text:
# 1 Introduction and Summary

## 1 Introduction and Summary

Recently, there have been lots of interests in the M theory on eleven-dimensional pp-wave geometry - which is maximally supersymmetric by admitting 32 Killing spinors. One way to study the M theory in this background is to use matrix model , which seems to be particularly suitable, recalling the light-like nature of the background. Matrix model on pp-wave background  has interesting property such as the removal of flat directions because of bosonic mass terms and therefore the moduli space reduces to the set of isolated points which represent fuzzy spheres. This matrix model has time dependent supersymmetry and thus the bosons and fermions have different masses. Using this model various kinds of nonperturbative BPS states have been identified -. Other aspects of the model have been discussed in -.

Another way to study the M theory is to compactify the theory along the circle under which it becomes type IIA superstring theory, whose coupling is proportional to the compactification radius with fixed string tension. Many characteristic features, like nonperturbative BPS states, of IIA superstring theory is inherited from M theory. In turn, the study of IIA superstring theory gives some informations on ‘mother’ M theory. The eleven-dimensional maximally supersymmetric pp-wave geometry has various spacelike isometry, along which the M theory can be compactified.

One such choice of the circle direction leads to the following ten-dimensional pp-wave background:111This geometry comes from the circle compactification of the maximally supersymmetric eleven dimensional pp-wave. The direction of compactification is the isometry $`/x^9`$, which is the combination of the original $`x^4`$ and $`x^9`$ coordinates. This is why we have the non-vanishing two form RR field strength. For details, see the appendix of the paper .

$`ds^2=2dx^+dx^{}A(x^I)(dx^+)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{I=1}{\overset{8}{}}}(dx^I)^2,`$
$`F_{+123}=\mu ,F_{+4}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}},`$ (1)
where

$$A(x^I)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\frac{\mu ^2}{9}(x^i)^2+\underset{i^{}=5}{\overset{8}{}}\frac{\mu ^2}{36}(x^i^{})^2.$$
(2)
In contrast to the eleven-dimensional pp-wave geometry, this geometry admits only 24 Killing spinors. In  the full type IIA GS superstring action on this ten-dimensional pp-wave was constructed and their worldsheet supersymmetry has been identified as $`𝒩=(4,4)`$. We would like to note that IIA GS string theories on different pp-wave geometry have been considered in .

In this paper we continue the study of the (4,4) IIA superstring theory constructed in .222The same model was considered in  in which the action was modified following our previous paper . They considered the quantization of string coordinates which overlap with some materials in sections 2 and 4 in this paper. They also considered the classification of supersymmetric D-branes, which is, however, different from ours. In particular, we have got different results in D4 and D6 branes. As will be seen in section 4, the two form RR field strength should be taken care properly in the classification of D-branes. In what follows, we recall, the light-cone gauge fixed, IIA GS superstring action on pp-wave geometry, given in . It is very complicate to get the full expression of the GS superstring action in the general background (see, for example, ). However, in the case at hand, we can use the fact that eleven-dimensional pp-wave geometry can be thought as a special limit of $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ geometry on which the full supermembrane action is constructed using coset method . The full IIA GS superstring action on this geometry can be obtained by the double dimensional reduction  of the supermembrane action of  in the pp-wave limit. It turns out that, by fixing the fermionic $`\kappa `$-symmetry as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^+\theta =0,$$
(3)
the action reduces to the following form:

$`S_{IIA}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle }d^2\sigma \sqrt{h}h^{mn}[2_mX^+_nX^{}+_mX^I_nX^IA(X^I)_mX^+_nX^{}`$ (4)
$`2_mX^+\overline{\theta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}_n\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{2}}_mX^+_nX^+\overline{\theta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{123}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{49})\theta ]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle d^2\sigma ϵ^{mn}_mX^+\overline{\theta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^9_n\theta },`$
in which the Majorana fermion $`\theta `$ is the combination of Majorana-Weyl fermions $`\theta ^1`$ and $`\theta ^2`$ with opposite ten dimeniosional chiralities, that is, $`\theta =\theta ^1+\theta ^2`$, and the fermion part is simply given by quadratic term. In fact, recently it has been argued in  that for a wide class of pp-wave background, the fermionic part of GS action has only quadratic terms.

The equation of motion for $`X^+`$ is harmonic, the same as in the flat case, which allows the usual light-cone gauge fixing,

$$X^+=\alpha ^{}p^+\tau ,$$
(5)
where $`p^+`$ is the total momentum conjugate to $`X^{}`$. The worldsheet diffeomorphism can be consistently fixed as $`\sqrt{h}=1,h_{\sigma \tau }=0,`$ which fix other worldsheet metric components consistently as $`h_{\tau \tau }=1`$ and $`h_{\sigma \sigma }=1`$.

After rescaling the fermionic coordinate as $`\theta \theta /\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}p^+}`$, the light-cone gauge fixed action of IIA string is given by

$`S_{LC}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle }d^2\sigma [\eta ^{mn}_mX^I_nX^I+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{9}}(X^i)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{36}}(X^i^{})^2`$ (6)
$`+\overline{\theta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}_\tau \theta +\overline{\theta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^9_\sigma \theta {\displaystyle \frac{m}{4}}\overline{\theta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{123}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{49})\theta ],`$
where

$$m\mu \alpha ^{}p^+$$
(7)
is a mass parameter which characterizes the masses of the worldsheet fields. Therefore the light-cone gauge-fixed action $`S_{LC}`$ is quadratic in bosonic as well as fermionic fields and thus describes a free theory much the same as in the IIB string theory  on the pp-wave geometry . This makes accessible to study IIA string theory on pp-wave geometry which also helps to understand the M theory on pp-wave geometry.

Different characteristic feature of IIA string theory on pp-wave geometry compared to IIB case is the structure of worldsheet supersymmetry. Sixteen spacetime supersymmetries which satisfy $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^+ϵ=0`$ are non-linearly realized on the worldsheet action. As is typical in light-cone GS superstring, the remaining eight spacetime supersymmetries, combined with appropriate kappa transformations, turn into worldsheet (4,4) supersymmetry of Yang-Mills type. Furthermore, in contrast to the matrix model in eleven dimensions, this, so-called, dynamical supersymmetry is time independent. Note that, recently in , linearly-realized worldsheet supersymmetry of GS superstring in more general background was discussed.

In order to see all these more clearly, we rewrite the action $`S_{LC}`$ in the 16 component spinor notation with $`\theta ^A=\frac{1}{2^{1/4}}\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ \psi ^A\end{array}\right)`$ (Superscript $`A`$ denotes the $`SO(1,9)`$ chirality and takes values of 1 and 2. 1 is for the positive chirality and 2 for the negative one.), under which it becomes

$`S_{LC}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle }d^2\sigma [\eta ^{mn}_mX^I_nX^I+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{9}}(X^i)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{36}}(X^i^{})^2`$
$`i\psi _+^1_+\psi _+^1i\psi _{}^1_+\psi _{}^1i\psi _+^2_{}\psi _+^2i\psi _{}^2_{}\psi _{}^2+2i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\psi _+^2\gamma ^4\psi _{}^12i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\psi _{}^2\gamma ^4\psi _+^1],`$
where $`_\pm =_\tau \pm _\sigma `$. Here the sign of subscript in $`\psi _\pm ^A`$ represents the eigenvalue of $`\gamma ^{1234}`$. In our convention, fermion has the same $`SO(1,9)`$ and $`SO(8)`$ chirality measured by $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^9`$ and $`\gamma ^9`$, respectively.

Thus, among sixteen fermionic components in total, eight with $`\gamma ^{12349}=1`$ have the mass of $`m/6`$ and the other eight with $`\gamma ^{12349}=1`$ the mass of $`m/3`$, which are identical with the masses of bosons. Therefore the theory contains two supermultiplets $`(X^i,\psi _{}^1,\psi _+^2)`$ and $`(X^i^{},\psi _+^1,\psi _{}^2)`$ of worldsheet (4,4) supersymmetry with the masses $`m/3`$ and $`m/6`$, respectively.

This can be seen explicitly from the transformation laws  for the worldsheet (4,4) supersymmetry which are given by

$`\delta X^i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}p^+}}}(\psi _{}^1\gamma ^iϵ_+^1+\psi _+^2\gamma ^iϵ_{}^2),`$
$`\delta \psi _{}^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}p^+}}}\left(_{}X^i\gamma ^iϵ_+^1{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}X^i\gamma ^4\gamma ^iϵ_{}^2\right),`$
$`\delta \psi _+^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}p^+}}}\left(_+X^i\gamma ^iϵ_{}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}X^i\gamma ^4\gamma ^iϵ_+^1\right),`$ (9)
for the supermultiplet $`(X^i,\psi _{}^1,\psi _+^2)`$ and

$`\delta X^i^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}p^+}}}(\psi _+^1\gamma ^i^{}ϵ_+^1+\psi _{}^2\gamma ^i^{}ϵ_{}^2),`$
$`\delta \psi _+^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}p^+}}}\left(_{}X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}ϵ_+^1+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}X^i^{}\gamma ^4\gamma ^i^{}ϵ_{}^2\right),`$
$`\delta \psi _{}^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}p^+}}}\left(_+X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}ϵ_{}^2{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}X^i^{}\gamma ^4\gamma ^i^{}ϵ_+^1\right),`$ (10)
for the supermultiplet $`(X^i^{},\psi _+^1,\psi _{}^2)`$. As chirality structure of parameter for dynamical supersymmetry, we note that $`\gamma ^{12349}ϵ_+^1=ϵ_+^1`$ and $`\gamma ^{12349}ϵ_{}^2=ϵ_{}^2`$.

Under the kinematical supersymmetry, the bosons do not transform:

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }X^I=0,$$
(11)
while the fermions just shift as

$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }\psi _{}^1`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}p^+}\left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{}^1+\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_+^2\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }\psi _+^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}p^+}\left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_+^2+\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{}^1\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }\psi _+^1`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}p^+}\left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_+^1+\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{}^2\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }\psi _{}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}p^+}\left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{}^2+\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_+^1\right).`$ (12)
In this paper we study various aspects of this light-cone gauge fixed IIA superstring theory on pp-wave geometry. In section 2, we describe the quantization of closed string theory: the quantization of string coordinates and of the light-cone Hamiltonian. In section 3, we study the worldvolume supersymmetry algebra. It is shown that unlike the maximally supersymmetric case, typically of , the supersymmetry algebra has slightly abnormal structure, the reason for which is understood by contemplating the various chiralities of supercharges and fermionic coordinates. In section 4, we consider open superstring theory describing D-branes. Firstly, we give the mode expansions of open strings taking into account various boundary conditions. Then we find the half-BPS D$`p`$-branes of $`p`$=2, 4, 6, 8. They should be at the origin in the transverse directions to preserve half supersymmetries.333Similar solutions in IIB string theory on maximally supersymmetric pp-wave have been found in . See also . The directions they can be stretched are also restricted. Among these, we identify one D4-brane configuration with the rotating longitudinal five brane solution in matrix model , whose worldvolume dynamics in low energy is governed by super Yang-Mills theory with Kahler-Chern-Simons and Myers terms . Another D4-brane configuration should also have counterpart in matrix model. We give the corresponding longitudinal five brane configuration in matrix model. As will be clear, due to the nature of light-cone gauge fixing, $`x^\pm `$ satisfy the Neumann boundary condition and thus D0-brane can not be seen. In this sense as well as for the study of interaction, the study of covariant GS superstring theory on the pp-wave would be anticipated. We hope to return to this issue in the near future.

