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# Stabilizing dilaton and baryogenesis

## I introduction

Many gauge-singlet scalar fields arise in the effective four-dimensional supergravity which could be derived from string theories. Among them the dilaton $`S`$ has a flat potential in all orders in perturbation theory . Therefore some non-perturbative effects are expected to generate the potential whose minimum corresponds to the vacuum expectation value (VEV). The most promising mechanism of the dilaton stabilization and the supersymmetry breaking is the gaugino condensation in the hidden gauge sector .

In cosmological consideration, even if the dilaton acquires potential through such non-perturbative effects, there are some difficulties to relax the dilaton to the correct minimum, as pointed out by Brustein and Steinhardt . Since the potential generated by multiple gaugino condensations is very steep in the small field-value region, the dilaton would have large kinetic energy and overshoot the potential maximum to run away to infinity.

As a possible way to overcome this problem, Barreiro et al.  pointed out that the dilaton could slowly roll down to its minimum with a little kinetic energy due to large Hubble friction if the background fluid dominated the cosmic energy density. As a result, the dilaton could be trapped and would oscillate around the minimum.

When the dilaton decays, however, the remaining energy density is transformed to radiation. One may worry about a huge entropy production by the decay, because it could dilute initial baryon asymmetry . Therefore in order to obtain the observed baryon asymmetry, as required by e.g. nucleosynthesis, it is necessary to produce a larger asymmetry than the observed one at the outset.

The attractive mechanism to produce large baryon asymmetry in supersymmetric models was proposed by Affleck and Dine . However, the baryon-to-entropy ratio produced by this mechanism, $`n_b/s`$, is usually too large. So if we take into account the entropy production after the baryogenesis, we can expect that the additional entropy may dilute the excessive baryon asymmetry to the observed value, as pointed out in e.g. .

In this paper, we investigate whether the dilution by the dilaton decay can regulate the large baryon asymmetry produced by the Affleck-Dine mechanism to the observed value. The paper is organized as follows. In §II and §III, we describe the potential and the dynamics of the dilaton. Then, in §IV we estimate the baryon asymmetry generated by the Affleck-Dine mechanism taking into account dilution by the dilaton decay. Section V is devoted to the conclusion. We take units with $`8\pi G=1`$.

## II dilaton potential

We consider the potential of the dilaton non-perturbatively induced by multiple gaugino condensates. In string models, the tree level Kähler potential is given by

$$K=\mathrm{ln}(S+S^{})3\mathrm{ln}(T+T^{}|\mathrm{\Phi }|^2),$$
(1)
where $`S`$ is the dilaton, $`T`$ is the modulus and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ represents some chiral matter fields .

The effective superpotential of the dilaton  generated by the gaugino condensation is given by

$$W=\underset{a}{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_a(T)e^{\alpha _aS}.$$
(2)
Here, for the $`SU(N_a)`$ gauge group and the chiral matter in $`M_a(N_a+\overline{N}_a)`$ “quark” representations, $`\alpha _a`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a`$ are given by

$$\alpha _a=\frac{8\pi ^2}{N_a\frac{M_a}{3}},$$
(3)
$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_a=\frac{N_a\frac{M_a}{3}}{\eta ^6(T)}(32\pi ^2e)^{3(N_aM_a/3)/(3N_aM_a)}\left(\frac{M_a}{3}\right)^{M_a/(3N_aM_a)}.$$
(4)
Then the modulus $`T`$ have a potential minimum due to the presence of the Dedekind function $`\eta (T)`$ . Hereafter we assume the stabilization of the modulus $`T`$ at the potential minimum and concentrate on the evolution of the real part of the dilaton field.

Since at least two condensates are required to form the potential minimum, we consider a model with two condensates. Then the indices of the gauge group are $`a=1,2`$, and we take $`10\alpha _1\alpha _2`$.

The potential $`V`$ for scalar components in supergravity is given by

$$V=e^K\left[(K^1)^i{}_{j}{}^{}D_{i}^{}W(D_jW)^{}3|W|^2\right],$$
(5)
where

$$D_iW=\frac{W}{\mathrm{\Phi }^i}+\frac{K}{\mathrm{\Phi }^i}W,$$
(6)
$`K_i{}_{}{}^{j}=^2K/\mathrm{\Phi }^i\mathrm{\Phi }_j^{}`$, the inverse $`(K^1)^i_j`$ is defined by $`(K^1)^i{}_{j}{}^{}K_{}^{j}{}_{k}{}^{}=\delta ^i_k`$ and $`i=S,T,\mathrm{\Phi }`$. In the region, $`\alpha \mathrm{Re}S1`$, the potential Eq. (5) can be rewritten as

$`V(S)`$ $``$ $`e^K(K^1)^S{}_{S}{}^{}|_SW|^2`$ (7)
$`=`$ $`(S+S^{})|\alpha _1\mathrm{\Lambda }_1|^2e^{\alpha _1(S+S^{})}\left|1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _2\mathrm{\Lambda }_2}{\alpha _1\mathrm{\Lambda }_1}}e^{(\alpha _2\alpha _1)S}\right|^2.`$ (8)
In this potential the imaginary part of $`S`$ has a minimum at

$`\mathrm{Im}S_{\mathrm{min}}={\displaystyle \frac{(2n+1)\pi }{\alpha _1\alpha _2}},`$ (9)
where $`n`$ is an integer. So we assume $`\mathrm{Im}S=\mathrm{Im}S_{\mathrm{min}}`$ and concentrate on the behavior of $`\mathrm{Re}S`$ hereafter. Then we find that the potential minimum, $`\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{min}}`$, is given by

$$\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{min}}=\frac{1}{\alpha _2\alpha _1}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{\alpha _2}{\alpha _1}\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_2}{\mathrm{\Lambda }_1}\right).$$
(10)
We assume $`\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{min}}2`$ to reproduce a phenomenologically viable value of the gauge coupling constant of grand unified theory . The negative vacuum energy at the minimum of the potential is assumed to be canceled by some mechanism such as a vacuum expectation value of three form field strength. Although we consider a model with two gaugino condensates, our following estimations would be almost unchanged in a single condensate model with non-perturbative Kähler corrections , because the evolution of the dilaton is determined only by the slope of the potential in the region $`SS_{\mathrm{min}}`$ and its mass.

On the other hand, the position of the local maximum of potential, $`\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{max}}`$, is given by

$$\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{max}}=\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{min}}+\frac{1}{\alpha _2\alpha _1}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{\alpha _2}{\alpha _1}\right).$$
(11)
For $`SS_{\mathrm{min}}`$, the potential (8) can be approximated as

$$V(S)2\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}SV_0e^{\alpha _22\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}S},$$
(12)
where $`V_0|\alpha _2\mathrm{\Lambda }_2|^2`$. The potential (8) has the minimum at $`S_{\mathrm{min}}`$ and the local maximum at $`S_{\mathrm{max}}(>S_{\mathrm{min}})`$. For $`SS_{\mathrm{cr}}S_{\mathrm{min}}1/(\alpha _2\alpha _1)`$, the approximate expression for the potential (12) breaks down. Around the potential minimum $`S_{\mathrm{min}}`$, the potential (8) becomes

$$V(S)|\alpha _1\mathrm{\Lambda }_1|^2e^{2\alpha _1S_{\mathrm{min}}}(\alpha _2\alpha _1)^2(\mathrm{Re}S\mathrm{Re}S_{\mathrm{min}})^2.$$
(13)
However, one can see from the Kähler potential (1) that the variable $`\text{Re}S`$ does not have the canonical kinetic term. Therefore we introduce the canonically normalized variable, $`\varphi `$, as

$$\varphi \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{ln}\text{Re}S.$$
(14)
## III stabilization mechanism for the dilaton

Here, after reviewing the mechanism for dilaton stabilization proposed by Barreiro et al. , we estimate the relic energy density of the dilaton and the amount of the entropy density produced by its decay. We will consider the situation that the universe after inflation contains the dilaton, $`\varphi `$, and a fluid with the equation of state, $`p=(\gamma 1)\rho `$, where $`\gamma `$ is a constant. For example, $`\gamma =4/3`$ for radiation or $`\gamma =1`$ for non-relativistic matter. The latter includes oscillating inflaton field or/and the Affleck-Dine (AD) condensate $`\varphi _{AD}`$.

In the spatially flat Robertson-Walker space-time,

$$ds^2=dt^2+a(t)^2d𝒙^2,$$
(15)
with the scale factor $`a(t)`$, the Friedmann equations and the field equation for $`\varphi `$ read

$`\dot{H}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\rho +p+\dot{\varphi }^2),`$ (16)
$`\ddot{\varphi }`$ $`=`$ $`3H\dot{\varphi }{\displaystyle \frac{dV(\varphi )}{d\varphi }},`$ (17)
$`H^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\left[\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\dot{\varphi }^2+V(\varphi )\right],`$ (18)
where $`H=\dot{a}/a`$ is the Hubble parameter and a dot denotes time differentiation. We define the new variables,

$$x\frac{\dot{\varphi }}{\sqrt{6}H},y\frac{\sqrt{V(\varphi )}}{\sqrt{3}H},$$
(19)
and the number of $`e`$-folds $`N\mathrm{ln}(a)`$.

Then, the equations of motion can be rewritten as

$`x^{}`$ $`=`$ $`3x\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{_\varphi V}{V}}y^2+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}x\left[2x^2+\gamma (1x^2y^2)\right],`$ (20)
$`y^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{_\varphi V}{V}}xy+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}y\left[2x^2+\gamma (1x^2y^2)\right],`$ (21)
$`H^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}H\left[2x^2+\gamma (1x^2y^2)\right],`$ (22)
where the prime denotes a derivative with respect to $`N`$. In terms of these variables, the Friedman equation becomes $`x^2+y^2+\rho /(3H^2)=1`$. We see that $`x^2`$ and $`y^2`$ are respectively the ratios of the kinetic and potential energy densities of the dilaton to the total energy density. We consider the case of the universe dominated by the background fluid, so the inequalities, $`x^2,y^21`$, hold. Then Eq. (22) can easily be solved and the solution is

$$H=H_0e^{3\gamma N/2}.$$
(23)
Next we introduce another new variable,

$$x_s\frac{d\text{Re}S}{d\varphi }x.$$
(24)
Then Eqs. (20) and (21) can be respectively rewritten as

$`x_s^{}`$ $`=`$ $`3x_s+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\gamma x_s+2\alpha _2\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{d\text{Re}S}{d\varphi }}\right)^2y^2,`$ (25)
$`y^{}`$ $`=`$ $`2\alpha _2\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}x_sy+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\gamma y,`$ (26)
where we have used the relation $`2\alpha _1V=V/\text{Re}S`$. Now we examine the stationary points in the above equations. From $`y^{}=0`$, we find

$$x_s=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\frac{\gamma }{2\alpha _2}.$$
(27)
On the other hand, from $`x_s^{}=0`$ we see

$$y^2=\frac{3(2\gamma )\gamma }{2(2\alpha _2)^2}\left(\frac{d\text{Re}S}{d\varphi }\right)^2.$$
(28)
Except for the factor $`(d\text{Re}S/d\varphi )^2`$, Eqs. (27) and (28) represent the scaling solution for the scalar field with exponential potential . In spite of the presence of the factor $`(d\text{Re}S/d\varphi )^2`$, we can verify that the deviation from the scaling solution is small enough, as already shown in . Thus we can write the solution as

$$\text{Re}S=\frac{3\gamma }{2\alpha _2}N+\frac{1}{\alpha _2}\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{4V_0}{(2\gamma )\gamma }\left(\frac{2\alpha _2}{3H_0}\right)^2\right]+ϵ(N),$$
(29)
where

$$ϵ(N)=\frac{2}{\alpha _2}\mathrm{ln}\left\{\frac{3\gamma }{2\alpha _2}N+\frac{1}{\alpha _2}\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{4V_0}{(2\gamma )\gamma }\left(\frac{2\alpha _2}{3H_0}\right)^2\right]\right\},$$
(30)
denotes the deviation from the scaling solution; we find $`x_s^{}=ϵ(N)^{\prime \prime }1`$.

