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# Thirring sine-Gordon relationship by canonical methods

## 1 Introduction

The connection between massive Thirring model of interacting fermions and sine-Gordon model with nonlinear scalar field is well known . This Bose-Fermi equivalence has been obtained in  by performing the computations of the Green’s functions for both theories. After identification of some parameters, the Green’s functions became equal perturbation series, so that under these conditions this two theories are identical. An important step towards the obtainig of this result has been achieved in a pioneering paper . In Ref.  Mandelstam has constructed the fermi fields as nonlocal functions of the sine-Gordon scalars. He showed that the corresponding operators create and annihilate the bare sine-Gordon solitons. These operators satisfy the proper commutation relations as well as the Thirring model field equations, which confirms Coleman’s result. This equivalence has been established on the quantum level and the relation between the Fermi and Bose fields is non-local. Beside the approaches mentioned above, Fermi-Bose equivalence was obtained in Refs.  and  using quantum mechanical interaction picture and Krein realization of the massless scalar field. The same problem has been considered in the papers .

In this paper we are going to derive above connection between massive Thirring and sine-Gordon models using canonical method . Starting with the fermionic Thirring model we are going to construct the equivalent bosonic theory, which appears to be the sine-Gordon one. Our approach is different from the previously mentioned ones and naturally works in the Hamiltonian formalism. It gives a simpler proof of the same result.

We consider the formulation of the Thirring model with auxiliary vector fields, which on the equations of motion give the standard form of the Thirring model action. It is more convenient, regarding the fact that the method, which we use, is based on canonical formalism. The form of the action with auxiliary fields becomes linear in the fermionic current $`j_\mu `$. In Sec. 2.1 we are going to canonicaly quantize the fermionic field. So, it is useful to keep all parts which contain this field and to omit the bilinear part in auxiliary field. Such Lagrangian is invariant under local abelian gauge transformations. Consequently, the first class constraints (FCC) $`j_\pm `$ are present in the theory and satisfy abelian algebra as a Poisson bracket (PB) algebra. The quantum theory is anomalous, so that the central term appears in the commutator algebra of the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$, and the constraints become second class (SCC).

We define the effective bosonized theory, as a classical theory whose PB algebra of the constraints $`J_\pm `$ is isomorphic to the commutator algebra of the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$, in the quantized fermionic theory. Also, the bosonic Hamiltonian depends on $`J_\pm `$ in the same way as the fermionic Hamiltonian depends on $`j_\pm `$. The bosonized theory incorporates anomalies of the quantum fermionic theory at the classical level.

In Sec. 2.3 we find the effective Lagrangian for given algebra as its PB current algebra and given Hamiltonian in terms of the currents. The similar problems have been solved before in the literature  using canonical methods. We introduce the phase space coordinates $`\phi ,\pi `$ and parameterize the constraints $`J_\pm `$ by them. Then we find the expressions for the constraints $`J_\pm `$ in terms of phase space coordinates, satisfying given PB algebra, as well as for the Hamiltonian density $`_c`$. We then use the general canonical method  for constructing the effective Lagrangian with the known representation of the constraints. Eliminating the momentum variable on its equation of motion we obtain the bose theory which is equivalent to the quantum fermi theory. Finally, returning omitted term, bilinear in $`A_\mu `$ and eliminating auxiliary vector field on its equation of motion we obtain the sine-Gordon model.

By the way, we obtain Hamiltonian bosonization formulae for the currents which depend on the momenta, while those for scalar densities depend only on the coordinates. Known Lagrangian bosonization rules can be obtained from the Hamiltonian ones, after eliminating the momenta.

The massless Thirring model is considered separately in Sec. 2.4. It is shown that in its quantum action exists one parameter which does not appear in the classical one. Therefore, the quantum massless Thirring model is non-uniquely defined in agreement with Ref. .

In Sec. 3. the same method will be applied for the construction of the fermionic Mandelstam’s operators. The algebra of the currents is the basic PB algebra. Commutation relations between the currents and fermionic fields completely define the fermionic fields. So, we first find the PB between $`j_\pm `$ and $`\psi _\pm `$. The corresponding commutation relations of the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\psi }_\pm `$ are not anomalous. In order to obtain the bosonized expression for the fermions we ”solved” PB equation, which is isomorphic to the previous operator relation. We find the representation for the unknown fermion field using the known representation for the currents $`J_\pm `$. The solution depends on the phase space coordinates $`\phi `$ and $`\pi `$ and represents Hamiltonian form of the Mandelstam’s creation and annihilation operators.

Sec. 4. is devoted to concluding remarks. The derivation of the central term, using normal ordering prescription, is presented in the Appendix A, and the field product regularization in the Appendix B.

## 2 Thirring Model

In this section the canonical method of bosonization will be applied to the Thirring model.

### 2.1 Canonical analysis of the theory

Thirring model  is a theory of massive Dirac field in two–dimensional space–time defined by the following Lagrangian

$$_{Th}=\overline{\psi }(i\gamma ^\mu _\mu m)\psi \frac{g}{2}j_\mu j^\mu ,$$
(2.1)
where $`g`$ is coupling constant, and $`j^\mu \overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu \psi `$ is the fermionic current. In two–dimensional space–time $`\gamma `$ – matrices are defined in terms of Pauli matrices $`\sigma _1`$, $`\sigma _2`$ and $`\sigma _3`$ as $`\gamma ^0=\sigma _1,\gamma ^1=i\sigma _2,\gamma _5=i\sigma _1\sigma _2=\sigma _3`$ and obey standard relations

$$\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu +\gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\mu =2\eta ^{\mu \nu },\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5+\gamma _5\gamma ^\mu =0.$$

Metric tensor $`\eta ^{\mu \nu }`$ is defined by $`\eta ^{00}=\eta ^{11}=1`$; $`\eta ^{01}=\eta ^{10}=0`$. Axial–vector product $`\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5`$ can be expressed in terms of $`\gamma ^\nu `$ in a following way

$$\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5=ϵ^{\mu \nu }\gamma _\nu ,$$

where $`ϵ^{\mu \nu }`$ is totally antisymmetric tensor $`ϵ^{01}=ϵ^{10}=1`$. Weyl or chiral spinors are defined using $`\gamma _5`$ matrix

$$\gamma _5\psi _\pm =\psi _\pm ,$$

which can be expressed with the help of chiral projectors $`P_\pm \frac{1\gamma _5}{2}`$ as

$$P_\pm \psi _\pm =\pm \psi _\pm .$$

The definition of the projectors $`P_\pm `$ implies that Dirac spinor $`\psi `$ expressed in terms of Weyl spinors $`\psi _\pm `$ has a form

$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _{}\\ \psi _+\end{array}\right).$$

Lagrangian given by Eq. (2.1) is on–shell equivalent to the following one

$$=\overline{\psi }(i\gamma ^\mu _\mu m)\psi +\frac{1}{2}j^\mu A_\mu +\frac{1}{8g}A^\mu A_\mu .$$
(2.2)
Namely, equations of motion for the auxiliary field $`A_\mu `$, which are obtained from Lagrangian (2.2), have the form

$$\frac{1}{2}j^\mu +\frac{1}{4g}A^\mu =0,$$

which, after substitution in (2.2), gives Lagrangian (2.1).

We are going to quantize the fermionic field, so we will consider the Lagrangian

$$_0=\overline{\psi }(i\gamma ^\mu _\mu m)\psi +\frac{1}{2}j^\mu A_\mu ,$$
(2.3)
keeping the terms with fermionic fields. The canonical method of bosonization will be applied to this Lagrangian. In terms of Weyl spinors $`\psi _\pm `$ and light–cone components of auxiliary field $`A_\mu `$ it reads

$$_0=i\psi _{}^{}\dot{\psi }_{}+i\psi _+^{}\dot{\psi }_++i\psi _{}^{}\psi _{}^{}i\psi _+^{}\psi _+^{}m(\psi _{}^{}\psi _++\psi _+^{}\psi _{})$$

$$+\frac{1}{2}(j_+A_{}+j_{}A_+),$$
(2.4)
where the chiral currents $`j_\pm `$ are defined by $`j_\pm \sqrt{2}\psi _\pm ^{}\psi _\pm `$, and fields $`A_\pm (1/\sqrt{2})(A_0\pm A_1)`$. Time and space coordinate, are respectively $`\tau x^0`$ and $`\sigma x^1`$, and corresponding derivatives are $`\dot{\psi }\frac{\psi }{\tau }`$ and $`\psi ^{}\frac{\psi }{\sigma }`$. Now we will investigate Hamiltonian structure of the theory defined by Lagrangian (2.4). This Lagrangian is already in Hamiltonian form. It is linear in time derivatives of basic Lagrangian variables $`\psi _+`$ and $`\psi _{}`$, whose conjugate momenta are $`\pi _\pm =i\psi _\pm ^{}`$. Variables without time derivatives, $`A_+`$ and $`A_{}`$, are Lagrange multipliers and the primary constraints corresponding to them are the FCC

$$j_\pm \sqrt{2}\psi _\pm ^{}\psi _\pm =i\sqrt{2}\pi _\pm \psi _\pm .$$
(2.5)
From Eq. (2.4) we can conclude that canonical Hamiltonian density of the Thirring model takes a form

$$_c=i(\psi _{}^{}\psi _{}^{}\psi _+^{}\psi _+^{})+m(\psi _{}^{}\psi _++\psi _+^{}\psi _{})=t_+t_{}+m(\rho _++\rho _{}),$$
(2.6)
where we introduced the energy–momentum tensor $`t_\pm `$ and chiral densities $`\rho _\pm `$ by the relations

$$t_\pm i\psi _\pm ^{}\psi _\pm ^{}=\pi _\pm \psi _\pm ^{},\rho _\pm \psi _\pm ^{}\psi _{}=i\pi _\pm \psi _{}.$$

Total Hamiltonian is defined as

$$H_T=𝑑\sigma _T,$$

where total Hamiltonian density, $`_T`$, is

$$_T=t_+t_{}+m(\rho _++\rho _{})\frac{1}{2}(j_+A_{}+j_{}A_+).$$
(2.7)
Starting with basic PB

$$\{\psi _\pm (\sigma ),\pi _\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(2.8)
it is easy to show that currents $`j_\pm `$ satisfy two independent abelian PB algebras

$$\{j_\pm (\sigma ),j_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=0,\{j_+(\sigma ),j_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0.$$
(2.9)
Using Eq. (2.8), we can find PB of the currents $`j_\pm `$ with the quantities $`t_\pm `$ and $`\rho _\pm `$

$$\{j_\pm (\sigma ),t_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=j_\pm (\sigma )\delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{j_\pm (\sigma ),t_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0,$$
(2.10)
$$\{j_\pm (\sigma ),\rho _\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}\rho _\pm \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{j_\pm (\sigma ),\rho _{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}\rho _{}\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }).$$
(2.11)
The last relations imply

$$\{_c(\sigma ),j_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=\pm j_\pm (\sigma )\delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma })im\sqrt{2}(\rho _+\rho _{}),$$
(2.12)
which help us to obtain

$$\dot{j}_+=\{j_+,H_T\}=j_+^{}+im\sqrt{2}(\rho _+\rho ),$$
(2.13)
$$\dot{j}_{}=\{j_{},H_T\}=j_{}^{}im\sqrt{2}(\rho _+\rho ).$$
(2.14)
Taking the sum of the equations (2.13) and (2.14), we get

$$_{}j_++_+j_{}=_\mu j^\mu =0,$$
(2.15)
which implies that the current $`j^\mu `$ is conserved.

