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# Quantum Orders and Spin Liquids in Cs2CuCl4

## I Introduction

Our understanding of states of matter and their internal orders has been dominated by Landau’s symmetry breaking theory.Landau (1937); Ginzburg and Landau (1950) We used to believe the all possible orders are described by various symmetry breaking states. However, after the discovery of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states,Tsui et al. (1982); Laughlin (1983) we started to realize that FQH states contain a new kind of order - topological orderWen (1995) (which was first proposed to describe spin liquids found in research of high $`T_c`$ superconductorsWen (1989)). What is new about topological orders is that topological orders cannot be characterized by symmetry breaking and the related local order parameters and long range correlations. Topological orders are characterized by new set of universal quantum numbers, such as ground state degeneracy, fractional statistics, edge excitations, etc.Wen (1995)

Recently, a concept of quantum order was proposedWen (2002a, b) to describe non-symmetry breaking order that generally appear in a quantum state. The quantum order generalize the topological order to gapless states. To have a concrete description of quantum order without using order parameters, a new mathematical object - projective symmetry group (PSG) - was introduced. The concept of quantum order and its PSG characterization allow us to understand quantum phases and quantum phase transitions in a systematic way.

Just like the group theory allows us to classify symmetry breaking orders, the PSG characterization of quantum states allows us to classify different quantum ordersWen (2002a) and can distinguish two different quantum phases even when they have exactly the same symmetry.

Also just like the symmetry description of classical order allows us to obtain low energy properties of system without knowing the details of the systems, the PSG description of quantum orders also allows us to obtain low energy properties of system without knowing the details of the systems. However, unlike symmetries which produce and protect gapless Nambu-Goldstone bosons,Nambu (1960); Goldstone (1961) the quantum orders can produce and protect gapless collective modes which behave like light and other gapless gauge bosons.Wen (2002c); Motrunich and Senthil (2002) Those gapless collective modes can also be gapless/massless fermions, even when the original theory is purely bosonic.Kotliar and Liu (1988); Balents et al. (1998); Wen and Zee (2002) More recently, it was realized that the quantum ordered states described by the PSG are actually string-net condensed states.Wen (2003) The emerging gauge bosons are the fluctuations of condensed string-nets and emerging fermions are the end of condensed strings.Levin and Wen (2003)

In this paper, we would like to further develop the PSG description of quantum orders. In Ref.Wen (2002a), using PSG, a classification of quantum orders in symmetric spin liquids on 2D square lattice was given. Here, we would like expand the results of Ref.Wen (2002a) to 2D spin liquids which break the parities $`P_x`$: $`xx`$ and $`P_y`$: $`yy`$. We will assume the spin liquids have the following symmetries: two translation symmetries $`T_x`$, $`T_y`$, two parities $`P_{xy}`$: $`(x,y)(y,x)`$ and $`P_{x\overline{y}}`$: $`(x,y)(y,x)`$, and a time reversal symmetry. Such type of 2D spin liquids was observed recently in Cs2CuCl4 sample.Coldea et al. (2001, 2002) By classifying the quantum orders in those spin liquids, we hope to identify the quantum order in the Cs2CuCl4 sample.

The spin dynamics in Cs2CuCl4 can be described by a 2D spin-1/2 system on a square lattice with nearest neighbor coupling $`J^{}=0.125`$meV and one diagonal coupling $`J=0.375`$meV in the $`\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}`$ direction. At temperature $`T>T_c=0.62`$K$`=0.053`$meV, the 2D spin system was found to be in a liquid state. Since $`T_c`$ is a small energy scale, we will regard the finite temperature spin liquid state as a zero temperature quantum state. (More precisely, we assume that we can add additional frustrations to lower $`T_c`$ to zero.) The theoretical spin-wave calculationsTrumper (1999); Merino et al. (1999) and series expansion calculationsZheng et al. (1999) also suggest the existence of spin liquids in the above $`J`$-$`J^{}`$ model. In this paper, we are going concentrate on the following physical issue: what is this spin liquid in the Cs2CuCl4 sample. There are several possibilities.

Since $`J^{}`$ is small, one possibility is that the spin liquid, at low energies, just behaves like a decoupled 1D spin-1/2 chains. In other words, the spin liquids is in the same universality class of the decoupled 1D spin-1/2 chains. It is also possible the spin liquid is not purely 1D and has intrinsic 2D correlations. The 2D correlation can lead to 2D dispersion for low lying excitations. Furthermore, there can be several different types of 2D spin liquids that have the same symmetry as the purely 1D spin liquid. Since all those possible spin liquids have the same symmetry, it is difficult to study them without knowing how to cgaracterize them.

In this paper, using quantum order and its PSG, we construct and characterize a large class of 2D spin liquids that have the same symmetry as the purely 1D spin liquid. In section II, we introduce mean-field ansatz that describe the symmetric spin liquids - the spin liquids that do not break any symmetries. In section III we discuss how to use PSG’s to characterize different mean-field phases (or the universal classes of the mean-field ansatz). In section IV, we find all the $`Z_2`$ and $`SU(2)`$ PSG’s and a large class of $`U(1)`$ PSG’s within the $`SU(2)`$ slave-boson approach. This tells us the possible spin liquids that can be constructed use the $`SU(2)`$ slave-boson theory.

Constructing a large class of symmetric spin liquids and obtaining their PSG characterization are useful in the following sense. If a spin liquid state is found in Cs2CuCl4 or some other samples which do not break any symmetry, then the spin liquid has a good chance to be in the class that we obtained. Identifying the PSG that characterizes the constructed spin liquid will allow us to identify many universal properties of the spin liquid. We can check those universal properties experimentally which allow us to identify the PSGs for the experimentally observed spin liquids. The classification will also help us the study the phase transitions between symmetric spin liquids that do not change any symmetries.

In section V, we discuss some simple ansatz that realize some of the classified mean-field spin liquids. We calculate the mean-field energies of the constructed spin liquids to determine which spin liquids are likely to appear in the Cs2CuCl4 system. We also calculate spin correlation in those likely spin liquids in section VI. This allows experimentists to determine which spin liquid actually describe Cs2CuCl4 system (above $`T_c`$) using neutron scattering and other techniques. Section VII discusses connection of our results with experiments and previous theoretical results.

The main point of our calculation is to identify universal properties of various spin liquid states. This point is highly non-trivial since the involved spin liquids all have the same symmetry. We show that the crystal momenta of gapless spin-1 excitations can be used to experimentally distinguish different spin liquids.

We would like to pointed out that there are two ways to study possible spin liquid states in Cs2CuCl4. The first approach is the slave-fermion approach, where one start with a spin ordered state (such as the spiral state) and then study the spin liquid induced by strong spin wave fluctuations.Sachdev (1992); Chung et al. (2001, 2003) One can obtain the spin spectral function from the slave-fermion approach. The calculated spin spectral functionChung et al. (2001, 2003) agrees well with observed spin spectral function.Coldea et al. (2001, 2002) In the slave-fermion approach, the spin disordered state (the spin liquid state) always has a gap, with low lying bosonic excitations.

In this paper, we are going to use slave-boson approach to study spin liquid states. In the slave-boson approach, the spin liquid state can either be gapped or gapless. The low lying excitations are fermions. In general slave-boson approach can generate more exotic states then the slave-fermion approach. We will see later that the spin spectral function obtained from the slave-boson approach also agrees well with observed spin spectral function.Coldea et al. (2001, 2002)

However, the spin liquid obtained in Ref. Sachdev (1992); Chung et al. (2001) and the spin liquids obtained in this paper are really different. For one thing, the spin liquid obtained in Ref. Sachdev (1992); Chung et al. (2001) has a gap, while the spin liquids obtained in this paper is gapless. Because the gap is small, the two spin liquids behave similarly at finite temperatures.

What is the relation between the slave-boson approach and the slave-fermion approach? To understand the relation, we need use the result in Ref. Wen (2003) where it was shown that the spin liquids obtained from the slave-boson approach and the slave-fermion approach have a condensation of nets of closed strings. The quantum orders in the spin liquids obtained by both slave-fermion and slave-boson approaches can be described by PSG’s. PSG’s simply characterize different string-net condensations.

In the spin liquids obtained by slave-fermion approach, we concentrate on one type of condensed strings whose ends are bosons (we will call those strings bosonic strings). The PSG is nothing but the symmetry group of the hopping Hamiltonian of the ends of the condensed strings.Wen (2003) For different string condensations, the PSG for the ends of the condensed strings are different. Hence PSG can be used to characterize different string condensations (or different quantum orders).Wen (2003) In slave-fermion approach, we concentrate on spin liquids with condensation of fermionic strings. The ends of fermionic strings are fermions. We can use the PSG for the ends of fermionic strings to characterize different string condensed (or quantum ordered) states.

Some spin liquids contain condensation of both bosonic strings and fermionic strings. Those states can be characterized by either the PSG for the ends of the bosonic strings or the PSG for the ends of the fermionic strings.Wen (2003) Those states can be constructed either by slave-fermion approach or slave-boson approach.

