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# Radical embeddings and representation dimension

## 1. Introduction and main result

Throughout, let $`k`$ be a field, and let $`A`$ be an associative finite-dimensional $`k`$-algebra. By $`\mathrm{mod}(A)`$ we denote the category of finite-dimensional left $`A`$-modules. A generator-cogenerator of $`A`$ is an $`A`$-module $`Z`$ such that $`AA^{}\mathrm{add}(Z)`$, where $`A^{}=D(A_A)`$ with $`D=\mathrm{Hom}_k(,k)`$ the usual duality. Recall that $`\mathrm{add}(Z)`$ is the subcategory of all $`A`$-modules which are isomorphic to direct summands of finite direct sums of $`Z`$. The representation dimension of $`A`$ is defined as

$$\mathrm{repdim}(A)=\mathrm{min}\{\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(Z))Z\text{ a generator-cogenerator of }A\}.$$

Recall that an algebra $`A`$ is representation-finite if there are only finitely many isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`A`$-modules. Auslander  showed that $`A`$ is representation-finite if and only if $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)2`$.

There are only few examples of algebras where the representation dimension is known. For an algebra $`A`$, we denote its Jacobson radical by $`J_A`$. An algebra homomorphism $`f:AB`$ is called a radical embedding if $`f`$ is a monomorphism with $`f(J_A)=J_B`$. Our main result is the following:

###### Theorem 1.1.

If $`f:AB`$ is a radical embedding with $`B`$ a representation-finite algebra, then $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$.

The finitistic dimension of $`A`$ is defined as

$$\mathrm{findim}(A)=sup\{\mathrm{projdim}(M)M\mathrm{mod}(A),\mathrm{projdim}(M)<\mathrm{}\}.$$

It is a famous problem whether $`\mathrm{findim}(A)<\mathrm{}`$ for all finite-dimensional algebras $`A`$.

If $`A`$ is an algebra with $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$, then by a recent result of Igusa and Todorov  one gets that $`\mathrm{findim}(A)<\mathrm{}`$. This clearly underlines the importance of the representation dimension. To check whether the finitistic dimension is finite is very difficult, since (at least with the naive approach) we have to compute the projective dimension of all modules. To prove that the representation dimension of an algebra is at most three, one ‘just’ has to guess a suitable module, which is a generator-cogenerator and whose endomorphism algebra has global dimension at most three. Up to now there are no examples known where the representation dimension is bigger than three. It is shown in  that $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)<\mathrm{}`$ for all algebras $`A`$. For further results on the representation dimension of algebras we refer to ,  and . For proving that a particular algebra has representation dimension at most three, the following result is often useful:

###### Proposition 1.2.

Let $`A`$ be a basic algebra, and let $`P`$ be an indecomposable projective-injective $`A`$-module. Define $`B=A/\mathrm{soc}(P)`$. If $`\mathrm{repdim}(B)3`$, then $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$.

For special biserial algebras, it was an open problem whether their finitistic dimension is finite. In  it was proved that all special biserial algebras with at most two simple modules have finite finitistic dimension. The following application of Theorem 1.1 settles this problem for all special biserial algebras:

###### Corollary 1.3.

If $`A`$ is a special biserial algebra, then we have $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$ and $`\mathrm{findim}(A)<\mathrm{}`$.

The proof of Theorem 1.1 yields an explicit construction of a generator-cogenerator, whose endomorphism algebra has the desired global dimension. Namely, as before, let $`f:AB`$ be a radical embedding with $`B`$ representation-finite. Let $`N`$ be the direct sum of a complete set of representatives of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`B`$-modules. Note that we can consider $`N`$ also as an $`A`$-module. Then define $`C_f=AA^{}N`$. We get the following result:

###### Theorem 1.4.

If $`f:AB`$ is a radical embedding with $`B`$ a representation-finite algebra, then $`\mathrm{End}_A(C_f)`$ is a quasi-hereditary algebra of global dimension at most three.

The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we prove Theorem 1.1 and Proposition 1.2. In Section 3 we give a general construction principal for radical embeddings. This is applied in Section 4 to prove Corollary 1.3. Section 5 contains the proof of Theorem 1.4. Finally, we discuss an example in Section 6.

In this paper, ‘modules’ are finite-dimensional left modules. Although we often write maps on the left hand side, we compose them as if they were on the right. Thus the composition of a map $`\theta `$ followed by a map $`\varphi `$ is denoted $`\theta \varphi `$.

## 2. Proof of Theorem 1.1 and Proposition 1.2

The proof of the following lemma is implicitly contained in \[1, Chapter III, §3\]. For convenience we repeat it here.

###### Lemma 2.1.

Let $`A`$ be an algebra, and let $`M`$ be a generator-cogenerator of $`A`$. Then for $`n3`$ the following are equivalent:

* For all indecomposable $`A`$-modules $`X`$ there exists an exact sequence

$$0M_{n2}\mathrm{}M_1M_0X0$$

with $`M_i\mathrm{add}(M)`$, such that

$$\begin{array}{c}0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_{n2})\mathrm{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_1)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_0)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)0\end{array}$$

is exact;
* For all indecomposable $`A`$-modules $`X`$ there exists an exact sequence

$$0XM_0M_1\mathrm{}M_{n2}0$$

with $`M_i\mathrm{add}(M)`$, such that

$$\begin{array}{c}0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M_{n2},M)\mathrm{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(M_1,M)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Hom}_A(M_0,M)\mathrm{Hom}_A(X,M)0\end{array}$$

is exact;
* $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))n`$.

###### Proof.

For brevity set $`E=\mathrm{End}_A(M)`$. Assume that (1) holds. Let $`T`$ be an $`E`$-module, and let

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M^{\prime \prime })\stackrel{F}{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M^{})T0$$

be a projective presentation of $`T`$. Then $`F=\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,f)`$ for some homomorphism $`f:M^{\prime \prime }M^{}`$. Thus we get an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Ker}(f)M^{\prime \prime }M^{}.$$

Using our assumption, we get an exact sequence

$$0M_{n2}\mathrm{}M_1M_0\mathrm{Ker}(f)0$$

having the properties described in (1), here we set $`X=\mathrm{Ker}(f)`$. This yields an exact sequence

$$0M_{n2}\mathrm{}M_1M_0M^{\prime \prime }M^{}.$$

Applying $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,)`$ gives an exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_{n2})\mathrm{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_1)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_0)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M^{})T0.\end{array}$$

Thus $`\mathrm{projdim}(T)n`$ for all $`E`$-modules $`T`$. We get $`\mathrm{gldim}(E)n`$. Thus (3) is true.

Next, assume that (3) holds. For an $`A`$-module $`X`$, let

$$0XI_0\stackrel{h}{}I_1$$

be an injective presentation. Note that $`I_0,I_1\mathrm{add}(M)`$. We get an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,I_0)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,I_1)Y0$$

with $`Y=\mathrm{Cok}(\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,h))`$. Now $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)`$ is the second syzygy module $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2(Y)`$ of $`Y`$. Since $`\mathrm{gldim}(E)n`$, we know that $`\mathrm{projdim}(\mathrm{\Omega }^2(Y))n2`$. Thus there exists an exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_{n2})\mathrm{}\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_1)\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Hom}_A(M,M_0)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)0\end{array}$$

with $`M_i\mathrm{add}(M)`$. This yields an exact sequence

$$0M_{n2}\mathrm{}M_1M_0X0.$$

Thus (1) follows. The equivalence of the statements (2) and (3) is proved dually. This finishes the proof. ∎

Let $`B`$ be an algebra, and let $`AB`$ be a subalgebra of $`B`$. We regard any $`B`$-module also as an $`A`$-module in the obvious way. For an $`A`$-module $`X`$, define $`X^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,X)`$. Furthermore, we identify $`X`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(A,X)`$. Let

$$ϵ_X:X^{}X$$

be the natural map induced by the inclusion $`AB`$. Note that $`ϵ_X`$ is an $`A`$-module homomorphism. Observe also that $`X^{}`$ is a $`B`$-module.

###### Lemma 2.2.

Let $`A`$ be a subalgebra of an algebra $`B`$, and let $`X`$ be an $`A`$-module. Then

$$\mathrm{Hom}_B(Y,X^{})\mathrm{Hom}_A(Y,X),$$

$$ffϵ_X$$

is an isomorphism for all $`B`$-modules $`Y`$.

###### Proof.

For all $`B`$-modules $`Y`$ we have

$$\mathrm{Hom}_B(Y,\mathrm{Hom}_A(B,X))\mathrm{Hom}_A(B_BY,X)\mathrm{Hom}_A(Y,X),$$

where the isomorphisms are given by

$$f(byf(y)(b))(yf(y)(1)).$$

Thus the composition maps $`f`$ to $`fϵ_X`$. ∎

###### Lemma 2.3.

Let $`A`$ be a subalgebra of an algebra $`B`$ such that $`J_A=J_B`$. Then $`\mathrm{Cok}(ϵ_X)`$ and $`\mathrm{Ker}(ϵ_X)`$ are semisimple $`A`$-modules for all $`A`$-modules $`X`$.

###### Proof.

The sequence

is exact. We have $`(B/A)J_A=0`$. Thus we get $`J_A\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(B/A,X)=0`$, which implies that $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(B/A,X)`$ is a semisimple $`A`$-module. Thus $`\mathrm{Cok}(ϵ_X)`$ is a semisimple $`A`$-module, since it is a submodule of $`\mathrm{Ext}_A^1(B/A,X)`$. Also $`\mathrm{Ker}(ϵ_X)`$ is semisimple, since $`J_A\mathrm{Hom}_A(B/A,X)=0`$. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 1.1.

Assume that $`B`$ is a representation-finite algebra, and let $`M_1,\mathrm{},M_n`$ be a complete set of representatives of isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`B`$-modules. Without loss of generality we assume that $`A`$ is a subalgebra of $`B`$ such that $`J_A=J_B`$. Define $`N=_{i=1}^nM_i`$, and let $`M=AA^{}N`$.

We claim that $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))3`$. To prove this, we use the criterion presented in Lemma 2.1.

If $`X`$ is an indecomposable injective $`A`$-module, then we get a short exact sequence

$$00XX0.$$

Setting $`M_0=X`$ and $`M_1=0`$, we see that this sequence satisfies the conditions in Lemma 2.1(1).

Assume next that $`X`$ is an indecomposable non-injective $`A`$-module. We know by Lemma 2.3 that $`\mathrm{Cok}(ϵ_X)`$ is a semisimple $`A`$-module. By $`\pi :P\mathrm{Cok}(ϵ_X)`$ we denote the projective cover of $`\mathrm{Cok}(ϵ_X)`$. Since $`P`$ is a projective $`A`$-module, there exists a homomorphism $`p:PX`$ such that the diagram

commutes and has exact rows. Observe that the map

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}ϵ_X\\ p\end{array}\right):X^{}PX$$

is an epimorphism of $`A`$-modules. Note also that $`X^{}P\mathrm{add}(M)`$. We take

$$M_0=X^{}P$$

and will show that this works. It follows from Lemma 2.2 that the map

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(Y,X^{}P)\mathrm{Hom}_A(Y,X)$$

$$(f,g)(fϵ_X+gp)$$

is surjective for any $`B`$-module $`Y`$. Since $`A`$ is projective, it follows that the map

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A(A,X^{}P)\mathrm{Hom}_A(A,X)$$

$$(f,g)(fϵ_X+gp)$$

is surjective as well.

