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# Tau Functions and Matrix Integrals

## 1 Introduction

This paper in its main part is based on the previous paper ”Soliton theory, Symmetric Functions and Matrix Integrals”  and the papers ,. In the first quoted paper we considered certain class of tau-functions which we call tau-functions of hypergeometric type. The key point of the paper was to identify scalar products on the space of symmetric functions with vacuum expectations of fermionic fields. We considered some known matrix models, hypergeometric functions of matrix argument, Schur function expansion as the perturbation series for matrix integrals.

We enlarge the class of matrix integrals which turned out to be tau functions. (This presentation in particular means that one has a determinant representation, Schur function expansion for perturbation series and the possibility to apply the orthogonal polynomials method for non-perturbative analysis.)

Here we include a version of the previous paper  into the text to make it more self consistent.

Symmetric functions. Symmetric function is a function of variables $`𝐱=x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ which is invariant under the action of permutation group $`S_n`$. Symmetric polynomials of $`n`$ variables form a ring denoted by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_n`$. The number $`n`$ is usually irrelevant and may be infinite. The ring of symmetric functions in infinitely many variables is denoted by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

Power sums are defined as

$$p_m=\underset{i=1}{}x_i^m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(1.0.1)
Functions $`p_{m_1}p_{m_2}\mathrm{}p_{m_k},k=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ form a basis in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

There are different well investigated polynomials of many variables such as Schur functions, projective Schur functions, complete symmetric functions . Each set form a basis in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

There exists a scalar product in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ such that Schur functions are orthonormal functions:

$$<s_\lambda ,s_\mu >=\delta _{\lambda ,\mu }$$
(1.0.2)
The notion of scalar product is very important in the theory of symmetric functions. The choice of scalar product gives different orthogonal and bi-orthogonal systems of polynomials.

Soliton theory. KP hierarchy of integrable equations, which is the most popular example, consists of semi-infinite set of nonlinear partial differential equations

$$_{t_m}u=K_m\left[u\right],m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(1.0.3)
which are commuting flows:

$$[_{t_k},_{t_m}]u=0$$
(1.0.4)
The first nontrivial one is Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation

$$_{t_3}u=\frac{1}{4}_{t_1}^3u+\frac{3}{4}_{t_1}^1_{t_2}^2u+\frac{3}{4}_{t_1}u^2$$
(1.0.5)
which originally served in plasma physics . This equation, which was integrated in ,, now plays a very important role both, in physics (see ; see review in  for modern applications) and in mathematics. Each members of the KP hierarchy is compatible with each other one.

Another very important equation is the equation of two-dimensional Toda lattice (TL) ,,

$$_{t_1}_{t_1^{}}\varphi _n=e^{\varphi _{n1}\varphi _n}e^{\varphi _n\varphi _{n+1}}$$
(1.0.6)
This equation gives rise to TL hierarchy which contains derivatives with respect to higher times $`t_1,t_2,\mathrm{}`$ and $`t_1^{},t_2^{},\mathrm{}`$.

The key point of soliton theory is the notion of tau function, introduced by Sato (for KP tau-function see ). Tau function is a sort of potential which gives rise both to TL hierarchy and KP hierarchy. It depends on two semi-infinite sets of higher times $`t_1,t_2,\mathrm{}`$ and $`t_1^{},t_2^{},\mathrm{}`$, and discrete variable $`n`$: $`\tau =\tau (n,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$. More explicitly we have ,,:

$$u=2_{t_1}^2\mathrm{log}\tau (n,𝐭,𝐭^{}),\varphi _n(𝐭,𝐭^{})=\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau (n+1,𝐭,𝐭^{})}{\tau (n,𝐭,𝐭^{})}$$
(1.0.7)
In soliton theory so-called Hirota-Miwa variables $`𝐱,𝐲`$, which are related to higher times as

$$mt_m=\underset{i}{}x_i^m,mt_m^{}=\underset{i}{}y_i^m,$$
(1.0.8)
are well-known . Tau function is a symmetric function in Hirota-Miwa variables, higher times $`t_m,t_m^{}`$ are basically power sums, see (1.0.1), see  as an example.

It is known fact that typical tau function may be presented in the form of double series in Schur functions :

$$\tau (n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}K_{\lambda \mu }s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\mu \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(1.0.9)
where coefficients $`K_{\lambda \mu }`$ are independent of higher times and solve very special bilinear equations, equivalent to Hirota bilinear equations.

In the previous paper we use these equations to construct hypergeometric functions which depend on many variables, these variables are KP and Toda lattice higher times. Here we shall use the general approach to integrable hierarchies of Kyoto school , see also . Especially a set of papers about Toda lattice  is important for us. Let us notice that there is an interesting set of papers of M.Adler and P. van Moerbeke, where links between solitons and random matrix theory were worked out from a different point of view (see , and other papers).

Random matrices. In many problems in physics and mathematics one use probability distribution on different sets of matrices. We are interested mainly in two matrix models. The integration measure $`dM_{1,2}`$ is different for different ensembles

$$Z=e^{V_1\left(M_1\right)+V_2\left(M_2\right)+U(M_1,M_2)}𝑑M_1𝑑M_2$$
(1.0.10)
where

$$V_1\left(M_1\right)=\text{Tr}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}M_1^mt_m,V_2\left(M_2\right)=\text{Tr}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}M_2^mt_m^{}$$
(1.0.11)
while $`U`$ may be different for different ensembles.

The crucial point when evaluating the integral (1.0.10) is the possibility to reduce it to the integral over eigenvalues of matrices $`M_1,M_2`$. Then (1.0.10) takes the form

$$Z=Ce^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\left(x_i^mt_m+y_i^mt_m^{}\right)}e^{U(𝐱,𝐲)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_idy_i$$
(1.0.12)
In the present paper we are interested in the perturbation series of different matrix models which are series in parameters $`t_m,t_m^{}`$.

## 2 Symmetric functions

### 2.1 Schur functions and scalar product

Partitions. Polynomial functions of many variables are parameterized by partitions. A partition is any (finite or infinite) sequence of non-negative integers in decreasing order:

$$\lambda =(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _r,\mathrm{}),\lambda _1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _r\mathrm{}$$
(2.1.1)
Non-zero $`\lambda _i`$ in (2.1.1) are called the parts of $`\lambda `$. The number of parts is the length of $`\lambda `$, denoted by $`l\left(\lambda \right)`$. The sum of the parts is the weight of $`\lambda `$, denoted by $`\left|\lambda \right|`$. If $`n=\left|\lambda \right|`$ we say that $`\lambda `$ is the partition of $`n`$. The partition of zero is denoted by $`0`$.

The diagram of a partition (or Young diagram) may be defined as the set of points (or nodes) $`(i,j)Z^2`$ such that $`1j\lambda _i`$. Thus Young diagram is viewed as a subset of entries in a matrix with $`l\left(\lambda \right)`$ lines and $`\lambda _1`$ rows. We shall denote the diagram of $`\lambda `$ by the same symbol $`\lambda `$.

For example

is the diagram of $`(3,3,1)`$. The weight of this partition is $`7`$, the length is equal to $`3`$.

The conjugate of a partition $`\lambda `$ is the partition $`\lambda ^{}`$ whose diagram is the transpose of the diagram $`\lambda `$, i.e. the diagram obtained by reflection in the main diagonal. The partition $`(3,2,2)`$ is conjugated to $`(3,3,1)`$, the corresponding diagram is

There are different notations for partitions. For instance sometimes it is convenient to indicate the number of times each integer occurs as a part:

$$\lambda =\left(1^{m_1}2^{m_2}\mathrm{}r^{m_r}\mathrm{}\right)$$
(2.1.2)
means that exactly $`m_i`$ of the parts of $`\lambda `$ are equal to $`i`$. For instance partition $`(3,3,1)`$ is denoted by $`\left(1^13^2\right)`$.

Another notation is due to Frobenius. Suppose that the main diagonal of the diagram of $`\lambda `$ consists of $`r`$ nodes $`(i,i)\left(1ir\right)`$. Let $`\alpha _i=\lambda _ii`$ be the number of nodes in the $`i`$th row of $`\lambda `$ to the right of $`(i,i)`$, for $`1ir`$, and let $`\beta _i=\lambda _i^{}i`$ be the number of nodes in the $`i`$th column of $`\lambda `$ below $`(i,i)`$, for $`1ir`$. We have $`\alpha _1>\alpha _2>\mathrm{}>\alpha _r0`$ and $`\beta _1>\beta _2>\mathrm{}>\beta _r0`$. Then we denote the partition $`\lambda `$ by

$$\lambda =(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _r|\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _r)=\left(\alpha |\beta \right)$$
(2.1.3)
One may say that Frobenius notation corresponds to hook decomposition of diagram of $`\lambda `$, where the biggest hook is $`\left(\alpha _1|\beta _1\right)`$, then $`\left(\alpha _2|\beta _2\right)`$, and so on up to the smallest one which is $`\left(\alpha _r|\beta _r\right)`$. The corners of the hooks are situated on the main diagonal of the diagram. For instance the partition $`(3,3,1)`$ consists of two hooks $`(2,2)`$ and $`(0,1)`$:

and

In Frobenius notation this is $`(2,0|2,1)`$.

Schur functions, complete symmetric functions and power sums. We consider polynomial symmetric functions of variables $`x_i,i=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$ , where the number $`n`$ is irrelevant and may be infinity. The collection of variables $`x_1,x_2,\mathrm{}`$ we denote by $`𝐱^N`$. When $`N`$ is irrelevant we denote it by $`𝐱`$.

The symmetric polynomials with rational integer coefficients in $`n`$ variables form a ring which is denoted by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_n`$. A ring of symmetric functions in countably many variables is denoted by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (a precise definition of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ see in ).

Let us remind some of well-known symmetric functions.

For each $`m1`$ the $`m`$th power sum is

$$p_m=\underset{i}{}x_i^m$$
(2.1.4)
The collection of variables $`p_1,p_2,\mathrm{}`$ we denote by $`𝐩`$.

If we define

$$p_\lambda =p_{\lambda _1}p_{\lambda _2}\mathrm{}$$
(2.1.5)
for each partition $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{})`$, then the $`p_\lambda `$ form a basic of symmetric polynomial functions with rational coefficients.

Having in mind the links with soliton theory it is more convenient to consider the following ”power sums”:

$$\gamma _m=\frac{1}{m}\underset{i}{}x_i^m$$
(2.1.6)
which is the same as Hirota-Miwa change of variables (1.0.8). The vector

$$\gamma =(\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\mathrm{})$$
(2.1.7)
is an analog of the higher times variables in KP theory.

Complete symmetric functions $`h_n`$ are given by the generating function

$$\underset{i1}{}\left(1x_iz\right)^1=\underset{n1}{}h_n\left(𝐱\right)z^n$$
(2.1.8)
If we define $`h_\lambda =h_{\lambda _1}h_{\lambda _2}\mathrm{}`$ for any $`\lambda `$, then $`h_\lambda `$ form a $`Z`$-basis of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

The complete symmetric functions are expressed in terms of power sums with the help of the following generating function:

$$\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\gamma _mz^m=\underset{n1}{}h_n\left(\gamma \right)z^n$$
(2.1.9)
Now suppose that $`n`$, the number of variables $`x_i`$, is finite.

Given partition $`\lambda `$ the Schur function $`s_\lambda `$ is the quotient

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐱\right)=\frac{det\left(x_i^{\lambda _i+nj}\right)_{1i,jn}}{det\left(x_i^{nj}\right)_{1i,jn}}$$
(2.1.10)
where denominator is the Vandermond determinant

$$det\left(x_i^{nj}\right)_{1i,jn}=\underset{1i<jn}{}\left(x_ix_j\right)$$
(2.1.11)
Both the numerator and denominator are skew-symmetric, therefore Schur function in variables $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ is symmetric.

For zero partition one puts $`s_0\left(𝐱\right)=1`$.

The Schur functions $`s_\lambda (x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$, where $`l(\lambda )n`$, form a $`Z`$-basis of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_n`$.

Each Schur function $`s_\lambda `$ can be expressed as a polynomial in the complete symmetric functions $`h_n`$:

$$s_\lambda =det\left(h_{\lambda _ii+j}\right)_{1i,jn}$$
(2.1.12)
where $`nl\left(\lambda \right)`$.

Orthogonality. One may define a scalar product on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ by requiring that for any pair of partitions $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$ we have

$$<p_\lambda ,p_\mu >=\delta _{\lambda \mu }z_\lambda $$
(2.1.13)
where $`\delta _{\lambda \mu }`$ is a Kronecker symbol and

$$z_\lambda =\underset{i1}{}i^{m_i}m_i!$$
(2.1.14)
where $`m_i=m_i\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the number of parts of $`\lambda `$ equal to $`i`$.

For any pair of partitions $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$ we also have

$$<s_\lambda ,s_\mu >=\delta _{\lambda ,\mu }$$
(2.1.15)
so that the $`s_\lambda `$ form an orthonormal basis of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The $`s_\lambda `$ such that $`\left|\lambda \right|=n`$ form an orhtonormal basis for all symmetric polynomials of degree $`n`$.

### 2.2 A deformation of the standard scalar product and series of hypergeometric type

Scalar product $`<,>_{r,n}`$. Let us consider a function $`r`$ which depends on a single variable $`n`$, the $`n`$ is integer. Given partition $`\lambda `$ let us define

$$r_\lambda \left(x\right)=\underset{i,j\lambda }{}r\left(x+ji\right)$$
(2.2.1)
Thus $`r_\lambda \left(n\right)`$ is a product of functions $`r`$ over all nodes of Young diagram of the partition $`\lambda `$ where argument of $`r`$ is defined by entries $`i,j`$ of a node. The value of $`ji`$ is zero on the main diagonal; the value $`ji`$ is called the content of the node. For instance, for the partition $`(3,3,1)`$ the diagram is

so our $`r_\lambda \left(x\right)`$ is equal to $`r\left(x+2\right)\left(r\left(x+1\right)\right)^2\left(r\left(x\right)\right)^2r\left(x1\right)r\left(x2\right)`$.

For zero partition one puts $`r_01`$.

Given integer $`n`$ and a function on the lattice $`r\left(n\right),nZ`$, define a scalar product, parameterized by $`r,n`$ as follows

$$<s_\lambda ,s_\mu >_{r,n}=r_\lambda \left(n\right)\delta _{\lambda \mu }$$
(2.2.2)
where $`\delta _{\lambda \mu }`$ is Kronecker symbol.

Let $`n_iZ`$ are zeroes of $`r`$, and

$$k=\mathrm{min}\left|nn_i\right|.$$
(2.2.3)
The product (2.2.2) is non-degenerated on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_k`$. Really, if $`k=nn_i>0`$ due to the definition (2.2.1) the factor $`r_\lambda \left(n\right)`$ never vanish for the partitions which length is no more then $`k`$. In this case the Schur functions of $`k`$ variables $`\left\{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^k\right),l\left(\lambda \right)k\right\}`$ form a basis on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_k`$. If $`nn_i=k<0`$ then the factor $`r_\lambda \left(n\right)`$ never vanish for the partitions $`\{\lambda :l\left(\lambda ^{}\right)k\}`$ , where $`\lambda ^{}`$ is the conjugated partition, then $`\left\{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^k\right),l\left(\lambda ^{}\right)k\right\}`$ form a basis on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_k`$. If $`r`$ is non-vanishing function then the scalar product is non-degenerated on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{}}`$.

Example The case $`𝐫(𝐤)=𝐤`$ plays a role in applications to two-matrix models. In this case we have a realization of this product similar to the realization of standard scalar product, see (3.3.2) below. We shall prove that for the symmetric functions of $`n`$ variables $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ we have the following realization

$$<f\left(𝐱\right),g\left(𝐱\right)>_{r,n}=\frac{1}{n!}\mathrm{\Delta }()f()\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)g\left(𝐱\right)|_{𝐱=0},\mathrm{\Delta }()=\underset{1i<jn}{}(\frac{}{x_i}\frac{}{x_j})$$
(2.2.4)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)`$ is the Vandermond determinant (2.1.11), $`f()`$ is the symmetric function where all $`x_i`$ are replaced by $`\frac{}{x_i}`$ and where $`r\left(k\right)=k`$. The proof follows from definition of the Schur functions (2.1.10) and the formula

$$\frac{1}{n!}det\left(_{x_i}^{\lambda _j+nj}\right)_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}det\left(x_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu _j+nj}\right)_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}|_{𝐱=0}=\delta _{\lambda \mu }\underset{1i<jn}{}(\lambda _i+ni)!=<s_\lambda ,s_\mu >_{r,n}$$
(2.2.5)
It is interesting to compare the scalar product (2.2.4) with that considered in .$`\mathrm{}`$

Let us generalize the example (2.2.4)

A representation of the scalar product if $`𝐫(\mathrm{𝟎})=\mathrm{𝟎}`$. Let us take

$$\widehat{x}=\frac{1}{x}r\left(D\right),D=x\frac{d}{dx}$$
(2.2.6)
Then

$$\widehat{x}^mx^n|_{𝐱=0}=\delta _{mn}r\left(1\right)r\left(2\right)\mathrm{}r\left(n\right)$$
(2.2.7)
###### Proposition 1

We have the following representation of scalar product

$$<f\left(𝐱\right),g\left(𝐱\right)>_{r,n}=\frac{1}{n!}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(\widehat{x}\right)f\left(\widehat{x}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)g\left(𝐱\right)|_{𝐱=0},\mathrm{\Delta }\left(\widehat{x}\right)=\underset{1i<jn}{}(\widehat{x}_i\widehat{x}_j)$$
(2.2.8)
The proof follows from

$$\frac{1}{n!}det\left(\widehat{x}_i^{\lambda _j+nj}\right)_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}det\left(x_{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu _j+nj}\right)_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}|_{𝐱=0}=\delta _{\lambda \mu }r_\lambda \left(n\right)=<s_\lambda ,s_\mu >_{r,n}$$
(2.2.9)
A useful formula. First let us remind the so-called Caughy-Littlewood formulae :

$$\underset{i,j}{}\left(1x_iy_j\right)^1=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐱\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲\right)$$
(2.2.10)
where the number of $`x,y`$ variables is irrelevant, and the Schur functions are defined via the formula (2.1.10).

If $`\gamma =(\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\mathrm{})`$ and $`\gamma ^{}=(\gamma _1^{},\gamma _2^{},\mathrm{})`$ be two independent semi-infinite set of variables. Then we have the following useful version of Cauchy-Littlewood formula:

$$\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m\gamma _m\gamma _m^{}=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(\gamma \right)s_\lambda \left(\gamma ^{}\right)$$
(2.2.11)
where the sum is going over all partitions including zero partition and $`s_\lambda `$ are constructed via (2.1.12) and (2.1.9). Since I did not meet the relation (2.2.11) in the literature I need to prove it (see (3.2.1) below). This proof follows from bosonic (l.h.s) and from fermionic (r.h.s) representations of the vacuum TL function.

Series of hypergeometric type. Let us consider the following pair of functions of variables $`p_m`$

$$\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m\gamma _mt_m,\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}$$
(2.2.12)
where $`t_m`$ and $`t_m^{}`$ are formal parameters. Considering $`p_m`$ as power sums and using formulae (2.2.11) and (2.2.2), we evaluate the scalar product of functions (2.2.12):

$$<\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m\gamma _mt_m,\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}>_{r,n}=\underset{l\left(\lambda \right)k}{}r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)=\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(2.2.13)
where sum is going over all partitions $`\lambda `$ of the length $`l\left(\lambda \right)k`$, see (2.2.3), and including zero. The Schur functions $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right),s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)`$ are defined with the help of

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)=deth_{\lambda _ii+j}\left(𝐭\right)_{1i,jl\left(\lambda \right)},\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}z^mt_m=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}z^kh_k\left(𝐭\right)$$
(2.2.14)
We call the series (2.2.13) the series of hypergeometric type. It is not necessarily convergent series. If one chooses $`r`$ as rational function he obtains so-called hypergeometric functions of matrix argument, or, in other words, hypergeometric functions related to $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$ zonal spherical functions ,. If one takes trigonometric function $`r`$ we gets q-deformed versions of these functions, suggested by I.G.Macdonald and studied by S.Milne in .

In case $`𝐫(\mathrm{𝟎})=\mathrm{𝟎}`$, which we shall show is important in applications to models of random matrices, we obtain

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{_{m=0}^{\mathrm{}}_{i=1}^nt_m\widehat{x}_i^m}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(\widehat{x}\right)e^{_{m=0}^{\mathrm{}}_{i=1}^nt_m^{}x_i^m}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)|_{𝐱=0},\widehat{x}_i=\frac{1}{x_i}r\left(x_i\frac{}{x_i}\right)$$
(2.2.15)
Scalar product of series of hypergeometric type. Considering the scalar product of functions of $`\gamma _m`$ and using formulae (2.2.13) and (2.2.2), we evaluate the scalar product of series of hypergeometric type (2.2.13), which are related to the different choice of the function $`r`$ (which we denote by $`r_1`$ and $`r_2`$; don’t miss it with the notation $`r_\lambda `$ of (2.2.1), labelled by a partition!) . We find that the scalar product is a series of hypergeometric type again:

$$<\tau _{r_1}(k,𝐭,\gamma ),\tau _{r_2}(m,\gamma ,𝐭^{})>_{r,n}=\tau _{r_3}(0,𝐭,𝐭^{})$$
(2.2.16)
where

$$r_3\left(i\right)=r_1\left(k+i\right)r\left(n+i\right)r_2\left(m+i\right)$$
(2.2.17)
## 3 Solitons, free fermions and fermionic realization of the scalar product

In this section we use the language of free fermions as it was suggested in ,.

### 3.1 Fermionic operators, Fock spaces, vacuum expectations, tau functions

Free fermions. We have the algebra of free fermions the Clifford algebra $`𝐀`$ over $`𝐂`$ with generators $`\psi _n,\psi _n^{}\left(nZ\right)`$, satisfying the defining relations:

$$[\psi _m,\psi _n]_+=[\psi _m^{},\psi _n^{}]_+=0;[\psi _m,\psi _n^{}]_+=\delta _{mn}.$$
(3.1.1)
Any element of $`W=\left(_{mZ}𝐂\psi _m\right)\left(_{mZ}𝐂\psi _m^{}\right)`$ will be referred as a free fermion. The Clifford algebra has a standard representation (Fock representation) as follows. Put $`W_{an}=\left(_{m<0}𝐂\psi _m\right)\left(_{m0}𝐂\psi _m^{}\right)`$, and $`W_{cr}=\left(_{m0}𝐂\psi _m\right)\left(_{m<0}𝐂\psi _m^{}\right)`$, and consider left (resp. right) $`𝐀`$-module $`F=𝐀/𝐀W_{an}`$ (resp $`F^{}=W_{cr}𝐀\backslash 𝐀`$). These are cyclic $`𝐀`$-modules generated by the vectors $`|0=1`$ mod $`𝐀W_{an}`$ (resp. by $`0|=1`$ mod $`W_{cr}𝐀`$), with the properties

$`\psi _m|0=0\left(m<0\right),\psi _m^{}|0=0\left(m0\right),`$ (3.1.2)
$`0|\psi _m=0\left(m0\right),0|\psi _m^{}=0\left(m<0\right).`$ (3.1.3)
Vectors $`0|`$ and $`|0`$ are refereed as left and right vacuum vectors. Fermions $`wW_{an}`$ eliminate left vacuum vector, while fermions $`wW_{cr}`$ eliminate right vacuum vector.

The Fock spaces $`F`$ and $`F^{}`$ are dual ones, the pairing is defined with the help of a linear form $`0||0`$ on $`𝐀`$ called the vacuum expectation value. It is given by

$`0\left|1\right|0=1,0\left|\psi _m\psi _m^{}\right|0=1m<0,0\left|\psi _m^{}\psi _m\right|0=1m0,`$ (3.1.4)
$$0\left|\psi _m\psi _n\right|0=0\left|\psi _m^{}\psi _n^{}\right|0=0,0\left|\psi _m\psi _n^{}\right|0=0mn.$$
(3.1.5)
and by the Wick rule, which is

$$0\left|w_1\mathrm{}w_{2n+1}\right|0=0,0\left|w_1\mathrm{}w_{2n}\right|0=\underset{\sigma }{}sgn\sigma 0\left|w_{\sigma \left(1\right)}w_{\sigma \left(2\right)}\right|0\mathrm{}0\left|w_{\sigma \left(2n1\right)}w_{\sigma \left(2n\right)}\right|0,$$
(3.1.6)
where $`w_kW`$, and $`\sigma `$ runs over permutations such that $`\sigma \left(1\right)<\sigma \left(2\right),\mathrm{},\sigma \left(2n1\right)<\sigma \left(2n\right)`$ and $`\sigma \left(1\right)<\sigma \left(3\right)<\mathrm{}<\sigma \left(2n1\right)`$.

Lie algebra $`\widehat{gl}(\mathrm{})`$. Consider infinite matrices $`\left(a_{ij}\right)_{i,jZ}`$ satisfying the condition: there exists an $`N`$ such that $`a_{ij}=0`$ for $`\left|ij\right|>N`$; these matrices are called generalized Jacobian matrices. The generalized Jacobian matrices form Lie algebra, Lie bracket being the usual commutator of matrices $`[A,B]=ABBA`$.

Let us consider a set of linear combinations of quadratic elements $`a_{ij}:\psi _i\psi _j^{}:`$, where the notation $`::`$ means the normal ordering which is defined as $`:\psi _i\psi _j^{}:=\psi _i\psi _j^{}0\left|\psi _i\psi _j^{}\right|0`$. These elements together with $`1`$ span an infinite dimensional Lie algebra $`\widehat{gl}\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$:

$$[a_{ij}:\psi _i\psi _j^{}:,b_{ij}:\psi _i\psi _j^{}:]=c_{ij}:\psi _i\psi _j^{}:+c_0,$$
(3.1.7)
$$c_{ij}=\underset{k}{}a_{ik}b_{kj}\underset{k}{}b_{ik}a_{kj},$$
(3.1.8)
and the last term

$$c_0=\underset{i<0,j0}{}a_{ij}b_{ji}\underset{i0,j<0}{}a_{ij}b_{ji}.$$
(3.1.9)
commutes with each quadratic term.

We see that Lie algebra of quadratic elements $`a_{ij}:\psi _i\psi _j^{}:`$ is different of the algebra of the generalized Jacobian matrices; the difference is the central extension $`c_0`$.

Bilinear identity. Now we define the operator $`g`$ which is an element of the group corresponding to the Lie algebra $`\widehat{gl}\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$:

$$g=\mathrm{exp}a_{nm}:\psi _n\psi _m:$$
(3.1.10)
Using (3.1.7) it is possible to derive the following relation

$$g\psi _n=\underset{m}{}\psi _mA_{mn}g,\psi _n^{}g=g\underset{m}{}A_{nm}\psi _m^{}.$$
(3.1.11)
where coefficients $`A_{nm}`$ are defined by $`a_{nm}`$. In turn (3.1.11) yields

$$[\underset{nZ}{}\psi _n\psi _n^{},gg]=0$$
(3.1.12)
The last relation is very important for applications in soliton theory, and it is equivalent to the so-called Hirota equations.

Higher times. Let us introduce

$$H_n=\underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\psi _k\psi _{k+n}^{},n0,H\left(𝐭\right)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_nH_n,H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_n^{}H_n.$$
(3.1.13)
$`H_n\widehat{gl}\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$, and $`H\left(𝐭\right),H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)`$ belong to $`\widehat{gl}\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$ if one restricts the number of non-vanishing parameters $`t_m,t_m^{}`$. For $`H_n`$ we have Heisenberg algebra commutation relations:

$$[H_n,H_m]=n\delta _{m+n,0}.$$
(3.1.14)
Let us mark that

$$H_n|0=0=0|H_n,n>0$$
(3.1.15)
For future purposes we introduce the following fermions

$$\psi \left(z\right)=\underset{k}{}\psi _kz^k,\psi ^{}\left(z\right)=\underset{k}{}\psi _k^{}z^{k1}dz$$
(3.1.16)
Using (3.1.1) and (3.1.13) one obtains

$$e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\psi \left(z\right)e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}=\psi \left(z\right)e^{\xi (𝐭,z)},e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}=\psi ^{}\left(z\right)e^{\xi (𝐭,z)},$$
(3.1.17)
$$e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\psi \left(z\right)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=\psi \left(z\right)e^{\xi (𝐭^{},z^1)},e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=\psi ^{}\left(z\right)e^{\xi (𝐭^{},z^1)}.$$
(3.1.18)
Using

$$\underset{nZ}{}\psi _n\psi _n^{}=\text{res}_{z=0}\psi \left(z\right)\psi ^{}\left(z\right)$$
(3.1.19)
and formulae (3.1.17),(3.1.18) result in

$$[\underset{nZ}{}\psi _n\psi _n^{},e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}]=0,[\underset{nZ}{}\psi _n\psi _n^{},e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}]=0$$
(3.1.20)
Therefore if $`g`$ solves (3.1.12) then $`e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}`$ also solves (3.1.12):

$$[\text{res}_{z=0}\psi \left(z\right)\psi ^{}\left(z\right),e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}]=0$$
(3.1.21)
The KP and TL tau functions First let us define vacuum vectors labelled by the integer $`M`$:

$`n|=0|\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{},|n=\mathrm{\Psi }_n|0,`$ (3.1.22)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\psi _{n1}\mathrm{}\psi _1\psi _0n>0,\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\psi _n^{}\mathrm{}\psi _2^{}\psi _1^{}n<0,`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}=\psi _0^{}\psi _1^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{n1}^{}n>0,\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}=\psi _1\psi _2\mathrm{}\psi _nn<0.`$ (3.1.23)
Given $`g`$, which satisfy bilinear identity (3.1.12), one constructs KP and TL tau-functions (1.0.7) as follows:

$$\tau _{KP}(n,𝐭)=n\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}g\right|n,$$
(3.1.24)
$$\tau _{TL}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=n\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|n.$$
(3.1.25)
If one fixes the variables $`n,𝐭^{}`$, then $`\tau _{TL}`$ may be recognized as $`\tau _{KP}`$.

