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# Shokurov’s boundary property

## 0. Introduction

11footnotetext: 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 14J10, 14J17, 14N30. Secondary: 14E30.

Recall Kodaira’s canonical bundle formula for a minimal elliptic surface $`f:SC`$ defined over the complex number field:

$$K_S=f^{}(K_C+B_C+M_C).$$

The moduli part $`M_C`$ is a $``$-divisor such that $`12M_C`$ is integral and $`𝒪_C(12M_C)J^{}𝒪_^1(1)`$, where $`J:C^1`$ is the $`J`$-invariant function. The discriminant $`B_C=_Pb_PP`$, supported by the singular locus of $`f`$, is computed in terms of the local monodromies around the singular fibers $`S_P`$: $`b_P`$ equals $`\frac{m1}{m},\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{6},\frac{5}{6},\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4},\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3},`$ depending on whether $`S_P`$ is of type $`mI_b,I_b^{},II,II^{},III,III^{},IV,IV^{},`$ where $`mI_b`$ is a multiple fibre of multiplicity $`m`$, and $`b0`$. Kawamata  proposed an equivalent definition, which does not require classification of the fibers: $`1b_P`$ is the log canonical threshold of the log pair $`(S,S_P)`$ in a neighborhood of the fiber $`S_P`$. The minimality may also be removed: the birational changes of $`S`$ over $`C`$ are controlled by a log pair structure on $`S`$.

The birational analogue consists of data $`f:(X,B)Y`$, where $`f`$ is a surjective morphism between proper normal varieties and $`(X,B)`$ is a log pair ($`B`$ is a $``$-Weil divisor such that $`K+B`$ is $``$-Cartier), satisfying the following properties:

* $`(X,B)`$ has Kawamata log terminal singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$.
* $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=1`$.
* There exist a positive integer $`r`$, a rational function $`\phi k(X)^\times `$ and a $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ on $`Y`$ such that

$$K+B+\frac{1}{r}(\phi )=f^{}D.$$

We note here that $`B`$ need not be effective. However, if $`B`$ is effective over the generic point of $`Y`$, then the technical assumption (2) is implied by (1). The discriminant on $`Y`$ of the log divisor $`K+B`$ is the $``$-Weil divisor $`B_Y:=_Pb_PP`$, where $`1b_P`$ to be the maximal real number $`t`$ such that the log pair $`(X,B+tf^{}(P))`$ has log canonical singularities over the generic point of $`P`$. The sum runs after all codimension one points of $`Y`$, but it has finite support. The moduli part is the unique $``$-Weil divisor $`M_Y`$ on $`Y`$ satisfying

$$K+B+\frac{1}{r}(\phi )=f^{}(K_Y+B_Y+M_Y).$$

If the base space $`Y`$ is a curve, we recover Kodaira’s formula (except for effective freeness):

###### Theorem 0.1.

Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a fiber space satisfying (1),(2),(3) above, with $`dim(Y)=1`$. Then the moduli $``$-divisor $`M_Y`$ is semi-ample, i.e. there exists a positive integer $`k`$ such that $`kM_Y`$ is Cartier and the linear system $`|kM_Y|`$ is base point free.

If the base has dimension at least two, the linear system $`|kM_Y|`$ is expected to have no fixed components for $`k`$ large and divisible. However, $`|kM_Y|`$ might have base points, as Prokhorov has pointed out. To remove the non-determinacy locus of the expected rational map, we should replace $`f:(X,B)Y`$ by a birational base change: if $`f^{}:X^{}Y^{}`$ is a fiber space induced via a birational base change $`\sigma :Y^{}Y`$, we have an induced data $`f^{}:(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$, where $`B_X^{}`$ is defined by $`\mu ^{}(K+B)=K_X^{}+B_X^{}`$:

We denote by $`B_Y^{}`$ and $`M_Y^{}`$ the discriminant and moduli part of $`f^{}:(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$, respectively. The stabilisation of the moduli part after a certain blow-up is our main result:

###### Theorem 0.2.

Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a fiber space satisfying the above properties (1),(2),(3). Then there exists a proper birational morphism $`Y^{}Y`$ with the following properties:

* $`K_Y^{}+B_Y^{}`$ is a $``$-Cartier divisor, and $`\nu ^{}(K_Y^{}+B_Y^{})=K_{Y^{\prime \prime }}+B_{Y^{\prime \prime }}`$ for every proper birational morphism $`\nu :Y^{\prime \prime }Y^{}`$.
* $`M_Y^{}`$ is a nef $``$-Cartier divisor and $`\nu ^{}(M_Y^{})=M_{Y^{\prime \prime }}`$ for every proper birational morphism $`\nu :Y^{\prime \prime }Y^{}`$.

The first part is the positive answer to Shokurov’s BP Conjecture \[18, page 92\]. Prokhorov and Shokurov  proved (i), by a different method, in a special case when $`X`$ is a $`3`$-fold and $`Y`$ is a surface (they also obtain an explicit description of $`Y^{}`$). Modulo (i), the second part is a result of Kawamata \[13, Theorem 2\]. It is expected that $`|kM_Y^{}|`$ is base point free for a positive integer $`k`$. This is known if the generic fibre $`F`$ of $`f`$ is a curve and $`B|_F`$ is effective . We have three applications of Theorem 0.2:

(A) By the definition of the discriminant, $`(X,B)`$ and $`(Y,B_Y)`$ have “similar singularities” (inverse of adjunction holds) only outside a closed subset of $`Y`$ of codimension at least two. We show that inverse of adjunction extends to the whole variety $`Y`$, provided that $`Y`$ is high enough (Theorem 3.1).

(B) Shokurov  has reduced the existence of flips to the finite generatedness of certain (FGA) algebras which are asymptotically saturated with respect to a Fano variety \[18, Conjecture 4.39\]. We obtain a descent property for asymptotic saturation of algebras (Proposition 6.3). To descend the numerical assumptions of the FGA/0LP Conjecture, the semi-ampleness of the moduli $``$-divisor $`M_Y^{}`$ is required (higher codimensional adjunction is expected to hold for the same reason). However, the nef property of the moduli part is sufficient for some applications to the Fano case: we show the invariance of (FGA) algebras under restriction to exceptional log canonical centers (Theorem 6.5).

(C) The moduli part of a parabolic fiber space has the expected Kodaira dimension, provided that the geometric generic fiber has a good minimal model (Theorem 7.2).

The proof of Theorem 0.2 is based on some of the methods developed for the proof of Iitaka’s Conjecture $`C_{n,m}`$, especially  (see  for an excellent survey). The essential ingredient is the universal base change for relative canonical divisors, in the codimension one semi-stable case. Some of the applications in (B) are explained conjecturally in .

###### Acknowledgments .

I would like to thank Professors Yujiro Kawamata, Miles Reid and Vyacheslav V. Shokurov for useful discussions. This work was supported through a European Community Marie Curie Fellowship.

## 1. Preliminary

A variety is a reduced and irreducible scheme of finite type, defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. An open subset $`U`$ of a variety $`X`$ is called big if $`XUX`$ has codimension at least two. A contraction is a proper morphism $`f:XY`$ such that $`𝒪_Y=f_{}𝒪_X`$.

Let $`\pi :XS`$ be a proper morphism from a normal variety $`X`$, and let $`K\{,,\}`$. A $`K`$-Weil divisor is an element of $`Z^1(X)_{}K`$. The round up (down) divisors $`D`$ ($`D`$) are defined componentwise. Two $``$-Weil divisors $`D_1,D_2`$ are $`K`$-linearly equivalent, denoted $`D_1_KD_2`$, if there exist $`q_iK`$ and rational functions $`\phi _ik(X)^\times `$ such that $`D_1D_2=_iq_i(\phi _i)`$. An $``$-Weil divisor $`D`$ is called

* $`K`$-Cartier if $`D_K0`$ in a neighborhood of each point of $`X`$.
* relatively nef if $`D`$ is $``$-Cartier and $`DC0`$ for every proper curve $`C`$ contracted by $`\pi `$.
* relatively free if $`D`$ is a Cartier divisor and the natural map

$$\pi ^{}\pi _{}𝒪_X(D)𝒪_X(D)$$

is surjective.
* relatively ample if $`\pi `$ is a projective morphism and $`D`$ belongs to the real cone generated by relatively ample Cartier divisors.
* relatively semi-ample if there exists a contraction $`\mathrm{\Phi }:XY/S`$ and a relatively ample $``$-divisor $`H`$ on $`Y`$ such that $`D_{}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}H`$. If $`D`$ is rational, this is equivalent to $`mD`$ being relatively free for sufficiently large and divisible positive integers $`m`$.
* relatively big if there exists $`C>0`$ such that $`\mathrm{rank}\pi _{}𝒪_X(mD)Cm^d`$ for $`m`$ sufficiently large and divisible, where $`d`$ is the dimension of the generic fibre of $`\pi `$.

A divisor $`D`$ has simple normal crossings if it is reduced and its components are non-singular divisors intersecting transversely, in the smooth ambient space $`X`$.

