text:
# Dressing the Quark with QCD Condensates

## 1 Introduction

In this paper we consider the contributions to the quark propagator from a $`𝐩=0`$ condensate term  in the free gluon and quark propagators,

$`iD_{ab}^{\mu \nu }(p)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{ab}g^{\mu \nu }\left[{\displaystyle \frac{i}{p^2+i\epsilon }}+\lambda _g^2(2\pi )^4\delta ^4(p)\right]`$ (1)
$`iS_{AB}(p)`$ $`=`$ δAB[i

p

/
p2+iε+λq3(2π)4δ4(p)]subscript𝛿𝐴𝐵delimited-[]𝑖

p

/
superscript𝑝2𝑖𝜀superscriptsubscript𝜆𝑞3superscript2𝜋4superscript𝛿4𝑝\displaystyle\delta_{AB}\left[\frac{i\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}{p^{2}+i\varepsilon}+\lambda_{q}^{3}\,(2\pi)^{4}\,\delta^{4}(p)\right] (2)
Due to the $`\delta ^4(p)`$ factors which constrain loop integrals, the leading order contributions in the condensate parameters $`\lambda _g`$ and $`\lambda _q`$ arising from Feynman diagrams of arbitrary complexity may be resummed. (We simplify the topology of the diagrams by considering only contributions that are of leading order also in the number of colors $`N`$). We show that the quark propagator thus dressed satisfies a Dyson-Schwinger (DS) type equation (Figs. 2 and 7) which can be solved exactly. For $`\lambda _g0`$ the resulting propagator has a branch cut instead of a pole at $`p^2=0`$. Hence the quark does not propagate to the in and out states at $`t=\pm \mathrm{}`$. The DS equation also has a non-perturbative, chiral symmetry breaking solution which does not reduce to the free propagator in the $`\lambda _g^20`$ limit.

We calculate the dressed quark-photon vertex and verify that the Ward-Takahashi identity is satisfied. This ensures that the quark loop correction to the photon propagator maintains the masslessness of the photon.

The condensate terms in Eqs. (1) and (2) arise when one starts the perturbative expansion from a free state which already contains gluon or quark pairs. Consider for simplicity the free hamiltonian of a scalar field $`\varphi (x)`$,

$$H_0(t)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^3𝐩}{(2\pi )^3}\left[|\pi (t,𝐩)|^2+(𝐩^2+m^2)|\varphi (t,𝐩)|^2\right]$$
(3)
where $`\pi `$ is the canonical momentum. $`H_0`$ is a sum (over 3-momentum $`𝐩`$) of uncoupled harmonic oscillator hamiltonians. The ground state wave function is thus

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0(t)\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^3𝐩}{(2\pi )^3}E_𝐩|\varphi (t,𝐩)|^2\right]$$
(4)
where $`E_𝐩=\sqrt{𝐩^2+m^2}`$. Correspondingly, in a path integral formulation of perturbation theory it is straightforward to verify  that imposing a wave function of the form (4) at $`t=\pm T`$ and then letting $`T\mathrm{}`$ one recovers the standard Feynman propagator of the scalar field. On the other hand, if one uses a gaussian wave function with a more general coefficient $`C(𝐩)`$,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_C(t)\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^3𝐩}{(2\pi )^3}C(𝐩)|\varphi (t,𝐩)|^2\right]$$
(5)
then the on-shell part of the free propagator of momentum $`p`$ is modified by a term proportional to

$$i\left[C(𝐩)E_𝐩\right]\delta (p^0E_𝐩).$$
(6)
The usual Feynman rules for calculating higher order contributions apply provided the ‘condensate’ term (6) is always included in the free propagator.

The $`\lambda _g,\lambda _q`$ terms in the free gluon and quark propagators similarly arise from gaussian wave functions of the form (5) at $`t=\pm \mathrm{}`$, with $`m=0`$ and $`C(𝐩=0)0`$. Explicit Lorentz invariance is maintained since the wave function is modified only at $`𝐩=0`$.

The modified gaussian wave function (5) may be interpreted as describing a coherent superposition (or condensate) of particle pairs by expanding the exponential,

$$\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}C(𝐩)|\varphi |^2\right]=\underset{n}{}\frac{(1)^n}{2^nn!}\left[C(𝐩)E_𝐩\right]^n|\varphi (t,𝐩)|^{2n}\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2}E_𝐩|\varphi (t,𝐩)|^2\right]$$
(7)
Analogously, the condensate terms in Eqs. (1) and (2) may be viewed as arising from the presence of $`𝐩=0`$ gluon and quark pairs in the asymptotic $`in`$ and $`out`$ states.

Formally, a perturbative expansion around any state that has a non-vanishing overlap with the true ground state is equally justified. Thus to our knowledge there is no theoretical reason to exclude the condensate terms in the free gluon and quark propagators in a perturbative expansion of QCD. As we shall see, these terms strongly modify long distance physics but give only higher-twist corrections at short distance. The summation of leading condensate contributions that we consider here provides a kind of ‘tree’ approximation, to which corrections corresponding to higher powers of $`g^2`$ may be systematically added. This tree approximation allows studies of analyticity and unitarity in a novel setting, which may be closer to the confinement domain than standard PQCD.

Our approach may be compared to that of the QCD sum rules , where external $`p=0`$ lines connect to vacuum matrix elements of quark and gluon operators. Assuming that the strong coupling freezes in the long distance regime at a sufficiently small value to make the perturbative expansion relevant , we need only a single parameter $`\lambda _g`$ ($`\lambda _q`$) in the gluon (quark) propagator to calculate any Green function. This avoids the use of sum rules, which require assumptions concerning their saturation and parametrizations of vacuum expectation values.

In section 2 we calculate the effects of a quark condensate ($`\lambda _g=0,\lambda _q0`$) on the dressed quark propagator, quark-photon vertex and photon self-energy. We simplify the topology of the contributing diagrams by taking the limit of a large number of colors, $`N\mathrm{}`$ with $`g^2N`$ fixed . The quark condensate introduces a parameter $`\mu _q`$ with the dimension of mass,

$$\mu _q^3=g^2N\lambda _q^3$$
(8)
The full expansion of any Green function $`G`$ is then a double sum of the form

$$G_q=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(g^2N)^{\mathrm{}}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}C_{\mathrm{},n}^q\mu _q^{3n}$$
(9)
where the index $`q`$ on $`G_q`$ indicates the presence of a quark condensate $`(\lambda _q0)`$. We calculate the complete sum over $`n`$ for $`\mathrm{}=0`$. This is possible since for $`\mathrm{}=0`$ there is a $`\delta ^4(p)`$ factor from the free quark propagator (2) in each loop integral. The remaining sum over $`\mathrm{}`$ is then of usual perturbative form, involving higher powers of the coupling $`g^2N`$ and an increasing number of non-trivial loop integrals.

We neglect contributions where the condensate $`p=0`$ lines are dressed, giving factors of $`\delta ^4(0)`$ proportional to the volume of space-time. Such terms should factorize from physical quantities. Similarly contributions where condensate lines interact with themselves are dropped, being singular and of a non-local nature.

We find that the quark acquires an effective, ‘constituent’ mass, as expected from the fact that the inclusion of quark pairs in the asymptotic states ($`\lambda _q0`$) breaks chiral symmetry . Gauge invariance is preserved and the photon remains massless.

In section 3 we study in a similar way the effects of a gluon condensate ($`\lambda _g0,\lambda _q=0`$). The gluon condensate mass parameter is

$$\mu _g^2=g^2N\lambda _g^2$$
(10)
and the full QCD expansion of any Green function is of the form

$$G_g=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(g^2N)^{\mathrm{}}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}C_{\mathrm{},n}^g\mu _g^{2n}$$
(11)
We evaluate the full $`\mathrm{}=0`$ ‘tree’ contribution in the $`N\mathrm{}`$ limit. The DS equation (Fig. 7) for the dressed quark propagator is an ordinary second order algebraic equation. The solution has a cut instead of a pole at $`p^2=0`$, implying that the quark is removed from the spectrum of on-shell states. Surprisingly, there is also a non-perturbative solution which breaks chiral invariance. We verify the Ward-Takahashi identity, which ensures the masslessness of the photon within dimensional regularization.