Since the constraints $`j_\pm `$ are the first class ones, classical theory, defined by Lagrangian (2.3), has local abelian symmetry, whose generators $`j_\pm `$ satisfy abelian PB algebra, given by Eq. (2.9).

### 2.2 Quantization of the fermionic theory

Passing from the classical to the quantum theory can be obtained by introducing the operators $`\widehat{\psi }`$ and $`\widehat{\pi }`$, instead of corresponding classical fields. Poisson brackets are replaced by corresponding commutators, and operator product is defined using normal ordering prescription, whose details are explained in Appendix A,

$$\widehat{j}_\pm i\sqrt{2}:\widehat{\pi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_\pm :,\widehat{t}_\pm :\widehat{\pi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_\pm ^{}:,\widehat{\rho }i:\widehat{\pi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_{}:.$$

Algebra of the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$, $`\widehat{t}_\pm `$ i $`\widehat{\rho }_\pm `$ takes a form (Appendix A)

$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{j}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\pm 2i\mathrm{}\kappa \delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),[\widehat{j}_+(\sigma ),\widehat{j}_{}(\overline{\sigma })]=0$$
(2.16)
$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{t}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=i\mathrm{}\widehat{j}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{t}_{}(\overline{\sigma })]=0,$$
(2.17)
$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\rho }_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\mathrm{}\sqrt{2}\widehat{\rho }_\pm \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\rho }_{}(\overline{\sigma })]=\mathrm{}\sqrt{2}\widehat{\rho }_{}\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(2.18)
where $`\kappa \frac{\mathrm{}}{2\pi }`$.

The current operators with different chirality commute, as well as the corresponding variables in the classical theory. The difference between classical and quantum algebra is appearance of the central term in the commutator current algebra (2.16). As its consequence, the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$ are the second class constraints operators. This leads to the existence of the anomaly. Namely, symmetry of the classical theory, whose generators are the first class constraints $`j_\pm `$, is no longer symmetry at the quantum level.

### 2.3 Effective bosonic theory

Now we will introduce new variables $`J_\pm ,\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm ,R_\pm `$ and postulate their PB algebra to be isomorphic to commutator algebra in the quantum fermionic theory, given by Eqs. (2.16), (2.17), and (2.18)

$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),J_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=\pm 2\kappa \delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{J_+(\sigma ),J_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0,$$
(2.19)
$$\{\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm (\sigma ),J_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=J_\pm (\sigma )\delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm (\sigma ),J_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0,$$
(2.20)
$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),R_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}R_\pm (\sigma )\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{J_\pm (\sigma ),R_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}R_{}(\sigma )\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }).$$
(2.21)
Let us find the expressions for the currents $`J_\pm `$, energy–momentum tensor $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm `$, and chiral densities $`R_\pm `$ in terms of scalar field $`\phi `$ and its conjugate momenta $`\pi `$, with the PB

$$\{\phi (\sigma ),\pi (\overline{\sigma })\}=\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }).$$

Assuming that the currents $`J_\pm `$ are linear in the momentum $`\pi `$, it is easy to show that the expression

$$J_\pm =\pm \pi +\kappa \phi ^{}$$
(2.22)
is a solution of (2.19). Supposing that the energy–momentum tensor $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm `$ is quadratic in the currents $`J_\pm `$, we can immediately obtain its bosonic representation from algebra (2.20)

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm =\pm \frac{1}{4\kappa }J_\pm J_\pm .$$
(2.23)
Bosonic representation for scalar densities, $`R_\pm `$, can be obtained from algebra (2.21). Assuming that scalar densities are momentum independent, we have

$$R_\pm =M\mathrm{exp}(\pm i\sqrt{2}\phi ),$$
(2.24)
where M is constant. The scalar densities as well as parameter M have dimension of mass.

Total Hamiltonian density of the effective bosonic theory is defined by the analogy with total Hamiltonian density of the fermionic theory, given by Eq. (2.7)

$$_T=\mathrm{\Theta }_+\mathrm{\Theta }_{}+m(R_++R_{})\frac{1}{2}(J_+A_{}+J_{}A_+),$$
(2.25)
and the Lagrangian of the effective bosonic theory has the form

$$_0^{Th}=\pi \dot{\phi }_T.$$
(2.26)
Substituting Eq. (2.25) in Eq. (2.26), and using Eqs. (2.22), (2.23) and (2.24), we obtain

$$_0^{Th}=\pi \dot{\phi }\frac{1}{2\kappa }\pi ^2\frac{1}{2}\kappa \phi ^22mM\mathrm{cos}\sqrt{2}\phi +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\pi A_1+\kappa \phi ^{}A_0).$$
(2.27)
On the equation of motion for the momentum $`\pi `$

$$\pi =\kappa (\dot{\phi }\frac{A_1}{\sqrt{2}}).$$
(2.28)
this Lagrangian takes a form

$$_0^{Th}=\frac{1}{2}\kappa _\mu \phi ^\mu \phi +\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu }A_\mu _\nu \phi 2mM\mathrm{cos}(\sqrt{2}\phi )+\frac{1}{4}\kappa A_1^2.$$
(2.29)
It is possible to add to the effective Lagrangian some local functional, depending on the fields $`A_+`$ and $`A_{}`$. In order to obtain Lorentz invariant action of the effective bosonic theory, we will choose additional term in the form

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_0^{Th}=\frac{1}{4}\kappa A_1^2.$$

Adding counterterm $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0^{Th}`$ to the Lagrangian (2.29), and returning the term bilinear in $`A_\mu `$ we get

$$_{eff}^{Th}=\frac{1}{2}\kappa _\mu \phi ^\mu \phi +\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu }A_\mu _\nu \phi 2mM\mathrm{cos}(\sqrt{2}\phi )+\frac{1}{8g}A^\mu A_\mu .$$
(2.30)
Now we can eliminate auxiliary field $`A_\mu `$ from Lagrangian (2.30), using its equation of motion

$$A^\mu =\frac{4g\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu }_\nu \phi .$$
(2.31)
Substituting this equation back into Lagrangian (2.30), we get

$$_{eff}^{Th}=\frac{1}{2}\kappa (1+2g\kappa )_\mu \phi ^\mu \phi 2mM\mathrm{cos}(\sqrt{2}\phi ).$$
(2.32)
This Lagrangian, after rescaling the scalar field $`\phi `$, $`\phi \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\beta }\phi `$, takes a form

$$_{eff}^{Th}=\frac{1}{2}_\mu \phi ^\mu \phi 2mM\mathrm{cos}(\beta \phi ),$$
(2.33)
where $`\beta `$ is defined by

$$\beta [\frac{1}{2}\kappa (1+2g\kappa )]^{1/2}.$$
(2.34)
As it is usual, we will add constant term to the Lagrangian (2.33), in order to have vanishing energy for the vacuum configuration $`\phi =0`$ and obtain

$$_{eff}^{Th}=\frac{1}{2}_\mu \phi ^\mu \phi 2mM[\mathrm{cos}(\beta \phi )1].$$
(2.35)
This is the Lagrangian of the sine–Gordon theory. Therefore, Thirring model is equivalent to the sine–Gordon theory, if there exists following relation between parameters

$$\frac{4\pi }{\beta ^2\mathrm{}}=1+\frac{g\mathrm{}}{\pi }=1+2g\kappa ,$$
(2.36)
which is consequence of (2.34). Result given by Eq. (2.36), obtained by canonical method, is in agreement with one in Ref. . Coleman has obtained this result by direct computation of Green’s functions in both Thirring and sine–Gordon model using perturbative technique. The relation (2.36) is the main result in this chapter. From its form, we can easy conclude that free Thirring model ($`g=0`$) is equivalent to sine–Gordon theory with

$$\beta ^2=\frac{4\pi }{\mathrm{}}.$$
(2.37)
It is worth to emphasize that relation (2.36) implies duality between Thirring and sine–Gordon model. Namely, from this relation it follows that the large values of Thirring coupling constant $`g`$ corresponds to the small value of sine–Gordon parameter $`\beta `$.

### 2.4 One parameter class solutions of the massless Thirring model

We shall consider separately the massless Thirring model. This case is specially interesting, because corresponding quantum theory is non-uniquely defined. Namely, in the quantum action of the theory exists one parameter, which does not appear in the classical one . Since the Thirring sine-Gordon relationship was already established, we will show the existence of this parameter starting with the corresponding sine-Gordon model.

Firstly, we split vector field from Lagrangian (2.29) to the quantum and external part $`A_\mu =a_\mu +A_\mu ^{ex}`$. Here the field $`a_\mu `$ plays the role of our auxiliary field and $`A_\mu ^{ex}`$ is the Hagen’s external source. Then, omitting the mass term and the local functional dependence on the vector fields, we obtain from (2.29)

$$^{Th}(\phi ,a+A^{ex})=\frac{1}{2}\kappa _\mu \phi ^\mu \phi +\frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu }(a_\mu +A_\mu ^{ex})_\nu \phi .$$
(2.38)
The invariance of the Thirring model under replacement

$$j^\mu j_5^\mu ,A_\mu ^{ex}A_{5\mu }^{ex},gg,$$
(2.39)
corresponds to the Lagrangian $`^{Th}(\phi _5,a_5+A_5^{ex})`$. Note that we introduce new auxiliary fields $`\phi _5`$ and $`a_5`$, while the external fields are related by the dual transformation $`A_{5\mu }^{ex}=\epsilon _{\mu \nu }A^{ex\nu }`$.

