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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Despite considerable efforts, the convergence to equilibrium for a mechanical system has remained as an extremely difficult problem. It has been recognized early on that for an infinitely extended system, possibly on top of local hyperbolicity, the flow of statistical information to infinity serves as a mechanism for relaxation. The two prime examples are the ideal gas and the harmonic crystal. We consider here the latter case. In the harmonic approximation the crystal is characterized by the displacement field $`u(x)`$, where $`x\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a regular lattice in $`𝐑^d`$, and $`u(x)𝐑^n`$ with $`n`$ depending on the number of atoms in the unit cell. The field $`u(x)`$ is governed by a discrete wave equation. We will consider arbitrary $`d,n`$ and for notational simplicity set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐙^d`$.

Our motivation to return to a well studied model is to a much wider class of initial measures than before. This project requires novel mathematical techniques. They have been developed for the wave and Klein-Gordon equation on $`𝐑^d`$ in  \- , but the discrete structure poses extra difficulties.

Let us briefly comment on previous work. In  a general criterion is given which ensures mixing and Bernoulliness of the corresponding mechanical flow. Thereby the convergence to equilibrium is established for initial measures which are absolutely continuous with respect to the canonical Gaussian measure. In  moments of the displacement field are studied. This allows to reduce the spectral analysis of the Liouvillean flow to the spectral properties of the dynamical group defined on solutions of finite energy. Since the crystal is assumed to be homogeneous, these spectral properties are determined by the dispersion relations $`\omega _k(\theta )`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$. The Liouvillean flow is mixing and even Bernoulli, if, except for crossing points, each $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ is a real-analytic function which is not identically constant. In particular, the Lebesgue measure of the set $`\{\theta 𝐓^d:\omega _k(\theta )=0\}`$ is equal to zero. In , for the case $`d=n=1`$, initial measures are considered which have distinct temperatures to the left and to the right. In , again $`d=n=1`$, the convergence to equilibrium is proved for a more general class of initial measures characterized by a mixing condition of Rosenblatt- resp. Ibragimov-Linnik type and which are asymptotically translation-invariant to the left and to the right.

The detailed stationary phase analysis of  does not directly generalize to $`d2`$. Rather we have to develop a novel ‘cutoff strategy’ which more carefully exploits the mixing condition in Fourier space. This approach allows us to all $`d`$ with in essence the same conditions for the dispersion relations as in . Our extension requires the technique of holomorphic functions of several complex variables.

In parenthesis we remark that, for the ideal gas, R.Dobrushin and Yu.Suhov  first realized the importance of a mixing condition on the initial measure. In  it is replaced by the condition of finite entropy per unit volume thus establishing convergence whenever the specific particle number, energy, and entropy are finite. No such general result seems to be available for the harmonic crystal.

We outline our main result and strategy of proof. The displacement field $`u(x)`$ is the deviation of the configuration of crystal atoms from their equilibrium positions. Assuming them to be small and expanding the forces to linear order yields the discrete linear wave equation,

$$\ddot{u}(x,t)=\underset{y𝐙^d}{}V(xy)u(y,t);u|_{t=0}=u_0(x),\dot{u}|_{t=0}=v_0(x),x𝐙^d.$$
(1.1)
Here $`u(x,t)=(u_1(x,t),\mathrm{},u_n(x,t)),u_0=(u_{01},\mathrm{},u_{0n})𝐑^n`$ and correspondingly for $`v_0`$. $`V(x)`$ is the interaction (or force) matrix, $`\left(V_{kl}(x)\right),k,l=1,\mathrm{},n`$. The dynamics (1.1) is invariant under lattice translations.

Let us denote by $`Y(t)=(Y^0(t),Y^1(t))(u(,t),\dot{u}(,t))`$, $`Y_0=(Y_0^0,Y_0^1)(u_0(),v_0())`$. Then (1.1) takes the form of an evolution equation,

$$\dot{Y}(t)=𝒜Y(t),t𝐑;Y(0)=Y_0.$$
(1.2)
Formally, this is the Hamiltonian system since

$$𝒜Y=J\left(\begin{array}{cc}𝒱& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)Y=JH(Y),J=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(1.3)
Here $`𝒱`$ is a convolution operator with the matrix kernel $`V`$ and $`H`$ is the Hamiltonian functional

$$H(Y)=\frac{1}{2}v,v+\frac{1}{2}𝒱u,u,Y=(u,v),$$
(1.4)
where the kinetic energy is given by $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}v,v={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x𝐙^d}{}}|v(x)|^2`$ and the potential energy by $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒱u,u={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x,y𝐙^d}{}}(V(xy)u(y),u(x))`$, $`(,)`$ being the real scalar product in the Euclidean space $`𝐑^n`$.

We assume that the initial datum $`Y_0`$ is a random element of the Hilbert space $`_\alpha `$ of real sequences, see Definition 2.1 below. $`Y_0`$ is distributed according to the probability measure $`\mu _0`$ of mean zero and satisfying the conditions S1-S3 below. Given $`t𝐑`$, denote by $`\mu _t`$ the probability measure for $`Y(t)`$, the solution to (1.2) with random initial data $`Y_0`$. We study the asymptotics of $`\mu _t`$ as $`t\pm \mathrm{}`$.

The correlation matrices of the initial data are supposed to be translation-invariant, i.e. for $`i,j=0,1`$,

$$Q_0^{ij}(x,y):=E\left(Y_0^i(x)Y_0^j(y)\right)=q_0^{ij}(xy),x,y𝐙^d,$$
(1.5)
though our methods require in fact much weaker conditions. We also assume that the initial mean “energy” density is finite,

$$e_0:=E[|u_0(x)|^2+|v_0(x)|^2]=\mathrm{tr}q_0^{00}(0)+\mathrm{tr}q_0^{11}(0)<\mathrm{},x𝐙^d.$$
(1.6)
Finally, it is assumed that the measure $`\mu _0`$ satisfies a mixing condition of a Rosenblatt- resp. Ibragimov-Linnik type, which means that

$$Y_0(x)\mathrm{and}Y_0(y)\mathrm{are}\mathrm{asymptotically}\mathrm{independent}\mathrm{as}|xy|\mathrm{}.$$
(1.7)
Our main result is the (weak) convergence of the measures $`\mu _t`$ on the Hilbert space $`_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha <d/2`$,

$$\mu _t\mu _{\mathrm{}}\text{as}t\mathrm{}.$$
(1.8)
$`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is a Gaussian measure on $`_\alpha `$. A similar convergence result holds for $`t\mathrm{}`$. Explicit formulas for the correlation functions of the limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ are given in (2.18) - (2.22). As an application of the results, we show that the initial “white noise”- correlations provide the limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ which coincides with the Gibbs canonical measure with the temperature $`e_0`$. Respectively, $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is close to the canonical measure if the initial correlations are close to the white noise.

To prove the convergence (1.8) we follow general strategy . There are three steps:
I. The family of measures $`\mu _t`$, $`t0`$, is weakly compact in $`_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha <d/2`$.
II. The correlation functions converge to a limit, for $`i,j=0,1`$

$$Q_t^{ij}(x,y)=Y^i(x)Y^j(y)\mu _t(dY)Q_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(x,y)\text{as}t\mathrm{}.$$
(1.9)
III. The characteristic functionals converge to a Gaussian one,

$$\widehat{\mu }_t(\mathrm{\Psi }):=\mathrm{exp}(iY,\mathrm{\Psi })\mu _t(dY)\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi })\}\text{as}t\mathrm{}.$$
(1.10)
Here $`\mathrm{\Psi }=(\mathrm{\Psi }^0,\mathrm{\Psi }^1)𝒟=DD`$, $`D=C_0(𝐙^d)𝐑^n`$, where $`C_0(𝐙^d)`$ denotes the space of the real sequences with finite support, $`Y,\mathrm{\Psi }=_{i=0,1}_{x𝐙^d}(Y^i(x),\mathrm{\Psi }^i(x))`$ and $`𝒬_{\mathrm{}}`$ is the quadratic form with the matrix kernel $`(Q_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(x,y))_{i,j=0,1}`$,

$$𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi })=\underset{i,j=0,1}{}\underset{x,y𝐙^d}{}(Q_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(x,y),\mathrm{\Psi }^i(x)\mathrm{\Psi }^j(y)).$$
(1.11)
Note that (1.1) is the translation invariant convolution equation and admits a simple structure in the Fourier space. As a consequence, Fourier representation plays a central role in our proofs of properties I and II. On the other hand, Fourier transform alone does not suffice in proving III, since our main condition (1.7) is stated in the coordinate space and its equivalent interpretation in Fourier space is obscure.

Property I follows by the method : we prove a uniform bound for the covariance of $`\mu _t`$ and refer to the Prokhorov Theorem. Property II is deduced from an analysis of the oscillatory integral representation of the correlation function in Fourier space. An important role is attributed to Lemma 3.1 reflecting the properties of the Fourier transformed correlation functions which is derived from the mixing condition. To prove III we exploit the dispersive properties of the dynamics (1.1) in coordinate space. The dispersion follows from a stationary phase method applied to the oscillatory integral representation of the Green’s function in Fourier space. The dispersion allows us to represent the solution as a sum of weakly dependent random variables by the Bernstein-type ‘room-corridor’ partition.

Let us explain in more detail the main idea for the proof of III. First let us consider the case $`n=1`$ and the nearest neighbor crystal for which the potential energy has the form

$$\frac{1}{2}\underset{x,y𝐙^d}{}(V(xy)u(y),u(x))=\frac{1}{2}\underset{x𝐙^d}{}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}|u(x+e_i)u(x)|^2+m^2|u(x)|^2),$$
(1.12)
where $`m0`$ and $`e_i=(\delta _{i1},\mathrm{}\delta _{id})`$. The solution is represented through the Green’s function, $`𝒢(t,x)`$,

$$Y(x,t)=\underset{y𝐙^d}{}𝒢(t,xy)Y_0(y).$$
(1.13)
The long-time asymptotics of the Green’s function is analyzed by stationary phase method based on the dispersion relation

$$\omega (\theta ):=\widehat{V}^{1/2}(\theta )=(2\underset{j=1}{\overset{d}{}}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta _j)+m^2)^{1/2},\theta 𝐓^d,$$
(1.14)
where $`𝐓^d`$ is the real $`d`$-torus and $`\widehat{V}(\theta )`$ stands for the Fourier transform of $`V(x)`$. The main features of $`\omega `$ for $`m>0`$ are

$$i)\omega (\theta )0,\theta 𝐓^d,\text{and}ii)\text{ mes}𝒞=0,$$
(1.15)
where $`𝒞`$ is the critical set $`\{\theta 𝐓^d:\mathrm{det}\mathrm{Hess}\omega (\theta )=0\}`$ and ‘mes’ stands for the Lebesgue measure in $`𝐓^d`$. The Green’s function has distinct asymptotic behavior in three zones of $`(x,t)`$-space: inside resp. outside the light cone and in the ‘buffer zone’, which is a small conical neighborhood of the boundary of the light cone. The light cone is determined by the group velocities $`\omega (\theta )`$ of the phonons, and its boundary is determined by the group velocities $`\omega (\theta )`$ with “critical” $`\theta 𝒞`$, since they correspond to the maximal values of $`|\omega (\theta )|`$ with a fixed direction of $`\omega (\theta )`$ (cf. (1.16)). Therefore, the buffer zone is determined by the velocities $`\omega (\theta )`$ with the $`\theta `$ from a small neighborhood of the critical set $`𝒞`$. The Green’s function decays rapidly outside the light cone, as $`t^{d/2}`$ inside the light cone except for the buffer zone, and more slowly in the buffer zone, cf. (1.18).

