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# Inertia Orbifolds, Configuration Spaces and the Ghost Loop Space.

## 1. Introduction

Given an orbifold $`X`$, Kawasaki  has defined an associated orbifold that is often called the *twisted sector* orbifold $`𝖷`$ . This orbifold is also known as the *inertia orbifold* associated to $`𝖷`$. Essentially, this orbifold is made of pairs $`(x,(g))`$ where $`xX`$ and $`(g)\mathrm{Conj}(G_x)`$ where $`G_x`$ is the stabilizer of $`𝖷`$ at $`x`$. A full description of $`𝖷`$ needs, of course, a precise definition of the orbifold structure on the space of such pairs. This new orbifold appears naturally from the point of view of many geometric questions, and again, from the perspective of string theory its introduction is well motivated. For example, the orbifold $`K`$-theory of $`𝖷`$ is rationally isomorphic to the cohomology of $`𝖷`$ by the Chern character. The purpose of this paper is to study the topology of this orbifold using standard algebraic topology. In particular we will not use the theory of $`C^{}`$-algebras.

We should clarify here what we mean by the topology of an orbifold. An orbifold $`𝖷`$, let us recall, is a pair $`(X,𝒰)`$ where $`X`$ is a topological space and $`𝒰`$ is an equivalence class of orbifold atlases. An orbifold atlas $`𝒰=(\pi _i,U_i,G_i,V_i)_i`$ is made up of orbifold charts so that $`V_i`$ is an open subset of $`X`$, $`U_i`$ is a manifold, $`G_i`$ acts on $`U_i`$ via diffeomorphisms and $`\pi _i:U_iV_i`$ is a quotient map that induces a homeomorphism $`U_i/G_iV_i`$; it is important to recall that all the groups $`G_i`$ are finite. The gluing conditions are subtle. At a first level of approximation the topology of an orbifold $`𝖷`$ is simply the topology of the topological space $`X`$. This naive approach is neglecting altogether the orbifold structure $`𝒰`$. To consider the orbifold structure from the point of view of algebraic topology we follow Haefliger  and Moerdijk-Pronk , and associate a topological category $`𝖦`$ to the orbifold $`𝖷`$ (actually the category is a groupoid.) Then we consider the classifying space $`B𝖦`$. As Moerdijk  has shown the homotopy type of the orbifold $`𝖷`$ (seen as a topological stack or as a topos, in the sense of étale homotopy theory) is exactly the same thing as the homotopy type of $`B𝖦`$. The situation is analogous to that of studying the space $`BG`$ associated to a finite group $`G`$. In fact this situation inspires much of what follows.

The category $`𝖦`$ associated to an orbifold is étale (the structure maps are local diffeomorphisms) and *stable* (the sets $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝖦(x,y)`$ are finite.) But in fact the constructions of this paper are valid for a general topological category $`𝖦`$. Given a groupoid $`𝖦`$ its inertia groupoid $`𝖦`$ is again a groupoid. Its set of objects is $`\mathrm{Hom}(,𝖦)`$ (here we mean all functors from the category with one object and a $``$ worth of arrows, to the category $`𝖦`$.) The morphisms of $`𝖦`$ are the obvious ones (induced by the action of $`𝖦`$ on $`\mathrm{Hom}(,𝖦)`$.) As we said before the orbifold $`K`$-theory of $`𝖷`$ computes the cohomology of $`𝖷`$ rationally.

For every functor $`𝖦`$ there is a corresponding map $`S^1=BB𝖦`$, namely an element in $`B𝖦:=\mathrm{Map}(S^1,B𝖦)`$. Not every element of $`B𝖦`$ comes from such a functor. We define then the space of *ghost loops* $`_sB𝖦`$ of $`B𝖦`$ as the subspace of $`B𝖦`$ consisting of loops so that the composition $`S^1B𝖦X`$ is constant (Here $`B𝖦X`$ is the natural quotient projection.) In section 5 below we prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 1.0.1.

If $`𝖦`$ is an orbifold groupoid then the natural map $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)_sB𝖦`$ induces a weak homotopy equivalence as well as a weak $`S^1`$-homotopy equivalence.

The main idea in the proof of this theorem consist in the introduction of a *configuration space model* for the space $`B𝖦`$. Following a beautiful idea of Segal and Burghelea in the case of a group, we define the space $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ to be the configuration space of particles in $`S^1`$ labeled by morphisms of $`𝖦`$ (so that every morphism composes with the ones adjacent to it.)

###### Theorem 1.0.2.

For $`𝖦`$ a topological groupoid there is a natural homeomorphism $`B𝖦𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$.

For a finite group there is a well known relation between the homology of $`BG`$ and the Hochschild and cyclic homologies of $`R[G]`$ . Using the previous theorem we prove the following result, that can be seen as a generalization of this relation to the case of smooth orbifolds.

###### Theorem 1.0.3.

Let $`𝖦`$ be an orbifold groupoid and $`𝖦`$ its inertia groupoid. Then there are canonical isomorphisms

$`HH_{}((𝖦_{},t_{}))\stackrel{}{}H_{}(B𝖦)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`H_{}(𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦))\stackrel{}{}H_{}(_sB𝖦)`$
$`HC_{}((𝖦_{},t_{}))\stackrel{}{}H_{}^{S^1}(B𝖦)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`H_{}^{S^1}(𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦))\stackrel{}{}H_{}^{S^1}(_sB𝖦)`$
We should point out that these results are related to the theorems of Brylinski-Nistor  and Crainic  obtained using the theory of $`C^{}`$-algebras.

Finally as a direct consequence of the previous theorem we show the following isomorphisms involving the Chen-Ruan cohomology of the orbifold $`H_{\mathrm{orb}}^{}(𝖦;)`$ and also its orbifold $`K`$-theory .

###### Theorem 1.0.4.

For $`𝖦`$ a compact complex $`SL`$-orbifold the following holds,

$$\underset{mn+2}{}HH_m((𝖦_{},t_{});)\underset{mn+2}{}H_{\mathrm{orb}}^m(𝖦;)$$

and if $`𝖦`$ is reduced

$$K_{\mathrm{orb}}^n(𝖷)\underset{mn+2}{}H_{\mathrm{orb}}^m(𝖷,)HP_n(𝖦,).$$

We would like to call the attention of the reader to the recent papers of Baranovsky , and Căldăraru-Giaquinto-Witherspoon  where relations between orbifold cohomology and Hochschild and periodic cyclic homology are also explored.

We would like to thank conversations with A. Adem, D. Berenstein, M. Karoubi, B. Oliver, J. Robbin, and Y. Ruan and especially we would like to thank I. Moerdijk for helping us with the proof of theorem 5.1.2.

We dedicate this paper to Prof. Graeme B. Segal on the occasion of his $`60^{\mathrm{th}}`$ birthday.

## 2. Groupoids

The groupoids we will consider are small categories $`𝖦`$ in which every morphism is invertible. By $`𝖦_1`$ and $`𝖦_0`$ we will denote the space of morphisms (arrows) and of objects respectively, and the structure maps

where $`𝗌`$ and $`𝗍`$ are the source and the target maps, $`𝗆`$ is the composition of two arrows, $`𝗂`$ is the inverse and $`𝖾`$ gives the identity arrow over every object.