We do not evaluate here the dressed gluon propagator, nor do we consider the case of a simultaneous gluon and quark condensate ($`\lambda _g,\lambda _q0`$). The topological structure of the contributing Feynman diagrams is more complicated in these cases, principally due to contributions from the four-gluon vertex. We have verified that the gluon condensate contributions of order $`\mu _g^2`$ and $`\mu _g^4`$ (for $`\mathrm{}=0`$) to the gluon self-energy have the required transverse structure. We postpone to a future work the calculation of the ‘tree’ ($`\mathrm{}=0`$) dressed gluon propagator to all orders in the gluon condensate parameter $`\mu _g^2`$. Section 4 contains an outlook.

## 2 Quark condensate: $`\lambda _g=0`$, $`\lambda _q0`$.

### 2.1 The dressed quark propagator

The first correction to the quark propagator ($`\mathrm{}=0,n=1`$ in (9)) is given by the diagram of Fig. 1a, where only the $`\lambda _q^3`$ term of the free propagator (2) is kept. This condensate term is proportional to $`\delta ^4(k)`$, where $`k`$ is the internal quark momentum, and is indicated pictorially by a cut line. The quark self-energy, defined by amputating the external quark lines, is :

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_q(p)=\frac{2\mu _q^3}{p^2+i\epsilon }$$
(12)
From now on the color indices and trivial color factors such as $`\delta _{AB}`$ will be implicit. In (12) we approximated $`C_F=(N^21)/2N`$ by its large $`N`$ limit $`C_FN/2`$.

At the next order ($`n=2`$) the five Feynman diagrams of Fig. 1b, which have at least two internal quark lines, may contribute. Of these, the last two diagrams are suppressed in the large $`N`$ limit. The second diagram can contribute only via the two possible cuts shown in Figs. 1c and 1d. Fig. 1c is a self-interaction of a condensate line and thus proportional to $`\delta ^4(0)`$, i.e., to the volume $`d^4x`$ of space-time. We expect such contributions to factorize from connected Green functions and do not consider them further. Fig. 1d involves scattering of condensate lines and is similarly non-local. The third diagram of Fig. 1b can be dropped for the same reason. Hence only the first diagram of Fig. 1b contributes at order $`\mathrm{}=0,n=2`$.

The above analysis generalizes in a straightforward way to higher powers of $`\mu _q^3`$, i.e., to terms in (9) with $`\mathrm{}=0`$ and arbitrary $`n`$. As a result, only diagrams corresponding to the geometric series dress the quark propagator $`S_q(p)`$:

iSq(p)=i

p

/
+i

p

/
(iΣq(p))i

p

/
+i

p

/
(iΣq(p))i

p

/
(iΣq(p))i

p

/
+𝑖subscript𝑆𝑞𝑝𝑖

p

/
𝑖

p

/
𝑖subscriptΣ𝑞𝑝𝑖

p

/
𝑖

p

/
𝑖subscriptΣ𝑞𝑝𝑖

p

/
𝑖subscriptΣ𝑞𝑝𝑖

p

/
iS_{q}(p)=\frac{i}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}+\frac{i}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}(i\Sigma_{q}(p))\frac{i}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}+\frac{i}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}(i\Sigma_{q}(p))\frac{i}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}(i\Sigma_{q}(p))\frac{i}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}+\ldots (13)
implying the self-consistency equation shown in Fig. 2,

Sq(p)=1

p

/
1

p

/
Σq(p)Sq(p)subscript𝑆𝑞𝑝1

p

/
1

p

/
subscriptΣ𝑞𝑝subscript𝑆𝑞𝑝S_{q}(p)=\frac{1}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}-\frac{1}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}\Sigma_{q}(p)S_{q}(p) (14)
with solution

Sq(p)=1

p

/
+Σq(p)=1

p

/
+2μq3/p2=p4

p

/
2μq3p2p6(2μq3)2subscript𝑆𝑞𝑝1

p

/
subscriptΣ𝑞𝑝1

p

/
2superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞3superscript𝑝2superscript𝑝4

p

/
2superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞3superscript𝑝2superscript𝑝6superscript2superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞32S_{q}(p)=\frac{1}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+\Sigma_{q}(p)}=\frac{1}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+2\mu_{q}^{3}/p^{2}}=\frac{p^{4}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}-2\mu_{q}^{3}p^{2}}{p^{6}-(2\mu_{q}^{3})^{2}} (15)
The poles of $`S_q(p)`$ at $`(p^2)^3=(2\mu _q^3)^2`$ correspond to a ‘constituent’ quark mass

$$M_q=\mu _q\sqrt[3]{2}$$
(16)
and two complex poles at $`p^2=M_q^2\mathrm{exp}(\pm 2i\pi /3)`$. The appearance of a constituent quark mass $`M_q0`$ could be anticipated from the fact that the quark condensate gives a chirally non-invariant free propagator (2).

We stress that the quark condensate contributions are power suppressed at short distance,

p2Sq(p)=1

p

/
+𝒪(μq3p4)formulae-sequencesuperscript𝑝2subscript𝑆𝑞𝑝1

p

/
𝒪superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞3superscript𝑝4p^{2}\to\infty\ \ \Rightarrow\ \ S_{q}(p)=\frac{1}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}+{\cal O}\left(\frac{\mu_{q}^{3}}{p^{4}}\right) (17)
### 2.2 Dressed quark-photon vertex

In the $`N\mathrm{}`$ limit, the leading behaviour in $`\mu _q`$ of the quark-photon vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ is given by the series shown in Fig. 3, where $`\overline{k}=kp`$. This specific structure arises because cutting both the quark and antiquark lines appearing in between two successive gluon exchanges would prevent the momentum $`p`$ from flowing through the diagram from left to right.

One can easily check that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_q^\mu =V^\mu +W^\mu \gamma ^\mu $$
(18)
where the effective vertices $`V^\mu `$ and $`W^\mu `$ satisfy the coupled equations shown in Fig. 4:

$`V^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu _q^3}{2\overline{k}^2}}\gamma ^\nu S_q(p)W^\mu (p,0)\gamma _\nu `$
$`W^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu _q^3}{2k^2}}\gamma ^\nu V^\mu (0,p)S_q(p)\gamma _\nu `$ (19)
where $`S_q(p)`$ is given in (15). The equations (2.2) are solved in Appendix A. The result for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q^\mu `$ given by (18) reads:

Γqμ(k,k¯)=γμ+2μq3p2(1k21k¯2)pμ2μq62μq6p6(1k2+1k¯2)(

p

/
pμp2γμ)superscriptsubscriptΓ𝑞𝜇𝑘¯𝑘superscript𝛾𝜇2superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞3superscript𝑝21superscript𝑘21superscript¯𝑘2superscript𝑝𝜇2superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞62superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞6superscript𝑝61superscript𝑘21superscript¯𝑘2

p

/
superscript𝑝𝜇superscript𝑝2superscript𝛾𝜇\Gamma_{q}^{\mu}(k,\bar{k})=\gamma^{\mu}+\frac{2\mu_{q}^{3}}{p^{2}}\left(\frac{1}{k^{2}}-\frac{1}{{\bar{k}}^{2}}\right)p^{\mu}-\frac{2\mu_{q}^{6}}{2\mu_{q}^{6}-p^{6}}\left(\frac{1}{k^{2}}+\frac{1}{{\bar{k}}^{2}}\right)\left(\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}p^{\mu}-p^{2}\gamma^{\mu}\right) (20)
Using (15) and (20) one readily verifies the Ward-Takahashi identity:

$$p_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu (k,\overline{k})=S(k)^1S(\overline{k})^1$$
(21)
### 2.3 Photon self-energy

The photon self-energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_q^{\mu \nu }`$ in the presence of a quark condensate ($`\lambda _q0`$) can be expressed in terms of the dressed quark propagator $`S_q(p)`$ and vertices $`V^\mu `$ and $`W^\mu `$, as shown in Fig. 5. At leading order in $`\mu _q`$ only the condensate term of the internal free quark propagator (2) is kept (as indicated by the cut line in Fig. 5). The loop integral is then trivial, and

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_q^{\mu \nu }(p)=e^2N\lambda _q^3\left\{\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma ^\nu V^\mu (0,p)S(p)\right]+\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma ^\nu S(p)W^\mu (p,0)\right]\right\}$$
(22)
Using the results of Appendix A for $`V^\mu `$ and $`W^\mu `$ one has:

$`V^\mu (0,p)`$ $`=`$ γμμq32p2[Aγμ+Bpμ+C

p

/
pμ]superscript𝛾𝜇superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞32superscript𝑝2delimited-[]𝐴superscript𝛾𝜇𝐵superscript𝑝𝜇𝐶

p

/
superscript𝑝𝜇\displaystyle\gamma^{\mu}-\frac{\mu_{q}^{3}}{2p^{2}}\left[A\gamma^{\mu}+Bp^{\mu}+C\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}p^{\mu}\right]
$`W^\mu (p,0)`$ $`=`$ γμμq32p2[AγμBpμ+C

p

/
pμ]superscript𝛾𝜇superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞32superscript𝑝2delimited-[]𝐴superscript𝛾𝜇𝐵superscript𝑝𝜇𝐶

p

/
superscript𝑝𝜇\displaystyle\gamma^{\mu}-\frac{\mu_{q}^{3}}{2p^{2}}\left[A\gamma^{\mu}-Bp^{\mu}+C\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}p^{\mu}\right] (23)
where $`A`$, $`B`$, $`C`$ are given in (45). A short calculation yields:

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_q^{\mu \nu }(p)=16e^2\frac{N\lambda _q^3\mu _q^3}{2\mu _q^6p^6}(p^2g^{\mu \nu }p^\mu p^\nu )\mathrm{\Pi }_q(p^2)(p^2g^{\mu \nu }p^\mu p^\nu )$$
(24)
The fact that $`\mathrm{\Pi }_q(p^2=0)`$ is finite implies that the photon remains massless after the self-energy correction.

## 3 Gluon condensate: $`\lambda _g0`$, $`\lambda _q=0`$.

### 3.1 Dressed quark propagator

At first order in $`\mu _g^2`$ ($`\mathrm{}=0,n=1`$ in (11)), the quark propagator is modified by the correction shown in Fig. 6a. The internal gluon line is cut, indicating that only the condensate term proportional to $`\lambda _g^2\delta ^4(k)`$ is kept in the free gluon propagator (1). At second order, namely $`\mu _g^4`$ ($`\mathrm{}=0,n=2`$), only the two diagrams shown in Fig. 6b contribute. Other diagrams, such as the three last ones in Fig. 1b (with two internal cut gluon instead of quark lines) can be neglected for reasons similar to the case $`\lambda _q0`$, $`\lambda _g=0`$ studied in the previous section. They are either suppressed by powers of $`1/N`$ in the large $`N`$ limit, or represent non-local contributions which should factorize from physical quantities.

At higher orders ($`\mathrm{}=0,n>2`$ in (11)) the relevant diagrams contributing to the quark propagator in the large $`N`$ limit are of the type shown in Fig. 6c, where all internal gluon lines are cut. All loop integrals are trivial due to the $`\delta ^4(k)`$ factors from the condensate terms, showing that we are in effect dealing with a tree approximation. Note that we take into account one-particle irreducible as well as reducible diagrams, thus including all $`\mathrm{}=0`$ contributions.

One may readily check that the complete set of relevant diagrams for the quark propagator $`S_g(p)`$ is generated by iterating the implicit equation shown in Fig. 7, which reads

p

/
Sg(p)=112μg2γμSg(p)γμSg(p)

p

/
subscript𝑆𝑔𝑝112superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑔2superscript𝛾𝜇subscript𝑆𝑔𝑝subscript𝛾𝜇subscript𝑆𝑔𝑝\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}S_{g}(p)=1-{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\mu_{g}^{2}\,\gamma^{\mu}S_{g}(p)\gamma_{\mu}S_{g}(p) (25)
where we used $`C_F=N/2`$ at leading order in $`N`$.

Lorentz invariance constrains the quark propagator to be of the form

Sg(p)=a(p2)

p

/
+b(p2)subscript𝑆𝑔𝑝𝑎superscript𝑝2

p

/
𝑏superscript𝑝2S_{g}(p)=a(p^{2})\,\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+b(p^{2}) (26)
Substituting this in (25) one finds the equations

$`b(1+\mu _g^2a)`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`ap^2(1\mu _g^2a)`$ $`=`$ $`12\mu _g^2b^2`$ (27)
A chiral symmetry conserving quark propagator must have $`b=0`$. With this constraint the second order equation for $`a`$ gives

Sg1(p)=2

p

/
p2+p2(p24μg2)subscript𝑆𝑔1𝑝2

p

/
superscript𝑝2superscript𝑝2superscript𝑝24superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑔2S_{g1}(p)=\frac{2\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}{p^{2}+\sqrt{p^{2}(p^{2}-4\mu_{g}^{2})}} (28)
where we chose the sign of the square root so as to ensure that the propagator approaches the free one in the $`p^2\mathrm{}`$ limit:

p2Sg1(p)=1

p

/
[1+𝒪(μg2p2)]formulae-sequencesuperscript𝑝2subscript𝑆𝑔1𝑝1

p

/
delimited-[]1𝒪superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑔2superscript𝑝2p^{2}\to\infty\ \ \Rightarrow\ \ S_{g1}(p)=\frac{1}{\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}\left[1+{\cal O}\left(\frac{\mu_{g}^{2}}{p^{2}}\right)\right] (29)
It is important to note that the $`p^2=0`$ quark pole of the ($`\lambda _q=0`$) free propagator (2) has been removed by the dressing. The dressed propagator $`S_{g1}(p)`$ instead has branch point singularities at $`p^2=0`$ and $`p^2=4\mu _g^2`$. In Appendix B (cf. Eq. (54)) we show that this removes the quark from the set of in and out states, in the sense that the Fourier transformed propagator vanishes at large times,

$$|S_{g1}(t,\stackrel{}{p})|\underset{|t|\mathrm{}}{}𝒪\left(1/\sqrt{|t|}\right)$$
(30)
This raises interesting questions about analyticity and unitarity, which we hope to return to in a future paper.

If one does not impose chiral symmetry and thus allows $`b0`$ in (3.1) one finds

Sg2(p)=1μg2(

p

/
±p2+12μg2)subscript𝑆𝑔2𝑝1superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑔2plus-or-minus

p

/
superscript𝑝212superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑔2S_{g2}(p)=-\frac{1}{\mu_{g}^{2}}\left(\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\pm\sqrt{p^{2}+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\mu_{g}^{2}}\right) (31)
This solution is singular for $`\mu _g^20`$ and hence does not have a power expansion in $`\mu _g^2`$ of the form (11). It emerges as a ‘non-perturbative’ solution of the implicit equation (25). Like the chiral symmetry conserving solution $`S_{g1}`$, the propagator $`S_{g2}`$ has no quark pole, only a branch point at $`p^2=\mu _g^2/2`$.

The solution $`S_{g2}`$ does not approach the perturbative propagator 1/

p

/
1

p

/
1/\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}} at large $`p^2`$, and must therefore be discarded on physical grounds at short distance. However, we note that $`S_{g2}=S_{g1}`$ at $`p^2=\mu _g^2/2`$. In a loop integral over $`p^0`$ it is then possible (for $`𝐩^2>\mu _g^2/2`$) to choose the $`S_{g2}`$ solution in the interval $`\sqrt{𝐩^2\mu _g^2/2}p^0\sqrt{𝐩^2\mu _g^2/2}`$. This will give Green functions that break chiral symmetry. It is interesting to find chiral symmetry breaking without having introduced a quark condensate in the asymptotic states ($`\lambda _q=0`$).

### 3.2 Dressed quark-photon vertex

The $`q\overline{q}\gamma `$ vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ is given by the series shown in Fig. 8 for large $`N`$ and $`\lambda _g0`$. Again, the loop integrals are trivially performed in this $`\mathrm{}=0`$ approximation of (11) since all internal gluon lines are cut. The infinite sum satisfies the implicit equation of Fig. 9,

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})=\gamma ^\mu \frac{1}{2}\mu _g^2\gamma ^\nu S_g(k)\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})S_g(\overline{k})\gamma _\nu $$
(32)
When the vertex is expanded on its independent Dirac components this equation reduces to a set of linear equations for the components. We do this explicitly in Appendix C for the case $`S_g=S_{g1}`$ (cf. Eqs. (58) and (C)). Thus the solution is unique when $`S_g`$ is given.