Finally, take an injective $`A`$-module $`I`$, and some homomorphism $`f\mathrm{Hom}_A(I,X)`$. Let $`II/\mathrm{soc}(I)`$ be the canonical projection. Since $`X`$ is not injective, there exists a homomorphism $`g:I/\mathrm{soc}(I)X`$ such that the diagram

commutes. We have $`I=_{i=1}^t(e_iA)^{}`$ for some primitive idempotents $`e_i`$ in $`A`$. Since $`AB`$, the $`e_i`$ are also idempotents of $`B`$. From $`J_A=J_B`$ we get $`I/\mathrm{soc}(I)=_{i=1}^t(e_iJ_B)^{}`$. Thus $`I/\mathrm{soc}(I)`$ is also a $`B`$-module. Thus by Lemma 2.2, $`g`$ factors through $`ϵ_X`$.

Altogether, we proved that for any $`A`$-module $`Z\mathrm{add}(M)`$ and any homomorphism $`f:ZX`$ of $`A`$-modules with $`X`$ indecomposable there exists a homomorphism $`g:ZX^{}P`$ of $`A`$-modules, such that the diagram

commutes. Next, we show that the kernel of the map $`\left(\begin{array}{c}ϵ_X\\ p\end{array}\right):M_0X`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{add}(M)`$.

Let $`ϵ_X^{}:X^{}\mathrm{Im}(ϵ_X)`$ be the epimorphism induced by $`ϵ_X`$. There are the obvious inclusion maps $`\mathrm{Im}(ϵ_X)X`$ and $`J_APP`$. Clearly, there exists a homomorphism $`p^{}:J_AP\mathrm{Im}(ϵ_X)`$ such that the diagram

commutes. Now we construct the pullback of $`p^{}`$ and get the commutative diagram

Thus

$$Y=\mathrm{Ker}\left(\begin{array}{c}ϵ_X\\ p\end{array}\right).$$

We have $`P=_{i=1}^tAe_i`$ for some primitive idempotents $`e_i`$ in $`A`$. Since $`J_A=J_B`$, we get $`J_AP=_{i=1}^tJ_Be_i`$. Thus $`J_AP`$ is also a $`B`$-module. Thus, by Lemma 2.2, the homomorphism $`p^{}`$ factors through $`ϵ_X^{}`$. Thus the short exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Ker}(ϵ_X)YJ_AP0$$

splits, and we get $`Y\mathrm{Ker}(ϵ_X)J_AP`$. By the construction of $`M`$ this implies $`Y\mathrm{add}(M)`$. Now set $`M_1=Y`$.

Thus for each $`A`$-module $`X`$ we constructed a short exact sequence

$$0M_1M_0X0$$

with the properties required in Lemma 2.1. We get $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))3`$. Since $`M`$ is a generator-cogenerator of $`A`$, it follows that $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$. This finishes the proof. ∎

Remark. Theorem 1.1 and its proof hold under the weaker assumption that $`f`$ is a monomorphism such that $`f(J_A)`$ is a two-sided ideal of $`B`$ (not necessarily equal to $`J_B`$). So far we are not aware of interesting applications of this slightly more general result. Thus we refrain from giving details here.

###### Proof of Proposition 1.2.

Next, we prove Proposition 1.2. We have $`B=A/\mathrm{soc}(P)`$. Thus there is a surjective algebra homomorphism $`f:AB`$. We can regard any $`B`$-module as an $`A`$-module with the $`A`$-module structure induced by $`f`$.

Let $`N`$ be a generator-cogenerator of $`B`$ with $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_B(N))3`$. Define $`M=NP`$. Observe that $`M`$ is a generator-cogenerator of $`A`$. We claim that $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))3`$. To check this, we use again Lemma 2.1. Let $`X`$ be any indecomposable $`A`$-module. If $`X=P`$, then we get a short exact sequence

$$00XX0.$$

Set $`M_0=X`$ and $`M_1=0`$. It is easy to verify that this sequence satisfies the conditions required in Lemma 2.1. Next, assume that $`X`$ is not isomorphic to $`P`$. Thus $`X`$ is an indecomposable $`B`$-module. Applying Lemma 2.1 and our assumption $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_B(N))3`$, we get a short exact sequence

$$0N_1N_0X0$$

of $`B`$-modules with $`N_0,N_1\mathrm{add}(N)`$ and

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_B(N,N_1)\mathrm{Hom}_B(N,N_0)\mathrm{Hom}_B(N,X)0$$

an exact sequence. Since $`P`$ is projective, the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(P,)`$ is exact. Thus we get an exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,N_1)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,N_0)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)0.$$

This enables us to apply Lemma 2.1 again, and we get $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))3`$. This finishes the proof. ∎

## 3. Construction of radical embeddings

A quiver is a quadruple $`Q=(Q_0,Q_1,s,e)`$, where $`Q_0`$ and $`Q_1`$ are finite sets and $`s,e:Q_1Q_0`$ are maps. We call the elements in $`Q_0`$ the vertices of $`Q`$, and the elements in $`Q_1`$ the arrows of $`Q`$. A path of length $`n1`$ in $`Q`$ is of the form $`\alpha _1\alpha _2\mathrm{}\alpha _n`$ where the $`\alpha _i`$ are arrows with $`s(\alpha _i)=e(\alpha _{i+1})`$ for $`1in1`$. Additionally, there is a path $`e_i`$ of length zero for each vertex $`iQ_0`$. By $`kQ`$ we denote the path algebra of $`Q`$ with basis the set of all paths in $`Q`$. The multiplication is given by concatenation of paths.

A relation for $`Q`$ is a linear combination $`_{i=1}^t\lambda _ir_i`$ such that $`\lambda _ik^{}`$ and the $`r_i`$ are paths of the form $`\alpha _ip_i\beta _i`$ with $`\alpha _i,\beta _iQ_1`$ such that $`s(\beta _i)=s(\beta _j)`$ and $`e(\alpha _i)=e(\alpha _j)`$ for all $`1i,jt`$.

A basic algebra is a finite-dimensional algebra of the form $`kQ/I`$, where the ideal $`I`$ is generated by a set of relations. By a result of Gabriel, any finite-dimensional $`k`$-algebra is Morita equivalent to a basic algebra provided we assume that $`k`$ is algebraically closed.

Now, let $`A=kQ/I`$ be a basic algebra with $`Q=(Q_0,Q_1,s,e)`$. Let $`lQ_0`$ be a vertex. Define

$$S(l)=\{\alpha Q_1s(\alpha )=l\}$$

and

$$E(l)=\{\beta Q_1e(\beta )=l\}.$$

Note that the intersection of $`S(l)`$ and $`E(l)`$ might be non-empty.

Let $`S(l)=S_1S_2`$ and $`E(l)=E_1E_2`$ be disjoint unions. We call $`(S_1,S_2,E_1,E_2)`$ a splitting datum at $`l`$ if the following hold:

* For $`\alpha S_i`$ and $`\beta E_j`$ we have $`\alpha \beta =0`$ whenever $`ij`$;
* The ideal $`I`$ can be generated by a set $`\rho `$ of relations of the form $`_{i=1}^t\lambda _i\alpha _ip_i\beta _i`$ such that $`\{\alpha _i1it\}E_j=\mathrm{}`$ for $`j=1`$ or $`j=2`$, and $`\{\beta _i1it\}S_j=\mathrm{}`$ for $`j=1`$ or $`j=2`$.

Note that condition (2) in the above definition is automatically satisfied, if we assume that $`I`$ is a monomial ideal, i.e. if $`I`$ can be generated by a set of paths in $`Q`$. Given a splitting datum $`\mathrm{Sp}=(S_1,S_2,E_1,E_2)`$ at $`l`$, we construct from $`Q`$ a new quiver

$$Q^{\mathrm{Sp}}=(Q_0^{\mathrm{Sp}},Q_1^{\mathrm{Sp}},s^{\mathrm{Sp}},e^{\mathrm{Sp}})$$

as follows: Let

$$Q_0^{\mathrm{Sp}}=\{l_1,l_2\}Q_0\{l\},$$

and set $`Q_1^{\mathrm{Sp}}=Q_1`$. The maps $`s^{\mathrm{Sp}},e^{\mathrm{Sp}}:Q_1^{\mathrm{Sp}}Q_0^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ are

$$s^{\mathrm{Sp}}(\alpha )=\{\begin{array}{cc}s(\alpha )\hfill & \text{if }s(\alpha )l,\hfill \\ l_1\hfill & \text{if }\alpha S_1,\hfill \\ l_2\hfill & \text{if }\alpha S_2,\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$e^{\mathrm{Sp}}(\alpha )=\{\begin{array}{cc}e(\alpha )\hfill & \text{if }e(\alpha )l,\hfill \\ l_1\hfill & \text{if }\alpha E_1,\hfill \\ l_2\hfill & \text{if }\alpha E_2.\hfill \end{array}$$

Let $`\rho `$ be a set of relations for $`Q`$ which satisfy condition (2) above. Define

$$\rho ^{\mathrm{Sp}}=\rho \{\alpha \beta \alpha S_i,\beta E_j,ij\}.$$

Then each element in $`\rho ^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ is also a relation for the quiver $`Q^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$. Let $`I^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ be the ideal of $`kQ^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ generated by the relations in $`\rho ^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$. Set

$$A^{\mathrm{Sp}}=kQ^{\mathrm{Sp}}/I^{\mathrm{Sp}}.$$

We get the following result:

###### Lemma 3.1.

Let $`A=kQ/I`$ be a basic algebra, and let $`\mathrm{Sp}`$ be a splitting datum at some vertex of $`Q`$. Then there exists a radical embedding

$$AA^{\mathrm{Sp}}.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\mathrm{Sp}`$ be a splitting datum at some vertex $`lQ_0`$. We construct a map $`f:AA^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ as follows: For the arrows $`\alpha Q_1`$ we just define

$$f(\alpha )=\alpha .$$

For a vertex $`jQ_0`$ let

$$f(e_j)=\{\begin{array}{cc}e_j\hfill & \text{if }jl,\hfill \\ e_{l_1}+e_{l_2}\hfill & \text{if }j=l.\hfill \end{array}$$

It follows directly from the definition of a splitting datum that $`f`$ can be extended to an algebra homomorphism. It is also clear that $`f`$ is a monomorphism and satisfies $`f(J_A)=J_{A^{\mathrm{Sp}}}`$. ∎

The above lemma is useful for the construction of radical embeddings. In fact, in can be applied to numerous situations. In the next section, we illustrate this for one of the most important classes of tame algebras, the string algebras.