###### Definition 1.1.

(V.V. Shokurov) A $`K`$-b-divisor $`𝐃`$ of $`X`$ is a family $`\{𝐃_X^{}\}_X^{}`$ of $`K`$-Weil divisors indexed by all birational models $`X^{}`$ of $`X`$, such that $`\mu _{}(𝐃_{X^{\prime \prime }})=𝐃_X^{}`$ if $`\mu :X^{\prime \prime }X^{}`$ is a birational contraction.

Equivalently, $`𝐃=_E\mathrm{mult}_E(𝐃)E`$ is a $`K`$-valued function on the set of all (geometric) valuations of the field of rational functions $`k(X)`$, having finite support on some (hence any) birational model of $`X`$.

###### Example 1.

(1) Let $`\omega `$ be a top rational differential form of $`X`$. The associated family of divisors $`𝐊=\{(\omega )_X^{}\}_X^{}`$ is called the canonical b-divisor of $`X`$.

(2) A rational function $`\phi k(X)^\times `$ defines a b-divisor $`\overline{(\phi )}=\{(\phi )_X^{}\}_X^{}`$.

(3) An $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ on a birational model $`X^{}`$ of $`X`$ defines an $``$-b-divisor $`\overline{D}`$ such that $`(\overline{D})_{X^{\prime \prime }}=\mu ^{}D`$ for every birational contraction $`\mu :X^{\prime \prime }X^{}`$.

(4) For an $``$-b-divisor $`𝐃`$, the round up (down) b-divisors $`𝐃`$ ($`𝐃`$) are defined componentwise.

An $``$-b-divisor $`𝐃`$ is called $`K`$-b-Cartier if there exists a birational model $`X^{}`$ of $`X`$ such that $`𝐃_X^{}`$ is $`K`$-Cartier and $`𝐃=\overline{𝐃_X^{}}`$. In this case, we say that $`𝐃`$ descends to $`X^{}`$. The relative Kodaira dimension $`\kappa (X/S,𝐃)`$ of a $`K`$-Cartier b-divisor $`𝐃`$ is defined as the the relative Kodaira dimension of $`𝐃_X^{}`$, where $`X^{}/S`$ is a model where $`𝐃`$ descends.

An $``$-b-divisor $`𝐃`$ is b-nef/$`S`$ (b-free/$`S`$, b-semi-ample/$`S`$, b-big/$`S`$) if there exists a birational contraction $`X^{}X`$ such that $`𝐃=\overline{𝐃_X^{}}`$, and $`𝐃_X^{}`$ is nef (free, semi-ample, big) relative to the induced morphism $`X^{}S`$.

To any $``$-b-divisor $`𝐃`$ of $`X`$, there is an associated b-divisorial sheaf $`𝒪_X(𝐃)`$. If $`UX`$ is an open subset, then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(U,𝒪_X(𝐃))`$ is the set of rational functions $`\phi k(X)`$ (including $`0`$) such that $`\mathrm{mult}_E(\overline{(\phi )}+𝐃)0`$ for every valuation $`E`$ with $`c_X(E)U\mathrm{}`$.

A log pair $`(X,B)`$ is a normal variety $`X`$ endowed with a $``$-Weil divisor $`B`$ such that $`K+B`$ is $``$-Cartier. A log variety is a log pair $`(X,B)`$ such that $`B`$ is effective. A relative log pair (variety) $`(X/S,B)`$ consists of a proper morphism $`\pi :XS`$ and a log pair (variety) structure $`(X,B)`$. The discrepancy b-divisor of a log pair $`(X,B)`$ is

$$𝐀(X,B)=𝐊\overline{K+B}.$$

For a valuation $`E`$ of $`k(X)`$, the log discrepancy of $`E`$ with respect to $`(X,B)`$ is $`a(E;X,B):=1+\mathrm{mult}_E(𝐀(X,B))`$. The minimal log discrepancy of $`(X,B)`$ in a proper closed subset $`WX`$, is

$$a(W;X,B):=\underset{c_X(E)W}{inf}a(E;X,B).$$

The lc places of $`(X,B)`$ are valuations $`E`$ such that $`a(E;X,B)=0`$, and their centers on $`X`$ are called lc centers. We say that $`(X,B)`$ has log canonical (Kawamata log terminal) singularities if $`a(E;X,B)0`$ ($`a(E;X,B)>0`$) for every valuation $`E`$. The non-klt locus $`\mathrm{LCS}(X,B)`$ (non-log canonical locus $`(X,B)_{\mathrm{}}`$) is the union of all centers $`c_X(E)`$ of valuations $`E`$ with $`a(E;X,B)0`$ ($`a(E;X,B)<0`$) (see  for some basic properties). We also denote

$$𝐀^{}(X,B)=𝐀(X,B)+\underset{a(E;X,B)=0}{}E.$$

A relative generalized log Fano variety is a relative log variety $`(X/S,B)`$ such that $`(K+B)`$ is ample/$`S`$.

## 2. The discriminant and moduli b-divisors

###### Definition 2.1.

A $`K`$-trivial fibration $`f:(X,B)Y`$ consists of contraction of normal varieties $`f:XY`$ and a log pair $`(X,B)`$, satisfying the following properties:

* $`(X,B)`$ has Kawamata log terminal singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$.
* $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=1`$.
* There exist a positive integer $`r`$, a rational function $`\phi k(X)^\times `$ and a $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ on $`Y`$ such that

$$K+B+\frac{1}{r}(\phi )=f^{}D.$$

###### Remark 2.2.

The property $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=1`$ holds in the following examples:

* $`f`$ is birational to the Iitaka fibration of a functional algebra $``$ which is $`𝐀(X,B)`$-saturated (Lemma 6.2).
* $`(F,B|_F)`$ has Kawamata log terminal singularities and $`B|_F`$ is effective, where $`F`$ is the generic fiber of $`f`$.
* Let $`W`$ be the normalization of an exceptional log canonical centre of a log variety $`(X,B)`$, and let $`h:EW`$ be the unique lc place over $`W`$. By adjunction, there exists a $``$-divisor $`B_E`$ such that $`h:(E,B_E)W`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration (see ).

Define $`B_Y=_{PY}b_PP`$, where the sum runs after all prime divisors of $`Y`$, and

$$1b_P=sup\{t;^{}U\eta _P,(X,B+tf^{}(P))\text{ lc sing}/U\}.$$

The coefficients $`b_P`$ are well defined, since $`(X,B)`$ has at most log canonical singularities over the general point of $`Y`$, and each prime divisor is Cartier in a neighborhood of its general point. It is easy to see that the sum has finite support, so $`B_Y`$ is a well defined $``$-Weil divisor on $`Y`$. By (3), there exists a unique $``$-Weil divisor $`M_Y`$ such that the following adjunction formula holds:

$$K+B+\frac{1}{r}(\phi )=f^{}(K_Y+B_Y+M_Y).$$

###### Definition 2.3.

 The $``$-Weil divisors $`B_Y`$ and $`M_Y`$ are the discriminant and moduli part of the $`K`$-trivial fibration $`f:(X,B)Y`$. Note that $`K_Y+B_Y+M_Y`$ is $``$-Cartier.

The adjunction formula gives a one-to-one correspondence between the choices of $`M_Y`$ and rational functions with $``$-coefficients $`\frac{1}{r}\phi `$ such that $`K_F+B_F+\frac{1}{r}(\phi |_F)=0`$, where $`F`$ is the general fibre of $`f`$. If $`M_Y`$ and $`M_Y^{}`$ correspond to $`\frac{1}{r}\phi `$ and $`\frac{1}{r}\phi ^{}`$, respectively, then there exists a rational function $`\theta k(Y)^\times `$ such that $`\phi ^{}=\phi f^{}\theta `$ and $`rM_Y^{}=(\theta )+rM_Y`$. The smallest possible value of $`r`$ is $`b=b(F,B_F)`$, uniquely defined by

$$\{m;m(K_F+B_F)0\}=b.$$

Unless otherwise stated, we assume that $`\frac{1}{r}\phi `$ is fixed, and $`r=b(F,B_F)`$.

According to the following lemma, $`B_Y`$ and $`M_Y`$ are independent of the choice of a crepant model of $`(X,B)`$ over $`Y`$:

###### Lemma 2.4.

Let $`\sigma :XX^{}`$ be a birational map defined over $`Y`$, and let $`f^{}:X^{}Y`$ be the induced morphism. Then there exists a unique $``$-Weil divisor $`B_X^{}`$ such that $`\sigma :(X,B)(X^{},B_X^{})`$ is a crepant birational map. Moreover, $`(X,B)`$ and $`(X^{},B_X^{})`$ induce the same discriminant on $`Y`$.

