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# Time-resolved, multi-color photometry and spectroscopy of Virgo 4 (OU Vir): a high orbital inclination, short orbital period dwarf nova

## 1 Introduction

The object LBQS 1432-0033 (alias Vir 4 in Downes et al. 1997 catalog, OU Vir in Downes et al. 2001 catalog) was discovered by Berg et al. (1992) as part of their quasi-stellar object spectroscopic survey. Downes et al. (1997) list the object as a cataclysmic variable (CV) of unknown type with Bpg=18.5 based on the Berg et al. spectrum. Vanmunster et al. (2000) present a photometric review for the object indicating that OU Vir is an eclipsing CV with a period of 1.75 hr and has been seen in outburst and probably in superoutburst. These authors quote an outburst amplitude of near 4 magnitudes with a probable inter-outburst period near 79 days. The only other published spectrum of OU Vir is in Szkody et al. (2002).

The spectra by Berg et al. (1992) and Szkody et al. (2002), are characterized by strong double peaked emission lines from the accretion disk. Eclipses and double peaked lines are both signatures of high orbital inclination systems. High orbital inclination systems are preferred targets for the understanding of the binary system geometry and the accretion process, due to the large amount of information provided by both their light curve and time resolved spectroscopy.

Here, we present new photometric and spectroscopic observations for OU Vir. Our multi-color photometry reveals the stars behavior in the B through I bands. Our time-resolved spectroscopic observations of OU Vir have been used to produce the first radial velocity curve for this object, as well as to study the spectrum throughout the orbit. We discuss the data collection and reduction in Sect. 2, our analysis in Sect. 3, and a discussion of our results in Sect. 4.

## 2 Observations

### 2.1 Multi-color Photometry

Time resolved multi-color photometry of OU Vir was obtained using the New Mexico State University 1 m telescope located at Apache Point Observatory111http://loki.apo.nmsu.edu/$``$tcomm/index.html. OU Vir was observed over eight nights between 2001 April 13 and May 1 using an Apogee 512x512 thinned back-side illuminated CCD with standard Johnson/Cousins BVRI filters. On each of the nights, one entire orbital period was covered by cycling through the four filters. Exposure times were three minutes in B, and two minutes in V, R, and I. To increase the precision of the timing of the photometric eclipse, OU Vir was observed for a complete cycle on May 1 using only the V-band filter. The log of the photometric observations can be found in Table 1.

Data reduction was carried out according to standard routines, and aperture photometry was performed on OU Vir and four other nearby field stars in order to obtain differential magnitudes (e.g. Howell et al. 1988). On 2001 June 6, these field stars were calibrated to the system of Landolt by observations of the standard stars SA102-58, SA102-620, SA105-66, SA106-485, SA107-544.

### 2.2 Spectroscopic Observations

OU Vir was observed using the red channel spectrograph at the MMT Observatory on the night of 29 March 2001 UT. A single 900 sec blue (4000-5250Å) spectrum was obtained along with a time-series of 600 sec red (5600-8500Å) exposures. Table 2 gives a log of the observations. The setup used a 1 arcsec slit giving spectral resolutions of 0.5 Å/pixel in the blue and 1.0 Å/pixel in the red. The night appeared to be photometric and had constant seeing ($``$1.2 arcsec), as evidenced by examination of the slit viewer images. Brightness changes of OU Vir were also quite obvious in the slit viewer monitor.

The data were reduced in IRAF using average bias and red/blue flat fields taken at the start of the night. HeNeAr arc lamp exposures were obtained at each standard star position before and after every three OU Vir observations. The standard star HZ 44, used to flux calibrate the OU Vir spectra, was observed near in time and airmass to the blue spectrum and at the start of the red time-series sequence. The wavelength calibration had formal errors of 0.1Å across the wavelength range and the absolute flux calibration appears good to near 15% as estimated by using HZ 44 to flux calibrate another standard star.

## 3 Data Analysis

Upon phasing our photometric and spectroscopic data we encountered the problem of choosing an appropriate ephemeris. Vanmunster et al. (2000) determined the OU Vir orbital period and ephemeris by fitting six eclipses during the June 2000 outburst. Phasing of our photometric data according their ephemeris produced light curves showing eclipse minima at phase $``$0.8. The phase offset between our and Vanmunster et al. (2000) eclipse minima is easily explained by the error propagation of the uncertainties in their ephemeris. On the other hand, the time resolution of both our photometric and spectroscopic data is not high enough to produce accurate ephemeris. We thus, decided to phase all our data using the orbital period determined by Vanmunster et al. (2000)222We searched our radial velocity measurements for periodicity by using the PDM routine (Stellingwerf 1978) finding an orbital period of $``$102 min, in quite good agreement with the photometric observation by Vanmunster et al. (2000). However, the resulting uncertainties on the orbital period was of $``$20 min due to the relatively low number of spectra in hand., but we used the time $`T_0`$ corresponding to the eclipse minimum of our May 1st V band light curve (which however still has a time resolution of only 2-3 min).

### 3.1 Photometry

We have plotted the multi-color light curves of OU Vir in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1, each single night is plotted using a different symbol in order to show the strong intrinsic brightness variations of OU Vir. Despite the night by night brightness variations we analyzed each waveband light curve using all data points at a time, as single night light curves have too few points.

Averaging the points in each light curve (excluding the eclipse) we find the following mean colors: V = 18.08, B $``$ V = 0.14, V $``$ R =0.95, and V $``$ I =0.68. Rough eclipse colors have been computed averaging the two faintest data points in the run for each waveband. We found Ve=19.17, B-V e= 0.24, V-R e=1.05 and V-I e=0.87. Eclipse colors are redder than out of eclipse, possibly providing evidence of secondary star contribution.

Common features to each light curve are the deep eclipse and a pre-eclipse hump. The eclipse is about 1 mag deep and shows asymmetric ingress and egress profiles (the ingress being steeper than the egress), in each waveband. The pre-eclipse hump varies in amplitude depending on the photometric waveband. The pre-eclipse hump is particularly evident in the B and V bands ($``$0.3 mag and 0.22 mag, respectively), and decreases in amplitude at longer wavelengths. A closer inspection of the B and V light curves shows a weak secondary maximum near phase $``$0.3 and/or a secondary minimum at phase $``$0.6. In Table 3, we list the average magnitude for each of the above mentioned features in each light curve. We believe that the light curve shape is due to the hot spot which is seen from the outside around orbital phase 0.9 (the pre-eclipse hump) and from the inside around phase $``$0.4. Similar double humped light curves have been observed in the high inclination, short orbital period systems WZ Sge (Skidmore 1998), OY Car (Schoembs & Hartmann 1983), Z Cha (Wood et al. 1986, van Amerongen et al. 1990), and DV UMa (Howell et al. 1988). Causes for these types of modulations are either optically thin accretion disks with an anisotropically emitting hot spot, or an optically thick accretion disk which partially eclipses the hot spot when viewed from the inside.

Average BVRI magnitudes and colors were also computed for each single night333In this case, no eclipse points were ruled out due to the poor time resolution which does not allow us to properly distinguish the features in each light curve.. Plots of the night average magnitude vs. time showed that the intrinsic brightness variations are random and with no trend and/or long term variations. The colors vary by $``$0.1 mag and these small variations are not correlated with the magnitude.

### 3.2 Spectroscopy

The OU Vir Red spectra show the emission lines H$`\alpha `$ and HeI 5876, 6678, and 7065, while the Blue spectrum shows the Balmer lines H$`\delta `$, H$`\gamma `$, and H$`\beta `$, the HeI lines 4471 and 5016, the Fe II lines 5018 (blending with He I 5016) and 5169, and the HeII line 4686 (Fig. 2). Line flux measurements (for the strongest lines) are listed in Table 4.

The red spectra are time resolved, thus, radial velocity measurements of the H$`\alpha `$ emission line were obtained. We made use of two different methods to measure the H$`\alpha `$ emission line radial velocity: i) the double Gaussian fit method (Shafter 1983, Schneider & Young 1980), and ii) the line flux barycenter. The best fitting sinusoidal curves for the two cases are in Table 5 and Fig. 3. The two methods provides best fit sinusoidal curves which agree within the uncertainties444However, we will use the double Gaussian method best fit in all our analysis.. Measures of the line flux barycenter are expected by definition to be biased by the hot spot emission which breaks the symmetry of the accretion disk emission line. The double Gaussian fit method, when fitting the wings of the accretion disk emission lines is assumed to be free hot spot bias. Thus, the fact that the two sinusoidal curves are statistically identical possibly implies that there is no a significant hot spot contribution in the emission lines biasing the radial velocity measurements. However, it must be noted that the derived spectroscopic inferior conjunction is considerably offset with respect to the photometric phase zero (with an offset of $``$0.28, which is much larger than the uncertainty on the real eclipse minimum time in our photometric light curve). Similar phase offsets are common in other dwarf novae (see Mason et al. 2000, and references therein). Though phase offsets are expected to be large in WZ Sge type objects (Mason et al. 2000), there is evidence for large phase offset also in systems which do not show strong hot spot contribution (e.g. Mason et al. 2001). However, OU Vir phase offset appears exceptionally large, the typical values in the literature being in the range 0.02-0.2, in dwarf nova systems (Mason et al. 2000). To further investigate the hot spot fractional contribution to the OU Vir red light we made an H$`\alpha `$ trailed spectrum and back projected Doppler map (Figs. 4 and 5, respectively).

The trailed spectrum in Fig. 4 shows only marginal evidence for a S-wave component. Fig. 4 also shows that the S-wave component is possibly asymmetric moving faster from the red-to-blue than from the blue-to-red accretion disk emission peak. The times of the maximum red and blue shifts of the S-wave are not 0.5 phase apart, but occur at phases 0.22 and 0.60, respectively. Similarly, the red to blue crossing and the blue to red crossing of the S-wave seem to occur at phases 0.02 and 0.45, respectively.

The back projected Doppler map (Fig. 5) shows a quite uniform accretion disk with a stronger emission ($``$30% stronger than the accretion disk), roughly at the secondary star postion (v$`{}_{X}{}^{}`$125 km sec-1, v$`{}_{Y}{}^{}`$600 km sec-1). Interpretations of both the S-wave in Fig. 4 and the bright spot in Fig. 5 are not obvious. If real, the asymmetry of the S-wave component pointed out above, excludes it is originating from a source in circular Keplerian motion such as the secondary star. Moreover, the bright spot in the Doppler map, if interpreted as secondary star emission, implies irradiation by the hot spot (which is not emitting in the lines), rather than the white dwarf555We expect the secondary star emission to be symmetric with respect vX=0 in the case it is irradiated by the white dwarf.. We must not forget that the spectra are phased according to our May 1st V band light curve and that there is a large real offset between the spectroscopic and the photometric time for the secondary star inferior conjunction. Phasing of the spectra according to the derived time of the red to blue crossing would rotate counterclockwise the Doppler map by $``$103o and place the bright emission closer to the expected hot spot position666More precisely the bright emission would appear almost in the lower left quadrant, i.e. ahead of the standard hot spot position which is expected in the upper left quadrant..

A straightforward conclusion is that the accretion disk emission lines are not good tracers of the primary star Keplerian motion (no matter if the hot spot is present or not!), and that the radial velocity measurements do not correspond to the white dwarf orbital motion.

