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# Measurable Schur Multipliers and Completely Bounded Multipliers of the Fourier Algebras

## 1. Introduction

Let $`G`$ be a locally compact group, and $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ the Fourier algebra of $`G`$ from .

In , Herz defined the space of Herz-Schur multipliers, $`\mathrm{B}_2(G)`$. He claimed this space to coincide with the space he denoted $`𝒱(G)`$ in his article , but offered no proof of this fact. The completely bounded multipliers of the Fourier algebra, $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, were defined by De Canneire and Haagerup in . In was shown by Bożeko and Fendler, , that $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{B}_2(G)`$, isometrically. Unfortunately, this result relies on unpublished work of Gilbert . However, there is a proof of the fact that $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{B}_2(G)`$ due to Jolissaint , which relies on the representation theorem for completely bounded maps applied to the reduced C\*-algebra, $`\mathrm{C}_r^{}(G)`$.

In this paper we prove an analogue of the fact that $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{B}_2(G)`$. In fact, our result obtains that fact in the case that $`G`$ is a discrete group, and improves upon it in the respect that we obtain a complete isometry, where both $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ and $`\mathrm{B}_2(G)`$ are given natural operator space structures. Moreover, we show that the natural module action of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ on the von Neumann algebra generated by the left regular representation, $`\mathrm{VN}(G)`$, extends completely isometrically to a normal action of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ on all of $`(\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$. In fact, the image of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ in the (completely) bounded normal maps on $`(\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$ consists of $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$-bimodule maps, and can be characterised as a certain intrinsic “invariant part” amongst those maps. We feel that our approach is interesting in and of itself since it makes systematic use of modern operator space theoretic techniques, pioneered by Blecher, Effros, Haagerup, Paulsen, Ruan and Smith, amongst others. It thus gives a starting point for obtaining representations of completely multipliers of Kac algebras, after  or of multipliers of locally compact quantum groups after Vaes et al (see ).

To support our approach, in Section 3 we describe the space of measurable Schur multipliers, $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$, for any suitable measure space $`(X,\mu )`$. We develop the theory of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ fully and systematically. Our main tools for doing this are the results of Smith  and Blecher and Smith  which characterise the normal completely bounded maps on the space of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space, which are module maps over a von Neumann algebra. We make great use of the weak\* Haagerup tensor product of two von Neumann algebras, which is described in . In particular, we note that $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ obtains a natural operator space structure. Subordinate to the theory of measurable Schur multipliers, we develop a theory of “continuous” Schur multipliers, which is based on the theory of the extended Haagerup tensor product of Effros and Ruan in  (see also ).

Letting $`m`$ now denote the left Haar measure on our locally compact group $`G`$, we let $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G,m)`$. We define the “invariant part”, $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. Our space $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ is essentially the space $`𝒱(G)`$ of . Our main result is that $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ completely isometrically. Thus we obtain a natural extension of the module action of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ on $`\mathrm{VN}(G)`$ to $`(\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$. This is the content of Section 5. (It should be noted that the isometric identification $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ has been previously known to Haagerup . This fact was discovered by the author after the present article was completed. However, it is not clear how the methods of that article can be adapted to give a complete isometry.)

As an immediate application of our results, we have a systematic approach to determining the functorial properties of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. In addition, we can identify some circumstances in which a subspace of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra, $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, acts completely isometrically as multipliers of $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$. Another application we obtain is a concrete description of the predual of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$, whose existence is recognised in . In the case where $`G`$ is discrete, Pisier  implicitly uses the structure of $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ in his partial solution to the similarity problem for representations of groups. These applications are studied in Section 6.

We note that there are further applications of our results and methods which are not explored in this note. As an example, the author and L. Turowska, in , use some of the methods of the current note to show that if $`G`$ is compact, then $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ naturally imbeds into $`𝒞(G)^\gamma 𝒞(G)`$ (projective tensor product of the continuous functions on $`G`$ with itself). This is used to generalise, to arbitrary compact groups, results on parallel spectral synthesis due to Varopoulos  for compact Abelian groups; and to generalise some results on operator synthesis due to Froelich .

We should also point out that if $`G`$ is Abelian, there are related results to ours by Størmer . In that article it is shown that there is an isometric representation of the measure algebra, $`\mathrm{M}(G)`$, in $`^\sigma (\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$, which extends convolution on $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. This is generalised to arbitrary locally compact groups by Ghahramani . Neufang  has shown that this isometric representation has its range in $`𝒞^\sigma (\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$. Some of the connections between these results and those of the present article are being explored by Neufang and the author .

Sections 2 and 4 are included to support the exposition of this article, but include results of independant interest. In Section 2, a uniform approach is developed for defining the weak\* and extended Haagerup tensor products. In Section 4 some basic results about completely bounded multipliers are reviewed, and a theorem of Walter  is improved.

This article represents a significant portion of the author’s doctoral thesis . The author would like to express his gratitude to his advisor, Brian Forrest, for support and guidance throughout his tenure as a graduate student at the University of Waterloo. His gratitude extends to other members of the faculty there, including Ken Davidson, Kathryn Hare and Andu Nica. The author would also like to acknowledge his fellow graduate student Peter Wood, and the excellent staff in the Pure Math department.

### 1.1. Notation

If $`𝒳`$ is a complex normed vector space, we will let $`\mathrm{b}_1\left(𝒳\right)`$ denote the closed unit ball, $`𝒳^{}`$ denote the space of continuous linear functionals on $`𝒳`$, i.e. the dual space, and $`(𝒳)`$ denote the normed algebra of bounded linear operators on $`𝒳`$. If $`T(𝒳)`$, we let $`T^{}:𝒳^{}𝒳^{}`$ denote the adjoint operator. If $``$ is a Hilbert space and $`x()`$, we let $`x^{}:`$ denote its Hilbertian adjoint.

If $`𝒳`$ is a dual space, with established predual $`𝒳_{}`$, we let $`^\sigma (𝒳)`$ denote the space of linear operators on $`𝒳`$ which are continuous in the $`\sigma (𝒳,𝒳_{})`$ topology. Hence if $``$ is a von Neumann algebra, $`^\sigma ()`$ denotes the algebra of normal operators on $``$.

If $`X`$ is a locally compact Hausdorff space, let $`𝒞_b(X)`$ denote the C\*-algebra of continuous complex-valued bounded functions on $`X`$, with norm $`\phi _{\mathrm{}}=sup\{|\phi (x)|:xX\}`$. We will let $`𝒞_0(X)`$ denote the norm closure of the space of compactly supported continuous complex-valued functions on $`X`$.

Our standard reference for operator spaces is . However we were also influenced by the points of view in  and . There is a good summary of operator spaces in .

Given an operator space $`𝒱`$, we let $`\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒱\right)`$ denote the space of $`n\times n`$ matrices with entries in $`𝒱`$. We also let $`𝒞(𝒱)`$ denote the algebra of completely bounded linear maps on $`𝒱`$, i.e. maps $`T:𝒱𝒱`$ for which the amplifications, $`T^{(n)}:\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒱\right)\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒱\right)`$, satisfy $`T_{cb}=sup\{T^{(n)}:n\}<+\mathrm{}`$. We will assign $`𝒞(𝒱)`$ and $`𝒱^{}`$ the operator space from  or \[16, Sec. 3.2\].

If $`𝒳`$ is a normed vector space, we let $`\mathrm{max}𝒳`$ denote the maximal operator space with underlying normed space $`𝒳`$, and we denote by $`\mathrm{min}𝒳`$ the minimal one.

We will make substantial use of tensor products here. If $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ are complete operator spaces, let $`𝒱\widehat{}𝒲`$ denote their operator projective tensor product, and $`𝒱^h𝒲`$ their Haagerup tensor product. We will often write $`𝒱_{}𝒲`$, respectively $`𝒱_h𝒲`$, for the algebraic tensor product $`𝒱𝒲`$, but with the operator space structure given by the operator projective tensor norms, respectively Haagerup, tensor norms. For Banach spaces $`𝒳`$ and $`𝒴`$, $`𝒳^\gamma 𝒴`$ will denote their (Banach space) projective tensor product. If $``$ and $`𝒩`$ are von Neumann algebras we will denote the von Neumann tensor product by $`\overline{}𝒩`$.

## 2. The Weak\* and Extended Haagerup Tensor Products

In this article we will make extensive use of the weak\* Haagerup tensor product of  and the extended Haagerup tensor product of  (see also ). However, for our applications we will not want to assume that we can work with operator spaces over a separable Hilbert space. Moreover, we want a representation of the extended Haagerup tensor product modeled after one of the weak\* Haagerup tensor product in \[5, Theo. 3.1\]. Hence we will briskly develop a theory of these tensor products in a form that fits our needs.

First we need a description of infinite matrices over an operator space. Let $`𝒱`$ be an operator space and $`I_0`$ and $`J_0`$ be finite index sets. The set of $`I_0\times J_0`$-matrices, $`\mathrm{M}_{I_0,J_0}\left(𝒱\right)`$, can be normed in an unambiguous way with no regard to having an ordering on $`I_0`$ or $`J_0`$; see \[16, (2.1.5)\]. If $`I`$ and $`J`$ are infinite index sets, let $`M_{I,J}(𝒱)`$ denote the set of $`I\times J`$ matrices with entries in $`𝒱`$. If $`I_0`$ and $`J_0`$ are finite subsets of $`I`$ and $`J`$, and $`vM_{I,J}(𝒱)`$, let $`v_{I_0,J_0}`$ be the matrix in $`\mathrm{M}_{I_0,J_0}\left(𝒱\right)`$ given by restricting to the indices from $`I_0`$ and $`J_0`$. We let

$$\mathrm{M}_{I,J}\left(𝒱\right)=\{vM_{I,J}(𝒱):v=\underset{\begin{array}{c}I_0I,J_0J\\ \text{finite}\end{array}}{sup}v_{I_0,J_0}<+\mathrm{}\}.$$

As in \[16, Sec. 10.1\], this is an operator space. For example, if $``$ is a Hilbert space, then $`\mathrm{M}_{I,J}\left(()\right)(^J,^I)`$, in the usual way. In particular, $`\mathrm{M}_{I,J}=\mathrm{M}_{I,J}\left(\right)(\mathrm{}^2(J),\mathrm{}^2(I))`$.

If $`𝒲`$ is another operator space and $`S𝒞(𝒱,𝒲)`$, then the amplification $`S^{(I,J)}:\mathrm{M}_{I,J}\left(𝒱\right)M_{I,J}(𝒲)`$ can be easily seen to have its range in $`\mathrm{M}_{I,J}\left(𝒲\right)`$ and to be completely bounded with $`S^{(I,J)}=S^{(I,J)}_{cb}=S_{cb}`$. Moreover, $`S^{(I,J)}`$ is a complete isometry if $`S`$ is. However, if $`S`$ is a complete quotient map, $`S^{(I,J)}`$ may not be a (complete) quotient map; it is such, though, if $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ are operator dual spaces and $`S`$ is the adjoint of a complete isometry between their preduals.

Usually, a matrix $`v\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,J}\left(𝒱\right)`$ will be written $`v=\left[v_{ij}\right]`$. However, for row matrices $`v\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{1,J}\left(𝒱\right)`$ and column matrices $`w\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,1}\left(𝒱\right)`$ we will often write $`v=\left[v_j\right]`$ and $`w=\left[w_i\right]`$, i.e. $`v_j=v_{1j}`$ and $`w_i=w_{i1}`$ for each $`i`$ and $`j`$.

### 2.1. The Fubini-Haagerup Tensor Product

The Fubini-Haagerup tensor product, which we define below, is developed in the same way as the weak\* Haagerup tensor product is in , and is general enough to give us a usable form of the extended Haagerup tensor product of .

Let us begin by recalling the theory of the weak\* Haagerup tensor product, but in the context we require. Let $``$ be a Hilbert space of Hilbertian dimension $`dim`$ and $`I`$ be an index set of cardinality $`|I|=(dim)^2`$. Squaring accommodates the case that $`dim`$ is finite. Following arguments from \[43, Theo. 3.1\], which may also be found in , we have that if $`S𝒞^\sigma (())`$ then there exist $`\left[v_i\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{1,I}\left(()\right)`$ and $`\left[w_i\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,1}\left(()\right)`$ such that for any $`a`$ in $`()`$

$$Sa=\underset{iI}{}v_iaw_i=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}v_{i_1}& v_{i_2}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]a\left[\begin{array}{c}w_{i_1}\\ w_{i_2}\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]$$

where we well-order $`I=\{i_1,i_2,\mathrm{}\}`$ to represent matrix multiplication, and, moreover

$$S_{cb}=\left[v_i\right]\left[w_i\right]=\underset{iI}{}v_iv_i^{}^{1/2}\underset{iI}{}w_i^{}w_i^{1/2}.$$

The size of the index set $`I`$ may be deduced by tracing through the proofs the representation theorem for completely bounded maps found in \[36, Theo. 2.7\] and of Stinespring’s Theorem ; or see \[16, Sec. 5.2\] for these results together. The aforementioned arguments can be adapted to see that if $`\left[S_{ij}\right]\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒞^\sigma (())\right)𝒞^\sigma ((),\mathrm{M}_n\left(()\right))`$ then there are matrices $`\left[v_{i\iota }\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(()\right)`$ and $`\left[w_{\iota j}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,n}\left(()\right)`$ such that

$$S_{ij}a=\underset{\iota I}{}v_{i\iota }aw_{\iota j}\text{ and }S_{cb}=\left[v_{i\iota }\right]\left[w_{\iota j}\right].$$

Then, following , we define

(2.1)
$$()^{w^{}h}()=\{\underset{iI}{}v_iw_i:\begin{array}{c}\left[v_i\right]\mathrm{M}_{1,I}\left(()\right)\text{ and }\\ \left[w_i\right]\mathrm{M}_{I,1}\left(()\right)\end{array}\}.$$

Here, two sums of elementary tensors, $`_{iI}v_iw_i`$ and $`_{iI}v_i^{}w_i^{}`$ will be regarded to be the same if $`_{iI}v_iaw_i=_{iI}v_i^{}aw_i^{}`$ for every $`a`$ in $`()`$. The norm on $`\mathrm{M}_n\left(()^{w^{}h}()\right)`$ is given by

(2.2)
$$u_{w^{}h}=\mathrm{min}\left\{vw:\begin{array}{c}v\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(()\right),w\mathrm{M}_{I,n}\left(()\right)\\ \text{ and }u=vw\end{array}\right\}$$

where for $`v=\left[v_{i\iota }\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(()\right)`$ and $`w=\left[w_{\iota j}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,n}\left(()\right)`$, $`vw`$ has $`ij`$th component given by

$$(vw)_{ij}=\underset{\iota I}{}v_{i\iota }w_{\iota j}.$$

If $`u=_{iI}v_iw_i`$ in $`()^{w^{}h}()`$, define $`T_u:()()`$ by

(2.3)
$$T_ua=\underset{iI}{}v_iaw_i.$$

Then, by our construction of $`()^{w^{}h}()`$, $`uT_u`$ is a surjective complete isometry from $`()^{w^{}h}()`$ to $`𝒞^\sigma (())`$. As in , we have that $`()^{w^{}h}()`$ is a dual operator space. We also note that it can be deduced from  that $`()^h()`$ imbeds completely isometrically into $`()^{w^{}h}()`$.