Figure 1 depicts time evolution of Re$`S`$ as a function of $`N`$ for various initial values of the dilaton field amplitude. As is seen there if the dilaton relaxes to the scaling solution before reaching $`S_{\mathrm{min}}`$, its energy is small enough to prevent overshooting. Attractor behavior in a different situation has been studied in . The Hubble parameter at $`S=S_{\mathrm{min}}`$ is estimated as

$$H_{\mathrm{min}}\frac{2\alpha _2}{3}\sqrt{\frac{2V_0}{(2\gamma )\gamma }}e^{\alpha _2S_{\mathrm{min}}}t_{\mathrm{min}}^1,$$
(31)
from Eqs. (23) and (29). On the other hand, as is seen from Eq. (8), the mass of the dilaton in vacuum is given by

$$m_\varphi 2(\alpha _2\alpha _1)\sqrt{V_0}e^{\alpha _2S_{\mathrm{min}}}.$$
(32)
We therefore find $`m_\varphi H_{\mathrm{min}}`$, so the dilaton begins to oscillate immediately when it approaches the potential minimum. Since the mass of the gravitino is given by $`m_{3/2}\mathrm{\Lambda }_2e^{\alpha _2S_{\mathrm{min}}}`$, the mass of the dilaton is

$`m_\varphi `$ $``$ $`\alpha _1^2m_{3/2}`$ (33)
$``$ $`10^2\text{TeV}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_{3/2}}{1\text{TeV}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _1}{10}}\right)^2.`$ (34)
When the dilaton $`S`$ approaches the critical point $`S_{\mathrm{cr}}`$, the single exponential approximation (12) breaks down and the scaling behavior terminates. Then the energy density of the dilaton is estimated as

$`\rho _\varphi ^{in}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\dot{\varphi }^2+V|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}`$ $`=`$ $`3H^2(x^2+y^2)|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}`$ (35)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{2\alpha _1}}\right)^2\rho \left({\displaystyle \frac{d\text{Re}S}{d\varphi }}\right)^2\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{2\gamma }{2\gamma }}\right)|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}`$ (36)
$``$ $`10^3\rho \left({\displaystyle \frac{10}{\alpha _1}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\text{Re}S}}\right)^2\text{for}\gamma =4/3.`$ (37)
Indeed, the numerical calculation gives a close value $`\rho _\varphi 10^4\rho `$ at the beginning of the oscillation. After that, the dilaton begins to oscillate and the energy density decreases as $`a(t)^3`$ until it decays.

In Fig. 2, we present the energy density of the dilaton in the universe filled by the $`\gamma =4/3`$ background fluid at the beginning of the oscillation regime for various model parameters, $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\alpha _2`$. The values along the contour lines represent the energy density $`\rho _\varphi `$ in the unit of $`10^4\rho `$. The case with $`\gamma =1`$ is depicted in Fig. 3, where we find smaller energy density of the dilaton by a factor of $`3`$. These figures are drawn in the two-parameter space, though the potential contains four parameters as seen from Eq. (8). The other two have been fixed by setting $`m_{3/2}=1`$ TeV and $`S_{\mathrm{min}}=2`$ .

The decay of the dilaton produces huge entropy. If we assume that the background fluid is radiation with $`\gamma =4/3`$, at the time $`t=t_{\mathrm{min}}`$ its temperature is $`T10^{11}`$ GeV and the entropy density is

$$s=\frac{4\pi ^2}{90}g_{}T^3,$$
(38)
where $`g_{}10^2`$ is the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom. By using Eq. (37), we find that the entropy density increases by the factor

$`\mathrm{\Delta }={\displaystyle \frac{T}{T_D}}{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi }{\rho }}|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}10^9\left({\displaystyle \frac{T}{10^{11}\text{GeV}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{10^2\text{GeV}}{T_D}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi /\rho |_{H_{\mathrm{min}}^1}}{10^4}}\right),`$ (39)
when the dilaton decays at

$`H=\mathrm{\Gamma }_Dm_\varphi ^310^{21}\text{GeV}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_\varphi }{10^2\text{TeV}}}\right)^3,`$ (40)
where

$`T_Dm_\varphi ^{3/2}10^1\text{GeV}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_\varphi }{10^2\text{TeV}}}\right)^{3/2},`$ (41)
is the reheating temperature after decay of the dilaton.

## IV Affleck-Dine baryogenesis

The Affleck-Dine mechanism is an efficient mechanism of baryogenesis in supersymmetric models . In fact, it is too efficient and the produced baryon asymmetry, $`n_b/s`$, is in general too large. However, additional entropy release by the dilaton decay may significantly dilute the baryon asymmetry  and we examine this possibility here.

It is known that the Q-ball formation occurs for many Affleck-Dine flat directions . Whether Q-balls form or not depends on the shape of radiative correction to the flat direction . In this paper we estimate the baryon asymmetry providing that the Affleck-Dine field does not lead the Q-ball formation. For instance, one example is a flat direction with large mixtures of stops in the case of light gaugino masses, another is $`H_uL`$-direction .

### A Original Affleck-Dine mechanism

First, we investigate the originally proposed Affleck-Dine mechanism with a flat potential up to $`\varphi _{AD}1`$ . We consider the situation that there are the dilaton and the Affleck- Dine condensate in radiation dominated universe. As mentioned above, at the moment $`H=m_\varphi `$, the dilaton begins to oscillate with the initial energy density $`\rho _\varphi 10^4\rho _\gamma `$, where $`\rho _\gamma `$ is the energy density of the background radiation. Then, on the other hand, the AD condensate is expected to take a large expectation value, $`\varphi _{AD}1`$, above which its potential blows up exponentially.

The amplitude of the AD field and its energy density remains constant while the Hubble parameter is larger than $`m_{AD}`$, where $`m_{AD}`$ is the mass of the AD condensate. One should keep in mind, however, that though the energy density, $`\rho _{AD}`$, remains constant the baryon number density decreases as $`1/a^3`$ if baryonic charge is conserved. So if baryon charge is accumulated in “kinetic” motion of the phase of $`\varphi _{AD}`$ it would decrease as $`1/a^3`$. If, on the other hand, the AD-field is frozen at the slope of not spherically symmetric potential then baryonic charge of the AD-field is not conserved and after $`H<m_{AD}`$ both radial and angular degrees of freedom would be “defrosted” and baryonic charge may be large.

As we noted above, when $`Hm_{3/2}(m_{AD})`$, the AD field begins to oscillate. Its energy density at that moment becomes comparable to that of the radiation, while the energy density of the dilaton is estimated as

$`\rho _\varphi |_{H=m_{3/2}}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_\varphi }{m_{3/2}}}\right)^{1/2}{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi }{\rho _\gamma }}|_{H=m_\varphi }\rho _\gamma |_{H=m_{3/2}}10^3\rho _\gamma |_{H=m_{3/2}},`$ (42)
for the initial energy density $`\rho _\varphi =10^4\rho _\gamma `$ and $`m_\varphi 10^2m_{AD}`$. After that the universe becomes dominated by the oscillating AD condensate and enters into approximately matter dominated regime (see below).

The energy density of the condensate and its baryon number density are given respectively by the expressions:

$`\rho _{AD}=m_{AD}^2\varphi _{AD}^2,n_b=\kappa m_{AD}\varphi _{AD}^2,`$ (43)
where $`\kappa =n_b/n_{AD}<1`$ is a numerical coefficient and $`n_{AD}`$ is the number density of the AD field.

The rate of evaporation of the condensate, given by the decay width of the AD field into fermions, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD}=Cm_{AD}`$ with $`C=0.10.01`$, is quite large. When the Hubble parameter becomes smaller than $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD}`$, thermal equilibrium would be established rather soon. However, the condensate would evaporate very slowly and disappear much later . The low evaporation rate is related to a large baryonic charge and relatively small energy density of the condensate. Below we will find the temperature and the moment of the condensate evaporation repeating the arguments of ref. . Let us assume that the condensate evaporated immediately when $`H=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD}`$ producing plasma of relativistic particles with temperature $`T_{AD}`$ and chemical potential $`\mu _{AD}`$. The temperature can be estimated as $`T_{AD}\rho _{AD}^{1/4}`$ and since $`T_{AD}m_{AD}`$ the chemical potential is given by

$`\mu _{AD}{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{T_{AD}^2}}=\kappa \varphi _{AD}m_{AD},`$ (44)
if $`\kappa `$ is not very small. On the other hand, chemical potential of bosons cannot exceed their mass. It means that instantaneous evaporation of the condensate is impossible. The process of evaporation proceeds rather slowly with an almost constant temperature of the created relativistic plasma. During the process of evaporation the energy density of the latter was small in comparison with the energy density of the condensate, except for the final stage when the condensate disappeared.

The cosmological baryon number density and energy densities are given by the equilibrium expressions:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_{b,\mathrm{tot}}}{T^3}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2N_fN_cB_q}{6\pi ^2}}\left(\xi _q^3+\pi ^2\xi _q\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\eta \eta ^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(ϵ\xi )1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(ϵ+\xi )1}}\right]+B_c`$ (45)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\mathrm{tot}}}{T^4}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2g_{}}{30}}+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{2N_f(N_c+1)\pi ^2}{15}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{30}{7}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\xi _q}{\pi }}\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{15}{7}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\xi _q}{\pi }}\right)^4\right]`$ (47)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\eta \eta ^2ϵ\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(ϵ\xi )1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(ϵ+\xi )1}}\right]+\rho _c`$
where $`\eta p/T`$ is dimensionless momenta, $`ϵ\sqrt{\eta ^2+m_{AD}^2/T^2}`$, $`\xi \mu _{AD}/T`$ and $`\xi _q\mu _q/T`$ are dimensionless chemical potential of the AD field and quarks, respectively. $`N_f=6`$ and $`N_c=3`$ are the numbers of flavors and colors and factor 2 came from counting spin states, $`B_q=1/3`$ is the baryonic charge of quarks while the baryonic charge of the AD field is assumed to be 1, and $`B_c`$ and $`\rho _c`$ are baryon number density and energy density of the condensate normalized to $`T^3`$ and $`T^4`$, respectively. The first term in $`\rho _{\mathrm{tot}}`$ includes energy density of light particles with zero charge asymmetry and $`g_{}`$ is the number of their species. The second term includes the contribution from leptons with the same chemical potential as quarks - it is given by $`(N_c+1)`$.

For definiteness, let us assume that the AD field decays into the channel $`\varphi _{AD}3q+l`$ and taking into account that the sum of baryonic and leptonic charges is conserved<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*One may wonder if this assumption is inappropriate because the baryon asymmetry created in this channel would be washed out by anomalous electroweak processes . As will be seen later, however, we can avoid this difficulty because in most cases of our interest the AD condensate evaporates at a lower temperature when these anomalous processes are no longer effective. , so that $`BL=0`$, we find

$`\mu _q=\mu _l={\displaystyle \frac{\mu _{AD}}{4}}.`$ (48)
Before complete evaporation of the condensate, the chemical potential of AD-field remains constant and equal to its maximum allowed value $`m_{AD}`$. Thus the only unknowns in these expressions are the temperature and the amplitude of the field in the condensate. According to Eq.(43), from Eqs. (45) and (47) we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{B_c}{\rho _c}}=\kappa {\displaystyle \frac{T}{m_{AD}}}.`$ (49)
The same relation was true for the initial values of $`n_{b,\mathrm{tot}}/T^3`$ and $`\rho _{\mathrm{tot}}/T^4`$. Assuming that the ratio $`n_{b,\mathrm{tot}}/\rho _{\mathrm{tot}}`$ remains the same during almost all process of evaporation, though it is not exactly so, we can exclude $`B_c,n_{b,\mathrm{tot}},\rho _c`$ and $`\rho _{\mathrm{tot}}`$ from expressions (45) and (47) and find one equation that permits to calculate the plasma temperature in presence of evaporating condensate as a function of the baryonic charge fraction in the initial condensate, $`\kappa `$. We find

$`m_{AD}/T20,\text{for}\kappa =1,`$ (50)
$`m_{AD}/T2,\text{for}\kappa =0.1.`$ (51)
Exact solution of the problem demands much more complicated study of the evolution of energy density according to the equation $`\dot{\rho }=3H(\rho +P)`$, while the evolution of baryonic charge density is determined by the conservation of baryonic charge which is assumed to be true at the stage under consideration and thus $`n_{b,\mathrm{tot}}a^3`$. The temperature of plasma found in this way would not be much different from the approximate expressions presented above.