The symmetry of the massless Thirring model given by (2.39) allows us to introduce one-parameter Lagrangian

$$(\xi ,\eta )=\xi ^{Th}(\phi ,a+A^{ex})+\eta ^{Th}(\phi _5,a_5+A_5^{ex})+\frac{1}{8g}(a_\mu a^\mu a_{5\mu }a_5^\mu ),$$
(2.40)
with $`\xi +\eta =1`$. The parameters $`\xi `$ and $`\eta `$ obey this constraint because the Lagrangian given by Eq. (2.40) has to correspond to the Lagrangian of the massless Thirring model. The terms quadratic in auxiliary fields, in fact replaced the last term of the eq. (2.30). The second part was adding with opposite sign in according to the symmetry replacement $`gg`$.

After elimination of the all auxiliary fields $`a,a_5`$ and then $`\phi ,\phi _5`$ we obtain the effective action

$$W(A^{ex})=\frac{\mathrm{}}{8}d^2xA_\mu ^{ex}D_g^{\mu \nu }A_\nu ^{ex},$$
(2.41)
where

$$D_g^{\mu \nu }=\left(\epsilon ^{\mu \rho }\epsilon ^{\nu \sigma }\frac{\xi }{1+\frac{g\xi \mathrm{}}{\pi }}+\eta ^{\mu \rho }\eta ^{\nu \sigma }\frac{\eta }{1\frac{g\eta \mathrm{}}{\pi }}\right)_\rho _\sigma \frac{1}{^2}.$$
(2.42)
Up to the normalization factor it is just relation (3.13) from the Hagen’s paper Ref. .

The expression for effective action is equivalent to the solution of the functional integral, ,

$$<00>_{A,g}=𝑑\overline{\psi }𝑑\psi e^{i_{Th}}=e^{iW(A^{ex})},$$
(2.43)
which corresponds to the Eq. (3.12) in the first Ref. . Using these expressions it is easy to reproduce the other Hagen’s results.

## 3 Bosonization of Fermionic Fields

In this section we will apply canonical method of bosonization to the fermionic fields. Starting with PB of fermionic fields $`\psi _\pm `$ and corresponding momenta $`\pi _\pm `$ with currents $`j_\pm `$, fermionic fields will be expressed in terms of bosonic phase space coordinates $`\phi `$ and $`\pi `$. After quantization, these classical fermionic fields become the operators. In order to show that these operators are really fermionic ones, we investigate their anticommutation relations. From the bosonic form of the operators $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$, we easily obtain bosonic representation of scalar and pseudoscalar density $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ and $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\gamma _5\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$, respectively. These results are consistent with ones obtained in Ref. .

### 3.1 Construction of the fermionic field operators

Poisson brackets of the fermionic fields $`\psi _\pm `$ and its conjugate momenta $`\pi _\pm `$ with the currents $`j_\pm `$ have the form

$$\{j_\pm (\sigma ),\psi _\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}\psi _\pm \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{j_\pm (\sigma ),\psi _{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0,$$
(3.1)
$$\{j_\pm (\sigma ),\pi _\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}\pi _\pm \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{j_\pm (\sigma ),\pi _{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0.$$
(3.2)
Because the right hand side is linear in the fields, the anomaly is absent and after quantization, algebra of the operators $`\widehat{\psi }_\pm `$, $`\widehat{\pi }_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$ preserves the original form

$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\psi }_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\mathrm{}\sqrt{2}\widehat{\psi }_\pm \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\psi }_{}(\overline{\sigma })]=0,$$
(3.3)
$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\pi }_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\mathrm{}\sqrt{2}\widehat{\pi }_\pm \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\pi }_{}(\overline{\sigma })]=0.$$
(3.4)
Now, we will construct bosonic representation of the fermionic fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ and their conjugate momenta $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm `$. We demand that Poisson brackets algebra of the fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$, their conjugate momenta $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm `$, and currents $`J_\pm `$, whose bosonic form is already known, is isomorphic to the algebra of the operators $`\widehat{\psi }_\pm `$, $`\widehat{\pi }_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$, respectively. Therefore, we have

$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (\sigma )\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{J_\pm (\sigma ),\mathrm{\Psi }_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0,$$
(3.5)
$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=i\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm (\sigma )\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),\{J_\pm (\sigma ),\mathrm{\Pi }_{}(\overline{\sigma })\}=0.$$
(3.6)
In order to solve these equations in terms of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm `$, let us introduce the variables $`I_\pm `$ as follows

$$I_\pm (\sigma )_{\mathrm{}}^\sigma 𝑑\sigma _1J_\pm (\sigma _1).$$
(3.7)
With the help of bosonic representation of currents (2.22), we obtain the $`I_\pm `$ dependence of basic bosonic variables

$$I_\pm (\sigma )=\pm _{\mathrm{}}^\sigma 𝑑\sigma _1\pi (\sigma _1)+\kappa \phi (\sigma ).$$
(3.8)
Using Poisson brackets current algebra, given by Eq.(2.19), we find PB of the variables $`I_\pm `$ with the currents $`J_\pm `$

$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),I_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}=2\kappa \delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(3.9)
$$\{J_\pm ,I_{}\}=0.$$
(3.10)
Let us suppose that fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ and their conjugate momenta depend only on variables $`I_\pm `$. Under that assumption, from the algebra given by Eqs.(3.5) and (3.6), we get the following equations

$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),I_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm }{I_\pm }=i\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (\sigma )\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(3.11)
$$\{J_\pm (\sigma ),I_\pm (\overline{\sigma })\}\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm }{I_\pm }=i\sqrt{2}\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm (\sigma )\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }).$$
(3.12)
With the help of (3.9), we obtain bosonic representation of fermionic field $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$, and their conjugate momenta $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm `$

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm =C_\pm \mathrm{exp}(\frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}I_\pm ),$$
(3.13)
$$\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm =D_\pm \mathrm{exp}(\pm \frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}I_\pm ),$$
(3.14)
where $`C_\pm `$ and $`D_\pm `$ are the constants which will be determined using regularization procedure. These constants are not independent. The relation $`D_\pm =iC_\pm ^{}`$ follows from classical fermionic theory constraints $`\pi _\pm =i\psi _\pm ^{}`$ and its bosonic analogue $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm =i\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm ^{}`$.

After quantization the classical fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ and their conjugate momenta $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm `$ become operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm `$. So, normal ordering prescription has to be applied to the operators product in the right hand side in Eqs.(3.13) and (3.14)

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm =C_\pm :\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}\widehat{I}_\pm ):,$$
(3.15)
$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm =iC_\pm ^{}:\mathrm{exp}(\pm \frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}\widehat{I}_\pm ):.$$
(3.16)
This means that after expansion of the exponent in the right hand side, annihilation operators are placed right to the creation ones (Appendix A).

As direct computation shows (Appendix B), products of the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ at the same point of space are singular. In order to regularize these products, let us introduce the operators $`\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J_\pm }}`$, which are the product of field operators at the different points of space

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J_\pm }}(\sigma _1,\sigma _2)\sqrt{2}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm ^{}(\sigma _1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma _2).$$
(3.17)
After some calculations (Appendix B), we obtain

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm (\sigma ,\sigma +\eta )|_{\eta 0}\sqrt{2}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm ^{}(\sigma )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma +\eta )|_{\eta 0}=\frac{F_\pm }{\eta \pm i\epsilon }+Z_\pm \widehat{J}_\pm (\sigma ),(\epsilon >0),$$
(3.18)
where $`F_\pm `$ and $`Z_\pm `$ are given by following expressions ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$–cutoff parameter)

$$F_\pm =\pm i\mathrm{\Lambda }\sqrt{2}|C_\pm |^2,Z_\pm =\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\kappa }|C_\pm |^2.$$
(3.19)
Because $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ is a representation of the $`\widehat{\psi }_\pm `$, we expect that bilinear combination in (3.18) produce $`\widehat{J}_\pm `$, since it is the same combination as in (2.5). So, the natural choice for the constants is

$$Z_\pm =1.$$

From the last relation, we get the values of the constants $`F_\pm `$ and $`C_\pm `$

$$C_\pm =\sqrt{\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}},F_\pm =\pm i\kappa \sqrt{2}.$$
(3.20)
With that values of the constants $`F_\pm `$ and $`C_\pm `$, the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm `$ take a form

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm =\sqrt{\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}:\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}\widehat{I}_\pm ):,$$
(3.21)
$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm =i\sqrt{\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}:\mathrm{exp}(\pm \frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}\widehat{I}_\pm ):,$$
(3.22)
$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm (\sigma ,\sigma +\eta )|_{\eta 0}=\pm \frac{i\kappa \sqrt{2}}{\eta \pm i\epsilon }+\widehat{J}_\pm (\sigma ).$$
(3.23)
In order to compare these results with ones from the Ref. , we will derive Lagrangian form of the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$. Note that up to this point in Sec. 3. we did not specify Hamiltonian of the theory. So, our canonical expression is valid for any theory satisfying PB algebra (3.1, 3.2). Passing to the Lagrangian formulation we must be more specific and we chose the example of the Thirring model, which we considered in the previous section. We will express the momentum $`\pi `$ in terms of corresponding velocity starting from equation of motion for the momentum, Eq. (2.28), and using equation of motion for auxiliary field $`A_\mu `$

$$\pi =\frac{2}{\beta ^2}\dot{\phi }.$$
(3.24)
Substituting the last equation in Eq. (3.13), after rescaling $`\phi \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\beta }\phi `$, we obtain Lagrangian form of the fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (\sigma )=C_\pm \mathrm{exp}\{\frac{i}{\kappa \beta }_{\mathrm{}}^\sigma 𝑑\overline{\sigma }\dot{\phi }(\overline{\sigma })\frac{i\beta }{2}\phi (\sigma )\}.$$
(3.25)
After quantization, from the last relation, we get

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma )=C_\pm :\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{i}{\kappa \beta }_{\mathrm{}}^\sigma 𝑑\overline{\sigma }\widehat{\dot{\phi }}(\overline{\sigma })\frac{i\beta }{2}\widehat{\phi }(\sigma )\}:.$$
(3.26)
This form of the field operators is in agreement with one obtained in Ref.  from the requirement that operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ have to be annihilation operators for solitons in sine–Gordon theory, as well as to anticommute with itself. Result given by Eq. (3.21) is more general, because it is in Hamiltonian form, so it can be applied to the other two–dimensional models. Additionally, this result is obtained from the less number of assumptions. Namely, we obtained this result demanding that fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ and currents $`J_\pm `$ have to obey Poisson brackets algebra which is isomorphic to algebra of the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\psi }_\pm `$.

### 3.2 Anticommutation relations for the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm `$

In this subsection we will show that operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm `$, given by (3.21) i (3.22), obey canonical anticommutation relations.

