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# SU-4252-749, DFUP-02-12 Dirac Operators on Coset Spaces

## 1 Introduction

When a group $`G`$ acts transitively on a manifold $`Q`$ with stability group $`H`$ at a point $`p`$, we can identify $`Q`$ with the coset space $`G/H`$. Such spaces are important in the description of Goldstone modes created by the spontaneous breakdown of $`G`$ to $`H`$. Models of spacetime such as the Minkowski spacetime $`M^{3,1}`$ or its compact Euclidean version $`S^4`$ are also of this sort. The group $`G`$ in these cases is the Poincarè group and $`SO(5)`$ respectively, while $`H`$ is the Lorentz group and $`SO(4)`$ respectively. In addition, coset spaces like $`P^N`$ and $`S^N`$ have begun to proliferate as $`D`$branes in string and boundary conformal field theories.

The Dirac operator for a manifold $`Q`$, and its chirality operator when $`Q`$ is even–dimensional, have a central role in noncommutative geometry. That is a good motivation for their study. This work focuses on this enterprise when $`Q`$ is a coset space. In addition, in a subsequent paper, we shall develop fuzzy versions of certain coset spaces and their Dirac and chirality operators, primarily as a device to regularize quantum field theories thereon, and what we do here is also a preparation for it.

We assume throughout that $`G`$ is a simple compact connected Lie group and $`H`$ is a compact connected group. Without loss of generality we assume also that $`G`$ is simply connected. These restrictions on $`G`$ and $`H`$ can be relaxed somewhat, $`G`$ can be semi–simple for instance, and certain noncompact Lie groups $`G`$ too seem approachable by our methods.

Not all $`G/H`$ admit a spin–, or even a spinc–structure . One attractive aspect of our approach is that obstructions to spin– and spinc–structure show up transparently and we can also easily see when and how we can overcome them using suitable generalized spin–structures, spinK. The latter in general involve groups $`K`$ of any dimension, whereas spinc (= spinU(1) in our notation) uses $`U(1)`$ of dimension 1. The role of $`K`$ is roughly that of a gauge group, so insisting on the existence of spinors introduces nontrivial gauge symmetry and internal degrees of freedom. In addition, typically, spinK– theories are chiral, left- and right–chiral spinors transforming differently under $`K`$. This suggests that there may be a clever way to use fuzzy spaces to get the chiral fermions of the standard model.

There is a simple global appoach to differential geometry on $`G/H`$. We introduce this formalism after setting up the preliminaries in Section 2. We follow this up in Section 3 introducing spin– and spinK–structures. Their Dirac and chirality operators are formulated in Section 4. We call this version of the Dirac operator ’Kähler–Dirac operator’, as it is similar to the operator with the same name on a complex manifold. There is another equivalent version using projective modules equally useful for fuzzy physics, which we have decided to call the projective Dirac operator. The ‘Dirac’ operator then refers to either of these two versions. Section 5 takes this up and also establishes its equivalence to the Kähler–Dirac operator. Along the way, the differential geometry of Section 2 is also translated to the language of projective modules. The cut–off versions of these expressions have an important role in fuzzy physics. In Section 5 we also explicitly consider the spheres $`S^n`$ and $`P^n`$. In particular, for spheres,we compute the curvature and Dirac spectrum for the maximally symmetric metric. Section 6 extends the preceding considerations to gravity on $`G/H`$ . Finally Section 7 discusses the complex and Kähler structures of coset manifolds.

## 2 Differential Geometry on $`G/H`$

### 2.1  Preliminaries

$`G`$ is a simple, simply connected, connected, compact Lie group with Lie algebra $`\underset{¯}{G}`$. $`\underset{¯}{H}`$ is a subalgebra of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ which by exponentiation generates a compact connected Lie group $`H`$.

We think of $`G`$ concretely as $`N\times N`$ unitary matrices. The Lie algebra $`\underset{¯}{H}`$ then has a basis $`\{T(\alpha )\}`$ of hermitean matrices (we follow physics conventions, more correctly $`\{iT(\alpha )\}`$ span $`\underset{¯}{H}`$), which are trace orthogonal:

$$TrT(\alpha )T(\beta )=c\delta _{\alpha \beta },c=constant>0.$$
(2.1)
Using trace to define scalar product, $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ can be decomposed as the orthogonal direct sum

$$\underset{¯}{G}=\underset{¯}{H}^{}\underset{¯}{G/H}.$$
(2.2)
Let $`\{S(i)\}`$ be a basis for $`\underset{¯}{G/H}`$ with

$$TrS(i)S(j)=c\delta _{ij}.$$
(2.3)
We also of course have

$$TrS(i)T(\alpha )=0.$$
(2.4)
We denote the elements of the basis $`\{T(\alpha ),S(i)\}`$ collectively as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_A,A\{\alpha ,i\}`$.