###### Proof.

There exists a common normal birational model of $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ which makes following diagram commute:

Let $`K_{X^{\prime \prime }}+B_{X^{\prime \prime }}=\mu ^{}(K+B)`$ be the log pullback. Since $`K_{X^{\prime \prime }}+B_{X^{\prime \prime }}+\frac{1}{r}(\phi )=\mu _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}D)`$ and $`\mu ^{}`$ is birational, we have $`K_{X^{\prime \prime }}+B_{X^{\prime \prime }}=\mu _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(K_X^{}+B_X^{})`$, where $`B_X^{}:=\mu _{}^{}(B_{X^{\prime \prime }})`$. Therefore there exists a crepant log structure on $`X^{}`$. The uniqueness of $`B_X^{}`$ is clear.

Finally, note that $`\mu ^{}(K+B+tf^{}(P))=K_{X^{\prime \prime }}+B_{X^{\prime \prime }}+t(f\mu )^{}(P)=\mu _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(K_X^{}+B_X^{}+tf_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(P))`$. Therefore the thresholds $`1b_P`$ induced by $`K+B`$ and $`K_X^{}+B_X^{}`$ coincide. ∎

Let $`\sigma :Y^{}Y`$ be a birational contraction from a normal variety $`Y^{}`$. Let $`X^{}`$ be a resolution of the main component of $`X\times _YY^{}`$ which dominates $`Y^{}`$. The induced morphism $`\mu :X^{}X`$ is birational, and let $`(X^{},B_X^{})`$ be the crepant log structure on $`X^{}`$, i.e. $`\mu ^{}(K+B)=K_X^{}+B_X^{}`$:

We say that the $`K`$-trivial fibration $`f^{}:(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$ is induced by base change. Let $`B_Y^{}`$ be the discriminant of $`K_X^{}+B_X^{}`$ on $`Y^{}`$. Since the definition of the discriminant is divisorial and $`\sigma `$ is an isomorphism over codimension one points of $`Y`$, we have $`B_Y=\sigma _{}(B_Y^{})`$. This means that there exists a unique $``$-b-divisor $`𝐁`$ of $`Y`$ such that $`𝐁_Y^{}`$ is the discriminant on $`Y^{}`$ of the induced fibre space $`f^{}:(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$, for every birational model $`Y^{}`$ of $`Y`$. We call $`𝐁`$ the discriminant $``$-b-divisor induced by $`(X,B)`$ on the birational class of $`Y`$. Similarly, if we fix the $``$-rational function $`\frac{1}{r}\phi `$, there exists a unique $``$-b-divisor $`𝐌`$ of $`Y`$ such that

$$K_X^{}+B_X^{}+\frac{1}{r}(\phi )=f^{}(K_Y^{}+𝐁_Y^{}+𝐌_Y^{})$$

for every $`K`$-trivial fibration $`f^{}:(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$ induced by base change on a birational model $`Y^{}`$ of $`Y`$. We call $`𝐌`$ the moduli $``$-b-divisor of $`Y`$, induced by $`f:(X,B)Y`$. We restate Theorem 0.2 in terms of b-divisors:

###### Theorem 2.5.

Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a $`K`$-trivial fibration, and let $`\pi :YS`$ be a proper morphism. Let $`𝐁`$ and $`𝐌`$ be the induced discriminant and moduli $``$-b-divisors of $`Y`$. Then

* $`𝐊+𝐁`$ is $``$-b-Cartier.
* $`𝐌`$ is b-nef/$`S`$.

We expect Theorem 2.5 to hold if we allow $``$-boundaries and $``$-linear equivalence instead of $``$-boundaries and $``$-linear equivalence in Definition 2.1, or if $`(X,B)`$ has log canonical singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$. In the latter case, the assumption $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=1`$ should be replaced by $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀^{}(X,B))=1.`$

## 3. Inverse of adjunction

Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a $`K`$-trivial fibration. The $``$-b-divisor of $`Y`$

$$𝐀_{div}:=𝐁$$

is called the divisorial discrepancy b-divisor \[18, page 92\]. Theorem 2.5(1) is equivalent to the following property: there exists a birational model $`Y^{}`$ of $`Y`$ such that $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y^{\prime \prime },𝐁_{Y^{\prime \prime }})`$ for every birational model $`Y^{\prime \prime }`$ which dominates $`Y^{}`$. As a corollary, inverse of adjunction holds for $`f:(X,B)(Y,𝐁_Y)`$, after a sufficiently high birational base change:

###### Theorem 3.1.

(Inverse of adjunction) Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a $`K`$-trivial fibration such that $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$. Then there exists a positive integer $`N`$ such that

$$\frac{1}{N}a(f^1(Z);X,B)a(Z;Y,B_Y)a(f^1(Z);X,B).$$

for every closed subset $`ZY`$, where $`a(Z;Y,B_Y)`$ and $`a(f^1(Z);X,B)`$ are the minimal log discrepancies of $`(Y,B_Y)`$ in $`Z`$, and $`(X,B)`$ in $`f^1(Z)`$ respectively.

In particular, $`(Y,B_Y)`$ has Kawamata log terminal (log canonical) singularities in a neighborhood of a point $`yY`$ if and only if $`(X,B)`$ has Kawamata log terminal (log canonical) singularities in a neighborhood of $`f^1(y)`$.

###### Proof.

The assumption $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$ means that the Base Change Conjecture \[1, Section 3\] holds for $`f:(X,B)Y`$. The claim is proved in \[1, Proposition 3.4\], but with $`N`$ depending on $`Z`$. The possible values for minimal log discrepancies of a fixed log pair are finite \[2, Theorem 2.3\], hence a maximal value $`N=\mathrm{max}_{ZY}N(Z)`$ exists. ∎

###### Lemma 3.2.

Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a $`K`$-trivial fibration such that $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$. Assume moreover that $`X,Y`$ are non-singular varieties, and the divisors $`B,𝐁_Y`$ have simple normal crossings support. Then $`f_{}𝒪_X(B)=𝒪_Y(𝐁_Y)`$.

###### Proof.

By (i), $`𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=𝒪_X(B)`$. Since $`B`$ has Kawamata log terminal singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$, we have a natural inclusion

$$𝒪_Y|_Vf_{}𝒪_X(B)|_V$$

for some open subset $`VY`$. Since $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=1`$, the above inclusion is an equality, after possibly shrinking $`V`$. Thus we identify $`f_{}𝒪_X(B)`$ with a subsheaf of the constant sheaf $`k(Y)`$. We first show that $`f_{}𝒪_X(B)𝒪_Y(𝐁_Y)`$. Let $`\phi `$ be a rational function of $`Y`$ such that $`(f^{}\phi )+B0`$, and let $`P`$ be a prime divisor of $`Y`$. We may replace $`X`$ by some resolution, so that there exists a prime divisor $`Q`$ of $`X`$ such that $`f(Q)=P`$ and

$$1\mathrm{mult}_P(𝐁_Y)=\frac{1\mathrm{mult}_Q(B)}{m_{Q/P}},$$

where $`m_{Q/P}`$ is the multiplicity of $`f^{}(P)`$ at $`Q`$. By assumption, we have $`\mathrm{mult}_Q(f^{}\phi )+1\mathrm{mult}_Q(B)>0`$. But $`\mathrm{mult}_Q(f^{}\phi )=m_{Q/P}\mathrm{mult}_P(\phi )`$, hence $`\mathrm{mult}_P(\phi )+1\mathrm{mult}_P(𝐁_Y)>0`$. Therefore $`(\phi )+𝐁_Y`$ is effective at $`P`$.

Conversely, assume $`(\phi )+𝐁_Y`$ is effective, and fix a prime divisor $`Q`$ of $`X`$. There exists a birational base change

such that $`P:=f(Q)`$ is a prime divisor of $`Y^{}`$. We have $`\sigma ^{}(K_Y+𝐁_Y)=K_Y^{}+𝐁_Y^{}`$ by $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$. Furthermore, the simple normal crossings assumption implies $`\sigma _{}𝒪_Y^{}(𝐁_Y^{})=𝒪_Y(𝐁_Y).`$ Therefore $`(\phi )+𝐁_Y^{}0`$, hence $`\mathrm{mult}_P(\phi )+1\mathrm{mult}_P(𝐁_Y^{})>0`$. Since

$$1\mathrm{mult}_P(𝐁_Y)\frac{1\mathrm{mult}_Q(B_X^{})}{m_{Q/P}},$$

we infer $`\mathrm{mult}_Q(f^{}\phi )+1\mathrm{mult}_Q(B_X^{})>0`$, i.e. $`(f^{}\phi )+B`$ is effective at $`Q`$. ∎

###### Remark 3.3.

Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a $`K`$-trivial fibration. If $`L`$ is a $``$-Cartier divisor on $`Y`$, let $`B^{}:=B+f^{}L`$. Then $`f:(X,B^{})Y`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration, with moduli $``$-b-divisor $`𝐌^{}=𝐌`$, and discriminant $``$-b-divisor $`𝐁^{}=𝐁+\overline{L}`$.

