text:
# Anomalous diffusion and Tsallis statistics in an optical lattice

\[

## Abstract

We point out a connection between anomalous quantum transport in an optical lattice and Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. Specifically, we show that the momentum equation for the semiclassical Wigner function that describes atomic motion in the optical potential, belongs to a class of transport equations recently studied by Borland \[PLA 245, 67 (1998)\]. The important property of these ordinary linear Fokker–Planck equations is that their stationary solutions are exactly given by Tsallis distributions. Dissipative optical lattices are therefore new systems in which Tsallis statistics can be experimentally studied.

\]

Non-Gaussian distributions occur frequently in systems that do not follow the prescriptions of standard statistical mechanics. Prominent examples of non–Gaussian statistics are Lévy stable distributions . The probability density of a one–dimensional symmetric Lévy stable distribution is defined by its Fourier transform as $`_\alpha ^C(x)=1/(2\pi )𝑑k\mathrm{exp}[ikxC|k|^\alpha ]`$, where $`0<\alpha 2`$. A key feature of such a stable distribution is the presence of an asymptotic, non–Gaussian, power–law tail, $`_\alpha ^C(x)1/|x|^{\alpha +1}`$, when $`\alpha <2`$. This leads to the important consequence that, except in the Gaussian case $`\alpha =2`$, a Lévy probability density has a divergent second moment . Signatures of Lévy statistics have been experimentally observed in a variety of physical systems  ranging from micelle systems  to porous glasses  and subrecoil laser cooling . Another non–Gaussian distribution, which naturally arises within the framework of nonextensive statistical mechanics , is the Tsallis distribution, $`P_q(x)=Z_q^1[1\beta (1q)x^2]^{1/(1q)}`$ with $`1q<3`$ . Like a Lévy stable distribution, the function $`P_q(x)`$ exhibits an asymptotic, non–Gaussian, algebraic tail, $`P_q(x)1/x^{2/(q1)}`$, for a Tsallis index $`q1`$. Typical systems where Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics has been applied are those involving long–range correlations, such as self–gravitating systems  or long–range magnetic systems , and systems with fluctuating temperature . In the last decade the theory of nonextensive statistical physics witnessed a tremendous development  and there is now also growing experimental evidence of the relevance of Tsallis statistics in describing physical processes . As an example we mention fully developed turbulence, where it has recently been shown that velocity fluctuations are well described by a Tsallis–like distribution . However, there is a need for more experimental support.

Our aim in this paper is to show that there is a connection between Tsallis statistics and anomalous quantum transport in optical lattices. An optical lattice is a standing–wave potential that can be obtained by superposition of counter–propagating laser beams with linear orthogonal polarizations (for a recent review see ). The optical potential so produced is spatially periodic and, as a consequence, shares many common properties with crystalline lattices in solid–state physics, such as Bragg scattering and Bloch oscillations. The main advantage of an optical crystal compared to its condensed–matter counterpart is that the optical periodic potential is exactly known and, furthermore, easily modified in a precise and controlled way. Originally designed for laser cooling (Sisyphus cooling)(for an introduction see ), optical lattices rapidly evolved to an active field of investigation of its own .

An important issue in this context is the understanding of atomic transport in the optical lattice. Depending on the depth of the optical potential, three different regimes can be identified : (i) diffusive motion in deep potentials, (ii) ballistic motion in shallow potentials and (iii) an intermediate regime in between (of main interest here) where anomalous (non–Gaussian) diffusion takes place. The existence of Lévy–like diffusion with long jumps below a given potential threshold has been predicted by Marksteiner et al.  and later experimentally verified by a group at the MPQ in Garching by studying the dynamics of a single ion in a one–dimensional optical lattice . In the following, we show that the equation governing the evolution of the semiclassical momentum distribution of the atom in the optical potential belongs to a family of ordinary linear Fokker–Planck equations recently defined by Borland . The interesting property of these equations is that their stationary solutions are exactly given by Tsallis statistics. This allows us not only to express the indices $`q`$ and $`\beta `$ of the Tsallis distribution in terms of the microscopic parameters of the quantum optical problem, but also to give a physical explanation for the non-normalizability of the distribution, as well as for the divergence of its variance in some range of parameters to be specified. We also introduce the Rayleigh equation for a quantum Lévy process and compare the properties of its stationary solution with those of the Tsallis distribution. We find that the two processes lead to different, experimentally observable, predictions.

Starting from the microscopic Hamiltonian that describes the atom–laser interaction in the optical lattice, an atomic quantum master equation can be derived . After spatial averaging, the Rayleigh equation for the corresponding semiclassical Wigner function $`W(p,t)`$ can be written as ,

$$\frac{W}{t}=\frac{}{p}\left[K(p)W\right]+\frac{}{p}\left[D(p)\frac{W}{p}\right].$$
(1)
Equation (1) has the form of an ordinary linear Fokker–Planck equation with momentum–dependent drift and diffusion coefficients,

$$K(p)=\frac{\alpha p}{1+(p/p_c)^2},D(p)=D_0+\frac{D_1}{1+(p/p_c)^2}.$$
(2)
These two quantities have a simple physical interpretation: The drift $`K(p)`$ represents a cooling force (due to the Sisyphus effect) with damping coefficient $`\alpha `$. This force acts only on slow particles with a momentum smaller than the capture momentum $`p_c`$. This is an important point as we shall discuss below. The diffusion factor $`D(p)`$, on the other hand, describes stochastic momentum fluctuations and accounts for heating processes. We note that $`D(p)`$ has two contributions : A constant part $`D_0`$ which corresponds to fluctuations due to spontaneous photon emissions and fluctuations in the difference of photons absorbed in the two laser beams, plus a term proportional to $`D_1`$ which stems from fluctuations in the dipolar forces. This last term has the same limited momentum range $`p_c`$ as the drift force. Interestingly, we remark that for vanishing $`D_1`$, Eq. (1) exactly reduces to the Fokker–Planck equation considered by Stariolo and shown to give rise to nonextensive statistics .

It is easily seen from Eq. (2) that $`K`$ and $`D`$ satisfy the following condition,

$$\frac{K(p)}{D(p)}=\frac{\beta }{1\beta (1q)U(p)}\frac{U(p)}{p},$$
(3)
with

$$\beta =\frac{\alpha }{2(D_0+D_1)},q=1+\frac{2D_0}{\alpha p_c^2}\text{ and }U(p)=p^2.$$
(4)
Equation (3) has been first obtained by Borland . We mention that in her original work, Borland considered the Ito–form of the Fokker–Planck equation, whereas here, Eq. (3) applies to the Stratonovich–form (1). The condition (3) implies that the stationary solution $`W_q(p)`$ of the Rayleigh equation (1) is given by the Tsallis distribution,

$$W_q(p)=Z_q^1[1\beta (1q)U(p)]^{1/(1q)}.$$
(5)
Equation (5) is the exact general stationary solution of Eq. (1) with the requirement $`W_q(p)0`$ when $`p\pm \mathrm{}`$, the constant $`Z_q`$ being a normalizing factor. The fact that the steady–state solution of Eq. (1) is non–Gaussian is of course well-known . Surprisingly, however, it has not been realized that this precisely corresponds to a Tsallis distribution. Among infinitely many non–Gaussian distributions, Eq. (3) singles out the nonextensive Tsallis distribution (5) (see Fig. 1). It is worth noting that the Tsallis indices $`q`$ and $`\beta `$ can be simply expressed in terms of the microscopic parameters of the problem \[see Eqs. (4)\]. In particular, we see that $`q`$ depends on the ratio of the diffusion constant $`D_0`$ to the product of the friction coefficient $`\alpha `$ with the square of the capture momentum $`p_c`$, and does not depend on $`D_1`$. Equations (4) thus provide a link between the macroscopic Tsallis distribution (5) and the underlying microscopic dynamics in the optical potential. This allows us to give a physical interpretation of the characteristics of the nonextensive distribution (5).

Let us first remind that the distribution (5) is not normalizable for a Tsallis index $`3q`$ or, equivalently, for $`\alpha p_c^2D_0`$. Physically, this means that the cooling force is too weak, compared to the random momentum fluctuations, to maintain the particle in a steady state around $`p=0`$ (this is often referred to as décrochage ). On the other hand, in the limit where $`q1`$ ($`D_0\alpha p_c^2`$), the stationary solution (5) reduces to the standard Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, $`W_1(p)=Z_1^1\mathrm{exp}[\beta U(p)]`$, with an inverse temperature $`\beta `$. In this case the cooling force is much stronger than the random momentum fluctuations. It thus appears that the Tsallis index $`q`$ is intimately related to the interplay between stochastic heating processes (momentum fluctuations, as measured by $`D_0`$) and the cooling force with capture momentum $`p_c`$. It is important to remark that the finiteness of the latter is directly responsible for the occurrence of the non–Gaussian Tsallis distribution in this problem. This is confirmed by the observation that for infinite $`p_c`$, Eq. (1) reduces to the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck equation with well–known Gaussian dynamics. Using the parametrization of Ref. , the index $`q`$ can be further written as $`q=1+44E_R/U_0`$, where $`U_0`$ is the potential depth and $`E_R`$ the recoil energy. We thus see that the Tsallis index can be related to the ratio of the recoil energy to the potential depth. This means that the nature of the atomic dynamics can be simply tuned by varying the depth of the optical lattice. We also notice that the inverse temperature $`\beta `$ is written as the ratio of the friction coefficient to the sum of the diffusion coefficients, in analogy with the fluctuation–dissipation relation. We hasten to add that Eq. (5) corresponds to a steady state and not to an equilibrium state, and as such temperature is not well–defined in this problem.

We now turn to the intermediate regime with a Tsallis index $`5/3<q<3`$ ($`D_0<\alpha p_c^2<3D_0)`$. Here the second moment, $`p^2=p^2W_q(p)𝑑p`$, of the Tsallis distribution is infinite. As a consequence, the mean kinetic energy of the particle, $`E_K=p^2/2m`$, diverges. In this regime, rare but large momentum fluctuations occur that shove the particle outside the range of the cooling force before it is recaptured again. This leads to anomalous momentum diffusion. The transition from Gaussian to anomalous diffusion as the depth of the optical lattice is decreased has recently been investigated experimentally and the divergence of the mean kinetic energy has been observed . This is a clear signature of the underlying non–Gaussian statistics. A dissipative optical lattice hence appears as a unique system that allows experimental investigation of the Tsallis distribution in a whole range of $`q`$ by simply varying a single parameter, the depth of the optical potential.

We emphasize that the non–Gaussian Tsallis statistics is here generated by an ordinary linear Fokker–Planck equation (3), which is often associated with the usual Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics. To our knowledge, atomic transport in an optical lattice constitutes the only physical system known so far where this occurs. Again, this results from the subtle interplay between the deterministic (drift) and stochastic (diffusion) forces (2) that act on the particle . This is for instance at variance with the fully developed turbulence problem discussed in Ref. . In the latter case, nonextensive statistics is obtained from a generalized Langevin equation with fluctuating friction and diffusion coefficients. For comparison, the Langevin equation that corresponds to the Rayleigh equation (1) reads

$$\dot{p}=K(p)+\frac{D(p)}{p}+\sqrt{2D(p)}\eta (t),$$
(6)
where $`\eta (t)`$ is a centered Gaussian random force with variance $`\eta (t)\eta (t^{})=\delta (tt^{})`$. Equation (6) is a Langevin equation with multiplicative white noise and deterministic coefficients.