## 2 Quantization of Closed Strings

The Type IIA string action in the light-cone gauge, (LABEL:lc-action), is the theory of two $`(4,4)`$ supermultiplets. Since it is a free field theory, it can be solved exactly. In this section, we will perform quantization of the theory and obtain the light-cone Hamiltonian which gives the exact spectrum.

The quantization begins with mode expansion of fields in the theory, which is given in terms of solutions of the field equations. We first consider the bosonic sector of the theory. The equations of motion for the bosonic coordinates $`X^I`$ are read off from the action (LABEL:lc-action) as

$`\eta ^{mn}_m_nX^i\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\right)^2X^i=0,`$
$`\eta ^{mn}_m_nX^i^{}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\right)^2X^i^{}=0,`$ (13)
where the fields are subject to the periodic boundary condition,

$$X^I(\tau ,\sigma +2\pi )=X^I(\tau ,\sigma ).$$
(14)
The solutions of the above equations are characterized by discrete momentum, say $`n`$, in the $`\sigma `$ direction due to the periodic boundary condition and have the form of plane-wave. For $`X^i`$, we have two mode solutions for each $`n`$, which are

$$\varphi _n(\tau ,\sigma )=e^{i\omega _n\tau in\sigma },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n(\tau ,\sigma )=e^{i\omega _n\tau +in\sigma },$$
(15)
with the wave frequency

$$\omega _n=\mathrm{sign}(n)\sqrt{\left(\frac{m}{3}\right)^2+n^2}.$$
(16)
We note that $`\varphi _n`$ ($`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n`$) becomes the left-moving (right-moving) wave on the string worldsheet in the massless case, that is, when we take the mass $`m`$ to vanish. As for the coordinates $`X^i^{}`$, we have the same mode solutions but with $`m/6`$ instead of $`m/3`$. In order to distinguish the modes of $`X^i^{}`$ from those of $`X^i`$, the primed quantities will be used;

$$\varphi _n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )=e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau in\sigma },\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )=e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau +in\sigma },\omega _n^{}=\mathrm{sign}(n)\sqrt{\left(\frac{m}{6}\right)^2+n^2}.$$
(17)
With the solutions of the equations of motion, Eq. (13), the mode expansions of the string coordinates $`X^I`$ are then given by

$`X^i(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`x^i\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)+\alpha ^{}p^i{\displaystyle \frac{3}{m}}\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)+i\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}(\alpha _n^i\varphi _n(\tau ,\sigma )+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^i\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n(\tau ,\sigma )),`$
$`X^i^{}(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`x^i^{}\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)+\alpha ^{}p^i^{}{\displaystyle \frac{6}{m}}\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)+i\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}(\alpha _n^i^{}\varphi _n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^i^{}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )),`$
where $`x^I`$ and $`p^I`$ are center-of-mass variables defined in the usual manner, coefficients for the zero-modes, and $`\alpha _n^I`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I`$ are the expansion coefficients for the non-zero modes. Here the reality of $`X^I`$ requires that $`\alpha _n^I=\alpha _n^I`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I`$.

We now promote the expansion coefficients in the mode expansions (LABEL:bmode) to operators and give the commutation relations between them leading to the quantization of bosonic fields. The canonical equal time commutation relations for the bosonic fields are

$$[X^I(\tau ,\sigma ),𝒫^J(\tau ,\sigma ^{})]=i\delta ^{IJ}\delta (\sigma \sigma ^{}),$$
(19)
where $`𝒫^J=_\tau X^J/2\pi \alpha ^{}`$ is the canonical conjugate momentum of $`X^J`$. By using these commutators, the mode expansions, (LABEL:bmode), lead us to have the following commutation relations:

$$[x^I,p^J]=i\delta ^{IJ},[\alpha _n^i,\alpha _m^j]=\omega _n\delta ^{ij}\delta _{n+m,0},[\alpha _n^i^{},\alpha _m^j^{}]=\omega _n^{}\delta ^{i^{}j^{}}\delta _{n+m,0}.$$
(20)
Let us next turn to the fermionic sector of the theory. As introduced in the last section, the fermionic fields are split into two parts according to the $`(4,4)`$ supersymmetry; $`(\psi _{}^1,\psi _+^2)`$ and $`(\psi _+^1,\psi _{}^2)`$. We first consider the former case. The equations of motion for $`\psi _{}^1`$ and $`\psi _+^2`$ are obtained as

$`_+\psi _{}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\gamma ^4\psi _+^2=0,`$
$`_{}\psi _+^2{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\gamma ^4\psi _{}^1=0.`$ (21)
The non-zero mode solutions of these equations are given by using the modes, (15). For the zero mode part of the solution, we impose a condition that, at $`\tau =0`$, the solution behaves just as that of massless case. The mode expansions for the fermionic coordinates are then

$`\psi _{}^1(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`c_0\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)c_0\gamma ^4\psi _0\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}c_n\left(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n(\tau ,\sigma )i{\displaystyle \frac{3}{m}}(\omega _nn)\gamma ^4\psi _n\varphi _n(\tau ,\sigma )\right),`$
$`\psi _+^2(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`c_0\psi _0\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)+c_0\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)`$ (22)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}c_n\left(\psi _n\varphi _n(\tau ,\sigma )+i{\displaystyle \frac{3}{m}}(\omega _nn)\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n(\tau ,\sigma )\right),`$
where $`\gamma ^{1234}\psi _n=\psi _n`$ and $`\gamma ^{1234}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n=\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n`$ for all $`n`$, and $`c_n`$ are the normalization constants to be fixed in the process of quantization. As in the case of bosonic sector, the expansion coefficients $`\psi _n`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n`$ are promoted to operators. By using the canonical equal time anti-commutation relations,

$$\{\psi _\pm ^A(\tau ,\sigma ),\psi _\pm ^B(\tau ,\sigma ^{})\}=2\pi \alpha ^{}\delta ^{AB}\delta (\sigma \sigma ^{}),$$
(23)
and fixing the normalization constants as

$$c_0=\sqrt{\alpha ^{}},c_n=\frac{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}}}{\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{3}{m}\right)^2(\omega _nn)^2}},$$

the following anti-commutation relations between mode operators are obtained.

$$\{\psi _n,\psi _m\}=\delta _{n+m,0},\{\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n,\stackrel{~}{\psi }_m\}=\delta _{n+m,0}.$$
(24)
The quantization of fermionic coordinates $`(\psi _+^1,\psi _{}^2)`$ in the other $`(4,4)`$ supermultiplet proceeds along the same way with that of above case. The equations of motion for $`\psi _+^1`$ and $`\psi _{}^2`$ are respectively

$`_+\psi _+^1{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\gamma ^4\psi _{}^2=0,`$
$`_{}\psi _{}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\gamma ^4\psi _+^1=0.`$ (25)
In the present case, the basic solutions are given in terms of the primed ones, (17), and the mode expansions for the fields are

$`\psi _+^1(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`c_0^{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0^{}\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)+c_0^{}\gamma ^4\psi _0^{}\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}c_n^{}\left(\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )+i{\displaystyle \frac{6}{m}}(\omega _n^{}n)\gamma ^4\psi _n^{}\varphi _n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )\right),`$
$`\psi _{}^2(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`c_0^{}\psi _0^{}\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)c_0^{}\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0^{}\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)`$ (26)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}c_n^{}\left(\psi _n^{}\varphi _n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )i{\displaystyle \frac{6}{m}}(\omega _n^{}n)\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_n^{}(\tau ,\sigma )\right),`$
where $`\gamma ^{1234}\psi _n^{}=\psi _n^{}`$ and $`\gamma ^{1234}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}=\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}`$. Then the equal time anti-commutation relations, (23), and the following fixing of the normalization constants

$$c_0^{}=\sqrt{\alpha ^{}},c_n^{}=\frac{\sqrt{\alpha ^{}}}{\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{6}{m}\right)^2(\omega _n^{}n)^2}},$$

lead us to the anti-commutators between mode operators.

$$\{\psi _n^{},\psi _m^{}\}=\delta _{n+m,0},\{\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{},\stackrel{~}{\psi }_m^{}\}=\delta _{n+m,0}.$$
(27)
Having the quantized $`(4,4)`$ supermultiplets which are free, we now consider the light-cone Hamiltonian of the theory which has the quadratic form in term of the string coordinates or mode operators and is thus exact. The light-cone Hamiltonian is written as444 From now on, we set $`2\pi \alpha ^{}=1`$ for notational convenience.

$$H_{LC}=\frac{1}{2\pi }_0^{2\pi }𝑑\sigma P^{}=\frac{1}{p^+}_0^{2\pi }𝑑\sigma ,$$
(28)
where $``$ is the Hamiltonian density of the light-cone gauge fixed string action, Eq. (LABEL:lc-action), and is obtained as

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝒫^I)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_\sigma X^I)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\right)^2(X^i)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\right)^2(X^i^{})^2`$ (29)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\psi _{}^1_\sigma \psi _{}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\psi _+^2_\sigma \psi _+^2+i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\psi _+^2\gamma ^4\psi _{}^1`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\psi _+^1_\sigma \psi _+^1+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\psi _{}^2_\sigma \psi _{}^2i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\psi _{}^2\gamma ^4\psi _+^1.`$
By plugging the mode expansions for the fields, Eqs. (LABEL:bmode), (22), and (26), into Eq. (28), we see that the light-cone Hamiltonian becomes

$$H_{LC}=E_0+E+\stackrel{~}{E},$$
(30)
where $`E_0`$ is the zero mode contribution and $`E`$ ($`\stackrel{~}{E}`$) the contribution of the non-zero modes of the type $`\alpha _n^I`$, $`\psi _n`$, and $`\psi _n^{}`$ ( $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}`$). Each of the contributions is expressed as follows:

$`E_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{p^+}}\left(\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^I}{2\pi }}\right)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\right)^2(x^i)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\right)^2(x^i^{})^2{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0\gamma ^4\psi _0+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0^{}\gamma ^4\psi _0^{}\right),`$
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2p^+}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(\alpha _n^I\alpha _n^I+\omega _n\psi _n\psi _n+\omega _n^{}\psi _n^{}\psi _n^{}),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2p^+}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I+\omega _n\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n+\omega _n^{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}).`$ (31)
In the quantized version, the modes in the expression of Hamiltonian become operators with the commutation relations, (20), (24), and (27), and should be properly normal ordered. For the non-zero mode or the string oscillator contributions, that is, $`E`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$, we place operator with negative mode number to the left of operator with positive mode number as in the flat case. This is natural since $`E`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ become those of the string in the flat background when the mass $`m`$ is taken to vanish. The normal ordered expressions of them are then given by

$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^+}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n^I\alpha _n^I+\omega _n\psi _n\psi _n+\omega _n^{}\psi _n^{}\psi _n^{}),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{E}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^+}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^I+\omega _n\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n+\omega _n^{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}).`$ (32)
Here we note that there is no zero-point energy because bosonic contributions are exactly canceled by those of fermions.

