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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

It has been recently shown that CP symmetry in chiral gauge theory  and also the Majorana reduction in the presence of chiral symmetric Yukawa couplings  have a certain conflict with lattice chiral symmetry, doubler-free and locality conditions in the framework of Ginsparg-Wilson operators . There exists a closely related formulation of lattice fermions which is called the domain wall fermion . In one representation of the domain wall fermion in the infinite flavor limit, the domain wall fermion becomes identical to the overlap fermion  and thus to the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion. In such a case, the conflict with CP symmetry in chiral theory naturally persists if one uses the conventional representation of Ginsparg-Wilson fermions. There are however other representations of the domain wall fermion when discussing chiral symmetry , and in those representations (and also in the conventional overlap fermion ), the conflict with CP symmetry is less obvious. It is therefore desirable to examine in detail how the conflict observed in the framework of Ginsparg-Wilson fermions persists in the domain wall fermion.

We analyze this issue in a formulation of the domain wall fermion where the light field variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ together with Pauli-Villars fields $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ are utilized . To make this analysis as definite as possible, we concentrate on the infinite flavor $`N=\mathrm{}`$ limit of the domain wall fermion, where chiral symmetry is well-defined. It is shown that this representation of the domain wall fermion is valid only in the topologically trivial sector and that the conflict with CP symmetry persists. We also analyze in detail a modified form of lattice CP transformation motivated by the domain wall fermion, which keeps the chiral action in the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion invariant, and show that CP symmetry is still violated. In the analysis of CP symmetry, it turns out that topological considerations play an essential role and, in fact, the conflict with CP symmetry could be regarded as a topological obstruction.

In connection with the definition of Majorana fermions and its application to supersymmetry, we note a possibility of replacing the Pauli-Villars fields in the domain wall formulation by the auxiliary field in the Wess-Zumino model. In fact this formulation agrees with a past suggestion  of the Wess-Zumino action in terms of the Ginsparg-Wilson operators.

In this paper we take as a basis of our analysis a hermitian lattice operator defined by

$$H=a\gamma _5D=H^{}=aD^{}\gamma _5$$
(1.1)
where $`D`$ stands for the lattice Dirac operator and $`a`$ is the lattice spacing. The Ginsparg-Wilson operator is then defined by the algebraic relation

$$\gamma _5H+H\gamma _5=2H^2$$
(1.2)
and its solution agrees with the overlap operator  (and its variants).

Although the above simplest form of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation is relevant to our analysis of the domain wall fermion, the generality of the conflict with CP (or C) symmetry is best understood if one considers a more general algebraic relation

$$\gamma _5H+H\gamma _5=2H^2f(H^2)$$
(1.3)
where $`f(H^2)`$ is assumed to be a regular function of $`H^2`$ and $`f(H^2)^{}=f(H^2)`$: $`f(x)`$ is assumed to be monotonous and non-decreasing for $`x0`$. The explicit construction of the operator $`D`$ is known for $`f(H^2)=H^{2k}`$ with non-negative integers $`k`$ , and $`k=0`$ gives rise to the conventional Ginsparg-Wilson relation . In our analysis of CP symmetry, the operator defined by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=\gamma _5Hf(H^2)$$
(1.4)
or $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ plays a central role. This operator satisfies the relation

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5H+H\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0$$
(1.5)
and $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ vanishes for some momentum variables inside the basic Brillouin zone.

This vanishing of $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ is shown on the general ground of locality and species doubler-free conditions of $`H`$. We here briefly illustrate the basic reasoning, since it is closely related to the basic issue of the domain wall fermion: One can confirm the relation

$$\gamma _5H^2=(\gamma _5H+H\gamma _5)HH(\gamma _5H+H\gamma _5)+H^2\gamma _5=H^2\gamma _5$$
(1.6)
which implies $`H^2=\gamma _5H^2\gamma _5`$ and thus $`DH^2=H^2D`$. The above defining relation (1.3) is also written as

$$\gamma _5H+H\widehat{\gamma }_5=0,\gamma _5D+D\widehat{\gamma }_5=0$$
(1.7)
and $`\widehat{\gamma }_5^2=1`$ where

$$\widehat{\gamma }_5=\gamma _52Hf(H^2).$$
(1.8)
We note that

$$D\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5D=0$$
(1.9)
and also the relation

$`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{\gamma }_5`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _52\mathrm{\Gamma }_5^2\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5=\gamma _5(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5+\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5)\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5`$ (1.10)
$`=`$ $`\gamma _5(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5).`$
We now examine the action defined by

$$S=\overline{\psi }D\psi \underset{x,y}{}a^4\overline{\psi }(x)D(x,y)\psi (y)$$
(1.11)
which is invariant under the lattice chiral transformation

$$\delta \psi =iϵ\widehat{\gamma }_5\psi ,\delta \overline{\psi }=\overline{\psi }iϵ\gamma _5.$$
(1.12)
If one considers the field re-definition

$$q=\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi ,\overline{q}=\overline{\psi }$$
(1.13)
the above action is written as

$$S=\overline{q}D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}q$$
(1.14)
which is invariant under the naive chiral transformation

$`\delta q`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\delta \psi =\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5iϵ\widehat{\gamma }_5\psi =iϵ\gamma _5q,`$
$`\delta \overline{q}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{q}iϵ\gamma _5.`$ (1.15)
This chiral symmetry implies the relation

$$\{\gamma _5,D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\}=0.$$
(1.16)
On the basis of the standard argument of the no-go theorem, $`D/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ and thus $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ has singularities inside the Brillouin zone for local and species doubler-free $`H=a\gamma _5D`$. In fact it is shown that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0$$
(1.17)
just on top of the would-be species doublers for $`f(H^2)=H^{2k}`$ with non-negative integers $`k`$ in the case of free fermions and also for the topological modes in the presence of instantons. See also Appendix. The field $`q`$, which plays a central role in the domain-wall fermion , is thus ill-defined for these configurations.

It is shown that the domain wall variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ in the infinite flavor limit satisfy the normal charge conjugation properties as well as the continuum chiral symmetry, though they are defined in terms of the non-local action. Moreover, one can re-write all the correlation functions for $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ in terms of the local variables by using $`q=\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi `$ and $`\overline{q}=\overline{\psi }`$ . One might thus naively expect that we do not encounter any difficulty associated with CP and charge conjugation properties. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this and related issues.

## 2 Domain wall fermions and CP transformation

### 2.1 Chiral properties

The domain wall fermion is defined by a set of coupled fermion fields

$`a_5_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }_1\left[(\gamma _5a_5H_\mathrm{W}+1)\psi _1P_{}\psi _2+\mu P_+\psi _N\right]`$ (2.1)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{N1}{}}}\overline{\psi }_i\left[(\gamma _5a_5H_\mathrm{W}+1)\psi _iP_{}\psi _{i+1}P_+\psi _{i1}\right]`$
$`+\overline{\psi }_N\left[(\gamma _5a_5H_\mathrm{W}+1)\psi _N+\mu P_{}\psi _1P_+\psi _{N1}\right]`$
where $`N`$ is chosen to be a positive even integer, and

$$H_\mathrm{W}\gamma _5\left(D_\mathrm{W}\frac{m_0}{a}\right)$$
(2.2)
with the Wilson fermion operator $`D_\mathrm{W}`$ (with the Wilson parameter $`r=1`$) and $`0<m_0<2`$; $`a_5`$ is the lattice spacing in the fifth (or “flavor”) direction. Note that $`H_\mathrm{W}^{}=H_\mathrm{W}`$. We use the conventional chiral projection operators

$$P_\pm =\frac{1\pm \gamma _5}{2}.$$
(2.3)
The parameter $`\mu `$ is chosen to be $`\mu =0`$ for the domain wall variables and $`\mu =1`$ for the Pauli-Villars variables to subtract heavy fermion degrees of freedom. After performing the path integral over all the fermion variables one obtains

$$det\left[\gamma _5(1a_5H_\mathrm{W}P_{})\right]^Ndet\left[(P_{}\mu P_+)T^N(P_+\mu P_{})\right]$$
(2.4)
where the transfer operator is given by

$$T=\frac{1}{1+a_5H_\mathrm{W}P_+}(1a_5H_\mathrm{W}P_{})=\frac{1+_\mathrm{W}}{1_\mathrm{W}}$$
(2.5)
with

$$_\mathrm{W}=\frac{1}{2+a_5H_\mathrm{W}\gamma _5}a_5H_\mathrm{W}=a_5H_\mathrm{W}\frac{1}{2+\gamma _5a_5H_\mathrm{W}}.$$
(2.6)
Note that both of $`H_\mathrm{W}`$ and $`_\mathrm{W}`$ are hermitian. If one subtracts the contributions of heavy fermions (by setting $`\mu =1`$) from the above determinant with $`\mu =0`$, one obtains the “truncated” overlap or Ginsparg-Wilson operator $`D_N`$

$`detaD_N`$ $``$ $`det\left(P_{}T^NP_+\right)/det\left[(P_{}P_+)T^N(P_+P_{})\right]`$ (2.7)
$`=`$ $`det\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(1+\gamma _5{\displaystyle \frac{1T^N}{1+T^N}}\right)\right]`$
where $`a`$ is the lattice spacing in the four dimensional Euclidean space, and the effective Lagrangian for the physical fermion

$$=\overline{\psi }D_N\psi .$$
(2.8)
Note that $`D_N`$ is well-defined for $`N=\mathrm{even}`$ and $`a_5/a1`$, since $`a_5H_\mathrm{W}a_5/a`$ and $`T`$ is a well-defined hermitian operator.

On the other hand, if one defines the light fermion degrees of freedom by

$$q\frac{a}{a_5}(P_{}\psi _1+P_+\psi _N),\overline{q}\overline{\psi }_1P_++\overline{\psi }_NP_{}$$
(2.9)
and integrates over all the remaining degrees of freedom in eq. (2.1), one obtains after subtracting the heavy fermion contributions by the Pauli-Villars bosonic spinors $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$,

$`_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{q}{\displaystyle \frac{a_5}{a}}D_N^{\mathrm{eff}}q+\overline{Q}(1+a_5D_N^{\mathrm{eff}})Q`$ (2.10)
$`=`$ $`\overline{q}{\displaystyle \frac{D_N}{1aD_N}}q+\overline{Q}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1aD_N}}Q.`$
If one performs the path integral over all the variables, one obtains the same result $`detD_N`$ as above. We denote this Lagrangian (and its $`N=\mathrm{}`$ limit) by $`_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ hereafter.