## 4. Proof of Corollary 1.3

A basic algebra $`A=kQ/I`$ is called a special biserial algebra if the following hold:

1. Any vertex of $`Q`$ is the starting point of at most two arrows and also the end point of at most two arrows;
2. Let $`\beta `$ be an arrow in $`Q_1`$. Then there is at most one arrow $`\alpha `$ with $`\alpha \beta I`$ and at at most one arrow $`\gamma `$ with $`\beta \gamma I`$;
3. There exists some $`N`$ such that each path of length at least $`N`$ lies in $`I`$, i.e. $`A`$ is finite-dimensional.

A string algebra is a special biserial algebra $`kQ/I`$ which satisfies the additional condition that $`I`$ is generated by paths. For details and further references on string algebras we refer to .

###### Proof of Corollary 1.3.

Let $`A=kQ/I`$ be a string algebra. Define

$$c(A)=|\{lQ_0|S(l)|=2|+|\{lQ_0|E(l)|=2\}|.$$

If $`c(A)=0`$, then $`Q`$ is a disjoint union of quivers which are of type $`𝔸`$ with linear orientation or of type $`\stackrel{~}{𝔸}`$ with cyclic orientation. But string algebras with such underlying quivers are representation-finite. In fact, it is easy to check that for a string algebra $`A`$ all indecomposable $`A`$-modules are serial if and only if $`c(A)=0`$.

Thus, assume $`c(A)1`$. Let $`lQ_0`$ such that $`|S(l)|=2`$ or $`|E(l)|=2`$. First, we consider the case $`|S(l)|=2`$, say $`S(l)=\{\alpha _1,\alpha _2\}`$. We construct a splitting datum $`\mathrm{Sp}=(S_1,S_2,E_1,E_2)`$ at $`l`$ as follows: Let $`S_1=\{\alpha _1\}`$, $`S_2=\{\alpha _2\}`$, $`E_1=\{\beta E(l)\alpha _2\beta =0\}`$ and $`E_2=E(l)E_1`$. It follows directly from the definition of a string algebra, that $`\mathrm{Sp}`$ is a splitting datum. Now $`A^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ is again a string algebra, and we have

$$c(A^{\mathrm{Sp}})c(A)1.$$

The case $`|E(l)|=2`$ is done in the same way. Repeating this construction a finite number of times and applying Lemma 3.1 yields a chain

$$A=A_1A_2\mathrm{}A_t=B$$

of radical embeddings, where $`B`$ is a string algebra with $`c(B)=0`$. As observed above, $`B`$ is representation-finite. Thus, for any string algebra $`A`$, we get a radical embedding $`AB`$ with $`B`$ representation-finite. Then Theorem 1.1 yields that $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$.

Next, assume that $`A`$ is a special biserial algebra. Then we get from $`A`$ to a string algebra $`B`$ by successively factoring out socles of indecomposable projective-injective modules. Applying Proposition 1.2 after each step, we get $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$. Now we use the result in  and get $`\mathrm{findim}(A)<\mathrm{}`$ for any special biserial algebra $`A`$. This finishes the proof. ∎

Note that for $`A`$ a string algebra, the proofs of Theorem 1.1 and Corollary 1.3 yield an explicit construction of a generator-cogenerator $`M`$ of $`A`$ such that $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))3`$. Namely, take $`M`$ as the direct sum of a complete set of representatives of isomorphism classes of string modules, which are projective, injective or serial.

## 5. Proof of Theorem 1.4

Let $`A`$ be a subalgebra of an algebra $`B`$. We have the ‘induction’ functor

$$T={}_{B}{}^{}B_A:\mathrm{mod}(A)\mathrm{mod}(B),$$

which is left adjoint to the ‘inclusion’ functor

$$F=\mathrm{Hom}_B(B,):\mathrm{mod}(B)\mathrm{mod}(A).$$

Thus for any $`A`$-module $`Y`$ and any $`B`$-module $`X`$ we get an isomorphism

$$\varphi _{X,Y}:\mathrm{Hom}_B(TY,X)\mathrm{Hom}_A(Y,FX).$$

For the sake of brevity we will just write $`\varphi `$ instead if $`\varphi _{X,Y}`$. Sometimes we will omit writing $`F`$. Let

$$e:FT1_{\mathrm{mod}(B)}$$

be the corresponding counit, so that

$$e_X=\varphi ^1(1_{FX}):B_A\mathrm{Hom}_B(B,X)=T(FX)X$$

is just the multiplication map. This is a $`B`$-homomorphism. The unit of this adjunction is the natural transformation

$$\delta :1_{\mathrm{mod}(A)}TF,$$

so that for $`Y\mathrm{mod}(A)`$ we have

$$\delta _Y=\varphi (1_{TY}):YF(TY)$$

$$y(1y)$$

if $`F(TY)=\mathrm{Hom}_B(B,B_AY)`$ is identified with $`B_AY`$. This is an $`A`$-module homomorphism. Note also that $`\varphi ^1(g)=T(g)e_X`$ for $`g:YFX`$ an $`A`$-homomorphism, and $`\varphi (f)=\delta _YF(f)`$ for $`f:TYX`$ a $`B`$-homomorphism.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`A`$ be a subalgebra of an algebra $`B`$ such that $`J_A=J_B`$. If $`X`$ is a $`B`$-module, then as a $`B`$-module, we have $`T(FX)B_AFXXS`$ where $`S`$ is a semisimple $`B`$-module.

###### Proof.

Write $`Y=FX`$.

(1) First consider the exact sequences and the resulting commutative diagram

of $`A`$-homomorphism, obtained by taking radical quotients (here $`\mathrm{top}(M)=M/J_AM`$), where the vertical maps are the canonical epimorphisms. Since $`\mathrm{top}(Y)`$ is the restriction of a $`B`$-module, the map $`Y\mathrm{top}(Y)`$ factors through $`\delta _Y`$, see the dual of Lemma 2.2, that is by adjointness. Hence the lower row is a split short exact sequence.

(2) Let $`e_X`$ be the counit of the adjunction. Then we have a commutative diagram

of $`B`$-homomorphisms, which has exact rows. By $`l(M)`$ we denote the length of a module $`M`$. We have (using that the lower sequence in (1) is split exact)

$$\begin{array}{c}l(\mathrm{Ker}(e_X))=l(B_AY)l(X)=l(B_AY)l(Y)\hfill \\ \hfill =l(B/A_AY)=l(\mathrm{top}(B_AY))l(\mathrm{top}(Y))\\ \hfill =l(\mathrm{top}(B_AY))l(\mathrm{top}(X))l(\mathrm{top}(\mathrm{Ker}(e_X))).\end{array}$$

Thus $`\mathrm{Ker}(e_X)`$ is a semisimple $`B`$-module, and $`p`$ is an isomorphism, and both rows in the diagram in (2) are split short exact sequences of $`B`$-modules. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 1.4.

Let $`f:AB`$ be a radical embedding with $`B`$ a representation-finite algebra. We assume without loss of generality that $`f`$ is an inclusion map, i.e. $`AB`$ with $`J_A=J_B`$. Let $`N`$ be the direct sum of a complete set of representatives of the isomorphism classes of indecomposable $`B`$-modules, say $`N=_iN_i`$ with $`N_i`$ indecomposable. Define $`M=AA^{}FN`$. From the proof of Theorem 1.1 we already know that $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{End}_A(M))3`$. We claim that $`\mathrm{End}_A(M)`$ is quasi-hereditary.

(1) Set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{End}_A(M)`$. Recall that the isomorphism classes of simple modules of the endomorphism algebra of a module are indexed by the isomorphism classes of its indecomposable direct summands. Let

$$R=\mathrm{End}_B(B_AM)=\mathrm{End}_B(TM)=\mathrm{End}_B(TATA^{}T(FN)).$$

Lemma 5.1 implies $`\mathrm{add}(B_AM)=\mathrm{add}(N)`$. Since $`B`$ is a representation-finite algebra, it follows from \[1, Chapter III, §4\] that $`\mathrm{gldim}(R)2`$. This implies that $`R`$ is a quasi-hereditary algebra with respect to some partial order $`_R`$ so that the labels given by the simple direct summands of $`N`$ are maximal, see .

Define a partial order $``$ on the labels for the simple $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules as follows: Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be non-isomorphic indecomposable direct summands of the $`A`$-module $`M`$. Set $`X<Y`$ if and only if one of the following holds:

* $`XFN_i`$ and $`YFN_j`$ for some $`i,j`$ such that $`N_i<_RN_j`$;
* $`X`$ is not isomorphic a direct summand of $`FN`$, and $`YFN_i`$ for some $`i`$.

Note that this is a partial order: The only indecomposable $`B`$-modules, which could become isomorphic as $`A`$-modules, are simple ones. Namely, if $`N_i`$ and $`N_j`$ are $`B`$-modules with $`FN_iFN_j`$, then $`T(FN_i)T(FN_j)`$, and if they are not simple, then Lemma 5.1 implies that $`N_i`$ and $`N_j`$ are isomorphic. It follows that all simple direct summands of $`M`$ are maximal with respect to $``$.

For any indecomposable direct summand $`X`$ of $`M`$, we have the submodule $`U(X)`$ of the projective $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`P(X)=\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)`$, which is defined to be the span of all homomorphisms $`MX`$, which factor through some $`Y`$ with $`Y>X`$. The standard module associated to $`X`$ is defined as $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=P(X)/U(X)`$. By $`L(X)`$ we denote the top of $`P(X)`$. Thus $`L(X)`$ is simple.

We have to show that for each $`X`$, the module $`P(X)`$ has a filtration by standard modules with $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)`$ occurring only once, and if $`\mathrm{\Delta }(Y)`$ occurs, then $`YX`$.

(2) For $`X`$ simple we have $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=P(X)`$. Assume now that $`X`$ is not isomorphic to a direct summand of $`FN`$. Thus $`X`$ is a projective or injective $`A`$-module (and not simple). In case $`X`$ is projective, the radical of $`X`$ is of the form $`_iX_i`$ where $`X_i=FX_i^{}`$ with $`X_i^{}`$ an indecomposable $`B`$-module for all $`i`$. Then we get the exact sequence

$$0\underset{i}{}P(X_i)P(X),$$

and the cokernel is one-dimensional, hence is $`L(X)`$. Since $`X_i>X`$ it follows that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)=L(X)`$.

In the second case, we have a short exact sequence of $`A`$-modules

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_A(B/A,X)X^{}\stackrel{ϵ_X}{}X0$$

with the kernel a semisimple $`A`$-module, write it as $`_iS_i`$ with $`S_i`$ simple. Here we use Lemma 2.3. Write also $`X^{}=_jX_j`$ where $`X_j=FX_j^{}`$ with $`X_j^{}`$ an indecomposable $`B`$-module for all $`j`$. This gives an exact sequence

$$0\underset{i}{}\mathrm{\Delta }(S_i)\underset{j}{}P(X_j)P(X).$$

We claim that the cokernel at $`P(X)`$ is simple. Suppose $`g:WX`$ is an $`A`$-homomorphism where $`W`$ is an indecomposable direct summand of $`M`$. If $`W`$ is isomorphic to a direct summand of $`FN`$, then $`g`$ factors through $`ϵ_X`$, via adjointness, and clearly it factors if $`W`$ is projective. Suppose $`W`$ is indecomposable injective and not isomorphic to a direct summand of $`FN`$. If $`g`$ is not an isomorphism, then it factors through the socle quotient of $`W`$. But this is of the form $`FW^{}`$ for some $`B`$-module $`W^{}`$. Hence $`g`$ factors through $`ϵ_X`$ again. It follows that the cokernel is $`L(X)`$ and is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)`$.