The zero mode contribution is the Hamiltonian for the simple harmonic oscillators and massive fermions. For the bosonic part, we introduce the usual creation and annihilation operators as

$`a^i=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi }{m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i}{2\pi }}+i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}x^i\right),a^i=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi }{m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i}{2\pi }}i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}x^i\right),`$
$`a^i^{}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi }{m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i^{}}{2\pi }}+i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}x^i^{}\right),a^i^{}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi }{m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i^{}}{2\pi }}i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}x^i^{}\right),`$ (33)
whose commutation relations are read as, from Eq. (20),

$$[a^I,a^J]=\delta ^{IJ}.$$
(34)
As for the fermionic creation and annihilation operators, we take the following combination of modes, the reason for which will be explained below.

$`\chi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\psi _0i\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0),\chi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\psi _0+i\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0),`$
$`\chi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\psi _0^{}+i\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0^{}),\chi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(\psi _0^{}i\gamma ^4\stackrel{~}{\psi }_0^{}),`$ (35)
where $`\gamma ^{12349}\chi =\chi `$ and $`\gamma ^{12349}\chi ^{}=\chi ^{}`$. From Eqs. (24) and (27), the anti-commutation relations between these operators become

$$\{\chi ,\chi ^{}\}=1,\{\chi ^{},\chi ^{}\}=1,$$
(36)
where, since each of the fermionic coordinates has four independent components although we have used the 16 component notation, the right hand sides should be understood as $`4\times 4`$ unit matrix. In terms of the operators introduced above, Eqs. (33) and (35), the normal ordered zero mode contribution to the light-cone Hamiltonian is then given by

$$E_0=\frac{m}{6p^+}(2a^ia^i+a^i^{}a^i^{}+2\chi ^{}\chi +\chi ^{}\chi ^{}).$$
(37)
Here we see that $`E_0`$ has vanishing zero-point energy as in the case of string oscillator contributions. The zero-point energy of the bosonic part is evaluated as

$$\frac{1}{2}\left(4\times \frac{m}{3}+4\times \frac{m}{6}\right)=\frac{m}{6}\times 6,$$

which is exactly canceled by that from the fermionic part.

The normal ordered expressions Eqs. (32) and (37) now constitute the quantum light-cone Hamiltonian, which implicitly defines the vacuum $`|0`$ of the quantized theory as a state annihilated by string oscillation operators with positive mode number, that is $`n1`$, and zero mode operators $`a^I`$, $`\chi `$, and $`\chi ^{}`$ defined in Eqs. (33) and (35). Actually, the vacuum defined in this paper, especially the vacuum state in the zero mode sector, is not unique but one of the possible Clifford vacua, since our theory is massive and there can be various definitions for the creation and annihilation operators. This is also the case for the IIB superstring in pp-wave background and has been discussed in . However, considering the regularity of states at $`\tau i\mathrm{}`$ that has been pointed out in , our definition is a natural one. This is because the expansion coefficients corresponding to mode solutions diverging at $`\tau i\mathrm{}`$ in Eqs. (LABEL:bmode), (22), and (26) must annihilate the vacuum in order to ensure the regularity of physical states constructed out from the vacuum at such Euclidean time region.

The string states are then obtained by acting creation operators on the vacuum $`|0`$. However, the physical states are not all possible such states but those in the subspace of states which are constrained by the Virasoro constraint imposing the invariance under the translation in $`\sigma `$ direction. In the light-cone gauge, the Virasoro constraint is given by

$$_0^{2\pi }𝑑\sigma \left(\frac{1}{2\pi }p^+_\sigma X^{}+𝒫^I_\sigma X^I+\frac{i}{2}\psi _+^A_\sigma \psi _+^A+\frac{i}{2}\psi _{}^A_\sigma \psi _{}^A\right)=0.$$
(38)
The integration of the first integrand vanishes trivially since $`p^+`$ is constant, and the remaining parts give us the following constraint.

$$N=\stackrel{~}{N},$$
(39)
where $`N`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{N}`$ are defined as

$`N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}n\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}\alpha _n^i\alpha _n^i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}\alpha _n^i^{}\alpha _n^i^{}+\psi _n\psi _n+\psi _n^{}\psi _n^{}\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{N}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}n\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^i\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^i^{}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n^i^{}+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n+\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}\right).`$ (40)
Here we normal ordered the expressions and see that the normal ordering constants have canceled between bosonic and fermionic contributions.

## 3 Supersymmetry Algebra

The light-cone gauge fixed action (LABEL:lc-action) is invariant under the dynamical and the kinematical supersymmetry transformation. The dynamical (kinematical) supersymmetry parameter has eight (sixteen) independent components hence leading to eight (sixteen) supersymmetries. In this section, we obtain the supercharges corresponding to these supersymmetries and compute the supersymmetry algebra between them.

The charges for the supersymmetry transformations, (9), (10), (11) and (12), are derived through the standard Noether procedure. For the kinematical supersymmetry, we have four types of supercharge, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_\pm ^A`$, corresponding to the transformation parameters, $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\pm ^A`$, which are derived as

$`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{}^1`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{p^+}{\pi }}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\sigma \left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\psi _{}^1\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\psi _+^2\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{Q}_+^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{p^+}{\pi }}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\sigma \left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\psi _+^2\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\psi _{}^1\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{Q}_+^1`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{p^+}{\pi }}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\sigma \left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\psi _+^1\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\psi _{}^2\right),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{Q}_{}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{p^+}{\pi }}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\sigma \left(\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\psi _{}^2\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)\gamma ^{123}\psi _+^1\right).`$ (41)
It is now convenient to introduce combinations of these supercharges as

$$\stackrel{~}{Q}^\pm =\stackrel{~}{Q}_\pm ^1+\stackrel{~}{Q}_{}^2$$
(42)
such that the eigenvalue of $`\gamma ^{12349}`$ or of $`\gamma ^{5678}`$ becomes manifest. The kinematical supersymmetry transformations rules of string coordinates, (11) and (12), are then obtained from

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }\phi =[\stackrel{~}{ϵ}^+\stackrel{~}{Q}^++\stackrel{~}{ϵ}^{}\stackrel{~}{Q}^{},\phi ],$$
(43)
where $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}^\pm =\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\pm ^1+\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{}^2`$. It is easily seen that one $`(4,4)`$ supermultiplet $`(X^i,\psi _{}^1,\psi _+^2)`$ is only affected by $`\stackrel{~}{Q}^{}`$ and the other supermultiplet $`(X^i^{},\psi _+^1,\psi _{}^2)`$ only by $`\stackrel{~}{Q}^+`$.

As for the dynamical supersymmetry transformation with parameters, $`ϵ_+^1`$ and $`ϵ_{}^2`$, we have obtained the following two types of supercharge.

$`Q_+^1`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{p^+}}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\sigma \left(_{}X^i\gamma ^i\psi _{}^1+_{}X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}\psi _+^1+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}X^i\gamma ^i\gamma ^4\psi _+^2{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}\gamma ^4\psi _{}^2\right),`$
$`Q_{}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{p^+}}}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑\sigma \left(_+X^i\gamma ^i\psi _+^2+_+X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}\psi _{}^2{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}X^i\gamma ^i\gamma ^4\psi _{}^1+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}\gamma ^4\psi _+^1\right).`$ (44)
Since two supercharges have different transverse $`SO(8)`$ chirality, that is, $`Q_+^1`$ is in $`\mathrm{𝟖}_𝐜`$ of $`SO(8)`$ and $`Q_{}^2`$ in $`\mathrm{𝟖}_𝐬`$, and each of them has four independent spinor components, they naturally represent the dynamical $`(4,4)`$ supersymmetry as it should be. If we now combine them so as to make the eigenvalue of $`\gamma ^{12349}`$ manifest as done in the kinematical case

$$Q^{}=Q_+^1+Q_{}^2,$$
(45)
we can check that the dynamical supersymmetry transformation rules, (9) and (10), follow through the relation

$$\delta \phi =[ϵ^{}Q^{},\phi ],$$
(46)
where $`ϵ^{}=ϵ_+^1+ϵ_{}^2`$.

Having derived the supercharges, (41) and (44), let us turn to the computation of the supersymmetry algebra between them. The basic rules for it are the commutation relations of Eqs. (19) and (23), and the $`SO(8)`$ Fierz identity being obtained from the usual $`SO(9)`$ identity.

The first algebra we consider is that between kinematical supercharges, which is simply computed as

$$\{\stackrel{~}{Q}_\alpha ^\pm ,\stackrel{~}{Q}_\beta ^\pm \}=2p^+(h_\pm )_{\alpha \beta },$$
(47)
where $`\alpha ,\beta `$ are spinor indices and $`h_\pm `$ are projection operators onto spinor states of positive and negative eigenvalue of $`\gamma ^{12349}`$ respectively,

$$h_\pm =\frac{1}{2}(1\pm \gamma ^{12349}).$$
(48)
For the supersymmetry algebra between kinematical and dynamical supercharges, we get

$`\{\stackrel{~}{Q}_\alpha ^+,Q_\beta ^{}\}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(h_+\gamma ^i^{})_{\alpha \beta }P^i^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6}}(h_+\gamma ^{123}\gamma ^i^{})_{\alpha \beta }J^{+i^{}},`$
$`\{\stackrel{~}{Q}_\alpha ^{},Q_\beta ^{}\}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(h_{}\gamma ^i)_{\alpha \beta }P^i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3}}(h_{}\gamma ^{123}\gamma ^i)_{\alpha \beta }J^{+i},`$ (49)
where we have defined the following quantities.