In order to justify interpretation of the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm `$ as the fermionic operators, we should show that they obey canonical anticommutation relations. Firstly, we will find anticommutation relations for the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$. Using Eqs. (3.21) and (B.3), we find

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })=\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}[\widehat{I}_\pm ^{(\pm )}(\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm ^{()}(\overline{\sigma })]\}:\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma )+\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]\}:.$$
(3.27)
With the help of Eq. (B.15), in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$, we obtain that anticommutator for the fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ vanish

$$[\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]_+=0.$$
(3.28)
The calculation, which is very similar to the previous one, shows that the anticommutator for the momenta also vanish

$$[\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]_+=0.$$
(3.29)
Now we will find anticommutator for the fields $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm `$ with their conjugate momenta $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm `$. Using Eqs. (3.21), (3.22), and (B.3), we obtain

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })=i\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}[\widehat{I}_\pm ^{(\pm )}(\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm ^{()}(\overline{\sigma })]\}:\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]\}:,$$

and with the help of Eq. (B.14), we get

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })=i\mathrm{}\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }):\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]\}:,$$

which produces canonical anticommutation relations for the operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm `$

$$[\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]_+=i\mathrm{}\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }):\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]\}:=i\mathrm{}\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }).$$
(3.30)
### 3.3 Bosonization of the scalar densities

Products of the fermionic field operators $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ and $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\gamma ^5\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ we will express in terms of bosonic variables using Eq. (3.21). Note that the relation $`[\widehat{I}_+,\widehat{I}_{}]=0`$ simplifies the calculations. With the help of Eq. (B.3), we obtain

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{}=\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}:\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\pm i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}(\widehat{I}_++\widehat{I}_{})]:.$$
(3.31)
Substituting Eq. (3.8) in the last equation, we find

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{}=\frac{\kappa }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}:\mathrm{exp}(\pm i\sqrt{2}\phi ):.$$
(3.32)
So, the bosonic representations for scalar density $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ and pseudoscalar density $`\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\gamma ^5\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ are

$$\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{}^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_++\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_+^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{}=\frac{\mathrm{}}{\pi \mathrm{\Lambda }}:\mathrm{cos}(\sqrt{2}\phi ):,$$
(3.33)
$$\widehat{\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\gamma ^5\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{}^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_++\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_+^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{}=\frac{i\mathrm{}}{\pi \mathrm{\Lambda }}:\mathrm{sin}(\sqrt{2}\phi ):.$$
(3.34)
These results are consistent with ones obtained by direct applying of the method to the scalar densities.

## 4 Conclusion

In this paper we presented a complete and independent derivation of the Thirring sine-Gordon relationship, using the Hamiltonian methods. We also obtained Hamiltonian and Lagrangian representation for the Mandelstam’s fermionic operators .

We started with canonical analysis of the theory where fermions are coupled to the auxiliary external gauge field. The massive Thirring model can be easily obtained from this Lagrangian by adding square of the auxiliary field and eliminating it on its equation of motion. We found that there exists FCC $`j_\pm `$ in our theory, whose PB are equal to zero. In the quantum theory, the central term appears in the commutation relations of the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$. This changes the nature of constraints because they become SCC.

We define the new effective theory, postulating the PB of the constraints and Hamiltonian density, following the method developed in . We require that the classical PB algebra of the bosonic theory is isomorphic to the quantum commutator algebra of the fermionic theory. Then we found the representation for the currents and Hamiltonian density in terms of phase space coordinates. Finally, we derived effective action using general canonical formalism and obtained the equivalent bosonizated model. Together with auxiliary field term this is just the sine-Gordon action, up to some parameters identifications which agrees with Refs. . For the massless Thirring model it is shown that its quantum effective action has one-parameter which does not exist in the classical one. We determined the quantum action using formal invariance of the massless Thirring model under replacements given by Eq. (2.39) and already established Thirring sine-Gordon relationship.

The algebra of the currents $`J_\pm `$ is the basic PB algebra. Knowing the representation of the currents $`J_\pm `$ in terms of $`\phi `$ and $`\pi `$ we can find the representation for all other quantities from their PB algebra with the currents. In Sec. 2. we found the bosonization rules for the chiral densities. The main result of Sec. 3. is the bosonic representation for the fermions, which has been obtained in the same way. Beside usual bosonization rules and usual Mandelstam’s fermionic representations, we also got the Hamiltonian ones, expressing the currents $`J_\pm `$ in terms of both coordinate $`\phi `$ and momentum $`\pi `$. These rules are more general, because they are valid for arbitrary Hamiltonian and they are consequence of the commutation relations. After momenta elimination on their equations of motion, we came back to the conventional bosonization rules and to the conventional Mandelstam’s fermionic representations. The Schwinger term, and consequently the sine-Gordon action have the correct dependence on Planck’s constant $`\mathrm{}`$, because $`\kappa `$ is proportional to $`\mathrm{}`$. The fact that $`\mathrm{}`$ arises in the classical effective theory and in the coupling constant relation, shows the quantum origin of the established equivalence.

## Appendix A Normal Ordering and Central Term

In this appendix we will derive commutation relations of the current operators
$`\widehat{j}_\pm i\sqrt{2}:\widehat{\pi }_\pm \widehat{\psi }_\pm :`$

$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{j}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\pm 2i\mathrm{}\kappa \delta ^{}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{j}_{}(\overline{\sigma })]=0,$$
(A.1)
where $`\kappa \frac{\mathrm{}}{2\pi }`$.

The current operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$ we define using normal ordering prescription. In order to decompose these operators in positive and negative frequencies in position space, let us introduce two parts of the delta function

$$\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dk}{2\pi }\theta (k)e^{ik(\sigma i\epsilon )}=\frac{i}{2\pi (\sigma i\epsilon )},(\epsilon >0),$$
(A.2)
where $`\theta `$ is unit step function. They obviously obey the relation $`\delta (\sigma )=\delta ^{(+)}(\sigma )+\delta ^{()}(\sigma )`$ and have the following properties

$$\delta ^{(+)}(\sigma )=\delta ^{()}(\sigma ),$$
(A.3)
$$[\delta ^{(+)}(\sigma )]^2[\delta ^{()}(\sigma )]^2=\frac{i}{2\pi }\delta ^{}(\sigma ).$$
(A.4)
Any operator $`\widehat{O}`$ can also be decomposed in two parts

$$\widehat{O}^{(\pm )}(\tau ,\sigma )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\overline{\sigma }\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma \overline{\sigma })\widehat{O}(\tau ,\overline{\sigma }),$$
(A.5)
so that $`\widehat{O}=\widehat{O}^{(+)}+\widehat{O}^{()}`$. We promote the operators $`\widehat{\pi }_+^{()}`$ and $`\widehat{\psi }_+^{()}`$ as annihilation ones, and the operators $`\widehat{\pi }_+^{(+)}`$ and $`\widehat{\psi }_+^{(+)}`$ as creation ones

$$\widehat{\pi }_+^{()}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}=\widehat{\psi }_+^{()}|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}=0,0|\widehat{\pi }_+^{(+)}=0|\widehat{\psi }_+^{(+)}=0.$$
(A.6)
In order to preserve the simmetry under parity transformations, we define creation and annihilation operators for $`\widehat{\pi }_{}`$ i $`\widehat{\psi }_{}`$ in an oposite way \[operators with index $`()`$ are creation and ones with index $`(+)`$ are annihilation\]. Normal order for product of the operators means that creation operators are placed to the left from the annihilation ones.

From the basic commutation relations

$$[\widehat{\psi }_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{\pi }_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=i\mathrm{}\delta (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(A.7)
we have

$$[\widehat{\psi }_+^{(\pm )}(\sigma ),\widehat{\pi }_+^{()}(\overline{\sigma })]=i\mathrm{}\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(A.8)
$$[\widehat{\psi }_{}^{(\pm )}(\sigma ),\widehat{\pi }_{}^{()}(\overline{\sigma })]=i\mathrm{}\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(A.9)
and other commutation relations are trivial. Since the Poisson brackets for the currents $`j_\pm `$ vanish, only possible difference between classical and quantum algebra is appearance of central term at the quantum level. Because of that, we find the form of the current algebra taking vacuum expectation value of the commutators

$$[\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{j}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\mathrm{\Delta }_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })\mathrm{\Delta }_\pm (\overline{\sigma },\sigma ),$$
(A.10)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })0|\widehat{j}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{j}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$.

Using the fact that the operators $`\widehat{j}_\pm `$ are normal ordered, the only nontrivial contributions have the form

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })=20|\widehat{\pi }_\pm ^{()}(\sigma )\widehat{\psi }_\pm ^{()}(\sigma )\widehat{\pi }_\pm ^{(\pm )}(\overline{\sigma })\widehat{\psi }_\pm ^{(\pm )}(\overline{\sigma })|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}=2\mathrm{}^2[\delta ^{()}(\sigma \overline{\sigma })]^2.$$
(A.11)
With the help of the $`\delta ^{(\pm )}`$ functions properties (A.4) we obtain Eq. (A.1). Commutator for the currents with different lower indices do not have central term, as well as the commutators of the currents with the operators $`\widehat{t}_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{\rho }_\pm `$.