The groupoid will be called topological (smooth) if the sets $`𝖦_1`$ and $`𝖦_0`$ and the structure maps belong to the category of topological spaces (smooth manifolds). In the case of a smooth groupoid we will also require that the maps $`𝗌`$ and $`𝗍`$ must be submersions, so that $`𝖦_1{}_{𝗍}{}^{}\times _{𝗌}^{}𝖦_1`$ is also a manifold (smooth groupoids are also known by the name of Lie groupoids ).

A topological (smooth) groupoid is called étale if all the structure maps are local homeomorphisms (local diffeomorphisms). For an étale groupoid we will mean a topological étale groupoid. In what follows, sometimes the kind of groupoid will not be specified, but it will be clear from the context to which one we are referring to. We will always denote groupoids by letters of the type $`𝖦,𝖧,𝖲`$. Orbifolds are an special kind of étale groupoids, they have the peculiarity the inverse imagine of a point under the map $`(𝗌,𝗍):𝖦_1𝖦_0\times 𝖦_0`$ is always finite. Groupoids with this property are called *stable*111We owe this terminology to J. Robbin. It is inspired in the stable map compactification for holomorphic maps.. Whenever we write orbifold, a stable étale smooth groupoid will be understood.

A morphism of groupoids $`\mathrm{\Psi }:𝖧𝖦`$ is a pair of maps $`\mathrm{\Psi }_i:𝖧_i𝖦_i`$ $`i=1,2`$ such that they commute with the structure maps. The maps $`\mathrm{\Psi }_i`$ will be continuous (smooth) depending on which category we are working on.

For a groupoid $`𝖦`$, we denote by $`𝖦_n`$ the space of $`n`$-arrows

$$x_0\stackrel{g_1}{}x_1\stackrel{g_2}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{g_n}{}x_n.$$

The spaces $`𝖦_n`$ $`(n0)`$ form a simplicial space $`(𝖦_{},d_n^i,s_n^i)`$

(2.0.3)
together with the face $`d_n^i:𝖦_n𝖦_{n1}`$ and degeneracy maps $`s_n^i:𝖦_n𝖦_{n+1}`$ (see 3.0.3) form what is called the nerve of the groupoid. Its geometric realization $`|𝖦_{}|`$ (see Appendix) is the classifying space of $`𝖦`$, also denoted by $`B𝖦`$.

## 3. Configuration space models for groupoids.

In this section we will apply ideas of G. Segal regarding the configuration spaces on groups to the more general setting of topological groupoids. On what follows the groupoids will be topological unless otherwise stated.

By $`S^1=/`$ we will denote the circle of radius $`\frac{1}{2\pi }`$ and by $`R`$ we will denote the open interval $`(0,1)`$. Let $`\iota :RS^1`$ be the composition of the projection and inclusion maps $`(0,1)/`$. Let $`A`$ be either $`R`$ or $`S^1`$.

For $`\alpha :A𝖦_1`$ a map, we will call the support of $`\alpha `$ the set:

$$\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ):=\{aA|\alpha (a)𝖦_0\}$$

where we consider the set $`𝖦_0`$ as the image under the identity map of $`𝖾(𝖦_0)𝖦_1`$.

###### Definition 3.0.1.

A configuration in $`A`$ with values in $`𝖦`$ is a map $`\alpha :A𝖦_1`$ with finite support

$$\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ):=\{x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_n\}0x_i<x_{i+1}<1$$

such that for $`g_i:=\alpha (x_i)`$

$$𝗍(g_i)=𝗌(g_{i+1})\mathrm{for}1\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{n}$$

and when $`A=S^1`$

$$𝗌(g_1)=𝗍(g_n).$$

Also we require that the image of $`\alpha `$ outside its support be determined by the $`g_i`$’s as follows, for $`x_i<y<x_{i+1}`$

$$\alpha (y)=\mathrm{𝖾𝗍}(g_i),$$

$`\alpha (y)=\mathrm{𝖾𝗌}(g_1)`$ for $`y<x_1`$ and $`\alpha (y)=\mathrm{𝖾𝗍}(g_n)`$ for $`y>x_n`$.

The collection of configurations will be denoted by $`𝒞_A(𝖦)`$.

We are going to endow these configuration spaces with natural topologies in such a way that when two morphisms of the groupoid collapse they get composed, and when a morphism gets sent to infinity it disappears (in the case $`A=R`$).

A base for the topology of $`𝒞_A(𝖦)`$ is given by the sets $`𝒪(U_1,U_2,\mathrm{},U_k;I_1,I_2,\mathrm{},I_k)`$ where $`U_i`$ are open sets $`𝖦_1`$ and $`I_i`$ are connected, open and disjoint intervals (on the circle the orientation of $`S^1`$ provides us with a total order in the $`I_i`$’s). The set $`𝒪(U_1,\mathrm{},U_k;I_1,\mathrm{},I_k)`$ denotes the set of configurations $`\alpha `$ whose support consists of the points $`x_i^j`$ with

$$x_1^j<x_2^j<\mathrm{}<x_{l_j}^j,x_i^jI_j\mathrm{and}g_1^jg_2^j\mathrm{}g_{l_j}^jU_j$$

for $`g_i^j:=\alpha (x_i^j)`$.

There are natural maps relating these configuration spaces:

* by rotation of a configuration by an angle $`\theta `$,

(3.0.1) $`\rho :S^1\times 𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$
where $`\rho (\theta ,\alpha )(x):=\alpha (\theta +x)`$,
* by sending to infinity the morphism at the angle $`\theta `$,

(3.0.2) $`\epsilon :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)\times S^1𝒞_R(𝖦)`$
where $`\epsilon (\alpha ,\theta )𝒞_R(𝖦)`$ such that for $`x(0,1)`$, $`\epsilon (\alpha ,\theta )(x):=\alpha (\theta +\iota (x))`$

With the topology previously defined it is clear that the maps $`\rho `$ and $`\epsilon `$ are continuous. The set $`𝒞_A(𝖦)`$ can be filtered

$$=𝒞_A^0(𝖦)𝒞_A^1(𝖦)\mathrm{}𝒞_A^n(𝖦)𝒞_A^{n+1}(𝖦)\mathrm{}$$

where $`𝒞_A^n(𝖦):=\{\alpha 𝒞_A(𝖦):|\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )|n\}`$. It is also clear that the maps $`\rho `$ and $`\epsilon `$ are compatible with the filtration.

###### Proposition 3.0.2.

$`𝒞_R(𝖦)`$ is canonically isomorphic to $`B𝖦`$.