Using the above-calculated plasma temperature (51) we find that at the moment of condensate evaporation (when $`\mu _{AD}=m_{AD}`$) the cosmological energy and baryon number densities of the created relativistic plasma are given by

$`\rho _p`$ $``$ $`1000T^4,`$ (52)
$`n_b`$ $``$ $`50T^3,`$ (53)
for $`\kappa =1`$, and

$`\rho _p`$ $``$ $`70T^4,`$ (54)
$`n_b`$ $``$ $`1.75T^3,`$ (55)
for $`\kappa =0.1`$.

We see that a large baryon asymmetry prevents from fast condensate evaporation, though the interaction rate could be much larger than the expansion rate. From Eq. (53) or (55) and the baryon number conservation

$$n_b=\kappa m_{AD}\left(\frac{a_{AD}}{a(t)}\right)^3\left(\varphi _{AD}|_{H=m_{AD}}\right)^2,$$
(56)
we find

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{ev}}}{a_{AD}}}\right)^3`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa {\displaystyle \frac{m_{AD}}{n_b}}\left(\varphi _{AD}|_{H=m_{AD}}\right)^2`$ (57)
$``$ $`160\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{AD}|_{H=m_{AD}}}{m_{AD}}}\right)^210^{33},\text{for}\kappa =1,`$ (58)
$``$ $`0.46\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{AD}|_{H=m_{AD}}}{m_{AD}}}\right)^23\times 10^{30},\text{for}\kappa =0.1,`$ (59)
where $`a_{AD}`$ and $`a_{\mathrm{ev}}`$ are the value of the scale factor at the moment $`H=m_{AD}`$ and that at the evaporation of the AD field, respectively. Then at the evaporation the Hubble parameter and the baryon-to-entropy ratio are respectively given by

$`H_{\mathrm{ev}}=(\rho _p/3)^{1/2}\{\begin{array}{cc}2\times 10^{14}\text{GeV}\hfill & \text{for }\kappa =1,\hfill \\ 5\times 10^{13}\text{GeV}\hfill & \text{for }\kappa =0.1\hfill \end{array}`$ (62)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}|_{\mathrm{ev}}`$ $``$ $`1,\text{for}\kappa =1,`$ (63)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}|_{\mathrm{ev}}`$ $``$ $`0.04,\text{ for}\kappa =0.1,`$ (64)
from Eqs. (52), (53), (54) and (55).

Now we have to calculate the ratio of the baryon asymmetry to the entropy of the plasma after thermalization of the products of dilaton decay. Initially, at the moment of evaporation of AD-condensate the energy density of the dilaton is roughly $`10^3`$ with respect to the energy density of plasma. The latter is dominated by chemical potential $`\mu =m_{AD}>T`$. When the universe expanded by the factor $`\rho _{AD}/\rho _\varphi |_{\mathrm{ev}}a_{\text{eq}}/a_{\mathrm{ev}}10^3`$ the dilaton starts to dominate and the relativistic expansion regime turns into matter dominated one at $`a=a_{\text{eq}}`$. To the moment of the dilaton decay the energy density of the dilaton becomes larger than the energy density of the plasma formed by the evaporation of the AD-condensate by the factor $`a_\text{d}/a_{\text{eq}}=(H_{\text{eq}}/H_\text{d})^{2/3}`$, where $`a_\text{d}`$ and $`H_\text{d}`$ are the scale factor and the Hubble parameter at the time of the dilaton decay. Keeping in mind that $`H_{\text{eq}}=(a_{\text{eq}}/a_{\mathrm{ev}})^2H_{\mathrm{ev}}=10^6H_{\mathrm{ev}}`$, we obtain the dilution factor by the dilaton decay

$`\mathrm{\Delta }=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi }{\rho _{AD}}}\right)^{3/4}|_\text{d}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{H_{\mathrm{ev}}a_{\mathrm{ev}}^2}{H_\text{d}a_{\text{eq}}^2}}\right)^{1/2}={\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi }{\rho _{AD}}}|_{\mathrm{ev}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H_{\mathrm{ev}}}{H_\text{d}}}\right)^{1/2}`$ (65)
Thus for $`\kappa =1`$ the dilution factor is only 14, while for $`\kappa =0.1`$ it is 70.

Finally we find that the baryon asymmetry after the dilaton decay is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}={\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}|_{\mathrm{ev}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}0.10.001.`$ (66)
Thus in this model the dilution of originally produced asymmetry from the decay of AD field is not sufficient.

### B Affleck-Dine mechanism with non-renormalizable potential

As we have seen, additional entropy production due to the dilaton decay is too small to dilute the baryon asymmetry generated in the original Affleck-Dine scenario. Therefore it is necessary to suppress the generated baryon asymmetry. The presence of the non-renormalizable terms can reduce the expectation value of the AD field during inflation. As a result, the magnitude of the baryon asymmetry can be suppressed. Hence we introduce the following non-renormalizable term in the superpotential to lift the Affleck-Dine flat direction as a cure to regulate the baryon asymmetry .

$$W=\frac{\lambda }{nM^{n3}}\varphi _{AD}^n,$$
(67)
where $`M`$ is some large mass scale.

The potential for the AD field in the inflaton-dominated stage reads

$$V(\varphi _{AD})=c_1H^2|\varphi _{AD}|^2+(\frac{c_2\lambda H\varphi _{AD}^n}{nM^{n3}}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{C}.)+|\lambda |^2\frac{|\varphi _{AD}|^{2n2}}{M^{2n6}},$$
(68)
where $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are constants of order unity. The first and the second terms are soft terms which arise from the supersymmetry breaking effect due to the vacuum energy of the inflaton. The minimum of the potential is reached at

$$|\varphi _{AD}|\left(\frac{HM^{n3}}{\lambda }\right)^{1/(n2)}.$$
(69)
During inflation, the AD field takes the expectation value $`|\varphi _{AD}|(H_{\text{inf}}M^{n3}/\lambda )^{1/(n2)}`$, where $`H_{\text{inf}}`$ is the Hubble parameter during inflation. After inflation, it also traces the instantaneous minimum, Eq. (69), until the potential is modified and the field becomes unstable there. The AD field starts oscillation when its effective mass becomes larger than the Hubble parameter. There are three possible contributions to trigger this oscillation: the low energy supersymmetry breaking terms, the thermal mass term from a one-loop effect , and the thermal effect at the two-loop order .

First we consider the case that the low energy supersymmetry breaking terms are most important and that these thermal effects are negligible. When $`Hm_{3/2}`$, the low energy supersymmetry breaking terms appear and the potential for the AD field becomes

$$V(\varphi _{AD})=m_{AD}^2|\varphi _{AD}|^2+(\frac{Am_{3/2}\varphi _{AD}^n}{nM^{n3}}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{C}.)+|\lambda |^2\frac{|\varphi _{AD}|^{2n2}}{M^{2n6}},$$
(70)
where $`A`$ is a constant of order unity, and the ratio of the energy density of the AD field $`\rho _{AD}`$ to that of the inflaton $`\rho _I`$ is given by

$$\frac{\rho _{AD}}{\rho _I}\left(\frac{m_{3/2}M^{n3}}{\lambda }\right)^{2/(n2)},$$
(71)
up to numerical coefficients depending on $`c_1,c_2`$ and $`A`$. For example, the typical value for $`n=4`$ is $`\rho _{AD}/\rho _I10^{16}(M/\lambda )`$.

Let us first assume that the inflaton decayed at $`H=m_{AD}(m_{3/2})`$ with the decay rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_I=m_{AD}`$ and after that the universe was dominated by radiation. Note that the corresponding reheating temperature is $`T_R\sqrt{\mathrm{\Gamma }_I}\sqrt{m_{AD}}10^{10}`$ GeV. Then the evaporation of the AD condensate into relativistic plasma would be different from the evaporation into cold plasma considered in the previous subsection. Due to interaction with plasma the products of the evaporation acquire much larger temperature than in the case of the evaporation into vacuum. Since the energy density of the condensate is negligible in comparison with the total energy density of the plasma, the temperature of the latter drops in the usual way, $`T1/a`$, in contrast to the previously considered case when $`T=const`$. Since the temperature of the plasma is high, $`Tm_{AD}`$, the baryon number density is $`n_b=B_cT^3+C_BT^2\mu `$ where $`C_B1`$ is a constant coefficient, $`\mu m_{AD}`$ is the value of the chemical potential, and we have neglected terms of the order of $`\mu ^3`$. Since $`n_ba^3`$, the ratio of $`a_{\mathrm{ev}}`$ to $`a_{AD}`$ is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{ev}}}{a_{AD}}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b|_{H=m_{AD}}}{m_{AD}T_R^2}}`$ (72)
$``$ $`10\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_{AD}}{1\text{TeV}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{10^{10}\text{GeV}}{T_R}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{\lambda }}\right)\text{for}n=4,`$ (73)
(compare to Eq. (57)). Here we took for the initial value of the baryonic charge density $`n_b|_{H=m_{AD}}=\kappa m_{AD}\varphi _{AD}^2`$ with $`\kappa 1`$. For $`n=4`$, $`a_{\mathrm{ev}}/a_{AD}`$ becomes of order $`10`$, and we find that the condensate would evaporate soon.

To be more precise, however, we must take into account that the interaction rate of the condensate is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD}=(0.10.01)m_{AD}`$ and the evaporation cannot start before $`H=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD}`$. At that moment the plasma temperature would be smaller by the factor $`(m_{AD}/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD})^2=10^210^4`$ and the baryon number density of the condensate would be smaller by $`(m_{AD}/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD})^6`$. Correspondingly the red-shift of the end of evaporation should be shifted by a factor $`(m_{AD}/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AD})^2`$ with respect to the beginning of evaporation and it means that it would remain the same with respect to the initial moment $`H=m_{AD}`$.

As we have already noted, for $`n=4`$ the condensate decays quickly and the baryon number density produced in the decay is diluted by the plasma created by the inflaton decay as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}{\displaystyle \frac{T_R}{m_{AD}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{AD}}{\rho _I}}=10^9\left({\displaystyle \frac{T_R}{10^{10}\text{GeV}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\text{TeV}}{m_{AD}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{\lambda }}\right).`$ (74)
where $`T_R`$ is the reheating temperature of the inflaton and we used the estimate of Eq. (71). The result does not depend upon the moment of the decay of AD-condensate, since its energy density remains sub-dominant. If an additional dilution by the dilaton and the early oscillation by a thermal effect  are operative, the baryon asymmetry become even smaller than the observed one and the $`n=4`$ model cannot explain the observed baryon asymmetry. Hence we must consider the flat direction with $`n>4`$.