Let $`Ad`$ denote the adjoint representation of $`G`$. Then $`HG`$ leaves $`\underset{¯}{G/H}`$ invariant in this representation:

$$hS(i)h^1=S(j)(Adh)_{ji},hH.$$
(2.5)
We call this representation of $`H`$ on $`\underset{¯}{G/H}`$ as $`Ad_{G/H}`$, and the corresponding representation of $`\underset{¯}{H}`$ as $`ad_{G/H}`$. $`Ad_{G/H}(h)`$ are real matrices as the hermitean conjugation of (2.5) shows. They are also orthogonal as conjugation leaves the relation (2.3) invariant. Thus if $`|G|,|H|`$ and $`|G/H|=|G||H|`$ denote the dimensions of $`G,H`$ and $`G/H`$, $`\{Ad_{G/H}(h)\}`$ is a subgroup of $`SO(|G/H|)`$:

$$\{Ad_{G/H}(h)\}SO(|G/H|).$$
(2.6)
The above discussion implies the following commutation relations:

$`[T(\alpha ),T(\beta )]`$ $`=`$ $`ic_{\alpha \beta \gamma }T(\gamma ),`$
$`[T(\alpha ),S(i)]`$ $`=`$ $`ic_{\alpha ij}S(j),`$ (2.7)
$`[S(i),S(j)]`$ $`=`$ $`ic_{ij\alpha }T(\alpha )+ic_{ijk}S(k).`$ (2.8)
The structure constants $`c_{ABC}`$ are real and totally antisymmetric.

We will call $`c_{ijk}`$ the torsion of the space $`\underset{¯}{G/H}`$. Below we will see that it plays exactly the role of the usual torsion for the canonical covariant derivative on $`G/H`$ . If $`c_{ijk}=0`$, the homogeneous space $`G/H`$ is said to be ‘symmetric’ . In that case, $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ admits the involutive automorphism:

$$\sigma :T(\alpha )T(\alpha ),S(i)S(i)$$
(2.9)
leaving $`\underset{¯}{H}`$ fixed. $`\sigma `$ lifts to an involutive automorphism $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of $`G`$ leaving $`H`$ fixed, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ being defined from

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }:e^{i\theta _\alpha T(\alpha )}e^{i\theta _\alpha T(\alpha )},e^{i\theta _iS(i)}e^{i\theta _iS(i)}.$$
(2.10)
### 2.2 Tensor Fields on $`G/H`$

Let $`W`$ be a fixed vector space with an orthonormal basis $`\{e_i\}`$ which carries the representation $`Ad_{G/H}`$ of $`H,h:e_ie_jAd_{G/H}(h)_{ji}`$. The vector space $`W^n=WW\mathrm{}W`$ ($`n`$ factors) carries the tensor product representation $`Ad_{G/H}^n=Ad_{G/H}Ad_{G/H}\mathrm{}Ad_{G/H}`$ ($`n`$ factors). Let $`W^0`$ also denote the one–dimensional complex vector space carrying the trivial representation $`Ad_{G/H}^0:h1`$.

Tensor fields of rank $`n`$ on $`G/H`$ can be defined to be equivariant functions on $`G`$ with values in $`W^n`$. That means the following: for $`n=0`$ we have scalar fields $`f^{(0)}`$, complex (or $`W^0`$) valued functions on $`G`$ invariant under the right–action of $`H`$ on $`G`$ (equivariance):

$$f^{(0)}=\text{scalar fields}:f^{(0)}(gh)=f^{(0)}(g),hH.$$
(2.11)
A tensor field $`f^{(1)}`$ of rank 1 has values in $`W`$; we can write it as:

$$f^{(1)}=f_i^{(1)}e_i,f_i^{(1)}:gf_i^{(1)}(g).$$
(2.12)
Equivariance for $`n=1`$ means the following transformation property under the right action of $`H`$ on $`G`$:

$$f_i^{(1)}(gh)e_i=f_i^{(1)}(g)Ad_{G/H}(h)_{ij}e_j.$$
(2.13)
Therefore

$$f_i^{(1)}(gh)=f_j^{(1)}(g)Ad_{G/H}(h)_{ji}.$$
(2.14)
Let $`J`$ label the inequivalent irreducible representations of $`G`$ by unitary matrices $`\{D^J(g)\}`$; their matrix elements in a convenient orthonormal basis are $`D_{mn}^J(g)`$. We have that

$$D_{mn}^J(gh)=D_{mn^{}}^J(g)D_{n^{}n}^J(h).$$
(2.15)
If the representation $`hD^J(h)`$ contains the identity representation of $`H`$, we can choose the basis in the representation space so that the index $`n`$ in (2.15) transforms trivially when $`n`$ an appropriate index set $`I_0`$:

$$D_{mi_0}^J(gh)=D_{mi_0}^J(g),i_0I_0.$$
(2.16)
From this, (2.11) and Peter–Weyl theorem it follows that we can expand $`f^{(0)}`$ in the form

$$f^{(0)}(g)=\xi _{mi_0}^JD_{mi_0}^J(g),\xi _{mi_0}^J.$$
(2.17)
$`\xi _{mi_0}^J`$ is zero if $`hD^J(h)`$ fails to contain the trivial representation of $`H`$.

Henceforth we assume for notational simplicity that the identity representation occurs only once in the restriction of the irreducible representations $`J`$ of $`G`$ to $`H`$, and so drop the index $`i_0`$ from $`\xi _{mi_0}^J`$. Otherwise a degeneracy index has to be included here and elsewhere.