The left and right slice maps, $`L_F`$ and $`R_F`$ below, will be our major tool for identifying useful subspaces of $`()^{w^{}h}()`$.

###### Proposition 2.1.

If $`F()^{}`$ and $`u=_{iI}v_iw_i\text{ in }()^{w^{}h}()`$, the sums

(2.4)
$$L_Fu=\underset{iI}{}F(v_i)w_i\text{ and }R_Fu=\underset{iI}{}F(w_i)v_i.$$

converge in norm. Moreover, $`L_F`$ and $`R_F`$ define completely bounded maps from $`()^{w^{}h}()`$ to $`()`$.

Proof. We will show this only for $`L_F`$.

To see that $`_{iI}F(v_i)w_i`$ converges in norm, we simply note that since $`F`$ is automatically completely bounded we have that $`F^{(1,I)}\left[v_i\right]=\left[F(v_i)\right]\mathrm{M}_{1,I}`$, where $`\mathrm{M}_{1,I}`$ is the row Hilbert space $`\mathrm{}^2(I)_r`$, so the coefficients $`F(v_i)`$ are square summable.

To see that $`L_F`$ defines a a completely bounded linear map, we must first check that it is well-defined. If $`\xi ,\eta `$ and $`\zeta `$ are vectors in $``$, let $`\omega _{\xi ,\eta }`$ denote the usual vector functional and $`\zeta \eta ^{}`$ the usual rank 1 operator. If $`\left[v_i\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{1,I}\left(()\right)`$ and $`\left[w_i\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,1}\left(()\right)`$ are such that $`_{iI}v_iaw_i=0`$ for every $`a\text{ in }()`$, then, letting $`u=_{iI}v_iw_i`$ we have that

$$\left[R_{\omega _{\xi ,\eta }}u\right]\zeta =\underset{iI}{}w_i\xi |\eta v_i\zeta =\underset{iI}{}\xi |w_i^{}\eta v_i\zeta =\underset{iI}{}v_i(\zeta \eta ^{})w_i\xi =0\xi =0$$

from which it follows that $`R_{\omega _{\xi ,\eta }}u=0`$. Then, we have that $`\omega _{\xi ,\eta }(L_Fu)=F(R_{\omega _{\xi ,\eta }}u)=0`$ for each $`\xi `$ and $`\eta `$ in $``$, so $`L_Fu=0`$.

The complete boundedness of $`L_F`$ is now easy to check. Indeed, if $`u=vw`$ in $`\mathrm{M}_n\left(()^{w^{}h}()\right)`$, as in (2.2), with $`u_{w^{}h}=vw`$, then

$$L_F^{(n)}u=\left(F^{(n,I)}v\right)wFvw=Fu_{w^{}h}$$

so $`L_F_{cb}F`$.

(Thanks go to D. Blecher for pointing out to the author that it is not a priori clear that $`L_F\text{ and }R_F`$ are well-defined. The proof here uses the idea of \[5, Prop. 3.7 (i)\].) $`\mathrm{}`$

Now let $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ be closed subspaces of $`()`$. We define the Fubini-Haagerup tensor product by

$$𝒱^{fh}𝒲=\{u()^{w^{}h}():\begin{array}{c}L_Fu𝒲\text{ and }R_Fu𝒱\\ \text{for each }F\text{ in }()^{}\end{array}\}.$$

It is clear that $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$ is a norm-closed subspace of $`()^{w^{}h}()`$. It follows from the theorem below that $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$ can be defined for abstract operator spaces, independently of their completely isometric representations in $`()`$.

###### Theorem 2.2.

Let $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ be closed subspaces of $`()`$ and $`u()^{w^{}h}()`$. Then the following are equivalent:

(i) $`u𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$.

(ii) $`R_\omega u𝒱`$ and $`L_\omega u𝒲`$ for each $`\omega \text{ in }()_{}`$.

(iii) There exist $`v\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{1,I}\left(𝒱\right)`$ and $`w\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,1}\left(𝒲\right)`$ such that

$$u=vw\text{ and }u_{w^{}h}=vw.$$

In particular, we have that if $`u\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒱^{fh}𝒲\right)`$, then

(2.5)
$$u_{w^{}h}=\mathrm{min}\left\{vw:\begin{array}{c}v\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(𝒱\right),w\mathrm{M}_{I,n}\left(𝒲\right)\\ \text{ and }u=vw\end{array}\right\}.$$

Proof. That (i) implies (ii) is trivial. If (ii) holds, then we have that $`R_\omega u𝒱`$ and $`L_\omega u𝒲`$ for each vector functional $`\omega =\omega _{\xi ,\eta }`$. Then the proof follows identically that of \[43, Theo. 4.1\], adapted to accommodate uncountable index sets; we observe that the definition of strong independence \[43, Def. 3.2\] is suitable for uncountable column matrices of operators. Finally, if (iii) holds then (i) follows from Proposition 2.1. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 2.3.

If $`𝒱,𝒲,𝒳`$ and $`𝒴`$ are all operator spaces, $`S𝒞(𝒱,𝒳)`$ and $`T𝒞(𝒲,𝒴)`$, then the map $`ST:𝒱𝒲𝒳𝒴`$ extends to a completely bounded map, again denoted $`ST`$, from $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$ to $`𝒳^{fh}𝒴`$. If $`S`$ and $`T`$ are each complete isometries, then so too is $`ST`$.

Proof. It should first be checked that $`ST`$ is well-defined on $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$. If $`u=0`$ in $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$, then we must have that $`(ST)u=0`$ since for each $`F\text{ in }𝒳^{}`$ we have that $`\left[L_F(ST)\right]u=TL_{FS}u=T0=0`$, where the fact that $`L_{FS}u=0`$ follows from Proposition 2.1 and the Arveson-Wittstock Extension Theorem. Similarly, $`\left[R_F^{}(ST)\right]u=0`$ for each $`F^{}\text{ in }𝒴^{}`$. It then follows easily from (2.2) that $`ST_{cb}S_{cb}T_{cb}`$.

That $`ST`$ is a complete isometry when $`S`$ and $`T`$ each are, also follows from (2.2). $`\mathrm{}`$

It is also immediate from Theorem 2.2 that if $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ are dual operator spaces then $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲=𝒱^{w^{}h}𝒲`$, the weak\* Haagerup tensor product; see \[5, Theo. 3.1\]. Hereafter we prefer to use the notation $`^{w^{}h}`$ in this case. As in \[5, Theo. 3.2\], if $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ have operator preduals $`𝒱_{}`$ and $`𝒲_{}`$, then $`𝒱^{w^{}h}𝒲\left(𝒱_{}^h𝒲_{}\right)^{}`$ via the dual pairing

(2.6)
$$\underset{iI}{}v_iw_i,\nu \omega =\underset{iI}{}\nu (v_i)\omega (w_i).$$

If $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ are any pair of operator spaces, the extended Haagerup tensor product is defined in  by

$$𝒱^{eh}𝒲=\{B\left(𝒱^{}^h𝒲^{}\right)^{}:\begin{array}{c}fB(fg_0)\text{ and }gB(f_0g)\\ \text{are weak* continuous for any}\\ g_0\text{ in }𝒲^{}\text{ and }f_0\text{ in }𝒱^{}\end{array}\}$$

###### Theorem 2.4.

For any pair of operator spaces $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$, $`𝒱^{eh}𝒲𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$ completely isometrically.

Proof. Both $`𝒱^{eh}𝒲`$ and $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$ naturally inject completely isometrically into $`\left(𝒱^{}^h𝒲^{}\right)^{}𝒱^{}^{w^{}h}𝒲^{}`$, with the same range. $`\mathrm{}`$

We will now dispense with the notation $`𝒱^{fh}𝒲`$, preferring to use $`𝒱^{eh}𝒲`$ in its place, unless both of $`𝒱`$ and $`𝒲`$ are dual spaces.

## 3. Schur Multipliers

### 3.1. Classical Schur Multipliers

We motivate our study in Subsection 3.2 by exposing the theory of classical Schur multipliers in our context.

Let us first fix an index set $`I`$ and consider the Hilbert space $`\mathrm{}^2(I)`$. It will be convenient to identify $`(\mathrm{}^2(I))`$ with $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$, the space of $`I\times I`$ scalar matrices representing bounded operators on $`\mathrm{}^2(I)`$, with respect to the canonical ortho-normal basis $`\{\delta _i\}_{iI}`$.

A function $`u:I\times I`$ is called a Schur multiplier if $`\left[u(i,j)\alpha _{ij}\right]\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$ for every $`\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$. An application of the Closed Graph Theorem shows that the operator

(3.1)
$$S_u:\mathrm{M}_{I,I}\mathrm{M}_{I,I}\text{ given by }S_u\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]=\left[u(i,j)\alpha _{ij}\right]$$

is bounded. We denote the space of Schur multipliers by $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ and let $`u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=S_u`$ for each $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$.

The von Neumann algebra $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ of bounded functions on $`I`$ can be naturally identified with $`\{M_\phi :\phi \mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)\}`$, the algebra of multiplication operators on $`\mathrm{}^2(I)`$: if $`\phi \mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$, then $`M_\phi \delta _i=\phi (i)\delta _i`$. We thus identify $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ with the algebra of diagonal matrices in $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$.

In the notation of the previous section, we have that

$$\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)=\{\underset{kK}{}\phi _k\psi _k:\underset{kK}{}|\phi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}\underset{kK}{}|\psi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}<+\mathrm{}\}.$$

Here, $`K`$ is an index set chosen so that $`|K|=|I|^2`$, where the squaring accommodates the case that $`I`$ is finite. We know from Theorem 2.2 that this space has norm given by

$$v_{w^{}h}=\mathrm{min}\left\{\underset{kK}{}|\phi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}\underset{kK}{}|\psi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}:v=\underset{kK}{}\phi _k\psi _k\right\}.$$

We have, then, that the operator $`T_v:\mathrm{M}_{I,I}\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$ takes the form

(3.2)
$$T_v\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]=\underset{kK}{}\mathrm{diag}(\phi _k)\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]\mathrm{diag}(\psi _k)$$

where $`\mathrm{diag}(\phi )`$ is the diagonal matrix with diagonal entries $`\mathrm{diag}(\phi )_{ii}=\phi (i)`$.

The following result is actually \[37, Prop. 1.1\], but with a different proof.

###### Theorem 3.1.

A function $`u:I\times I`$ is in $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ if and only if there is a $`v=_{kK}\phi _k\psi _k\text{ in }\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ such that $`u=v`$, i.e.

$$u(i,j)=\underset{kK}{}\phi _k(i)\psi _k(j)$$

for each $`(i,j)\text{ in }I\times I`$. Moreover, $`S_u=T_v`$ in this case, and hence $`u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=v_{w^{}h}`$.

Proof. First, if $`v=_{kK}\phi _k\psi _k\text{ in }\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$, write

$$v(i,j)=\underset{kK}{}\phi _k(i)\psi _k(j)$$

for each $`(i,j)\text{ in }I\times I`$. Then if $`\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]\mathrm{M}_{I,I}^{\mathrm{fin}}`$, i.e. $`\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]`$ has only finitely many non-zero entries, it follows from (3.2) that

(3.3)
$$T_v\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]=\underset{kK}{}\left[\phi _k(i)\alpha _{ij}\psi _k(j)\right]=\left[\underset{kK}{}\phi _k(i)\alpha _{ij}\psi _k(j)\right]=\left[v(i,j)\alpha _{ij}\right].$$

Since $`T_v`$ is weak\*-weak\* continuous on $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$ and $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}^{\mathrm{fin}}`$ is weak\*-dense in $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$, (3.3) holds for any $`\left[\alpha _{ij}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$. In particular, we see that $`v`$, qua function on $`I\times I`$, is in $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ and with $`T_v=S_v`$.