$`P^i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma \left(\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{m}{3}\tau \right)𝒫^i+\frac{m}{3}\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{m}{3}\tau \right)X^i\right)},`$
$`P^i^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma \left(\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{m}{6}\tau \right)𝒫^i^{}+\frac{m}{6}\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{m}{6}\tau \right)X^i^{}\right)},`$
$`J^{+i}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma \left(\frac{3}{\mu }\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{m}{3}\tau \right)𝒫^i\frac{1}{2\pi }\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{m}{3}\tau \right)p^+X^i\right)},`$
$`J^{+i^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma \left(\frac{6}{\mu }\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{m}{6}\tau \right)𝒫^i^{}\frac{1}{2\pi }\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{m}{6}\tau \right)p^+X^i^{}\right)}.`$ (50)
$`P^I`$ and $`J^{+I}`$ are the nothing but the kinematical generators for the translation in the transverse space and the rotation in the $`(x^{},x^I)`$ plane respectively, which have been extensively discussed in .

Finally, the dynamical supersymmetry algebra is computed as

$$\{Q_\alpha ^{},Q_\beta ^{}\}=4\pi (h_{})_{\alpha \beta }H_{LC}\frac{\mu }{3}(h_{}\gamma ^{ij}\gamma ^{123})_{\alpha \beta }J^{ij}+\frac{\mu }{6}(h_{}\gamma ^{i^{}j^{}}\gamma ^{123})_{\alpha \beta }\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}},$$
(51)
where $`J^{ij}`$ is the rotation generator in three dimensional space spanned by $`x^{1,2,3}`$ (and thus the indices $`i,j`$ take values only among $`1,2,3`$), and, interestingly enough, $`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$ is one part of the rotation generator $`J^{i^{}j^{}}`$ in the space spanned by $`x^{5,6,7,8}`$. The structure of this algebra reflects the fact that the symmetry group $`SO(8)`$ of transverse space is broken to $`SO(3)\times SO(4)`$ due to the presence of the Ramond-Ramond four form and two form field strengths, $`F_{+123}`$ and $`F_{+4}`$. The explicit expressions of $`J^{ij}`$ for $`SO(3)`$ and $`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$ for $`SO(4)`$ are given by

$`J^{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma \left(X^i𝒫^jX^j𝒫^i\frac{i}{4}\psi _{}^1\gamma ^{ij}\psi _{}^1\frac{i}{4}\psi _+^2\gamma ^{ij}\psi _+^2\frac{i}{4}\psi _+^1\gamma ^{ij}\psi _+^1\frac{i}{4}\psi _{}^2\gamma ^{ij}\psi _{}^2\right)},`$
$`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\sigma \left(X^i^{}𝒫^j^{}X^j^{}𝒫^i^{}\frac{i}{4}\psi _{}^1\gamma ^{i^{}j^{}}\psi _{}^1\frac{i}{4}\psi _+^2\gamma ^{i^{}j^{}}\psi _+^2\right)}.`$ (52)
In order to see what makes special thing in $`x^{5,6,7,8}`$ directions, let us first consider the property of $`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$. In the above expression for $`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$, there is no dependence on the fermionic coordinates $`\psi _+^1`$ and $`\psi _{}^2`$, which states that those coordinates do not rotate under the action of $`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$. The full form of the rotation generator $`J^{i^{}j^{}}`$ which rotates $`\psi _+^1`$ and $`\psi _{}^2`$ as well as other string coordinates is simply given by

$$J^{i^{}j^{}}=\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}\frac{i}{4}𝑑\sigma (\psi _+^1\gamma ^{i^{}j^{}}\psi _+^1+\psi _{}^2\gamma ^{i^{}j^{}}\psi _{}^2).$$
(53)
Since the theory we study is non-interacting, $`\widehat{J}^{i^{}j^{}}`$ is really a rotation generator but without affecting $`\psi _+^1`$ and $`\psi _{}^2`$. The reason for why only one sub-generator rather than full of the rotation generator $`J^{i^{}j^{}}`$ appears in the algebra (51) may be understandable by looking at the chirality structure of the dynamical supercharges and the fermionic coordinates, which is listed in table 1. The right hand side of (51) is basically the sum of field bilinears and should respect the chirality structure of $`\{Q^{},Q^{}\}`$. The $`SO(4)`$ rotation is sensitive to the chirality of fermionic coordinates measured by $`\gamma ^{5678}`$. From the table 1, one may recognize that bilinears made of $`\psi _+^1`$ or $`\psi _{}^2`$ cannot contribute to the structure associated with the $`SO(4)`$ rotation. On the other hand, for the $`SO(3)`$ rotation where eigenvalues of $`\gamma ^{1234}`$ enter the story, they can contribute. This at first glance abnormal situation is basically because the supersymmetry is not maximal but $`(4,4)`$. If the theory had maximal dynamical supersymmetry, we would obtain the algebra containing full of the rotation generators as was the case of IIB superstring in pp-wave background .

## 4 Supersymmetric D-branes

In the light-cone framework, we now investigate what kinds of D-brane are possible in the theory and how amount of supersymmetry is preserved by studying the open superstring ending on D-branes. Considering the tensor rank of Ramond-Ramond gauge field in the IIA string theory, one expects D$`p`$-branes with even $`p`$ ranging from 0 to 8. As is well known, however, the light-cone formulation does not give definite decision on the presence of D0-brane, since $`X^{}`$ always satisfies the Neumann boundary condition due to the Virasoro constraint, Eq. (38). Thus we are led to concentrate on the case of $`p2`$.

### 4.1 Quantization of Open Strings and D-branes

The equations of motion for the open superstring are the same with those of the closed string, that is, Eqs. (13), (21) and (25). In addition to them, the open string should satisfies appropriate open string boundary conditions. We let the end points of open string are at $`\sigma =0`$ and $`\sigma =\pi `$. Since we will consider single brane in this paper, two end points should satisfy the same boundary condition. Of course, an open string may have different boundary conditions at two ends for the case of multiple D-branes.

We impose the Neumann boundary conditions on the longitudinal directions of D-brane and the Dirichlet boundary conditions on the transverse directions which are respectively

$$_\sigma X^{I_N}|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=0,_\tau X^{I_D}|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=0,$$
(54)
where the index $`I_N`$ ($`I_D`$) represents the Neumann (Dirichlet) direction. The mode expansions may be obtained from that of closed string, (LABEL:bmode) by imposing these boundary conditions, which are given by

$`X^{i_N}`$ $`=`$ $`x^{i_N}\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)+2\alpha ^{}p^{i_N}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{m}}\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}\tau \right)+\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}i{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}\alpha _n^{i_N}e^{i\omega _n\tau }\mathrm{cos}(n\sigma ),`$
$`X^{i_N^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`x^{i_N^{}}\mathrm{cos}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)+2\alpha ^{}p^{i_N^{}}{\displaystyle \frac{6}{m}}\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}\tau \right)+\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}i{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}\alpha _n^{i_N^{}}e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau }\mathrm{cos}(n\sigma ),`$
$`X^{i_D}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n}}\alpha _n^{i_D}e^{i\omega _n\tau }\mathrm{sin}(n\sigma ),`$
$`X^{i_D^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _n^{}}}\alpha _n^{i_D^{}}e^{i\omega _n^{}\tau }\mathrm{sin}(n\sigma ),`$ (55)
where $`n𝐙`$, $`i_N`$ ($`i_D`$) is the index for Neumann (Dirichlet) direction among $`1,2,3,4`$ and $`i_N^{}`$ ($`i_D^{}`$) among $`5,6,7,8`$. Actually, we have obtained the mode expansions also for the case where different boundary conditions are imposed at two end points from the equations of motion (13) and the boundary conditions (54). For the Neumann boundary condition at $`\sigma =0`$ and the Dirichlet one at $`\sigma =\pi `$, they are

$$X^i=\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}i\underset{r}{}\frac{1}{\omega _r}\alpha _r^ie^{i\omega _r\tau }\mathrm{cos}(r\sigma ),X^i^{}=\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}i\underset{r}{}\frac{1}{\omega _r^{}}\alpha _r^i^{}e^{i\omega _r^{}\tau }\mathrm{cos}(r\sigma ),$$
(56)
and, for the case where the boundary conditions are imposed inversely, we get

$$X^i=\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}\underset{r}{}\frac{1}{\omega _r}\alpha _r^ie^{i\omega _r\tau }\mathrm{sin}(r\sigma ),X^i^{}=\sqrt{2\alpha ^{}}\underset{r}{}\frac{1}{\omega _r^{}}\alpha _r^i^{}e^{i\omega _r^{}\tau }\mathrm{sin}(r\sigma ),$$
(57)
where $`r𝐙+\frac{1}{2}`$. Now it is clear from the above mode expansions that Dirichlet brane is centered at the origin of the pp-wave background. We note that the same observation was given also for the IIB case in the light-cone framework .

For the fermionic coordinates, the boundary condition is given by

$$\psi _\pm ^1|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _{}^2|_{\sigma =0,\pi },$$
(58)
where, as noted in , $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the product of gamma matrices with indices of Dirichlet directions. From the mode expansions, (22) and (26), we see that the fermionic boundary condition gives the following relations between expansion coefficients that lead us to the mode expansion for open string fermionic coordinates: for all $`n`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n=\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _n,\stackrel{~}{\psi }_n^{}=\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _n^{}.$$
(59)
Precise knowledge about $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ gives possible D-brane configurations in the IIA pp-wave background. If we evaluate the equations of motion for fermions, (21) and (25), at boundaries, we have the following condition for $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$:

$$\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }=1.$$
(60)
Since $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ relates fermionic coordinates with different $`SO(8)`$ chiralities and eigenvalues for $`\gamma ^{1234}`$, it should anti-commute with $`\gamma ^9`$ and $`\gamma ^{1234}`$ as follows.

$$\{\mathrm{\Omega },\gamma ^9\}=0,\{\mathrm{\Omega },\gamma ^{1234}\}=0.$$
(61)
Now Eqs. (60) and (61) let us know the structure of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$: First of all, $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ should be a product of odd number of gamma matrices. Secondly, among the gamma matrices, even number of them should be indexed in $`1,2,3,4`$ and hence even number of them in $`5,6,7,8`$. Finally, since the gamma matrices are symmetric, we have $`\mathrm{\Omega }^T\mathrm{\Omega }=1`$. With these informations, one can solve Eq. (60) rather easily and know about possible single D-brane configurations, which is listed in table 2.

