text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

An essential ingredient in constructing a theory of quantum gravity is to understand its behaviour in time-dependent settings. A recent promising approach to this end is to construct simple time-dependent solutions that provide (at least to leading order) consistent time-dependent backgrounds for string theory. This has been carried out in asymptotically flat spacetimes, and recently extended to include the asymptotically anti de Sitter (AdS) case . This latter situation is of interest since the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture could be employed to relate the time-dependence to the behaviour of the non-perturbative field theory dual. In the context of string theory this has recently led to intensive investigation of asymptotically de Sitter spacetimes to see what the prospects are for developing a de Sitter/CFT correspondence .

In this paper, we study in more detail the higher dimensional bubble spacetimes derived from analytic continuation of odd-dimensional Kerr-AdS spacetimes . We find that the relationship between the field-theoretic trace anomaly  and the asymptotic boundary stress-energy is in agreement with the AdS/CFT prediction, demonstrating evidence for the correspondence for time-dependent backgrounds that are asymptotically AdS.

Although the relationship between the boundary stress-energy tensor and the trace anomaly have been previously studied , these results cannot be directly applied to the time-dependent case due to subtleties in these settings. As an example of these subtleties, in ref.  the authors studied the time-dependent metric obtained by analytic continuation of the non-abelian T-dual of the Schwarzschild-AdS black hole. The result of the calculation shows that the trace of the boundary stress-energy tensor is different from the well known general trace anomaly. To solve this discrepancy, the authors considered the dualized model in the time direction and found that time-dependent AdS/CFT holds only on a special subspace of the whole spacetime. These observations indicate that some specific modifications may be needed in the application of the AdS/CFT correspondence to time-dependent backgrounds.

Motivated by the above, in this paper we study the AdS/CFT correspondence applied to time-dependent bubble spacetimes in five and seven dimensions. Seven is the smallest dimensionality with acceptable bubble structure (no signature changes or ergoregions ) in which the correspondence can be non-trivially tested. We compute the boundary stress-energies associated for such seven-dimensional bubble solutions and show that their traces are proportional to the Euler densities of the six-dimensional field theory, in accord with the AdS/CFT correspondence for a time-dependent setting. We also consider a double analytic continuation of five-dimensional Kerr-AdS spacetime. Although this bubble spacetime has an ergoregion (raising difficult issues as to its interpretation as a background) we again find an equivalence between the trace of the boundary stress-energy tensor and four-dimensional Euler density. The equivalence shows that the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture holds even though the background metric changes sign. We extend our considerations to double analytic continuation of five-dimensional Kerr-AdS spacetime with two rotation parameters, again finding an equivalence between the trace of the stress-energy tensor and four-dimensional Euler density despite the presence of an ergoregion. Higher dimensional Kerr-AdS spacetimes have two acceptable double analytic continuations . One involves the continuation of one of the coordinates in the $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_{d4}`$ part of the $`d`$-dimensional Kerr-AdS metric, yielding

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}{\rho ^2}\{\mathrm{}d\chi +\frac{\alpha }{\mathrm{\Xi }}(1X^2)d\varphi \}^2+(1X^2)\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_X}{\rho ^2}\{a\mathrm{}d\chi \frac{r^2\mathrm{}^2a^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }}d\varphi \}^2\\ +\frac{\rho ^2\mathrm{}^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}dr^2+\frac{\rho ^2}{(1X^2)\mathrm{\Delta }_X}dX^2+\mathrm{}^2r^2X^2\{d\tau ^2+\mathrm{cosh}^2\tau d\mathrm{\Omega }_{d5}^2\}\end{array}$$
(1)
where

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_r=(r^2\mathrm{}^2a^2)(1+r^2)\frac{2GM}{(r\mathrm{})^{d5}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }_X=1+\frac{a^2X^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\text{ , }\mathrm{\Xi }=1+\frac{a^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\\ \rho ^2=r^2\mathrm{}^2a^2X^2\end{array}$$
(2)
The bubble metric (1) has a time dependent $`\left(d4\right)`$-dimensional de Sitter space provided $`d6`$. Since only a coordinate of the $`S^{d4}`$ is continued there is no Milne phase in the bubble evolution.

The other bubble metric can be obtained from continuation of the one angular coordinate of the spherical section embedded in a $`\left(d4\right)`$-dimensional hyperbolic space. The bubble metric is

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}{\rho ^2}\{\mathrm{}d\chi \frac{\alpha }{\mathrm{\Xi }}(X^21)d\varphi \}^2+(X^21)\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_X}{\rho ^2}\{a\mathrm{}d\chi \frac{r^2\mathrm{}^2a^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }}d\varphi \}^2\\ +\frac{\rho ^2\mathrm{}^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}dr^2+\frac{\rho ^2}{(X^21)\mathrm{\Delta }_X}dX^2+\mathrm{}^2r^2X^2\{d\psi ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\psi (d\tau ^2+\mathrm{cosh}^2\tau d\mathrm{\Omega }_{d6}^2)\}\end{array}$$
(3)
where

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_r=(r^2\mathrm{}^2a^2)(r^21)\frac{2GM}{(r\mathrm{})^{d5}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }_X=1\frac{a^2X^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\text{ , }\mathrm{\Xi }=1\frac{a^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\end{array}$$
(4)
The bubble metric (3) again has a time dependent $`\left(d4\right)`$-dimensional de Sitter space, in this case provided $`d7`$. As with the metric (1) there is no Milne phase because only an angular coordinate is analytically continued.

## 2 Boundary stress-energy tensor and trace anomaly for 7-dimensional Kerr-AdS bubbles

We compute the boundary stress-energy tensor for the bubble solutions (1) and (3) for $`d=7`$ using the well-known counterterm method . The results are