In the same way, if the representation $`hD^J(h)`$ contains $`Ad_{G/H}`$, we can choose the basis in the representation space so that the index $`n`$ in (2.15) transform by $`Ad_{G/H}`$ if $`i,j`$ belong to an appropriate index set $`I`$:

$$D_{mi}^J(gh)=D_{mj}^J(g)[Ad_{G/H}(h)]_{ji},i,jI.$$
(2.18)
(For notational simplicity we are assuming that $`Ad_{G/H}`$ occurs only once in the representation $`J`$, otherwise a degeneracy index has to be added here and elsewhere.) Then we can expand $`f_i^{(1)}`$ in the form

$$f_i^{(1)}(g)=\xi _m^JD_{mi}^J(g),\xi _m^J.$$
(2.19)
$`\xi _m^J`$ now is zero if $`hD^J(h)`$ fails to contain $`Ad_{G/H}`$.

Continuing in this vein we see that tensor fields of rank $`n`$ in component form look like $`f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}`$ and have the expansion

$$f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}(g)=\xi _m^JD_{m,\{i_1\mathrm{}i_n\}}^J(g),i_kI,$$
(2.20)
$$D_{m,\{i_1\mathrm{}i_n\}}^J(gh)=D_{m,\{j_1\mathrm{}j_n\}}^J(g)[Ad_{G/H}(h)]_{j_1i_1}\mathrm{}[Ad_{G/H}(h)]_{j_ni_n}.$$
(2.21)
We have used a convenient multi–index notation for the second index of $`D^J`$. The rest should be clear. Tensor fields of diverse permutation symmetries are readily constructed along similar lines.

### 2.3 Covariant Derivative.

Let $`𝒯^{(n)}`$ denote the space of tensor fields of rank $`n`$, with a typical member $`f^{(n)}=\{f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}\}`$. $`𝒯^{(0)}`$ consists of functions, and it is also an algebra under pointwise multiplication. All $`𝒯^{(n)}`$ are $`𝒯^{(0)}`$-modules. The covariant derivative $``$ is a map

$$:𝒯^{(n)}𝒯^{(n+1)},f^{(n)}f^{(n)},$$
(2.22)
where $`f^{(n)}`$ has components $`(f^{(n)})_{ii_1\mathrm{}i_n}`$. It has in addition to fulfill the following important derivation property. Note that we can take tensor products of $`𝒯^{(n)}`$-s (over $`𝒯^{(0)},𝒯^{(n)}`$ being $`𝒯^{(0)}`$ modules):

$$𝒯^{(n)}𝒯^{(m)}=𝒯^{(n+m)},f^{(n)}f^{(m)}=f^{(n+m)},$$
(2.23)
where

$$f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_nj_1\mathrm{}j_m}^{(n+m)}=f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}f_{j_1\mathrm{}j_m}^{(m)}.$$
(2.24)
Then we require that

$$(f^{(n)}f^{(m)})=f^{(n)}f^{(m)}+f^{(n)}f^{(m)}.$$
(2.25)
There is a natural choice for the covariant derivative in our case. We call it hereafter as $`X`$. The action of $`X`$ on functions is:

$$\left[Xf^{(0)}\right]_i(g)=\frac{d}{dt}f^{(0)}(ge^{itS(i)})|_{t=0}.$$
(2.26)
$`f^{(0)}`$ transforms correctly in view of (2.5). In the same way the action on $`f^{(n)}`$ is:

$$\left[Xf^{(n)}\right]_{ii_1\mathrm{}i_n}(g)=\frac{d}{dt}f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}(ge^{itS(i)})|_{t=0}.$$
(2.27)
The right–hand side defines a vector field $`X_i`$. Using $`X_i`$ the covariant derivative in components is $`f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}X_if_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}=`$ R.H.S. of (2.27).

The torsion of the covariant derivative vanishes only if $`[X_i,X_j]f^{(0)}=0`$. From the definition and (2.7), we have

$$[X_i,X_j]f^{(0)}=c_{ijk}X_kf^{(0)}.$$
(2.28)
So there is torsion if $`c_{ijk}0`$. But there is an easy way to construct the torsion–free covariant derivative $`\overline{X}_i`$. Set

$`\overline{X}_if^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`X_if^{(0)},`$
$`\overline{X}_if_j^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`X_if_j^{(1)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}c_{ijk}f_k^{(1)},`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`\overline{X}_if_{j_1\mathrm{}j_n}^{(n)}`$ $`=`$ $`X_if_{j_1\mathrm{}j_n}^{(n)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}c_{ij_1j_1^{}}f_{j_1^{}j_2\mathrm{}j_n}^{(n)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}c_{ij_2j_2^{}}f_{j_1j_2^{}\mathrm{}j_n}^{(n)}+\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}c_{ij_nj_n^{}}f_{j_1\mathrm{}j_n^{}}^{(n)}.`$
Then

$$[\overline{X}_i,\overline{X}_j]f^{(0)}=[X_i,X_j]f^{(0)}+c_{ijk}X_kf^{(0)}=0,$$
(2.30)
just as we want.

Gauge fields will certainly have a central role in further developments. So we briefly indicate what they are here. Let us first consider $`U(1)`$ gauge fields. The general gauge potential is $`A_i=\xi _M^JD_{Mi}^J`$, $`\xi _M^J`$. It is subject to the reality condition $`\overline{A}_i=A_i`$. Then if $`f^{(n)}`$ has charge $`e`$, its covariant derivative is $`(\overline{X}_i+eA_i)f_{i_1\mathrm{}i_n}^{(n)}`$, where $`A_i`$ acts by pointwise multiplication. This definition is compatible with equivariance. We can substitute $`X_i`$ for $`\overline{X}_i`$ at the cost of possible torsion.