Now if $`u\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$, let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}(i,j)=u(j,i)`$. Then $`\stackrel{ˇ}{u}_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}`$. Indeed the transpose map $`xx^\mathrm{t}`$ is an isometry on $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$ and $`S_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}=\left(S_ux^\mathrm{t}\right)^\mathrm{t}`$ for each $`x`$. Let $`\mathrm{T}_{I,I}`$ denote the $`I\times I`$ trace class matrices, so $`\mathrm{T}_{I,I}^{}\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$ via $`t,x=\mathrm{tr}(tx)`$. We note that $`S_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}(\mathrm{T}_{I,I}^{\mathrm{fin}})\mathrm{T}_{I,I}^{\mathrm{fin}}`$ and that $`S_u=\left(S_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}|_{\mathrm{T}_{I,I}^{\mathrm{fin}}}\right)^{}`$. This implies that $`S_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}`$ is bounded on $`\mathrm{T}_{I,I}^{\mathrm{fin}}`$ and hence extends to $`\mathrm{T}_{I,I}`$, with $`S_u=\left(S_{\stackrel{ˇ}{u}}|_{\mathrm{T}_{I,I}}\right)^{}`$. Hence $`S_u`$ is weak\*-weak\* continuous on $`\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$. Moreover, $`S_u`$ is clearly an $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$-bimodule map. Since $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ is locally cyclic on $`\mathrm{}^2(I)`$ (and, in fact, cyclic if $`I`$ is countable), $`S_u`$ is completely bounded by \[43, Sec. 2\]. Hence we find that $`S_u=T_v`$ for some $`v`$ in $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$, by \[43, Theo. 3.1\]. It then follows from above that $`v=u`$ and that $`v_{w^{}h}=T_v=S_u=u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

We can use Theorem 3.1 to deduce the following well-known result of Grothendieck. See \[37, Prop. 1.1\] or \[38, Theo. 5.1\], for example.

###### Corollary 3.2.

A function $`u:I\times I`$ is in $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ if and only if there is a Hilbert space $``$, and bounded functions $`\xi ,\eta :I`$ such that

$$u(i,j)=\xi (i)|\eta (j)$$

for each $`(i,j)\text{ in }I\times I`$. We write $`u=u_{\xi ,\eta }`$, in this case. Moreover, $`u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=inf\{\xi _{\mathrm{}}\eta _{\mathrm{}}:u=u_{\xi ,\eta }\}`$.

Proof. If $`u\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$, then $`u\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(I)`$ and we may write $`u=_{kK}\phi _k\psi _k`$ where $`u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=_{kK}|\phi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}_{kK}|\psi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}`$. Let $`\xi ,\eta :I\mathrm{}^2(K)`$ be given by

(3.4)
$$\xi (i)=\left(\phi _k(i)\right)_{kK}\text{ and }\eta (i)=\left(\overline{\psi _k(i)}\right)_{kK}.$$

Then $`\xi _{\mathrm{}}=_{kK}|\phi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}`$ and $`\eta _{\mathrm{}}=_{kK}|\psi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}`$, and $`u=u_{\xi ,\eta }`$.

Conversely, let $`u=u_{\xi ,\eta }`$ where $`\xi ,\eta :I`$ are bounded functions. Let $`\{e_k\}_{kK}`$ be an ortho-normal basis for $``$. Then for each $`k`$ in $`K`$, let $`\phi _k,\psi _k:I`$ be given by

$$\phi _k(i)=\xi (i)|e_k\text{ and }\psi _k(i)=e_k|\eta (i).$$

Then it follows from Parseval’s formula that $`_{kK}|\phi _k(i)|^2=\xi (i)^2`$, so $`_{kK}|\phi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}=\xi _{\mathrm{}}`$. Similarly, $`_{kK}|\psi _k|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}=\eta _{\mathrm{}}`$ and we get that $`u=_{kK}\phi _k\psi _k`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 3.2. Measurable Schur Multipliers

For this subsection we let $`(X,\mu )`$ denote a measure space, with positive measure $`\mu `$, which satisfies the Radon-Nikodym Theorem so that $`\mathrm{L}^1(X,\mu )^{}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$. This is satisfied whenever $`\mu `$ is $`\sigma `$-finite or if $`\mu `$ is a regular measure on the Borel sets of a locally compact space $`X`$ (see \[27, III.12\] for the latter). We note that since $`(X,\mu )`$ is not necessarily $`\sigma `$-finite, elements of $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ can be identified as functions only up to locally null sets. A subset $`N`$ of $`X`$ is called $`\mu `$-locally null if $`\mu (NE)=0`$ for any $`\mu `$-measurable subset $`E`$ of $`X`$ such that $`\mu (E)<+\mathrm{}`$. Thus the norm on $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ is given by

$`\phi _{\mathrm{}}`$ $`=\mathrm{ess}\mathrm{sup}_{xX}|\phi (x)|`$
$`=inf\{c^+:\{xX:|\phi (x)|>c\}\text{ is locally null}\}.`$
We will want spaces of Hilbert space valued $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$-functions. For our purposes it is sufficient to consider only weakly measurable such functions in the sense of . We outline the construction of such spaces to clarify our notation. If $``$ is a Hilbert space, let $`\mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )_0`$ denote the set of functions $`\xi :X`$ such that

(i) for all $`\eta \text{ in }`$, $`x\xi (x)|\eta `$ is measurable, and

(ii) $`\xi _{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{ess}\mathrm{sup}_{xX}\xi (x)<+\mathrm{}`$.

Note that if $``$ is separable, then (ii) follows from

(ii’) $`sup\{\xi ()|\eta _{\mathrm{}}:\eta \mathrm{b}_1\left(\right)\}<+\mathrm{}`$

by a straightforward application of the Uniform Boundedness Principle.

It is evident that $`\mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )_0`$ is a linear space with semi-norm $`_{\mathrm{}}`$. Hence if $`\mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ denotes the quotient space $`\mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )_0/\{\xi :\xi _{\mathrm{}}=0\}`$, it is a normed space, which can be verified to be complete. As is the case with $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$, we will consider elements of $`\mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ as functions, defined $`\mu `$-locally almost everywhere.

A subset $`E`$ of $`X\times X`$ is called $`\mu \times \mu `$-locally marginally null, if $`E(N_1\times X)(X\times N_2)`$ for some locally null sets $`N_1\text{ and }N_2`$ in $`X`$. We will be interested in describing spaces of functions defined only up to locally marginally null sets. We note that if $`X`$ is $`\sigma `$-finite for $`\mu `$, then every $`\mu \times \mu `$-locally marginally null is a $`\mu \times \mu `$-null set. However, the converse does not hold: consider $`X=[0,1]`$, the unit interval in $``$, with $`\mu `$ being Lebesgue measure and $`E=\{(s,s):s[0,1]\}`$. For convenience, we will abbreviate “(locally) marginally almost every” to (l.)m.a.e. in the sequel.

If $`\xi ,\eta \mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$, define $`u_{\xi ,\eta }`$ for $`\mu \times \mu `$-l.m.a.e. $`(x,y)\text{ in }X\times X`$ by

(3.5)
$$u_{\xi ,\eta }(x,y)=\xi (x)|\eta (y).$$

Note that if $`\xi =\xi ^{}\text{ and }\eta =\eta ^{}`$, except on $`\mu `$-locally null sets $`N_\xi `$ and $`N_\eta `$, then $`u_{\xi ,\eta }=u_{\xi ^{},\eta ^{}}`$ except on $`(N_\xi \times X)(X\times N_\eta )`$, so there is no ambiguity in defining $`u_{\xi ,\eta }`$. Let

(3.6)
$$\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )=\{u_{\xi ,\eta }:\xi ,\eta \mathrm{L}_{}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )\text{ for some Hilbert space }\}.$$

By using Hilbert space direct sums and tensor products, it is easy to see that $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ is an algebra. In fact, it can be further verified that it is a Banach algebra under the norm

(3.7)
$$u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=inf\{\xi _{\mathrm{}}\eta _{\mathrm{}}:u=u_{\xi ,\eta }\}.$$

for $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$. However, since this fact follows from Theorem 3.3 infra, we will not prove it directly.

For $`p=1,2\text{ or }\mathrm{}`$, let $`\mathrm{L}^p=\mathrm{L}^p(X,\mu )`$ below.

The space $`\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )=\mathrm{L}^2^\gamma \mathrm{L}^2`$ is the predual of $`(\mathrm{L}^2)`$ via the identification

(3.8)
$$S,fg=Sf|\overline{g}=_XSf(x)g(x)𝑑\mu (x).$$

Elements of $`\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$ may be regarded as functions, defined up to marginally null sets: if $`\omega =_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}f_kg_k\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$, then let

(3.9)
$$\omega (x,y)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}f_k(y)g_k(x)$$

for m.a.e. $`(x,y)\text{ in }X\times X`$. See \[2, 2.2.7\]. Note that the order of $`x`$ and $`y`$ above is purposeful, and leads to technical simplifications in the sequel. A function $`u:X\times X`$ is said to be a multiplier of $`\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$ if

(3.10)
$$m_u\omega (x,y)=u(x,y)f(y)g(x)$$

defines an element of $`\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$ for each elementary tensor $`\omega =fg`$ in $`\mathrm{L}^2_\gamma \mathrm{L}^2`$ and does so in such a way that $`m_ufg_\gamma Cf_2g_2`$ for a fixed constant $`C>0`$. Hence $`m_u`$ extends to a bounded linear map on $`\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$. It is easy to see that two multipliers $`u`$ and $`u^{}`$ satisfy $`m_u=m_u^{}`$ if and only if $`u=u^{}`$ locally marginally almost everywhere. The linear space of ($`\mu \times \mu `$-l.m.a.e. equivalence classes of) such functions will be denoted $`\mathrm{MT}(X,\mu )`$.

Let

(3.11)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})=\{T:\mathrm{L}^1\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}:\begin{array}{c}T=T_2T_1\text{ where }T_1(\mathrm{L}^1,)\\ \text{ and }T_2(,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}),\\ \text{for some Hilbert space }\end{array}\}.$$

The norm on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ is given by

$$T_{\mathrm{\Gamma }_2}=inf\{T_2T_1:T=T_2T_1\text{ as in (}\text{3.11}\text{)}\}.$$

We note that since $`\mathrm{L}^1=\mathrm{max}\mathrm{L}^1`$ and $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{min}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})=\mathrm{\Gamma }_2^c(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ with the same norm, where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2^c(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ is the space of operators which factor as completely bounded maps through a column space. See \[16, 13.3\] or . Hence, by \[15, Theo. 5.3\] $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})(\mathrm{L}^1^h\mathrm{L}^1)^{}`$ via

(3.12)
$$T,fg=Tf,g=_XTf(x)g(x)𝑑\mu (x)$$

and thus $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ attains the dual operator space structure. We note that the matrix norms on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ may be described independently of this duality (see \[16, 13.3\]).

Since $`(X,\mu )`$ is assumed to satisfy the Radon-Nikodym Theorem, we have that $`(\mathrm{L}^1)^{}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$. Moreover, we have a natural identification of $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ with $`\{M_\phi :\phi \mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}\}`$, the maximal Abelian subalgebra of $`(\mathrm{L}^2)`$ consisting of multiplication operators, where $`M_\phi f=\phi f`$ for $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^2`$. Thus, following (2.1), we obtain the space

$$\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}=\{\underset{iI}{}\phi _i\psi _i:\underset{iI}{}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}\underset{iI}{}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}<+\mathrm{}\}$$

with norm

$$u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{min}\left\{\underset{iI}{}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}\underset{iI}{}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}:u=\underset{iI}{}\phi _i\psi _i\right\}.$$

It will be convenient to represent the duality $`(\mathrm{L}^1^h\mathrm{L}^1)^{}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ given in (2.6):

(3.13)
$$\underset{iI}{}\phi _i\psi _i,fg=\underset{iI}{}\left(_X\phi _if𝑑\mu \right)\left(_X\psi _ig𝑑\mu \right)$$

for $`f,g\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1`$. By \[5, Cor. 3.8\], $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ injects naturally into $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}\overline{}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X\times X,\mu \times \mu )`$, so we may regard $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ as a space of measurable functions on $`X\times X`$. As we shall see in Theorem 3.3 infra, $`u=u^{}`$ in $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ if and only if $`u=u^{}`$ locally marginally almost everywhere.

We let

(3.14)
$$_\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2))=\{T^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2)):\begin{array}{c}T(M_\phi aM_\psi )=M_\phi T(a)M_\psi \\ \text{for each }a\text{ in }(\mathrm{L}^2)\\ \text{ and }\phi ,\psi \text{ in }\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}\end{array}\}.$$

We can now state the main result of this section. This establishes a framework which will be useful in the sequel.

###### Theorem 3.3.

If $`(X,\mu )`$ is a measure space satisfying the Radon-Nikodym Theorem, then the following spaces coincide isometrically:

(i) $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$

(ii) $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$

(iii) $`\mathrm{MT}(X,\mu )`$.

Moreover, the space in (ii) is naturally completely isometrically isomorphic to each of the following spaces:

(iv) $`_{\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )}^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2(X,\mu )))`$

(v) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1(X,\mu ),\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu ))`$.

Finally, if $`(X,\mu )`$ is $`\sigma `$-finite, then any element in $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ can be represented as a countable sum of elementary tensors, and the definition of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ can be made using separable Hilbert spaces only.

We note that if $`\mu `$ is counting measure on $`X`$, then $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )=\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X)`$, so this result generalises Theorem 3.1 and Corollary 3.2. Henceforth we will identify $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ with $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$, and call elements of this space measurable Schur multipliers.

In the case that $`(X,\mu )`$ is $`\sigma `$-finite, U. Haagerup appears to obtain the equivalence of (i), (ii) and (iii), also with countable index sets in the definition on $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$, and separable Hilbert spaces in the definition of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$. See  or .

Proof. As above we let $`\mathrm{L}^p`$ denote $`\mathrm{L}^p(X,\mu )`$ for $`p=1,2\text{ or }\mathrm{}`$.

(i)=(ii) This follows the proof of Corollary 3.2 almost exactly. However, if $`u=_{iI}\phi _i\psi _i`$ in $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, we want to ensure that the analogues of (3.4) are weakly measurable. Indeed, let $`\xi ,\eta :X\mathrm{}^2(I)`$ be given by

(3.15)
$$\xi (x)=\left(\phi _i(x)\right)_{iI}\text{ and }\eta (x)=\left(\overline{\psi _i(x)}\right)_{iI}$$

for locally almost every $`x\text{ in }X`$. Then if $`\zeta =\left(\zeta _i\right)_{iI}`$ in $`\mathrm{}^2(I)`$, we have that $`\zeta _i=0`$ for all but countably many $`i`$ and hence $`\xi ()|\zeta =_{iI}\overline{\zeta _i}\phi _i`$ is measurable. Similarly $`\eta `$ is weakly measurable.