Anomalous diffusion in optical lattices shares common properties with a Lévy process and is often associated with it . So let us next compare in some detail the two quantum processes based on Tsallis and Lévy statistics. The Klein–Kramers equation for a quantum Lévy process has been recently derived in  using a path–integral approach. The corresponding Rayleigh equation for a free quantum Lévy process can be obtained by integrating over the position,

$$\frac{W}{t}=\frac{\gamma }{m}\frac{}{p}[pW]+D\frac{^\alpha W}{|p|^\alpha },$$
(7)
where $`\gamma `$ and $`D`$ respectively denote the friction and diffusion coefficients. In Eq. (7), we have introduced the Riesz fractional derivative which is defined through its Fourier transform as ,

$$\frac{^\alpha }{|p|^\alpha }=\frac{1}{2\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑y\mathrm{exp}[ipy]|y|^\alpha .$$
(8)
We point out that contrary to the ordinary Fokker–Planck equation (1), Eq. (7) is a generalized, fractional transport equation. It reduces to the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck equation when $`\alpha =2`$. The stationary solution of Eq. (7) can be easily found by Fourier transformation . It is given by the Lévy distribution, $`W_\alpha (p)=_\alpha ^C(p)`$ with $`C=mD/\alpha \gamma `$. As already indicated in the introduction, the function $`W_\alpha (p)`$ asymptotically decays according to a power–law, $`W_\alpha (p)1/|p|^{\alpha +1}`$. This is reminiscent of a Tsallis distribution with index $`q=(3+\alpha )/(1+\alpha )`$. However, there is an important difference between a Lévy and a Tsallis distribution: In the Lévy case, the second moment is finite for only one single value of the parameter $`\alpha =2`$. By direct contrast, in the case of a Tsallis distribution, the second moment is finite in a parameter interval $`1<q<5/3`$. This implies that the mean kinetic energy of the Tsallis particle is finite over a complete range of potential depths and not only for a particular value of $`U_0`$, as this would be the case for a particle obeying Lévy statistics. This is in agreement with what is measured experimentally \[see Figure (4) of Ref. \].

It is further instructive to write down the Langevin equation that corresponds to the Rayleigh equation (7). It reads

$$\dot{p}=\frac{\gamma }{m}p+\xi (t).$$
(9)
Here $`\xi (t)`$ is a centered Lévy distributed stochastic force. Its characteristic function is given by $`\stackrel{~}{P}(k)=𝑑\xi \mathrm{exp}[ik\xi ]P(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}[D|k|^\alpha ]`$. We see that for a Lévy process, the anomalous behavior of the particle finds its origin in the non–Gaussian properties of the noise. This is in contrast to the Langevin equation (6) where the noise is Gaussian. From all this we conclude that the strange kinetics that occurs in an optical lattice, in the semiclassical limit considered here, does not correspond to a quantum Lévy process, strictly speaking, but rather a “quantum Tsallis process”.

Interestingly, broad momentum distributions and Lévy statistics play an important role in another branch of atomic physics, namely subrecoil laser cooling — Lévy statistics being even used as a tool to optimize the cooling process . The physical mechanism that leads here to power–law momentum distributions of the cold atoms is based on the presence of a trap, $`|p|<p_{trap}`$, around $`p=0`$ where particles remain for a long time during their random walk in momentum space, before leaving again. The broad momentum distribution can then be seen as resulting from the competition between the rates of entry and of departure in the trap .

In conclusion, we have shown that Tsallis statistics naturally appears in anomalous quantum transport in an optical lattice. Remarkably the Tsallis distribution is here generated by an ordinary linear Fokker–Planck equation and not by some generalized (non–linear) diffusion equations. Furthermore, the Tsallis index $`q`$ can be simply expressed in terms of the microscopic parameters of the quantum–optical problem, in particular, the potential depth $`U_0`$. This shows that the shape of the distribution can be straightforwardly modified — from a Gaussian to a uniform distribution — by solely varying $`U_0`$. This opens the possibility of experimentally studying Tsallis distributions and non–Gaussian dynamics for any index $`q`$.

We thank Lisa Borland and Hidetoshi Katori for discussions. This work was funded in part by the ONR under contract N00014-01-1-0594.


format: text

text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Two-dimensional Liouville field theory (LFT) appears naturally in the context of the 2D quantum gravity and string theories . This theory has been extended to the supersymmetric Liouville theories to accomodate world-sheet supersymmetries appearing in the string theories. These Liouville-type theories are also interesting for quantum field theoretical properties as well. They possess both conformal symmetry and the strong-weak coupling duality. The strong-weak coupling duality has been attracting much attention recently to understand non-perturbative aspects of the various quantum field theories rigorously. For example, the seminal work of Seiberg and Witten on the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories in (3+1)-dimensions is based on the intuitive observation that the gauge theories in the strong coupling limit are described by a weak coupling region of some effective action . More recently, similar duality arises in the string theory context to understand strings and branes nonperturbatively. This duality also arises in statistical systems such as the 2D Ising model.

For the LFT and the $`N=1`$ SLFT, the strong-weak coupling duality appears as a quantum symmetry closely connected to (super-)conformal symmetries. It has been observed that the background charge is renormalized to $`Q=b+1/b`$ by quantum corrections and the theories preserve the quantum conformal symmetries . This means the two LFTs are invariant under $`b1/b`$, i.e. self-dual. These two symmetries are essential to determine exact correlation functions for the LFT  and the $`N=1`$ SLFT . Now let us consider the duality symmetry of the $`N=2`$ SLFT. CFTs with the $`N=2`$ supersymmetry have been actively studied mainly due to possible applications to string theories. In particular, the $`N=2`$ SLFT appears in the context of the black-hole solutions of a string theory . With or without the conformal symmetry, two-dimensional models with $`N=2`$ supersymmetry show an interesting feature, namely, the nonrenormalization. The parameters in the supersymmetric action do not change in all orders of perturbative calculations. This means that the $`N=2`$ SLFT maintains the conformal symmetry without renormalization of the background charge and loses the self-duality.

Our main proposal in this paper is that the $`N=2`$ SLFT still shows an interesting duality behaviour. Under the dual transformation $`b1/b`$, the theory maps to a ‘dual’ action which is another $`N=2`$ super CFT. The $`N=2`$ SLFT with a strong coupling can be described by the dual action perturbatively. We compute the reflection amplitudes (the two-point functions) of the theory using functional relations derived from the actions. This procedure provides an exact relation between two parameters $`\mu ,\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$, which fixes the relations between the two actions completely. To check a self-consistency of our proposal, we compare the reflection amplitudes derived from the conjecture action with some independent result derived in a totally different context.

## 2 $`N=2`$ Super-Liouville theory and its Dual action

The action of the $`N=2`$ SLFT at the flat background is given by

$$𝒜_\mathrm{I}(b)=d^2z[d^4\theta SS^{}+\mu d^2\theta e^{bS}+c.c.]$$
(1)
where $`S`$ is a scalar superfield satisfying

$$D_{}S=\overline{D}_{}S=0,D_+S^{}=\overline{D}_+S^{}=0.$$
(2)
The Lagrangian of the $`N=2`$ SLFT can be expressed in terms of the component fields as follows:

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}\left[2\phi \overline{}\phi ^{}+2\phi ^{}\overline{}\phi +\psi ^{}\overline{}\psi +\psi \overline{}\psi ^{}+\overline{\psi }^{}\overline{\psi }+\overline{\psi }\overline{\psi }^{}\right]`$ (3)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{5}{4}}\pi \mu ^2b^2e^{b\phi +b\phi ^{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu b^2}{2}}\psi ^{}\overline{\psi }^{}e^{b\phi }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu b^2}{2}}\psi \overline{\psi }e^{b\phi ^{}}.`$ (4)
As in the LFT and the $`N=1`$ SLFTs, one should introduce a background charge $`1/b`$ so that the second term in Eq.(1) becomes the screening operator of the conformal field theory (CFT). However, a fundamental difference arises where the background charge is unrenormalized due to the $`N=2`$ supersymmetry. For the LFT and the $`N=1`$ SLFTs, the background charge is renormalized to $`Q=1/b+b`$ and the theories are invariant under the dual transformation $`b1/b`$. This self-duality plays an essential role to determine various exact correlation functions of those Liouville theories. Unrenormalized, the $`N=2`$ SLFT is not self-dual.

This theory is a CFT with a central charge

$$c=3+6/b^2.$$
(5)
The primary operators of the $`N=2`$ SLFT are classified into the Neveu-Schwarz (NS) and the Ramond (R) sectors and can be written in terms of the component fields as follows :

$$N_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}=e^{\alpha \phi ^{}+\overline{\alpha }\phi },R_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^\pm =\sigma ^\pm e^{\alpha \phi ^{}+\overline{\alpha }\phi },$$
(6)
where $`\sigma ^\pm `$ is the spin operators. The conformal dimensions of these fields are given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^N=\alpha \overline{\alpha }+\frac{1}{2b}(\alpha +\overline{\alpha }),\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^R=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^N+\frac{1}{8}.$$
(7)
The $`U(1)`$ charges are given by

$$Q_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^N=\frac{1}{2b}(\alpha \overline{\alpha }),Q_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^{R\pm }=Q_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}^N\pm \frac{1}{4}.$$
(8)
From these expressions, one can notice that

$$\alpha 1/b\overline{\alpha },\overline{\alpha }1/b\alpha $$
(9)
do not change the same conformal dimension and $`U(1)`$ charge. From the CFT point of view, this means that $`N_{1/b\overline{\alpha },1/b\alpha }`$ should be identified with $`N_{\alpha \overline{\alpha }}`$ and similarly for the (R) operators upto normalization factors. The reflection amplitudes are determined by these normalization factors.

Without the self-duality, it is possible that there exists a ‘dual’ action to (1) whose perturbative (weak coupling) behaviours describe the $`N=2`$ SLFT in the strong coupling region. This action should be another CFT. Our proposal for the dual action is as follows:

$$𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}(b)=d^2zd^4\theta \left[SS^{}+\stackrel{~}{\mu }e^{b(S+S^{})}\right]$$
(10)
with the background charge $`b`$. The $`N=2`$ supersymmetry is preserved because $`S+S^{}`$ is a $`N=2`$ scalar superfield. One can see that this action is conformally invariant because the interaction term is a screening operator. Our conjecture is that the two actions, $`𝒜_\mathrm{I}(b)`$ and $`𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}(1/b)`$ are equivalent. To justify this conjecture, we will compute the reflection amplitudes based on these actions and will compare with some independent results.

## 3 The Reflection Amplitudes

As mentioned above, the reflection amplitudes of the Liouville-type CFT is defined by the linear transformations between different exponential fields, corresponding to the same primary field of chiral algebra. In this paper, we apply the method developed in  to derive the reflection amplitudes of the $`N=2`$ SLFT. For simplicity, we will restrict ourselves to the case of $`\alpha =\overline{\alpha }`$ in Eq.(6) where the $`U(1)`$ charge of the (NS) operators becomes $`0`$. We will refer to this case as the ‘neutral’ sector. (From now on, we will suppress the second indices $`\overline{\alpha }`$.) The physical states in this sector are given by

$$\alpha =\frac{1}{2b}+iP$$
(11)
where $`P`$ is a real parameter. This parameter is transformed by $`PP`$ under the reflection relation (9) and can be thought of as a ‘momentum’ which is reflected off from a potential wall.

Two-point functions of the same operators can be expressed as

$`N_\alpha (z,\overline{z})N_\alpha (0,0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D^N(\alpha )}{|z|^{4\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha ^N}}}`$ (12)
$`R_\alpha ^+(z,\overline{z})R_\alpha ^{}(0,0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D^R(\alpha )}{|z|^{4\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha ^R}}}`$ (13)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha ^N,\mathrm{\Delta }_\alpha ^R`$ are given by Eq.(7). The reflection amplitudes are given by the normalization factors $`D^N(\alpha ),D^R(\alpha )`$ and should satisfy

$$D^N(\alpha )D^N(1/b\alpha )=1,D^R(\alpha )D^R(1/b\alpha )=1.$$
(14)
To find these amplitudes explicitly, we consider the operator product expansions (OPEs) with degenerate operators.