## 4 Discussion and Conclusions

We have observed asymmetric eclipses in all four optical band-passes for the high orbital inclination system OU Vir. Comparison of the eclipse shape and depth with that observed in other high orbital inclination systems implies that OU Vir is most likely a system for which a grazing eclipse of the hot spot occurs. The fact that we do not observe a white dwarf eclipse, constraints the inclination of the orbital plane within the range 60$`{}_{}{}^{o}<i<75^o`$777These limits have been computed assuming standard Roche lobe geometry for $`q=0.150.25`$ (see, e.g., Warner 1995, pg 33). The upper limit corresponds to the constraint of no white dwarf eclipse at phase 0. The lower limit is the constraint for no accretion disk eclipse at phase 0. The lower limit would be slightly smaller if assuming some hot spot size/volume.. Considering that both the orbital inclination, $`i`$, and the two star components mass are unknown, we plot in Fig. 6 the $`q`$-$`i`$ and $`q`$-M2 relations derived from formula (2.79) in Warner (1995), and valid for OU Vir (i.e. K1=103 km/sec, Porb=104.7 min). M2 and $`i`$ were set to a constant value in the $`q`$-$`i`$ and $`q`$-M2 relation, respectively. In Fig. 6, OU Vir’s $`q`$-$`i`$ relation is defined for $`q0.28`$, and predicts $`q`$ values in the range 0.3-0.35 in the case of $`60^oi75^o`$. Similar large $`q`$ and M2 values can be inferred through $`q`$-M2 relation and high orbital inclination. Thus, our predicted $`q`$ ratio is larger than typically observed in dwarf novae below the period gap (e.g. OY Car 0.102, Z Cha 0.15, and HT Cas 0.15, Warner 1995 and references therein), though in rough agreement with computation by Webbink (Warner 1995).

The derived eclipse colors (see Sect. 3.1) possibly imply a contribution by the secondary star. Signature of the secondary star appears also in the red-ward rising slope beyond 7200Å (e.g. Fig. 2). Unfortunately the spectral coverage and the lack of secondary absorption features do not allow us to set constraints on the spectral type of the secondary star.

Analysis of the light curve features (see Table 3) allows us to estimate a hot spot contribution of $``$40% in the V band and 26%, 17%, and 10% in the B, R and I bands, respectively. Similar contributions of 20%, 58%, and 9% (in B, V, and R respectively) were found in OY Car by Schoembs et al. (1987). WZ Sge, which has weak continuum emission but a strong hot spot emission line contribution, has fractional hot spot contribution of only 8%, 6%, and 12% in the B, V, and R bands888The WZ Sge hot spot fractional contributions have been computed using high speed multi-color photometry obtained on August 16th 1991 by W. Skidmore (private communication)., respectively.

It is more difficult to compute the hot spot fractional contribution in the emission lines. In first place, the two components of accretion disk and hot spot cannot be deconvolved in Doppler maps. Secondly, in the case of OU Vir (see previous section) there is not obvious a priori identification of the bright emission in the Doppler maps and/or the S-wave in the trailed spectrograph, due to mismatching photometric and spectroscopic phase 0.

The accretion disk peak intensity ratio V/R is often used as a diagnostic to point out asymmetries in the accretion disk itself. In particular the V/R ratio is expected to be modulated by the hot spot emission and show values greater than 1 when the hot spot is on the approaching side of the disk gas, and values smaller than 1 when on the disk side which is moving away from the observer. The maximum value should occur around phase 0.66 for an hot spot in the standard position predicted by the stream trajectory (Gilliland 1982), or in the phase range 0.1-0.3 in the case of a system showing the reverse hot spot phenomenon (Mennickent 1994 and references therein). However, we often measured a smaller intensity value in the disk peak which is blended with the hot spot, contrary to the expectations. The plot of V/R ratio vs. orbital phase shows mostly random scatter and no hot spot modulation.

Similarly, a plot of the line and underlying continuum flux vs. phase (Fig. 7) show large scatter and poor modulation. Both light curves appear strongly affected by accretion system intrinsic variation on the timescale of an orbit or less999We are inclined to interpret the dramatic increase in flux from phase $``$0. to 0.1 as a flare episode..

The blue spectrum was used to compute the Balmer decrement of H$`\delta `$/H$`\beta `$, to be compared with theoretical models of accretion disks. The derived value of 0.75 (frequency units) is consistent with the intensity ration predicted by Williams (1980) in optically thick emission lines on low mass transfer rate accretion disks ($`10^{12}`$ M yr-1). The H$`\alpha `$/H$`\beta `$ flux ratio was not computed due to the mismatching continuum of the blue and the red spectra (see Fig. 2). The measured H$`\delta `$/H$`\beta `$ ratio is of 0.55 but there are no models predicting such a line ratio to compare with.

In summary, BVRI band time resolved photometry of OU Vir in quiescence shows hot spot modulated light curve and deep eclipse as typical in high inclination SU UMa stars (e.g. OY Car Wood et al. 1989, Z Cha Wood et al. 1986, van Amerongen et al. 1990). However, the eclipse depth suggests that only a grazing eclipse of the hot spot is actually occurring in OU Vir, similarly to WZ Sge (e.g. Skidmore 1998) and V893 Sco (Bruch et al. 2000). Our photometry also detected cycle to cycle random brightness variations up to 0.25 mag, which -though smaller- are possibly similar to the cycle to cycle variation reported by Bruch et al. (2000) for V893 Sco. Random brightness variation are also observed in the OU Vir H$`\alpha `$ emission line. The line flux light curve together with the line profile analysis suggests that these brightness variations occur in the whole disk and are not restricted to the impact region. No matter how we interpret the S-wave and the bright emission in the Doppler map, the OU Vir hot spot results suggest an optically thick region which does not produce strong emission lines. At last, both the red spectra continuum and the eclipse colors seem to indicate evidence of the secondary star, which has only rarely been detected in short orbital period dwarf novae (Z Cha, Bailey et al. 1981).

All these characteristics make OU Vir an extremely good target for the solution of the binary geometry and the modeling of the accretion system (i.e. disk plus hot spot). However, those results are presently made difficult by the observed strong flux variations and both the time and spectral resolving limits of our data sets. Fast speed photometry would be useful to derive the accretion disk flux distribution through eclipse analysis, and to interpret its brightness variation, while both IR spectroscopy and/or photometry should be pursued to possibly detect the secondary star, derive its temperature, Keplerian velocity, K2, and mass.

###### Acknowledgements.

Observations reported here were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution. This research was partially supported by NSF grant AST 98-10770 to SBH.


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# 1 Experimental inputs

## 1 Experimental inputs

In this talk we use the most recent experimental results on inclusive and exclusive $`bs\gamma `$ and $`bs\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ decays to update the analysis presented in Ref. . The experimental results that we use in the analysis are

$`(BX_s\gamma )`$ $`=`$ $`(3.40_{0.37}^{+0.42})\times 10^4\text{ }\text{[2, 3, 4, 5]},`$ (1)
$`(BK\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(0.63_{0.13}^{+0.14})\times 10^6\text{ }\text{[6, 7]},`$ (2)
$`(BK^{}\mu ^+\mu ^{})`$ $``$ $`3.0\times 10^6\mathrm{at}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}90}\%\mathrm{C}.\mathrm{L}.\text{ }\text{[6, 7]},`$ (3)
$`(BK^{}e^+e^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(1.68_{0.58}^{+0.68}\pm 0.28)\times 10^6\text{ }\text{[6]},`$ (4)
$`(BX_s\mu ^+\mu ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(7.9\pm 2.1_{1.5}^{+2.0})\times 10^6\text{ }\text{[8]},`$ (5)
$`(BX_se^+e^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(5.0\pm 2.3_{1.1}^{+1.2})\times 10^6\text{ }\text{[8]},`$ (6)
$`(BX_s\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(6.1\pm 1.4_{1.1}^{+1.3})\times 10^6\text{ }\text{[8]}.`$ (7)
The $`BX_s\gamma `$ branching ratio is given with a cut on the photon energy ($`E_\gamma >m_b/20`$) and the value presented is the weighted average of the four available measurements. The branching ratios for the semileptonic modes (27) refer to the non–resonant branching ratios integrated over the dilepton invariant mass spectrum. On the theoretical side, this amounts to consider only the perturbative part of the amplitude and to leave out all the resonant contributions (that are usually shaped using Breit-Wigner ansätze). On the experimental one, judicious cuts are used to remove the dominant resonant contributions arising from intermediate $`c\overline{c}`$ resonances ($`J/\psi ,\psi ^{},\mathrm{}`$); SM-based theoretical distributions  are then used to correct the data for the experimental acceptance. Finally, let us stress that the $`BX_se^+e^{}`$ branching ratio is given with a cut on the di-lepton invariant mass, $`M_{ee}\sqrt{s}>0.2\text{GeV}`$, in order to remove virtual photon contributions and the $`\pi ^0ee\gamma `$ photon conversion background. The $`BX_se^+e^{}`$ rate increases steeply for $`s0`$ (because of the almost real photon pole) and is extremely sensitive to the Wilson coefficient of the magnetic moment operator (that controls the $`bs\gamma `$ transition). The use of the branching ratio without extrapolation to the full $`s`$ spectrum, allows to reduce the uncertainties in the comparison with the Standard Model (SM) prediction and to properly analyze models with an enhanced magnetic moment Wilson coefficient.

## 2 Theoretical framework and SM predictions

The effective Hamiltonian in the SM inducing the $`bs\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ and $`bs\gamma `$ transitions is (up to negligible contributions proportional to $`V_{us}^{}V_{ub}`$)

$`_{\text{eff}}={\displaystyle \frac{4G_F}{\sqrt{2}}}V_{ts}^{}V_{tb}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{10}{}}}C_i(\mu )O_i(\mu ),`$ (8)
where $`G_F`$ is the Fermi constant and $`V_{ij}`$ are the CKM matrix elements. $`O_i(\mu )`$ are dimension-six operators at the scale $`\mu `$ and $`C_i(\mu )`$ are the corresponding Wilson coefficients. The most relevant operators are (the complete list can be found, for instance, in Ref. )

$`O_7`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{g_s^2}}m_b(\overline{s}_L\sigma ^{\mu \nu }b_R)F_{\mu \nu },`$ (9)
$`O_8`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g_s}}m_b(\overline{s}_L\sigma ^{\mu \nu }T^ab_R)G_{\mu \nu }^a,`$ (10)
$`O_9`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{g_s^2}}(\overline{s}_L\gamma _\mu b_L){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\overline{\mathrm{}}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{}),`$ (11)
$`O_{10}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{g_s^2}}(\overline{s}_L\gamma _\mu b_L){\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{}}(\overline{\mathrm{}}\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\mathrm{}),`$ (12)
where the subscripts $`L`$ and $`R`$ refer to left- and right- handed components of the fermion fields.