$$\begin{array}{c}8\pi GT_\tau ^\tau =\frac{1}{80\mathrm{}^7r^6}(\pm 5\mathrm{}^680\mathrm{}^2GM\pm 46a^4X^2\mathrm{}^2+51a^6X^4+3a^6X^2+3a^2\mathrm{}^4X^2\\ 55a^6X^651a^4X^4\mathrm{}^2+5a^2\mathrm{}^45a^4\mathrm{}^25a^6)+O(\frac{1}{r^8})\\ 8\pi GT_\varphi ^\varphi =\frac{1}{80\mathrm{}^7r^6}(\pm 5\mathrm{}^6101a^4\mathrm{}^2a^2\mathrm{}^4189a^6X^2+231a^6X^455a^6X^6\\ 80\mathrm{}^2GM\pm 168a^4X^2\mathrm{}^2+3a^2\mathrm{}^4X^251a^4X^4\mathrm{}^2+25a^6)+O(\frac{1}{r^8})\\ 8\pi GT_X^X=\frac{1}{80\mathrm{}^7r^6}(\pm 5\mathrm{}^65a^6+5a^2\mathrm{}^45a^4\mathrm{}^280\mathrm{}^2GM\pm 66a^4X^2\mathrm{}^23a^2\mathrm{}^4X^2\\ +45a^6X^425a^6X^63a^6X^245a^4X^4\mathrm{}^2)+O(\frac{1}{r^8})\\ 8\pi GT_\chi ^\chi =\frac{1}{80\mathrm{}^7r^6}(\pm 25\mathrm{}^6+5a^6101a^2\mathrm{}^4a^4\mathrm{}^2400\mathrm{}^2GM168a^4X^2\mathrm{}^2\\ +189a^2\mathrm{}^4X^251a^6X^4+55a^6X^63a^6X^2\pm 231a^4X^4\mathrm{}^2)+O(\frac{1}{r^8})\\ 8\pi GT_\chi ^\varphi =\frac{3}{40\mathrm{}^8r^6}a(\mathrm{}^2a^2)(30a^4X^4\pm 32a^2\mathrm{}^2X^232a^4X^222a^2\mathrm{}^2+5\mathrm{}^4+5a^4)+O(\frac{1}{r^8})\\ 8\pi GT_\lambda ^\lambda =8\pi GT_\psi ^\psi =8\pi GT_\tau ^\tau \end{array}$$
(5)
where the upper signs refer to the bubble (1) and the lower signs to (3). From this relations, after rescaling with an appropriate power of conformal factor, (the boundary metric diverges due to an infinite conformal factor and so by rescaling of the boundary metric, the CFT lives on a boundary without any divergences), we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\frac{3a^2}{32\pi G\mathrm{}^7}(8a^4X^45a^4X^6+2\mathrm{}^42a^2\mathrm{}^28a^2X^4\mathrm{}^2\pm 9a^2\mathrm{}^2X^23a^4X^23\mathrm{}^4X^2)+O(\frac{1}{r^2})$$
(6)
for the respective traces of the boundary stress-energies.

Alternatively the trace anomaly in the stress-energy tensor of a classically Weyl-invariant even-dimensional quantum field theory has the structure

$$𝒜=A+B+D$$
(7)
where $`A`$ is proportional to the even-dimensional Euler density, $`B`$ is a sum of independent Weyl invariants that contain the Weyl tensor and its derivatives, and $`D`$ is a total derivative term of a covariant expression that can be removed by adding suitable local counterterms. Since the six-dimensional boundary metrics of the bubble spaces (1) and (3) are conformally flat, the Weyl invariant terms vanish. The only non-vanishing term in (7) is then the Euler density, which in six dimensions is given by ,

$$E_6=\frac{1}{6912}(K_112K_2+3K_3+16K_424K_524K_6+4K_7+8K_8)$$
(8)
in terms of metric invariants

$$\begin{array}{c}K_1=𝖱^3,K_2=𝖱R_{\alpha \beta }𝖱^{\alpha \beta },K_3=𝖱R_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }𝖱^{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta },K_4=𝖱_\alpha ^\beta 𝖱_\beta ^\gamma 𝖱_\gamma ^\alpha ,K_5=𝖱^{\alpha \beta }𝖱^{\gamma \delta }𝖱_{\alpha \gamma \delta \beta }\\ K_6=𝖱_{\alpha \beta }𝖱^{\alpha \gamma \delta ϵ}𝖱_{\gamma \delta ϵ}^\beta ,K_7=𝖱_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }𝖱^{\alpha \beta ϵ\zeta }𝖱_{ϵ\zeta }^{\gamma \delta },K_8=𝖱_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }𝖱^{\alpha \zeta \eta \delta }𝖱_{\zeta \eta }^{\beta \gamma }\end{array}$$
(9)
where $`𝖱_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }`$ is the curvature tensor of the boundary metric. Inserting (9) into (8) we find that for rescaled boundary metric, after a lengthy calculation

$$E_6=\frac{a^2}{24\mathrm{}^{12}}(8a^4X^4+5a^4X^62\mathrm{}^4\pm 2a^2\mathrm{}^2\pm 8a^2X^4\mathrm{}^29a^2\mathrm{}^2X^2+3a^4X^2+3\mathrm{}^4X^2)+O(\frac{1}{r^2})$$
(10)
for the respective bubbles (1) and (3) in the large-$`r`$ limit.

Comparing our result (6) to the Euler density (10) of the boundary theory we find

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\alpha E_6$$
(11)
where $`\alpha =\frac{9\mathrm{}^5}{4\pi G}=\frac{12N^3}{\pi ^3}.`$ In the last equation, we employed the relation $`G=\frac{3\pi ^2\mathrm{}^5}{16}\frac{1}{N^3}`$ for the seven-dimensional Newton’s constant. Note that our definition of the Euler density (8) is different by a factor of $`\frac{1}{55296}`$ with the definition of the Euler density considered in  which we denote it by $`\widehat{E}_6`$. In other words, $`E_6=\frac{1}{55296}\widehat{E}_6`$, and so from the relation (11), we have

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\frac{N^3}{4608\pi ^3}\widehat{E}_6=\frac{4N^3}{(4\pi )^37!}\{\frac{35}{2}\widehat{E}_6)$$
(12)
which is in good agreement with what is predicted by AdS/CFT correspondence. The conformal anomaly of the free 6-dimensional chiral (2,0) tensor multiplet has been calculated in  and the result is similar to (12), up to a well known factor of 4/7. The reason of this difference is due to the fact that the coefficient in front of the Euler density in six dimensions is related to the 4-point function which is not governed by a non-renormalization theorem.

We recall here some points about the field-theoretic calculation of the trace anomaly in the time-dependent metrics. The trace anomaly is related to the logarithmically divergent part of the effective action $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}det\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of any Euclidean field theory defined over a $`d`$dimensional compact Riemannian manifold $`M,`$ where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the Laplace operator. After using the Seely-DeWitt asymptotic expansion , the logarithmically divergent part of the effective action takes the form

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{}}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}\frac{L^2}{\mu ^2}_Md^dx\sqrt{g}b_d$$
(13)
where $`L`$ is an UV cut-off and then the trace anomaly $`T_\mu ^\mu `$ is simply equal to $`b_d`$ , the Seely coefficient  of the non-singular term in the Seely-DeWitt asymptotic expansion of the operator $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

The above field theoretic trace anomaly calculation is valid if we switch to a time-independent Lorentzian field theory by performing a Wick rotation on Euclidean field theory. For time-dependent Lorentzian field theory (which at least locally could change to a static form by some Wick rotations), the trace anomaly calculation also is valid since in this case, after applying the proper Wick rotations, we get an Euclidean field theory. As an example, in the next section, the boundary Euclidean field theory for a bubble spacetime after Wick rotation is considered.

The calculation of $`b_d`$ shows that the general form of the trace anomaly for an even $`d`$-dimensional field theory is in the form of (7).

## 3 Boundary stress-energy tensor and trace anomaly for 5-dimensional Kerr-AdS bubbles with one and two rotational parameters

We now extend these considerations to Kerr-AdS bubbles in five dimensions. The time dependent five-dimensional metric is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}{\rho ^2}\{d\chi +\frac{\alpha }{\mathrm{\Xi }}(1+X^2)d\varphi \}^2+(1+X^2)\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_X}{\rho ^2}\{ad\chi \frac{r^2a^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }}d\varphi \}^2\\ +\frac{\rho ^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}dr^2\frac{\rho ^2}{(1+X^2)\mathrm{\Delta }_X}dX^2+r^2X^2d\lambda ^2\end{array}$$
(14)
where

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_r=(r^2a^2)(1+r^2/\mathrm{}^2)2GM\\ \mathrm{\Delta }_X=1+\frac{a^2X^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\text{ , }\mathrm{\Xi }=1+\frac{a^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\\ \rho ^2=r^2+a^2X^2\end{array}$$
(15)
These bubbles have ergoregions, unlike their seven-dimensional counterparts. For (14) the condition

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_X<0$$
(16)
defines the ergoregion.