We now describe the light-cone Hamiltonian and its quantization for the open superstring describing single D-brane. Since the story will be almost the same with that for the closed string case, the description will be rather brief. The light-cone Hamiltonian for the open string is given by

$$H_{LC}=\frac{1}{\pi }_0^\pi 𝑑\sigma P^{}=\frac{2}{p^+}_0^\pi 𝑑\sigma .$$
(62)
where $``$ is given in Eq. (29). By plugging the mode expansions of Eq. (55) for bosonic string coordinates and those of Eqs. (22) and (26) with the condition (59) for fermionic coordinates into the Hamiltonian, we get

$$H_{LC}=E_0+E,$$
(63)
where $`E_0`$ and $`E`$ are the zero mode and non-zero mode contributions respectively. Firstly, the normal ordered expression for $`E`$ is read as

$$E=\frac{2}{p^+}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\alpha _n^I\alpha _n^I+\omega _n\psi _n\psi _n+\omega _n^{}\psi _n^{}\psi _n^{}).$$
(64)
The zero mode contribution is given by

$$E_0=\frac{\pi }{p^+}\left(\left(\frac{p^{I_N}}{\pi }\right)^2+\left(\frac{m}{3}\right)^2(x^{i_N})^2+\left(\frac{m}{6}\right)^2(x^{i_N^{}})^2+\frac{i}{\pi }\frac{m}{3}\psi _0\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _0\frac{i}{\pi }\frac{m}{6}\psi _0^{}\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _0^{}\right).$$
(65)
In contrast to the closed string case, fermionic part has no ordering ambiguity upon quantization and thus we leave it as intact. For the bosonic part, we introduce the creation and the annihilation operators,

$`a^i=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi }{2m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i}{\pi }}+i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}x^i\right),a^i=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi }{2m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i}{\pi }}i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{3}}x^i\right),`$
$`a^i^{}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi }{2m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i^{}}{\pi }}+i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}x^i^{}\right),a^i^{}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi }{m}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{p^i^{}}{\pi }}i{\displaystyle \frac{m}{6}}x^i^{}\right),`$ (66)
which give the usual commutation relations,

$$[a^I,a^J]=\delta ^{IJ}.$$
(67)
Then the zero mode contribution is finally read as

$$E_0=\frac{m}{3p^+}\left(2a^{i_N}a^{i_N}+a^{i_N^{}}a^{i_N^{}}+i\psi _0\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _0\frac{i}{2}\psi _0^{}\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }\psi _0^{}+e_0\right),$$
(68)
where $`e_0`$ is the zero-point energy only coming from the bosonic part

$$e_0=n_N+\frac{1}{2}n_N^{}.$$
(69)
Here $`n_N`$ ($`n_N^{}`$) is the number of Neumann directions in $`1,2,3,4`$ ($`5,6,7,8`$) and constrained to be $`n_N+n_N^{}=p1`$ for D$`p`$-brane.

### 4.2 Supersymmetry of D-branes

In this subsection we show that the D-branes found above are half-BPS states of IIA superstring theory. We would like to find the supersymmetries preserved by the corresponding boundary conditions. Firstly, we consider the boundary condition from the dynamical supersymmetry transformation for bosonic string coordinates. For the Dirichlet directions, we require that $`\delta X^{I_D}`$ vanish at the open string boundaries, while for the Neumann directions, $`\delta _\sigma X^{I_N}`$ vanish at the boundaries. Then using the boundary conditions for the fermionic coordinates, (58) and noting that

$$_\sigma \psi _\pm ^1|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=\mathrm{\Omega }_\sigma \psi _{}^2|_{\sigma =0,\pi },$$

which is the reflection of the fact that the Euler-Lagrange equations for $`\psi ^1`$ and $`\psi ^2`$ are related by $`\sigma \sigma `$ , we see that the supersymmetry variations both for the Dirichlet and Neumann directions give rise to the same condition which is

$$\gamma ^I(\mathrm{\Omega }^Tϵ_+^1+ϵ_{}^2)=0.$$
(70)
Therefore four dynamical supersymmetries generated by the supersymmetry parameters with the relation

$$ϵ_+^1=\mathrm{\Omega }ϵ_{}^2,$$
(71)
are preserved in the existence of the D-brane configurations given in the previous subsection. From the fermionic boundary condition, (58), we have the equation relating the dynamical supersymmetry variations for the fermionic coordinates,

$$\delta \psi _\pm ^1|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=\mathrm{\Omega }\delta \psi _{}^2|_{\sigma =0,\pi }.$$
(72)
If we insert the above relation (71) into this equation, we have after some manipulation

$$\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }\gamma ^4\mathrm{\Omega }=1,$$
(73)
which is nothing but the condition (60) in the previous subsection that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ should satisfy. Thus, we see that the condition for $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is consistent with the dynamical supersymmetry.

For the kinematical supersymmetry transformations, from

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }\psi _\pm ^1|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{~}{\delta }\psi _{}^2|_{\sigma =0,\pi },$$
(74)
one can easily see that the kinematical supersymmetry parameters which satisfy

$$\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_\pm ^1=\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{}^2$$
(75)
are compatible with the boundary conditions (74), and furthermore they give exactly the same condition for $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, (60) or (73), and thus the existence of D-brane breaks half the kinematical supersymmetry. In total, D-brane listed in table 2 preserves half the supersymmetry of the pp-wave: eight kinematical and four dynamical.

### 4.3 Comparison of IIA and M Theory Branes

It is interesting to compare D-branes found here with flat BPS states found in the context of matrix model in eleven-dimensional pp-wave background . First of all, we do not expect to get the corresponding objects of D6 and D8 branes in the matrix model set-up. Furthermore, all the D-branes found here is stretched along $`x^{}`$-direction, as $`x^{}`$-coordinate should satisfy Neumann boundary condition. As a result, D0-branes can not be seen in this formalism. This may be regarded as the limitation of light-cone gauge fixed string theory. On the other hand, in the matrix model, only the membrane which is transverse to $`x^{}`$ was identified, which also may be regarded as the limitation of matrix model. Henceforth, the D2-brane configuration found here has no counterpart in the matrix model and vice versa.

On the other hand, the longitudinal M5-brane in the matrix model is stretched along $`x^{}`$-direction and would be identified with the D4-brane configuration found here. Here in IIA string theory side, we have two different configurations for flat D4-branes, depending on the direction they are stretched. The flat D4-branes stretched along four $`x^i^{}`$-coordinates can be identified with rotating longitudinal M5-brane found in . Note that time-dependent rotation among coordinates with Neumann boundary conditions does not change the boundary conditions themselves.

Other D4-brane solution which is stretched along two $`x^i`$-coordinates and two $`x^i^{}`$-coordinates should also have counterpart in matrix model, though not yet described in the literature555 This has been found independently by Jeong-Hyuck Park and Sangheon Yi.. The corresponding longitudinal five brane solutions in the matrix model is given as follows. Note that, in the matrix model, the relevant fermion transformation law is given by

$`\delta \theta =\left({\displaystyle \underset{I=1}{\overset{9}{}}}P^I\gamma ^I+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{I=1}{\overset{9}{}}}[X^I,X^J]\gamma ^{IJ}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{3R}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}X^i\mathrm{\Pi }\gamma ^i{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{6R}}{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}=4}{\overset{9}{}}}X^i^{}\gamma ^i^{}\mathrm{\Pi }\right)\eta ,`$ (76)
where $`P^I`$ is the canonical conjugate momentum of bosonic coordinate $`X^I`$. Consider the configurations

$`X^i=x^i\mathrm{cos}(\mu t/3)+x^j\mathrm{sin}(\mu t/3),X^j=x^i\mathrm{sin}(\mu t/3)+x^j\mathrm{cos}(\mu t/3),`$ (77)
$`X^i^{}=x^i^{}\mathrm{cos}(\mu t/6)x^j^{}\mathrm{sin}(\mu t/6),X^j^{}=x^i^{}\mathrm{sin}(\mu t/6)+x^j^{}\mathrm{cos}(\mu t/6),`$ (78)
while all other coordinates vanish. The rotating longitudinal five brane solution of second type, then, is given by time-independent $`x^i`$ and $`x^i^{}`$ satisfying the condition:

$$[x^i,x^j]=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{iji^{}j^{}}[x^i^{},x^j^{}].$$
(79)
## Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jeong-Hyuck Park and Sangheon Yi for useful discussions. The work of S.H. was supported in part by Yonsei University Research Fund of 2002-1-0222. The work of H.S. was the result of research activities (Astrophysical Research Center for the Structure and Evolution of the Cosmos (ARCSEC)) supported by Korea Science $`\&`$ Engineering Foundation.


format: text

text:
# Dust and molecules in the Local Group galaxy NGC 6822

## 1 Introduction

NGC 6822 (DDO 209) is a Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy of the Magellanic type (IB(s)m), located at a distance of 500 kpc (McAlary et al. 1983). Optically, NGC 6822 shows a bar dominated by an irregular distribution of OB associations (Wilson 1992a and references therein) and HII regions (Hodge et al. 1988). At the northern end of the bar, the major HII region complexes Hubble I, III, V and X (Hubble 1925) and several relatively luminous OB associations reside in a ridge of bright neutral hydrogen. The galaxy is embeddded in a much more extended envelope of neutral hydrogen (Brandenburg $`\&`$ Skillman 1998; de Blok $`\&`$ Walter 2000).

Maps of the infrared emission from NGC 6822, measured with the IRAS satellite and processed to a resolution of about 1 (145 pc) were presented by Israel et al. 1996a (hereafter Paper I). A $`J`$=1–0 12CO survey of NGC 6822 was the subject of Paper II (Israel 1997a). In this paper, the third in the series, we present new observations and maps primarily of the major star formation complex Hubble V but also to some extent of the second major HII region Hubble X. Coordinates (epoche 1950.0) are given in Table 2.

The relatively low metal abundance of its HII regions (Hubble V: \[O/H\] = 1.6 $`\times `$ 10-4: Lequeux et al. 1979; Pagel et al. 1980; Skillman et al. 1989) is consistent with a relatively low time-averaged star formation rate (Paper I). This abundance is about one third that of the Solar Neighbourhood and right between those given by Dufour (1984) for the LMC and the SMC. Also consistent with a relatively low star formation rate is the weak radio continuum emission from NGC 6822 (Klein et al. 1983). The galaxy has a dust-to-gas ratio of about 1.4 $`\times `$ 10-4 (Paper I), which is well within the range generally found for dwarf galaxies.

The brightest HII region complex in NGC 6822 is Hubble V, connected to the luminous stars of NGC 6822 OB3 (Wilson 1992a). This association is about 50 pc in diameter, contains 14 OB stars ($`M<20M_{}`$) with an estimated total mass of $`850M_{}`$ and has an age of 6.6 million years (Wilson 1992b) or less (O’Dell et al. 1999). In spite of its optical prominence, Hubble V has a radio luminosity only 15$`\%`$ of that of the first-ranked HII region complex NGC 604 in M 33; it is comparable to bright Galactic HII regions, but would not be counted among the very brightest. Nor is it very luminous in molecular line emission, although it is the brightest discrete source of $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ emission in NGC 6822 (Paper II). Interferometer observations by Wilson (1994) show that about half of the single-dish $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ signal is contributed by compact (0.1) components. Wilson (1994) used this result, assuming virial equilibrium, to derive a CO-to$`\mathrm{H}_2`$ conversion factor rather similar to that of the Solar Neighbourhood, implying relatively small amounts of $`\mathrm{H}_2`$. However, Israel (1997a, b) argued that this conversion factor applies only to the densest molecular clumps in the complex, and derived for the entire complex a conversion factor 20 times higher.