###### Proof.

First of all let’s recall how the classifying space of a groupoid is built. For a groupoid $`𝖦`$ we associate a simplicial space $`𝖦_{}=(𝖦_n,d_n^i,s_n^i)`$ where

(3.0.3) $`𝖦_n:=\underset{n}{\underset{}{𝖦_1{}_{𝗍}{}^{}\times _{𝗌}^{}𝖦_1{}_{𝗍}{}^{}\times _{𝗌}^{}\mathrm{}{}_{𝗍}{}^{}\times _{𝗌}^{}𝖦_1}}`$
$$d_n^i(g_1,g_2,\mathrm{},g_n)=\{\begin{array}{cc}(g_2,\mathrm{},g_n)& i=0\\ (g_1,\mathrm{},g_{i1},g_ig_{i+1},g_{i+2},\mathrm{},g_n)& i0,n\\ (g_1,\mathrm{},g_{n1})& i=n\end{array}$$

$$s_n^i(g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)=(g_1,\mathrm{},g_{i1},\mathrm{𝖾𝗌}(g_i),g_i,\mathrm{},g_n).$$

The geometric realization $`|𝖦_{}|`$ of the simplicial space $`𝖦_{}`$ is what we denote $`B𝖦`$, the classifying space of the groupoid. This geometric realization is defined as

$$B𝖦=|𝖦_{}|:=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝖦_n\times \mathrm{\Delta }_n/=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(𝖦_n\mathrm{Deg}𝖦_n)\times \mathrm{\Delta }_n/$$

with $`\mathrm{Deg}𝖦_n=_{i=0}^{n1}s_{n1}^i(𝖦_{n1})`$ and $``$ the equivalence relation generated by the identifications

$$(s_{n1}^i(x),\stackrel{}{t})(x,\sigma _n^i(\stackrel{}{t})\mathrm{and}(d_{n+1}^i(y),\stackrel{}{t})(y,\delta _n^i(\stackrel{}{t})$$

with $`x𝖦_{n1}`$, $`y𝖦_{n+1}`$, $`\stackrel{}{t}\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}=(\mathrm{\Delta }_n,\delta _n^i,\sigma _n^i)`$ the cosimplicial set of the $`n`$-simplices with their face and degeneracy maps:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_n:=\{\stackrel{}{t}=(t_0,\mathrm{},t_n)^{n+1}\}$$

$$\delta _n^i(t_0,\mathrm{},t_n):=(t_0,\mathrm{},t_i,0,t_{i+1}\mathrm{},t_n)$$

$$\sigma _n^i(t_0,\mathrm{},t_n):=(t_0,\mathrm{},t_{i1},t_i+t_{i+1},t_{i+2},\mathrm{},t_n).$$

Taking out the images of the face maps, in other words, only considering the set

$$\mathrm{Int}\mathrm{\Delta }_n:=\mathrm{\Delta }_n\underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\delta _{n1}^i(\mathrm{\Delta }_{n1})$$

then it is clear that as a set

$$B𝖦=(𝖦_n\mathrm{Deg}𝖦_n)\times \mathrm{Int}\mathrm{\Delta }_n.$$

Now we can construct a bijective correspondence between the points in $`𝒞_R(𝖦)`$ and the points in $`B𝖦`$ in the following way: to the configuration $`\alpha :R𝖦_1`$ with $`\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )=\{x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_n\}`$ and $`\alpha (x_i)=g_i`$ we associate the point

$$(g_1,g_2,\mathrm{},g_n;t_0,t_1,\mathrm{},t_n)(𝖦_n\mathrm{Deg}𝖦_n)\times \mathrm{Int}\mathrm{\Delta }_n$$

with $`t_0=x_1`$, $`t_1=x_2x_1`$, …$`t_n=1x_n`$. It is easy to see now that this identification is a homeomorphism. ∎

## 4. The Inertia Groupoid

The Inertia groupoid $`𝖦`$ of a groupoid $`𝖦`$ is defined as follows.

An object $`a`$ ($`a𝖦_0`$) is an arrow of $`𝖦_1`$ such that its source and target are equal, so

$$𝖦_0=\{a𝖦_1|𝗌(a)=𝗍(a)\}$$

and a morphism $`v𝖦_1`$ joining two objects $`a,b`$

is an arrow in $`𝖦_1`$ such that $`av=vb`$; $`b`$ can be seen as the conjugate of $`a`$ by $`v`$ because $`b=v^1av`$. But in order to identify the arrow $`v`$ we need to keep track of its source $`a`$, then we can consider the morphisms of $`𝖦`$ as

$$𝖦_1=\{(a,v)𝖦_2|a𝖦_0\}$$

where $`𝗌(a,v)=a`$ and $`𝗍(a,v)=v^1av`$.

Let $`𝖦_{}=(𝖦_n,d_n^i,s_n^i)`$ be the simplicial space associated to the inertia groupoid, where

$$𝖦_n=\{(a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)𝖦_{n+1}|a𝖦_0\}$$

$$d_n^i(a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)=\{\begin{array}{cc}(v_1^1av_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)& i=0\\ (a,v_1,\mathrm{},v_{i1}v_i,\mathrm{},v_n)& i0,n\\ (a,v_1,\mathrm{},v_{n1})& i=n\end{array}$$

$$s_n^i(a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)=(a,v_1,\mathrm{},v_{i1},\mathrm{𝖾𝗌}(v_i),v_i,\mathrm{},v_n)$$

It turns out that there is another simplicial space $`𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ associated to a groupoid which is isomorphic to $`𝖦_{}`$ and that is related in a more direct way to the configuration space $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$. $`𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ is defined as follows:

$$𝒴_n(𝖦):=\{(g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)𝖦_n|𝗌(g_0)=𝗍(g_n)\}$$

$$d_n^i(g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)=\{\begin{array}{cc}(g_0,\mathrm{},g_{i1},g_ig_{i+1},g_{i+2},\mathrm{},g_n)& in1\\ (g_ng_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_{n1})& i=n\end{array}$$

$$s_n^i(g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)=(g_0,\mathrm{},g_i,\mathrm{𝖾𝗌}(g_{i+1}),g_{i+1},\mathrm{},g_n)$$

###### Proposition 4.0.1.

The simplicial spaces $`𝖦_{}`$ and $`𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ are isomorphic.

###### Proof.

Define the maps

$`f_n:𝖦_n`$ $``$ $`𝒴_n(𝖦)`$
$`(a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)`$ $``$ $`(v_n^1\mathrm{}v_2^1v_1^1a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)`$
$`h_n:𝒴_n(𝖦)`$ $``$ $`𝖦_n`$
$`(g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)`$ $``$ $`(g_1g_2\mathrm{}g_ng_0,g_1,g_2,\mathrm{},g_n),`$
clearly $`h_nf_n=\mathrm{id}_{𝖦_n}`$ and $`f_nh_n=\mathrm{id}_{𝒴_n(𝖦)}`$. It is easy to see that the maps $`f_n`$ and $`h_n`$ commute with the degeneracy maps $`s_n^i`$ for $`0in`$ and with the face maps $`d_n^i`$ for $`0i<n`$. For $`d_n^n`$ we get that:

$$f_{n1}d_n^n(a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)=(v_{n1}^1\mathrm{}v_2^1v_1^1av_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_{n1})$$

$$d_n^nf_n(a,v_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_n)=(v_{n1}^1\mathrm{}v_2^1v_1^1av_1,v_2,\mathrm{},v_{n1}).$$

Moreover, both simplicial spaces $`𝖦_{}`$ and $`𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ can be given a structure of cyclic space (see 7.2.1) in such a way that they remain isomorphic as cyclic spaces.

###### Remark 4.0.2.

The space $`𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ is also known by the name of cyclic nerve of the groupoid $`𝖦`$.