If one takes the infinite flavor limit $`N\mathrm{}`$, one obtains (in the limit $`a_50`$)

$$D_ND=\frac{1}{2a}\left(1+\gamma _5\frac{H_\mathrm{W}}{\sqrt{H_\mathrm{W}^2}}\right)$$
(2.11)
which gives the Neuberger’s overlap operator  satisfying the simplest Ginsparg-Wilson relation $`\gamma _5D+D\gamma _5=2aD\gamma _5D`$. In this limit we can write the domain wall fermion as

$`_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{q}D{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}q+\overline{Q}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}Q`$ (2.12)
which is valid for a general class of Ginsparg-Wilson operators. In our analysis of CP and related problems, we utilize this $`N=\mathrm{}`$ expression.

We here note that

$$1aD_N=\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\gamma _5\frac{T^N1}{T^N+1}\right)0$$
(2.13)
since

$$\frac{T^N1}{T^N+1}<1$$
(2.14)
for finite even $`N`$ and sufficiently small $`a_5/a`$. Consequently, $`D_N/(1aD_N)`$ is a well-defined and local operator (see Ref. for the locality of $`D_N`$), and

$$\{\gamma _5,\frac{D_N}{1aD_N}\}0$$
(2.15)
since $`D_N`$ with finite $`N`$ does not satisfy the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. On the other hand, the $`N=\mathrm{}`$ expression satisfies

$$\{\gamma _5,\frac{D}{1aD}\}=0$$
(2.16)
and thus the operator $`1/(1aD)`$ becomes singular. It is interesting that good locality (analytic property) and good chiral symmetry for the operator $`D_N/(1aD_N)`$ are traded in the limit $`N=\mathrm{}`$.

The locality of $`D_N/(1aD_N)`$ is understood intuitively, since the defining Lagrangian of the domain wall fermion for finite $`N`$ couples $`N`$ fields by the operator $`H_\mathrm{W}`$, which causes correlation over the finite distances $`Na`$ in 4-dimensional Euclidean space. In the limit $`N\mathrm{}`$, the operator $`D/(1aD)`$ could thus become non-local. By subtracting the contributions from far apart fields with the parameter $`\mu =1`$ in the defining Lagrangian, the Pauli-Villars fields $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ could restore the locality: In fact, the singular factor $`1/(1aD)`$ is canceled by the Pauli-Villars fields.

The explicit expression of the Lagrangian for chiral gauge theory is not specified by the domain wall prescription,111See, however, ref. . since precise chiral symmetry is not defined for finite $`N`$. It is however natural to analyze chiral theory based on the above correspondence to the Ginsparg-Wilson operator

$`{\displaystyle 𝒟\psi 𝒟\overline{\psi }\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{\psi }D\psi \right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle 𝒟q𝒟\overline{q}𝒟Q𝒟\overline{Q}\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{q}D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}q+\overline{Q}\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}Q\right)}.`$ (2.17)
We first note

$$D=P_+D\widehat{P}_{}+P_{}D\widehat{P}_+$$
(2.18)
with

$$\widehat{P}_\pm =\frac{1\pm \widehat{\gamma }_5}{2}$$
(2.19)
and (by using the relations such as $`P_\pm \widehat{P}_\pm =P_\pm \gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ and $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_\pm =P_\pm \gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$)

$`\widehat{P}_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{}\widehat{P}_{}`$ (2.20)
$`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}`$
$`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}+\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_+\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}`$
$`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}\widehat{P}_{}\widehat{P}_{}`$
$`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5.`$
We then have the chiral Lagrangian

$`_L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \overline{\psi }P_+D\widehat{P}_{}\psi }`$ (2.21)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \overline{q}P_+D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}q}`$
with

$`q(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi (x),`$
$`\overline{q}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }(x)`$ (2.22)
and

$`\psi _L`$ $``$ $`\widehat{P}_{}\psi =\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}(P_{}q)=\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}q_L,`$
$`\overline{\psi }_L`$ $``$ $`\overline{\psi }P_+=\overline{q}P_+=\overline{q}_L.`$ (2.23)
The path integral is then given by taking the Jacobian associated with the above change of variables into account,

$`{\displaystyle 𝒟\psi _L𝒟\overline{\psi }_L\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{\psi }P_+D\widehat{P}_{}\psi \right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle 𝒟q_L𝒟\overline{q}_L𝒟Q_L𝒟\overline{Q}_R\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{q}P_+D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}q+\overline{Q}\widehat{P}_{}\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}Q\right)}`$ (2.24)
where we defined the bosonic Pauli-Villars spinors

$`Q_L(x)=P_{}Q(x),`$
$`\overline{Q}_R(x)=\overline{Q}(x)\widehat{P}_{}.`$ (2.25)
This is consistent if one recalls

$`D{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}=P_+D{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}+P_{}D{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_+,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}=\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}+\widehat{P}_+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_+.`$ (2.26)
The chiral transformation laws of various fields are defined by

$`\psi e^{i\alpha \widehat{\gamma }_5}\psi ,\overline{\psi }\overline{\psi }e^{i\alpha \gamma _5},`$
$`qe^{i\alpha \gamma _5}q,\overline{q}\overline{q}e^{i\alpha \gamma _5},`$
$`Qe^{i\alpha \gamma _5}Q,\overline{Q}\overline{Q}e^{i\alpha \widehat{\gamma }_5}`$ (2.27)
and, similarly, the fermion number transformation by

$`\psi e^{i\alpha }\psi ,\overline{\psi }\overline{\psi }e^{i\alpha },`$
$`qe^{i\alpha }q,\overline{q}\overline{q}e^{i\alpha },`$
$`Qe^{i\alpha }Q,\overline{Q}\overline{Q}e^{i\alpha }.`$ (2.28)
These transformation rules are fixed if one formally gauges those degrees of freedom.

Based on this formulation of chiral gauge theory, we make the following observations:

(i) One may take the Ginsparg-Wilson variables $`\psi `$ and $`\overline{\psi }`$, which are defined by a local Lagrangian, as the primary variables. One may thus add the source terms to both hand-sides of the path integral

$`_{\mathrm{source}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_R\psi _L+\overline{\psi }_L\eta _R`$ (2.29)
$`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_R\widehat{P}_{}\psi +\overline{\psi }P_+\eta _R`$
$`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_R\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}(P_{}q)+\overline{q}P_+\eta _R.`$
To avoid the singularities appearing in various expressions for domain wall variables, one needs to work in the functional space without the modes

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n=0$$
(2.30)
in the domain wall representation. We here recall that the index for the Ginsparg-Wilson operator is given by

$$Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=n_+n_{}=N_{}N_+$$
(2.31)
where $`n_\pm `$ stand for the modes $`H\phi _n=a\gamma _5D\phi _n=0`$ with $`\gamma _5\phi _n=\pm \phi _n`$, respectively, and $`N_\pm `$ stand for the modes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n=[\gamma _5Hf(H^2)]\phi _n=0`$ with $`\gamma _5\phi _n=\pm \phi _n`$, respectively. See Appendix. The constraint $`N_+=N_{}=0`$ thus implies that we work in the topologically trivial sector with $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0`$. This constraint is consistent with the above fermion number transformation: For the Ginsparg-Wilson variables, we obtain the Jacobian factor222The path integral for chiral non-Abelian gauge theory has not been completely understood yet. But the chiral $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ anomaly and associated index are insensitive to the details of the path integral measure.

$`\mathrm{ln}J_\psi =i\alpha Tr\widehat{P}_{}i\alpha TrP_+=i\alpha Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ (2.32)
whereas for the domain wall variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$, we obtain

$`\mathrm{ln}J_q=i\alpha TrP_{}i\alpha TrP_+=i\alpha Tr\gamma _5.`$ (2.33)
We thus have $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=Tr\gamma _5=0`$.

(ii) One may take the domain wall variables as the primary variables and add the source terms

$`_{\mathrm{source}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_Rq_L+\overline{q}_L\eta _R`$ (2.34)
$`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_RP_{}q+\overline{q}P_+\eta _R`$
$`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_RP_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi +\overline{\psi }P_+\eta _R`$
$`=`$ $`\overline{\eta }_RP_{}\psi _L+\overline{\psi }_L\eta _R`$
where we used $`P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=P_{}\widehat{P}_{}`$. One might attempt to interpret the chiral domain wall representation with these source terms in the following way: In any fermion loop diagram such as in the determinant factor, we combine the variables $`q`$$`\overline{q}`$ and $`Q`$$`\overline{Q}`$ together and obtain the determinant without the $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ factor. For the external fermion lines connected to the source terms, we use the variables $`q_L`$ and $`\overline{q}_L`$ by replacing those variables later by $`P_{}\psi _L`$ and $`\overline{\psi }_L`$. By this way, we do not encounter any singularity even in topologically non-trivial sectors. This is perhaps the simplest view based on the domain wall fermion. This view however has a fatal difficulty in topological properties, namely, one cannot generate the fermion number anomaly by a transformation of variables $`q_L`$ and $`\overline{q}_L`$ alone

$`\mathrm{ln}J_q=i\alpha TrP_{}i\alpha TrP_+=i\alpha Tr\gamma _5=0`$ (2.35)
if one works in the complete functional space in topologically non-trivial sectors. We thus have to exclude the modes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n=0`$ by hand, for example, but we may still work in all the topological sectors on the basis of the domain wall variables $`q_L`$ and $`\overline{q}_L`$. In this case, the topological properties are maintained since one can confirm

$$Tr^{}\gamma _5=n_+n_{}$$
(2.36)
where $`Tr^{}`$ is taken in the functional space with the modes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n=0`$ excluded. This index relation has the same form as in continuum theory . This exclusion of the modes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n=0`$ is consistent with the replacement $`q\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi `$ since the factor $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ projects out those modes . This operation is however apparently non-local.333The exclusion of the modes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n(x)=0`$ in all the topological sectors is apparently a non-local operation in spacetime, though it is a local operation in the “mode space”, since the functional value of $`\phi _n(x)`$ is fixed over the entire space once its value at one point is fixed. The exclusion of the modes $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n(x)=0`$ by hand corresponds to the exclusion of would-be species doublers by hand.