### 1.1 Molecular line observations

Details relevant to the observations are listed in Table 1. The system temperatures given are the means for the respective runs. Most observations in the 89 - 150 GHz range were obtained with the SEST 15 m telescope at ESO-La Silla (Chile)111The Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST) is operated jointly by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the Swedish Science Research Council (NFR).. We used the 100/150 GHz SiS receivers in dual mode, together with the high resolution acousto-optical spectrometer. In split mode, this spectrometer provides two 500 MHz bands with a resolution of 43 kHz. At two positions in Hubble V, $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ emission was measured in the $`J`$=1–0 and $`J`$=2–1 transitions with the IRAM 30 m telescope in Spain.

All other observations were made with the JCMT 15 m telescope on Mauna Kea (Hawaii)222The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope is operated by the Observatories on behalf of the Particle Physics and Astrophysics Council (PPARC) of the United Kigndom, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada.. Up to 1993, we used a 2048 channel AOS backend covering a band of 500 MHz. After that year, the DAS digital autocorrelator system was used in a band of 500 and 750 MHz. At 230 GHz, we fully mapped Hubble V in the $`J`$=2–1 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ transition; at 345 GHz and 461 GHz, we made small maps of the $`J`$=3–2 and $`J`$=4–3 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ transitions covering the emission peak. Resulting spectra were binned to various resolutions in order to obtain the optimum combination of spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Usually, only linear baseline corrections were applied to the spectra. All spectra were scaled to a main-beam brightness temperature, $`T_{\mathrm{mb}}`$ = $`T_\mathrm{A}^{}`$/$`\eta _{\mathrm{mb}}`$; relevant values for $`\eta _{\mathrm{mb}}`$ are given in Table 1.

In addition to the measurements of Hubble V, we also obtained data on a second and nearby bright HII region complex, Hubble X, and on a prominent infrared continuum/millimeter line source at the southern end of the bar of NGC 6822 (cf. Papers I, II). Even though we mapped the region containing Hubble X proper in $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$, we did not detect a signal above 30$`\%`$ of that from Hubble V. A positive, but noisy result was obtained 1 (145 pc) east of Hubble X. Most likely this represents an associated molecular cloud complex.

Spectra are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and summarized in Table 2. The most remarkable results are (a). the weakness of $`{}_{}{}^{13}\mathrm{CO}`$ with respect to $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$, and (b). the relatively high intensity of the higher CO transitions with respect to the $`J`$=1–0 transition. Both suggest a low optical depth for the $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ transition.

The spatial extent of emission in the various $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ transitions is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The five-point $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ map at resolution 43′′ (Fig. 3) shows essentially a point source. The $`J`$=2–1 CO map is peaked at $`\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha `$ = +5′′, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\delta `$ = -4′′ with an extension to the northwest. The FWHM size of the CO complex is $`29^{\prime \prime }\times 25^{\prime \prime }`$, which corresponds to a linear size of 50$`\times `$35 pc after correction for finite beamsize. Such a small size is consistent with the CO results in the other observed transitions. The $`J`$=3–2 and $`J`$=4–3 maps cover most of the emission, but may miss some of the more extended low-surface brightness emission that appears to be present.

We have determined line ratios in identical beams by convolving the higher frequency measurements to the lower frequency beamsizes. The results are given in Table 5 together with typical values for HII regions in the LMC (average of five clouds), the SMC and the starburst core of the dwarf galaxy He 2-10. We also give the line ratios for the whole Hubble V CO source. Because of the limited extent of our $`J`$ = 3–2 and especially $`J`$ = 4–3 map, we may have somewhat underestimated the integrated emission in these two transitions, so that the ratios given in actual fact could be somewhat higher.

Our single-dish $`J`$=1–0 and $`J`$=1–0 CO maps have resolutions of 21′′ and 14′′ respectively, and may thus be compared to the $`J`$=1–0 CO interferometer map made by Wilson (1994) at a somewhat higher resolution of $`6^{\prime \prime }\times 11^{\prime \prime }`$. In her interferometer map, Wilson identified three distinct clouds, MC1, MC2 and MC3. The first two appear to form a single complex connected by a bridge. MC3 appears to be a more isolated cloud 30′′ further north; it is outside our maps. The CO emission mapped by us, and shown in Fig. 4, corresponds to Wilson’s cloud complex MC1/MC2, although the detailed resemblance is poor. Our $`J`$=3–2 CO peak is close to MC2, but cloud MC1 and the ridge connecting it to MC2 are not easily recognized in Fig. 4. The implications of this are, however, unclear because the interferometer map suffers from poor U,V plane coverage and strong sidelobe distortion rendering its structural detail uncertain.

### 1.2 Atomic line observations

JCMT observations of the $`{}_{}{}^{3}P_{1}^{}^3P_0`$ \[CI\] transition at 492 GHz, summarized in Table 2, yielded only an upper limit. In Table 3 we give this upper limit expressed in W m-2. The \[CII\] 158 $`\mu `$m observations were made with the MPE/UCB Far-Infrared Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FIFI; Poglitsch et al. 1991) on the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) in April 1992. FIFI had a 5$`\times `$5 focal plane array with detectors spaced by 40′′ (Stacey et al. 1992). Each detector had a FWHM of 55′′ and the beam shape was approximately Gaussian (68′′ equivalent disk; beam solid angle $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{B}`$ = 8.3 $`\times `$ 10-8 sr). We observed in ‘stare mode’ (velocity resolution 50 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$) by setting the bandpass of the Fabry-Perot to the line center at the object velocity. Observations were chopped at 23 Hz and beam-switched to two reference positions about 6 away. The data were calibrated by observing an internal blackbody source. The calibration uncertainty is of the order of 30$`\%`$ and the absolute pointing uncertainty of the array is better than 15′′.

The resulting map is shown in Fig. 5. The \[CII\] emission is relatively weak. There is a clear peak at the position of Hubble V, and a second peak at $`\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha `$ = -40′′, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\delta `$ = +80′′, i.e. 215 pc northwest of Hubble V. A large part of the field is filled by weak and diffuse \[CII\] emission with a surface brightness of approximately 8 $`\times `$ 10-9 W m-2 sr-1. The \[CII\] emission directly associated with Hubble V has a larger extent than the CO emitting region, but the poor \[CII\] resolution makes it impossible to be more quantitative.

The HI observations of NGC 6822 with the Very Large Array333The Very Large Array is a facility of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory consisting of 8 hours (essentially a full transit) in the “D” configuration on 7 September 1992 and another 8 hours in the “CnB” configuration of 5 June 1993 under program AW312 (PI: C. Wilson). The “CnB” configuration was chosen for the higher resolution observations because the galaxy lies at a declination of $`14^{}`$, resulting in a strongly elliptical synthesized beam for normal configurations. The “D” configuration was chosen for the lower resolution observations in order to maximize the observing time with the Sun below the horizon. The observations were taken at a single pointing (RA $`=19^h42^m07^s`$, Dec. $`=14^{}55^{^{}}42^{^{\prime \prime }}`$, 1950.0), with the correlator in “2AD” mode consisting of 127 channels with widths of 2.5 km s-1 (after on-line Hanning smoothing) centered on a heliocentric velocity of $``$55 km s-1. Total on-source integration time was 383 minutes for the D configuration observations and 340 minutes for the CnB configuration observations. The images were reconstructed with robust weighting resulting in a synthesized beam of $`30.3\mathrm{}\times 16.4\mathrm{}`$. Preliminary results were reported in Brandenburg $`\&`$ Skillman (1998), and a more complete report is planned.

The HI distribution shows a local maximum in the atomic hydrogen distribution just north of Hubble V. Emission then extends westwards in a clumpy ridge towards Hubble X. This nebula is likewise located at the edge of a local atomic hydrogen maximum, which is in fact somewhat stronger than the Hubble V maximum. Although the \[CII\] and HI distributions are not identical, comparison of Figs. 5 and 6 shows that they follow one another, at least over the region mapped in \[CII\]. The two HII regions, as traced by their 21-cm continuum emission, are both located close to, but clearly offset from, the ridge of maximum HI intensity. Note that the relative positions of HII and HI are extremely accurate, as they are both derived from the same dataset.

As is the case for HI, \[CII\] emission likewise extends in a northeast-southwest ridge from Hubble V to Hubble X. In Table 3, we have listed the observed \[CII\] intensities for the pixel containing Hubble V (Source Peak), for the extended source of which this pixel is part (Source Total), and for the whole observed field (Field Total).

### 1.3 Near-infrared hydrogen line and continuum observations

We obtained a near-infrared spectrum, covering the wavelength region from 2.09 to 2.21 $`\mu `$m, in April 1987 with the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), using a single-channel InSb detector equipped with a circular variable filter wheel of constant spectral resolution $`\lambda /\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 120. The aperture was 19.6 ′′, covering most of the complex. Intensities were calibrated and corrected for atmospheric transmission by observations of the standard stars BS 3903, BS 4550 and BS 6220 ($`K`$ = 2.04, 4.39 and 1.39 mag, and $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ = 4800, 5200 and 4700 K respectively) observed at similar airmass. The $`v`$=1–0 S(1) $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ and Brackett-$`\gamma `$ lines are clearly detected with equivalent widths of 11 and 34 nm respectively. Line intensities are given in Table 3.

We also used the near-infrared Fabry-Perot imaging spectrometer (FAST; Krabbe et al. 1993) at the Cassegrain focus of the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) at La Palma, Spain, to obtain images of Hubble V in the Br-$`\gamma `$ and $`v`$=1–0 S(1) lines. The FAST camera used an SBRC 58$`\times `$52 InSb array with a pixel scale of 0.5′′ and a field of about $`30^{\prime \prime }\times 30^{\prime \prime }`$. A spectral resolution of $`\lambda /\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 950 was provided by a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer with a circular variable filter wheel as order-sorter. Images were obtained at the Hubble V central velocity, and at velocities offset from the line by about 300 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. After subtraction of the dark current, the images were flat-fielded and sky-subtracted. The resulting line-plus-continuum images were corrected for atmospheric transmission and instrumental response with the use of the standard stars BS 3888 and BS 4550. As a last step, the mean of the continuum on either side of the line was subtracted from the image containing the line.