Multiplying (32) by $`p_\mu =(k\overline{k})_\mu `$ and noting the propagator identity (25),

12μg2γμSg(k)γμ=Sg1(k)

k

/
12superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑔2superscript𝛾𝜇subscript𝑆𝑔𝑘subscript𝛾𝜇superscriptsubscript𝑆𝑔1𝑘

k

/
{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\mu_{g}^{2}\gamma^{\mu}S_{g}(k)\gamma_{\mu}=S_{g}^{-1}(k)-\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}} (33)
one easily verifies that $`p_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu =S_g^1(k)S_g^1(\overline{k})`$ is a solution. Hence we conclude that the unique solution of (32) respects the Ward-Takahashi identity (21).

For highly virtual momenta $`k^2,\overline{k}^2\mathrm{}`$, we have Sg(k)1/

k

/
subscript𝑆𝑔𝑘1

k

/
S_{g}(k)\to 1/\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}, Sg(k¯)1/

¯k

/
subscript𝑆𝑔¯𝑘1

¯k

/
S_{g}(\bar{k})\to 1/\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}} and (32) thus implies

$$k^2,\overline{k}^2\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})=\gamma ^\mu +𝒪(\frac{\mu _g^2}{k^2},\frac{\mu _g^2}{\overline{k}^2})$$
(34)
This may also be verified from the explicit expression (63) of the dressed vertex.

### 3.3 Photon self-energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_g^{\mu \nu }(p)`$

Given the novel analytic structure of the dressed ($`\lambda _g0`$) quark propagator (cf. (28) and (31)) it is of interest to verify that the physical $`p^2=0`$ pole remains in the photon propagator. At large $`N`$ a single (dressed) quark loop dominates the photon self-energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_g^{\mu \nu }(p)`$. Thus (cf. Fig. 10),

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_g^{\mu \nu }(p)=ie^2N\frac{d^Dk}{(2\pi )^D}\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma ^\nu S_g(k)\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})S_g(\overline{k})\right]$$
(35)
At highly virtual loop momenta the condensate dressing is power suppressed, cf. Eqs. (29) and (34). We dimensionally regularize in $`D`$ dimensions the ultraviolet quadratic and logarithmic divergences, which are independent of $`\mu _g^2`$.

Multiplying the self-energy (35) by $`p_\mu `$ and using the Ward-Takahashi identity (21) one finds $`p_\mu \mathrm{\Pi }_g^{\mu \nu }(p)=0`$. Hence the self-energy is transverse,

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_g^{\mu \nu }(p)=\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)(p^2g^{\mu \nu }p^\mu p^\nu )$$
(36)
In order to prove that the photon remains massless, we show that $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{g\mu }^\mu (p)=3p^2\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)`$ vanishes in the $`p^20`$ limit. Since this quantity only depends on $`p^2`$ we may equivalently consider the 4-vector $`p=k\overline{k}0`$ limit.

Following Fradkin , we note that the $`k\overline{k}`$ limit of the Ward-Takahashi identity (21) reads

$$p_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,k)=p_\mu \frac{S_g^1(k)}{k_\mu }$$
(37)
Since the components $`p^\mu `$ are independent this yields the Slavnov-Taylor identity,

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,k)=\frac{S_g^1(k)}{k_\mu }=S_g^1(k)\left[\frac{S_g(k)}{k_\mu }\right]S_g^1(k)$$
(38)
Using (38) in (35) gives

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{g\mu }^\mu (p=0)=ie^2N\frac{d^Dk}{(2\pi )^D}\frac{}{k_\mu }\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _\mu S_g(k)\right]=0$$
(39)
which vanishes within dimensional regularization since the integrand is a full derivative. Hence the resummed photon propagator

$$\frac{1}{p^2[1\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)]}\left(g^{\mu \nu }+\frac{p^\mu p^\nu }{p^2}\right)$$
(40)
has the physical photon pole at $`p^2=0`$.

We give an explicit integral expression for $`\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)`$ in Eq. (C), for the case of the quark propagator $`S_{g1}`$ given in (28).

## 4 Outlook

Our work raises several issues which merit further study. First of all, we did not consider the condensate corrections to the gluon propagator. The four-gluon coupling causes a richer set of diagrams to contribute in this case. However, this appears to be only a technical complication. The lowest order ($`\mathrm{}=0,n=1`$ in (11)) gluon condensate correction to the gluon propagator was evaluated in  and found to have the required transverse structure. We have checked that the $`n=2`$ correction is also transverse. The expansion of the gluon self-energy dressed with a gluon condensate starts as

$$\mathrm{\Pi }^{\mu \nu }(p)=\mathrm{\Pi }_0^{\mu \nu }(p)+\mu _g^2\left(g^{\mu \nu }\frac{p^\mu p^\nu }{p^2}\right)\left(2+\frac{21}{2}\frac{\mu _g^2}{p^2}+\mathrm{}\right)$$
(41)
where $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0^{\mu \nu }(p)`$ is the standard perturbative ($`\mu _g^2=0`$) result.

It will also be worthwhile to study the case where both $`\lambda _g`$ and $`\lambda _q`$ are non-zero, which we have not considered here. The richer set of diagrams then appears not only for the gluon, but also for the quark propagator.

We took the $`N\mathrm{}`$ limit to simplify the set of contributing diagrams. The algebraic nature of the resummation holds for any $`N`$. It would be interesting to derive the generalizations to finite $`N`$ of DS equations like (14) and (25).

We considered only the case of a vanishing bare quark mass, cf. (2). For $`m_q0`$ the on-shell condition (6) of a quark condensate with $`𝐩=0`$ would have the form $`\delta (p^0m_q)`$ and thus would break explicitly the Lorentz symmetry. On the other hand, it is straightforward to generalize our analysis to $`m_q0`$ in the presence of a gluon condensate ($`\lambda _g0,\lambda _q=0`$), which preserves Lorentz invariance. One finds that the modified implicit equation (25) for the quark propagator $`S_g(p)`$ is then of fourth order in the parameters $`a,b`$ of Eq. (26).

In this paper we did not sufficiently address the treatment of contributions proportional to the volume of space-time $`\delta ^4(0)`$. Such terms correspond to interactions between the $`𝐩=0`$ condensate particles themselves and we expect that they factorize from measurable quantities. A more systematic treatment of these effects would be desirable.

The restriction to $`𝐩=0`$ condensates required for explicit Lorentz invariance is very constraining. $`C(𝐩=0)`$ in the asymptotic wave function (5) is then the only parameter, which translates into $`\lambda _g`$ and $`\lambda _q`$ in the free gluon and quark propagators. We believe that systematic studies of the properties of perturbative expansions with a $`𝐩=0`$ condensate term are warranted.

Our result that the quark propagator dressed with a gluon condensate (28) has a cut and hence vanishes at large times (cf. (30)) addresses the question of the analytic structure of confined partonic Green functions . This obviously also has a profound effect on unitarity relations – as it should to describe a physical situation where completeness sums involve hadrons rather than partons.

###### Acknowledgments.

We thank T. Binoth, S. Brodsky, A. Cabo and E. Pilon for valuable discussions. S. P. would also like to thank the people of the SPhT in Saclay for their interesting comments on our work.
APPENDIX

## Appendix A Quark-photon vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$: $`\lambda _g=0,\lambda _q0`$.

The quark-photon vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ is given in terms of the quantities $`V^\mu `$ and $`W^\mu `$, see (18). Here we solve the equations (2.2) for $`V^\mu `$ and $`W^\mu `$. By iterating these equations one can infer that $`V^\mu `$ and $`W^\mu `$ have the general form:

$`V^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ $`=`$ γμμq32k¯2[Aγμ+Bpμ+C

p

/
pμ]superscript𝛾𝜇superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞32superscript¯𝑘2delimited-[]𝐴superscript𝛾𝜇𝐵superscript𝑝𝜇𝐶

p

/
superscript𝑝𝜇\displaystyle\gamma^{\mu}-\frac{\mu_{q}^{3}}{2{\bar{k}}^{2}}\left[A\gamma^{\mu}+Bp^{\mu}+C\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}p^{\mu}\right]
$`W^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ $`=`$ γμμq32k2[Aγμ+Bpμ+C

p

/
pμ]superscript𝛾𝜇superscriptsubscript𝜇𝑞32superscript𝑘2delimited-[]superscript𝐴superscript𝛾𝜇superscript𝐵superscript𝑝𝜇superscript𝐶

p

/
superscript𝑝𝜇\displaystyle\gamma^{\mu}-\frac{\mu_{q}^{3}}{2{k}^{2}}\left[A^{\prime}\gamma^{\mu}+B^{\prime}p^{\mu}+C^{\prime}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}p^{\mu}\right] (42)
where $`A`$, $`B`$, $`C`$, $`A^{}`$, $`B^{}`$, $`C^{}`$ are functions of $`p^2`$ only. Writing the quark propagator (15) as