(3) So assume now that $`X=FX^{}`$ with $`X^{}`$ an indecomposable $`B`$-module, which is not simple. Let $`\varphi `$ be the adjoint isomorphism

$$\varphi :\mathrm{Hom}_B(TM,X^{})\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)=P(X).$$

Through the ring homomorphism $`T:\mathrm{\Gamma }R`$, $`\varphi ^1`$ induces $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-isomorphisms $`P(X)P_R(X)`$, $`U(X)U_R(X)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)\mathrm{\Delta }_R(X)`$.

We only have to show that this is compatible with factorizing through some module $`Z\mathrm{add}(N)`$, modulo maps factorizing through a semisimple module.

Suppose that $`g:MX`$ is an $`A`$-homomorphism with a factorization $`g=\alpha \beta `$, where $`\alpha :MFZ`$ and $`\beta :FZX`$ are $`A`$-homomorphisms. Then we have

$$\varphi ^1(g)=T(\alpha )\varphi ^1(\beta ):TMX^{}.$$

Hence $`\varphi ^1(g)`$ factors through $`T(FZ)`$. Since $`Z`$ is a $`B`$-module, Lemma 5.1 implies that $`T(FZ)ZS`$ as a $`B`$-module with $`S`$ semisimple, and this is what we need.

Conversely, suppose $`f:TMX^{}`$ is a $`B`$-module homomorphism, which factors through a $`B`$-module $`Z`$, say $`f=\alpha \beta `$, where $`\alpha :TMZ`$ and $`\beta :ZX^{}`$. Then $`\varphi (f)=\varphi (\alpha )F(\beta )`$, hence it factors through $`FZ`$.

Since $`R`$ is quasi-hereditary with respect to $`_R`$, each indecomposable projective module $`\mathrm{Hom}_B(TM,X^{})`$ has a filtration by standard modules of the right kind. The above shows that the adjoint isomorphism identifies this filtration with a filtration of $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,X)`$ by standard modules for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

It remains to show that $`L(X)`$ occurs with multiplicity one as a composition factor of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(X)`$. This is clear if $`X`$ is simple, and we have already seen it in case $`X`$ is not isomorphic to a direct summand of $`FN`$. If $`X`$ is isomorphic to a direct summand of $`FN`$, then this multiplicity is the same as the multiplicity of $`L_R(X)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_R(X)`$, hence it is one. ∎

## 6. An Example

Let $`A=kQ/I`$ where $`Q`$ is the quiver with one vertex $`x`$ and two loops $`a,b`$ and $`I=(a^2,b^2,(ab)^2,(ba)^2)`$. When the field has characteristic 2 this is the socle quotient of the group algebra of the dihedral group of order $`8`$.

Let $`\mathrm{Sp}=(S_1,S_2,E_1,E_2)`$ where $`S_1=\{a\}`$, $`S_2=\{b\}`$, $`E_1=\{b\}`$ and $`E_2=\{a\}`$. Clearly, $`\mathrm{Sp}`$ is a splitting datum at $`x`$. Following the general construction in Section 3, we get the quiver $`Q^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ with two vertices $`l_1`$ and $`l_2`$ and arrows $`a:l_1l_2`$ and $`b:l_2l_1`$. The ideal $`I^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ is generated by all paths of length 4 in $`Q^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$. The algebra $`A^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$ is a Nakayama algebra. Every indecomposable $`A^{\mathrm{Sp}}`$-module is serial, and visibly its restriction to $`A`$ remains serial.

Hence $`M=AA^{}N`$, where $`N`$ is the direct sum of a complete set of representatives of isomorphism classes of serial string modules over $`A`$. We denote these string modules as $`M(C)`$ for $`C`$ in $`\{1_x,a,b,ab,ba,aba,bab\}`$, and we write $`k=M(1_x)`$ for the simple $`A`$-module. (For example, $`M(ab)`$ has basis $`\{v,bv,abv\}`$).

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{End}_A(M)`$. We can see directly that $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{\Gamma })=3`$: For each indecomposable direct summand $`W`$ of $`M`$, we write $`P(W)`$ for the indecomposable projective $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,W)`$. Let $`L(W)`$ be the simple top of $`P(W)`$.

(1) The radical $`J_A`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{add}(M)`$, and the inclusion $`J_AA`$ gives an inclusion of projective $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,J_A)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,A)=P(A).$$

Clearly, the cokernel is 1-dimensional, hence it is the simple module $`L(A)`$. This implies $`\mathrm{projdim}(L(A))1`$.

(2) We have an exact sequence

$$0kM(aba)M(bab)A^{}0.$$

This gives an exact sequence

$$0P(k)P(M(aba))P(M(bab))P(A^{}).$$

of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules. We claim that the cokernel is 1-dimensional. Consider $`\varphi :WA^{}`$ where $`W`$ is an indecomposable direct summand of $`M`$. If $`W=A`$, then $`\varphi `$ factors. Suppose $`W`$ is serial. Then one easily calculates dimensions and gets that $`\varphi `$ factors. If $`W=A^{}`$ and $`\varphi `$ is not an isomorphism, then $`\varphi `$ factors through the socle quotient, and this is a direct sum of serials. Hence $`\varphi `$ factors by what we have already seen. This shows $`\mathrm{projdim}(L(A^{}))2`$.

Next, assume that $`X`$ is serial but not simple. Similarly as above, one can show that $`\mathrm{projdim}(L(X))2`$ in this case. This uses the short exact sequences

$$0M(ba)AM(aba)0,$$

$$0M(ab)M(b)M(aba)M(ba)0,$$

$$0M(b)kM(ba)M(a)0$$

with terms in $`\mathrm{add}(M)`$.

Now consider the projective dimension of $`L(k)`$. We start with the exact sequence

$$0DM(a)M(b)k0$$

of $`A`$-modules, where $`D=A/J_A^2`$. Applying $`\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,)`$ gives the exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,D)P(M(a))P(M(b))P(k),$$

which has a 1-dimensional cokernel, namely $`L(k)`$. The exact sequence

$$0J_AAkkD0$$

gives rise to the projective resolution

$$0\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,J_A)P(A)P(k)P(k)\mathrm{Hom}_A(M,D)0.$$

Hence $`\mathrm{projdim}(L(k))3`$. Thus, we get $`\mathrm{gldim}(\mathrm{\Gamma })3`$, and therefore $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$. Since the algebra $`A`$ has infinite representation type, we get $`\mathrm{repdim}(A)3`$ by Auslander’s theorem.

The same method works for arbitrary string algebras.


text:
# Near Infra-red Spectroscopy of V838 Monocerotis

## 1 Introduction

The eruptive variable V838 Mon was first reported to be in outburst on 6 January 2002 by Brown (2002). A first maximum ($`V`$ $``$ 9.8) in its lightcurve was reached around 11 January. Subsequently there was a slow steady decline followed by a second strong outburst on 2 February which changed the brightness by 4.3 magnitudes to a peak value of $`V`$ $`=`$ 6.7. The overall evolution of the light curve has thus been complex. The initial spectra of the object in the optical have shown several emission lines, in general having P Cygni profiles, of BaII, LiI and those of several $`s`$ process elements (Munari et al. 2002a). However, the most striking development was the detection of an expanding light echo around the object seen most clearly in $`U`$ band images (Munari et al. 2002a). Being a rare phenomenon, this heightened interest in an already puzzling object, resulting in several IAU circulars on the subject and also warranting special Director’s Discretionary Time allocation on the HST (Bond et al. 2002). The light echo seems to be caused by scattered light from dust shells which existed even before the outburst. This is supported by the fact that the progenitor of V838 Mon was detected by IRAS in the 60 and 100 $`\mu `$m bands indicating the presence of low temperature dust. In this work, we present results from $`JHK`$ observations of V838 Mon which have been made at five, fairly evenly-spaced epochs and which should help in following the temporal evolution and understanding the nature of V838 Mon - questions of considerable importance and interest at present.

## 2 Observations

Near-IR $`JHK`$ spectra at a resolution of $``$ 1000 were obtained at the Mt. Abu 1.2m telescope using a Near Infrared Imager/Spectrometer with a 256$`\times `$256 HgCdTe NICMOS3 array. We present here the spectroscopic observations of five days viz. 2 February, 25 March, 9 April, 2 May and 14 May 2002. It may be noted that the 2 February spectra were acquired between 2.729 - 2.762 UT and coincide with the time when the second outburst of V838 Mon was just underway as indicated by VSNET reports. VSNET reports, centered around the second outburst, give photometric values of $`V`$ = 10.67, 10.708, 8.193 and 8.02 at epochs of February 1.487, 1.858, 2.799 and 2.913 UT from which an idea can be obtained when the outburst began. In each of the $`J,H`$ and $`K`$ bands a set of at least two spectra were taken and sometimes as many as ten. In each set the star was offset to two different position of the slit (slit width $`=`$ 2 arc sec. ). The signal to noise ratio of the spectra, as determined using IRAF, is moderate and ranges between 30 - 50 in $`J`$, 30 - 60 in $`H`$ and 30 - 80 in the $`K`$ band. The exposure times for the spectra presented here are as follows (given in order of $`J,H`$ and $`K`$): 2 Feb - 120, 90, 90s; 25 March \- 15, 10, 15s; 9 April - 15, 10, 15s; 2 May - 120, 45, 45s and 14 May \- 120, 60, 60s. Spectral calibration was done using the OH sky lines that register with the spectra. The comparison stars that were used for ratioing the spectra, were either HR 2714 or HR 3314 in all cases. The spectra of the comparison stars were taken at similar air-mass as that of V838 Mon and the ratioing process thereby removes the telluric lines.