The times $`𝐭=(t_1,t_2,\mathrm{})`$ and $`𝐭^{}=(t_1^{},t_2^{},\mathrm{})`$ are called higher Toda lattice times  (the first set $`𝐭`$ is in the same time the set of higher KP times. The first times of this set $`t_1,t_2,t_3`$ are independent variables for KP equation (1.0.5), which is the first nontrivial equation in the KP hierarchy).

Fermions and Schur functions. In the KP theory it is suitable to use the definition of the Schur function $`s_\lambda `$ in terms of higher times

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)=det\left(h_{n_ii+j}\left(𝐭\right)\right)_{1i,jr},$$
(3.1.26)
where $`h_m\left(𝐭\right)`$ is the elementary Schur polynomial defined by the Taylor’s expansion:

$$e^{\xi (𝐭,z)}=\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_kz^k\right)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}z^nh_n\left(𝐭\right).$$
(3.1.27)
Lemma 1
For $`j_1<\mathrm{}<j_k<0i_s<\mathrm{}<i_1`$, $`sk0`$ the next formula is valid:

$$sk\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\psi _{j_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_k}^{}\psi _{i_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_1}\right|0=\left(1\right)^{j_1+\mathrm{}+j_k+\left(ks\right)\left(ks+1\right)/2}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right),$$
(3.1.28)
where the partition $`\lambda =(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{sk},n_{sk+1},\mathrm{},n_{sk+j_1})`$ is defined by the pair of partitions:

$`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{sk})=(i_1\left(sk\right)+1,i_2\left(sk\right)+2,\mathrm{},i_{sk}),`$ (3.1.29)
$`(n_{sk+1},\mathrm{},n_{sk+j_1})=(i_{sk+1},\mathrm{},i_s|j_11,\mathrm{},j_k1).`$ (3.1.30)
The proof is achieved by direct calculation. Here $`\left(\mathrm{}|\mathrm{}\right)`$ is the Frobenius notation for a partition, see (2.1.3).

### 3.2 Partitions and free fermions

First let us prove the formula (2.2.11). Consider the so-called vacuum TL tau function

$$0\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|0$$
(3.2.1)
By the Heisenberg algebra commutation relation (3.1.14) and by (3.1.15) it is equal to

$$e^{_mmt_mt_m^{}}$$
(3.2.2)
On the other hand one may develop $`e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}`$ in Taylor series, then use the explicit form of $`H^{}`$ in terms of free fermions (see (3.1.13), and then use Lemma 1 of previous subsection. He gets

$$\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(3.2.3)
where sum is going over all partitions including zero partition $`\mathrm{}`$.

Lemma 2 Given partition $`\lambda =(i_1,\mathrm{},i_s|j_11,\mathrm{},j_s1)`$ let us introduce the notation

$$|\lambda =\left(1\right)^{j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}\psi _{j_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_s}^{}\psi _{i_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_1}|0$$
(3.2.4)
$$\lambda |=\left(1\right)^{j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}0|\psi _{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_s}^{}\psi _{j_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_1}$$
(3.2.5)
Then

$$\lambda |\mu =\delta _{\lambda ,\mu }$$
(3.2.6)
where $`\delta `$ is Kronecker symbol, and

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐇^{}\right)|0=|\lambda $$
(3.2.7)
$$0|s_\lambda \left(𝐇\right)=\lambda |$$
(3.2.8)
here $`s_\lambda `$ is defined according to (2.2.14) where instead of $`𝐭=(t_1,t_2,\mathrm{})`$ we have

$$𝐇^{}=(H_1,\frac{H_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{H_m}{m},\mathrm{})$$
(3.2.9)
$$𝐇=(H_1,\frac{H_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{H_m}{m},\mathrm{})$$
(3.2.10)
$`\mathrm{}`$

The proof of (3.2.7) and of (3.2.8) follows from using Lemma 1 and the development (2.2.11)

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}H_mt_m}=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐇\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)$$
(3.2.11)
Lemma 3

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐀\right)|0=r_\lambda \left(0\right)|\lambda $$
(3.2.12)
where $`s_\lambda `$ is defined according to (2.2.14) where instead of $`𝐭=(t_1,t_2,\mathrm{})`$ we have

$$𝐀=(A_1,\frac{A_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{A_m}{m},\mathrm{})$$
(3.2.13)
$$A_k=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\psi _{nk}^{}\psi _nr\left(n\right)r\left(n1\right)\mathrm{}r\left(nk+1\right),k=1,2,\mathrm{}.$$
(3.2.14)
$`\mathrm{}`$

The proof follows from the following. First the components of vector $`𝐀`$ mutually commute: $`[A_m,A_k]=0`$. Then we apply the development

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}A_mt_m}=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐀\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)$$
(3.2.15)
and apply the both sides to the right vacuum vector:

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}A_mt_m}|0=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐀\right)|0$$
(3.2.16)
Then we develop $`e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}A_mt_m}|0`$ using Taylor expansion of the exponential function and also use the explicit form of $`\left(\text{3.2.14}\right)`$, Lemma 1, the definition of $`|\lambda `$ and also (3.2.6).

### 3.3 Vacuum expectation value as a scalar product. Symmetric function theory consideration.

Let us remember the definition of scalar product (2.1.13) on the space of symmetric functions. It is known that one may present it directly in terms of the variables $`\gamma `$ and the derivatives with respect to these variables:

$$\stackrel{~}{}=(_{\gamma _1},\frac{1}{2}_{\gamma _2},\mathrm{},\frac{1}{n}_{\gamma _n},\mathrm{})$$
(3.3.1)
Then it is known, that the scalar product of polynomial functions, say, $`f`$ and $`g`$, may be defined as

$$f,g=\left(f\left(\stackrel{~}{}\right)g\left(\gamma \right)\right)|_{\gamma =0}$$
(3.3.2)
For instance, using (3.3.2), one easily gets

$$\gamma _n,\gamma _m=\frac{1}{n}\delta _{n,m},p_n,p_m=n\delta _{n,m}$$
(3.3.3)
which is a particular case of (2.1.13).

The following statement is important

###### Proposition 2

Let scalar product is defined as in (3.3.2). Then

$$f,g=0\left|f\left(𝐇\right)g\left(𝐇^{}\right)\right|0$$
(3.3.4)
where

$$𝐇=(H_1,\frac{H_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{H_n}{n},\mathrm{}),𝐇^{}=(H_1,\frac{H_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{H_n}{n},\mathrm{})$$
(3.3.5)
It follows from the fact that higher times and derivatives with respect to higher times gives a realization of Heisenberg algebra $`H_kH_mH_mH_k=k\delta _{k+m,0}`$:

$$_{\gamma _k}m\gamma _mm\gamma _m_{\gamma _k}=k\delta _{k+m,0}$$
(3.3.6)
and from the comparison of

$$_{\gamma _m}1=0,Freetermof_{\gamma _m}isequalto0$$
(3.3.7)
with

$$H_m|n=0,m>0,n|H_m=0,m<0$$
(3.3.8)
respectively.

Now let us consider deformed scalar product (2.2.2)

$$s_\mu ,s_\lambda _{r,n}=r_\lambda \left(n\right)\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }$$
(3.3.9)
Each polynomial function is a linear combination of Schur functions. We have the following realization of the deformed scalar product

###### Proposition 3

$$f,g_{r,n}=n\left|f\left(𝐇\right)g\left(𝐀\right)\right|n$$
(3.3.10)
where

$$𝐇=(H_1,\frac{H_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{H_m}{m},\mathrm{}),𝐀=(A_1,\frac{A_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{A_m}{m},\mathrm{})$$
(3.3.11)
$`H_k`$ and $`A_k`$ are defined respectively by (3.1.13) and (3.2.14).

### 3.4 KP tau-function $`\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$

For the collection of independent variables $`𝐭^{}=(t_1^{},t_2^{},\mathrm{})`$ we denote

$$A\left(𝐭^{}\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}A_m.$$
(3.4.1)
where $`A_m`$ were defined above in (3.2.14).

Using the explicit form of $`A_m`$ (3.2.14) and anti-commutation relations (3.1.1) we obtain

$$e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\psi \left(z\right)e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=e^{\xi _r(𝐭^{},z^1)}\psi \left(z\right)$$
(3.4.2)
$$e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},z^1)}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)$$
(3.4.3)
where operators

$$\xi _r(𝐭^{},z^1)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\left(\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)\right)^m,D=z\frac{d}{dz},r^{}\left(D\right)=r\left(D\right)$$
(3.4.4)
act on all functions of $`z`$ on the right hand side according to the rule which was described in the beginning of the subsection 3.4, namely $`r\left(D\right)z^n=r\left(n\right)z^n`$. The exponents in (3.4.2),(3.4.3),(3.4.4) are considered as their Taylor series.

Using relations (3.4.2),(3.4.3) and the fact that inside $`res_z`$ the operator $`\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)`$ is the conjugate of $`\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)=\frac{1}{z}r^{}\left(D\right)`$, we get

Lemma The fermionic operator $`e^{A^(𝐭^{})}`$ solves the bilinear identity (3.1.12):

$$[\text{res}_{z=0}\psi \left(z\right)\psi ^{}\left(z\right),e^{A^(𝐭^{})}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}]=0$$
(3.4.5)
$`\mathrm{}`$

Of cause this Lemma is also a result of a general treating in .

Now it is natural to consider the following tau function:

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{}):=n\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|n.$$
(3.4.6)
Let us use the fermionic realization of scalar product (3.3.10). We immediately obtain

###### Proposition 4

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_m\gamma _m},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_m^{}\gamma _m}_{r,n}$$
(3.4.7)
Due to (2.2.13) we get

###### Proposition 5

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right).$$
(3.4.8)
We shall not consider the problem of convergence of this series. The variables $`M,𝐭`$ play the role of KP higher times, $`𝐭^{}`$ is a collection of group times for a commuting subalgebra of additional symmetries of KP (see  and Remark 7 in ). From different point of view (3.4.8) is a tau-function of two-dimensional Toda lattice  with two sets of continuous variables $`𝐭,𝐭^{}`$ and one discrete variable $`M`$. Formula (3.4.8) is symmetric with respect to $`𝐭𝐭^{}`$.
For given $`r`$ we define the function $`r^{}`$:

$$r^{}\left(n\right):=r\left(n\right).$$
(3.4.9)
Tau function $`\tau _r`$ has properties

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau _r(n,𝐭^{},𝐭),\tau _r^{}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{}).$$
(3.4.10)
Also $`\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ does not change if $`t_ma^mt_m,t_m^{}a^mt_m^{},m=1,2,\mathrm{},`$, and it does change if $`t_ma^mt_m,m=1,2,\mathrm{},r\left(n\right)a^1r\left(n\right)`$. (3.4.10) follows from the relations

$$r_\lambda ^{}\left(n\right)=r_\lambda ^{}\left(n\right),s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)=()^{\left|\lambda \right|}s_\lambda ^{}\left(𝐭\right).$$
(3.4.11)
Let us notice that tau-function (3.4.8) can be viewed as a result of action of additional symmetries ,, on the vacuum tau-function .

### 3.5 Algebra of $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$ on a circle and a development of $`e^{A(𝐭^{})},e^{\stackrel{~}{A}(𝐭)}`$

Given functions $`r,\stackrel{~}{r}`$, the operators

$$A_m=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}r\left(n\right)\mathrm{}r\left(nm+1\right)\psi _n\psi _{nm}^{},m=1,2,\mathrm{},$$
(3.5.1)
$$\stackrel{~}{A}_m=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n+1\right)\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n+m\right)\psi _n\psi _{n+m}^{},m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(3.5.2)
belong to the Lie algebra of pseudo-differential operators on a circle with central extension. These operators may be also rewritten in the following form

$$A_m=\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1}}:\psi ^{}\left(z\right)\left(\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)\right)^m\psi \left(z\right):$$
(3.5.3)
$$\stackrel{~}{A}_m=\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1}}:\psi ^{}\left(z\right)\left(\stackrel{~}{r}\left(D\right)z\right)^m\psi \left(z\right):$$
(3.5.4)
where $`D=z\frac{d}{dz}`$, pseudo-differential operators $`r\left(D\right),\stackrel{~}{r}\left(D\right)`$ act on functions of $`z`$ to the right. This action is given as follows: $`r\left(D\right)z^n=r\left(n\right)z^n`$, where $`z^n,nZ`$ is the basis of holomorphic functions in the punctured disk $`1>\left|z\right|>0`$. Central extensions of the Lie algebra of generators (3.5.3) (remember the subsection 3.1) are described by the formulae

$$\omega _n(A_m,A_k)=\delta _{mk}\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n+m1\right)\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n\right)r\left(n\right)\mathrm{}r\left(nm+1\right),\omega _n\omega _n^{}0$$
(3.5.5)
where $`n`$ is an integer. These extension which differs by the choice of $`n`$ are cohomological ones. The choice corresponds to the choice of normal ordering $`::`$, which may chosen in a different way as $`:a::=an\left|a\right|n`$, $`n`$ is an integer. (We choose it by $`n=0`$ see subsection 3.1). When functions $`r,\stackrel{~}{r}`$ are polynomials the operators $`\left(\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)\right)^m,\left(\stackrel{~}{r}\left(D\right)z\right)^m`$ belong to the $`W_{\mathrm{}}`$ algebra, while the fermionic operators (3.2.14),(3.5.2) belong to the algebra with central extension denoted by $`\widehat{W}_{\mathrm{}}`$ .

We are interested in calculating the vacuum expectation value of different products of operators of type $`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle A_mt_m^{}}}`$ and $`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \stackrel{~}{A}_mt_m}}`$.

Lemma  Let partitions $`\lambda =(i_1,\mathrm{},i_s|j_11,\mathrm{},j_s1)`$ and $`\mu =(\stackrel{~}{i}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{i}_r|\stackrel{~}{j}_11,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{j}_r1)`$ satisfy the relation $`\lambda \mu `$. The following is valid:

$`0\left|\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_r}^{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_r}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_1}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\psi _{j_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_s}^{}\psi _{i_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_1}\right|0=`$
$`=\left(1\right)^{\stackrel{~}{j}_1+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{j}_r+j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}s_{\lambda /\mu }\left(𝐭^{}\right)r_{\lambda /\mu }\left(0\right)`$ (3.5.6)
$`0\left|\psi _{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_s}^{}\psi _{j_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_1}e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\right)}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_r}^{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_r}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_1}\right|0=`$
$`=\left(1\right)^{\stackrel{~}{j}_1+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{j}_r+j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}s_{\lambda /\mu }\left(𝐭\right)\stackrel{~}{r}_{\lambda /\mu }\left(0\right)`$ (3.5.7)
where $`s_{\lambda /\mu }\left(𝐭\right)`$ is a skew Schur function :

$$s_{\lambda /\mu }\left(𝐭\right)=det\left(h_{\lambda _i\mu _ji+j}\left(𝐭\right)\right),$$
(3.5.8)
and

$$r_{\lambda /\mu }\left(n\right):=\underset{i,j\lambda /\mu }{}r\left(n+ji\right),\stackrel{~}{r}_{\lambda /\mu }\left(n\right):=\underset{i,j\lambda /\mu }{}\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n+ji\right)$$
(3.5.9)
$`\mathrm{}`$

The proof is achieved by a development of $`e^A=1+A+\mathrm{},e^{\stackrel{~}{A}}=1+\stackrel{~}{A}+\mathrm{}`$ and the direct evaluation of vacuum expectations (3.5),(3.5), and a determinant formula for the skew Schur function of Example 22 in Sec 5 of .

Let us introduce vectors

$$|\lambda ,n=\left(1\right)^{j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}\psi _{j_1+n}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_s+n}^{}\psi _{i_s+n}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_1+n}|n$$
(3.5.10)
$$\lambda ,n|=\left(1\right)^{j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}n|\psi _{i_1+n}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_s+n}^{}\psi _{j_s+n}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_1+n}$$
(3.5.11)
As we see

$$\lambda ,n|\mu ,m=\delta _{mn}\delta _{\lambda \mu }$$
(3.5.12)
We see that Fock vectors (3.5.10) (and (3.5.11)) form a orthonormal basis in the Fock spaces $`F`$ (and respectively) $`F^{}`$.

Remark. From (3.1.16) we obtain

$$\mathrm{}\psi \left(z_1\right)\mathrm{}\psi \left(z_n\right)|0><0\left|\psi ^{}\left(z_n\right)\mathrm{}\psi ^{}\left(z_1\right)=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\right|\lambda ,n><\lambda ,n|$$
(3.5.13)
which projects any state to the component $`F_n`$ of the Fock space $`F=_{nZ}F_n`$ . $`\mathrm{}`$

Using Lemma 1 and the development (3.2.15) we get

Lemma

$$|\lambda ,n=s_\lambda \left(𝐇^{}\right)|n,\lambda ,n|=n|s_\lambda \left(𝐇\right)$$
(3.5.14)
and

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐀\right)|n=r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐇^{}\right)|n,n|s_\lambda \left(\stackrel{~}{𝐀}\right)=\stackrel{~}{r}_\lambda \left(n\right)n|s_\lambda \left(𝐇\right)$$
(3.5.15)
$$𝐇=(H_1,\frac{H_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{H_m}{m},\mathrm{}),\stackrel{~}{𝐀}=(\stackrel{~}{A}_1,\frac{\stackrel{~}{A}_2}{2},\mathrm{},\frac{\stackrel{~}{A}_m}{m},\mathrm{})$$
(3.5.16)
where $`A_m,\stackrel{~}{A}_m`$ are given by (3.2.14), (3.5.2). $`\mathrm{}`$

There are the following developments:

###### Proposition 6

$$e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=\underset{nZ}{}\underset{\lambda \mu }{}|\mu ,ns_{\lambda /\mu }\left(𝐭^{}\right)r_{\lambda /\mu }\left(n\right)\lambda ,n|$$
(3.5.17)
$$e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\right)}=\underset{nZ}{}\underset{\lambda \mu }{}|\lambda ,ns_{\lambda /\mu }\left(𝐭\right)\stackrel{~}{r}_{\lambda /\mu }\left(n\right)\mu ,n|$$
(3.5.18)
where $`s_{\lambda /\mu }(𝐭)`$ is the skew Schur function (3.5.8) and $`r_{\lambda /\mu }(n),\stackrel{~}{r}_{\lambda /\mu }(n)`$ are defined in (3.5.9).

The proof follows from the relation

$$s_{\lambda /\mu },s_\nu =s_\lambda ,s_\mu s_\nu $$
(3.5.19)
Remark. It follows from (3.5.17), (3.5.18)

$$s_\nu \left(A\right)=\underset{nZ}{}\underset{\lambda \mu }{}C_{\mu \nu }^\lambda r_{\lambda /\mu }\left(n\right)|\mu ,n\lambda ,n|,s_\nu \left(\stackrel{~}{A}\right)=\underset{nZ}{}\underset{\lambda \mu }{}C_{\mu \nu }^\lambda \stackrel{~}{r}_{\lambda /\mu }\left(n\right)|\lambda ,n\mu ,n|$$
(3.5.20)
where coefficients $`C_{\mu \nu }^\lambda `$ define the decomposition of the product of Schur functions $`s_\mu s_\nu =_\lambda C_{\mu \nu }^\lambda s_\lambda `$.

### 3.6 Schur function expansion of tau function. Loop scalar products

According to formulae (3.1.25) and (3.5.12) we have

$$\tau _g(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=n\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|n=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)g_{\lambda \mu }\left(n\right)s_\mu \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(3.6.1)
where $`g_{\lambda \mu }`$ is the matrix element

$$g_{\lambda \mu }\left(n\right)=\lambda ,n\left|g\right|\mu ,n$$
(3.6.2)
Therefore we have the property:

$$\left(g_1g_2\right)_{\lambda \mu }\left(n\right)=\underset{\nu }{}\left(g_1\right)_{\lambda \nu }\left(n\right)\left(g_2\right)_{\nu \mu }\left(n\right)$$
(3.6.3)
We can introduce the following ’integrable’ scalar product

$$<s_\lambda ,s_\mu >_{g,n}=g_{\lambda \mu }\left(n\right)$$
(3.6.4)
In general this form is a degenerated one.

We see that we obviously have

$$<\tau _{g_1}(n_1,𝐭,\gamma ),\tau _{g_1}(n_2,\gamma ,𝐭^{})>_{g,n}=\tau _{g_3}(0,𝐭,𝐭^{}),g_3\left(k\right)=g_1(n_1+k)g(n+k)g_2(n_2+k)$$
(3.6.5)
In the previous consideration we actually took

$$g_{\lambda \mu }\left(n\right)=\delta _{\lambda \mu }r_\lambda \left(n\right)$$
(3.6.6)
Different examples of non diagonal $`g_{\lambda \mu }`$ expressed in terms of skew Schur functions one can obtain using the Proposition of previous subsection. It will be used in the section ”Further generalization” below. Let us note that in fact non diagonal $`g_{\lambda \mu }`$ were constructed in the form of certain determinants in the papers ,,.

Now let us consider the following scalar product of $`\tau _g^{}`$ with itself:

$$<<\tau _g^{}\left(n\right)>>_{g,n}:=<\tau _g^{}(n,\gamma ,\gamma )>_{g,n}=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}g_{\lambda \mu }\left(n\right)g_{\mu \lambda }^{}\left(n\right)$$
(3.6.7)
One can easily see that this scalar product is the trace of operator $`g`$ in the component of the Fock space of the charge $`n`$, namely, $`F_n`$:

$$<<\tau _g^{}\left(n\right)>>_{g,n}=<\tau _g^{}(n,\gamma ,\gamma )>_{g,n}=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}g_{\lambda ,\mu }\left(n\right)g_{\mu \lambda }^{}\left(n\right)=\underset{\lambda }{}\lambda ,n\left|g^{}g\right|\lambda ,n=\text{Trace}_{F_n}\left(g^{}g\right)$$
(3.6.8)
Let us consider the following loop scalar product:

$$<<\tau _{g_1}\left(n\right)\tau _{g_2}\left(n\right)\mathrm{}\tau _{g_p}\left(n\right)>>_{g,n}:=<\tau _{g_1}(n,\gamma ^{\left(1\right)},\gamma ^{\left(2\right)})\tau _{g_2}(n,\gamma ^{\left(2\right)},\gamma ^{\left(3\right)})\mathrm{}\tau _{g_p}(n,\gamma ^{\left(p\right)},\gamma ^{\left(1\right)})>_{g,n}=$$
(3.6.9)
$$\underset{\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _p}{}g_{1}^{}{}_{\lambda _1\lambda _2}{}^{}\left(n\right)\mathrm{}g_{p}^{}{}_{\lambda _p\lambda _1}{}^{}\left(n\right)=\text{Trace}_{F_n}\left(g_1gg_2g\mathrm{}g_pg\right)$$
(3.6.10)
As we shall see below the loop scalar product describes certain matrix integrals.

## 4 Angle integration of tau functions of matrix argument. Integration over complex matrices

In this section we shall generalize some known solvable matrix integrals. By the solvable matrix integrals we mean those which can be presented as tau functions and which can be evaluated by the method of orthogonal polynomials. Let us make a reference to the related paper , where by solvable matrix model the author mean the model which admits a reduction of number of integrals (from the order $`N^2`$ to the order $`N`$) via a character expansion method. Let us refer to the papers ,, where different generalizations of HCIZ integral were considered.

### 4.1 Useful formulae

In this section we shall exploit the following formulae of an integration of Schur functions over the unitary group . First is the formula

$$_{U\left(n\right)}s_\lambda \left(AUBU^1\right)d_{}U=\frac{s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)},$$
(4.1.1)
where $`d_{}U`$ is the Haar measure on the $`U\left(n\right)`$. Then we have

$$_{U\left(n\right)}s_\lambda \left(AU\right)s_\mu \left(U^1B\right)d_{}U=\frac{s_\lambda \left(AB\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}\delta _{\lambda \mu }.$$
(4.1.2)
If we have complex matrices $`Z`$ then there are formulae

$$\pi ^{n^2}_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}s_\lambda \left(AZBZ^+\right)e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}d\mathrm{}Z_{ij}d\mathrm{}Z_{ij}=\frac{s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)}{s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})}$$
(4.1.3)
and

$$\pi ^{n^2}_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}s_\lambda \left(AZ\right)s_\mu \left(Z^+B\right)e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{n}{}}d\mathrm{}Z_{ij}d\mathrm{}Z_{ij}=\frac{s_\lambda \left(AB\right)}{s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})}\delta _{\lambda \mu }$$
(4.1.4)
Then we need

$$s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})=\frac{1}{H_\lambda },H_\lambda =\underset{i,j}{}\left(\lambda _i+\lambda _j^{}ij+1\right)$$
(4.1.5)
where $`H_\lambda `$ is the hook product. The Pochhammer’s symbol related to a partition $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _k)`$ is the following product of the Pochhammer’s symbols $`\left(a\right)_\lambda :=\left(a\right)_{\lambda _1}\left(a1\right)_{\lambda _2}\mathrm{}\left(ak+1\right)_{\lambda _k}`$. Then

$$\left(a\right)_\lambda =H_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\left(a\right)\right),\left(n\right)_\lambda =H_\lambda s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)$$
(4.1.6)
In addition we have the relation (bosonic (l.h.s) and fermionic (r.h.s) representation of the vacuum TL tau function)

$$\mathrm{exp}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}mt_mt_m^{}=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right),$$
(4.1.7)
which is a general version of Cauchy-Littlewood identity .

Let $`𝐭_{\mathrm{}}^{}=(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{}),𝐭\left(a\right)=(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\frac{a}{3},\mathrm{}),r\left(k\right)=_{i=1}^p\left(k+a_i\right)_{i=1}^s\left(k+b_i\right)^1`$, $`l\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the number of nonvanishing parts of $`\lambda `$. Let us write down the formulae for the hypergeometric function of a matrix argument , see Appendix C:

$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|X\right)=\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^n\right),𝐭_{\mathrm{}}^{})=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)n}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{_{k=1}^ps_\lambda \left(𝐭\left(a_k+M\right)\right)}{_{k=1}^ss_\lambda \left(𝐭\left(b_k+M\right)\right)}}\left(s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})\right)^{sp+1}s_\lambda \left(𝐱^n\right).`$ (4.1.8)
Now let $`r\left(k\right)=_{i=1}^p\left(k+a_i\right)\left(k+nM\right)^1_{i=1}^s\left(k+b_i\right)^1`$. The hypergeometric functions of two matrix arguments , see Appendix C, is

$`{}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|X,Y\right)=\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^n\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^n\right))=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)n}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{_{k=1}^ps_\lambda \left(𝐭\left(a_k+M\right)\right)}{_{k=1}^ss_\lambda \left(𝐭\left(b_k+M\right)\right)}}\left(s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})\right)^{sp+1}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^n\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲^n\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}}.`$ (4.1.9)
Here $`𝐱^n=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n),𝐲^n=(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)`$ are eigenvalues of matrices $`X,Y`$.

Let us mark also the determinant representations of (4.1) and of (4.1) (details we find in Appendix A), which are of importance in applications of the method of orthogonal polynomials to the new matrix models, which we shall consider below.

The determinant representations have forms (the reader may find details in ,):

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^n\right),𝐭^{})=\frac{det\left(x_i^{nk}\tau _r(Mk+1,𝐭\left(x_i\right),𝐭^{})\right)_{i,k=1}^n}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱^n\right)}$$
(4.1.10)
and

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^n\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^n\right))=\frac{c_M}{c_{Mn}}\frac{det\left(\tau _r(Mn+1,x_i,y_j)\right)_{i,j=1}^n}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱^n\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲^n\right)},$$
(4.1.11)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱^n\right)=\underset{i<j}{}\left(x_ix_j\right)=det\left(x_i^{nk}\right),$$
(4.1.12)
$$c_n=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{kn},$$
(4.1.13)
$$\tau _r(Mn+1,x_i,y_j)=1+r\left(Mn+1\right)x_iy_j+r\left(Mn+1\right)r\left(Mn+2\right)x_i^2y_j^2+\mathrm{}$$
(4.1.14)
Below we need mainly the case $`M=n`$.

### 4.2 Certain matrix integrals and expansion in Schur functions

In this subsection we shall consider few integrals of exponential functions. We shall pick up the solvable models.

Integration over complex matrices. Different integrals over complex matrices were considered in the papers of I. Kostov, see , as an example.

(A) Using relations (4.1.7) and (4.1.3) we evaluate the following integral over a complex matrix $`M`$ as the expansion over Schur functions

$$I_A=e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m\text{Tr}\left(AZBZ^+\right)^m}e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)}{s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})}$$
(4.2.1)
where $`d^2Z=\pi ^{n^2}_{i,j=1}^nd\mathrm{}Z_{ij}d\mathrm{}Z_{ij}`$.

Let us compare this series with the relation (4.1). To identify them we have the following prescription. He will specify at least one of the arguments of the Schur functions in the numerator with one of the sets: with $`(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})`$ or with $`(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\frac{a}{3},\mathrm{})`$. Let us notice that if we take $`a=n`$ we get the Schur function of the unit matrix $`I_n`$, which is the dimension of the representation labeled by $`\lambda `$. Also we mark that $`s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})`$ is the inverse of the hook product $`H_\lambda `$.

Thus we have few opportunities.

(A1) First, putting $`𝐭=(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})`$ we get

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\text{Tr}\left(AZBZ^+\right)}e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)=\underset{i,j}{\overset{n}{}}\left(1a_ib_j\right)^1={}_{1}{}^{}_{0}^{}\left(n|A,B\right)$$
(4.2.2)
(A2) Second, putting $`𝐭\left(a\right)=(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\frac{a}{3},\mathrm{}),\mathrm{}a<1`$, we get the expansion of the following matrix integral

$$det\left(1\frac{1}{2}AZBZ^+\right)^ae^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(a\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)={}_{2}{}^{}_{0}^{}(a,n|A,B)$$
(4.2.3)
which in general is a divergent series.

(A3) Then let us choose the matrix $`B`$ as diagonal matrix with $`B_{kk}=\frac{1}{n},k=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Let us consider the limit $`n\mathrm{}`$. In the limit with the help of (4.1.5) we get the hypergeometric function of matrix argument

$$\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(a\right)_\lambda \frac{s_\lambda \left(A\right)}{H_\lambda }={}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a;A)$$
(4.2.4)
(B) With the help of (4.1.7), (4.1.4) we get the development

$$I_B=e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m\text{Tr}\left(AZ\right)^m+_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m^{}\text{Tr}\left(Z^+B\right)^m}e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)s_\lambda \left(AB\right)}{s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})}$$
(4.2.5)
Comparing it with (4.1) we obtain three solvable cases.