Based on these considerations we conclude that the domain wall fermion representation in the limit $`N=\mathrm{}`$, where chiral symmetry is well defined, is valid as a local field theory (in the above interpretation) only in the topologically trivial sector with $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0`$. The primary variables, which describe the full physical contents expressed by various correlation functions in topologically trivial as well as non-trivial sectors, are thus given by the Ginsparg-Wilson fermions $`\psi _L`$ and $`\overline{\psi }_L`$, and hereafter we analyze the domain wall representation in the topologically trivial sector with the source terms (2.29) added. Note that source terms specify the correlation functions, and the component $`P_+\psi _L`$ is missing in (2.34); to maintain the consistency of internal and external fermion lines, which is related to unitarity, we need to use the source (2.29).

In passing, another interesting representation, which is equivalent to the domain wall fermion, is given by

$`{\displaystyle 𝒟\psi _L𝒟\overline{\psi }_L\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{\psi }P_+D\widehat{P}_{}\psi \right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle 𝒟q_L𝒟\overline{q}_L𝒟S_L𝒟\overline{S}_R\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{q}P_+D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}q+\overline{S}P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}S\right)}`$ (2.37)
where we defined the fermionic auxiliary fields

$`S_L(x)=\widehat{P}_{}S(x),`$
$`\overline{S}_R(x)=\overline{S}(x)P_{}`$ (2.38)
by noting

$$P_+D\widehat{P}_{}=\left(P_+D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}\right)\left(P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}\right)$$
(2.39)
and

$$\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}+P_+\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_+.$$
(2.40)
The vector-like theory is then defined by

$`{\displaystyle 𝒟\psi 𝒟\overline{\psi }\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{\psi }D\psi \right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle 𝒟q𝒟\overline{q}𝒟S𝒟\overline{S}\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{q}D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}q+\overline{S}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5S\right)}.`$ (2.41)
This representation is applicable only to the topologically trivial sector, but it turns out to be convenient when we discuss Majorana fermions in the domain wall representation later.

### 2.2 CP symmetry in chiral gauge theory

We recall the charge conjugation properties of various operators. We employ the convention of the charge conjugation matrix $`C`$

$`C\gamma ^\mu C^1=(\gamma ^\mu )^T,`$ (2.42)
$`C\gamma _5C^1=\gamma _5^T,`$ (2.43)
$`C^{}C=1,C^T=C.`$ (2.44)
We then have444We define the CP operation by $`W=C\gamma _0=\gamma _2`$ with hermitian $`\gamma _2`$ and the CP transformed gauge field by $`U^{\mathrm{CP}}`$, and then $`WD(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=D(U)^T`$. If the parity is realized in the standard way, we have $`CD(U^\mathrm{C})C^1=D(U)^T`$.

$`WD(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=D(U)^T,W\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)]^T,`$
$`WH(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[\gamma _5H(U)\gamma _5]^T,WH^2(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[H^2(U)]^T,`$
$`W\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)\gamma _5]^T,`$
$`W(\mathrm{\Gamma }_5/\mathrm{\Gamma })(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5/\mathrm{\Gamma })(U)]^T`$ (2.45)
where

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }_5^2}=\sqrt{(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5)^2}=\sqrt{1H^2f^2(H^2)}.$$
(2.46)
Here we imposed the relation $`WD(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=D(U)^T`$ or $`[CD(U)]^T=CD(U^\mathrm{C})`$ which is consistent with the defining Ginsparg-Wilson relation.

We also have the properties

$`W\widehat{\gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=\left[\gamma _5\widehat{\gamma }_5(U)\gamma _5\right]^T`$
$`W{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}W^1=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}}\right]^T.`$ (2.47)
We now examine the CP symmetry in chiral gauge theory

$$_L=\overline{\psi }_LD\psi _L$$
(2.48)
where we defined the (general) projection operators

$`D=\overline{P}_LDP_L+\overline{P}_RDP_R,`$
$`\psi _{L,R}=P_{L,R}\psi ,\overline{\psi }_{L,R}=\overline{\psi }\overline{P}_{L,R}.`$ (2.49)
Under the standard CP transformation555The vector-like theory is invariant under this CP transformation.

$`\overline{\psi }\psi ^TW,`$
$`\psi W^1\overline{\psi }^T`$ (2.50)
the chiral action is invariant only if

$`WP_LW^1=\overline{P}_L^T,W\overline{P}_LW^1=P_L^T.`$ (2.51)
It was shown elsewhere that the unique solution for this condition in the framework of the Ginsparg-Wilson operators is given by

$`P_{L,R}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\mathrm{\Gamma }_5/\mathrm{\Gamma }),`$
$`\overline{P}_{L,R}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\pm \gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5/\mathrm{\Gamma }),`$ (2.52)
but these projection operators suffer from singularities in $`1/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Namely, it is impossible to maintain the manifest invariance of the local and chiral Lagrangian under the CP transformation .666This however shows that one can maintain manifest CP invariance, if one ignores the singularities associated with $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0`$.

If one stays in the well-defined local Lagrangian

$$_L=\overline{\psi }P_+D\widehat{P}_{}\psi $$
(2.53)
it is not invariant under the standard CP transformation as

$`WP_\pm W^1=P_{}^T\widehat{P}_{}^T(U),`$
$`W\widehat{P}_\pm (U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1={\displaystyle \frac{1\left[\gamma _5\widehat{\gamma }_5(U)\gamma _5\right]^T}{2}}=\left[\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}(U)\gamma _5\right]^TP_{}^T,`$
$`\left[WP_+D(U^{\mathrm{CP}})\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1\right]^T=\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+(U)\gamma _5D(U)P_{}`$
$`=P_+D(U)\widehat{P}_{}(U)D(U)[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)]P_+D\widehat{P}_{}.`$ (2.54)
Since one can show that

$`\left(\gamma _5\widehat{P}_\pm \gamma _5\right)\left(\gamma _5\widehat{P}_\pm \gamma _5\right)=\left(\gamma _5\widehat{P}_\pm \gamma _5\right),`$
$`D=\left(\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5\right)DP_{}+\left(\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}\gamma _5\right)DP_+,`$ (2.55)
the CP transformation actually maps one specific representation of chiral gauge theory to another representation of chiral gauge theory

$$=\overline{\psi }P_+D(U)\widehat{P}_{}(U)\psi =\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+(U)\gamma _5D(U)P_{}\psi $$
(2.56)
based on the same vector-like theory defined by the lattice operator $`D`$.

It may be appropriate to recall here the essence of our previous analysis . The functional space in our problem is naturally spanned by the eigenfunctions of the basic hermitian operator $`H=a\gamma _5D`$

$$H\phi _n=\lambda _n\phi _n.$$
(2.57)
However this eigenvalue equation is gauge covariant as are all the quantities in the gauge invariant lattice regularization. To accommodate the gauge non-covariant quantities such as a consistent form of anomaly, one defines the path integral in a specific topological sector specified by $`M`$ by

$$Z_M(U)=\mathrm{exp}\left[i\vartheta _M(w_n|v_m;\overline{w}_n|\overline{v}_m)\right]\underset{n,l}{}\mathrm{d}a_n\mathrm{d}\overline{a}_l\mathrm{exp}\left[(\overline{\psi },\psi ,U)\right]$$
(2.58)
where we expanded fermionic variables as

$`\widehat{P}_{}\psi ={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}a_nw_n,`$
$`\overline{\psi }P_+={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\overline{a}_n\overline{w}_n.`$ (2.59)
The basis vectors $`\{w_n\}`$ and $`\{\overline{w}_n\}`$, which satisfy

$$\widehat{P}_{}w_n=w_n,\overline{w}_nP_+=\overline{w}_n,$$
(2.60)
are suitable linear combinations of $`\{\phi _n\}`$ and $`\{\phi _n^{}\}`$, respectively. The “measure factor” $`\vartheta _M`$, which is the Jacobian for the transformation from ideal bases $`\{v_n\}`$ and $`\{\overline{v}_n\}`$ to the bases specified by $`H`$ and thus crucially depends on the ideal bases,777The measure factor is thus chosen to be a constant for the ideal bases. is not specified at this stage and it is later determined by imposing several physical conditions.

When one considers the change of fermionic variables which formally corresponds to gauge transformation, $`\psi \psi ^{}`$ and $`\overline{\psi }\overline{\psi }^{}`$, the expansion coefficients with the fixed basis vectors are transformed as $`\{a_n\}\{a_n^{}\}`$ and $`\{\overline{a}_n\}\{\overline{a}_n^{}\}`$. Since the naming of path integral variables does not matter, one obtains the identity

$`\mathrm{exp}\left[i\vartheta _M(w_n|v_m;\overline{w}_n|\overline{v}_m)\right]{\displaystyle \underset{n,l}{}\mathrm{d}a_n\mathrm{d}\overline{a}_l\mathrm{exp}\left[(\overline{\psi },\psi ,U)\right]}`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[i\vartheta _M(w_n|v_m;\overline{w}_n|\overline{v}_m)\right]{\displaystyle \underset{n,l}{}\mathrm{d}a_n^{}\mathrm{d}\overline{a}_l^{}\mathrm{exp}\left[(\overline{\psi }^{},\psi ^{},U)\right]}.`$ (2.61)
In this form of identity, the Jacobian of path integral measure gives a lattice version of covariant anomaly and the variation of the action gives the divergence of covariant current. The gauge covariant fermion number anomaly is naturally derived in this way.

If one performs the simultaneous gauge transformation of the link variables $`U`$ in the above path integral $`Z_M(U)`$, the action becomes invariant but one needs to take into account the variation of the measure factor $`\delta \vartheta _M(w_n|v_m;\overline{w}_n|\overline{v}_m)`$ induced by the gauge transformation of $`U`$. This variation $`\delta \vartheta _M`$ converts the covariant anomaly to a lattice form of consistent anomaly, which is one of the requirements on the measure factor. In the anomaly-free theory, $`\delta \vartheta _M`$ should completely cancel the non-vanishing Jacobian arising from lattice artifacts. The current associated to $`\delta \vartheta _M`$ should be local and satisfy several other requirements: The existence proof of such a measure factor $`\vartheta _M`$ amounts to a definition of lattice chiral gauge theory .