The differential decay width for the inclusive decay $`BX_s\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ is given by the parton level result supplement by calculable power corrections. In the NNLO approximation, the non–resonant decay width can be written as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }(bs\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})}{d\widehat{s}}}=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{em}}{4\pi }}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2m_{b,pole}^5\left|V_{ts}^{}V_{tb}\right|^2}{48\pi ^3}}(1\widehat{s})^2[(1+2\widehat{s})\left(\right|\stackrel{~}{C}_9^{\text{eff}}|^2+\left|\stackrel{~}{C}_{10}^{\text{eff}}|^2\right)G_1(\widehat{s})`$
$`+4(1+2/\widehat{s})|\stackrel{~}{C}_7^{\text{eff}}|^2G_2(\widehat{s})+12\text{Re}\left(\stackrel{~}{C}_7^{\text{eff}}\stackrel{~}{C}_9^{\text{eff}}\right)G_3(\widehat{s})+G_c(\widehat{s})],`$ (13)
where $`\widehat{s}s/m_b^2`$ and the functions $`G_i(\widehat{s})(i=1,2,3)`$ and $`G_c(\widehat{s})`$ encode respectively the $`1/m_b^2`$ and $`1/m_c^2`$ corrections. $`\stackrel{~}{C}_i^{\text{eff}}`$ are effective Wilson coefficients (whose explicit form is given in Ref. ) that are functions of the dilepton mass squared and incorporate part of the operator matrix elements. In particular, $`\stackrel{~}{C}_9^{\text{eff}}`$ contains contributions due to perturbative $`c\overline{c}`$ rescattering and develops an imaginary part for $`s>4m_c^2`$. Performing the $`\widehat{s}`$ integration and constraining $`s_{ee}>(0.2\text{GeV})^2`$, the decay widths in electrons and muons are essentially equal and are given by the following numerical formula:

$`(BX_s\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})=[4.534+8.665|C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}|^2+.119(|C_9^{\mathrm{NP}}|^2+|C_{10}^{\mathrm{NP}}|^2)+.996\text{Re}C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}C_9^{\mathrm{NP}}`$
$`+4.130\text{Re}C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}+0.171\text{Im}C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}+1.068\text{Re}C_9^{\mathrm{NP}}+.064\text{Im}C_9^{\mathrm{NP}}1.011\text{Re}C_{10}^{\mathrm{NP}}]\times 10^6,`$
where $`C_9^{\mathrm{NP}}`$ and $`C_{10}^{\mathrm{NP}}`$ are the new physics contributions to $`C_9(\mu _W)`$ and $`C_{10}(\mu _W)`$ evaluated at $`\mu _Wm_W`$ and $`C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}`$ is the sum of the SM ($`C_7^{\mathrm{SM}}(\mu _b)`$) and new physics ($`C_7^{\mathrm{NP}}(\mu _b)`$) contributions evaluated at $`\mu _b2.5\text{GeV}`$. A detailed discussion of all the assumptions that enter this formula can be found in Ref. . In the SM we find

$$(BX_s\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})=\left(4.15\pm 0.27\pm 0.21\pm 0.62\right)\times 10^6=\left(4.15\pm 0.70\right)\times 10^6$$
(14)
where the errors correspond to variations of $`\mu _b`$, $`m_{t,pole}`$ and $`m_c/m_b`$. Comparing this estimate with the experimental measurements (5)–(7) we see that there is agreement with the SM at the 1 $`\sigma `$ level. Note that Previous experimental data on the di-electron channel were extrapolated using SM-based distributions and that the branching ratio for $`BX_se^+e^{}`$ integrated over the whole dilepton invariant mass spectrum is  $`(6.89\pm 1.01)\times 10^6`$ (i.e. the $`s_{ee}<(0.2\text{GeV})^2`$ region enhances (14) by $`66\%`$). This clearly shows to what extent the choice to give branching ratios not extrapolated allows for a cleaner identification of new physics effects.

For what concerns the exclusive decays $`BK^{()}\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$, we implement the NNLO corrections calculated by Bobeth et al. in Ref.  and by Asatrian et al. in Ref.  for the short-distance contribution. Then, we use the form factors calculated with the help of the QCD sum rules in Ref. . For lack of space we can not describe some subtleties related to the treatment of the so–called hard spectator interactions and to the value of the magnetic moment form factor at $`s=0`$ (see Ref.  for a complete discussion). The SM NNLO predictions that we obtain are

$`(BK\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(0.35\pm 0.12)\times 10^6(\delta _K\mathrm{}\mathrm{}=\pm 34\%),`$ (15)
$`(BK^{}e^+e^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(1.58\pm 0.49)\times 10^6(\delta _{K^{}ee}=\pm 31\%),`$ (16)
$`(BK^{}\mu ^+\mu ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`(1.19\pm 0.39)\times 10^6(\delta _{K^{}\mu \mu }=\pm 33\%).`$ (17)
From the comparison with Eqs. (2)–(3) we see that in the $`BK\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ channel there is a 1.6 $`\sigma `$ discrepancy with the SM expectation while in the $`K^{}`$ channels there is a perfect agreement.

## 3 Model independent analysis

The first step consists in extracting the bounds that the measurement (1) implies for $`C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}(2.5\text{GeV})`$. The main difficulty arises from the treatment of the $`m_c`$ dependence of the $`BX_s\gamma `$ branching ratio. In Ref. , it was noted that, in this decay, the charm quark mass enters the matrix elements at the two-loop level only and that it would be more appropriate to use the running charm mass evaluated at the $`\mu _bO(m_b)`$ scale, leading to $`m_c/m_b0.22\pm 0.04`$, compared to $`m_{c,pole}/m_b0.29\pm 0.02`$. This is a reasonable choice since the charm quark enters only as virtual particle running inside loops; formally, on the other hand, it is also clear that the difference between the results obtained by interpreting $`m_c`$ as the pole mass or the running mass is formally a NNLO effect. In what concerns $`bs\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$, the situation is somewhat different, as the charm quark mass enters in this case also in some one-loop matrix elements. In these one-loop contributions, $`m_c`$ has the meaning of the pole mass when using the expressions derived in Ref. . Since the bounds on the $`C_7`$ do not depend dramatically on $`m_c`$, we just derive them using both values of the charm mass and taking the union of the allowed ranges. We present the results of this analysis in Figs. 1a and 1b, where we show the allowed regions in the $`R_7`$ and $`R_8`$ plane obtained using the $`90\%\mathrm{C}.\mathrm{L}.`$ $`BX_s\gamma `$ bound (here $`R_{7,8}C_{7,8}^{\mathrm{tot}}/C_{7,8}^{\mathrm{SM}}`$). We take $`|R_8(\mu _W)|10`$ in order to satisfy the constraints from the decays $`bsg`$ and $`BX_{c/}`$ .The regions in Fig. 1b translate in the following allowed constraints:

$`\{\begin{array}{cc}m_c/m_b=0.29:C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}(2.5\text{GeV})[0.37,0.18]\&[0.21,0.40],\hfill & \\ m_c/m_b=0.22:C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}(2.5\text{GeV})[0.35,0.17]\&[0.25,0.43].\hfill & \end{array}`$ (18)
In the subsequent numerical analysis we impose the union of the above allowed ranges

$`0.37C_7^{\mathrm{tot},<0}(2.5\text{GeV})0.17`$ $`\&`$ $`0.21C_7^{\mathrm{tot},>0}(2.5\text{GeV})0.43`$ (19)
calling them $`C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}`$–positive and $`C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}`$–negative solutions.

We present the results of the model independent analysis of $`bs\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ decays in Fig. 2. Within each plot we vary $`C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}`$ inside the allowed ranges (19) and plot the $`90\%\mathrm{C}.\mathrm{L}.`$ constraints implied by Eqs. (2)–(7) in the $`[C_9^{\mathrm{NP}}(\mu _W),C_{10}^{\mathrm{NP}}]`$ plane. The SM correspond to the point (0,0). In each plot the inner and outer contours are determined by the measurements of the decays $`BK\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ and $`BX_s\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ respectively.

## 4 Analysis in supersymmetry

In this section we analyze the impact that the measurements (1)–(7) have on three variants of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), namely minimal flavour violation (MFV), gluino mediated contributions and extended minimal flavour violation (EMFV).

MFV. As already known from the existing literature (see for instance Ref. ), minimal flavour violating contributions are generally too small to produce sizable effects on the Wilson coefficients $`C_9`$ and $`C_{10}`$. Indeed, scanning over the MFV parameter space and imposing the lower bounds on the sparticle masses we obtain

$$C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}<0:\{\begin{array}{cc}C_9^{MFV}(\mu _W)[0.2,0.4]\hfill & \\ C_{10}^{MFV}[1.0,0.7]\hfill & \end{array},C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}>0:\{\begin{array}{cc}C_9^{MFV}(\mu _W)[0.2,0.3],\hfill & \\ C_{10}^{MFV}[0.8,0.5]\hfill & \end{array}.$$
(20)
From the comparison of the size of these contributions with the allowed regions depicted in Fig. 2 we see that the current experimental results on $`bs\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ decays are not precise enough to constraint the MFV parameter space. The situation is completely different for what concerns $`bs\gamma `$. The scatter plot presented in Fig. 1 is obtained varying the MFV SUSY parameters and shows the strong correlation between the values of the Wilson coefficients $`C_7`$ and $`C_8`$. In fact, the SUSY contributions to the magnetic and chromo–magnetic coefficients differ only because of colour factors and loop-functions. In Fig. 3 we present, finally, the dependence of the charged Higgs and chargino contributions to $`C_7`$ on the relevant mass parameters (that are the charged Higgs mass for the former and the lightest chargino and stop masses for the latter). From these figures is clear that the knowledge of the sign of $`C_7^{\mathrm{tot}}`$ will strongly constrain the MFV parameter space, by putting upper or lower limits on the chargino and stop masses.

Gluino contributions. Gluino contributions to $`C_9`$ and $`C_{10}`$ are governed by mass insertions in the down squark mass matrix. From the analysis presented in Ref.  we see that the dominant diagrams involve the parameter $`(\delta _{23}^d)_{LL}`$ and that large deviations from the SM are unlikely.

Extended–MFV models. A basically different scenario arises if chargino–mediated penguin and box diagrams are considered. As can be inferred by Table 4 in Ref. , the presence of a light $`\stackrel{~}{t}_2`$ generally gives rise to large contributions to $`C_9`$ and especially to $`C_{10}`$. EMFV models are based on the heavy squarks and gluino assumption. In this framework, the charged Higgs and the lightest chargino and stop masses are required to be heavier than $`100\text{GeV}`$ in order to satisfy the lower bounds from direct searches. The rest of the SUSY spectrum is assumed to be almost degenerate and heavier than $`1\text{TeV}`$. The lightest stop is almost right–handed and the stop mixing angle (which parameterizes the amount of the left-handed stop $`\stackrel{~}{t}_L`$ present in the lighter mass eigenstate) turns out to be of order $`O(m_W/M_{\stackrel{~}{q}})10\%`$. The assumption of a heavy ($`1`$ TeV) gluino totally suppresses any possible gluino–mediated SUSY contribution to low energy observables. Note that even in the presence of a light gluino (i.e. $`M_{\stackrel{~}{g}}O(300\text{GeV})`$) these penguin diagrams remain suppressed due to the heavy down squarks present in the loop. In the MIA approach, a diagram can contribute sizeably only if the inserted mass insertions involve the light stop. All the other diagrams require necessarily a loop with at least two heavy ($`1\text{TeV}`$) squarks and are therefore automatically suppressed. This leaves us with only two unsuppressed flavour changing sources other than the CKM matrix, namely the mixings $`\stackrel{~}{u}_L\stackrel{~}{t}_2`$ (denoted by $`\delta _{\stackrel{~}{u}_L\stackrel{~}{t}_2}`$) and $`\stackrel{~}{c}_L\stackrel{~}{t}_2`$ (denoted by $`\delta _{\stackrel{~}{c}_L\stackrel{~}{t}_2}`$). We note that $`\delta _{\stackrel{~}{u}_L\stackrel{~}{t}_2}`$ and $`\delta _{\stackrel{~}{c}_L\stackrel{~}{t}_2}`$ are mass insertions extracted from the up–squarks mass matrix after the diagonalization of the stop system and are therefore linear combinations of $`(\delta _{13})_{LR}^U`$, $`(\delta _{13})_{LL}^U`$ and of $`(\delta _{23})_{LR}^U`$, $`(\delta _{23})_{LL}^U`$, respectively. In Fig. 2 we present the results of an high statistic scanning over the EMFV parameter space requiring each point to survive the constraints coming from the sparticle masses lower bounds and $`bs\gamma `$. Note that these SUSY models can account only for a small part of the region allowed by the model independent analysis of current data. In the numerical analysis reported here, we have used the integrated branching ratios alone to put constraints on the effective coefficients. This procedure allows multiple solutions, which can be disentangled from each other only with the help of both the dilepton mass spectra and the forward-backward asymmetries. Only such measurements would allow us to determine the exact values and signs of the Wilson coefficients $`C_7`$, $`C_9`$ and $`C_{10}`$.