Photometry in the $`JHK`$ bands was done on 3 and 14 May using the NICMOS3 array, mentioned above, in the imaging mode. A large number of dithered frames in 4 positions offset by 30 arcsec were obtained in all the filters. The times for all the individual frames ranged between 70 and 250ms. The sky frames were generated using these dithered frames. The mean air-mass at the time of observations for V838 Mon was 1.79 on 3 May and 2.04 on 14 May. HR 2714 ($`\delta `$ Mon, $`V`$= 4.15, spectral type A2V) was used as the standard star on both the days and observed soon after V838 Mon at similar airmasses. The atmospheric extinction corrections were done using average values of $`k`$J = 0.15, $`k`$H = 0.15 and $`k`$K = 0.1 mag for the Mt. Abu observatory site. The adopted $`JHK`$ magnitudes for HR 2714 ($`J`$ = 4.06, $`H`$ = 4.03, $`K`$ = 4.02) were calculated from the colors of an A2V star as given by Koornneef (1983). The near-IR photometric and spectroscopic data were all reduced using IRAF.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 Near-IR $`JHK`$ band spectra

The $`JHK`$ spectra are shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. We first discuss the spectral features that are observed and later discuss the shape of the continuum in the $`JHK`$ bands. We have compared our spectra, with the aim of classification and line identification, with the spectral classification catalogs of $`JHK`$ spectra compiled by Meyer et al. (1998), Wallace & Hinkle (1997), Lancon & Roca-Volmerange (1992), Wallace et al. (2000) and Forster Schreiber (2000). The spectra from some of these last-mentioned references are available in electronic form from the ADC & CDS data centers and also from the site http://www.noao.edu/archives.html. To guide the reader in interpretation/comparison of our observed data, we have added two reference spectra to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 \- one at the bottom and the other at the top. The selected comparison spectra of HR 4517 (spectral type M1 III) and WW Ser (M8 III) are close to the spectral type of V838 Mon as on 2 February and 14 May. However it was not possible to add a comparison $`J`$ band spectra for 14 May because V838 Mon had cooled to spectral class M8 or 9 by then and similar comparison spectra were not available. It must be pointed out that the spectra of HR 4517 in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 have been smoothed by a seven point moving average to degrade them somewhat from a higher resolution (R = 3000) to a comparable resolution as our observations. Further the slope of the $`J`$ and $`H`$ band spectra of HR 4517 have been tilted to match those of our spectra because in the original data the spectra had been normalized to be flat. The slope correction does not alter the spectral features at all and the moving-average smoothing ( instead of a convolution with the instrument function) should adequately serve the primary purpose of enabling a comparison between spectral features. The spectra for WW Ser, which are from Lancon & Roca-Volmerange (1992) are at a resolution of 500.

In the $`J`$ Band, the only feature which appeared weakly but persistently in emission is Paschen beta at 1.2818 $`\mu `$m. We give the equivalent widths for this line in case they can be used in conjunction with other Hydrogen line data (obtained in other studies) to study some properties of V838 Mon ( for e.g. interstellar extinction towards it). The measured equivalent widths are 2.7, 5.0, 5.9, 8.3 and 6.9$`\AA `$ on 2 February, 25 March , 9 April, 2 May and 14 May respectively. The errors in measurement typically lie between $`\pm `$10 to 20 percent of the measured values. The $`H`$ band spectra show a multitude of spectral features which are rather characteristic of the spectrum of cool M type giant stars. Some of the principal spectral features listed by Meyer et al. (1998) which characterize the $`H`$ band spectra of stars are also seen here. Among these are the second overtone 12CO ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$$`v`$ $`=`$ 3) bands whose positions are marked in Fig. 2. Although weak, the $`v`$ = 3-0 (1.558 $`\mu `$m), 4-1 (1.578 $`\mu `$m), 5-2 (1.598 $`\mu `$m) and 6-3 (1.619 $`\mu `$m) bands are consistenly seen. The positions of the higher vibrational transitions are also marked in the diagram but they are not clearly present in the data. Three other features (marked 1, 2, and 3 in Fig. 2) are also persistent. Feature 1 at 1.5711 $`\mu `$m could be the HI Brackett 15 line while feature 2 at 1.5892 $`\mu `$m is attributable to SiI (Forster Schreiber 2000). Feature 3 is seen in emission at all phases and although it coincides well with the position of MgI 1.7113 $`\mu `$m it is expected to be in absorption had it been due to MgI (Meyer et al. 1998). The spectra in the $`H`$ band, in general, resemble those of later M type giant stars, but not completely. However it must be pointed out that the spectra of V838 Mon is a superposition of photospheric absorption lines and also emission lines from the ejecta and their coaddition can cause deviations from standard stellar spectra.

### 3.2 TiI lines and the mass of the envelope

The $`K`$ band spectra have two striking features. The first of these are several emission lines seen around 2.2 $`\mu `$m which were first visible on 9 April, peaked in strength on 2 May and again weakened by 14 May . A magnified section around these lines is shown in Fig. 4. The preliminary indication that they could be due to TiI was their presence in absorption, at similar wavelengths, in the high resolution spectra of Arcturus ( Hinkle et al. 1995). We believe these lines are due to neutral Titanium (Banerjee & Ashok 2002) after having matched the observed wavelengths of these lines with the laboratory spectrum of TiI as given by Forsberg (1991). It is quite remarkable that all the significantly strong lines listed by Forsberg (1991) in the $`K`$ band appear in our spectrum. The laboratory wavelengths of these lines are marked in Fig. 4. As can be seen there is a good match. The intensities of the lines also match fairly well the intensities given by Forsberg (1991). We therefore feel the identification is secure. The detection of TiI emission lines in the $`K`$ band is certainly rare in eruptive variables or even in astronomical objects - in fact it’s unclear whether these lines have ever been seen before and their presence adds to the mystery of V838 Mon. Being in emission, they cannot be of photospheric origin (not in a cool object) and must therefore arise from the circumstellar ejecta. Except for the 2.2627 $`\mu `$m line which arises from a transition between the $`a`$3G4 \- $`z`$3F4 levels of the 3$`d`$3(2G)4$`s`$ \- 3$`d`$2(3F)4$`s`$4$`p`$(3P) configuration, all the other lines arise from transitions between different levels (not listed here) of the 3$`d`$3(4P)4$`s`$ \- 3$`d`$2(3F)4$`s`$4$`p`$(3P) configuration. The excitation energies for the lower levels of all the TiI lines shown in Fig. 4 range between 1.734 to 1.749 ev except for the 2.2639 $`\mu `$m for which it is 1.879 ev (the ionization potential of TiI is 6.83 ev). Thus all these lines emanate from low-lying energy levels vis-a-vis the ground state and suggest that they may be collisionally excited in a low temperature gas. The heating of the gas is likely to be caused by the mass outflow from V838 Mon during the present outburst impinging on pre-existing matter. The indication for such pre-existing matter is suggested from the light-echo and the evidence for a mass outflow from V838 Mon is confirmed by the strong P-Cygni profiles seen in its optical spectra. The above mechanism of excitation can also be the cause for the NaI doublet at 2.2056 $`\mu `$m and 2.2084 $`\mu `$m, which appear blended into a broad feature (marked in Fig. 4) and for which the lower level excitation energy is 3.19 ev. From Forsberg’s (1991) line list, 3 other lines of TiI are also expected to be seen at 2.2896, 2.2970 and 2.3348 $`\mu `$m. However the position of these lines coincide with the locations of the deep 12CO bands observed and hence their presence can be masked. There are certain other features which remain unidentified in the $`K`$ band. Among these is a cluster of five closely spaced emission lines at 2.0325, 2.0374, 2.0427, 2.0483 and 2.0515 $`\mu `$m which are weak but clearly seen in both the 2 and 14 May spectra. It may be pointed out that at these line positions there are no matching lines (unlike the TiI lines) in the Arcturus spectral atlas (Hinkle et al., 1995).

From the observed strength of the TiI lines we estimate the amount of TiI in the ejecta and from this calculate the mass of the shell. The observed luminosity in an individual TiI line is first calculated which will be given by:

$$L{}_{\mathrm{line}}{}^{}=4\pi d{}_{}{}^{2}FW\mathrm{ergs}/\mathrm{s}$$
(1)
where $`W`$ is the observed equivalent width of the line (in Angstroms) and $`d`$ is the distance to V838 Mon. $`F`$ is the observed continuum flux in ergs/cm2/s/$`\AA `$ at the line center. Since the TiI lines are situated close to the $`K`$ band center (2.2 microns), the observed $`K`$ band magnitude of V838 Mon has been used for all the lines to calculate the flux $`F`$. Photometric results of the $`K`$ band magnitudes which are used here are presented later.

If the line originates in a downward transition from level 2 to 1 then, $`L`$line is also given by:

$$L{}_{\mathrm{line}}{}^{}=(N{}_{2}{}^{}/N(Ti))N(Ti)A{}_{21}{}^{}h\nu V\mathrm{ergs}/\mathrm{s}$$
(2)
where $`N`$2 is the number density of TiI atoms in the excited state 2, $`N(Ti)`$ is the total number density of the TiI atoms, $`A`$21 is the Einstein coefficient of spontaneous emission, $`h`$$`\nu `$ is the energy of the emitted photon and $`V`$ is the volume of the emitting gas.

By equating Eq. (2) to Eq. (1) the number of TiI atoms in the shell ( equal to $`N(Ti)V`$) can be found.The two unknown quantities of Eq. (2) viz. $`A`$21 and $`N`$2/$`N(Ti)`$ are found as follows. The value of $`A`$21 for any particular line is given by

$$A{}_{21}{}^{}=0.667\times 10{}_{}{}^{8}gf/(g{}_{2}{}^{}\lambda {}_{}{}^{2})\mathrm{s}^1$$
(3)
where $`gf`$ is the weighted oscillator strength for the transition, $`g`$2 is the statistical weight of level 2 ( equal to 2$`J`$ \+ 1) and $`\lambda `$ is the wavelength in microns. The log($`gf`$) and $`g`$2 values for all the TiI lines observed here have been listed in a compilation by Kurucz (http://kurucz.harvard.edu/linelists.html) and these values have been used to determine $`A`$21. To estimate $`N`$2/$`N(Ti)`$ we make the assumption that the gas is in local thermal equilibrium and therefore the population of atoms in different excited levels can be described by a Boltzmann distribution i.e.

$$N{}_{2}{}^{}/N(Ti)=(g{}_{2}{}^{}/U)e^{(\chi {}_{02}{}^{}/\mathrm{kT})}$$
(4)
where $`U`$ is the partition function, $`T`$ is the temperature of the gas and $`\chi `$02 is the energy difference between the ground state and level 2. The energy level values for the different states have been taken from Kurucz’s line list. The partition function values, for different temperatures, have been taken from Allen (1976) and Aller (1963).

The number of TiI atoms in the shell, as computed from Eqs. (1) to (4), is listed in Table 1 along with some of the other relevant parameters needed in the calculations. The $`W`$ values in Table 1 are for the 2 May 2002 observations when the TiI lines were strongest and the signal-to-noise ratio in the continuum was about 50. To reduce errors in the measured equivalent widths, an average $`W`$ was measured from at least two (at times four) different spectra. However, as can be seen from Fig. 4, the 2.2217, 39, 80 and 2.2317 lines are blended ( blend 1 ) and so also the 2.2627 & 2.2639 lines (blend 2) and so the individual equivalent widths cannot be measured. To calculate $`N(Ti)V`$ for these lines is still possible by the following method. The combined equivalent width of blend 1 and 2 was measured separately. The line luminosity corresponding to this combined equivalent width for a blend ( as calculated from Eq. (1)) will be equal to the summation of the right hand side of Eq. (2) for all the blended lines in the group. Thus an average $`N(Ti)V`$ for the blended lines can be determined. The equivalent widths for the blend 1 and 2 lines in Table 1 is therefore the combined equivalent width. In the calculations we have adopted a value of $`d`$ = 790 pc (Munari et al., 2002a), $`T`$ = 3600 K and $`U`$ = 23 ( for T = 3600 K). The temperature of the shell is not known, but is possibly low, in the range 3000 to 5000 K. Such a possibility is indicated because, as mentioned earlier, the TiI lines are all low excitation lines. Secondly the presence of CO which is seen in emission in the $`K`$ band (discussed subsequently) is generally associated with this temperature range.