Hence (14) describes a well defined bubble metric provided $`\left|X\right|<X_{cr}`$ where $`X_{cr}=\mathrm{}/a.`$ While this might render them unsuitable as pure bubble metrics , we find that trace anomaly in of the boundary stress-energy tensor (7) is related to the four-dimensional Euler density of the boundary metric of the bubble (14), in accord with the AdS/CFT prediction. Specifically we find that the large-$`r`$ boundary stress-energy tensor components for the bubble spacetime (14) are

$$\begin{array}{c}8\pi GT_\varphi ^\varphi =\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{(7X^2+10)X^2a^42a^2\mathrm{}^2(X^2+1)\mathrm{}^2(\mathrm{}^2+8GM)+3a^4\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^6}\right)\\ 8\pi GT_X^X=\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{(3X^2+2)X^2a^42a^2\mathrm{}^2(X^2+1)\mathrm{}^2(\mathrm{}^2+8GM)a^4\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^6}\right)\\ 8\pi GT_\chi ^\chi =\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{(7X^2+2)X^2a^42a^2\mathrm{}^2(5X^2+1)+3\mathrm{}^2(\mathrm{}^2+8GM)a^4\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^6}\right)\\ 8\pi GT_\lambda ^\lambda =\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{(7X^2+2)X^2a^42a^2\mathrm{}^2(X^2+1)\mathrm{}^2(\mathrm{}^2+8GM)a^4\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^6}\right)\\ 8\pi GT_\chi ^\varphi =\frac{1}{2\mathrm{}^3r^4}a(\mathrm{}^2+a^2)(2a^2X^2\mathrm{}^2+a^2)+O\left(\frac{1}{r^6}\right)\end{array}$$
(17)
and so its trace after rescaling is

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\frac{a^2}{8\pi G\mathrm{}}\{a^2X^2(3X^2+2)\mathrm{}^2(1+2X^2)\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right)$$
(18)
The trace anomaly (7) of the four-dimensional boundary of the bubble spacetime has the same form of (7), where $`A`$ is proportional to the Euler density in four dimensions. The $`B`$ term vanishes since the boundary metric is conformally flat. The Euler density is given by the relation

$$E_4=\frac{1}{64}(\frac{2}{3}𝖱^22𝖱_{\mu \nu }𝖱^{\mu \nu })$$
(19)
where $`𝖱_{\mu \nu }`$and $`𝖱`$ are the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar of the boundary spacetime. For the boundary metric of the bubble (14), relation (19) yields,

$$E_4=\frac{a^2}{4\mathrm{}^4}\{a^2X^2(3X^2+2)\mathrm{}^2(1+2X^2)\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right)$$
(20)
Comparing (18) with (20), we find

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\beta E_4$$
(21)
where $`\beta =\frac{\mathrm{}^3}{2\pi G}=\frac{N^2}{\pi ^2},`$ in good agreement with the prediction of AdS/CFT correspondence. In the above calculation, we used the standard relation between the four-dimensional Newton’s constant and $`N,`$ which is given by $`2N^2G=\pi \mathrm{}^3`$. The bubble metric (14), after the following coordinate transformations:

$$\begin{array}{c}\text{ }\mathrm{\Xi }y^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\mathrm{\Theta }=(r^2a^2)(1+X^2)\\ y\mathrm{sinh}\mathrm{\Theta }=rX\\ \mathrm{\Phi }=\varphi +a\chi /\mathrm{}^2\end{array}$$
(22)
and a rescaling by the factor $`\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{y^2},`$ at large $`y`$, takes the form

$$ds_b^2=d\chi ^2+\mathrm{}^2(d\mathrm{\Theta }^2+\mathrm{cosh}^2\mathrm{\Theta }d\mathrm{\Phi }^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\mathrm{\Theta }d\lambda ^2)$$
(23)
for $`y\mathrm{},`$ which is a time dependent Einstein universe. We note all dependence on the rotational parameter disappears in boundary metric when we go on the hypersurface of constant large $`y.`$ This observation is in agreement with the result on the boundary of Kerr-AdS metric . The metric (23) has a positive Ricci scalar, which describes locally a $`\left(2+1\right)`$-dimensional dS space times a circle. Locally, the boundary metric (23) could be written as

$$d\widehat{s}_b^2=d\chi ^2+\mathrm{}^2\{d\mathrm{\Theta }^2+\mathrm{cosh}^2\mathrm{\Theta }(d\alpha ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha d\beta ^2)\}$$
(24)
which by the Wick rotation $`\mathrm{\Theta }i\mathrm{\Omega }`$ changes to the following static metric:

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}_b^2=d\chi ^2+\mathrm{}^2\{d\mathrm{\Omega }^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\mathrm{\Omega }(d\alpha ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha d\beta ^2)\}$$
(25)
and so the field theoretic trace anomaly calculation could be done on this Euclidean space.

For the dual field theory on the boundary, since the metric (23), is conformally flat we can use the following relation for the stress tensor :

$$T_\mu ^\nu =\frac{1}{16\pi ^2}(A^{(1)}H_\mu ^\nu +B^{(3)}H_\mu ^\nu )+\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\nu $$
(26)
where $`{}_{}{}^{(1)}H_{\mu }^{\nu \text{ }}`$and $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}H_{\mu }^{\nu }`$ are conserved quantities constructed from the curvatures via

$$\begin{array}{c}{}_{}{}^{(1)}H_{\mu \nu }^{}=2R_{;\mu \nu }2g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{}R\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R^2+2RR_{\mu \nu }\\ {}_{}{}^{(3)}H_{\mu \nu }^{}=\frac{1}{12}R^2g_{\mu \nu }R^{\rho \sigma }R_{\rho \mu \sigma \nu }\end{array}$$
(27)
and $`\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\nu `$ is the traceless part and the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$ are given by: $`A=0`$ and $`B\frac{\pi \mathrm{}^3}{4G}`$. Using the boundary metric (23), we calculate the functions $`{}_{}{}^{(1)}H_{\mu }^{\nu \text{ }}`$and $`{}_{}{}^{(3)}H_{\mu }^{\nu }`$ and find that the first term of (26) reproduces some parts of stress tensor (17) which do not depend on bubble parameters $`a`$ and $`M.`$

