evaluate the matrix element $`0|H_{\mathrm{eff}}|0`$ on single ’maximal’ clusters, i.e. with periodic boundary conditions and sufficiently large not to allow for wrap around at graph-length $`n`$Knetter00 ; Brenig02a . Here, $`Q`$-conservation of $`H_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is the main ingredient which reduces the size of the intermediate Hilbert spaces. However, for the CCM we find the maximal-cluster approach to be severely limited by memory-constraints and we have combined the flow-equation approach with a linked cluster expansion. Some details of the latter are commented on in appendix A. Up to $`O(6)`$ the ground state energy $`e_g`$ per spin is

$`e_g={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{67j_1^2}{576}}{\displaystyle \frac{481j_1^3}{13824}}{\displaystyle \frac{17951j_1^4}{663552}}{\displaystyle \frac{5705977j_1^5}{522547200}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{13033565594599j_1^6}{2123765592883200}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2j_1j_2}{9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{59j_1^2j_2}{1728}}+{\displaystyle \frac{224267j_1^3j_2}{4354560}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{388714973j_1^4j_2}{35115171840}}+{\displaystyle \frac{655905584767j_1^5j_2}{130026464870400}}{\displaystyle \frac{67j_2^2}{576}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{59j_1j_2^2}{1728}}{\displaystyle \frac{4837781j_1^2j_2^2}{104509440}}+{\displaystyle \frac{75848383j_1^3j_2^2}{175575859200}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{169095132323j_1^4j_2^2}{168552824832000}}{\displaystyle \frac{481j_2^3}{13824}}+{\displaystyle \frac{574241j_1j_2^3}{13063680}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{38923349j_1^2j_2^3}{58525286400}}+{\displaystyle \frac{113410023666229j_1^3j_2^3}{15928241946624000}}{\displaystyle \frac{139031j_2^4}{5971968}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1184653457j_1j_2^4}{175575859200}}{\displaystyle \frac{65325840449533j_1^2j_2^4}{10618827964416000}}{\displaystyle \frac{2624063j_2^5}{313528320}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{181444615182347j_1j_2^5}{31856483893248000}}{\displaystyle \frac{51497150603363j_2^6}{10618827964416000}}`$ (4)
First we note, that at the checkerboard point, i.e. for $`j_1=j_2`$ eqn. (V) is identical to the corresponding SE for $`e_g`$ in eqn. (6) of ref.Brenig02a . Figure 5 visualizes $`e_g`$, resembling a convex function with the weakest energy gain in the vicinity of the line of strongest frustration, i.e. for $`j_1=j_2`$. Note, that fig. 5 is the ground state energy of the CCM only within the region of stability of the VBC. Obviously $`e_g`$ is below the ground state energy of the bare quadrumer limit for all $`j_1`$, $`j_2`$. This is consistent with refs.Brenig02a ; Sindzingre02a ; Fouet03a  and is at variance with a ’tetrahedral’ SE to $`O(3)`$ at $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$ in ref.Elhajal01a , where $`e_g>0.5`$ has been found.

In ref.Brenig02a  it has been shown, that $`e_g`$ at $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$ agrees to within 1% with that of ED on systems with 36 spins for $`j_11`$. In fig. 6 we compare $`e_g`$ with ED-results along the line ($`j_1=1`$,$`j_2`$) obtained by Sindzingre, Fouet, and LhuillierSindzingre02a  for systems with 16, 32, and 36 spins. The SE is displayed along with its variation in going from $`O(4)`$ to $`O(6)`$ in order to provide a rough estimate of convergence. As with fig. 5 the SE resembles the actual ground state energy only within the range of critical couplings $`j_2^{c_{1(2)}}`$ marked on the $`j_2`$-axis. While the line ($`j_1`$=1,$`j_2`$) is rather remote from the limit of decoupled quadrumers, the agreement between SE and ED on the largest system depicted in fig. 6 is still satisfying - even below $`j_2^{c_1}`$.