## II Symmetric Spin Liquids on a Spin-1/2 System

We consider the spin-1/2 system on a 2D square lattice with nearest-neighbor coupling $`J^{}`$ and next-nearest-neighbor coupling $`J`$ on only one of the diagonal link $`(i_x,i_y)(i_x+1,i_y+1)`$. Such a lattice can also be regarded as a triangular lattice which does not has the $`60^{}`$ rotation symmetry. Within the $`SU(2)`$ slave-boson approachAffleck et al. (1988)Dagotto et al. (1988), general spin wave function can be constructed by introducing a mean-field Hamiltonian

$$H_{mean}=\underset{i,j}{}(\psi _i^{}u_{ij}\psi _j+h.c.)+\underset{i}{}a_0^l\psi _i^{}\tau ^l\psi _i$$
(1)
where $`\psi ^T=(\psi _1,\psi _2)`$, $`u_{ji}^{}=u_{ij}`$, $`\tau ^{1,2,3}`$ are the Pauli matrices, and $`u_{ij}`$ are $`2\times 2`$ complex matrices. The collection $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$ is called a mean-field ansatzWen (2002a)Wen (2002b). For each mean-field ansatz, we can obtain a mean-field ground state by filling the negative energy levels of $`H_{mean}`$ with the spinons $`\psi :|\mathrm{\Psi }_{mean}^{(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)}`$ . The physical spin wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{spin}`$ can now be obtained by performing a projection (see Wen (2002a)):

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{spin}^{(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)}(\{r_i\})=0|\underset{i=1}{\overset{N_{up}}{}}(\psi _{1,r_i}\psi _{2,r_i})|\mathrm{\Psi }_{mean}^{(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)}$$
(2)
where $`r_i`$ is the coordinate of the $`i^{th}`$ up-spin and $`N_{up}`$ is the total number of the up-spin. Here an empty site of $`\psi `$ represent a down-spin and a double occupied site represent a up-spin. Single occupied sties are unphysical states and are projected out.

Our representation does not have explicitly spin rotation symmetry and it is hard to see spin rotation symmetry from the mean-field ansatz. This problem is solved in Ref. Wen (2002a). We find that a spin liquid is spin-rotation symmetric iff $`u_{ij}`$ satisfies

$`u_{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`i\rho _{ij}W_{ij}`$
$`\rho _{ij}`$ $`=`$ non-negative real number (3)
$`W_{ij}`$ $``$ $`SU(2)`$
In this paper, we will only consider spin liquids with spin rotation symmetry, and we will assume that the ansatz satisfy the above conditions.

If we regard the ansatz $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$ as a label of physical wave function, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{spin}^{(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)}(\{r_i\})`$, then such a label is not a one-to-one label. It has a $`SU(2)`$ gauge structure. i.e. two ansatz, $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$ and $`(W(u_{ij}),W(a_0^l\tau ^l))`$, related by a $`SU(2)`$ gauge transformation label the same physical wave function:

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{spin}(\{\alpha _i\})`$ $`=`$ $`0|{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_{i\alpha _i}|\mathrm{\Psi }_{mean}^{(W(u_{ij}),W(a_0^l\tau ^l))}`$ (4)
$`=`$ $`0|{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_{i\alpha _i}|\mathrm{\Psi }_{mean}^{(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)}`$
where $`W(u_{ij})=W_iu_{ij}W_j^{}`$, $`W(a_0^l(i)\tau ^l)=W_ia_0^l(i)\tau ^lW_i^{}`$, and $`W_iSU(2)`$.

## III Quantum Order and Projective Symmetry Group

For the symmetry breaking states, the symmetry is a universal property shared by all the states in the same phase. Because of this, the symmetry provides a quantum number that characterize different symmetry breaking orders. Hence we can say symmetry group (SG) describes the internal orders of symmetry breaking states. To characterize and classify different quantum orders which contain no symmetry breaking, we should construct some universal quantum numbers which describe different classes of quantum entanglement in the many-body ground state wave function. Ref. Wen (2002a) and Wen (2002b) propose that the symmetry of the mean-field ansatz $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$ is a universal property and serves as a quantum number that characterize the quantum order in spin liquids. The symmetry of group of the ansatz will be called the projective symmetry group (PSG). An element of PSG is a combined operation of a symmetry transformation followed by a gauge transformation. By definition, a PSG is formed by all the combined operations that leaves the ansatz unchanged.

Because of the $`SU(2)`$ gauge structure, the $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$ labeling of the physical spin wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{spin}(\{\alpha _i\})`$ is not a one-to-one labeling. Two mean-field ansatz differed by a $`SU(2)`$ gauge transformation give rise to the same spin wave function. Because of this, it is a non-trivial task to find out the symmetry of a spin liquid label by an ansatz $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$. In order for a spin wave function to have a symmetry, its corresponding ansatz is only required to be invariant under the symmetric transformation followed by a proper $`SU(2)`$ gauge transformation. Thus given two spin wave functions with the same symmetry, their ansatz can be invariant under the same symmetric transformations followed by *different* gauge transformations. In this case, the two spin liquids with the same symmetry can have different PSG’s. We see that the PSG characterization is more refined than the symmetry group characterization. PSG contains some information about the phase of spin wave function.

To understand the precise relation between PSG and SG, we need to introduce a subgroup of PSG - the invariant gauge group (IGG).Wen (2002a)Wen (2002b) IGG is a special subgroup of PSG, which is formed by pure gauge transformations that leave the ansatz unchanged,

$$IGG\left\{W_i\right|W_iu_{ij}W_j^{}=u_{ij},W_iSU(2)\}$$
(5)
Then SG and PSG are related by $`SG=PSG/IGG`$.

Spin liquids may support a special kind of low energy collective excitations \- gauge fluctuations.Baskaran and Anderson (1988) It was shown thatWen (1991, 2002a) the gauge group of those low energy gauge fluctuations is nothing but the IGG of the corresponding ansatz. We see that IGG of an ansatz is very important. In this paper, we will consider only three kinds of IGG, $`SU(2)`$, $`U(1)`$ and $`Z_2`$. Correspondingly, we call the corresponding spin liquids $`SU(2)`$, $`U(1)`$ and $`Z_2`$ spin liquids.

Mathematically, PSG is defined as,

$$PSG\{G_U|G_UU(u_{ij})=u_{ij},G_U(i)SU(2)\}$$
(6)
where $`U(u_{ij})=\stackrel{~}{u}_{ij}u_{U(i),U(j)}`$, $`G_UU(\stackrel{~}{u}_{ij})G_U(i)\stackrel{~}{u}_{ij}G_U^{}(j)`$, $`U`$ generates the symmetry transformation and $`G_U`$ is the associated gauge transformation.

A PSG may change under a gauge transformation $`W`$. From $`WG_U(u_{ij})=W(u_{ij})`$, where $`W(u_{ij})W_iu_{ij}W_j^{}`$, we find that $`WG_UUW^1W(u_{ij})=W(u_{ij})`$. Therefore if $`G_UU`$ is in the PSG of ansatz $`u_{ij}`$, then $`WG_UUW^1`$ is in the PSG of the gauge transformed ansatz $`W(u_{ij})`$. We see that the gauge transformation $`G_U`$ associated with the transformation $`U`$ changes in the following way

$$G_U(i)W(i)G_U(i)W(U(i))^{}$$
(7)
under a $`SU(2)`$ gauge transformation.

Since PSG is a property of an ansatz, we can group all ansatz sharing the same PSG together to form a class. Such a class is the universal class of quantum states that corresponds a quantum phase.

Now let us consider some simple examples of spin liquids described by the ansatz $`(u_{ij},a_0^l\tau ^l)`$. The first example is

$$u_{i,i+m}=u_m=u_m^l\tau ^l$$
(8)
where $`u_m^l`$ are real, $`l=1,2,3`$. It is easy to obtain the spinon dispersion of such an ansatz,

$$E_\pm (k)=\pm \sqrt{\underset{l}{}(u_k^la_0^l)^2}$$

where $`u_k^l=_mu_m^le^{ikm}`$. The Brillouin zone is $`k_x,k_y(\pi ,\pi )`$.

The second example is

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\left(i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3\right),`$ (9)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\lambda \tau ^1,`$
where $`\chi ,\eta `$ and $`\lambda `$ are real. Its spinon spectrum is determined by

$`H(k)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\chi \mathrm{sin}k_x\tau ^0+\eta \mathrm{cos}k_x\tau ^3\right)\tau ^1`$
$`+\left(\chi \mathrm{sin}k_y\tau ^0+\eta \mathrm{cos}k_y\tau ^3\right)\tau ^3`$
$`+\lambda \tau ^1\tau ^2\mathrm{sin}(k_x+k_y)+a_0^l\tau ^l\tau ^0`$
where the Brillouin zone is $`k_x(\pi /2,\pi /2),k_y(\pi ,\pi )`$. The four bands of spinon dispersion have a form of $`\pm E_1(k),\pm E_2(k)`$. It seems strange to find that the spinon spectrum is defined only on half of the lattice Brillouin zone. However, this is not inconsistent with the translation symmetry since the single spinon excitation is not physical. Only two-spinon excitations correspond to physical excitations and their spectrum should be defined on the full Brillouin zone. The two-spinon spectrum defined on the full Brillouin zone can be constructed form single-spinon spectrumWen (2002a)

$`E_{2s}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`E_{\alpha _1}(k_1)+E_{\alpha _2}(k_2)`$
$`k`$ $`=`$ $`k_1+k_2+n\pi \widehat{x}`$ (10)
where $`n=0,1`$ and $`\alpha _{1,2}=1,2`$ is the sub-index of the single spinon dispersion $`\pm E_1(k),\pm E_2(k)`$. We note that the physical spin-1 excitations are formed by two-spinon excitations in the mean-field theory. Thus the The two-spinon spectrum $`E_{2s}`$ is also the spectrum of physical spin-1 excitation and can be measured in experiments.