(B1) The first one is $`𝐭^{}=(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})`$. Then we have

$$I_B=e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m\text{Tr}\left(AB\right)^m}$$
(4.2.6)
(B2) The second one is $`AB=I_n`$, then we get

$$I_B=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(n\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)={}_{2}{}^{}_{0}^{}(n,n|𝐭,𝐭^{})$$
(4.2.7)
This expansion coincides with the expansion for the model of two Hermitian random matrices \[HO\].

(B3) The third one is $`𝐭^{}=(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\frac{a}{3},\mathrm{})`$, then

$$I_B=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(a\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(AB\right)={}_{2}{}^{}_{0}^{}(a,n|𝐭,AB)$$
(4.2.8)
Integration over unitary matrices.

(C) The combination of the formula (4.1.1) with the formula (4.1.7) yields Schur function representation for different matrix integral:

$$_{U\left(n\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m\text{Tr}\left(AUBU^+\right)^m}d_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}$$
(4.2.9)
Similar series were considered in the papers ,.

Looking at this formula we see that one can choose $`𝐭`$ in such a way, that he gets the hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments (4.1).

As a consequence we evaluate the following matrix integrals

(C1) HCIZ integral

$$_{U\left(n\right)}e^{\text{Tr}\left(AUBU^+\right)}d_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)}{H_\lambda s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}={}_{0}{}^{}_{0}^{}(A,B)=c_n\frac{det\left(e^{a_ib_j}\right)}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(a\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(b\right)}$$
(4.2.10)
(which we obtain putting $`t_1=1;t_m=0,m>1`$) and which is the hypergeometric function of matrix arguments (4.1). For the last equality see (4.1.11).

(C2)

$$_{U\left(n\right)}det\left(1AUBU^+\right)^ad_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(a\right)_\lambda \frac{s_\lambda \left(A\right)s_\lambda \left(B\right)}{H_\lambda s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}={}_{1}{}^{}_{0}^{}(a;A,B)=c_n\frac{det\left(1a_ib_j\right)^{n1a}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(a\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(b\right)},$$
(4.2.11)
which we obtain by putting $`t_m=a/m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$. For the last equality see (4.1.11).

(D) Let us remember the following integral , which is used for the study of two-dimensional QCD  and called Gross-Witten one plaquette model

$$I^{GW}=_{U\left(n\right)}e^{\frac{1}{g_s}\text{Tr}\left(U+U^+\right)}d_{}U$$
(4.2.12)
About this integral see also .

A generalization of this integral was considered in :

$$I^{GW}(J,J^+)=_{U\left(n\right)}e^{\text{Tr}\left(JU+U^+J^+\right)}d_{}U$$
(4.2.13)
where the method of orthogonal polynomials was applied and the links with the KP equation and with the so-called generalized Kontsevich model was shown.

Using the orthogonality of Schur functions we easily get the development

$$I^{GW}(J,J^+)=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(JJ^+\right)s_\lambda (1,0,0,\mathrm{})}{\left(n\right)_\lambda }={}_{0}{}^{}_{0}^{}(JJ^+;(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{}))$$
(4.2.14)
which is the TL tau function of hypergeometric type.

Let us further generalize the matrix integral (4.2.13) as follows

$$_{U\left(n\right)}e^{_mt_m\text{Tr}\left(AU\right)^m+_mt_m^{}\text{Tr}\left(U^1B\right)^m}d_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(AB\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}$$
(4.2.15)
Now we consider two special cases of the last integral.

(D1) For the first example we take $`t_m^{}=b/m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}\mathrm{}b<1)`$, then the integral (4.2.15) is

$$_{U\left(n\right)}e^{_mt_m\text{Tr}\left(AU\right)^m}det\left(1U^1B\right)^bd_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(b\right)_\lambda \frac{s_\lambda \left(AB\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)}{\left(n\right)_\lambda }={}_{1}{}^{}_{0}^{}\left(b|𝐭,AB\right)$$
(4.2.16)
By (4.1.10) we have the determinant representation of (4.2.16).

(D2) For the second example we take $`t_m=a/m,t_m^{}=b/m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{}a,\mathrm{}b<1\right)`$, then the integral (4.2.15) is

$$_{U\left(n\right)}det\left(1AU\right)^adet\left(1U^1B\right)^bd_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{\left(a\right)_\lambda \left(b\right)_\lambda }{\left(n\right)_\lambda }\frac{s_\lambda \left(AB\right)}{H_\lambda }={}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a,b;n|AB)$$
(4.2.17)
which is Gauss hypergeometric function of the matrix argument $`AB`$. By (4.1.10) we have the determinant representation of (4.2.17). Let us mark that for integer $`a,b`$ the logarithmic derivative of the hypergeometric function $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a,b;n|AB)`$ solves Painleve V equation .

(D3) The third example is well-known model of unitary matrices ($`A=B=1`$). See  about this model. Now we present the following representation

$$_{U\left(n\right)}e^{_mt_m\text{Tr}U^m+_mt_m^{}\text{Tr}U^m}d_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(4.2.18)
Due to the restriction $`l\left(\lambda \right)n`$ it is not the l.h.s of Cauchy-Littlewood formula (4.1.7). Let us mark that the right hand side of (4.2.18) is the subject of the so-called Gessel theorem if one take $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^m\right),𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^m\right),n<m`$. This case was considered in . In this case we have different determinant representations by (4.1.10), by (4.1.11) and also by the formula for semi-infinite TL tau-function (6.8.1).

### 4.3 Tau functions of a matrix argument and angle integration. The integration of tau functions over complex matrices

It is suitable to introduce the notion of tau function of matrix argument by analogy with the hypergeometric function of matrix argument (4.1),(4.1):

$$\tau (n,X,𝐭^{}):=\tau (n,𝐭\left(𝐱^n\right),𝐭^{}),\tau (n,X,Y):=\tau (n,𝐭\left(𝐱^n\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^n\right))$$
(4.3.1)
where Hirota-Miwa variables $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ are just eigenvalues of a matrix $`X`$. We shall use large letters for this matrix argument. As it is in the case of the hypergeometric functions the tau function by definition depends only on eigenvalues of the matrix.

Generalization of HCIZ integral

Let us consider the averaging of the TL tau function $`\tau _r(n,XUYU^+,𝐭^{})`$:

$$I=\tau _r(n,XUYU^+,𝐭^{})_U:=_{U\left(n\right)}\tau _r(n,XUYU^+,𝐭^{})d_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(X\right)s_\lambda \left(Y\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}r_\lambda \left(n\right)$$
(4.3.2)
If we take $`𝐭^{}=(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\mathrm{})`$ we get the following TL tau function $`\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(n,X,Y)`$

$$\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{\left(a\right)_\lambda }{\left(n\right)_\lambda }r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_\lambda \left(X\right)s_\lambda \left(Y\right)=c_n\frac{det\left\{\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(1,x_i,y_j)\right\}|_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(y\right)},\stackrel{~}{r}\left(m\right):=\frac{a+m1}{n+m1}r\left(m\right)$$
(4.3.3)
which is certain hypergeometric function (4.1) in case $`r`$ rational. The r.h.s is the determinant representation of the l.h.s. , see (4.1.11). $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ is the Vandermond determinant.

Generalization of the integral over complex matrices

Let us consider the averaging of the TL tau function $`\tau _r(n,AZBZ^+,𝐭^{})`$:

$$I_C=\tau _r(n,XZYZ^+,𝐭^{})_Z:=\tau _r(n,XZYZ^+,𝐭^{})e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z$$
(4.3.4)
We get

$$\tau _r(n,XZYZ^+,𝐭^{})e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(X\right)s_\lambda \left(Y\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)}{s_\lambda (1,0,0,\mathrm{})}r_\lambda \left(n\right)$$
(4.3.5)
If we take $`𝐭^{}=(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\mathrm{})`$ we get new TL tau function $`\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(n,X,Y)`$, where

$$\stackrel{~}{r}\left(m\right)=\left(a+m1\right)r\left(m\right)$$
(4.3.6)
Finely we obtain

$$I_C=\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(n,𝐱,𝐲)=c_n\frac{det\left\{\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(1,x_i,y_j)\right\}|_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(y\right)}$$
(4.3.7)
see (4.1.11).

Generalization of Gross-Witten integral. This is the integral

$$I\left(XY\right)=_{U\left(n\right)}\tau _r(n,𝐭,XU)\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(n,U^1Y,𝐭^{})d_{}U=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(XY\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}\stackrel{~}{r}_\lambda \left(n\right)r_\lambda \left(n\right)$$
(4.3.8)
For $`r\stackrel{~}{r}=1`$ the integral (4.3.8) is equal to the integral (4.2.15).

Let $`z_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ are eigenvalues of the matrix $`XY`$. The matrix integral (4.3.8) is TL tau function if

(a) $`t_m^{}=a/m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ ($`a`$ is any complex number), then

$$I\left(XY\right)=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(a\right)_\lambda \stackrel{~}{r}_\lambda \left(n\right)r_\lambda \left(n\right)\frac{s_\lambda \left(XY\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)}{\left(n\right)_\lambda }=\frac{det\left(z_i^{nk}\tau _r^{}(nk+1,𝐭\left(z_i\right),𝐭^{})\right)|_{i,k=1}^n}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐳^n\right)}$$
(4.3.9)
where $`r^{}\left(m\right)=\frac{a+m1}{n+m1}r\left(m\right)\stackrel{~}{r}\left(m\right)`$. The last equality is due to (4.1.10).

(b) $`t_m^{}=\delta _{1,m}`$, then

$$I\left(XY\right)=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(XY\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)}{\left(n\right)_\lambda }\stackrel{~}{r}_\lambda \left(n\right)r_\lambda \left(n\right)=\frac{det\left(z_i^{nk}\tau _r^{}(nk+1,𝐭\left(z_i\right),𝐭^{})\right)|_{i,k=1}^n}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐳^n\right)}$$
(4.3.10)
where $`r^{}\left(m\right)=\frac{1}{n+m1}r\left(m\right)\stackrel{~}{r}\left(m\right)`$. The last equality is due to (4.1.10).

(c) and (d) one gets by $`𝐭𝐭^{}`$.

(e) $`XY=I_n`$ then

$$I\left(XY\right)=\tau _{r\stackrel{~}{r}}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})$$
(4.3.11)
This answer may be also derived from (3.5.13).

Remark. Let us notice that the following averaging over unitary group $`U\left(n\right)`$

$$I\left(XY\right)=_{U\left(n\right)}\tau _r(n,XU,U^1Y)d_{}U=\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda \left(n\right)\frac{s_\lambda \left(XY\right)}{s_\lambda \left(I_n\right)}$$
(4.3.12)
is not TL tau function. $`\mathrm{}`$

In the similar way one can consider the integral over complex matrix $`Z`$

$$I\left(XY\right)=\tau _r(n,𝐭,XZ)\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}}(n,Z^+Y,𝐭^{})e^{\text{Tr}ZZ^+}d^2Z=\underset{\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(XY\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)}{s_\lambda (1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})}\stackrel{~}{r}_\lambda \left(n\right)r_\lambda \left(n\right)$$
(4.3.13)
The reader will pick up the solvable cases in the way similar to the previous cases.

## 5 Integral representation of the scalar product and the integrals over eigenvalues of random matrices

### 5.1 Integral representation of the scalar product $`<,>_{r,n}`$

In case the function $`r`$ has zero the scalar product (9.1.1) is degenerate one. For simplicity let us take $`r\left(0\right)=0,r\left(k\right)0,kn`$. The scalar product (9.1.1) non generate on the subspace of symmetric functions spanned by Schur functions $`\left\{s_\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n\right\}`$, $`l\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the length of partition $`\lambda `$.

To find the integral representation of this scalar product it is enough to find a function $`\mu `$ of one variable with the following property. If it depends on the product of two variables $`x`$ and $`y`$, then moments of this function have a diagonal form:

$$_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mu \left(xy\right)𝑑x𝑑y=A,_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mu \left(xy\right)x^ny^m𝑑x𝑑y=A\delta _{n,m}r\left(1\right)r\left(2\right)\mathrm{}r\left(n\right),n,m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(5.1.1)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is some integration domain to be defined later, and values of $`r\left(k\right)`$ are certain given numbers, and $`A`$ is finite and does not vanish:

$$A\mathrm{},A0,$$
(5.1.2)
The appropriate $`\mu `$ we shall denote by $`\mu _r`$.

Example 1. The variable $`y`$ is a complex conjugated of $`x=z`$. The integration domain is the whole complex plane, we suggest that (5.1.2) is fulfilled. Then obviously

$$_\text{c}z^n\overline{z}^m\mu _r\left(\left|z\right|^2\right)𝑑z𝑑\overline{z}=A\delta _{nm}r\left(1\right)r\left(2\right)\mathrm{}r\left(n\right),n,m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(5.1.3)
Example 2. The variable $`x`$ is real, and the variable $`y`$ is imaginary one. The integration is going over the real and over the imaginary axes. We take $`\mu _r\left(xy\right)=e^{xy}`$ and obtain that $`r\left(n\right)=n`$:

$$_{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}x^ny^me^{xy}𝑑x𝑑y=2\pi \sqrt{1}\delta _{nm}n!,n,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(5.1.4)
Example 3. Both variables $`x,y`$ lie on the unit circle: $`x=e^{\sqrt{1}\varphi },y=e^{\sqrt{1}\phi }`$. We take $`\mu _r\left(xy\right)=\left(xy\right)^1e^{\left(xy\right)^1}`$ and obtain that $`r\left(n\right)=1/n`$:

$$x^ny^me^{\left(xy\right)^1}\frac{dxdy}{xy}=4\pi ^2\delta _{nm}\frac{1}{n!},n,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(5.1.5)
$`\mathrm{}`$

Remark. We can find an appropriate function $`\mu _r`$ in a following way. Let $`r`$ be an analytical function of one variable and consider $`r\left(D_x\right),D_x=x\frac{d}{dx}`$ which acts on the power functions $`x^s`$ by the multiplication by $`r\left(s\right)`$. One suggests that there exists a function $`\mu _r\left(x\right)`$ with the following properties

$$\left(1\frac{1}{x}r\left(D_x\right)\right)\mu _r\left(x\right)=0,D_x=x\frac{d}{dx}$$
(5.1.6)
One may find solutions by using the Mellin transformation as

$$\mu _r\left(x\right)=_\gamma x^se^{T\left(s1\right)}𝑑s$$
(5.1.7)
where

$$e^{T\left(s1\right)T\left(s\right)}=r\left(s\right)$$
(5.1.8)
The integration domain $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in (5.1.1) should be chosen in such a way that the operator $`\frac{1}{x}r\left(D\right),D=x\frac{d}{dx}`$ is conjugated to the operator $`\frac{1}{x}r\left(D\right),D=x\frac{d}{dx}`$:

$$\left(\frac{1}{x}r\left(D\right)\right)^{}=\left(\frac{1}{x}r\left(D\right)\right)$$
(5.1.9)
on the appropriate class of functions, as used in (5.1.1) below.

At last with the help of (5.1.6) and (5.1.9) we get (5.1.1). $`\mathrm{}`$

In case $`𝐫(\mathrm{𝟎})=\mathrm{𝟎}`$ the series

$$\mu _r\left(x\right)=1+\frac{x}{r\left(1\right)}+\frac{x^2}{r\left(1\right)r\left(2\right)}+\mathrm{}$$
(5.1.10)
is the formal solution of (5.1.6). This series is equal to the tau-function of hypergeometric type related to $`1/r^{}`$ , where

$$r^{}\left(n\right):=r\left(n\right)$$
(5.1.11)
$$\mu _r\left(xy\right)=\tau _{1/r^{}}(1,𝐭\left(x\right),𝐭^{}\left(y\right)),kt_k=x^k,kt_k^{}=y^k$$
(5.1.12)
Let us suggest that the series (5.1.10) is convergent (this fact depends on the choice of the function $`r`$) , and the integral (5.1.1) exists ($`A0,\mathrm{}`$), then one may choose this $`\mu _r`$ for (5.1.21).

Example 1a. We consider the case of Example 1 above. The hypergeometric function $`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;\left|z\right|^2),ps`$ may be taken as an example of the function $`\mu _r`$ of the Example 1. We put $`\left|z\right|^2=x`$ below. We have

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}x^n{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;x)𝑑x=()^{\left(n+1\right)\left(ps\right)}n!\frac{_{i=1}^s\left(1b_i\right)_{n+1}}{_{i=1}^p\left(1a_i\right)_{n+1}},$$
(5.1.13)
see for instance . In this case

$$A=\frac{_{i=1}^s\left(b_i1\right)}{_{i=1}^p\left(a_i1\right)},r\left(n\right)=n\frac{_{i=1}^s\left(b_in1\right)}{_{i=1}^p\left(a_in1\right)}$$
(5.1.14)
It is known that the hypergeometric function $`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{},ps`$

$${}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\left(a_1\right)_n\mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_n}{\left(b_1\right)_n\mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_n}\frac{\left(x\right)^n}{n!}.$$
(5.1.15)
is a convergent hypergeometric series. It is of form (5.1.10). This series is a solution of

$$\left(x+D_x\frac{_{i=1}^s\left(D_x+b_i1\right)}{_{i=1}^p\left(D_x+a_i1\right)}\right){}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;x)=0$$
(5.1.16)
which the hypergeometric equation (8.0.3) rewritten in the form (5.1.6), where $`xy`$ is replaced by $`x`$. The operator $`r\left(D_x\right)`$ acts on each $`x^n`$ of the convergent series as the multiplication by $`r\left(n\right)`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

Example 1b. We choose $`r\left(k\right)=k\left(a1k\right)^1`$, then $`{}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a;x)=\left(1x\right)^a`$ is the solution of (5.1.6), for the case $`\mathrm{}a<0`$ the condition (5.1.9) is fulfilled inside the interval $`[0,1]`$, and for $`\mathrm{}a<1`$ we have

$$_0^1x^n{}_{1}{}^{}F_{0}^{}(a;x)𝑑x=A\frac{n!}{\left(2a\right)_n};A=\left(1a\right)^1$$
(5.1.17)
$`\mathrm{}`$

Now we shall turn to the multiply integrals. Let us evaluate the integral

$$I_{\lambda ,\nu }=A^n\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐱\right)s_\nu \left(𝐲\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\mu _r\left(x_ky_k\right)dx_kdy_k$$
(5.1.18)
where $`𝐱=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n),𝐲=(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)`$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐳\right)=\underset{i<j}{\overset{n}{}}\left(z_iz_j\right)$$
(5.1.19)
Using (5.1.1), the definition of the Schur functions (2.1.10) and the definition of $`r_\lambda \left(n\right)`$ (2.2.1) (see  for details) we finely get the relation

$$I_{\lambda \nu }=r_\lambda \left(n\right)\delta _{\nu ,\lambda }$$
(5.1.20)
and we obtain

###### Proposition 7

$$f,g_{r,n}=\frac{1}{A^n}_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)f\left(𝐱\right)g\left(𝐲\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\mu _r\left(x_ky_k\right)dx_kdy_k$$
(5.1.21)
Then it follows that

###### Proposition 8

$$f,g_{r,n}=\frac{1}{n!A^n}_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }f\left(𝐱\right)g\left(𝐲\right)det\left(\mu \left(x_iy_j\right)\right)_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_kdy_k$$
(5.1.22)
The proof of the last Proposition follows from the fact that the function $`det\left(\mu \left(x_iy_j\right)\right)_{i,j=1,\mathrm{},n}`$ is an anti-symmetric function in variables $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$. Then by changing notations of the variables $`x_i`$ inside of the integral we obtain the Proposition.

Let us remember that if

$$𝐭\left(𝐱\right)=(t_1\left(𝐱\right),t_2\left(𝐱\right),\mathrm{}),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right)=(t_1^{}\left(𝐲\right),t_2^{}\left(𝐲\right),\mathrm{}),mt_m=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}x_i^m,mt_m^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}y_i^m$$
(5.1.23)
we have the following determinant representation  ,  (see an Appendix below (6.7.4), (6.2.11), (6.2.12))

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)\tau _r(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))=c_ndet\left(\tau _r(1,x_i,y_k)\right)_{i,k=1}^n,c_n=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{kn}$$
(5.1.24)
where $`𝐱=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n),𝐲=(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)`$ which is true on the level of formal series.

$`\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))`$ is the tau-function (3.4.8), where the function $`r`$ is chosen as $`1/r^{}`$

$$\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))=1+\frac{\left(_{i=1}^nx_i\right)\left(_{i=1}^ny_i\right)}{r\left(1\right)}+\mathrm{}$$
(5.1.25)
Due to determinant representation (5.1.24) we see that this series is a convergent one, since we consider the series (5.1.12) to be convergent.

###### Proposition 9

Let the tau function $`\tau _{1/r^{}}`$ of (3.4.8), where $`r^{}(n):=r(n)`$, is a convergent series, and let $`r(0)=0`$. Then we have the following realization of scalar product (2.2.2)

$$f,g_{r,n}=A^nc_n^1_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }f\left(𝐱\right)g\left(𝐲\right)\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\right)^2\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)\right)^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_kdy_k$$
(5.1.26)
The proof follows from the fact that the function $`\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))`$ is a symmetric function in variables $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$. Then by changing notations of the variables $`x_i`$ inside of the integral we obtain the Proposition.

Then it follows from (5.1.26),(2.2.13) that for the same conditions the following duality relation is true

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{}))=$$
(5.1.27)
$$A^nc_n^1_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\left(t_mx_i^m+t_m^{}y_i^m\right)}\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\right)^2\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)\right)^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_kdy_k$$
(5.1.28)
Also due to (2.2.16),(2.2.17) we have the following

$$\tau _{r_3}(0,𝐭,𝐭^{})=$$
(5.1.29)
$$A^nc_n^1_\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Gamma }\tau _{r_1}(k,𝐭,𝐭^{}\left(𝐱\right))\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))\tau _{r_2}(m,𝐭\left(𝐲\right),𝐭^{})\mathrm{\Delta }^2\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }^2\left(𝐲\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_kdy_k$$
(5.1.30)
where

$$r_3\left(i\right)=r_1(k+i)r_2(m+i)r_(n+i)$$
(5.1.31)
### 5.2 Normal matrix model

Let us consider a model of normal matrices. A matrix is called normal if it commutes with Hermitian conjugated matrix.

Let $`M`$ be $`n`$ by $`n`$ normal matrix. The following integral is called the model of normal matrices:

$$I^{NM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{};𝐮)=𝑑M𝑑M^+e^{U\left(MM^+\right)+V_1\left(M\right)+V_2\left(M^+\right)}=$$
(5.2.1)
$$C_\text{c}\mathrm{}_\text{c}\left|\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐳\right)\right|^2e^{_{i=1}^nU\left(z_i\overline{z}_i\right)+V_1\left(z_i\right)+V_2\left(\overline{z}_i\right)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}dz_id\overline{z}_i$$
(5.2.2)
where $`dM=_{i<k}d\mathrm{}M_{ik}d\mathrm{}M_{ik}_{i=1}^NdM_{ii}`$, in the last integral the integration is going over complex planes of eigenvalues $`z_i`$, $`C`$ is a number which appears due to the matrix ’angle integration’ over $`V`$ ($`M=VZV^1`$, where $`Z=\text{d}iag\left\{z_n\right\}`$), and $`U`$ is defined by $`𝐮=(u_1,u_2,\mathrm{})`$:

$$U\left(MM^+\right)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}u_n\text{Tr}\left(MM^+\right)^n,V_1\left(M\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\text{Tr}M^m,V_2\left(M\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\text{Tr}\left(M^+\right)^m$$
(5.2.3)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐳\right)=\underset{i<k}{\overset{n}{}}\left(z_iz_k\right)$$
(5.2.4)
and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z\right)=1`$ for $`n=1`$.

As we see the integral (5.2.2) has a form of (5.1.21), where $`𝐱=𝐳,𝐲=\overline{𝐳}`$ , see Example 1 of this section, and

$$f\left(𝐳\right)=e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_mz_i^m},g\left(\overline{𝐳}\right)=e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m^{}\overline{z}_i^m},\mu _r\left(z_i\overline{z}_i\right)=e^{U\left(z_i\overline{z}_i\right)}$$
(5.2.5)
Now let us compare $`e^U`$ with $`\mu _r`$ of (5.1.10). We choose the integration domain $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to be the whole complex plane. We suppose that

$$\pi \sqrt{1}_0^+\mathrm{}e^{_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}u_nz^n}𝑑z=A0,\mathrm{}$$
(5.2.6)
The condition (5.1.2) is fulfilled. If he function $`e^{U\left(\left|z\right|^2\right)}`$ has a form of (5.1.10) (each Taylor coefficient is non-vanishing), then the set of variables $`𝐮=(u_1,u_2,\mathrm{})`$ is related to the set $`\left\{r\left(n\right),n=1,2,\mathrm{}\right\}`$ as follows

$$h_m\left(𝐮\right)=\frac{1}{r\left(1\right)}\mathrm{}\frac{1}{r\left(m\right)},r\left(m\right)=\frac{h_{m1}\left(𝐮\right)}{h_m\left(𝐮\right)},e^{_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}u_kz^k}=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}h_m\left(𝐮\right)z^m$$
(5.2.7)
Example. $`T_m=\delta _{m,1}`$. Then

$$h_m\left(𝐮\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(m+1\right)},r\left(m\right)=m$$
(5.2.8)
$`\mathrm{}`$

Finely formula (2.2.13), where $`p_m=_{i=1}^nz_i^m`$, yields the series for (5.2.1):

$$I^{NM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{};𝐮)=<e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_mz_i^m},e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m^{}z_i^m}>_{r,n}=\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(5.2.9)
### 5.3 Two-matrix model

Details of this and of the next section one can find in .

Let us evaluate the following integral over $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrices $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$, where $`M_1`$ is a Hermitian matrix and $`M_2`$ is an anti-Hermitian one

$$I^{2MM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{V_1\left(M_1\right)+V_2\left(M_2\right)}e^{\text{Tr}M_1M_2}𝑑M_1𝑑M_2$$
(5.3.1)
where

$$V_1\left(M_1\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\text{Tr}M_1^m,V_2\left(M_2\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\text{Tr}M_2^m$$
(5.3.2)
It is well-known , that this integral reduces to the integral over eigenvalues $`x_i`$ and $`y_i`$ of matrices $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$ respectively.

To do it first we diagonalize the matrices: $`M_1=U_1XU_1^1,M_2=\sqrt{1}U_2YU_2^1`$, where $`U_1,U_2`$ are unitary matrices and $`X,Y`$ are diagonal matrices with real entries. Then one calculates the Jacobians of the change of variables $`M_1(X,U_1),M_2(Y,U_2)`$ : $`dM_1=\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\right)^2_{k=1}^ndx_k_{i<j}d\mathrm{}\left(U_1\right)_{ij}d\mathrm{}\left(U_1\right)_{ij}`$ and $`dM_2=\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)\right)^2_{k=1}^ndy_k_{i<j}d\mathrm{}\left(U_2\right)_{ij}d\mathrm{}\left(U_2\right)_{ij}`$. As a result we get

$$I^{2MM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_mx_i^m}e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_my_i^m}I(𝐱,𝐲)\mathrm{\Delta }^2\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }^2\left(𝐲\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_kdy_kd_{}U_1$$
(5.3.3)
where

$$I(𝐱,𝐲)=e^{\text{Tr}XUYU^1}d_{}U$$
(5.3.4)
is the so-called Harish-Chandra-Itzykson-Zuber (HCIZ) integral. The integration (5.3.4) is over unitary group $`U\left(n\right)`$, $`d_{}U`$ is Haar measure. This integral was calculated ,  :

$$I(𝐱,𝐲)=\frac{det\left(e^{x_iy_k\sqrt{1}}\right)_{i,k=1}^n}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)}$$
(5.3.5)
Due to (5.1.24) formula (5.3.5) is a manifest of the fact that the Harish-Chandra-Itzykson-Zuber integral actually is a tau-function (see a different approach to this fact in ). This is the tau-function $`\tau _r`$ which corresponds to $`r\left(n\right)=1/n`$, in other words we can write

$$\frac{I(𝐱,𝐲)}{0!\mathrm{}\left(n1\right)!}=\tau _{1/r^{}}(n,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right)),1/r^{}\left(n\right)=\frac{1}{n}$$
(5.3.6)
For $`n=1`$, $`x_1=x,y_1=y`$ we have

$$\tau _{1/r^{}}(1,𝐭\left(𝐱\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲\right))=e^{xy\sqrt{1}}$$
(5.3.7)
This was the subject of the Example (5.1.4).

Therefore due to (5.1.26) we obtain that the model of two Hermitian random matrices is the series of hypergeometric type (2.2.13), where $`p_m=_{i=1}^nz_i^m`$ and $`r\left(n\right)=n`$:

$$I^{2MM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\frac{C_n}{\left(2\pi \right)^n}<e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_mz_i^m},e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m^{}z_i^m}>_{r,n}=\frac{C_n}{\left(2\pi \right)^n}\underset{\lambda }{}\left(n\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(5.3.8)
where we remember that according to (2.2.1)

$$\left(n\right)_\lambda =\underset{i,j\lambda }{}\left(n+ji\right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+1+\lambda _1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+\lambda _2\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\lambda _n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n+1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1\right)}$$
(5.3.9)
and $`C_n`$ incorporates the volume of unitary group.

The same result one can obtain with the help of (5.1.21), using the known result that integral (5.3.3) is equal to

$$C_n_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_mx_i^m}e^{_{i=1}^n_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_my_i^m}e^{_{i=1}^nx_iy_i\sqrt{1}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}dx_idy_i$$
(5.3.10)
where $`x_i`$ and $`y_i`$ are eigenvalues of $`M_1`$ and $`M_2`$ respectively.