The gauge covariant derivative for a general gauge group as usual only involves regarding $`eA_i(g)`$, that is $`e\xi _M^J`$, to be Lie algebra valued, its action on $`f^{(n)}`$ in (2.27) is then dictated by the representation content of the latter.

## 3 Spin– and SpinK–structures

Spinorial fields are essential for physics. We can go about constructing them as follows. The orthogonal group $`SO(|G/H|)`$ has a double cover $`Spin(|G/H|)`$. Associated with $`SO(|G/H|)`$, there is also a Clifford algebra $`\mathrm{}(|G/H|)`$ with generators $`\gamma _1,\gamma _2,\mathrm{},\gamma _{|G/H|}`$:

$$\gamma _i\gamma _j+\gamma _j\gamma _i=2\delta _{ij}𝕀.$$
(3.1)
Here $`𝕀`$ denotes unit matrix. (Its dimension should be clear from the context). $`\mathrm{}(|G/H|)`$ has one or two inequivalent IRR’s of dimension $`2^n`$ if $`|G/H|=2n`$ or $`|G/H|=2n+1`$. In the latter case, the two IRR’s are related by a change of sign of all $`\gamma _i`$’s. In either case, they generate a unique faithful representation of $`Spin(|G/H|)`$ with generators $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ij}=\frac{1}{4i}(\gamma _i\gamma _j\gamma _j\gamma _i)`$ which we call $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$.

A recursive scheme for constructing anticommuting sets of hermitean $`\gamma `$matrices goes as follows. We start with a set of $`2^{n1}\times 2^{n1}`$ matrices $`\gamma _i,i=1,\mathrm{},2n1`$, satisfying eq.(3.1), and such that $`(i)^{n1}\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{2n1}=1`$, e.g. for $`n=2`$, the three Pauli matrices. Then a set of $`2^n\times 2^n`$ matrices $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ,\lambda =1,\mathrm{},2n+1`$, satisfying eq.(3.1), and such that $`(i)^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}=𝕀`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \gamma _i\\ \gamma _i& 0\end{array}\right),i=1,\mathrm{},2n1,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i𝕀\\ i𝕀& 0\end{array}\right),\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}𝕀& 0\\ 0& 𝕀\end{array}\right).$$
(3.2)
The matrices $`\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _{2n1}`$ span $`\mathrm{}(2n1)`$, and the matrices $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}`$ span $`\mathrm{}(2n)`$, whereas $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}`$ span $`\mathrm{}(2n+1)`$.

### 3.1  Spin Manifolds

We say that $`G/H`$ is a spin manifold if the commutative diagram of Fig.1 exists, arrows being homomorphisms (which need not be onto):

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}G& & H& & Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)\\ & & & & ^_2\\ & & Ad_{G/H}& & SO(|G/H|)\\ & & & & \\ & & & \text{Fig. 1}& \end{array}$$

The vertical homomorphisms are there by construction, so what is to be verified is the existence of the horizontal arrow. If it exists, a general spinor can be constructed as follows. We can reduce $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ restricted to $`H`$ into a direct sum $`\rho `$ of unitary irreducible representations of $`H`$. Let $`gD^J(g)`$ be the unitary matrix of $`g`$ in a representation of $`G`$ which on restriction to $`H`$ contains $`\rho `$. Then we can restrict its second index $`a`$ to an index set $`I`$ so that it transforms by $`\rho `$ under $`ggh`$:

$$D_{\alpha a}^J(gh)=D_{\alpha b}^J(g)D_{ba}^J(h),a,bI.$$
(3.3)
By construction we know how the Clifford algebra acts on the index $`aI`$. A general spinor $`\psi `$ then is a function on $`G`$ with components

$$\psi _a=\xi _M^JD_{Ma}^J.$$
(3.4)
Let us look at examples.

Example 1: $`P^1=SO(3)/SO(2)=[Spin(3)=SU(2)]/[Spin(2)=U(1)]`$. So $`G=SU(2),H=U(1)=\{e^{i\sigma _3\theta /2}\}`$, $`\sigma _A`$ the Pauli matrices. Then $`S(i)=\sigma _i,i=1,2`$, and

$$e^{i\sigma _3\theta /2}\sigma _ie^{i\sigma _3\theta /2}=\sigma _jR_{ji}(\theta ),R(\theta )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\theta & \mathrm{sin}\theta \\ \mathrm{sin}\theta & \mathrm{cos}\theta \end{array}\right)SO(2).$$
(3.5)
$`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ is just $`H=\{e^{i\sigma _3\theta /2}\}`$, the homomorphism $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(2)SO(2)`$ being $`e^{i\sigma _3\theta /2}R(\theta )`$. Thus Fig.1 exists and $`SU(2)/U(1)=S^2P^1`$ is spin.

For a thorough treatment of noncommutative geometry and Dirac operator on $`S^2`$, see .

Example 2: Similar arguments show that all the spheres $`S^N=SO(N+1)/SO(N)=Spin(N+1)/Spin(N)`$ are spin. $`G`$ for $`S^N`$ is $`Spin(N+1)`$ while $`H=Spin(N)`$. $`Ad_{G/H}`$ is $`SO(N)`$, the $`_2`$–quotient of $`Spin(N)`$. Since $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ is isomorphic to $`Spin(N)`$, $`S^N`$ is spin.