## IV Classification of Symmetric Spin Liquids

In this section, we classify symmetric spin liquids on triangular lattices. We consider the spin liquids which are invariant under translation transformation $`T_x(ii+\widehat{x})`$ and $`T_y(ii+\widehat{y})`$, parity transformation $`P_{xy}\left((i_x,i_y)(i_y,i_x)\right)`$ and $`P_{x\overline{y}}\left((i_x,i_y)(i_y,i_x)\right)`$, spin rotation transformation, spin-parity transformation $`T^{}\left(S_xS_x,S_yS_y,S_zS_z\right)`$. The spin rotation symmetry requires the ansatz take the form of Eq.(3). Under the spin-parity transformation $`T^{}`$, the three components of spin change as $`S_xS_x,`$ $`S_yS_y,`$ $`S_zS_z`$. This transformation can be realized through wave-function transformation $`\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$,

$$\stackrel{}{S}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}f^{}\stackrel{}{\sigma }f\mathrm{\Phi }\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }f^{}\stackrel{}{\sigma }f\mathrm{\Phi }^{},$$

under the $`S_z`$ representation $`f`$ and $`f^{}`$ are real, then

$`\stackrel{}{S}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{}{S}^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }^{}f^{}\stackrel{}{\sigma }f\mathrm{\Phi }}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }f^{}\stackrel{}{\sigma }f\mathrm{\Phi }^{}}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }f^{}\stackrel{}{\sigma }f\mathrm{\Phi }^{}}\right)^{}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }^{}f^{}\stackrel{}{\sigma }^{}f\mathrm{\Phi }},`$
which leads to $`S_xS_x,`$ $`S_yS_y,`$ $`S_zS_z`$. The ansatz $`u_{ij}`$ transfer as $`u_{ij}u_{ij}^{}`$, combined with a gauge transformation $`u_{ij}\left(i\tau ^2\right)u_{ij}\left(i\tau ^2\right)`$, we denote this combined transformation as

$$T^{}:u_{ij}u_{ij}.$$
(11)
Let us firstly discuss the method to classify the PSG briefly and leave the details to the appendix. For two given symmetry transformations, whose corresponding elements in a PSG, must satisfy some algebraic relations. Solving these equations allows us to construct a PSG which will be called the algebraic PSG. The new name algebraic PSG is introduced to distinguish them from the invariant PSG defined in the previous section. Any invariant PSG will be algebraic PSG. But an algebraic PSG may not be an invariant PSG unless there does exist an ansatz such that the algebraic PSG is the total symmetry group of the ansatz.

As an example, let us consider the two translations $`T_x`$ and $`T_y`$, which satisfy the following relation

$$T_xT_yT_x^1T_y^1=1.$$
(12)
From the definition of PSG, we find that the two elements of PSG, $`G_xT_x`$ and $`G_yT_y`$, must satisfy

$`G_xT_xG_yT_y(G_xT_x)^1(G_yT_y)^1`$ (13)
$`=`$ $`G_xT_xG_yT_yT_x^1G_x^1T_y^1G_y^1`$
$`=`$ $`G_x\left(i\right)G_y\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_x^1\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_y^1\left(i\right)𝒢.`$
Hereafter we will denote the IGG as $`𝒢`$. Each solution of the equation (13) corresponds to an algebraic PSG for $`T_x`$ and $`T_y`$.

By adding other symmetry transformations, we can find and classify all the algebraic PSG associated with a given symmetry group. Since an invariant PSG is always an algebraic PSG, we can check whether the algebraic PSG is an invariant PSG through constructing an explicit ansatz $`u_{ij}`$. If an algebraic PSG supports an ansatz $`u_{ij}`$ with no addition symmetry, then it is an invariant PSG. Through this method, we can classify the symmetric spin liquids through PSG.

In the appendix, we classify spin liquids with the above mentioned symmetries through PSG’s. We limit ourselves to $`SU(2)`$, $`U(1)`$ and $`Z_2`$ spin liquids (we only consider those PSG’s whose IGG is one of $`SU(2)`$, $`U(1)`$ and $`Z_2`$ ). We found that there are 63 kinds of $`Z_2`$ spin liquids, 30 kinds of $`U(1)`$ spin liquids and 2 kinds of $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids with $`T_{x,y}`$, $`P_{xy,x\overline{y}}`$, $`T^{}`$ and spin rotation symmetries.

## V Application to Nearest-Neighbor Spin Coupling Model

In this section, we present our classification results via some simple examples. We will assume only $`u_{i,i+x}`$, $`u_{i,i+x}`$, and $`u_{i,i+x+y}`$ are no zero. In this case, we have the following 7 kinds of $`Z_2`$ spin liquids and 3 kinds of $`U(1)`$ (Other $`Z_2`$ and $`U(1)`$ spin liquids require non-vanishing $`u_{ij}`$ on longer bonds.)

The 7 $`Z_2`$ spin liquids are:
(1) $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1+\eta \tau ^2,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1+\eta \tau ^2,`$ (14)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \tau ^1,`$
$`a_0^1`$ $`=`$ $`a_1,a_0^2=a_2,a_0^3=0`$
(2) $`Z2A\tau ^1\tau _+^1\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1+\eta \tau ^2,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1\eta \tau ^2,`$ (15)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \tau ^1,`$
$`a_0^1`$ $`=`$ $`a_1,a_0^{2,3}=0`$
(3) $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3,`$ (16)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \tau ^1,`$
$`a_0^1`$ $`=`$ $`a_1,a_0^{2,3}=0`$
(4) $`Z2A\tau ^1\tau _{}^3\tau _{}^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\chi \tau ^0\eta \tau ^3,`$ (17)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \tau ^1,`$
$`a_0^1`$ $`=`$ $`a_1,a_0^{2,3}=0`$
(5) $`Z2B\tau ^3\tau _{}^0\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1+\eta \tau ^2,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\left(\chi \tau ^1\eta \tau ^2\right),`$ (18)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\lambda \tau ^1,`$
$`a_0^{1,2,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
(6) $`Z2B\tau ^1\tau _{}^2\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1+\eta \tau ^2,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\left(\chi \tau ^1\eta \tau ^2\right),`$ (19)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\lambda \tau ^2,`$
$`a_0^{1,2,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
(7) $`Z2B\tau ^3\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^3`$ spin liquid

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\left(i\chi \tau ^0+\eta \tau ^3\right),`$ (20)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\lambda \tau ^1,`$
$`a_0^{1,2,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$
The 3 $`U(1)`$ spin liquids are:
(1) $`U1A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^1`$ spin liquids:

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^3,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^3,`$ (21)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \tau ^3,`$
$`a_0^{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`0,a_0^3=a_3.`$
(2) $`U1B\tau ^1\tau _{}^0\tau _+^1`$ spin liquids:

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^3,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\chi \tau ^3,`$ (22)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}\lambda \tau ^3,`$
$`a_0^{1,2,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$
(3) $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquids:

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^2,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^2,`$ (23)
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda \tau ^3,`$
$`a_0^{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`0,a_0^3=a_3.`$
The labeling scheme of these spin liquids is defined in the appendix.

We have performed the self-consistent mean-field calculation for our $`J`$-$`J^{}`$ model. We found many self-consistent mean-field solutions. The energies of four of them are plotted in Fig. 2, where we have set $`J+J^{}=1`$. To understand the physical properties of those mean-field states, we need to find their PSGs.

The A phase in Fig. 2 is a one-dimensional state. Its IGG is $`SU^{\mathrm{}}(2)`$, one $`SU(2)`$ for each decoupled 1D chain. We will call such a state $`SU^{\mathrm{}}(2)`$ spin liquid. Its ansatz is given by

$$u_{i,i+\widehat{x}+\widehat{y}}=\lambda \tau ^3,a_0^{1,2,3}=0,$$
(24)
with spinon dispersion

$$E(k)=\pm 2\lambda \mathrm{cos}\left(k_x+k_y\right)$$
(25)
This phase, favored by small $`J^{}`$, corresponds to the phase of decoupled 1D spin chain mentioned earlier.