This integral has a form of (5.2.5) if one takes the integrals over variables $`x_i`$ be along the real axe, while the integrals over variables $`y_i`$ be along the imaginary axe. Then we take $`r\left(n\right)=n`$ so that

$$\mu _r\left(xy\right)=\tau _{1/r^{}}=1xy+\frac{x^2y^2}{2}+\mathrm{}=e^{xy}$$
(5.3.11)
$$_{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}e^{xy}𝑑x𝑑y=2\pi $$
(5.3.12)
Thus we have the following perturbation series

$$\frac{I^{2MM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})}{I^{2MM}(n,0,0)}=\underset{\lambda }{}\left(n\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(5.3.13)
In case all higher coupling constants are equal to 0 (namely, in the case of Gauss matrix integral) this series can be easily evaluated as

$$I^{2MM}(1,t_1,t_2,0,0,\mathrm{};t_1^{},t_2^{},0,0,\mathrm{})=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m!h_m\left(𝐭\right)h_m\left(𝐭^{}\right)=\frac{\mathrm{exp}\frac{t_1t_1^{}+t_2\left(t_1^{}\right)^2+t_2^{}\left(t_1\right)^2}{14t_2t_2^{}}}{\sqrt{14t_2t_2^{}}}$$
(5.3.14)
and for $`n>1`$ one can use the formula (for example see )

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\frac{1}{\left(n1\right)!\mathrm{}0!}det\left(\frac{^{k+m}}{_{t_1}^k_{t_1^{}}^m}\tau _r(1,𝐭,𝐭^{})\right)_{k,m=0}^{n1}$$
(5.3.15)
which is true for the case $`r\left(0\right)=0`$.

### 5.4 Hermitian one matrix model

Below we shall follow .

We suggest a fermionic representation of the well-known partition function of one matrix model  (which generalizes the known Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE), )

$$Z(N,g,g_4)=𝑑Me^{N\text{Tr}\left(\frac{g}{2}M^2+g_4M^4\right)},$$
(5.4.1)
this fermionic representation being different from ,. The reason is that, as it was before in the paper, we consider the matrix model in the sense of the perturbation series .

We chose the normalization of the matrix integral in such a way that it is equal to $`1`$ when $`g_4=0`$.

Let us evaluate simplest perturbation terms for one matrix model using the series (5.3.14) . Let us consider the model of two Hermitian matrices (5.3.1), and take all $`t_k=0`$ except $`t_4`$, and all $`t_k^{}=0`$ except $`t_2^{}`$. Then as it is known  if we put

$$g_4=4N^1t_4,g=\left(2Nt_2^{}\right)^1$$
(5.4.2)
we obtain that

$$I^{2MM}(0,0,0,t_4,0,\mathrm{};0,t_2^{},0,0,\mathrm{})=Z(N,g,g_4)$$
(5.4.3)
and therefore we get

$$\underset{\lambda }{}\left(N\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)=𝑑Me^{N\text{Tr}\left(\frac{g}{2}M^2+g_4M^4\right)}=Z(N,g,g_4)$$
(5.4.4)
Remark. As it is well-known, see for instance , according to Feynman rules for one matrix model we have (a) to each propagator (double line) is associated a factor $`1/\left(Ng\right)`$ (which is $`2t_2^{}`$ in our notations) (b) to each four leg vertex is associated a factor $`\left(Ng_4\right)`$ (which is $`4t_4`$ in our notations) (c) to each closed single line is associated a factor $`N`$. Therefore one may say that the factors $`\left(N\right)_\lambda `$ in (5.4.4) is responsible for closed lines, the factors $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭=0,t_2,0,\mathrm{}\right)`$ are responsible for propagators and the factors $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)`$ are responsible for vertices. As we see we get the following structure for the Feynman diagrams, containing $`k=\left|\lambda \right|/4`$ vertices and $`2k=\left|\lambda \right|/2`$ propagators:

$$\left(Ng_4\right)^{\left|\lambda \right|/4}\left(Ng\right)^{\left|\lambda \right|/2}\underset{\left|\lambda \right|=4k}{}\left(N\right)_\lambda a_\lambda b_\lambda $$
(5.4.5)
where the number $`\left|\lambda \right|`$ is the weight of partition $`\lambda `$, and $`a_\lambda ,b_\lambda `$ are numbers:

$$a_\lambda =s_\lambda (0,0,0,1,0,\mathrm{}),b_\lambda =s_\lambda (0,1,0,\mathrm{})$$
(5.4.6)
Let us also notice that to evaluate the numbers $`a_\lambda ,b_\lambda `$ one can use either the definition of Schur functions (3.1.26)-(3.1.27), or one can use the following formulae, which we borrow in :

$$b_\lambda =\underset{k=1}{\overset{N1}{}}k!\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(h^{even}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(h^{odd}\right)}{_i\left(\frac{h^{even}}{2}\right)_i\left(\frac{h^{odd}1}{2}\right)}sign\left[\underset{i,j}{}\left(h^{even}h^{odd}\right)\right]$$
(5.4.7)
$$a_\lambda =\underset{k=1}{\overset{N1}{}}k!\underset{ϵ=0}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(h^ϵ\right)}{_i\left(\frac{h^ϵϵ}{2}\right)}sign\left[\underset{0ϵ_1<ϵ_23}{}\underset{i,j}{}\left(h_i^{\left(ϵ_2\right)}h_j^{\left(ϵ_1\right)}\right)\right]$$
(5.4.8)
where we keep the notation $`h_i`$ of  for shifted weights $`\lambda _ii`$ (not miss with the complete symmetric function). Here integers $`h`$ factor into $`4`$ groups of $`\frac{N}{4}`$ integers $`h^ϵ`$ with $`ϵ=0,1,2,3`$ denoting their congruence modulo $`4`$ . $`\mathrm{}`$

Since only $`t_4`$ is non vanishing the first non vanishing Schur functions correspond to $`\lambda `$ of weight $`4`$, which are $`\left(4\right),(3,1),(2,2),(2,1,1),(1,1,1,1)`$. Let us notice that two last partition are conjugated to the two first, and the partition $`(2,2)`$ is self conjugated.

To evaluate l.h.s. of (5.4.4) we use (2.2.1) , (2.1.12) and take into account the property for conjugated partition $`\lambda ^{}`$ we have

$$s_\lambda ^{}\left(𝐭\right)=()^{\left|\lambda \right|}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right),r_\lambda ^{}^{}\left(n\right)=r_\lambda \left(n\right)$$
(5.4.9)
where $`\left|\lambda \right|`$ is the number of boxes in the Young diagram (or the same - the weight of the partition), and for $`r^{}`$ see (3.4.9).

The partition $`\lambda =\left(4\right)`$ gives

$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)t_4\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}=\left(N^4+6N^3+11N^2+6N\right)\left(\frac{Ng_4}{4}\right)\left(\frac{1}{8N^2g^2}\right)$$
(5.4.10)
Due to (5.4.9) , (5.4.2) the conjugated partition $`(1,1,1,1)`$ gives the same answer but $`NN`$. (Thus one needs to keep only even powers of $`N`$).

The partition $`(3,1)`$ gives

$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N1\right)\left(t_4\right)\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}=\left(N^4+2N^3N^22N\right)\left(\frac{Ng_4}{4}\right)\left(\frac{1}{8N^2g^2}\right)$$
(5.4.11)
Again due to the contribution of the conjugated partition $`(2,1,1)`$ one needs to keep only even powers of $`N`$.

First Schur function in the l.h.s of (5.4.4) is equal to zero (due to (2.1.12) and since only $`t_4`$ is non vanishing).

Finely we find first perturbation terms as

$$1\left(\frac{N^2}{2}+\frac{1}{4}\right)\frac{g_4}{g^2}+\mathrm{}$$
(5.4.12)
This answer coincides with the well-known answer one gets by Feynman diagram method, see

For the next order one takes partitions of weight $`8`$, as a consequence that it is only $`t_4`$ that is non vanishing. One can get that non vanishing contribution is only due to self conjugated partitions $`(3,3,2)`$, $`(4,2,1,1)`$, and to partitions $`\left(8\right);(7,1),(4,4);(6,1,1),(4,3,1);(5,1,1,1)`$ and conjugated to these ones. The enumerated partitions yields respectively $`h_4^2,h_4^2`$, then $`h_8;h_8,h_4^2`$; $`h_8,h_4^2;h_8`$ for $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)`$. And it yields respectively $`h_4^2h_4h_2^2,h_4^2h_4h_2^2`$, then $`h_8;h_8,h_4^2;h_8h_6h_2,h_4^2+h_6h_2;h_8+h_6h_2`$ for $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)`$. For partitions $`(3,3,2)`$, $`(4,2,1,1)`$, and for partitions $`\left(8\right);(7,1),(4,4);(6,1,1),(4,3,1);(5,1,1,1)`$ we get respectively

$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N1\right)\left(N\right)\left(N+1\right)\left(N2\right)\left(N1\right)\left(t_4^2\right)\left(\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}\right)^2\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}\left(t_2^{}\right)^2\right)$$
(5.4.13)
$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N1\right)\left(N\right)\left(N2\right)\left(N3\right)\left(t_4^2\right)\left(\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}\right)^2\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}\left(t_2^{}\right)^2\right)$$
(5.4.14)
and

$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N+4\right)\left(N+5\right)\left(N+6\right)\left(N+7\right)\left(\frac{t_4^2}{2!}\right)\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^4}{4!}\right)$$
(5.4.15)
$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N+4\right)\left(N+5\right)\left(N+6\right)\left(N1\right)\left(\frac{t_4^2}{2!}\right)\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^4}{4!}\right)$$
(5.4.16)
$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N1\right)\left(N\right)\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(t_4^2\right)\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}\right)^2$$
(5.4.17)
$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N+4\right)\left(N+5\right)\left(N1\right)\left(N2\right)\left(\frac{t_4^2}{2!}\right)\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^4}{4!}t_2^{}\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^3}{3!}\right)$$
(5.4.18)
$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N1\right)\left(N\right)\left(N+1\right)\left(N2\right)\left(t_4^2\right)\left(\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^2}{2!}\right)^2+t_2^{}\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^3}{3!}\right)$$
(5.4.19)
$$N\left(N+1\right)\left(N+2\right)\left(N+3\right)\left(N+4\right)\left(N1\right)\left(N2\right)\left(N3\right)\left(\frac{t_4^2}{2!}\right)\left(\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^4}{4!}+t_2^{}\frac{\left(t_2^{}\right)^3}{3!}\right)$$
(5.4.20)
At the highest order at $`N`$ which is $`N^6`$ one gets zero.

$$\left(32N^6+320N^4+488N^2\right)t_4^2\left(t_2^{}\right)^4=\left(32N^6+320N^4+488N^2\right)\left(\frac{Ng_4}{4}\right)^2\left(\frac{2}{Ng}\right)^4=$$
(5.4.21)
$$\frac{g_4^2}{g^4}\left(32N^4+320N^2+488\right)$$

Finely

$$Z(N,g,g_4)=1\frac{g_4}{g^2}\left(\frac{N^2}{2}+\frac{1}{4}\right)+\frac{g_4^2}{g^4}\left(32N^4+320N^2+488\right)+O\left(\frac{g_4^3}{g^6}\right)$$
(5.4.22)
### 5.5 Unitary two-matrix model

Let us consider the integral

$$I^{UM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=_{U\left(n\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m\text{Tr}U_1^m}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m^{}\text{Tr}U_2^m}e^{\text{Tr}U_1^1U_2^1}d_{}U_1d_{}U_2$$
(5.5.1)
This model was considered in . By the Example 3 of the subsection 4.1 we have

$$I^{UM}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\underset{\lambda }{}\frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)}{\left(n\right)_\lambda }=c_n\frac{det\left(e^{a_ib_j}\right)}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(a\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(b\right)}$$
(5.5.2)
(the last formula we obtain via (4.1.11)).This expression coincides with the series HCIZ integral (5.3.6). First this model was identified with HCIZ integral in .

### 5.6 New multi-matrix models which can be solved by the method of orthogonal polynomials and the Schur function expansion

Here we consider new solvable multi-matrix integrals which we obtain with the help of the subsection Angle integration of tau functions. Integration over complex matrices.

Let us remind that the multi-matrix model of Hermitian matrices

$$I=e^{V_1\left(M_1\right)+\mathrm{}+V_N\left(M_N\right)}e^{\text{Tr}M_1M_2}e^{\text{Tr}M_2M_3}\mathrm{}e^{\text{Tr}M_{N1}M_N}𝑑M_1\mathrm{}𝑑M_N$$
(5.6.1)
where $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_N`$ are Hermitian $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrices and

$$V_k\left(M_k\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{\left(k\right)}\text{Tr}M_k^m,k=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(5.6.2)
was shown to be multi-component KP tau function and solved by the method of orthogonal polynomials.

Now we consider more general integral over matrices $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_N`$

$$I=e^{V_1\left(M_1\right)+\mathrm{}+V_N\left(M_N\right)}R_1\left(M_1M_2\right)R_2\left(M_2M_3\right)\mathrm{}R_{N1}\left(M_{N1}M_N\right)𝑑M_1\mathrm{}𝑑M_N$$
(5.6.3)
If we choose the interaction term as hypergeometric function of matrix argument (see (4.3.1))

$$R_k\left(M_kM_{k+1}\right)=\tau _{r_k}(n,𝐭,M_kM_{k+1}),𝐭=(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})$$
(5.6.4)
then due to (4.3.2) it is possible to perform the angle integration over each $`U_k\left(n\right)`$ where $`M_k=U_kX^{\left(k\right)}U_k^+`$, $`X^{\left(k\right)}=diag(x_1^{\left(k\right)},\mathrm{},x_n^{\left(k\right)})`$. Really, (4.3.2) is a tau function which has a determinant representation (4.1.11). Finely we obtain the following integral over eigenvalues $`x_i^{\left(k\right)}\left(i=1,\mathrm{},n;k=1,\mathrm{},N\right)`$:

$$I=c\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\rho _k\left(x_i^{\left(1\right)}x_i^{\left(2\right)}\right)\rho _2\left(x_i^{\left(2\right)}x_i^{\left(3\right)}\right)\mathrm{}\rho _{N1}\left(x_i^{\left(N1\right)}x_i^{\left(N\right)}\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}e^{_{k=1}^N_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}t_m^{\left(k\right)}\left(x_i^{\left(k\right)}\right)^m}dx_i^{\left(k\right)}$$
(5.6.5)
where

$$\rho _k\left(x_i^{\left(k\right)}x_i^{\left(k+1\right)}\right)=\tau _{r_k}(1,𝐭,x_i^{\left(k\right)}x_i^{\left(k+1\right)}),𝐭=(1,0,0,0,\mathrm{})$$
(5.6.6)
(In the case of the familiar multi-matrix model (5.6.1) each $`\rho _k\left(xy\right),k=1,\mathrm{},N`$ is $`e^{xy}`$).

The integral (5.6.5) may be evaluated by the method of orthogonal polynomials $`\left\{p_m(t^𝐍,x)\right\}`$, $`\left\{\pi _m(t^𝐍,x)\right\}`$ which depend on the collection of times $`t^𝐍=(𝐭^{\left(1\right)},𝐭^{\left(2\right)},\mathrm{},𝐭^{\left(N\right)})`$

$$p_m(t^𝐍,x)\pi _n(t^𝐍,y)\omega (t^𝐍,x,y)𝑑x𝑑x=\delta _{nm}e^{\varphi _n\left(t^𝐍\right)},n,m=0,1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(5.6.7)
Each of polynomials is of a form $`p_m(t^𝐍,x)=_{nm}p_{nm}\left(t^𝐍\right)x^n,\pi _m(t^𝐍,x)=_{nm}\pi _{nm}\left(t^𝐍\right)x^n`$, and the weight function is

$$\omega (t^𝐍,x,y)=e^{V_1\left(x\right)+V_N\left(y\right)}\rho _k\left(xx^{\left(2\right)}\right)\rho _2\left(x^{\left(2\right)}x^{\left(3\right)}\right)\mathrm{}\rho _{N1}\left(x^{\left(N1\right)}y\right)\underset{k=2}{\overset{N1}{}}e^{V_k\left(x^{\left(k\right)}\right)}dx^{\left(k\right)}$$
(5.6.8)
We obtain

$$I=c\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}e^{\varphi _k\left(t^𝐍\right)}$$
(5.6.9)
Let us notice that the orthogonal polynomials are Baker-Akhiezer functions of TL hierarchy. Gauss-Zakharov-Shabat factorization problem for TL equation  directly results from the relation (5.6.7)

$$K_+\left(t^𝐍\right)=K_{}\left(t^𝐍\right)e^\mathrm{\Phi }G\left(t^𝐍\right),\mathrm{\Phi }=diag(\varphi _1\left(t^𝐍\right),\varphi _2\left(t^𝐍\right),\mathrm{})$$
(5.6.10)
where

$$\left(K_+\right)_{nm}=\left(\pi ^1\right)_{nm},\left(K_{}\right)_{nm}=p_{nm},G_{nm}=x^ny^m\omega (t^𝐍,x,y)𝑑x𝑑x$$
(5.6.11)
(as it was in the case of two-matrix model ).

The Schur function expansion for these matrix matrix models is given by (1.0.9), where $`K_{\lambda \mu }`$ are expressed via products of skew Schur functions.

### 5.7 Standard scalar product

Let us suggest a realization of the standard scalar product (3.3.2). This scalar product is a particular case of (3.3.9). In this case $`r1`$. This function has no zeroes, therefore the consideration of the previous subsection is not valid. We realize (3.3.2) as follows

$$<f,g>=f\left(𝐭\right)e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\left|t_m\right|^2}g\left(\overline{𝐭}\right)\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{md^2t_m}{\pi }$$
(5.7.1)
where $`\overline{t}_m`$ is the complex conjugated of $`t_m`$. The formula for the scalar product of two tau-functions is similar to (5.1.29):

$$<\tau _{r_1}\left(k\right),\tau _{r_2}\left(m\right)>=\tau _{r_3}\left(0\right)=$$
(5.7.2)
where due to (3.4.8),(3.3.2) $`r_3\left(i\right)=r_1\left(k+i\right)r_2\left(m+i\right)`$, and

$$=\tau _{r_1}(k,𝐭,\gamma )e^{_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}k\left|\gamma _k\right|^2}\tau _{r_2}(m,\overline{\gamma },𝐭^{})\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{kd^2\gamma _k}{\pi }$$
(5.7.3)
Different representation of the standard scalar product one can get in the following way. Consider

$$<\tau _{r_1}\left(k\right),\tau _{r_2}\left(m\right)>_n=_{U\left(n\right)}\tau _{r_1}(k,𝐭,U)\tau _{r_2}(m,U^1,𝐭^{})d_{}U=\underset{l\left(\lambda \right)n}{}\left(r_1r_2\right)_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right),$$
(5.7.4)
where the tau functions of matrix arguments are defined by (4.3.1). In case the restriction $`l\left(\lambda \right)n`$ is irrelevant the standard scalar product coincides with the scalar product $`<,>_n`$ of (5.7.4).

### 5.8 About spectral determinants

In many problems it is interesting to evaluate the following integral over $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrices

$$K(n:a,b,c,d)=\frac{_{i=1}^{p_a}det\left(a_iM_1\right)_{i=1}^{p_b}det\left(b_iM_1\right)}{_{i=1}^{p_c}det\left(c_iM_2\right)_{i=1}^{p_d}det\left(d_iM_2\right)}e^{V_1\left(M_1\right)+V_2\left(M_2\right)}e^{U(M_1,M_2)}dM_1dM_2$$
(5.8.1)
where

$$V_1\left(M_1\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\text{Tr}M_1^m,V_2\left(M_2\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\text{Tr}M_2^m$$
(5.8.2)
The integral (5.8.1) is called a spectral determinant. In case of one matrix model the results for the product of the determinants were obtained in . In the paper  the interesting results were obtained to evaluate the rational expressions of the determinants.

In case the integral

$$I(𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{V_1\left(M_1\right)+V_2\left(M_2\right)}e^{U(M_1,M_2)}𝑑M_1𝑑M_2$$
(5.8.3)
is a tau function of hypergeometric type, the spectral determinant is also a tau-function. By the Wick theorem it is equal to a determinant. Really $`K(x,y)=`$

$$n\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\psi \left(\frac{1}{a_1}\right)\mathrm{}\psi \left(\frac{1}{a_{p_a}}\right)\psi ^{}\left(\frac{1}{c_{p_c}}\right)\mathrm{}\psi ^{}\left(\frac{1}{c_1}\right)g\psi ^{}\left(b_1\right)\mathrm{}\psi ^{}\left(b_{p_b}\right)\psi \left(d_{p_d}\right)\mathrm{}\psi \left(d_1\right)e^{H\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|n$$
(5.8.4)
Look Appendix A below. The explicit expression is rather long and we shall write down it somewhere else.

## 6 Appendices A

### 6.1 Baker-Akhiezer functions and bilinear identities

Vertex operators $`V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)`$, $`V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z)`$ and $`V_0(𝐭^{},z)`$, $`V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z)`$ act on the space $`C[t_1,t_2,\mathrm{}]`$ of polynomials in infinitely many variables, and are defined by the formulae:

$$V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)=z^Me^{\xi (𝐭,z)}e^{\xi (\stackrel{~}{},z^1)},V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z)=z^Me^{\xi (𝐭,z)}e^{\xi (\stackrel{~}{},z^1)},$$
(6.1.1)
$$V_0(𝐭^{},z)=z^Me^{\xi (𝐭^{},z^1)}e^{\xi (\stackrel{~}{}^{},z)},V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z)=z^Me^{\xi (𝐭^{},z^1)}e^{\xi (\stackrel{~}{}^{},z)},$$
(6.1.2)
where $`\stackrel{~}{}=(\frac{}{t_1},\frac{1}{2}\frac{}{t_2},\frac{1}{3}\frac{}{t_3},\mathrm{})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{}^{}=(\frac{}{t_1^{}},\frac{1}{2}\frac{}{t_2^{}},\frac{1}{3}\frac{}{t_3^{}},\mathrm{})`$.

We have the rules of the bosonization:

$`M+1|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\psi \left(z\right)=V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)M|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)},M1|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)=V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z)M|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}},`$ (6.1.3)
$`\psi \left(z\right)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}|M=V_0(𝐭^{},z)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}|M1,\psi ^{}\left(z\right)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}|M=V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}|M+1{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{z}}`$ (6.1.4)
The Baker-Akhiezer functions and conjugated Baker-Akhiezer functions are:

$`w_{\mathrm{}}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)={\displaystyle \frac{V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)\tau }{\tau }},w_{\mathrm{}}^{}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)={\displaystyle \frac{V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z)\tau }{\tau }},`$ (6.1.5)
$`w_0(M,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)={\displaystyle \frac{V_0(𝐭^{},z)\tau \left(M+1\right)}{\tau \left(M\right)}},w_0^{}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)={\displaystyle \frac{V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z)\tau \left(M1\right)}{\tau \left(M\right)}},`$ (6.1.6)
where

$$\tau \left(M\right)=\tau (M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=M\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|M.$$
(6.1.7)
Both KP and TL hierarchies are described by the bilinear identity:

$$w_{\mathrm{}}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)w_{\mathrm{}}^{}(M^{},𝐭^{},𝐭_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{},z)𝑑z=w_0(M,𝐭,𝐭^{},z^1)w_0^{}(M^{},𝐭^{},𝐭_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{},z^1)z^2𝑑z,$$
(6.1.8)
which holds for any $`𝐭,𝐭^{},𝐭^{},𝐭_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ for any integers $`M,M^{}`$.

The Schur functions $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)`$ are well-known examples of tau-functions which correspond to rational solutions of the KP hierarchy. It is known that not any linear combination of Schur functions turns to be a KP tau-function, in order to find these combinations one should solve bilinear difference equation, see , which is actually a version of discrete Hirota equation. Below we shall present KP tau-functions which are infinite series of Schur polynomials, and which turn to be known hypergeometric functions (8.0.11),(8.0.17).

### 6.2 $`H_0(𝐓)`$, fermions $`\psi (T,z),\psi ^{}(T,z)`$, bosonization rules

Throughout this section we assume that $`r,\stackrel{~}{r}0`$.
Put

$$r\left(n\right)=e^{T_{n1}T_n},\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n\right)=e^{\stackrel{~}{T}_{n1}\stackrel{~}{T}_n}$$
(6.2.1)
New variables $`T_n,nZ`$ (and also $`\stackrel{~}{T}_n`$) are defined up to a constant independent of $`n`$.
We define a generator $`H_0\left(T\right)\widehat{gl}\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$ :

$$H_0\left(T\right):=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}T_n:\psi _n^{}\psi _n:,$$
(6.2.2)
which produces the following transformation:

$$e^{H_0\left(T\right)}\psi _ne^{\pm H_0\left(T\right)}=e^{\pm T_n}\psi _n,e^{H_0\left(T\right)}\psi _n^{}e^{\pm H_0\left(T\right)}=e^{T_n}\psi _n^{}$$
(6.2.3)
This is the transformation which sends $`A_m,\stackrel{~}{A}_m`$ of (3.2.14), (3.5.2) to $`H_m,H_m`$ respectively. Therefore

$$e^{H_0\left(\stackrel{~}{T}\right)}\stackrel{~}{A}\left(T\right)e^{H_0\left(\stackrel{~}{T}\right)}=H\left(𝐭\right),e^{H_0\left(T\right)}A\left(𝐭^{}\right)e^{H_0\left(T\right)}=H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right).$$
(6.2.4)
It is convenient to consider the following fermionic operators:

$`\psi (T,z)=e^{H_0\left(T\right)}\psi \left(z\right)e^{H_0\left(T\right)}={\displaystyle \underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{n=+\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{T_n}z^n\psi _n,`$ (6.2.5)
$`\psi ^{}(T,z)=e^{H_0\left(T\right)}{\displaystyle \underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{n=+\mathrm{}}{}}}z^{n1}\psi _n^{}e^{H_0\left(T\right)}={\displaystyle \underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{n=+\mathrm{}}{}}}e^{T_n}z^{n1}\psi _n^{}.`$ (6.2.6)
Now we consider Hirota-Miwa change of variables: $`𝐭=\pm 𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ and $`𝐭^{}=\pm 𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)`$.

Considering (6.1.3),(6.1.4) and using (6.2.4),(6.2.5),(6.2.6) (6.1.3),(6.1.4) we get the following bosonization rules

$`e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)\right)}|M={\displaystyle \frac{\psi (T,y_1)\mathrm{}\psi (T,y_N)|MN}{\mathrm{\Delta }^+(M,N,T,𝐲^N)}},`$ (6.2.7)
$`e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)\right)}|M={\displaystyle \frac{\psi ^{}(T,y_1)\mathrm{}\psi ^{}(T,y_N)|M+N}{\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(M,N,T,𝐲^N)}},`$ (6.2.8)
$`M|e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(T\left(𝐱^N\right)\right)}={\displaystyle \frac{MN|\psi ^{}(\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_N})\mathrm{}\psi ^{}(\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_1})}{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^+(M,N,\stackrel{~}{𝐓},𝐱^N)}},`$ (6.2.9)
$`M|e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)\right)}={\displaystyle \frac{M+N|\psi (\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_N})\mathrm{}\psi (\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_1})}{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}(M,N,\stackrel{~}{𝐓},𝐱^N)}}.`$ (6.2.10)
The coefficients are

$`\mathrm{\Delta }^\pm (M,N,T,𝐲^N)={\displaystyle \frac{_{i<j}^N\left(y_iy_j\right)}{\left(y_1\mathrm{}y_N\right)^{NM}}}\times {\displaystyle \frac{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐓,\mathrm{𝟎})}{\tau (MN,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐓,\mathrm{𝟎})}},`$ (6.2.11)
$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^\pm (M,N,\stackrel{~}{𝐓},𝐱^N)={\displaystyle \frac{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}}}\times {\displaystyle \frac{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\mathrm{𝟎})}{\tau (MN,\mathrm{𝟎},\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\mathrm{𝟎})}},`$ (6.2.12)
where in case $`N=1`$ the Vandermond products $`_{i<j}^N\left(y_iy_j\right),_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)`$ are replaced by $`1`$. The origin of the notation $`\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐓,\mathrm{𝟎})`$ is explained latter, see (6.3.5),(6.3.7), and used for

$$\tau (n,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})=e^{T_{n1}+\mathrm{}+T_1+T_0}=e^{nT_0}\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{kn},n>0,$$
(6.2.13)
$$\tau (0,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})=1,n=0,$$
(6.2.14)
$$\tau (n,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})=e^{T_n\mathrm{}T_2T_1}=e^{nT_0}\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{k+n},n<0.$$
(6.2.15)
Therefore in Hirota-Miwa variables one can rewrite the vacuum expectation of the exponents of (3.5.1) and (3.5.2):

$`M\left|e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)\right)}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)\right)}\right|M=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{MN\left|\psi ^{}(\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_N})\mathrm{}\psi ^{}(\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_1})\psi (T,y_1)\mathrm{}\psi (T,y_N)\right|MN}{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^+(M,N,\stackrel{~}{𝐓},𝐱^N)\mathrm{\Delta }^+(M,N,T,𝐲^N)}},`$ (6.2.16)
$`M\left|e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)\right)}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)\right)}\right|M=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{M+N\left|\psi (\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_N})\mathrm{}\psi (\stackrel{~}{𝐓},\frac{1}{x_1})\psi ^{}(T,y_1)\mathrm{}\psi ^{}(T,y_N)\right|M+N}{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}(M,N,\stackrel{~}{𝐓},𝐱^N)\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(M,N,T,𝐲^N)}}.`$ (6.2.17)
This representation is suitable for an application of Wick rule (3.1.6) , see (6.7.4) below.

### 6.3 Toda lattice tau-function $`\tau (n,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})`$

Here we consider Toda lattice (TL) ,,. Our notations $`M,𝐭,𝐭^{}`$ correspond to the notations $`s,x,y`$ respectively in .

Let us consider a special type TL tau-function (3.1.25), which depends on the three sets of variables $`𝐭,T,𝐭^{}`$ and on $`MZ`$:

$$\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})=M\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}T_n:\psi _n^{}\psi _n:)e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|M,$$
(6.3.1)
where $`:\psi _n^{}\psi _n:=\psi _n^{}\psi _n0\left|\psi _n^{}\psi _n\right|0`$. Since the operator $`_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}:\psi _n^{}\psi _n:`$ commutes with all elements of the $`\widehat{gl}\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$ algebra, one can put $`T_1=0`$ in (6.3.1). With respect to the KP and the TL dynamics the variables $`T_n`$ have a meaning of integrals of motion.