text:
# A weaker geodesic completeness and Clifton-Pohl torus

## 1 Foreword

We propose a weaker definition of geodesic completeness and use it to classify geodesics of ’Clifton-Pohl torus’ T (a compact, geodesically incomplete, Lorentz manifold, see \[ONE\], 7.16). We need the idea of a holomorphic metric on a complex manifold M (see \[LEB\] ): it amounts to a nondegenerating symmetric section of the twice covariant holomorphic tensor bundle $`𝒯_0^2\text{M}`$. Of course, it carries no ’signature’; however, by simmetry, it induces a canonical Levi-Civita’s connexion on M, allowing geodesics to be defined as auto-parallel paths. Moreover, if M arises as a ’complexification’ of a semi-Riemannian manifold N, it is easily seen that the real geodesics of N are restrictions to the real axis of the complex ones of M and vice versa (see \[LEB\]). This fact allows us to ’flank’ isolated singularities on the real line by running along complex trips, i.e. to ’connect’ geodesics which, in the usual sense, are completely unrelated.

We suggest an idea of our notion of completeness (see also definition 2) : given a complexification $`d:\text{N}\text{M}`$ and a real analytic curve $`\gamma :[a,b]\text{N}`$, $`\gamma `$ will be told to be complete provided that $`d\gamma `$ can be continued to all points in the real line, with at most a discrete set of exceptional values, taking ’real values’ (i.e. in $`d(\text{N})`$).

## 2 Basic definitions and lemmata

In the following, $`𝒰`$ will be a region in the complex plane and M a complex manifold: the idea of the analytical continuation of a holomorphic mapping element (or of a germ) $`f:𝒰\text{M}`$ is well known and amounts to a quadruple $`Q_\text{M}=(S,\pi ,j,F)`$, where $`S`$ is a connected Riemann surface over a region of C, $`\pi :S\text{C}`$ is a nonconstant holomorphic mapping such that $`U\pi (S)`$, $`j:US`$ is a holomorphic immersion such that $`\pi j=id|_U`$ and $`F:S\text{M}`$ is a holomorphic mapping such that $`Fj=f`$. Each finite branch point is kept into account by the fact of lying ’under’ some critical point of $`\pi `$; it is a well known result that there exists a unique maximal analytical continuation, called the Riemann surface, of $`(𝒰,f)`$.

###### Lemma 1

Let f and g be two C-valued holomorphic germs each one inverse of the other, admitting the representatives $`(𝒰,f)`$, resp. $`(𝒱,g)`$ ; let $`(R,\pi ,j,F)`$ and $`(S,\rho ,\mathrm{},G)`$ be their respective Riemann surfaces: then $`F(R)=\rho (S)`$.

Proof: a) $`F(R)\rho (S)`$: let $`\xi R`$ and $`F(\xi )=\eta `$; there exist: a neighbourhood $`𝒰_1`$ of $`\xi `$; open subsets $`𝒰_2\pi (𝒰_1)`$ and $`𝒱_2F(𝒰_1)`$ and a biholomorphic function $`g_2:𝒱_2𝒰_2`$, with inverse $`f_2:𝒰_2𝒱_2`$ such that: $`(𝒰_2,f_2)`$ and $`(𝒰,f)`$ are connectible and so are $`(𝒱_2,g_2)`$ and $`(𝒱,g)`$. There exist two holomorphic immersions $`\stackrel{~}{j}:𝒰_2R\text{ and }\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}:𝒱_2S`$ such that $`\pi \stackrel{~}{j}=𝒊𝒅`$ and $`\rho \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}=𝒊𝒅`$. Let $`𝒱_1=F(U)_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{(x,y)𝒰_1\times 𝒱_2:F(x)=y\}`$; let $`J:𝒱_2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be defined by $`J(v)=(\stackrel{~}{j}g_2(v),v)`$. Then $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },pr_2,J,\pi pr_1)`$ is an analytical continuation of $`(𝒱_2,g_2)`$; indeed $`\pi pr_1J=\pi \stackrel{~}{j}g_2=g_2`$. But $`(𝒱_2,g_2)`$ is connectible with $`(𝒱,g)`$, so $`(\mathrm{\Sigma },pr_2,J,\pi pr_1)`$ is an analytical continuation of $`(𝒱,g)`$. Eventually, $`h𝒪(\mathrm{\Sigma },S)`$ such that $`\rho h=pr_2`$: hence $`\eta =pr_2(\xi ,\eta )=\rho h(\xi ,\eta )\rho (S)`$.

b) $`\rho (S)F(R)`$: let $`sS`$: there is a neighbourhood $`V`$ of $`s`$ in $`S`$ such that $`V\{s\}`$ consists of regular points both of $`\rho `$ and $`G`$. This means that for each $`s^{}V\{s\}`$ there exists a holomorphic function element $`(𝒱^{},\stackrel{~}{g}_s^{})`$ (with $`\rho (s^{}),𝒱^{}`$) connectible with $`(𝒱,g)`$ and a holomorphic immersion $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}:𝒱^{}V`$. By a) already proved, $`G(s)\pi (R)`$, hence $`pR`$ such that $`\pi (p)=G(s)`$ and a neighbourhood $`W`$ of $`p`$ in $`R`$ such that $`\pi ^1(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))W\mathrm{}`$. Set $`W^{}=\pi ^1(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))W`$: suppose, without loss of generality, $`\pi `$ invertible on $`W^{}`$: hence there exists a open holomorphic immersion $`\stackrel{~}{j}:\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{})W`$. Therefore, for each $`\zeta \stackrel{~}{j}(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))`$, there exists $`\eta \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}(𝒱^{})`$ such that $`F(\zeta )=F(\stackrel{~}{j}\stackrel{~}{g}\rho (\eta ))`$. Now, by definition of analytical continuation, $`F\stackrel{~}{j}\stackrel{~}{g}=𝒊𝒅`$, hence $`F(\zeta )=\rho (\eta )`$. Consider now the holomorphic function $`\mathrm{\Xi }:W\times V\text{C}`$ defined by setting $`\mathrm{\Xi }(w,v)=F(w)\rho (v)`$: we have $`\mathrm{\Xi }0`$ throughout $`\stackrel{~}{j}(\stackrel{~}{g}(𝒱^{}))\times \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}(𝒱^{})`$, hence on $`W\times V`$, which in turn implies $`F(p)=\rho (s)`$: this eventually implies that $`\rho (S)F(R)`$.

###### Definition 2

A real-analytic curve $`\gamma `$ in a real-analytic manifold N admitting a complexification $`d:\text{N}\text{M}`$ is complete provided that the Riemann surface $`(S,\pi ,j,G)`$ of $`d𝚘\gamma `$ is such that $`\text{R}\pi \mathrm{}\mathrm{𝔾}^{\mathrm{}\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{N}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$ is a discrete set

###### Definition 3

A holomorphic metric on M is an everywhere maximum-rank symmetric section of the twice covariant holomorphic tensor bundle $`𝒯_0^2\text{M}`$. A holomorphic Riemannian manifold is a complex manifold endowed with a holomorphic metric.

We report the existence-and-uniqueness theorem of o.d.e’s theorey in the complex domain: let $`W_0`$ be a complex $`N`$tuple, $`z_0\text{C}`$; let $`F`$ be a $`\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$valued holomorphic mapping in $`_{j=1}^N\text{D}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕎}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\times \text{D}\mathrm{}ϝ_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$, ($`a,b\text{R}`$) with $`C^0`$norm $`M`$ and $`C^0`$norm of each $`F/w^j`$ ($`j=1..N`$) not exceeding $`K\text{R}`$.

###### Theorem 4

If $`r<min(a,b/M,1/K)`$, $`!`$ a holomorphic mapping $`W:\text{D}\mathrm{}ϝ_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$ $`_{j=1}^N\text{D}\mathrm{}\mathrm{𝕎}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$ such that $`W^{}=F(W(z),z)`$ and $`W(z_0)=W_0`$. (see e.g. \[HIL\], th 2.2.2, \[INC\] p.281-284)

As a consequence, for each point $`p`$ in a holomorphic Riemannian manifold and each holomorphic tangent vector $`X`$ at $`p`$, there exists a unique holomorphic geodesic starting at $`p`$ with velocity $`X`$.

## 3 The Clifton-Pohl torus

Consider now $`\text{N}:=\text{R}^{\mathrm{}}\{\mathrm{}\}`$, with the Lorentz metric $`dudv/(u^2+v^2)`$; the group $`D`$ generated by scalar multiplication by $`2`$ is a group of isometries of N; its action is properly dicontinuous, hence $`\text{T}=\text{N}/D`$ is a Lorentz surface. Topologically, T is the closed annulus $`1\varrho 2`$, with boundaries identified by the action of $`D`$, i.e. a torus; notwithstanding, T is geodesically incomplete, since $`t(1/(1t),0)`$ is a geodesic of M (see \[ONE\]). In the following, we shall study directly N rather than T, since our conclusions could be easily pushed down with respect to the action of $`D`$. Consider now the holomorphic Riemannian manifold $`\text{M}=\left[\text{C}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{C}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{C}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\right]`$.

###### Lemma 5

The geodesic equations of both M and N are: $`\stackrel{}{𝑢}=2u/(u^2+v^2)\stackrel{}{𝑢}^2`$, $`\stackrel{}{𝑣}=2v/(u^2+v^2)\stackrel{}{𝑣}^2`$; they are meant to be real or complex depending on the fact that they concern M or N.

###### Proposition 6

All null geodesics of N are complete. Proof: we may deal with the only case $`v=const:=A`$. Lemma 5 imply $`\stackrel{}{𝑢}=2u/(u^2+A^2)\stackrel{}{𝑢}^2`$, which is solved by $`t(CBt)^1`$ if $`A=0`$ and by $`t\mathrm{tan}(At+B)`$ if $`A0`$, for suitable real constants $`B`$ and $`C`$. The above functions are restrictions of meromorphic functions, hence, by definition 2, yield complete geodesics.

We turn to nonnull geodesics of N:

###### Lemma 7

The Cauchy’s problem $`\stackrel{}{𝜑}=2A\text{Ch}\phi \sqrt{B^22/A\text{Ch}\phi }`$ $`\phi (0)=\phi _0`$, (with $`B^22/A\text{Ch}\phi _0>0`$) has complete solutions, in the real domain, with respect to the canonical complexification, if and only if $`0<AB^22`$.