The B phase is the $`U1B\tau ^1\tau _{}^0\tau _+^1`$ spin liquid. Its four spinon bands are given by

$$\pm 2\sqrt{\chi ^2(\mathrm{cos}^2k_x+\mathrm{cos}^2k_y)+\lambda ^2\mathrm{sin}^2(k_x+k_y)}$$
(26)
The spinon dispersion min($`E_1(k),E_2(k)`$) and the lower edge of the spectrum $`E_{2s}(k)`$ of the physical spin-1 excitations are plotted as functions of $`(k_x/\pi ,k_y/\pi )`$ in Fig. 3. This phase is one of 2D spin liquid phases.

The C phase has a PSG $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$. The spinon dispersion is given by

$`E_+(k)`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{\left[\lambda \mathrm{cos}\left(k_x+k_y\right)a_3\right]^2+\chi ^2\left(\mathrm{cos}k_x\mathrm{cos}k_y\right)^2}`$
The spinon dispersion $`E_+(k)`$ and the lower edge of the spin-1 spectrum $`E_{2s}(k)`$ are plotted as functions of $`(k_x/\pi ,k_y/\pi )`$ in Fig. 4. This phase is another 2D spin liquid phase.

The D phase in Fig.2 is the $`\pi `$-flux phase ($`SU2B`$ spin liquid), which is given by

$`u_{i,i+\widehat{x}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^1,`$
$`u_{i,i+\widehat{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \tau ^2,`$ (28)
$`a_0^{1,2,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$
The spinon dispersion is

$$E_+(k)=2\chi \sqrt{\mathrm{cos}^2k_x+\mathrm{cos}^2k_y}$$
(29)
The spinon dispersion $`E_+(k)`$ and the lower edge of the spin-1 spectrum $`E_{2s}(k)`$ are plotted as functions of $`(k_x/\pi ,k_y/\pi )`$ in Fig. 5.

Now we consider two other $`Z_2`$ spin liquids. The first one is the $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid state in Eq.(14). The energy dispersion of the $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$ state is given by

$`E_+(k)`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{ϵ_1^2+ϵ_2^2}`$
$`ϵ_1`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \left(\mathrm{cos}k_x+\mathrm{cos}k_y\right)+\lambda \mathrm{cos}\left(k_x+k_y\right)a_1`$
$`ϵ_2`$ $`=`$ $`\eta \left(\mathrm{cos}k_x+\mathrm{cos}k_y\right)`$ (30)
The spinon dispersion $`E_+(k)`$ and the lower edge of the spin-1 spectrum $`E_{2s}(k)`$ are plotted as functions of $`(k_x/\pi ,k_y/\pi )`$ in Fig. 6.

The second one is the $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid state in Eq.(15). Energy dispersion of the $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$ state is given by

$`E_+(k)`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{ϵ_1^2+ϵ_2^2}`$
$`ϵ_1`$ $`=`$ $`\chi \left(\mathrm{cos}k_x+\mathrm{cos}k_y\right)+\lambda \mathrm{cos}\left(k_x+k_y\right)a_1`$
$`ϵ_2`$ $`=`$ $`\eta \left(\mathrm{cos}k_x\mathrm{cos}k_y\right)`$ (31)
The spinon dispersion $`E_+(k)`$ and the lower edge of the spin-1 spectrum $`E_{2s}(k)`$ are plotted as functions of $`(k_x/\pi ,k_y/\pi )`$ in Fig. 7.

If the mean-field state is stable against the gauge fluctuations, we expect that the mean-field spin-1 spectrum $`E_{2s}`$ should qualitatively agree with the real spin-1 spectrum.

## VI Spin Spectral Function

The quantity of interest for comparison with experiments is the spin spectral function in $`(q,\omega )`$ space $`S(q,\omega )`$. $`S(q,\omega )`$ can be calculated from the Fourier transformation of two spin correlation function in real space $`\stackrel{}{S}_i(t)\stackrel{}{S}_j(0)`$. Due to the spin-rotation invariance, we obtain that

$$\stackrel{}{S}_i\stackrel{}{S}_j=3S_i^zS_j^z=3S_i^xS_j^x=3S_i^yS_j^y$$

The spin spectral function at zero temperature is given by

$$S(q,\omega )=3S^{zz}(q,\omega )$$
(32)
where

$$S^{zz}(q,\omega )=\underset{\lambda }{}2\pi |\lambda \left|S^z(q)\right|G|^2\delta (E_G+\omega E_\lambda ),$$
(33)
$$S^z(q)=\underset{j}{}e^{iqj}S_j^z=\frac{1}{2}(\underset{k,\alpha }{}\psi _{k+q,\alpha }^{}\psi _{k,\alpha }N\delta _{q,0}),$$
(34)
the summation is over all the eigenstates $`|\lambda `$ and $`N`$ is the number of lattice sites.

Numerical calculation indicates that the neutron scattering spectrum predicted by the dynamics spin correlation contains continuous modes besides the main sharp peak. The Fig. 8-11 show the spin spectral function $`S^{zz}(q,\omega )`$ in the q-space. The point $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is $`(0,0)`$, $`M`$ is $`(0,\pi )`$, and $`X`$ is $`(\pi ,\pi )`$. Darker shade represents a larger spectral function. These results can be compared with the inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The scan from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to $`X`$ corresponds to the scan from $`k=0`$ to $`k=2\pi /b`$ in Fig. 2a of Ref. Coldea et al. (2001).

## VII Comparison With Experiments and Previous Theoretical Results

Our $`J`$-$`J^{}`$ model is designed to describe the spin fluctuations in the Cs2CuCl4 sample. The spin dynamics in Cs2CuCl4 at low temperatures were measured by neutron scattering.Coldea et al. (2001, 2002) To the first order approximation, the measured spin spectral function is similar to that of decoupled 1D spin chain (or the $`SU^{\mathrm{}}(2)`$ spin liquid) (see Fig. 8). The decoupled 1D spin chain has gapless spin-1 excitations along the lines $`k_x+k_y=\pi `$ and $`k_x+k_y=2\pi `$. If we examine the measured spectral function more closely to determine the low energy boundary of spin-1 excitation $`\epsilon _1(k_x,k_y)`$, we find the gapless spin-1 excitations actually only appear at certain isolated points, implying that the spin state is 2-dimensional. The experimentColdea et al. (2001, 2002) strongly suggests that there is a gapless spin-1 excitation at $`(k_x,k_y)=(\pi /2+ϵ,\pi /2+ϵ)`$ where $`ϵ0.04`$. However, it is unclear whether the spin-1 excitation near $`(k_x,k_y)=(\pi ,\pi )`$ is gapless or has a small gap. The experiment also determines the high energy boundary $`\epsilon _2(k_x,k_y)`$ of spin-1 excitations. It was found that $`\epsilon _2(k_x,k_y)`$ has maxima near $`(k_x,k_y)=\pm (\pi /2,\pi /2)`$ (the location is not known precisely).

Using this information, we can determine which spin liquids classified in this paper cannot describe the spin liquid state in Cs2CuCl4. First the $`\pi `$-flux phase has no low energy spin-1 excitations near $`(\pi /2,\pi /2)`$. Thus it cannot describe the spin liquid state in Cs2CuCl4. The $`U1B\tau ^1\tau _{}^0\tau _+^1`$ also does not work since the spin-1 excitations open a small gap near $`(\pi /2,\pi /2)`$.

It appears that the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquid and some of its close relatives such as $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$, $`Z2A\tau ^1\tau _+^1\tau _+^3`$, $`Z2A\tau ^1\tau _{}^3\tau _{}^3`$ and $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^3`$ spin liquids are consistent with observed spin spectral function. Let us list the universal characters of the above five spin liquids. The $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ and $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _+^0\tau _+^3`$ spin liquids only have gapless spin-1 excitations at $`(0,0)`$, $`(\pi ,\pi )`$, $`\pm (\pi /2+ϵ,\pi /2+ϵ)`$ and $`\pm (\pi /2ϵ,\pi /2ϵ)`$. The $`Z2A\tau ^1\tau _+^1\tau _+^3`$ spin liquid only has gapless spin-1 excitations at $`(0,0)`$, $`\pm (\pi ϵ^{},\pi ϵ^{})`$, $`\pm (\pi /2+ϵ,\pi /2+ϵ)`$ and $`\pm (\pi /2ϵ,\pi /2ϵ)`$. The $`Z2A\tau ^1\tau _{}^3\tau _{}^3`$ and $`Z2A\tau ^0\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^3`$ spin liquids only have gapless spin-1 excitations in small patches near $`(0,0)`$, $`(\pi ,\pi )`$, and $`\pm (\pi /2,\pi /2)`$. By measuring the locations of gapless spin-1 excitations and their spectral functions, we hope further experiments can determine which spin liquid actually describes the sample.

However, to compare the spin spectral function quantitatively with experimental measured results,Coldea et al. (2001, 2002) we need to include fluctuations around the mean-field state. The interaction due to fluctuations enhances the spin fluctuations at $`(\pi /2,\pi /2)`$. The strong enough interaction can drive the transition from the spin liquid state to the spiral state.