Now let us discuss the general case when $`n1`$. For $`n>1`$ an additional important feature occurs. In this case we have $`n`$ dispersion relations $`\omega _k(\theta )`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$, which are the eigenvalues of the matrix $`\widehat{V}^{1/2}(\theta )`$. Thus there can be “crossing points” where two or more dispersion relations $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ coincide which implies that they are not differentiable, in general. In this case the decay of the Green’s function generally is slower than $`t^{d/2}`$ everywhere in $`(x,t)`$-space. We estimate the decay by the stationary phase method, hence we need smooth branches of the dispersion relations $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ at least locally in $`\theta `$. We establish the existence of the branches outside a set of the Lebesgue measure zero in $`𝐓^d`$ (see Lemma 2.2). For the proof we use the advanced variant of the Weierstrass Preparation Theorem from  and the analytic stratification of analytic sets .

For $`n1`$ we define the critical set $`𝒞`$ as the subset of $`𝐓^d`$ which is the union over $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$ of all the points $`\theta `$ either with a nondifferentiable $`\omega _k(\theta )`$, or with a degenerate Hessian of $`\omega _k(\theta )`$, or with $`\omega _k(\theta )=0`$. Lemmas 2.2, 2.3 imply that mes $`𝒞=0`$ which plays the central role in all proofs in the paper. The critical set is never empty. For example, let us fix $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and consider the point $`\theta 𝐓^d`$ with the maximal group velocity $`|\omega _k(\theta )|>0`$. Then $`\mathrm{det}\mathrm{Hess}\omega _k(\theta )=0`$ since $`\mathrm{Hess}\omega _k(\theta )\omega _k(\theta )=0`$:

$$\left(\mathrm{Hess}\omega _k(\theta )\omega _k(\theta )\right)_i=\underset{j}{}\frac{^2\omega _k(\theta )}{\theta _i\theta _j}\frac{\omega _k(\theta )}{\theta _j}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{}{\theta _i}\underset{j}{}\left|\frac{\omega _k(\theta )}{\theta _j}\right|^2=0,i=1,\mathrm{},d,$$
(1.16)
provided the derivatives exist. Thus even for $`d=n=1`$ the uniform in $`x𝐑`$ decay of the Green’s function is slower than $`t^{1/2}`$ since $`\omega ^{\prime \prime }(\theta )`$ vanishes in some points. To overcome this difficulty, in  it is required that $`\omega ^{\prime \prime \prime }(\theta )0`$ at points with $`\omega ^{\prime \prime }(\theta )=0`$. Then the uniform decay of the Green’s function is $`t^{1/3}`$ which suffices in the case $`d=1`$ together with an additional assumption on the higher moments of the initial measure. In contrast the critical set and the slow decay of the Green’s function do not occur for the Klein-Gordon equation analyzed in .

For $`d,n1`$ Suhov and Shuhov have proved in  the convergence of the covariance, (1.9), for a simple singularity of $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ (in Arnold’s terminology ) in the points $`\theta 𝒞`$ with the degenerate Hessian. However, similar detailed analysis of all degenerate points for $`d,n1`$ seems to be impossible. We avoid it by a novel ‘cutoff’ strategy which allows us to cover the general case when the Lebesgue measure of the critical set $`𝒞`$ is zero. Namely, we choose an $`\epsilon >0`$ and split the Fourier transform of the solution in two components $`\widehat{Y}(\theta ,t)=\widehat{Y}_f(\theta ,t)+\widehat{Y}_g(\theta ,t)`$ where $`\widehat{Y}_f(\theta ,t)=0`$ outside the $`\epsilon `$-neighborhood of the critical set $`𝒞`$ while $`\widehat{Y}_g(\theta ,t)=0`$ inside the $`\epsilon /2`$-neighborhood of $`𝒞`$. First, we use the mixing condition to estimate the contribution from the ‘critical’ component $`\widehat{Y}_f`$: we prove that it is small in the mean, i.e. its dispersion is negligible uniformly in $`t0`$, if $`\epsilon >0`$ is sufficiently small. This follows from the identity mes $`𝒞=0`$ since the Fourier transforms of the initial correlation functions are absolutely continuous due to the mixing condition. A further step is to develop a Bernstein type argument to prove the Gaussian limit for the main ‘noncritical’ component $`Y_g`$. We write it in the form (1.13):

$$Y_g(x,t)=\underset{y𝐙^d}{}𝒢_g(t,xy)Y_0(y)$$
(1.17)
where $`𝒢_g(t,xy)`$ is the ‘truncated’ Green’s function which is defined similarly to $`Y_g(x,t)`$: its Fourier transform $`\widehat{𝒢}_g(t,\theta )`$ is zero inside the $`\epsilon /2`$-neighborhood of $`𝒞`$. Then all the dispersion relations $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ are smooth and nondegenerate on the support of $`\widehat{𝒢}_g(t,\theta )`$, hence the truncated Green’s function has the standard decay

$$𝒢_g(t,xy)\{\begin{array}{cc}Ct^{d/2},\hfill & |yx|ct\hfill \\ & \\ C_p(|t|+|xy|+1)^p,\hfill & |yx|ct\hfill \end{array}$$
(1.18)
with some $`c>0`$ and any $`p>0`$, cf. (5.2), (5.3). Therefore, the representation (1.17) demonstrates that for a fixed $`x𝐙^d`$, the main contribution to $`Y_g(x,t)`$ comes from the section $`B_t(x)=\{y𝐙^d:|yx|ct\}`$ of the light cone at time $`t`$. The “volume” of the section (i.e. the number of the points $`y𝐙^dB_t(x)`$) is $`|B_t(x)|t^d`$. Therefore, (1.17) becomes roughly speaking,

$$Y_g(x,t)\frac{\underset{yB_t(x)}{}Y_0(y)}{\sqrt{|B_t|}},t\mathrm{}.$$
(1.19)
This implies the Gaussian limit by the Ibragimov-Linnik Central Limit Theorem , since the random values $`Y_0(y)`$ are weakly dependent because of the mixing condition (1.7).

###### Remarks 1.1

i) Physically, the asymptotics (1.18) reflects the isotropic phonons propagation of phonons in the noncritical spectrum. The isotropy provides a ‘dynamical mixing’ which leads to the Gaussian behavior by the statistical mixing condition (1.7). So the convergence to the statistical equilibrium (1.8) is provided by the both kinds of the mixing simultaneously: the statistical mixing condition (1.7) and the dynamical mixing (1.18).

ii) The degree $`d/2`$ in (1.18) is related to the energy conservation since the Hamiltonian (1.4) is a quadratic form. Roughly speaking, (1.18) means the ‘energy diffusion’, and the degree $`d/2`$ resembles the diffusion kernel.

Finally, let us comment on our conditions concerning the interaction matrix $`V(x)`$. We assume the conditions E1-E4 below which in a similar form appear also in . E1 means the exponential space-decay of the interaction in the crystal. E2 resp. E3 means that the potential energy is real resp. nonnegative. E4 eliminates the constant part of the spectrum and ensures that mes$`𝒞=0`$ (cf. (1.15)). We also introduce a new simple condition E5 for the case $`n>1`$ which eliminates the discrete part of the spectrum for the covariance dynamics. It can be considerably weakened to the condition E5’ from Remark 2.10 $`iii)`$. For example, the condition E5’ holds for the canonical Gaussian measures which are considered in . We show that the conditions E4 and E5 hold for “almost all” matrix-functions $`V()`$ with the finite range of the interaction.

Furthermore, we do not require that $`\omega _k(\theta )0`$, $`\theta 𝐓^d`$: note that $`\omega (0)=0`$ for the elastic lattice (1.14) in the case $`m=0`$. Our results hold whenever mes$`\{\theta 𝐓^d:\omega _k(\theta )=0\}=0`$. To cover this case we impose the new condition ES which is roughly speaking necessary and sufficient for the uniform bounds of the covariance. It can be simplified to the stronger condition

$$\widehat{V}^1(\theta )L^1(𝐓^d)$$
(1.20)
from , which holds for the elastic lattice (1.14) if either $`n3`$ or $`m>0`$. The condition (1.20) is equivalent to ES for the canonical Gibbs measures considered in . However, (1.20) does not hold in some particular interesting cases: for instance, for the elastic lattice (1.14) in the case $`n=1,2`$ and $`m=0`$, as it is pointed out in .

The main results of our paper are stated in Section 2: Theorem $`A`$ in Section 2.4, and its application in Section 2.5.4. The convergence (1.9) and the compactness I are established in Section 3, and the convergence (1.10) in Sections 4 to 8. Section 9 concerns the ergodicity and the mixing properties of the limit measure. In Appendix we analyze the crossing points of the dispersion relations.

## 2 Main results

### 2.1 Dynamics

We assume that the initial date $`Y_0`$ belongs to the phase space $`_\alpha `$, $`\alpha 𝐑`$, defined below.

###### Definition 2.1

$`_\alpha `$ is the Hilbert space of pairs $`Y=(u(x),v(x))`$ of $`𝐑^n`$-valued functions of $`x𝐙^d`$ endowed with the norm

$`Y_\alpha ^2={\displaystyle \underset{x𝐙^d}{}}\left(|u(x)|^2+|v(x)|^2\right)(1+|x|^2)^\alpha <\mathrm{}.`$ (2.1)
We impose the following conditions E1 \- E5 on the matrix $`V`$.
E1 There exist constants $`C,\alpha >0`$ such that $`|V_{kl}(z)|Ce^{\alpha |z|},k,l\mathrm{I}_n:=\{1,\mathrm{},n\},z𝐙^d.`$
Let us denote by $`\widehat{V}(\theta ):=\left(\widehat{V}_{kl}(\theta )\right)_{k,l\mathrm{I}_n},`$ where $`\widehat{V}_{kl}(\theta )\underset{z𝐙^d}{}V_{kl}(z)e^{iz\theta },`$ $`\theta 𝐓^d,`$ and $`𝐓^d`$ denotes the $`d`$-torus $`𝐓^d=𝐑^d/2\pi 𝐙^d`$.
E2 $`V`$ is real and symmetric, i.e. $`V_{lk}(z)=V_{kl}(z)𝐑`$, $`k,l\mathrm{I}_n`$, $`z𝐙^d`$.
The condition implies that $`\widehat{V}(\theta )`$ is a real-analytic Hermitian matrix-function in $`\theta 𝐓^d`$.
E3 The matrix $`\widehat{V}(\theta )`$ is non-negative definite for each $`\theta 𝐓^d.`$
The condition means that the Eqn (1.1) is hyperbolic like wave and Klein-Gordon Eqns considered in  \- . Let us define the Hermitian non-negative definite matrix

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta ):=\left(\widehat{V}(\theta )\right)^{1/2}0$$
(2.2)
with the eigenvalues $`\omega _k(\theta )0`$, $`k\mathrm{I}_n`$, the dispersion relations. For each $`\theta 𝐓^d`$ the Hermitian matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )`$ has the diagonal form in the basis of the orthogonal eigenvectors $`\{e_k(\theta ):k\mathrm{I}_n\}`$:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )=B(\theta )\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\omega _1(\theta )& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{}& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{}& \omega _n(\theta )\end{array}\right)B^{}(\theta ),$$
(2.3)
where $`B(\theta )`$ is a unitary matrix. It is well known that the functions $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ and $`B(\theta )`$ are real-analytic outside the set of the ‘crossing’ points $`\theta _{}`$: $`\omega _k(\theta _{})=\omega _l(\theta _{})`$ for some $`lk`$. However, generally the functions are not smooth at the crossing points if $`\omega _k(\theta )\omega _l(\theta )`$. Therefore, we need the following lemma which we prove in Appendix (cf. \[21, Lemma 1.1 \]).