Sq(p)=a

p

/
+bsubscript𝑆𝑞𝑝𝑎

p

/
𝑏S_{q}(p)=a\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+b (43)
$$a=\frac{p^4}{p^6(2\mu _q^3)^2};b=\frac{2\mu _q^3p^2}{p^6(2\mu _q^3)^2}$$

one then inserts (A) and (43) into (2.2). A straightforward calculation yields six equations for the unknown quantities $`A`$, $`B`$, $`C`$, $`A^{}`$, $`B^{}`$, $`C^{}`$:

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`2b(1{\displaystyle \frac{\mu _q^3}{2p^2}}A^{});B=4a{\displaystyle \frac{2\mu _q^3}{p^2}}(aA^{}+bB^{}+ap^2C^{});C={\displaystyle \frac{\mu _q^3}{p^2}}(aB^{}+bC^{})`$
$`A^{}`$ $`=`$ $`2b(1{\displaystyle \frac{\mu _q^3}{2p^2}}A);B^{}=4a{\displaystyle \frac{2\mu _q^3}{p^2}}(aAbB+ap^2C);C^{}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu _q^3}{p^2}}(aB+bC)`$
The solutions are found to be:

$$A=A^{}=\frac{4\mu _q^3p^2}{p^62\mu _q^6};B=B^{}=\frac{4}{p^2};C=C^{}=\frac{4\mu _q^3}{2\mu _q^6p^6}$$
(45)
Using these expressions in (A) and (18) gives the result (20) for the dressed quark-photon vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$.

## Appendix B Asymptotic behaviour of the dressed quark propagator $`S_g(t,\stackrel{}{p})`$

We derive in this appendix the asymptotic time behaviour of the dressed ($`\lambda _g0,\lambda _q=0`$), chirally symmetric quark propagator $`S_{g1}(p)`$ given in Eq. (28). This propagator may be written as

Sg1(p)=2

p

/
μ2[1p2μ2p2+iεp2μ2+iε]subscript𝑆𝑔1𝑝2

p

/
superscript𝜇2delimited-[]1superscript𝑝2superscript𝜇2superscript𝑝2𝑖𝜀superscript𝑝2superscript𝜇2𝑖𝜀S_{g1}(p)=\frac{2\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}}{\mu^{2}}\left[1-\frac{p^{2}-\mu^{2}}{\sqrt{p^{2}+i\varepsilon}\sqrt{p^{2}-\mu^{2}+i\varepsilon}}\right] (46)
where we define $`\mu =2\mu _g`$ in the present appendix, and the $`i\epsilon `$ prescription arises from the usual Feynman prescription of the free ($`p0`$) quark propagator

p

/
/(p2+iε)

p

/
superscript𝑝2𝑖𝜀\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}/(p^{2}+i\varepsilon). The Fourier transformed propagator

$$S_g(t,𝐩)=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dp_0}{2\pi }S_g(p)\mathrm{exp}(itp_0)$$
(47)
is thus

$`S_g(t,𝐩)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(i\gamma ^0_t𝐩\stackrel{}{\gamma })}{\mu ^2}}\left[\delta (t)+(𝐩^2+\mu ^2+_t^2)J(t,𝐩^2,\mu ^2)\right]`$ (48)
$`J(t,𝐩^2,\mu ^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dp_0}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}(itp_0)}{\sqrt{p_0^2𝐩^2+i\epsilon }\sqrt{p_0^2𝐩^2\mu ^2+i\epsilon }}}`$ (49)
The function $`J(t,𝐩^2,\mu ^2)`$ can be evaluated using Feynman parametrization,

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{A+i\epsilon }\sqrt{B+i\epsilon }}=\frac{1}{\pi }_0^1\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x(1x)}}\frac{1}{(1x)A+xB+i\epsilon }$$
(50)
and doing the $`p_0`$-integral using Cauchy’s theorem. The result is:

$$J(t,𝐩^2,\mu ^2)=\frac{e^{i|t𝐩|}}{2i\pi }_0^1\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x(1x)}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{𝐩^2+x\mu ^2}}\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{i|t|x\mu ^2}{\sqrt{𝐩^2+x\mu ^2}+|𝐩|}\right]$$
(51)
The behaviour of $`J(t,𝐩^2,\mu ^2)`$ for $`|t|\mathrm{}`$ can be inferred by noticing that the integrand in (51) is peaked at $`x0`$ in this limit. With the change of variable $`y=|t|\mu ^2x/(2|𝐩|)`$ one obtains

$$J(t,𝐩^2,\mu ^2)\underset{|t|\mathrm{}}{}\frac{e^{i|t𝐩|}}{i\pi \sqrt{2|t𝐩|\mu ^2}}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dy}{\sqrt{y}}e^{iy}=\frac{1+i}{2\sqrt{\pi }}\frac{e^{i|t𝐩|}}{\sqrt{|t𝐩|\mu ^2}}$$
(52)
where we used

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dy}{\sqrt{y}}\mathrm{cos}(y)=_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dy}{\sqrt{y}}\mathrm{sin}(y)=\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{2}}$$
(53)
Using (52) in (48) gives the asymptotic time behaviour

$$S_g(t,\stackrel{}{p})\underset{|t|\mathrm{}}{}\frac{1+i}{2\sqrt{\pi }}\frac{|𝐩|\gamma ^0𝐩\stackrel{}{\gamma }}{\sqrt{|t𝐩|\mu _g^2}}\mathrm{exp}(i|t𝐩|)$$
(54)
## Appendix C Quark-photon vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$: $`\lambda _g0,\lambda _q=0`$.

In this appendix we solve the implicit equation (32) for the $`q\overline{q}\gamma `$ vertex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu `$ in the case of the chirally invariant quark propagator (28),

Sg1(p)=ap

p

/
;ap=12μg2(114μg2p2)S_{g1}(p)=a_{p}\,\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$p$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\ \ ;\ \ a_{p}=\frac{1}{2\mu_{g}^{2}}\left(1-\sqrt{1-\frac{4\mu_{g}^{2}}{p^{2}}}\right) (55)
Using this expression for $`S_g`$ Eq. (32) becomes

Γgμ(k,k¯)=γμ12fγν

k

/
Γgμ(k,k¯)

¯k

/
γνsuperscriptsubscriptΓ𝑔𝜇𝑘¯𝑘superscript𝛾𝜇12𝑓superscript𝛾𝜈

k

/
superscriptsubscriptΓ𝑔𝜇𝑘¯𝑘

¯k

/
subscript𝛾𝜈\Gamma_{g}^{\mu}(k,\bar{k})=\gamma^{\mu}-{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}f\gamma^{\nu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\Gamma_{g}^{\mu}(k,\bar{k})\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\gamma_{\nu} (56)
where we introduced another dimensionful parameter $`f`$,

$$f=\mu _g^2a_ka_{\overline{k}}$$
(57)
Chiral and parity invariance restricts $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ to the form

Γgμ(k,k¯)=A0γμ+A1kμ

k

/
+A2kμ

¯k

/
+A3k¯μ

k

/
+A4k¯μ

¯k

/
+iA5γ5ϵμ(γ,k,k¯)superscriptsubscriptΓ𝑔𝜇𝑘¯𝑘subscript𝐴0superscript𝛾𝜇subscript𝐴1superscript𝑘𝜇

k

/
subscript𝐴2superscript𝑘𝜇

¯k

/
subscript𝐴3superscript¯𝑘𝜇

k

/
subscript𝐴4superscript¯𝑘𝜇

¯k

/
𝑖subscript𝐴5subscript𝛾5superscriptitalic-ϵ𝜇𝛾𝑘¯𝑘\Gamma_{g}^{\mu}(k,\bar{k})=A_{0}\gamma^{\mu}+A_{1}k^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+A_{2}k^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+A_{3}{\bar{k}}^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+A_{4}{\bar{k}}^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+iA_{5}\gamma_{5}\epsilon^{\mu}(\gamma,k,\bar{k}) (58)
where we defined

$$ϵ^\mu (\gamma ,k,\overline{k})=ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\gamma _\nu k_\rho \overline{k}_\sigma $$
(59)
We find the coefficients $`A_i`$ by inserting (58) into (56) and using