To include the interaction enhancement of the $`(\pi /2,\pi /2)`$ spin fluctuations, we consider the effects of the $`J`$-term (the diagonal coupling term): $`_𝐢J𝐒_𝐢𝐒_{𝐢+𝐱+𝐲}`$. Within the random phase approximation (RPA), the spin correlation function $`\pi (𝐤,\omega )`$ can be obtained from the mean-field spin correlation function $`\pi _0(𝐤,\omega )`$:

$$\pi (𝐤,\omega )=\frac{\pi _0(𝐤,\omega )}{1\stackrel{~}{J}\mathrm{cos}(k_x+k_y)\pi _0(𝐤,\omega )}$$
(35)
The imaginary part of $`\pi (𝐤,\omega )`$ gives us the RPA spin spectral function. To be definite, we start with the mean-field $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquid state and choose $`\pi _0(𝐤,\omega )`$ to be the mean-field spin correlation function of the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state. The experimentsColdea et al. (2001, 2002) indicate that the system is close to the spiral phase. So here we choose the value of $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ to make the system close to the spiral phase instability. The resulting RPA spin spectral function is plotted in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. The spin spectral functions along the lines A, C, and D in Fig. 12 were measured by experiments.Coldea et al. (2001) The simple RPA results are quite similar to the measured results (see Fig. 3 in Ref. Coldea et al. (2001)).

We would like to remark that the low energy effective theory for the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state contain gapless fermions interacting with $`U(1)`$ gauge field. Depending on that strength of the $`U(1)`$ gauge fluctuations, the $`U(1)`$ gauge interaction may or may not destabilize the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state. It is shown that if the spinons has a very anisotropic dispersion, the instanton effect of the 2+1 $`U(1)`$ gauge theory is irrelevant.Wen (2002a) In this case, the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state is an algebraic spin liquid,Rantner and Wen (2002) which contains gapless spin-1 excitations, but non of the gapless excitations are described by well defined quasiparticles. If the spinons has a more isotropic dispersion, the instanton effect is relevant, which lead to a confinement of the $`U(1)`$ gauge field. In this case, the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state may become one of the stable $`Z_2`$ spin liquid states or other symmetry breaking states (such as the spiral state) below a transition temperature $`T_c`$.

Even when the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state is unstable, it is still useful for understanding the system at finite temperatures. The $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ state may control the dynamical properties of the Cs2CuCl4 samples above the $`T_c`$, provided that $`T_c`$ is much smaller than the band width of the spin fluctuations.

## VIII Conclusion

In this paper, we use the projective symmetry group (PSG) to characterize quantum orders in symmetric spin liquids on 2D triangular lattice. We classify these symmetric spin liquids through PSG, and find that there are 63 kinds of $`Z_2`$ spin liquids, 30 kinds of $`U(1)`$ spin liquids and 2 kinds of $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids. The mean-field phase diagram Fig. 2. for the nearest neighbor spin coupling system is calculated. One-spinon and two-spinon excitation spectrum for some $`Z_2`$ and $`U(1)`$ spin liquids are inspected. We show that the gapless spinon-1 excitation spectrum can be used to physically measure the quantum order. By examining the measured spin spectral function in Cs2CuCl4 sample,Coldea et al. (2001) we find that it is possible that the spin liquid state in Cs2CuCl4 is described by the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquid or one of its relatives.

We would like to point out that the RPA spin spectral function for the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquid is very close to the spin spectral functionChung et al. (2003) obtained from the slave-fermion approach.Sachdev (1992); Chung et al. (2001) In the experiments,Coldea et al. (2001, 2002) the spin liquid was observed only at a low but finite temperature. At that temperature, it is hard to distinguish to the two proposed states. However, if we find a spin liquid state at zero temperature, then we can tell which of the two proposed spin liquids can describe the experiments. This is because at zero temperature, the $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquid (and its relatives) and the spin liquid from the slave-fermion approach are qualitatively different. The $`U1C\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0\tau ^1`$ spin liquid (and its relatives) contains gapless spin-1 excitations while the spin liquid from the slave-fermion approach is fully gapped.

XGW is supported in part by NSF Grant No. DMR–01–23156 and by NSF-MRSEC Grant No. DMR–02–13282.

## Appendix A Classification of Z2 Spin Liquids

In this appendix we consider the connected ansatz only, which is interesting and cover a wide range of spin liquids in fact. For any two sites $`i`$ and $`j`$, a connected ansatz will offer a path $`(i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_n)`$, which satisfy that $`u_{i_k,i_{k+1}}0`$, $`k=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$, $`i_1=i`$ and $`i_n=j`$. Due to the translation symmetry of the ansatz, we can choose a gauge in which all the loop operators of the ansatz are translation invariant. We will call such a gauge uniform gauge. Hereafter we will work in uniform gauge. According to the definition of PSG and uniform gauge,

$`G_x(i)P_{T_xC}G_x^{}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`G_x(i)P_CG_x^{}(i)=P_C,`$
$`G_x(i)P_C`$ $`=`$ $`P_CG_x(i).`$
For $`Z_2`$ spin liquids, different loop operators basing at the same base point do not commute. We see that translation invariance of $`P_C`$ in the uniform gauge requires that

$$G_x(i),G_y(i)𝒢=\left\{\pm \tau ^0\right\}.$$

Gauge transformations $`W(i)=()^{f(i)}\tau ^0`$ $`(f(i)=\pm 1)`$ do not change the translation invariant property of the loop operators. We can always choose a gauge which satisfy that :

$$G_y(i)=\tau ^0.$$
(36)
Gauge transformation $`W(i)=W(i_x)`$ does not change the condition $`G_y(i)=\tau ^0`$, hence we can gauge fix that

$$G_x\left(i_x,i_y=0\right)=\tau ^0.$$
(37)
From the relations (13), it is easy to see that

$$G_x\left(i\right)G_y\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_x^1\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_y^1\left(i\right)=\pm \tau ^0.$$
(38)
Substituting Eqs. (36) and (37) into the above, one sees that

$$G_x\left(i\right)G_x^1\left(i\widehat{y}\right)=\pm \tau ^0.$$
(39)
Therefore there are two classes of PSG belong to translation symmetry,

$$G_x\left(i\right)=G_y\left(i\right)=\tau ^0$$
(40)
and

$$G_x\left(i\right)=()^{i_y}\tau ^0,G_y\left(i\right)=\tau ^0.$$
(41)
We will label the former $`Z2A`$ and the later $`Z2B`$.

Then we consider the spin parity symmetry $`T^{}`$ which satisfies that

$$T^{}T_xT^1T_x^1=T^{}T_yT^1T_y^1=T^2=\pm 1.$$
(42)
In a similar way, we have the following relations

$`G_T^{}T^{}G_xT_x(G_T^{}T^{})^1(G_xT_x)^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢,`$
$`G_T^{}T^{}G_yT_y(G_T^{}T^{})^1(G_yT_y)^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢,`$ (43)
$`G_T^{}T^{}G_T^{}T^{}`$ $``$ $`𝒢,`$
then

$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_x\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_x^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xt}\tau ^0,`$
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_y\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_y^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{yt}\tau ^0,`$ (44)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$$G_T^{}\left(i\right)=\eta _{xt}^{i_x}\eta _{yt}^{i_y}g_T^{},$$
(45)
where $`\eta _{xt}=\pm 1`$, $`\eta _{yt}=\pm 1`$ and $`g_T^{}^2=\pm \tau ^0`$. Two gauge inequivalent choices of $`g_T^{}`$ are $`g_T^{}=\tau ^0`$ and $`g_T^{}=i\tau ^3`$.

Next we add two types parity transformations $`P_{xy}(i_x,i_y)=(i_y,i_x)`$ and $`P_{x\overline{y}}(i_x,i_y)=(i_y,i_x)`$, which satisfy that

$`T_xP_{xy}T_y^1P_{xy}^1`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$
$`T_yP_{xy}T_x^1P_{xy}^1`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$
$`T_xP_{x\overline{y}}T_yP_{x\overline{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$
$`T_xP_{x\overline{y}}T_yP_{x\overline{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$ (46)
$`T^{}P_{xy}T^1P_{xy}^1`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$
$`T^{}P_{x\overline{y}}T^1P_{x\overline{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$
From the above equations, we find that

$`(G_xT_x)(G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy})(G_yT_y)^1(G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy})^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢`$
$`(G_yT_y)(G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy})(G_xT_x)^1(G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy})^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢`$
$`(G_xT_x)(G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}})(G_yT_y)(G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}})^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢`$
$`(G_yT_y)(G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}})(G_xT_x)(G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}})^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢`$
$`G_T^{}T^{}(G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy})(G_T^{}T^{})^1(G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy})^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢`$
$`G_T^{}T^{}(G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}})(G_T^{}T^{})^1(G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}})^1`$ $``$ $`𝒢`$
and

$`G_x\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_y^1\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xpxy}\tau ^0`$
$`G_y\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_x^1\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{ypxy}\tau ^0`$
$`G_x\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_y^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\widehat{x}\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}\tau ^0`$
$`G_y\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_x^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\widehat{y}\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{ypx\overline{y}}\tau ^0`$
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{tpxy}\tau ^0`$
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{tpx\overline{y}}\tau ^0`$
where $`\eta _{xpxy}=\pm 1`$