Similar results hold for bubbles obtained by double analytical continuation of the two-rotation-parameter five- dimensional Kerr-AdS spacetime. The bubble metric after continuation is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}ds^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}{\rho ^2}\{d\chi +\frac{\alpha }{\mathrm{\Xi }_a}(1+X^2)d\varphi \frac{b}{\mathrm{\Xi }_b}X^2d\lambda \}^2+(1+X^2)\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_X}{\rho ^2}\{ad\chi \frac{r^2a^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }_a}d\varphi \}^2+\frac{\rho ^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }_r}dr^2\\ +X^2\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_X}{\rho ^2}\{bd\chi \frac{r^2+b^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }_b}d\lambda \}^2\frac{\rho ^2}{(1+X^2)\mathrm{\Delta }_X}dX^2+\frac{1+\frac{r^2}{\mathrm{}^2}}{r^2\rho ^2}\{abd\chi b(1+X^2)\frac{r^2a^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }_a}d\varphi aX^2\frac{r^2+b^2}{\mathrm{\Xi }_b}d\lambda \}^2\end{array}$$
(28)
where

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_r=(r^2a^2)(r^2+b^2)(1+r^2/\mathrm{}^2)2GM\\ \mathrm{\Delta }_X=1\frac{a^2X^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\frac{b^2(1+X^2)}{\mathrm{}^2}\text{ , }\mathrm{\Xi }_a=1+\frac{a^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\\ \rho ^2=r^2+a^2X^2+b^2(1+X^2)\text{ , }\mathrm{\Xi }_b=1\frac{b^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\end{array}$$
(29)
It also contains an ergoregion $`\mathrm{\Delta }_X<0`$ ; hence (14) describes a well defined bubble when $`\left|X\right|<X_{cr}.`$

The large-$`r`$ boundary diagonal stress-energy tensor components for the metric (28) are

$$\begin{array}{c}8\pi GT_\varphi ^\varphi =\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{7X^4(a^2+b^2)^2+2X^2[5a^4+\mathrm{}^2(a^2+b^2)6b^411a^2b^2]+\\ 8GM\mathrm{}^28a^2b^23a^44b^4+2a^2\mathrm{}^2+\mathrm{}^4\}+O(\frac{1}{r^6})\\ 8\pi GT_X^X=\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{3X^4(a^2+b^2)^2+2X^2[a^4+\mathrm{}^2(a^2+b^2)2b^43a^2b^2]+\\ 8GM\mathrm{}^2+a^4+2a^2\mathrm{}^2+\mathrm{}^4\}+O(\frac{1}{r^6})\\ 8\pi GT_\chi ^\chi =\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{7X^4(a^2+b^2)^22X^2[a^45\mathrm{}^2(a^2+b^2)+6b^4+7a^2b^2]\\ 24GM\mathrm{}^2+a^44b^4+2a^2\mathrm{}^2+8b^2\mathrm{}^23\mathrm{}^4\}+O(\frac{1}{r^6})\\ 8\pi GT_\lambda ^\lambda =\frac{1}{8\mathrm{}r^4}\{7X^4(a^2+b^2)^2+2X^2[a^4+\mathrm{}^2(a^2+b^2)2b^43a^2b^2]+\\ 8GM\mathrm{}^2+a^4+2a^2\mathrm{}^2+\mathrm{}^4\}+O(\frac{1}{r^6})\end{array}$$
(30)
and the resultant trace after rescaling is

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\frac{1}{8\pi G\mathrm{}}\{3(a^2+b^2)^2X^4+2[2b^43a^2b^2a^4+(a^2+b^2)\mathrm{}^2]X^2+(a^2+b^2)(\mathrm{}^2b^2)\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right)$$
(31)
The Euler density (19), after a lengthy calculation is given by

$$E_4=\frac{1}{4\mathrm{}^4}\{3(a^2+b^2)^2X^42[2b^43a^2b^2a^4+(a^2+b^2)\mathrm{}^2]X^2(a^2+b^2)(\mathrm{}^2b^2)\}+O\left(\frac{1}{r^2}\right)$$
(32)
Once again, comparing our result (31) with the Euler density of the boundary theory (32), we find

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_\mu ^\mu =\beta E_4$$
(33)
similar to the relation (21). The above result is in good agreement with the AdS/CFT correspondence.

## 4 Conclusions

We have demonstrated that the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture gives reasonable results in time-dependent rotating bubble backgrounds: the predicted relationship between the field-theoretic trace anomaly and the asymptotic boundary stress-energy hold. This relationship is quite robust, being satisfied not only for the conventional bubble metrics (1) and (3) in $`d=7`$, but also for the more complicated time-dependent metrics (14) and (28) with ergoregions. This work also shows the usefulness of the counterterm subtraction method applied to the time-dependent asymptotically AdS spacetimes. An interesting problem would be to see what happens to this prediction for the next-to-leading order terms. We leave this for future consideration.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.


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# Lattice QCD with dynamical domain wall quarks

## 1 Introduction

An obvious source of systematic error in numerical lattice QCD at present is the quenched approximation. Use of domain wall fermion (DWF)  dynamical quarks to lift this approximation is attractive because DWF preserve the flavor and chiral symmetries both on and off shell on the lattice before the continuum limit is taken. Evidently successful implementation would bring many advantages, such as detailed study of flavor-singlet meson spectrum and its relation to the $`U(1)_A`$ anomaly. However some recent exploratory calculations  on coarse lattices with cut off of $`a^1`$ $`<`$ 1 GeV show the chiral symmetry is rather poorly realized: impractically large $`L_s`$ $``$ 100 are necessary to bring the residual symmetry violation under control. In contrast in this work we go to a higher cutoff of $`a^1`$ $``$ 2 GeV with renormalization-group (RG) motivated gauge actions and find that the residual violation can be made sufficiently small even at $`L_s=`$ 12.

To cope with considerably larger demand for computing resources brought by this new approach, we introduce two improvements in the hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm which accelerate the simulation reported below on the QCDSP by about a factor of three.

## 2 New algorithms

The lattice QCD partition function with two flavors ($`N_F=`$2) of DWF quarks is

$$Z=𝒟U\frac{det(D^{}D)|_{m=m_f}}{det(D^{}D)|_{m=1}}e^{S_g},$$
(1)
where $`D`$ is the 5d Dirac operator with 4d bare fermion mass $`m`$ and $`S_g`$ the gauge action. The determinant in the denominator in Eq. 1 comes from the Bosonic Pauli-Villars regulators, $`\varphi _{PV}`$, whose mass is set to $`1`$ to cancel the dominating contribution from the fermions on the bulk 5d lattice. This allows us to study 4d QCD with 2 flavors of light quarks localized at the boundary and coupled to the 4d gauge field. The original fermion action employed in  was

$`S_F={\displaystyle \underset{x,s}{}}\{\varphi _F^{}(D^{}D)|_{m=m_f}^1\varphi _F`$ (2)
$`\varphi _{PV}^{}(D^{}D)|_{m=1}\varphi _{PV}\},`$
where $`\varphi _F`$ is the pseudo-fermion field. By integrating out $`\varphi _F`$ and $`\varphi _{PV}`$, we obtain the partition function Eq. 1. We chose hybrid Monte Carlo phi algorithm (HMC-$`\varphi `$)  to generate the Markov chain of gauge configurations.