A characteristic property of the Ginsparg-Wilson algebra is that among the eigenfunctions of $`H\phi _n=\lambda _n\phi _n`$ the eigenstates corresponding to zero modes and also those eigenstates corresponding to the largest values of $`|\lambda _n|`$ are chosen to be the simultaneous eigenstates of $`\gamma _5`$, and that those states corresponding to the largest values of $`|\lambda _n|`$ are annihilated by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n=0`$. By noting

$$\widehat{P}_\pm =\frac{1\pm \widehat{\gamma }_5}{2}=P_{}\pm \mathrm{\Gamma }_5$$
(2.62)
$`\widehat{P}_\pm `$ is replaced by $`P_{}`$ when acting on the modes annihilated by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$. We also have the chirality sum rule arising from $`Tr\gamma _5=0`$, $`n_++N_+=n_{}+N_{}`$, where $`n_\pm `$ and $`N_\pm `$ stand for the numbers of zero modes and largest eigenmodes with chirality $`\pm `$, respectively. See Appendix.

In terms of the eigenfunctions of the basic operator $`H`$, one can describe the change of the action under the standard CP transformation as follows: One starts with

$$=\overline{\psi }P_+D(U)\widehat{P}_{}(U)\psi $$
(2.63)
which is characterized by

$$\overline{\psi }=\left(\begin{array}{c}n_+\\ N_+\end{array}\right),\psi =\left(\begin{array}{c}n_{}\\ N_+\end{array}\right),n_+n_{}=Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U).$$
(2.64)
Here we write only the number of simultaneous chiral eigenstates explicitly, since the same number of eigenstates belonging to other eigenvalues are included in $`\psi `$ and $`\overline{\psi }`$. The CP conjugate theory is defined by

$$^{\mathrm{CP}}=\overline{\psi }^{\mathrm{CP}}P_+D(U^{\mathrm{CP}})\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})\psi ^{\mathrm{CP}}$$
(2.65)
which is characterized by

$$\overline{\psi }^{\mathrm{CP}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}n_+^{\mathrm{CP}}\\ N_+^{\mathrm{CP}}\end{array}\right),\psi ^{\mathrm{CP}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}n_{}^{\mathrm{CP}}\\ N_+^{\mathrm{CP}}\end{array}\right),n_+^{\mathrm{CP}}n_{}^{\mathrm{CP}}=Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})=Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U).$$
(2.66)
A regular re-naming of fermionic variables in $`^{\mathrm{CP}}`$

$$\overline{\psi }^{\mathrm{CP}}=\psi ^{}W,\psi ^{\mathrm{CP}}=W^1\overline{\psi }^{}$$
(2.67)
gives rise to

$$^{\mathrm{CP}}=\overline{\psi }^{}\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+(U)\gamma _5D(U)P_{}\psi ^{}$$
(2.68)
which is characterized by

$$\overline{\psi }^{}=\left(\begin{array}{c}n_+^{}=n_{}^{\mathrm{CP}}\\ N_{}^{}=N_+^{\mathrm{CP}}\end{array}\right),\psi ^{}=\left(\begin{array}{c}n_{}^{}=n_+^{\mathrm{CP}}\\ N_{}^{}=N_+^{\mathrm{CP}}\end{array}\right),n_+^{}n_{}^{}=Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U).$$
(2.69)
This analysis suggests that we may define the CP transformed theory by means of the chiral theory defined by projection operators $`P_{}`$ and $`\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5`$. It is shown that this is in fact consistent including the measure factor .

When one compares the original theory to the CP transformed theory, the topological index is identical for these two theories. Although the number of heaviest modes is different $`N_{}^{}=N_{}N_+`$ in general, one may expect that these two theories when summed over all the topological sectors give rise to an identical result. After all, it should not matter how one chooses a specific chiral projection of the original vector-like theory specified by $`D`$, as long as it is not singular. (The continuum limit is expected to be identical, if it is well-defined.) This expectation is in fact born out by a detailed analysis, and the difference $`N_{}^{}N_+`$ is taken care of by suitably choosing the weight factors for different topological sectors when summing those sectors . The different actions however give rise to different propagators (for finite $`a`$)

$$\psi _L(x)\overline{\psi }_L(y)=\widehat{P}_{}\frac{1}{D}P_+P_{}\frac{1}{D}\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}\frac{1}{D}P_+$$
(2.70)
which manifest CP breaking in this formulation. From this view point, if one chooses projection operators for which the chiral theories before and after CP transformation coincide, one inevitably encounters a singularity in the topologically non-trivial sector because of $`N_{}^{}N_+`$. The conflict with CP symmetry could thus be regarded as a topological obstruction.

The CP non-invariance in the action level persists in the domain wall representation

$$_L=\overline{q}P_+D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}q+\overline{Q}\widehat{P}_{}\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}Q.$$
(2.71)
A natural definition of CP transformation is

$`\overline{q}q^TW,`$
$`qW^1\overline{q}^T,`$
$`\overline{Q}Q^TW,`$
$`QW^1\overline{Q}^T.`$ (2.72)
This transformation leaves the vector-like theory invariant up to the overall signature of the second term in eq. (2.17), which is immaterial.888One may define a transformation law $`QW^1\overline{Q}^T`$, for example, to keep the action invariant. In this case, however, the CP transformation applied twice gives rise to $`QQ`$ and $`\overline{Q}\overline{Q}`$. We note that one cannot keep $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ invariant under CP since the gauge field is transformed under CP by

$$W\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}W^1=\left[\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}\right]^T.$$
(2.73)
The part containing the field $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ in the above chiral Lagrangian is invariant under the CP transformation, but the part containing $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ is not invariant under the CP transformation

$`\left(W\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}W^1\right)^T=P_+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5=\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}+\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}P_{}.`$ (2.74)
The conflict with CP symmetry persists as far as the invariance of the action is concerned. We recall that $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ are essential to maintain the full physical contents described by the variables $`\psi `$ and $`\overline{\psi }`$. To analyze the effects of CP violation in the sector of $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ precisely, we discuss a modified CP transformation for $`\psi _L`$ and $`\overline{\psi }_L`$ in the next section, which includes the effects of both of $`q,\overline{q}`$ and $`Q,\overline{Q}`$.

As we noted above, this CP transformation is regarded as a change of representation specified by $`P_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{P}_\pm `$ to another representation specified by $`\gamma _5\widehat{P}_\pm \gamma _5`$ and $`P_\pm `$. To be specific, we have

$`\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5=(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)P_+P_+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\right)\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5,`$
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5=\overline{\psi }(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)P_+P_+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\right)\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5=\overline{q}P_+P_+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\right)\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5,`$
$`=\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5DP_{}\psi =\overline{q}P_+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\right)DP_{}q`$ (2.75)
where we defined

$$\overline{q}=\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5,q=\psi .$$
(2.76)
We thus have

$`{\displaystyle 𝒟\psi _L𝒟\overline{\psi }_L\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5DP_{}\psi \right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle 𝒟q_L𝒟\overline{q}_L𝒟Q_R𝒟\overline{Q}_L\mathrm{exp}\left[\overline{q}P_+\left(\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right)DP_{}q+\overline{Q}P_+\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5Q\right]}`$ (2.77)
where the action for $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ formally retains the form before the CP transformation, though the definitions of $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ in terms of $`\psi `$ and $`\overline{\psi }`$ are not the same as before. To the extent one can define the left-hand side consistently, one can define the right-hand side consistently except for topological properties. The source terms and the resulting propagator, which need to be defined in terms of the local variables $`\psi `$ and $`\overline{\psi }`$, however change under the CP transformation as in (2.70). We re-iterate that the variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ cannot describe the essential properties such as the fermion number non-conservation and chirality selection rules (in vector-like theory), which are described by the local variables $`\psi `$ and $`\overline{\psi }`$.

The same conclusion is obtained, namely, CP non-invariance of the action, for the “fermionic” representation of the domain wall fermion

$$_L=\overline{q}P_+D\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}P_{}q+\overline{S}P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}S$$
(2.78)
if one assigns the natural CP transformation law

$`\overline{S}S^TW,`$
$`SW^1\overline{S}^T`$ (2.79)
which keeps the vector-like theory invariant. We then have

$$\left(WP_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}W^1\right)^T=\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5P_+=P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}+\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5^2P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}$$
(2.80)
which is again interpreted as a change of representation of lattice chiral theory based on the same vector-like theory.

## 3 Modified lattice CP for Ginsparg-Wilson operators

The part of the Lagrangian for chiral domain wall fermions in (2.71), which includes the light variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$, is invariant under CP transformation. This property together with $`q=\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi `$ and $`\overline{q}=\overline{\psi }`$ suggest a modified lattice CP transformation (which is fixed by first going to $`q`$ and then coming back to $`\psi `$ after CP operation)

$`\psi _L`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{P}_{}\psi \psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}=W^1\left[\overline{\psi }_L{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}}\right]^T,`$
$`\overline{\psi }_L`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }P_+\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)\psi _L]^TW`$ (3.1)
for the chiral theory defined in terms of the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion

$$_L=\overline{\psi }_LD\psi _L=\overline{\psi }\frac{1+\gamma _5}{2}D\frac{1\widehat{\gamma }_5}{2}\psi .$$
(3.2)
One can confirm that the chiral Lagrangian is invariant under the above modified lattice CP transformation. If one establishes that the Jacobian for the above modified CP transformation gives unity, all the effects of CP violation (or abnormal C) effects appear in the propagator, which is derived by considering source terms (2.29) for $`\psi _L`$ and $`\overline{\psi }_L`$,

$`{\displaystyle _{source}^{CP}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle [\overline{\eta }_R^{CP}\psi _L^{CP}+\overline{\psi }_L^{CP}\eta _R^{CP}]}`$ (3.3)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle [\overline{\eta }_R\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)\psi _L+\overline{\psi }_L\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}\eta _R]},`$
and the propagator becomes after CP transformation

$$(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)\widehat{P}_{}\frac{1}{D}P_+\frac{1}{(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)}=P_{}\frac{1}{D}\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}\frac{1}{D}P_+$$
(3.4)
in pure chiral gauge theory, to be consistent with our previous result . We here assumed the natural CP transformation for the source functions, $`\overline{\eta }_R\eta _R^TW`$ and $`\eta _RW^1\overline{\eta }_R^T`$.