The (NS) and the (R) degenerate operators in the neutral sector are $`N_{\alpha _{nm}}`$ and $`R_{\alpha _{nm}}^\pm `$ with integers $`n,m`$ and

$$\alpha _{nm}=\frac{1n}{2b}\frac{mb}{2},n,m0.$$
(15)
The OPE of a (NS) field with a degenerate operator $`N_{b/2}`$ is simply given by

$$N_\alpha N_{b/2}=N_{\alpha b/2}+C_{}^N(\alpha )N_{\alpha +b/2}.$$
(16)
Here the structure constant can be obtained from the screening integral as follows:

$$C_{}^N(\alpha )=\kappa _1\gamma (1\alpha b)\gamma (1/2\alpha bb^2/2)\gamma (1/2+\alpha b)\gamma (\alpha b+b^2/2),$$
(17)
where

$`\kappa _1={\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2b^4\pi ^2}{2}}\gamma (b^21)\gamma \left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{b^2}{2}}\right)\gamma \left({\displaystyle \frac{b^2}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\right)`$
with $`\gamma (x)=\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)/\mathrm{\Gamma }(1x)`$ as usual.

To use this OPE, we consider a three-point function $`N_{\alpha +b/2}N_\alpha N_{b/2}`$ and take the OPE by $`N_{b/2}`$ either on $`N_{\alpha +b/2}`$ or on $`N_\alpha `$ using Eq.(16). This leads to a functional equation

$$C_{}^N(\alpha )D^N(\alpha +b/2)=D^N(\alpha ).$$
(18)
This functional equation can determine the (NS) reflection amplitude in the following form:

$$D^N(\alpha )=(\frac{\kappa _1}{b^4})^{2\alpha /b}\gamma (2\alpha /b1/b^2)\frac{\gamma (b\alpha +1/2)}{\gamma (b\alpha )}f(\alpha )$$
(19)
with an aribitrary function $`f(\alpha )`$ satisfying $`f(\alpha )=f(\alpha +b)`$. To fix this unknown function, we need an additional functional equation. It is natural that this relation is provided by the dual action $`𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}(1/b)`$.

For this purpose, we consider OPEs with another degenerate operator, namely,

$`N_\alpha R_{1/2b}^+`$ $`=`$ $`R_{\alpha 1/2b}^++\stackrel{~}{C}_{}^N(\alpha )R_{\alpha +1/2b}^+`$ (20)
$`R_\alpha ^{}R_{1/2b}^+`$ $`=`$ $`N_{\alpha 1/2b}+\stackrel{~}{C}_{}^R(\alpha )N_{\alpha +1/2b}.`$ (21)
The structure constants can be computed by the screening integrals using the dual action $`𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}(1/b)`$, which is equivalent to $`𝒜_\mathrm{I}(b)`$. The results are

$`\stackrel{~}{C}_{}^N(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _2(b){\displaystyle \frac{\gamma (2\alpha /b1/b^2)}{\gamma (2\alpha /b)}},`$ (22)
$`\stackrel{~}{C}_{}^R(\alpha )`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _2(b){\displaystyle \frac{\gamma (2\alpha /b1/b^2+1)}{\gamma (2\alpha /b+1)}}`$ (23)
where

$$\kappa _2(b)=\stackrel{~}{\mu }\pi \gamma \left(\frac{1}{b^2}+1\right).$$
(24)
These results are consistent with the $`N=2`$ superminimal CFT results .

Now we consider three-point functions, $`R_{\alpha +1/2b}^{}N_\alpha R_{1/2b}^+`$ and $`N_{\alpha +1/2b}R_\alpha ^{}R_{1/2b}^+`$. Taking OPE with $`R_{1/2b}^+`$ on one of two other operators in the correlation functions and using the OPE relations (20) and (21), we obtain an independent set of functional relations as follows:

$`\stackrel{~}{C}_{}^N(\alpha )D^R(\alpha +1/2b)`$ $`=`$ $`D^N(\alpha ),`$ (25)
$`\stackrel{~}{C}_{}^R(\alpha )D^N(\alpha +1/2b)`$ $`=`$ $`D^R(\alpha ).`$ (26)
Solving for the $`D^N(\alpha )`$, we find a most general solution of Eqs.(25) is

$$D^N(\alpha )=\kappa _2^{2\alpha b}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\alpha b+1/2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\alpha b)}\gamma (2\alpha /b1/b^2)g(\alpha )$$
(27)
where $`g(\alpha )`$ is another arbitrary function satisfying $`g(\alpha )=g(\alpha +1/b)`$. Combining Eqs.(19) and (27), and requiring the normalization $`D^N(\alpha =\frac{1}{2b})=1`$, we can determine the (NS) reflection amplitude completely as follows:

$$D^N(\alpha )=\frac{2}{b^2}\kappa _2^{2\alpha b+1}\gamma \left(\frac{2\alpha }{b}\frac{1}{b^2}\right)\gamma \left(\alpha b+\frac{1}{2}\right)\gamma (1\alpha b),$$
(28)
where two parameters in the actions, $`\mu `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$, are related by

$$\left(\frac{\kappa _1}{b^4}\right)^{1/b}=\kappa _2^b.$$
(29)
The (R) reflection amplitude can be obtained by Eq.(25):

$$D^R(\alpha )=\frac{b^2}{2}\kappa _2^{2\alpha b+1}\gamma \left(\frac{2\alpha }{b}\frac{1}{b^2}+1\right)\gamma \left(\alpha b+\frac{1}{2}\right)\gamma (\alpha b).$$
(30)
We can rewrite these amplitudes using the momentum $`P`$ defined in Eq.(11):

$`D^N(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _2^{2iPb}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+\frac{2iP}{b}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{2iP}{b}\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+iPb\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1iPb\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}iPb\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+iPb\right)}},`$ (31)
$`D^R(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _2^{2iPb}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+\frac{2iP}{b}\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\frac{2iP}{b}\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1iPb\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+iPb\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}+iPb\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1}{2}iPb\right)}}.`$ (32)
## 4 Consistency Check

To justify the reflection amplitudes derived in the previous section based on the conjectured action $`𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}`$, we provide several consistency checks.

It has been noticed that an integrable model with two parameters proposed in  can have $`N=2`$ supersymmetry if one of the parameters take a special value . This means that one can compute the reflection amplitudes of the $`N=2`$ SLFT independently as a special case of those in . Indeed, we have confirmed that the two results agree exactly.

Furthermore, one can check the reflection amplitude for specicific values of $`\alpha `$ directly from the action. When $`\alpha =\frac{1}{2b}\frac{b}{2}`$, the Coulomb integral using the action $`𝒜_\mathrm{I}(b)`$ gives

$`N_\alpha (0)N_\alpha (1)`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{\mu b^2}{2}})^2{\displaystyle d^2z_1d^2z_2e^{\alpha (\phi +\phi ^{})}(0)e^{\alpha (\phi +\phi ^{})}(1)\psi ^{}\overline{\psi }^{}e^{b\phi (z_1,\overline{z}_1)}\psi \overline{\psi }e^{b\phi ^{}(z_2,\overline{z}_2)}}`$ (33)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2b^3\pi ^2}{(\alpha \frac{1b^2}{2b})}}\gamma ({\displaystyle \frac{1+b^2}{2}}){\displaystyle \frac{\gamma (1b^2)}{\gamma (1/2b^2/2)}}.`$
This result agrees with Eq.(28) for $`\alpha \frac{1}{2b}\frac{b}{2}`$. Similarly, when $`\alpha 0`$, one can compute the two-point function directly from the action $`𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}(1/b)`$ and can get

$`N_\alpha (0)N_\alpha (1)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}{b^2}}{\displaystyle d^2ze^{\alpha (\phi +\phi ^{})}(0)e^{\alpha (\phi +\phi ^{})}(1)e^{(\phi +\phi ^{})/b}(\phi +\phi ^{})\overline{}(\phi +\phi ^{})(z,\overline{z})}`$ (34)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}{b^2}}\pi \alpha b=0\mathrm{as}\alpha 0.`$
Here, the insertion we have considered is the only term in the action $`𝒜_{\mathrm{II}}(1/b)`$ which can give nonvanishing contribution. Again, this result agrees with Eq.(28) for $`\alpha =0`$.

In the semiclassical limit $`b0`$, the reflection amplitudes can be interpreted as the quantum mechanical reflection amplitudes of the wave function of the zero-modes from the exponential potential wall arising from the action (1). One can easily find that the reflection amplitude corresponding to the (NS) operator is given by

$$R^N(P)\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+2iP/b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(12iP/b)},$$
(35)
which is consistent with Eq.(32) in the limit $`b0`$.

In summary, we have conjectured a strong coupling effective action which is dual to the $`N=2`$ SLFT. Based on this conjecture, we have computed the reflection amplitudes (the two-point functions) of the (NS) and the (R) primary fields exactly. We have fixed the relation between the two parameters $`\mu `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$. Then, we have checked the validity of these amplitudes by comparing with an independent result along with some other consistency checks. It would be nice to provide more stringent check. One possibility is to consider the $`N=2`$ supersymmetric sinh-Gordon (or sine-Gordon) model as a perturbed integrable model of the $`N=2`$ SLFT. Being integrable, one can compare the finite-size correction of the central charge either by the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz or by the quantization conditions based on the conjecture reflection amplitudes .

## Acknowledgement

This work is supported in part by Korea Research Foundation 2002-070-C00025, KOSEF R01-1999-00018 (CA,CR), and by Eastern Europe exchange program 12-69-002 sponsored by KISTEP (MS).


text:
# High-speed energy-resolved STJ photometry of the eclipsing dwarf nova IY UMa

## 1 Introduction

Modelling eclipses in binary systems remains one of the most reliable tools for extracting stellar masses and radii. In the semi-detached systems, mass transfer via Roche lobe overflow results in an orbital lightcurve that is often dominated by light from the accretion flow rather than the stellar components. If viewed from sufficiently large orbital inclinations, the shadow cast by the mass donor therefore slices not only across the accreting stellar object, but also probes the extended accretion flow around it.

IY UMa is a member of the cataclysmic variable (CV) subclass of dwarf novae, in which a white dwarf accretes from a late-type donor star in an unstable mass-transfer rate regime. During quiescence, the accretion disc fills up until a global disc instability is triggered and the disc is emptied onto the primary white dwarf during semi-regular and short lived outbursts (e.g. Lasota 2000). The white dwarf has no significant magnetic field in such systems, and the extended accretion disc is the dominant contributor to the optical light. In dwarf novae with short orbital periods, longer and more pronounced super-outbursts can occur in addition to normal outbursts. During such super-outbursts, the tidal torque of the mass donor star causes the large accretion disc to deform and precess, producing prominent light modulations (the superhumps) at a period slightly longer than the orbital period of the binary. Although IY UMa was already reported in 1997 to be a variable star (Takamizawa 1998), its status was only established in January 2000 after a reported brightening. Intensive monitoring of this object revealed a short-period dwarf nova in super-outburst featuring prominent superhumps as well as deep primary eclipses with an orbital period of 1.77 hours (Uemura et al. 2000). Since then, several additional outbursts and super-outbursts have been reported, confirming that IY UMa is one of the few eclipsing dwarf nova systems. Patterson et al. (2000) presented extensive photometry during and after the January 2000 outburst and derived IY UMa’s system parameters using the well-defined eclipse features of the white dwarf and hot spot, while Rolfe et al. (2001) used the superhumps to trace the ellipsoidal shape of the accretion disc.

We obtained high time-resolution photometry of IY UMa using the S-Cam2 superconducting tunnel junction device attached to the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope on La Palma (Rando et al. 2000). This cryogenic detector has both intrinsic energy sensitivity and high precision photon time-tagging, permitting rapid, low-resolution spectroscopy. It is thus ideally suited to the study of eclipse transitions in accreting binaries. It consists of a 6x6 array of tantalum superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) devices, cooled to 0.3 K. The STJ devices - hereafter pixels - have sizes of 25 x 25 $`\mu `$m2, corresponding to $``$ 0.6 x 0.6 arcsec2. The field of view of the full array is $``$ 4 x 4 arcsec2, permitting good background subtraction when the seeing is nominal ($`1^{\prime \prime }`$). The device has an energy resolving power of $``$ 8.5 at 500nm. Photon energies are assigned to pulse-height analyser (PHA) channels in the range 0-255. The effective bandpass - determined by the glass optics, atmospheric absorption, IR filters and the detector’s quantum efficiency - is around 340 to 680 nm, such that useful events fall between channels 60 - 165. The relationship between channel number and photon energy is linear ($``$ 42.5 channels eV$`{}_{}{}^{}1`$), but varies slightly from pixel to pixel. The arrival times of individual photons are logged with an accuracy of $`\pm `$ 5 $`\mu `$s using GPS timing signals. The data acquisition and reduction steps are described in Section 2, with a detailed analysis of the eclipses in Section 3 followed by our conclusions.