From Table 1 it is seen that $`N(Ti)V`$, as derived from the different lines, is reasonably consistent with a variation of $``$ 5 among the individual values. We use a mean value of $`N(Ti)V`$ = 1.31$`\times `$$`10^{44}`$ for calculating an important parameter viz. the mass of the shell. Assuming that the $`N(Ti/H)`$ and $`N(Ti/He)`$ abundances in the shell are adequately represented by cosmic abundances (Allen, 1976), the mass of the ejecta $`M`$shell can be determined. This is found to have a value $`M`$shell = 1.1$`\times `$10-6 $`M`$. Similar calculations, as described above, have been computed for different temperatures yielding a shell mass ranging between $`M`$shell = 1.67$`\times `$10-5 to 1.7$`\times `$10-7 $`M`$ for a variation in the temperature between $`T`$ = 2600 to 5000 K respectively. Within the uncertainties of the parameters used, a reasonable constraint for the shell mass would be in the range between 10-7 to 10-5 $`M`$. The derived value of $`M`$shell compares reasonably well with lower values of envelope masses determined for novae. In novae an average value of $`M`$shell = 10-5 $`M`$ can be taken though deviations by more than an order of magnitude (on both lower and higher side) are often seen (Williams 1994). It may be noted that $`M`$shell derived here may be underestimated because we have assumed that the TiI emission originates entirely from the matter ejected in the present eruption and not from any pre-existing material. Further, even if the TiI emission arises only from the ejected material, it could be arising only from a fraction of it. Thus the shell mass may be underestimated and this may be borne in mind while trying to classify V838 Mon into known categories of eruptive variables - an aspect which is discussed later in Sect. 4.

### 3.3 CO Bands

The other prominent feature of the $`K`$ band spectra are the 12CO bands. As shown in Fig. 3, the first overtone 12CO ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$$`v`$ $`=`$ 2) bands are seen very strongly in V838 Mon along with the weaker 13CO ($`\mathrm{\Delta }`$$`v`$ $`=`$ 2) bands. The presence of these CO bands was first seen on 12 January ( Geballe et al. 2002a). The 12CO bands show a complex evolution with time. In the 2 February spectra, recorded at around the time of the massive second outburst, the 2-0 band has a deep drop at the 2.293 $`\mu `$m bandhead but then does not rise back to the continuum level. Instead it levels off till the 3-1 band head is encountered. We have verified this in both the spectra we have of this epoch. Although the reason for such a behavior is not too clear to us, a tentative explanation for this leveling could be that the individual rotational lines of the R branch which makeup the band are deeply saturated. Another unusual aspect is that the 25 March, 9 April and 2 May spectra show a raised emission plateau between the bands - a fact first noticed in the 9 March observations of Geballe et al. (2002b). This implies that there is an emission component in the CO also. Such emission is generally seen in post-AGB stars and is attributable to mass loss (Oudmaijer et al., 1995). High resolution (R = 50,000) FTS spectra of 13 February by Hinkle et al. (2002) show the individual rotational lines of the 12CO 2-0 band to have a nominal heliocentric velocity of -10 km/s. Such a small radial velocity would imply that the deep absorption component of the 12CO bands are likely to be photospheric. The additional emission component must therefore arise from the circumstellar ejecta. It is therefore seen that the CO band structure in V838 Mon is multicomponent and rather complex and needs to be modeled carefully. Such a model can try to determine factors such as the excitation temperature of the different CO components, the isotopic ratio of 13C/12C in V838 Mon ( the solar value is 1:90 ) and also the kinematics of the ejected matter.

### 3.4 Near Infrared photometry

Finally, we use our photometry results to discuss the evolution of V838 Mon as seen from the shape of its near-IR continuum. The details of the photometry are given in Table 2.

The $`E(BV)`$ value for V838 Mon is uncertain and lies between 0.25 to 0.8 ( Munari et al. 2002a). Following Munari et al. (2002a), we have adopted a midpoint value of 0.5. We have used Koornneef’s (1983) relations viz. $`A`$V $`=`$ 3.1$`E(BV)`$, $`A`$J $`=`$ 0.265 $`A`$V, $`A`$H $`=`$ 0.155 $`A`$V and $`A`$K $`=`$ 0.090 $`A`$V to correct for interstellar extinction. Absolute flux calibration was done by adopting zero magnitude fluxes from Koornneef (1983). The broad band $`JHK`$ fluxes from V838 Mon are shown in Fig. 5 as filled circles. These broad band fluxes were fitted by black body curves. Different black body curves generated for temperature increments of 100 K were tried - the best fit was decided by least squares minimization of the deviation. Black body fits of 2600 and 2400 K are seen to fit the data reasonably well for the 3 and 14 May data respectively. A temperature of 2600 K for 3 May is identical with the findings of Munari et al. (2002b) at around the same time. The overall temporal evolution of V838 Mon since outburst has been towards cooler temperatures. This is confirmed by a large body of photometric data as given by Munari et al. (2002a, b) and also from reports in several IAU circulars. We have superposed the $`JHK`$ spectra of 2 and 14 May in Fig. 5 so as to juxtapose them side by side. This enables to highlight the strong dips seen in the spectra of 2 and 14 May between the $`J`$ & $`H`$ and the $`H`$ & $`K`$ bands. However in doing so, we assume that errors caused by applying photometric data of 3 May to the spectra of 2 May are marginal because of the small time-difference involved. The strong absorption bands between the near-IR bands is attributed to water vapor in V838 Mon which if present in the atmospheres of cool stars is known to cause deep and broad absorption features at 1.4 $`\mu `$m and 1.9 $`\mu `$m ( Lancon & Rocca-Volmerange 1992; Terndrup et al. 1991). These absorption features are seen to be most prominent in giant stars even cooler than M5 (Lancon & Roca-Volmerange 1992). However, an additional factor that could enhance the $`H`$ band hump is the H- ion which has an opacity minimum at 1.6 $`\mu `$m. It must be mentioned that a slightly elevated $`H`$ band continuum near 1.6 $`\mu `$m was also seen during the 26 January observations of Lynch et al. (2002).

## 4 Discussion

From the near-IR data it is thus seen that V838 Mon, near 130 days after outburst, shows an energy distribution similar to a very cool M-type giant. However, many of the spectral features seen here like the TiI lines and the structure of the CO bands are markedly different. In many of the IAU circulars issued on V838 Mon, the exact nature of the object has been debated. Munari et al. (2002a) have dubbed the object’s outburst as ‘mysterious’ and have summarized the difficulties in classifying it within the existing categories of eruptive variables. Apart from the similarities and differences brought out by Munari et al. (2002a, b), we see what light our near IR data can shed on this issue. The $`JHK`$ spectra of V838 Mon are certainly different from those of classical novae. First the Hydrogen Brackett series lines are not seen and Paschen beta is much weaker in strength than expected. OI emission lines in the near-IR ( for example the 1.1287 and 1.3166 $`\mu `$m lines), another common feature of novae spectra, are also not present. Further, we are not aware of CO bands being seen in absorption in novae - in emission they are seen but rarely (for e.g. Evans et al. 1996). Classical novae also evolve towards higher stages of ionization with time ( the nebular and coronal phases) but there is no indication of such an evolutionary trend here.

V838 Mon does not also fit easily into the scenario of a born again AGB star like FG Sge, V605 Aql and Sakurai’s object. Most of the discrepancies that arise in such a scheme are given by Munari et al. (2002a) including the fact that the rise to maximum is too fast in comparison with known cases. To this we add that not only the rise time, but also the decline time of V838 Mon is much faster than the known cases. For the rise and decline timescales, the reader may refer to Duerbeck et al. (2000) for Sakurai’s object, Harrison (1996) for V605 Aql and Fig. 1 of Blocker & Schonberner (1997) for FG Sge.

Bond et al. (2002) have proposed that the closest resemblance of V838 Mon is to a red variable star (M31 RV) that erupted in M31 (Rich et al. 1989; Mould et al. 1990). This view is shared by Munari et al. (2002a) who also cite the outburst of V4332 Sgr (Martini et al. 1999) as being similar to the present case and propose that V838 Mon, M31 RV and V4332 Sgr belong to a new genre of astronomical objects. Unfortunately there is no near-IR spectroscopic data for either M31 RV or V4332 Sgr with which we can compare our spectra to check for similarities. However, there is a point of dissimilarity between M31 RV and V838 Mon that arises from our data. As mentioned earlier, in the case of V838 Mon an envelope mass of $``$ 10-7 to 10-5 $`M`$ was found - a value comparable to novae shell masses. In the the case of M31 RV the mass of the ejected shell is estimated to be much higher i.e in the range of 0.1 to 0.001 $`M`$. These figures are arrived at by assuming equipartition between the kinetic energy of the shell and the total radiative energy i.e by equating the total energy of 1046 ergs radiated in the first 100 days (Mould et al. 1990) to the kinetic energy of the shell computed for expansion velocities in the range 100 - 500 km/s. Iben & Tutukov (1992) have modeled M31 RV in the scenario of a very cold white dwarf accreting matter at a very slow rate from its binary companion and show that under such conditions thermonuclear runaway will not take place until the accreted mass is much larger than in models which represent the novae phenomenon. As a result larger envelope masses and outburst luminosities are predicted \- as is found in the case of M31 RV. How V838 Mon fits into such a model needs to be addressed and worked out. Other similarities and differences between V838 Mon, M31 RV and V4332 Sgr have been brought out by Munari et al (2002a) and Martini et al. (1999). Based on such comparisons, there is a fair possibility that all three objects belong to a new class of astronomical objects.

###### Acknowledgements.

The research work at Physical Research Laboratory is funded by the Department of Space, Government of India. We thank Varricatt W.P. of Joint Astronomy Centre, Hawaii for help in photometric reductions. We thank the anonymous referee whose constructive comments helped improve the paper. This work has made use of data available from the ADC and CDS data centers and also from data available at the following websites viz. http://www.noao.edu/archives.html, http://kurucz.harvard.edu/linelists.html and http://www. kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp.vsnet.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Let us recall that an autonomous Hamiltonian system on a $`2n`$-dimensional symplectic manifold is said to be completely integrable if there exist $`n`$ independent integrals of motion in involution. By virtue of the classical Liouville–Arnold theorem , such a system admits action-angle coordinates around a connected regular compact invariant manifold. In a more general setting, one considers Hamiltonian systems having partial integrability, i.e., $`kn`$ independent integrals of motion in involution. The Nekhoroshev theorem for these systems  generalizes both the Poincaré–Lyapunov theorem ($`k=1`$) and the above mentioned Liouville–Arnold theorem ($`k=n`$). The Nekhoroshev theorem in fact falls into two parts. The first part states the sufficient conditions for an open neighbourhood of an invariant torus $`T^k`$ to be a trivial fibre bundle (see  for a detailed exposition). The second one provides this bundle with partial action-angle coordinates similarly to the case of complete integrability.