###### Lemma 2.2

Let the conditions E1, E2 hold. Then there exists a closed subset $`𝒞_{}𝐓^d`$ s.t.
i) the Lebesgue measure of $`𝒞_{}`$ is zero:

$$\mathrm{mes}𝒞_{}=0.$$
(2.4)
ii) For any point $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$ there exists a neighborhood $`𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ s.t. each dispersion relation $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ and the matrix $`B(\theta )`$ can be chosen as the real-analytic functions in $`𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$.
iii) The eigenvalues $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ have constant multiplicity in $`𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$, i.e. it is possible to enumerate them so that we have for $`\theta 𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$,

$`\omega _1(\theta )\mathrm{}\omega _{r_1}(\theta ),\omega _{r_1+1}(\theta )`$ $`\mathrm{}`$ $`\omega _{r_2}(\theta ),\mathrm{},\omega _{r_s+1}(\theta )\mathrm{}\omega _n(\theta ),`$ (2.5)
$`\omega _{r_\sigma }(\theta )`$ $``$ $`\omega _{r_\nu }(\theta )\mathrm{if}\sigma \nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}1}r_\sigma ,r_\nu r_{s+1}:=n.`$ (2.6)
iv) The spectral decomposition holds,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )=\underset{1}{\overset{s+1}{}}\omega _{r_\sigma }(\theta )\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta ),\theta 𝐓^d𝒞_{},$$
(2.7)
where $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )`$ is the orthogonal projection in $`𝐑^n`$ which is real-analytic function of $`\theta 𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$.

Below we denote by $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ the local real-analytic functions from Lemma 2.2 $`ii)`$. Our next condition is the following:
E4 $`D_k(\theta )0`$, $`k\mathrm{I}_n`$, where $`D_k(\theta ):=det\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2\omega _k(\theta )}{\theta _i\theta _j}}\right)_{i,j=1}^d`$, $`\theta 𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$.
Let us denote $`𝒞_0:=\{\theta 𝐓^d:det\widehat{V}(\theta )=0\}`$ and $`𝒞_k:=\{\theta 𝐓^d𝒞_{}:D_k(\theta )=0\}`$, $`k\mathrm{I}_n`$. The following lemma is also proved in Appendix.

###### Lemma 2.3

Let the conditions E1E4 hold. Then mes $`𝒞_k=0`$ for $`k=0,1,\mathrm{},n`$.

Our last condition on $`V`$ is the following:
E5 For each $`kl`$ the identity $`\omega _k(\theta )\omega _l(\theta )\mathrm{const}_{}`$, $`\theta 𝐓^d`$ does not hold with const$`{}_{}{}^{}0`$, and the identity $`\omega _k(\theta )+\omega _l(\theta )\mathrm{const}_+`$ does not hold with const$`{}_{+}{}^{}0`$.

This condition holds trivially in the case $`n=1`$.

We show that the conditions E4 and E5 hold for “almost all” functions $`V`$ satisfying the conditions E1, E2. More precisely, let us fix an arbitrary $`N1`$ and denote by $`_N`$ the set of the “finite range” interaction matrices $`V`$ with $`V(x)=0`$ for $`\mathrm{max}_i|x_i|>N`$, and satisfying the condition E2. In Appendix we prove the following lemma.

###### Lemma 2.4

For any $`N1`$ the conditions E4 and E5 hold for the matrix-functions $`V`$ from an open and dense subset of $`_N`$.

The following proposition is proved in \[14, p.150\] and \[2, p.128\].

###### Proposition 2.5

Let E1 and E2 hold, and $`\alpha 𝐑`$. Then
i) for any $`Y_0_\alpha `$ there exists a unique solution $`Y(t)C(𝐑,_\alpha )`$ to the Cauchy problem (1.2).
ii) The operator $`U(t):Y_0Y(t)`$ is continuous in $`_\alpha `$.

Proof Applying the Fourier transform to (1.2), we obtain

$$\dot{\widehat{Y}}(\theta ,t)=\widehat{𝒜}(\theta )\widehat{Y}(\theta ,t),t𝐑,\widehat{Y}(0)=\widehat{Y}_0,$$
(2.8)
where

$$\widehat{𝒜}(\theta )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ \widehat{V}(\theta )& 0\end{array}\right),\theta 𝐓^d.$$
(2.9)
Note that $`\widehat{Y}(,t)D^{}(𝐓^d)`$ for $`t𝐑`$. On the other hand, $`\widehat{V}(\theta )`$ is a smooth function by E1. Therefore, the solution $`\widehat{Y}(\theta ,t)`$ of (2.8) exists, is unique and admits the representation $`\widehat{Y}(\theta ,t)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\widehat{𝒜}(\theta )t\right)\widehat{Y}_0(\theta )`$. It becomes (1.13) in the coordinate space, where the Green’s function $`𝒢(t,z)`$ admits the Fourier representation

$$𝒢(t,z):=F_{\theta z}^1[\mathrm{exp}\left(\widehat{𝒜}(\theta )t\right)]=(2\pi )^d\underset{𝐓^d}{}e^{iz\theta }\mathrm{exp}\left(\widehat{𝒜}(\theta )t\right)𝑑\theta .$$
(2.10)
Hence, by the partial integration, $`𝒢(t,z)|z|^p`$ as $`|z|\mathrm{}`$ for any $`p>0`$ and bounded $`|t|`$ since $`\widehat{𝒜}(\theta )`$ is the smooth function of $`\theta 𝐓^d`$. Therefore, the convolution representation (1.13) implies $`Y(t)_\alpha `$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.2 The convergence to statistical equilibrium

Let $`(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Sigma },P)`$ be a probability space with expectation $`E`$ and let $`(_\alpha )`$ denote the Borel $`\sigma `$-algebra in $`_\alpha `$. We assume that $`Y_0=Y_0(\omega ,)`$ in (1.2) is a measurable random function with values in $`(_\alpha ,(_\alpha ))`$. In other words, for each $`x𝐙^d`$ the map $`\omega Y_0(\omega ,x)`$ is a measurable map $`\mathrm{\Omega }𝐑^{2n}`$ with respect to the (completed) $`\sigma `$-algebras $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`(𝐑^{2n})`$. Then $`Y(t)=U(t)Y_0`$ is again a measurable random function with values in $`(_\alpha ,(_\alpha ))`$ owing to Proposition 2.5. We denote by $`\mu _0(dY_0)`$ a Borel probability measure on $`_\alpha `$ giving the distribution of the $`Y_0`$. Without loss of generality, we assume $`(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Sigma },P)=(_\alpha ,(_\alpha ),\mu _0)`$ and $`Y_0(\omega ,x)=\omega (x)`$ for $`\mu _0(d\omega )`$-almost all $`\omega _\alpha `$ and each $`x𝐙^d`$.

###### Definition 2.6

$`\mu _t`$ is a Borel probability measure in $`_\alpha `$ which gives the distribution of $`Y(t)`$:

$`\mu _t(B)=\mu _0(U(t)B),B(_\alpha ),t𝐑.`$ (2.11)
Our main goal is to derive the convergence of the measures $`\mu _t`$ as $`t\mathrm{}`$. We establish the weak convergence of $`\mu _t`$ in the Hilbert spaces $`_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha <d/2`$:

$$\mu _t\stackrel{_\alpha }{}\mu _{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{as}t\mathrm{},$$
(2.12)
where $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is a limit measure on the space $`_\alpha `$, $`\alpha <d/2`$. This means the convergence

$$f(Y)\mu _t(dY)f(Y)\mu _{\mathrm{}}(dY),t\mathrm{},$$
(2.13)
for any bounded continuous functional $`f`$ on $`_\alpha `$.

###### Definition 2.7

The correlation functions of the measure $`\mu _t`$ are defined by

$$Q_t^{ij}(x,y)=E\left(Y^i(x,t)Y^j(y,t)\right),i,j=0,1,\text{ }x,y𝐙^d,$$
(2.14)
if the expectations in the RHS are finite. Here $`Y^i(x,t)`$ are the components of the random solution $`Y(t)=(Y^0(,t),Y^1(,t))`$.

For a probability measure $`\mu `$ on $`_\alpha `$ we denote by $`\widehat{\mu }`$ the characteristic functional (Fourier transform)

$$\widehat{\mu }(\mathrm{\Psi })=\mathrm{exp}(iY,\mathrm{\Psi })\mu (dY),\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟.$$

A measure $`\mu `$ is called Gaussian (of zero mean) if its characteristic functional has the form

$$\widehat{\mu }(\mathrm{\Psi })=\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}𝒬(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi })\},\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟,$$
(2.15)
where $`𝒬`$ is a real nonnegative quadratic form in $`𝒟`$. A measure $`\mu `$ is called translation-invariant if $`\mu (T_hB)=\mu (B),B(_\alpha ),h𝐙^d,`$ where $`T_hY(x)=Y(xh)`$, $`x𝐙^d`$.

### 2.3 The mixing condition

Let $`O(r)`$ denote the set of all pairs of the subsets $`𝒜,𝐙^d`$ at distance dist$`(𝒜,)r`$ and $`\sigma (𝒜)`$ be the $`\sigma `$-algebra in $`_\alpha `$ generated by $`Y(x)`$ with $`x𝒜`$. Define the Ibragimov-Linnik mixing coefficient of a probability measure $`\mu _0`$ on $`_\alpha `$ by (cf. \[13, Definition 17.2.2\])

$$\phi (r):=\underset{(𝒜,)O(r)}{sup}\underset{\begin{array}{c}A\sigma (𝒜),B\sigma ()\\ \mu _0(B)>0\end{array}}{sup}\frac{|\mu _0(AB)\mu _0(A)\mu _0(B)|}{\mu _0(B)}.$$
(2.16)
###### Definition 2.8

The measure $`\mu _0`$ satisfies strong, uniform Ibragimov-Linnik mixing condition if $`\phi (r)0\mathrm{as}r\mathrm{}.`$

Below, we specify the rate of decay of $`\phi `$ (see condition S3).

### 2.4 Statistical conditions and results

We assume that the initial measure $`\mu _0`$ satisfies the following conditions S0–S3:
S0 $`\mu _0`$ has zero expectation value, $`EY_0(x)0`$, $`x𝐙^d.`$
S1 $`\mu _0`$ has translation-invariant correlation matrices, i.e. Eqn (1.5) holds for $`x,y𝐙^d`$.
S2 $`\mu _0`$ has a finite mean energy density, i.e. Eqn (1.6) holds.
S3 $`\mu _0`$ satisfies the strong uniform Ibragimov-Linnik mixing condition with

$$\overline{\phi }:=\underset{0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}r^{d1}\phi ^{1/2}(r)𝑑r<\mathrm{}.$$
(2.17)
We will deduce from S0 \- S3 that $`\widehat{q}_0^{ij}C(𝐓^d)`$, $`i,j=0,1`$ (see Lemma 3.1). This makes sense of our last condition ES concerning the initial covariance and the matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )`$. We need it only in the case when $`𝒞_0\mathrm{}`$ i.e. det$`V(\theta )=0`$ for some points $`\theta 𝐓^d`$:
ES $`\mathrm{\Omega }^i(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{ij}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^j(\theta )L^1(𝐓^d)`$ for $`i,j=0,1`$.
This condition follows from S0 \- S3 if $`i=j=0`$ or $`𝒞_0=\mathrm{}`$.