This analysis turned out to be rather limited in its scope and it is applicable only to the topologically trivial sector, as it is directly related to the domain wall representation. It is, however, nice to examine the modified lattice CP transformation, since, after all, the invention of a lattice version of chiral transformation was the starting point of the analysis of lattice chiral gauge theory. Also, this analysis illustrates an alternative picture about what is going on in the analysis of CP symmetry, together with general topological complications associated with the transformation which keeps action invariant.

In passing, we note that the vector-like theory defined by the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion is invariant under the modified CP transformation

$$\psi \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}W^1\overline{\psi }^T=W^1\left(\overline{\psi }\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right)^T,\overline{\psi }\psi ^T(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)^TW=(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi )^TW$$
(3.5)
and the Jacobian for this transformation is unity up to the possible singularity associated with $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$.

We now present a precise analysis of the Jacobian factor associated with the above modified CP transformation in chiral gauge theory, and show that we arrive at precisely the same conclusion, at least in the topologically trivial sector, as in our previous analysis based on the more conventional CP transformation . The analysis in this section also provides some of the mathematical details briefly sketched in the previous section.

We start with the definition of expectation values in the fermion sector of the chiral gauge theory

$$𝒪=𝒟\psi _L𝒟\overline{\psi }_L𝒪\mathrm{exp}\left(\overline{\psi }_LD\psi _L\right)$$
(3.6)
and

$$𝒟\psi _L𝒟\overline{\psi }_L=\underset{j}{}\mathrm{d}c_j\underset{k}{}\mathrm{d}\overline{c}_k.$$
(3.7)
In this expression, $`c_j`$ and $`\overline{c}_k`$ are the expansion coefficients of fermion fields:

$$\psi _L(x)=\underset{j}{}v_j(x)c_j,c_j=(v_j,\psi _L)a^4\underset{x}{}v_j^{}(x)\psi _L(x)$$
(3.8)
and

$$\overline{\psi }_L(x)=\underset{k}{}\overline{c}_k\overline{v}_k(x),\overline{c}_k=(\overline{\psi }_L^{},\overline{v}_k^{})a^4\underset{x}{}\overline{\psi }_L(x)\overline{v}_k^{}(x).$$
(3.9)
Basic requirements for the (ideal) basis vectors are

$$\widehat{P}_{}v_j=v_j,(v_j,v_k)=\delta _{jk}$$
(3.10)
and

$$\overline{v}_kP_+=\overline{v}_k,(\overline{v}_j^{},\overline{v}_k^{})=\delta _{jk}$$
(3.11)
so that

$$\widehat{P}_{}\psi _L=\psi _L,\overline{\psi }_LP_+=\overline{\psi }_L.$$
(3.12)
Let us consider how $`𝒪`$ changes under the CP transformation of the gauge field, $`UU^{\mathrm{CP}}`$. The above framework gives

$$𝒪(U^{\mathrm{CP}})=𝒟\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}𝒟\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}𝒪^{\mathrm{CP}}\mathrm{exp}\left[\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}D(U^{\mathrm{CP}})\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}\right]$$
(3.13)
and

$$𝒟\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}𝒟\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}=\underset{j}{}\mathrm{d}c_j^{\mathrm{CP}}\underset{k}{}\mathrm{d}\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}.$$
(3.14)
Here the expansion coefficients are defined by

$$\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)=\underset{j}{}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)c_j^{\mathrm{CP}},c_j^{\mathrm{CP}}=(v_j^{\mathrm{CP}},\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}})$$
(3.15)
and

$$\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)=\underset{k}{}\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}\overline{v}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}(x),\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}=(\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}},\overline{v}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}).$$
(3.16)
The (ideal) basis vectors satisfy

$$\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}=v_j^{\mathrm{CP}},(v_j^{\mathrm{CP}},v_k^{\mathrm{CP}})=\delta _{jk}$$
(3.17)
and

$$\overline{v}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}P_+=\overline{v}_k^{\mathrm{CP}},(\overline{v}_j^{\mathrm{CP}},\overline{v}_k^{\mathrm{CP}})=\delta _{jk}.$$
(3.18)
In what follows, we take basis vectors as

$$\overline{v}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}=\overline{v}_k$$
(3.19)
because both satisfy the same chirality constraint that is independent of gauge fields.

We thus examine the following modified substitution rule

$$\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}=W^1\left[\overline{\psi }_L\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}\right]^T=\underset{k}{}W^1\left[\overline{v}_k\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}\right]^T\overline{c}_k$$
(3.20)
and

$$\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)\psi _L]^TW=\underset{j}{}[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_j]^TWc_j.$$
(3.21)
This substitution is in fact consistent with the chirality constraint, $`\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}=\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ and $`\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}P_+=\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}`$. Moreover, the action takes the form identical to the original one under this substitution, as we already noted. The appearance of the singular factor $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ is consistent with our “no-go theorem” . The question related to the existence of the inverse $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ is discussed later. These observations show that we should consider a change of integration variables from $`(c_j^{\mathrm{CP}},\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}})`$ to $`(c_j,\overline{c}_k)`$. These two sets are connected by

$$c_j^{\mathrm{CP}}=\underset{k}{}a^4\underset{x}{}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)W^1\left[\overline{v}_k(x)\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right]^T\overline{c}_k$$
(3.22)
and

$$\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}=\underset{j}{}a^4\underset{x}{}[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5v_j(x)]^TW\overline{v}_k^{}(x)c_j.$$
(3.23)
This transformation is however regular only if $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=n_+n_{}=0`$, because

$$\text{\# of }c_j^{\mathrm{CP}}\text{\# of }\overline{c}_k=Tr\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})TrP_+=Tr\widehat{P}_+(U)TrP_+=Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5$$
(3.24)
and

$$\text{\# of }\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}\text{\# of }c_j=Tr\widehat{P}_+Tr\widehat{P}_{}=Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5.$$
(3.25)
So we assume $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=n_+n_{}=0`$ in what follows; this is also necessary (though not sufficient) for the existence of the inverse of $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$.

By defining

$$\underset{j}{}\mathrm{d}c_j^{\mathrm{CP}}\underset{k}{}\mathrm{d}\overline{c}_k^{\mathrm{CP}}=J^1\underset{j}{}\mathrm{d}c_j\underset{k}{}\mathrm{d}\overline{c}_k$$
(3.26)
we have

$`J`$ $`=`$ $`det\left\{a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)W^1\left[\overline{v}_k(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\right]^T\right\}det\left\{a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5v_j(x)]^TW\overline{v}_k^{}(x)\right\}`$ (3.27)
$`=`$ $`det\left\{a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5v_j(x)]^TW\overline{v}_k^{}(x)\right\}det\left[a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\overline{v}_k(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}(W^1)^Tv_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)\right]`$
$`=`$ $`det\left\{a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5v_j(x)]^TWP_+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}(W^1)^Tv_k^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)\right\}`$
$`=`$ $`det\left\{a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)W^1\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}}\right]^TP_+^TW^T\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)\right\}`$
$`=`$ $`det\left[a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)\right]`$
where we have used $`_k\overline{v}_k^{}(x)\overline{v}_k(y)=P_+\delta _{x,y}`$ in deriving the third line, and $`W^T=W`$ and $`P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\widehat{P}_{}`$ in the forth line.

Clearly, whether the Jacobian $`J`$ is unity or not depends on the relation between $`v_k`$ and $`v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ which may be quite arbitrary (because these refer to different gauge fields, $`U`$ and $`U^{\mathrm{CP}}`$, respectively). To investigate a minimal condition on $`v_k`$ and $`v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ such that $`J=1`$, we consider an infinitesimal variation of the gauge field specified by

$$\delta _\eta U(x,\mu )=a\eta _\mu (x)U(x,\mu ).$$
(3.28)
Under this variation, the Jacobian $`J=detM`$ changes as $`\delta _\eta \mathrm{ln}J=tr\delta _\eta MM^1`$, where

$`\delta _\eta M_{jk}`$ $`=`$ $`a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\delta _\eta v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)`$ (3.29)
$`+a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}\gamma _5\delta _\eta \mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)`$
$`a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}\gamma _5\delta _\eta \mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)`$
$`a^4{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)\delta _\eta v_k(x)`$
and

$$M_{kj}^1=(v_k,\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}).$$
(3.30)
Using $`_jv_j(x)v_j^{}(y)=\widehat{P}_{}(U)(x,y)`$, $`_jv_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(y)=\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})(x,y)`$ and

$$\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)\widehat{P}_{}(U)=\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)$$
(3.31)
together with eq. (2.45), we arrive at

$$\delta _\eta \mathrm{ln}J=i_\eta +i_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}\delta _\eta Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)$$
(3.32)
where $`_\eta `$ and $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ are so-called measure terms :

$`_\eta =i{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(v_j,\delta _\eta v_j),_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=i{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(v_j^{\mathrm{CP}},\delta _\eta v_j^{\mathrm{CP}})`$ (3.33)
which specify how the fermion path integral measure changes according to a change of gauge fields.

Recalling that $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ is an integer which cannot change under an infinitesimal variation of the gauge field (or simply that we have set $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0`$), we see that the necessary condition for $`J=1`$ is $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=_\eta `$. Namely, for the CP invariance, the (ideal) basis vectors have to be chosen such that $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=_\eta `$. Conversely, if $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=_\eta `$, we see that the Jacobian $`J`$ is a constant which can depend only on the topological properties of each sector. In the vacuum sector, in which the vacuum $`U_0=1`$ is contained, we can determine this constant and obtain $`J=1`$ because $`U_0^{\mathrm{CP}}=1=U_0`$. So, for the vacuum sector, $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=_\eta `$ implies $`J=1`$.

In our previous work, we have shown that the conditions on the ideal measure factor (which appear in the reconstruction theorem of chiral gauge theory ) are consistent with the choice $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=_\eta `$ . The unit Jacobian condition (in the vacuum sector) is thus equivalent to the existence of the ideal measure factor in this sense.