Hubble V was detected in Brackett-$`\gamma `$ as an amorphous structure of 4$`{}_{}{}^{\prime \prime }\times `$5′′ FWHM. The integrated flux determined from the map is 1.0 $`\times `$ 10-16 W m-2, uncertain by a factor of two. As the nominal flux is very close to that observed in the 19.6′′ aperture of the spectroscopic observations, we take this agreement to indicate that the value in Table 3 is close to the total Brackett-$`\gamma `$ line intensity of Hubble V. The $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ image did not yield a detection. The r.m.s. noise in the map is 2 $`\times `$ 10-8 W m-2 sr-1. The two-$`\sigma `$ upper limit to the surface brightness and the line flux given in Table 3 then suggest that the $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ emission is relatively smooth and extended on a scale larger than 6′′. For comparison purposes, we have also listed the H$`\alpha `$ flux integrated over the whole HII region complex determined by Hodge et al. (1989). According to Fig. 1 of Hodge et al. (1989), our 19.6′′ (48 pc) aperture should contain about 70$`\%`$ of the total Brackett-$`\gamma `$ flux.

Finally, Hubble V was observed in August 1998, in J, H and Ks broadband filters, as well as in narrow-band filters centered on the wavelengths of the Pa$`\beta `$ and (1–0) S(1) $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ lines. The Ks bandpass is an abbreviated version of the standard $`K`$-band filter, spanning the wavelength range from 1.98 to 2.32 $`\mu `$m, chosen to minimize the thermal background. The near-infrared images were acquired with the Aerospace Corp. near-infrared camera. This is a liquid nitrogen cooled imager based on the NICMOS3 detector. When configured for use at the Wyoming Infrared Observatory the camera has a 110 x 110 arcsecond field of view. A more detailed description is provided by Rudy et al. (1997). The standard star employed for the August 1998 images was HD 225023 whose near-infrared magnitudes are tabulated by Elias (1982). The Pa$`\beta `$ images were acquired using a narrow passband filter (FWHM = 122 angstroms); the Pa$`\beta `$ flux was calculated by using the J-band image to estimate and remove the continuum emission. The full extent of Pa$`\beta `$ emission is about 6′′, and the nebula shows little structural detail.

## 2 Analysis

### 2.1 Hubble V foreground extinction

Assuming intrinsic line ratios H$`\alpha `$/Pa$`\beta `$ = 17.4 and H$`\alpha `$/Br$`\gamma `$ = 104.4 (Pengelly, 1964; Giles 1977), our line fluxes (Table 3) predict the source-averaged reddening to be $`0.35<E(BV)<0.55`$ mag with a total deredenned flux S(H$`\alpha )=1.2\pm 0.2\times 10^{14}`$ W m-2. This reddening is higher than the (mostly Galactic foreground) reddening $`E(BV)`$ = 0.24 – 0.36 mag (Gallart et al. 1996; Massey et al. 1995; McAlary et al. 1985). Although our value is comparable to the median reddening of early type stars in NGC 6822 ($`E(BV)`$ = 0.45 mag (Wilson 1992b; Bianchi et al. 2001), it must be considered a lower limit, because neither the Pa$`\beta `$ nor the Br$`\gamma `$ fluxes represent all the flux of Hubble V sampled in H$`\alpha `$.

With flux-densities $`S_{1.5\mathrm{GHz}}`$ = 20 mJy, $`S_{4.8\mathrm{GHz}}`$ = 17 mJy and $`S_{10.7\mathrm{GHz}}`$ = 16 mJy (Condon 1987; Klein $`\&`$ Gräve 1986; Klein et al. 1983) the radio continuum emission from Hubble V (Fig. 6) is clearly thermal and optically thin. From these radio continuum flux-densities and the H$`\alpha `$ flux we obtain for $`T_e`$ = 11 500 K (Lequeux et al. 1979; Skillman et al. 1989) a more accurate overall reddening $`E(BV)`$ = 0.65 mag. Thus, the nebula appears to suffer a higher mean reddening than NGC 6822 as a whole. This agrees, at least qualitatively, with the finding that in the Magellanic Clouds the younger stellar population suffers significantly more reddening than the older population (Zaritsky 1999; Zaritsky et al. 2002). However, in the next section we will show that in actual fact much of the nebula is only modestly reddened, whereas a part is almost completely obscured at visual wavelengths, and becomes progressively more visible at near-infrared wavelengths only.

### 2.2 The Hubble V radiation field

The H$`\alpha `$ map by Collier $`\&`$ Hodge (1994) exhibits a typical core-halo structure. More detail is supplied by an HST image of Hubble V, based on data procured and discussed by O’Dell et al. (1999) and Bianchi et al. (2001). This image (Fig. 7) shows the core to contain a cluster of luminous stars, and the halo to consist of diffuse and filamentary structues against which several OB association member stars can be seen (cf. Bianchi et al. 2001). Most relevant to us are the clear indications of substantial obscuration in the northeastern and especially southeastern part of the complex. The core appears to be the region directly in contact with the molecular cloud complex, whereas the halo is mostly ionized gas expanding into surrounding space (cf. O’Dell et al, 1999). The individually identified early type stars (see e.g. Massey et al. 1995) are all in the relatively diffuse western halo part of the nebula. The excitation parameter of an HII region complex is defined as $`u=14.2(S_{4.8}D^2T_e^{0.35})^{1/3}`$ with flux-density $`S_\nu `$ in Jy, distance $`D`$ in kpc, and $`T_e`$ in 104 K (cf. Mezger $`\&`$ Henderson 1967). Using the radio flux-densities from the previous section, we find for the Hubble V HII region complex $`u`$ = 234 pc cm-2. This implies a minimum Lyman continuum photon flux $`N_\mathrm{L}`$ = 8.45 $`\times `$ 1050 photons s-1 (Panagia 1973), corresponding to the UV output of more than a dozen O5 stars. From the compilation by Wilson (1992a) we may estimate that previously identified early-type stars can contribute, at face value, no more than about three quarters of this minimum required Lyman continuum flux. Moreover, as the HII region appears to be partly density-bounded, the actually required flux should be higher by mpore than a factor of two, thus relegating the role of the identified stars to that of minor contributors. Moreover, these estimates assume that the identified stars are embedded in the nebula. As the HST image shows that many of these stars may be detached from the nebula, this is not the case, and their contribution to the actual excitation of Hubble V is even less, and probably quite minor if not negligible.

Our $`K_\mathrm{s}`$-band image of Hubble V and its surroundings (Fig. 7) shows three unresolved objects, as well as nebular emission (primarily Br$`\gamma `$) extending into the southeastern obscuration. The HST image and the infrared measurements summarized in Table 4 suggest that the northernmost object is a relatively unreddened star of late spectral type in the Milky Way foreground. The central object ($`K_\mathrm{s}`$ = 15.35 mag) coincides with a cluster of stars in the HST image (Fig. 7). The infrared colours suggest that the emission is dominated by light from K (super)giants, again with relatively little reddening. However, the southernmost object has no optical counterpart and instead coincides with a region of high obscuration in the HST image. It is not even seen in the $`J`$ and $`H`$ bands ($`H`$ 17.0 mag and $`J`$ 17.6 mag), indicating an extinction at $`K`$ of the order of 1.5 mag, i.e. $`A_\mathrm{V}`$ 17 mag ($`E(BV)`$ 5.4 mag). Most likely, it represents a cluster of luminous stars responsible for a significant part, if not all, of the excitation of Hubble V and the heating of the molecular cloud observed by us.

In (Fig. 8) we show the nebula imaged in the Pa$`\beta `$ line. Comparison of the distribution of line emission with respect to the (northern) foreground star show that it is brightest between the central and southern clusters, i.e. likewise in a region obscured at visual wavelengths. The nebular complex radius is about 20 pc. Taking the HII region-derived Lyman flux and assuming this to originate in a point source separated by 20 pc from the HII region/neutral cloud interface represented by the bright core, we find the strength of the UV radiation field at the interface to be $`I_{\mathrm{UV}}`$ = 725. Here, the unit chosen is such that $`I_{\mathrm{UV}}`$ = 1 corresponds to a flux $`I_{1000}=4.5\times 10^8`$ photons s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 (Black $`\&`$ van Dishoeck 1987). Alternatively, we may express the strength of the radiation field as $`G_\mathrm{o}`$ 300, in units of 12.6 $`\times 10^6`$ W m-2. This makes Hubble V similar to the LMC HII regions N 159 and N 160 (see Israel et al. 1996b; Bolatto et al. 2000).

### 2.3 The Hubble V PDR

The characteristics of the Hubble V environment (strong local radiation fields, low metallicity and relatively little radiation shielding) are typically those of a strongly photon-dominated region (PDR). The data collected in this paper provide good diagnostics for the PDR properties of Hubble V. The observed ratios log $`I`$(\[CII\])/$`I`$(FIR) = -2.5 and log $`I`$(CO J=1–0)/$`I`$(FIR) = -6.8 can be used as analytical tools in the PDR models calculated by Kaufman et al. (1999 – notably their Figs. 17 and 1). These ratios apply to low-metallicity surroundings suffering moderate slab extinctions $`A_\mathrm{V}`$ 3, radiation fields $`G_\mathrm{o}`$ = 100 – 300 and high densities $`N_\mathrm{o}10^4`$; $`n_{\mathrm{CII}}n_{\mathrm{CO}}`$. Kinetic temperatures should be of the order of $`T_{\mathrm{kin}}`$ 150 K.

Further details are provided by radiative transfer models (Jansen 1995; Jansen et al. 1994) which yield model CO line intensities as a function of gas kinetic temperature, $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ density and CO column density per unit velocity. These model line intensities are coupled to actually observed values by a further parameter, the beam filling factor $`f_{\mathrm{CO}}`$. Thus, the four free parameters are essentially constrained by the four observed $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ transitions. Additional weak constraints are provided by the $`{}_{}{}^{13}\mathrm{CO}`$ measurements. However, the line ratios are not uniqely diagnostic for the possible combinations of input parameters. For instance, non-identical but nevertheless very similar line ratios are produced by simultaneously reducing $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ density and increasing kinetic temperature, with only little tweaking of CO column densities required. As the the actual measurements suffer from finite (and not very small) errors, they do not yield unique solutions.

It turns out that the line ratios of the positions A and B listed in Table 5 each yield two different solutions: a gas of relatively low temperature $`T_{\mathrm{kin}}`$ = 30 K but with high densities $`n(\mathrm{H}_2)=10^410^5`$, or a significantly hotter gas $`T_{\mathrm{kin}}`$ = 100 – 150 K of lower density $`n(\mathrm{H}_2)=3\times 10^310^4`$. As shown at the beginning of this section, the latter solutions must be prefered in view of the relative intensities of CO, \[CII\] and FIR emission. The line ratios for positions A and B could be fitted with a single gas component, but this is not possible for the integrated emission of Hubble V. If we assume that the ratios listed in Table 5 are actually lower limits, the severity of this problem only increases.