As we shall see the hypergeometric functions (8.0.1),(8.0.4),(8.0.11),(8.0.8) listed in the Appendix are ratios of tau-functions (6.3.1) evaluated at special values of times $`M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{}`$. It is true only in the case when all parameters $`a_k`$ of the hypergeometric functions are non integers. For the case when at least one of the indices $`a_k`$ is an integer, we will need a tau-function of an open Toda chain which will be considered in the Appendix.

Tau-function (6.3.1) is linear in each $`e^{T_n}`$. It is described by the Proposition

###### Proposition 10

$$\frac{\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})}{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})}=1+\underset{\lambda \mathrm{𝟎}}{}e^{\left(T_{M1}T_{\lambda _1+M1}\right)+\left(T_{M2}T_{\lambda _2+M2}\right)+\mathrm{}+\left(T_{Ml}T_{\lambda _l+Ml}\right)}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right).$$
(6.3.2)
The sum is going over all different partitions

$$\lambda =(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _l),l=1,2,3,\mathrm{},$$
(6.3.3)
excluding the partition $`\mathrm{𝟎}`$.

Let $`r0`$,$`\stackrel{~}{r}0`$. Then we put

$$r\left(n\right)=e^{T_{n1}T_n},\stackrel{~}{r}\left(n\right)=e^{\stackrel{~}{T}_{n1}\stackrel{~}{T}_n}.$$
(6.3.4)
to show the equivalence of (3.4.8) and (6.3.2) in this case. We have

$$\tau (n,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})=e^{T_{n1}\mathrm{}T_1T_0}=e^{nT_0}\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{nk},n>0,$$
(6.3.5)
$$\tau (0,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})=1,n=0,$$
(6.3.6)
$$\tau (n,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})=e^{T_n+\mathrm{}+T_2+T_1}=e^{nT_0}\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{kn},n<0.$$
(6.3.7)
###### Proposition 11

Let $`\tau (n,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})`$ is the Toda lattice tau function (6.3.1). Then

$$\frac{\tau (n,𝐭,\stackrel{~}{T}+T,𝐭^{})}{\tau (n,\mathrm{𝟎},\stackrel{~}{T}+T,\mathrm{𝟎})}=n\left|e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\right)}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|n=\tau _{\stackrel{~}{r}r}(n,𝐭,𝐭^{}).$$
(6.3.8)
where

$$A\left(𝐭^{}\right)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_kt_k^{},\stackrel{~}{A}\left(𝐭\right)=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\stackrel{~}{A}_kt_k,$$
(6.3.9)
$`A_k,\stackrel{~}{A}_k`$ are defined by (3.5.3),(3.5.4). The functions $`\stackrel{~}{r},r`$ are related to $`\stackrel{~}{T},T`$ by (6.3.4), the product $`r\stackrel{~}{r}`$ has no zeroes at integer values of it’s argument.

This proposition follows from formulas(6.2.3)-(6.2.4).

We shall consider $`\stackrel{~}{r}=1`$.

The notation $`\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ will be used only for the KP tau-function (3.4.6). Notation $`\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})`$ is used for Toda lattice tau-function. These tau-functions are related via (6.3.8). KP tau-function $`\tau \left(n\right):=\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ obeys the following Hirota equation:

$$\tau \left(n\right)_{t_1^{}}_{t_1}\tau \left(n\right)_{t_1}\tau \left(n\right)_{t_1^{}}\tau \left(n\right)=r\left(n\right)\tau \left(n1\right)\tau \left(n+1\right).$$
(6.3.10)
The equation

$$_{t_1}_{t_1^{}}\varphi _n=r\left(n\right)e^{\varphi _{n1}\varphi _n}r\left(n+1\right)e^{\varphi _n\varphi _{n+1}}$$
(6.3.11)
which is similar to the Toda lattice equation holds for

$$\varphi _n(𝐭,𝐭^{})=\mathrm{log}\frac{\tau _r(n+1,𝐭,𝐭^{})}{\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})}$$
(6.3.12)
Equations (6.3.11) and (6.3.10) are still true in case $`r`$ has zeroes.
If the function $`r`$ has no integer zeroes, using the change of variables

$$\phi _n=\varphi _nT_n,$$
(6.3.13)
we obtain Toda lattice equation in the standard form :

$$_{t_1}_{t_1^{}}\phi _n=e^{\phi _{n+1}\phi _n}e^{\phi _n\phi _{n1}}.$$
(6.3.14)
As we see from (6.3.13) the variables $`T_n`$ might have the meaning of asymptotic values of the fields $`\varphi _n`$ for the class of tau-functions (6.3.1) which is characterized by the property $`\phi _n0`$ as $`t_10`$.

### 6.4 Expansion of $`e^{H_0}`$ and its trace in the Fock subspace $`F_n`$

$$e^{H_0\left(T\right)}=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_n\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda |\lambda ,n\lambda ,n|$$
(6.4.1)
It then follows that the loop

$$<<\tau _r\left(n\right)>>_{r,n}=\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda \left(n\right)=\text{Tr}_{F_n}e^{H_0\left(T\right)}$$
(6.4.2)
where the trace is taken in the $`n`$-th component of Fock space $`F_n`$.

### 6.5 Expressions and linear equations for tau-functions I (Hirota-Miwa variables)

It is well-known fact that tau-functions solves bilinear equations. The class of tau-functions under our consideration solves also linear equations.

The relations of this subsection correspond to the case when at least one set of variables (either $`𝐭`$ or $`𝐭^{}`$ or both ones) is substituted with Hirota-Miwa variables.

In cases $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ (using (6.2.9) and (3.4.3)) and $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ (using (6.2.10) and (3.4.2)) one gets the following representations

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=\mathrm{\Delta }^1\left(e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_1)}\mathrm{}e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_N)}\mathrm{\Delta }\right),\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}}$$
(6.5.1)
$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=\mathrm{\Delta }^1\left(e^{\xi _r(𝐭^{},x_1)}\mathrm{}e^{\xi _r(𝐭^{},x_N)}\mathrm{\Delta }\right),\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1+M}}$$
(6.5.2)
where the exponents are formal series $`e^\xi =1+\xi +\mathrm{}`$, and $`r\left(D_i\right)_kx_k^{a_k}=r\left(a_i\right)_kx_k^{a_k}`$. Let us write down that according to (3.4.4),(3.4.9)

$$\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_i)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\left(x_ir\left(D_i\right)\right)^m,\xi _r(𝐭^{},x)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\left(x_ir\left(D_i\right)\right)^m,D_i=x_i\frac{}{x_i}$$
(6.5.3)
Let us note that $`[\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_n),\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_m)]=0=[\xi _r(𝐭^{},x_n),\xi _r(𝐭^{},x_m)]`$ for all $`n,m`$.

(6.5.2) may be also obtained from (6.5.1) with the help of (3.4.10).

From (6.5.1) it follows for $`m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ that

$$\left(\frac{}{t_m^{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(x_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)\right)^m\right)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})\right)=0,\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}}.$$
(6.5.4)
In case $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N^{}\right)`$ we get

$`\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N^{}\right))={\displaystyle \underset{\lambda P}{}}r_𝐧\left(M\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲^N^{}\right)`$ (6.5.5)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N^{}}{}}}\left(1y_jx_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)\right)^1\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ (6.5.6)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(y\right)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N^{}}{}}}\left(1x_iy_jr\left(D_{y_j}\right)\right)^1\mathrm{\Delta }\left(y\right)`$ (6.5.7)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)=\frac{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}},\mathrm{\Delta }\left(y\right)=\frac{_{i<j}^N^{}\left(y_iy_j\right)}{\left(y_1\mathrm{}y_N\right)^{N^{}1M}}$$
(6.5.8)
Looking at (6.5.6) ,(6.5.7) one derives the following system of linear equations

$$\left(D_{y_j}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{1y_jx_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)}+N\right)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N^{}\right))\right)=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N^{}$$
(6.5.9)
$$\left(D_{x_i}\underset{j=1}{\overset{N^{}}{}}\frac{1}{1x_iy_jr\left(D_{y_j}\right)}+N^{}\right)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(y\right)\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N^{}\right))\right)=0,i=1,\mathrm{},N$$
(6.5.10)
In some examples below we shall take specify $`𝐭^{}`$ as follows.

(1) Let us take

$$mt_m=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_k^m,𝐭^{}=(1,0,0,\mathrm{})$$
(6.5.11)
Then one consider the equation (6.5.19) with $`k=1`$ (taking $`t_1^{}=1`$):

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}e^{x_1r\left(D_1\right)+\mathrm{}+x_Nr\left(D_N\right)}\mathrm{\Delta },$$
(6.5.12)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{NM1}}$$
(6.5.13)
and $`D_i=x_i_{x_i}`$. We get

$$\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}D_i\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_ir\left(D_i\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\right)\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=0$$
(6.5.14)
(2) Let us take

$$mt_m=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_k^m,mt_m^{}=\frac{z^m}{1q^m},m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(6.5.15)
Let us note that the tau-function $`\tau _r(𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ will not change if instead of (6.5.15) one take

$$mt_m=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(zx_k\right)^m,mt_m^{}=\frac{1}{1q^m},m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(6.5.16)
This gives the representation as follows

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{(x_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right);q)_{\mathrm{}}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)$$
(6.5.17)
We see that

$$\left(q^{\frac{N^2N}{2}NM}q^{D_1+\mathrm{}D_N}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(1x_ir\left(D_i\right)\right)\right)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})\right)=0$$
(6.5.18)
We shall write down more linear equations, which follow from the explicit fermionic representation of the tau-function (3.4.6) via the bosonization formulae (6.2) and (6.2) These equations may be also viewed as the constraint which result in the string equations (6.14.4) and (6.14.5).

For the variables $`𝐱^N`$ in case $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$, one can use the relation $`M|A_m=0`$, and makes profit of the relation $`A_m=e^{H_0}H_me^{H_0}`$ inside the fermionic vacuum expectation value (6.2). This way we get the partial differential equations for the tau-function (3.4.8):

$$\frac{\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})}{t_m^{}}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(x_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)\right)^m\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}),m=1,2,3,\mathrm{},$$
(6.5.19)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is proportional to $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^+`$ of (6.2.12):

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}}.$$
(6.5.20)
In variables $`𝐲^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}`$, $`𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right)`$, we can rewrite (6.5.19):

$`\left(1\right)^k{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e_{k1}(\frac{1}{y_1},\mathrm{},\frac{1}{y_{i1}},\frac{1}{y_{i+1}},\mathrm{})}{_{ji}\left(1\frac{y_i}{y_j}\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right))}{y_i}}=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(x_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)\right)^k\right)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right)),`$ (6.5.21)
where $`e_k\left(𝐲\right)`$ is a symmetric function defined through the relation $`_{i=1}^+\mathrm{}\left(1+ty_i\right)=_{k=0}^+\mathrm{}t^ke_k\left(𝐲\right)`$.

Also we have

$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{M+N1}{}}}k{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}D_{x_i}\right)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),T,𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^{\left(N^{}\right)}\right))\mathrm{\Delta }^{}=`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{M+N^{}1}{}}}k{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N^{}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{y_i}}D_{y_i}y_i\right)\right)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),T,𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^{\left(N^{}\right)}\right))\mathrm{\Delta }^{},`$ (6.5.22)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{}(M,N,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐱^N)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{}=\mathrm{\Delta }^{}(M,N,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐲^{\left(N^{}\right)})`$. This formula is obtained by the insertion of the fermionic operator $`res_z:\psi ^{}\left(z\right)z\frac{d}{dz}\psi \left(z\right):`$ inside the fermionic vacuum expectation.

These formulae can be also written in terms of higher KP and TL times, with the help of vertex operator action, see the Subsection “Vertex operator action”. Then the relations (6.5.19) are the infinitesimal version of (6.6.7), while the relation (6.5) is the infinitesimal version of (6.6.8).

In some examples below we shall take specify $`𝐭^{}`$ as follows. (1) Let us take

$$mt_m=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_k^m,𝐭^{}=(t_1^{},0,0,\mathrm{})$$
(6.5.23)
One notes that that the tau-function $`\tau _r(𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ will not change if instead of (6.5.15) one take

$$mt_m=\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(t_1x_k\right)^m,𝐭^{}=(1,0,0,\mathrm{})$$
(6.5.24)
Then one consider the equation (6.5.19) with $`k=1`$, taking $`t_1=1`$. We put $`D_i=x_i_{x_i}`$ and get

$$\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}D_i\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_ir\left(D_i\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\right)\tau _r(𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=0$$
(6.5.25)
where $`r`$ is given by (6.12.1), and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{NM1}}$$
(6.5.26)
### 6.6 The vertex operator action. Linear equations for tau-functions II

Now we present relations between hypergeometric functions which follow from the soliton theory, for instance see ,. (In  there were few misprints in the formulae presented below). Let us introduce the operators which act on functions of $`𝐭`$ variables:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}(𝐭,𝐭^{}):=\underset{ϵ0}{lim}\text{res}_{z=0}V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z+ϵ)\xi _r(𝐭^{},z^1)V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)\frac{dz}{z},$$
(6.6.1)
$$\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(0\right)}(𝐭^{},𝐭):=\underset{ϵ0}{lim}\text{res}_{z=0}V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z+ϵ)\xi _r^{\left(0\right)}(𝐭,z)V_0(𝐭^{},z)\frac{dz}{z},$$
(6.6.2)
where $`V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z),V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z),V_0(𝐭^{},z),V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z)`$ are defined by (6.1.1), and

$$\xi _r(𝐭^{},z^1)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\left(\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)\right)^m,\xi _r^{\left(0\right)}(𝐭,z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\left(r\left(D\right)z\right)^m$$
(6.6.3)
For instance

$$r=1:\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}(𝐭,𝐭^{})=\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(0\right)}(𝐭^{},𝐭)=\underset{n>0}{}nt_nt_n^{}.$$
(6.6.4)
Also we consider

$$Z_{nn}\left(𝐭\right)=\text{res}_{z=0}\text{res}_{z^{}=0}\frac{z^n}{z_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}}V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z^{})V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)\frac{dzdz^{}}{zz^{}},$$
(6.6.5)
$$Z_{nn}^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)=\text{res}_{z=0}\text{res}_{z^{}=0}\frac{z^n}{z_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}}V_0^{}(𝐭^{},z^{})V_0(𝐭^{},z)\frac{dzdz^{}}{zz^{}}.$$
(6.6.6)
The bosonization formulae (6.1.3),(6.1.4) result in

###### Proposition 12

We have shift argument formulae for the tau function (3.4.8):

$$e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}(𝐭,\gamma )}\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{}+\gamma ),e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(0\right)}(𝐭^{},\gamma )}\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau _r(M,𝐭+\gamma ,𝐭^{}).$$
(6.6.7)
Also we have

$$e^{_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\gamma _{n+M}Z_{nn}\left(𝐭\right)}\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})=e^{_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\gamma _{n+M}Z_{nn}^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})=\tau (M,𝐭,T+\gamma ,𝐭^{}),$$
(6.6.8)
For instance

$$e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}(𝐭,𝐭^{})}1=e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_r^{\left(0\right)}(𝐭^{},𝐭)}1=\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})$$
(6.6.9)
Also

$$e^{_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}T_{n+M}Z_{nn}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}nt_nt_n^{}\right)=e^{_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}T_{n+M}Z_{nn}^{}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}nt_nt_n^{}\right)=\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{}).$$
(6.6.10)
### 6.7 Determinant formulae I (Hirota-Miwa variables)

In the case $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ one can apply Wick theorem  to obtain a determinant formulae.

###### Proposition 13

A generalization of Milne’s determinant formula

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=\frac{det\left(x_i^{Nk}\tau _r(Mk+1,𝐭\left(x_i\right),𝐭^{})\right)_{i,k=1}^N}{det\left(x_i^{Nk}\right)_{i,k=1}^N}.$$
(6.7.1)
Proof follows from the representation (6.5.1):

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=\mathrm{\Delta }^1\left(e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_1)}\mathrm{}e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_N)}\mathrm{\Delta }\right),\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}},$$
(6.7.2)
from the explicit form of the Vandermond determinant: $`_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)=det\left(x_i^{Nk}\right)`$ and from the representation (6.7.2) for the case when the number of variables $`x`$ is equal to one as:

$$\tau _r(Mk+1,𝐭\left(x_i\right),𝐭^{})=e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_i)}x_i^{Mk+1}$$
(6.7.3)
where $`𝐭\left(x_i\right)=(x_i,\frac{x_i^2}{2},\frac{x_i^3}{3},\mathrm{})`$.

In the case $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)`$ we apply to (6.2) the Wick theorem to obtain a different Proposition

###### Proposition 14

For $`r0`$ we take a tau function $`\tau _r(M,𝐭(𝐱^N),𝐭^{}(𝐲^N))`$ and apply Wick’s theorem. We get the determinant formula:

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right))=\frac{c_M}{c_{MN}}\frac{det\left(\tau _r(MN+1,x_i,y_j)\right)_{i,j=1}^N}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐱^N\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(𝐲^N\right)},$$
(6.7.4)
where

$$c_n=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{kn}$$
(6.7.5)
$$\tau _r(MN+1,x_i,y_j)=1+r\left(MN+1\right)x_iy_j+r\left(MN+1\right)r\left(MN+2\right)x_i^2y_j^2+\mathrm{}$$
(6.7.6)
One can prove it also either from the representation (6.5.6) or from the representation (6.5.7).

### 6.8 Determinant formulae II (The case $`𝐫(\mathrm{𝟎})=\mathrm{𝟎}`$.)

There is also determinant formulae for tau functions in variables $`𝐭,𝐭^{}`$. These one we get in case the function $`r`$ has zeroes. If $`r\left(0\right)=0`$ and $`n>0`$ then

$$\tau _r(n,𝐭,𝐭^{})=c_ndet\left(\frac{^{a+b}}{t_1^at_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{b}}\tau _r(1,𝐭,𝐭^{})\right)_{a,b=0}^{n1}$$
(6.8.1)
$$c_n=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(r\left(k\right)\right)^{kn}$$
(6.8.2)
### 6.9 Integral representations I (Hirota-Miwa variables)

In the case $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)`$ we get an integral representation formulae. For the fermions (6.2.5) we easily get the relations:

$$\psi (T,\alpha z)𝑑\mu \left(\alpha \right)=\psi (T+T\left(\mu \right),z),\psi ^{}(T,\frac{1}{\alpha z})𝑑\stackrel{~}{\mu }\left(\alpha \right)=\psi ^{}(TT\left(\stackrel{~}{\mu }\right),\frac{1}{z})$$
(6.9.1)
where $`\mu ,\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ are some integration measures, and shifts of times $`T_n`$ are defined in terms of the moments:

$$\alpha ^n𝑑\mu \left(\alpha \right)=e^{T_n\left(\mu \right)},\alpha ^n𝑑\stackrel{~}{\mu }\left(\alpha \right)=e^{T_n\left(\stackrel{~}{\mu }\right)}.$$
(6.9.2)
Therefore thanks to the bosonization formulae (6.2) we have the relations for the tau-function; below $`𝐭^{}`$ is defined via Hirota-Miwa variables.

###### Proposition 15

Integral representation formula holds

$`{\displaystyle \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\stackrel{~}{T}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }𝐱^N\right)\frac{\tau (M,𝐭\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }𝐱^N\right),T+\stackrel{~}{T},𝐭\left(\alpha 𝐲_{\left(N\right)}\right))}{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},T+\stackrel{~}{T},\mathrm{𝟎})}\mathrm{\Delta }_T\left(\alpha 𝐲_{\left(N\right)}\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}d\stackrel{~}{\mu }\left(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}d\mu \left(\alpha _i\right)}`$
$`=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\stackrel{~}{T}+\stackrel{~}{T}\left(\stackrel{~}{\mu }\right)}\left(𝐱^N\right){\displaystyle \frac{\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),T+\stackrel{~}{T}+\stackrel{~}{T}\left(\stackrel{~}{\mu }\right)+T\left(\mu \right),𝐭\left(𝐲^N\right))}{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},T+\stackrel{~}{T}+\stackrel{~}{T}\left(\stackrel{~}{\mu }\right)+T\left(\mu \right),\mathrm{𝟎})}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{T+T\left(\mu \right)}\left(𝐲^N\right).`$ (6.9.3)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_T(\alpha 𝐲_{(N)})=\mathrm{\Delta }^+(M,N,T,\alpha 𝐲_{(N)})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\stackrel{~}{T}}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }𝐱^N)=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^+(M,N,\stackrel{~}{T},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }𝐱^N)`$,
$`\alpha 𝐲_{(N)}=(\alpha _1y_1,\alpha _2y_2,\mathrm{},\alpha _Ny_N)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }𝐱^N=(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1x_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_2x_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_Nx_N)`$. In particular

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\tau (M,𝐭,T,𝐭\left(\alpha 𝐲_{\left(N\right)}\right))}{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})}\mathrm{\Delta }_T\left(\alpha 𝐲_{\left(N\right)}\right)\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}d\mu \left(\alpha _i\right)}=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\tau (M,𝐭,T+T\left(\mu \right),𝐭\left(𝐲^N\right))}{\tau (M,\mathrm{𝟎},T+T\left(\mu \right),\mathrm{𝟎})}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{T+T\left(\mu \right)}\left(𝐲^N\right).`$ (6.9.4)
Remember that arbitrary linear combination of tau-functions is not a tau-function. Formulae (15) and also (15) give the integral representations for the tau-function (3.4.6). It may help to express a tau-function with the help of a more simple one.

We shall use the following integrals

$$\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1}}_C\psi ^{}(T,\frac{\alpha }{x})e^\alpha \alpha ^b𝑑\alpha =\psi ^{}(TT^b,\frac{1}{x}),$$
(6.9.5)
$$_0^{\mathrm{}}\psi ^{}(T,\frac{1}{\alpha x})e^\alpha \alpha ^{a1}𝑑\alpha =\psi ^{}(TT^a,\frac{1}{x}),$$
(6.9.6)
$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(ba\right)}_0^1\psi ^{}(T,\frac{1}{\alpha x})\alpha ^{a1}\left(1\alpha \right)^{ba1}𝑑\alpha =\psi ^{}(TT^c,\frac{1}{x}),$$
(6.9.7)
where $`C`$ in (6.9.5) starts at $`\mathrm{}`$ on the real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise direction and returns to the starting point, and

$$T_n^b=\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+n+1\right),T_n^a=\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+n+1\right),T_n^c=\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b+n+1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+n+1\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(ba\right)}.$$
(6.9.8)
Let us remind that q-versions of exponential function, of gamma function and of beta function are known as follows

$$\mathrm{exp}_q\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{(x\left(1q\right);q)_{\mathrm{}}},\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(x\right)=\left(1q\right)^{1a}\frac{(q;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(q^x;q)_{\mathrm{}}},B_q(x,y)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(x\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(y\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(x+y\right)}$$
(6.9.9)
Gamma and beta functions have the $`q`$-integral representations

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(x\right)=q^x_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\alpha ^{x1}}{\mathrm{exp}_q\left(\alpha \right)}d_q\alpha ,B_q(x,y)=_0^1\alpha ^{x1}\frac{(\alpha q;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(\alpha q^y;q)_{\mathrm{}}}d_q\alpha $$
(6.9.10)
where $`q`$-integral are defined as

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}f\left(x\right)d_qx=\left(1q\right)\underset{j=\mathrm{}}{\overset{j=\mathrm{}}{}}q^jf\left(q^j\right),_0^cf\left(x\right)d_qx=c\left(1q\right)\underset{j=0}{\overset{j=\mathrm{}}{}}q^jf\left(cq^j\right)$$
(6.9.11)
The following $`q`$-integrals will be of use:

$$\frac{q^a}{q1}_0^{\mathrm{}}\psi ^{}(T,\frac{q}{\alpha \left(1q\right)x})\frac{\alpha ^{a1}}{\mathrm{exp}_q\left(\alpha \right)}d_q\alpha =\psi ^{}(TT(a,q),\frac{1}{x}),$$
(6.9.12)
$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(ba\right)}_0^1\psi ^{}(T,\frac{1}{\alpha x})\alpha ^{a1}\frac{(\alpha q;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(\alpha q^{ba};q)_{\mathrm{}}}d_q\alpha =\psi ^{}(TT(a,b,q),\frac{1}{x}).$$
(6.9.13)
where, as one can check using (6.9.10),

$$T_n(a,q)=\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\left(1q\right)^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a+n+1\right)},T_n(a,b,q)=\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(b+n+1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a+n+1\right)}.$$
(6.9.14)
In the same way one can consider Hirota-Miwa variables (1.0.8). In the Examples below we shall present hypergeometric functions listed in the Subsections 1.2 and 1.3 as tau-functions of the type (6.2). Then we are able to write down integration formulae, namely (15), which express $`{}_{p+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}`$ and $`{}_{p+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s+1}^{}`$ in terms of $`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}`$ with the help of (6.9.12), (6.9.13) and (15). In  different integral representation formula was presented, which was based on the $`q`$-analog of Selberg’s integral of Askey and Kadell. By taking the limit $`q1`$ one can consider functions $`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}`$. Using (6.9.8), one can express $`{}_{p+1}{}^{}_{s}^{}`$, $`{}_{p+1}{}^{}_{s+1}^{}`$ and $`{}_{p}{}^{}_{s+1}^{}`$ as integrals of $`{}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}`$ with the help of (6.9.6), (6.9.7) and (6.9.5) respectively.

### 6.10 Integral representations II

Now let us consider the case when $`\tau _r`$ depends on $`T,𝐭^{}`$. Using (3.4.7) and (5.1.21) one gets the integral representation for $`\tau _r`$ in case the function $`r`$ has zero. Let us again choose $`r\left(0\right)=0`$. The have the representation described above

###### Proposition 16

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z^{}\right)\underset{k=1}{\overset{M}{}}e^{_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}\left(z_k^nt_n+z_{k}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}t_n^{}\right)}\mu _r\left(z_kz_{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}\right)dz_kdz_k^{}$$
(6.10.1)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z\right)=\underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{}}\left(z_iz_j\right),\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z^{}\right)=\underset{i<j}{\overset{M}{}}\left(z_i^{}z_j^{}\right)$$
(6.10.2)
and $`\mu _r`$ is defined by (5.1.10 ),(5.1.2).

Now it is interesting to notice that if the series $`\tau _{1/r}`$ (which defines $`\mu _r`$, see (5.1.10)) is a convergent series then the series $`\tau _r`$ may be divergent one. In this case one can consider the integral $`I_r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ is an analog of Borel sum for the divergent series $`\tau _r`$, see .

### 6.11 Rational $`r`$ and their $`q`$-deformations

Lemma 1 If

$$r\left(n\right)=\frac{_{i=1}^p\left(n+a_i\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(n+b_i\right)}$$
(6.11.1)
then

$$r_\lambda \left(n\right)=\left(s_\lambda \left(\gamma \left(+\mathrm{}\right)\right)\right)^{sp}\frac{_{k=1}^ps_\lambda \left(\gamma \left(a_k+n\right)\right)}{_{k=1}^ss_\lambda \left(\gamma \left(b_k+n\right)\right)}$$
(6.11.2)
where

$$\gamma \left(\mathrm{}\right)=(1,0,0,\mathrm{}),\gamma \left(a\right)=(\frac{a}{1},\frac{a}{2},\frac{a}{3},\mathrm{})$$
(6.11.3)
and $`s_\lambda \left(\gamma \right)`$ are Schur functions as functions of variables $`\gamma `$ according to (2.1.9) and (2.1.12).$`\mathrm{}`$

Lemma 2 If

$$r\left(n\right)=\frac{_{i=1}^p\left(1+q^{n+a_i}\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(1+q^{n+b_i}\right)}$$
(6.11.4)
then

$$r_\lambda \left(n\right)=\left(s_\lambda \left(\gamma (+\mathrm{},q)\right)\right)^{sp}\frac{_{k=1}^ps_\lambda \left(\gamma (a_k+n,q)\right)}{_{k=1}^ss_\lambda \left(\gamma (b_k+n,q)\right)}$$
(6.11.5)
where

$$\gamma _m(a,q)=\frac{1\left(q^a\right)^m}{m\left(1q^m\right)},\gamma (+\mathrm{},q)=\frac{1}{m\left(1q^m\right)},m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(6.11.6)
$`\mathrm{}`$ For the proof we use the following relations (see ):

$$(q^a;q)_\lambda =\underset{(i,j)\lambda }{}\left(1q^{a+ji}\right)=\frac{s_\lambda \left(\gamma (a,q)\right)}{s_\lambda \left(\gamma (+\mathrm{},q)\right)},\left(a\right)_\lambda =\underset{(i,j)\lambda }{}\left(a+ji\right)=\frac{s_\lambda \left(\gamma \left(a\right)\right)}{s_\lambda (\gamma (+\mathrm{})},$$
(6.11.7)
Now we see that for arbitrary complex $`b`$ we have

###### Proposition 17

$$<e^{\gamma _1},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}}>_{r,n}=<e^{\left(b+n\right)_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\gamma _m},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}}>_{r_b,n},r_b\left(k\right):=\frac{r\left(k\right)}{b+k}.$$
(6.11.8)
Also we have

$$<e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\gamma _m}{1q^m}},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}}>_{r,n}=<e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\gamma _m\left(1q^{b+n+m}\right)}{1q^m}},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}}>_{r_b,n},r_b\left(k\right):=\frac{r\left(k\right)}{1q^{b+k}}.$$
(6.11.9)
Let us note that parameters $`\gamma _m(a,q)`$ and $`\gamma _m\left(a\right)`$ are chosen via ’generalized Hirota-Miwa transforms’ (6.11.6),(6.11.3) with ’multiplicity $`a`$’. Remember that $`\left|q\right|<1`$. Due to

$`s_\lambda \left(\gamma (+\mathrm{},q)\right)=\underset{a+\mathrm{}}{lim}s_\lambda \left(\gamma (a,q)\right)={\displaystyle \frac{q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}}{H_\lambda \left(q\right)}},`$ (6.11.10)
$`s_\lambda \left(\gamma \left(+\mathrm{}\right)\right)=\underset{a+\mathrm{}}{lim}s_\lambda ({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _1\left(a\right)}{a}},{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _2\left(a\right)}{a^2}},\mathrm{})=\underset{a+\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^{\left|\lambda \right|}}}s_\lambda \left(\gamma \left(a\right)\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{H_\lambda }}.`$ (6.11.11)
This allows to rewrite the series (6.12) and (6.12.25) only in terms of Schur functions, see .