For $`Z2A`$ type PSG’s,

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}\eta _{ypxy}^{i_y}g_{P_{xy}},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}^{i_x}\eta _{ypx\overline{y}}^{i_y}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}.`$ (49)
For $`Z2B`$ type PSG’s,

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}\eta _{ypxy}^{i_y}g_{P_{xy}},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}^{i_x}\eta _{ypx\overline{y}}^{i_y}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}.`$ (50)
We also have that

$$P_{xy}^2=P_{x\overline{y}}^2=P_{xy}P_{x\overline{y}}P_{xy}^1P_{x\overline{y}}^1=1$$
(51)
which leads to

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
and

$`\left(\eta _{xpxy}\eta _{ypxy}\right)^{i_x+i_y}g_{P_{xy}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$`\left(\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}\eta _{ypx\overline{y}}\right)^{i_x+i_y}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
The above implies that

$`\eta _{xpxy}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{ypxy}=\eta _{pxy},`$
$`\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{ypx\overline{y}}=\eta _{px\overline{y}},`$
$`g_{P_{xy}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^2=\pm \tau ^0.`$
By the similar way, one sees that

$$\eta _{xt}=\eta _{yt}=\eta _t.$$
(52)
Gauge transformation $`W(i)=()^{i_x}`$ will change $`\eta _{pxy}`$ to $`\eta _{pxy}`$, therefore we can chose a gauge in which $`\eta _{pxy}=1`$.

In conclusion, we have the following 60 kinds of $`Z2A`$ algebraic PSG’s and 60 kinds of $`Z2B`$ algebraic PSG’s on our triangular lattices:

$`Z2Ag_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}`$

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`G_y(i)=\tau ^0,`$
$`G_T^{}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ig_T^{},\eta _t=\pm 1,`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_{P_{xy}},`$ (53)
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ig_{P_{x\overline{y}}},\eta _{px\overline{y}}=\pm 1,`$
and

$`Z2Bg_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}`$

$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\tau ^0,G_x(i)=()^{i_y}\tau ^0,`$
$`G_T^{}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ig_T^{},\eta _t=\pm 1,`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}g_{P_{xy}},`$ (54)
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ig_{P_{x\overline{y}}},\eta _{px\overline{y}}=\pm 1,`$
where $`g_T^{}`$, $`g_{P_{xy}}`$, and $`g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}`$ satisfy that

$`g_T^{}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$`g_{P_{xy}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$`g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$`g_T^{}g_{P_{xy}}g_T^{}^1g_{P_{xy}}^1`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$ (55)
$`g_T^{}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}g_T^{}^1g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0,`$
$`g_{P_{xy}}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}g_{P_{xy}}^1g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \tau ^0.`$
All the gauge inequivalent $`g_T^{}`$, $`g_{P_{xy}}`$, and $`g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}`$ are given by the following table

| $`g_T^{}`$ | $`g_{P_{xy}}`$ | $`g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}`$ | $`g_{P_{xy}}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`\tau ^0`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ |
| $`\tau ^0`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ |
| $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ |
| $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ |
| $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`i\tau ^2`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`i\tau ^2`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`\tau ^2`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`\tau ^0`$ |
| $`i\tau ^3`$ | $`i\tau ^1`$ | $`i\tau ^2`$ | $`i\tau ^3`$ |

After finding all the PSGs, next we need to find the ansatz that is invariant under those PSGs. This way we classify (mean-field) $`Z_2`$ spin liquids through PSG’s. Let us first consider the translation symmetry. We have two classes of spin liquids,

$`Z2A`$ spin liquids

$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\tau ^0,G_x(i)=\tau ^0,`$
$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m,`$ (56)
and

$`Z2B`$ spin liquids

$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\tau ^0,G_x(i)=()^{i_y}\tau ^0,`$
$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_yi_x}u_m.`$ (57)
Considering the spin parity symmetry $`T^{}`$, we have

$$G_T^{}T^{}\left(u_{i,i+m}\right)=u_{i,i+m},$$
(58)
which reads

$$\eta _t^mg_T^{}u_mg_T^{}^1=u_m$$
(59)
Therefore, for different $`(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}`$, we have the following table:

| $`\tau _+^0`$ | $`u_m=0`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`\tau _{}^0`$ | $`u_m=0,`$if $`m=even`$ |
| $`\tau _+^3`$ | $`u_m=u_m^1\tau ^1+u_m^2\tau ^2`$ |
| $`\tau _{}^3`$ | $`u_m=u_m^1\tau ^1+u_m^2\tau ^2,`$ if $`m=even`$  $`u_m=u_m^0\tau ^0+u_m^3\tau ^3,`$ if $`m=odd`$ |

Now we consider the 180 rotation symmetry, which can be constructed through combining $`P_{xy}`$ and $`P_{x\overline{y}}`$,

$$G_{P_{xy}}P_{xy}G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}P_{x\overline{y}}(u_{i,i+m})=u_{i,i+m}$$
(60)
the above leads to

$$\eta _{_{px\overline{y}}}^mg_{P_{xy}}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}u_mg_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1g_{P_{xy}}^1=u_m^{},$$
(61)
for the $`Z2A`$ spin liquids, and

$$()^{m_xm_y}\eta _{_{px\overline{y}}}^mg_{P_{xy}}g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}u_mg_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1g_{P_{xy}}^1=u_m^{}.$$
(62)
for the $`Z2B`$ spin liquids.

By writing all the ansatz, we find that although there are 120 kinds $`Z_2`$ algebraic PSG’s, only 23 of them lead to $`Z2A`$ spin liquids and 40 of them lead to $`Z2B`$ spin liquids. Other algebraic PSG’s lead to vanishing ansatz, $`U(1)`$ or $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids.

## Appendix B Classification of $`U(1)`$ Spin Liquids

For $`U(1)`$ spin liquids, we can choose a gauge so that $`u_{ij}`$ take the form

$$u_{ij}=i\rho _{ij}e^{i\theta _{ij}\tau ^3}=u_{ij}^0\tau ^0+u_{ij}^3\tau ^3$$
(63)
We will call this gauge canonical gauge. In the canonical gauge, IGG has a form of $`𝒢=\left\{e^{i\theta \tau ^3},\theta [0,2\pi )\right\},`$ where $`\theta _i`$ is real for each $`i`$. Due to the translation symmetry of the ansatz, the loop operator $`P_C`$ have a form

$$P_{T_xC}=\left(\tau ^1\right)^{n_i}P_C\left(\tau ^1\right)^{n_i}$$
(64)
where $`n_i=0,1`$. The gauge transformation $`G_{x,y}`$ associated with the translation take the following form

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(i\tau ^1\right)^{n_i}e^{i\theta _x(i)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)^{n_{i\widehat{x}}}`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(i\tau ^1\right)^{n_i}e^{i\theta _y(i)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)^{n_{i\widehat{y}}}`$ (65)
in the canonical gauge. We note that a gauge transformations keep $`u_{ij}`$ to have the form in the canonical gauge must have one of the following two forms

$`W_i`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _i\tau ^3}`$ (66)
$`W_i`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _i\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (67)
For spin liquids with connected $`u_{ij}`$, $`G_{x,y}`$ must take one of the above two forms in the canonical gauge. Thus $`n_i`$ can only be one of the following four choices: $`n_i=0,n_i=(1()^i)/2,n_i=(1()^{i_x})/2`$, and $`n_i=(1()^{i_y})/2`$. In these four cases, $`G_{x,y}`$ take one of the above two forms and $`u_{ij}`$ can be connected.

Let us consider those cases in turn. We will work in the canonical gauge.