Noticing equivalence between $`\frac{det(A^{}A)}{det(B^{}B)}`$ and $`\{det[B(A^{}A)^1B^{}]\}^1`$, we could also obtain the partition function Eq. 1 from a new action 111 This part of the work is done mainly by C. Dawson.

$$S^{}=\varphi _F^{}[D|_{m=1}(D^{}D)|_{m=m_f}^1D|_{m=1}^{}]\varphi _F$$
(3)
where we need only one bosonic field $`\varphi _F`$. Even/odd preconditioning is implemented in either case.

The benefits of the new action and the associated force term are first the unwanted contribution from 5d bulk fermion is now canceled explicitly while it was canceled only stochastically in the original force term. This leads to better acceptance in the Metropolis accept/reject step, which increased by about 20% in a realistic simulation. Secondly, the source vector, $`\varphi _F`$, of the Dirac equation solved in the force term calculation is modified to $`D^{}|_{m=1}\varphi _F`$ as seen in Eq. 3, and it turns out that the number of conjugate gradient(CG) iterations is 20 - 30 % smaller than that of the original action.

The second improvement  is to forecast the solution of the CG at each step of a HMD trajectory from the solutions of previous steps. In each of trajectories, the system obeys the smooth classical molecular dynamics (MD), so future solutions can be estimated from past ones. We choose the Minimal Residual Extrapolation method of  with a repeated Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to ensure orthogonality. The solution is forecasted by minimizing the norm of the residual vector within the subspace spanned by previous solutions. Then the forecasted solution is passed into the ordinary CG as an initial input vector.

The manner of convergence of the CG based on different numbers of previous solutions in the forecasting is shown in Fig. 1. The squared norm of the residual vector of a solution (vertical axis) is already small, $`𝒪(1)`$, at zero CG count (horizontal axis) when the number of previous solution used in the forecast ($`N_p`$) is larger than one. The CG iterations required for convergence decreases monotonically with increasing $`N_p`$, up to 7.

The reversibility required to prove the detailed balance in the Markov chain is checked by flipping the sign of the conjugate momentum field at the end of a trajectory and evolving the configuration backward by the same number of MD steps. The resulting configuration obtained at the end of the reversed process differs from the initial configuration by less than $`2\times 10^5`$ in elements of SU(3) link variables for a CG convergence criteria, $`|res|/|src|<10^8`$. By this trick with $`N_p=7`$ the number of total CG count is 55 % of the original code (using $`N_p=1`$) and about 35 % of a simulation without the forecasting.

## 3 Physical scale of the dynamical lattice

Observing the large chiral symmetry violation for coarser lattice spacing, $`a^1<1`$ GeV , we decided to perform a large scale simulation with target $`a^12`$ GeV. To quickly determine parameters for this target lattice spacing, we examined the parameter space on an $`8^3\times 4`$ lattice and compared the meson spectrum to that obtained with the dynamical staggered fermions on the same lattice size assuming that scaling violations from the two fermion actions are mild. We also explored the dependence of the residual chiral symmetry breaking with various RG improved gauge actions. We found at fixed $`a^12`$ GeV that chiral symmetry was better realized for larger negative values of the coefficient of the $`(1\times 2)`$ rectangular plaquette although the dependence of the residual mass, $`m_{res}`$, was much more mild than for quenched simulations .

For our most intensive simulation, we chose DBW2 gauge action at $`\beta =0.80`$ with $`N_F=2`$ on a $`16^3\times 32`$ lattice. The sea quarks have mass $`am_f^{(dyn)}=0.02`$, domain wall height $`M_5=1.80`$, and $`L_s=12`$. An trajectory consists of 50 leap-frog steps and advances the MD time, $`\tau `$, by 0.5.

The average number of CG iterations to fulfill the convergence criteria of $`|res|/|src|<10^8`$ is 550 for $`N_p=1`$ and 314 for $`N_p=7`$. The acceptance ratio of the accept/reject step is about 77(3) %. On a 4096 node partition ($``$ 205 GFLOPS peak) of the QCDSP, it takes about 1 hour per trajectory.

To estimate the lattice spacing within the statistics accumulated so far, we measure the heavy quark potential and the meson spectrum from the last 50 lattices which are separated by five trajectories after dropping the first 500 trajectories. We monitor the chiral condensate $`\overline{q}q`$ as a function of the trajectory number and pick lattices for measurement after $`\overline{q}q`$ is considered to have reached its thermalized value. However, we note that it is not clear whether the evolution is thermalized at this point.

Measuring the correlation between path ordered products of gauge-fixed links in the time direction of length $`T`$ at a space point $`x`$, $`L_T(x)`$, we obtain the heavy quark potential $`e^{V(r)T}=L_T^{}(x)L_T(x+r)`$ 222 This calculation is done using the MILC code, version 6 for which we thank MILC collaboration.. As shown in Fig. 2, the fit to the data for $`4T6`$ and $`\sqrt{2}r7`$ to the function $`V(r)=C\alpha /r+\sigma r`$ gives $`a\sqrt{\sigma }=0.28(2)`$, or $`a^1`$ 1.7(2) GeV, and the Sommer scale, $`r_0/a=4.1(3)`$.

Meson propagators are calculated using valence quarks with $`L_s=12,M_5=1.8`$ and $`am_f^{(val)}=0.015,0.020,0.025,0.030`$. Extrapolating the vector meson mass linearly, we find $`aM_V(m_f^{(val)}0)=`$0.34(9) which is consistent with the results of the heavy quark potential within (large) error. The squared mass of the pseudo-scalar meson is well fit to the PCAC relation. Taking the Kaon mass from experiment and the lattice spacing from the heavy quark potential yields a sea quark mass approximately half the strange quark mass.

Finally, the residual chiral symmetry breaking as determined from the pseudo-scalar mid-point correlator  turns out to be $`am_{res}(m_f0)=1.47(7)\times 10^3`$, which corresponds to a few MeV.

## 4 Conclusion and Discussion

In summary, we have begun investigating lattice QCD with two flavors of dynamical domain wall quarks. Assuming that the lattices have reached thermal equilibrium, we could interpret the configurations as QCD at roughly 0.1 fm lattice spacing, sea quarks with mass about $`m_s/2`$, and residual chiral symmetry breaking of only a few MeV. This level of symmetry breaking is now commensurate to that observed in quenched studies.

Two new algorithms were introduced to enhance the performance of the simulation. The speed up for the parameters discussed in this pilot study is about a factor of three. With this acceleration, further developments of theoretical and numerical techniques, and more computing horse power , we may reach our goal to study physics in the continuum limit of QCD.


text:
# Supersymmetric extension of the nine-dimensional continuation of the Euler density with 𝒩=2.