## Appendix B Regularization of the Field Products

In this Appendix, we will show, using regularization procedure, that following relations hold

$$\sqrt{2}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm ^{}(\sigma )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\pm (\sigma +\eta )|_{\eta 0}\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm (\sigma ,\sigma +\eta )|_{\eta 0}=\frac{F_\pm }{\eta \pm i\epsilon }+Z_\pm \widehat{J}_\pm ,(\epsilon >0)$$
(B.1)
where $`F_\pm `$ i $`Z_\pm `$ are given by ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$–cutoff parametar)

$$F_\pm =\pm i\mathrm{\Lambda }\sqrt{2}|C_\pm |^2,Z_\pm =\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\kappa }|C_\pm |^2.$$
(B.2)
Starting with the definition of the operator $`\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm `$ and using formula (Eq. (3.5) in Ref. )

$$:e^{\widehat{A}}::e^{\widehat{B}}=e^{[\widehat{A}^{(+)}\widehat{B}^{()}]}:e^{\widehat{A}+\widehat{B}}:,$$
(B.3)
($`[A^{(+)},B^{()}]`$ – c – number), we get

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })=\sqrt{2}|C_\pm |^2\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}X_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })\}:\mathrm{exp}\{\pm \frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]\}:,$$
(B.4)
where

$$X_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })[\widehat{I}_\pm ^{(\pm )}(\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm ^{()}(\overline{\sigma })].$$
(B.5)
We compute the commutators $`X_\pm `$ using the algebra of the operators $`\widehat{I}_\pm `$

$$[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=_{\mathrm{}}^\sigma 𝑑\sigma _1_{\mathrm{}}^{\overline{\sigma }}𝑑\sigma _2[\widehat{J}_\pm (\sigma _1),\widehat{J}_\pm (\sigma _2)].$$
(B.6)
The last relation can be rewritten in a form

$$[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=\pm i\mathrm{}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^\sigma 𝑑\sigma _1_{\mathrm{}}^{\overline{\sigma }}𝑑\sigma _2[_{\sigma _1}\delta (\sigma _1\sigma _2)_{\sigma _2}\delta (\sigma _1\sigma _2)],$$
(B.7)
which is obtained from algebra of the currents $`\widehat{J}_\pm `$. Performing integration we get

$$[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]=i\mathrm{}\kappa \epsilon (\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(B.8)
where $`\epsilon (\sigma )=\theta (\sigma )\theta (\sigma )`$ is a sign function. From the expression

$$[\widehat{I}_\pm ^{(\pm )},\widehat{I}_\pm ]=[\widehat{I}_\pm ^{(\pm )},\widehat{I}_\pm ^{()}],$$
(B.9)
follows that

$$X_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })[\widehat{I}_\pm ^{(\pm )}(\sigma ),\widehat{I}_\pm ^{()}(\overline{\sigma })]=i\mathrm{}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\sigma _1\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma \sigma _1)\epsilon (\sigma _1\overline{\sigma }).$$
(B.10)
Using Eq. (A.2), the last relation obtains the form

$$X_\pm =i\mathrm{}\kappa _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\sigma _1\frac{i}{2\pi (\sigma \sigma _1i\epsilon )}\epsilon (\sigma _1\overline{\sigma }).$$
(B.11)
After regularization ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$–cutoff parameter) integral on the right hand side takes a form

$$X_\pm =\kappa ^2\left\{_{\overline{\sigma }}^\mathrm{\Lambda }𝑑\sigma _1\frac{1}{\sigma \sigma _1i\epsilon }_\mathrm{\Lambda }^{\overline{\sigma }}𝑑\sigma _1\frac{1}{\sigma \sigma _1i\epsilon }\right\}.$$
(B.12)
Computing the integral and taking $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\sigma `$, we get

$$X_\pm =\kappa ^2\left\{\mathrm{ln}[\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{(\overline{\sigma }\sigma \pm i\epsilon )^2}]\pm i\pi \right\}.$$
(B.13)
The last equation implies

$$e^{\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}X_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })}=\frac{i\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\sigma \overline{\sigma }i\epsilon }=2\pi \mathrm{\Lambda }\delta ^{(\pm )}(\sigma \overline{\sigma }),$$
(B.14)
$$e^{\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}X_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })}=\pm i\frac{\sigma \overline{\sigma }i\epsilon }{\mathrm{\Lambda }}.$$
(B.15)
Substituting Eq. (B.14) in Eq. (B.4), we get the regularized form of the operator $`\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm `$

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm (\sigma ,\overline{\sigma })=\sqrt{2}|C_\pm |^2\frac{i\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\sigma \overline{\sigma }i\epsilon }:\mathrm{exp}\{\pm \frac{i}{\kappa \sqrt{2}}[\widehat{I}_\pm (\sigma )\widehat{I}_\pm (\overline{\sigma })]\}:,(\epsilon >0).$$
(B.16)
For the infinitesimal $`\eta =\overline{\sigma }\sigma `$ we get

$$\widehat{\stackrel{~}{J}}_\pm (\sigma ,\sigma +\eta )|_{\eta 0}=\sqrt{2}|C_\pm |^2\frac{\pm i\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\eta \pm i\epsilon }+\frac{|C_\pm |^2\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\kappa }\widehat{J}_\pm ,(\epsilon >0),$$
(B.17)
which is exactly the relation (B.1), and $`F_\pm `$ and $`C_\pm `$ are given by Eq. (B.2).

## Acknowledgments

Work supported in part by the Serbian Ministry of Science, Technology and Development, under contract No. 1486. V.J. was partly supported by Swiss National Foundation under grant No. 620-62868.00.


text:
# SUSY Particles Searches at LEP and Interpretations within the MSSM

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Theories with Supersymmetry (SUSY) are the most promising extensions of the Standard Model (SM) . The simplest version is the Minimal Supersymmetric Model (MSSM), which contains the minimal number of additional particles. The scalar fermions or sfermions, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}_\mathrm{L}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}_\mathrm{R}`$, are the partners of the left- and right-handed SM fermions and mix to form the mass eigenstates. The mixing angle $`\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}}`$ is so defined that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}_\mathrm{L}\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}_\mathrm{R}\mathrm{sin}\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}}`$ is the lightest sfermion. In general mixing is relevant for the third family, while $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{f}}_\mathrm{R}`$ otherwise. The SM gauge boson states have fermionic super-partners or gauginos. The MSSM higgses are arranged into two doublets and their fermionic super-partners are the higgsinos. Neutral gauginos and higgsinos mix into four mass eigenstates, the neutralinos $`\chi `$, $`\chi _2`$, $`\chi _3`$, $`\chi _4`$ ($`M_{\chi _4}>M_{\chi _3}>M_{\chi _2}>M_\chi `$). The charged gauginos and higgsinos mix into two mass eigenstates, the charginos $`\chi ^\pm `$ and $`\chi _2^\pm `$ ($`M_{\chi _2^\pm }>M_{\chi ^\pm }`$).

The lepton and baryon number conservation translates into the “R-parity” conservation. The LSP (Lightest Supersymmetric Particle) is stable and must be also neutral and weakly interacting to fit the cosmological observations. Within the MSSM the LSP is the lightest neutralino $`\chi `$ or, less likely, the sneutrino, $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }`$. At LEP the sparticles are pair produced and the decay brings to final states containing at least one LSP.

The success of LEP searches is also due to the impressive performance of the accelerator that provided $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}`$ collisions at centre-of-mass energies between $`161`$ and $`209\mathrm{GeV}`$, and an integrated luminosity of $`775\mathrm{pb}^1`$ per experiment. The results, based on the full high-energy data sample, are presented in the form of 95% C.L. exclusion domains in the space of the relevant parameters, since no excess has been observed. When available, the LEP SUSY Working Group combinations, based on the outcomes from ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL (ADLO), are reported .

## 2 PRIMARY SIGNALS

Except few pathological cases, sparticle pair production leads to the typical acoplanar particles topology due to missing energy ($`E/`$) and momentum ($`P/`$) from escaping LSP’s. The energy of the visible system is related to the mass difference between the sparticle $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{P}}`$ and the LSP ($`\mathrm{\Delta }M=M_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{P}}}M_{\mathrm{LSP}}`$). The acoplanar topologies studied cover each type of visible final state (leptons, hadronic jets, $`\gamma `$’s).

### 2.1 Acoplanar leptons

The analyses for slepton signals ($`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}^+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\chi `$) search for acoplanar leptons by using the powerful lepton and tau identification of LEP detectors . The LEP combined cross section upper limits range from $`10`$ to $`60\mathrm{fb}`$ . The resulting mass lower limits are $`100\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$, $`94\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ and $`86\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ for $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{e}}_\mathrm{R}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }_\mathrm{R}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_\mathrm{R}`$ respectively, valid for $`\mathrm{\Delta }M>10\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$, as shown in Figure 1.

### 2.2 Acoplanar jets

The production of a squark pair results into an acoplanar jet topology. These hadronic events can be selected by using event variables and requiring $`E/`$ and $`P/`$ . In case of $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{c}\chi `$, the mass lower limit is $`94\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ for $`\mathrm{\Delta }M>10\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ and any mixing, as visible in Figure 2. Further specialized selections are used for other squark processes: b-tagging is effective for $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{b}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{b}}}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{b}}\mathrm{b}\chi `$, allowing a limit of $`92\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ to be set ($`\mathrm{\Delta }M>10\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$, any $`\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{b}}}`$); leptons are required in case of $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\nu }`$, leading to a mass lower limit of $`95\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ ($`\mathrm{\Delta }M>10\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$, any $`\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}}`$). The stop decay $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{b}\chi \mathrm{f}_\mathrm{u}\overline{\mathrm{f}}_\mathrm{d}`$, recently recognized as relevant, leads to a multi-body final state topology addressed by a dedicated ALEPH selection . As an example, assuming the decay $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{b}\chi \mathrm{W}^{}`$, the result is $`M_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}}>77\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ ($`\mathrm{\Delta }M>10\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$, any $`\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}}`$). ALEPH analyses also consider the case in which a stop quasi-degenerate with the LSP acquires a sizeable lifetime and hadronizes . This scenario has been excluded searching for long-lived heavy hadrons and an absolute stop mass lower limit of $`63\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ has been set for any $`\theta _{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}}`$, any branching ratio and any $`\mathrm{\Delta }M`$ .

### 2.3 Other topologies with $`E/`$ and $`P/`$

Topologies with two or more visible fermions in the final state plus $`E/`$ and $`P/`$ are expected in case of charginos and neutralinos production . The processes are of the type $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi _{i>1}\chi `$ and $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi _{i>1}\chi _{j>1}`$ with $`\chi _{i>1}\chi \mathrm{f}\overline{\mathrm{f}}`$, and $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi ^+\chi ^{}`$ with $`\chi ^\pm \chi \mathrm{f}_\mathrm{u}\mathrm{f}_\mathrm{d}^{}`$. Cross section upper limits of $`0.1`$$`0.3\mathrm{pb}`$ are obtained by the LEP-wide outcome of dedicated selections .

Topologies with photon(s) can be very powerful in detecting new phenomena . Within the MSSM this case applies when heavier neutralinos are assumed to decay radiatively: $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi _2\chi _2`$ and $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi _2\chi `$ with $`\chi _2\chi \gamma `$. In this hypotheses the cross section upper limits range between $`10\mathrm{fb}`$ and $`0.1\mathrm{pb}`$ depending on the process .

## 3 INTERPRETATION

The negative results of the search for sparticle production can be translated into constraints on the parameter space in the context of specific SUSY models. Such a method allows the exclusions to be extended to sparticles otherwise not accessible, either because invisible, as the LSP, either because too heavy to be produced .

A widely accepted framework is the constrained MSSM (CMSSM). The unification of masses and couplings at the GUT scale allow the EW scale phenomenology to be set by few parameters: $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets; $`\mu `$, the Higgs sector mass parameter; $`M_2`$, the EW scale common gaugino mass; $`m_0`$, the GUT scale common scalar mass; the trilinear couplings $`A_\mathrm{f}`$, that enter in the prediction of the sfermion mixing and are generally set to fit the no-mixing hypothesis.