Next introduce the correlation matrix of the limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$. It is translation-invariant (cf. (1.5)):

$$Q_{\mathrm{}}(x,y)=\left(q_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(xy)\right)_{i,j=0,1}.$$
(2.18)
In the Fourier transform we have locally outside the critical set $`𝒞_{}`$ (see Lemma 2.2)

$$\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )=B(\theta )M_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )B^{}(\theta ),i,j=0,1,$$
(2.19)
where $`B(\theta )`$ is the smooth unitary matrix from Lemma 2.2 $`ii)`$ and $`M_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )`$ is $`n\times n`$-matrix with the smooth entries $`\left(M_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )\right)_{kl}=\chi _{kl}\left(B^{}(\theta )M_0^{ij}(\theta )B(\theta )\right)_{kl}`$. Here we set (see (2.5))

$$\chi _{kl}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \mathrm{if}k,l(r_{\sigma 1},r_\sigma ],\sigma =1,\mathrm{},s+1,\hfill \\ \hfill 0& \mathrm{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.20)
with $`r_0:=0`$, $`r_{s+1}:=n`$, and

$$M_0(\theta ):=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{q}_0^{00}(\theta )+\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{11}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )& \widehat{q}_0^{01}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{10}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )\\ & \\ \widehat{q}_0^{10}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{q}_0^{01}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )& \widehat{q}_0^{11}(\theta )+\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{00}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )\end{array}\right).$$
(2.21)
The local representation (2.19) can be expressed globally as

$$\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )=\underset{\sigma =1}{\overset{s+1}{}}\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )M_0^{ij}(\theta )\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta ),\theta 𝐓^d𝒞_{},i,j=0,1,$$
(2.22)
where $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )`$ is the spectral projection from (2.7).

###### Remark 2.9

The condition ES implies that $`(M_0^{ij})_{kl}L^1(𝐓^d)`$, $`k,l\mathrm{I}_n`$. Therefore, (2.22) and (2.4) imply that also $`(\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij})_{kl}L^1(𝐓^d)`$, $`k,l\mathrm{I}_n`$.

Theorem A Let $`d,n1`$, $`\alpha <d/2`$ and assume that the conditions E1–E5, S0–S3 hold. If $`𝒞_0\mathrm{}`$, then we assume also that ES holds. Then
i) the convergence in (2.12) holds.
ii) The limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is a Gaussian translation-invariant measure on $`_\alpha `$.
iii) The characteristic functional of $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is the Gaussian

$$\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi })=\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi })\},\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟,$$
(2.23)
where $`𝒬_{\mathrm{}}`$ is the quadratic form defined in (1.11).
iv) The measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is invariant, i.e. $`[U(t)]^{}\mu _{\mathrm{}}=\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$, $`t𝐑`$.

###### Remarks 2.10

i) In the case $`n=1`$, the formulas (2.21), (2.22) become

$$\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}=M_0=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{q}_0^{00}+\omega ^2\widehat{q}_0^{11}& \widehat{q}_0^{01}\widehat{q}_0^{10}\\ & \\ \widehat{q}_0^{10}\widehat{q}_0^{01}& \widehat{q}_0^{11}+\omega ^2\widehat{q}_0^{00}\end{array}\right).$$

ii) The uniform Rosenblatt mixing condition  also suffices, together with a higher power $`>2`$ in the bound (1.6): there exists $`\delta >0`$ such that

$$E\left(|u_0(x)|^{2+\delta }+|v_0(x)|^{2+\delta }\right)<\mathrm{}.$$

Then (2.17) requires a modification: $`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}r^{d1}\alpha ^p(r)𝑑r<\mathrm{}`$, with $`p=\mathrm{min}(\frac{\delta }{2+\delta },\frac{1}{2})`$, where $`\alpha (r)`$ is the Rosenblatt mixing coefficient defined as in (2.16) but without $`\mu _0(B)`$ in the denominator. With these modifications, the statements of Theorem $`A`$ and their proofs remain essentially unchanged.

iii) The arguments with condition E5 in Proposition 3.2 (see (3.7)-(3.13) below) demonstrate that the condition could be considerably weakened. Namely, it suffices to assume
E5’ If for some $`kl`$ we have either $`\omega _k(\theta )+\omega _l(\theta )\mathrm{const}_+0`$ or $`\omega _k(\theta )\omega _l(\theta )\mathrm{const}_{}0`$, then

$$\left(B^{}(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{ij}(\theta )B(\theta )\right)_{kl}=0,\theta 𝐓^d,i,j=0,1.$$
(2.24)
The assertions $`i)iii)`$ of Theorem $`A`$ follow from Propositions 2.11 and 2.12:

###### Proposition 2.11

The family of the measures $`\{\mu _t,t𝐑\}`$ is weakly compact in $`_\alpha `$ with any $`\alpha <d/2`$, and the bounds hold:

$$\underset{t0}{sup}EU(t)Y_0_\alpha ^2<\mathrm{}.$$
(2.25)
###### Proposition 2.12

For every $`\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟`$, the convergence (1.10) holds.

Proposition 2.11 ensures the existence of the limit measures of the family $`\{\mu _t,t𝐑\}`$, while Proposition 2.12 provides the uniqueness. Propositions 2.11 and 2.12 are proved in Sections 3 and 4-8, respectively.

Theorem A $`iv)`$ follows from (2.12) since the group $`U(t)`$ is continuous in $`_\alpha `$ by Proposition 2.5 $`ii)`$.

### 2.5 Examples and applications

Let us give the examples of the equations (1.1) and measures $`\mu _0`$ which satisfy all conditions E1-E5, S0-S3 and ES.

#### 2.5.1 Harmonic crystals

All conditions E1-E5 hold for 1D crystal with $`n=1`$ considered in . For any $`d1`$ and $`n=1`$ consider the simple elastic lattice corresponding to the quadratic form (1.12) with $`m0`$. Then $`V(x)=F_{\theta x}^1\omega ^2(\theta )`$ with $`\omega (\theta )`$ defined by (1.14), satisfies E1-E4 with $`𝒞_{}=\mathrm{}`$. In these examples the set $`𝒞_0`$ is empty, hence the condition ES is superfluous. Condition E5 holds trivially since $`n=1`$.

#### 2.5.2 Gaussian measures

We consider $`n=1`$ and construct Gaussian initial measures $`\mu _0`$ satisfying S0S3. We will define $`\mu _0`$ by the correlation functions $`q_0^{ij}(xy)`$ which are zero for $`ij`$, while for $`i=0,1`$,

$$\widehat{q}_0^{ii}(\theta ):=F_{z\theta }q_0^{ii}(z)L^1(𝐓^d),\widehat{q}_0^{ii}(\theta )0.$$
(2.26)
Then by the Minlos theorem  there exists a unique Borel Gaussian measure $`\mu _0`$ on $`_\alpha `$, $`\alpha <d/2`$, with the correlation functions $`q_0^{ij}(xy)`$. The measure $`\mu _0`$ satisfies S0-S2. Further, let us provide, in addition to (2.26), that

$$q_0^{ii}(z)=0,|z|r_0.$$
(2.27)
Then the mixing condition S3 follows with $`\phi (r)=0`$, $`rr_0`$, since for Gaussian random values the orthogonality implies the independence. For example, (2.26) and (2.27) hold if we set $`q_0^{ii}(z)=f(z_1)f(z_2)\mathrm{}f(z_d)`$, where $`f(z)=\nu _0|z|`$ for $`|z|\nu _0`$ and $`f(z)=0`$ for $`|z|\nu _0`$ with $`\nu _0:=[r_0/\sqrt{d}]`$ (the integer part). Then by the direct calculation we obtain $`\widehat{f}(\theta )={\displaystyle \frac{1\mathrm{cos}\nu _0\theta }{1\mathrm{cos}\theta }},`$ $`\theta 𝐓^1,`$ and (2.26) holds. The measure $`\mu _0`$ is nontrivial if $`r_0\sqrt{d}`$: otherwise $`\nu _0=0`$, so $`q_0^{ij}(z)0`$, and the measure $`\mu _0(dY_0)`$ is concentrated at the point $`Y_0=0`$.

#### 2.5.3 Non-Gaussian measures

Let us choose some odd bounded nonconstant functions $`f^0,f^1C(𝐑)`$ and consider a random function $`(Y^0(x),Y^1(x))`$ with the Gaussian distribution $`\mu _0`$ from the previous example. Let us define $`\mu _0^{}`$ as the distribution of the random function $`(f^0(Y^0(x)),f^1(Y^1(x)))`$. Then S0 \- S3 hold for $`\mu _0^{}`$ with corresponding mixing coefficients $`\phi ^{}(r)=0`$ for $`rr_0`$. The measure $`\mu _0^{}`$ is not Gaussian if the functions $`f^0`$, $`f^1`$ are bounded and nonconstant.

#### 2.5.4 From statistical chaos to the Gibbs measure

Let us consider the initial measures which satisfy S0 \- S3, and with the correlation functions

$$\left(q_0^{ij}\right)_{kl}(xy):=E\left(Y_k^i(x,0)Y_l^j(y,0)\right)=T_i\delta _{ij}\delta _{kl}\delta _{xy},i,j=0,1,k,l\mathrm{I}_n,x,y𝐙^d,$$
(2.28)
where $`T_{0,1}0`$. These correlations correspond to the “chaos” with the zero correlation radius and noncorrelated components. Such measures exist on $`_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha <d/2`$ by the Minlos Theorem : for example, the “white noise” which is the corresponding Gaussian measure. Let us consider the crystal satisfying the conditions E1 \- E4 and (1.20). Then also the conditions E5’, ES hold, so Theorem $`A`$ is applicable (see Remark 2.10 $`iii)`$) : it implies the convergence (2.12) to the Gaussian measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ with the covariance (2.21), (2.22).

Additionally, let us assume that $`T_0=0`$ which physically means that only the initial velocities contribute, and initial deviations are adjusted to zero. Then the formulas (2.21), (2.22) become

$$\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )=M_0(\theta )=\frac{T_1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{V}^1(\theta )& 0\\ & \\ 0& \left(\delta _{kl}\right)_{k,l\mathrm{I}_n}\end{array}\right).$$
(2.29)
According to (1.3), this means that the limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ coincides with the Gibbs canonical measure corresponding to the temperature $`T_1`$. In a more general framework, the limit measure is close to the Gibbs measure if the radius of the initial correlations is small in a suitable scaling limit (cf. \[6, Proposition 4.2\]).

## 3 Convergence of covariance and compactness

### 3.1 Mixing condition in terms of spectral density

The next Lemma reflects the mixing property in the Fourier transforms $`\widehat{q}_0^{ij}`$ of initial correlation functions $`q_0^{ij}`$. Condition S2 implies that $`q_0^{ij}(z)`$ is a bounded function. Therefore, its Fourier transform generally belongs to the Schwartz space of tempered distributions.

###### Lemma 3.1

Let the conditions S0 \- S3 hold. Then $`\widehat{q}_0^{ij}C(𝐓^d)`$, $`i,j=0,1`$.

Proof It suffices to prove that

$$q_0^{ij}(z)l^1(𝐙^d).$$
(3.1)
Conditions S0 \- S3 imply by \[13, Lemma 17.2.3\] (or Lemma 8.2 $`i)`$ below):

$$|q_0^{ij}(z)|Ce_0\phi ^{1/2}(|z|),z𝐙^d,$$
(3.2)
where $`e_0`$ is defined by (1.6). Therefore, (2.17) implies (3.1):

$$\underset{z𝐙^d}{}|q_0^{ij}(z)|Ce_0\underset{z𝐙^d}{}\phi ^{1/2}(|z|)<\mathrm{}.\mathrm{}$$

### 3.2 Oscillatory integral arguments

In this section we uniformly estimate and check the convergence of the correlation matrices of measures $`\mu _t`$ with the help of the Fourier transform. The condition S1 and the translation-invariant dynamics (1.1) imply that

$$Q_t^{ij}(x,y)Y^i(x)Y^j(y)\mu _t(dY)=q_t^{ij}(xy),x,y𝐙^d.$$
(3.3)
###### Proposition 3.2

i) The correlation matrices $`q_t^{ij}(z)`$, $`i,j=0,1,`$ are uniformly bounded

$$\underset{t0}{sup}\underset{z𝐙^d}{sup}|q_t^{ij}(z)|<\mathrm{}.$$
(3.4)
ii) The correlation matrices $`q_t^{ij}(z)`$, $`i,j=0,1`$, converge for each $`z𝐙^d`$, and

$$q_t^{ij}(z)q_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(z),t\mathrm{},$$
(3.5)
where the functions $`q_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(z)`$ are defined above.