Proof: set $`F(\phi )=2A\text{Ch}\phi \sqrt{B^22/A\text{Ch}\phi }`$ and $`G(\phi ):=_{\phi _0}^\phi 𝑑\nu /F(\nu )`$, where by the integral sign we mean the choice of the only primitive of $`1/F`$ vanishing at $`\phi _0`$. Rewrite the problem in the form $`G(\phi )=𝒊𝒅`$: this shows that $`\phi `$ and $`G`$ are inverse elements of holomorphic functions in neighbourhoods of $`\phi _0`$ and $`G(\phi _0)`$.

Suppose $`AB^22`$ or $`AB^2<0`$: then $`F`$ never vanishes; since $`1/F(\nu )=O(𝒆^{|\nu |})`$ as $`\nu \mathrm{}`$, $`G`$ takes a bounded set of values, hence, by lemma 1, $`\phi `$ is not complete.

If, instead, $`0<AB^22`$, then there exists a branch of $`F`$ admitting a zero on the real line, hence there exists a branch $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ of $`1/F`$ whose absolute value takes all large enough values. However $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ can be analytically continued, by admitting complex trips, up to $`\{\phi :\text{Ch}\phi 2/AB^2\}`$, in such a way that an even function $`f`$ is yielded.

Now $`|_{\phi _0}^\phi f(\nu )𝑑\nu |`$ takes all positive values; but $`g:=_{\phi _0}^\phi f`$ is an odd function plus a real constant on $`\{\phi :\text{Ch}\phi 2/AB^2\}`$, hence it takes all real values with at most the exception of its asympotical value $`\sigma `$. Thus, if $`(S,\varrho ,\mathrm{},H)`$ is the Riemann surface of $`\phi `$, then, by lemma 1, $`\varrho (H^1(\text{R}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\text{R}\mathrm{ð}\mathrm{}\text{R}\mathrm{}\text{R}\{\sigma \}`$.

###### Definition 8

The impulse function $`𝐏:T\text{N}\{\mathrm{𝚗𝚞𝚕𝚕}\mathrm{𝚟𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜}\}\text{R}`$ is defined by setting $`𝐏(\alpha ,\beta ,x,y)=(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)^1(2\alpha \beta +\alpha ^2y/x+\beta x/y)`$.

###### Theorem 9

A nonnull geodesic $`\gamma `$ starting from $`(\alpha ,\beta )`$, with velocity $`(x,y)`$ is complete if and only if $`0<𝐏(\alpha ,\beta ,x,y)2`$.

Proof: we may suppose $`\alpha 0`$ and $`\beta 0`$. Moreover, we have $`x0`$ and $`y0`$. The equations in lemma 5 can be integrated once to yield:

$$\stackrel{}{𝑢}\stackrel{}{𝑣}=A(u^2+v^2),u/\stackrel{}{𝑢}+v/\stackrel{}{𝑣}=B,$$
(1)
where $`A=xy/(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2)`$ and $`B=\alpha /x+\beta /y`$; note that $`AB^2=𝑷(\alpha ,\beta ,x,y)`$.

Introduce now the supplementary hypothesis that $`u>0`$ and $`v>0`$: by performing the change of coordinates $`u=𝒆^\omega `$, $`v=𝒆^\eta `$, (1) is turned into

$$\stackrel{}{𝜔}\stackrel{}{𝜂}=2A\text{Ch}(\omega \eta ),1/\stackrel{}{𝜔}+1/\stackrel{}{𝜂}=B.$$
(2)
We can solve with respect to $`\stackrel{}{𝜔}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{𝜂}`$, getting

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{}{𝜔}=2\left(B\sqrt{B^22/[A\text{Ch}(𝜔𝜂)]}\right)^1\hfill & \\ \stackrel{}{𝜂}=2\left(B+\sqrt{B^22/[A\text{Ch}(𝜔𝜂)]}\right)^1\hfill & \end{array}.$$
(3)
Subtract and set $`\phi :=𝜔𝜂`$; this yields the equation in $`\phi `$ studied in lemma 7, with the appropriate initial value $`\phi (0)=\mathrm{log}(u/v)`$; this Cauchy’s problem has complete solutions if and only if $`0<𝑷(\alpha ,\beta ,x,y)2`$.

Now the fact that $`\phi `$ is incomplete easily implies that so is $`\gamma `$. Suppose, instead, that $`\phi `$ is complete: from (3), we get that both $`\stackrel{}{𝜂}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{𝜔}`$ is complete; since passing to a primitive preserves completeness, so are $`𝜂`$ and $`𝜔`$: but $`u=e^𝜔`$ and $`v=e^𝜂`$: this eventually implies that $`\gamma `$ is complete.

To remove the hypothesis that $`u>0`$ and $`v>0`$, consider two geodesics $`\gamma `$, $`\delta `$, starting from, say, $`(\alpha ,0)`$, the former with velocity $`(x,y)`$ and the latter $`(x,y)`$ ($`y>0`$). The first order systems, like (1), of $`\gamma `$ and $`\delta `$ differ only in the signs of constants in their first equations. Thus, the equations of those pieces of $`\gamma `$ lying in $`Q_1=\{u>0,v>0\}`$ and of those ones of $`\delta `$ lying in $`Q_2=\{u>0,v<0\}`$ are transformed into the same system (2) by performing the change of coordinates $`(u,v)=(e^\omega ,e^\eta )`$ in $`Q_1`$ , resp. $`(u,v)=(e^\omega ,e^\eta )`$ in $`Q_2`$; an analogous argument holds for the other octants. It is easily seen that if a nonnull geodesic intersects one of the coordinate axes at a point $`P`$, it does with finite (nonnull) velocity, hence it can be analytically continued across $`P`$, changing octant: thus, once obtained the (maximal) curve $`t(\omega (t),\eta (t))`$, we can reconstruct the original (maximal) geodesic $`t(u(t),v(t))`$ by choosing the only smooth curve starting from $`(\alpha ,\beta )`$ whose graph is contained in the set $`(t,u,v\text{R}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pm 𝒆^\omega \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\pm 𝒆^\eta \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$.


text:
# A Search for Lyman𝛼 Emitters at Redshift 3.7Based on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

## 1. INTRODUCTION

It has been often argued that forming galaxies at high redshifts experienced very luminous starbursts and thus they could be very bright in line emission such as Ly$`\alpha `$ and \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 emission lines (e.g., Partridge & Peebles 1967; Larson 1974; Meier 1976). However, although many attempts were made to search for such very strong emission-line sources at high redshifts (e.g., Pritchet 1994; see also Pahre & Djorgovski 1995; Thompson, Mannucci, & Beckwith 1996), most these searches by mid 1990’s failed except some successful surveys around known high-$`z`$ objects such as quasars and radio galaxies (Hu & McMahon 1996; Hu, McMahon, & Egami 1996; Petitjean et al. 1996; Pascarelle et al. 1996; Keel et al. 1999). Therefore, the Lyman break method (or the broad-band, color-selection method) has been mainly used to investigate observational properties of high-$`z`$ galaxies for these past several years (Steidel et al. 1996a, 1996b, 1999; Cowie et al. 1996; Lanzetta, Yahil, & Fernandez-Soto 1996; Madau et al. 1996; Yahata et al. 2000; Ouchi et al. 2001).

Recently, however, new attempts with 10-m class telescopes have revealed the presence of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters in blank fields at high redshift (Cowie & Hu 1998, hereafter CH98; see also Hu, McMahon, & Cowie 1998, 1999; Ouchi et al. 2002; Hu et al. 2002). Subsequently, Steidel et al. (2000; hereafter S00) also succeeded in finding a number of high-$`z`$ Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters in the SSA22 blank field. Furthermore, Kudritzki et al. (2000; hereafter K00) have identified nine Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.1`$ during the course of their narrow-band imaging survey aimed at looking for intracluster planetary nebulae in the Virgo cluster (Mendez et al. 1997). These surveys have reinforced the potential importance of search for high-$`z`$ Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters. Thus, deep imaging surveys with narrow-band filters are now considered to be a powerful tool in this 10m-class telescopes era to probe the Ly$`\alpha `$ emission from high-$`z`$ young galaxies and active galactic nuclei like quasars. Such surveys for high-$`z`$ emission-line sources provide us with very important information not only on the formation and evolution of galaxies but also on the cosmic reionization process at very high redshift (e.g., Loeb & Barkana 2001 and references therein).

However, such surveys for emission-line galaxies with narrow-band filters have the limitation that survey volumes are so small because of narrower band widths (e.g., $`100`$ Å). In order to gain survey volumes, we need very wide-field CCD cameras on 10-m class telescopes. Fortunately, the Subaru 8.2 m telescope (Kaifu 1998) at Mauna Kea Observatories has the wide-field (a $`34^{}\times 27^{}`$ field of view) prime focus camera, Suprime-Cam (Miyazaki et al. 1998). This camera enables us to carry out narrow-band imaging surveys for high-$`z`$ emission-line objects111 Wide-field CCD cameras are also available on some 4-m class telescopes. One is the wide-field camera (a 36$`{}_{}{}^{}\times 36^{}`$ field of view) on the Kitt Peak National Observatory’s 4m Mayall telescope. Together with narrow-band filters, this camera has been used to search for high-$`z`$ Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters; the Large Area Lyman Alpha (LALA) survey \[Rhoads et al. 2000; Rhoads & Malhotra 2001; Malhotra & Rhoads 2002 (hereafter MR02)\]. The other is the Taurus Tunable Filter system on the 3.9 m AAT telescope (Bland-Hawthorn & Jones 1997; Baker et al. 2001). Although the current field of view is $`10^{}`$ in diameter, this tunable filter system will have a field of view of $`30^{}`$ in diameter if available on the prime focus of some 4-m or 10-m class telescopes (Bland-Hawthorn et al. 2001)..

For this purpose, we made a new filter system which consists of 20 filters with the spectral resolution of $`R=23`$ covering from 4000 Å to 9500 Å (Hayashino et al. 2000; Taniguchi 2001; Shioya et al. 2002). Its spectral resolution is not higher than those of typical narrow-band filters used for Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter searches; e.g., $`R=70`$ with the central wavelength $`\lambda _\mathrm{c}`$ = 5390 Å and the band width of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 77 Å (S00), and $`R=62`$ with $`\lambda _\mathrm{c}`$ = 4970 Å and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 80 Å (S00). However, our intermediate-band filter system (called as the IA system which means the intermediate-band filter set A) is useful to detect strong emission-line sources whose emission-line equivalent widths exceed 250 Å in the observed frame. Further, our system covers the entire optical wavelength range and thus we will be able to carry out any systematic searches for strong emission-line sources at various redshifts from $`z2.2`$ to $`z6.9`$ (Taniguchi 2001).

During the commissioning phase of Suprime-Cam on the Subaru telescope, we made an imaging survey for Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ in the Subaru/XMM-Newton filed (Ouchi et al. 2001) using one of IA filters (IA574; $`\lambda _\mathrm{c}`$ = 5736 Å and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 280 Å). In this paper, we present our first results of this intermediate-band imaging survey.

Throughout this paper, magnitudes are given in the AB system. We adopt a flat universe with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{matter}}=0.3`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7`$ and $`h=0.7`$ where $`h=H_0/(`$100 km s-1 Mpc-1).