(ii)$``$(iv) The map (2.3) restricts to a surjective complete isometry from $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ to $`𝒞_\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2))`$ by Corollary 2.3 and \[43, Theo. 3.1\]. Then $`𝒞_\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2))=_\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2))`$ by \[43, Theo. 3.1\], since $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is locally cyclic on $`\mathrm{L}^2`$.

(ii)$``$(v) From (3.13), $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{L}^1^h\mathrm{L}^1)^{}`$, completely isometrically. Also, $`(\mathrm{L}^1^h\mathrm{L}^1)^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ via (3.12). We note that the complete isomorphism $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1,\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}})`$ is given by $`uT(u)`$, where for $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1`$, $`T(u)f=L_fu`$, where $`L_f`$ is the left slice map given in (2.4). Indeed, if $`u=_{iI}\phi _i\psi _i`$, the factorization $`T=T_2T_1`$, as in (3.11), with $`=\mathrm{}^2(I)`$, is given by

$$T_1f=\left(f,\phi _i\right)_{iI}\text{ and }T_2\zeta =\underset{iI}{}\zeta _i\psi _i$$

where $`\zeta =(\zeta _i)_{iI}`$.

(ii)=(iii) (via (ii)$``$(iv)) Let $`u\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, with $`u=_{iI}\phi _i\psi _i`$ and $`u_{w^{}h}=_{iI}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}_{iI}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}`$. It suffices to show that $`m_ufg\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$ with $`m_ufg_\gamma u_{w^{}h}f_2g_2`$ for any $`f,g\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^2`$, to establish that $`u\mathrm{MT}(X,\mu )`$ with $`m_uu_{w^{}h}`$. Using the definition of the projective tensor product and then Hölder’s Inequality we have that

$`m_ufg_\gamma `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}M_{\psi _i}fM_{\phi _i}g_\gamma {\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}M_{\psi _i}f_2M_{\phi _i}g_2`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}M_{\psi _i}f_2^2\right)^{1/2}\left({\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}M_{\phi _i}g_2^2\right)^{1/2}.`$
Then, using Tonelli’s Theorem, we have that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}M_{\psi _i}f_2^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}{\displaystyle _X}|\psi _if|^2𝑑\mu ={\displaystyle _X}{\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}|\psi _if|^2d\mu `$
(3.16) $`={\displaystyle _X}{\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}|\psi _i|^2|f|^2d\mu {\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}f_2^2`$
and, similarly, $`_{iI}M_{\phi _i}g_2^2_{iI}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}g_2^2`$. Hence

$$m_ufg_\gamma \underset{iI}{}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}\underset{iI}{}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}f_2g_2=u_{w^{}h}f_2g_2$$

as required.

Now suppose that $`u\mathrm{MT}(X,\mu )`$. For $`\phi `$ and $`\psi \text{ in }\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, the adjoint of $`M_\psi M_\phi `$, qua operator on $`\mathrm{T}(X,\mu )`$, in the dual pairing described in (3.8), is $`T_{\phi \psi }`$. Indeed we have for $`a\text{ in }(\mathrm{L}^2)`$ and $`f,g\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^2`$,

$`a,M_\psi M_\phi (fg)`$ $`=a,M_\psi fM_\phi g=aM_\psi f|M_\phi ^{}\overline{g}`$
$`=M_\phi aM_\psi f|g=T_{\phi \psi }a,fg.`$
Since $`M_\psi M_\phi m_u=m_uM_\psi M_\phi `$ for all $`\phi `$ and $`\psi \text{ in }\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, $`T_{\phi \psi }m_u^{}=m_u^{}T_{\phi \psi }`$. Hence $`m_u^{}_\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^\sigma ((\mathrm{L}^2))`$ and there is $`u^{}\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that $`m_u^{}=T_u^{}`$. But then $`m_u^{}=m_u`$ so $`u^{}=u`$ locally marginally almost everywhere, and hence $`u\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$.

We finally deal with the case where $`(X,\mu )`$ is $`\sigma `$-finite. We can decompose $`X=\dot{}_nE_n`$ where each $`E_n`$ is measurable with $`\mu (E_n)<+\mathrm{}`$. Then, given $`u=_{iI}\phi _i\psi _i`$ in $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, using (3.2) we have

$$\underset{iI}{}_X\left|\psi _i\chi _{E_n}\right|^2𝑑\mu \underset{iI}{}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}\mu (E_n)$$

so $`\psi _i\chi _{E_n}=0`$ (almost everywhere) for all but countably many indices $`i`$. It then follows that $`\psi _i0`$ for at most countably many indices $`i`$. The same holds for the functions $`\phi _i`$. Hence if $`u\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}`$, we can write $`u=_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}\phi _i\psi _i`$. Following (3.15), it is clear that only separable Hilbert spaces are needed in the definition of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$.

(The author would like to express his gratitude to L. Turowska for suggesting the proof of (ii)=(iv), given here. This is a generalised version of the proof of \[45, Prop. 4.1\].) $`\mathrm{}`$

We observe that, in general, we can bound the size of $`I`$ by $`|I|\mathrm{}_0c(X,\mu )`$, where $`\mathrm{}_0`$ is the first infinite cardinal and $`c(X,\mu )`$ is the smallest cardinality of a cover of $`X`$ by $`\mu `$-finite sets.

We close this section with an asymmetric version of Theorem 3.3. If $`(X,\mu )`$ and $`(Y,\nu )`$ are measure spaces, each satisfying the Radon-Nikodym Theorem, then we can consider the following spaces:

(i’) $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,Y;\mu ,\nu )`$

(ii’) $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(Y,\nu )`$

(iii’) $`{}_{\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )}{}^{}_{\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(Y,\nu )}^{}((\mathrm{L}^2(Y,\nu ),\mathrm{L}^2(X,\mu )))`$ (left $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )`$ and right $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(Y,\nu )`$-module maps)

(iv’) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_2(\mathrm{L}^1(X,\mu ),\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(Y,\nu ),`$)

(v’) $`\mathrm{MT}(Y,X;\nu ,\mu )`$, where $`\mathrm{T}(Y,X;\nu ,\mu )=\mathrm{L}^2(Y,\nu )^\gamma \mathrm{L}^2(X,\mu )`$.

The space in (i’) is defined analogously to that in (3.6); note that $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,\mu )=\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,X;\mu ,\mu )`$. Then the spaces (i’)-(v’) are isometrically isomorphic. Moreover, the spaces (ii’), (iii’) and (iv’) have natural operator space structures in which they are completely isometrically isomorphic.

That these spaces are isomorphic can be proved just as Theorem 3.3, mutatis mutandis. Also note that if we take the disjoint union measure space $`(X\dot{}Y,\mu \dot{}\nu )`$, then all of the spaces (i’)-(v’) can be taken to be “corners” of the spaces (i)-(v) of Theorem 3.3, but with the latter mentioned spaces taken over the measure space $`(X\dot{}Y,\mu \dot{}\nu )`$.

### 3.3. Continuous Schur Multipliers

For this subsection we will let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ denote locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Since it will add no extra difficulties in notation, we will state asymmetrical versions of all our results.

Let

(3.17)
$$\mathrm{V}_0(X,Y)=𝒞_0(X)^h𝒞_0(Y)\text{ and }\mathrm{V}_b(X,Y)=𝒞_b(X)^h𝒞_b(Y).$$

These are clearly closed subalgebras of $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(X)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)`$ and hence Banach algebras under pointwise operations. If $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are compact we will write $`\mathrm{V}(X,Y)=\mathrm{V}_0(X,Y)=\mathrm{V}_b(X,Y)`$. This algebra is called the Varopoulos algebra in .

###### Proposition 3.4.

The Banach algebra $`\mathrm{V}_0(X,Y)`$ is regular with Gel’fand spectrum $`X\times Y`$. The same is true for $`\mathrm{V}_b(X,Y)`$, but with spectrum $`\mathrm{b}X\times \mathrm{b}Y`$, where $`\mathrm{b}X\text{ and }\mathrm{b}Y`$ denote the Stone-Čech compactifications of $`X`$ and $`Y`$.

Proof. By Grothendieck’s Inequality (see \[9, 14.5\], for example), $`\mathrm{V}_0(X,Y)=`$ $`𝒞_0(X)^\gamma 𝒞_0(Y)`$. Since $`𝒞_0(X)`$ and $`𝒞_0(Y)`$ are regular and satisfy the metric approximation property, the proposition follows from . The result for $`\mathrm{V}_b(X,Y)`$ follows immediately from the identies $`𝒞_b(X)𝒞(\mathrm{b}X)`$ and $`𝒞_b(Y)𝒞(\mathrm{b}Y)`$ and the reasoning above. $`\mathrm{}`$

In the sequel we will need spaces which extend $`\mathrm{V}_0(X,Y)`$ and $`\mathrm{V}_b(X,Y)`$. Let

(3.18)
$$\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)=𝒞_0(X)^{eh}𝒞_0(Y)\text{ and }\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)=𝒞_b(X)^{eh}𝒞_b(Y).$$

It follows from Corollary 2.3 that these spaces are closed subalgebras of $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(X)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)`$ and hence Banach algebras under pointwise operations. Moreover, we obtain from Theorem 2.2, the following.

###### Proposition 3.5.

A function $`u:X\times Y`$ defines an element of $`\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)`$ (respectively $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$), if and only if there exist families of functions $`\{\phi _i\}_{iI}`$ in $`𝒞_0(X)`$ (respectively $`𝒞_b(X)`$) and $`\{\psi _i\}_{iI}`$ in $`𝒞_0(Y)`$ (respectively $`𝒞_b(Y)`$) such that $`u(x,y)=_{iI}\phi _i(x)\psi _i(y)`$ for each $`(x,y)\text{ in }X\times Y`$ (i.e. $`u=_{iI}\phi _i\psi _i`$), and

$$\underset{iI}{}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}\underset{iI}{}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}<+\mathrm{}.$$

Moreover the norm of $`u`$ in $`\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)`$ (respectively $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$) is then

$$u_\mathrm{V}=\mathrm{min}\left\{\underset{iI}{}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}\underset{iI}{}|\psi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}:u=\underset{iI}{}\phi _i\psi _i\right\}.$$

Observe that we can obtain a bound for the cardinality of the index set $`I`$: $`|I|\mathrm{min}\{d(𝒞_b(X)),d(𝒞_b(Y))\}`$, where for any Banach space $`𝒳`$, $`d(𝒳)`$ denotes the density degree of $`𝒳`$. If $`X`$ and $`Y`$ admit a $`\sigma `$-finite regular Borel measures $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ such that $`\mu (U)>0`$ and $`\nu (V)>0`$ for each open subset $`U`$ of $`X`$ and $`V`$ of $`Y`$, then $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$ (and hence $`\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)`$) is a closed subspace of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(X,Y;\mu ,\nu )`$, and hence $`I`$ can be taken to be countable by Theorem 3.3.

We will find the following description of $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$ useful. Let for a Hilbert space $``$,

$$𝒞_b(X,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})=\{\xi :X:\begin{array}{c}\xi \text{ is continuous when }\text{ has the weak*}\\ \text{ topology, and }\xi _{\mathrm{}}=sup_{xX}|\xi (x)|<+\mathrm{}\end{array}\}.$$

Similarly, define $`𝒞_b(Y,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$. If $`\xi 𝒞_b(X,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$ and $`\eta 𝒞_b(Y,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$, let $`u_{\xi ,\eta }:X\times Y`$ be given by $`u_{\xi ,\eta }(x,y)=\xi (x)|\eta (y)`$.

###### Proposition 3.6.

If $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are locally compact Hausdorff spaces, then $`u\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$ if and only if there are a Hilbert space $``$ and functions $`\xi \text{ in }𝒞_b(X,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$ and $`\eta \text{ in }𝒞_b(Y,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$ such that $`u=u_{\xi ,\eta }`$. Moreover, $`u_\mathrm{V}=\mathrm{min}\left\{\xi _{\mathrm{}}\eta _{\mathrm{}}:u=u_{\xi ,\eta }\text{ as above}\right\}`$.

Proof. This follows the proof of Corollary 3.2 almost exactly. However, if $`u=_{iI}\phi _i\psi _i`$ in $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$, we want to ensure that the analogues of (3.4) are suitably continuous. Indeed, let $`\xi :X\mathrm{}^2(I)`$ and $`\eta :Y\mathrm{}^2(I)`$ be given by

$$\xi (x)=\left(\phi _i(x)\right)_{iI}\text{ and }\eta (y)=\left(\overline{\psi _i(y)}\right)_{iI}$$

for each $`x\text{ in }X`$ and $`y\text{ in }Y`$. To see that $`\xi 𝒞_b(X,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$, let $`\zeta =(\zeta _i)_{iI}`$ in $`\mathrm{}^2(I)`$. Then we have that

$$\left|\xi ()|\zeta \right|=\left|\underset{iI}{}\zeta _i\phi _i\right|\zeta _2\underset{iI}{}|\phi _i|^2_{\mathrm{}}^{1/2}$$

so the middle series converges uniformly, and hence $`\xi ()|\zeta `$ is continuous. Similarly, $`\eta 𝒞_b(Y,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Although an element $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$ always unambiguously describes a function on $`X\times Y`$, it may not describe a continuous function. This fact is pointed out in . As an example, let us take $`X=Y=[0,1]`$, the unit interval in $``$. For each $`n\text{ in }`$ let $`\phi _n=\psi _n:[0,1][0,1]`$ be a continuous function supported on $`[\frac{1}{2^{n+1}},\frac{1}{2^n}]`$ such that $`\phi _n\left(\frac{3}{2^{n+2}}\right)=\psi _n\left(\frac{3}{2^{n+2}}\right)=1`$ (where $`\frac{3}{2^{n+2}}`$ is simply the midpoint of $`\frac{1}{2^{n+1}}`$ and $`\frac{1}{2^n}`$). Then it is clear that

$$\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|\phi _n|^2_{\mathrm{}}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|\psi _n|^2_{\mathrm{}}=11=1$$

and hence that $`u=_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}\phi _n\psi _n\mathrm{V}^b([0,1],[0,1])`$ with norm $`1`$. However, while $`u(0,0)=0`$, $`u(\frac{3}{2^{n+2}},\frac{3}{2^{n+2}})=1`$ for each $`n`$, and hence $`u`$ is not continuous at $`0`$. We note, then, that for any choice of spaces $`X\text{ and }Y`$, finding the Gel’fand spectrum for $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)`$ or $`\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)`$, should prove to be challenging.