The cyclic structure associated to $`𝖦_{}`$ is:

$`t_n:𝖦_n`$ $``$ $`𝖦_n`$
$`(a,v_1,\mathrm{},v_n)`$ $``$ $`((v_n^1\mathrm{}v_1^1av_1\mathrm{}v_n),(v_n^1\mathrm{}v_1^1a),v_1,\mathrm{},v_{n1})`$
$$\text{}\text{}$$

and the cyclic structure of $`𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ is:

$`t_n:𝒴_n(𝖦)`$ $``$ $`𝒴_n(𝖦)`$
$`(g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n)`$ $``$ $`(g_n,g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_{n1})`$
It is easy to verify that the simplicial maps $`f_{}`$ and $`h_{}`$ become cyclic maps, hence

###### Proposition 4.0.3.

The maps $`f_{}:(𝖦_{},t_{})(𝒴_{}(𝖦),t_{})`$ and $`h_{}:(𝒴_{}(𝖦),t_{})(𝖦_{},t_{})`$ are isomorphisms of cyclic spaces.

The cyclic structure on a simplicial space $`𝒳_{}`$ allows one to define a circle action on the geometrical realization $`|𝒳_{}|`$ as is shown in . The construction is explained in the Appendix, Prop. 7.2.4.

Going back to the configuration space $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ we have

###### Proposition 4.0.4.

The configuration space $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ is homeomorphic to the geometrical realization $`|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|`$. Moreover, the homeomorphism is $`S^1`$-equivariant.

###### Proof.

The argument is very similar to the one in Proposition 3.0.2. We define a bijective map $`\phi :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|`$ using the fact that as sets

$$|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|=(𝒴_n(𝖦)\mathrm{Deg}𝒴_n(𝖦))\times \mathrm{Int}\mathrm{\Delta }_n.$$

For a configuration $`\alpha 𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ with

$$\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )=\{x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_n\},0x_0<x_1<\mathrm{}<x_n<1$$

and $`g_i:=\alpha (x_i)`$ we will associate the point

$`\phi (\alpha )=\{\begin{array}{ccc}(\mathrm{𝖾𝗌}(g_0),g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n;x_0,x_1x_0,\mathrm{},1x_n)& \mathrm{if}& x_00\\ (g_0,g_1,\mathrm{},g_n;x_1,x_2x_1\mathrm{},1x_n)& \mathrm{if}& x_0=0.\end{array}`$
This function is clearly a homeomorphism.

To prove that $`\phi `$ is $`S^1`$-equivariant we will mimic to proof given in . Let’s recall the rotation map $`\rho :S^1\times 𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ defined in 3.0.1 and the circle action $`\mu :S^1\times |𝒴_{}(𝖦)||𝒴_{}(𝖦)|`$ explained in 7.2.4; we want to verify the commutativity of the following diagram

We take a point in $`|S_{}^1\stackrel{}{\times }𝒴_{}(𝖦)|`$ written as $`((\tau _n^r,x);(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n))`$ $`0<u_i1`$, $`u_i=1`$ and $`x=(g_0,\mathrm{},g_n)`$ with $`g_s𝖾(𝖦_0)`$ for $`s=1,\mathrm{},n`$.

In order to make the following argument more understandable, let us recall what the configuration $`\alpha `$ associated to the pair $`(x;u_0,\mathrm{},u_n)𝒴_{}(𝖦)`$ given by the map $`\phi ^1`$ is. As the $`u_i`$’s are positive then $`\alpha (0)=g_0`$, $`\alpha (u_0)=g_1`$, …, $`\alpha (u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{n1})=g_n`$.

Going back to the diagram we have following set of equalities

$`(i\times \phi ^1)jh((\tau _n^r,x);(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n))`$
$`=`$ $`(i\times \phi ^1)j((\tau _n^{nr+1},x);(u_r,u_{r+1},\mathrm{},u_n,u_0,\mathrm{},u_{r1}))`$
$`=`$ $`(i\times \phi ^1)[(\tau _1^1;s,t),(x;u_r,u_{r+1},\mathrm{},u_n,u_0,\mathrm{},u_{r1})]`$
$`=`$ $`(i(\tau _1^1;s,t);\phi ^1(x;u_r,u_{r+1},\mathrm{},u_n,u_0,\mathrm{},u_{r1}))`$
$`=`$ $`(s,\gamma )`$
with $`s=u_r+u_{r+1}+\mathrm{}+u_n`$ , $`t=u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{r1}`$, and $`\gamma `$ the configuration given by $`\gamma (0)=g_0`$, $`\gamma (u_r)=g_1`$, $`\gamma (u_r+u_{r+1})=g_2`$, $`\gamma (u_0+\mathrm{}+u_r)=g_{nr+1}`$, $`\gamma (u_r+\mathrm{}+u_n+u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{r2})=g_n`$.

Then the configuration $`\lambda :=\rho (s,\gamma )`$ is given by $`\lambda (u)=\gamma (s+u)`$; therefore $`\lambda (0)=\gamma (s)=g_{nr+1}`$, $`\lambda (u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{r1})=\gamma (s+t)=\gamma (0)=g_0`$, $`\lambda (u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{n1})=\gamma (u_r+\mathrm{}+u_{n1})=g_{nr}`$.

On the other side of the diagram we have

$`\phi ^1|ev|((\tau _n^r,x);(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n))`$
$`=`$ $`\phi ^1(t_n^rx;u_0,\mathrm{},u_n)`$
$`=`$ $`\phi ^1((g_{nr+1},g_{nr+2},\mathrm{},g_n,g_0,\mathrm{},g_{nr});u_0,\mathrm{},u_n)`$
$`=`$ $`\beta `$
with $`\beta (0)=g_{nr+1}`$, $`\beta (u_0)=g_{nr+2}`$, $`\beta (u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{r1})=g_0`$, $`\beta (u_0+\mathrm{}+u_{n1})=g_{nr}`$. Hence $`\beta =\lambda `$ and the diagram is commutative. ∎

We can conclude

###### Corollary 4.0.5.

The classifying space of the inertia groupoid $`B𝖦=|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|`$ is $`S^1`$-homeomorphic to the configuration space $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$.

## 5. The ghost loop space

We will postpone formal definitions for a while and we will start instead by explaining what a “ghost loop” is.

An object in the inertia groupoid can be seen as a morphism of groupoids

$$\mathrm{\Psi }:\overline{}𝖦$$

where we think of $`\overline{}`$ as the groupoid with one object $`\{\}`$ and whose morphisms are the integers (see \[20, Corollary 3.6.4\]). If we get the geometrical realization of the morphism $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, $`B\mathrm{\Psi }:BB𝖦`$ we obtain a map $`\psi :S^1B𝖦`$. Now, is any map $`S^1B𝖦`$ homotopic to the realization of a morphism $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$? The answer of course depends on the groupoid $`𝖦`$, but in general this is not the case. This section is devoted to give a very down to earth, geometrical description of the realization of such morphisms.

The loop $`\psi =B\mathrm{\Psi }`$ will be *anchored* at the point $`x:=\mathrm{\Psi }()𝖦_0`$ and its image will live on the fiber $`\pi ^1([x])BG_x`$ where

$$\pi :B𝖦𝖦/$$

is the projection of $`B𝖦`$ in the coarse moduli space $`𝖦/:=𝖦_0/𝖦_1`$ (where $`𝖦_1`$ provides the equivalence relation for the elements in $`𝖦_0`$), $`[x]`$ is the equivalence class of $`x`$ in $`𝖦/`$ and

$$G_x:=\{g𝖦_1|𝗌(g)=𝗍(g)=x\}$$

is the isotropy group at $`x`$.