For functions $`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}`$ of (6.12),(6.12.9) and $`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}`$ of (6.12.25),(6.12.26) we use the results of subsection 5.4 to derive the following representations

$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|𝐱^N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}}e^{x_1r\left(D_1\right)+\mathrm{}+x_Nr\left(D_N\right)}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ (6.11.12)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(1x_i{\displaystyle \frac{r\left(D_i\right)}{b+D_i}}\right)^b\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ (6.11.13)
$`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,𝐱^N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(x_ir\left(D_i\right);q)_{\mathrm{}}}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ (6.11.14)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(x_iq^br\left(D_i\right)\left(1q^{b+D_i}\right)^1;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(x_ir\left(D_i\right);q)_{\mathrm{}}}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ (6.11.15)
where $`D_i=x_i\frac{}{x_i}`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ is defined in (6.5.8), the notation $`(b;q)_{\mathrm{}}`$ see in (8.0.5).

### 6.12 Examples of hypergeometric series

The main point of this subsection is the observation that if $`r\left(D\right)`$ is a rational function of $`D`$ then $`\tau _r`$ is a hypergeometric series. If $`r\left(D\right)`$ is a rational function of $`q^D`$ we obtain $`q`$-deformed hypergeometric series. Concerning the hypergeometric functions see Appendix C. Now let us consider various $`r\left(D\right)`$.

Example 1 Let all parameters $`b_k`$ be non integers.

$${}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{}\left(D\right)=\frac{\left(D+a_1\right)\left(D+a_2\right)\mathrm{}\left(D+a_p\right)}{\left(D+b_1\right)\left(D+b_2\right)\mathrm{}\left(D+b_s\right)}.$$
(6.12.1)
For the vacuum expectation value (3.4.8) we have:

$${}_{}{}^{p}\tau _{r}^{s}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\underset{\lambda }{}s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)\frac{\left(a_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p+M\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s+M\right)_\lambda }.$$
(6.12.2)
Let us notice that if we put

$$t_1^{}=1,t_i^{}=0,i>1,$$
(6.12.3)
then $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)=H_\lambda ^1`$ (see (6.11.11)), where $`H_\lambda `$ is the following hook product:

$`H_\lambda ={\displaystyle \underset{(i,j)\lambda }{}}h_{ij},h_{ij}=\left(\lambda _i+\lambda _j^{}ij+1\right).`$ (6.12.4)
Thus for $`𝐭^{}`$ as in (6.12.3) the tau function (6.12.2) yields the hypergeometric function related to Schur functions as follows:

$`{}_{}{}^{p}\tau _{r}^{s}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})={}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|t_1,t_2,\mathrm{}\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p+M\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s+M\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)}{H_\lambda }}.`$ (6.12.5)
As an example taking $`a_1=0`$, $`𝐭=(t_1,0,0,\mathrm{})`$, $`𝐭^{}=(t_1^{},0,0,\mathrm{})`$ we obtain the well-known ordinary hypergeometric function of one variable:

$${}_{p1}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_2\pm 1,\mathrm{},a_p\pm 1;b_1\pm 1,\mathrm{},b_s\pm 1;\pm t_1t_1^{})=\tau _r(\pm 1,𝐭,𝐭^{}),r\left(n\right)=n\frac{_{i=2}^p\left(a_i+n\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(b_i+n\right)}$$
(6.12.6)
Now we take $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}=(1,0,0,\mathrm{})`$ then the (6.12) turns out to be the known hypergeometric function of matrix argument $`𝐗`$ ,:

$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|𝐗\right)={}_{}{}^{p}\tau _{r}^{s}(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p+M\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s+M\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)}{H_\lambda }}.`$ (6.12.7)
This function depends only on the eigenvalues of the matrix $`𝐗`$ which are $`𝐱^N=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)`$. The hypergeometric function of matrix argument is also known as the hypergeometric function (8.0.17) related to zonal polynomials for the symmetric space $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$ ,. Here $`x_i=z_i^1,i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ are the eigenvalues of the matrix $`𝐗`$, and for zonal spherical polynomials there is the following matrix integral representation

$$Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right)=Z_\lambda \left(𝐈_N\right)_{U(N,C)}\mathrm{\Delta }^\lambda \left(U^{}𝐗U\right)d_{}U,$$
(6.12.8)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }^\lambda \left(𝐗\right)=\mathrm{\Delta }_1^{\lambda _1\lambda _2}\mathrm{\Delta }_2^{\lambda _2\lambda _3}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{\lambda _N}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1,\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_N`$ are main minors of the matrix $`𝐗`$, $`d_{}U`$ is the invariant measure on $`U(N,C)`$, see . In our case $`Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right)`$ coincides with the Schur function $`s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)`$.

Due to (6.5.1) hypergeometric function (6.12) has the representation as follows

$${}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}|𝐱^N\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{exp}\left(x_1r\left(D_1\right)\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{exp}\left(x_Nr\left(D_N\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta },$$
(6.12.9)
where $`D_i=x_i\frac{}{x_i}`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{NM1}}$$
(6.12.10)
(See also (6.11.13) for different representations).

Now let us take $`𝐭^{}=(t_1^{},0,0,\mathrm{})`$. Then we get the same function (6.12), but with each $`x_i`$ changed by $`t_1^{}x_i`$. Then one consider the equation (6.5.19) with $`k=1`$. We put $`D_i=x_i_{x_i}`$ and get

$$\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}D_i\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_ir\left(D_i\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }\right){}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}|𝐱^N\right)=0$$
(6.12.11)
where $`r`$ is given by (6.12.1), and $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ see in (6.12.10).

Taking $`N=1,𝐭^{}=(1,0,0,\mathrm{})`$ we obtain the ordinary hypergeometric function of one variable $`x=x_1`$, which is (compare with (6.12.6)):

$${}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M;b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M;x)=x^Me^{xr\left(D\right)}x^M,D=x\frac{d}{dx}$$
(6.12.12)
The ordinary hypergeometric series satisfies the known hypergeometric equation (we put $`M=0`$) written in the following form:

$$\left(_x{}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{}\left(D\right)\right){}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;x)=0,D:=x_x.$$
(6.12.13)
This relation helps us to understand a meaning of the function $`r`$.
It is known that the series (6.12) diverges if $`p>s+1`$ (until any of $`a_i+M`$ is non positive integer). In case $`p=s+1`$ it converges in certain domain in the vicinity of $`𝐱^N=\mathrm{𝟎}`$. For $`p<s+1`$ the series (6.12) converges for all $`𝐱^N`$. These known facts (see ) can be also obtained with the help of the determinant representation (6.7.1) and properties of (8.0.1).

Now we have the following representations:

$`{}_{p+1}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}`$ (6.12.14)
$`\left(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _N\right)^{aN}e^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _N}{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|\alpha _1x_1,\mathrm{},\alpha _Nx_N\right){\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(\alpha _ix_i\alpha _jx_j\right)d\alpha _1\mathrm{}d\alpha _N`$
Hankel type of representation

$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s+1}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b,b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(2\pi \sqrt{1}\right)^N}}{\displaystyle _C}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _C}`$ (6.12.15)
$`\left(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _N\right)^{1Nb}e^{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _N}{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|{\displaystyle \frac{x_1}{\alpha _1}},\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \frac{x_N}{\alpha _N}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(\alpha _ix_i\alpha _jx_j\right)d\alpha _1\mathrm{}d\alpha _N`$
where $`C`$ starts at $`\mathrm{}`$ on the real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise direction and returns to the starting point.

Beta type representation:

$`{}_{p+1}{}^{}F_{s+1}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b,b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(ba\right)}}\right)^N{\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _0^1}`$ (6.12.16)
$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|\alpha _1x_1,\mathrm{},\alpha _Nx_N\right){\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(\alpha _ix_i\alpha _jx_j\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\alpha _i^{aN}\left(1\alpha _i\right)^{ba1}d\alpha _i`$
Let us notice that according to  the logarithmic derivative of the hypergeometric function (6.12) $`u\left(x\right)=\frac{d}{dx}\mathrm{log}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{p,q}{n}|t_1=x,0,0,\mathrm{}\right)`$ is a solution of the Painleve V equation.

Example 2. Let us consider $`N`$ by $`N`$ matrices $`𝐗,𝐘`$ with eigenvalues $`𝐱^N=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N),𝐲^N=(y_1,\mathrm{},y_N)`$ respectively. In order to get a hypergeometric function of two matrix variables $`𝐗,𝐘`$, see (8.0.17) in the Appendix C, we put

$${}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{}\left(n\right)=\frac{_{i=1}^p\left(a_i+n\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(b_i+n\right)}\frac{1}{NM+n},$$
(6.12.17)
Notice that $`r`$ now explicitly depends on $`N`$.

Taking into account the relations (6.11.7) and (6.11.11) we get

$$\left(N\right)_\lambda =H_\lambda s_\lambda \left(𝐭\left(\mathrm{𝟏}^N\right)\right),\mathrm{𝟏}^N=(1,1,\mathrm{},1)$$
(6.12.18)
and putting $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ and $`𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)`$ we obtain the hypergeometric function of (8.0.17):

$`M\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)\right)}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)\right)}\right|M={}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|𝐗,𝐘\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲^N\right)}{\left(N\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p+M\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1+M\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s+M\right)_\lambda }}.`$ (6.12.19)
Due to (6.5.8) hypergeometric function (6.12) has the representation as follows ($`r={}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{}`$):

$${}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}|𝐱^N,𝐲^N\right)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(1y_jx_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)\right)^1\mathrm{\Delta }$$
(6.12.20)
Here and below the inverse operator $`\left(1y_jx_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)\right)^1`$ is a formal series $`1+y_jx_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)+\mathrm{}`$.

For example when $`N=1`$ we get the ordinary hypergeometric function of one variable $`xy=x_1y_1`$’:

$${}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M;b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M;xy)=x^M\left(1xyr\left(D_x\right)\right)^1x^M$$
(6.12.21)
Looking at (6.12.9) one derives the following linear equation

$$\left(D_{y_j}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{1y_jx_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right)}+N\right)\left(\mathrm{\Delta }{}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}|𝐱^N,𝐲^N\right)\right)=0$$
(6.12.22)
Example 3 The $`q`$-generalization of the Example 3 is Milne’s hypergeometric function of the single set of variables. To get it we choose

$${}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{\left(q\right)}\left(n\right)=\frac{_{i=1}^p\left(1q^{a_i+n}\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(1q^{b_i+n}\right)}.$$
(6.12.23)
We take $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^{\mathrm{}}\right)`$. By putting

$$y_k=q^{k1},k=1,2,\mathrm{},t_m^{}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{y_k^m}{m}=\frac{1}{m\left(1q^m\right)},m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(6.12.24)
we have $`s_\lambda \left(𝐭^{}\right)=q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}H_\lambda \left(q\right)`$, see (6.11.10). We get Milne’s hypergeometric function (8.0.11):

$`M\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|M={}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,𝐱^N\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{a_1+M};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{a_p+M};q)_\lambda }{(q^{b_1+M};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{b_s+M};q)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}}{H_\lambda \left(q\right)}}s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right).`$ (6.12.25)
According to (6.5.8),(6.12.24) we have the following representation

$`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,𝐱^N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(x_ir\left(D_{x_i}\right);q)_{\mathrm{}}}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(x\right)`$ (6.12.26)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{exp}_q\left(x_1r\left(D_1\right)\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{exp}_q\left(x_Nr\left(D_N\right)\right)\mathrm{\Delta }`$
(the notations $`(b;q)_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\mathrm{exp}_q\left(\alpha \right)`$ see in (8.0.5), (6.9.9), $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the same as in (6.12.10)). (See also (6.11.15) for different representation).

For this hypergeometric functions we have the linear equation (6.5.18) (where we choose $`r`$ due to (6.12.23)), which is $`q`$-difference equation. For instance for the case $`N=1,M=0`$ we get (compare it with (6.12.13))

$$\left(\frac{1}{x}\left(1q^D\right){}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{\left(q\right)}\left(D\right)\right){}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;q,x)=0,D:=x_x,$$
(6.12.27)
where $`{}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{\left(q\right)}\left(D\right)`$ is defined by (6.12.23). Milne-s function itself for $`N=1`$ is the ordinary basic hypergeometric function:

$`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,x\right)={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{a_1+M};q)_n\mathrm{}(q^{a_p+M};q)_n}{(q^{b_1+M};q)_n\mathrm{}(q^{b_s+M};q)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^n}{(q;q)_n}},x=x_1`$ (6.12.28)
Let us take $`M=0`$. We have the following integral representation

$`{}_{p+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|q,x_1,\mathrm{},x_N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{\left(1\right)^Nq^{\frac{NN^2}{2}Na}}{\left(1q\right)^{\frac{3NN^2}{2}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}`$ (6.12.29)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(\alpha _ix_i\alpha _jx_j\right){}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|q,{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _1\left(1q\right)x_1}{q}},\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _N\left(1q\right)x_N}{q}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _i^{a1}}{\mathrm{exp}_q\left(\alpha _i\right)}}d_q\alpha _i`$
Also we have the Beta-type representation:

$`{}_{p+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s+1}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a,a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b,b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|q,x_1,\mathrm{},x_N\right)=\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(ba\right)}}\right)^N{\displaystyle \frac{1}{_{i<j}^N\left(x_ix_j\right)}}{\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle _0^1}`$ (6.12.30)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(\alpha _ix_i\alpha _jx_j\right){}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|q,\alpha _1x_1,\mathrm{}\alpha _Nx_N\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\alpha _{i}^{}{}_{}{}^{a1}{\displaystyle \frac{(\alpha _iq;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(\alpha _iq^{ba};q)_{\mathrm{}}}}d_q\alpha _i`$
Example 4. To obtain Milne’s hypergeometric function of two sets of variables $`𝐱^N,𝐲^N`$, we take $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ and $`𝐭^{}=𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right)`$. This choice restricts the sum over partitions $`\lambda `$ with $`l\left(\lambda \right)N`$. We put

$${}_{p}{}^{}r_{s}^{\left(q\right)}\left(n\right)=\frac{_{i=1}^p\left(1q^{a_i+n}\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(1q^{b_i+n}\right)}\frac{1}{1q^{NM+n}},$$
(6.12.31)
$`e^{T_n}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(1q\right)^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(n+NM+1\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{_{i=1}^p\left(1q\right)^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a_i+n+1\right)}{_{i=1}^s\left(1q\right)^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(b_i+n+1\right)}},`$ (6.12.32)
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a\right)=\left(1q\right)^{1a}{\displaystyle \frac{(q;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(q^a,q)_{\mathrm{}}}},(q^a,q)_n=\left(1q\right)^n{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a+n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a\right)}}.`$ (6.12.33)
Here $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a\right)`$ is a $`q`$-deformed Gamma-function

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a\right)=\left(1q\right)^{1a}\frac{(q;q)_{\mathrm{}}}{(q^a,q)_{\mathrm{}}},(q^a,q)_n=\left(1q\right)^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a+n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q\left(a\right)}.$$
(6.12.34)
Using (6.11.7) and (6.11.10) (see III of ) we get

$$(q^{NM};q)_\lambda =q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}H_\lambda \left(q\right)s_\lambda (1,q,\mathrm{},q^{N1})$$
(6.12.35)
(see Appendix C for the notations) and we obtain the Milne’s formula (8.0.18)

$`\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{}\left(𝐲^N\right))={}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,𝐱^N,𝐲^N\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}}{H_\lambda \left(q\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲^N\right)}{s_\lambda (1,q,\mathrm{},q^{N1})}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{a_1+M};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{a_p+M};q)_\lambda }{(q^{b_1+M};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{b_s+M};q)_\lambda }}.`$ (6.12.36)
This is the KP tau-function (but not the TL one because (6.12.31) depends on TL variable $`M`$).

We have the same type of representation (6.12.20) and the same form of linear equation (6.12.22), however we shall use (6.12.31) for $`r`$ in formulae (6.12.20),(6.12.22).

To receive the basic hypergeometric function of one set of variables we must put indeterminates $`𝐲^N`$ in (6.12.25) as $`y_i=q^{i1},i=(1,\mathrm{},N)`$. Thus we have

$`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,𝐱^N\right)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{a_1+M};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{a_p+M};q)_\lambda }{(q^{b_1+M};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{b_s+M};q)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}}{H_\lambda \left(q\right)}}s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)`$ (6.12.37)
And for $`N=1`$ we have the ordinary $`q`$-deformed hypergeometric function:

$`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1+M,\mathrm{},a_p+M}{b_1+M,\mathrm{},b_s+M}}|q,x,y\right)={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{a_1+M};q)_n\mathrm{}(q^{a_p+M};q)_n}{(q^{b_1+M};q)_n\mathrm{}(q^{b_s+M};q)_n}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(xy\right)^n}{(q;q)_n}},xy=x_1y_1`$ (6.12.38)
### 6.13 Baker-Akhiezer functions and the elements of Sato Grassmannian related to the tau function of hypergeometric type

This subsection is based on . Let us write down the expression for Baker-Akhiezer functions (6.1.5) in terms of Hirota-Miwa variables (1.0.8):

$$w_{\mathrm{}}(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{},\frac{1}{z})=\frac{\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^{N+1}\right),𝐭^{})}{\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{})}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(1\frac{x_i}{z}\right),𝐱^{N+1}=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N,z),$$
(6.13.1)
$$w_{\mathrm{}}^{}(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{},\frac{1}{z})=\frac{\tau _r(M,𝐭\left(𝐱^𝐍\right)+\left[𝐳\right],𝐭^{})}{\tau _r(M,𝐱^N,𝐭^{})}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{\left(1\frac{x_i}{z}\right)}\frac{dz}{z},\left[𝐳\right]=(z,\frac{z^2}{2},\mathrm{}).$$
(6.13.2)
We see that the variables $`x_k,k=1,\mathrm{},N`$ are zeroes of $`w_{\mathrm{}}\left(z\right)`$ and poles of $`w_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left(z\right)`$.

###### Remark 1

The associated linear problems for Baker-Akhiezer functions are read as

$$\left(_{t_1}_{t_1}\varphi _n\right)w(n,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)=w(n+1,𝐭,𝐭^{},z),$$
(6.13.3)
$$_{t_1^{}}w(n,𝐭,𝐭^{},z)=r\left(n\right)e^{\varphi _{n1}\varphi _n}w(n1,𝐭,𝐭^{},z).$$
(6.13.4)
where $`w`$ is either $`w_{\mathrm{}}`$ or $`w_0`$. The compatibility of these equations gives rise to the equation (6.3.11). Taking into account the second eq.(6.3.11), equations (6.13.3), (6.13.4) may be also viewed as the recurrent equations for the tau-functions which depend on different number of variables $`𝐱^N`$.

Let us write down a plane of Baker-Akhiezer functions (6.1.5), which characterizes elements of Sato Grassmannian related to the tau-function (6.3.1) $`\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$. We take $`x_k=0,k=1,\mathrm{},N`$ in (6.13.1) and obtain:

$$w_{\mathrm{}}(n,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐭^{},z)=z^n\left(1+\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}r\left(n\right)r\left(n1\right)\mathrm{}r\left(nm+1\right)h_m\left(𝐭^{}\right)z^m\right),n=M,M+1,M+2,\mathrm{}.$$
(6.13.5)
The dual plane is

$$w_{\mathrm{}}^{}(n,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐭^{},z)=z^n\left(1+\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}r\left(n\right)r\left(n+1\right)\mathrm{}r\left(n+m1\right)h_m\left(𝐭^{}\right)z^m\right)dz,n=M,M+1,M+2,\mathrm{}.$$
(6.13.6)
About these formulae see also (6.14.22),(6.14.23).
We see that when $`r`$ has zeroes, then the element of the Grassmannian defining the solution corresponds to the finite-dimensional Grassmannian.

If $`r\left(0\right)=0`$ one can construct a plane

$$\left\{w_{\mathrm{}}^{}(n,\mathrm{𝟎},𝐭^{},1/z),n=1,\mathrm{},M\right\}$$
(6.13.7)
which is a spanned by a finite number of vectors. The space spanned by these vectors and in addition by the vectors (6.13.5) gives the half infinite plane generated by $`\left\{z^n,n0\right\}`$.

### 6.14 Gauss factorization problem, additional symmetries, string equations and $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$ on the circle

Let us describe relevant string equations following Takasaki and Takebe ,. We shall also consider this topic in a more detailed paper.

Let us introduce infinite matrices to describe KP and TL flows and symmetries, see . Zakharov-Shabat dressing matrices are $`K`$ and $`\overline{K}`$. $`K`$ is a lower triangular matrix with unit main diagonal: $`\left(K\right)_{ii}=1`$. $`\overline{K}`$ is an upper triangular matrix. The matrices $`K,\overline{K}`$ depend on parameters $`M,𝐭,𝐓,𝐭^{}`$. The matrices $`\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)_{ik}=\delta _{i,k1}`$, $`\left(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\right)_{ik}=\delta _{i,k+1}`$. For each value of $`𝐭,T,𝐭^{}`$ and $`MZ`$ they solve Gauss (Riemann-Hilbert) factorization problem for infinite matrices:

$`\overline{K}=KG(M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{}),G(M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})=\mathrm{exp}\left(\xi (𝐭,\mathrm{\Lambda })\right)\mathrm{\Lambda }^MG(\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^M\mathrm{exp}\left(\xi (𝐭^{},\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\right).`$ (6.14.1)
We put $`\mathrm{log}\left(\overline{K}_{ii}\right)=\varphi _{i+M}`$, and a set of fields $`\varphi _i(𝐭,𝐭^{}),\left(\mathrm{}<i<+\mathrm{}\right)`$ solves the hierarchy of higher two-dimensional TL equations.

Take $`L=K\mathrm{\Lambda }K^1`$, $`\overline{L}=\overline{K}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\overline{K}^1`$, and $`\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\right)_{ik}=i\delta _{i,k}`$, $`\widehat{M}=K\mathrm{\Delta }K^1+M+nt_nL^n`$, $`\widehat{\overline{M}}=\overline{K}\mathrm{\Delta }\overline{K}^1+M+nt_n^{}\overline{L}^n`$. Then the KP additional symmetries ,,,,  and higher TL flows  are written as

$$_{𝐭_n^{}}K=\left(\left(r\left(\widehat{M}\right)L^1\right)^n\right)_{}K,_{𝐭_n^{}}\overline{K}=\left(\left(r\left(\widehat{M}\right)L^1\right)^n\right)_+\overline{K},$$
(6.14.2)
$$_{t_n^{}}K=\left(\overline{L}^n\right)_{}K,_{t_n^{}}\overline{K}=\left(\overline{L}^n\right)_+\overline{K}.$$
(6.14.3)
Then the string equations are

$$\overline{L}L=r\left(\widehat{M}\right),$$
(6.14.4)
$$\widehat{\overline{M}}=\widehat{M}.$$
(6.14.5)
The first equation is a manifestation of the fact that the group time $`𝐭_1^{}`$ of the additional symmetry of KP can be identified with the Toda lattice time $`t_1^{}`$. In terms of tau-function we have the equation (6.6.7) in terms of vertex operator action ,, or the equations (6.5.19) in case the tau-function is written in Hirota-Miwa variables.
The second string equation (6.14.5) is related to the symmetry of our tau-functions with respect to $`𝐭𝐭^{}`$.

When

$$r\left(M\right)=M+a,$$
(6.14.6)
the equations (6.14.4),(6.14.5) describe $`c=1`$ string , see ,. In this case we easily get the relation

$$[\overline{L},L]=1.$$
(6.14.7)
The string equations in the form of Takasaki allows us to notice the similarity to the different problem. The dispersionless limit of (6.14.7) (and also of (6.14.5), (6.14.4), where $`r\left(M\right)=M^n`$, and of (6.14.6)) will be written as

$$\overline{\lambda }\lambda =\mu ^n,nZ,$$
(6.14.8)
$$\overline{\mu }=\mu .$$
(6.14.9)
The case when $`\overline{\lambda }`$ and $`\overline{\mu }`$ are complex conjugate of $`\lambda `$ and of $`\mu `$ respectively, is of interest. These string equations (mainly the case $`n=1`$) were recently investigated to solve the so-called Laplacian growth problem, see . We are grateful to A.Zabrodin for the discussion on this problem. For the dispersionless limit of the KP and TL hierarchies see .

In case the function $`r\left(n\right)`$ has zeroes (described by divisor $`𝐦=(M_1,\mathrm{})`$: $`r\left(M_k\right)=0`$), one needs to produce the replacement:

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(𝐦\right),\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(𝐦\right),$$
(6.14.10)
where new matrices $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(𝐦\right)`$,$`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(𝐦\right)`$ are defined as

$$\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(𝐦\right)\right)_{i,j}=\delta _{i,j1},jM_k,\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(𝐦\right)\right)_{i,j}=0,j=M_k,$$
(6.14.11)
$$\left(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(𝐦\right)\right)_{i,j}=\delta _{i,j+1},iM_k,\left(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(𝐦\right)\right)_{i,j}=0,i=M_k.$$
(6.14.12)
This modification describes the open TL equation (LABEL:deltaToda):

$$_{t_1}_{𝐭_1^{}}\phi _n=\delta \left(n\right)e^{\phi _{n1}\phi _n}\delta \left(n+1\right)e^{\phi _n\phi _{n+1}}.$$
(6.14.13)
The set of fields $`\varphi _{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{},\varphi _{M_1},\varphi _{M_1+1}\mathrm{}`$ consists of the following parts due to the conditions

$$\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{M_s}{}}\varphi _n=0,\underset{n=M_k+1}{\overset{M_{k+1}}{}}\varphi _n=0,\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{M_1+1}{}}\varphi _n=0,$$
(6.14.14)
which result from $`\tau (M_k,𝐭,𝐭^{})=1`$.

###### Remark 2

The matrix $`r(\widehat{M})`$ contains $`(\widehat{M}b_i)`$ in the denominator. The matrix $`(\widehat{M}b_i)^1`$ is $`K(\mathrm{\Delta }b_i)^1K^1(1+O(𝐭))`$ (compare the consideration of the inverse operators with ).

The KP tau-function (3.4.8) can be obtained as follows.

$$G(M,𝐭,T,𝐭^{})=G(\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})U(M,𝐭,𝐭^{}),U(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=U^+\left(𝐭\right)U^{}(M,𝐭^{}).$$
(6.14.15)
$$U^+\left(𝐭\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\xi (𝐭,\mathrm{\Lambda })\right),U^{}(M,𝐭^{})=\mathrm{exp}\left(\xi (𝐭^{},\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}r\left(\mathrm{\Delta }+M\right))\right),$$
(6.14.16)
The matrix $`G(\mathrm{𝟎},T,\mathrm{𝟎})`$ is related to the transformation of the eq.(6.3.14) to the eq.(6.3.11). By taking the projection  $`UU_{}`$ for non positive values of matrix indices we obtain a determinant representation of the tau-function (3.4.8):

$$\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\frac{detU_{}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})}{det\left(U_{}^+\left(𝐭\right)\right)det\left(U_{}^{}(M,𝐭^{})\right)}=detU_{}(M,𝐭,𝐭^{}),$$
(6.14.17)
since both determinants in the denominator are equal to one. Formula (6.14.17) is also a Segal-Wilson formula for $`GL\left(\mathrm{}\right)`$ 2-cocycle  $`C_M(U^+\left(𝐭\right),U^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right))`$. Choosing the function $`r`$ as in Section 3.2 we obtain hypergeometric functions listed in the Introduction.

###### Remark 3

Therefore the hypergeometric functions which were considered above have the meaning of $`GL(\mathrm{})`$ two-cocycle on the two multi-parametric group elements $`U^+(𝐭)`$ and $`U^{}(M,𝐭^{})`$. Both elements $`U^+(𝐭)`$ and $`U^{}(M,𝐭^{})`$ can be considered as elements of group of pseudo-differential operators on the circle. The corresponding Lie algebras consist of the multiplication operators $`\{z^n;nN_0\}`$ and of the pseudo-differential operators $`\{\left(\frac{1}{z}r(z\frac{d}{dz}+M)\right)^n;nN_0\}`$. Two sets of group times $`𝐭`$ and $`𝐭^{}`$ play the role of indeterminates of the hypergeometric functions (6.12.2). Formulas (3.4.8) and (6.3.8) mean the expansion of $`GL(\mathrm{})`$ group 2-cocycle in terms of corresponding Lie algebra 2-cocycle

$$c_M(z,\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right))=r\left(M\right),c_M(\stackrel{~}{r}\left(D\right)z,\frac{1}{z}r\left(D+M\right))=\stackrel{~}{r}\left(M\right)r\left(M\right).$$
(6.14.18)
Japanese cocycle is cohomological to Khesin-Kravchenko cocycle  for the $`\mathrm{\Psi }DO`$ on the circle:

$$c_Mc_0\omega _M,$$
(6.14.19)
which is

$$\omega _M(A,B)=\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1}}\text{res}_{}A[\mathrm{log}\left(D+M\right),B]𝑑z,A,B\mathrm{\Psi }DO.$$
(6.14.20)
For the group cocycle we have

$$C_M(e^{{\scriptscriptstyle z^nt_n}},e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \left(z^1r\left(D\right)\right)^n𝐭_n^{}}})=\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{}),$$
(6.14.21)
where we imply that the order of $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$DO $`r(D)`$ is 1 or less.

###### Remark 4

It is interesting to note that in case of hypergeometric functions $`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}`$ (8.0.8) the order of $`r`$ is $`ps`$ (see Example 3), and the condition $`ps1`$ is the condition of the convergence of this hypergeometric series, see . Namely the radius of convergence is finite in case $`ps=1`$, it is infinite when $`ps<1`$ and it is zero for $`ps>1`$ (this is true for the case when no one of $`a_k`$ in (8.0.8) is nonnegative integer).