Hereafter, we study the AD fields with $`n>4`$ including the thermal effect. For the AD fields with $`n>4`$, the relevant thermal effect comes from the running of the gauge coupling constant  rather than the thermal plasma effect . The potential for the AD field in the inflaton-dominated stage reads

$`V(\varphi _{AD})`$ $`=`$ $`(c_1H^2+m_{AD}^2)|\varphi _{AD}|^2+\alpha T^4\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{|\varphi _{AD}|^2}{T^2}}\right)`$ (76)
$`+({\displaystyle \frac{c_2\lambda H\varphi _{AD}^n}{nM^{n3}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{Am_{3/2}\varphi _{AD}^n}{nM^{n3}}}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{C}.)+|\lambda |^2{\displaystyle \frac{|\varphi _{AD}|^{2n2}}{M^{2n6}}},`$
where the second term is the thermal effect at two loop order which is pointed out in  and $`\alpha `$ denotes the gauge coupling.

If the effective mass of the AD field becomes comparable to the Hubble parameter when it is larger than the low energy supersymmetry breaking scale,

$`\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{T^4}{|\varphi _{AD}|^2}}H^2(>m_{AD}^2),`$ (77)
then AD field undergoes the early oscillation by the thermal effect. During the oscillating inflaton dominated stage ($`t<t_{\text{rh}}`$), the temperature of the plasma behaves as

$`TT_R\left({\displaystyle \frac{a(t_{\text{rh}})}{a(t)}}\right)^{3/8}T_R^{1/2}H^{1/4}.`$ (78)
From Eqs. (69) and (78), the effective mass term of the AD field is rewritten as

$$\alpha \frac{T^4}{|\varphi _{AD}|^2}\alpha T_R^2\left(\frac{\lambda }{M^{n3}}\right)^{2/(n2)}H^{(n4)/(n2)}.$$
(79)
By comparing with Eq. (77), when the AD field begins to oscillate at $`tt_{\mathrm{os}}`$, the Hubble parameter is given by

$`H_{\mathrm{os}}\left(\alpha T_R^2\right)^{(n2)/n}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{M^{n3}}}\right)^{2/n}.`$ (80)
From now on we concentrate on the case $`n=6`$, for which

$`H_{\mathrm{os}}`$ $``$ $`1\text{TeV}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{10^2}}\right)^{2/3}\left({\displaystyle \frac{T_R}{10^8\text{GeV}}}\right)^{4/3}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{M^3}}\right)^{1/3}.`$ (81)
Thus we find that the AD field begins to oscillate at $`Hm_{AD}`$ due to the thermal term if $`T_R10^8`$ GeV for $`M=1`$, and if $`T_R10^6`$ GeV for $`M=10^2`$, respectively. During the early oscillation driven by the thermal term, the amplitude of the AD field decreases as

$$|\varphi _{AD}(t)|=|\varphi _{AD}|_{t_{\mathrm{os}}}\left(\frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}\right)^{9/4},$$
(82)
where $`a_{\mathrm{os}}`$ denotes the scale factor at the beginning of the oscillation. The analytic derivation of Eq. (82) is shown in Appendix and we have confirmed this result by the numerical calculation. It also agrees with the analysis in . Using Eqs. (69), (78) and (82), we obtain the ratio of the amplitude of the AD field to temperature of plasma as

$$\frac{|\varphi _{AD}|}{T}=\left(\frac{M^3}{T_R^2\lambda }\right)^{1/4}\left(\frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}\right)^{15/8}.$$
(83)
We consider the evaporation rate of the AD field. The condition that the particles coupled to the AD field are light enough to exist as much as radiation reads $`h|\varphi _{AD}|<T`$, where $`h`$ is the corresponding coupling constant. Following  let us adopt the scattering rate of the AD field $`\mathrm{\Gamma }h^4T`$ in this situation as the rate of its evaporation. Estimating $`h|\varphi _{AD}|/T`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ at the reheating time, we find

$$\frac{h|\varphi _{AD}|}{T}|_{t_{\text{rh}}}10^1\left(\frac{T_R}{10^{16}\text{GeV}}\right)^{1/3}\left(\frac{h}{10^2}\right)\left(\frac{10^2}{\alpha }\right)^{5/6}\left(\frac{M^3}{\lambda }\right)^{2/3},$$
(84)
and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{H}}{\displaystyle \frac{h^4}{T_R}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{10^{10}\text{GeV}}{T_R}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{h}{10^2}}\right)^4.`$ (85)
Eq. (84) shows that the particles coupled to the AD field are thermally excited and populated well before the reheating time for any reheating temperature, $`T_R10^{16}`$GeV, while we find that the AD condensate can evaporate around the typical reheating time from Eq. (85).

The baryon number density for the AD field $`\varphi _{AD}`$ is given as

$$n_b=iq(\varphi _{AD}^{}\dot{\varphi }_{AD}\dot{\varphi }_{AD}^{}\varphi _{AD}),$$
(86)
where $`q`$ is a baryonic charge for the AD field.

The baryon number density at $`H=H_{\mathrm{os}}`$ is estimated as

$`n_b|_{t_{\mathrm{os}}}={\displaystyle \frac{4qm_{3/2}}{3HM^3}}\text{Im}(A\varphi _{AD}^6)|_{t_{\mathrm{os}}}={\displaystyle \frac{4q\delta m_{3/2}}{3\lambda }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H_{\mathrm{os}}M^3}{\lambda }}\right)^{1/2},`$ (87)
where $`\delta `$ is a effective relative CP phase. The baryon-to-entropy ratio at the reheating time is estimated as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}|_{t_{\text{rh}}}={\displaystyle \frac{3T_R}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{\rho _I}}|_{t_{\mathrm{os}}}={\displaystyle \frac{q\delta m_{3/2}}{3\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_R}{H_{\mathrm{os}}^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H_{\mathrm{os}}M^3}{\lambda }}\right)^{1/2}.`$ (88)
Since the dilution factor by the dilaton decay is given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{T_R}{10^4T_D}\left(\frac{\rho _\varphi /\rho _I|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}}{10^4}\right),$$
(89)
from Eqs. (88) and (89), we obtain the final baryon asymmetry,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}|_{t_{\text{rh}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}`$ (90)
$``$ $`10^8q\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{m_{3/2}}{H_{\mathrm{os}}}}\right)^{3/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{\lambda }}\right)^{3/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{T_D}{10^1\text{GeV}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\text{TeV}}{m_{3/2}}}\right)^{1/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi /\rho _I|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}}{10^4}}\right)^1,`$ (91)
for $`H_{\mathrm{os}}>m_{3/2}`$. This result can easily meet the observation if we take, for example, $`H_{\mathrm{os}}10^2m_{3/2}`$ and other factors to be of order of unity. In this case, from Eq. (85), we find that for the present case the AD condensate can evaporate before the inflaton decay is completed.

On the other hand, in the case the reheating temperature is so low that the thermal effect does not lead the early oscillation, the reduction of the cut-off scale $`M`$ can lead to the reasonable baryon asymmetry:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{n_b}{s}}10^{11}q\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{M}{10^2\lambda }}\right)^{3/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{T_D}{10^1\text{GeV}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\text{TeV}}{m_{3/2}}}\right)^{1/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\rho _\varphi /\rho _I|_{t_{\mathrm{min}}}}{10^4}}\right)^1.`$ (92)
This expression implies that the cut-off scale $`M`$ should be around the GUT scale $`10^2`$ or $`10^{16}`$GeV for inflation models with a low reheating temperature, $`T_R10^6`$GeV. Furthermore we find that the final baryon asymmetry is independent of the reheating temperature of inflation within the range.

In the present model, the supersymmetry breaking is caused by the F-term of the dilaton. Therefore, when the dilaton decays, it can decay into gravitinos through their mass term and this process could lead to overproduction of the gravitinos. The constraint derived in  to avoid the overproduction is $`m_\varphi 100`$ TeV. The mass of the dilaton, (34), in the model considered here is in the allowed region.

## V Conclusion

In this paper, we have studied the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in the framework of the string cosmology. In string models, the dilaton is ubiquitous and does not have any potential perturbatively. We adopted the non-perturbatively induced potential of the dilaton via the gaugino condensation in the hidden gauge sector. Then we set phenomenologically desired values for the gravitino mass and the VEV of the dilaton.

The attractive mechanism to stabilize the dilaton at the desired minimum was proposed by Barreiro et al. . They did not estimate the energy density of the oscillating dilaton. It is estimated in the presented paper where we have found $`\rho _\varphi 10^4\rho `$ at $`H=m_\varphi `$. This energy transforms into the radiation after the decay of the dilaton before nucleosynthesis because the mass $`m_\varphi 10^2`$ TeV is sufficiently high.

We have discussed cosmological baryogenesis in this model. In the above-mentioned cosmological history with the entropy production, the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis might be the only workable mechanism for baryogenesis. We have investigated the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis with and without non-renormalizable terms. We have shown that while the original Affleck-Dine scenario produces too much baryon asymmetry even if there is the dilution by the dilaton decay, the model with $`n=6`$ non-renormalizable terms can lead to the appropriate baryon asymmetry.

###### Acknowledgements.

A.D. is grateful to YITP for the hospitality during period when this work was done. O.S. and J.Y. are grateful to John Ellis for useful discussion. We are grateful to Masaaki Fujii for informative comments. The work of J.Y. is partially supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 13640285.

##

In this appendix, we derive Eq. (82). Although the similar discussion can be found in the literature , we derive it for completeness.

We consider the evolution of the AD field after the beginning of oscillation induced by the thermal effect at the two-loop level. Then the AD field obeys the equation of motion

$$\ddot{\varphi }_{AD}+3H\dot{\varphi }_{AD}+\alpha \frac{T^4}{\varphi _{AD}^{}}=0.$$
(93)
By decomposing $`\varphi _{AD}`$ into

$`\varphi _{AD}=|\varphi _{AD}|e^{i\theta }\mathrm{\Phi }e^{i\theta },`$ (94)
Eq. (93) is reduced to the following equations

$`\ddot{\mathrm{\Phi }}+3H\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}\dot{\theta }^2\mathrm{\Phi }+\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{T^4}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}=0,`$ (95)
$`(a^3\dot{\theta }\mathrm{\Phi }^2)\dot{}=0.`$ (96)
The second equation (96) is interpreted as the conservation of the angular momentum which corresponds to the baryon number density and rewritten as

$`\dot{\theta }\mathrm{\Phi }^2=\dot{\theta }\mathrm{\Phi }^2|_{t_{\mathrm{os}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}}\right)^3m\mathrm{\Phi }_0^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}}\right)^3,`$ (97)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ represents the initial amplitude of the AD field and $`m`$ means the initial angular velocity of the order of $`m_{3/2}`$ for $`n=6`$. By eliminating $`\dot{\theta }`$ in Eqs. (95) and (96), we obtain

$$\ddot{\mathrm{\Phi }}+3H\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}m^2\left(\frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}\right)^6\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_0}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\right)^4\mathrm{\Phi }+\alpha \frac{T^4}{\mathrm{\Phi }}=0.$$
(98)
Multiplied by $`\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ and using $`T^4a^{3/2}`$, Eq. (98) yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left[\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2+m^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}}\right)^6{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_0^4}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}}+\alpha T^4\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}{T^2}}\right]`$ (99)
$`=6H\left[\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2+m^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}}\right)^6{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_0^4}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}H\alpha T^4\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}{T^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}H\alpha T^4.`$ (100)
On the other hand, multiplying Eq. (98) by $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, we obtain

$$\frac{1}{a^3}(\mathrm{\Phi }a^3\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }})\dot{}\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2m^2\left(\frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}\right)^6\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_0^4}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}+\alpha T^4=0.$$
(101)
By taking the time average over the time scale of the cosmic expansion, we obtain the cosmic virial theorem

$$\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2+m^2\left(\frac{a_{\mathrm{os}}}{a(t)}\right)^6\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_0^4}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}=\alpha T^4,$$
(102)
where $`\mathrm{}`$ denotes the time average. Moreover, since the second term which represents the centrifugal force becomes efficient around only $`\mathrm{\Phi }0`$, Eq. (102) could be rewritten as

$$\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2=\alpha T^4.$$
(103)
From Eqs. (100) and (103), we obtain

$$\frac{d}{dt}\left(1+\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}{T^2}\right)=\frac{15}{4}H.$$
(104)
Since we know $`Ta^{3/8}`$, hence, we find

$$\mathrm{\Phi }a^{9/4},$$
(105)
for $`\mathrm{\Phi }T`$.


format: text

text:
# On universal solution to reflection equation11footnote 1This research is partially supported by the Israel Academy of Sciences grant no. 8007/99-01 and by the RFBR grant no. 02-01-00085.