Example 3: $`P^2=SU(3)/U(2)`$. So $`G=SU(3),H=U(2)`$. A basis for the 3–dimensional $`SU(3)`$– Lie algebra consists of the Gell-Mann matrices $`\lambda _A`$. The $`U(2)`$ Lie algebra has basis $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _8`$, the hypercharge $`Y`$ being $`\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\lambda _8`$. The $`S(i)`$ are $`\lambda _4,\lambda _5,\lambda _6,\lambda _7`$. Under $`U(2)`$, they transform as $`(K^+,K^0)`$ or $`(\overline{K}^0,K^{})`$ in particle physics notation. That means that $`Ad_{G/H}=U(2)`$. Regarding $`U(2)`$ as $`2\times 2`$ unitary matrices $`U`$, we can embed $`U(2)`$ in $`SO(4)`$ by the map

$$U\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}U+U^{}& i(UU^{})\\ i(UU^{})& U+U^{}\end{array}\right).$$
(3.6)
$`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(4)`$ is the $`(\frac{1}{2},0)(0,\frac{1}{2})`$ representation of $`SU(2)SU(2)`$. It is the double cover of $`SO(4)`$. Now $`H`$ is $`U(2)`$ and $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(4)`$ has no $`U(2)`$ subgroup. So $`P^2`$ is not spin .

Example 4: $`G=SU(3),H=SO(3)`$. With $`G`$ as $`3\times 3`$ unitary matrices, $`H`$ consists of all real orthogonal matrices and corresponds to the spin 1 representation of $`SO(3)`$. $`\underset{¯}{G/H}`$ is of dimension 5. It carries the spin 2 representation of $`SO(3)`$, isomorphic (but not equivalent!) to the spin 1 representation. There is no homorphism $`SO(3)Spin^{\mathrm{}}(5)`$ compatible with Fig.1, so that $`SU(3)/SO(3)`$ is not spin .

Let us show this result in more detail. We can show it by establishing that the $`2\pi `$–rotation in $`SO(3)`$ becomes a noncontractible loop in $`SO(5)`$ under the embedding in Fig.2. Then the inverse image of $`SO(3)`$ under the homomorphism $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(5)SO(5)`$ is $`SU(2)`$ giving us the result.

Now $`SO(3)`$ acts on real symmetric traceless $`3\times 3`$ matrices $`T=(T_{ij})`$ according to $`TRTR^T`$. This is its spin 2 representation. We can eliminate say $`T_{33}`$ using $`TrT=0`$, thereby representing it as real transformations on $`(T_{11},T_{12},T_{13},T_{22},T_{23})`$. $`SO(5)`$ consists of real transformations on this five-dimensional vector,so we now have the needed explicit embedding of $`SO(3)`$ in $`SO(5)`$. Let

$$R(\theta ):\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{cos}\theta & \mathrm{sin}\theta & 0\\ \mathrm{sin}\theta & \mathrm{cos}\theta & 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$
(3.7)
It generates the $`2\pi `$–rotation loop in $`SO(3)`$ as $`\theta `$ increases from $`0`$ to $`2\pi `$. Consider $`T^{}=R(\theta )TR(\theta )^T`$. Then as $`\theta `$ increases from $`0`$ to $`2\pi `$ we have a $`2\pi `$–rotation in the $`T_{13}T_{23}`$ plane. But by the time $`\theta =\pi `$, $`T_{ab}(a,b2)`$ return to $`T_{ab}`$ so that the rotations in their planes are by $`4\pi `$ or/and $`0`$ (in fact $`\delta _{ab}(T_{11}+T_{22})`$ undergoes no change and $`T_{ab}\frac{1}{2}\delta _{ab}(T_{11}+T_{22})`$ undergoes $`4\pi `$–rotation). The corresponding loop of matrices in $`SO(5)`$ is the product of an odd number of $`2\pi `$–rotations and hence cannot be deformed to a point in $`SO(5)`$. That concludes the proof.

We will now explain the Dirac operators for Spin– and SpinK–manifolds after discussing SpinK-structures.

### 3.2 SpinK –Manifolds

$`K`$ and $``$ are compact connected Lie groups in what follows. We say that $`G/H`$ is a SpinK–manifold if the commutative diagram of Fig.2 exists.

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}G& & H& & & & Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)\\ & & & & ^K& _2& \\ & & Ad_{G/H}& & SO(|G/H|)& & \\ & & & & & & \\ & & & \text{Fig. 2}& & & \end{array}$$

$`K`$ and $`_2`$ on the arrows are to show that they are the kernels of those homomorphisms.

$`Spin_{U(1)}`$ in our language is what mathematicians call $`Spin_c`$.

The intersection $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)K`$ clearly contains $`_2`$. It cannot be larger, for that would mean that the kernel for the slanting arrow exceeds $`_2`$.
Thus $`\left[Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)\times K\right]/_2`$. Its quotient by $`K`$ being exactly $`SO(|G/H|)`$, we conclude that

$$=\left[Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)\times K\right]/_2,$$
(3.8)
giving Fig.3, also a commutative diagram:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}G& & H& & =\left[Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)\times K\right]/_2& & Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)\\ & & & & & & \\ & & & & K& _2& \\ & & & & & & \\ & & Ad_{G/H}& & SO(|G/H|)& & \\ & & & & & & \\ & & & & \text{Fig. 3}& & \end{array}$$

Let us denote the generators of $`_2`$ in $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ and $`K`$ by $`z_{Spin}`$ and $`z_K`$, they square to the respective identities. The inclusion of $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ in Fig.3 is to be understood as follows. The elements of $``$ are the equivalence classes

$$<s,k>=<z_{spin}s,z_Kk>,sSpin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|),kK.$$
(3.9)
Then the top inclusion is via the isomorphism

$$s<s,e_K>,e_K=\text{identity of}K.$$
(3.10)
As we think of $``$ as the concrete matrix group obtained by tensoring $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ with a faithful unitary representation of $`K`$ where $`z_K`$ is represented by $`𝕀`$

$$=Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)K$$
(3.11)
we can write $`1`$ for $`z_{spin}`$ and $`z_K`$. The inclusion of $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$ is then just $`ss𝕀`$.