¯k

/
γμ

k

/

¯k

/
superscript𝛾𝜇

k

/
\displaystyle\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\gamma^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}} $`=`$ kμ

¯k

/
+k¯μ

k

/
kk¯γμiγ5ϵμ(γ,k,k¯)superscript𝑘𝜇

¯k

/
superscript¯𝑘𝜇

k

/
𝑘¯𝑘superscript𝛾𝜇𝑖subscript𝛾5superscriptitalic-ϵ𝜇𝛾𝑘¯𝑘\displaystyle k^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+{\bar{k}}^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}-k\cdot{\bar{k}}\,\gamma^{\mu}-i\gamma_{5}\epsilon^{\mu}(\gamma,k,\bar{k})
iγ5

¯k

/
ϵμ(γ,k,k¯)

k

/
𝑖subscript𝛾5

¯k

/
superscriptitalic-ϵ𝜇𝛾𝑘¯𝑘

k

/
\displaystyle i\gamma_{5}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\epsilon^{\mu}(\gamma,k,\bar{k})\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}} $`=`$ $`i\gamma _5ϵ^\mu (\gamma ,k,\overline{k})k\overline{k}+\gamma ^\mu \left[k^2\overline{k}^2(k\overline{k})^2\right]`$ (60)
kμ[k¯2

k

/
kk¯

¯k

/
]k¯μ[k2

¯k

/
kk¯

k

/
]superscript𝑘𝜇delimited-[]superscript¯𝑘2

k

/
𝑘¯𝑘

¯k

/
superscript¯𝑘𝜇delimited-[]superscript𝑘2

¯k

/
𝑘¯𝑘

k

/
\displaystyle-k^{\mu}\left[{\bar{k}}^{2}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}-k\cdot{\bar{k}}\,\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\right]-{\bar{k}}^{\mu}\left[k^{2}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{${\bar{k}}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}-k\cdot{\bar{k}}\,\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\right]
This gives the conditions

$`A_0`$ $`=`$ $`1fk\overline{k}(A_0+k\overline{k}A_5)+fk^2\overline{k}^2A_5`$
$`A_1`$ $`=`$ $`f\overline{k}^2(A_2A_5)`$
$`A_2`$ $`=`$ $`f(A_0+k\overline{k}A_5+k^2A_1)`$
$`A_3`$ $`=`$ $`f(A_0+k\overline{k}A_5+\overline{k}^2A_4)`$
$`A_4`$ $`=`$ $`fk^2(A_3A_5)`$
$`A_5`$ $`=`$ $`f(A_0+k\overline{k}A_5)`$ (61)
with solutions

$`A_0={\displaystyle \frac{1+fk\overline{k}}{1+2fk\overline{k}+f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}}`$ ; $`A_5={\displaystyle \frac{f}{1+2fk\overline{k}+f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}}`$
$`k^2A_1=\overline{k}^2A_4={\displaystyle \frac{2fk^2\overline{k}^2}{1f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}}A_5`$ ; $`A_2=A_3={\displaystyle \frac{1+f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}{1f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}}A_5`$ (62)
The result for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ then follows from (58):

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_g^\mu (k,\overline{k})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2fk\overline{k}+f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}}\{(1+fk\overline{k})\gamma ^\mu fi\gamma _5ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\gamma _\nu k_\rho \overline{k}_\sigma `$ (63)
$`+`$ 2f21f2k2k¯2(kμ

k

/
k¯2+k¯μ

¯k

/
k2)+f(1+f2k2k¯2)1f2k2k¯2(kμ

¯k

/
+k¯μ

k

/
)}\displaystyle\left.\frac{2f^{2}}{1-f^{2}k^{2}{\bar{k}}^{2}}(k^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}{\bar{k}}^{2}+{\bar{k}}^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}k^{2})+\frac{f(1+f^{2}k^{2}{\bar{k}}^{2})}{1-f^{2}k^{2}{\bar{k}}^{2}}(k^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}+{\bar{k}}^{\mu}\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}})\right\}
Given this expression for the vertex one can directly show that it satisfies the Ward-Takahashi relation (21). Straightforward algebra yields:

pμΓgμ(k,k¯)=

k

/
1fk¯21f2k2k¯2

¯k

/
1fk21f2k2k¯2subscript𝑝𝜇superscriptsubscriptΓ𝑔𝜇𝑘¯𝑘

k

/
1𝑓superscript¯𝑘21superscript𝑓2superscript𝑘2superscript¯𝑘2

¯k

/
1𝑓superscript𝑘21superscript𝑓2superscript𝑘2superscript¯𝑘2p_{\mu}\Gamma_{g}^{\mu}(k,\bar{k})=\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$k$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\frac{1-f{\bar{k}}^{2}}{1-f^{2}k^{2}{\bar{k}}^{2}}-\parbox[b]{6.00006pt}{$\bar{k}$}\parbox[b]{5.50003pt}{ \raisebox{-0.86108pt}{$/$}}\frac{1-fk^{2}}{1-f^{2}k^{2}{\bar{k}}^{2}} (64)
Using (57) and Eq. (3.1) (for $`b=0`$),

$$a_p\frac{1}{p^2}=\mu _g^2a_p^2$$
(65)
one gets

$$\frac{1f\overline{k}^2}{1f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}=\frac{1}{k^2a_k};\frac{1fk^2}{1f^2k^2\overline{k}^2}=\frac{1}{\overline{k}^2a_{\overline{k}}}$$
(66)
Substituting these expressions in (64) gives the Ward-Takahashi relation (21).

The explicit expression (63) for the vertex function allows us to write the photon self-energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)`$ defined by (35) and (36) as

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)={\displaystyle \frac{8ie^2N}{3p^2}}{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d^Dk}{(2\pi )^D}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{\mu _g^2k^2\overline{k}^2a_k^2a_{\overline{k}}^2}{1\mu _g^4k^2\overline{k}^2a_k^2a_{\overline{k}}^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{k\overline{k}a_ka_{\overline{k}}+\mu _g^2k^2\overline{k}^2a_k^2a_{\overline{k}}^2}{1+2\mu _g^2k\overline{k}a_ka_{\overline{k}}+\mu _g^4k^2\overline{k}^2a_k^2a_{\overline{k}}^2}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2}}k\overline{k}a_ka_{\overline{k}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+\mu _g^2k\overline{k}a_ka_{\overline{k}}}{1+2\mu _g^2k\overline{k}a_ka_{\overline{k}}+\mu _g^4k^2\overline{k}^2a_k^2a_{\overline{k}}^2}}\}`$ (67)
The factor $`ϵ`$ in (C) arises from the identity $`\gamma _\mu \gamma ^\mu =D=4ϵ`$. In the $`p=k\overline{k}0`$ limit the integrand reduces to

$$\underset{p0}{lim}p^2\mathrm{\Pi }_g(p^2)=\frac{2ie^2N}{3\mu _g^2}\frac{d^Dk}{(2\pi )^D}\left\{\frac{\left(1\sqrt{14\mu _g^2/k^2}\right)^3}{\sqrt{14\mu _g^2/k^2}}ϵ\sqrt{14\mu _g^2/k^2}\right\}=0$$
(68)
The integral is found to vanish using Feynman parametrization as in (50) and performing a standard Wick rotation. This confirms the general result (39).


format: text

text:
# Electroweak production of hybrid mesons in a Flux-Tube simulation of Lattice QCD

## The model

TheoryIP ; conf  has provided compelling arguments from QCD that confinement occurs via the formation of a flux tube: a relativistic object with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. A standard approximationIP ; IK ; CP95 ; isgur99  has been to fix the longitudinal separation $`\stackrel{}{r}=\stackrel{}{r}_Q\stackrel{}{r}_{\overline{Q}}`$ and to solve the flux-tube dynamics in the limit of a thin string with purely transverse degrees of freedom. The resulting energies $`E(r)`$ are then used as adiabatic effective potentials on which the meson spectroscopies are built. Ref.bcs  studied the effect of relaxing these strict approximations and found that the spectrum of the conventional and lowest hybrids is robust. We shall assume the same is true in this first calculation of electroweak excitation of hybrid mesons.

In refs.IP ; isgur99 ; bcs  the flux-tube was discretised into $`N+1`$ cells, and then $`N\mathrm{}`$. Up to $`N`$ modes may be excited. We shall focus on the first excited state, with excitation energy $`\omega =\pi /r`$.