## 1 Introduction

There are two important algebras in the quantum group theory, the Faddeev-Reshetikhin-Takhtajan (FRT) and reflection equation (RE) algebras. As was shown in \[DM\], they are related by a twist of the underlying quasitriangular Hopf algebra $``$ squared. This twist transforms any bimodule over $``$ to an $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$-module, so there is an analog of the dual algebra $`^{}`$, an $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$-module algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ . This algebra turns out to be isomorphic to the Hopf algebra in the quasitensor category of $``$-modules, \[Mj\], thus equipped with an additional structure of braided coalgebra. In the present paper we develop further the approach of \[DM\] studying this structure from the twist point of view. The algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is a module over the twisted tensor square $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$. This twist can be extended to all tensor powers of $``$ giving $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$, $`n=0,1,\mathrm{},`$ where the zero power is set to be the ring of scalars with the natural Hopf algebra structure. It appears natural to consider modules over all Hopf algebras $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$ simultaneously. They form a monoidal category with respect to twisted tensor product, and the iterated comultiplications $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n:^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$ induce a functor from that category to the quasitensor category of $``$-modules. The iterated braided coproducts $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^n`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ take their values in module algebras over $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2n}`$, $`n=2,3,\mathrm{}`$

We introduce universal K-matrix, $`𝒦\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, satisfying the characteristic equation

$$(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})(𝒦)=^1𝒦_1𝒦_2.$$

This equation implies the ”abstract” reflection equation

$$_{21}𝒦_1𝒦_2=𝒦_2_{21}𝒦_1$$

in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ involving the universal R-matrix. We prove that $`𝒦`$ is equal to the canonical element of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ with respect to the Hopf pairing between $``$ and $`^{}`$, which coincides with $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ as a linear space. The reason for considering this object is the same as for the universal R-matrix: it gives a solution to the matrix RE in every representation of $``$.

A fusion procedure for R-matrices was the first contact of the Yang-Baxter equation with algebraic structures \[KRS\]. Later it was related with properties of the universal R-matrix in the theory of quantum groups \[Dr1\]. Although an analogous fusion procedure was considered for matrix solutions to the reflection equation \[MeN, KSkl\], to our knowledge no universal element was proposed in any algebraic approach to the RE (see, e.g., \[DeN\] and references therein). Using the characteristic equation on the universal element $`𝒦`$, we formulate a version of fusion procedure for RE matrices, suggesting an algorithm of tensoring RE matrices.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains a summary on Hopf algebras, universal R-matrix, and twist. There we introduce RE matrices and prove an auxiliary proposition about their restriction to submodules. In Section 3 we consider a special type of twist of tensor product Hopf algebras and their modules when the twisting cocycle satisfies the bicharacter identities. We show that the braided tensor product of module algebras is a twisted tensor product. In Section 4 we extend this construction to higher tensor powers of Hopf algebras. In Section 5 we focus our study on the RE dual $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to a quasitriangular Hopf algebra $``$. There, we introduce the universal RE matrix $`𝒦`$ and deduce the characteristic equation for it. Using the bicharacter twist and the universal K-matrix, we study the braided bialgebra structure $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ in Section 6. Section 7 is devoted to the central result of the paper, a fusion procedure for RE matrices. Appendix contains the proof of Theorem 17.

## 2 Preliminaries

###### 2.1.

Let $`𝐤`$ be a commutative algebra over a field of zero characteristic222One may think of $`𝐤`$ as either $``$ or $`[[h]]`$. In the latter case all algebras are assumed complete in the $`h`$-adic topology.. Let $``$ be a quasitriangular Hopf algebra333 For a guide in quasitriangular Hopf algebras, the reader is referred to original Drinfeld’s report, \[Dr1\], and to one of the textbooks, e.g. \[ChPr\] or \[Mj\]. over $`𝐤`$, with the coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, counit $`\epsilon `$, antipode $`\gamma `$, and the universal R-matrix $``$. By definition, it satisfies following Drinfeld’s equations, \[Dr1\]:

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})()=_{13}_{23},(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta })()=_{13}_{12},`$ (1)
and, for any $`x`$,

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(x)=\mathrm{\Delta }^{op}(x).`$ (2)
We adopt the usual convention of marking tensor components with subscripts indicating the supporting tensor factors. The subscript $`op`$ will stand for the opposite multiplication while the superscript $`op`$ for the opposite coproduct. The standard symbolic notation with suppressed summation is used for the coproduct, $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x)=x_{(1)}x_{(2)}`$.

By $``$ we assume a set of non-negative integers, i.e., including zero. By $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n`$, $`n`$, we denote the n-fold coproduct, $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n:^n`$, setting

$`\mathrm{\Delta }^0=\epsilon ,\mathrm{\Delta }^1=\mathrm{id},\mathrm{\Delta }^2=\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }^3=(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{}`$ (3)
Here and further on we view the ring of scalars $`𝐤`$ as equipped with the structure of Hopf algebra over $`𝐤`$. It is then convenient to put $`^n=𝐤`$ for $`n=0`$.

The antipode $`\gamma `$ is treated as a Hopf algebra isomorphism between $`_{op}`$ and $`^{op}`$. The universal R-matrix defines two homomorphisms from the dual coopposite Hopf algebra $`^{op}`$ to $``$:

$`^\pm (a)=a,_1^\pm _2^\pm ,a^{op},\text{where}^+=\text{and }^{}=_{21}^1.`$ (4)
###### 2.2.

Twist of a Hopf algebra $``$ by a cocycle $``$ is a Hopf algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ whose comultiplication is obtained from $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ by a similarity transformation, \[Dr2\],

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}(x)=^1\mathrm{\Delta }(x),x\stackrel{~}{}.$$

To preserve coassociativity, it is sufficient for the element $``$ to satisfy the cocycle equation

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})()_{12}=(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta })()_{23}`$ (5)
and the normalization condition

$`(\epsilon \mathrm{id})()=(\mathrm{id}\epsilon )()=11.`$ (6)
The multiplication and counit in $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ remain the same as in $``$. The antipode changes by a similarity transformation, $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }(x)=u^1\gamma (x)u`$ with $`u=\gamma (_1)_2`$, and the universal R-matrix is

$`\stackrel{~}{}=_{21}^1.`$ (7)
Twist establishes an equivalence relation among Hopf algebras, so we call $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ and $``$ twist-equivalent. We use notation $`\stackrel{~}{}\stackrel{}{}`$; then $`\stackrel{^1}{}\stackrel{~}{}`$.

Recall that a left $``$-module algebra $`𝒜`$ is an associative algebra over $`𝐤`$ endowed with the left action $``$ of $``$ such that the multiplication map $`𝒜𝒜𝒜`$ is $``$-equivariant. Given two $``$-module algebras $`𝒜`$ and $``$, there exists their braided tensor product, \[Mj\]. This is an $``$-module algebra coinciding with $`𝒜`$ as a linear space and endowed with multiplication

$`\left(a_1b_1\right)\left(a_2b_2\right)=a_1(_2a_2)\left(_1b_1\right)b_2,`$ (8)
for $`a_i𝒜`$ and $`b_i`$, $`i=1,2`$.

An $``$-module algebra $`𝒜`$ becomes a left $`\stackrel{~}{}`$-module algebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}\stackrel{}{}𝒜`$, when equipped with the multiplication

$`ab=(_1a)(_2b),a,b𝒜.`$ (9)
The action of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}`$ is that of $``$ on $`𝒜`$, having in mind $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ as associative algebras.

###### 2.3Reflection equation.

Let $`(\rho ,V)`$ be a representation of $``$ on a module $`V`$, and $`R`$ the image of the universal R-matrix, $`R=(\rho \rho )()\mathrm{End}^2(V)`$. Let $`𝒜`$ be an associative algebra. An element $`K\mathrm{End}(V)𝒜`$ is said to be a solution to (constant) RE or an (constant) RE matrix in representation $`\rho `$ with coefficients in $`𝒜`$ if

$`R_{21}K_1RK_2=K_2R_{21}K_1R.`$ (10)
This equation is supported in $`\mathrm{End}^2(V)𝒜`$, and the subscripts label the components belonging to the different tensor factors $`\mathrm{End}(V)`$. Let us prove the following elementary proposition.

###### Proposition 1.

Let $`K\mathrm{End}(V)𝒜`$ be an RE matrix and suppose the $``$-module $`V`$ is semisimple. Let $`\rho _0`$ be a representation of $``$ on the submodule $`V_0V`$ and $`V_0\stackrel{\iota }{}V\stackrel{\pi }{}V_0`$ the intertwiners. Then, the matrix $`K_0=\pi K\iota \mathrm{End}(V_0)𝒜`$ is a solution to the RE in the representation $`\rho _0`$.

###### Proof.

Multiply equation (10) by $`\pi \pi `$ from the left and by $`\iota \iota `$ from the right and use the intertwining formulas $`\pi \rho (x)=\rho _0(x)\pi `$, $`\rho (x)\iota =\iota \rho _0(x)`$ valid for every $`x`$. The result will be the RE on the matrix $`K_0`$ with the R-matrix $`(\rho _0\rho _0)()`$. ∎

## 3 Twisted tensor product of Hopf algebras

###### 3.1.

In this section we recall a specific case of twist as applied to tensor products of Hopf algebras, \[RS\]. This construction is of particular importance for our consideration. Denote by $`^{}`$ the tensor product $`^{\{1\}}^{\{2\}}`$ of two Hopf algebras. It is equipped with the standard tensor product multiplication and comultiplication. An element $`^{\{2\}}^{\{1\}}`$ may be viewed as that from $`^{}^{}`$ via the embedding

$$\left(1^{\{2\}}\right)\left(^{\{1\}}1\right)^{}^{}.$$

If $``$ satisfies the bicharacter identities

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(\mathrm{\Delta }^{\{2\}}\mathrm{id})()& =& _{13}_{23}^{\{2\}}^{\{2\}}^{\{1\}},\\ (\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }^{\{1\}})()& =& _{13}_{12}^{\{2\}}^{\{1\}}^{\{1\}},\end{array}$$
(11)
then it fulfills cocycle condition (5) in $`^2`$ and condition (6).

###### Definition 1.

Twisted tensor product $`^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`^{\{2\}}`$ of two Hopf algebras $`^{\{i\}}`$, $`i=1,2`$, is the twist of $`^{\{1\}}^{\{2\}}`$ with a bicharacter cocycle $``$ satisfying (11).

###### Proposition 2.

The maps

$$\mathrm{id}\epsilon ^{\{2\}}:^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}^{\{2\}}^{\{1\}},\epsilon ^{\{1\}}\mathrm{id}:^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}^{\{2\}}^{\{2\}}$$

are Hopf algebra homomorphisms.