It would be interesting to have intrinsic descriptions of $`\mathrm{V}^b(X,Y)𝒞_b(X\times Y)`$, $`\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)𝒞_b(X\times Y)`$ and $`\mathrm{V}^0(X,Y)𝒞_0(X\times Y)`$.

## 4. Completely Bounded Multipliers of the Fourier Algebra

For this section the symbol $``$, possibly with subscript, will denote a Hilbert space, and $`𝒰()`$ the group of unitaries on $``$, topologized with the weak operator topology.

Our standard references for harmonic analysis are ,  and .

Let $`G`$ be a locally compact group with left Haar integral $`f_Gf(s)𝑑s`$. For $`p=1,2`$, let $`\mathrm{L}^p(G)`$ denote the space of (almost everywhere equivalence classes of) functions $`f`$ for which $`f_p=\left(_G|f(s)|^p𝑑s\right)^{1/p}<+\mathrm{}`$. Then $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ is an involutive Banach algebra under the product of convolution, $`fg(t)=_Gf(s)g(s^1t)𝑑s`$ for almost every $`t`$, and with involution $`f^{}(t)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }(t)}\overline{f(t^1)}`$, where the overline denotes complex conjugation and $`\mathrm{\Delta }:G^{>0}`$ is the Haar modular function.

If $`\pi `$ is a continuous unitary representation of $`G`$, i.e. a continuous homomorphism from $`G`$ into $`𝒰(_\pi )`$, then it forms a canonical non-degenerate involutive representation $`\pi _1:\mathrm{L}^1(G)(_\pi )`$ via the weak\*-converging integrals $`\pi _1(f)=_Gf(s)\pi (s)𝑑s`$. We let $`\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}`$ be the norm closure of $`\pi _1(\mathrm{L}^1(G))`$ in $`(_\pi )`$, and $`\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$ denote the enveloping C\*-algebra of $`G`$, i.e. the enveloping C\*-algebra of $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$.

The Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes algebras, $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ and $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, are defined in . We recall that $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ is the space of matrix coefficients of all continuous unitary representations of $`G`$; i.e. the space of functions of the form $`s\pi (s)\xi |\eta `$ where $`\pi `$ is a continuous unitary representation of $`G`$ on $`_\pi `$, and $`\xi ,\eta _\pi `$. $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ is the dual of $`\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$ via $`a,\pi ()\xi |\eta =\pi _{}(a)\xi |\eta `$, where $`\pi _{}:\mathrm{C}^{}(G)(_\pi )`$ is the representation induced by $`\pi `$, i.e. by $`\pi _1`$. We will refer to $`\sigma (\mathrm{B}(G),\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$ as the weak\* topology on $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, although its uniqueness is not assured. It is well-known that $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ is a commutative Banach algebra (under pointwise operations) and $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is the closed ideal in $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ generated by compactly supported matrix coefficients.

If $`\pi `$ is a continuous unitary representation of $`G`$, let $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ be the norm closure of $`\mathrm{span}\{\pi ()\xi |\eta :\xi ,\eta _\pi \}`$ in $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$. Then, by \[1, 2.2\], $`\mathrm{A}_\pi ^{}\mathrm{VN}_\pi `$, where $`\mathrm{VN}_\pi `$ is the von Neumann algebra generated by $`\pi (G)`$. Thus if $`\varpi `$ denotes the universal representation of $`G`$, we have $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{A}_\varpi `$. The algebra $`\mathrm{W}^{}(G)=\mathrm{VN}_\varpi `$ is called the enveloping von Neumann algebra of $`G`$. Also, $`\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{A}_\lambda `$ where $`\lambda `$ is the left regular representation of $`G`$. We let $`\mathrm{VN}(G)=\mathrm{VN}_\lambda `$, and call it the group von Neumann algebra. We will also let $`\mathrm{B}_\pi `$ denote the weak\*-closure of $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ in $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$. By standard functional anaysis, $`\mathrm{B}_\pi \left(\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}\right)^{}`$. In particular, we let $`\mathrm{B}_r(G)=\mathrm{B}_\lambda `$. Then $`\mathrm{B}_r(G)`$ is an ideal in $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, and is the dual of the reduced group C\*-algebra $`\mathrm{C}_r^{}(G)=\mathrm{C}_\lambda ^{}`$.

### 4.1. Multipliers and Completely Bounded Multipliers

A completely contractive Banach algebra is a Banach algebra $`𝒜`$, equipped with an operator space structure such that the multiplication map $`\mathrm{m}:𝒜_{}𝒜𝒜`$ is a complete contraction, and hence extends to a complete contraction $`\mathrm{m}:𝒜\widehat{}𝒜𝒜`$.

The Fourier-Stieltjes algebra $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, as the dual of $`\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$, is a completely contractive Banach algebra. Indeed, the multiplication map $`\mathrm{m}:\mathrm{B}(G)_{}\mathrm{B}(G)\mathrm{B}(G)`$ has adjoint $`\mathrm{m}^{}:\mathrm{W}^{}(G)\mathrm{W}^{}(G)\overline{}\mathrm{W}^{}(G)`$, given for $`s\text{ in }G`$ by $`\mathrm{m}^{}\varpi (s)=\varpi (s)\varpi (s)`$. By the universal property of $`\mathrm{W}^{}(G)`$, $`\mathrm{m}^{}`$ is a $``$-homomorphism and hence a complete contraction; thus so too is $`\mathrm{m}`$.

Any of the subspaces $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ of $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ obtains the same operator space structure qua subspace of $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ as ii does as the predual of $`\mathrm{VN}_\pi `$. Hence if $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ is a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, then it is a completely contractive Banach algebra. In particular, $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a completely contractive Banach algebra.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a semi-simple commutative Banach algebra with spectrum $`X`$, or more generally, a subalgebra of $`𝒞_b(X)`$ for which there is some $`a\text{ in }𝒜`$ such that $`a(x)0`$ for each $`x\text{ in }X`$, and comes equipped with a norm under which it is a Banach algebra. The multipliers of $`𝒜`$ are given by

$$\mathrm{M}𝒜=\{u:X:ua𝒜\text{ for each }a\text{ in }𝒜\}.$$

An application of the Closed Graph Theorem shows that the map $`m_u:𝒜𝒜`$, given by

(4.1)
$$m_ua=ua$$

is bounded. Moreover, it can be shown that $`\{m_u:u\mathrm{M}𝒜\}`$ is the strong operator topology closed subalgebra of $`𝒜`$-module maps in $`(𝒜)`$. See , for example. If $`𝒜`$ has an operator space structure let

$$\mathrm{M}_{cb}𝒜=\{u\mathrm{M}𝒜:m_u𝒞(𝒜)\}.$$

The operator space structure is given as follows: for $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{M}_{cb}𝒜\right)`$ let

$$\left[u_{ij}\right]_{cbm}=m_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}_{cb}$$

where $`m_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}\text{ in }𝒞(𝒜,\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒜\right))`$ is given by

(4.2)
$$m_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}a=\left[m_{u_{ij}}a\right]=\left[u_{ij}a\right]$$

for $`a\text{ in }𝒜`$.

If $`𝒜`$ is, in addition to the properties assumed above, a completely contractive Banach algebra, then it injects completely contractively into $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}𝒜`$. Moreover, if $`𝒜`$ has a contractive bounded approximate identity $`\{e_\alpha \}`$, then the injection $`𝒜\mathrm{M}_{cb}𝒜`$ is a complete isometry. Indeed, if $`\left[a_{ij}\right]\mathrm{M}_n\left(𝒜\right)`$ then

(4.3)
$$\left[a_{ij}\right]\left[a_{ij}\right]_{cbm}\underset{\alpha }{lim}\left[a_{ij}e_\alpha \right]=\left[a_{ij}\right].$$

Now let $`G`$ be a locally compact group and $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ the Fourier algebra of $`G`$. The following Proposition can be proved exactly as \[8, Prop. 1.2\], but using the fact that the adjoint map $`TT^{}`$ from $`𝒞(𝒱)`$ to $`𝒞^\sigma (𝒱^{})`$ is a complete isometry for any operator space $`𝒱`$, and that the restriction map $`TT|_{𝒱_0}`$ form $`𝒞(𝒱)`$ to $`𝒞(𝒱_0,𝒱)`$, for any closed subspace $`𝒱_0`$, is a complete contraction

###### Proposition 4.1.

If $`u_{ij}:G`$ for $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, then the following are equivalent:

(i) $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)\right)\right)`$.

(ii) The operator defined by $`\lambda (s)\left[u_{ij}(s)\lambda (s)\right]`$, for $`s\text{ in }G`$, extends to a weakly continuous complete contraction, $`M_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}:\mathrm{VN}(G)\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{VN}(G)\right)`$.

(iii) The operator defined by $`\lambda _1(f)\left[\lambda _1(u_{ij}f)\right]`$, for $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, extends to a complete contraction $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}:\mathrm{C}_r^{}(G)\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{C}_r^{}(G)\right)`$.

(iv) $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{B}_r(G)\right)\right)`$.

In (ii), $`M_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}T=\left[M_{u_{ij}}T\right]`$, for $`T\text{ in }\mathrm{VN}(G)`$, where for $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, $`M_{u_{ij}}𝒞^\sigma (\mathrm{VN}(G))`$ is the adjoint of $`m_{u_{ij}}\text{ in }𝒞(\mathrm{A}(G))`$.

Following (iii) of the above proposition, we may consider $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ to be the “multipliers of $`\mathrm{C}_r^{}(G)`$”. We will see below that $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ represents the multipliers of the enveloping C\*-algebra, $`\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$. In  and , it is shown that $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ imbeds as a maximal Abelian subalgebra of $`𝒞(\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$. We prove this below, and also show that the operator space structure, induced on $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ as a subspace of $`𝒞(\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$, is the same as the operator space structure induced on $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ as the dual of $`\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$.

###### Proposition 4.2.

If $`u_{ij}:G`$ for $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, then the following are equivalent:

(i) $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{B}(G)\right)\right)`$.

(ii) $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{B}(G)\right)\right)`$.

(iii) The operator defined by $`\varpi (s)\left[u_{ij}(s)\varpi (s)\right]`$, for $`s\text{ in }G`$, extends to a weakly continuous complete contraction $`M_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}:\mathrm{W}^{}(G)\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{W}^{}(G)\right)`$.

(iv) The operator defined by $`\varpi _1(f)\left[\varpi _1(u_{ij}f)\right]`$, for $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, extends to a complete contraction $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}:\mathrm{C}^{}(G)\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{C}^{}(G)\right)`$.

Thus $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ is completely isometrically isomorphic to the maximal Abelian subalgebra $`\{\stackrel{~}{M}_u:u\mathrm{B}(G)\}`$ of $`𝒞(\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$.

Proof. The fact that (i) is equivalent to (ii) follows (4.3). That (ii), (iii) and (iv) are equivalent can be shown exactly as the equivalence of (ii)-(iv) in the preceding proposition, i.e. by following \[8, Prop. 1.2\].

We have that $`\{\stackrel{~}{M}_u:u\mathrm{B}(G)\}`$ is a maximal Abelian subalgebra of $`𝒞(\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$, since if $`T\text{ in }𝒞(\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$ commutes with every $`\stackrel{~}{M}_u`$, where $`u\mathrm{B}(G)`$, then $`T^{}`$ is a $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$-module map on $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$, and hence $`T=m_u`$ for some $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{B}(G)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

We note that, in fact, $`\{\stackrel{~}{M}_u:u\mathrm{B}(G)\}`$ is a maximal Abelian subalgebra of $`(\mathrm{C}^{}(G))`$.

We can refine the well known result that $`\mathrm{B}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ in general, and that $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ when $`G`$ is amenable. See \[8, Cor. 1.8\] and , for example.

###### Corollary 4.3.

$`\mathrm{B}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, and the identity injection $`\mathrm{B}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a complete contraction. If $`G`$ is amenable, then $`\iota `$ is a completely isometric isomorphism.

Proof. If $`u\mathrm{B}(G)`$ let $`m_u`$ be the multiplier operator in $`𝒞(\mathrm{B}(G))`$. Then, $`m_u\mathrm{A}(G)\mathrm{A}(G)`$, since $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is an ideal in $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$. Moreover, $`m_um_u|_{\mathrm{A}(G)}`$ is a complete contraction.

If $`G`$ is amenable, then $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{B}_r(G)`$, completely isometrically. the result then follows from Proposition 4.1 (iv) and Proposition 4.2 (ii). $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5. Invariant Schur Multipliers

For this section, let $`G`$ be a locally compact group with left Haar measure $`m`$. Let $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G,m)`$. Hence, if $`G`$ is discrete, $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ is just the space of usual Schur multipliers on $`(\mathrm{}^2(G))`$.

Let

(5.1)
$$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\{u\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G):\begin{array}{c}\text{for all }r\text{ in }G,u(sr,t)=u(s,tr^1)\\ \text{for l.m.a.e. }(s,t)\text{ in }G\times G\end{array}\}$$

In the identification $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)(\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G))^{}`$ in Theorem 3.3 we have that

$$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\underset{rG}{}\mathrm{ker}\left(\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)}\rho (r^1)^{}\rho (r)^{}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)}\right).$$

Here $`\rho :G(\mathrm{L}^1(G))`$ is the right regular representation on $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, given by $`\rho (r)f(s)=\mathrm{\Delta }(r)f(sr)`$, for $`r\text{ in }G`$, $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ and almost all $`s\text{ in }G`$. Hence $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ is a weak\* closed subspace of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$.