Let us motivate the new requirements in Figures 2 and 3. For a physicist, a spinor changes sign under ‘$`2\pi `$–rotation’. $``$ is the group acting on $`Spin_K`$–spinors. We have required it to contain $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$, so we can check this requirement by looking at the action of $`2\pi `$–rotation $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(|G/H|)`$. As for asking that $`H`$, we can reduce the representation of $``$ into a direct sum $`\rho `$ of irreducible representations $`\rho `$ of $`H`$ just as in the discussion of spin structures. The action of the Clifford algebra on $`\rho `$ by construction is known. The wave functions of $`Spin_K`$–spinors are then given by linear spans of representations of $`G`$ induced by $`\rho `$, see (3.4). Later we shall see how the Dirac operator can be defined on these wave functions.

Example 5. $`G=SU(3),H=U(2),G/H=P^2`$. Here we choose $`K=U(1)`$. Elements of $`U(2)`$ can be written as the equivalence classes

$$<s,u>=<s,u>,sSU(2),uU(1),$$
(3.12)
where we identify $`SU(2)`$ with $`2\times 2`$ unitary matrices of unit determinant and $`u`$ with a phase. $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(4)`$ is $`SU(2)SU(2)`$ and $``$ consists of the equivalence classes

$$<s_1,s_2,u>=<s_1,s_2,u>.$$
(3.13)
With elements of $`SO(4)`$ represented as $`<s_1,s_2>=<s_1,s_2>`$, the homomorphism $`SO(4)`$ is $`<s_1,s_2,u>(s_1,s_2)`$. The homomorphism $`H`$ is also simple:

$$[s,u]<s,s,u>.$$
(3.14)
Thus $`P^2`$ is $`Spin_{U(1)}`$ or $`Spin_c`$.

Example 6. $`G=SU(3),H=SO(3)`$.

We return to the choices $`G=SU(3),H=SO(3)`$. Choosing $`K=U(1)`$ is not helpful now, as we lack a suitable homomorphism $`H=SO(3)=Spin^{\mathrm{}}(5)_{Z_2}U(1)`$. So $`SU(3)/SO(3)`$ is not even SpinU(1), a result originally due to Landweber and Stong . A better choice is $`K=SU(2)`$. Then we can find the homomorphism $`H`$ as follows. The image of $`Ad_{G/H}`$ in $`SO(5)`$ is an $`SO(3)`$ subgroup $`SO(3)^{}`$. Its inverse image in $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(5)`$ is an $`SU(2)`$ subgroup $`SU(2)^{}`$. Let $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{T}`$ be the angular momentum generators of $`SU(2)^{}`$ and $`K`$. If $`\stackrel{}{L}`$ are the angular momentum generators of $`H`$, the map at the level of Lie algebras is just $`\stackrel{}{L}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}+\stackrel{}{T}`$. Hence $`SU(3)/SO(3)`$ is SpinSU(2). More such examples can be found.

### 3.3 What is $`\overline{X}(i)`$ now?

We need the extension of the torsion–free connection with components $`\overline{X}_i`$ to spinors on general $`spin_K`$–manifolds. The first step in this direction is the extension of $`X_i`$.

A spinor field $`\psi =(\psi _a)`$ on a $`Spin_K`$–manifold has the expansion

$$\psi _a=\xi _M^LD_{Ma}^L,$$
(3.15)
where $`a`$ carries the action of the Clifford algebra. The definition of $`X_i`$ on $`\psi `$ is immediate from (2.26):

$$(X_i\psi )(g)=\frac{d}{dt}\xi _M^LD_{Ma}^L(ge^{itS(i)})|_{t=0}.$$
(3.16)
The definition of $`\overline{X}_i`$ involves the extension of $`c_{ijk}`$ to spinors so that it can act on the index $`a`$. Now, the generators of the $`SO(|G/H|)`$-Lie algebra are $`M_{ij}`$ where:

$$(M_{ij})_{kl}=i(\delta _{ik}\delta _{jl}\delta _{il}\delta _{jk}).$$
(3.17)
Its image in the spinor representation is $`\frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j]`$.

Now

$$c_{ij^{}k^{}}(M_{j^{}k^{}})_{kj}f_k^{(1)}=2ic_{ikj}f_k^{(1)}.$$
(3.18)
Hence

$$\overline{X}_if_j^{(1)}=X_if_j^{(1)}+\frac{1}{4i}c_{ij^{}k^{}}(M_{j^{}k^{}})_{kj}f_k^{(1)}.$$
(3.19)
From this follows the definition of $`\overline{X}_i`$ on spinors:

$$\overline{X}_i\psi _a=X_i\psi _a\frac{1}{16}c_{ijk}\left([\gamma _j,\gamma _k]\right)_{ba}\psi _b.$$
(3.20)
A tensor formed of spinors will then transform correctly.