###### Proof.

This is a corollary of the equalities $`(\epsilon ^{\{2\}}\mathrm{id})()=11=(\mathrm{id}\epsilon ^{\{1\}})()`$ which follow from (11). ∎

###### 3.2.

A particular case of twisted tensor product is the twisted tensor square $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$ of a quasitriangular Hopf algebra $``$. The universal R-matrix satisfies bicharacter conditions (11) by virtue of (1). If one takes the universal R-matrix of $``$ equal to $`_{13}^{}_{24}^+`$, then formula (7) gives the universal R-matrix of $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$:

$`_{14}^{}_{13}^{}_{24}^+_{23}=_{41}^1_{31}^1_{24}_{23}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{})(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}).`$ (12)
###### Proposition 3.

The Hopf algebra $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$ is twist-equivalent to $`^{op}`$ via the cocycle $`=_{13}_{23}(^{op})(^{op})`$.

###### Proof.

This twist is a composition of the two, $`\stackrel{_{13}}{}^{op}`$ and $`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}\stackrel{_{23}}{}`$. ∎

###### 3.3Twisted tensor product of module algebras.

Let $`^{\{i\}}`$, $`i=1,2`$, be Hopf algebras and $`𝒜^{\{i\}}`$ their left module algebras. Consider the twisted tensor product $`^{}=^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}^{\{2\}}`$ by a bicharacter $``$. There is a left $`^{}`$-module algebra, $`𝒜^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`𝒜^{\{2\}}`$, which is built on $`𝒜^{\{1\}}𝒜^{\{2\}}`$ as an $`^{}`$-module and contains $`𝒜^{\{1\}}1`$ and $`1𝒜^{\{2\}}`$ as invariant subalgebras. The multiplication is given by

$`\left(a_1^{\{1\}}a_1^{\{2\}}\right)\left(a_2^{\{1\}}a_2^{\{2\}}\right)=a_1^{\{1\}}(_2a_2^{\{1\}})\left(_1a_1^{\{2\}}\right)a_2^{\{2\}},`$ (13)
where $`a_j^{\{i\}}𝒜^{\{i\}}`$. This multiplication satisfies the permutation relation

$`(1a^{\{2\}})(a^{\{1\}}1)=\left(_2a^{\{1\}}1\right)\left(1_1a^{\{2\}}\right),a^{\{i\}}𝒜^{\{i\}}.`$ (14)
###### Remark 4.

A particular case of this construction, when $`^{\{1\}}=^{\{2\}}=`$ and $`=`$ (cf. Subsection 3.2), gives the braided tensor product (8) of $``$-module algebras, which acquires an $``$-module algebra structure because of the Hopf algebra homomorphism $`\mathrm{\Delta }:\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$.

## 4 Twisted tensor powers $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$

###### 4.1.

The purpose of this section is to extend the collection of $``$-modules by modules over certain Hopf algebras related to $``$. The reason for that is the observation that the braided tensor product of two $``$-module algebras, is a particular case of the twisted tensor product of modules (cf. Remark 4) and thus a module over $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$.

###### 4.2.

Consider the set $`()=_{^{}}\mathrm{Hom}(,^{})`$ of Hopf algebra homomorphisms, where $`^{}`$ runs over Hopf algebras. We treat the ring $`𝐤`$ of scalars as a Hopf algebra over $`𝐤`$, so $`\epsilon ()`$. Let $`\varphi ^{\{i\}}()`$, $`i=1,2`$, be two homomorphisms from $``$ to Hopf algebras $`^{\{i\}}`$. Put the bicharacter $`^{\{2\}}^{\{1\}}`$ to be the image of the universal R-matrix, $`=\left(\varphi ^{\{2\}}\varphi ^{\{1\}}\right)()`$.

###### Proposition 5.

The map

$`\varphi ^{\{1\}}\stackrel{~}{}\varphi ^{\{2\}}=\left(\varphi ^{\{1\}}\varphi ^{\{2\}}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }:^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}^{\{2\}}`$ (15)
is a Hopf algebra homomorphism.

###### Proof.

This follows from the readily verified fact that the map $`\mathrm{\Delta }:\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$ is a Hopf algebra embedding. ∎

###### Proposition 6.

The operation $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ makes the set $`()`$ a monoid with $`\epsilon `$ being the neutral element. The operation $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is natural: if $`f^{\{i\}}:^{\{i\}}_1^{\{i\}}`$ are Hopf algebra homomorphisms, then

$$\left(f^{\{1\}}\varphi ^{\{1\}}\right)\stackrel{~}{}\left(f^{\{2\}}\varphi ^{\{2\}}\right)=\left(f^{\{1\}}f^{\{2\}}\right)\left(\varphi ^{\{1\}}\stackrel{~}{}\varphi ^{\{2\}}\right).$$

###### Proof.

It follows immediately from coassociativity of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ that the operation $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ is associative. It is obviously natural because so is the construction of twisted tensor product. The counit map is the identity due to the arguments used in the proof of Proposition 2. ∎

We will use the notation $`^{\{1\}}\stackrel{~}{}^{\{2\}}`$ for $`^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`^{\{2\}}`$ when the specific form of homomorphisms $`\varphi ^{\{i\}}`$ is clear from the context. In particular, we consider the set $`\{\mathrm{id}^{\stackrel{~}{}n}|n\}`$, where $`\mathrm{id}^0=\epsilon `$, and the corresponding twisted tensor powers $`\{^{\stackrel{~}{}n}|n\}`$. The projections $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}^{\stackrel{~}{}k}`$ obtained by applying $`\epsilon `$ to some tensor factors $`nk`$ times are Hopf algebra homomorphisms. Also, for every $`k`$, the coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }^k`$ applied to any component of $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$ induces a Hopf algebra homomorphism from $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$ to $`^{\stackrel{~}{}(n+k)}`$

###### 4.3.

Let $`𝒜^{\{i\}}`$ be two left $``$-module algebras. By $`𝒜^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}𝒜^{\{2\}}`$ we denote the $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$-module algebra $`𝒜^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`𝒜^{\{2\}}`$, see Subsection 3.3. Suppose $`𝒜^{\{i\}}`$ are module algebras over Hopf algebras $`^{\{i\}}`$ and the $``$-module structures on $`𝒜^{\{i\}}`$ are induced by homomorphisms $`\varphi ^{\{i\}}:^{\{i\}}`$. Obviously, the algebra $`𝒜^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}𝒜^{\{2\}}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒜^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`𝒜^{\{2\}}`$, with $`=\left(\varphi ^{\{2\}}\varphi ^{\{1\}}\right)()`$, and the $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$-module structure on it is induced by the homomorphism $`\varphi ^{\{1\}}\varphi ^{\{2\}}:^{\stackrel{~}{}2}^{\{1\}}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}^{\{2\}}`$ of Hopf algebras.

###### Example 1.

The operation $`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}`$ is associative and allows to introduce twisted tensor powers of an $``$-module algebra $`𝒜`$. By induction, we can define the $`n`$-th tensor power $`𝒜\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$, setting $`𝒜\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n=𝒜\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}\left(n1\right)\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}𝒜`$.

###### Example 2.

Let $`^{}`$ be another Hopf algebra such that there exists a Hopf algebra homomorphism $`\varphi :^{}`$. Suppose that the algebra $`𝒜`$ from the previous example is also an $`^{}`$-module algebra and the $``$-module structure on $`𝒜`$ is induced by $`\varphi `$. Then, $`𝒜\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$ is a module over $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$, $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$, and $``$ (but not over $`^{}`$ since, in general, there is no natural map from $`^{}`$ to $`^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$, which is twisted over $``$).

## 5 RE dual $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$

###### 5.1RE twist.

Consider a quasitriangular Hopf algebra $`^{}`$ with the universal R-matrix $`^{}`$ and a left $`^{}`$-module algebra $`𝒜`$.

###### Definition 2.

$`𝒜`$ is called quasi-commutative if for any $`a,b𝒜`$

$`(_2^{}b)(_1^{}a)=ab.`$ (16)
The following statement is elementary.

###### Proposition 7.

Let $`^{}`$ be a quasitriangular Hopf algebra and $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\stackrel{}{}^{}`$. If $`𝒜`$ is a quasi-commutative $`^{}`$-module algebra, then the twisted algebra $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}\stackrel{}{}𝒜`$, is a quasi-commutative $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$-module algebra.

###### Proof.

Clear. ∎

###### Corollary 8.

Let $`𝒜^{\{i\}}`$ be quasi-commutative module algebras over Hopf algebras $`^{\{i\}}`$, where $`i=1,2`$. Let $`^{\{2\}}^{\{1\}}`$ be a bicharacter and $`^{}`$ the twisted tensor product $`^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`^{\{2\}}`$. Then, the twisted tensor product $`𝒜^{\{1\}}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`𝒜^{\{2\}}`$ is a quasi-commutative $`^{}`$-module algebra.

###### Proof.

The ordinary tensor product $`𝒜^{\{1\}}𝒜^{\{2\}}`$ is a quasi-commutative $`^{\{1\}}^{\{2\}}`$-module algebra. Now apply Proposition 7. ∎

###### Example 3.

The Hopf dual $`^{}`$ is an $``$-bimodule with respect to the left and right coregular actions. We reserve for them the notation $``$ and $``$, respectively:

$`xa=a_{(1)}a_{(2)},x,ax=a_{(1)},xa_{(2)},`$ (17)
where $`x`$, $`a^{}`$, and $`a_{(1)}a_{(2)}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{^{}}(a)`$. $`^{}`$ can be viewed as a left $`^{}=^{op}`$-module algebra with the universal R-matrix taken to be $`^{}=_{13}^1_{24}`$. It is quasi-commutative, with condition (16) turning to the equation

$`(a_1)(b_2)=(_2b)(_1a)`$ (18)
for any $`a,b^{}`$. This equation is fulfilled due to (2).

###### Example 4.

Along the line of Proposition 3, consider the twist from the Hopf algebra $`^{op}`$ to $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$ by the cocycle $`_{13}_{23}`$. Denote by $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ the quasi-commutative $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$-module algebra that is twist-equivalent to $`^{}`$. The equation

$`(_1^{}a_2)(b_1_2^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(_1^{}_2b)(_1a_2^{})`$ (19)
taking place for any $`a`$ and $`b`$ from $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is a consequence of (18). Here, the primes distinguish different copies of $``$.

###### 5.2.

The left action of $`^{op}`$ on $`^{}`$ is expressed through the left and right coregular actions:

$`(xy)a=ya\gamma (x),xy^{op},a^{}.`$ (20)
Let $`m`$ be the multiplication in $`^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}`$ the multiplication in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. They are related by the formulas

$`\stackrel{~}{m}(ab)=m\left(_1a_1^{}b\gamma (_2)_2^{}\right).`$ (21)
$`m(ab)=\stackrel{~}{m}\left(_1a\gamma (_1^{})b_2^{}_2\right).`$ (22)
These expressions prove that the associative algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is exactly the Hopf algebra in the quasitensor category of $``$-modules, \[Mj\].

###### 5.3Universal K-matrix.

Let $`\{e_i\}`$ be a base in $``$ and $`\{e^i\}`$ its dual in $`^{}`$ with respect to the canonical Hopf pairing. Let us consider the element $`𝒯=_ie_ie^i^{}`$. In case $``$ is infinite dimensional this element can be defined by introducing an appropriate topology. Using the identities

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}e_ie^ix={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}xe_ie^i{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}e_ixe^i={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}e_ixe^i,`$ (23)
which are true for any $`x`$, we rewrite relations (18) in a compact form that involves the universal T-matrix $`𝒯`$:

$`𝒯_1𝒯_2=𝒯_2𝒯_1.`$ (24)
Now we consider the same base $`\{e^i\}`$ as that in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. Then, the canonical element $`𝒦=_ie_ie^i\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ may be thought of as a universal K-matrix. Indeed, applying identities (23) to (19) we rewrite it in the form of the RE,

$`_{21}𝒦_1𝒦_2=𝒦_2_{21}𝒦_1,`$ (25)
in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$.