### 3.1 LSP limit

The negative outcome of charginos and neutralinos searches can be used to exclude regions in the $`(\mu ,M_2)`$ plane, as shown, as an example, in Figure 3 in which the sleptons are assumed to decouple (i.e. large $`m_0`$). The upper-right plot of Figure 3 shows how neutralino searches allow chargino exclusions to be improved for small $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`\mu <0`$. If the sleptons are lighter (small $`m_0`$ values), the chargino and neutralino cross sections decrease for the enhancement of negative-interfering slepton-exchange diagrams. The consequent loss of sensitivity is recovered by slepton searches in such a way that lower mass limits on gauginos and other sparticles as $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{e}}_\mathrm{R}`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }`$ could be set . Among these, the most important is the LSP limit, i.e. the mass lower limit on $`\chi `$, shown in Figure 4 as a function of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ for coupling and decoupling sleptons. The LSP mass lower limits from LEP experiments fall between $`36.3\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ and $`39.6\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ and are set for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$.

The LEP mass lower limits on the Higgs boson mass $`m_\mathrm{h}`$ can be also used to further exclude small $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ ranges. Roughly, this just derives from the MSSM tree-level relation $`m_\mathrm{h}<m_\mathrm{Z}|\mathrm{cos}\beta |`$. However, the details of the exclusion depend on $`M_2`$, $`m_0`$ and the stop mass because of the large radiative corrections to $`m_\mathrm{h}`$. Adding the Higgs constraints the LSP mass lower limit substantially improves (up to $`45\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$) and moves towards $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 4`$, as shown in Figure 4.

### 3.2 Impact of mixing in the third family

The robustness of the LSP limit has been checked with respect to the mixing effects in the third family, neglected in the above discussion. A stau getting light for mixing may be mass degenerate with the LSP, making the chargino decays into staus difficult to detect . Dedicated selections for $`\chi ^\pm \stackrel{~}{\tau }\nu _\tau \tau \chi \nu _\tau `$ with soft taus, $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi _2\chi `$ and $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi _2\chi _2`$ with $`\chi _2\tau \tau \chi `$, and for chargino production in association with an ISR photon ($`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\chi ^+\chi ^{}\gamma `$) allow to solve this problem. As shown in Figure 4, the LSP limits reported above have been demonstrated to hold by using this studies, extended also considering the mixing configurations for $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{t}}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{b}}`$ that can be explored by setting $`A_\tau `$, $`A_\mathrm{t}`$ and $`A_\mathrm{b}`$ to zero.

### 3.3 mSUGRA

The results have been also interpreted within an even more constrained version of the CMSSM, usually referred to as Minimal Supergravity (mSUGRA). The relevant parameters are: $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, the sign of $`\mu `$ and $`m_0`$; $`m_{1/2}`$, the GUT scale common gaugino mass, that replaces $`M_2`$; $`A_0`$, the GUT scale common trilinear coupling.

On top of LEP1 exclusions and theory-forbidden regions, small $`m_0`$ and $`m_{1/2}`$ areas are constrained from sleptons and gaugino searches, respectively. Higgs boson searches are also effective, even in the large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ range. As an example, Figure 5 illustrates $`m_{1/2}`$ vs. $`m_0`$ excluded domains for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =40`$, $`\mu <0`$ and $`A_0=0`$. The zoomed area focuses on the pathological region in which, for the mixing, $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }`$ and $`\chi `$ are almost degenerate and the selections for stau-cascades and stable staus have to be used. The resulting mSUGRA LSP mass lower limits lie between $`52`$ and $`59\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$, depending on the top mass, and turn out to be $`8`$$`9\mathrm{GeV}/c^2`$ lower if $`A_0`$ is allowed to assume values other than zero .

## 4 CONCLUSION

Despite the negative outcome, LEP has substantially contributed to the study of supersymmetric scenarios. Stringent constraints on sparticle parameters have been set by direct search and by interpretation studies within widely accepted frameworks. This huge experience is an important part of the LEP legacy and it will result very useful for SUSY searches at future experiments.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank G. Ganis for the careful reading of the manuscript. Special thanks also to P. Azzurri for his kind hospital-ity.


text:
# Dynamics of bright matter-wave solitons in inhomogeneous cigar-type Bose-Einstein condensate

## I Introduction

Theoretical investigations of nonlinear collective excitations of matter waves, actually became a very interesting and relevant subject with the experimental observations of Bose-Einstein condensation in vapors of alkali-metal atoms . One of the interesting forms of localized waves of atomic matter are the solitons \- moving stationary nonlinear wave packets. Historically, it was first observed the dark  solitons, represented by objects with nontrivial topological properties. They can exist in BEC systems for positive two-body scattering length ($`a_s>0`$), corresponding to repulsive interactions between atoms. They can be presented as holes in the background of the condensates .

The observation of solitons in BEC systems with negative two-body scattering length ($`a_s<0`$) - so called bright solitons, are more complicated from the experimental point of view. The difficulty is related to the instability of condensates in two-dimensions (2D) and three-dimensions (3D), when the number of atoms $`N`$ exceeds the critical limit $`N_c`$, which is typically a number of the order of 1,500 atoms for Li7. This experimental limitation can be softened in case of quasi - one-dimensional (1D) geometry; i.e., for BEC in highly anisotropic cigar-type traps. We should observe that, for a true 1D system, one does not expect the collapse of the system with increasing number of atoms . However, it happens that a realistic 1D limit is not a true 1D system, with the density of particles still increasing due to the strong restoring forces in the perpendicular directions .

The observation of bright matter-wave solitons in BEC with attractive interactions has been recently reported in Ref. . Theoretical models, explaining the observed phenomena, have been considered in Refs. . It should be noted that in principle it is possible to observe the bright matter waves solitons in BEC with optical lattice. The possibility of changing the sign of the effective dispersion in such lattices makes possible to generate bright solitons for repulsive condensates . Thus, it represents an interesting possibility to control the dynamics of bright matter-wave solitons. For the control, in this paper we suggest to use artificially induced inhomogeneities, by considering a variation in the space distribution of the atomic two-body scattering length. This variation can be achieved by using optical methods, as detuned laser field , or by means of Feshbach resonance applying an external magnetic field . Mathematically, this leads to the appearance of a coordinate dependent coefficient in the nonlinear term of the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation. We will analyze this problem for a cigar-type condensate using a full numerical solution of the GP formalism and also a time dependent variational approach, which was successful in the description of BEC dynamics . In spite of the well known difficulties of the variational approach it represents a good framework for a preliminary insight into the basic physical mechanism of the model.

We consider the local space variation of the atomic scattering length as related to a nonlinear impurity term in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). Previously, interaction of solitons with linear impurities have been performed in the sine-Gordon model  and in the 1D NLSE . It was shown that the interaction with the impurity mode leads to unexpected behaviors of the soliton. In particular, the soliton can be reflected by an attractive impurity. This happens due to a resonant interaction between the soliton and an oscillating impurity mode.

For the description of the soliton dynamics, the variational approach gives two coupled equations: for the soliton width and center-of-mass position. The oscillation frequencies of the width can be transferred resonantly to the oscillation frequencies of the center of mass; and, as a result, the trapped soliton can escape from the inhomogeneity. We should also note that exists a solution representing a standing nonlinear atomic matter wave. The soliton, trapped by the nonlinear impurity, evolves to this solution. In this work we estimate the values of the parameters for the observation of such a new type of nonlinear standing atomic matter wave.

The structure of the present work is as follows: In Sect. 2, we formulate the model for the quasi 1D BEC with nonlinear inhomogeneity and derivate the equations for the soliton parameter using the time dependent variational approach. In Sect. 3 we present the analysis of the fixed points, frequencies of oscillations for the width and center of mass. Section 4 contains the numerical modeling of the system of ODE’s and numerical simulations of the inhomogeneous GP equation, with a final discussion on the nonlinear impurity mode.

## II Formulation of the model

The mean field equation for a Bose-Einstein-condensed system, trapped by an harmonic potential, is given by the following GP equation:

$`\mathrm{i}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{r},t)`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}(\omega _1^2x_1^2+\omega _2^2x_2^2+\omega _3^2x_3^2)`$ (1)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi \mathrm{}^2a_s}{m}}|\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{r},t)|^2]\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{r},t)`$ (2)
where $`a_s`$ is the atomic scattering length, $`m`$ is the mass of the atom, and the wave-function $`\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{r},t)`$ is normalized to the number of particles $`N`$. In the present work, we assume a cylindrical highly anisotropic trapped potential, such that i.e. $`\omega _1=\omega _2\omega _3`$. In this circumstance, one can approximate the field as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(\stackrel{}{r},t)=R(x_1,x_2)Z(x_3,t).$$
(3)
$`R(x_1,x_2)R`$ satisfies the 2D harmonic oscillator equation, that we assume is in the ground-state, normalized to one:

$$\left[\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\left(\frac{^2}{x_1^2}+\frac{^2}{x_2^2}\right)+\frac{m\omega _1^2}{2}(x_1^2+x_2^2)\right]R=\mathrm{}\omega _1R,$$
(4)
$$R(x_1,x_2)=\sqrt{\frac{m\omega _1}{\pi \mathrm{}}}\mathrm{e}^{\frac{m\omega _1}{2\mathrm{}}(x_1^2+x_2^2)}.$$
(5)
By substituting the Eqs.(3)-(5) in Eq.(2) and averaging over the transverse coordinates,

$`\mathrm{i}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{Z}{t}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x_3^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m\omega _3^2x_3^2}{2}}+\mathrm{}\omega _1+2a_s\mathrm{}\omega _1|Z|^2\right]Z.`$ (6)
In this case, $`ZZ(x_3,t)`$ is normalized to the number of particles $`N`$. Next, we redefine $`Z`$ and the variables, such that