## 2. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION

### 2.1. Observations

As described in Ouchi et al. (2001; see also Ouchi 2001), we have obtained deep and wide-field $`B`$-, $`V`$-, $`R`$-, and $`i^{}`$-band imaging data of a central $`30^{}\times 24^{}`$ area in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field centered at $`\alpha `$(J2000) = $`2^\mathrm{h}18^\mathrm{m}00^\mathrm{s}`$ and $`\delta `$(J2000) = $`5^{}12^{}00^{\prime \prime }`$ using Suprime-Cam (Miyazaki et al. 1998) on the Subaru telescope during a period between 2000 August and 2000 November. In addition to these broad-band image data, we have obtained an intermediate-band image using the IA filter IA574 ($`\lambda _\mathrm{c}`$ = 5736 Å and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 280 Å) in 2000 August. The transmission curves of the filters used in our observations are shown in Figure 1.

During the IA574-band observing run, only 4 CCD chips, each of which has 2048$`\times `$4096 pixels, were installed in the Suprime-Cam. Two CCD chips are MIT ones while the others are SITe ones; a north-east part (13$`^{}.`$7 $`\times 13{}_{}{}^{}.7`$) of the broad-band image was observed with the MIT chips and a north-west part (13$`^{}.`$7 $`\times 13{}_{}{}^{}.7`$) was observed with the SITe ones. In this paper, we present results obtained with the IA574 image taken with the SITe CCDs. The final sky coverage in our analysis is 10$`^{}.`$62 $`\times 12{}_{}{}^{}.40`$ in the 13$`^{}.`$7 $`\times 13{}_{}{}^{}.7`$ area covered by the SITe CCD chips. Our sky coverage is shown together with that of the broad-band imaging (Ouchi et al. 2001) in Figure 2. Results obtained with the IA574 image with the MIT CCDs will be given in Yoshida et al. (2002). A journal of our all observations is summarized in Table 1.

The individual CCD data were reduced and combined using IRAF and the mosaic-CCD data reduction software developed by us (Yagi 1998). The following photometric standard stars were observed to calibrate the data; 1) PG 0205+134 (Massey et al. 1988) and G158$``$100 (Oke 1990) for the August run, and 2) SA92, SA98, SA 95, SA101 (Landolt 1992), and SA95\_42 (Oke 1990). The combined images for the individual bands were aligned and smoothed with Gaussian kernels to match their seeing sizes. The final images cover a contiguous 618 arcmin2 area with a PSF FWHM of $`0.^{\prime \prime }98`$ for the broad-band data while 188 arcmin2 area with a PSF FWHM of $`0.^{\prime \prime }98`$ for the IA574 data. In the later analysis, we use the 132 arcmin2 area covered by both the IA574 and the broad-band data. The final IA574 image is shown in Figure 3 together with a final color image made by using the broad-band images.

The total size of the field is 10$`^{}.`$62 by 12$`^{}.`$40, corresponding to a total solid angle of $``$ 132 arcmin2. The effective volume probed by the IA574 imaging has (co–moving) transverse dimensions of 21.5 $`h_{0.7}^1\times 25.1h_{0.7}^1`$ Mpc, and the half–power points of the filter correspond to a co–moving depth along the line of sight of 173.8 $`h_{0.7}^1`$ Mpc ($`z_{\mathrm{min}}3.60`$ and $`z_{\mathrm{max}}3.83`$), where $`h_{0.7}=H_0/(70\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{Mpc}^1)`$. Therefore, a total volume of 93,952 $`h_{0.7}^3`$ Mpc3 is probed in our IA574 image, being much wider than those of the previous pioneering studies, 10,410 $`h_{0.7}^3`$ Mpc3 (CH98) and 16,741 $`h_{0.7}^3`$ Mpc3 (S00) (see Table 6).

### 2.2. Source Detection and Photometry

Source detection and photometry were performed using SExtractor version 2.1.6 (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). Here we used the same source-detection criterion as that in Ouchi et al. (2001); a source must be a 5-pixel connection above 2$`\sigma `$. The detection limit of the IA574 image is 25.7 mag for a 3$`\sigma `$ detection with a $`2^{\prime \prime }`$ diameter aperture.

As for the source detection in the broad-band images, the limiting magnitudes are $`B=27.6`$, $`V=26.4`$, $`R=26.7`$, and $`i^{}=26.2`$ for a 3$`\sigma `$ detection with a $`2^{\prime \prime }`$ diameter aperture (Ouchi et al. 2001).

In the above source detection, we have detected $`5500`$ sources down to $`IA574=26`$. In order to examine the completeness in the IA574 imaging, we show results of the number count as a function of IA574 magnitude in Figure 4. This figure shows that our source detection appears complete down to $`IA574`$ 25.4.

In order to make sure that our source selections were done with little ambiguity, we have newly performed a simulation using the IRAF ARTDATA (e.g., Kajisawa et al. 2000). We assume that galaxies have two types of light distributions obeying a) the de Vaucouleurs’ $`r^{1/4}`$ law and b) the exponential law. For each type of galaxies, we generated 300 model galaxies for each magnitude interval ($`\mathrm{\Delta }m`$ = 0.2 mag); i.e., 600 model galaxies in total. Their sky positions, half-right radius (1 kpc to 7 kpc), and ellipticities are randomly determined. Then these model galaxies are put into the CCD data together with Poisson noises. After smoothing model-galaxy images to match to the seeing size, we try to detect them using SExtractor with the same procedure as that used in our paper. The detectability of the model galaxies in each band is shown in Figure 5 as a function of AB magnitude. As for objects brighter than $`IA574=25.4`$, we find that the detectability is higher than 50%. Therefore, we consider that this result appears to be consistent with the completeness limit, $`m_{\mathrm{lim}}`$(AB) = 25.4 shown in Figure 4 (see also the last column in Table 1).

The $`VRIA574`$ color is plotted for the detected model galaxies with a color of $`VRIA574=0`$ as a function of IA574 magnitude in Figure 6. It is shown that almost all the model galaxies are within 2 sigma deviations. Therefore, we conclude that our source selections were done with appropriate accuracy for our purpose.

## 3. RESULTS

### 3.1. Selection of IA574-Excess Objects

Since the central wavelength of the $`V`$ filter is bluer than that of the IA574 filter (5736 Å), we constructed an image that we will refer to as the “VR continuum” using a linear combination ($`VR=3.4V+1.0R`$) of the deep V and R images after scaling them to the same photometric zero point; a 3 $`\sigma `$ photometric limit of $`VR26.6`$ in a 2 arcsec diameter aperture. This enables us to more precisely sample the continuum at the same effective wavelength as that of the IA574 filter.

Although the detection limit of the IA574 image is 25.7, our source detection in IA574 appears complete down to $``$ 25.4 from Figure 4. Therefore, we have tried to detect IA574-excess objects down to $`IA574=25.4`$ and made an IA574-selected catalog in which 3635 objects are contained. In Figure 7, we show the diagram between $`VRIA574`$ and $`IA574`$ for the objects in the above catalog. Taking the scatter in the $`VRIA574`$ color into account, we have selected strong emission-line sources with the criteria of $`VRIA5740.7`$ and $`IA57425.4`$. These criteria are shown by dotted lines in Figure 7. There are 101 sources which satisfy the above two criteria. We also show the distributions of 2$`\sigma `$ (solid lines) and 3$`\sigma `$ (dashed lines) errors in Figure 7. We remove 20 objects out of 101 sources because their $`VRIA574`$ colors are smaller than the 2$`\sigma `$ error.

Since the central wavelength of the IA574 filter is closer to that of the V-band filter than to that of the R-band one, we have adopted the criterion of $`VRIA5740.7`$ as our primary criterion. However, red-color objects with a continuum break in the V-band window may also be detected as strong emission-line sources even though they have little emission-line flux. In order to remove such objects, we have also adopted another criterion of $`RIA5740.7`$. In Figure 8, we show the diagram between $`VRIA574`$ and $`RIA574`$ for the 81 objects found with the $`VRIA574`$ color selection. As shown in this figure, 32 sources have been rejected because they do not show significant excess in the $`RIA574`$ colors. Then, we obtain a sample of 49 objects with both $`VRIA5740.7`$ and $`RIA5740.7`$. These color criteria mean that all the sources have their emission-line equivalent widths higher than 250Å. It is also noted that dusty starburst galaxies with very red colors may not be found with our selection criteria and thus the strong emission-line objects found in our search may be mostly either starburst galaxies with weak reddening or typical type 1 AGNs such as quasars.

In order to secure that our selection is reliable, we adopt another severe criterion; a source must be a 13-pixel connection above 2$`\sigma `$. The reason for this is that a source under a $``$ 1 arcsec seeing condition has a 13-pixel connection. Applying this criterion, we reject 24 sources among the 49 sources. Finally, we have made visual inspection of all candidates’ images carefully in order to reject ambiguous objects which may be attributed to noises. In this procedure, we have rejected two sources because they show a linear or an unusual shape. Then we obtain our final sample of 23 emission-line sources.

We have also checked any of our line emitter candidates are neither variable objects nor moving objects by comparing the $`R`$-band image obtained in 2000 August with that in 2000 November. We do not find any spatially-extended Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters like Ly$`\alpha `$ blobs found by S00. See for Ly$`\alpha `$ blobs Taniguchi & Shioya (2000), and Taniguchi, Shioya, & Kakazu (2001) and references therein.

### 3.2. Selection of IA574-Excess Objects at z$``$3.7

Our main aim in the present survey is to find strong Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. However, strong emission-line sources at lower redshift may be also found in our survey; e.g., C iv $`\lambda `$1550 sources at $`z2.70`$, Mg ii $`\lambda `$2798 sources at $`z1.05`$, \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 sources at $`z0.54`$, H$`\beta \lambda `$4861 at $`z0.18`$, \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 sources at $`z0.15`$, and so on. In order to distinguish Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ from emission-line objects at lower redshift, we investigate their broad-band color properties. In this procedure, we also take account of the observed emission-line equivalent widths.

First, we show that the $`BR`$ color provides a nice tool to pick up Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. In Figure 9, we show the diagram of $`BR`$ color as a function of redshift for galaxies with spectral energy distributions (SEDs) typical to E (the bulges of M31 and M81), Sbc, Scd, and Irr (Coleman, Wu, & Weedman 1980; hereafter CWW). The CWW’s SEDs cover a wavelength range from 1500 Å to 10000 Å. We therefore extend them below 1500 Å assuming $`f_\lambda \lambda ^{0.82}`$ (Kinney et al. 1993) down to 912 Å. As an SED of young starburst galaxies, we adopt an SED generated by the population synthesis model GISSEL96 (Bruzual & Charlot 1993); a galaxy with a constant star formation rate at an age of 108 yr. We also show expected redshift ranges for Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$, \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 emitters at $`z0.54`$, and \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 emitters at $`z0.15`$.

For low-$`z`$ galaxies, their $`BR`$ colors are mainly determined by the stellar populations. On the other hand, for high-$`z`$ galaxies beyond $`z2.5`$, their colors are mainly determined by the continuum depression due to the intergalactic extinction; i.e., cosmic transmission (e.g., Madau 1995). In Figure 9, we show three cases of different cosmic transmissions; 1) the mean value of the cosmic transmission by Madau (1995) (solid curves), 2) twice as large as the above mean value (dotted lines), and 3) a half of the above mean value (dashed lines). These results imply that Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ have $`BR1.0`$ even if the cosmic transmission shows scatters within a factor of two from one line of sight to another.