## 2 Data acquisition and reduction

We made five S-Cam2 observations of IY UMa on the night of Apr 26/27 2000. The detector was mounted on the Nasmyth focus of the 4.2-m William Herschel telescope on La Palma, with the focussed light fed through a derotator wheel. Throughout the night, atmospheric conditions were good with no cloud cover and stable seeing at $``$ 1 arcsec, permitting good background subtraction. Five exposures were made on IY UMa, covering three eclipses (Table 1).

A detailed description of the data reduction procedure for S-Cam2 data is contained in Perryman et al. (2001). The first key step is the shifting of all events onto a common energy/PHA scale, based on a laboratory calibration. After this, the data are split into user-selected energy ranges for the purposes of producing lightcurves in different colour bands. Three energy ranges are selected, with the boundaries between them selected to ensure roughly equal numbers of events in each. For IY UMa, the adopted ranges are channels 1 - 94, 95 - 110 and 111 - 255. Using the nominal relationship between channel number and photon energy, converting from eV to nm, and then allowing for the instrumental bandpass limits, these correspond to three colour bands spanning $``$ 325 - 470 nm, 470 - 554 nm and 554 - 643 nm (labelled blue, green and red henceforth). In addition a composite white light band is also produced. In practice - due to the modest resolving power of the instrument - photons of a given energy corresponding to one band have a finite probability of spilling-over into the adjacent one.

The data are also time-binned, corrected for pixel-to-pixel efficiency variations, corrected for atmospheric extinction in a time-dependent fashion, and finally background subtracted. The latter stage employs two corner pixels to obtain an estimate of the mean sky background during a given observation, and is implemented in a time-independent manner. The default width of time bins is 1.0s, appropriate for tracking eclipse transitions in CVs, but much shorter duration bins may be selected if necessary. Finally, the heliocentric corrections to the individual GPS based UTC timings are calculated using the SLALIB software library (Wallace 2001). This allows the calculation of heliocentric Julian dates (HJD) for all time bins, in order to compare the eclipse timings with previously published values.

## 3 Data analysis

Figure 1 displays the extracted object lightcurve in the three bands as well as a white light lightcurve with a time resolution of 1s. Orbital phases are calculated using the ephemeris that we will derive later in this section. The overall lightcurve shape is very similar to that of other eclipsing dwarf novae such as Z Cha (e.g. Wood et al. 1986). The out of eclipse light curve is characterised by a broad and strong orbital hump, caused by the impact region between the incoming gas stream and the disc edge rotating into view. Typical out-of-eclipse count rates in each energy band are $``$350 counts s-1, increasing up to 600 counts s-1 during the hot-spot hump. The highly structured eclipse consists of the gradual eclipse of the extended accretion disc as well as sharp features when the compact white dwarf and hot spot region are eclipsed and re-appear. During minimum light, count rates drop to $``$50 counts s-1 above the background.

The slight mismatch in counts in all three bands between the second and third observations is due to an electronic calibration having been performed on the array, which results in a small shift in the overall gain of the device. This effect does not affect our subsequent analysis.

We estimated the visual out-of-eclipse magnitude of IY UMa to be $`V16.8\pm 0.5`$ during our observations based on a comparison of IY UMa’s count rate with those of observed standard stars. The internal variations in the lightcurve scaled as expected from Poisson statistics, indicating that no significant systematic effects were contributing to the variability. Uncertainties on individual data points were thus given by the square-root of the count rate, delivering a typical precision of 0.05 magnitudes per data point in the three color bands.

### 3.1 Power spectrum

The orbital lightcurves show, apart from the striking eclipse and hot spot features, significant aperiodic flickering in all three colours. Flickering is a common characteristic of accretion and reflects the dominant contribution that the accretion disc light makes to the orbital lightcurve. In order to characterise the flickering behaviour of IY UMa, the eclipse sections ($`\pm 0.1`$ in terms of phase) were removed. The data were then detrended with an 8th order polynomial in order to remove remaining orbital modulations and isolate the rapid flickering. The white light Fourier power spectrum is displayed in Figure 2. The power spectrum has been rebinned on a logarithmic scale for plotting purposes. The flickering activity exhibits itself as a power-law component with index $`1.7\pm 0.1`$ reaching the Poisson noise level around 0.1 Hz.

We employed different detrending filters to ascertain their effect on the derived flickering properties. This ensured that the power-law index was derived from a frequency range that was not affected by the detrending process. No significant differences were detected between the power spectra of the individual color bands. We also compared the power spectrum of the regions around the bright spot hump (0.6-0.9) with that of the phase interval 0.1-0.6 and found the same flickering power-law. Significant flickering power is thus present on timescales of minutes to hours.

Bruch et al. (1992) documents the flickering properties of several CVs and finds flickering power-laws with a mean index of -2. The flickering indices span a broad range from system to system. And for a given system the flickering index varies significantly between observing epochs. Despite its slightly shallower flickering index, IY UMa’s flickering properties thus appear to be typical for a CV.

There is no evidence for any periodic oscillations, such as the short period (20-30s) dwarf nova oscillations that are ocassionally observed in systems around their outburst (e.g. Steeghs et al 2001) or persistent oscillations such as in the short period dwarf nova WZ Sge. None have been reported for IY UMa so far.

### 3.2 Eclipse timings

Patterson et al. (2000) were able to identify the white dwarf and hot spot eclipses in their lightcurves towards the end of their campaign as the system approached its quiescent brightness. Although the white dwarf ingress and egress was not well resolved, they estimated its duration to be $`25`$s. Our adopted time binning of 1s is thus perfectly adequate for resolving these features during primary eclipse.

To illustrate the individual eclipse features, the counts in the three energy bands were added together and the three observed eclipses were averaged in order to derive a mean white light eclipse lightcurve for IY UMa (Figure 3). A smoothed lightcurve was then calculated using a running mean filter with a width of 10s, as well as the numerical derivative of this smoothed lightcurve. The white dwarf eclipse is well resolved and the start and end of both white dwarf ingress ($`T_{\mathrm{WD}is}`$,$`T_{\mathrm{WD}ie}`$) and egress ($`T_{\mathrm{WD}es}`$,$`T_{\mathrm{WD}ee}`$) were measured for all three eclipses. White dwarf ingress/egress ($`T_{\mathrm{WD}_i}`$,$`T_{\mathrm{WD}_e}`$) was then calculated as the mid-point between the beginning and end of ingress/egress. As a complimentary measurement of white dwarf ingress/egress, the point at which the derivative is maximal ($`T_{i_{deriv}}`$,$`T_{e_{deriv}}`$) was also determined. The derived white dwarf ingress/egress times when comparing the two methods always agreed to better than 2s, which we use as a conservative error estimate on all individual eclipse timing measurements.

Immediately after white dwarf ingress and before the start of the bright spot ingress, an increase in the count rate is observed for a short duration. Since this curious eclipse feature may influence the start of hot spot ingress, hot spot ingress and egress times were measured instead as the phases of maximum derivative ($`T_{\mathrm{HS}_i}`$ and $`T_{\mathrm{HS}_e}`$). Finally, the phase of minimum light was measured for each eclipse ($`T_{min}`$). We could not measure any significant differences between the eclipse timings in the three energy bands, and therefore Table 2 lists all measured timings based on summed white-light lightcurves in order to improve the signal to noise.

Our three accurate mid-eclipse times ($`T_0=1/2(T_{\mathrm{WD}_i}+T_{\mathrm{WD}_e})`$) together with those listed in Patterson et al. (2000) were used to calculate a refined orbital ephemeris for IY UMa;

$$\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{mid}\mathrm{eclipse}}=\mathrm{HJD}2451570.85376(2)+0.07390897(5)\mathrm{E}$$

All eclipse measurements were given equal weight in this ephemeris determination. The figures in brackets denote the error on the last digits. The above ephemeris is used throughout this paper whenever an orbital phase needs to be calculated.

In order to ascertain the reliability of our white dwarf ingress/egress measurements as given in Table 2, we calculated synthetic white dwarf lightcurves using a spherical white dwarf with given linear limb darkening coefficient. The limb of the Roche lobe was evaluated using a three-point approximation (e.g. Wood & Horne 1990). White dwarf eclipse lightcurves were then calculated using variable limb darkening coefficients and ingress/egress phases were measured in the same manner as the data. We thus established that the individual phase measurements are reliable to within 4 seconds, with no measurable systematic offset. We then derived our final mean white dwarf ingress/egress duration of $`31\pm 2`$ s based on 6 individual measurements. The total white dwarf eclipse duration is $`407\pm 1`$ s, or 0.0637 in terms of phase. Minimum light occurs $`80\pm 3`$ seconds after white dwarf conjunction reflecting the distortion caused by the hot spot, while the curious rise in the eclipse after the end of white dwarf ingress reaches its peak $`30\pm 2`$ seconds later. The duration of white dwarf ingress and egress are indistinguishable, indicating that the white dwarf is fully eclipsed before the rise of the short duration feature commences. We will look into this eclipse feature in more detail in Section 3.4.

### 3.3 System parameters

We follow the techniques of Wood et al. (1986) and Patterson et al. (2000), and use the measured hot spot ingress/egress phases as a constraint on the binary mass ratio $`q=M_2/M_1`$. Predicted hot spot ingress and egress phases were calculated as a function of mass ratio using ballistic stream trajectories in the binary potential, assuming the secondary star is filling its Roche lobe. The distance between white dwarf and the first Lagrangian point is referred to as $`R_{L_1}`$. Using our three hot spot phases, we find that $`q=0.125\pm 0.008`$, while $`R_{disk}=0.54\pm 0.01R_{L_1}`$ which corresponds to $`0.38`$ in terms of the binary separation $`a`$. Our derived mass ratio agrees with, and improves upon, the value derived by Patterson et al. (2000). IY UMa is one of the calibrators for Patterson’s empirical relation between the superhump period excess ($`ϵ`$) and the binary mass ratio (Patterson 2001). We remark that our value for the mass ratio together with the observed period difference between orbital period and superhump period $`ϵ=(P_{sh}P_{orb})/P_{orb}=0.0281`$ leads to $`ϵ/q=0.22\pm 0.01`$ based on IY UMa alone if we assume a linear relation.

Interestingly, our inferred accretion disc size is significantly larger compared to the $`R_{disk}=0.28a`$ measured by Patterson et al. (2000) and $`R_{disk}=0.25a`$ derived by Stanichev et al. (2001). Their observations took place 1-2 months before our data, and thus closer to the superoutburst that was first reported on January 13, 2000. We estimated the brightness of IY UMa to be $`V16.80`$ during our observations. This is brighter than the reported quiescent V magnitude of $`17.5`$, which suggest that another outburst may have occured around the time of our observations. On the other hand, the appearance of the light curve is very much like the quiescent lightcurves reported by Patterson et al. which suggests that our observations would need to be during the later phases of such an outburst. Given the faintess of IY UMa, normal outbursts are easily missed by the variable star networks and it it thus no surprise that not all brightenings are reported. This is precisely the reason why IY UMa, which reaches $`V14`$ during super-outburst, was only recently discovered. The occurence of a normal outburst, rather than a super-outburst, in between our time of observations and that of Patterson et al. (2000) could explain the observed disc size. At the start of an outburst, the disc expands rapidly and then gradually shrinks back to its quiescent value. A large disc is thus a tell tale sign of enhanced mass accretion through the disc due to an outburst.