The flux tube is dynamic, with degrees of freedom in the two dimensions transverse to the $`Q\overline{Q}`$ axis. The state of the flux tube can be written in terms of a complete set of transverse eigenstates $`|\stackrel{}{y}_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{}{y}_n\mathrm{}\stackrel{}{y}_N`$ and the Fourier mode for the first excited state is

$$\stackrel{}{y}_n=\sqrt{\frac{2}{N+1}}\stackrel{}{a}_1\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi n}{N+1}$$

In the small oscillation approximation the system becomes harmonic in $`\stackrel{}{y}(\stackrel{}{a})`$. The states of the flux-tube are then described by Gaussians (see eqs.(11,12,13) in ref.isgur99 ). For a pedagogic illustration, consider the tube to be modeled by a single bead, mass $`br`$.

If the transverse displacement is $`\stackrel{}{y}`$, then conservation of the position of the centre of mass and of orbital angular momentum about the centre of mass leads to a mean transverse displacement of the $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$. If these have masses $`m_Q`$, then relative to the centre-of-mass, the position vector of the quark has components in the longitudinal $`\stackrel{}{r}`$ and transverse $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ directions

$$\stackrel{}{r}_Q=[\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{r};\left(\frac{br}{2m_Q}\right)\stackrel{}{y}]$$

The dependence of $`\stackrel{}{r}_Q`$ on $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ enables a quark-current interaction at $`r_Q`$ to excite transitions in the $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ oscillator, leading to excitation of the flux-tube.

This is the essential physics behind the excitation of hybrid modes by current interactions with the quark or antiquark. Extending to $`N`$ beads leads to more mathematical detail, but the underlying principles are the same. The position vector of the quark becomes isgur99

$$\stackrel{}{r}_{Q;\overline{Q}}=\stackrel{}{R}\pm \frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{r}+\frac{br}{\pi m_Q}\sqrt{\frac{2}{N+1}}\stackrel{}{a}_1$$

with $`\stackrel{}{R}`$ the position of the $`q\overline{q}`$-tube system centre-of-mass.

It has been argued that this dependence $`\stackrel{}{r}_Q=f(\stackrel{}{r},\stackrel{}{y})`$ gives significant contributions to static properties of hadrons, such as charge radii, $`r^2_\pi `$ and to the slope of the Isgur-Wise function $`\rho (vv^{})`$ isgur99 . Specifically for $`Q\overline{Q}`$

$$r_Q^2=\frac{1}{4}\left[1+\frac{8b}{\pi ^3m_Q^2}\underset{1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1/p^3)\right]r^2$$
(1)
where the $`_1^{\mathrm{}}(1/p^3)1.2`$ arises from the sum over all modes contributing to zero-point oscillations of the flux-tube.

Isgurisgur99  showed that these “transverse excursions” give huge $`51\%`$ corrections in light quark systems where $`m_Q=m_d`$, and $`13\%`$ corrections in heavy-light $`Q\overline{q}`$ systems. Furthermore the $`_1^{\mathrm{}}(1/p^3)`$ is $`80\%`$ saturated by its $`p=1`$ term. Together, these suggest that the transition amplitudes to the lowest hybrids ($`p=1`$ phonon modes) could be substantial. We shall now demonstrate that this can be so, at least for certain quantum numbers.

The respective amplitudes for conventional $`E1`$ transitions and the hybrid excitation come from expanding the incoming plane wave to leading order in the momentum transfer, thereby enabling the linear terms in $`\stackrel{}{q}\stackrel{}{r}_Q`$ to break the orthogonality of initial and final wavefunctions and cause the transition.

By combining with the tensor decomposition of the current-quark interaction, we may calculate excitation amplitudes to hybrids, and compare with those for conventional mesons in various multipoles. We will give extensive details elsewhere CD03b . In this first note, we illustrate the principle in electromagnetic interactions and in what promises to be a prominent heavy flavour decay channel.

A general feature of operators required to excite the lowest hybrid states (the first flux-tube mode) is the presence of the transverse position vector $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ to break the orthogonality between the lowest $`Q\overline{Q}`$ state and the “$`\stackrel{}{y}`$-excited” hybrid states. Hence in photoproduction one accesses $`E1`$ or (orbitally excited) $`M1`$ transitions in leading order. These are $`\mathrm{\Delta }S=0`$, e.g. $`0_Q^+1_H^{\pm \pm }`$ or $`1_Q^{}(0,1,2)_H^\pm `$. (Note that states with the “wrong” charge conjugation will only be accessible for flavoured mesons, e.g. in $`\gamma pH^+n`$, and hence will have no analogue for $`c\overline{c}`$ and other $`I=0`$ states).

Transitions involving spin-flip, $`\mathrm{\Delta }S=1`$, will need a $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ spin operator as well as the above. Such terms arise as finite size corrections to the $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{B}`$ magnetic interaction and also in the spin-orbit interaction $`\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{p_Q}\times \stackrel{}{E}`$, in $`J_{em}`$. These are normally non-leading effects at $`O(v/c)^2`$ in amplitude and hence much suppressed for heavy flavours. They are known to give non-negligible contributions to some light flavour transitions. However, unlike the leading $`\mathrm{\Delta }S=0`$ terms, their effects are less well defined (e.g. binding effects and other relativistic corrections can play a role at this orderleyou ; lit ). It is results for the $`\mathrm{\Delta }S=0`$ E1 transitions that are most reliable and on which we primarily focus in this first evaluation.

## E1 excitations

The familiar $`E1`$ amplitude between $`Q_1\overline{Q}_2`$ conventional states (e.g $`\gamma \pi b_1`$) is

$$(\gamma \pi b_1)=(\frac{e_1}{m_1}\frac{e_2}{m_2}){}_{b}{}^{}r_{\pi }^{}|\stackrel{}{q}|\frac{\mu }{\sqrt{3}}$$
(2)
where $`{}_{b}{}^{}r_{\pi }^{}`$ is the radial wavefunction moment $`_0^{\mathrm{}}r^2𝑑rR_b(r)rR_\pi (r)`$, and $`\mu `$ is the reduced mass of the $`Q\overline{Q}`$. In line with ref.isgur99  we use constituent masses which subsume contributions from the string.

The analogous amplitude for exciting the $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ oscillator between spin singlet states leads to $`\stackrel{~}{}(\delta _+\delta _{})`$ where

$$(\gamma \pi a_{1H})=(\frac{e_1}{m_1}+\frac{e_2}{m_2}){}_{H}{}^{}r_{\pi }^{}|\stackrel{}{q}|\sqrt{\frac{b}{3\pi ^3}}\delta _{m,+1}$$
(3)
(where the factors $`\delta _{+,}`$ refer to the flux tube $`p=1`$ phonon polarisation transverse to the body vector $`\stackrel{}{r}`$, while the $`\delta _{m,\pm 1}`$ refers to the hybrid polarisation in the fixed axes $`x,y,z`$ IP ). The transition $`\gamma \pi a_{1H}`$ is seen to vanish when $`m_1m_2`$ and $`e_1=e_2`$ in accord with the constraints of $`C`$ conjugation. The above formula can be immediately taken over to flavoured states where $`m_1m_2`$.

The parity eigenstates in the flux tube are given in ref.IP . Following that reference we denote the number of positive or negative helicity phonon modes by $`\{n_+,n_{}\}`$, which for our present purposes will be $`\{1,0\}`$ or $`\{0,1\}`$. Parity eigenstates $`\pm `$ are then the linear superpositions $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(|\{1,0\}|\{0,1\}\right)`$ such that for $`\pi \gamma `$ $`E1`$ transitions we have

$$P=|\pi \gamma =0;P=+|\pi \gamma =\sqrt{2};$$

This applies immediately to the excitation of the hybrid $`a_{1H}^\pm `$ in $`\gamma \pi ^\pm a_{1H}^\pm `$ where there is no spin flip between the spin singlet $`\pi `$ and $`a_{1H}`$. In general we can write the radiative width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(AB\gamma )`$ as

$$4\frac{E_B}{m_A}\frac{|\stackrel{}{q}|}{(2J_A+1)}\underset{m_J^A}{}|\sqrt{2}(m_J^A,m_J^B=m_J^A+1)|^2$$

where the sum is over all possible helicities of the initial meson. The ratio of widths $`\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{E1}(a_{1H}^+\pi ^+\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{E1}(b_1^+\pi ^+\gamma )}`$ is then

$$\frac{72}{\pi ^3}\frac{b}{m_n^2}\left|\frac{{}_{H}{}^{}r_{\pi }^{}}{{}_{b}{}^{}r_{\pi }^{}}\right|^2\left[\frac{|\stackrel{}{q}_H|^3\mathrm{exp}\left(|\stackrel{}{q}_H|^2/8\overline{\beta }_H^2\right)}{|\stackrel{}{q}_b|^3\mathrm{exp}\left(|\stackrel{}{q}_b|^2/8\overline{\beta }_b^2\right)}\right]$$
(4)
where the factor in square brackets includes the $`q^3`$ phase-space and a “typical” form-factor taken from the case of harmonic-oscillator binding CDK02 .