These are the loops that we will call “ghost loops” (our terminology is motivated by string theory.) After this brief introduction we are ready to define the spaces we need.

Let $`B𝖦:=\mathrm{Map}(S^1,B𝖦)`$ be the space of loops in $`B𝖦`$ with the natural compact-open topology.

###### Definition 5.0.1.

The space $`_sB𝖦`$ of ghost loops of $`B𝖦`$ is the set of maps $`fB𝖦`$ such that the image of $`f`$ lies in one fiber of $`\pi `$, that is, if it exists $`x𝖦_0`$ with

$$\mathrm{Im}f\pi ^1([x])$$

and $`[x]𝖦/`$.

It is equivalent to say that the following diagram commutes:

From the isomorphism of Proposition 3.0.2 and the evaluation map defined in formula (3.0.2) we obtain a map $`\mu :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)\times S^1B𝖦`$. This map induces a natural $`S^1`$ equivariant map

$$\nu :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)B𝖦$$

where the action on the l.h.s. is explained in formula (3.0.1) and the one in the r.h.s is the obvious one. But the image of $`\nu `$ in $`B𝖦`$ lies in the ghost loops space.

###### Lemma 5.0.2.

$`\mathrm{Im}(\nu )_sB𝖦`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\alpha `$ be a configuration in $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ with $`y\mathrm{supp}(\alpha )`$ and $`g=\alpha (y)`$. If $`x=𝗌(g)`$ it is clear that $`\pi (\mu (\alpha ,\theta ))=[x]`$ for any $`\theta S^1`$. Hence $`\mathrm{Im}\nu (\alpha )\pi ^1([x])`$. Without confusion we can assume that

$$\nu :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)_sB𝖦.$$

Let’s consider the following commutative diagram

where $`\epsilon _0`$ is the restriction of the map $`\epsilon `$ to $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)\times \{0\}`$, $`ev_0`$ is the evaluation of a loop at $`0`$, i.e. for $`fB𝖦`$, $`ev_0(f):=f(0)B𝖦`$ and $``$ is the $`S^1`$-equivariant homeomorphism of Proposition 3.0.2.

###### Theorem 5.0.3.

The map $`\nu :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)_sB𝖦`$ is $`S^1`$-equivariant and induces a weak homotopy equivalence on the fibers

$$\nu _\alpha :\epsilon _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )\stackrel{}{}ev_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )$$

for every $`\alpha 𝒞_R(𝖦)`$ .

###### Proof.

Let $`\alpha `$ be as in definition 3.0.1; a map $`\alpha :R=(0,1)𝖦_1`$ with support $`\mathrm{supp}(\alpha ):=\{t_1,t_2,\mathrm{},t_n\}`$, $`g_i:=\alpha (t_i)`$ and $`𝗍(g_i)=𝗌(g_{i+1})`$. The space $`\epsilon _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )`$ will consist of all the configurations on the circle $`\beta 𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ such that when restricted to the interval $`(0,1)`$ matches $`\alpha `$, i.e $`\beta |_{(0,1)}=\alpha `$. If we call $`x:=𝗌(g_1)`$ and

$`y:=𝗍(g_n)`$ it is clear that all the possible values of $`\beta (0)`$ lie in the set

$$\mathrm{Hom}_𝖦(x,y):=\{g𝖦_1|𝗌(g)=y\&𝗍(g)=x\},$$

and is easy to see that $`\epsilon _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )\mathrm{Hom}_𝖦(x,y)`$.

There is a canonical homeomorphism between the space $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝖦(x,y)`$ and the isotropy group $`G_x`$ at $`x`$ given by the following map

$`\mathrm{Hom}_𝖦(x,y)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`G_x`$
$`g`$ $``$ $`g_1g_2\mathrm{}g_ng`$
Recall now that the space $`ev_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )`$ consist of all loops $`f:S^1B𝖦`$ in $`_sB𝖦`$ such that $`f(0)=\alpha `$. We have already seen that the image of these loops lie in $`\pi ^1([x])`$ which is homotopic to $`BG_x`$. Let $`𝖦_0^x`$ be the orbit of $`x`$ under the groupoid $`𝖦`$ and let’s construct the groupoid $`𝖦^x`$ whose morphisms are given by the set $`𝖦_1^x`$ which makes the following diagram into a cartesian square

We can identify $`𝖦^x`$ as a subgroupoid of $`𝖦`$ and therefore $`B𝖦^x=\pi ^1([x])`$. Then $`ev_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )`$ is the space of loops in $`B𝖦^x`$ based at $`\alpha `$ (i.e. $`\mathrm{\Omega }B𝖦^x`$).

So we obtain the following maps

$$G_x\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{Hom}_𝖦(x,y)\stackrel{}{}\epsilon _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )\stackrel{\nu _\alpha }{}ev_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\alpha )\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{\Omega }B𝖦^x\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{\Omega }BG_x$$

where the composition of all of them $`G_x\mathrm{\Omega }BG_x`$ is the weak homotopy equivalence induced by by the embedding $`\{h\}\times \mathrm{\Delta }_1|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|𝒞_{S^1}(G_x)BG_x`$ for $`hG_x`$.

The fact that $`\nu `$ is $`S^1`$-equivariant follows from its definition. ∎

We conjecture that the previous information is sufficient in order for $`\nu `$ to induce a weak homotopy equivalence. In what follows we will prove that this is the case for orbifolds. The fact that orbifolds are locally quotients of manifolds by finite groups allows us to do so. Let us briefly recall some known properties of orbifolds that can be found in .

### 5.1. Orbifolds

For every orbifold $`(X,𝒰)`$ it can be chosen an atlas $`𝒰=(\pi _i,U_i,G_i,V_i)_i`$ with the following properties \[23, Cor. 1.25\]:

* For every chart both $`U_i`$ and $`V_i`$ are contractible,
* The intersection of finitely many charts in $`𝒰`$ is either empty or again a chart in $`𝒰`$, and
* The coordinates can be chosen so that each $`U_i`$ is an euclidean ball and the $`G_i`$’s act linearly.

The groupoid $`𝖦`$ associated to such orbifold atlas (as shown in ) is Leray i.e. the spaces $`𝖦_n`$, $`n0`$ are diffeomorphic to a disjoint union of contractible open sets. In this case the coarse moduli space $`𝖦/`$ is equal to $`X`$ and the restriction $`𝖦|_{V_i}`$ of the groupoid $`𝖦`$ to $`V_i`$ via the quotient map $`𝖦X`$, is Morita equivalent to the groupoid $`U_iG_i`$ (the groupoid constructed via the action of $`G_i`$ on $`U_i`$). In the case that $`U`$ is an euclidean ball and the action of $`G`$ is linear we have the next result.

###### Lemma 5.1.1.

The map $`\nu :𝒞_{S^1}(UG)_sBUG`$ induces a weak homotopy equivalence.

###### Proof.

The key fact in what follows is that the ball can be equivariantly contracted to the origin.