###### Remark 9.

In applications, elements of the dual base $`\{e^i\}`$ are usually expressed as polynomials in generators of the algebra $`^{}`$. Although belonging to the same linear space, $`e^i`$ are expressed differently through generators of the deformed algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. While fixing the universal K-matrix as an element of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, the proposed formula does not suggest an easy way of computing it.

###### 5.4.

Let us consider an element $`𝒦^𝒜𝒜`$ of the form $`𝒦^𝒜=_ie_ia^i`$, were $`\{e_i\}`$ is a base in $``$. It can be viewed as a linear map $`f:\stackrel{~}{}^{}𝒜`$, $`f:u_iu,e_ia^i.`$

###### Proposition 10.

The map $`f:\stackrel{~}{}^{}𝒜`$ is an algebra homomorphism if and only if

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})\left(𝒦^𝒜\right)=^1𝒦_1^𝒜𝒦_2^𝒜𝒜.`$ (26)
###### Proof.

Let us prove the statement for $`𝒦^𝒜=𝒦`$ first. This case corresponds to $`𝒜=\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ and $`f=\mathrm{id}`$. The universal T-matrix $`𝒯^{}`$ obeys the identity $`(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})(𝒯)=𝒯_1𝒯_2`$. Now applying formula (22) to the right-hand side of this equality we come to equation (26) for $`𝒦^𝒜=𝒦`$. The general case follows from here since the element $`𝒦^𝒜`$ is equal to $`(\mathrm{id}f)(𝒦)`$. ∎

###### 5.5Characters of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$.

Let $`\chi `$ be a character (an algebra homomorphism to $`𝐤`$) of the RE dual $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. We can think of it as an element from $``$, then $`\chi =(\mathrm{id}\chi )(𝒦)`$; so $`\rho (\chi )`$ gives a numeric solution to the RE in any representation $`\rho `$ of $``$. Using formula (26) we find the necessary and sufficient condition for an element $`\chi `$ to be a character of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\chi =^1\chi _1\chi _2.`$ (27)
It is easy to see that this equation is preserved by the similarity transformation $`\chi \eta \chi \eta ^1`$, where $`\eta `$ is a group-like element or, in other words, a character of the algebra $`^{}`$ (the tensor square of a group-like element commutes with $``$).

The unit of $``$ satisfies equation (27), so the counit $`\epsilon _{^{}}`$ of $`^{}`$ is a character of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$.

###### 5.6.

The comultiplication map $`\mathrm{\Delta }:^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$ is a Hopf algebra embedding. The composition

$`(^+^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_{^{}}:^{op}^{\stackrel{~}{}2},`$ (28)
is a Hopf algebra homomorphism too. These maps extend to a Hopf algebra homomorphism from the double $`\mathrm{D}()`$ to $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$, \[RS\]. It follows that any $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$-module is that over $``$, $`^{op}`$, and $`\mathrm{D}()`$. This is true for the algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ in particular.

The element $`𝒬=_{21}`$ defines a map

$`𝒬(a)=a,𝒬_1𝒬_2,a\stackrel{~}{}^{},`$ (29)
from $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to $``$. This map is an $``$-equivariant algebra homomorphism, where $``$ is considered as the adjoint module over itself444It appeared in \[FRT\] as a map from the FRT algebra, which is an extension of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, to $``$., \[Mj\]. The existence of this homomorphism follows from the fact that the algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is a left module algebra over $`^{op}`$. The dual version of this statement claims that $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is a right comodule algebra over $`_{op}`$. Then the map $`𝒬`$ has the form $`(\epsilon _{^{}}\gamma )\delta `$, where $`\delta `$ is the coaction $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}^{}_{op}`$, \[DM\]:

$`\delta (a)`$ $`=`$ $`a_{(2)}a_{(3)},_1^{}^1\gamma (a_{(1)}),_2_2^{}^1_1,a\stackrel{~}{}^{}.`$ (30)
Here the element $`a`$ is considered as belonging to the linear space $`^{}\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ and $`a_{(1)}a_{(2)}a_{(3)}`$ is the symbolic decomposition of the three-fold coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{^{}}^3(a)`$. The counit $`\epsilon _{^{}}`$ is a character of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, cf. Subsection 5.5, and this implies that $`𝒬`$ is an algebra map. Clearly any character of the associative algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ defines in this way a homomorphism from $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to $``$.

The element $`𝒬`$ is the image of the universal K-matrix in $`^2`$, $`𝒬=(\mathrm{id}𝒬)(𝒦)`$, so it satisfies the abstract reflection equation in $`^3`$, \[S\].

## 6 Braided comultiplication and twist

###### 6.1.

Let $`\iota _k:\stackrel{~}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$ be the embedding sending $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to the $`k`$-th tensor factor. It is an algebra homomorphism. Consider the elements $`𝒦^{\{k\}}=(\mathrm{id}\iota _k)(𝒦)`$.

###### Proposition 11.

The multiplication in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$ satisfies by the following commutation relations

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill _{21}𝒦_1^{\{k\}}_{12}𝒦_2^{\{k\}}& =& 𝒦_2^{\{k\}}_{21}𝒦_1^{\{k\}}_{12},k=1,\mathrm{}n,\hfill \\ \hfill _{12}^1𝒦_1^{\{k\}}_{12}𝒦_2^{\{l\}}& =& 𝒦_2^{\{l\}}_{12}^1𝒦_1^{\{k\}}_{12},l,k=1,\mathrm{}n,l<k.\hfill \end{array}$$
(31)
###### Proof.

Denote by $`_k^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$ the algebra $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$ embedded in the $`k`$-th place in $`(\stackrel{~}{})^{\stackrel{~}{}n}`$ and similarly $`\stackrel{~}{}_k^{}=\iota _k(\stackrel{~}{}^{})\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$. The first line in (31) is the RE for $`𝒦_k`$, which holds since $`\stackrel{~}{}_k^{}`$ is a subalgebra in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$. The action of $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2n}`$ restricted to $`\stackrel{~}{}_k^{}`$ is induced by that of $`_k^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$ via the Hopf algebra projection $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2n}_k^{\stackrel{~}{}2}`$. Then the cross-relations between $`\stackrel{~}{}_k^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{}_l^{}`$ are verified straightforwardly. ∎

###### Remark 12.

Relations (31) reflect the fact that $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$ is a quasi-commutative $`^{\stackrel{~}{}2n}`$-module algebra, cf. Corollary 8.

###### 6.2.

In this subsection, we give an interpretation of the braided bialgebra structure on $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ from the Drinfeld’s twist point of view. Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ the comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{^{}}:^{}^{}^{}`$ considered as a $`𝐤`$-linear map $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$.

###### Theorem 13 (\[Mj\]).

The map $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ from $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to the braided tensor product $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is an algebra homomorphism.

The proof of this theorem that is given in \[Mj\] is quite complicated. Here we give another proof using Hopf algebra twist and the universal K-matrix. The key observation is that the braided tensor product of $`^{\stackrel{~}{}k}`$\- and $`^{\stackrel{~}{}m}`$-module algebras, which is defined by (8), is in fact a particular case of twisted tensor product from (13), as pointed out in Remark 4, and hence a module algebra over $`^{\stackrel{~}{}(k+m)}`$. Thus we reformulate Theorem 13 in the following way.

###### Theorem 14.

For any $`n`$ the $`n`$-fold coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{^{}}^n:^{}^n`$ considered as a $`𝐤`$-linear map from $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to the twisted tensor product $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$ is an algebra homomorphism.

###### Proof.

Put $`𝒦^{\{1\mathrm{}m\}}=𝒦^{\{1\}}\mathrm{}𝒦^{\{m\}}\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}m`$, $`m`$. A straightforward induction using formula (13) shows that $`\left(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^m\right)(𝒦)=𝒦^{\{1\mathrm{}m\}}`$ for all $`m`$. We shall prove the theorem by induction on $`n`$. The case $`n=0`$ holds because $`\epsilon _{^{}}`$ is a character of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, cf. Section 5.5, and the case $`n=1`$ is trivial. Let us assume that the statement is true for $`n1`$. From the bottom line of equation (31), we find

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill ^1𝒦_1^{\{n+1\}}𝒦_2^{\{1\mathrm{}n\}}& =& 𝒦_2^{\{1\mathrm{}n\}}^1𝒦_1^{\{n+1\}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(32)
Put, in notation of Subsection 5.4, $`𝒜=\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}\left(n+1\right)`$ and $`a^i=\mathrm{\Delta }_\stackrel{~}{}^{}^{n+1}(e^i)𝒜`$. Then, the element

$$𝒦^𝒜=𝒦^{\{1\mathrm{}n+1\}}=𝒦^{\{1\mathrm{}n\}}𝒦^{\{n+1\}}$$

fulfills condition (26), as follows from the induction assumption and equation (32). ∎

###### 6.3.

In this subsection we give, following \[KS\], a topological interpretation of the algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}n`$. It is known that a representation $`(\rho ,V)`$ of $``$ induces a representation of the braid group $`B_n`$ of $`n`$ strands in $`^3`$. Let $`\{\sigma _i\}_{i=1}^{n1}`$ be the set of generators of $`B_n`$ satisfying relations $`\sigma _i\sigma _{i+1}\sigma _i=\sigma _{i+1}\sigma _i\sigma _{i+1}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n2`$ and $`\sigma _i\sigma _j=\sigma _j\sigma _i`$ for $`|ji|>1`$. The representation of $`B_n`$ on $`V^n`$ is defined via the correspondence $`\sigma _iS_{i,i+1}`$, where $`S=PR`$ is expressed through the image of the universal R-matrix $`R=(\rho \rho )()`$ and the flip operator $`P`$ on $`V^2`$. As usually, the subscripts specialize embedding $`\mathrm{End}(V)\mathrm{End}^n(V)`$.

Let $`A_m`$ denote a set of $`m`$ parallel lines in $`^3`$. The braid group $`B_n^m`$ of n strands in $`^3\backslash A_m`$ is generated by $`\{\sigma _i\}_{i=1}^{n1}B_nB_n^m`$ and the elements $`\{\tau _k\}_{k=1}^m`$ subject to relations

$`\sigma _{n1}\tau _k\sigma _{n1}\tau _k`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _k\sigma _{n1}\tau _k\sigma _{n1},k=1,\mathrm{},m,`$ (33)
$`\sigma _{n1}^1\tau _k\sigma _{n1}\tau _l`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _l\sigma _{n1}^1\tau _k\sigma _{n1},k,l=1,\mathrm{},m,k>l.`$ (34)
Together with $`\rho `$, a representation $`\theta `$ of the algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}m`$ on a module $`W`$ defines a representation of $`B_n^m`$ on the module $`V^nW`$. It extends the representation of the subgroup $`B_nB_n^m`$ in $`V^n`$ via the natural embedding $`V^nV^nW`$. Further, assigned to every $`\tau _k`$ is the operator $`(\rho \theta )(\mathrm{id}\iota _k)(𝒦)`$, where the embedding $`\iota _k`$ is defined in Subsection 6.1.

## 7 Fusion rules for RE matrices

###### 7.1.

In this section we consider the following problem. Let $`(\rho ^{\{1\}},V^{\{1\}})`$ and $`(\rho ^{\{2\}},V^{\{2\}})`$ be two representations of $``$. Let $`𝒜`$ be an associative algebra and $`K^{\{i\}}`$, $`i=1,2`$, two constant RE matrices with coefficients in $`𝒜`$ in the representations $`\rho ^{\{1\}}`$ and $`\rho ^{\{2\}}`$. How to build an RE matrix in the tensor product representation $`\rho ^{\{1\}}\rho ^{\{2\}}`$ or in its sub-representation?