Compare the form of this ratio driven by eqs.(2,3) with the transverse contribution to the elastic charge radius, eq.(1). In the approximation used here, the E1 transitions to the leading states saturate the dipole sum rule. This suggests the possibility of generalising some of our specific results into sum rules relating the elastic properties of hadrons to the excitation of their hybrid states isgur99 .

In the Isgur-Paton adiabatic modelIP  with a variational harmonic-oscillator solution we obtain $`|_Hr_\pi /_br_\pi |^21.0`$, so the radial moments do not suppress hybridsCD03b . We follow ref.IP  and use the standard parameters $`b=0.18\mathrm{GeV}^2,m_n=0.33\mathrm{GeV}`$ so that the prefactor $`\frac{72}{\pi ^3}\frac{b}{m_n^2}3.8`$ and hence there is no hybrid suppression from the flux-tube dynamics.

Within our variational solution $`\beta _H=255\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V},\beta _b=281\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V},\beta _\pi =335\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}`$, so we see the $`p=1`$ hybrid state being of roughly the same size as the $`L=1`$ conventional state. The main uncertainty is the computed size of the $`\pi `$CDK02 . Assuming that this hybrid has mass $`1.9\mathrm{GeV}`$hybrids ; IP ; bcs , and using the measured width $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(b_1^+\pi ^+\gamma )=230\pm 60\mathrm{k}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}`$PDG  we predict that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(a_{1H}^+\pi ^+\gamma )=2.1\pm 0.9\mathrm{MeV}.$$

where the error allows for the uncertainty in $`\beta _\pi `$CDK02 ; CD03b ; SWANSON .

The equivalent $`E1`$ process for spin triplet $`Q\overline{Q}`$ states is $`(0,1,2)_H^+\rho \gamma `$, where the only difference from the $`S=0`$ case is the addition of $`L,S`$ Clebsch-Gordan factors coupling the $`Q\overline{Q}`$ spin and flux-tube angular momentum to the total $`J`$ of the hybrid meson in question. The matrix element is analogous to eq.(3) multiplied by the Clebsch-Gordan $`1+1;1m_\rho |Jm_J`$. We find (for $`J=0,1,2`$ in this $`E1`$ limit),

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(b_{JH}^+\rho ^+\gamma )=2.3\pm 0.8\mathrm{MeV}.$$

where the error reflects the uncertainties in the conventional $`E1`$ strength and $`\beta _{f_1}`$ and where we have taken $`m_H=1.9\mathrm{GeV}`$.

## Heavy Flavor Decays

As discussed after eq.(1), the $`||^2`$ for the weak transition $`B\psi K_H(1^+)`$ is expected to have strength $`13\%`$ relative to its “conventional” counterpart $`B\psi K(1^+)`$. Empirically $`B^+\psi K(1^+)(1280)`$ is the single largest branching mode in $`B^+\psi X`$ with $`b.r.=(1.8\pm 0.5)\times 10^3`$ while $`B^+\psi K(1^+)(1400)0.5\times 10^3`$. These rates involve both parity conserving (vector) and violating (axial) contributions and their relative strengths depend on the mixing between the $`{}_{}{}^{3}P_{1}^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{1}P_{1}^{}`$ basis states. These rates would lead one to expect an order of magnitude $`b.r.`$ for $`B^+\psi K_H(1^+)10^4`$.

Explicit calculation confirms this. (For technical reasons our analysis of heavy-light dynamics is not identical to the original formulation of isgur99 . Details are in dudek1 ). The transition matrix element has the structure

$$K_H|V_\mu A_\mu |Bf_\psi m_\psi ϵ_\psi ^\mu $$

where $`f_\psi =0.4\mathrm{GeV}`$psivalue . A non-relativistic expansion of the vector and axial operators is made for both longitudinal and transverse components and terms linear in $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ or $`\stackrel{}{p}_y`$ identified. This is algebraically tedious but in essence parallels the approach illustrated earlier. The expectation values of these linear terms in $`\stackrel{}{y}`$ space generate the transitions to hybrid $`K_H(1^+)`$; the analogous terms in $`\stackrel{}{r}`$ space lead to the familiar $`K(1^+)`$ states.

For $`\mathrm{\Delta }S=0`$ transitions $`B\psi K_H(1^\pm )`$,

$$V_\mu p_\stackrel{}{y}^\mu \frac{m_b+m_s}{m_bm_s};A_\mu A_T|\stackrel{}{q}|p_\stackrel{}{y}^{(T)}/m_bm_s.$$

Hence the transition to $`K_H(1^+)`$ is large because the dominant $`V_\mu `$ contributes in S-wave; by contrast $`K_H(1^{})`$ receives its S-wave from the $`|\stackrel{}{q}|/m_b`$-suppressed $`A_\mu `$ while the vector current contributes to P-waves. Explicit calculation confirms this where as a function of $`m_H=(1.8;2.0;2.2)`$GeV we find

$`b.r[B\psi K_H(1^{})]`$ $`=`$ $`(1.2;0.5;0.2)\times 10^5;`$
$`b.r[B\psi K_H(1^+)]`$ $`=`$ $`(4.5;2.3;1.0)\times 10^4.`$
Furthermore we find that $`K_H(1^+)`$ is dominantly produced with longitudinal polarisation.

While fine details of the model may be questioned, the $`O(10^4)`$ branching ratio to this hybrid appears robust and accessible to experiment. It is intriguing therefore that there is an unexplained enhancement at low $`q_\psi `$, corresponding to high mass $`K`$ systems, of this magnitudebpsidata .

While suggestive, it would be premature to claim this as evidence for hybrid production. Radial excitations of the $`K(1^+)`$ are expected in this region, and in the ISGWisgw  model, extended to exclusive hadronic decays and assuming standard factorisation arguments factor , we find these to have $`b.r.10^4`$, though slightly less than the hybrid.

Other strange mesons in this mass range are likely to be suppressed due to their high angular momentum which give powerful orthogonality suppressions at small $`q`$. It is the S-wave character of the hybrid and axial production that drives their significant production rates.

To test these predictions experimentally, first identify the $`\psi `$ vertex and reconstruct the B from the decay hadrons and thereby the invariant mass distribution of the strange system. Observation of significant axial strength around 2GeV, produced by parity conserving S-wave amplitudes at $`b.r.>10^4`$ would prove strong evidence for the presence of the hybrid meson and warrant further studies of how to quantify the relative production and mixing of these axial mesons. In turn it would underpin our predictions of significant E1 transitions to such states in photoproduction.

There is also the possibility of hybrid Charmonium in $`B\psi _HX`$. Predicting this involves knowledge of flux-tube formation dynamicspetrov  which goes beyond the present work.

## Conclusions

We confirm Isgur’s conjecture that electromagnetic transitions to hybrids may be significant. We find this to be true for certain $`E1`$ transitions for light flavours in charge exchange.

Within this model we also anticipate that $`gg`$ interactions initiate significant cascades such as $`\psi _H\psi \eta (\eta )`$ and the diffractive transition $`\gamma N2_H^+N`$; these currents will disturb the flux tube by direct analogy with the electromagnetic transitions discussed here.

These results promise an active programme of future research at an upgraded Jefferson Laboratory and at CLEO-c. They also encourage mining existing data on $`B`$ decays and inclusion in future plans for heavy flavor decays. In particular there is the intriguing observation of an as yet unexplained enhancement in $`B\psi X`$ in the kinematic region where $`K_H`$ is expected, and with a strength compatible with that predicted for $`K_H=1^+`$. We urge further investigation of this, and the other channels identified in this note.

We shall give a detailed discussion elsewhereCD03b .

Acknowledgments

This work is supported, in part, by grants from the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, and the EU-TMR program “Euridice”, HPRN-CT-2002-00311. We thank P.J.S. Watson for discussions on the dynamics of flux tubes.