When $`n_i=0`$, $`G_{x,y}`$ have a form

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x(i)\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y(i)\tau ^3}`$ (68)
by (66) we can gauge fix them up to $`\theta _x(i_x,0)=0`$ and $`\theta _y(i)=0`$. The relation (13) requires that

$$\theta _x\left(i\right)+\theta _y\left(i\widehat{x}\right)\theta _x\left(i\widehat{y}\right)\theta _y\left(i\right)=\phi $$
(69)
Therefore $`G_{x,y}`$ have a form

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i(i_y\phi +\theta _x)\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}`$ (70)
The ansatz with translation symmetry has a form

$$u_{i,i+m}=i\rho _me^{i(m_yi_x\phi +\varphi _m)\tau ^3}$$
(71)
When $`n_i=(1()^i)/2`$,

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x(i)\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y(i)\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ (72)
then

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i(()^{i_y}\phi +\theta _x)\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ (73)
Using gauge transformation $`W_i=e^{i(()^{i_y1}\phi /2)\tau ^3}`$, the above change to

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ (74)
The ansatz with translation symmetry has a form

$$u_{i,i+m}=i\rho _me^{i()^i\varphi _m\tau ^3}$$
(75)
When $`n_i=(1()^{i_x})/2`$,

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x(i)\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y(i)\tau ^3}`$ (76)
then

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i(i_y\phi +\theta _x)\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}`$ (77)
Using gauge transformation $`W_i=e^{i(i_y\phi /2)\tau ^3}`$, the above change to

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}`$ (78)
The ansatz with translation symmetry has a form

$$u_{i,i+m}=i\rho _me^{i()^{i_x}\varphi _m\tau ^3}$$
(79)
When $`n_i=(1()^{i_y})/2`$,

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x(i)\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y(i)\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ (80)
then

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i(()^{i_y}\phi +\theta _x)\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ (81)
Using gauge transformation $`W_i=e^{i(()^{i_y1}\phi /2)\tau ^3}`$, the above change to

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ (82)
The ansatz with translation symmetry has a form

$$u_{i,i+m}=i\rho _me^{i()^{i_y}\varphi _m\tau ^3}$$
(83)
Now we add parity symmetry $`P_{xy}`$. Considering the flux in a plaquette, the parity symmetry requires $`\phi =0`$ or $`\pi `$ in (71). From the relations

$`G_x\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_y^1\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{xpxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_x^1\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{ypxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_x\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_y^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\widehat{x}\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{xpx\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_y\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\widehat{y}\right)G_x^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\widehat{y}\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{ypx\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{pxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _p\tau ^3}`$
we will find only $`n_i=0`$ and $`n_i=(1()^i)/2`$ lead to the existence of $`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$. Then we can classify the $`U(1)`$ spin liquids with parity symmetry into three classes according to their translation property.

$`U1A`$ spin liquid:

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3},`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3},`$ (85)
$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`i\rho _me^{i\varphi _m\tau ^3}.`$
$`U1B`$ spin liquid:

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i(i_y\pi +\theta _x)\tau ^3},`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3},`$ (86)
$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`i()^{m_yi_x}\rho _me^{i\varphi _m\tau ^3}.`$
$`U1C`$ spin liquid:

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1),`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1),`$ (87)
$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`i\rho _me^{i()^i\varphi _m\tau ^3}.`$
Next, we should find all the gauge inequivalent PSG’s $`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ and $`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ for the above cases respectively. In fact, as proved in Ref.Wen (2002a), it exists the following relations between $`U1A`$ and $`U1B`$ PSG’s:

$`\stackrel{~}{G}_{P_{xy}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}G_{P_{xy}}(i),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{G}_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right),`$ (88)
$`\stackrel{~}{G}_T^{}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$
where $`G_{P_{xy},P_{x\overline{y}}}`$ are $`U1A`$ PSG’s. Hence we can consider the $`U1A`$ PSG’s only, and using the relations, we can construct the $`U1B`$ PSG’s.

1) $`U1A`$ spin liquid, $`G_x(i)=e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3}`$, $`G_y(i)=e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}`$, Eq.(LABEL:PxyPxy) reads

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\left(i_xi_y\right)\phi _{pxy}+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}`$ (89)
$`\text{or }G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\left(i_x+i_y\right)\phi _{pxy}+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),`$ (90)
and

$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\left(i_x+i_y\right)\phi _{px\overline{y}}+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}`$
$`\text{or }G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\left(i_xi_y\right)\phi _{px\overline{y}}+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
Gauge transformation $`W(i)=e^{i\left(i_xi_y\right)\phi _{pxy}\tau ^3/2}`$ transfers (89) and (90) into

$$G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)=e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\text{ or }G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)=e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),$$
(91)
and do not change the forms of $`G_{x,y,P_{x\overline{y}}}`$. From the last equation of (LABEL:PxyPxy), we obtain the following four cases,

a)

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\left(i_x+i_y\right)\phi _{px\overline{y}}+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}`$
Gauge transformation $`W(i)=e^{i\left(i_x+i_y\right)\phi _{px\overline{y}}/2\tau ^3}`$ transfers the above into

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$ (92)
and does not change the forms of $`G_{x,y}`$.

b)

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),\eta _{px\overline{y}}=\pm 1`$ (93)
c)

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3},\eta _{px\overline{y}}=\pm 1`$ (94)
d)

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\left(i_xi_y\right)\phi _{px\overline{y}}+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
Gauge transformation $`W(i)=e^{i\left(i_xi_y\right)\phi _{px\overline{y}}/2\tau ^3}`$ transfers the above into

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (95)
and does not change the forms of $`G_{x,y}`$.

Now we add the last symmetry spin parity $`T^{}`$. For the same reason, $`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ can take one of the two forms (66) and (67). The relations (A) require that

$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_x\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(i\widehat{x}\right)G_x^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{xt}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_y\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1(i\widehat{y})G_y^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{yt}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(P_{xy}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{xy}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{tpxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)G_T^{}^1\left(P_{x\overline{y}}\left(i\right)\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}^1\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta _{tpx\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_T^{}^2\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\theta \tau ^3}.`$
Hence we have that all the $`U1A`$ type PSG’s:

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$ (97)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (98)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$ (99)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (100)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
We can label these spin liquids as $`U1Ag_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}`$, where $`g_{P_{xy},P_{x\overline{y}}}=\tau ^{0,1}`$ corresponding to $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy,px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$ and $`e^{i\varphi _{pxy,px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$. Now we consider the form of ansatz that in invariant under the above PSG’s. The translation symmetry requires that

$$u_{i,i+m}=u_m=u_m^0\tau ^0+u_m^3\tau ^3.$$
(101)
The 180 rotation symmetry requires that for $`g_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}=\tau ^0\tau _+^0,\tau ^1\tau _+^1,`$

$$u_m=u_m=u_m^{}$$
(102)
and for $`g_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}=\tau ^0\tau _{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}^1,\tau ^1\tau _{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}^0,`$

$$u_m=\eta _{px\overline{y}}^m\tau ^1u_m\tau ^1=\eta _{px\overline{y}}^mu_m$$
(103)
The spin parity symmetry $`T^{}`$ requires that for $`(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}=\tau _{}^0`$

$$u_m=()^mu_m$$
(104)
and for $`(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}=\tau _{\eta _t}^1`$

$$u_m=\eta _t^mu_m^0\tau ^0+\eta _t^mu_m^3\tau ^3$$
(105)
We find that the following 6 sets of ansatz that give rise to $`U(1)`$ symmetric spin liquids:

$`U1A[\tau ^0\tau _{}^1,\tau ^1\tau _{}^0]\tau _{}^0`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m^0\tau ^0+u_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^{0,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m=even`$ (106)
Here we have used the notation $`U1A[ab,cd]e`$ to represent the collection $`U1Aabe`$ and $`U1Acde`$.

$`U1A[\tau ^0\tau _+^0,\tau ^1\tau _+^1]\tau _+^1`$

$$u_{i,i+m}=u_m^3\tau ^3$$
(107)
$`U1A[\tau ^0\tau _+^0,\tau ^1\tau _+^1]\tau _{}^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m=odd`$ (108)
The ansatz gives rise to $`U(1)\times U(1)`$ spin liquids since $`u_{ij}`$ only connect points within two different sublattices.

Other PSG’s lead to vanishing ansatz or $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids and can be dropped.

2) $`U1B`$ spin liquid, $`G_x(i)=()^{i_y}e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3},G_y(i)=e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}.`$ From relations (88), one can obtain all the $`U1B`$ PSG’s easily,

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}e^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3},`$ (109)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (110)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}`$ (111)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}e^{i\varphi _{pxy}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}e^{i\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right),`$ (112)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
We can label these spin liquids as $`U1Bg_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}`$. Now we consider the form of ansatz that in invariant under the above PSG’s. The translation symmetry requires that

$$u_{i,i+m}=()^{m_yi_x}u_m=()^{m_yi_x}\left(u_m^0\tau ^0+u_m^3\tau ^3\right).$$
(113)
The 180 rotation symmetry requires that for $`g_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}=\tau ^0\tau _+^0,\tau ^1\tau _+^1,`$

$$u_m=()^{m_xm_y}u_m^{}$$
(114)
and for $`g_{P_{xy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}=\tau ^0\tau _{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}^1,\tau ^1\tau _{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}^0,`$

$$u_m=()^{m_xm_y}\eta _{px\overline{y}}^mu_m$$
(115)
The spin parity symmetry $`T^{}`$ requires that for $`(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}=\tau _{}^0`$

$$u_m=()^mu_m$$
(116)
and for $`(g_T^{})_{\eta _t}=\tau _{\eta _t}^1`$

$$u_m=\eta _t^mu_m^0\tau ^0+\eta _t^mu_m^3\tau ^3$$
(117)
We find that the following 10 sets of ansatz that give rise to $`U(1)`$ symmetric spin liquids:

$`U1B[\tau ^0\tau _{}^1,\tau ^1\tau _{}^0]\tau _{}^0`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_yi_x}\left(u_m^0\tau ^0+u_m^3\tau ^3\right)`$
$`u_m^{0,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m=even`$ (118)
$`U1B[\tau ^0\tau _+^0,\tau ^1\tau _+^1]\tau _+^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_yi_x}u_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=odd\text{ and }m_y=odd`$ (119)
$`U1B[\tau ^0\tau _{}^1,\tau ^1\tau _{}^0]\tau _+^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_yi_x}u_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=even\text{ and }m_y=even`$ (120)
$`U1B[\tau ^0\tau _+^0,\tau ^1\tau _+^1]\tau _{}^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_yi_x}u_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=odd\text{ or }m_y=odd`$ (121)
The ansatz gives rise to $`(U(1))^4`$ spin liquids since $`u_{ij}`$ only connect points within four different sublattices.