The introduction of gauge fields follows the earlier discussion.

## 4 The Dirac and Chirality Operators

The massless Dirac operator for the torsion free connection $`\overline{X}_i`$ is just:

$$D_W=i\gamma _i^{}\overline{X}_i,$$
(4.1)
where the superscript $``$ indicates that the $`\gamma `$’s act on spinors on the right. It is self-adjoint. This expression can be gauged, and $`\overline{X}_i`$ can be substituted by $`X_i`$ if we can tolerate torsion.

If $`|G/H|`$ is even, e.g. if $`G/H`$ is a \[co\]adjoint orbit, there is also a chirality operator $`\gamma `$ anticommuting with $`D_W`$:

$$\gamma =(i)^{\frac{1}{2}|G/H|}\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{|G/H|}=\gamma ^{},\gamma ^2=𝕀.$$
(4.2)
The subscript ‘$`W`$’ is to indicate that it is the form of the Dirac operator used by the Watamuras . For even $`|G/H|`$ there is also the unitarily equivalent Dirac operator

$$D=e^{i\gamma ^{}\pi /4}D_We^{i\gamma ^{}\pi /4}=i\gamma ^{}D_W,$$
(4.3)
which is central to fuzzy physics.

## 5 Projective Modules and their Dirac Operator

### 5.1 Projective Modules.

In the algebraic approach to vector bundles, their sections are substituted by elements of projective modules (‘of finite type’) . A projective module is constructed as follows. Let $`A`$ be an algebra. It can be the commutative algebra $`𝒜`$ of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$–functions on a manifold $`M`$ if our interest is in the algebraic description of its vector bundles. But it can also be a noncommutative algebra, in which case there is no evident correspondence with sections of differential geometric vector bundles. Consider $`A^NA_C^N`$ with elements $`a=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_N),a_iA`$. Let $`P`$ be an $`N\times N`$ projector with coefficient in $`A`$:

$$P_{ij}A,P^{}=P=P^2.$$
(5.1)
Then $`A^NP`$ (whose elements are vectors $`\alpha `$ with components $`a_jP_{ji}`$) is a projective module. The Serre–Swan theorem () establishes that sections of any vector bundle can be got from some $`N`$ and $`P`$.

It is very helpful for subsequent developments to have a projective module description of vector bundles. We can find the appropriate projectors by a known method described nicely by Landi . It goes as follows.

Consider for example a rank 1 tensor field and any particular $`D^J`$ matrix occurring in its expansion, with elements $`D_{\rho i}^J`$. We have

$$(D^J)_{i\rho }^{}(g)D_{\rho j}^J(g)=\delta _{ij}.$$
(5.2)
Let

$$P^J(g)_{\rho \sigma }=D_{\rho i}^J(g)(D^J)_{i\sigma }^{}(g).$$
(5.3)
Since $`P^J(gh)=P^J(g)`$ if $`hH`$, $`P_{\rho \sigma }^J`$ are functions on $`G/H`$. In view of (5.2), they are projectors too. If $`P^J(g)`$ are $`|J|\times |J|`$ matrices, a projective module describing rank 1 tensor fields is

$$𝒜^{|J|}P^J=<\alpha ^J=(\alpha _1^J,\mathrm{},\alpha _{|J|}^J),\alpha _i^J=a_k^JP_{ki}^J>.$$
(5.4)
There is no unique correspondence between projective modules and vector bundles. Thus for each $`J`$, we can find a projector and its module. But all such modules are equivalent, since there are elements $`\alpha ^J=a^JP^J`$ and $`\alpha ^K=a^KP^K`$ which naturally correspond for different $`J`$ and $`K`$:

$$\alpha _\rho ^J=\xi _M^LD_{Mi}^L(D^J)_{i\rho }^{},\alpha _\sigma ^K=\xi _M^LD_{Mi}^L(D^K)_{i\sigma }^{}.$$
(5.5)
### 5.2 Differential Geometry

There is much to be said on the differential geometry on projective modules, but for reasons of brevity we limit ourselves to indicating how to extend the definitions of $`X(i)`$ and $`\overline{X}(i)`$.

Let us first focus on the tensorial case. Let

$$P=(P_{\lambda \rho }),P_{\lambda \rho }=D_{\lambda i}^J(D^J)_{i\rho }^{}$$
(5.6)
be a projector appropriate for rank 1 tensors. Then what substitutes for the torsion–free $`X_i`$ acting on $`\alpha ^J`$ is $`_\lambda `$, which is defined by

$$_\lambda \alpha _\rho ^J(g)=\xi _M^L\frac{d}{dt}D_{Mi}^L(ge^{itS(j)})|_{t=0}(D^J)_{i\rho }^{}(g)(D^J)_{j\lambda }^{}(g).$$
(5.7)
It belongs to the projective module for rank 2 tensors with the natural choice $`PP`$ of their projectors. A more compact expression for the covariant derivative can be given in terms of the right-invariant vector fields of $`G`$, defined by

$$(_Af)(g)=i\frac{d}{dt}f(e^{it\mathrm{\Sigma }_A}g)|_{t=0},$$
(5.8)
so that

$$_A(D^J)_{\lambda \mu }^{}=(D^J)_{\lambda \rho }^{}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_A)_{\rho \mu }^J.$$
(5.9)
If functions on $`G/H`$ are regarded as functions on $`G`$ invariant by right action of $`H`$ on $`G`$, $`_A`$ on these correspond to ‘orbital’ operators of angular momentum.