###### Remark 5

The set of functions $`\{w(n,z),n=M,M+1,M+2,\mathrm{}\}`$, where

$$w(n,z)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\left(\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)\right)^m\right)z^n,$$
(6.14.22)
may be identified with Sato Grassmannian (6.13.5) related to the cocycle (6.14.21). The dual Grassmannian (6.13.6) is the set of one forms $`\{w^{}(n,z),n=M,M+1,M+2,\mathrm{}\}`$,

$$w^{}(n,z)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_m^{}\left(\frac{1}{z}r\left(D\right)\right)^m\right)z^ndz.$$
(6.14.23)
## 7 Appendices B

### 7.1 A scalar product in the theory of symmetric functions

We consider a ring of symmetric functions of variables $`x_i,i=1,2,\mathrm{},N`$ , where $`N`$ may be infinity. Let us remember the notion of scalar product. Different choices of scalar product give rise to different systems of bi-orthogonal symmetric polynomial functions (like Schur functions, Macdonald functions and so on).

Actually we consider two sets of variables, the first one is $`𝐱=(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)`$, the second is $`𝐩=(p_1,p_2,\mathrm{})`$. These two sets are related via

$$p_m=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_i^m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(7.1.1)
If one takes

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{1}{m}v_m^1p_mp_m^{}}=\underset{\lambda }{}P_\lambda \left(𝐩\right)Q_\lambda \left(𝐩^{}\right)=\underset{\lambda }{}\frac{p_\lambda p_\lambda ^{}}{z_\lambda ^{\left(v\right)}},$$
(7.1.2)
then for any partitions $`\mu ,\lambda `$

$$P_\mu ,Q_\lambda _v=\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }$$
(7.1.3)
with respect to the scalar product

$$p_\mu ,p_\lambda _v=z_\lambda ^{\left(v\right)}\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }$$
(7.1.4)
When $`v=1`$ then

$$z_\lambda ^{\left(v\right)}=z_\lambda ,z_\lambda =\underset{i}{}i^{m_i}m_i!$$
(7.1.5)
where $`m_i=m_i\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the number of parts of $`\lambda `$ equal to $`i`$

$$p_\mu =\underset{i}{}p_{\mu _i},p_{\mu _i}=\underset{k}{}x_k^{\mu _i},mt_m=p_m$$
(7.1.6)
If one takes

$$v_m=\frac{1t^m}{1q^m}$$
(7.1.7)
he gets Macdonald’s polynomials $`Q_\lambda \left(𝐩\right)=Q_\lambda (𝐩;q,t),P_\lambda \left(𝐩\right)=P_\lambda (𝐩;q,t)`$. In this case

$$z_\lambda ^{\left(v\right)}=z_\lambda (q,t)=z_\lambda \underset{i=1}{\overset{l\left(\lambda \right)}{}}\frac{1q^{\lambda _i}}{1t^{\lambda _i}},z_\lambda =\underset{i}{}i^{m_i}m_i!$$
(7.1.8)
where $`l\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the length of $`\lambda `$ and $`m_i=m_i\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the number of parts of $`\lambda `$ equal to $`i`$.

### 7.2 A deformation of the scalar product and series of hypergeometric type

For different choice of function $`v`$ we choose numbers $`a^{\left(v\right)},b^{\left(v\right)}`$ and a function $`r^{\left(v\right)}`$ which is a function of one variable $`M`$, say. We define

$$r_\lambda ^{\left(v\right)}\left(M\right)=\underset{i,j\lambda }{}r^{\left(v\right)}\left(M+a^{\left(v\right)}i+b^{\left(v\right)}j\right)$$
(7.2.1)
as a product over all boxes of the Young diagram. In what follows we shall omit the superscript $`\left(v\right)`$.

Now let us deform the scalar product (7.1.3) in a following way

$$P_\mu ,Q_\lambda _{v,r,M}=r_\lambda \left(M\right)\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }$$
(7.2.2)
To get series of hypergeometric type we consider

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}_{k=1}^Nv_m^1x_k^m\frac{p_m}{m}},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}_{k=1}^Nv_m^1y_k^m\frac{p_m}{m}}_{v,r,M}$$
(7.2.3)
Using (7.1.2)

$$e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}_{k=1}^Nv_m^1x_k^m\frac{p_m}{m}},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}_{k=1}^Nv_m^1y_k^m\frac{p_m}{m}}_{v,r,M}=\underset{\lambda }{}r_\lambda \left(M\right)P_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)Q_\lambda \left(𝐲^N\right)$$
(7.2.4)
In this paper we shall consider two cases of (7.1.7). First one is

$$v_n=1$$
(7.2.5)
for all $`n`$. The second one is

$$v_{2n}=0,v_{2n+1}=2$$
(7.2.6)
The first case corresponds to Schur function series. The second one corresponds to projective Schur function series. These are the cases when the scalar product (7.2.2) can be presented as a vacuum expectation of certain fermionic fields, see Section 4 and .

### 7.3 Scalar product of tau functions. A conjecture.

Before we considered tau functions of hypergeometric type (3.4.8). In this subsection we shall consider more general TL tau functions. Let $`\tau _1(𝐭,𝐭^{}),\tau _2(𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ be TL tau functions of the form

$$\tau _1(𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{X\left(𝐭\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_mt_m^{}},\tau _2(𝐭,𝐭^{})=e^{Y\left(𝐭^{}\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_mt_m^{}}$$
(7.3.1)
where $`e^X=1+X+\mathrm{},e^Y=1+Y+\mathrm{}`$, and where the operators $`X\left(𝐭\right)`$ and $`Y\left(𝐭^{}\right)`$ are linear combinations of vertex operators (6.1.1) and (6.1.2) respectively:

$$X_i\left(𝐭\right)=f(z,z^{})V_{\mathrm{}}(𝐭,z)V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭,z^{})𝑑z𝑑z^{}$$
(7.3.2)
$$Y_i\left(𝐭^{}\right)=g(z,z^{})V_0(𝐭^{},z)V_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝐭^{},z^{})𝑑z𝑑z^{}$$
(7.3.3)
If the TL tau functions (7.3.1) have the typical forms (1.0.9) (see ,,)

$$\tau _1(𝐭,𝐭^{})=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}K_{\lambda \mu }s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\mu \left(𝐭^{}\right),\tau _2(𝐭,𝐭^{})=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}M_{\lambda \mu }s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\mu \left(𝐭^{}\right)$$
(7.3.4)
then their (standard) scalar product (2.1.15) is obviously equal to

$$<\tau _1(𝐭,\gamma ),\tau _2(\gamma ,𝐭^{})>=\underset{\lambda ,\mu }{}N_{\lambda \mu }s_\lambda \left(𝐭\right)s_\mu \left(𝐭^{}\right),N_{\lambda \mu }=\underset{\nu }{}K_{\lambda \nu }M_{\nu \mu }$$
(7.3.5)
It is not immediately clear that what we got is a tau function again (without solving Hirota equations). However on the other hand we have

$$<\tau _1(𝐭,\gamma ),\tau _2(\gamma ,𝐭^{})>=e^{X\left(𝐭\right)}e^{Y\left(𝐭^{}\right)}<e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_m\gamma _m},e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\gamma _mt_m^{}}>=e^{X\left(𝐭\right)}e^{Y\left(𝐭^{}\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_mt_m^{}}$$
(7.3.6)
The last relation shows that we get tau function again according to general results of . (It was shown there that the action of vertex operators $`e^X`$ to KP tau function gives rise to a new KP tau function. TL tau function is the tau function of the pair of KP hierarchies related to the sets of times $`𝐭`$ and $`𝐭^{}`$, see ).

Due to (5.7.1) it means that if the following integral over complex planes $`\gamma _m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

$$\tau _1(𝐭,\gamma )e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\left|\gamma _m\right|^2}\tau _2(\overline{\gamma },𝐭^{})\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{md^2\gamma _m}{\pi }$$
(7.3.7)
exists, then it is a new TL tau function. Here the variables $`\overline{\gamma }=(\overline{\gamma }_1,\overline{\gamma }_1,\mathrm{})`$ are complex conjugated to $`\gamma =(\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\mathrm{})`$.

The proof can be done also directly as follows

$$\tau _1(𝐭,\gamma )e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\left|\gamma _m\right|^2}\tau _2(\overline{\gamma },𝐭^{})\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{md^2\gamma _m}{\pi }=$$
(7.3.8)
$$e^{X\left(𝐭\right)}e^{Y\left(𝐭^{}\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_m\gamma _mm\left|\gamma _m\right|^2m\overline{\gamma }_mt_m^{}}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{md^2\gamma _m}{\pi }=$$
(7.3.9)
$$e^{X\left(𝐭\right)}e^{Y\left(𝐭^{}\right)}e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mt_mt_m^{}}$$
(7.3.10)
which is tau function.

Let us try to consider more general situation. Let $`\tau _0(𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ be a TL tau function with the following properties. First, $`\tau _0(𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau _0(𝐭^{},𝐭)`$. Second, each integral over complex plane $`\gamma _m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

$$\tau _0(\gamma ,\overline{\gamma })d^2\gamma _m=a_m$$
(7.3.11)
where $`\overline{\gamma }_m`$ is complex conjugated of $`\gamma _m`$, is convergent and non-vanishing. Then

$$\tau _0(\gamma ,\overline{\gamma })\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d^2\gamma _m}{a_m}=1$$
(7.3.12)
Given $`\tau _0`$, we introduce the following scalar product

$$<f,g>_0=f\left(\gamma \right)\tau _0(\gamma ,\overline{\gamma })g(\overline{\gamma })\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d^2\gamma _m}{a_m}$$
(7.3.13)
Let us present a conjecture that scalar product of TL tau functions is TL tau function again.

Conjecture. Let $`\tau _1(𝐭,𝐭^{}),\tau _2(𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ be TL tau functions. If the integral over complex planes $`\gamma _m,m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$

$$\tau _1(𝐭,\gamma )\tau _0(\gamma ,\overline{\gamma })\tau _2(\overline{\gamma },𝐭^{})\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d^2\gamma _m}{a_m},$$
(7.3.14)
exists, then it is a new TL tau function. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 7.4 Integral representation of scalar products

For the scalar product (7.2.2) one can present the following integral realization.

In case $`r=1`$

$$f,g=\mathrm{}f\left(𝐭\right)g\left(\overline{𝐭}\right)e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}m\left|t_m\right|^2}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d^2t_m}{a_m}$$
(7.4.1)
where $`mt_m`$ are power sum functions, $`m\overline{t}_m`$ are complex conjugated variables, and integration is going over complex planes $`(t_m,\overline{t}_m)`$ . Normalization factors $`a_m`$ depend on $`m`$:

$$a_m=\frac{\pi }{m}$$
(7.4.2)
In case $`r\left(n\right)=n`$ there is a representation

$$f,g_{r,n}=\mathrm{}f\left(𝐳\right)g\left(\overline{𝐳}\right)e^{_{k=1}^N\left|z_k\right|^2}\left|\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z\right)\right|^2\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{d^2z_k}{b_k}$$
(7.4.3)
where $`\overline{𝐳}=(\overline{z}_1,\mathrm{},\overline{z}_N)`$ are complex conjugated to $`𝐳=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$, normalizing constants are

$$b_k=\pi $$
(7.4.4)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is Vandermond determinant

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z\right)=\underset{i<k}{\overset{N}{}}\left(z_kz_i\right)$$
(7.4.5)
and one puts $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(z\right)=1`$ for $`N=1`$. The integration is going over complex planes $`(z_k,\overline{z}_k)`$.

For the scalar product (7.1.4) we present the representation

$$f,g_v=\mathrm{}f\left(𝐭\right)g\left(\overline{𝐭}\right)e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{m}{v_m}t_m\overline{t}_m}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dt_md\overline{t}_m}{a_m}$$
(7.4.6)
where $`mt_m`$ are power sum functions, $`m\overline{t}_m`$ are complex conjugated variables, and integration is going over complex planes $`(t_m,\overline{t}_m)`$ . Normalization factors $`a_m`$ depend on $`m`$:

$$a_m=\frac{2\pi v_m}{m}\sqrt{1}$$
(7.4.7)
In particular for Macdonald’s polynomials $`Q_\lambda (𝐩;q,t),P_\lambda (𝐩;q,t)`$, see (7.1.7), we get

$$\mathrm{}Q_\lambda (𝐩;q,t)P_\lambda (\overline{𝐩};q,t)e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}𝐩_m\overline{𝐩}_m\frac{1q^m}{m\left(1t^m\right)}}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{dp_md\overline{p}_m}{a_m}=\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }$$
(7.4.8)
$$a_m=2\pi \frac{1q^m}{m\left(1t^m\right)}\sqrt{1}$$
(7.4.9)
## 8 Appendix C. Hypergeometric functions

Ordinary hypergeometric functions First let us remember that generalized hypergeometric function of one variable $`x`$ is defined as

$${}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\left(a_1\right)_n\mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_n}{\left(b_1\right)_n\mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_n}\frac{x^n}{n!}.$$
(8.0.1)
Here $`\left(a\right)_n`$ is Pochhammer’s symbol:

$$\left(a\right)_n=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a+n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a\right)}=a\left(a+1\right)\mathrm{}\left(a+n1\right).$$
(8.0.2)
This hypergeometric function solves the equation

$$\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{s}{}}\left(x\frac{d}{dx}+b_k1\right)x\underset{j=1}{\overset{p}{}}\left(x\frac{d}{dx}+a_j\right)\right){}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;x)=0,b_0=1$$
(8.0.3)
Given number $`q`$, $`\left|q\right|<1`$, the so-called basic hypergeometric series of one variable is defined as

$${}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;q,x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(q^{a_1};q)_n\mathrm{}(q^{a_p};q)_n}{(q^{b_1};q)_n\mathrm{}(q^{b_s};q)_n}\frac{x^n}{(q;q)_n}.$$
(8.0.4)
Here $`(q^a,q)_n`$ is $`q`$-deformed Pochhammer’s symbol:

$$(b;q)_0=1,(b;q)_n=\left(1b\right)\left(1bq^1\right)\mathrm{}\left(1bq^{n1}\right).$$
(8.0.5)
Both series converge for all $`x`$ in case $`p<s+1`$. In case $`p=s+1`$ they converge for $`\left|x\right|<1`$. We refer these well-known hypergeometric functions as ordinary hypergeometric functions.

The multiple hypergeometric series related to Schur polynomials ,,. There are several well-known different multi-variable generalizations of hypergeometric series of one variable . If one replaces the sum over $`n`$ to a sum over partitions $`\lambda =(n_1,n_2,\mathrm{})`$, and replaces the single variable $`x`$ to a Hermitian matrix $`X`$, he get one of generalizations of hypergeometric series which is called hypergeometric function of matrix argument $`𝐗`$ with indices $`𝐚`$ and $`𝐛`$ ,:

$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|𝐗\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right)}{\left|\lambda \right|!}}.`$ (8.0.6)
Here the sum is over all different partitions $`\lambda =(n_1,n_2,\mathrm{},n_k)`$, where $`n_1n_2\mathrm{}n_k`$, $`k\left|\lambda \right|`$, $`\left|\lambda \right|=n_1+\mathrm{}+n_r`$ and whose length $`l\left(\lambda \right)=kN`$ ($`n_k0)`$. $`𝐗`$ is a Hermitian $`N\times N`$ matrix, and $`Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right)`$ are zonal spherical polynomial for the symmetric spaces of the following types: $`GL(N,R)/SO\left(N\right)`$, $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$, or $`GL(N,H)/Sp\left(N\right)`$ see . The definition of symbol $`\left(a\right)_\lambda `$ depends on the choice of the symmetric space:

$$\left(a\right)_\lambda =\left(a\right)_{n_1}\left(a\frac{1}{\alpha }\right)_{n_2}\mathrm{}\left(a\frac{k1)}{\alpha }\right)_{n_k},\left(a\right)_\mathrm{𝟎}=1,$$
(8.0.7)
where $`\alpha =2`$, $`\alpha =1`$ and $`\alpha =\frac{1}{2}`$ for the symmetric spaces $`GL(N,R)/SO\left(N\right)`$, $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$, and $`GL(N,H)/Sp\left(N\right)`$ respectively. The function (8.0.6) actually depends on the eigenvalues of matrix $`X`$ which are $`𝐱^N=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)`$ . In what follows we consider only the case of $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$ symmetric space. Then zonal spherical polynomial $`Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right)`$ is proportional to the Schur function $`s_\lambda (x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)`$ corresponding to a partition $`\lambda `$ , $`s_\lambda (x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)`$ is a symmetric function of variables $`x_k`$.

For this choice of the symmetric space the hypergeometric function can be rewritten as follows

$`{}_{p}{}^{}F_{s}^{}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}}|𝐗\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)}{H_\lambda }}.`$ (8.0.8)
where $`H_\lambda `$ is ’hook product’:

$$H_\lambda =\underset{(i,j)\lambda }{}h_{ij},h_{ij}=\left(n_i+n_j^{}ij+1\right)$$
(8.0.9)
and

$$\left(a\right)_\lambda =\left(a\right)_{n_1}\left(a1\right)_{n_2}\mathrm{}\left(ak+1\right)_{n_k},\left(a\right)_\mathrm{𝟎}=1$$
(8.0.10)
Taking $`N=1`$ we get (8.0.1).

For this hypergeometric functions we suggested different representations like (6.11.12),(6.11.13) or like (6.12.14),(6.12.15),(6.12.16).

Let $`\left|q\right|<1`$. The multiple basic hypergeometric series related to Schur polynomials were suggested by L.G.Macdonald and studied by S.Milne . These series are as follows

$`{}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;q,𝐱^N)={\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q^{a_1};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{a_p};q)_\lambda }{(q^{b_1};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{b_s};q)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}}{H_\lambda \left(q\right)}}s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right),`$ (8.0.11)
where the sum is over all different partitions $`\lambda =(n_1,n_2,\mathrm{},n_k)`$, where $`n_1n_2\mathrm{}n_k0`$, $`k\left|\lambda \right|`$, $`\left|\lambda \right|=n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k`$ and whose length $`l\left(\lambda \right)=kN`$. Schur polynomial $`s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)`$, with $`Nl\left(\lambda \right)`$, is a symmetric function of variables $`𝐱^N`$ and defined as follows :

$$s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)=\frac{a_{\lambda +\delta }}{a_\delta },a_\lambda =det\left(x_i^{n_j}\right)_{1i,jN},\delta =(N1,N2,\mathrm{},1,0).$$
(8.0.12)
Coefficient $`(q^c;q)_\lambda `$ associated with partition $`\lambda `$ is expressed in terms of the $`q`$-deformed Pochhammer’s Symbols $`(q^c;q)_n`$ (8.0.5):

$$(q^c;q)_\lambda =(q^c;q)_{n_1}(q^{c1};q)_{n_2}\mathrm{}(q^{ck+1};q)_{n_k}.$$
(8.0.13)
The multiple $`q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}`$ defined on the partition $`\lambda `$:

$$q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}=q^{_{i=1}^k\left(i1\right)n_i},$$
(8.0.14)
and $`q`$-deformed ’hook polynomial’ $`H_\lambda \left(q\right)`$ is

$`H_\lambda \left(q\right)={\displaystyle \underset{(i,j)\lambda }{}}\left(1q^{h_{ij}}\right),h_{ij}=\left(n_i+n_j^{}ij+1\right),`$ (8.0.15)
where $`\lambda ^{}`$ is the conjugated partition (for the definition see ).

For this hypergeometric functions we suggested different representations like (6.11.14),(6.11.15) or like (6.12.29),(6.12.30).

For $`N=1`$ we get (8.0.4).

Let us note that in the limit $`q1`$ series (8.0.11) reduces to (8.0.8), see .

Hypergeometric series of double set of arguments ,,

Another generalization of hypergeometric series is so-called hypergeometric function of two matrix arguments $`𝐗,𝐘`$ with indices $`𝐚`$ and $`𝐛`$:

$`{}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;𝐗,𝐘)={\displaystyle \underset{\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right)Z_\lambda \left(𝐘\right)}{\left|\lambda \right|!Z_\lambda \left(𝐈_N\right)}}.`$ (8.0.16)
Here $`𝐗,𝐘`$ are Hermitian $`N\times N`$ matrices and $`Z_\lambda \left(𝐗\right),Z_\lambda \left(𝐘\right)`$ are zonal spherical polynomials for the symmetric spaces $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$, $`GL(N,R)/SO\left(N\right)`$ and $`GL(N,H)/Sp\left(N\right)`$ see . The notations are the same as in previous subsection. Again we shall consider only the case of $`GL(N,C)/U\left(N\right)`$ symmetric spaces. In this case (8.0.16) it may be written as

$`{}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_s;𝐱^{\left(N\right)},𝐲^{\left(N\right)})={\displaystyle \underset{\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_\lambda }{\left(b_1\right)_\lambda \mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_\lambda }}{\displaystyle \frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲^N\right)}{H_\lambda s_\lambda \left(\mathrm{𝟏}^N\right)}},`$ (8.0.17)
where $`\mathrm{𝟏}^N=(1,\mathrm{},1)`$.

We suggest a different representations like (6.12.20) or different integral representations.

The q-deformation of the hypergeometric function (8.0.17) is as follows

$${}_{p}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{s}^{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{a_1,\mathrm{},a_p}{b_1,\mathrm{},b_s}|q,𝐱^N,𝐲^N\right)=$$

$$\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\lambda }{l\left(\lambda \right)N}}{}\frac{(q^{a_1};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{a_p};q)_\lambda }{(q^{b_1};q)_\lambda \mathrm{}(q^{b_s};q)_\lambda }\frac{q^{n\left(\lambda \right)}}{H_\lambda \left(q\right)}\frac{s_\lambda \left(𝐱^N\right)s_\lambda \left(𝐲^N\right)}{s_\lambda (1,q,q^2,\mathrm{},q^{N1})}$$
(8.0.18)
This is the multi-variable basic hypergeometric function of two sets of variables which was also studied by S.Milne, see , .

There are also hypergeometric functions related to Jack polynomials $`C_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}`$ :

$`{}_{p}{}^{}_{s}^{}{}_{}{}^{\left(d\right)}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{}b_s;𝐱^N,𝐲^N)=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(a_1\right)_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}\mathrm{}\left(a_p\right)_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}}{\left(b_1\right)_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}\mathrm{}\left(b_s\right)_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{C_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}\left(𝐱^N\right)C_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}\left(𝐲^N\right)}{\left|\lambda \right|!C_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}\left(1^n\right)}},`$ (8.0.19)
where

$$\left(a\right)_\lambda ^{\left(d\right)}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{l\left(\lambda \right)}{}}\left(a\frac{d}{2}\left(i1\right)\right)_{n_i}.$$
(8.0.20)
Here $`\left(c\right)_k=c\left(c+1\right)\mathrm{}\left(c+k1\right)`$. For the special value $`d=2`$ the last expression (8) coincides with (8.0.11), and reduces to (8.0.17) as $`\left|q\right|1`$. The open problem is to get a fermionic representation of (8) for arbitrary value of the parameter $`d`$.

## 9  Further generalization. Examples of Gelfand-Graev hypergeometric functions

### 9.1 Scalar product and series in plane partitions

Let us consider the scalar product (3.3.9)

$$s_\mu ,s_\lambda _{r,n}=r_\lambda \left(n\right)\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }$$
(9.1.1)
For the simplicity of notations sometimes we shall write $`,_r`$ instead of $`,_{r,n}`$.

We introduce notations

$$(𝐭,𝐩)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}p_mt_m,(𝐩,\beta _i)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}p_m\beta _{im},(𝐩,\beta _i^{})=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}p_m\beta _{im}^{}$$
(9.1.2)
Lemma

$$s_\lambda ,e^{(𝐩,\beta )}s_\mu _{r,n}=s_\mu e^{(𝐩,\beta )},s_\lambda =r_\lambda \left(n\right)s_{\lambda /\mu }\left(\beta \right)$$
(9.1.3)
One sees that for $`\beta =0`$ and $`r=1`$ the right hand side is equal to $`\delta _{\mu ,\lambda }`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof One develops $`e^{(p,\beta _i)}`$ using

$$e^{(p,\beta _i)}=\underset{\nu }{}s_\nu \left(\gamma \right)s_\nu \left(\beta _i\right)$$
(9.1.4)
and taking into account the orthogonality of Schur functions (9.1.1) and the formulas (see section 5 of chapter I of )

$$s_\nu s_\mu =\underset{\lambda }{}c_{\mu \nu }^\lambda s_\lambda ,s_{\lambda /\mu }=\underset{\nu }{}c_{\mu \nu }^\lambda s_\nu $$
(9.1.5)
$`\mathrm{}`$

Let us consider a set of scalar products (9.1.1) which differ by the choice of $`r`$. The scalar product of functions of $`p_i`$ will be labelled by script $`i`$: we shall denote this scalar product as $`,_{r^{\left(i\right)}}`$.

Lemma

$$e^{(𝐩_i,\beta _i+\gamma _{i1})}=\underset{\nu _1,\nu _2}{}s_{\nu _1}\left(\gamma _i\right)s_{\nu _1/\nu _2}\left(\beta _i\right)s_{\nu _2}\left(\gamma _{i1}\right)$$
(9.1.6)
and for given partition $`\nu _{i1}`$ we have

$$e^{(𝐩_i,\beta _i+\gamma _{i1})},s_{\nu _{i1}}\left(\gamma _{i1}\right)_{r^{\left(i1\right)},n_{i1}}=\underset{\nu _i}{}s_{\nu _i}\left(\gamma _i\right)s_{\nu _i/\nu _{i1}}\left(\beta _i\right)r_{\nu _{i1}}^{\left(i1\right)}\left(n_{i1}\right)$$
(9.1.7)
where

$$\gamma _i=(\frac{p_{i1}}{1},\frac{p_{i2}}{2},\frac{p_{i3}}{3},\mathrm{})$$
(9.1.8)
$`\mathrm{}`$ Proof follows from the relations (see )

$$e^{_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}\left(p_{in}\beta _{in}+\frac{1}{n}p_{in}p_{i1,n}\right)}=\underset{\nu _1}{}s_{\nu _1}\left(\beta _i+\gamma _{i1}\right)s_{\nu _1}\left(\gamma _i\right),s_{\nu _2}\left(\beta _i+\gamma _{i1}\right)=\underset{\nu _2}{}s_{\nu _1/\nu _2}\left(\beta _i\right)s_{\nu _2}\left(\gamma _{i1}\right)$$
(9.1.9)
and definition (3.3.9). $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us consider a set of $`\left\{𝐩_i,i=0,1,2,\mathrm{},k+1\right\}`$ and a set of $`\left\{\beta _i,i=1,2,\mathrm{},k+1\right\}`$ with conditions

$$𝐩_0=0,𝐩_{k+1}=𝐩$$
(9.1.10)
With the help of Lemma we consider scalar product of scalar products (compare with (3.4.7)):

$`e^{(𝐩_k,\beta _k+\gamma _{k1})}\mathrm{},e^{(𝐩_3,\beta _3+\gamma _2)},e^{(𝐩_2,\beta _2+\gamma _1)},e^{(𝐩_1,\beta _1+\gamma _0)}_{r^{\left(1\right)},n_1}_{r^{\left(2\right)},n_2}\mathrm{}_{r^{\left(k1\right)},n_k}`$ (9.1.11)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\nu _k\mathrm{}\nu _0}{}}r_{\nu _{k1}}^{\left(k1\right)}\left(n_{k1}\right)r_{\nu _{k2}}^{\left(k2\right)}\left(n_{k2}\right)\mathrm{}r_{\nu _2}^{\left(2\right)}\left(n_2\right)r_{\nu _1}^{\left(1\right)}\left(n_1\right)`$
$`s_{\nu _k}\left(\gamma _k\right)s_{\nu _k/\nu _{k1}}\left(\beta _k\right)s_{\nu _{k1}/\nu _{k2}}\left(\beta _{k1}\right)\mathrm{}s_{\nu _2/\nu _1}\left(\beta _2\right)s_{\nu _1/\nu _0}\left(\beta _1\right)s_{\nu _0}\left(\gamma _0\right)`$ (9.1.12)
$`=I_k(𝐩,𝐫^{k1},\lambda ^{k1},\beta ,𝐩_0)`$ (9.1.13)
where $`𝐫^{k1}=(r^{\left(1\right)},r^{\left(2\right)},\mathrm{},r^{\left(k1\right)}),\lambda _{k1}=(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{k1})`$, $`s_{\nu _0}\left(\gamma _0=0\right)=\delta _{0,\nu _0}`$.
This is the sum over all plane partitions  with the largest part k: $`\pi ^{\left(k\right)}=\left(\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _k\right)`$.

Now let us consider scalar product of different $`I`$ and with respect to standard scalar product (9.1.1) . Putting $`𝐩_0=0`$ we get a function of $`\beta =\{\beta _{in},i=1,\mathrm{},k,n=1,2,\mathrm{}\}`$, $`\beta ^{}=\{\beta _{in}^{},i=1,\mathrm{},l,n=1,2,\mathrm{}\}`$, which will appear to be a tau function

$`\tau _{\stackrel{~}{𝐫},𝐫}(\lambda _{l1},\lambda _k^{},\beta ,\beta ^{})=I_k(𝐩,\stackrel{~}{𝐫}_{k1},\beta ,0),I_l(𝐩,𝐫_{l1},\beta ^{},0)_{r^{\left(k\right)},n_k}`$ (9.1.14)
where $`\stackrel{~}{𝐫}=(\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(1\right)},\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(2\right)},\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(k1\right)}),𝐫=(r^{\left(1\right)},r^{\left(2\right)},\mathrm{},r^{\left(k1\right)},r^{\left(k\right)})`$ and $`\lambda _{l1}=(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l1}),\lambda _k^{}=(n_1^{},\mathrm{},n_k^{})`$. We see that (9.1.14) is a sum over a pair of plane partitions.