Let $`h_t:UU`$ be the homotopy $`uut`$ that contracts the ball to the origin and let $`h_t^{}`$ be the homotopy induced in the ghost loop spaces

$$h_t^{}:_sBUG_sBUG.$$

Then $`h_1^{}`$ is the identity and $`h_0^{}`$ factors through $`_sBG=BG`$; then it induces a weak homotopy equivalence $`_sBUG\stackrel{}{}BG`$.

As the action of $`G`$ is linear, the same procedure could be applied to the inertia groupoid $`UG`$. We obtain the following commutative diagram

The map $`\nu _G`$ induces a weak homotopy equivalence as was described in 5.0.3; the result follows. ∎

Using the orbifold atlas $`𝒰`$ we can associate to $`X`$ a simplicial space $`X_{}`$ constructed from the open cover $`\{V_i\}_{iI}`$ as follows. The $`X_n`$’s will consist of the disjoint union of the intersections of $`n+1`$ sets from the open cover and the face maps $`d_j:X_{n+1}X_n`$ will be the natural inclusions, in other words, if we call $`V_{i_0\mathrm{}i_n}:=V_{i_0}\mathrm{}V_{i_n}`$ then

$$X_n:=\underset{(i_0,\mathrm{},i_n)I^{n+1}}{}V_{i_0\mathrm{}i_n}$$

and

$$d_j:V_{i_0\mathrm{}i_n}V_{i_0\mathrm{}\widehat{i_j}\mathrm{}i_n}.$$

It is a result due to Segal that $`|X_{}|`$, the geometrical realization of $`X_{}`$, is weakly homotopy equivalent to $`X`$.

Now let’s define the maps $`\stackrel{~}{\epsilon _0}=\pi \epsilon _0:𝒞^{S^1}(𝖦)X`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{ev_0}=\pi ev_0:_sB𝖦X`$, where $`\pi :B𝖦𝖦/=X`$ is the natural projection. Let $`Y_{}`$ and $`Z_{}`$ be the simplicial spaces associated to $`X_{}`$ and the maps $`\stackrel{~}{\epsilon _0}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{ev_0}`$ respectively. This means

$$Y_n:=\stackrel{~}{\epsilon _0}^1(X_n)\text{and}Z_n:=\stackrel{~}{ev_0}^1(X_n)$$

with the natural inclusions as face maps.

By the previous lemma $`\nu `$ induces a weak homotopy equivalence $`\nu _n:Y_n\stackrel{}{}Z_n`$ and at the same time a map of simplicial spaces $`\nu _{}:Y_{}Z_{}`$. Then taking geometric realizations

$$𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)|Y_{}|\stackrel{}{}|Z_{}|_sB𝖦$$

we obtain a weak homotopy equivalence222The simplicial sets $`Y_{},Z_{}`$ are constructed from the open covers $`\{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon _0}^1(V_i)\}_{iI},\{\stackrel{~}{ev_0}^1(V_i)\}_{iI}`$ of $`𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)`$ and $`_sB𝖦`$ respectively. between the configuration space and the ghost loop space. So we get

###### Theorem 5.1.2.

For $`𝖦`$ an orbifold groupoid the map $`\nu :𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦)_sB𝖦`$ induces a weak homotopy equivalence.

It is easy to see that all the previous procedure can be carried out after performing the $`S^1`$ Borel construction on the configuration space and on the ghost loop space. This because the maps $`\nu ,\nu _n`$ and the ones on the previous lemma are all $`S^1`$ equivariant. Then

###### Corollary 5.1.3.

The map $`\nu `$ induces a weak homotopy equivalence between $`ES^1\times _{S^1}𝒞_{S^1}(𝒢)`$ and $`ES^1\times _{S^1}_sB𝖦`$.

So we have the following isomorphisms in homology

###### Corollary 5.1.4.

$$H_{}(𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦),)\stackrel{}{}H_{}(_sB𝖦,)$$

$$H_{}^{S^1}(𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦),)\stackrel{}{}H_{}^{S^1}(_sB𝖦,).$$

Now we will relate the previous study to other homology theories.

## 6. Hochschild and cyclic homology

### 6.1. Preliminaries

###### Definition 6.1.1.

A cyclic $`R`$-chain complex $`A`$ is a functor from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{op}`$ to $`R`$-chain complexes (see Remark 7.2.2); it is determined by the chain complexes $`A_n:=A(𝗇)`$ and the morphisms $`d_n^i:A_nA_{n1}`$, $`S_n^i:A_nA_{n+1}`$ and $`t_n:A_nA_n`$. One defines the Hochschild homology $`HH_{}(A_{})`$ as the total homology of the chain complex of chain complexes

(6.1.3)
and the cyclic homology $`HC_{}(A_{})`$ as the homology of the chain bicomplex of chain of complexes

(6.1.12)
with $`b,b^{}:A_nA_{n1}`$, $`T,N:A_nA_n`$ given by

$`b={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(1)^id_n^i,b^{}={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}(1)^id_n^i,T=(1)^nt_n,N=1+T+\mathrm{}+T^n.`$
As the complex

is acyclic one obtains an exact sequence

with $`I`$ induced by the inclusion of 6.1.3 in 6.1.12 as the first column and $`S`$ induced by the canonical projection of 6.1.12 on itself which sends the first two columns to zero and the $`(k+2)`$-th column to the $`k`$-th one. This sequence is called the Connes sequence of $`A_{}`$.

###### Definition 6.1.2.

The homology of the inverse limit of complexes induced by $`S`$ is denoted $`HP_{}(A_{})`$ and is called periodic homology; it is a $`/2`$ graded theory.

###### Example 6.1.3.

If $`(X_{},t_{})`$ is a cyclic space, we consider $`𝒳`$ to be the composition of $`(X_{},t_{}):\mathrm{\Lambda }^{op}Top`$ with $`C_{}(;R):TopRchaincomplexes`$, where $`C_{}(X;R)`$ is the normalized singular chain complex of $`X`$ with coefficients in $`R`$. One denotes by $`HH_{}((X_{},t_{});R)`$ resp. $`HC_{}((X_{},t_{});R)`$ the Hochschild homology $`HH_{}(𝒳_{})`$ resp. cyclic homology $`HC_{}(𝒳_{})`$.

Is a result in  that for $`R`$ a commutative ring with unit

###### Proposition 6.1.4.

For any cyclic space $`(X_{},t_{})`$ there exist natural isomorphisms

$`HH_{}((X_{},t_{});R)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`H_{}(X_{};R)`$
$`HC_{}((X_{},t_{});R)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`H_{}(X_{},t_{};R)`$
which identifies Connes’ homomorphism $`S:HC_{}((X_{},t_{});R)HC_2((X_{},t_{});R)`$ with the Gysin homomorphism $`S:H_{}(X_{},t_{};R)H_2(X_{},t_{};R)`$ of the fibration $`X_{}X_{},t_{}BS^1`$.