The present work addresses completely and partially integrable Hamiltonian systems whose invariant manifolds need not be compact. This is the case of any autonomous Hamiltonian system because its Hamiltonian, by definition, is an integral of motion. In the preceding papers, we have shown that, if an open neighbourhood of a non-compact invariant manifold of a completely integrable Hamiltonian system is a trivial bundle, it can be equipped with the generalized action-angle coordinates which bring a symplectic form into the canonical form . Here, we prove that, under certain conditions, an open neighbourhood of a regular non-compact invariant manifold of a completely integrable system is a trivial bundle (see parts (A) – (C) in the proof of Theorem 2) and, consequently, it can be equipped with the generalized action-angle coordinates (see part (D) of this theorem). Then, this result is extended to partially integrable Hamiltonian systems (see Theorem 3). The proof of Theorem 3 mainly follows that of Theorem 2. Note that part (D) in the proof of Theorem 2 can be simplified by the choice of a Lagrangian section $`\sigma `$, but this is not the case of partially integrable systems. This proof also shows that, from the beginning, one can separate integrals of motion whose trajectories live in tori.

It should be emphasized that the results of Theorem 3 are not limited by the scope of autonomous mechanics. Any time-dependent Hamiltonian system of $`n`$ degrees of freedom can be extended to an autonomous Hamiltonian system of $`n+1`$ degrees of freedom which has at least one integral of motion, namely, its Hamiltonian . Thus, any time-dependent Hamiltonian system can be seen as a partially integrable autonomous Hamiltonian system whose invariant manifolds are never compact because of the time axis. Just the time is a generalized angle coordinate corresponding to a Hamiltonian of this autonomous system.

One also finds reasons in quantum theory in order to introduce generalized action-angle variables. In particular, quantization with respect to these variables enables one to include a Hamiltonian in the quantum algebra .

## 2 Completely integrable systems

Let $`(Z,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ be a $`2n`$-dimensional symplectic manifold, and let it admit $`n`$ real smooth functions $`\{F_\lambda \}`$, which are pairwise in involution and independent almost everywhere on $`Z`$. The latter implies that the set of non-regular points, where the morphism

$$\pi =\stackrel{\lambda }{\times }F_\lambda :ZR^n$$
(1)
fails to be a submersion, is nowhere dense. Bearing in mind physical applications, we agree to think of one of the functions $`F_\lambda `$ as being a Hamiltonian and of the other as first integrals of motion. Accordingly, their common level surfaces are called invariant surfaces.

Let $`M`$ be a regular invariant surface, i.e., the morphism $`\pi `$ (1) is a submersion at all points of $`M`$ or, equivalently, the $`n`$-form $`\stackrel{\lambda }{}dF_\lambda `$ vanishes nowhere on $`M`$. Hence, $`M`$ is a closed imbedded submanifold of $`Z`$. There exists its open neighbourhood $`U`$ such that the morphism $`\pi `$ is a submersion on $`U`$, i.e.,

$$\pi :UN=\pi (U)$$
(2)
is a fibred manifold over an open subset $`NR^n`$. The vertical tangent bundle $`VU`$ of $`UN`$ coincides with the $`n`$-dimensional distribution on $`U`$ spanned by the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ of the functions $`F_\lambda `$. Integral manifolds of this distribution are components of the fibres of $`\pi `$. They are Lagrangian submanifolds of $`Z`$. Let $`U`$ be connected. Then $`N`$ is a domain. Without loss of generality, one can suppose that there exists a section of $`UN`$.

If $`M`$ is connected and compact, we come to the conditions of the Liouville–Arnold theorem. If $`M`$ need not be compact, one should require something more.

Theorem 1.  Let $`M`$ be a connected regular invariant manifold of a completely integrable Hamiltonian system $`\{F_\lambda \}`$ and let $`U`$ be an open neighbourhood as above. Let us additionally assume that: (i) all fibres of the fibred manifold $`UN`$ (2) are mutually diffeomorphic, (ii) the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ on $`U`$ are complete. Then, there exists a domain $`N`$ so that $`UN`$ is a trivial bundle

$$U=N\times (R^{nm}\times T^m),$$
(3)
provided with the generalized action-angle coordinates $`(I_\lambda ;x^a;\varphi ^i)`$ such that the integrals of motion $`F_\lambda `$ depend only on the action coordinates $`I_\alpha `$ and the symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`U`$ reads

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=dI_adx^a+dI_id\varphi ^i.$$
(4)
Proof. (A) Since Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\alpha `$ on $`U`$ are complete and mutually commutative, their flows assemble into the additive Lie group $`R^n`$. This group is naturally identified with its Lie algebra, and its group space is a vector space coordinated by parameters $`(s^\lambda )`$ of the flows with respect to the basis $`\{e_\lambda \}`$ for its Lie algebra. This group acts in $`U`$ so that its generators $`e_\lambda `$ are represented by the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ and its orbits are fibres of the fibred manifold $`UN`$. Given a point $`rN`$, the action of $`R^n`$ in the fibre $`M_r=\pi ^1(r)`$ factorizes as

$$R^n\times M_rG_r\times M_rM_r$$
(5)
through the free transitive action in $`M_r`$ of the factor group $`G_r=R^n/K_r`$, where $`K_r`$ is the isotropy group of an arbitrary point of $`M_r`$. It is the same group for all points because $`R^n`$ is an Abelian group. Since the fibres $`M_r`$ are mutually diffeomorphic, all isotropy groups $`K_r`$ are isomorphic to the group $`Z^m`$ for some fixed $`m`$, $`0mn`$, and the groups $`G_r`$ are isomorphic to the additive group $`R^{nm}\times T^m`$. Let us show that the fibred manifold $`UN`$ (2) is a principal bundle with the structure group $`G_0`$, where we denote $`\{0\}=\pi (M)`$. For this purpose, let us determine isomorphisms $`\rho _r:G_0G_r`$ of the group $`G_0`$ to the groups $`G_r`$, $`rN`$. Then, a desired fibrewise action of $`G_0`$ in $`U`$ is given by the law

$$G_0\times M_r\rho _r(G_0)\times M_rM_r.$$
(6)
(B) Generators of each isotropy subgroup $`K_r`$ of $`R^n`$ are given by $`m`$ linearly independent vectors of the group space $`R^n`$. One can show that there are ordered collections of generators $`(v_1(r),\mathrm{},v_m(r))`$ of the groups $`K_r`$ such that $`rv_i(r)`$ are smooth $`R^n`$-valued fields on $`N`$. Indeed, given a vector $`v_i(0)`$ and a section $`\sigma `$ of the fibred manifold $`UN`$, each field $`v_i(r)=(s^\alpha (r))`$ is the unique smooth solution of the equation

$$g(s^\alpha )\sigma (r)=\sigma (r),(s^\alpha (0))=v_i(0),$$
(7)
on an open neighbourhood of $`\{0\}`$. Without loss of generality, one can assume that this neighbourhood is $`N`$. Let us consider the decomposition

$`v_i(0)=B_i^a(0)e_a+C_i^k(0)e_k,a=1,\mathrm{},nm,k=1,\mathrm{},m,`$
where $`C_i^k(0)`$ is a non-degenerate matrix. Since the fields $`v_i(r)`$ are smooth, there exists an open neighbourhood of $`\{0\}`$, say $`N`$ again, where the matrices $`C_i^k(r)`$ remain non-degenerate. Then, there is a unique linear morphism

$$A_r=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{Id}& & (B(r)B(0))C^1(0)\\ 0& & C(r)C^1(0)\end{array}\right)$$
(8)
of the vector space $`R^n`$ which transforms its frame $`v_\alpha (0)=\{e_a,v_i(0)\}`$ into the frame $`v_\alpha (r)=\{e_a,v_i(r)\}`$. Since it is also an automorphism of the group $`R^n`$ sending $`K_0`$ onto $`K_r`$, we obtain a desired isomorphism $`\rho _r`$ of the group $`G_0`$ to the group $`G_r`$. Let an element $`g`$ of the group $`G_0`$ be the coset of an element $`g(s^\lambda )`$ of the group $`R^n`$. Then, it acts in $`M_r`$ by the rule (6) just as the element $`g((A_r^1)_\beta ^\lambda s^\beta )`$ of the group $`R^n`$ does. Since entries of the matrix $`A`$ (8) are smooth functions on $`N`$, this action of the group $`G_0`$ in $`U`$ is smooth. It is free, and $`U/G_0=N`$. Then, the fibred manifold $`UN`$ is a principal bundle with the structure group $`G_0`$ which is trivial because $`N`$ is a domain.

(C) Given a section $`\sigma `$ of the principal bundle $`UN`$, its trivialization $`U=N\times G_0`$ is defined by assigning the points $`\rho ^1(g_r)`$ of the group space $`G_0`$ to points $`g_r\sigma (r)`$, $`g_rG_r`$, of a fibre $`M_r`$. Let us endow $`G_0`$ with the standard coordinate atlas $`(y^\lambda )=(t^a;\phi ^i)`$ of the group $`R^{nm}\times T^m`$. We provide $`U`$ with a desired trivialization (3) with respect to the coordinates $`(J_\lambda ;t^a;\phi ^i)`$, where $`J_\lambda (u)=F_\lambda (u)`$, $`uU`$, are coordinates on the base $`N`$. The Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ on $`U`$ relative to these coordinates read

$$\vartheta _a=_a,\vartheta _i=(BC^1)_i^a_a+(C^1)_i^k_k.$$
(9)
In particular, the Hamilton equation takes the form

$`\dot{J}_\lambda =0,\dot{y}^\lambda =f^\lambda (J_\alpha ).`$
(D) Since fibres of $`UN`$ are Lagrangian manifolds, the symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`U`$ is given by the coordinate expression

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{\alpha \beta }dJ_\alpha dJ_\beta +\mathrm{\Omega }_\beta ^\alpha dJ_\alpha dy^\beta .$$
(10)
Let us bring it into the canonical form (4). The Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ obey the relations $`\vartheta _\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }=dJ_\lambda `$, which take the coordinate form

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_\beta ^\alpha \vartheta _\lambda ^\beta =\delta _\lambda ^\alpha .$$
(11)
It follows that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\beta ^\alpha `$ is a nondegenerate matrix whose entries are independent of coordinates $`y^\lambda `$. By virtue of the well-known Künneth formula for the de Rham cohomology of manifold product, the closed form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (10) on $`U`$ (3) is exact, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Omega }=d\mathrm{\Xi }`$ where $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ reads

$$\mathrm{\Xi }=\mathrm{\Xi }^\alpha (J_\lambda ,y^\lambda )dJ_\alpha +\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_\lambda )d\phi ^i.$$
(12)
Because entries of $`d\mathrm{\Xi }=\mathrm{\Omega }`$ are independent of $`y^\lambda `$, we obtain the following.