$`u(z,\tau )\sqrt{4|a_s|}Z(x_3,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\omega _1t},`$ (7)
$`\tau {\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1t}{2}};z\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{m\omega _1}{\mathrm{}}}}x_3;\alpha \left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega _3}{\omega _1}}\right)^2.`$ (8)
From now, we consider a simplified notation for the functions, such that $`uu(z,\tau )`$, $`u_\tau u/\tau `$, and $`u_{zz}^2u/\tau ^2`$. Thus, we obtain the following 1D NLSE:

$$\text{i}u_\tau =u_{zz}+\sigma |u|^2u\alpha z^2u,$$
(9)
where $`\sigma `$ is the signal of the two-body scattering length. The equation (9), for $`\alpha =0`$ ($`\omega _30`$) and $`\sigma =1`$, has the solitonic solution

$$u^{(s)}=\sqrt{2}A\text{sech}\left[A(zv\tau )\right]\mathrm{e}^{\text{i}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{vz}{2}}+A^2\tau {\displaystyle \frac{v^2\tau }{4}}\right]},$$
(10)
where $`A`$ is a constant and $`v`$ is the soliton velocity. In the following, let us consider the interesting case of local space variation of a negative atomic scattering length, such that Eq. (9) is replaced by

$$\mathrm{i}u_\tau =u_{zz}\alpha z^2u(1+ϵf(z))|u|^2u.$$
(11)
$`ϵ>0`$ ($`ϵ<0`$) refers to negative (positive) variation of the scattering length. The corresponding 1D Hamiltonian energy is given by

$$H=\frac{1}{n_0}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑z\left[|u_z|^2\alpha z^2|u|^2\frac{\left(1+ϵf(z)\right)}{2}|u|^4\right],$$
(12)
where $`n_0`$ is the normalization of $`u`$, related to the number of particles $`N`$ and the scattering length $`a_s`$:

$$n_0=4N|a_s|\sqrt{\frac{m\omega _1}{\mathrm{}}}.$$
(13)
We should observe that, in the realistic case one has a quasi-1D (cigar-like) trap. In Ref. , the authors have consider the formation and propagation of matter wave solitons, using a gas of 7Li atoms, in a quasi-1D trap. The frequencies used in their trap are $`\omega _{}=\omega _1=2\pi \times `$ 625 Hz, and $`\omega _L=\omega _3=2\pi \times `$ 3.2 Hz, with the scattering length tuned to $`a_s=3a_0`$ ($`a_0`$ is the Bohr radius). The ratio of such frequencies gives $`\alpha =(\omega _3/\omega _1)^2=2.6\times 10^5`$. In this case, as shown in Ref. , the maximum critical number $`n_{0,max}2.70`$ is a constant that does not depend on $`a_s`$. The realistic maximum number of atoms $`N_c`$, will be related to $`a_s`$ and the oscillator length: $`4N_c|a_s|\sqrt{m\omega _1/\mathrm{}}2.70`$.

To study the dynamics of the perturbed soliton we use the following trial function :

$$u=A\text{sech}\left(\frac{z\zeta }{a}\right)\mathrm{e}^{\text{i}\left[\varphi +w\left(z\zeta \right)+b\left(z\zeta \right)^2\right]},$$
(14)
where $`A`$, $`a`$, $`\zeta `$, $`\varphi `$, $`w`$, and $`b`$, are time-dependent variational parameters. In this case $`u`$ is normalized to $`n_0=2aA^2`$. To derive the equations for the time-dependent parameters of the soliton, we first obtain the averaged Lagrangian

$$\overline{L}(\tau )=(z,\tau )𝑑z,$$
(15)
with

$`(z,\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}}(u_\tau u^{}u_\tau ^{}u)|u_z|^2+\alpha z^2|u|^2`$ (16)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[1+ϵf(z)]|u|^4.`$ (17)
The equations for the soliton parameters are derived from the Lagrangian $`\overline{L}`$, by using the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations. So, $`\overline{L}`$ is given by

$`\overline{L}`$ $`=`$ $`n_0\left[\varphi _\tau w\zeta _\tau +{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}a^2b_\tau \right]{\displaystyle \frac{n_0}{3a^2}}n_0w^2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2n_0a^2b^2}{3}}`$ (18)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n_0^2}{6a}}+ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{n_0^2}{8a^2}}F(a,\zeta )+\alpha n_0\left(\zeta ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}a^2\right),`$ (19)
where

$$F(a,\zeta )_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑z\frac{f(z)}{\mathrm{cosh}^4(\frac{z\zeta }{a})}.$$
(20)
We also obtain the coupled equations for $`a`$ and $`\zeta `$:

$`a_{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16}{\pi ^2a^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{4n_0}{\pi ^2a^2}}ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{3n_0}{\pi ^2a^2}}\left[2{\displaystyle \frac{F}{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{F}{a}}\right]+4\alpha a,`$ (21)
$`\zeta _{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`4\alpha \zeta +ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{n_0}{4a^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{F}{\zeta }}.`$ (22)
When $`a`$ is constant we have the well known description of the soliton center as the unit mass particle in an anharmonic potential $`U(\zeta )=2ϵA^4\text{sech}^4(A\zeta )`$ . From this point of view, for $`ϵ<0`$, a slowly moving soliton $`(v_s<v_c=2\sqrt{|ϵ|})`$ can be trapped by the impurity. Considering the impurity with $`ϵ<0`$, the soliton can pass through the impurity or reflect, depending on its velocity. The numerical simulations of the system (22) and the GP equation (see section 4) shows that the dynamics is much more complicated. In particular we can observe the soliton reflecting from an attractive impurity even when $`v_s<v_c`$.

In order to have a more general formulation of the model, in the present section we have considered a non-zero external potential, parametrized by $`\alpha `$. One could also explore the behavior of the soliton, by considering a more general time-dependent form of the external potential, as studied in Ref. . However, in the present work our main motivation is the propagation of matter wave solitons, in a 1D cigar-like trap , such that we will assume $`\alpha =0`$ in the next sections.

## III Dynamics of bright solitons under two kind of inhomogeneities

### A Point-like non-linear impurity

Let us first consider an inhomogeneity given by a delta type ($`f(z)=\delta (z)`$), and look for the fixed points of the system of Eqs. (22). In this case,

$$\{\begin{array}{c}F(a,\zeta )=\text{sech}^4\left(\zeta /a\right),\hfill \\ F/\zeta =(1/a)\mathrm{tanh}\left(\zeta /a\right)\text{sech}^4\left(\zeta /a\right),\hfill \\ F/a=(\zeta /a^2)\mathrm{tanh}\left(\zeta /a\right)\text{sech}^4\left(\zeta /a\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(23)
The fixed point for the soliton center is given by $`\zeta =0`$. This corresponds to the case of an atomic matter soliton trapped by the local variation of the two-body scattering length. In case the local variation corresponds to a positive scattering length ($`ϵ<0`$), we should observe the soliton being reflected by the inhomogeneity. Then, the stationary width $`a_c`$ can be defined by

$$a_c=\frac{83ϵn_0}{2n_0}.$$
(24)
Expanding the solution near $`a_c`$ we obtain the frequencies of small oscillations for the width $`a`$ and for the center-of-mass $`\zeta `$ of the soliton, localized by the impurity. The square of such frequencies are, respectively, given by

$`\omega _a^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4n_0}{\pi ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2n_0}{83n_0ϵ}}\right)^3`$ (25)
$`\omega _\zeta ^2`$ $`=`$ $`ϵn_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{2n_0}{83n_0ϵ}}\right)^4.`$ (26)
In the variational approach for the soliton interacting with the impurity we have the interaction of the oscillating internal degree of freedom (the width) with the soliton center. As can be seen from Eqs. (26), the frequencies of the oscillations can match for a certain value of $`ϵ`$, with energy transfer between the two modes. So, as a result of the reflection from attractive inhomogeneity in BEC, a depinning of the soliton can occur.

### B Interface between two BEC media

Now, we consider another interesting case of an interface between two media, such that at $`z=0`$ we have a sudden change in the two-body scattering length. The size of the inhomogeneity is given by $`ϵ`$ in Eq.(11), where $`f(z)=\theta (z)`$. In this case, we have

$$\{\begin{array}{c}F(a,\zeta )=a\left[2/3+\text{tanh}\left(\zeta /a\right)\frac{1}{3}\text{tanh}^3\left(\zeta /a\right)\right],\hfill \\ F/a=F/a(\zeta /a)\text{sech}^4\left(\zeta /a\right),\hfill \\ F/\zeta =\text{sech}^4\left(\zeta /a\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(27)
And, from (22) with $`\alpha =0`$, we obtain the coupled equations:

$`a_{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16}{\pi ^2a^3}}(ϵ+2){\displaystyle \frac{2n_0}{\pi ^2a^2}}ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{3n_0}{\pi ^2a^2}}[\text{tanh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\zeta }{a}}\right)`$ (28)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\text{tanh}^3\left({\displaystyle \frac{\zeta }{a}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\zeta }{a}}\right)\text{sech}^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{\zeta }{a}}\right)],`$ (29)
$`\zeta _{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{n_0}{4a^2}}\text{sech}^4\left({\displaystyle \frac{\zeta }{a}}\right).`$ (30)
There is no fixed point. At the interface, the value of the width is reduced,

$$a_{int}=\frac{8}{n_0(ϵ+2)},$$
(31)
and the frequency of oscillation of the pulse width is

$$\omega _a=\frac{n_0^2(ϵ+2)^2}{16\pi }.$$
(32)
For a constant value of $`a`$, from (30), we obtain

$`\zeta _\tau ^2=2ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{n_0}{4a^2}}F(a,\zeta )ϵ{\displaystyle \frac{2n_0}{3a}}.`$ (33)
When $`a=4/n_0`$ the system (28) reduces to the single equation for $`\zeta `$ describing the motion of the effective particle, for optical beam crossing the interface of two nonlinear Kerr media considered in . If the velocity exceeds the critical value, the soliton pass trough the inhomogeneity. An interesting effect, predicted in Ref. , can occur when the soliton cross the interface, namely, the possibility of soliton splitting. The soliton is the solution in the first medium. In the second medium it can be considered as the initial wavepacket deviating from the solitonic solution, for this media. Applying the approach developed in Ref. , such initial condition will decay on few solitons plus radiation . The number of generated solitons is equal to

$$n_{sol}=\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}|u_0|𝑑z+\frac{1}{2}\right],$$
(34)
where $`u_0`$ is the initial solution for the second medium, and $`[\mathrm{}]`$ stands for integer part of $`[\mathrm{}]`$. Thus, if we have a jump in the scattering length given by $`\mathrm{\Delta }a_s=a_{s2}a_{s1}`$, then the number of generated solitons in the second part of the BEC is equal to $`n_{sol}=\left[\sqrt{a_{s2}/a_{s1}}+1/2\right]`$, where $`(1+ϵ)=a_{s2}/a_{s1}`$ is the ratio of the atomic scattering lengths. For example, for the ratio 9/4$`<a_{s2}/a_{s1}<`$25/4 (or 1.25$`<ϵ<`$5.25) we obtain two solitons in the right-hand-side medium. To obtain $`n_{sol}`$, we need $`ϵ`$ such that $`n_{sol}(n_{sol}1)<(ϵ+3/4)<n_{sol}(n_{sol}+1)`$.