Finally, one may define a ’point of maximum frustration’, i.e. $`j_2^{mf}`$ at maximum $`e_g`$ for $`j_1`$=1. Interestingly $`j_2^{mf}`$ $`1`$, i.e. it is off from the checkerboard point. We find that $`j_2^{mf}0.973\pm 0.004`$. The error has been approximated from twice the difference between $`j_2^{mf}`$ at $`O(5)`$ and $`O(6)`$. As similar observation has been reported in ref.Sindzingre02a .

## VI Conclusion

To summarize, we have investigated the ground state properties and the elementary triplet excitations of the generalized crossed-chain quantum-spin model by quadrumer series expansion. Over a large region of exchange parameters the model exhibits a finite spin gap which is smoothly connected to the limit of the bare quadrumers. This region is bounded by lines of triplet softening which results from a delocalization of the triplets away from the case of complete frustration of the inter-quadrumer exchange. This remains true in particular not only at – but also in the vicinity of the checkerboard point for $`j_1`$=1 where we have established a finite range of on-chain exchange, i.e. 0.79…0.81$`j_2`$1.06…1.13 with a non-zero spin gap. While the fate of more complex multiparticle excitations as a function of $`j_{1(2)}`$ remains to be investigated in the future, our findings are consistent with a ground-state symmetry in the region of non-zero spin gap identical to that at $`j_{1(2)}`$=0, i.e. a valence-bond-solid.

Acknowledgments -  It is a pleasure to thank A. Honecker for fruitful discussions and D. C. Cabra for helpful comments on SLLs. This research was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Schwerpunktprogramm 1073, under Grant No. BR 1084/2-3.

## Appendix A Linked Cluster Expansion

Here we comment on a peculiarity of graph counting for the quadrumer expansion for the CCM as compared to that for standard expansions for spin lattice-models with no internal structure of the vertices and edges. For the latter, both pairs of graphs in fig. 7a) and b) are isomorphic and yield identical results. In general this is not the case for the quadrumer expansion. This is due to the vertices(edges) to consist of 4-spin quadrumers(tetrahedral links) which prohibit ’free rotation’ of a graph at its vertices. Similarly, ’twisting’ of an edge - as for edge ’e’ in fig. 7b) - is no symmetry operation in general. In fact, this depends on the choice of parameters, i.e. exactly at the checkerboard point, for $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$, the tetrahedral link is symmetric under the twist. This is reflected in, the corresponding cluster weights for the ground state energies, which (discarding lattice constants) read

$`\text{Graph 1b)}={\displaystyle \frac{8597351609683j_1^6}{6371296778649600}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{9198603350203j_1^5j_2}{1327353495552000}}{\displaystyle \frac{473964630567761j_1^4j_2^2}{31856483893248000}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1700981391083j_1^3j_2^3}{94810963968000}}{\displaystyle \frac{143988201852347j_1^2j_2^4}{10618827964416000}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{23692204192849j_1j_2^5}{3982060486656000}}{\displaystyle \frac{7166568732467j_2^6}{6371296778649600}}`$ (5)
$`\text{Graph 2b)}={\displaystyle \frac{7166568732467j_1^6}{6371296778649600}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{23692204192849j_1^5j_2}{3982060486656000}}{\displaystyle \frac{143988201852347j_1^4j_2^2}{10618827964416000}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1700981391083j_1^3j_2^3}{94810963968000}}{\displaystyle \frac{473964630567761j_1^2j_2^4}{31856483893248000}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{9198603350203j_1j_2^5}{1327353495552000}}{\displaystyle \frac{8597351609683j_2^6}{6371296778649600}}`$ (6)
Only if $`j_1`$=$`j_2`$ eqns. A and 6 are identical. In conclusion, the number of non-isomorphic graphs in the quadrumer expansion for the CCM is significantly larger than that in standard expansions for 2D square-lattice models.