## 4. Covering tricks and base change

###### Theorem 4.1.

 Let $`X`$ be a non-singular quasi-projective variety endowed with a divisor $`D`$ with simple normal crossings singularities, and let $`N`$ be a positive integer. Then there exists a finite Galois covering $`\tau :\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ satisfying the following conditions:

* $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a non-singular quasi-projective variety, and there exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$ such that $`\tau `$ is étale over $`X\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$, and $`\tau ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)`$ is a divisor with simple normal crossings.
* The ramification indices of $`\tau `$ over the prime components of $`D`$ are divisible by $`N`$.

###### Sketch of proof.

We may assume that $`X`$ is projective (by Hironaka’s resolution of singularities, we can compactify to complement of snc in projective, construct the cover, and then restrict back to the original variety). Let $`A`$ be a very ample divisor such that $`NAD_i`$ is very ample for each component $`D_i`$ of $`D`$. Let $`n=dim(X)`$. There exists $`H_1^{(i)},\mathrm{},H_n^{(i)}|NAD_i|`$ for every $`D_i`$, such that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X:=D+_{i,j}H_j^{(i)}`$ is a divisor with simple normal crossings. Let $`X=U_\alpha `$ be an affine cover, and let $`D_i+H_j^{(i)}=(\phi _{j\alpha }^{(i)})`$ on $`U_\alpha `$. The field extension $`L:=k(X)[(\phi _{j\alpha }^{(i)})^{\frac{1}{N}};i,j]`$ is independent of the choice of $`\alpha `$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ be the normalization on $`X`$ in $`L`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is non-singular and $`\tau `$ is a Kummer cover, étale outside $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$, and $`\tau ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)`$ has simple normal crossings. ∎

###### Remark 4.2.

In the above notations, assume that $`\varrho :YX`$ is a surjective morphism from a non-singular quasi-projective variety $`Y`$ such that $`\varrho ^1(D)`$ has simple normal crossings. Then we may assume that $`\tau :\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ fits into a commutative diagram

satisfying the following properties:

* $`\nu `$ is a finite covering and $`g`$ is a projective morphism.
* $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$ is non-singular quasi-projective.
* There exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ such that $`\nu `$ is étale over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$, $`\nu ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ has simple normal crossings, and $`\varrho ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$.

###### Proof.

In the proof Theorem 4.1, we may choose the divisors $`H_j^{(i)}`$ so that $`\varrho ^1(D+_{i,j}H_j^{(i)})`$ is a divisor with simple normal crossings on $`Y`$. Let $`\tau _1:\overline{Y}Y`$ be the normalization of the main component of the pull back of $`\tau `$ to $`Y`$.

Then $`\tau _1`$ is a finite cover whose ramification locus is contained in the simple normal crossings divisor $`\varrho ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)`$. Let $`N^{}`$ be the least common multiple of its ramification indices, and construct by Theorem 4.1 a finite cover $`\pi :Y_1Y`$ with respect to $`\varrho ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)`$ and $`N^{}`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{Y}/Y_1`$ be the normalization of the main component of the pull back of $`\tau _1`$ to $`Y_1`$. The induced map $`\nu :\stackrel{~}{Y}Y`$ is a finite cover. By construction, $`\stackrel{~}{Y}/Y_1`$ is étale, hence $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$ is non-singular. There exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ containing $`\varrho ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)`$ such that $`\pi `$ is étale over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ and $`\pi ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ has simple normal crossings. Therefore $`\nu ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ has simple normal crossings. ∎

###### Theorem 4.3.

 (Semi-stable reduction in codimension one) Let $`f:XY`$ be a surjective morphism of non-singular varieties. Assume $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X,\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ are simple normal crossings divisors on $`X`$ and $`Y`$ respectively, such that $`f^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$ and $`f`$ is smooth over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$. Then there exists a positive integer $`N`$ such that the following hold:

Let $`\pi :Y^{}Y`$ be a finite covering from a nonsingular variety $`Y^{}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}:=\pi ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ has simple normal crossings and $`N`$ divides the ramification indices of $`\pi `$ over the prime components of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$. Then there exists a commutative diagram

with the following properties:

* $`X^{}`$ is non-singular and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X^{}:=\pi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)`$ has simple normal crossings, where $`\pi ^{}:X^{}X`$ is the induced projective morphism.
* $`p`$ is projective, and is an isomorphism above $`Y^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$. In particular, $`f^{}`$ is smooth over $`Y^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$.
* $`f^{}`$ is semi-stable in codimension one: the fibers over (generic) codimension one points of $`Y^{}`$ have simple normal crossings singularities.

###### Sketch of proof.

Let $`f^{}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X)=n_iE_i`$, and let $`N`$ be the least common multiple of the $`n_i`$’s corresponding to components $`E_i`$ which dominate some component of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$. Consider a finite base change $`Y^{}Y`$ as above. Then \[14, IV\] shows that over the generic point of each prime component $`Q`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$, $`X\times _YY^{}`$ admits a resolution with the desired properties. Therefore there exists a closed subscheme $`BX\times _YY^{}`$, supported over $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$, and a closed subset $`Z\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$ with $`\mathrm{codim}(Z,Y^{})2`$, such that the blow-up of $`X\times _YY^{}`$ in $`B`$ has the desired properties over $`Y^{}Z`$. Then we may take $`X^{}`$ to be any resolution of the blow-up, which is an isomorphism outside its singular locus, and such that (a) holds. ∎

###### Theorem 4.4.

 Let $`f:XY`$ be a projective morphism of non-singular algebraic varieties. Assume $`f`$ is semi-stable in codimension one, and there exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ such that $`f`$ is smooth over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$. Then the following properties hold:

* $`f_{}\omega _{X/Y}`$ is a locally free sheaf on $`Y`$.
* $`f_{}\omega _{X/Y}`$ is semi-positive: let $`\nu :CY`$ be a proper morphism from a non-singular projective curve $`C`$, and let $``$ be an invertible quotient of $`\nu ^{}(f_{}\omega _{X/Y})`$. Then $`\mathrm{deg}()0`$.
* Let $`\varrho :Y^{}Y`$ be a projective morphism from a non-singular variety $`Y^{}`$ such that $`\varrho ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ is a simple normal crossings divisor. Let $`X^{}(X\times _YY^{})_{main}`$ be a resolution of the component of $`X\times _YY^{}`$ which dominates $`Y^{}`$, and let $`h:X^{}Y^{}`$ be the induced fibre space:

Then there exists a natural isomorphism $`\varrho ^{}(f_{}\omega _{X/Y})\stackrel{}{}f_{}^{}\omega _{X^{}/Y^{}}`$ which extends the base change isomorphism over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$.

###### Sketch of proof.

By the Lefschetz principle and flat base change, we may assume $`k=`$. Let $`Y_0=Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y,X_0=f^1(Y_0)`$, and let $`d=dim(X/Y)`$. The locally free sheaf $`H_0:=R^df_{}_{X_0}_{_{Y_0}}𝒪_{Y_0}`$ is endowed with the integrable Gauss-Manin connection and is the underlying space of a variation of Hodge structure of weight $`d`$ on $`Y_0`$, with $`F^dH_0=f_{}\omega _{X_0/Y_0}`$. Since $`f`$ is semi-stable in codimension one, $`H_0`$ has unipotent local monodromies around the components of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$. Let $`H`$ be the canonical extension  of $`H_0`$. By Schmid’s asymptotic behaviour of variations of Hodge structure, the natural inclusion

$$f_{}\omega _{X/Y}j_{}(F^dH_0)H$$

is an isomorphism and $`f_{}\omega _{X/Y}`$ is locally free . The semi-positivity follows from unipotence and Griffiths’ semi-positivity of the curvature of the last piece of a variation of Hodge structure .

For base change, the sheaf $`f_{}^{}\omega _{X^{}/Y^{}}`$ is independent of birational changes in $`X^{}`$ over $`Y^{}`$. Thus we may assume that $`X^{}X\times _YY^{}`$ is an isomorphism above $`Y^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$, where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}=\varrho ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$. Let $`H_0^{}`$ be the variation of Hodge structure on $`Y^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$ induced by $`f^{}`$, and let $`H^{}`$ be its canonical extension to $`Y^{}`$. Since $`H_0`$ has unipotent local monodromies around the components of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$, the canonical extension is compatible with base change \[10, Proposition 1\]:

$$H^{}\stackrel{}{}\varrho ^{}H.$$

This isomorphism preserves the extensions of the Hodge filtration, hence it induces an isomorphism $`\varrho ^{}(f_{}\omega _{X/Y})\stackrel{}{}f_{}^{}\omega _{X^{}/Y^{}}.`$

###### Theorem 4.5.

 Let $`f:XY`$ be a contraction from a non-singular projective variety $`X`$ to a projective curve $`Y`$, and let $`E`$ be a quotient locally free sheaf of $`f_{}\omega _{X/Y}`$. If $`\mathrm{deg}(det(E))=0`$, then $`det(E)^m𝒪_Y`$ for some positive integer $`m`$.