In fact, the CP invariance in the sense that we can ignore the Jacobian associated with the above modified CP transformation is shown more generally, when there is no modes such that $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\mathrm{\Psi }(x)=0`$, namely, $`N_+=N_{}=0`$. In this case, one can show that the Jacobian is a pure-phase, $`J=e^{i\theta }`$. With the CP invariant choice of the fermion measure terms, $`_\eta ^{\mathrm{CP}}=_\eta `$, the phase $`\theta `$ is a constant depending only on the topological sector, as we have shown above. Such a constant breaking of CP, however, may be re-absorbed into the basis vectors $`v_j`$ and $`v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ (this operation does not change the measure terms), or equivalently may be absorbed into the phase factor $`\vartheta _M`$ for each topological sector. This apparent CP breaking is thus harmless. This is completely consistent with our result in the previous work  where the CP invariance of path integral (in the topologically trivial sector) except for propagators is shown. We present the proof of the above statement below.

Proof of $`|J|^2=1`$:

Our Jacobian factor $`J`$ is expressed as

$$J=det\left[a^4\underset{x}{}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}t_k(x)\right]det\left[a^4\underset{x}{}t_j^{}(x)\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)\right]$$
(3.34)
where $`\{t_j(x)\}`$ is any orthonormal complete set of vectors such that $`P_{}t_j=t_j`$. First, one can easily see that $`|J|^2`$ is invariant under a unitary transformation of bases, $`v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ and $`v_j`$. We may therefore choose any bases (as long as they are consistent with the chirality constraints) in evaluating $`|J|^2`$. A convenient choice is the “auxiliary basis” defined by $`H`$:

$$v_j(x)=w_j(x)=\widehat{P}_{}u_j(x),(w_j,w_k)=\delta _{jk}$$
(3.35)
or more explicitly,

$$w_j=\phi _0^{}$$
(3.36)
which satisfies $`H^2w_j=0`$, and

$$w_j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2[1\lambda _jf(\lambda _j^2)]}}\left\{\sqrt{1\lambda _j^2f^2(\lambda _j^2)}\phi _j[1\lambda _jf(\lambda _j^2)]\stackrel{~}{\phi }_j\right\}$$
(3.37)
which satisfies $`H^2w_j=\lambda _j^2w_j`$. (We use basically half of the eigenstates of $`H`$.) See Appendix for notational conventions. Similarly we set

$$v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)=w_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)=\widehat{P}_{}(U^{\mathrm{CP}})u_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x),(w_j^{\mathrm{CP}},w_k^{\mathrm{CP}})=\delta _{jk}$$
(3.38)
where $`u_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)`$ is the eigenfunction of $`H^2(U^{\mathrm{CP}})`$, $`H^2(U^{\mathrm{CP}})u_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)=\lambda _{j}^{\mathrm{CP}}{}_{}{}^{2}u_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)`$. We also use

$$t_j(x)=P_{}u_j(x),(t_j,t_k)=\delta _{jk}$$
(3.39)
namely,

$$t_j=\phi _0^{}$$
(3.40)
and

$$t_j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2[1\lambda _jf(\lambda _j^2)]}}\left\{\sqrt{1\lambda _j^2f^2(\lambda _j^2)}\phi _j[1+\lambda _jf(\lambda _j^2)]\stackrel{~}{\phi }_j\right\}.$$
(3.41)
When there is no modes such that $`\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\mathrm{\Psi }(x)=0`$, the above vectors span complete sets in the space restricted by the chirality constraints. Then, using properties of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$, it is straightforward to see that

$$a^4\underset{x}{}t_j^{}(x)\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)v_k(x)=\sqrt{1\lambda _j^2f^2(\lambda _j^2)}\delta _{jk}$$
(3.42)
and

$$a^4\underset{x}{}v_j^{\mathrm{CP}}(x)\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})}t_k(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1\lambda _{j}^{\mathrm{CP}}{}_{}{}^{2}f^2(\lambda _{j}^{\mathrm{CP}}{}_{}{}^{2})}}\delta _{jk}.$$
(3.43)
Therefore, we have

$$|J|^2=\frac{\underset{j}{}[1\lambda _j^2f^2(\lambda _j^2)]}{_k[1\lambda _{k}^{\mathrm{CP}}{}_{}{}^{2}f^2(\lambda _{k}^{\mathrm{CP}}{}_{}{}^{2})]}.$$
(3.44)
This combination is, however, unity because for $`\lambda _j0`$ (and for $`\lambda _j\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, which is our assumption), the eigenvalues are degenerate as $`\lambda _j^2=\lambda _{j}^{\mathrm{CP}}{}_{}{}^{2}`$, as one can confirm by using the relations in Appendix and eq. (2.45).

## 4 CP (or C) transformation and Yukawa couplings

The CP symmetry is of course broken in the presence of the Higgs coupling in chiral gauge theory. For example,999We assume that the left-handed fermion $`\psi _L(x)`$ belongs to the representation $`R_L`$ of the gauge group and the right-handed fermion $`\psi _R(x)`$ belongs to $`R_R`$ (the Higgs field $`\varphi (x)`$ transforms as $`R_L(R_R)^{}`$). The gauge couplings in the Dirac operators $`D(U_1)`$ and $`D(U_2)`$, and correspondingly in $`\widehat{P}_{}(U_1)`$ and $`\widehat{P}_+(U_2)`$, are thus defined with respect to the representations $`R_L`$ and $`R_R`$, respectively.

$``$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }_LD(U_1)\psi _L+\overline{\psi }_RD(U_2)\psi _R+2g(\overline{\psi }_L\varphi \psi _R+\overline{\psi }_R\varphi ^{}\psi _L)`$ (4.1)
$`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }P_+D(U_1)\widehat{P}_{}(U_1)\psi +\overline{\psi }P_{}D(U_2)\widehat{P}_+(U_2)\psi `$
$`+2g\left[\overline{\psi }P_+\varphi \widehat{P}_+(U_2)\psi +\overline{\psi }P_{}\varphi ^{}\widehat{P}_{}(U_1)\psi \right]`$
where CP is broken not only in the kinetic term but also in the Higgs couplings. Under the CP transformation,

$`U_1U_1^{\mathrm{CP}},U_2U_2^{\mathrm{CP}}`$
$`\overline{\psi }\psi ^TW,\psi W^1\overline{\psi }^T,`$
$`\varphi \varphi ^{}`$ (4.2)
this Lagrangian is transformed to

$`^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+(U_1)\gamma _5D(U_1)P_{}\psi +\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}(U_2)\gamma _5D(U_2)P_+\psi `$ (4.3)
$`+2g\left[\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_+(U_1)\gamma _5\varphi P_+\psi +\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\widehat{P}_{}(U_2)\gamma _5\varphi ^{}P_{}\psi \right].`$
This is again interpreted as a change of representation of chiral projection operators, from $`P_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{P}_\pm `$ to $`\gamma _5\widehat{P}_\pm \gamma _5`$ and $`P_\pm `$, constructed from a vector-like Ginsparg-Wilson theory if one introduces two sets of fermion fields $`\psi ^{(1)}`$ and $`\psi ^{(2)}`$ in eq. (4.1)

$`\psi _L=\widehat{P}_{}(U_1)\psi ^{(1)},\overline{\psi }_L=\overline{\psi }^{(1)}P_+,`$
$`\psi _R=\widehat{P}_+(U_2)\psi ^{(2)},\overline{\psi }_R=\overline{\psi }^{(2)}P_{}.`$ (4.4)
In a perturbative treatment of the Higgs coupling, the analysis of CP symmetry becomes identical to that of the pure chiral gauge theory, as was shown elsewhere . For a non-perturbative treatment of the Higgs coupling but in the topologically trivial sector, one can use the modified CP transformation motivated by the domain wall fermion,

$`\psi _L\psi _L^{\mathrm{CP}}=W^1\left[\overline{\psi }_L{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_1)}}\right]^T,`$
$`\overline{\psi }_L\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_1)\psi _L]^TW,`$
$`\psi _R\psi _R^{\mathrm{CP}}=W^1\left[\overline{\psi }_R{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_2)}}\right]^T,`$
$`\overline{\psi }_R\overline{\psi }_R^{\mathrm{CP}}=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_2)\psi _R]^TW`$ (4.5)
which keeps the action (4.1) invariant. The invariance of the Higgs coupling is confirmed by noting, for example,

$`\overline{\psi }_L^{\mathrm{CP}}P_+\varphi ^{CP}\widehat{P}_+(U_2^{\mathrm{CP}})\psi _R^{\mathrm{CP}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_1)\psi _L\right]^TWP_+\varphi ^{}P_+\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_2^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1\left[\overline{\psi }_R{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_2)}}\right]^T`$ (4.6)
$`=`$ $`[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_1)\psi _L]^TWP_+\varphi ^{}P_+W^1\overline{\psi }_R^T`$
$`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }_RP_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_1)\psi _L`$
$`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }_RP_{}\varphi ^{}\widehat{P}_{}(U_1)\psi _L`$
where we used $`P_+\widehat{P}_+(U_2^{\mathrm{CP}})=P_+P_+\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_2^{\mathrm{CP}})`$ and $`P_{}P_{}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U_1)=P_{}\widehat{P}_{}(U_1)`$. We can thus repeat the analysis of the previous section and confirm that the path integral is invariant under the modified CP transformation except for the propagators which are determined by the source terms. The essence of CP analysis in the domain wall representation is included in this analysis.

It would be interesting if one can generally establish the CP invariance except for the propagators

$`\psi _L(x)\overline{\psi }_L(y)=\widehat{P}_{}(U_1){\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(U_1)2g\varphi \frac{1}{D(U_2)}2g\varphi ^{}}}P_+,`$
$`\psi _L(x)\overline{\psi }_R(y)=\widehat{P}_{}(U_1){\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(U_1)2g\varphi \frac{1}{D(U_2)}2g\varphi ^{}}}2g\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(U_2)}}P_{},`$
$`\psi _R(x)\overline{\psi }_R(y)=\widehat{P}_+(U_2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(U_2)2g\varphi ^{}\frac{1}{D(U_1)}2g\varphi }}P_{},`$
$`\psi _R(x)\overline{\psi }_L(y)=\widehat{P}_+(U_2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(U_2)2g\varphi ^{}\frac{1}{D(U_1)}2g\varphi }}2g\varphi ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{D(U_1)}}P_+,`$ (4.7)
which depend on the specific choice of chiral projection operators $`P_\pm `$ and $`\widehat{P}_\pm `$ as in (4.7) (or $`\gamma _5\widehat{P}_\pm \gamma _5`$ and $`P_\pm `$ after CP transformation), after summing over the topological sectors but without using the explicit diagonal representation of the action (which was used in our previous paper ).