### 6.2. Orbifolds

Applying the previous formalism to orbilfod groupoids we obtain the following results,

###### Theorem 6.2.1.

Let $`𝖦`$ be an orbifold groupoid and $`𝖦`$ its inertia groupoid. Then there are canonical isomorphisms

$`HH_{}((𝖦_{},t_{}))\stackrel{}{}H_{}(|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`H_{}(𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦))\stackrel{}{}H_{}(_sB𝖦)`$
$`HC_{}((𝖦_{},t_{}))\stackrel{}{}H_{}^{S^1}(|𝒴_{}(𝖦)|)`$ $`\stackrel{}{}`$ $`H_{}^{S^1}(𝒞_{S^1}(𝖦))\stackrel{}{}H_{}^{S^1}(_sB𝖦)`$
###### Proof.

The LHS isomorphisms follow from 6.1.4 and 7.2.6, the isomorphisms in the middle from 4.0.4 and the RHS ones from 5.1.4

### 6.3. Chen-Ruan Orbifold cohomology

Motivated by the theory of quantum cohomology Chen and Ruan  defined a remarkable cohomology ring associated to a smooth complex orbifold. One of the peculiarities of the theory is that in certain interesting cases is isomorphic to the cohomology ring of the smooth space which resolves the singularities of the orbifold , namely a crepant resolution.

As we mentioned in the introduction, orbifolds can be seen as a special kind of topological groupoids i.e. smooth, stable and étale . The twisted sectors $`(X_{(g)},gT_1)`$ of an orbifold $`X`$ , on which the definition of the orbifold cohomology relies, are known to be equivalent to the inertia groupoid of the orbifold (seen as a groupoid) . To each connected component of the twisted sectors there is associated a rational number $`\iota _{(g)}`$ which is called degree shifting number  (also known as age  ), and the orbifold cohomology is defined as the direct sum of the cohomology of the twisted sectors whose degree is shifted up by twice the degree shifting number, i.e.

$$H_{\mathrm{orb}}^{}(X,)\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{(g)}{}H^{2\iota _{(g)}}(X_{(g)},).$$

For $`SL`$-orbifolds (e.g. Gorenstein orbifolds,) namely orbifolds for which the local action at every point can be seen as an element of $`SL(d,)`$, the shifting number is an integer. In the case of compact orbifolds , i.e proper étale groupoids whose coarse moduli space is compact, we get the following immediate consequence of the results of the previous section.

###### Corollary 6.3.1.

For $`𝖦`$ a compact complex $`SL`$-orbifold the groups

$$\underset{mn+2}{}HH_m((𝖦_{},t_{});)\underset{mn+2}{}H_{\mathrm{orb}}^m(𝖦;)$$

are isomorphic.

###### Proof.

Here we use the fact that the homological dimensions of the connected components of the inertia groupoid are all even (because the orbifold is complex) as well as the shiftings on the degree. ∎

Finally using the Chern character for orbifold $`K`$-theory  and reduced orbifolds (i.e. for every $`x𝖦_0`$ the induced homomorphism $`G_xAut(𝖦_0)`$ is injective) ,we can obtain the following isomorphism.

###### Theorem 6.3.2.

Let $`𝖷`$ be a compact complex reduced $`SL`$-orbifold and $`𝖦`$ a groupoid associated to it. Then the periodic homology of $`𝖦`$ is isomorphic to the Chen-Ruan orbifold cohomology of $`𝖷`$ (but $`/2`$-graded)

$$K_{\mathrm{orb}}^n(𝖷)\underset{mn+2}{}H_{\mathrm{orb}}^m(𝖷,)HP_n((𝖦_{},t_{}),).$$

###### Proof.

The first isomorphism is given by the Chern character map of orbifold $`K`$-theory , and the second follows from the previous corollary and the fact that for orbifolds there is an isomorphism (Cor. 6.3.4)

$$HP_n((𝖦_{},t_{}),)\underset{mn+2}{}HH_m((𝖦_{},t_{}),).$$

###### Proposition 6.3.3.

Let $`𝖷`$ be an orbifold and $`𝖦`$ a groupoid associated to it. Then the Connes exact sequence split into the short exact sequences

$`0HH_k((𝖦_{},t_{});)HC_k((𝖦_{},t_{});)HC_{k2}((𝖦_{},t_{});)0`$
for every $`k`$.

###### Proof.

In rational homology the action of the circle $`S^1`$ on $`|𝖦_{}|`$ is trivial. This because the isotropy is finite and the classifying spaces of finite groups are rationally trivial. Then the spectral sequence associated to the fibration of theorem 7.2.6 reduces to the isomorphism

$$H_{}^{S^1}(|𝖦_{}|;)H_{}(|𝖦_{}|;)H_{}^{S^1}(;).$$

Applying theorem 6.1.4 the result follows. ∎

In the case of an orbifold the periodic homology is the inverse limit of the maps $`S:HC_nHC_{n2}`$, therefore we can easily see that

###### Corollary 6.3.4.

For $`𝖷`$ a $`\mathrm{d}`$-dimensional orbifold, $`𝖦`$ a groupoid associated to it, $`k=0,1`$ and any $`l`$ such that $`2ld`$ then

$$HP_k((𝖦_{},t_{});)HC_{2l+k}((𝖦_{},t_{});)\underset{n=0}{\overset{|\frac{d}{2}|}{}}HH_{2n+k}((𝖦_{},t_{});).$$

###### Remark 6.3.5.

The previous isomorphisms are additive. We will return to the study of the multiplicative structures in a future paper.

## 7. Appendix

This section will be devoted to give a summary of some of the properties of simplicial and cyclic spaces. We will be mostly based on the papers  but we recommend the reader the book of Connes  for a friendly description of the subject.

### 7.1. Simplicial spaces

Let $`Ord`$ be the category whose objects are the sets $`𝗇=\{0,1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ for $`n`$ and whose morphisms are the order preserving maps $`𝗇𝗆`$. The face maps $`_i^n:𝗇1𝗇`$ which skip $`i`$, and the degeneracy maps $`\lambda _i^n:𝗇+1𝗇`$ which repeat $`i`$, generate all the morphism of the category.

###### Definition 7.1.1.

A simplicial space $`X`$ is a contravariant functor from $`Ord`$ to the category of topological spaces $`Top`$.

It can also be described as $`(X_{},d_n^i,s_n^i)`$ where $`X_n:=X(𝗇)`$, $`d_n^i:=X(_i^n)`$, $`s_n^i:=X(\lambda _i^n)`$. Hence $`d_n^i:X_nX_{n1}`$ and $`s_n^i:X_nX_{n+1}`$ with

$`d_{n1}^id_n^j`$ $`=`$ $`d_{n1}^{j1}d_n^ii<j`$
$`s_{n+1}^is_n^j`$ $`=`$ $`s_{n+1}^{j+1}s_n^iij`$
$`d_{n+1}^is_n^j`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}s_{n1}^{j1}d_n^i& i<j\\ 1& i=j,j+1\\ s_{n1}^jd_n^{i1}& i>j+1\end{array}`$
A simplicial map between simplicial spaces $`f_{}:X_{}Y_{}`$ is a family of continuous maps $`f_n:X_nY_n`$ that commute with the face and degeneracy maps.