Accordingly, we have modelled this emission with two separate components. Because the consequent doubling of free parameters brings their number to a total of eight, in excess of the number of independent measurements, this will always yield a set of non-unique solutions. As before, we reject low temperature/high density solutions, thus reducing the range of possible solutions. We find the hottest and densest component to be tightly constrained by the observations, with $`T_{\mathrm{kin}}`$ = 150 K, $`n(\mathrm{H}_2)=10^4\mathrm{cm}^3`$ and $`N(\mathrm{CO})/`$d$`V`$ = 0.6–1.0 $`\times 10^{16}\mathrm{cm}^2`$. However, the more tenuous component is only weakly constrained: in principle, $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ densities can be anywhere between 500 $`\mathrm{cm}^3`$ and 3000 $`\mathrm{cm}^3`$, kinetic temperatures are anywhere between 150 K (for the lower densities) and 20 K (for the higher densities). We have therefore further reduced the range of possible solutions by retaining only those cases where the more tenuous component is not cooler than the denser component, as we consider this to be physically more plausible than the reverse. We have listed the the resulting representative model solutions in Table 6. It is important to note that more accurate determination of $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ intensities would not greatly improve the situation as the various model-predicted line ratios are virtually identical. Better determination of $`{}_{}{}^{13}\mathrm{CO}`$ intensities would help, but only if it were done very accurately as even here differences between the various solutions are not very great (see Table 6).

### 2.4 Excited $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ and other molecular species

Emission by $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ has been detected in its (1–0) S(1) transition with a very low surface brightness of $`4\times 10^6`$ erg s$`{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{cm}_{}^{2}`$ sr-1 averaged over a relatively large aperture of 19.6′′. However, the lack of a detection in the $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ image at arcsec resolutions (Sect. 2.3) above a level of $`4\times 10^5`$ erg s$`{}_{}{}^{1}\mathrm{cm}_{}^{2}`$ sr-1 suggests that this $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ emission is relatively widespread, and does not contain high-contrast structure. This, in turn, suggests that the $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ emission is dominated by UV rather than by shock excitation as is the case for HII regions in the Magellanic Clouds (Israel $`\&`$ Koornneef 1991). The values for Hubble V are also quite reminiscent of those pertaining to NGC 604, the much brighter first-ranked HII region in M 33. Towards that complex, Israel et al. (1989) measured emission from radiatively excited (fluorescent) $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ with an almost identical mean surface brightness.

In Table 5 we have also compared the millimeter and submillimeter line ratios determined for Hubble V with those found for sources in the Magellanic Clouds and the starburst galaxy He 2-10. Generally, Hubble V appears to be hotter than most sources in the LMC and the SMC, and to suffer more from CO photo-dissociation. The line ratios for the fairly extreme 30 Doradus PDR and the starburst core of He 2-10 come closest to those of Hubble V. It is of particular interest to note that in Hubble V, the $`J`$=1–0 HCO+ line is much stronger than the $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{13}\mathrm{CO}`$ line (see Fig. 2) as usually the reverse is the case. If we assume HCO+ to be at the same high temperature $`T_{\mathrm{kin}}`$ = 150 K as the CO, we obtain an HCO+/CO abundance of 10-3, which is much higher than found for the Magellanic regions (Chin et al. 1997, 1998; Heikkilä et al. 1999). Because CO suffers from relatively intense photo-destruction, the HCO+ overabundance is less extreme when related to $`\mathrm{H}_2`$. In any case, the relatively high intensity of HCO+ emission is in line with conclusions by Johansson et al. (1994) and Heikkilä et al. (1999) that this line is enhanced in active star formation regions. The possible detections of the CS $`J`$=3–2 and H2CO 21,1–11,0 transitions are so marginal that no useful conclusions can be based on them.

### 2.5 Mass of the Hubble V complex

The amount of carbon monoxide associated with Hubble V is not very large. First, the emission has a low optical depth. In fact, the high-density component in the last two rows of Table 6 is optically thin in all four transitions observed. Second, its surface filling factor is low. For the total source, surface filling factors are of order 0.3 and 0.17 for the dense and tenuous components respectively. Third, the extent of CO emission is small, so that e.g. the $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ measurements suffer also from beam dilution as the 43′′ beam is larger than the CO source.

Although the peak of the \[CII\] emission coincides, within the limits imposed by a limited resolution, with the HII/CO complex, this emission extends well beyond the boundaries of the complex and follows the HI distribution (Figs. 5, 6). Because the HI column density towards Hubble V and its surroundings is of order $`N(HI)12\times 10^{21}\mathrm{cm}^2`$, it is likely that the extent of molecular hydrogen also significantly exceeds that of CO. In particular at the high radiation field intensities characterizing Hubble V, the expected (Kaufman et al. 1999) and observed intensities imply an overall dilution of the \[CII\] emission due to incomplete surface and beam filling by a factor of 5 to 10. From the radiative transfer models, we find that in Hubble V, C+ column densities on average exceed those of CO by a large factor of 20$`\pm `$10. Indeed, the ratio $`F_{\mathrm{CII}}/F_{\mathrm{CO}}=3\pm 1\times 10^4`$ is identical to the high ratio that Israel et al. (1996b) found in the LMC complex N 160 which they considered to be in an advanced stage of CO destruction.

If we neglect possible contributions by Co, the models provide total carbon column densities which can be converted to total hydrogen column densities, provided the \[C\]/\[H\] abundance is known. This has not yet been measured for Hubble V, but we may use the data collected by Garnett et al. (1999, notably their Fig. 4) to estimate \[C\]/\[H\] from the known oxygen abundance \[O\]/\[H\]. If we furthermore estimate that in relatively cool molecular environments about 70$`\%`$ of all carbon will be locked up in dust grains (i.e. the depletion factor $`\delta _\mathrm{C}`$ = 0.3), we find a gas-phase abundance ratio $`\delta _\mathrm{C}\times `$ \[C\]/\[H\] $``$ 1.8 $`\times 10^5`$. From this, we find for the Hubble V complex a molecular mass $`M(\mathrm{H}_2)=(6\pm 3)\times 10^5`$ M and a total gas mass, including HI and He, of $`M_{gas}=(10\pm 5)\times 10^5`$ M.

These masses are an order of magnitude greater than the upper limit to the ionized hydrogen mass $`M(HII)7\times 10^4`$ M derived from the radio flux-densities in Sect. 2.1 under the assumption of a homogeneous gas distribution (cf. Mezger $`\&`$ Henderson 1967) and also much larger than the total mass $`M(O)2\times 10^3`$ M estimated by Wilson (1992a) contained in stars with mass greater than 15 M (i.e. earlier than spectral type B0). In Sect. 3.2 we surmised that a similar number of stars may have escaped attention by having high extinctions. Moreover, if the stellar ensemble associated with HUubble V is associared with a Miller-Scalo (1979) initial mass function, nonionizing stars may increase the total stellar mass by a factor of about 20. Thus, the total mass of all embedded stars will be of the order of $`10^5`$ M, i.e. an order of magnitude less than the total neutral gas mass.

The molecular results imply a CO-to-$`\mathrm{H}_2`$ conversion factor of $`X`$ = 54$`\pm `$27 $`\times 10^{20}\mathrm{cm}^2(\mathrm{K}\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1)^1`$. The fact that this result is identical to that obtained in Paper II is no doubt fortuitous. This independently derived result does confirm, however, the high value of the $`X`$-factor calculated there.

## 3 Conclusions

1. We have presented maps of the $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{CO}`$ emission in four transitions associated with the extragalactic HII region complex Hubble V. The extent of the CO emission is rather limited, and comparable to the extent of the ionized gas forming the HII region.
2. We have also measured the integrated emission from the complex in transitions of HCO+ and marginally detected $`J`$=1–0 $`{}_{}{}^{13}\mathrm{CO}`$, $`J`$=3–2 CS and H2CO. The complex and its surroundings were mapped in C+. The resulting various line ratios show that most CO in Hubble V is optically thin in at least the lower observed transitions.
3. The Hubble V complex has all the characteristics of a relatively extreme photon-dominated region (PDR), in which a severely eroded CO core exists in a significantly larger cloud of $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ and HI. In such an extreme PDR, cloud parameters appear better represented by the properties of the dissociation product carbon, traced by \[CII\] emission, than by the remnant CO.
4. The average reddening of the HII region and the visible OB associations is $`E(BV)`$ = 0.50-0.65 mag. However, the molecular cloud obscures most of the stars responsible for the excitation of Hubble V at optical wavelengths although they can be seen in the near-IR $`K`$-band.
5. Comparison of the observations to chemical and radiative transfer models indicates that the CO occurs in high-density (typically $`n(\mathrm{H}_2)=10^4\mathrm{cm}^3`$) parts of the molecular cloud complex at high temperatures ($`T_{\mathrm{kin}}`$150 K). Although the space density of molecular gas containing C+ may be lower than that traced by CO emission, the former has much higher column densities.
6. The mass of the whole complex is of the order of 106 M. Slightly less than two thirds of this mass is in the form of molecular gas, and the remainder is mostly neutral atomic gas. The ionized gas and the embedded stars account for typically $`15\%`$ of the total mass. The CO molecule is rather efficiently destroyed in Hubble V, even though the efficiency of star formation is not particularly high.
7. The weakness of CO emission, and its small spatial extent do not imply a similar paucity of $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ gas. The relatively low metallicity of Hubble V provides insufficient shielding for CO in most of the complex; the strongly selfshielding $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ is only little affected by strong but not extremely intense radiation fields. As a consequence, Hubble V is characterized by a rather high CO-to$`\mathrm{H}_2`$ conversion factor $`X5\times 10^{21}\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{1}`$, as indeed surmised earlier.

###### Acknowledgements.

It is a pleasure to thank the operating personnel of the SEST and the JCMT for their support, and Ute Lisenfeld for conducting the IRAM 30 m service observations. The \[CII\] measurement was obtained in a program of measuring various Magellanic Cloud HII regions, involving also Phil Maloney, Gordon Stacey, Sue Madden and Albrecht Poglitsch. Some of the near-infrared observations of $`\mathrm{H}_2`$ and Br$`\gamma `$ were likewise obtained within the framework of a different observing program with Paul van der Werf. Bob O’Dell and Luciana Bianchi kindly permitted use of the NASA/ESA/STScI HST image of Hubble V based on their data. RJR was supported by the Independent Research and Development program at The Aerospace Corporation.