## 1 Introduction

The existence of new Lagrangians for supergravity in dimensions lower than eleven, which cannot be obtained by dimensional reduction from the standard Cremmer-Julia-Scherk theory , suggests that M-Theory may have new “cusps” from which these new theories would be obtained (see e.g. ). In this sense, exploring new dynamic and geometric structures with local supersymmetry in dimensions $`d<11`$ deserves some attention. In this spirit, we construct a local $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré invariant gravity in nine dimensions, possessing a different structure than the supergravity theory obtained by dimensional reduction from standard eleven-dimensional supergravity (see e.g. ). The gravitational sector of standard $`𝒩=2`$ supergravity in nine dimensions is described by the Einstein-Hilbert action, and its full field content is given by $`(e_\mu ^a,2B_{\mu \nu },A_{\mu \nu \rho },3\varphi ;2\psi _\mu ,4\chi )`$ where the scalar fields parametrize the coset $`GL(2,R)/SO(2)`$. In our case, the Lagrangian for the gravitational sector is given by the dimensional continuation of the Euler-Gauss-Bonnet density form eight to nine dimensions, which still gives second order field equations for the metric. The field content of this theory is the set $`(e_\mu ^a,\omega _\mu ^{ab},\psi _\mu ,c_\mu )`$, where $`\psi _\mu `$ is a complex gravitino, and $`c_\mu `$ is an Abelian one-form. Here $`e_\mu ^a`$ is the vielbein, and the spin connection $`\omega _\mu ^{ab}`$ is now regarded as an independent dynamical variable. The local supersymmetry algebra closes off-shell, and is given by the super Poincaré group with a $`U(1)`$ central extension. The field content of the theory, then can be regarded as the different components of a single connection for this group, and hence, the local symmetries can be read off from a gauge transformation. This fact, together with the existence of a fifth-rank invariant tensor for the supergroup, allows to write the Lagrangian as a Chern density. Note that for Chern-Simons theories the number of bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom do not necessarily match, since there exists an alternative to the introduction of auxiliary fields (see e.g. ). Indeed, the matching may not occur when the dynamical fields are assumed to belong to a connection instead of a multiplet for the supergroup . For a vanishing cosmological constant, supergravity theories sharing these last features have been constructed in three ,  and higher odd dimensions . There exist also supergravity models with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }<0`$ in three , five  and higher odd dimensions , .

In the next section the gravitational sector of this theory is discussed, and its supersymmetric extension is given in Section III. Section IV is devoted to the discussion.

## 2 The gravitational sector

As it is well-known in three dimensions, in the absence of cosmological constant, it is possible to ensure the off-shell closure of the superalgebra without using auxiliary fields, by demanding invariance under local translations in tangent space. This is due to the fact that the three-dimensional Einstein-Hilbert action is invariant under the following transformations

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\delta e^a=D\lambda ^a=d\lambda ^a+\omega _b^a\lambda ^b\hfill & ;\hfill & \delta \omega ^{ab}=0,\hfill \end{array}$$
(1)
without imposing the vanishing torsion condition. In higher dimensions, these transformations are no longer a symmetry of the Einstein-Hilbert action. However, this symmetry is present in odd-dimensional spacetimes if one considers an action linear in the vielbein instead of the curvature. In particular, in nine dimensions the action reads111Here $`e^a=e_\mu ^adx^\mu `$ is the vielbein, and $`R^{ab}=d\omega ^{ab}+\omega _c^a\omega ^{cb}`$ stands for the curvature two-form. Wedge product between forms is assumed throughout.

$$I_G=ϵ_{a_1\mathrm{}a_9}R^{a_1a_2}\mathrm{}R^{a_7a_8}e^{a_9}.$$
(2)
Here, the Lagrangian is the dimensional continuation of the Euler-Gauss-Bonnet density from eight to nine dimensions. This action is singled out as the most general gravity theory, constructed out of the vielbein and the curvature, still leading to second order field equations for the metric, that possesses local invariance under the Poincaré group . Note that the transformations (1) can be read off from a gauge transformation with parameter $`\lambda =\lambda ^aP_a`$, assuming that the vielbein and the spin connection belong to a connection of the Poincaré group, i.e., $`A=1/2\omega ^{ab}J_{ab}+e^aP_a`$.

Invariance under local translations (1) presents an advantage when one deals with the locally supersymmetric extension in nine dimensions, because the closure of the superalgebra can be attained without the need of auxiliary fields as it is discussed in the next section.

## 3 Local supersymmetric extension

The local supersymmetric extension of the gravitational action $`I_G`$ in Eq. (2) is given by the sum of three pieces

$$I_9=I_G+I_\psi +I_c,$$
(3)
where the fermionic term $`I_\psi `$ reads

$$I_\psi =\frac{i}{3}R_{abc}\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abc}D\psi +12\left(R_{ab}R^{ab}R_{cd}+4(R^3)_{cd}\right)\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{cd}D\psi +\text{h.c.}$$

and the bosonic term needed to close supersymmetry $`I_c`$ is

$$I_c=12\left[(R_{ab}R^{ab})^24R_b^aR_c^bR_d^cR_a^d\right]c.$$
(4)
Here $`D\psi =d\psi +\frac{1}{4}\omega ^{ab}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ab}\psi `$ is the Lorentz covariant derivative, and as a shorthand we have defined $`(R^3)_b^a=R_c^aR_d^cR_b^d`$, and $`R_{abc}=ϵ_{abca_1\mathrm{}a_6}R^{a_1a_2}R^{a_3a_4}R^{a_5a_6}`$.

The action (3) is invariant under the following local supersymmetry transformations

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\delta e^a=i\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^a\psi \overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^aϵ\right)\hfill & ;\hfill & \delta \psi =Dϵ\hfill \\ \delta c=\left(\overline{ϵ}\psi \overline{\psi }ϵ\right)\hfill & ;\hfill & \delta \overline{\psi }=D\overline{ϵ}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5)
together with $`\delta \omega ^{ab}=0`$.

Note that, apart from diffeomorphisms, local Lorentz rotations, and local Poincaré transformations (1), this action possesses an extra local $`U(1)`$ symmetry whose only nonvanishing transformation reads

$$\delta c=du.$$
(6)
The full set of symmetries closes off-shell without requiring the introduction of auxiliary fields. Indeed, the commutator of two supersymmetry transformations acting on the fields is given by

$$[\delta _ϵ,\delta _\eta ]\left(\begin{array}{c}e^a\hfill \\ \omega ^{ab}\hfill \\ c\hfill \\ \psi \hfill \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}D\lambda ^a\hfill \\ 0\hfill \\ du\hfill \\ 0\hfill \end{array}\right),$$

where the parameter of the local translations is $`\lambda ^a=i(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^a\eta \overline{\eta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^aϵ)`$ while the parameter of the $`U(1)`$ symmetry is $`u=\overline{ϵ}\eta \overline{\eta }ϵ`$. This means that the local symmetry group is spanned by the $`𝒩=2`$ super Poincaré algebra with a $`U(1)`$ central extension whose generators are given by the set $`G_A=\{J_{ab},P_a,Z,Q^\alpha ,\overline{Q}_\alpha \}`$. Here $`J_{ab}`$ and $`P_a`$ generate the Poincaré group, $`Z`$ is the $`U(1)`$ central charge, and $`Q^\alpha `$, $`\overline{Q}_\alpha `$ are complex fermionic generators whose anticommutator reads

$$\{Q^\alpha ,\overline{Q}_\beta \}=i(\mathrm{\Gamma }^a)_\beta ^\alpha P_a+\delta _\beta ^\alpha Z.$$
(7)
Let us point out that, assuming the dynamical fields to belong to a single connection for the supergroup, i.e.,

$$A=\frac{1}{2}\omega ^{ab}J_{ab}+e^aP_a+cZ+\overline{\psi }Q\overline{Q}\psi ,$$
(8)
all the local symmetries can be viewed as a gauge transformation $`\delta _\lambda A=d\lambda +[A,\lambda ]`$, where $`\lambda `$ is a Lie algebra-valued parameter. Indeed, the supersymmetry transformations (5) are obtained from a gauge transformation with parameter $`\lambda =\overline{ϵ}Q\overline{Q}ϵ`$. Analogously, the local Lorentz transformations, local translations (1), and the local $`U(1)`$ symmetry (6) are obtained for $`\lambda =\frac{1}{2}\lambda ^{ab}J_{ab}`$, $`\lambda =\lambda ^aP_a`$ and $`\lambda =uZ`$, respectively.