###### Sketch of proof.

By , $`E`$ is a local system which is a direct summand of $`f_{}\omega _{X/Y}`$. Since $`E|_{Y_0}`$ is a local subsystem of the variation of Hodge structure $`H_0`$, $`det(E|_{Y_0})^m𝒪_{Y_0}`$ for some positive integer $`m`$ . By flatness, $`det(E)^m𝒪_Y`$. ∎

## 5. An auxiliary relative $`0`$-log pair

We prove Theorems 2.5, 0.1 in this section. The following finite base change formula is essential:

###### Lemma 5.1.

\[1, Theorem 3.2\] Consider a commutative diagram of normal varieties

with the following properties:

* $`(X,B)`$ is a log pair with log canonical singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$.
* $`\tau `$ is a finite morphism and $`\nu `$ is generically finite, $`f,f^{}`$ are proper surjective.
* $`\nu ^{}(K+B)=K_X^{}+B_X^{}`$.

Let $`B_Y`$ and $`B_Y^{}`$ be the discriminants of $`K+B`$ and $`K_X^{}+B_X^{}`$ on $`Y`$ and $`Y^{}`$ respectively. Then $`\tau ^{}(K_Y+B_Y)=K_Y^{}+B_Y^{}`$ (pull back of $``$-Weil divisors under a finite morphism).

The category of $`K`$-trivial fibrations is closed under generically finite base changes. In order to normalize the discriminant $`B_Y`$ and the moduli part $`M_Y`$, we have to replace the generic fibre of $`X/Y`$ by a generically finite cover. The property $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(X,B))=1`$ is not invariant under this operation, thus we will consider an auxiliary fibre space (cf. ). Throughout this section we consider the following set-up:

$`f:(X,B)Y`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration, $`b=b(F,B_F)`$ and

$$K+B+\frac{1}{b}(\phi )=f^{}(K_Y+B_Y+M_Y)$$

$`\pi :\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ is the normalization of $`X`$ in $`k(X)(\phi ^{\frac{1}{b}})`$ and $`d:V\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a birational map from a non-singular variety $`V`$. The induced rational map $`g:VX`$ is generically finite, so there exists a unique log structure $`(V,B_V)`$ such that $`g:(V,B_V)(X,B)`$ is crepant. We assume the following properties hold:

* $`X,V,Y`$ are non-singular quasi-projective varieties endowed with simple normal crossings divisors $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X,\mathrm{\Sigma }_V,\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ on $`X`$, $`V`$ and $`Y`$ respectively.
* $`f`$ and $`h`$ are projective morphisms.
* $`f`$ and $`h`$ are smooth over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X^h/Y`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_V^h/Y`$ have relative simple normal crossings over $`Y\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$.
* $`f^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$, $`f(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X^v)\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$ and $`h^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)\mathrm{\Sigma }_V`$, $`h(\mathrm{\Sigma }_V^v)\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$.
* $`B`$, $`B_V`$ and $`B_Y,M_Y`$ are supported by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_V`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y`$, respectively.

In this context, the properties (1) and (2) in the definition of the $`K`$-trivial fibration $`f:(X,B)Y`$ are equivalent to the following properties: $`B_F`$ is an effective divisor and $`dim_kH^0(F,B_F)=1`$.

###### Lemma 5.2.

The following properties hold for the above set-up:

* The extension $`k(V)/k(X)`$ is Galois and its Galois group $`G`$ is cyclic of order $`b`$. There exists $`\psi k(V)^\times `$ such that $`\psi ^b=\phi `$ and a generator of $`G`$ acts by $`\psi \zeta \psi `$, where $`\zeta k`$ is a fixed primitive $`b^{th}`$-root of unity.
* The relative log pair $`h:(V,B_V)Y`$ satisfies all properties of a $`K`$-trivial fibration, except that $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(V,B_V))`$ might be bigger than one.
* Both $`f:(X,B)Y`$ and $`h:(V,B_V)Y`$ induce the same discriminant and moduli part on $`Y`$.
* The group $`G`$ acts naturally on $`h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})`$. The eigensheaf corresponding to the eigenvalue $`\zeta `$ is $`:=f_{}𝒪_X(B+f^{}B_Y+f^{}M_Y)\psi .`$
* Assume that $`h:VY`$ is semi-stable in codimension one. Then $`M_Y`$ is an integral divisor, $``$ is semi-positive and $`=𝒪_Y(M_Y)\psi .`$

###### Proof.

(2) We have $`K_V+B_V+(\psi )=h^{}(K_Y+B_Y+M_Y)`$, and clearly $`(V,B_V)`$ has Kawamata log terminal singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$. The generic fibre $`H`$ of $`h`$ is a non-singular birational model of the normalization of $`k(F)`$ in $`k(F)((\phi |_F)^{\frac{1}{b}})`$. Since $`b`$ is minimal with $`b(K_F+B_F)0`$, $`H`$ is connected. Therefore $`𝒪_Y=h_{}𝒪_V`$, i.e. $`h`$ is a contraction.

(3) It follows from (2) and Lemma 5.1. Note that the assumption $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀(V,B_V))=1`$ is not required in the definition of the discriminant and moduli part.

(4) The group $`G`$ acts on $`\stackrel{~}{f}_{}𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{X}}(K_{\stackrel{~}{X}/Y})`$. Its decomposition into eigensheaves is

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_{}𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{X}}(K_{\stackrel{~}{X}/Y})=\underset{i=0}{\overset{b1}{}}f_{}𝒪_X((1i)K_{X/Y}iB+if^{}B_Y+if^{}M_Y)\psi ^i$$

Since $`Bf^{}(B_Y+M_Y)`$ is supported by the simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$, $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ has rational singularities. In particular, $`h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})=\stackrel{~}{f}_{}𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{X}}(K_{\stackrel{~}{X}/Y})`$ is independent of the choice of $`V`$.

(5) By the semi-stable assumption, there exists a big open subset $`Y^{}Y`$ such that $`(B_V+h^{}B_Y)|_{h^1(Y^{})}`$ is effective and supports no fibres of $`h`$. Since $`(\psi |_F)+K_H=B_H0`$, $`\psi `$ is a rational section of $`h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})`$. Furthermore, $`\psi \zeta \psi `$ implies that $`\psi `$ is a rational section of $``$. Therefore $`k(Y)\psi `$, since $``$ has rank one by (vi) and (4). We have $`(h^{}a\psi )+K_{V/Y}=h^{}((a)+M_Y)+(B_V+h^{}B_Y).`$

Since $`B_V+h^{}B_Y`$ is effective over $`Y^{}`$, we infer that $`𝒪_Y(M_Y)\psi |_Y^{}h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})|_Y^{}`$. Therefore $`𝒪_Y(M_Y)\psi |_Y^{}|_Y^{}`$. Conversely, let $`h^{}a\psi `$ be a section of $``$. Then $`h^{}a\psi `$ is a section of $`h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})`$, i.e. $`(h^{}a\psi )+K_{V/Y}0`$. Since $`B_V+h^{}B_Y`$ contains no fibres over codimension one points of $`Y`$, this implies $`(a)+M_Y0`$. In particular, $`𝒪_Y(M_Y)\psi `$. Therefore $`𝒪_Y(M_Y)\psi |_Y^{}=|_Y^{}.`$ Since $`Y^{}Y`$ is a big open subset, this implies $`^{}=𝒪_Y(M_Y)\psi .`$ By Theorem 4.4, $`h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})`$ is locally free and semi-positive. Its direct summand $``$ is locally free and semi-positive as well, hence the conclusion.

Finally, over each prime divisor $`P`$ of $`Y`$ there exists a prime divisor $`Q`$ of $`X`$ such that $`h(Q)=P`$ and $`\mathrm{mult}_Q(B_V+h^{}B_Y)=0`$. We infer from (2) that $`\mathrm{mult}_Qh^{}(M_Y)`$. But $`\mathrm{mult}_Qh^{}(P)=1`$, therefore $`M_Y`$ is an integral Weil divisor. ∎

###### Remark 5.3.

Let $`\gamma :Y^{}Y`$ be a generically finite morphism from a non-singular quasi-projective variety $`Y^{}`$. Assume there exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$ which contains $`\gamma ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ and the locus where $`\gamma `$ is not étale. By base change, there exists a commutative diagram

such that $`(V^{},B_V^{})(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$ satisfies the same properties (i)-(v). Here $`B_X^{},B_V^{}`$ are induced by crepant pull back, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X^{}\sigma ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_X),\mathrm{\Sigma }_V^{}\nu ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_V)`$ and $`\phi ^{}=\sigma ^{}\phi k(X^{})^\times `$. We say that the set-up $`(V^{},B_V^{})(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$ is induced by $`(V,B_V)(X,B)Y`$ via the base change $`\gamma :Y^{}Y`$.

###### Proposition 5.4.

There exists a finite Galois cover $`\tau :Y^{}Y`$ from a non-singular variety $`Y^{}`$ which admits a simple normal crossings divisor supporting $`\tau ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ and the locus where $`\tau `$ is not étale, and such that $`h^{}:V^{}Y^{}`$ is semi-stable in codimension one for some set-up $`(V^{},B_V^{})(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$ induced by base change.