## Appendix B Triplet Hopping Amplitudes

In this appendix, and for completeness sake, we list the triplet dispersion $`E_T(𝐤)`$ in the thermodynamic limit up to $`O(j_1^m,j_2^n)`$ with $`m+n5`$ which can be written as

$`E_T(𝐤,j_1,j_2)=t_{00}+`$ (7)
$`t_{10}(\mathrm{cos}(k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(k_y))+`$
$`t_{11}\mathrm{cos}(k_x)\mathrm{cos}(k_y)+`$
$`t_{20}(\mathrm{cos}(2k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(2k_y))+`$
$`t_{21}(\mathrm{cos}(2k_x)\mathrm{cos}(k_y)+\mathrm{cos}(k_x)\mathrm{cos}(2k_y))+`$
$`t_{22}\mathrm{cos}(2k_x)\mathrm{cos}(2k_y)+`$
$`t_{30}(\mathrm{cos}(3k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(3k_y))+`$
$`t_{31}\mathrm{cos}(k_x)\mathrm{cos}(k_y)(\mathrm{cos}(2k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(2k_y)1)+`$
$`t_{32}(\mathrm{cos}(3k_x)\mathrm{cos}(2k_y)+\mathrm{cos}(2k_x)\mathrm{cos}(3k_y))+`$
$`t_{40}(\mathrm{cos}(4k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(4k_y))+`$
$`t_{41}(\mathrm{cos}(4k_x)\mathrm{cos}(k_y)+\mathrm{cos}(k_x)\mathrm{cos}(4k_y))+`$
$`t_{50}(\mathrm{cos}(5k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(5k_y))`$
where the hopping amplitudes $`t_{00,\mathrm{},50}`$ are given by

$`t_{00}`$ $`=1+{\displaystyle \frac{145j_1^2}{432}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2771j_1^3}{13824}}+{\displaystyle \frac{9633109j_1^4}{34836480}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{440341849993j_1^5}{2106910310400}}{\displaystyle \frac{187j_1j_2}{216}}{\displaystyle \frac{1033j_1^2j_2}{4608}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{281352751j_1^3j_2}{313528320}}{\displaystyle \frac{173134656371j_1^4j_2}{300987187200}}+{\displaystyle \frac{145j_2^2}{432}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1033j_1j_2^2}{4608}}+{\displaystyle \frac{30651767j_1^2j_2^2}{26127360}}+{\displaystyle \frac{13833647581j_1^3j_2^2}{35115171840}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2771j_2^3}{13824}}{\displaystyle \frac{90015077j_1j_2^3}{104509440}}+{\displaystyle \frac{5030806153j_1^2j_2^3}{19508428800}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{81044221j_2^4}{313528320}}{\displaystyle \frac{50889983953j_1j_2^4}{100329062400}}+{\displaystyle \frac{411234777481j_2^5}{2106910310400}}`$
$`t_{10}`$ $`=(j_1j_2)({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{j_1}{18}}+{\displaystyle \frac{29827j_1^2}{497664}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1511209j_1^3}{39813120}}`$ (9)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{j_2}{18}}{\displaystyle \frac{37667j_1j_2}{248832}}{\displaystyle \frac{5805011j_1^2j_2}{119439360}}+{\displaystyle \frac{12673j_2^2}{165888}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1265911j_1j_2^2}{23887872}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4947067j_2^3}{119439360}})+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{562865130343j_1^5}{6320730931200}}{\displaystyle \frac{4144974245353j_1^4j_2}{12641461862400}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2307417015943j_1^3j_2^2}{4213820620800}}{\displaystyle \frac{485959984667j_1^2j_2^3}{842764124160}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1577116657219j_1j_2^4}{4213820620800}}{\displaystyle \frac{672640186583j_2^5}{6320730931200}}`$
$`t_{11}`$ $`=4(j_1j_2)({\displaystyle \frac{j_1}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{7j_1^2}{162}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1221199j_1^3}{89579520}}+`$ (10)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{705849089j_1^4}{25082265600}}+{\displaystyle \frac{j_2}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{3836587j_1^2j_2}{29859840}}{\displaystyle \frac{23977237j_1^3j_2}{214990848}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{7j_2^2}{162}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1199609j_1j_2^2}{9953280}}+{\displaystyle \frac{20880367j_1^2j_2^2}{3135283200}}{\displaystyle \frac{507919j_2^3}{89579520}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{39361331j_1j_2^3}{358318080}}{\displaystyle \frac{2514549451j_2^4}{75246796800}})`$
$`t_{20}`$ $`=2(j_1j_2)^2({\displaystyle \frac{1}{54}}{\displaystyle \frac{125j_1}{5184}}{\displaystyle \frac{5789171j_1^2}{179159040}}`$ (11)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2583021851j_1^3}{120394874880}}{\displaystyle \frac{125j_2}{5184}}+{\displaystyle \frac{57485j_1j_2}{17915904}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{176614487j_1^2j_2}{85996339200}}{\displaystyle \frac{5789171j_2^2}{179159040}}{\displaystyle \frac{62829919j_1j_2^2}{9555148800}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{11680356743j_2^3}{601974374400}})`$
$`t_{21}`$ $`=4(j_1j_2)^2({\displaystyle \frac{23j_1}{486}}{\displaystyle \frac{875j_1^2}{31104}}`$ (12)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{528075769j_1^3}{56435097600}}+{\displaystyle \frac{j_2}{18}}{\displaystyle \frac{49j_1j_2}{116640}}{\displaystyle \frac{13388351j_1^2j_2}{391910400}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{11j_2^2}{384}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3859528429j_1j_2^2}{112870195200}}+{\displaystyle \frac{320776609j_2^3}{37623398400}})`$
to avoid wrong column breaks