It is worth mentioning that the Lagrangian (3) can be written as a Chern density, since it satisfies $`dL_9=F^5`$, where $`F=dA+A^2`$ is the curvature two-form which in components reads

$$F=\frac{1}{2}R^{ab}J_{ab}+(T^a+i\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^a\psi )P_a+(dc\overline{\psi }\psi )Z+D\overline{\psi }Q\overline{Q}D\psi .$$
(9)
Here the bracket $`\mathrm{}`$ stands for an invariant multilinear form for the super Poincaré group with $`𝒩=2`$ with a $`U(1)`$ central extension, whose only nonvanishing components are given by

$`J_{ab},J_{cd},J_{ef},J_{gh},P_i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16}{5}}ϵ_{abcdefghi},`$
$`J_{ab},J_{cd},J^{ef},J^{gh},Z`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{48}{5}}\left[\delta _{abcd}^{efgh}\delta _{ab}^{ef}\delta _{cd}^{gh}\right],`$ (10)
$`Q^\alpha ,J^{ab},J_{cd},J_{ef},\overline{Q}_\beta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{5}}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{cdef}^{ab})_\beta ^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{3}{10}}\delta _{cdef}^{abgh}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{gh})_\beta ^\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{10}}\delta _{cd}^{ab}\delta _{ef}^{gh}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{gh})_\beta ^\alpha ,`$
where (anti)symmetrization under permutation of each pair of generators is understood when all the indices are lowered. As a consequence, the action constructed here can be seen as a gauge theory with fiber bundle structure. The field equations can be written in a manifestly covariant form as

$$F^4G_A=0,$$

where $`G_A`$ are the generators of the gauge group. As a direct result, the consistency of the fermionic equations reproduces the bosonic field equations associated to the generators appearing in the r.h.s. of the anticommutator in Eq.(7) without imposing additional constraints . In this case, these equations correspond to the variation with respect to the fields $`e^a`$and $`c`$.

In the Appendix B, it is shown that, if one assumes the gauge group to be super-Poincaré admitting at most a $`U(1)`$ central charge, theories featuring the properties considered here exist only in $`3,5`$ and $`9`$ dimensions.

## 4 Discussion

Here, it has been shown that the coupling of a spin $`3/2`$ particle to the graviton can be achieved consitently with local superymmetry, when the gravitational sector is described by a Lagrangian that is linear in the vielbein rather than in the curvature, yielding second order field equations for the metric. This corresponds to a new $`𝒩=2`$ local supersymmetric extension of Poincaré invariant gravity in nine dimensions which can be formulated as a gauge theory with a fiber bundle structure as it occurs for Yang-Mills, and therefore it features some of the formal advantages of the three dimensional gravity , .

The field equations of this theory admit a class of vacuum solutions of the form $`S^{8d}\times X_{d+1}`$ where $`X_{d+1}`$ is a warped product of $``$ with a $`d`$-dimensional spacetime. For this class of geometries, a nontrivial propagator for the graviton exists only for $`d=4`$ and for a positive constant cosmological .

In nine dimensions, there exists another $`𝒩=2`$ theory having a similar structure . The corresponding gauge group is a supersymmetric extension of Poincaré containing a fifth-rank antisymmetric generator, so that the anticommutator of the fermionic generators reads

$$\{Q^\alpha ,\overline{Q}_\beta \}=i(\mathrm{\Gamma }^a)_\beta ^\alpha P_ai(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abcde})_\beta ^\alpha Z_{abcde}.$$
(11)
Apart from the vielbein, the spin connection and a complex gravitino, a bosonic one-form $`b_\mu ^{abcde}`$ which transforms as an antisymmetric fifth-rank tensor under local Lorentz rotations was considered 222This kind of fields has recently become relevant in the context of dual descriptions of linearized gravity , , . In the last reference a generalization of the Poincaré lemma was also provided.. In the model described here, the role of this field is played by the Abelian one-form $`c_\mu `$. It would be desirable to explore whether a link between both theories can be established.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Andrés Gomberoff and Cristián Martínez for helpful remarks, and specially to Jorge Zanelli for enlightening comments and for a careful reading of this manuscript. This work is partially funded by grants 1010449, 1010450, 1020629,1040921, 3020032, 3030029 and 7010450 from FONDECYT. Institutional support to the Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECS) from Empresas CMPC is gratefully acknowledged. CECS is a Millennium Science Institute and is funded in part by grants from Fundación Andes and the Tinker Foundation.

## 5 Appendix A: Some useful formulas

Here $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^a`$ stands for the Dirac matrices satisfying $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }^a,\mathrm{\Gamma }^b\}=2\eta ^{ab}I`$, where $`a,b=1,2,\mathrm{},d`$, where $`d`$ is the spacetime dimension and $`\eta ^{ab}=\text{diag}(,+,\mathrm{},+)`$. For the Minskowskian signature, these matrices can be chosen such that $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }^a)^{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0\mathrm{\Gamma }^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$, and the Dirac conjugate is given by $`\overline{\psi }=\psi ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$. The totally antisymmetric product of Gamma matrices is defined as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}=\frac{1}{p!}\underset{\sigma }{}\text{sgn}(\sigma )\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_{\sigma (1)}}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_{\sigma (p)}}.$$
(12)
For $`d=2n+1`$ dimensions it is always possible to find a representation of the Gamma matrices such that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^d=(i)^{n+1}I,$$

and hence, one obtains the following relation

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{dp}}=(1)^{\frac{p(p1)}{2}}\frac{(i)^{n+1}}{p!}ϵ^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{dp}b_1\mathrm{}b_p}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{b_1\mathrm{}b_p}.$$
(13)
All fermionic terms in the actions considered here take the form

$$I_\psi ^p=X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}\left[\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right],$$

where $`X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}`$ is a covariantly constant $`(d3)`$-form satisfying $`DX_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}=0`$, which does not transform under supersymmetry, i.e., $`\delta X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}=0`$. The variation of $`I_\psi ^p`$ under the supersymmetry transformations (5) is given by

$`\delta I_\psi ^p`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}R_{ab}\left[\overline{ϵ}\{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_p},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}\}\psi \text{h.c.}\right]}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}R_{ab}\left[\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_pab}\psi \text{h.c.}\right]}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{p(p1)}{2}}{\displaystyle X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{p2}ab}R^{ab}\left[\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{p2}}\psi \text{h.c.}\right]},`$
up to a boundary term. In our case, $`X_{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}`$ always involves the contraction of $`(n1)`$ curvatures leaving $`p`$ free indices.