Having established the duration of white dwarf eclipse, we can then exploit the unique relation between $`q`$, the binary inclination $`i`$ and the white dwarf eclipse duration $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi _{\mathrm{WD}}=0.0637`$ and derive $`i=86.0\pm 1^{}`$. Finally, if we assume that the white dwarf radius is given by Eggleton’s mass-radius relationship (Verbunt & Rappaport 1988), we can use the measured white dwarf ingress/egress duration and determine the masses of the stellar components. We then find for the masses of the white dwarf and mass donor star in IY UMa; $`M_1=0.79\pm 0.04M_{}`$ and $`M_2=0.10\pm 0.01M_{}`$. These values are very similar to those of other short period systems such as Z Cha and HT Cas, and as such typical for a short period CV with a mid to late M-type secondary star (Smith & Dhillon 1998 ; Rolfe, Abbott & Haswell 2002).

### 3.4 The rising eclipse feature

We remarked earlier that the end of white dwarf ingress is followed by a short ($`30`$s) rise in the lightcurve before the hot spot is eclipsed. This is surprising since more and more of the accretion flow is falling into the shadow of the secondary star which should result in a monotonically decreasing eclipse lightcurve. In order to understand the nature of this lightcurve feature, we illustrate its properties in more detail in Figure 4. The feature is visible in all three observed eclipses and is always most pronounced in the blue band, and weakest in the red lightcurves. This suggests that the source responsible for this feature is compact and hot, with similar colours to the hot spot. Its timing lies exactly between the end of white dwarf ingress ($`T_{\mathrm{WD}_{ie}}`$) and hot spot ingress ($`T_{\mathrm{HS}_i}`$). However, no similar feature is visible between white dwarf and hot spot egress, implying that the source of this additional light is not visible when observed from the opposite direction. This suggests that some feature rotates into view just after the white dwarf is eclipsed, while it is not visible at most other orbital phases. In order to facilitate the interpretation, we modeled the contribution of the white dwarf for each color band and subtracted its light from the orbital lightcurve. To WD flux was assumed to be constant before ingress and after egress and zero during white dwarf eclipse. The lightcurve was then completed by integrating the numerical derivative of the filtered lightcurve during white dwarf ingress and egress (ala Wood et al. 1986). In Figure 5, we plot the mean white dwarf subtracted lightcurves for all colours. The rising feature reveals itself again most notably in the blue band, with an even higher blue-to-green ratio than the bright spot. Its surface brightness needs to be larger than that of the hot inner disc regions since the count rate increases while the inner disc falls in the shadow of the secondary star.

To illustrate the geometry in IY UMa near these orbital phases, we plot in Figure 6 the Roche geometry for the system parameters of IY UMa. The inferred disc size is indicated by the solid circle, and the canonical location of the hot spot is the intersection of the ballistic gas stream trajectory with the disc edge. The path of the secondary star’s shadow is also indicated as it advances between white dwarf ingress and hot spot ingress.

A likely possibility is that the gas stream on impact buries itself (partly) into the disc, creating a narrow, hot impact cavity. If emission is beamed preferentially along the direction of the stream near impact rather than perpendicular to the disc edge, this buried part of the stream would then make a growing contribution to the lightcurve after white dwarf egress as the angle between the stream trajectory and the line of sight continues to decrease (arrows in Fig. 6). The resulting rise in the lightcurve is cut short when the shadow of the secondary covers the stream impact region and the hot spot ingress takes place, explaining the short duration of the feature. This hot cavity along the stream trajectory is also consistent with its blue colour. Since the cavity is buried in the disc, it would only be visible when the line of sight looks into the cavity, and not at opposite orbital phases. This qualitative model can thus explain all the observed features.

No similar feature has been observed in other eclipsing CVs, but the very high binary inclination of IY UMa may be a prerequisite for such line of sight effects to occur. The observable properties of this stream cavity effect depend mainly on how tightly and in what direction the light is beamed. The detailed geometry of the stream impact region is notoriously complex with possible other complications such as stream overflow and a vertically and azimuthally extended hot spot down-stream along the disc edge. Our data suggest that the location of highest dissipation may not be at the disc edge, the classical location of the bright spot, but further into the disc. With more good quality high-speed observations of eclipsing CVs, such models can be more thoroughly tested.

## 4 Conclusions

We presented high-time resolution photometry of IY UMa covering three of its deep eclipses. The data were obtained $`3.5`$ months after the January 2000 super-outburst using the S-Cam2 STJ-based detector array. Using the well defined white-dwarf eclipse features, and our high time resolution, we derived an updated orbital ephemeris for this eclipsing dwarf nova system. In conjunction with measurements of the hot spot eclipse phases, we were able to derive accurate system parameters for IY UMa. We found $`M_1=0.79\pm 0.04M_{}`$ and $`M_2=0.10\pm 0.01M_{}`$, corresponding to a mass ratio of $`q=0.125\pm 0.008`$. The white dwarf eclipse width of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi _{\mathrm{WD}}=0.0637`$ then implies $`i=86.0\pm 1^{}`$.

The measured disc radius ( $`R_{disk}=0.54\pm 0.01R_{L_1}`$ ) was considerably larger than the values reported towards the end of the January 2000 super-outburst. This is most likely due to the occurence of a normal outburst just before our observations. The observed count-rates suggest that IY UMa was slightly brighter than its nominal quiescent magnitude, supporting the occurence of a mass accretion rate increase.

A curious short-lived rise in the orbital lightcurve was observed during all three eclipses. It occurs between the end of white dwarf ingress and hot spot ingress and has a blue colour. We suggested that the source of this light lies in the buried part of the gas stream, resulting in a compact, hot impact cavity. The curious line-of-sight effects leading to this lightcurve feature are the result of the very high binary inclination of IY UMa, making it a wonderful system for exploring the complex geometry of the accretion flow in dwarf novae.

Given sufficient time resolution and signal to noise, lightcurve analysis of high inclination systems such as IY UMa are thus an invaluable tool. The future looks bright with the energy resolution of STJ devices significantly improving, and large-aperture telescopes providing sufficient photons to perform high-time resolution spectroscopy.

## Acknowledgments

DS is supported by a PPARC Fellowship. The William Herschel telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.


text:
# On Residually 𝑆₂ ideals and projective dimension one modules

## 1. Introduction

This work has been motivated by a recent paper of C. Huneke about cancellation theorems for special ideals in local Gorenstein rings. In its simplest form any such theorem says that if $`I,J`$ and $`L`$ are ideals in a Noetherian local ring $`R`$ such that $`LIJI`$ then $`LJ`$. Using the so called determinant trick, in general one can only conclude that $`LJI:I\overline{J}`$, where $`\overline{J}`$ denotes the integral closure of $`J`$. We recall that the integral closure $`\overline{J}`$ of an ideal $`J`$ is the set $`(`$ideal, to be precise$`)`$ of all elements integral over $`J`$. An element $`xR`$ is integral over $`J`$ if $`x`$ satisfies a monic equation of the form $`x^n+a_1x^{n1}+\mathrm{}+a_{n1}x+a_n=0`$, where $`a_iJ^i`$ for $`1in`$.

To say that cancellation holds for every such ideal $`L`$ is equivalent to say that the $`R/J`$-module $`I/JI`$ is faithful, that is to say $`JI:I=J`$. There aren’t many known instances when cancellation happens. Besides the ones described in , we would like to single out \[3, Theorem 2.4 and Theorem 3.1\].

More generally, one can ask for which ideals $`I`$ and $`J`$ and which positive integers $`t`$ the equality $`JI^t:I^t=J`$ holds. This kind of question is particularly interesting when the ideal $`J`$ is a $`(`$minimal$`)`$ reduction of the ideal $`I`$. We say that a subideal $`J`$ of $`I`$ is a reduction of $`I`$ if $`I^{r+1}=JI^r`$ for some positive integer $`r`$. The smallest such $`r`$ is called the reduction number of $`I`$ with respect to $`J`$. Minimal reductions are reductions minimal with respect to containment. If the residue field is infinite, their minimal number of generators does not depend on the minimal reduction of the ideal. This number is called analytic spread of $`I`$, in symbols $`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(I)`$. It equals the dimension of the fiber cone of $`I`$ and it is always greater than or equal to the height of $`I`$. If $`I^{r+1}=JI^r`$ one has that $`IJI^r:I^r`$. Thus, conditions of the kind $`JI^t:I^t=J`$, with $`J`$ a reduction of $`I`$ and $`t`$ some integer, give a severe bound on the reduction number of ideals which admit proper reductions.

Our main results, in the ideal case, are Theorem 2.2 and Theorem 2.3. They answer the above questions in the case of ideals satisfying local bounds on the minimal number of generators up to a given codimension and some other residual properties in the sense of . In the same spirit as , immediate consequences of Theorem 2.3 are drawn about the reduction number and the integral closure of an ideal $`I`$. The proofs of Theorem 2.2 and Theorem 2.3 use, though, techniques coming essentially from  $`(`$and its subsequent refinements$`)`$.

We also prove a similar cancellation theorem in the case of certain modules of projective dimension one $`(`$see Theorem 2.6$`)`$. The motivations and the techniques we use come from , where the authors study Rees algebras of modules via Bourbaki ideals.

It is worth pointing out the analogy between the classes of ideals and modules presently studied and the ones recently studied in : some of the theorems proved in  are also sort of cancellation theorems.

## 2. The main results

### 2.1. The ideal case

We first recall some additional definitions that are essential in stating our results. For a more comprehensive treatment, we refer the reader to .

###### Definition 2.1.

Let $`R`$ be a local Cohen–Macaulay ring, let $`I`$ be an $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$, and let $`sg`$ be an integer.

1. We say that $`I`$ satisfies property $`G_s`$, if $`\mu (I_𝔭)\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭`$ for any prime ideal $`𝔭`$ containing $`I`$ with $`\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭s1`$.
2. An $`s`$-residual intersection of $`I`$ is a proper ideal $`K=𝔞:I`$ where $`𝔞`$ is a subideal of $`I`$ with $`\mu (𝔞)s\mathrm{height}(K)`$.
3. An $`s`$-residual intersection $`K`$ of $`I`$ is called a geometric $`s`$-residual intersection if $`\mathrm{height}(I+K)s+1`$.
4. We say that $`I`$ is $`s`$-residually $`S_2`$ if for every $`gis`$ and every $`i`$-residual intersection $`K`$ of $`I`$, $`R/K`$ satisfies Serre’s condition $`S_2`$.
5. We say that $`I`$ is weakly $`s`$-residually $`S_2`$ if for every $`gis`$ and every geometric $`i`$-residual intersection $`K`$ of $`I`$, $`R/K`$ satisfies Serre’s condition $`S_2`$.

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`R`$ be a local Cohen–Macaulay ring. Let $`I`$ be an unmixed $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$ satisfying $`G_s`$ for some $`sg+1`$. Let $`K=𝔞:I`$ be an $`s`$-residual intersection. Then there exists a generating sequence $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_s`$ of $`𝔞`$ such that with $`𝔞_i=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_i)`$ then

* $`𝔞_iI^t:I^t=𝔞_i`$ if $`1ig`$ and for every $`t`$;
* $`𝔞_iI^t:I^tI`$ if $`gis`$ and for every $`t`$.

Suppose further that $`I`$ is weakly $`(s1)`$-residually $`S_2`$. Then

* $`𝔞_iI^t:I^t=𝔞_i`$ if $`g+1is1`$ or if $`i=s`$ and $`K`$ is a geometric $`s`$-residual intersection, and for every $`t`$.

Proof. Pick the elements $`a_i`$ as in \[11, Corollary 1.6$`(`$a$`)`$\].