$`t_{22}`$ $`=4(j_1j_2)^2({\displaystyle \frac{103j_1^2}{2916}}{\displaystyle \frac{258601j_1^3}{8398080}}+`$ (13)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{317j_1j_2}{4374}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1457333j_1^2j_2}{41990400}}{\displaystyle \frac{293j_2^2}{8748}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1207837j_1j_2^2}{41990400}}{\displaystyle \frac{266113j_2^3}{8398080}})`$
$`t_{30}`$ $`=2(j_1j_2)^2({\displaystyle \frac{j_1}{54}}{\displaystyle \frac{1849j_1^2}{466560}}`$ (14)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1692644279j_1^3}{56435097600}}+{\displaystyle \frac{j_2}{54}}+{\displaystyle \frac{9653478197j_1^2j_2}{112870195200}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1849j_2^2}{466560}}{\displaystyle \frac{10100761397j_1j_2^2}{112870195200}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1870410679j_2^3}{56435097600}})`$
$`t_{31}`$ $`=8(j_1j_2)^3({\displaystyle \frac{31j_1}{1458}}{\displaystyle \frac{838229j_1^2}{41990400}}+{\displaystyle \frac{j_2}{54}}+`$ (15)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{7927j_1j_2}{3499200}}+{\displaystyle \frac{871649j_2^2}{41990400}})`$
$`t_{32}`$ $`=4(j_1j_2)^2({\displaystyle \frac{2131j_1^3}{78732}}+{\displaystyle \frac{247j_1^2j_2}{2916}}`$ (16)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2347j_1j_2^2}{26244}}+{\displaystyle \frac{845j_2^3}{26244}})`$
$`t_{40}`$ $`=2(j_1j_2)^4({\displaystyle \frac{23}{17496}}{\displaystyle \frac{497953j_1}{83980800}}`$ (17)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{497953j_2}{83980800}})`$
$`t_{41}`$ $`=4(j_1j_2)^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{637j_1}{52488}}+{\displaystyle \frac{773j_2}{52488}}\right)`$ (18)
$`t_{50}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{161(j_1j_2)^5}{26244}}`$ (19)