It is shown that CP is broken even in the vector-like theory in the presence of chiral symmetric Yukawa couplings. For example, one may consider a theory with Abelian flavor symmetry (by using $`P_\pm \widehat{P}_\pm =P_\pm \gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$)

$``$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }_RD\psi _R+\overline{\psi }_LD\psi _Lm\left(\overline{\psi }_R\psi _L+\overline{\psi }_L\psi _R\right)+2g\left(\overline{\psi }_L\varphi \psi _R+\overline{\psi }_R\varphi ^{}\psi _L\right)`$ (4.8)
$`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }D\psi m\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi +2g\overline{\psi }\left(P_+\varphi \widehat{P}_++P_{}\varphi ^{}\widehat{P}_{}\right)\psi `$
$`=`$ $`\overline{\psi }D\psi m\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi +2g\overline{\psi }\left(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\right)\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\psi .`$
The Yukawa coupling in this Lagrangian is not invariant under CP transformation101010Under parity we have $`\varphi \varphi ^{}`$, and thus under CP we have $`\varphi \varphi ^{}`$.

$`\overline{\psi }\psi ^TW,\psi W^1\overline{\psi }^T,`$
$`WD(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=D(U)^T,W\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)]^T,`$
$`W\varphi W^1=\varphi ^{}.`$ (4.9)
This non-invariance arises from

$$[\gamma _5,\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5]0,[\varphi (x),\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5]0.$$
(4.10)
For a real constant $`\varphi `$, these conditions are cleared, and the Yukawa coupling is reduced to the mass term. The above CP non-invariance is of course interpreted as a change from one representation of lattice chiral projectors to another, just as we discussed in the case of pure chiral gauge theory.

One can re-write the above Lagrangian in terms of the domain wall fermion as

$``$ $`=`$ $`\overline{q}D{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}qm\overline{q}q+2g\overline{q}\left(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\right)q+\overline{Q}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}Q`$ (4.11)
which is invariant under CP transformation

$`\overline{q}q^TW,qW^1\overline{q}^T,`$
$`\overline{Q}Q^TW,QW^1\overline{Q}^T,`$
$`WD(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=D(U)^T,W\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U^{\mathrm{CP}})W^1=[\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5(U)]^T,`$
$`W\varphi W^1=\varphi ^{}`$ (4.12)
if one notes that the overall signature of the last term in eq. (4.11) is immaterial.

To see the breaking of CP symmetry in this context of the domain wall representation, we introduce the source terms for the fermion fields which specifies general correlation functions. For the local Ginsparg-Wilson variables, we have

$$_{\mathrm{source}}=\left(\overline{\psi }\eta +\overline{\eta }\psi \right)$$
(4.13)
which is invariant under CP transformation

$`\overline{\psi }\psi ^TW,\psi W^1\overline{\psi }^T,`$
$`\overline{\eta }\eta _w^TW,\eta W^1\overline{\eta }_w^T.`$ (4.14)
The source terms are translated in the language of the domain wall fermion as

$$_{\mathrm{source}}=\left(\overline{q}\eta +\overline{\eta }\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}q\right)$$
(4.15)
which is transformed under CP symmetry

$$\overline{q}q^TW,qW^1\overline{q}^T$$
(4.16)
to

$$\left(\overline{q}\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\eta _w+\overline{\eta }_wq\right).$$
(4.17)
To recover the original source terms,111111This complication does not appear to be resolved by an argument of the use of equations of motion for external field lines in the non-perturbative treatment of the Yukawa coupling. See ref. . we need to perform the re-definition of field variables

$$q\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}q,\overline{q}\overline{q}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5$$
(4.18)
but the Yukawa coupling is not invariant under this re-definition because of $`[\gamma _5,\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5]0`$ and $`[\varphi (x),\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5]0`$. The propagator is thus modified under CP as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{D/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)m+2g(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{})}}\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{D/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)m+2g(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{})}}.`$ (4.19)
We arrive at the same conclusion by using the fermionic representation of the domain wall fermion with a chiral symmetric Yukawa coupling

$``$ $`=`$ $`\overline{q}D{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}qm\overline{q}q+2g\overline{q}(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{})q+\overline{S}\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5S`$ (4.20)
if one assigns CP transformation

$`\overline{S}S^TW,SW^1\overline{S}^T.`$ (4.21)
The action is invariant under CP transformation, but to keep the source terms invariant one needs to perform a field re-definition which is not compatible with the Yukawa coupling.

## 5 Majorana fermion

The above complication of CP symmetry (or equivalently charge conjugation symmetry since the parity is normal in the above model) for the vector-like theory with the chiral invariant Yukawa coupling gives rise to a difficulty in defining Majorana fermions in a Euclidean sense . Following the standard procedure, we replace the field variables

$`\psi =(\chi +i\eta )/\sqrt{2},`$
$`\overline{\psi }=(\chi ^TCi\eta ^TC)/\sqrt{2}`$ (5.1)
in the Lagrangian written in the Ginsparg-Wilson fermions. We naively expect121212If $`(CO)^T=CO`$ or equivalently $`COC^1=O^T`$ for a general operator $`O`$, the cross term vanishes $`\eta ^TCO\chi \chi ^TCO\eta =0`$ by using the anti-commuting property of $`\chi `$ and $`\eta `$. In the presence of background gauge field, we assume that the representation of gauge symmetry is real.

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\chi ^TCD\chi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\chi ^TC\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\chi +g\chi ^TC\left(P_+\varphi \widehat{P}_++P_{}\varphi ^{}\widehat{P}_{}\right)\chi `$ (5.2)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta ^TCD\eta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\eta ^TC\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\eta +g\eta ^TC\left(P_+\varphi \widehat{P}_++P_{}\varphi ^{}\widehat{P}_{}\right)\eta .`$
One would then define the Majorana fermion $`\chi `$ (or $`\eta `$) and the resulting Pfaffian. But this actually fails since the cross terms between $`\chi `$ and $`\eta `$ do not quite vanish due to the complications in the charge conjugation.

If one uses the domain wall fermion with “fermionic” variables, one may make the replacement131313The Majorana reduction of the bosonic fermion $`Q`$ in the conventional domain wall fermion is non-trivial, since $`\lambda ^TC\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\lambda =0`$ for a bosonic spinor.

$`q=(\chi +i\eta )/\sqrt{2},`$
$`\overline{q}=\left(\chi ^TCi\eta ^TC\right)/\sqrt{2},`$
$`S=(\lambda +i\rho )/\sqrt{2},`$
$`\overline{S}=\left(\lambda ^TCi\rho ^TC\right)/\sqrt{2}.`$ (5.3)
One can then define the Majorana fermions $`\chi `$ or $`\eta `$ (and $`\lambda `$ or $`\rho `$) by

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\chi ^TCD{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\chi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\chi ^TC\chi +g\chi ^TC\left(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\right)\chi `$ (5.4)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta ^TCD{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\eta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\eta ^TC\eta +g\eta ^TC\left(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\right)\eta `$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda ^TC\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\lambda +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho ^TC\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\rho ,`$
namely, one may define a Majorana fermion by

$`_M`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\chi ^TCD{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}\chi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\chi ^TC\chi +g\chi ^TC\left(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\right)\chi `$ (5.5)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda ^TC\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\lambda .`$
This theory is however non-local due to the singularities in $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$.

In the level of path integral, one may modify the above Lagrangian by writing

$`{\displaystyle 𝒟\chi 𝒟\lambda \mathrm{exp}\left(_M\right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle }𝒟\chi \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\chi ^TCD\chi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\chi ^TC\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\chi `$
$`+g\chi ^TC\sqrt{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{})\sqrt{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\chi ]\}`$ (5.6)
where we made a formal rescaling

$$\chi \sqrt{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\chi ,\sqrt{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\lambda \lambda .$$
(5.7)
This rescaling formally removes the singular factor $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ and makes the auxiliary fermion $`\lambda `$ decouple. This final path integral is however not what we expect for the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion because of $`[\gamma _5,\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5]0`$ and $`[\varphi (x),\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5]0`$, which caused the failure of the charge conjugation symmetry. As for the Pfaffian and the determinant factor without the external fermion lines, one may adopt the above definition of the Majorana fermion, which is consistent up to a possible non-locality arising from $`\sqrt{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}`$.

A difficulty in defining the Majorana fermion is clearly seen when one considers the source terms for the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion, as we did in the analysis of CP symmetry,

$`{\displaystyle \left(\overline{J}\psi +\overline{\psi }J\right)}={\displaystyle \left(\chi ^TCJ_1+\eta ^TCJ_2\right)}`$ (5.8)
where the Majorana sources are defined by

$`J=(J_1+iJ_2)/\sqrt{2},\overline{J}=\left(J_1^TCiJ_2^TC\right)/\sqrt{2}.`$ (5.9)
The derivatives with respect to the source $`J_1`$ give rise to correlation functions of the would-be Majorana fermion $`\chi `$, which we failed to define for the Ginsparg-Wilson fermion.

The corresponding source terms for the domain wall fermion are given by

$`{\displaystyle \left(\overline{J}\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}q+\overline{q}J\right)}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left\{\left[\left(1+\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right)\chi \right]^TCi\left[\left(1\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right)\eta \right]^TC\right\}J_1}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left\{\left[\left(1+\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right)\eta \right]^TC+i\left[\left(1\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}\right)\chi \right]^TC\right\}J_2}`$ (5.10)
where we used the variables supposed to describe Majorana fermions in the domain wall representation (5.4). This expression of source terms shows that neither of the Majorana fermions, $`\chi `$ and $`\eta `$, defined by the domain wall fermion correspond to the Majorana fermion generated by the source $`J_1`$, for example. Besides, the correlation functions generated by differentiating with respect to $`J_1`$ contain the species-doubler poles in $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$. This shows that we cannot define the Majorana fermion consistently for physical processes in the presence of the chiral symmetric Yukawa coupling. The conflict among chiral symmetry, strict locality and Majorana condition persists. The condition for the presence of Majorana fermions is in a sense more demanding than the CP invariance. The Majorana fermion requires a Lagrangian self-symmetric under charge conjugation, while CP symmetry requires the invariance of the path integral after summing over all topological sectors.