$`(`$a$`)`$ Clearly, $`𝔞_i𝔞_iI^t:I^t`$ for all $`t`$. It is enough to prove the statement at the associated primes of $`R/𝔞_i`$ which all have height $`i`$. Let $`𝔭`$ be any such prime. If $`i<g`$ then $`(𝔞_i)_𝔭I_𝔭^t:I_𝔭^t=(𝔞_i)_𝔭:R_𝔭=(𝔞_i)_𝔭`$. If $`i=g`$ we either have $`I_𝔭=(𝔞_g)_𝔭`$ or $`I_𝔭=R_𝔭`$. In both case we conclude that $`(𝔞_g)_𝔭I_𝔭^t:I_𝔭^t=(𝔞_g)_𝔭`$.

$`(`$b$`)`$ It is enough to show the inclusion at the associated primes of $`I`$, which all have height $`g`$ since $`I`$ is unmixed. Let $`𝔭`$ be any such prime. Then $`I_𝔭=(𝔞_g)_𝔭`$ and $`(𝔞_i)_𝔭I_𝔭^t:I_𝔭^t=(𝔞_g)_𝔭=I_𝔭`$.

$`(`$c$`)`$ Set $`K_i=𝔞_i:I`$ and observe that $`𝔞_iI^t:I^t𝔞_i:I^t=(𝔞_i:I):I^{t1}=K_i:I^{t1}`$. Since $`K_i`$ is a $`i`$-geometric residual intersection and is unmixed of height $`i`$, it follows that $`I^{t1}`$ has positive grade modulo $`K_i`$. Thus, we conclude that $`K_i:I^{t1}=K_i`$. Using $`(`$b$`)`$, we have

$$𝔞_iI^t:I^tK_iI=𝔞_i,$$

as desired. We observe that the equality $`K_iI=𝔞_i`$ follows from \[2, Proposition 3.4$`(`$c$`)`$\].

Our next goal is to relax the assumptions of Theorem 2.2$`(`$c$`)`$ in the case $`i=s`$.

###### Theorem 2.3.

Let $`R`$ be a local Gorenstein ring. Let $`I`$ be an $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$, satisfying $`G_s`$ for some $`sg`$ and locally unmixed in codimension $`s`$. Suppose further that $`I`$ is weakly $`(s1)`$-residually $`S_2`$ and that $`\mathrm{Ext}_R^{g+j}(R/I^j,R)_𝔭=0`$ whenever $`𝔭V(I)`$ with $`\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭s`$ and $`1jsg`$. Let $`𝔞:I`$ be an $`s`$-residual intersection. Then for every $`1tsg`$

$$𝔞I^t:I^t=𝔞.$$

Proof. Again, pick a generating sequence $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_s`$ of $`𝔞`$ as in \[11, Corollary 1.6$`(`$a$`)`$\] and we may assume $`sg+1`$. Clearly, $`𝔞𝔞I^t:I^t`$ for all $`t`$. Hence it is enough to show the equality at the associated primes of $`R/𝔞`$ which have height at most $`s`$ $`(`$see \[2, Proposition 3.4$`(`$b$`)`$\]$`)`$. Let $`𝔭`$ be any such prime. We may also assume that $`𝔭V(I)`$, as otherwise the conclusion is immediate. Since $`𝔞:I`$ is an $`s`$-residual intersection, it follows that if $`𝔭`$ has height at most $`s1`$ then $`I_𝔭=𝔞_𝔭`$. The unmixedness assumption on $`I`$ forces then $`𝔭`$ to have height $`g`$. Therefore $`I_𝔭=𝔞_𝔭=(𝔞_g)_𝔭`$, where $`𝔞_g=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_g)`$, and $`𝔞_𝔭I_𝔭^t:I_𝔭^t=(𝔞_g)_𝔭=𝔞_𝔭`$.

In conclusion we may assume that $`𝔭`$ has height $`s`$ and therefore, by the unmixedness assumptions on $`I`$, we have that $`I_𝔭𝔞_𝔭`$. After a change of notation, let $`R`$ be a local Gorenstein ring of dimension $`s`$ and $`I`$ an $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$ satisfying $`G_s`$ and $`\mathrm{Ext}_R^{g+j}(R/I^j,R)=0`$ for $`1jsg`$. Let ‘$`^{\text{ }\text{ }}`$’ denote images modulo $`K_{s1}=𝔞_{s1}:I`$. Then

$$\overline{𝔞I^t:I^t}\overline{𝔞I^t}:\overline{I}^t=(\overline{a}_s)\overline{I}^t:\overline{I}^t(\overline{a}_s)(\overline{I}^t\underset{𝑄}{:}\overline{I}^t),$$

where $`Q`$ is the total quotient ring of $`\overline{R}`$ and $`\overline{a}_s`$ is a non zero divisor in $`\overline{R}`$ $`(`$see \[2, Proposition 3.1 and Proposition 3.3\]$`)`$. By \[2, $`(`$c$`)`$ in the proof of Theorem 4.1\] we have that $`(\overline{I}^{sg})^{}`$ is the canonical module $`\omega _{\overline{R}}`$ of $`\overline{R}`$, where $`(\text{ }\text{ })^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_{\overline{R}}(\text{ }\text{ },\omega _{\overline{R}})`$. Thus, for $`1tsg`$ it follows that

$$\overline{I}^t\underset{𝑄}{:}\overline{I}^t\overline{I}^{sg}\underset{𝑄}{:}\overline{I}^{sg}(\overline{I}^{sg})^{}\underset{𝑄}{:}(\overline{I}^{sg})^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_{\overline{R}}(\omega _{\overline{R}},\omega _{\overline{R}})=\overline{R},$$

as $`\overline{R}`$ satisfies property $`S_2`$ $`(`$see \[2, $`(`$a$`)`$ in the proof of Theorem 4.1\]$`)`$. Thus $`\overline{𝔞I^t:I^t}(\overline{a}_s)`$ and, after lifting back to the ring $`R`$, we get

$$𝔞I^t:I^t(a_s)+K_{s1}=𝔞+K_{s1}.$$

Using Theorem 2.2$`(`$b$`)`$, for $`1tsg`$, we have that

$$𝔞I^t:I^t(𝔞+K_{s1})I=𝔞+(K_{s1}I)=𝔞+𝔞_{s1}=𝔞,$$

as desired. Again, we observe that the equality $`K_{s1}I=𝔞_{s1}`$ follows from \[2, Proposition 3.4$`(`$c$`)`$\].

A case of interest is the following ‘global’ formulation of Theorem 2.3.

###### Corollary 2.4.

Let $`R`$ be a local Gorenstein ring. Let $`I`$ be an unmixed $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$, satisfying $`G_s`$ for some $`sg`$. Suppose further that $`\mathrm{Ext}_R^{g+j}(R/I^j,R)=0`$ for $`1jsg`$. Let $`𝔞:I`$ be an $`s`$-residual intersection. Then for every $`1tsg`$

$$𝔞I^t:I^t=𝔞.$$

Proof. The ideal $`I`$ is $`(s1)`$-residually $`S_2`$ by \[2, Theorem 4.1\]. The statement then follows from Theorem 2.3.

###### Remark 2.5.

* The vanishing of the Ext modules in Theorem 2.3 and in Corollary 2.4 are satisfied in particular if $`\mathrm{depth}R/I^j\mathrm{dim}Rgj+1`$ for $`1jsg`$, which in turn holds if $`I`$ is a strongly Cohen–Macaulay ideal $`(`$assuming that $`I`$ satisfies $`G_s)`$.
* For applications to projective varieties, a convenient reformulation of the vanishing of the Ext modules can be given in terms of vanishing of certain local cohomology modules, via local duality $`(`$see \[2, Corollary 4.3\] for more details$`)`$.
* If we set $`s=g+1`$ then Corollary 2.4 recovers \[5, Theorem 2.2\].

### 2.2. The module case

For the reader’s sake, we start recalling some facts from . We will always assume that $`R`$ is a local Gorenstein ring of dimension $`d>0`$, infinite residue field and $`E`$ is a finitely generated $`R`$-module with rank $`e>0`$. The Rees algebra $`(E)`$ of $`E`$ is the symmetric algebra $`𝒮(E)`$ of $`E`$ modulo its $`R`$-torsion submodule. If in addition $`E`$ is a submodule of a free $`R`$-module $`G`$, the above definition coincide with the one, given by other authors, of the Rees algebra of $`E`$ being the image of the natural map $`𝒮(E)𝒮(G)`$.

A submodule $`U`$ of $`E`$ is a reduction of $`E`$ or, equivalently, $`E`$ is integral over $`U`$ if $`(E)`$ is integral over the $`R`$-subalgebra generated by $`U`$. Alternatively, the integrality condition is expressed by the equations $`(E)_{r+1}=U(E)_r`$ for $`r0`$. The least integer $`r0`$ for which this equality holds is called the reduction number of $`E`$ with respect to $`U`$ and denoted by $`r_U(E)`$. The reduction number $`r(E)`$ of $`E`$ is defined to be the minimum of $`r_U(E)`$, where $`U`$ ranges over all minimal reductions of $`E`$. Since the residue field is assumed to be infinite, the minimal number of generators of $`U`$ is given by the analytic spread $`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(E)`$ of $`E`$, and it satisfies the inequalities: $`e\mathrm{}d+e1`$.

In  the study of the Rees algebra of a module $`E`$ is pursued via the notion of a Bourbaki ideal of $`E`$. By a Bourbaki ideal of a module $`E`$ we mean an ideal $`I`$ fitting into the short exact sequence

$$0FEI0,$$

with $`F`$ a free $`R`$-module. For technical reasons, it is actually better to work with generic Bourbaki ideals, which are defined over a suitable faithfully flat extension of $`R`$. Having this tool at our disposal, one can then embark in the comparison of the Rees algebras of $`E`$ to the one of $`I`$.

Similar to what happens in the ideal case, also in many of the results of  a crucial role is played by conditions on the local number of generators of a module. In the module case, $`E`$ is said to satisfy condition $`G_s`$, for an integer $`s1`$, if $`\mu (E_𝔭)\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭+e1`$ whenever $`1\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭s1`$.

We are ready to state our main result in the case of modules. In the same setting as Theorem 2.6, it is worth pointing out that other equivalent conditions to the Cohen–Macaulayness of $`(E)`$ are described in \[10, Theorem 4.7\].

###### Theorem 2.6.

Let $`R`$ be a local Gorenstein ring with infinite residue field and let $`E`$ be a finitely generated $`R`$-module with $`\mathrm{proj}\mathrm{dim}E=1`$. Write $`e=\mathrm{rank}E`$, $`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}(E)`$ and assume that $`E`$ satisfies $`G_{\mathrm{}e+1}`$ and is torsionfree locally in codimension $`1`$.

If $`(E)`$ is Cohen–Macaulay, then for any minimal reduction $`U`$ of $`E`$

$$U(E)_t\underset{𝐸}{:}(E)_t=U$$

for $`0t\mathrm{}e1`$.

Proof. Write $`U={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}Ra_i`$. Let $`z_{ij}`$, with $`1i\mathrm{}`$ and $`1je1`$, be variables and let

$$\stackrel{~}{R}=R(\{z_{ij}\text{’s}\})\stackrel{~}{E}=\stackrel{~}{R}_RE\stackrel{~}{U}=\stackrel{~}{R}_RUx_j=\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}z_{ij}a_i\stackrel{~}{U}.$$

Consider $`I\stackrel{~}{E}/(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{e1})`$ and let $`J`$ be the image of $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ in $`I`$. By \[10, Theorem 3.5\] one has that

* $`I`$ is a perfect ideal of grade $`g=2`$ $`(`$hence licci$`)`$ satisfying $`G_{\mathrm{}e+1}`$.
* Since $`I`$ is licci then $`\mathrm{depth}R/I^j\mathrm{dim}Rgj+1`$ for $`1j(\mathrm{}e+1)g+1`$.
* Since $`J`$ is a reduction of $`I`$, one has that $`J:I`$ is an $`(\mathrm{}e+1)`$-residual intersection $`(`$see \[11, Proposition 1.11\] or \[6, Remark 2.7\]$`)`$.
* $`(I)`$ is Cohen–Macaulay, with $`(I)(\stackrel{~}{E})/(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{e1})`$.

By Corollary 2.4 we conclude that

$$JI^t:I^t=J$$

for every $`0t(\mathrm{}e+1)g=\mathrm{}e1`$.