Proof. For brevity, we prove (3.4) and (3.5) for $`i=j=0`$. In all other cases the proof of (3.5) is similar. The solution to the Cauchy problem (1.1) is

$$u(x,t)=(2\pi )^d\underset{𝐓^d}{}e^{ix\theta }\left(\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t\widehat{Y}_0^0(\theta )+\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{Y}_0^1(\theta )\right)𝑑\theta ,$$

where $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )`$ is the non-negative definite Hermitian matrix defined by (2.2). Furthermore, the translation invariance (1.5) implies that

$$E\left(\widehat{Y}_0^i(\theta )\widehat{Y}_0^j(\theta ^{})\right)=(2\pi )^d\delta (\theta +\theta ^{})\widehat{q}_0^{ij}(\theta ),i,j=0,1.$$
(3.6)
Hence,

$`q_t^{00}(xy)`$ $`:=`$ $`E\left(u(x,t)u(y,t)\right)`$ (3.7)
$`=`$ $`(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}e^{i\theta (xy)}[\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t\widehat{q}_0^{00}(\theta )\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t+\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_0^{10}(\theta )\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t`$
$`+\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t\widehat{q}_0^{01}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t+\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_0^{11}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t]d\theta .`$
Therefore, the bound (3.4) with $`i=j=0`$ follows from Lemma 3.1 or condition ES if $`𝒞_0\mathrm{}`$.

Let us check that the convergence (3.5) with $`i=j=0`$ also follows since the oscillatory integrals in (3.7) tend to zero. Consider for example the last term in the integrand of (3.7). We rewrite it using (2.3), in the form

$$L_0^{11}(\theta ,t):=\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_0^{11}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t=B(\theta )\left(\mathrm{sin}\omega _ktA_{kl}^{11}(\theta )\mathrm{sin}\omega _lt\right)_{k,l\mathrm{I}_n}B^{}(\theta ),$$
(3.8)
where $`A^{11}(\theta ):=B^{}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_0^{11}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1B(\theta )`$. However, at this moment we have to choose certain smooth branches of the functions $`B(\theta )`$ and $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ since we are going to apply the stationary phase arguments which require a smoothness in $`\theta `$. To make it correctly, we cut off all singularities. First, we define the combined critical set

$$𝒞:=_k𝒞_k𝒞_{}𝒞_0.$$
(3.9)
Then Lemmas 2.2, 2.3 imply the following lemma.

###### Lemma 3.3

Let conditions E1 \- E4 hold. Then mes$`𝒞=0`$.

Second, fix an $`\epsilon >0`$ and choose a finite partition of unity

$$f(\theta )+g(\theta )=1,g(\theta )=\underset{m=1}{\overset{M}{}}g_m(\theta ),\theta 𝐓^d,$$
(3.10)
where $`f,g_m`$ are nonnegative functions from $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(𝐓^d)`$, the supports of $`g_m`$ are sufficiently small and

$$suppf\{\theta 𝐓^d:\mathrm{dist}(\theta ,𝒞)<\epsilon \},suppg_m\{\theta 𝐓^d:\mathrm{dist}(\theta ,𝒞)\epsilon /2\}.$$
(3.11)
Now (3.8) can be rewritten as

$`L_0^{11}(\theta ,t)=f(\theta )L_0^{11}(\theta ,t)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}g_m(\theta )B(\theta )\left((\mathrm{cos}(\omega _k\omega _l)t\mathrm{cos}(\omega _k+\omega _l)t)A_{kl}^{11}(\theta )\right)_{k,l\mathrm{I}_n}B^{}(\theta ).`$ (3.12)
By Lemma 2.2 and the compactness arguments, we can choose the supports of $`g_m`$ so small that the eigenvalues $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ and the matrix $`B(\theta )`$ are real-analytic functions inside the $`suppg_m`$ for every $`m`$: we do not mark the functions by the index $`m`$ to not overburden the notations.

Let us substitute (3.2) into the last term of (3.7) and analyze the Fourier integrals with $`f`$ and $`g_m`$ separately. The integral with $`f`$ converges to zero uniformly in $`t0`$, as $`\epsilon 0`$. Indeed, by Lemma 3.3 we have

$$\left|\underset{𝐓^d}{}e^{i\theta (xy)}f(\theta )L_0^{11}(\theta ,t)𝑑\theta \right|C\underset{\mathrm{dist}(\theta ,𝒞)<\epsilon }{}\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{11}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )𝑑\theta 0,\epsilon 0$$

since the integrand is summable by Lemma 3.1 or condition ES if $`𝒞_0\mathrm{}`$.

Below we will prove the convergence for the integrals with $`g_m`$. We will deduce the convergence from the fact that the identities $`\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta )`$const<sub>±</sub> with the const$`{}_{\pm }{}^{}0`$ are impossible by the condition E5. Furthermore, the oscillatory integrals with $`\omega _k\pm \omega _l(\theta )`$const vanish as $`t\mathrm{}`$. Hence, only the integrals with $`\omega _k(\theta )\omega _l(\theta )0`$ contribute to the limit since $`\omega _k(\theta )+\omega _l(\theta )0`$ would imply $`\omega _k(\theta )\omega _l(\theta )0`$ which is impossible by E4. Similar analysis of the three remaining terms in the integrand of (3.7) gives,

$`q_t^{00}(xy)=`$ $`(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}e^{i\theta (xy)}f(\theta )L_0^{11}(\theta ,t)𝑑\theta `$
$`+(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}g_m(\theta )e^{i\theta (xy)}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}B(\theta )\left(\chi _{kl}(A_{kl}^{00}(\theta )+A_{kl}^{11}(\theta ))\right)_{k,l\mathrm{I}_n}B^{}(\theta )+\mathrm{}\right]𝑑\theta `$
$`=(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}`$ $`e^{i\theta (xy)}f(\theta )L_0^{11}(\theta ,t)d\theta +(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}g(\theta )e^{i\theta (xy)}\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{00}(\theta )𝑑\theta +\mathrm{}`$ (3.13)
according to the notations (2.18) - (2.21). Here $`A^{00}(\theta ):=B^{}(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{00}(\theta )B(\theta )`$ and ‘$`\mathrm{}`$’ stands for the oscillatory integrals which contain $`\mathrm{cos}(\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta ))t`$ and $`\mathrm{sin}(\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta ))t`$ with $`\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta )`$const.

The oscillatory integrals converge to zero by the Lebesgue-Riemann Theorem since all the integrands in ‘$`\mathrm{}`$’ are summable and $`(\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta ))=0`$ only on the set of the Lebesgue measure zero. The summability follows from Lemma 3.1 or the condition ES since the matrices $`B^{}(\theta )`$ are unitary. The zero measure follows similarly to (2.4) since $`\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta )`$const.

At last, let us prove the convergence (3.5) with $`i=j=0`$. From the last line of (3.13) we know that $`q_t^{00}(xy)`$ is close to the integral with $`g`$ if $`\epsilon >0`$ is small and $`t>0`$ is large. Therefore, the limit of $`q_t^{00}(xy)`$ as $`t\mathrm{}`$ coincides with the limit of the integral as $`\epsilon 0`$. Finally, this limit coincides with $`q_{\mathrm{}}^{00}(xy)`$ since $`\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{00}L^1(𝐓^d)`$ by Remark 2.9. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 3.3 Compactness of measures family

Proof of Proposition 2.11 The compactness of the measures family $`\{\mu _t,t𝐑\}`$ will follow from the bounds (2.25) by the Prokhorov Theorem \[22, Lemma II.3.1\] using the method of \[22, Theorem XII.5.2\] since the embedding $`_\alpha _\beta `$ is compact if $`\alpha >\beta `$.

First, the translation invariance (3.3) and Proposition 3.2 $`i)`$ imply that for $`x𝐙^d`$ we have

$$e_t:=[|u_0(x)|^2+|v_0(x)|^2]\mu _t(dY_0)=\mathrm{tr}q_t^{00}(0)+\mathrm{tr}q_t^{11}(0)\overline{e}<\mathrm{},t0.$$
(3.14)
Hence by the definition (2.1) we get for any $`\alpha <d/2`$:

$$EU(t)Y_0_\alpha ^2=e_t\underset{x𝐙^d}{}(1+|x|^2)^\alpha =C(\alpha )e_tC(\alpha )\overline{e}<\mathrm{},t0.\mathrm{}$$

## 4  Duality argument

To prove Theorem A, it remains to check Proposition 2.12. Let us rewrite (1.10) as follows,

$$E\mathrm{exp}\{iY(t),\mathrm{\Psi }\}\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }),t\mathrm{}.$$
(4.1)
We will prove it in Sections 5-9. In this section we evaluate $`Y(t),\mathrm{\Psi }`$ by using the following duality arguments. Remember that $`Y_0_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha <d/2`$. For $`t𝐑`$ introduce a ‘formal adjoint’ operator $`U^{}(t)`$ from space $`𝒟`$ to $`_\alpha `$:

$$Y,U^{}(t)\mathrm{\Psi }=U(t)Y,\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟,Y_\alpha .$$
(4.2)
Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Phi }(,t)=U^{}(t)\mathrm{\Psi }`$. Then (4.2) can be rewritten as

$$Y(t),\mathrm{\Psi }=Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }(,t),t𝐑.$$
(4.3)
The adjoint group $`U^{}(t)`$ admits the following convenient description. Lemma 4.1 below displays that the action of group $`U^{}(t)`$ coincides with the action of $`U(t)`$, up to the order of the components.

###### Lemma 4.1

For $`\mathrm{\Psi }=(\mathrm{\Psi }^0,\mathrm{\Psi }^1)𝒟`$ we have

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(,t):=U^{}(t)\mathrm{\Psi }=(\dot{\psi }(,t),\psi (,t)),$$
(4.4)
where $`\psi (x,t)`$ is the solution of Eqn (1.1) with the initial data $`(u_0,v_0)=(\mathrm{\Psi }^1,\mathrm{\Psi }^0)`$.

Proof Differentiating (4.2) in $`t`$ with $`Y,\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟`$, we obtain that $`Y,\dot{U}^{}(t)\mathrm{\Psi }=\dot{U}(t)Y,\mathrm{\Psi }.`$ The group $`U(t)`$ has the generator $`𝒜`$ from (1.3). The generator of $`U^{}(t)`$ is the conjugate operator to $`𝒜`$:

$$𝒜^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 𝒱\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(4.5)
Hence, the representation (4.4) holds with $`\ddot{\psi }(x,t)=\underset{y𝐙^d}{}V(xy)\psi (y,t)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The lemma allows us to construct the oscillatory integral representation for $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)`$. Namely, (4.4), (4.5) imply that in the Fourier representation for $`\mathrm{\Phi }(,t)=U^{}(t)\mathrm{\Psi }`$ we have

$$\dot{\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}}(\theta ,t)=\widehat{𝒜}^{}(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\theta ,t),\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\theta ,t)=\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta ).$$

Here we denote (see (2.9))

$$\widehat{𝒜}^{}(\theta )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \widehat{V}(\theta )\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right),\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta )=e^{\widehat{𝒜}^{}(\theta )t}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t& \mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\\ \mathrm{\Omega }^1\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t& \mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t\end{array}\right)$$
(4.6)
with $`\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }(\theta )=\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(\theta )`$. Therefore,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)=(2\pi )^d\underset{𝐓^d}{}e^{i\theta x}\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )𝑑\theta ,x𝐙^d.$$
(4.7)
Since $`f(\theta )+g(\theta )1`$ by (3.10), we can split $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in two components:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)`$ $`=`$ $`(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}e^{i\theta x}\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta )f(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )𝑑\theta +(2\pi )^d{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}e^{i\theta x}\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta )g(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )𝑑\theta `$
(4.8)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_f(x,t)+\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t),x𝐙^d,`$
where each function $`\mathrm{\Phi }_f(x,t)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)`$ admits the representation of type (4.4). By (3.11), the Fourier spectrum of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_f`$ is concentrated near the critical set $`𝒞`$, while the spectrum of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g`$ is separated from $`𝒞`$.