In a supersymmetric Wess-Zumino model on the lattice, one needs to define the constraint-free Majorana fermion.141414If one uses the Weyl fermion defined by the Ginsparg-Wilson operator, the constant spinor parameter appearing in supersymmetry transformation is constrained by projection operators. This leads to complications, in particular, in the presence of the background gauge field. A past attempt to define the Wess-Zumino model is given by

$`_{\mathrm{WZ}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\chi ^TC{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}}D\chi \varphi ^{}D^{}D\varphi +F^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_5^2}}F+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m\chi ^TC\chi +m\left[F\varphi +(F\varphi )^{}\right]`$ (5.11)
$`+g\chi ^TC\left(P_+\varphi P_++P_{}\varphi ^{}P_{}\right)\chi +g\left[F\varphi ^2+(F\varphi ^2)^{}\right]`$
where $`\varphi `$ stands for the complex scalar field and $`F`$ for the auxiliary field. The operator $`D`$ is the (free) Ginsparg-Wilson operator, and when $`D^{}D`$ appears in the bosonic sector we adopt the convention to discard the (unit) Dirac matrix. The Majorana fermion $`\chi `$ and its Yukawa couplings are the same as those we find for the above domain wall representation. However, a crucial difference is that the Pauli-Villars field $`S`$ is now replaced by the “physical” field $`F`$. For this reason, we regard the field $`\chi `$ in $`_{\mathrm{WZ}}`$ as a primary definition of the Majorana fermion, though it is defined by a non-local Lagrangian. The singular factor $`1/(\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ for the Majorana fermion is canceled by the same factor coming from the auxiliary field $`F^{}[1/(\mathrm{\Gamma }_5^2)]F`$. In fact one can confirm that the free part of $`_{\mathrm{WZ}}`$ is invariant under a lattice version of supersymmetry

$`\delta \chi =\mathrm{\Gamma }_5{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}H(Ai\gamma _5B)ϵ(Fi\gamma _5G)ϵ,`$
$`\delta A=ϵ^TC\chi =\chi ^TCϵ,`$
$`\delta B=iϵ^TC\gamma _5\chi =i\chi ^TC\gamma _5ϵ,`$
$`\delta F=ϵ^TC\mathrm{\Gamma }_5{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}H\chi ,`$
$`\delta G=iϵ^TC\mathrm{\Gamma }_5{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}H\gamma _5\chi `$ (5.12)
with a constant Majorana-type Grassmann parameter $`ϵ`$. Here we defined

$$\varphi \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(A+iB),F\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(FiG)$$
(5.13)
and $`H=a\gamma _5D`$. This construction of $`_{\mathrm{WZ}}`$ is not completely satisfactory, but it may be amusing to see that a certain aspect of the domain wall fermion may play an essential role in the construction of Majorana fermions.

## 6 Discussion

We have examined the CP properties of a domain wall fermion where light field variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ and the Pauli-Villars fields $`Q`$ and $`\overline{Q}`$ are used. It was first shown that the variables $`q_L`$ and $`\overline{q}_L`$ cannot describe the topological properties, and the full physical contents are only described by the local Ginsparg-Wilson variables $`\psi _L`$ and $`\overline{\psi }_L`$. The domain wall variables $`q`$ and $`\overline{q}`$ in the infinite flavor limit, which themselves exhibit nice CP and charge conjugation properties, cannot help to resolve the difficulty associated with CP symmetry in chiral gauge theory  and the failure of the Majorana condition in the presence of chiral symmetric Yukawa couplings .

The conflict among the good chiral property, strict locality and CP (or charge conjugation) symmetry thus persists. The CP transformation sends one representation of lattice chiral gauge theory into another representation of lattice chiral gauge theory, which are constructed from the same vector-like theory defined by the Ginsparg-Wilson operator $`D`$. The violation of CP symmetry in the Lagrangian level is partly resolved by summing over various topological sectors , and the CP non-invariance is manifested by the change of propagators. In the presence of Higgs couplings, the complications with CP symmetry become more involved since the chiral projection operators are determined by the Ginsparg-Wilson operator which depends only on the gauge field whereas the non-perturbative fermion propagator contains Higgs couplings as well. As for a definition of Majorana fermions in the presence of chiral symmetric Yukawa couplings, an action which is symmetric under the charge conjugation is required. The Ginsparg-Wilson fermions cannot be used in this context. As a tentative (and not complete) resolution of this conflict, we mentioned a use of the domain wall-like representation for the supersymmetric Wess-Zumino model where the auxiliary field $`F`$ plays a role of the Pauli-Villars fields.

We have analyzed only the infinite flavor limit $`N\mathrm{}`$ in the domain wall fermion, where chiral symmetry is well-defined. It will be interesting to examine if the above conflict is already seen for the finite $`N`$ domain wall fermion where the operator $`D_N/(1aD_N)`$ is local (see Ref.  for the locality of $`D_N`$), though precise chiral symmetry is not defined.151515One may, for example, argue that the domain wall variables $`q_L`$ and $`\overline{q}_L`$, which become non-local and cannot describe topological properties in the limit $`N=\mathrm{}`$, are not the suitable variables to describe physical correlation functions even for finite $`N`$, to the extent that the finite $`N`$ theory is intended to be an approximation to the theory with $`N=\mathrm{}`$.

Our analysis of various complications is based on the singular behavior of

$$\frac{1}{\gamma _5\mathrm{\Gamma }_5}=\frac{1}{1aD(\gamma _5aD)^{2k}}$$
(6.1)
in the context of general Ginsparg-Wilson operators. This factor contains poles at the positions of the would-be species doublers which have a mass $`1/a`$ in the case of free fermions, and topological poles in the presence of instantons. This mass value approaches $`\mathrm{}`$ in the limit $`a0`$, and those particles are naively expected to decouple from the Hilbert space in the same limit. The singularity at $`1/a`$ causes non-locality in a strict sense and thus cannot be consistent in all respects , but one might hope that the singularity may not be so serious in a suitable limit $`a0`$ in some practical applications. This issue may deserve further analyses and, in any case, would lead to a better understanding of the domain wall fermion.

Acknowledgments

One of us (KF) thanks H. Neuberger for a useful conversation on the domain wall fermion. He also thanks S. Aoki, Y. Kikukawa and J. Kubo for discussions at Summer Institute 2002 in Fuji-Yoshida, and all the members of C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stony Brook, for their hospitality. The other of us (HS) thanks Y. Kikukawa and Y. Taniguchi for discussions.

## Appendix A Representation of the Ginsparg-Wilson algebra

We here summarize the representation of the general Ginsparg-Wilson relation  $`H\gamma _5+\gamma _5H=2H^2f(H^2)`$. Let us consider the eigenvalue problem

$$H\phi _n(x)=\lambda _n\phi _n(x),(\phi _n,\phi _m)=\delta _{nm}.$$
(A.1)
We first note $`H\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n(x)=\mathrm{\Gamma }_5H\phi _n(x)=\lambda _n\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n(x)`$, and

$$(\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n,\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _m)=[1\lambda _n^2f^2(\lambda _n^2)]\delta _{nm}.$$
(A.2)
These relations show that eigenfunctions with $`\lambda _n0`$ and $`\lambda _nf(\lambda _n^2)\pm 1`$ come in pairs as $`\lambda _n`$ and $`\lambda _n`$ (when $`\lambda _n=0`$, $`\phi _0(x)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _0(x)`$ are not necessarily linearly independent).

We can thus classify eigenfunctions as follows:

(i) $`\lambda _n=0`$ ($`H\phi _0(x)=0`$). For this one may impose the chirality on $`\phi _0(x)`$ as

$$\gamma _5\phi _0^\pm (x)=\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _0^\pm (x)=\pm \phi _0^\pm (x).$$
(A.3)
We denote the number of $`\phi _0^+(x)`$ ($`\phi _0^{}(x)`$) as $`n_+`$ ($`n_{}`$).

(ii) $`\lambda _n0`$ and $`\lambda _nf(\lambda _n^2)\pm 1`$. As shown above,

$$H\phi _n(x)=\lambda _n\phi _n(x),H\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x)=\lambda _n\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x),$$
(A.4)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1\lambda _n^2f^2(\lambda _n^2)}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n(x).$$
(A.5)
We have

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\phi _n(x)=\sqrt{1\lambda _n^2f^2(\lambda _n^2)}\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x),\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x)=\sqrt{1\lambda _n^2f^2(\lambda _n^2)}\phi _n(x),$$
(A.6)
and

$`\gamma _5\phi _n(x)=\sqrt{1\lambda _n^2f^2(\lambda _n^2)}\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x)+\lambda _nf(\lambda _n^2)\phi _n(x),`$
$`\gamma _5\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x)=\sqrt{1\lambda _n^2f^2(\lambda _n^2)}\phi _n(x)\lambda _nf(\lambda _n^2)\stackrel{~}{\phi }_n(x).`$ (A.7)
(iii) $`\lambda _nf(\lambda _n^2)=\pm 1`$, or

$$H\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (x)=\pm \mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (x),\mathrm{\Lambda }f(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2)=1.$$
(A.8)
In this case we see

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (x)=0,$$
(A.9)
and

$$\gamma _5\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (x)=\pm \mathrm{\Lambda }f(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2)\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (x)=\pm \mathrm{\Psi }_\pm (x).$$
(A.10)
We denote the number of $`\mathrm{\Psi }_+(x)`$ ($`\mathrm{\Psi }_{}(x)`$) as $`N_+`$ ($`N_{}`$). From the relation $`Tr\gamma _5=0`$ valid on the lattice, one can derive the chirality sum rule

$$n_+n_{}+N_+N_{}=0.$$
(A.11)
The explicit form of the operator $`H`$ is known for $`f(H^2)=H^{2k}`$ with non-negative integers $`k`$ .
Note added
We have emphasized that the free fermion operator $`1/(1aD(\gamma _5aD)^{2k})`$ in (6.1) contains poles at the positions of would-be species doublers. The operator $`1/(1aD(\gamma _5aD)^{2k})`$ could contain poles even in the presence of topologically trivial gauge fields. See, for example,. If the functional measure of topologically trivial gauge fields which give rise to the possible poles is substantial, the domain wall representation not only for chiral theory but also for vector-like theory would be significantly influenced.