It is also expected that E-, Sbc-, and Scd-type galaxies at lower redshift, have $`BR>1`$. However, our strong emission-line objects found in this study have large emission-line equivalent widths; i.e., $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ 250Å. This value corresponds to a rest-frame equivalent width of $`EW_0`$=163Å for \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 emitters at $`z0.54`$, $`EW_0`$=212Å for H$`\beta `$ emitters at $`z0.18`$, and $`EW_0`$=217Å for \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 emitters at $`z0.15`$. Since it is known that typical rest-frame \[O ii\] or \[O iii\] emission-line galaxies in nearby universe have $`EW_0<100`$Å (e.g., Jansen et al. 2000), it is unlikely that the strong emission-line sources with $`BR1.0`$ are low-$`z`$ sources (see also section 3.3).

Second, we show the diagram between $`BR`$ and $`Ri^{}`$ for all the objects detected in the broad-band $`B`$, $`R`$, and $`i^{}`$ images in the right panel of Figure 10. We also show color evolutions of model galaxies with the CWW SEDs typical to E, Sbc, Scd, and Irr and with the SED for young starburst as a function of redshift (left panel). The model results show that Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ may occupy the shaded domain defined with both $`BR>1.0`$ and $`Ri^{}0.7`$ although the latter color constraint appears not so strong. This figure also implies again that either strong \[O ii\] or \[O iii\] emitters could have $`BR<1`$.

It seems necessary to examine whether or not strong C iv emitters (i.e., quasars) at $`z2.7`$ are misclassified as Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. Using the composite spectrum of SDSS quasars (Vanden Berk et al. 2001), we estimate the $`BR`$ color when we observe a quasar with the SDSS composite spectrum at $`z2.7`$. We find that its $`BR`$ color is much bluer than 1.0 because the Lyman break comes shorter than the $`B`$-band transmission. Therefore, there is no possibility to select quasars at $`z2.7`$ when we use the above color criteria.

In conclusion, one can identify Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ using the two color criteria; 1) $`BR1.0`$, and 2) $`Ri^{}0.7`$. It is again noted that the observed larger emission-line equivalent widths (i.e., $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$250Å) allow us to adopt the above simple color criteria in our selection. In this way, we have classified our 23 emission-line sources into the following four categories.

(1) Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$: Six emission-line objects satisfy the above two criteria and thus they are identified as Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ which are marked by open red circles in the upper shaded region in Figure 10. Their positions, emission-line equivalent widths, and photometric properties are given in Table 2. In Figure 11, we show the $`B`$, $`V`$, $`IA574`$, $`R`$, and $`i^{}`$ images of each object in our sample of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. The SED is also shown in the right panel for each object. We note that one object (No. 4) appears to be extended in the the IA574 image. Its angular diameter (above 2 sigma) is estimated as 2.0 arcsec, corresponding to the linear diameter of 14.3 $`h_{0.7}^1`$ kpc at $`z=3.7`$. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that this source is a low-z object, we do not adopt any criterion on the source size in our source selection procedure. Therefore, we include this source as a Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidate.

(2) Marginal Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$: Two objects shown by pink colors in Figure 10 appear marginal between objects at $`z3.7`$ and ones at lower redshift because their $`BR`$ colors marginally satisfy the condition of $`BR1.0`$ if their observational errors are taken into account. Therefore, we call them “marginal” Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. Their positions, emission-line equivalent widths, and photometric properties are given in Table 3. In Figure 12, we show the $`B`$, $`V`$, $`IA574`$, $`R`$, and $`i^{}`$ images of each object in our sample of marginal Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. The SED is also shown in the right panel for each object.

(3) Low-$`z`$ emission-line objects: Eight objects among the remaining 15 objects which are marked by open squares in Figure 10 may be emission-line objects at lower redshifts because their $`BR`$ colors are significantly bluer than 1.0. Their positions, emission-line equivalent widths, and photometric properties are given in Table 4. In Figure 13, we show the $`B`$, $`V`$, $`IA574`$, $`R`$, and $`i^{}`$ images of each object in our sample of low-$`z`$ emitter candidates. The SED is also shown in the right panel for each object.

(4) Unclassified emission-line objects: The six objects out of the remaining seven are detected only in the IA574. Therefore, we cannot use their broad-band photometric properties and thus they are remained as “unclassified” emission-line objects. The last one is detected only in $`R`$ image except for IA574. Their positions, emission-line equivalent widths, and photometric properties are given in Table 5. In Figure 14, we show the $`B`$, $`V`$, $`IA574`$, $`R`$, and $`i^{}`$ images of each object. The SED is also shown in the right panel for each object.

### 3.3. Equivalent Widths of Emission Features

First, we investigate the emission-line equivalent width of the low-$`z`$ emission-line sources. We show the rest-frame \[O ii\] and \[O iii\] emission-line equivalent widths (crosses) as a function of $`BR`$ in Figures 15 and 16, respectively. Note that we use the $`BR`$ color in the Vega-based photometric system, $`(BR)_{\mathrm{Vega}}`$ (e.g., Fukugita, Shimasaku, & Ichikawa 1995) in order to compare the observations with model results which are obtained by using the population synthesis model GISSEL96 (Bruzual & Charlot 1993). In our model calculations, we use the $`\tau `$ model with both $`\tau `$ = 1 Gyr and the metallicity of $`Z=0.02`$. Model results for the $`(BR)_{\mathrm{Vega}}`$ are obtained for the following ages; 10, 100, 500 Myr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 Gyr. For each model, we derive the H$`\beta `$ luminosity from the Lyman continuum luminosity using the following formula (Leitherer & Heckman 1995),

$$L(\mathrm{H}\beta )=4.76\times 10^{13}N(\mathrm{H}^0)\mathrm{ergs}\mathrm{s}^1,$$
(1)
where $`N(\mathrm{H}^0)`$ is the number density of Lyman continuum photon in units of s-1. The equivalent widths of \[O ii\] and \[O iii\] emission are estimated for the following cases; 1) log \[O ii\]/H$`\beta `$ = 0 (the lower solid line in Figure 15) and 0.5 (the upper solid line in Figure 15), and 2) log \[O iii\]/H$`\beta `$ = $`0.5`$ (the lower solid line in Figure 16) and 0.5 (the upper solid line in Figure 16). The low-$`z`$ emission-line candidates found in our survey appear to show much stronger emission-line galaxies than star-forming galaxies found in the local universe. Such examples have been indeed found by Ohyama et al. (1999); e. g., \[O ii\] emitters at $`z0.5`$ have $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}200`$Å. Such galaxies must be very blue and thus their $`BR`$ colors are expected to be much bluer than $`BR`$=1 (see also Stockton & Ridgeway 1998; Stern et al. 2000). These results also reinforce that that low-$`z`$ strong emission-line galaxies do not have $`BR>1`$.

Second, we compare the distribution of observed emission-line equivalent widths ($`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$) among the four samples in Figure 17, (1) the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter sample, (2) the marginal Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter sample, (3) the low-$`z`$ emitter sample, and (4) the unclassified sample. We obtain the average equivalent widths of 482$`\pm `$246Å for the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter sample. If we combine the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter sample and the marginal ones, we obtain the average equivalent widths of 575$`\pm `$280Å. On the other hand, we obtain the average equivalent widths of for the low-$`z`$ sample, being smaller than the above values. This makes sense because $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ of the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates is amplified by a factor of $``$4.7 while the amplification factor must be rather small for the low-$`z`$ emitter candidates; e.g., a factor of 1.54 for \[O ii\] emitters.

Finally, it is interesting to note again that the low-$`z`$ emitters detected in our survey may have large rest-frame emission-line equivalent widths; e.g., $`EW_0`$ 150 – 200 Å if they are either, \[O ii\], H$`\beta `$, or \[O iii\] emitters. As noted before, it is known that typical rest-frame \[O ii\] or \[O iii\] emission-line galaxies in nearby universe have $`EW_0<100`$Å (e.g., Jansen et al. 2000). If emission-line galaxies are located at $`z0.151`$ – 0.174, both H$`\beta `$ and \[O iii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$4959,5007 emission lines can be detected simultaneously in our $`IA574`$ image, resulting in larger-than-normal emission-line equivalent widths. However, it seems unlikely that most of the low-$`z`$ emitters are located at the above narrow redshift range. Furthermore, Ohyama et al. (1999) found very strong \[O ii\] emitters at $`z0.5`$ serendipitously. In Figure 18, we show a diagram between $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ and $`VR`$ for the eight low-$`z`$ emitters. It appears that fainter galaxies tend to have larger $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$. Therefore, it is suggested that a number of emission-line galaxies with large equivalent widths may have not yet been probed in previous surveys because they are too faint to be included in bright magnitude-limited samples.

### 3.4. Spatial Distribution of the IA574-Excess Objects

We investigate the spatial distributions of the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates at $`z3.7`$. In Figure 19, we plot the spatial distributions for the four emitter samples. The Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates at $`z3.7`$ are shown by open circles. Five among the six candidates together with the two marginal Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates are distributed in the southern part of our image. However, the low-$`z`$ emitter sample also shows such a tendency. We do not discuss further detail on this issue because our survey depth is not so deep and spectroscopic confirmation has not yet been done.

## 4. DISCUSSION

### 4.1. Nature of the Ly$`\alpha `$ Emitter Candidates at $`z3.7`$

We have detected the six and two marginal candidates of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. Although it is uncertain whether they are genuine star-forming galaxies or active galactic nuclei, it is highly probable that the emission feature is attributed to Ly$`\alpha `$ emission and thus their redshifts are $`z3.7`$. Therefore, it seems interesting to investigate their rest-frame Ly$`\alpha `$ equivalent widths, $`EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha `$) (see Table 7). We note that because of the effect of cosmic transmission, the value of $`EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha `$) evaluated here is smaller than the intrinsic value (see appendix). In Figure 20, we show a histogram of $`EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha `$) for the six sources. It is shown that the rest-frame equivalent widths range from 57Å to 216Å. The average value is $`<EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha )>103`$ Å $`\pm `$ 53 Å. These values are comparable to those (except the two Ly$`\alpha `$ blobs found by S00) found by CH98 and S00. It is noted that Vanden Berk et al. (2001) obtained $`<EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha )>93`$ Å $`\pm `$ 0.7 Å for a sample of over 220 quasars found in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This median value is also similar to the median value obtained for our sample.

In Figure 21, we compare our result with those of the previous narrow-band surveys by CH98, S00, and MR02. Since their survey volumes are different from ours, we have re-evaluated the frequency distributions of the equivalent widths so as to match to our survey volume. For the results by MR02, we adopt the frequency distribution in which 1$`\sigma `$ $`R`$-band continuum is used in the estimate of equivalent widths. As shown in this figure, all the previous surveys have detected more numerous Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters by a factor of 3 to 9 than our survey for objects with $`EW_0`$ = 50 to 100 Å. The reason for this seems that their survey depths in $`EW`$ are deeper than that of our survey.

Both our survey and the LALA survey by MR02 have succeeded in detecting stronger Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters with $`EW_0>100`$ Å. Since it is considered that such strong emitters may be rarer than weak emitters as usual, their wide-field coverages enable them to detect such strong emitters. We also note that the LALA survey have detected more numerous sources whose equivalent widths reach $``$ 500 Å. This is because their survey depths in flux are deeper than ours.