## 5 Standard decay in the noncritical spectrum

We prove the decay of type (1.18) for the ‘noncritical’ component $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g`$. The function $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g`$ can be expanded similarly to (3.2), in the form

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)=\underset{m}{}\underset{\pm ,k\mathrm{I}_n}{}\underset{𝐓^d}{}g_m(\theta )e^{i(\theta x\pm \omega _k(\theta )t)}a_k^\pm (\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )𝑑\theta .$$
(5.1)
By Lemma 2.2 and the compactness arguments, we can choose the eigenvalues $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ and the matrices $`a_k^\pm (\theta )`$ as real-analytic functions inside the $`suppg_m`$ for every $`m`$: we do not mark the functions by the index $`m`$ to not overburden the notations.

Lemma 4.1 means that each component $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g^i(x,t)`$, $`i=0,1`$, is a solution to Eqn (1.1). To prove (4.1), we analyze the radiative properties of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)`$ in all directions. For this purpose, we apply the stationary phase method to the oscillatory integral (5.1) along the rays $`x=vt`$, $`t>0`$. Then the phase becomes $`(\theta v\pm \omega _k(\theta ))t`$, and its stationary points are the solutions to the equations $`v=\omega _k(\theta )`$. We collect all necessary asymptotics in the following lemma (cf. (1.18)).

###### Lemma 5.1

For any fixed $`\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟`$ and $`g(\theta )C_0^{\mathrm{}}(𝐓^d𝒞)`$ the following bounds hold:

$$i)sup_{x𝐙^d}|\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)|Ct^{d/2}.$$
(5.2)
ii) For any $`p>0`$ there exist $`C_p,\gamma _g>0`$ s.t.

$$|\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)|C_p(|t|+|x|+1)^p,|x|\gamma _gt.$$
(5.3)
Proof Consider $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)`$ along each ray $`x=vt`$ with arbitrary $`v𝐑^d`$. Substituting to (5.1), we get

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_g(vt,t)=\underset{m}{}\underset{\pm ,k\mathrm{I}_n}{}\underset{𝐓^d}{}g_m(\theta )e^{i(\theta v\pm \omega _k(\theta ))t}a_k^\pm (\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )𝑑\theta .$$
(5.4)
This is a sum of oscillatory integrals with the phase functions $`\varphi _k^\pm (\theta )=\theta v\pm \omega _k(\theta )`$ and the amplitudes $`a_k^\pm (\theta )`$ which are real-analytic functions of the $`\theta `$ inside the $`suppg_m`$. Since $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ is real-analytic, each function $`\varphi _k^\pm `$ has no more than a finite number of stationary points $`\theta suppg_m`$, solutions to the equation $`v=\omega _k(\theta )`$. The stationary points are non-degenerate for $`\theta suppg_m`$ by (3.11), (3.9) and $`\mathrm{𝐄𝟒}`$ since

$$\mathrm{det}\left(\frac{^2\varphi _k^\pm }{\theta _i\theta _j}\right)=\pm D_k(\theta )0,\theta suppg_m.$$
(5.5)
At last, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )`$ is smooth since $`\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟`$. Therefore, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(vt,t)=𝒪(t^{d/2})`$ according to the standard stationary phase method . This implies the bounds (5.2) in each cone $`|x|ct`$ with any finite $`c`$.

Further, denote by $`\overline{v}_g:=\mathrm{max}_m\mathrm{max}_{k\mathrm{I}_n}\underset{\theta suppg_m}{\mathrm{max}}|\omega _k(\theta )|.`$ Then for $`|v|>\overline{v}_g`$ the stationary points do not exist on the $`suppg`$. Hence, the integration by parts as in  yields $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(vt,t)=𝒪(t^p)`$ for any $`p>0`$. On the other hand, the integration by parts in (5.1) implies similar bound $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)=𝒪\left((t/|x|)^l\right)`$ for any $`l>0`$. Therefore, (5.3) follows with any $`\gamma _g>\overline{v}_g`$. Now the bounds (5.2) follow everywhere. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 6 Contribution of critical set

We are going to prove (4.1). Rewrite it using (4.3):

$$E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }(,t)\}\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi })0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(6.1)
The splitting (4) gives $`Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }(,t)=Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_f(,t)+Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)`$. Our main argument is that the contribution of $`Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_f(,t)`$ to (6.1) has a small dispersion. We will deduce this from Lemmas 3.1, 3.3. At first, let us estimate the difference in (6.1) by the triangle inequality:

$`|E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }(,t)\}\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi })|`$ (6.2)
$``$ $`|E\mathrm{exp}\{iU(t)Y_0,\mathrm{\Psi }\}E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)\}|+|\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi })|`$
$`+|E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)\}\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|=I+II+III,`$
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_g:=F^1[g(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )]=\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,0)`$. Let us consider each of the three terms separately.
I. The first term $`I=I(\epsilon ,t)`$ represents the contribution of the neighborhood of the critical set $`\{\theta 𝐓^d:\mathrm{dist}(\theta ,𝒞)<\epsilon \}`$ and tends to zero as $`\epsilon 0`$ uniformly in $`t0`$. Namely, by the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality,

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`|Ee^{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }(,t)}Ee^{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)}|E|e^{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_f(,t)}1|C\left(E|Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_f(,t)|^2\right)^{1/2}.`$ (6.3)
Using the Parseval identity and (4), we get

$`E|Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_f(,t)|^2=(2\pi )^{2d}E|\widehat{Y}_0(\theta ),f(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}(\theta ,t)|^2`$
$`=(2\pi )^{2d}E\left(\widehat{Y}_0(\theta )\overline{\widehat{Y}_0(\theta ^{})}\right),f(\theta )f(\theta ^{})\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta )\overline{\widehat{𝒢}^{}(t,\theta ^{})}\overline{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\theta ^{})}.`$ (6.4)
Now take into account that $`E\left(\widehat{Y}_0(\theta )\overline{\widehat{Y}_0(\theta ^{})}\right)=(2\pi )^d\delta (\theta \theta ^{})\widehat{q}_0(\theta )`$ similarly to (3.6). Then (6), (4.6), (3.11) and the bounds $`0f(\theta )1`$ imply

$$E|Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_f(,t)|^2C_1\underset{i,j=0,1}{}\underset{\mathrm{dist}(\theta ,𝒞)<\epsilon }{}\mathrm{\Omega }^i(\theta )\widehat{q}_0^{ij}(\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^j(\theta )𝑑\theta 0,\epsilon 0$$

owing to Lemma 3.3 since the integrand is summable. The summability follows from Lemma 3.1 or condition ES if $`𝒞_0\mathrm{}`$.
II. The second term $`II=II(\epsilon )`$ tends to zero as $`\epsilon 0`$. Indeed,

$$𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)=(2\pi )^{2d}\underset{i,j=0}{\overset{1}{}}\underset{𝐓^d}{}(\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta ),g(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}^i(\theta )g(\theta )\overline{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}^j(\theta )})𝑑\theta 𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi }),\epsilon 0$$

by the Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem since $`0g(\theta )1`$ and $`\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}L^1(𝐓^d)`$ by Remark 2.9. Hence for the Gaussian measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$, we get by (2.23)

$$|\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi })|=|\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\}\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Psi })\}|0,\epsilon 0.$$

III. To prove Proposition 2.12, it remains to check that for any fixed $`\epsilon >0`$, we have

$$III(\epsilon ,t)=|E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)\}\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(6.5)
We prove (6.5) in Section 8 using the Bernstein arguments of the next section.

## 7 Bernstein’s ‘rooms-corridors’ partition

Our proof of (6.5) is similar to the case of the continuous Klein-Gordon equation in $`𝐑^d`$ : all the integrals over $`𝐑^d`$ become the series over $`𝐙^d`$ etc. Another novelty in the proofs is the following: in the case of the Klein-Gordon equation we have $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,t)=0`$ for $`|x|t+c(\mathrm{\Psi })`$, while for the discrete crystal we have (5.3) instead.

Let us introduce a ‘room-corridor’ partition of the ball $`\{x𝐙^d:|x|\gamma _gt\}`$ with $`\gamma _g`$ from (5.3). For $`t>0`$ we choose below $`\mathrm{\Delta }_t,\rho _t𝐍`$ (we will specify the asymptotical relations between $`t`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_t`$ and $`\rho _t`$). Let us set $`h_t=\mathrm{\Delta }_t+\rho _t`$ and

$$a^j=jh_t,b^j=a^j+\mathrm{\Delta }_t,j𝐙,N_t=[(\gamma _gt)/h_t].$$
(7.1)
We call the slabs $`R_t^j=\{x𝐙^d:|x|N_th_t,a^jx_d<b^j\}`$ the ‘rooms’, $`C_t^j=\{x𝐙^d:|x|N_th_t,b^jx_d<a^{j+1}\}`$ the ‘corridors’ and $`L_t=\{x𝐙^d:|x|>N_th_t\}`$ the ’tails’. Here $`x=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_d)`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_t`$ is the width of a room, and $`\rho _t`$ is that of a corridor. Let us denote by $`\chi _t^j`$ the indicator of the room $`R_t^j`$, $`\xi _t^j`$ that of the corridor $`C_t^j`$, and $`\eta _t`$ that of the tail $`L_t`$. Then

$$\underset{t}{}[\chi _t^j(x)+\xi _t^j(x)]+\eta _t(x)=1,x𝐙^d,$$
(7.2)
where the sum $`_t`$ stands for $`\underset{j=N_t}{\overset{N_t1}{}}`$. Hence we get the following Bernstein’s type representation:

$$Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)=\underset{t}{}[Y_0,\chi _t^j\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)+Y_0,\xi _t^j\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)]+Y_0,\eta _t\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)).$$
(7.3)
Let us introduce the random variables $`r_t^j`$, $`c_t^j`$, $`l_t`$ by

$$r_t^j=Y_0,\chi _t^j\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t),c_t^j=Y_0,\xi _t^j\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t),l_t=Y_0,\eta _t\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t).$$
(7.4)
Then (7.3) becomes

$$Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)=\underset{t}{}(r_t^j+c_t^j)+l_t.$$
(7.5)
###### Lemma 7.1

Let S0–S3 hold. The following bounds hold for $`t>1`$:

$`E|r_t^j|^2`$ $``$ $`C(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\mathrm{\Delta }_t/t,j,`$ (7.6)
$`E|c_t^j|^2`$ $``$ $`C(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\rho _t/t,j,`$ (7.7)
$`E|l_t|^2`$ $``$ $`C_p(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)(1+t)^p,p>0.`$ (7.8)
Proof We discuss (7.6), and (7.7), (7.8) can be done in a similar way (the proof of (7.8) additionally uses (5.3)). Express $`E|r_t^j|^2`$ in the correlation matrices. Definition (7.4) implies that

$$E|r_t^j|^2=\chi _t^j(x)\chi _t^j(y)q_0(xy),\mathrm{\Phi }_g(x,t)\mathrm{\Phi }_g(y,t).$$
(7.9)
According to (5.2), Eqn (7.9) implies that