If $`G`$ is a discrete group, then $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ is a space of functions, rather that a space of equivalence classes of functions. Thus for $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ it is evident that we can define a function $`u_G:G`$ such that

$$u_G(st^1)=u(s,t)$$

for all $`(s,t)\text{ in }G\times G`$. For a non-discrete group this is more subtle.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Suppose $`G`$ is a non-discrete locally compact group, and let $`u\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. Consider $`u`$ as a function on $`G\times G`$, i.e. as a representative of its equivalence class. Then there is a locally null subset $`E_u`$ of $`G`$ such that for $`t\text{ in }GE_u`$, $`u(s,t^1s)=u(e,t^1)`$ for locally almost every $`s\text{ in }G`$.

Proof. Let for $`t\text{ in }G`$, $`F_t=\{sG:u(s,t^1s)u(e,t^1)\}`$. Then let $`E_u=\{tG:F_t\text{ is not locally null}\}`$. We will show that $`E_u`$ is locally null. If $`tE_u`$ and $`sF_t`$, then $`u(s,t^1s)u(e,t^1)=u(ss^1,t^1)`$, so there is an $`r\text{ in }G`$, namely $`r=s^1`$, such that $`u(sr,t^1)u(s,t^1r^1)`$. Hence

$$\underset{tE_u}{}F_t\times \{t^1\}\{(s,t)G\times G:u(sr,t^1)u(s,t^1r^1)\text{ for some }r\text{ in }G\}$$

and thus $`_{tE_u}F_t\times \{t^1\}`$ is locally marginally null. Let $`N_1`$ and $`N_2`$ be locally null subsets of $`G`$ such that

$$\underset{tE_u}{}F_t\times \{t^1\}(N_1\times G)(G\times N_2).$$

Note that $`F_tN_1\mathrm{}`$ for each $`t\text{ in }E_u`$, since, for such $`t`$, $`F_t`$ is not locally null. Then, since $`\left(_{tE_u}(F_tN_1)\times \{t^1\}\right)(N_1\times G)=\mathrm{}`$, we have that

$$\underset{tE_u}{}(F_tN_1)\times \{t^1\}G\times N_2.$$

Hence $`E_u^1N_2`$ so $`E_uN_2^1`$, and thus $`E_u`$ is locally null. $`\mathrm{}`$

If $`u\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, considered as a function as in the above lemma, but bounded, define for $`t\text{ in }G`$,

(5.2)
$$u_G(t)=\{\begin{array}{cc}u(e,t^1)\hfill & \text{ if }tGE_u\hfill \\ \underset{sV,V𝒱_t}{lim}u(e,s^1)\hfill & \text{ if }tE_u\hfill \end{array}$$

where for $`t\text{ in }E_u`$, $`𝒱_t`$ is any fixed ultra-filter over $`GE_u`$ containing the sets $`UE_u`$, where $`U`$ is a neighbourhood of $`t`$. Note that $`UE_u`$ is always non-empty, since an $`m`$-locally null set in $`G`$ never contains an open set. It is shown in the next theorem that $`u_G`$ is dependent only on the choice of $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ qua equivalence class. Moreover, it shown that $`u_G`$ is automatically continuous.

Let $`\mathrm{T}(G)=\mathrm{L}^2(G)^\gamma \mathrm{L}^2(G)`$, as in Subsection 3.2. Also recall the convention that for $`\omega =fg\text{ in }\mathrm{T}(G)`$, $`\omega (s,t)=f(t)g(s)`$ for m.a.e. $`(s,t)\text{ in }G\times G`$.

###### Theorem 5.2.

For each $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, $`u_G\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. The map $`uu_G`$ induces a complete contraction from $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ to $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$.

Proof. The map $`P:\mathrm{T}(G)\mathrm{A}(G)`$ given by

$$Pfg(t)=\lambda (t)f|\overline{g}=_Gf(t^1s)g(s)𝑑s$$

for $`t\text{ in }G`$ and $`f,g\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^2(G)`$, is a surjective contraction whose adjoint, $`P^{}`$, is the usual imbedding $`\mathrm{VN}(G)(\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$. Thus if $`u\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, letting $`m_u`$ be as in (3.10), we have that $`P(m_u\omega )\mathrm{A}(G)`$ for $`\omega \text{ in }\mathrm{T}(G)`$. If $`G`$ is not discrete, let $`E_u`$ be as the above lemma; if $`G`$ is discrete let $`E_u=\mathrm{}`$. Then for $`t\text{ in }GE_u`$ we have

$$P(m_u\omega )(t)=_Gu(s,t^1s)\omega (s,t^1s)𝑑s=u_G(t)P\omega (t).$$

Let $`v\mathrm{A}(G)`$ with $`v=P\omega `$, for some $`\omega \text{ in }\mathrm{T}(G)`$. Since $`v`$ is continuous, using the notation of (5.2), we have that

$$u_G(t)v(t)=\underset{sV,V𝒱_t}{lim}u_G(s)v(s)=\underset{sV,V𝒱_t}{lim}P(m_u\omega )(s)=P(m_u\omega )(t)$$

for $`t\text{ in }E_u`$. Hence $`u_G(t)v(t)=P(m_u\omega )(t)`$ for all $`t\text{ in }G`$, so $`u_Gv\mathrm{A}(G)`$. Then, by definition, $`u_G\mathrm{MA}(G)`$ with $`Pm_u=m_{u_G}P`$, where $`m_{u_G}`$ in $`(\mathrm{A}(G))`$ is as defined in (4.1). Taking adjoints we have that $`T_uP^{}=(Pm_u)^{}=(m_{u_G}P)^{}=P^{}M_{u_G}`$, where $`M_{u_G}\text{ in }^\sigma (\mathrm{VN}(G))`$ is the adjoint of $`m_{u_G}`$, and hence for $`x\text{ in }\mathrm{VN}(G)`$ we have that,

$$T_ux=m_u^{}x=M_{u_G}x.$$

Thus $`M_{u_G}=T_u|_{\mathrm{VN}(G)}`$, so $`u_G_{cbm}=M_{u_G}_{cb}T_u_{cb}=u_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}`$. It also follows that for $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\right)`$, $`\left[u_{ij}\right]_{cbm}`$ $`\left[(u_{ij})_G\right]_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The following theorem refines the main result in . We consider this to be the centrepiece of this paper. Our proof uses modern operator space theoretic techniques, and gives us a complete isometry. Also, it exposes the relationship between $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ and $`\mathrm{L}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$-module maps on $`(\mathrm{L}^2(G))`$ via Theorem 3.3. Many of our methods are motivated by the elegant exposition found in .

###### Theorem 5.3.

If $`u_{ij}:G`$ are continuous functions for $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, then the following are equivalent:

(i) $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)\right)\right)`$.

(ii) For any finite subset $`F`$ of $`G`$, if $`u_{ij}^F(s,t)=u_{ij}(st^1)`$ for $`s,t\text{ in }F`$, then $`\left[u_{ij}^F\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(F)\right)\right)`$.

(iii) If $`u_{ij}^G`$ is given by $`u_{ij}^G(s,t)=u_{ij}(st^1)`$ for $`s,t\text{ in }G`$, then $`\left[u_{ij}^G\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)\right)`$.

(iv) $`\left[u_{ij}^G\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\right)\right)`$.

In particular, the map $`uu^G`$ is a complete isometry from $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ onto $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$.

Proof. (i)$``$(ii) Let $`F=\{s_1,\mathrm{},s_m\}`$, and for $`k,l=1,\mathrm{},m`$ let $`E_{kl}`$ in $`\mathrm{M}_m\left(\mathrm{VN}(G)\right)`$ be identified by

$$E_{kl}\lambda (s_ks_l^1)e_{kl}\text{ in }\mathrm{VN}(G)\stackrel{ˇ}{}\mathrm{M}_m\mathrm{M}_m\left(\mathrm{VN}(G)\right)$$

where $`\{e_{kl}\}_{k,l=1,\mathrm{},m}`$ is the standard matrix unit for $`\mathrm{M}_m`$. Then $`\{E_{kl}\}_{k,l=1,\mathrm{},m}`$ is itself a matrix unit so $`𝒩_F=\mathrm{span}\{E_{kl}\}_{k,l=1,\mathrm{},m}\mathrm{M}_m`$ via $`E_{kl}e_{kl}`$. Let us identify $`\mathrm{M}_m(\mathrm{}^2(F))`$. Note that for $`v\text{ in }\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(F)`$, $`S_ve_{kl}=v(s_k,s_l)e_{kl}`$, for each $`k,l`$, where $`S_v`$ is defined as in (3.1). If $`\left[v_{ij}\right]\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(F)\right)`$, let $`S_{\left[v_{ij}\right]}x=\left[S_{v_{ij}}x\right]`$ for $`x\text{ in }(\mathrm{}^2(F))`$. We then have

$`M_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}^{}{}_{}{}^{(m)}E_{kl}`$ $`\left[M_{u_{ij}}\lambda (s_ks_l^1)e_{kl}\right]=\left[u_{ij}(s_ks_l^1)\lambda (s_ks_l^1)e_{kl}\right]`$
$`\left[u_{ij}(s_ks_l^1)E_{kl}\right]\left[u_{ij}^F(s_k,s_l)e_{kl}\right]S_{\left[u_{ij}^F\right]}e_{kl}`$
so $`\left[u_{ij}^F\right]\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(F)\right)`$. Moreover,

$$\left[u_{ij}^F\right]_\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}=S_{\left[u_{ij}^F\right]}_{cb}=M_{\left[u_{ij}\right]}|_{𝒩_F}_{cb}\left[u_{ij}\right]_{cbm}1$$

as required.

(ii)$``$(iii) Let $``$ denote the collection of all finite subsets of $`G`$, directed by inclusion. We have for each $`F\text{ in }`$, a natural completely isometric imbedding

$$\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(F)=\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(F)^h\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(F)\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)^{w^{}h}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)=\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)$$

and hence an isometric imbedding $`\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(F)\right)\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)`$. Denote the image of $`\left[u_{ij}^F\right]`$ under this imbedding again by $`\left[u_{ij}^F\right]`$. Since $`\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)`$ is a dual space (with predual $`\mathrm{T}_n\left(\mathrm{}^1(G_d)^h\mathrm{}^1(G_d)\right)`$), the net $`\left(\left[u_{ij}^F\right]\right)_F`$ must have a weak\* cluster point in $`\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)\right)`$. Using the fact that $`_F\mathrm{}^1(F)^h\mathrm{}^1(F)`$ is dense in $`\mathrm{}^1(G_d)^h\mathrm{}^1(G_d)`$, it is easy to see that

$$\left[u_{ij}^G\right]=\text{w*}\underset{F}{lim}\left[u_{ij}^F\right]$$

so $`\left[u_{ij}^G\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)\right)`$. That $`\left[u_{ij}^G\right]\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)`$ is clear.

(iii)$``$(iv) By (2.2) we may write $`\left[u_{ij}^G\right]`$ as a matricial product $`AB`$, where $`A\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)`$ and $`B\mathrm{M}_{I,n}\left(\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)`$, for some index set $`I`$, with $`AB1`$. We may explicitly write this down: well-order $`I=\{\iota _1,\iota _2,\mathrm{}\}`$ so that we have

(5.3)
$$\left[u_{ij}^G\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\phi _{1\iota _1}& \phi _{1\iota _2}& \phi _{1\iota _3}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \\ \phi _{n\iota _1}& \phi _{n\iota _2}& \phi _{n\iota _3}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\psi _{\iota _11}& \mathrm{}& \psi _{\iota _1n}\\ \psi _{\iota _21}& \mathrm{}& \psi _{\iota _2n}\\ \psi _{\iota _31}& \mathrm{}& \psi _{\iota _3n}\\ \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]$$

and we see that

$$u_{ij}^G=\underset{\iota I}{}\phi _{i\iota }\psi _{\iota j}.$$

For $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$ let $`\xi _i,\eta _j:G\mathrm{}^2(I)`$ be given by

$$\xi _i(s)=(\phi _{i\iota }(s))_{\iota I}\text{ and }\eta _j(s)=\left(\overline{\psi _{\iota j}(s)}\right)_{\iota I}$$

so that $`u_{ij}^G(s,t)=\xi _i(s)|\eta _j(t)`$ for $`s,t\text{ in }G`$. If we consider each $`\xi _i`$ and $`\eta _j`$ as row vectors with $`\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)`$ entries, i.e. as elements of $`\mathrm{M}_{1,I}\left(\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)`$, then we may rewrite (5.3) as

(5.4)
$$\left[u_{ij}^G\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\xi _1\\ \mathrm{}\\ \xi _n\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\eta _1^{}& \mathrm{}& \eta _n^{}\end{array}\right].$$

Let $`^{}=\overline{\mathrm{span}}\{\eta _j(t):j=1,\mathrm{},n,tG\}`$ and $`p^{}\text{ in }(\mathrm{}^2(I))`$ denote the orthogonal projection onto $`^{}`$. Then let $`=\overline{\mathrm{span}}\{p^{}\xi _i(s):i=1,\mathrm{},n,sG\}`$ and $`p\text{ in }(\mathrm{}^2(I))`$ denote the orthogonal projection onto $``$. Clearly $`pp^{}=p`$, and $`p\xi _i(s)|\eta _i(t)=\xi _i(s)|\eta _i(t)`$ for all indices $`i`$ and $`j`$, and all $`s,t\text{ in }G`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_i,\stackrel{~}{\eta }_j:G\mathrm{}^2(I)`$ be given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }_i(s)=p\xi _i(s)\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{\eta }_j(s)=p\eta _j(s).$$