## 6 Appendix B: Three, five and nine dimensions

The only action for gravity, constructed out of the vielbein and the curvature, leading to second order field equations for the metric, and possessing local invariance under the Poincaré group exists only for $`d=2n+1`$ dimensions, and is given by333Lorentz-Chern-Simons forms, which are trivially invariant under supersymmetry, can also be considered. However, as it occurs in three dimensions , this would yield third order field equations for the metric in the vanishing torsion sector.

$$I_G=ϵ_{a_1\mathrm{}a_{2n+1}}R^{a_1a_2}\mathrm{}R^{a_{2n1}a_{2n}}e^{a_{2n+1}}=R_{abc}R^{ab}e^c,$$
(15)
where $`R_{abc}`$ is a shorthand for $`R_{abc}=ϵ_{abca_1\mathrm{}a_{2n2}}R^{a_1a_2}\mathrm{}R^{a_{2n3}a_{2n2}}`$.

We explore now whether this theory accepts a supersymmetric extension, for which the dynamical fields belong to a connection of the standard super-Poincaré group admitting at most a $`U(1)`$ central charge. This means that the field content, apart from the vielbein, the spin connection and a complex gravitino, should eventually be supplemented by a one-form $`c_\mu `$. In addition, the supersymmetry transformations remain the same as in Eq.(5), regardless the space-time dimension.

The variation of (15) under supersymmetry is

$$\delta I_G=iR_{abc}R^{ab}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^c\psi \text{h.c.}\right),$$
(16)
which must be cancelled by the variation of a fermionic term, that is quadratic in the gravitini without involving the vielbein or the $`c`$-field. Lorentz covariance singles out this fermionic term to be

$$\frac{i}{3}R_{abc}\left(\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abc}D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right).$$
(17)
Its variation, in turn, produces an additional contribution of the form

$$\frac{i}{6}R_{abc}R_{de}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abcde}\psi \text{h.c.}\right).$$
(18)
In three dimensions, this term identically vanishes, and hence, the supergravity action does not require a central extension444Had we dealt with Majorana spinors, the same argument would have held, and the theory for $`𝒩=1`$, discussed in Ref.  is recovered.. In five dimensions, since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abcde}`$ is proportional to the Levi-Civita tensor, the extra bosonic term $`2R_{ab}R^{ab}c`$, must be necessarily added to cancel (18). In this form, the minimal five dimensional supergravity is obtained for the $`U(1)`$ centrally extended super-Poincaré group .

In order to see whether the term (18) can be canceled in higher odd dimensions, it is useful to express it as a linear combination of

$$(R^3)_{a_1a_2}R_{a_3a_4}\mathrm{}R_{a_{d6}a_{d5}}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{d5}}\psi \text{h.c.}\right),$$
(19)
and

$$R^2R_{a_1a_2}R_{a_3a_4}\mathrm{}R_{a_{d6}a_{d5}}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_{d5}}\psi \text{h.c.}\right).$$
(20)
In seven dimensions, even though the term (20) can be compensated by

$$R^2\left(\overline{\psi }D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right),$$
(21)
the remaining one (19) can never be canceled. Indeed, this term reduces to

$$(R^3)_{ab}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}\psi \text{h.c.}\right),$$
(22)
and can not be eliminated by the variation of a bosonic piece. On the other hand, by virtue of formula (5), the only fermionic term, different from (17), whose variation is cubic in the curvature times the combination $`\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}\psi `$ is given by (21). However, its variation can never cancel the term in (22), and hence, under our assumptions, the seven dimensional case is ruled out.

Following the same procedure in higher dimensions, invariance under local supersymmetry would demand the introduction of a growing series of fermionic terms in the Lagrangian of the form

$$I_\psi ^p=X_{[p]}\left[\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{[p]}D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right],$$
(23)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{[p]}=\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_p}`$, and $`X_{[p]}`$ is a $`(d3)`$-form constructed exclusively from curvatures $`R_{ab}`$ . Exhausting all the relevant combinations of the fermionic terms in (23) and also the bosonic ones containing the Abelian field $`c`$, it is shown that supergravity theories with local invariance under super-Poincaré with a $`U(1)`$ central charge do not exist for higher odd dimensions different from nine.

For dimensions $`d=4k+1>5`$, the variation (19) can only be canceled by

$$(R^3)_{a_1a_2}R_{a_3a_4}\mathrm{}R_{a_{k1}a_k}\left(\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{a_1\mathrm{}a_k}D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right),$$
(24)
and following the Noether procedure, after a number of steps, a term of the form

$$(R^3)_{ab}\left(R^{2k3}\right)_{cd}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abcd}\psi \text{h.c.}\right),$$
(25)
necessarily appears in the variation555Here $`(R^m)_b^a=R_{c_1}^aR_{c_2}^{c_1}\mathrm{}R_b^{c_{m1}}`$.. For $`k>2`$ this last expression can not be canceled by a bosonic term, while using formula (5), it might be compensated resorting to terms proportional to $`I_\psi ^6`$ and $`I_\psi ^2`$. However, none of the possibilities are satisfactory. In fact, in the first case, the explicit construction of the terms along $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{[6]}`$ leads us back exactly to the expression that generates the term (25). For the second case, formula (5) implies that the variation of any of the possible terms contains at least one curvature that is not contracted with another curvature, and therefore, the term (25) can never be canceled. Consequently, for $`k>2`$, local supersymmetry is never attained.

The nine dimensional case $`(k=2)`$ is exceptional because the leftover term (25) involves a curvature that is not contracted with another one. Unlike the previous cases, this fact allows to cancel (25) by means of the additional term

$$(R^3)_{ab}\left(\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right),$$

that produces also a contribution which is compensated by a bosonic term containing the $`c`$-field given by

$$(R^3)_{ab}R^{ab}c.$$

Analogously, the remaining term in Eq.(20) is canceled by the variation of a fermionic term and a bosonic one depending on the Abelian field. In this case, the full supergravity action in Eq.(3) is recovered.

For the remaining dimensions, $`d=4k1>7`$, in order to cancel the variation in Eq.(19), after a number of steps, it is inevitable to add the following term to the action

$$(R^3)_{ab}(R^{2k5})_{cd}\left(\overline{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{abcd}D\psi +\text{h.c.}\right),$$
(26)
whose variation contains the term

$$\left(R^{2k1}\right)_{ab}\left(\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}\psi \text{h.c.}\right).$$
(27)
Here the argument to rule out these dimensions is similar to the one for $`d=7`$. Indeed, this last term can not be canceled by a bosonic one, and by virtue of formula (5), the only fermionic term different from (26), whose variation leads to a $`(2k1)`$-th power of the curvature times the combination $`\overline{ϵ}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}\psi `$ must be of the form given by $`I_\psi ^0`$ in Eq.(23). However, as it can be seen from formula (5), their variation always involves the combination $`R_{ab}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{ab}`$, and thus the term (27) can never be canceled.

In summary, in this Appendix we have shown that the supersymmetric extension of the action (15), that possesses local invariance under the super-Poincaré group admitting at most a $`U(1)`$ central charge, exists only in $`3`$, $`5`$, and $`9`$ dimensions.