Since $`(I)(\stackrel{~}{E})/(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{e1})`$ we obtain that

$$\stackrel{~}{U}\stackrel{~}{U}(\stackrel{~}{E})_t\underset{\stackrel{~}{E}}{:}(\stackrel{~}{E})_t\stackrel{~}{U}+((x_1,\mathrm{},x_{e1})(\stackrel{~}{E}))_1\stackrel{~}{U},$$

where the last inclusion holds since $`((x_1,\mathrm{},x_{e1})(\stackrel{~}{E}))_1\stackrel{~}{U}`$. Thus

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(\stackrel{~}{E})_t\underset{\stackrel{~}{E}}{:}(\stackrel{~}{E})_t=\stackrel{~}{U}.$$

The final result now follows as $`\stackrel{~}{R}`$ is a faithfully flat extension of $`R`$.

## 3. Applications to ideals

The results in this Section recover \[5, Corollary 2.3, Theorem 2.4, and Corollary 2.13\]. Corollary 3.2 is a weaker version of \[6, Corollary 5.5\] and \[12, Corollary 2.4$`(`$c$`)`$\].

###### Corollary 3.1.

Let $`R`$ be a local Gorenstein ring. Let $`I`$ be an $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$, satisfying $`G_s`$ for some $`sg+1`$ and unmixed locally in codimension $`s`$. Suppose further that $`I`$ is weakly $`(s1)`$-residually $`S_2`$ and that $`\mathrm{Ext}_R^{g+j}(R/I^j,R)_𝔭=0`$ whenever $`𝔭V(I)`$ with $`\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭s`$ and $`1jsg`$. Let $`𝔞:I`$ be an $`s`$-residual intersection and suppose that $`𝔞`$ and $`I`$ have the same radical $`(`$e.g. if $`s`$ is the analytic spread of $`I`$ and $`𝔞`$ is a reduction of $`I)`$. Then $`I^n𝔞`$ if and only if $`I^{n+sg}𝔞𝔞I^{sg}`$.

Proof. The proof is the one of \[5, Corollary 2.13\]. If $`I^n𝔞`$ then $`I^{n+sg}=I^nI^{sg}𝔞I^{sg}`$. Conversely, suppose $`I^{n+sg}𝔞𝔞I^{sg}`$. We know there exists $`N`$ such that $`I^N𝔞`$. If $`Nn`$ then we are done. If $`N1n`$, we have $`I^{N1}I^{sg}I^{n+sg}𝔞𝔞I^{sg}`$ $`(`$here we need $`sg1)`$. Thus $`I^{N1}𝔞I^{sg}:I^{sg}=𝔞`$, by Theorem 2.3. Repeat the process until $`I^n𝔞`$.

###### Corollary 3.2.

Let $`R`$ be a local Gorenstein ring with infinite residue field. Let $`I`$ be an $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$, satisfying $`G_{\mathrm{}}`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the analytic spread of $`I`$, and unmixed locally in codimension $`\mathrm{}`$. Suppose further that $`I`$ is weakly $`(\mathrm{}1)`$-residually $`S_2`$ and that $`\mathrm{Ext}_R^{g+j}(R/I^j,R)_𝔭=0`$ whenever $`𝔭V(I)`$ with $`\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭\mathrm{}`$ and $`1j\mathrm{}g`$. It follows that

* the reduction number of $`I`$ is either zero or at least $`\mathrm{}g+1`$;
* if $`I^{r+1}=JI^r`$, with $`J`$ a minimal reduction of $`I`$, then $`I^{r\mathrm{}+g+1}J`$.

Proof. $`(`$a$`)`$ Assume the reduction number $`r`$ of $`I`$ to be different from zero and let $`J`$ be a minimal reduction of $`I`$. Then $`K=J:I`$ is an $`\mathrm{}`$-residual intersection $`(`$see \[11, Proposition 1.11\] or \[6, Remark 2.7\]$`)`$. By Theorem 2.3, we have that

$$JI^t:I^t=J$$

for every $`1t\mathrm{}g`$. Hence the statement.

$`(`$b$`)`$ If $`I^{r+1}=JI^r`$ one has that $`I^{r\mathrm{}+g+1}I^\mathrm{}g=JI^rJI^\mathrm{}g`$, as $`r\mathrm{}g+1`$ by $`(`$a$`)`$. Thus $`I^{r\mathrm{}+g+1}JI^\mathrm{}g:I^\mathrm{}g=J`$ by Theorem 2.3.

In the next corollary, ‘$`^{\text{ }\text{ }}`$’ denotes the integral closure of an ideal.

###### Corollary 3.3.

Let $`R`$ be a local regular ring with infinite residue field. Let $`I`$ be a equidimensional $`R`$-ideal of grade $`g`$, satisfying $`G_{\mathrm{}}`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the analytic spread of $`I`$, and unmixed locally in codimension $`\mathrm{}`$. Suppose further that $`I`$ is weakly $`(\mathrm{}1)`$-residually $`S_2`$ and that $`\mathrm{Ext}_R^{g+j}(R/I^j,R)_𝔭=0`$ whenever $`𝔭V(I)`$ with $`\mathrm{dim}R_𝔭\mathrm{}`$ and $`1j\mathrm{}g1`$. If $`I^\mathrm{}g`$ is unmixed locally in codimension $`\mathrm{}`$ then $`\overline{I^g}J`$, for any reduction $`J`$ of $`I`$.

Proof. We know that $`I^\mathrm{}g\overline{I^g}\overline{I^{\mathrm{}}}JI^\mathrm{}g`$. The last inclusion follows from \[1, Theorem 3.3\], the fact that $`\mathrm{bight}(I)=\mathrm{max}\{\mathrm{ht}𝔭:𝔭\mathrm{min}(I)\}=g`$ and the assumption of $`I^\mathrm{}g`$ being unmixed. Thus we conclude that $`\overline{I^g}JI^\mathrm{}g:I^\mathrm{}g=J`$, by Theorem 2.3.


text:
# The reaction 𝜸𝒑→𝝅^∘𝜸'𝒑 and the magnetic dipole moment of the 𝚫⁺(𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐) resonance

## Abstract

The reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ has been measured with the TAPS calorimeter at the Mainz Microtron accelerator facility MAMI for energies between $`\sqrt{𝒔}`$ = 1221–1331 MeV. Cross sections differential in angle and energy have been determined for all particles in the final state in three bins of the excitation energy. This reaction channel provides access to the magnetic dipole moment of the $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ resonance and, for the first time, a value of $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{2.7}_{\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.3}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{1.0}}\mathbf{(}𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕\mathbf{.}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{1.5}\mathbf{(}𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕\mathbf{.}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{\pm }\mathrm{𝟑}\mathbf{(}𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐\mathbf{.}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{)}𝝁_𝑵`$ has been extracted.

The complex structure of the nucleon is reflected in its rich excitation spectrum. Attempts to unravel the baryon structure have led to an impressive determination of the properties of the nucleon, e.g. polarizabilities, magnetic moments, and more general form factors. Additional and substantial insight in the parton structure of the nucleon has been gained through deep inelastic electron scattering. In contrast to that, the knowledge of the nucleon’s excited states is limited to the mass of the lowest resonances and its (iso)spin quantum numbers. However, to test the modelling of internal degrees of freedom of the excited states, measurements of static properties are required. In particular, the properties of the $`𝚫\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ resonance are of considerable interest because of its prominent position in the excitation spectrum.

In this context, the magnetic moment is an important observable for testing theoretical baryon structure calculations. Different predictions for the magnetic moment were made in several calculations Leinweber et al. (1992); Butler et al. (1994); Kim et al. (1998); Aliev et al. (2000). The magnetic moments of the octet of baryons ($`𝑵\mathbf{,}𝚲\mathbf{,}𝚺\mathbf{,}𝚵`$) of the SU(3) flavor symmetry classification are known very accurately through spin precession measurements. However, for the decuplet baryons, only the $`𝛀^{\mathbf{}}`$ magnetic moment has been determined as the lifetime of the other decuplet members is too short for this technique. If SU(3) flavour symmetry were to hold, the $`𝚫`$ and the nucleon would be degenerate in mass and their magnetic moments related through $`𝝁_𝚫\mathbf{=}𝑸_𝚫𝝁_𝒑`$, where $`𝑸_𝚫`$ is the $`𝚫`$ charge and $`𝝁_𝒑`$ the proton magnetic moment. However, structure calculations predict significant deviations from this SU(3) value Leinweber et al. (1992); Butler et al. (1994); Kim et al. (1998); Aliev et al. (2000).

It has been proposed that the electromagnetic structure of the $`𝚫`$ can be determined by measuring a $`𝜸`$-transition within the resonance Kontratyuk and Ponomarev (1968). This method is depicted in Fig. 1, which shows an energy level diagram with the proton (nucleon) as the ground state and the $`𝚫`$ as the first excited state. The $`𝚫`$ structure can be probed by exciting the proton to a $`𝚫`$, which then emits a real photon and subsequently decays into a nucleon and a pion. Spin and parity conservation require that the lowest order electromagnetic transition is magnetic dipole (M1) radiation. This $`𝚫\mathbf{}𝚫𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ amplitude is proportional to $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$ and was recently investigated in theoretical calculations Machavariani et al. (1999, 2002); Drechsel et al. (2000a). The next allowed multipole is the electric quadrupole (E2) transition, but this amplitude vanishes in the limit of zero photon energy because of time reversal symmetry Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001). The E2/M1 ratio of the transition amplitude $`𝑵\mathbf{}𝚫`$ has been measured to be very small, approx 0.025 Beck et al. (1997), which leads to the assumption that the quadrupole deformation of the $`𝚫`$ is very small. The magnetic octupole (M3) transition is suppressed by two additional powers of photon momentum. Hence, the measurement of the reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ provides access to $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$. Unfortunately this final state can also result from bremsstrahlung radiation of the intermediate $`𝚫`$ and the proton. These contributions are of the same order as the $`𝚫\mathbf{}𝚫𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ transition of interest. Nonresonant contributions are expected to play a minor role, since the partial wave decomposition of the related elastic channel $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ shows the dominance of the $`𝚫`$ resonant reaction process Drechsel et al. (2000b). The reaction channel $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒏`$ is in that sense less favorable for extracting the magnetic moment of the $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}`$ isobar. An accurate theoretical description of all processes contributing to $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ is crucial for extracting a precise value for $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$.

The magnetic moment of the $`𝚫^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{+}}`$ isobar was extracted in a similar way from the reaction $`𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^\mathbf{+}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$. Two experiments at the University of California (UCLA) Nefkens et al. (1978) and the Schweizerisches Institut für Nuklearforschung (SIN, now called PSI) Bosshard et al. (1991) have been performed and as a result of many theoretical analyses of these data the Particle Data Group Groom et al. (2000) quotes a range of $`𝝁_{𝚫^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{+}}}`$ = 3.7–7.5 $`𝝁_𝑵`$ (where $`𝝁_𝑵`$ is the nuclear magneton). The large uncertainty in the extraction of $`𝝁_{𝚫^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{+}}}`$ is due to the strong contribution of $`𝝅^\mathbf{+}`$ bremsstrahlung and model dependencies. In the reaction channel described here, the bremsstrahlung contributions are much weaker.

The reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ was measured at the electron accelerator Mainz Microtron (MAMI) Walcher (1990); Ahrens et al. (1994) using the Glasgow tagged photon facility Anthony et al. (1991); Hall et al. (1996) and the photon spectrometer TAPS Novotny (1991); Gabler (1994). A quasi-monochromatic photon beam was produced via bremsstrahlung tagging. The photon energy covered the range 205–820 MeV with an average energy resolution of 2 MeV. The TAPS detector consisted of six blocks each with 62 hexagonally shaped BaF2 crystals arranged in an 8$`\mathbf{\times }`$8 matrix and a forward wall with 138 BaF2 crystals arranged in a 11$`\mathbf{\times }`$14 rectangle. Each crystal is 250 mm long with an inner diameter of 59 mm. The six blocks were located in a horizontal plane around the target at angles of $`\mathbf{\pm }`$54, $`\mathbf{\pm }`$103 and $`\mathbf{\pm }`$153 with respect to the beam axis. Their distance to the target was 55 cm and the distance of the forward wall was 60 cm. This setup covered $`\mathbf{}`$40% of the full solid angle. All BaF2 modules were equipped with 5 mm thick plastic detectors for the identification of charged particles. The liquid hydrogen target was 10 cm long with a diameter of 3 cm. Further details are described in Novotny et al. (1996).