For any $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ the function $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_i`$ is weakly continuous. Indeed for any $`s\text{ in }G`$ and $`\eta \text{ in }\mathrm{}^2(I)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }_i(s)|\eta =\xi _i(s)|p\eta `$ where $`p\eta ^{}`$. Then, for any $`t\text{ in }G`$ and $`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$, $`\xi _i(s)|\eta _j(t)=u_{ij}^G(s,t)=u_{ij}(st^1)`$, where $`su_{ij}(st^1)`$ is continuous by assumption. Similarly, each $`\stackrel{~}{\eta }_j`$ is continuous. Thus for any $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and $`\iota \text{ in }I`$, the functions

(5.5)
$$\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{i\iota }=\stackrel{~}{\xi }_i()|e_\iota \text{ and }\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota j}=e_\iota |\stackrel{~}{\eta }_i()$$

are continuous. Then, following the notation of (5.3), if

$$\stackrel{~}{A}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{1\iota _1}& \stackrel{~}{\phi }_{1\iota _2}& \stackrel{~}{\phi }_{1\iota _3}& \mathrm{}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \\ \stackrel{~}{\phi }_{n\iota _1}& \stackrel{~}{\phi }_{n\iota _2}& \stackrel{~}{\phi }_{n\iota _3}& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{B}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota _11}& \mathrm{}& \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota _1n}\\ \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota _21}& \mathrm{}& \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota _2n}\\ \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota _31}& \mathrm{}& \stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota _3n}\\ \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]$$

we have that

$$\left[u_{ij}^G\right]=\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{B}.$$

Indeed, for $`s,t\text{ in }G`$ and all indices $`i`$ and $`j`$,

$$(\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{B})_{ij}(s,t)=\stackrel{~}{\xi }_i(s)|\stackrel{~}{\eta }_j(t)=p\xi _i(s)|\eta _j(t)=\xi _i(s)|\eta _j(t)=u_{ij}^G(s,t).$$

Let us identify $`(\mathrm{}^2(I))\mathrm{M}_{I,I}`$. Then let $`p^\mathrm{t}`$ and $`\overline{p}`$ denote the transpose and conjugate, respectively, of the matrix $`p`$, so $`p^\mathrm{t}=\overline{p}=p1`$. Identifying $`\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d,\mathrm{M}_{n,I})`$, in the notation of (5.4) we have that for $`s\text{ in }G`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{A}(s)=\left[\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\xi }_1(s)\\ \mathrm{}\\ \stackrel{~}{\xi }_n(s)\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\xi _1(s)p^\mathrm{t}\\ \mathrm{}\\ \xi _n(s)p^\mathrm{t}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\xi _1(s)\\ \mathrm{}\\ \xi _n(s)\end{array}\right]p^\mathrm{t}=A(s)p^\mathrm{t}.$$

Similarly, identifying $`\mathrm{M}_{n,I}\left(\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d)\right)\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}(G_d,\mathrm{M}_{n,I})`$, we have that $`\stackrel{~}{B}(s)=\overline{p}B(s)`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{A}A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{B}B`$, so $`\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{B}1`$. Thus we see that $`\left[u_{ij}^G\right]\mathrm{b}_1\left(\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\right)\right)`$.

(iv)$``$(i) This follows from Theorem 5.2. $`\mathrm{}`$

It is immediately evident from Theorem 5.3 that $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G_d)𝒞_b(G)`$ where $`G_d`$ denotes the group $`G`$ with its discrete topology. We observe this fact in a broader context in Corollary 6.3 below.

Let us consider, for the moment, the case when $`G`$ is amenable, and has a left invariant mean $`\mathrm{m}`$. We will find it notationally convenient to regard this mean as a finitely additive measure on $`G`$.

###### Corollary 5.4.

\[45, Prop. 5.2\] If $`G`$ is amenable, then $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{B}(G)`$, completely isometrically, via $`uu_G`$. Moreover $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ is a completely complemented subspace of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$.

Proof. That $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{B}(G)`$, in this case, is given in Corollary 4.3. It remains to see that $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ is a completely complemented subspace of $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. For $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ and $`r\text{ in }G`$, let $`ru(s,t)=u(sr,tr^1)`$ for l.m.a.e. $`(s,t)\text{ in }G\times G`$. Note that $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\{u\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G):ru=u\text{ for all }rG\}`$. Then define $`E:\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ by

$$Eu=\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-}_Gru𝑑\mathrm{m}(r)$$

i.e. $`Eu,\mu =\mathrm{m}(rru,\mu )`$ for all $`\mu \text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$. Then it is easy to see that $`E`$ is completely contractive. Also that $`E\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, and that $`Eu=u`$ for $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, follow from the left invariance of $`\mathrm{m}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

It would be interesting to determine if the (complete) complementation property above characterises amenability of $`G`$.

We now return to the case of a general locally compact group $`G`$. We will give a refinement of Theorem 5.3. Let $`\mathrm{V}^b(G)=\mathrm{V}^b(G,G)`$, where $`\mathrm{V}^b(G,G)`$ is defined as in (3.18). Let

(5.6)
$$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)=\{u\mathrm{V}^b(G):u(sr,t)=u(s,tr^1)\text{ for }s,t,r\text{ in }G\}.$$

The following is a weak version of  or of .

###### Corollary 5.5.

We have that $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)`$. Hence $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ completely isometrically. Thus if $`u\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, then there is a Hilbert space $``$ and $`\xi ,\eta \text{ in }𝒞_b(G,\mathrm{w}^{}\text{-})`$ such that

(5.7)
$$u(st^1)=\xi (s)|\eta (t)$$

for all $`s,t\text{ in }G`$. Moreover, $`u_\mathrm{V}=\xi _{\mathrm{}}\eta _{\mathrm{}}`$.

Proof. This is immediate from the proof of (iii)$``$(iv), in Theorem 5.3 above (see (5.5)), and from Proposition 3.6. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us finish this section by giving a second refinement of Theorem 5.3. Let $`𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)`$ denote the C\*-algebra of continuous weakly almost periodic functions on $`G`$. By Grothendieck’s Criterion, $`𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)`$ consists of the functions $`\phi \text{ in }𝒞_b(G)`$ such that for any pair of sequences $`\{s_n\}`$ and $`\{t_m\}`$ from $`G`$, if both of the limits $`lim_nlim_m\phi (s_nt_m)`$ and $`lim_mlim_n\phi (s_nt_m)`$ exist, then they coincide. We note that $`𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)`$ is a closed subspace of $`𝒞_b(G)`$.

It is observed in , that $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)`$. The proof is a nice application of Grothendieck’s Criterion, which we used to define $`𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)`$ above, and Corollary 5.5.

Now we let

$$\mathrm{WV}^b(G)=𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)^{eh}𝒲𝒜𝒫(G)\text{ and }\mathrm{WV}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)=\mathrm{WV}^b(G)\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G).$$

It is clear that $`\mathrm{WV}^b(G)`$ is a closed subspaces of $`\mathrm{V}^b(G)`$, and hence $`\mathrm{WV}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)`$ is a closed subspace of $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$.

###### Corollary 5.6.

We have that $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\mathrm{WV}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)`$. Hence $`\mathrm{WV}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ completely isometrically.

Proof. The functions $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{i\iota }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota j}`$ from (5.5) can be approximated uniformly by sums of translates of functions $`u_{ij}`$, each of which is in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. Hence each $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{i\iota }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{\iota j}`$ is weakly almost periodic. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us finally note that if $`G`$ is compact, then

$$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)\mathrm{V}(G).$$

where $`\mathrm{V}(G)=\mathrm{V}_b(G,G)=\mathrm{V}_0(G,G)`$, as defined in (3.17). This was shown in .

## 6. Applications

### 6.1. Functorial Properties of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$

As a first application of the results of the previous section, we will examine some of the functorial properties of the completely bounded multipliers on locally compact groups.

If $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are locally compact Hausdorff spaces, and $`\sigma :XY`$ is a continuous map, let $`j_\sigma :𝒞_b(Y)𝒞_b(X)`$ be given by

(6.1)
$$j_\sigma \phi =\phi \sigma .$$

It is obvious that $`j_\sigma `$ is a $``$-homomorphism. Moreover, if $`\sigma (X)`$ is dense in $`Y`$ then $`j_\sigma `$ is injective. Indeed, if $`\phi \mathrm{ker}j_\sigma `$, then $`\phi (\sigma (x))=0`$ for each $`x\text{ in }X`$ so $`\phi (y)=0`$ for each $`y\text{ in }Y`$.

Let $`\mathrm{V}^b(X)=\mathrm{V}^b(X,X)`$ and $`\mathrm{V}^b(Y)=\mathrm{V}^b(Y,Y)`$, as in (3.18). Following Corollary 2.3 we get a completely contractive algebra homomorphism $`J_\sigma =j_\sigma j_\sigma :\mathrm{V}^b(Y)\mathrm{V}^b(X)`$. Moreover, $`J_\sigma `$ is a complete isometry if $`\sigma (X)`$ is dense in $`Y`$.

Recall that for a locally compact group $`G`$, $`\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)`$ is defined in (5.6).

###### Proposition 6.1.

If $`G`$ and $`H`$ are locally compact groups and $`\sigma :GH`$ is a continuous homomorphism, then $`J_\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(H)\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)`$ and $`J_\sigma `$ is a complete isometry if $`\sigma (G)`$ is dense in $`H`$.

Proof. If $`u\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(H)`$ then for $`s,r,t\text{ in }G`$

$$J_\sigma u(sr,t)=u(\sigma (s)\sigma (r),\sigma (t))=u(\sigma (s),\sigma (t)\sigma (r^1))=J_\sigma u(s,tr^1)$$

so $`J_\sigma u\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^b(G)`$. That $`J_\sigma `$ is a complete isometry if $`\sigma (G)`$ is dense in $`H`$ follows from comments above. $`\mathrm{}`$

We obtain the main functorial property of completely bounded multipliers by combining the above proposition with Corollary 5.5.

###### Theorem 6.2.

If $`G`$ and $`H`$ are locally compact groups and $`\sigma :GH`$ is a continuous homomorphism, then $`j_\sigma \mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, and $`j_\sigma |_{\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)}:\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ defines a complete contraction, which we will again denote by $`j_\sigma `$. Moreover, if $`\sigma (G)`$ is dense in $`H`$, then $`j_\sigma `$ is a complete isometry.

This functorial property leads to many interesting conclusions.

###### Corollary 6.3.

Let $`G`$ be a locally compact group.

(i) The inclusion $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G_d)`$ is a complete isometry, where $`G_d`$ denotes the group $`G`$ with discrete topology.

(ii) If $`G^{\mathrm{ap}}`$ denotes the almost periodic compactification of $`G`$ and $`\sigma _{\mathrm{ap}}:GG^{\mathrm{ap}}`$ the canonical map (see \[12, Sec. 6.1\]), then $`j_{\sigma _{\mathrm{ap}}}:\mathrm{A}(G^{\mathrm{ap}})\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a complete isometry.

(iii) If $`H`$ is a closed subgroup of $`G`$, then the restriction map $`uu|_H`$ is a complete contraction from $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ to $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)`$. Moreover, if $`H`$ is open, then this map is a surjective complete quotient map. If $`H`$ is amenable, then this map is a complete quotient map onto its range.

(iv) If $`N`$ is a closed normal subgroup of $`G`$, and $`q:GG/N`$ is the quotient map, then $`j_q:\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G/N)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a complete isometry.

Proof. For (i), the inclusion is just the map $`j_{\iota _d}`$, where $`\iota _d:G_dG`$ is the identity map. For (ii), we just note that $`G^{\mathrm{ap}}`$ is compact, so $`\mathrm{A}(G^{\mathrm{ap}})=\mathrm{B}(G^{\mathrm{ap}})=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G^{\mathrm{ap}})`$ completely isometrically, by Corollary 4.3.

For (iii), the restriction map is just $`j_\iota `$, where $`\iota :HG`$ is the inclusion map. If $`H`$ is open, the result follows from the equivalence of (i) and (ii) in Theorem 5.3. If $`H`$ is amenable, then $`j_\iota |_{\mathrm{B}(G)}:\mathrm{B}(G)\mathrm{B}(H)`$ is a complete quotient map onto its range. Indeed, the range of $`j_\iota |_{\mathrm{B}(G)}`$ is $`\mathrm{A}_{\varpi |_H}`$ where $`\varpi `$ is the universal representation of $`G`$. The adjoint of $`j_\iota |_{\mathrm{B}(G)}`$ is then the inclusion $`\mathrm{VN}_{\varpi |_H}\mathrm{W}^{}(G)`$, and hence is a complete isometry. We thus obtain the factorization $`j_\iota |_{\mathrm{B}(G)}=j_\iota i`$, where $`i:\mathrm{B}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is the completely contractive inclusion map. Hence $`j_\iota `$ must be a complete quotient onto its range.

For (iv), $`j_q`$ is complete isometry, since $`q`$ is a surjection. $`\mathrm{}`$

We remark that in (iv), above, the range of $`j_q`$ consists of elements of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ which are constant on cosets of $`N`$. In \[23, p. 682\] (and following that, \[53, Sec. 2.2\]), it is claimed that every element of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ which is constant on cosets of $`N`$ is in the range of $`j_q`$. If $`G`$ is amenable, this result follows from that $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{B}(G)`$ and \[17, 2.26\].

Regarding (iii), we note that it is known for an amenable group $`G`$ that it is possible to have a closed subgroup $`H`$ for which the restriction map from $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ to $`\mathrm{B}(H)`$ is not surjective (see \[17, p. 204\], for example), though it is always a complete quotient onto its range. We are unable to determine if, in general, the restriction map from $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ to $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)`$ is a (complete) quotient map onto its range.

It follows from (ii) above that if $`\pi `$ is a finite dimensional unitary representation of $`G`$, then the imbedding $`\mathrm{A}_\pi \mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a complete isometry. This result is generalised below.