### 9.2 Integral representation for $`\tau _{\stackrel{~}{𝐫},𝐫}`$

In case the function $`r`$ has zero the scalar product (9.1.1) is degenerate one. For simplicity let us take $`r\left(0\right)=0,r\left(k\right)0,kn`$. The scalar product (9.1.1) is non generate on the subspace of symmetric functions spanned by Schur functions $`\left\{s_\lambda ,l\left(\lambda \right)n\right\}`$, $`l\left(\lambda \right)`$ is the length of partition $`\lambda `$.

$$f,g_{r,n}=\mathrm{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}d\overline{z}_idz_i\mu _r\left(\overline{z}_iz_i\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_n\left(\overline{z}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_n\left(z\right)f\left(\overline{z}^n\right)g\left(z^n\right)$$
(9.2.1)
where $`\overline{z}^n=(\overline{z}_1,\mathrm{},\overline{z}_n),z^n=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_n\left(\overline{z}\right)=\underset{i<j}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\overline{z}_i\overline{z}_j\right),\mathrm{\Delta }_n\left(z\right)=\underset{i<j}{\overset{n}{}}\left(z_iz_j\right)$$
(9.2.2)
Thus get the following integral representation for (9.1.14)

$$\tau _{\stackrel{~}{𝐫},𝐫}(\lambda _{l1},\lambda _k^{},\beta ,\beta ^{})=$$
(9.2.3)
$$\mathrm{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l1}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n_j}{}}d\overline{z}_{ji}dz_{ji}\mu _{\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(j\right)}}\left(\overline{z}_{ji}z_{ji}\right)D_j\delta \left(z_{ki}z_{l1,i}^{}\right)\delta \left(\overline{z}_{ki}\overline{z}_{l1,i}^{}\right)\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n_j^{}}{}}d\overline{z}_{ji}^{}dz_{ji}^{}\mu _{r^{\left(j\right)}}\left(\overline{z}_{ji}^{}z_{ji}^{}\right)D_j^{}$$
(9.2.4)
$$D_j=\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_j}\left(\overline{z}_j^{}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_j}\left(z_j^{}\right)e^{\xi _j},D_j^{}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_j^{}}\left(\overline{z}_j^{}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_j}\left(z_j^{}\right)e^{\xi _j^{}}$$
(9.2.5)
$$\xi _j=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n_j}{}}\left(z_{jk}\right)^m\left(\beta _{jm}+\frac{1}{m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n_{j1}}{}}\left(\overline{z}_{j1,i}\right)^m\right),j>1,\xi _1=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n_1}{}}\left(z_{1k}\right)^m\beta _{1m}$$
(9.2.6)
$$\xi _j^{}=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n_j^{}}{}}\left(\overline{z}_{1k}^{}\right)^m\left(\beta _{jm}^{}+\frac{1}{m}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n_{j1}^{}}{}}\left(z_{j1,i}^{}\right)^m\right),j>1,\xi _1^{}=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n_1}{}}\left(\overline{z}_{1k}^{}\right)^m\beta _{1m}^{}$$
(9.2.7)
### 9.3 Multi-matrix integrals

In case $`\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(j\right)}\left(n\right)=n+a_j,r^{\left(j\right)}\left(n\right)=n+a_j^{}`$ we get that the tau function (9.2.3) is equal to the following multi matrix integral

$$\mathrm{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{l1}{}}dM_jd\overline{M}_je^{TrM_j\overline{M}_j}e^{V_j}\delta \left(M_kM_{l1}^{}\right)\delta \left(\overline{M}_{ki}\overline{M}_{l1,i}^{}\right)\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}dM_j^{}d\overline{M}_j^{}e^{TrM_j^{}\overline{M}_j^{}}e^{V_j^{}}$$
(9.3.1)
$$V_j=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Tr\left(M_j\right)^m\left(\beta _{jm}+\frac{1}{m}Tr\left(\overline{M}_{j1}\right)^m\right),j>1,V_1=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Tr\left(M_1\right)^m\beta _{1m}$$
(9.3.2)
$$V_j^{}=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Tr\left(\overline{M}_j^{}\right)^m\left(\beta _{jm}^{}+\frac{1}{m}Tr\left(M_{j1}^{}\right)^m\right),j>1,V_1^{}=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}Tr\left(\overline{M}_1^{}\right)^m\beta _{1m}^{}$$
(9.3.3)
where $`M_j,\overline{M}_j`$ has a size $`n_j=M+a_j`$ and $`M_j^{},\overline{M}_j^{}`$ has a size $`n_j^{}=M+a_j^{}`$.

### 9.4 Fermionic representation

Due to (3.3.10) scalar product (9.1.14) is equal to a vacuum expectation value. Let us write down it explicitly using .

Formula (6.3.1) is related to ’Gauss decomposition’ of operators inside vacuums $`M\left|\mathrm{}\right|M`$ into diagonal operator $`e^{H_0\left(T\right)}`$ and upper triangular operator $`e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}`$ and lower triangular operator $`e^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}`$ the last two have the Toeplitz form. Now let us consider more general two-dimensional Toda chain tau function

$$\tau =M\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|M,$$
(9.4.1)
where we decompose $`g`$ in the following way:

$$g(\beta ,\beta ^{})=e^{\stackrel{~}{A}_1\left(\beta _1\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\stackrel{~}{A}_k\left(\beta _k\right)}e^{A_l\left(\beta _l^{}\right)}\mathrm{}e^{A_1\left(\beta _1^{}\right)},$$
(9.4.2)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta _i^{}}=(\beta _{i1},\beta _{i2},\mathrm{}),\beta _i^{}=(\beta _{i1}^{},\beta _{i2}^{},\mathrm{})$$
(9.4.3)
$$\stackrel{~}{A}_k\left(\beta _k\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\stackrel{~}{A}_{km}\beta _{km},A_k\left(\beta _{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}\right)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{km}\beta _{}^{}{}_{km}{}^{}$$
(9.4.4)
Here each of $`A_k\left(\beta _i^{}\right)`$ has a form as in (3.5.3) and corresponds to operator $`r^{\left(k\right)}\left(D\right)`$, while each of $`\stackrel{~}{A}_k\left(\stackrel{~}{\beta ^{}}_k\right)`$ has a form of (3.5.4) and corresponds to operator $`\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(k\right)}\left(D\right)`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_{km}=\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1}}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)\left(\stackrel{~}{r}^{\left(k\right)}\left(D\right)z\right)^m\psi \left(z\right),m=1,2,\mathrm{}$$
(9.4.5)
$$A_{km}=\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{1}}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)\left(\frac{1}{z}r^{\left(k\right)}\left(D\right)\right)^m\psi \left(z\right),m=1,2,\mathrm{},$$
(9.4.6)
Collections of variables $`\beta =\left\{\beta _{in}\right\},\beta ^{}=\left\{\beta _{in}^{}\right\}`$ play the role of coordinates for some wide enough class of Clifford group elements $`g`$. This tau function is related to rather involved generalization of the hypergeometric functions we considered above. Tau function (9.4.1),(9.4.2) may be considered as the result of applying of the additional symmetries to the vacuum tau function, which is 1, see Appendix “The vertex operator action”.
Let us calculate this tau function. First of all we introduce a set consisting of $`m+1`$ partitions:

$$\left(\lambda ^1,\mathrm{},\lambda ^m,\lambda ^{m+1}=\lambda \right),0=\lambda ^0\lambda ^1\lambda ^2\mathrm{}\lambda ^m\lambda ^{m+1}=\lambda ,$$
(9.4.7)
see  for the notation $``$ for the partitions. The corresponding set

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^m=(\lambda ^1,\theta ^1,\mathrm{},\theta ^m),\theta ^i=\lambda ^{i+1}\lambda ^i,i=1,\mathrm{},m$$
(9.4.8)
depends on the partition $`\lambda `$ and the number $`m+1`$ of the partitions. We take as $`s_\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐭^{},\beta ^{})`$ the product which is relevant to the set $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^m`$ and depending on the set of variables $`\mu _i=\left\{\mu _{ij}\right\}`$ ($`i=(1,\mathrm{},m+1)`$, $`j=(1,2\mathrm{})`$)

$`s_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^m}\left(\mu \right)=s_{\lambda ^1}\left(\mu _1\right)s_{\theta ^1}\left(\mu _2\right)\mathrm{}s_{\theta ^m}\left(\mu _{m+1}\right).`$ (9.4.9)
Here $`s_{\theta ^i}`$ is a skew Schur function (see ). Further we define function $`r_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^m}\left(M\right)`$:

$$r_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^m}\left(M\right)=r_{\lambda ^1}\left(M\right)r_{\theta ^1}^1\left(M\right)\mathrm{}r_{\theta ^m}^m\left(M\right),$$
(9.4.10)
where the function $`r_{\theta ^i}^i\left(M\right)`$ , a skew analogy of $`r_\lambda \left(M\right)`$ of (2.2.1), is

$$r_{\theta ^i}\left(M\right)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}r\left(n_j^{\left(i\right)}j+1+M\right)\mathrm{}r\left(n_j^{\left(i+1\right)}j+M\right),$$
(9.4.11)
where $`\lambda ^{i+1}=(n_1^{\left(i+1\right)},\mathrm{},n_s^{\left(i+1\right)})`$. If the function $`r^i\left(m\right)`$ has no poles and zeroes at integer points then the relation

$$r_{\theta ^i}^i\left(M\right)=\frac{r_{\lambda ^{i+1}}^i\left(M\right)}{r_{\lambda ^i}^i\left(M\right)},i=1,\mathrm{},m$$
(9.4.12)
is correct. To calculate the tau function we need the Lemma
Lemma 3 Let partitions $`\lambda =(i_1,\mathrm{},i_s|j_11,\mathrm{},j_s1)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }=(\stackrel{~}{i}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{i}_r|\stackrel{~}{j}_11,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{j}_r1)`$ satisfy the relation $`\lambda \stackrel{~}{\lambda }`$. The following is valid:

$`0\left|\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_r}^{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_r}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_1}e^{A^i\left(\beta _i\right)}\psi _{j_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_s}^{}\psi _{i_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_1}\right|0=`$
$`=\left(1\right)^{\stackrel{~}{j}_1+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{j}_r+j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}s_\theta \left(\beta _i\right)r_\theta \left(0\right),\theta =\lambda \stackrel{~}{\lambda }.`$ (9.4.13)
$`0\left|\psi _{i_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{i_s}^{}\psi _{j_s}\mathrm{}\psi _{j_1}e^{\stackrel{~}{A}^i\left(\beta _i^{}\right)}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_1}^{}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{j}_r}^{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_r}\mathrm{}\psi _{\stackrel{~}{i}_1}\right|0=`$
$`=\left(1\right)^{\stackrel{~}{j}_1+\mathrm{}+\stackrel{~}{j}_r+j_1+\mathrm{}+j_s}s_\theta \left(\beta _i\right)r_\theta \left(0\right),\theta =\lambda \stackrel{~}{\lambda }.`$ (9.4.14)
$`\mathrm{}`$ Proof: One proof is achieved by a development of $`,e^A=1+A+\mathrm{},e^{\stackrel{~}{A}}=1+\stackrel{~}{A}+\mathrm{}`$ and a direct evaluation of vacuum expectations (9.4),(9.4). (see Example 22 in Sec 5 of  for help).
The second proof of (9.4),(9.4) is achieved using the developments (3.5.17), (3.5.18) respectively.$`\mathrm{}`$

Then we obtain the generalization of Proposition 1:

###### Proposition 18

$$\tau _M(𝐭,𝐭^{};\beta ,\beta ^{})=\underset{\lambda }{}\underset{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^k}{}\underset{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l}{}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^k}\left(M\right)r_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l}\left(M\right)s_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^k}(𝐭,\beta )s_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l}(𝐭^{},\beta ^{}),$$
(9.4.15)
where $`\stackrel{~}{r}_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^k}(M)`$ and $`r_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l}(M)`$ are given by (9.4.11).

With the help of this series one can obtain different hypergeometric functions.

In the end of the subsection we put $`\beta =0`$. For the case $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$, all $`\beta =0`$ one can obtain the analog of (3.4.2)

$$e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}g^1\left(\beta =0,\beta ^{}\right)\psi \left(z\right)g\left(\beta =0,\beta ^{}\right)e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=e^{\xi _{r_l}(\beta _l^{},z^1)}\mathrm{}e^{\xi _{r_1}(\beta _1^{},z^1)}e^{\xi _r(𝐭^{},z^1)}\psi \left(z\right)$$
(9.4.16)
$$e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}g^1\left(\beta =0,\beta ^{}\right)\psi ^{}\left(z\right)g\left(\beta =0,\beta ^{}\right)e^{A\left(𝐭^{}\right)}=e^{\xi _{r_{}^{}{}_{l}{}^{}}(\beta _l^{},z^1)}\mathrm{}e^{\xi _{r_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}}(\beta _1^{},z^1)}e^{\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},z^1)}\psi ^{}\left(z\right)$$
(9.4.17)
where

$$\xi _{r_k}(𝐭^{},z^1)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\left(\frac{1}{z}r_k\left(D\right)\right)^m,D=z\frac{d}{dz},r_{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}\left(D\right)=r_k\left(D\right)$$
(9.4.18)
In (9.4.16),(9.4.17) $`\xi _r`$ are operators which act on $`z`$ variable of $`\psi ,\psi ^{}`$.

In cases $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ (using (6.2.9) and (3.4.3)) and $`𝐭=𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right)`$ (using (6.2.10) and (3.4.2)) one gets the following representations

###### Proposition 19

$$\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{};\beta =0,\beta ^{})=\mathrm{\Delta }^1e^{\eta _{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\mathrm{}e^{\eta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}e^\eta ^{}\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1M}}$$
(9.4.19)
$$\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{};\beta =0,\beta ^{})=\mathrm{\Delta }^1e^{\eta _l}\mathrm{}e^{\eta _1}e^\eta \mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{_{i<j}\left(x_ix_j\right)}{\left(x_1\mathrm{}x_N\right)^{N1+M}}$$
(9.4.20)
where

$$\eta =\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\xi _r(𝐭^{},x_i),\eta _k=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\xi _{r_k}(𝐭^{},x_i)$$
(9.4.21)
$$\eta ^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\xi _r^{}(𝐭^{},x_i),\eta _{k}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\xi _{r_{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}}(𝐭^{},x_i)$$
(9.4.22)
and (cf (3.4.4))

$$\xi _{r_{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}}(𝐭^{},x_i)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\left(x_ir_k\left(D_i\right)\right)^m,\xi _{r_k}(𝐭^{},x_i)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}t_m\left(x_ir_k\left(D_i\right)\right)^m,D_i=x_i\frac{}{x_i}$$
(9.4.23)
Let us note that $`[\xi _{r_{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}}(𝐭^{},x_i),\xi _{r_{}^{}{}_{k}{}^{}}(𝐭^{},x_j)]=0`$ and $`[\xi _{r_k}(𝐭^{},x_i),\xi _{r_k}(𝐭^{},x_j)]=0`$ for all $`k,i,j`$, while in general $`[\eta _k,\eta _n]0`$.

(9.4.20) may be also obtained from (9.4.19) with the help of (3.4.10).

Looking at (9.4.19) one easily derives a set of linear equations, which are differential equations with respect to variables $`\beta ^{}`$ and $`𝐭^{}`$:

$$(\frac{}{\beta _{km}^{}}e^{\eta _{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\mathrm{}e^{\eta _{k1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_ir_k\left(D_i\right)\right)^me^{\eta _{k1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\mathrm{}e^{\eta _{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{}})\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{};\beta =0,\beta ^{})\right)=0$$
(9.4.24)
$$(\frac{}{t_m^{}}e^{\eta _{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\mathrm{}e^{\eta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}x_ir_k\left(D_i\right)\right)^me^{\eta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}\mathrm{}e^{\eta _{l}^{}{}_{}{}^{}})\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau (M,𝐭\left(𝐱^N\right),𝐭^{};\beta =0,\beta ^{})\right)=0$$
(9.4.25)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the same as in (9.4.19).

###### Proposition 20

For the tau function $`\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})`$ of (3.4.6) and the vertex operators $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{r}^1}^{(\mathrm{})},\mathrm{\Omega }_{r^l}^{(0)}`$ defined by (6.6.1) we have

$$e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{r}^1}^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\left(\beta _1\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{r}^k}^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\left(\beta _k\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{r^l}^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\left(\beta _l^{}\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{r^1}^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\left(\beta _1^{}\right)}\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau (M,𝐭,𝐭^{};\beta ,\beta ^{}),$$
(9.4.26)
$$e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{r^1}^{\left(0\right)}\left(\beta _1^{}\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{r^l}^{\left(0\right)}\left(\beta _l^{}\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{r}^k}^{\left(0\right)}\left(\beta _k\right)}\mathrm{}e^{\mathrm{\Omega }_{\stackrel{~}{r}^1}^{\left(0\right)}\left(\beta _1\right)}\tau _r(M,𝐭,𝐭^{})=\tau (M,𝐭,𝐭^{};\beta ,\beta ^{}).$$
(9.4.27)
### 9.5 Loop matrix integrals

Let us consider three matrix integral used in

$$I=e^{_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}\left(\beta _m\text{Tr}X_{}^m+\beta _m^{}\text{Tr}X_+^m\right)}e^{\sqrt{1}\text{Tr}X_{}X_+}e^{q\sqrt{1}\text{Tr}X_{}\mathrm{\Omega }X_+\mathrm{\Omega }^1}𝑑X_{}𝑑X_+𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }$$
(9.5.1)
Here $`X_\pm `$ are Hermitian $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrices, and $`\mathrm{\Omega }U\left(n\right)`$. (In (9.5.1) we use $`\beta _m`$ (and $`\beta _m^{}`$) instead of $`t_m`$ (and of $`t_m`$) in ).

Using (2.2.11),(5.3.8) and (9.1.5) we get

$$I=\underset{\lambda ,\nu ,\mu }{}s_\lambda \left(\beta \right)\frac{<s_\lambda \left(X_{}\right)s_\nu \left(X_{}\right),s_\nu \left(X_+\right)s_\mu \left(X_+\right)>_{r,n}}{\left(q\right)^{\left|\nu \right|}\left(n\right)_\nu }s_\mu \left(\beta ^{}\right)=\underset{\lambda \nu }{}\frac{\left(n\right)_\lambda s_{\lambda /\nu }\left(\beta \right)s_{\lambda /\nu }\left(\beta ^{}\right)}{\left(n\right)_\nu \left(q\right)^{\left|\nu \right|}}$$
(9.5.2)
As we see $`I=<<\tau >>`$ (see (3.6.8)), where

$$\tau (n,𝐭,𝐭^{};\beta ,\beta ^{})=n\left|e^{H\left(𝐭\right)}ge^{H^{}\left(𝐭^{}\right)}\right|n=\underset{\lambda \nu ,\mu }{}\frac{\left(n\right)_\lambda s_{\lambda /\nu }\left(\beta \right)s_{\lambda /\mu }\left(\beta ^{}\right)}{\left(n\right)_\mu }s_\nu \left(𝐭\right)s_\mu \left(𝐭^{}\right)\left(q\right)^{\left|\mu \right|}$$
(9.5.3)
where

$$g=\left(q\right)^ne^{H\left(\beta \right)}e^{A\left(\beta ^{}\right)}e^{\mathrm{log}\left(q\right)_{m=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}m:\psi _m\psi _m:}$$
(9.5.4)
where $`A`$ is the same as in the tau function for the two-matrix model ($`r\left(m\right)=m`$). We have $`I=\text{Tr}_{F_n}g=_\lambda g_{\lambda \lambda }`$.

### 9.6 The example of Gelfand,Graev and Retakh hypergeometric series

Below we also put $`\beta =0`$. Let us consider the tau function:

$$\tau (M,\stackrel{~}{\beta },\beta ;0,\beta ^{})=M\left|e^{\stackrel{~}{A}\left(\stackrel{~}{\beta }\right)}e^{A_l\left(\beta _l^{}\right)}\mathrm{}e^{A_1\left(\beta _1^{}\right)}e^{A\left(\beta \right)}\right|M.$$
(9.6.1)
We put

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta }=(x,\frac{x^2}{2},\frac{x^3}{3},\mathrm{}),\beta =(y_1,0,0,\mathrm{}),\beta _i^{}=(y_{i+1},0,0,\mathrm{})i=(1,\mathrm{},l).$$
(9.6.2)
We obtain the series

$`\tau (M,x,y_1,\mathrm{},y_{l+1})={\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1}=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\stackrel{~}{r}_{\left(n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{l+1}\right)}\left(M\right)r_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l}\left(M\right){\displaystyle \frac{\left(xy_1\right)^{n_1}\mathrm{}\left(xy_{l+1}\right)^{n_{l+1}}}{n_1!\mathrm{}n_{l+1}!}}=`$ (9.6.3)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1}Z}{}}c(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})\left(xy_1\right)^{n_1}\mathrm{}\left(xy_{l+1}\right)^{n_{l+1}},c(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})={\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{r}_{\left(n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{l+1}\right)}\left(M\right)r_{\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l}\left(M\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n_1+1\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(n_{l+1}+1\right)}},`$ (9.6.4)
where $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\lambda ^l`$ corresponds to the set of simple partitions-rows

$$\lambda ^1=\left(n_1\right),\lambda ^2=\left(n_1+n_2\right),\mathrm{},\lambda _{l+1}=\left(n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{l+1}\right)$$
(9.6.5)
When functions $`b_i(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})`$ defined as

$$b_i(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})=\frac{c(n_1,\mathrm{},n_i+1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})}{c(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})},i=1,\mathrm{},l+1$$
(9.6.6)
are rational functions of $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1})`$, then tau function (9.6.3) is a Horn hypergeometric series .
Above series for the special choice of functions $`r^i\left(D\right)`$ can be deduced from the Gelfand, Graev and Retakh series  defined on the special lattice and corresponding to the special set of parameters. Let us take the rational functions $`r^i\left(D\right)`$:

$`r^i\left(D\right)={\displaystyle \frac{_{j=1}^{p^{\left(i\right)}}\left(D+a_j^{\left(i\right)}\right)}{_{m=1}^{s^{\left(i\right)}}\left(D+b_m^{\left(i\right)}\right)}},\left(i=0,\mathrm{},l\right),r^0\left(D\right)=r\left(D\right)`$ (9.6.7)
$`\stackrel{~}{r}\left(D\right)={\displaystyle \frac{_{j=1}^{p^{\left(l+1\right)}}\left(D+a_j^{\left(l+1\right)}\right)}{_{m=1}^{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}\left(D+b_m^{\left(l+1\right)}\right)}}`$ (9.6.8)
Let define $`N=p^{\left(0\right)}+s^{\left(0\right)}+2_{j=1}^l\left(p^{\left(j\right)}+2s^{\left(j\right)}\right)+p^{\left(l+1\right)}+s^{\left(l+1\right)}+l+1`$ and consider complex space $`C^N`$. In this space we consider the $`l+1`$-dimensional basis $`B`$ and the vector $`\upsilon `$ consisting of parameters.

$`p_0=s_0=0,p_i=p^{\left(i1\right)}+s^{\left(i\right)},s_i=s^{\left(i1\right)}+p^{\left(i\right)},i=(1,\mathrm{},l)`$
$`p_{l+1}=p^{\left(l\right)}+p^{\left(l+1\right)},s_{l+1}=s^{\left(l\right)}+s^{\left(l+1\right)},N={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{l+1}{}}}\left(p_j+s_j\right)+l+1`$ (9.6.9)
$`𝐟^i=\left(𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+1}+\mathrm{}+𝐞_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i}\right)+`$
$`+\left(𝐞_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+1}+\mathrm{}+𝐞_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s_i}\right),i=1,\mathrm{},l+1`$ (9.6.10)
where $`𝐞_i=\underset{\text{N}}{\underset{}{(0,\mathrm{},0,\stackrel{i}{\widehat{1}},0,\mathrm{})}}`$. The lattice $`BC^N`$ is generated by the vector basis of dimension $`l+1`$:

$$𝐛^i=𝐟^i+\mathrm{}+𝐟^{l+1}+𝐞_{Nl1+i},i=1,\mathrm{},l+1$$
(9.6.11)
Vector $`\upsilon C^N`$ is defined as follows (compare with (9.6)):

$`\upsilon ^i=(a_1^{\left(i1\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+1}+\mathrm{}+a_{p^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(i1\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p^{\left(i1\right)}}+`$
$`+b_1^{\left(i\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p^{\left(i1\right)}+1}+\mathrm{}+b_{s^{\left(i\right)}}^{\left(i\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i})+`$
$`+((b_1^{\left(i1\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+1}+\mathrm{}+(b_{s^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(i1\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s^{\left(i1\right)}}+`$
$`+(a_1^{\left(i\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s^{\left(i1\right)}+1}+\mathrm{}+(a_{s^{\left(i\right)}}^{\left(i\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s_i})`$ (9.6.12)
for $`i=(1,\mathrm{}l)`$, and

$`\upsilon ^{l+1}=(a_1^{\left(l\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+1}+\mathrm{}+a_{p^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(l\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p^{\left(l\right)}}+`$
$`+a_1^{\left(l+1\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p^{\left(l\right)}+1}+\mathrm{}+a_{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}^{\left(l+1\right)}𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}})+`$
$`+((b_1^{\left(l\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+1}+\mathrm{}+(b_{s^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(l\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s^{\left(l\right)}}+`$
$`+(b_1^{\left(l+1\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s^{\left(l\right)}+1}+\mathrm{}+(b_{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}^{\left(l+1\right)}1)𝐞_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s_{l+1}})`$ (9.6.13)
Vector $`\upsilon `$ is:

$$\upsilon =\upsilon ^1+\mathrm{}+\upsilon ^{l+1}$$
(9.6.14)
Now we can write down Gelfand, Graev and Retakh hypergeometric series corresponding to the lattice $`B`$ and vector $`\upsilon `$:

$`F_B(\upsilon ;z)={\displaystyle \underset{𝐛B}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z_j^{\upsilon _j+b_j}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\upsilon _j+b_j+1\right)}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{l+1}Z}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z_j^{\upsilon _j+n_1b_j^1+\mathrm{}+n_{l+1}b_j^{l+1}}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\upsilon _j+n_1b_j^1+\mathrm{}+n_{l+1}b_j^{l+1}+1\right)}}`$ (9.6.15)
Let us compare this series with tau function (9.6.3):

$$F_B(\upsilon ;𝐳)=c_1(a,b)g_1\left(𝐳\right)\mathrm{}c_{l+1}(a,b)g_{l+1}\left(𝐳\right)\tau (M,x,y_1,\mathrm{},y_{l+1})$$
(9.6.16)
where

$`c_i^1(a,b)=\mathrm{\Gamma }(1a_1^{\left(i1\right)})\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1a_{p^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(i1\right)})\mathrm{\Gamma }(1b_1^{\left(i\right)})\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1b_{s^{\left(i\right)}}^{\left(i\right)})\times `$
$`\times \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_1^{\left(i1\right)}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_{s^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(i1\right)}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a_1^{\left(i\right)}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(a_{s^{\left(i\right)}}^{\left(i\right)}\right),i=1,\mathrm{},l`$ (9.6.17)
$`c_{l+1}^1(a,b)=\mathrm{\Gamma }(1a_1^{\left(l\right)})\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1a_{p^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(l\right)})\mathrm{\Gamma }(1a_1^{\left(l+1\right)})\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(1a_{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}^{\left(l+1\right)})\times `$
$`\times \mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_1^{\left(l\right)}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_{s^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(l\right)}\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_1^{\left(l+1\right)}\right)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(b_{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}^{\left(l+1\right)}\right)`$ (9.6.18)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+1}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s_i}}{\left(z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+1}\right)\mathrm{}\left(z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i}\right)}}=1,i=2,\mathrm{},l`$ (9.6.19)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{z_{p_1+1}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1}z_{Nl}}{\left(z_1\right)\mathrm{}\left(z_{p_1}\right)}}=y_1`$ (9.6.20)
$$y_i=z_{Nl1+i},i=2,\mathrm{},l+1$$
(9.6.21)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+1}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s_{l+1}}}{\left(z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+1}\right)\mathrm{}\left(z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}}\right)}}=x`$ (9.6.22)
$`g_i\left(𝐳\right)=z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+1}^{\left(a_1^{\left(i1\right)}\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(a_{p^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(i1\right)}\right)}\times `$
$`\times z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p^{\left(i1\right)}+1}^{\left(b_1^{\left(i\right)}\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i}^{\left(b_{s^{\left(i\right)}}^{\left(i\right)}\right)}\times `$
$`\times z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+1}^{\left(b_1^{\left(i1\right)}1\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(b_{s^{\left(i1\right)}}^{\left(i1\right)}1\right)}\times `$
$`\times z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s^{\left(i1\right)}+1}^{\left(a_1^{\left(i\right)}1\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_0+s_0+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+s_{i1}+p_i+s_i1}^{\left(a_{s^{\left(i\right)}}^{\left(i\right)}1\right)}`$ (9.6.23)
for $`i=(1,\mathrm{}l)`$, and

$`g_{l+1}\left(𝐳\right)=z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+1}^{\left(a_1^{\left(l\right)}\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(a_{p^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(l\right)}\right)}\times `$
$`\times z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p^{\left(l\right)}+1}^{\left(a_1^{\left(l+1\right)}\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}}^{\left(a_{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}^{\left(l+1\right)}\right)}\times `$
$`\times z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+1}^{\left(b_1^{\left(l\right)}1\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(b_{s^{\left(l\right)}}^{\left(l\right)}1\right)}\times `$
$`\times z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s^{\left(l\right)}+1}^{\left(b_1^{\left(l+1\right)}1\right)}\mathrm{}z_{p_1+s_1+\mathrm{}+p_l+s_l+p_{l+1}+s_{l+1}1}^{\left(b_{s^{\left(l+1\right)}}^{\left(l+1\right)}1\right)}`$ (9.6.24)
## 10 Acknowledgements

It is my pleasure to thank John Harnad for helpful numerous discussions and Takahiro Shiota for helpful initial discussions. I thank S.Milne for sending , L.A.Dickey the discussion and for sending . I thank M.Bertola, B.Eynard and J.Harnad for the discussion of the preprint . I thank also Anton Zabrodin and Mark Mineev for the numerous discussions of the paper  and Aleksej Morozov for giving . I thank grant RFBR 02-02-17382a. I thank the hospitality of the University of Montreal (CRM, October-November 2001) and of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (February 2002), I thank J.Harnad (CRM) and M.Mineev (Los Alamos) and M.Chertkov (Los Alamos) for the organizations of my visits there. I thank Yan Fyodorov for giving the reference .