###### Proof.

Let $`N`$ be the positive integer associated to $`VY`$ by Theorem 4.3. By Theorem 4.1, there exists a finite Galois cover $`\tau :Y^{}Y`$ such that $`\tau ^{}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ is divisible by $`N`$ and there exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$ containing $`\tau ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$ and the locus where $`\tau `$ is not étale. By Theorem 4.3, there exists an induced set-up $`(V^{},B_V^{})(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$ induced by base change, so that $`h^{}:V^{}Y^{}`$ is semi-stable in codimension one. ∎

###### Proposition 5.5.

Let $`\gamma :Y^{}Y`$ be a generically finite projective morphism from a non-singular variety $`Y^{}`$. Assume there exists a simple normal crossings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}`$ on $`Y^{}`$ which contains $`\gamma ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y)`$, and the locus where $`\gamma `$ is not étale. Let $`M_Y^{}`$ be the moduli part of the induced set-up $`(V^{},B_V^{})(X^{},B_X^{})Y^{}`$. Then $`\gamma ^{}(M_Y)=M_Y^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Step 1: Assume that $`V/Y`$ and $`V^{}/Y^{}`$ are semi-stable in codimension one. In particular, $`M_Y`$ and $`M_Y^{}`$ are integral divisors. Since $`h`$ is semi-stable in codimension one, Theorem 4.4 implies

$$h_{}^{}𝒪_V^{}(K_{V^{}/Y^{}})\stackrel{}{}\gamma ^{}(h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})).$$

This isomorphism is natural, hence compatible with the action of the Galois group $`G`$. We have an induced isomorphism of eigensheaves corresponding to $`\zeta `$: $`\gamma ^{}𝒪_Y(M_Y)𝒪_Y^{}(M_Y^{})`$. Therefore $`\gamma ^{}M_YM_Y^{}`$ is linearly trivial, and is exceptional over $`Y`$. Thus $`\gamma ^{}M_Y=M_Y^{}`$.

Step 2: By Theorem 4.3 and Theorem 4.1, we can construct a commutative diagram

as in Remark 4.2, so that $`\overline{V}/\overline{Y}`$ is semi-stable in codimension one for an induced set-up $`(\overline{V},B_{\overline{V}})(\overline{X},B_{\overline{X}})\overline{Y}`$.

By Theorem 4.3 and Theorem 4.1, we replace $`\overline{Y}^{}`$ by a finite covering so that $`\overline{V}^{}/\overline{Y}^{}`$ is semi-stable in codimension one for an induced set-up $`(\overline{V}^{},B_{\overline{V}^{}})(\overline{X}^{},B_{\overline{X}^{}})\overline{Y}^{}`$. By Step 1, we have $`M_{\overline{Y}^{}}=\gamma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(M_{\overline{Y}})`$. Since $`\tau `$ and $`\tau ^{}`$ are finite coverings, Lemma 5.1 implies $`\tau ^{}(M_Y)=M_{\overline{Y}}`$ and $`\tau _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(M_Y^{})=M_{\overline{Y}^{}}`$. Therefore $`\tau _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(M_Y^{}\gamma ^{}(M_Y))=0`$, which implies $`M_Y^{}=\gamma ^{}(M_Y)`$. ∎

###### Proof.

(of Theorem 2.5) Let $`f:(X,B)Y`$ be a $`K`$-trivial fibration with $`b=b(F,B_F)`$ and

$$K+B+\frac{1}{b}(\phi )=f^{}(K_Y+B_Y+M_Y).$$

We replace $`X`$ by a resolution, so that $`X`$ is non-singular, quasi-projective, and $`Bf^{}(B_Y+M_Y)`$ is supported by a simple normal crosings divisor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_X`$. Let $`V`$ be a resolution of the normalization of $`X`$ in $`k(X)(\phi ^{\frac{1}{b}})`$ such that $`B_V`$ has simple normal crosssings support. We may assume that $`f,h`$ are projective morphisms, after a birational base change. Then there exists a closed subvariety $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_fY`$ such that $`(V,B_V)(X,B)Y`$ satisfies the assumptions of the set-up in the beginning of this section, except that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_f`$ may not be the support of a simple normal crosssings divisor. Let $`\sigma :Y^{}Y`$ be an embedded resolution so that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{}:=\sigma ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }_f)`$ is a divisor with simple normal crossings. There exists an induced set-up $`(V^{},B_V^{})(X^{},B^{})Y^{}`$.

We claim that $`\sigma ^{}(𝐌_Y^{})=𝐌_{Y^{\prime \prime }}`$ and $`\sigma ^{}(K_Y^{}+𝐁_Y^{})=K_{Y^{\prime \prime }}+𝐁_{Y^{\prime \prime }}`$ for every birational contraction $`\sigma :Y^{\prime \prime }Y^{}`$. By Hironaka’s resolution of singularities, there exists a diagram of birational morphisms

such that $`Y^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ is a non-singular quasi-projective variety admitting a simple normal crossings divisor which supports $`\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_Y^{})`$ and the exceptional locus of $`Y^{\prime \prime \prime }/Y^{}`$. By Proposition 5.5, $`\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐌_Y^{})=𝐌_{Y^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$ and consequently $`\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(K_Y^{}+𝐁_Y^{})=K_{Y^{\prime \prime \prime }}+𝐁_{Y^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$. Since $`Y^{\prime \prime \prime }/Y^{\prime \prime }`$ is a birational morphism, the claim follows.

Let $`\tau :\overline{Y}^{}Y^{}`$ be a covering given by Proposition 5.4. By Lemma 5.2, $`M_{\overline{Y}^{}}`$ is a Cartier divisor and $`𝒪_{\overline{Y}^{}}(M_{\overline{Y}^{}})`$ is a semi-positive invertible sheaf. In particular, $`M_{\overline{Y}^{}}`$ is nef/$`S`$. But $`\tau ^{}(M_Y^{})=M_{\overline{Y}^{}}`$ according to Lemma 5.1, hence $`M_Y^{}`$ is nef/$`S`$. ∎

###### Proof.

(of Theorem 0.1) By the Lefschetz principle, we may assume $`k=`$. After a finite base change (Lemma 5.1), we may assume that the induced root fiber space $`h:VY`$ is semi-stable. By construction, the invertible sheaf $`:=𝒪_Y(M_Y)h_{}\omega _{V/Y}`$ is a direct summand.

We know that $`M_Y`$ is a nef Cartier divisor on the curve $`Y`$. If $`\mathrm{deg}(M_Y)>0`$, then $`M_Y`$ is ample, in particular semi-ample. If $`\mathrm{deg}(M_Y)=0`$, Theorem 4.5 implies $`^m𝒪_Y`$, so $`M_Y`$ is semi-ample. ∎

## 6. Asymptotically saturated algebras

We first recall some terminology from . Let $`\pi :XS`$ be a proper morphism. A normal functional algebra of $`X/S`$ is an $`𝒪_S`$-algebra of the form

$$=_{X/S}(𝐌_{})=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\pi _{}𝒪_X(𝐌_i),$$

where $`\{𝐌_i\}`$ is a sequence of b-free/$`S`$ b-divisors of $`X`$ such that $`𝐌_i+𝐌_j𝐌_{i+j}`$ for every $`i`$ and $`j`$. The sequence of $``$-b-divisors $`𝐃_i=\frac{1}{i}𝐌_i`$ is called the characteristic sequence of $``$. The algebra $``$ is bounded if there exists an $``$-b-divisor $`𝐃`$ of $`X`$ such that $`𝐃_i𝐃`$ for every $`i`$. By the Limiting Criteria \[18, Theorem 4.28\], the $`𝒪_S`$-algebra $``$ is finitely generated if and only if the characteristic sequence $`𝐃_{}`$ is constant up to a truncation. For an $``$-b-divisor $`𝐀`$, the algebra $``$ is asymptotically $`𝐀`$-saturated, if there exists a positive integer $`I`$ such that

$$\pi _{}𝒪_X(𝐀+j𝐃_i)\pi _{}𝒪_X(𝐌_j)\text{ for }I|i,j.$$

The Kodaira dimension of $``$ is $`\kappa ():=\mathrm{max}_i\kappa (X/S,𝐌_i)`$. We say that $``$ is a big algebra if $`\kappa ()=dim(X/S)`$.

###### Definition 6.1.

Let $``$ be a normal functional algebra of $`X/S`$. There exists a unique rational map with connected fibers $`f:XY/S`$ and a normal functional algebra $`^{}`$ of $`Y/S`$, such that $`f^{}:^{}`$ is a quasi-isomorphism and $`^{}`$ is a big algebra. We say that $`(f,^{})`$ is the Iitaka fibration of $``$.