In Figure 22, we show a diagram between $`EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha `$) and $`VR`$ magnitude for the six sources. It is found that the fainter objects tend to have larger $`EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha `$). This tendency can be understood in terms of the so-called Baldwin effect (Baldwin 1977) for active galactic nuclei. However, it is also known that such tendency can be found for star-forming galaxies (e.g., Cowie et al. 1996) although the correlation shows much larger scatters than that for active galactic nuclei. Since the correlation shown in Figure 22 exhibits the large scatter, it is suggested that the majority of the detected Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters are star-forming galaxies like those found by CH98 and S00 rather than quasars.

### 4.2. Space Density of the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$

We have detected the 6 candidates of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$ in the volume of 93,952 Mpc3. This gives a space density of the Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters, $`n(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )6.4\times 10^5`$ Mpc-3. CH98 obtained $`n(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )9.6\times 10^4`$ Mpc-3 for the Hubble Deep Field and $`n(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )1.3\times 10^3`$ Mpc-3 for the SSA22 field. S00 obtained $`n(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )4.3\times 10^3`$ Mpc-3 for the LBG (Lyman break galaxies) overdensity region. Further, K00 obtained $`n(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )1.3\times 10^3`$ Mpc-3 in their La Palma field (Mendez et al. 1997). The density we obtained is lower by one order of magnitude than their values. This difference may be partly due to that their survey depths are deeper by a factor of 3 than that of our survey. However, the higher density obtained by S00 may be real because their survey field is the LBG overdensity region. A summary of the space densities of high-$`z`$ Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters is given in Table 6.

Then we investigate the Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosities of the $`z3.7`$ candidates. We assume that all the sources have a redshift of 3.717 which corresponds to the case that the Ly$`\alpha `$ is shifted to the central wavelength of IA574 filter. In Table 7, we give the Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosities for the 6 objects. The derived Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosities range from $`5\times 10^{42}`$ to $`1\times 10^{43}`$ ergs s-1, being slightly larger than those of CH98’s sources. In Figure 23, we show the distribution of Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosities for our sample together with the results of CH98. Here we estimate the Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosities of CH98’s sources using the cosmology adopted in this paper. It is shown that our survey probes higher-luminosity sources with respect to the CH98 survey. It is likely that higher-luminosity sources are fewer than lower-luminosity ones. Therefore, in order to find such higher-luminosity sources, it is necessary to perform wider-field surveys. Since our survey volume is wider by a factor of 10 than that of CH98, we can detect such higher-luminosity Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters in our survey. On the other hand, our survey limit ($`EW_{\mathrm{limit}}=250`$Å) is shallower by a factor of 2.5 than their limit ($`EW_{\mathrm{limit}}100`$Å). Therefore, we miss a large number of lower-luminosity Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters. Wide-field and very deep narrow-band imaging surveys will be necessary to explore the nature of emission-line objects at high redshifts (e.g., Taniguchi et al. 2001).

### 4.3. Star Formation Density at $`z3.7`$

Finally we estimate the star formation rate for the six Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z3.7`$. Given the formula,

$$SFR=7.9\times 10^{42}L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )M_{}\mathrm{yr}^1$$
(2)
where $`L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )`$ is the H$`\alpha `$ luminosity in units of ergs s-1 (Kennicutt 1998) together with a relation

$$L(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )=8.7L(\mathrm{H}\alpha )$$
(3)
from Case B recombination theory (Brocklehurst 1971), we can estimate the star formation rate using the Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosity;

$$SFR(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )=9.1\times 10^{43}L(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )M_{}\mathrm{yr}^1$$
(4)
(see Hu et al. 1998). The results are given in the last column of Table 7. We note that the star formation rate derived here is reduced by the cosmic transmission (see appendix). The star formation rates range from 4.7 to 9.4 $`M_{}`$ yr-1 with an average of 6.4$`\pm `$1.6 $`M_{}`$ yr-1. Although these values are typical to the Lyman break galaxies at $`z`$ 3 – 4 (e.g., Steidel et al. 1999 and references therein), the number density of the strong Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters like our sources is rather small (see Figure 23).

We examine whether or not the SFR derived from the Ly$`\alpha `$ luminosity is consistent with that derived from the UV continuum luminosity for our sample. The observed $`i^{}`$ magnitude can be converted to a UV continuum luminosity at $`\lambda `$ = 1600 Å. Using the following relation (Kennicutt 1998; see also Madau et al. 1998),

$$SFR(\mathrm{UV})=1.4\times 10^{28}L_\nu M_{}\mathrm{yr}^1,$$
(5)
where $`L_\nu `$ is in units of ergs s-1 Hz-1, we estimate the SFR based on the rest-frame UV ($`\lambda `$1600 Å) continuum luminosity for each object. The results are summarized in Table 8. Then we compare the two SFRs, $`SFR`$(Ly$`\alpha `$) and $`SFR`$(UV), for each object in Figure 24. It is shown that the two SFRs appear consistent within a factor of 2.

It is interesting to estimate the contribution of the star formation in the six Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates to the co-moving cosmic star formation density (e.g., Madau et al. 1996). Integrating the star formation rates given in Table 7, we obtain the co-moving star formation density for our sources, $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}5.3\times 10^4M_{}`$ yr-1 Mpc-3. In this estimate, we adopt an Einstein-De Sitter cosmology with $`H_0=50`$ km s-1 Mpc-1, following the manner of Madau et al. (1996).

In Figure 25, we compare this star formation rate density with those of previous studies compiled by Trentham, Blain, & Goldader (1999). We also show the results obtained by CH98 and K00. As shown in this figure, the star formation density derived in this study is much smaller than the previous estimates. However, note that any reddening correction is not made for our data point (e.g., Pettini et al. 1999). It is also noted that we do not integrate the star formation density of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters assuming a certain luminosity function from a lower to a upper limit. The reason for this is that there is no reliable luminosity function for high-$`z`$ Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters (see Figure 23). Therefore, future careful investigations will be absolutely necessary to estimate a more reliable contribution of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters to the cosmic star formation density at high redshift.

## 5. SUMMARY

We have presented our optical intermediate-band ($`\lambda _\mathrm{c}`$ = 5736 Å and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda `$ = 280 Å) and multicolor observations of the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field obtained with Suprime-Cam on the 8.2 m Subaru telescope. All the data were obtained during the guaranteed time observations of the Suprime-Cam instrument. The intermediate-band image covered a sky area with 10$`^{}.`$62 $`\times 12{}_{}{}^{}.40132`$ arcmin2 in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (Ouchi et al. 2001). Our survey volume amounts to 93,952 $`h_{0.7}^3`$ Mpc3 when we adopt a flat universe with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{matter}}=0.3`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7`$ and $`h=0.7`$ where $`h=H_0/(`$100 km s-1 Mpc-1). We give a summary of our results below.

(1) In our survey, we have found 23 emission-line sources whose observed emission-line equivalent widths are greater than 250 Å. Their optical multicolor properties indicate six and two marginal emission-line sources are Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z`$ 3.7 ($`\mathrm{\Delta }z0.22`$) They are either intense starburst galaxies or active galactic nuclei like quasars at $`z`$ 3.7. Among the remaining 15 emission-line objects, 8 objects may be either \[O ii\] $`\lambda `$3727 emitters at $`z0.54`$, H$`\beta `$ at $`z0.18`$, or \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007 emitters at $`z0.15`$. The remaining 7 objects have been found only in the IA574 image.

(2) For the six Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters at $`z`$ 3.7, we obtain the average emission-line equivalent width of $`<EW_0`$(Ly$`\alpha )>103`$ Å $`\pm `$ 53 Å. Their star formation rates range from 4.7 to 9.4 $`M_{}`$ yr-1 with an average of 6.4$`\pm `$1.6 $`M_{}`$ yr-1. Although these values are typical to those of the Lyman break galaxies at $`z`$ 3 – 4, the number density of the strong Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters like our sources appears rather small, since the present survey is not deep enough to detect faint emission line galaxies.

(3) We have estimated the contribution of the star formation in the six Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates to the co-moving cosmic star formation density (e.g., Madau et al. 1996). Integrating the star formation rates given in Table 6, we obtain the co-moving star formation density for our sources, $`\rho _{\mathrm{SFR}}5.4\times 10^4M_{}`$ yr-1 Mpc-3. In this estimate, we adopt an Einstein-De Sitter cosmology with $`H_0=50`$ km s-1 Mpc-1, following the manner of Madau et al. (1996).

We would like to thank the Subaru Telescope staff for their invaluable help in commissioning the Suprime-Cam that made these difficult observations possible. Y. Shioya, M. Ouchi, H. Furusawa, and F. Nakata acknowledge support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists. This work was financially supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Technology (Nos. 10044052, and 10304013).

APPENDIX

## The effect of cosmic transmission on the evaluation of Ly$`\alpha `$ emission

We demonstrate here how the value of $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ is affected by the absorption of neutral hydrogen gas clouds between the object and us, so-called the cosmic transmission. We also show how the cosmic transmission affects the detectability of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidates. In the text (section 4.2), we evaluate the value of $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ simply from $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ and the value of $`EW_0`$ by dividing $`EW_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ by $`(1+z_{\mathrm{em}})`$, where $`z_{\mathrm{em}}`$ is a redshift of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter candidate. Because of the cosmic transmission, the emission with wavelength of $`\lambda <(1+z_{\mathrm{em}})\lambda _{\mathrm{Ly}\alpha }`$ is dimmed as $`F_{\mathrm{obs}}=F_{\mathrm{int}}\mathrm{exp}(\tau _{\mathrm{eff}})`$ where $`F_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ is the observed flux, $`F_{\mathrm{int}}`$ is the intrinsic flux, $`\mathrm{exp}(\tau _{\mathrm{eff}})`$ is the cosmic transmission, and $`\tau _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is the effective optical depth. We have simulated the effect of cosmic transmission on $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ and $`EW_0`$ as the following way. For this simulation we prepare the SED with Ly$`\alpha `$ emission by adding the emission line flux corresponding to $`EW_0^{\mathrm{model}}`$ with the Gaussian profile to the synthesized SED of young starburst galaxies, which is derived for the constant star formation rate with age of $`10^8`$ yr. We adopt the effective optical depth ($`\tau _{\mathrm{eff}}`$) formulated by Madau et al. (1996). Results are shown in Fig.24. If the cosmic transmission is 1 ($`\tau _{\mathrm{eff}}=0`$), the $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter with $`E_0^{\mathrm{obs}}=100`$ Å is nearly constant and larger than 0.7 for the redshift between 3.61 and 3.82 (see a long dashed line in Fig.24). On the other hand, adopting the average cosmic transmission, the value of $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter with $`E_0^{\mathrm{obs}}=100`$ Å (a solid line) decreases with redshift and becomes smaller than 0.7 for redshift higher than 3.65. The $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters with $`E_0^{\mathrm{model}}=200`$ Å is always larger than 0.7 for redshift between 3.61 and 3.82 even if the effect of the cosmic transmission is taking into account (dotted line). These imply that because of the cosmic transmission, the detectability of Ly$`\alpha `$ emitter depends on the redshift of the galaxy especially for Ly$`\alpha `$ emitters with smaller $`EW_0(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha )`$. We also show the $`EW_0^{\mathrm{obs}}`$ calculated simply from the value of $`\mathrm{min}(VRIA574,RIA574)`$ in the lower panel of Fig.24. Because of the cosmic transmission, the value of $`EW_0^{\mathrm{obs}}`$ is smaller than $`EW_0^{\mathrm{model}}`$. Taking account of this result, the star formation rate estimated in the text (section 4.3) may be considered as a lower limit of the star formation rate.