$`E|r_t^j|^2`$ $``$ $`Ct^d{\displaystyle \underset{x,y}{}}\chi _t^j(x)q_0(xy)`$
(7.10)
$`=`$ $`Ct^d{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\chi _t^j(x){\displaystyle \underset{z}{}}q_0(z)C\mathrm{\Delta }_t/t,`$
where $`q_0(z)`$ stands for the norm of a matrix $`\left(q_0^{ij}(z)\right)`$. Therefore, (7) follows as $`q_0()l^1(𝐙^d)`$ by (3.1). $`\mathrm{}`$

## 8 Ibragimov-Linnik Central Limit Theorem

In this section we prove the convergence (6.5). As was said, we use a version of the Central Limit Theorem developed by Ibragimov and Linnik . If $`𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)=0`$, (6.5) is obvious. Indeed, $`|Ee^{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)}1|E|Y_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)|\left(EY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)^2\right)^{1/2}=\left(𝒬_t(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\right)^{1/2}`$, where $`𝒬_t(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)=0,`$ as $`t\mathrm{}.`$ Thus, we may assume that for a given $`\mathrm{\Psi }𝒟`$,

$$𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)0.$$
(8.1)
Let us choose $`0<\delta <1`$ and

$$\rho _tt^{1\delta },\mathrm{\Delta }_t\frac{t}{\mathrm{log}t},t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.2)
###### Lemma 8.1

The following limit holds true:

$$N_t\left(\phi (\rho _t)+\left(\frac{\rho _t}{t}\right)^{1/2}\right)+N_t^2\left(\phi ^{1/2}(\rho _t)+\frac{\rho _t}{t}\right)0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.3)
Proof The function $`\phi (r)`$ is non-increasing, hence by (2.17),

$$r^d\phi ^{1/2}(r)=d\underset{0}{\overset{r}{}}s^{d1}\phi ^{1/2}(r)𝑑sd\underset{0}{\overset{r}{}}s^{d1}\phi ^{1/2}(s)𝑑sC\overline{\phi }<\mathrm{}.$$
(8.4)
Furthermore, (8.2) implies that $`h_t=\mathrm{\Delta }_t+\rho _t{\displaystyle \frac{t}{\mathrm{log}t}}`$, $`t\mathrm{}`$. Therefore, $`N_t{\displaystyle \frac{t}{h_t}}\mathrm{log}t`$. Then (8.3) follows by (8.4) and (8.2). $`\mathrm{}`$
Proof of (6.5) By the triangle inequality,

$`|E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)\}\widehat{\mu }_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|`$ $``$ $`|E\mathrm{exp}\{iY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)\}E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\}|`$ (8.5)
$`+|\mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|r_t^j|^2\}\mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)\}|`$
$`+|E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\}\mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|r_t^j|^2\}|`$
$``$ $`I_1+I_2+I_3.`$
We are going to show that all the summands $`I_1`$, $`I_2`$, $`I_3`$ tend to zero as $`t\mathrm{}`$.
Step i) Eqn (7.5) implies

$`I_1`$ $`=`$ $`|E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\}\left(\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}c_t^j+il_t\}1\right)|`$ (8.6)
$``$ $`C{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|c_t^j|+E|l_t|C{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}(E|c_t^j|^2)^{1/2}+(E|l_t|^2)^{1/2}.`$
From (8.6), (7.7), (7.8) and (8.3) we obtain that

$$I_1C_pt^p+CN_t(\rho _t/t)^{1/2}0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.7)
Step ii) By the triangle inequality,

$`I_2`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}|{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|r_t^j|^2𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}|𝒬_t(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|`$ (8.8)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}|E\left({\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\right)^2{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|r_t^j|^2|+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}|E\left({\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\right)^2𝒬_t(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|`$
$``$ $`I_{21}+I_{22}+I_{23},`$
where $`𝒬_t`$ is the quadratic form with the matrix kernel $`\left(Q_t^{ij}(x,y)\right)`$. (3.5) implies that $`I_{21}0`$. As for $`I_{22}`$, we first obtain that

$$I_{22}\underset{\begin{array}{c}jk\\ |j|,|k|N_t\end{array}}{}|Er_t^jr_t^k|.$$
(8.9)
The next lemma is the corollary of \[13, Lemma 17.2.3\].

###### Lemma 8.2

Let $`𝒜,`$ be the subsets of $`𝐙^d`$ with the distance dist$`(𝒜,)r>0`$, and let $`\xi ,\eta `$ be random variables on the probability space $`(_\alpha ,(_\alpha ),\mu _0)`$. Let $`\xi `$ be measurable with respect to the $`\sigma `$-algebra $`\sigma (𝒜)`$, and $`\eta `$ with respect to the $`\sigma `$-algebra $`\sigma ()`$. Then
i) $`|E\xi \eta E\xi E\eta |Cab\phi ^{1/2}(r)`$ if $`(E|\xi |^2)^{1/2}a`$ and $`(E|\eta |^2)^{1/2}b`$.
ii) $`|E\xi \eta E\xi E\eta |Cab\phi (r)`$ if $`|\xi |a`$ and $`|\eta |b`$ a.s.

We apply Lemma 8.2 to deduce that $`I_{22}0`$ as $`t\mathrm{}`$. Note that $`r_t^j=Y_0(x),\chi _t^j(x)\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)`$ is measurable with respect to the $`\sigma `$-algebra $`\sigma (R_t^j)`$. The distance between the different rooms $`R_t^j`$ is greater or equal to $`\rho _t`$ according to (7.1). Then (8.9) and (7.6), S3 imply by Lemma 8.2 $`i)`$, that

$$I_{22}CN_t^2\phi ^{1/2}(\rho _t),$$
(8.10)
which tends to $`0`$ as $`t\mathrm{}`$ by (8.3). Finally, it remains to check that $`I_{23}0`$, $`t\mathrm{}`$. We have

$$𝒬_t(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)=EY_0,\mathrm{\Phi }_g(,t)^2=E\left(\underset{t}{}(r_t^j+c_t^j)+l_t\right)^2$$

according to (7.5). Therefore, by the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality,

$`I_{23}`$ $``$ $`|E\left({\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\right)^2E\left({\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j+{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}c_t^j+l_t\right)^2|`$ (8.11)
$``$ $`CN_t{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|c_t^j|^2+C_1\left(E({\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j)^2\right)^{1/2}\left(N_t{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}E|c_t^j|^2+E|l_t|^2\right)^{1/2}+CE|l_t|^2.`$
Then (7.6), (8.9) and (8.10) imply

$$E(\underset{t}{}r_t^j)^2\underset{t}{}E|r_t^j|^2+\underset{\begin{array}{c}jk\\ |j|,|k|N_t\end{array}}{}|Er_t^jr_t^k|CN_t\mathrm{\Delta }_t/t+C_1N_t^2\phi ^{1/2}(\rho _t)C_2<\mathrm{}.$$

Now (7.7), (7.8), (8.11) and (8.3) yield

$$I_{23}C_1N_t^2\rho _t/t+C_2N_t(\rho _t/t)^{1/2}+C_3t^p0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.12)
So, all the terms $`I_{21}`$, $`I_{22}`$, $`I_{23}`$ in (8.8) tend to zero. Then (8.8) implies that

$$I_2\frac{1}{2}|\underset{t}{}E|r_t^j|^2𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)|0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.13)
Step iii) It remains to verify that

$$I_3=|E\mathrm{exp}\{i\underset{t}{}r_t^j\}\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}E\left(\underset{t}{}r_t^j\right)^2\}|0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.14)
Lemma 8.2, $`ii)`$ with $`a=b=1`$ yields:

$`|E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{t}{}}r_t^j\}{\displaystyle \underset{N_t}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^j\}|`$
$``$ $`|E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^{N_t}\}\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{N_t+1}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}r_t^j\}E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^{N_t}\}E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{N_t+1}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}r_t^j\}|`$
$`+|E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^{N_t}\}E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{N_t+1}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}r_t^j\}{\displaystyle \underset{N_t}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^j\}|`$
$``$ $`C\phi (\rho _t)+|E\mathrm{exp}\{i{\displaystyle \underset{N_t+1}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}r_t^j\}{\displaystyle \underset{N_t+1}{\overset{N_t1}{}}}E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^j\}|.`$
Then we apply Lemma 8.2, $`ii)`$ recursively and get, according to Lemma 8.1,

$$|E\mathrm{exp}\{i\underset{t}{}r_t^j\}\underset{N_t}{\overset{N_t1}{}}E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^j\}|CN_t\phi (\rho _t)0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.15)
It remains to check that

$$|\underset{N_t}{\overset{N_t1}{}}E\mathrm{exp}\{ir_t^j\}\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{1}{2}\underset{t}{}E|r_t^j|^2\}|0,t\mathrm{}.$$
(8.16)
According to the standard statement of the Lindeberg Central Limit Theorem (see, e.g. \[16, Theorem 4.7\]) it suffices to verify the Lindeberg condition: $`\delta >0`$

$$\frac{1}{\sigma _t}\underset{t}{}E_{\delta \sqrt{\sigma _t}}|r_t^j|^20,t\mathrm{}.$$

Here $`\sigma _t_tE|r_t^j|^2,`$ and $`E_af:=E\left(X_af\right)`$, where $`X_a`$ is the indicator of the event $`|f|>a^2.`$ Note that (8.13) and (8.1) imply that $`\sigma _t𝒬_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Psi }_g,\mathrm{\Psi }_g)0,t\mathrm{}.`$ Hence it remains to verify that

$$\underset{t}{}E_a|r_t^j|^20,t\mathrm{},\text{ for any }a>0.$$

This follows from the bounds for the fourth order moments as in \[6, Section 9\]. This completes the proof of Proposition 2.12. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 9  Ergodicity and mixing for the limit measures

The limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is invariant by Theorem $`A`$ $`iv)`$. Let $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ denote the integral over $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$.

###### Theorem 9.1

Let all assumptions of Theorem A hold for the equation (1.1) and the initial measure $`\mu _0`$. Then $`U(t)`$ is mixing with respect to the corresponding limit measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$, i.e. $`f,gL^2(_\alpha ,\mu _{\mathrm{}})`$

$$\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}E_{\mathrm{}}f(U(t)Y)g(Y)=E_{\mathrm{}}f(Y)E_{\mathrm{}}g(Y).$$
(9.1)
In particular, the group $`U(t)`$ is ergodic with respect to the measure $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$:

$$\underset{T\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{T}\underset{0}{\overset{T}{}}f(U(t)Y)𝑑t=E_{\mathrm{}}f(Y)(\text{mod }\mu _{\mathrm{}}).$$
(9.2)
Proof Since $`\mu _{\mathrm{}}`$ is Gaussian, the proof of (9.1) reduces to the proof of the following convergence: $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1,\mathrm{\Psi }_2𝒟`$

$$\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}E_{\mathrm{}}U(t)Y,\mathrm{\Psi }_1Y,\mathrm{\Psi }_2=0.$$
(9.3)
Using the Parseval identity and (4) we obtain similarly to (6) that

$`E_{\mathrm{}}U(t)Y,\mathrm{\Psi }_1Y,\mathrm{\Psi }_2`$ $`=`$ $`(2\pi )^{2d}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}(\widehat{𝒢}(t,\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta ),f(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1(\theta )\overline{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2}(\theta ))𝑑\theta `$
$`+`$ $`(2\pi )^{2d}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐓^d}{}}(\widehat{𝒢}(t,\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta ),g(\theta )\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1(\theta )\overline{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2}(\theta ))𝑑\theta `$
(9.4)
$`=`$ $`I_f(t)+I_g(t).`$
###### Lemma 9.2

The uniform bound holds: $`\widehat{𝒢}(t,\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )G(\theta )`$, $`t0`$, where $`G(\theta )L^1(𝐓^d)`$.