The measurement of the $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ reaction channel was exclusive since the 4-momenta of all particles in the final state were determined. The $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ mesons were detected via their two photon decay channel and identified in a standard invariant mass analysis from the measured photon momenta. The two $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ decay photons and the $`𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ photon in the final state were distinguished by using the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ invariant mass as a selection criterion. The two photons with an invariant mass closest to the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ mass were assigned to be the decay photons. The protons were identified using the excellent time resolution of the TAPS detector and the deposited proton energy: The characteristic time of flight dependence on the energy of the proton and a pulse shape analysis Novotny et al. (1996) were sufficient to identify the proton uniquely. The proton energy calibration was performed by exploiting energy balance of the exclusively measured $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ channel, thereby compensating for the energy loss in the target and plastic detectors. Random TAPS - tagging spectrometer coincidences were subtracted using background events outside the prompt coincidence time window.

Further kinematic checks were performed by exploiting the kinematic overdetermination of the reaction. Special attention had to be paid to background from 2$`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ production arising from events in which one of the four 2$`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ decay photons escaped detection due to the limited solid angle coverage of the detector. In a first step, the conservation of the total momentum was checked in the three cartesian directions respectively. After that, a missing mass analysis was performed to discriminate the 2$`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ contamination. The following missing mass was calculated:

$`𝑴_𝑿^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{=}`$ $`\mathbf{(}\mathbf{(}𝑬_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{+}𝑬_𝒑\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}𝑬_{𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎}\mathbf{+}𝒎_𝒑\mathbf{)}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ (1)
$`\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}\mathbf{(}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒑}_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{+}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒑}_𝒑\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒑}_{𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$
where $`𝑬_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{,}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒑}_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{,}𝑬_𝒑\mathbf{,}\stackrel{\mathbf{}}{𝒑}_𝒑`$ denote the energy and momenta of the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ and proton in the final state and $`𝒎_𝒑`$ the proton mass. The resulting distributions (Fig. 2) show two distinct peaks, the widths of which are determined by the detector resolution. The peak near 0.02 GeV2 reflects the missing mass of a $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ and therefore originates from the 2$`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ production, while the peak at 0 GeV2 indicates the missing mass of a photon and hence the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ production. A Monte Carlo simulation of the 2$`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ and $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ reactions using GEANT3 Brun et al. (1986) reproduces the lineshape of the measured data. The nearly background free identification of the $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ reaction is demonstrated in Fig. 2. The remaining small 2$`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ background due to the finite detector resolution (16% in the highest energy bin) is subtracted for the cross section determination. Since the information of the photon $`𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ has not been used for evaluating the missing mass defined in Eq. 1, another kinematic check has to prove that the photon $`𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ is not accidental. Therefore the energy balance was calculated to test energy conservation: $`𝑬_{𝑩𝑨𝑳}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝑬_{𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎}\mathbf{+}𝒎_𝒑\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\mathbf{(}𝑬_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{+}𝑬_𝒑\mathbf{+}𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}`$ ; the notation is the same as in Eq. 1. The energy balance confirms the clean identification of the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ reaction channel.

The cross section was deduced from the rate of the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ events divided by the number of hydrogen atoms per cm2, the photon beam flux, the branching ratio of $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ decay into two photons, and the detector and analysis efficiency. The intensity of the photon beam was determined by counting the scattered electrons in the tagger focal plane and measuring the loss of photon intensity with a 100%-efficient BGO detector which was moved into the photon beam at lowered intensity. The geometrical detector acceptance and analysis efficiency due to cuts and thresholds were obtained using the GEANT3 code and an event generator producing distributions of the final state particles according to Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001). The systematic errors of the efficiency determination are small because the shape of the measured distribution is reproduced by the simulation. The average value for the detection efficiency is 0.25%.

The measured differential cross sections for the reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ are shown in Fig. 3 for three different incident excitation energies $`\sqrt{𝒔}`$ (i.e. the total $`𝜸𝒑`$ center of mass energy), starting at the $`𝚫`$ resonance position and going up to 100 MeV above it. The angular distribution of the photon $`𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ in the CM system shows an enhancement for angles around 120. The energy distribution shifts towards higher $`𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ energies with rising $`\sqrt{𝒔}`$, showing an 1/$`𝑬_𝜸`$ form with an additional peak, where the strength and the position depend on the excitation energy $`\sqrt{𝒔}`$. The different reaction mechanisms suggest such a behavior, where the 1/$`𝑬_𝜸`$ dependence stems from the external bremsstrahlung of the proton in the final state. The position of the peak structure (the energy of $`𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$) originating partly from the $`𝚫`$ radiation is determined by the difference of $`\sqrt{𝒔}`$ and the $`𝚫`$ peak mass and a small correction due to the available phasespace. The $`𝚫`$ decay mechanism contribution is emphasized, when the energy differential cross section is divided by 1/$`𝑬_𝜸`$ (compare the column on the right hand side of Fig. 3).

The first series of calculations, including only the resonant $`𝚫\mathbf{}𝚫𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ process as indicated in Fig. 1, were done by Machavariani et al. Machavariani et al. (1999, 2002) and Drechsel et al. Drechsel et al. (2000a). Both groups use the effective Lagrangian formalism and in addition the latter group uses a quark model approach to describe the reaction. Since these calculations consider only the Feynman diagram which is sensitive to $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$, they cannot reproduce the measured cross sections.

Recently, Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001) extended their model and included bremsstrahlung diagrams (resonant $`𝚫`$, non-resonant Born diagrams and $`𝝎`$ exchange). This calculation is shown in comparison to the measured cross sections in Fig. 3. The overall shape is reproduced very well, although the absolute value is overestimated for the highest excitation energy. This is related to a overestimate in the calculation of the reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$, which is well understood and attributed to $`𝝅𝑵`$ rescattering contributions Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001). A model independent determination of the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ cross section is feasible in the soft photon limit, which relates $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ production to $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$$`𝒑`$ production in the limit of vanishing photon energy $`𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ Vanderhaeghen and Drechsel (2002):

$$\underset{𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}}{𝐥𝐢𝐦}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝒅𝝈}{𝒅𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}}\mathbf{}𝝈_\mathrm{𝟎}$$
(2)
$`𝝈_\mathrm{𝟎}\mathbf{=}`$ $`{\displaystyle \mathbf{}𝒅𝛀_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝒅𝝈}{𝒅𝛀_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{}\frac{\mathrm{𝟐}𝜶_{𝒆𝒎}}{𝝅}\mathbf{\left\{}\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝒗^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒗}\mathbf{\right)}𝒍𝒏\mathbf{\left(}\frac{𝒗\mathbf{+}\mathrm{𝟏}}{𝒗\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}}\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{\right\}}}`$
$`𝒗\mathbf{=}`$ $`\sqrt{\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{𝟒}𝒎_𝒑^\mathrm{𝟐}}{𝒕}}}\mathbf{,}𝒕\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}𝒌\mathbf{}𝒑_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}^\mathrm{𝟐}`$
$`𝒅𝝈\mathbf{/}𝒅𝛀_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ labels the differential cross section for $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$$`𝒑`$ production, $`𝒎_𝒑`$ the proton mass, $`𝒕`$ the four momentum transfer between the initial photon and the $`𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ meson and $`𝜶_{𝒆𝒎}\mathbf{=}𝒆^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟒}𝝅\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟏𝟑𝟕}`$. According to Eqn. 2, the energy differential cross section divided by $`𝝈_\mathrm{𝟎}`$/$`𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$ should be equal to 1 in the limit of zero photon energy $`𝑬_𝜸^{\mathbf{}}`$. This ratio is shown in the right column of Fig. 3, where the differential cross section $`𝒅𝝈\mathbf{/}𝒅𝛀_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ in Eqn. 2 is calculated with the same effective Lagrangian model Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001). For comparison to the experimental results, the data are also plotted as a cross section ratio where $`𝝈_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ has been determined from Eqn. 2 using consistently the measured differential cross section $`𝒅𝝈\mathbf{/}𝒅𝛀_𝝅^{\mathbf{}}`$ of the $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ reaction. The cross section ratios show better agreement; they are less sensitive to uncertainties in the model calculation as well as uncertainties in the determination of the photon flux and target length.

The sensitivity to the magnetic moment of the $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}`$ is illustrated in Fig. 3 by the difference of the three curves. The $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}`$ magnetic moment can be obtained from the anomalous magnetic moment $`𝜿_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$ which is the only free parameter of the calculation Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001)

$$𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝜿_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\frac{𝒆}{\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝚫}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathbf{+}𝜿_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}\mathbf{)}\mathbf{}\frac{𝒎_𝑵}{𝒎_𝚫}\mathbf{}𝝁_𝑵$$
(3)
where $`𝝁_𝑵\mathbf{=}𝒆\mathbf{/}\mathrm{𝟐}𝒎_𝑵`$ is the nuclear magneton. A combined maximum likelihood analysis Groom et al. (2000) of the three cross section ratios in Fig. 3 yields a value of $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$ = $`\mathbf{(}\mathbf{2.7}_{\mathbf{}\mathbf{1.3}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{1.0}}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{1.5}\mathbf{)}𝝁_𝑵`$, the goodness of fit is $`𝝌^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{/}𝑭\mathbf{=}\mathbf{1.8}`$ (F=21). The first error represents the statistical uncertainty and the second one reflects the systematic errors given in Fig. 3. This error does not include the systematic error of the model calculation which is of the order of $`\mathbf{\pm }\mathrm{𝟑}𝝁_𝑵`$, estimated from the uncertainties discusssed in Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001). The extracted value of $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$ is in the range of different baryon structure calculations Leinweber et al. (1992); Butler et al. (1994); Kim et al. (1998); Aliev et al. (2000), but not sensitive enough to discriminate between them.

In conclusion, we have made the first measurement of the magnetic moment of the $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ resonance by exploiting the reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝝅^{\mathbf{}}𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$. We see a clear deviation from a soft bremsstrahlung cross section at higher energies of the radiated photon, pointing to a sentitivity to the magnetic moment of the $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ resonance. However, the limited statistics and the uncertainty of the model lead to a value of the $`𝚫^\mathbf{+}\mathbf{(}\mathrm{𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟐}\mathbf{)}`$ magnetic moment, which is not sufficiently precise for a detailed test of different baryon structure calculations. This situation calls for a follow up experiment with much higher statistical precision, using so that the kinematic regions most sensitive to $`𝝁_{𝚫^\mathbf{+}}`$ can be exploited Drechsel and Vanderhaeghen (2001); Kotulla (2002). An investigation of the cross section asymmetry using a polarized photon beam would also be valuable. Supplementary, an improvement in the theoretical description is necessary to minimize the model dependence. The measurement can be extended to higher excited states of the nucleon. In particular the magnetic moment of the S11(1535) resonance is accessible via the reaction $`𝜸𝒑\mathbf{}𝜼𝜸^{\mathbf{}}𝒑`$ because of its clean distinction from other resonances in the second resonance region through the $`𝜼`$ channel.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge inspiring discussions with M. Vanderhaeghen, D. Drechsel, A. Machavariani and A. Faessler. We would like to thank the accelerator group of MAMI as well as many other scientists and technicians of the Institut fuer Kernphysik at the University of Mainz for the outstanding support. This work is supported by DFG Schwerpunktprogramm: ”Untersuchung der hadronischen Struktur von Nukleonen und Kernen mit elektromagnetischen Sonden”, SFB221, SFB443, the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Schweizerischer Nationalfond.