$`U1B[\tau ^0\tau _{}^1,\tau ^1\tau _{}^0]\tau _{}^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_yi_x}\left(u_m^0\tau ^0+u_m^3\tau ^3\right)`$
$`u_m^0`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m=even`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=even\text{ or }m_y=even`$ (122)
Other PSG’s lead to vanishing ansatz or $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids and can be dropped.

3) $`U1C`$ spin liquid, $`G_x(i)=e^{i\theta _x\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$ and $`G_y(i)=e^{i\theta _y\tau ^3}(i\tau ^1)`$.

$$G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)=e^{i\theta _{pxy}(i)\tau ^3},e^{i\theta _{pxy}(i)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right).$$

For the former four equations in (LABEL:PxyPxy), we have that

$`\theta _{pxy}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^i\phi _{pxy}+\varphi _{pxy},`$
$`i_x\pi +()^i\phi _{pxy}+\varphi _{pxy}`$
and the last three equations in (LABEL:PxyPxy) require that

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{pxy}^i\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3},`$ (123)
$`e^{i\left(()^i\phi _{pxy}+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
and

$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^i\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}^{i_x}e^{i\left(\eta _{xpx\overline{y}}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3},`$ (124)
$`e^{i\left(()^i\phi _{px\overline{y}}+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
where $`\eta _{pxy,xpxy}=\pm 1,\eta _{px\overline{y},xpx\overline{y}}=\pm 1`$. Now we add the last symmetry spin parity $`T^{}`$. In a similar way, through the relations (A), we have that

$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3},`$ (125)
$`\eta _{xt}^{i_x}e^{i\left(()^i\phi _t+\varphi _t\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
where $`\eta _t=\pm 1,\eta _{xt}=\pm 1`$.

It is noted that gauge transformation $`W_i=e^{i()^i\varphi \tau ^3}`$ and $`W_i=\eta _{pxy}^{i_x}`$ do not change $`G_{x,y}`$, and can be used to simplify the forms of $`G_{P_{xy},P_{x\overline{y}},T^{}}`$. We conclude all the $`U1C`$ type PSG’s:

$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^i\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}`$ (126)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (127)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^i\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}`$ (128)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{pxy}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ie^{i\left(\eta _{xpxy}^i\pi /4+\varphi _{px\overline{y}}\right)\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$ (129)
$`G_T^{}\left(i\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1},\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$
We can label these spin liquids as $`U1C(g_{P_{xy}})_{\eta _{xpxy}}(g_{P_{x\overline{y}}})_{\eta _{px\overline{y}}}(g_T^{})`$. Now we consider the form of ansatz that in invariant under the above PSG’s. The translation symmetry requires that

$$u_{i,i+m}=u_m^0\tau ^0+()^iu_m^3\tau ^3.$$
(130)
The 180 rotation symmetry requires that for $`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}(P_{xy}(i))=\eta _{px\overline{y}}^i\tau ^0`$

$$u_m^0=\eta _{px\overline{y}}^mu_m^0,u_m^3=(\eta _{px\overline{y}})^mu_m^3;$$
(131)
for $`G_{P_{xy}}\left(i\right)G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}(P_{xy}(i))=\eta _{px\overline{y}}^i\eta _{xpxy}^{i_y}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$

$`u_m^0`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^m\eta _{xpxy}^{m_y}u_m^0,`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`(\eta _{px\overline{y}})^m\eta _{xpxy}^{m_y}u_m^3.`$ (132)
The spin parity symmetry $`T^{}`$ requires that for $`G_T^{}\left(i\right)=\eta _t^ie^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}|_{\eta _t=1}`$

$$u_{i,i+m}=()^mu_{i,i+m}$$
(133)
and for $`G_T^{}\left(i\right)=\eta _{xpxy}^{i_x}e^{i\varphi _t\tau ^3}\left(i\tau ^1\right)`$

$$u_m^0=\eta _{xpxy}^{m_x}u_m^0,u_m^3=\eta _{xpxy}^{m_x}u_m^3$$
(134)
We find that the following 14 sets of ansatz that give rise to $`U(1)`$ symmetric spin liquids:

$`U1C[\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0,\tau _{}^0\tau _{}^0,\tau _+^1\tau _{}^1,\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^1]\tau ^0`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m^0\tau ^0+()^iu_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^{0,3}`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m=even;`$ (135)
$`U1C[\tau _+^0\tau _+^0,\tau _+^1\tau _+^1]\tau ^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^iu_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m=odd`$ (136)
The ansatz gives rise to $`U(1)\times U(1)`$ spin liquids.

$`U1C[\tau _+^0\tau _{}^0,\tau _+^1\tau _{}^1]\tau ^1`$

$$u_{i,i+m}=()^iu_m^3\tau ^3;$$
(137)
$`U1C[\tau _{}^0\tau _+^0,\tau _{}^1\tau _+^1]\tau ^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^iu_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=odd\text{ or }m_y=odd;`$ (138)
The ansatz gives rise to $`(U(1))^4`$ spin liquids.

$`U1C[\tau _{}^0\tau _{}^0,\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^1]\tau ^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m^0\tau ^0+()^iu_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^0`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=even\text{ or }m_y=odd`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=odd;`$ (139)
$`U1C[\tau _{}^0\tau _{}^1,\tau _{}^1\tau _{}^0]\tau ^1`$

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m^0\tau ^0+()^iu_m^3\tau ^3`$
$`u_m^0`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=even`$
$`u_m^3`$ $`=`$ $`0,\text{ if }m_x=odd\text{ or }m_y=even;`$ (140)
Other PSG’s lead to vanishing ansatz or $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids and can be dropped.

## Appendix C Classification of $`SU(2)`$ Spin Liquids

We assume that for a $`SU(2)`$ spin liquid, one can always choose a gauge so that $`u_{ij}`$ has a form

$$u_{ij}=u_{ij}^0\tau ^0$$
(141)
Hereafter we call this gauge canonical gauge. In the canonical gauge, IGG has a form $`𝒢=SU(2)`$. The gauge transformations that keep $`u_{ij}`$ to have the form in the canonical gauge are given by

$$W_i=\eta (i)g$$
(142)
where $`\eta (i)=\pm 1`$ for each $`i`$ and $`gSU(2).`$ The gauge transformation $`G_{x,y}`$ associated with the translation also take the above form

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _x(i)g_x`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _y(i)g_y`$ (143)
And we can gauge fix the above form as

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_x`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _y(i)g_y`$ (144)
where $`\eta _y(i_x=0,i_y)=1.`$ Now the relation (13) reads

$$\eta _y(i\widehat{x})\eta _y(i)SU(2)$$
(145)
We find that there are only two different PSG’s for translation symmetric ansatz

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_x,G_y(i)=g_y`$ (146)
$`\text{and }G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_x,G_y(i)=()^{i_x}g_y`$ (147)
The two PSG’s lead to the following two translation symmetric ansatz

$`u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`u_m^0\tau ^0`$ (148)
$`\text{and }u_{i,i+m}`$ $`=`$ $`()^{m_xi_y}u_m^0\tau ^0`$ (149)
Similar to $`Z_2`$ case, adding more symmetries, we have all the $`SU(2)`$ PSG’s belonged to triangular lattices.

$`SU2A\eta _{px\overline{y}}\eta _t`$

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_x,`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_y,`$
$`G_T^{}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ig_T^{},`$ (150)
$`G_{P_{xy}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_{P_{xy}},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ig_{P_{x\overline{y}}},`$
and

$`SU2B\eta _{px\overline{y}}\eta _t`$

$`G_x(i)`$ $`=`$ $`g_x,`$
$`G_y(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_x}g_y,`$
$`G_T^{}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _t^ig_T^{},`$ (151)
$`G_{P_{xy}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}g_{P_{xy}},`$
$`G_{P_{x\overline{y}}}(i)`$ $`=`$ $`()^{i_xi_y}\eta _{px\overline{y}}^ig_{P_{x\overline{y}}}`$
where $`g_x,g_y,g_T^{},g_{P_{xy}},g_{P_{x\overline{y}}}SU(2),\eta _t=\pm 1,`$ and $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}=\pm 1`$. Moreover, only $`\eta _t=1`$ and $`\eta _{px\overline{y}}=1`$ lead to non vanishing ansatz. So there are only two kinds of $`SU(2)`$ spin liquids,

$`SU2A`$ spin liquids:

$$u_{i,i+m}=u_m^0\tau ^0,m=odd\text{,}$$
(152)
$`SU2B`$ spin liquids:

$$u_{i,i+m}=()^{m_xi_y}u_m^0\tau ^0,m=odd\text{.}$$
(153)