Now let $`\mathrm{\Delta }:OrdTop`$ be the covariant functor such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝗇):=\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ is the $`n`$-simplex and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝗇\stackrel{\theta }{}𝗆):\mathrm{\Delta }_n\mathrm{\Delta }_m`$ the linear map induced by $`\theta `$, then we can define

###### Definition 7.1.2.

The geometrical realization $`|X_{}|`$ of the simplicial space $`X`$ is

$$\underset{n}{}\mathrm{\Delta }_n\times X_n/$$

where $``$ is the equivalence relation $`(t,X(\theta )x)(\mathrm{\Delta }(\theta )t,x)`$ generated by all morphisms $`\theta `$ in $`Ord`$.

In the case of a groupoid $`𝖦`$ its nerve $`𝖦_{}`$ form a simplicial space (see 3.0.3) and its realization is what is known as the classifying space of the groupoid $`B𝖦`$

### 7.2. Cyclic spaces

###### Definition 7.2.1.

A cyclic space $`(X_{},t_{})`$ consists of a simplicial space $`X_{}`$ together with continuous maps $`t_n:X_nX_n`$ which satisfy the following relations with respect to the faces and degeneracies of $`X_{}`$:

* $`d_n^it_n=t_{n1}d_n^{i1}`$ and $`s_n^it_n=t_{n+1}s_n^{i1}`$ for $`1in`$ and
* $`t_n^{n+1}=\mathrm{id}_{X_n}`$, with $`t_n^r`$ the $`r`$-fold composition of $`t_n`$.

The maps $`t_n`$ will be referred to as the cyclic structure of $`X_{}`$. A morphism of cyclic spaces $`f_{}:(X_{},t_{})(Y_{},t_{}^{})`$ is a simplicial map $`f_{}:X_{}Y_{}`$ such that $`t_n^{}f_n=f_nt_n`$.

###### Remark 7.2.2.

A cyclic space can also be seen as a contravariant functor from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the Connes cyclic category , to $`Top`$. This category $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ has for objects the sets $`𝗇`$ for $`n`$, the same objects of $`Ord`$, with $`Hom_\mathrm{\Lambda }(𝗇,𝗆)`$ the homotopy classes of increasing continuous maps $`\varphi `$ of degree $`1`$ from $`S^1`$ to $`S^1`$ which send the $`(m+1)`$-st roots of unity to the $`(n+1)`$-st roots of unity. $`Ord`$ can be seen as a subcategory of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

The automorphism group of $`𝗇`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ can naturally be identified with $`_{n+1}`$, and any morphism $`𝗇𝗆`$ can be uniquely written as $`\alpha \tau _m^r`$ (see ), with $`\alpha Hom_{Ord}(𝗇,𝗆)`$ and $`\tau _m`$ the generator of $`_{m+1}`$.

A cyclic space is a functor $`(X_{},t_{}):\mathrm{\Lambda }^{op}Top`$; its underlying simplicial space $`X_{}`$ is given by restriction to $`Ord^{op}`$.

One peculiarity of cyclic spaces is that we can endow its realization with a circle action. This is shown in  but we will sketch its construction.

###### Definition 7.2.3.

Let $`X_{}`$ be a simplicial space. The free cyclic space on $`X_{}`$ is the cyclic space $`(S_{}^1\stackrel{}{\times }X_{},t_{})`$ defined by:

$`(S_{}^1\stackrel{}{\times }X_{})_n=_{n+1}\times X_n`$
$`d_n^i(\tau _n^r,x)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}(\tau _{n1}^r,d_n^{ir}x)& ifrin\\ (\tau _{n1}^{r1},d_n^{nr+i+1}x)& if0ir1\end{array}`$
$`s_n^i(\tau _n^r,x)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}(\tau _{n+1}^r,s_n^{ir}x)& ifrin\\ (\tau _{n+1}^{r+1},s_n^{nr+i+1}x)& if0ir1\end{array}`$
$`t_n(\tau _n^r,x)`$ $`=`$ $`(\tau _n^{r+1},x).`$
Where $`0rn`$ and $`\tau _n`$ denotes the generator of $`_{n+1}`$. We will write $`S_{}^1`$ for $`S_{}^1\stackrel{}{\times }pt`$.

###### Proposition 7.2.4.

\[7, Prop 1.4\] If $`(X_{},t_{})`$ is a cyclic space, the evaluation map $`ev_{}:S_{}^1\stackrel{}{\times }X_{}X_{}`$ given by $`ev_n(\tau _n^r,x)=t_n^rx`$ induces a circle action $`\mu :S^1\times |X_{}||X_{}|`$.

###### Proof.

The proof can also be found in the Appendix to section 3 of . We recall it because is used in the proof of proposition 4.0.4.

The action $`\mu `$ is the composition $`|ev|h^1j^1`$

$$S^1\times |X_{}|=|S_{}^1|\times |X_{}|\stackrel{j}{}|S_{}^1\times X_{}|\stackrel{h}{}|S_{}^1\stackrel{}{\times }X_{}|\stackrel{|ev|}{}|X_{}|$$

where the homeomorphism $`h`$ is given by

(7.2.3) $`h((\tau _n^r,x);(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n))=((\tau _n^{nr+1},x);\tau _n^r(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n)),`$
with $`(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n)\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$, $`\tau _n(u_0,\mathrm{},u_n)=(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n,u_0)`$ and $`j`$ is the obvious homeomorphism from $`|S_{}^1\times X_{}|`$ to $`|S_{}^1|\times |X_{}|`$. ∎

We want to associate a topological space to a cyclic space. This is done using homotopy colimits.

###### Definition 7.2.5.

Let $`𝒯`$ be a small category and $`C:𝒯Top`$ a functor. The homotopy colimit $`hocolim`$ $`C`$ is the classifying space of the topological category $`𝒞`$ whose space of objects is $`_{iOb(𝒯)}C(i)`$, with morphisms from $`xC(i)`$ to $`x^{}C(i^{})`$ consisting of all morphisms $`\alpha :ii^{}`$ in $`𝒯`$ such that $`C(\alpha )(x)=x^{}`$. The morphisms in $`𝒞`$ are topologized by identification with $`_{i,i^{}Ob(𝒯)}C(i)\times Hom(i,i^{})`$. If $`X_{}`$ is a simplicial space we define $`X_{}=hocolim{}_{Ord^{op}}{}^{}X_{}^{}`$; if $`(X_{},t_{})`$ is a cyclic space we define $`X_{},t_{}=hocolim{}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{op}}{}^{}X_{}^{}`$.

For a constant functor $`:𝒯Top`$ to a point $`hocolim=B𝒯`$; so $`,t_{}=B\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. If $`(X_{},t_{})`$ is a cyclic space the inclusion $`Ord^{op}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{op}`$ induces an inclusion $`X_{}X_{},t_{}`$ and the constant map $`(X_{},t_{})(,t_{})`$ induces a map $`X_{},t_{}B\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Then

###### Theorem 7.2.6.

\[7, Thm. 1.8\] Let $`(X_{},t_{})`$ be a cyclic space, then the sequence

$$X_{}X_{},t_{}B\mathrm{\Lambda }$$

is a fibration up to homotopy, and is equivalent as a fibration to

$$|X_{}|ES^1\times _{S^1}|X_{}|BS^1.$$

In here is used the result of Connes : $`B\mathrm{\Lambda }BS^1`$, and the one of Bousfield and Kan : for $`X_{}`$ a simplicial space, $`X_{}`$ and $`|X_{}|`$ are naturally equivalent.