## IV Numerical simulations and general discussion

Our approach for pulses deviating from the exact soliton solution is interesting from the experimental point of view, considering the difficulty in producing exact solitonic solutions. Is of particular interest the non-trivial case of nonlinear Dirac-delta impurity ($`f(z)=\delta (z)`$), where we made detailed comparison between the variational and full numerical solution of the GP equation. In Fig. 1, we are comparing the variation results with the numerical ones, for fixed point of the width, given by $`a`$ (top frame); for the frequency of oscillations of the width, $`\omega _a`$ (middle frame); and for the frequency of oscillations of the center-of-mass, $`\omega _\zeta `$, trapped by the inhomogeneity (bottom frame). By using the variational approach, we observe that the width goes to zero and the frequencies are singular when

$$ϵ=ϵ_c=\frac{8}{3n_0}.$$
(35)
Here, it is interesting to observe that we have two critical numbers that are related: one of the critical number $`n_{0,max}2.7`$ comes from the quasi-1D limit of a 3D calculation ; another, is the maximum amplitude of the delta-like impurity that we have just introduced, given by (35). Considering both restrictions, we have that the smaller value of $`ϵ_c`$ is about one.

The plots in Fig. 1 are valid for any value of $`n_0`$ (where the maximum is about 8/3, according to ), because the width and the frequencies were rescaled, such that $`ϵ^{}(n_0/4)ϵ`$ (implying that $`ϵ_c^{}=2/3`$), and

$`a^{}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n_0}{4}}a=\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}ϵ^{}\right),`$ (36)
$`\omega _a^{}`$ $``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{n_0}}\right)^2\omega _a={\displaystyle \frac{4/\pi }{\sqrt{\left(13ϵ^{}/2\right)^3}}},`$ (37)
$`\omega _\xi ^{}`$ $``$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{n_0}}\right)^2\omega _\xi ={\displaystyle \frac{2\sqrt{ϵ^{}}}{\left(13ϵ^{}/2\right)^2}}.`$ (38)
As shown in Fig. 1, the variational results are supported by the full numerical calculation. The singularity occurs when the contributions coming from the inhomogeneity and nonlinearity are equal to the contribution from the quantum pressure, as seen from Eq. (22). When $`ϵϵ_c`$, occurs the collapse of solitary wave. So, we can observe the collapse of a 1D soliton on the attractive nonlinear impurity. This possibility can be obtained following a dimensional analysis in the 1D Hamiltonian given in Eq. (12). The behavior of the field at small widths is $`u1/L^{1/2}`$. Taking into account that $`\delta (z)1/L|u|^2`$, we can conclude that the contribution of the potential energy due to the impurity is $`|u|^6`$. For positive $`ϵ`$, this term on the impurity exceeds the quantum pressure and leads to the collapse of the soliton. In real situations, the collapse will be arrested on the final stage of the evolution, when the soliton width become of the order of the inhomogeneity scale. Then, the delta-function approximation for the impurity will break up.

In Fig. 2, we show numerical simulations of the wave profile. We note that, after strong emission of radiation, it evolves into the so-called nonlinear localized mode. The nonlinear localized mode represents an exact solution of GP equation with nonlinear impurity (11) and it is the nonlinear standing atomic matter wave. The solution is given by

$$u^{(ni)}=\sqrt{2}a\text{sech}\left[a|z|+\beta \right]e^{\mathrm{i}a^2\tau },$$
(39)
where

$$\beta \beta (ϵ,a)\text{sign}(ϵ)\mathrm{ln}(2|ϵ|a+\sqrt{1+4ϵ^2a^2})^{1/2}$$
(40)
This solution can be obtained by using the solution of the homogeneous equation with the requirement of the field continuity at the inhomogeneity and satisfying the jump condition in the first derivative . The normalization $`N^{(ni)}`$, related to the umber of atoms for this solution is

$`N^{(ni)}`$ $`=`$ $`4a[1ϵ\gamma ],\gamma \gamma (ϵ,a)`$ (41)
$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{1+4ϵ^2a^2}1}{2ϵ^2a}}={\displaystyle \frac{2a}{\sqrt{1+4ϵ^2a^2}+1}}.`$ (42)
For small amplitude (or small impurity strength $`|ϵ|`$) we obtain

$$N^{(ni)}4a(1ϵa).$$
(43)
At large amplitudes, we have $`N^{(ni)}2/ϵ`$ for $`ϵ>0`$; and $`N^{(ni)}8a`$ for $`ϵ<0`$. Note that for $`ϵ<0`$ we have a solution with two bumps structure for the nonlinear localized mode. As shown in , this mode is unstable. Here, we have considered only the case $`ϵ>0`$.

In order to verify the stability of the solutions, one can study the behavior of the second time derivative of the mean-square radius, as in Refs. . To obtain the second time derivative of the mean-square radius, we use the Virial approach, with $`H=_{zz}+V`$ and $`V(1+ϵ\delta (z))|u|^2`$:

$`z^2_{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`4[H,z_z]=8(_{zz})4zV_z,`$ (44)
$`zV_z`$ $`=`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}V+{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2n_0}}|u_0|^4,`$ (45)
$`z^2_{\tau \tau }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n_0}}{\displaystyle 𝑑z(8|u_z|^22|u|^4)}{\displaystyle \frac{4ϵ}{n_0}}|u_0|^4.`$ (46)
For the system to collapse we need $`z^2_{\tau \tau }<0`$; implying that

$$ϵ>\frac{1}{2|u(0)|^4}(4|u_z|^2|u|^4)𝑑z.$$
(47)
Using our solitonic ansatz, when $`a0`$, we reach the critical limit, $`ϵ_c=8/(3n_0)`$ that was obtained before.

We have also investigated the dynamics of the matter soliton interacting with inhomogeneity, studying different regimes of propagation for several values of $`ϵ`$. In Fig. 3, we present the results of numerical simulations for the final velocity ($`v_f`$) versus the initial velocity ($`v_i`$) of the soliton, considering different strengths $`ϵ`$ for the inhomogeneity. In the present and next numerical approaches, we have considered $`n_0=4`$, for the general 1D NLSE with nonlinear impurity, as one can easily rescale the obtained data to a value of $`n_0`$ smaller than 2.7, in agreement with the quasi-1D results.

As observed in Fig. 3, exists a region for the velocities where the attractive nonlinear impurity reflects the soliton. In the model involving the constant width approximation, this region corresponds to the trapped soliton. The numerical results show that always exists one window corresponding to the reflection of the soliton. By increasing $`ϵ`$, this window is shifted to larger initial velocities. From the variation of the number $`N`$, with respect to the initial velocity $`v_i`$ (top frame of Fig.3), one can also observe strong wave emissions by soliton, when $`ϵ`$ increases and tends to the critical value (see also ). This picture reminds the picture of the collapse in 2D BEC with attractive interaction. We note that, by considering the interaction of sine-Gordon kink with attractive defect, many windows were found, corresponding to a resonance with local mode (see ).

In order to compare with the results given in the lower frame of Fig.3, we present in Fig. 4, for a fixed value of $`ϵ=0.4`$, full numerical calculation of the time evolution of the center-of-mass position, considering different values of the initial velocity. It is clearly seen the repulsive trajectories for $`v_i`$ corresponding to the case that the effective particle is trapped.

By considering numerical simulations of the variational equations (23) we found, qualitatively, the same behavior as the one observed in the full solution of the GP equation (see Figs. 3 and 5). In Fig. 5, we show the behavior of the final velocity as a function of the initial velocity, for different values of $`ϵ`$. In particular, the variational equations also show the existence of one window when the soliton is reflected by the impurity. When $`ϵ`$ increases the window moves in the right direction, reducing the width.

In distinction, on the GP equation, the variational equations shows a more complicated (probably chaotic) dynamics near the points where the regime of reflection starts or finishes. In this region, we also can see the more rare events with the transmission of soliton through the impurity. This observation resembles the phenomena observed at the interaction of the sine-Gordon equation kink with a local defect. The system of ODE’s (two mode model) has a similar structure as our equation (23), showing chaotic behavior, leading always to a finite time for the period of the soliton trapping. This phenomenon is due to stochastic instabilities inherent for this dynamical system. The reason for this phenomenon is that the finite dimensional system, like the one given by Eq. (23), cannot take into account the soliton radiation, that interacts with the defect. The effect of the radiation leads to the appearance of the damping in Eq. (23), that changes the long-time behavior of the system. In particular, the radiative damping can lead to the long-time regular dynamics .

For a more detailed investigation of the interaction between matter wave soliton with the nonlinear impurity mode, excited on the inhomogeneity, we need to develop collective coordinate approach like the one considered in Ref. . This will be considered in future.

## V Conclusion

In this work, we have investigated the dynamics of bright matter wave soliton, in BEC systems with cigar type geometry and attractive interactions. The inhomogeneities can appeared in BEC due to the existence of regions in space with different values of the two-body atomic scattering length $`a_s`$. These variations can be achieved using, for example, the Feschbach resonances. Two kind of inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of $`a_s`$ have been studied: local point-like and jump type. The first type has been modeled by a Dirac-delta function, that will result in a modulation of the nonlinear term in the GP equation, corresponding to the so called nonlinear impurity in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The second type corresponds to a sudden variation of the two-body scattering length, that affects the amplitude of the nonlinear term in GP equation. It correspond to the case that the BEC system is divided in two parts with different values of $`a_s`$ (see discussion of recent experiment in Ref. ).

The present investigation of the local variation in space of the atomic scattering length shows that different regimes of the soliton interaction with the nonlinear impurity are possible. It is observed trapping, reflection and transmission regimes. The most interesting effect is the reflection of the atomic soliton by the attractive nonlinear impurity. We have also verified the occurrence of collapse of the soliton on the attractive impurity, when the strength of the impurity (or the initial number of atoms) exceeds a certain critical value. This effect in quasi-1D BEC resembles the phenomena that occurs in 2D BEC. Using the time-dependent variational approach we have described successfully both phenomena.

For the case of a sudden variation of the two-body scattering length, represented by a nonlinear jump inhomogeneity, using analogy with a nonlinear optical problem , we presented the condition for the multiple bright matter soliton generation.

Finally, we would like to emphasize that the problem we have studied in the present work has important application for the control of parameters of bright atomic matter solitons and for the generation of solitons in quasi 1D BEC.

## Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for partial financial support. AG and LT also thank partial support from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Part of this work was done by using resources of the LCCA - Laboratory of Advanced Scientific Computation of the University of S o Paulo.