(i) $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i^\lambda =^\lambda \mathrm{\Xi }_i_i\mathrm{\Xi }^\lambda `$. Consequently, $`_i\mathrm{\Xi }^\lambda `$ are independent of $`\phi ^i`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Xi }^\lambda `$ are at most affine in $`\phi ^i`$ and, therefore, are independent of $`\phi ^i`$ since these are cyclic coordinates. Hence, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i^\lambda =^\lambda \mathrm{\Xi }_i`$ and $`_i\mathrm{\Omega }=d\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$. A glance at the last equality shows that $`_i`$ are Hamiltonian vector fields. It follows that we can substitute $`m`$ integrals of motion among $`F_\lambda `$ withe the functions $`\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$, which we continue to denote $`F_i`$. The Hamiltonian vector fields of these new $`F_i`$ are tangent to invariant tori. In this case, the matrix $`B`$ in the expressions (8) and (9) is the zero one, and the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ read

$$\vartheta _a=_a,\vartheta _i=(C^1)_i^k_k.$$
(13)
Moreover, the coordinates $`t^a`$ are exactly the flow parameters $`s^a`$. Substituting the expressions (13) into the conditions (11), we obtain

$`\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{\alpha \beta }dJ_\alpha dJ_\beta +dJ_ads^a+C_k^idJ_id\phi ^k.`$
It follows that $`\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$ are independent of $`J_a`$, and so are $`C_i^k=^k\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$.

(ii) $`\mathrm{\Omega }_a^\lambda =_a\mathrm{\Xi }^\lambda =\delta _a^\lambda `$. Hence, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^a=s^a+E^a(J_\lambda )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }^i`$ are independent of $`s^a`$.

In view of items (i) – (ii), the Liouville form $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ (12) reads

$`\mathrm{\Xi }=(s^a+E^a(J_\lambda ))dJ_a+E^i(J_\lambda )dJ_i+\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_j)d\phi ^i.`$
Since the matrix $`^k\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$ is nondegenerate, we perform the coordinate transformation $`I_a=J_a`$, $`I_i=\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_j)`$, and obtain

$`\mathrm{\Xi }=(s^a+E^a(I_\lambda ))dI_a+E^i(I_\lambda )dI_i+I_id\phi ^i.`$
Finally, put

$$x^a=s^aE^a(I_\lambda ).\varphi ^i=\phi ^iE^i(I_\lambda )$$
(14)
in order to obtain the desired action-angle coordinates

$`I_a=J_a,I_i(J_j),x^a(J_\lambda ,s^a),\varphi ^i(J_\lambda ,\phi ^k).`$
The shifts (14) correspond to the choice of a Lagrangian section $`\sigma `$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us remark that the generalized action-angle coordinates in Theorem 2 are by no means unique. For instance, the canonical coordinate transformations

$$I_a=f_a(I_\lambda ^{}),I_i=I_i^{},x^a=\frac{f_b}{I_a^{}}x^b,\varphi ^i=\varphi ^i+\frac{f_a}{I_i^{}}x^a.$$
(15)
give new generalized action-angle coordinates on $`U`$.

## 3 Partially integrable systems

Let a $`2n`$-dimensional symplectic manifold $`(Z,\mathrm{\Omega })`$ admit $`k<n`$ smooth real functions $`\{F_\lambda \}`$, which are pairwise in involution and independent almost everywhere on $`Z`$. Let us consider the morphism

$$\pi =\stackrel{\lambda }{\times }F_\lambda :ZR^k,$$
(16)
and its regular connected common level surface $`W`$. There exists an open connected neighbourhood $`U_W`$ of $`W`$ such that

$$\pi :U_WV_W=\pi (U_W)$$
(17)
is a fibred manifold over a domain $`V_W`$ in $`R^k`$. Restricted to $`U_W`$, the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ of functions $`F_\lambda `$ define a $`k`$-dimensional distribution and the corresponding regular foliation $``$ of $`U_W`$. Its leaves are isotropic. They are located in fibres of the fibred manifold $`U_WV_W`$ and, moreover, make up regular foliations of these fibres.

Let us assume that the foliation $``$ has a total transversal manifold $`S`$ and its holonomy pseudogroup on $`S`$ is trivial. Then, $``$ is a fibred manifold

$$\pi _1:U_WS^{}$$
(18)
and $`S=\sigma (S^{})`$ is its section . Thereby, the fibration $`\pi `$ (17) factorizes as

$`\pi :U_W\stackrel{\pi _1}{}S^{}\stackrel{\pi _2}{}V_W`$
through the fibration $`\pi _1`$ (18). The map $`\pi _2`$ reads $`\pi _2=\pi \sigma `$ and, consequently, it is also a fibred manifold.

Proposition 2. Let us assume that there exists a domain $`NS^{}`$ such that: (i) the fibres of the fibred manifold $`\pi _1`$ (18) over $`N`$ are mutually diffeomorphic, (ii) the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ on $`U=\pi _1^1(N)`$ are complete. Then, there exists a domain in $`S^{}`$, say $`N`$ again, such that $`UN`$ is a trivial principal bundle with the structure group $`R^{km}\times T^m`$.

Proof. The proof is a straightforward repetition of parts (A) – (B) in the proof of Theorem 2. $`\mathrm{}`$

Furthermore, one can always choose the domain $`N`$ in Proposition 3 as the domain of a fibred chart of $`\pi _2`$. Following part (C) in the proof of Theorem 2, we can provide $`UN`$ with the trivialization

$$U=N\times R^{km}\times T^m,$$
(19)
coordinated by $`(J_\lambda ;z^A;y^\lambda )`$ where: (i) $`J_\lambda (u)=F_\lambda (u)`$, $`uU`$, are coordinates on the base $`V`$, (ii) $`(J_\lambda ;z^A)`$ are coordinates on $`N`$, and (iii) $`(y^\lambda )=(t^a;\phi ^i)`$ are coordinates on $`R^{km}\times T^m`$. The Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\alpha `$ on $`U`$ with respect to these coordinates read

$$\vartheta _a=_a,\vartheta _i=\vartheta _i^a(J_\lambda ,z^A)_a+\vartheta _i^k(J_\lambda ,z^A)_k.$$
(20)
Since fibres of $`UN`$ are isotropic, the symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`U`$ relative to the coordinates $`(J_\lambda ;z^A;y^\lambda )`$ is given by the expression

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }^{\alpha \beta }dJ_\alpha dJ_\beta +\mathrm{\Omega }_\beta ^\alpha dJ_\alpha dy^\beta +\mathrm{\Omega }_{AB}dz^Adz^B+\mathrm{\Omega }_A^\lambda dJ_\lambda dz^A+\mathrm{\Omega }_{A\beta }dz^Ady^\beta .$$
(21)
The Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ obey the relations $`\vartheta _\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }=dJ_\lambda `$, which give the conditions

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_\beta ^\alpha \vartheta _\lambda ^\beta =\delta _\lambda ^\alpha ,\mathrm{\Omega }_{A\beta }\vartheta _\lambda ^\beta =0.`$
The first of them shows that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\beta ^\alpha `$ is a non-degenerate matrix independent of coordinates $`y^\lambda `$. Then, the second one implies $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{A\beta }=0`$. The rest is a minor modification of part (D) in the proof of Theorem 2.

The symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (21) on $`U`$ is exact, and the Liouville form is

$`\mathrm{\Xi }=\mathrm{\Xi }^\alpha (J_\lambda ,z^B,y^\lambda )dJ_\alpha +\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_\lambda ,z^B)d\phi ^i+\mathrm{\Xi }_A(J_\lambda ,z^B,y^\lambda )dz^A.`$
Since $`\mathrm{\Xi }_a=0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$ are independent of $`\phi ^i`$, one easily obtains from the relations $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{A\beta }=_A\mathrm{\Xi }_\beta _\beta \mathrm{\Xi }_A=0`$ that $`\mathrm{\Xi }_i`$ are independent of coordinates $`z^A`$, while $`\mathrm{\Xi }_A`$ are independent of coordinates $`y^\lambda `$. Hence, the Liouville form reads

$`\mathrm{\Xi }=\mathrm{\Xi }^\alpha (J_\lambda ,z^B,y^\lambda )dJ_\alpha +\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_\lambda )d\phi ^i+\mathrm{\Xi }_A(J_\lambda ,z^B)dz^A`$
(cf. (12)). Running through item (i), we observe that, in the case of a partially integrable system, one can also separate integrals of motion $`F_i`$ whose Hamiltonian vector fields are tangent to invariant tori. Then, the Hamiltonian vector fields (20) take the form

$`\vartheta _a=_a,\vartheta _i=\vartheta _i^k(J_\lambda ,z^A)_k.`$
Following items (i) – (ii) of part (D), we obtain

$`\mathrm{\Xi }=(s^a+E^a(J_\lambda ,z^B))dJ_a+E^i(J_\lambda ,z^B)dJ_i+\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_j)d\phi ^i+\mathrm{\Xi }_A(J_\lambda ,z^B)dz^A.`$
Finally, the coordinates

$`x^a=s^a+E^a(J_\lambda ,z^B),I_i=\mathrm{\Xi }_i(J_j),I_a=J_a,\varphi ^i=\phi ^iE^j(J_\lambda ,z^B){\displaystyle \frac{J_j}{I_i}}`$
bring $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ into the form

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=dI_adx^a+dI_id\varphi ^i+\mathrm{\Omega }_{AB}(I_\lambda ,z^B)dz^Adz^B+\mathrm{\Omega }_A^\lambda (I_\lambda ,z^B)dI_\lambda dz^A.$$
(22)
Therefore, one can think of these coordinates as being partial generalized action-angle coordinates. The Hamiltonian vector fields of integral of motions with respect to these coordinates read

$`\vartheta _a={\displaystyle \frac{}{x^a}},\vartheta _i={\displaystyle \frac{J_i}{I_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi ^j}}.`$
Thus, we have proved the following.

Theorem 3.  Given a partially integrable Hamiltonian system $`\{F_\lambda \}`$ on a symplectic manifold $`(Z,\mathrm{\Omega })`$, let $`W`$ be its regular connected level surface, and let $`MW`$ be a leaf of the characteristic foliation $``$ of the distribution generated by the Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ of $`F_\lambda `$. Let $`M`$ have an open satured neighbourhood $`UZ`$ such that: (i) the foliation $``$ of $`U`$ admits a transversal manifold $`S`$ and its holonomy pseudogroup on $`S`$ is trivial, (ii) the leaves of this foliation are mutually diffeomorphic, (iii) Hamiltonian vector fields $`\vartheta _\lambda `$ on $`U`$ are complete. Then, there exists an open satured neighbourhood of $`M`$, say $`U`$ again, which is a trivial bundle (19), provided with the particular coordinates $`(I_\lambda ;z^A;x^a;\varphi ^i)`$ such that the integrals of motion $`F_\lambda `$ depend only on the coordinates $`I_\alpha `$ and the symplectic form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`U`$ is brought into the form (22).


text:
# On sequentially ℎ-complete groups

## Acknowledgements

I am deeply indebted to Prof. Walter Tholen, my PhD thesis supervisor, for giving me incredible academic and moral help.

I am thankful to Prof. Mikhail Tkačenko for sending me his papers  and  by e-mail.

I am grateful for the constructive comments of the anonymous referee that led to an improved presentation of the results in this paper.

Last but not least, special thanks to my students, without whom it would not be worth it.