###### Proof.

\[18, Lemma 6.22\] Let $`=_{X/S}(𝐌_{})`$. Since $`𝐌_i+𝐌_j𝐌_{i+j}`$ and the $`𝐌_i`$’s are b-free, there exists $`I`$ and a rational map $`f:XY/S`$ which is the Iitaka contraction of $`𝐌_i`$ for every $`i`$ divisible by $`I`$. Up to a quasi-isomorphism, we may assume that the b-free b-divisors $`𝐌_i`$ are effective. Since $`f`$ has connected fibers, there exists a convex sequence $`𝐌_{}^{}`$ such that $`𝐌_i=f^{}(𝐌_i^{})`$ for every $`I|i`$. In particular, $``$ is quasi-isomorphic to the big algebra $`^{}:=_{Y/S}(𝐌_{}^{})`$. ∎

###### Lemma 6.2.

Let $`(f:XY/S,^{})`$ be the Iitaka fibration of a normal functional algebra $``$. If $``$ is asymptotically $`𝐀`$-saturated, then $`\mathrm{rank}f_{}^{}𝒪_X^{}(𝐀)1`$, where $`f^{}:X^{}Y`$ is a regular representative of the rational function $`f`$.

###### Proof.

We may assume that $`f^{}=f`$ and $`=_{X/S}(f^{}𝐌_{}^{})`$, where $`^{}=_{Y/S}(𝐌_{}^{})`$ is the induced big algebra. By assumption, there exists $`i`$ such that $`𝐃_i`$ is b-big/$`S`$. After passing to higher models, we may assume that $`𝐃_i`$ descends to $`Y`$. There exists a birational contraction $`\mu :YZ/S`$ and an ample/$`S`$ $``$-divisor $`H`$ on $`Z`$ such that $`(𝐃_i)_Y_{}\mu ^{}H`$. For $`j`$ sufficiently large and divisible, the $`𝒪_Z`$-sheaf

$$\mu _{}(f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀+jf^{}𝐃_i))=\mu _{}f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀)𝒪_Z(jH)$$

is $`\pi `$-generated. Therefore $`f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀+jf^{}𝐃_i)`$ is generically $`\pi `$-generated. Asymptotic saturation implies that $`f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀+jf^{}𝐃_i)`$ is contained in the b-divisorial sheaf $`𝒪_Y(𝐌_j)`$ on an open subset of $`Y`$. The latter has rank one, hence $`f_{}𝒪_X(𝐀)`$ has rank at most one. ∎

###### Proposition 6.3.

(cf. \[18, Proposition 4.50\]) Consider a commutative diagram

and a normal functional algebra $`=_{X/S}(𝐌_{})`$ with the following properties:

* $`f:(X,B)Y`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration.
* $``$ is bounded and asymptotically $`𝐀(X,B)`$-saturated.
* There exist b-divisors $`𝐌_i^{}`$ of $`Y`$ such that $`𝐌_i=f^{}(𝐌_i^{})`$ for all $`i`$.

Then $`^{}:=_{Y/S}(𝐌_{}^{})`$ is a normal bounded functional algebra of $`Y/S`$, which is asymptotically $`𝐀_{div}`$-saturated. Moreover, the natural map $`f^{}:^{}`$ is an isomorphism of $`𝒪_S`$-algebras.

###### Proof.

It is clear that $`^{}`$ is a functional algebra of $`Y/S`$, and $`f^{}:^{}`$ is an isomorphism of $`𝒪_S`$-algebras. The algebra is normal since each $`𝐌_i^{}`$ is b-free. Let $`𝐃_i^{}=\frac{1}{i}𝐌_i^{}`$ be the characteristic sequence of $`^{}`$.

We first check that $`^{}`$ is bounded. After passing to higher models, we may assume that there exists an effective Cartier divisor $`E`$ on $`X`$ such that $`f^{}𝐃_i^{}=𝐃_i\overline{E}`$. Let $`E^{}`$ be the divisorial support of $`f(\mathrm{Supp}(E^v))Y`$. For each $`i`$, we can find a birational model $`X^{}/Y^{}`$ of $`X/Y`$, fitting in the commutative diagram

such that $`𝐃_i^{}`$ and $`𝐃_i`$ descend on $`Y^{}`$ and $`X^{}`$ respectively. In particular, $`f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}((𝐃_i^{})_Y^{})h^{}E`$. Since $`𝐃_i^{}`$ is effective and $`Y^{}/Y`$ is an isomorphism over a big open subset of $`Y`$, we conclude that $`(𝐃_i^{})_Y`$ is supported by $`E^{}`$. This holds for every $`i`$, hence $`𝐃_{}^{}`$ is bounded.

It remains to check asymptotic $`𝐀_{div}`$-saturation. Fix two integers $`i,j`$ which are divisible by $`I`$. By Theorem 2.5, we may assume the following properties hold (after a birational base change):

* $`X,Y`$ are non-singular.
* $`𝐃_i^{},𝐃_j^{}`$ descend to $`Y`$ (in particular $`𝐃_i,𝐃_j`$ descend to $`X`$). Denote $`D_i^{}=(𝐃_i^{})_Y`$ and $`D_j^{}=(𝐃_j^{})_Y`$.
* $`\mathrm{Supp}(B)\mathrm{Supp}(f^{}D_i^{})`$ and $`\mathrm{Supp}(𝐁_Y)\mathrm{Supp}(D_i^{})`$ are simple normal crossings divisors on $`X`$ and $`Y`$, respectively.
* $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$.

Under these assumptions, the saturation for $`i,j`$ means

$$\pi _{}𝒪_X(B+jf^{}D_i^{})\pi _{}𝒪_X(jf^{}D_j^{})$$

By Lemma 3.2 and Remark 3.3,

$$f_{}𝒪_X(B+jf^{}D_i^{})=𝒪_Y(𝐁_Y+jD_i^{}).$$

Since $`\pi _{}𝒪_X(jf^{}D_j^{})=\sigma _{}𝒪_Y(𝐌_j^{})`$, we infer

$$\sigma _{}𝒪_Y(𝐁_Y+jD_i^{})\sigma _{}𝒪_Y(jD_j^{}).$$

Therefore $`\sigma _{}𝒪_Y(𝐀_{div}+j𝐃_i^{})\sigma _{}𝒪_Y^{}(𝐌_j^{}),`$ by (i)-(iv) again. ∎

###### Example 6.4.

(Reduction to big algebras) Let $`(X/S,B)`$ be a relative log pair, and let $``$ be a normal, bounded functional algebra with Iitaka fibration $`(f:XY/S,^{})`$, satisfying the following properties:

* $`K_X^{}+B_X^{}_{}f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}D`$, where $`f^{}:X^{}Y`$ is a regular model of $`f`$ and $`B_X^{}`$ is a crepant boundary ($`𝐀(X,B)=𝐀(X^{},B_X^{})`$).
* $`(X^{},B_X^{})`$ has klt singularities over the generic point of $`Y`$.
* $``$ is asymptotically $`𝐀(X,B)`$-saturated.

By Lemma 6.2, $`f^{}:(X^{},B_X^{})Y`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration. By Theorem 2.5 and Proposition 6.3, we may replace $`Y`$ by a higher birational model so that the following properties hold:

* $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$.
* $`K_X^{}+B_X^{}_{}f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(K_Y+𝐁_Y+𝐌_Y)`$.
* $`^{}`$ is normal, bounded and asymptotically $`𝐀(Y,𝐁_Y)`$-saturated.

The above example is a first step towards a reduction of (0LP) algebras \[18, Remark 4.40\]) to the big case. To complete the reduction, we need to know that the moduli b-divisor $`𝐌`$ is b-semi-ample. However, the b-nef property of the moduli b-divisor is enough for some applications to the Fano case. We show that the restriction of an FGA algebra to an exceptional log canonical centre is again an FGA algebra (cf. \[18, Proposition 4.50\] for lc centers of codimension one):

###### Theorem 6.5.

Let $`(X/S,B)`$ be a relative generalized Fano log variety, let $`\nu :WX`$ be the normalization of an exceptional lc centre of $`(X,B)`$ and let $`=_{X/S}(𝐌_{})`$ be a normal bounded functional algebra of $`X/S`$ such that the following hold:

* $``$ is asymptotically $`(𝐀(X,B)+E)`$-saturated, where $`E`$ is the unique lc place over $`W`$.
* There exists an open subset $`UX`$ such that $`U\nu (W)\mathrm{}`$, $`𝐃_i|_U=\overline{D}|_Ui`$ for some $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ on $`X`$.
* $`U`$ contains $`(X,B)_{\mathrm{}}\nu (W)`$ and $`C\nu (W)`$, for every lc centre $`C\nu (W)`$ of $`(X,B)`$.

Then there exists a well defined restricted algebra $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.W}`$ of $`W/S`$, with the following properties:

* $`{}_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.W}{}^{}=_{W/S}(𝐌_i^{})`$ is a normal, bounded functional algebra.
* $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.W}`$ is $`𝐀(W,B_W)`$-saturated, where $`(W/S,B_W)`$ is a relative generalized Fano log variety.
* $`\mathrm{LCS}(W,B_W)U^{}:=U|_W`$ and $`𝐃_i^{}|_U^{}=\overline{D|_U^{}}`$ for every $`i`$.
* The $`𝒪_S`$-algebras $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.W}`$ and $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.E}`$ are quasi-isomorphic.