###### Corollary 6.4.

Let $`G`$ be a locally compact group and $`\pi `$ be a continuous unitary representation such that there is an amenable group $`H`$, a continuous homomorphism $`\sigma :GH`$ and a continuous unitary representation $`\pi ^{}`$ of $`H`$, such that $`\pi =\pi ^{}\sigma `$. Then the imbedding $`\mathrm{A}_\pi \mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a complete isometry.

Proof. First note that $`j_\sigma :\mathrm{B}(H)\mathrm{B}(G)`$ is a complete contraction, since its adjoint $`j_\sigma ^{}:\mathrm{W}^{}(G)\mathrm{W}^{}(H)`$ is a $``$-homomorphism, by the universal property of $`\mathrm{W}^{}(G)`$. Note too that each $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ is of the form $`j_\sigma u^{}`$ for some $`u^{}\text{ in }\mathrm{A}_\pi ^{}\mathrm{B}(H)`$ by \[1, Prop. 2.10\], and recall that $`\mathrm{B}(H)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)`$ completely isometrically, since $`H`$ is amenable. Without loss of generality we may assume that $`\sigma (G)`$ is dense in $`H`$, so $`j_\sigma :\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(H)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is a complete isometry. Then if $`\left[u_{ij}\right]\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{A}_\pi \right)`$, we have that $`\left[u_{ij}\right]=j_\sigma ^{(n)}\left[u_{ij}^{}\right]`$ for some $`\left[u_{ij}^{}\right]\text{ in }\mathrm{M}_n\left(\mathrm{B}(H)\right)`$, and hence

$$\left[u_{ij}\right]_{cbm}\left[u_{ij}\right]\left[u_{ij}^{}\right]=\left[u_{ij}^{}\right]_{cbm}=j_\sigma ^{(n)}\left[u_{ij}^{}\right]_{cbm}=\left[u_{ij}\right]_{cbm}.$$

Thus $`\left[u_{ij}\right]_{cbm}=\left[u_{ij}\right]`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.2. A Predual for $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$

In this section, we give a concrete construction of a predual of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. The existence of this predual was recognised in , and in a more general form in , where it was identified as an operator predual.

Note that $`\sigma :\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ given by $`\sigma u(s,t)=u(s,t^1)`$ is a bijective complete isometry. Thus we may now consider

(6.2)
$$\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=\{u\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G):\begin{array}{c}u(sr,t)=u(s,rt)\text{ for all }r\text{ in }\\ G\text{ and l.m.a.e. }(s,t)G\times G\end{array}\}.$$

As in (5.2), given $`u\text{ in }\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$, we can define a function $`u_G:G`$ such that for l.a.e. $`t\text{ in }G`$

$$u_G(t)=u(s,s^1t)$$

for l.a.e. $`s\text{ in }G`$. Recalling (3.13), we have that $`\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G)(\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G))^{}`$, where the dual pairing is given by

$$u,fg=_G_Gu(s,t)f(s)g(t)𝑑s𝑑t$$

for each elementary tensor $`fg\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$. If $`𝒳\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, let $`𝒳^{}=\{u\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{}}(G):u,x=0\text{ for all }x\text{ in }𝒳\}`$.

Let $`\mathrm{m}_0:\mathrm{L}^1(G)_h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ be the multiplication map. This is an unbounded map on an incomplete space. Let $`𝒦`$ be the closure of $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0`$ in $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ and

(6.3)
$$\mathrm{Q}(G)=\left(\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\right)/𝒦.$$

Endow $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ with the quotient operator space structure.

###### Theorem 6.5.

$`\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)=𝒦^{}`$, and hence $`\mathrm{Q}(G)^{}\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ as operator spaces.

We will call $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ the standard predual of $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. Although its uniqueness is not assured, we will refer to the topology $`\sigma (\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G),\mathrm{Q}(G))`$ as the weak\* topology on $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$.

Proof. To see that $`\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)𝒦^{}`$, it suffices to see that $`\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)(\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0)^{}`$. To that end, if $`u\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$ and $`\mu =_{k=1}^nf_kg_k\text{ in }\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0`$, then

$`u,\mu `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}u(s,t)f_k(s)g_k(t)𝑑t𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}u(s,s^1t)f_k(s)g_k(s^1t)𝑑t𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle _G}u_G(t)f_kg_k(t)𝑑t={\displaystyle _G}u_G(t)\mathrm{m}_0(\mu )(t)=0.`$
Conversely, if $`u(\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0)^{}`$, $`f,g\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ and $`\delta _r`$ is the Dirac measure at $`r`$ for $`r\text{ in }G`$, then $`\mathrm{m}_0(f\delta _rgf\delta _rg)=0`$, so

$`0`$ $`=u,f\delta _rgf\delta _rg`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}u(s,t)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }(r)}}f(sr^1)g(t)f(s)g(r^1t)\right)𝑑t𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}(u(sr,t)u(s,rt))f(s)g(t)𝑑t𝑑s`$
and hence $`u(sr,t)=u(s,rt)`$ for marginally almost every $`(s,t)\text{ in }G\times G`$, so $`u\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. Thus $`(\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0)^{}\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The map $`\mathrm{m}_0:\mathrm{L}^1(G)_h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ is surjective by Cohen’s Factorization Theorem. For $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ let

$$f_\mathrm{Q}=inf\{\mu _h:\mu \mathrm{L}^1(G)_h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\text{ and }\mathrm{m}_0(\mu )=f\}.$$

The function $`_\mathrm{Q}`$ is clearly a semi-norm on $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$. Since $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ has a contractive bounded approximate identity, the Cohen-Hewitt Factorization Theorem \[26, (32.22)\] gives for any $`\epsilon >0`$ that we can write $`f=gh`$, where $`g_11`$ and $`fh_1<\epsilon `$, so that $`g_1h_1<f_1+\epsilon `$. Hence $`f_\mathrm{Q}f_1`$. Let $`\mathrm{m}:\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ be the quotient map. If $`f=gh`$ in $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, let $`i_\mathrm{Q}(f)=\mathrm{m}(gh)`$. Then $`i_\mathrm{Q}:\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ is clearly well-defined and linear with $`i_\mathrm{Q}(f)=f_\mathrm{Q}`$.

The following shows that we may consider $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ to be the completion of $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ under the norm $`_\mathrm{Q}`$. Hence our space $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ is isomorphic to the predual discovered in .

###### Corollary 6.6.

The map $`i_\mathrm{Q}:\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ is an injective (completely) contractive map with dense range. Moreover, for $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ and $`u`$ in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, we have $`u,i_\mathrm{Q}(f)=_Gu(s)f(s)𝑑s`$.

Proof. That $`i_\mathrm{Q}`$ is contractive was shown above. That $`i_\mathrm{Q}(\mathrm{L}^1(G))`$ is dense in $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ follows from that $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)_h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ is dense in $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$. If $`u\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$, let $`u^G(s,t)=u(st)`$ so $`u\sigma \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{inv}}^{\mathrm{}}(G)`$. Then for $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, writing $`f=gh`$, we have that

$`u,i_\mathrm{Q}(f)`$ $`=u^G,gh={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}u(st)g(s)h(t)𝑑t𝑑s`$
$`={\displaystyle _G}{\displaystyle _G}u(t)g(s)h(s^1t)𝑑t𝑑s={\displaystyle _G}u(t)gh(t)𝑑t={\displaystyle _G}u(t)f(t)𝑑t.`$
That $`i_\mathrm{Q}`$ is injective follows from that $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is both contained in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ and dense in $`𝒞_0(G)`$, so for every $`f\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ there is $`u\text{ in }\mathrm{A}(G)`$ such that $`_Gf(t)u(t)𝑑t0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

We now want to see how a continuous unitary representation of $`G`$ induces a map on $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$. There is an alternative approach in . The author is grateful to J. Kraus for showing him this paper.

If $`\pi `$ is a continuous unitary representation of $`G`$, let $`\pi _1`$ be its extension to $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$. We have that $`\pi _1\pi _1:\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}^h\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}`$ is a complete contraction. Let $`\mathrm{m}_h:\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}^h\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}`$ be the completely contractive multiplication map. Then let

(6.4)
$$\mathrm{m}_\pi =\mathrm{m}_h(\pi _1\pi _1):\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}.$$

Since $`\mathrm{m}_\pi `$ is continuous and $`\pi _1\mathrm{m}_0=\mathrm{m}_\pi `$ on $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)_h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, $`\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_\pi \overline{\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0}`$. Hence $`\mathrm{m}_\pi `$ induces a map $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}:\mathrm{Q}(G)=\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)/\overline{\mathrm{ker}\mathrm{m}_0}\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}`$ by

(6.5)
$$\pi _\mathrm{Q}(\mathrm{m}(x))=\mathrm{m}_\pi (x)$$

for $`x\text{ in }\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$, where $`\mathrm{m}:\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ is the quotient map. Note that $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}^{}:\mathrm{B}_\pi \mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is the completely contractive inclusion map, so $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}`$ is completely contractive. Finally, note that the diagram

(6.6)
commutes.

It is natural to ask when $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}`$ is injective, since it is tempting to want to think of $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$ as a dense subspace of $`\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$. However, there is a technical obstruction against obtaining this. Recall that $`\varpi `$ denotes the universal representation of $`G`$, and $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{A}_\varpi `$.

###### Proposition 6.7.

The map $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}`$ is injective if and only if $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ is weak\* dense in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. In particular, $`\varpi _\mathrm{Q}:\mathrm{Q}(G)\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$ is injective if and only if $`\mathrm{B}(G)`$ is weak\* dense in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$.

Proof. $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}`$ is injective if and only if $`(\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{})^{}\mathrm{B}_\pi `$ is point separating for $`\mathrm{Q}(G)`$. By the Hahn-Banach Theorem, this happens exactly when $`\mathrm{B}_\pi `$ is weak\* dense in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. Since $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ is $`\sigma (\mathrm{B}_\pi ,\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{})`$-dense in $`\mathrm{B}_\pi `$, $`\mathrm{A}_\pi `$ is $`\sigma (\mathrm{B}_\pi ,\pi _\mathrm{Q}(\mathrm{Q}(G)))`$-dense in $`\mathrm{B}_\pi `$, and thus its weak\* closure coincides with that of $`\mathrm{B}_\pi `$ in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

We say that $`G`$ has the approximation property  if $`\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is weak\* dense in $`\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$. Recall that $`\lambda `$ denotes the left regular representation of $`G`$, and $`\mathrm{A}(G)=\mathrm{A}_\lambda `$.

###### Corollary 6.8.

$`\lambda _\mathrm{Q}`$ is injective if and only if $`G`$ satisfies the approximation property.

It is natural to ask when the maps $`\mathrm{m}_\pi `$ and $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}`$ are surjective.

###### Proposition 6.9.

For a continuous unitary representation $`\pi `$ of a locally compact group $`G`$, the following are equivalent.

(i) The map $`\mathrm{m}_\pi :\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}`$ is surjective.

(ii) The map $`\pi _\mathrm{Q}:\mathrm{Q}(G)\mathrm{C}_\pi ^{}`$ is surjective.

(iii) The injection $`\mathrm{B}_\pi \mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ is bounded below.

Proof. That (i) is equivalent to (ii) follows from (6.6). That (ii) is equivalent to (iii) follows from Theorem 6.5 and the Open Mapping Principle. $`\mathrm{}`$

In what follows we obtain an interesting characterisation of the amenability of $`G`$ which is essentially a reformulation of the fact that

(6.7)
$$\begin{array}{c}\text{if the injection }\mathrm{A}(G)\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)\\ \text{is bounded below, then }G\text{is amenable.}\end{array}$$

This highly non-trivial fact was proved by V. Losert, likely in a similar vein as , though it remains unpublished. The author is grateful to Z.-J. Ruan for showing him this. It follows then that $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ only if $`G`$ is amenable. This fact is known for discrete groups by the attractive paper . In  it was shown that $`\mathrm{MA}(G)=\mathrm{B}(G)`$ implies that $`G`$ is amenable. If $`G`$ has the approximation property, then a nice proof that $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ implies that $`G`$ is amenable can be found in .

The characterisation below can also be found in  in the case that $`G`$ is discrete.

###### Theorem 6.10.

The following are equivalent for any locally compact group $`G`$:

(i) $`G`$ is amenable.

(ii) The map $`\mathrm{m}_\varpi :\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{C}^{}(G)`$ is surjective.

(iii) The map $`\mathrm{m}_\lambda :\mathrm{L}^1(G)^h\mathrm{L}^1(G)\mathrm{C}_r^{}(G)`$ is surjective.

Proof. (i)$``$(ii) If $`G`$ is amenable, then $`\mathrm{B}(G)=\mathrm{M}_{cb}\mathrm{A}(G)`$ isometrically. In particular, condition (iii) of Proposition 6.9 is met.

The implication (ii)$``$(iii) follows from the commutativity of the following diagram.

That (iii)$``$(i) follows from Proposition 6.9 and (6.7). $`\mathrm{}`$

We note that since $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ has a bounded approximate identity, the condition (ii) above is equivalent to saying that $`\mathrm{L}^1(G)`$ has similarity degree 2, in the terminology of . Furthermore, this condition implies the following result, obtained in the discrete case by Pisier in , and announced by him for the case of non-discrete groups in :

###### Theorem 6.11.

A locally compact group $`G`$ is amenable if and only if for every bounded representation $`\pi :G()_{\mathrm{inv}}`$ (i.e. for which $`\pi _{\mathrm{}}=sup\{\pi (s):sG\}<+\mathrm{}`$), there is an operator $`S\text{ in }()_{\mathrm{inv}}`$ such that $`S\pi (s)S^1`$ is unitary for each $`s\text{ in }G`$, and $`SS^1\pi _{\mathrm{}}^2`$.

The necessity condition above is from . Details of Theorem 6.11 are verified in .

Department of Mathematics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3368, U.S.A.

E-mail address: spronk@math.tamu.edu