###### 7.2.

Let $`\rho ^{\{i\}}`$ be representations of $``$ on modules $`V^{\{i\}}`$, where $`i`$ runs over a set of indices, $`i\mathrm{I}`$. Denote by $`R^{\{i,j\}}=\left(\rho ^{\{i\}}\rho ^{\{j\}}\right)()`$ the image of the universal R-matrix in $`\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}\right)\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{j\}}\right)`$, $`i,j\mathrm{I}`$. These matrices satisfy the Yang-Baxter equation

$$R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}=R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}},i,j,k\mathrm{I}.$$

Let $`K^{\{i\}}\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}\right)𝒜`$ be RE matrices in representations $`\rho ^{\{i\}}`$, $`i\mathrm{I}`$, and consider the elements

$`K^{\{i,j\}}=\left(R^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}V^{\{j\}}\right)𝒜,i,j\mathrm{I}.`$ (35)
###### Proposition 15.

Suppose the RE matrices have the form $`K^{\{i\}}=\left(\rho ^{\{i\}}f\right)(𝒦)`$, $`i\mathrm{I}`$, where $`f`$ is an algebra homomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}𝒜`$. Then, the elements $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$ defined by (35) are RE matrices in the tensor product representation $`\rho ^{\{i\}}\rho ^{\{j\}}`$. They can be restricted to any sub-representation.

###### Proof.

Apply the algebra homomorphism $`\left(\rho ^{\{i\}}\rho ^{\{j\}}f\right)(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})`$ to the universal K-matrix and use Proposition 10. ∎

###### 7.3.

Proposition 15 allows to build tensor product of solutions to the RE of special type, namely when they are images of the same universal K-matrix (cf. concluding remarks below) via the same homomorphism $`f`$. Since a priori there are no cirteria for this to be true555Even in the case $`𝒜=`$ and the fundamental vector representation of $`𝒰_q\left(gl(n)\right)`$ there is a variety of solutions to the same RE, \[KSS, M\]., one has to substitute this condition by certain compatibility requirements.

###### Definition 3.

An RE data is a set $`\left\{(\rho ^{\{i\}},V^{\{i\}},K^{\{i\}})\right\}_{i\mathrm{I}}`$ of triples, where $`\rho ^{\{i\}}`$ are finite dimensional representations of $``$ on $`V^{\{i\}}`$ and the matrices $`K^{\{i\}}\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}\right)𝒜`$ satisfy the equations

$`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}K_1^{\{i\}}R^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}=K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}K_1^{\{i\}}R^{\{i,j\}}`$ (36)
in $`\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}V^{\{j\}}\right)𝒜`$, $`i,j\mathrm{I}`$.

Clearly restriction of the set $`\mathrm{I}`$ to any its subset gives an RE data. In particular, each triple $`(\rho ^{\{i\}},V^{\{i\}},K^{\{i\}})`$ is an RE data for $`\mathrm{I}=\{i\}`$; condition (36) reduces to the RE equation on $`K^{\{i\}}`$. Given an RE triple $`(\rho ,V,K)`$ and a set $`\mathrm{I}`$ one can form an RE data putting $`(\rho ^{\{i\}},V^{\{i\}},K^{\{i\}})=(\rho ,V,K)`$ for each $`i\mathrm{I}`$. Also, for any homomorphism $`f:\stackrel{~}{}^{}𝒜`$ the matrices $`K^{\{i\}}=\left(\rho ^{\{i\}}f\right)(𝒦)`$ satisfy condition (36).

###### Proposition 16.

Consider a triple $`(\rho ,V,K)`$ from an RE data $`𝔎`$. Suppose the module $`V`$ is semisimple. Let $`(\rho _0,V_0)`$ be a sub-representation of $`(\rho ,V)`$ and $`K_0`$ the restriction of $`K`$ to $`V_0`$ from Proposition 1. Then, the set $`𝔎\left\{(\rho _0,V_0,K_0)\right\}`$ is an RE data.

###### Proof.

The apparent modification of the proof of Proposition 1. ∎

The following theorem generalizes Proposition 15.

###### Theorem 17 (Fusion procedure).

Let $`\left\{(\rho ^{\{i\}},V^{\{i\}},K^{\{i\}})\right\}_{i\mathrm{I}}`$ be an RE data. Then, the union

$`\left\{(\rho ^{\{i\}},V^{\{i\}},K^{\{i\}})\right\}_{i\mathrm{I}}\left\{(\rho ^{\{i\}}\rho ^{\{j\}},V^{\{i\}}V^{\{j\}},K^{\{i,j\}})\right\}_{(i,j)\mathrm{I}\times \mathrm{I}},`$ (37)
where $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$ is defined in (35), is an RE data, too.

###### Proof.

See Appendix. ∎

###### Remark 18.

It is easy to prove ”associativity” of the fusion: $`K^{\{\{i,j\},k\}}=K^{\{i,\{j,k\}\}}`$.

Let us apply Proposition 16 and Theorem 17 to the quantum group $`𝒰_q(𝔤)`$, where $`𝔤`$ is a semisimple Lie algebra. Its finite dimensional modules are semisimple, and each irreducible representation can be realized as a submodule in the tensor power of a fundamental representation, \[ChPr\]. Starting from an RE matrix in any fundamental representation, one can build an RE matrix in every irreducible representation by tensoring and projecting.

## 8 Concluding remarks

Suppose a quasitriangular Hopf algebra $``$ is a subbialgebra in a bialgebra $``$ which is quasitriangular in the sense that condition (2) is fulfilled for any $`x`$. One can take as $``$ the dual to the FRT bialgebra associated with a finite dimensional representation of $``$. All the constructions of this paper can be literally carried over from the dual Hopf algebra $`^{}`$ to the bialgebra $`^{}`$, which is a quasi-commutative bimodule algebra over $``$. One can twist $`^{}`$ along the line of Proposition 3 to obtain an $``$$`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{}`$$``$-module algebra, $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. There is a braided bialgebra structure on $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ given by the coproduct of $`^{}`$, which is considered as a map from $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{}{\stackrel{~}{}}2`$. The algebra $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is a comodule over $`^{op}`$ and the counit $`\epsilon _{^{}}`$ is its character. So there is an $``$-equivariant homomorphism $`𝒬:\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ defined by formula (29) where $`a\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. Likewise for $`=`$, one can introduce the universal K-matrix $`𝒦\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, which is the canonical element of the bialgebra pairing between $``$ and $`^{}`$. It will satisfy equations (25) and (26) in $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$. Any representation of $``$ gives a solution to the corresponding RE matrix, and the formula (35) provides a fusion procedure for such RE matrices.

There is an algebra map $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ coming from the bialgebra homomorphism $`^{}^{}`$; the latter is dual to the embedding $``$. Therefore $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ gives, in general, more solutions to the RE than $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ does. If, for instance, $``$ is a factorizable Hopf algebra, \[RS\], the map $`𝒬:\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ is an algebra isomorphism. So the characters of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$ are exactly those of $``$. Consider, e.g., the quantum group $`𝒰_q\left(gl(n)\right)`$. It has only one-parameter family of one-dimensional representations assigning a scalar to the central generator. On the other hand, there are much more solutions to the RE in the fundamental vector representation of $`𝒰_q\left(gl(n)\right)`$ with the same R-matrix, \[KSS, M\]. They are characters of $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}`$, which is in this case the matrix RE algebra associated with the given representation of $`𝒰_q\left(gl(n)\right)`$.

## 9 Appendix: proof of Theorem 17

###### 9.1.

First we claim that for every $`i,j,k\mathrm{I}`$ the following identities hold true:

$`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{k,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\left\{K_3^{\{k\}}\right\}=`$
$`=\left\{K_3^{\{k\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{k,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}},`$ (38)
$`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}\left\{K_1^{\{i\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right)^1K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}K_3^{\{k\}}\right\}=`$
$`\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right)^1K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}K_3^{\{k\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}\left\{K_1^{\{i\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}.`$ (39)
Let us prove equation (38). Pulling $`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{k,j\}}`$ from left to right in the l.h.s. of (38) and using the Yang-Baxter equation twice we obtain

$$\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{k,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}K_3^{\{k\}}.$$

Now pulling $`K_3^{\{k\}}`$ from right to left and employing (36) twice, we get

$$K_3^{\{k\}}\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{k,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}.$$

This time we pull $`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{k,j\}}`$ from right to to left and apply the Yang-Baxter equation twice to obtain the r.h.s. of (38).

Now we turn to equation (39). Pulling $`\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right)^1`$ to the left in the l.h.s. and using the Yang-Baxter equation twice we come to

$$\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right)^1\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{K_1^{\{i\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}\left\{K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}K_3^{\{k\}}\right\}.$$

This is equal

$$\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right)^1K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{K_1^{\{i\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}\left\{R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}K_3^{\{k\}}\right\},$$

due to (36). Pulling $`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}`$ to the left and apply the Yang-Baxter equation twice we obtain

$$\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right)^1K_2^{\{j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,k\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}21}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{k,i\}}\left\{K_1^{\{i\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,k\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\left\{K_3^{\{k\}}\right\}.$$

Now we push $`K_3^{\{k\}}`$ to the left, employ (36), and come to the r.h.s. of (39).

###### 9.2.

Now we prove that the matrix $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$, $`i,j\mathrm{I}`$, obeys the reflecion equation in the representation $`\rho ^{\{i\}}\rho ^{\{j\}}`$. The image of the universal R-matrix in the representation $`\rho ^{\{i\}}\rho ^{\{j\}}`$ is equal to

$$R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}14}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}24}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}\right)\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{j\}}\right)\right\}\left\{\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{i\}}\right)\mathrm{End}\left(V^{\{j\}}\right)\right\}.$$

The left-hand side of the RE on $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$ reads

$`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}42}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}41}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}\times `$
$`\times R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}14}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}24}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_3^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}K_4^{\{j\}}\right\},`$
while the r.h.s. of the RE is obtained from this by placing the last factor concluded in $`\{\}`$ to the leftmost position. Pulling $`\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1`$ to the left and using the Yang-Baxter equation four times, we obtain

$`\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}42}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}41}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{i,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}\times `$
$`\times R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}14}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}24}}^{\{j,j\}}\left\{K_3^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}K_4^{\{j\}}\right\}.`$
From this, using (38) for $`k=i`$, we come to

$`\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_3^{\{i\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}42}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}41}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{i,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}\times `$
$`\times R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}14}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}24}}^{\{j,j\}}\left\{R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}K_4^{\{j\}}\right\}.`$
Now we push $`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}`$ to the left and use the Yang-Baxter equation four times. The resulting expression is

$`\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_3^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}34}}^{\{i,j\}}\right\}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}32}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}31}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}42}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}41}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{\left(R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}\right)^1K_1^{\{i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}12}}^{\{i,j\}}K_2^{\{j\}}\right\}\times `$
$`\times R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}14}}^{\{i,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}24}}^{\{j,j\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}13}}^{\{i,i\}}R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}23}}^{\{j,i\}}\left\{K_4^{\{j\}}\right\}.`$
To accomplish the proof, one should push $`K_4^{\{j\}}`$ to the left employing the identity (38) where $`k`$ is equal to $`j`$ and $`3`$ is replaced by $`4`$.

###### 9.3.

It remains to check that for any choice of $`i,j,k\mathrm{I}`$, the matrices $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$, $`K^{\{k\}}`$ are compatible in the sense of (36). This statement splits into several assertions. First of all, the matrices $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$ and $`K^{\{k\}}`$ must solve the RE in their own representations. In what concerns $`K^{\{k\}}`$, this holds by assumption; as to the matrix $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$, this has been proven in the previous subsection. We must verify the cross-relations between $`K^{\{i,j\}}`$ and $`K^{\{k\}}`$. It is not difficult to see that they are encoded in the system of equations (3839).