###### Proof.

Let $`H`$ be an ample/$`S`$ $``$-divisor on $`X`$ such that $`(K+B+H)`$ is ample/$`S`$. Then \[3, Theorem 4.9\] constructs an effective $``$-divisor $`B_W`$ on $`W`$ such that $`(W/S,B_W)`$ is a relative generalized Fano log variety with $`(K+B+H)|_W_{}K_W+B_W`$ and $`\mathrm{LCS}(W,B_W)`$ is contained in the union of $`(X,B)_{\mathrm{}}`$ and all lc centres of $`(X,B)`$ different than $`\nu (W)`$. In particular, $`\mathrm{LCS}(W,B_W)U^{}`$. Consider the induced diagram:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(E,B_E)& & (X^{},B_X^{})\\ & & \\ W& & (X,B)\end{array}$$

By adjunction and Kawamata-Viehweg vanishing, $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.E}`$ is asymptotically $`𝐀(E,B_E)`$-saturated \[18, Proposition 4.50\]. By (ii), there exist b-free/$`S`$ b-divisors $`𝐌_i^{}`$ of $`W`$ such that $`𝐌_i{}_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.E}{}^{}=h^{}(𝐌_i^{})`$ for every $`i`$. By construction, $`(E,B_E)W/S`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration for which Proposition 6.3 applies. Therefore $`{}_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.W}{}^{}:=_{W/S}(𝐌_i^{})`$ is quasi-isomorphic to $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.E}`$, it is normal, bounded and asymptotically $`𝐀_{div}`$-saturated. From the construction of $`B_W`$ (choosing $`W^{}`$ high enough so that $`𝐀_{div}=𝐀(W^{},𝐁_W^{})`$, in the proof of \[3, Theorem 4.9\]), we have $`𝐀(W,B_W)𝐀_{div}`$. Therefore $`_{.{\scriptscriptstyle \genfrac{}{}{0.0pt}{}{}{}}.W}`$ is asymptotically $`𝐀(W,B_W)`$-saturated.

Finally, $`𝐃_i|_U=\overline{D|_U}`$ implies $`𝐃_i^{}|_U^{}=\overline{D|_U^{}}`$. ∎

## 7. Parabolic fiber spaces

A parabolic fiber space is a contraction of non-singular proper varieties $`f:XY`$ such that the generic fiber $`F`$ has Kodaira dimension zero. Let $`b`$ be the smallest positive integer with $`|bK_F|\mathrm{}`$. We fix a rational function $`\phi k(X)^\times `$ such that $`K+\frac{1}{b}(\phi )`$ is effective over the generic point of $`Y`$.

###### Definition-Proposition 7.1.

(cf. \[5, Corollary 2.5\]) Let $`f:XY`$ be a parabolic fiber space with a choice of a rational function $`\phi `$, as above. There exists a unique b-nef $``$-b-divisor $`𝐌=𝐌(f,\phi )`$ of $`Y`$ satisfying the following properties:

* Let $`\varrho :Y^{}Y`$ be a surjective proper morphism, and let $`f^{}:X^{}Y^{}`$ be an induced parabolic fiber space:

Then $`\varrho ^{}𝐌(f,\phi )_{}𝐌(f^{},\nu ^{}\phi )`$. Moreover, $`\varrho ^{}𝐌(f,\phi )=𝐌(f^{},\nu ^{}\phi )`$ if $`\varrho `$ is generically finite.
* If $`f`$ is semi-stable in codimension one, then

$$\underset{b|i}{}f_{}𝒪_X(iK_X)^{}=\underset{b|i}{}𝒪_Y(i(K_Y+𝐌_Y))\phi ^i.$$

We say that $`𝐌=𝐌(f,\phi )`$ is the moduli $``$-b-divisor associated to the parabolic fiber space $`f`$. If $`\phi ^{}`$ is another choice of the rational function, then $`b𝐌b𝐌^{}`$. Therefore $`b𝐌`$ is uniquely defined up to linear equivalence.

###### Proof.

There exists \[5, Proposition 2.2\] a unique $``$-divisor $`B_X`$ on $`X`$ satisfying the following properties:

* $`K+B_X+\frac{1}{b}(\phi )=f^{}D`$ for some $`D\mathrm{Div}(Y)_{}`$.
* There exists a big open subset $`Y^{}Y`$ such that $`B_X|_{f^1(Y^{})}`$ is effective and contains no fibers of $`f`$ in its support.

One can easily check that $`f:(X,B_X)Y`$ is a $`K`$-trivial fibration. Let $`𝐁,𝐌`$ be the induced discriminant and moduli b-divisors of $`Y`$. Note that if $`XX^{}`$ is a birational map over $`Y`$, then $`(X,B_X)(X^{},B_X^{})`$ is crepant, i.e. $`𝐀(X,B)=𝐀(X^{},B_X^{})`$. Also, $`𝐁=0`$. We claim that $`𝐌=𝐌(f,\phi )`$ (the uniqueness is clear by semi-stable reduction in codimension one). Since $`\kappa (F)=0`$, and

$$K+B_X+\frac{1}{b}(\phi )=f^{}(K_Y+𝐁_Y+𝐌_Y),$$

we infer that $`f_{}𝒪_X(iK)^{}=𝒪_Y(i(K_Y+𝐁_Y+𝐌_Y))\phi ^i\text{ for }b|i.`$ If $`f`$ is semi-stable in codimension one, then $`𝐁_Y=0`$. Therefore (2) holds.

By Theorem 2.5, $`𝐌`$ is b-nef. We may replace $`f`$ by a birational base change so that $`𝐌`$ descends to $`Y`$: $`𝐌=\overline{𝐌_Y}`$. If $`\varrho `$ is generically finite, (1) holds by inversion of adjunction for finite morphisms (cf. \[5, Proposition 4.7\]). For general $`\varrho `$, we imitate the proof of Proposition 5.5 with the following simplifications: the root fiber space $`h:VY`$ is parabolic as well; if $`h`$ has simple normal crossings degeneration and is semi-stable in codimension one, then $`𝐌_Y`$ is an integral divisor and $`h_{}𝒪_V(K_{V/Y})=𝒪_Y(𝐌_Y)\phi .`$

A non-singular projective variety $`X`$ has a good minimal model if it is birational to a normal projective variety $`Y`$ such that $`Y`$ has terminal singularities and $`K_Y`$ is semi-ample. This holds if $`dim(X)3`$, by the Minimal Model Program and Abundance (see ). The following is a generalization of \[10, Theorem 13\]:

###### Theorem 7.2.

Let $`f:XY`$ be a parabolic fiber space such that its geometric generic fibre $`\overline{F}=X\times _Y\mathrm{Spec}(\overline{k(Y)})`$ has a good minimal model over $`\overline{k(Y)}`$. Then there exists a diagram

such that the folowing hold:

* $`\overline{f}`$ and $`f^!`$ are parabolic fiber spaces.
* $`\tau `$ is generically finite, and $`\varrho `$ is a proper dominant morphism.
* $`\overline{f}`$ is birationally induced via base change by both $`f`$ and $`f^!`$.
* $`\tau ^{}𝐌=\overline{𝐌}_{}\varrho ^{}𝐌^!`$, where $`𝐌,\overline{𝐌},𝐌^!`$ are the corresponding moduli $``$-b-divisors.
* $`𝐌^!`$ is b-nef and big and $`\mathrm{Var}(f^!)=dim(Y^!)`$.

In particular, $`\kappa (𝐌)=\mathrm{Var}(f)`$, where $`\mathrm{Var}(f)`$ is the variation of the fiber space $`f`$.

###### Proof.

By the definiton of the variation of a fibre space, there exists a diagram as above, satisfying (1), (2),(3) and such that $`dim(Y^!)=\mathrm{Var}(f)=\mathrm{Var}(f^!)`$. After a generically finite base change, we may also assume that $`𝐌^!`$ descends to $`Y^!`$, and $`f^!`$ is semi-stable in codimension one.

By (3) and Definition-Proposition 7.1, (4) holds. In particular, $`\kappa (𝐌)=\kappa (𝐌^!)`$. Since $`\overline{F}`$ has a good minimal model, Viehweg’s $`Q(f^!)`$ Conjecture holds \[11, Theorem 1.1.(i)\], that is the sheaf $`(f_{}^!\omega _{X^!/Y^!}^i)^{}`$ is big for $`i`$ large and divisible. But $`(f_{}^!\omega _{X^!/Y^!}^i)^{}𝒪_{Y^!}(i𝐌_{Y^!}^!)`$ for $`b|i`$, since $`f^!`$ is semi-stable in codimension one. Equivalently, $`\kappa (Y^!,𝐌_{Y^!}^!)=dim(Y^!)`$. Therefore $`𝐌^!`$ is b-nef and big. ∎