Proof (4.6) implies that

$$\widehat{𝒢}(t,\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t& \mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\\ \mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{\Omega }& \mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Omega }t\mathrm{\Omega }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{00}& \widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{01}\\ \mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{10}& \mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{11}\end{array}\right).$$
(9.5)
Therefore,

$$\widehat{𝒢}(t,\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )C\underset{i,j=0,1}{}\mathrm{\Omega }^i\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta ).$$
(9.6)
It remains to prove that $`\mathrm{\Omega }^i\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )L^1(𝐓^d)`$. Since $`\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )L^1(𝐓^d)`$ by Remark 2.9, it suffices to verify that $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{1j}(\theta )L^1(𝐓^d)`$, $`j=0,1`$. This also follows from Remark 2.9 if $`𝒞_0=\mathrm{}`$. Otherwise, we will use the condition ES. Namely, owing to (2.22), we have

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}^{ij}(\theta )=\underset{\sigma =1}{\overset{s+1}{}}\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )M_0^{ij}(\theta )\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )$$
(9.7)
since $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\theta )`$ commutes with its spectral projection $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )`$. At last, (2.21) and ES imply

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\mathrm{\Omega }^1M_0^{10}\hfill & =& \frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_0^{10}\widehat{q}_0^{01}\mathrm{\Omega }^1\right)\hfill & & L^1(𝐓^d),& \\ & & & & & \\ \mathrm{\Omega }^1M_0^{11}\hfill & =& \frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }^1\widehat{q}_0^{11}+\widehat{q}_0^{00}\mathrm{\Omega }\right)\hfill & & L^1(𝐓^d).& \mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

The Lemma 9.2 together with (3.11) and Lemma 3.3 imply that $`\delta >0`$ $`\epsilon >0`$ such that

$$|I_f(t)|\delta ,t0.$$
(9.8)
It remains to study the oscillatory integral $`I_g(t)`$. Rewrite it using (5.1), in the form

$$I_g(t)=\underset{m}{}\underset{\pm ,k\mathrm{I}_n}{}\underset{𝐓^d}{}g_m(\theta )e^{\pm i\omega _k(\theta )t}a_k^\pm (\theta )(\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}(\theta ),\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_1(\theta )\overline{\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2}(\theta ))𝑑\theta .$$
(9.9)
Here all phase functions $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ and the amplitudes $`a_k^\pm (\theta )`$ are smooth functions in the $`suppg_m`$. Furthermore, $`\omega _k(\theta )=0`$ only on the set of the Lebesgue measure zero. This follows similarly to (2.4) since $`\omega _k(\theta )`$const by the condition E4. Hence,

$$I_g(t)0\mathrm{as}t\mathrm{},$$
(9.10)
by the Lebesgue-Riemann Theorem since $`\widehat{q}_{\mathrm{}}L^1(𝐓^d)`$. Finally, (9)-(9.10) imply (9.3) since $`\delta >0`$ is arbitrary. $`\mathrm{}`$
Remark Similar result for wave and Klein-Gordon equations has been proved in .

## 10 Appendix: Crossing points

### 10.1 Proof of Lemmas 2.2 and 2.3

Step 1 By the condition E1 the matrix $`\widehat{V}(\theta )`$ is analytic function in a connected open (complex) neighborhood $`𝒪_c(𝐓^d)`$ of $`𝐓^d`$ in $`𝐓_c^d:=𝐓^di𝐑^d`$. Consider the analytic function $`d(\theta ,\omega ):=det(\widehat{V}(\theta )\omega ^2)`$ in $`𝒪_c(𝐓^d)\times 𝐂`$ and the analytic subset defined by the equation $`d(\theta ,\omega )=0`$ in $`𝒪_c(𝐓^d)\times 𝐂`$ . The subset consists of the points $`(\theta ,\pm \omega _k(\theta ))`$, $`k\mathrm{I}_n`$. It is important that $`d(\theta ,\omega )0`$ for any fixed $`\theta 𝒪_c(𝐓^d)`$, hence the function $`d`$ satisfies the Weierstrass condition of \[15, Section 2.1.1\]. Therefore, by the Weierstrass Preparation Theorem in \[15, Thm 2.1\], there exists a proper analytic discriminant subset $`\mathrm{\Delta }𝒪_c(𝐓^d)`$ s.t.: for $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝒪_c(𝐓^d)\mathrm{\Delta }`$ there exists a (complex) neighborhood $`𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ in $`𝒪_c(𝐓^d)`$ where each of $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ can be chosen as a holomorphic function. More precisely, this is established in the proof of \[15, Proposition 2.1\] which is the main step to the proof of the Weierstrass Theorem. We set $`𝒞_{}:=\mathrm{\Delta }𝐓^d`$ and $`𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })=𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })𝐓^d`$ for $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$. Then Lemma 2.2 $`ii)`$ follows for $`\omega _k(\theta )`$.

Step 2 The identity (2.4) will follow from next general Proposition.

###### Proposition 10.1

Let $``$ be a proper analytic subset of $`𝒪_c(𝐓^d)`$. Then the Lebesgue measure of the intersaction $`M=𝐓^d`$ is zero.

Proof Let us use the analytic stratification of the analytic sets which is constructed in \[12, Thm 19 of Chapter II.E and Thm 10 of Chapter III.A\]. Namely, for each $`\mathrm{\Theta }M`$ there exists a complex neighborhood $`𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ s.t. $`𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })=_{0\delta d1}_\delta `$, where each $`_\delta `$ is an analytic submanifold of the complex dimension $`\delta d1`$: here we use that $``$ is the proper analytic subset in $`𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Now

$$M𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })=_{0\delta d1}(_\delta 𝐓^d).$$
(10.1)
###### Lemma 10.2

Let $`\mathrm{\Theta }M`$ and $`\delta =0,\mathrm{},d1`$. Then there exists a (real) neighborhood $`𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ in $`𝐓^d`$ s.t. the intersection $`_\delta 𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ is contained in a smooth submanifold of $`𝐓^d`$ of the real dimension $`d1`$.

Proof We may assume that i) $`_\delta `$ is defined by the equations $`h_j(\theta )=0`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},d\delta `$, with the holomorphic functions $`h_j`$ in $`𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })`$, and ii) $`_ch_j(\theta )0`$, $`\theta 𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })`$, where $`_c`$ stands for the complex gradient. It is important that $`d\delta 1`$ so we have at least one function $`h_1(\theta )`$. Then $`h_1(\theta )=f_1(\theta )+ig_1(\theta )`$ with the real smooth functions $`f_1,g_1`$, and $`f_1(\theta )=g_1(\theta )=0`$, $`\theta M_\delta 𝒪_c(\mathrm{\Theta })`$. However, $`_ch_j(\theta )=_rf_1(\theta )+i_rg_1(\theta )0`$, where $`_r`$ stands for the real gradient. Therefore, either $`_rf_1(\mathrm{\Theta })0`$ or $`_rg_1(\mathrm{\Theta })0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now Proposition 10.1 obviously follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

This Proposition implies (2.4) since $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is a proper analytic subset of $`𝒪_c(𝐓^d)`$. Lemma 2.3 also follows from Proposition 10.1 since E4 implies that $`det\widehat{V}(\theta )0`$ in $`𝐓^d`$ and $`D_k(\theta )0`$ in $`𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$.

Step 3 Lemma 2.2 $`iii)`$ follows from the construction in \[15, Section 2.1\]. Lemma 2.2 $`iv)`$ follows from (2.6) since the projection $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )`$ can be expressed by the Cauchy integral over the contour surrounding the isolated eigenvalue $`\omega _{r_\sigma }(\theta )`$.

Step 4 It remains to prove Lemma 2.2 $`ii)`$. Let $`𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ denote a small real neighborhood of a point $`\mathrm{\Theta }𝐓^d𝒞_{}`$ and $`E_\sigma (\theta )=\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )𝐑^n`$. It suffices to construct an orthonormal basis $`\{e_k(\theta ):k(r_{\sigma 1},r_\sigma ]\}`$ in $`E_\sigma (\theta )`$ which depends real-analytically on $`\theta 𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$.

Let us choose an arbitrary basis $`\{b_k(\mathrm{\Theta }):k(r_{\sigma 1},r_\sigma ]\}`$ in $`E_\sigma (\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )b_k(\mathrm{\Theta })`$ depend real-analytically on $`\theta 𝒪(\mathrm{\Theta })`$, and $`\{\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )b_k(\mathrm{\Theta }):k(r_{\sigma 1},r_\sigma ]\}`$ is a basis of $`E_\sigma (\theta )`$ for $`\theta `$ from a reduced neighborhood $`𝒪^{}(\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Finally, construct the othonormal basis $`\{e_k(\theta ):k(r_{\sigma 1},r_\sigma ]\}`$ by the standard Hilbert-Schmidt orthogonalization process applied to $`\{\mathrm{\Pi }_\sigma (\theta )b_k(\mathrm{\Theta }):k(r_{\sigma 1},r_\sigma ]\}`$ for each $`\theta 𝒪^{}(\mathrm{\Theta })`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 10.3

Lemma 2.2 $`iii)`$ also follows from \[15, Section 2.1\] since the enumeration (2.5), (2.6) corresponds to the factorization of type \[15, (2.5)\] for the function $`d(\theta ,\omega )`$, into the product of the irreducible factors, with the multiplicities $`r_\sigma r_{\sigma 1}`$, which is constructed in \[15, Thm 2.1\].

### 10.2 Proof of Lemma 2.4

Step 1 Let us fix arbitrary $`k,l\mathrm{I}_n`$ and consider $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ as the functions of $`V_N`$ and of $`\theta 𝐓^d`$. It suffices to prove that $`D_k(\theta )`$ and $`(\omega _k(\theta )\pm \omega _l(\theta ))`$ are analytic and are not zero in an open dense subset in $`_N\times 𝐓^d`$.

Let us consider $`V_{k^{}l^{}}(x)`$, $`k^{},l^{}\mathrm{I}_n`$, $`|x_i|N`$, as the coordinates of the matrix-function $`V`$ in the region $`_N`$. Condition E2 allows us to consider $`V_{k^{}l^{}}(x)`$ as independent real variables for any $`k^{},l^{}\mathrm{I}_n`$ and the points $`x`$ with either $`x_1>0`$, or $`x_1=0`$ and $`x_2>0`$, or $`x_1=x_2=0`$ and $`x_3>0`$, etc. Let us identify $`_N`$ with corresponding range $`𝐑^M`$ of the independent real variables $`V_{k^{}l^{}}(x)`$.

Step 2 Consider $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ as the functions of $`\{V_{k^{}l^{}}(x)\}`$ and $`\theta `$ in $`𝐂^M\times 𝐓_c^d`$. As above, each $`\omega _k(\theta )`$ can be chosen as a holomorphic function outside a proper analytic discriminant subset $`\mathrm{\Delta }𝐂^M\times 𝐓_c^d`$. Lemma 10.2 implies that the region $`O:=(𝐑^M\times 𝐓^d)\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is an open dense subset in $`𝐑^M\times 𝐓^d`$. Therefore, it suffices to prove that the functions $`D_k`$ and $`(\omega _k\pm \omega _l)`$ are not identically zero in each connected open component of $`O`$. However, the region of analyticity $`𝒪:=(𝐂^M\times 𝐓_c^d)\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is connected. Hence, it remains to construct a point of $`𝐂^M\times 𝐓_c^d`$ s.t. the functions $`D_k`$ and $`(\omega _k\pm \omega _l)`$ are holomorphic and non identically zero in a neighborhood of the point. It is easy to construct such point for any $`n1`$: we can choose an arbitrary $`\theta 𝐓^d`$ and the nearest neighbor crystal (1.12) repeated $`n`$ times with distinct masses $`m_k`$, $`k\mathrm{I}_n`$. $`\mathrm{}`$