The vector fields $`_A`$ are related to the left–invariant vector fields $`X_A`$ by:

$$(X_Af)(g)=\frac{d}{dt}f(ge^{it\mathrm{\Sigma }_A})|_{t=0}=i(_Bf)(g)(Adg)_{BA}.$$
(5.10)
From this we may derive the following expression for the covariant derivative:

$$_\lambda =iAdg_{Ai}(D^J)_{i\lambda }^{}𝒥_A,𝒥_A=\text{‘total angular momentum’}=_A\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{},$$
(5.11)
where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{}`$ are the generators appropriate for representation $`J`$ acting on the right. In fact, applying (5.10) and then (5.9) to the definition (5.7) we find

$$_\lambda \alpha _\rho ^J=i\left(_A\xi _M^LD_{Mi}^L\right)D_{i\rho }^J(Adg)_{Aj}D_{j\lambda }^J=i(Adg)_{Aj}D_{j\lambda }^J\left((_A\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{})\alpha ^J\right)_\rho .$$
(5.12)
$`_\lambda `$ maps tensors of rank $`k`$ to $`k+1`$. It also has the correct derivation property so that it is a covariant differentiation. Also (5.7) shows that it corresponds to the operator $`X_i`$.

We can define the covariant derivative $`_\rho `$ on spinors corresponding to $`X_i`$ in the same way, just changing the index $`i`$ to $`a`$ in (3.15), and accordingly changing the choice of $`J`$ as well.

The canonical torsion $`c_{ijk}`$ generalizes for tensors to

$$𝒞_{\lambda \rho \sigma }=(D^J)_{i\lambda }^{}(D^J)_{j\rho }^{}c_{ijk}D_{\sigma k}^J.$$
(5.13)
A torsion–free covariant derivative on tensors when $`c_{ijk}0`$ is then defined from

$$\overline{}_\lambda \alpha _\rho ^J=_\lambda \alpha _\rho ^J+\frac{1}{2}𝒞_{\lambda \rho \sigma }\alpha _\sigma ^J.$$
(5.14)
As for spinors, following (3.20), we define a spinorial torsion which is twice the expression

$$\frac{i}{4}c_{ijk}\frac{1}{2i}(\gamma _j\gamma _k)_{ba}=\frac{1}{8}c_{ijk}(\gamma _j\gamma _k)_{ba}.$$
(5.15)
Let $`J_s`$ be the representation of choice for the projective module of spinors, and $`J_T`$ for rank 1 tensors. The transform of (5.15) onto spinorial modules is:

$$\frac{1}{8}c_{ijk}\left[D^{J_s}(\gamma _j\gamma _k)(D^{J_s})^{}\right]_{\sigma ^{}\sigma }(D^{J_T})_{i\rho }^{},$$
(5.16)
while the torsion–free covariant derivative $`\overline{}_\rho `$ acts on a spinor $`\alpha ^{J_s}`$ represented as an element of a projective module as follows:

$$\overline{}_\rho \alpha _\sigma ^{J_s}=_\rho \alpha _\sigma ^{J_s}\frac{1}{8}\alpha _\sigma ^{}^{J_s}c_{ij^{}k^{}}(D^{J_s}(\gamma _j^{}\gamma _k^{})(D^{J_s})^{})_{\sigma ^{}\sigma }(D^{J_T})_{i\rho }^{}.$$
(5.17)
### 5.3 The Projective Dirac Operator for Spheres

The equations (5.5) tell us the invertible transformation of a spinor field of § 3.3 to an element of a projective module. So we can transform the Dirac operator $`D`$ to one acting on this $`𝒜`$–module. The result is not illuminating except in special cases like spheres and $`P^N`$, so we take them up first.

a) Even Spheres

For $`G/H=S^{2n}`$, we can choose $`G=Spin^{\mathrm{}}(2n+1)=\{g\}`$, $`H=Spin^{\mathrm{}}(2n)=\{h\}`$, identifying them with the representations given by $`\gamma `$–matrices, $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(2n+1)`$ and $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(2n)`$. We denote the $`\gamma `$-matrices of $`H`$ by $`\gamma _i,i=1,..,2n`$, and by $`\gamma =(i)^n\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{2n}`$ the additional gamma matrix of $`G`$, and call them collectively as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda =(\gamma _i,\gamma ),\lambda =1,..,2n+1`$. The generators of $`H`$ are $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ij}=\frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j]`$, which together with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{2n+1,i}=\frac{1}{2i}\gamma \gamma _i`$ make up the full set of generators $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }`$ of $`G`$.

The $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda `$ transform as vectors under conjugation by $`G`$. That lets us introduce coordinate functions $`x=(x_\lambda )`$ for $`S^{2n}`$, starting from an ‘origine’ $`x^0=(0,\mathrm{},0,1)`$, as follows:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda =g\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}g^1,gSpin(2n+1),x_\lambda x_\lambda =1.$$
(5.18)
We let subscript $`A=(\mu \nu ),\mu >\nu `$ stand for either of the multi-indices $`(ij),(\alpha `$ of Sec.2), or $`(2n+1,i),(i`$ of Sec.2). For $`A=(2n+1,i)`$, $`X_A`$ gives back $`X_{2n+1,i}X_i`$ of Sec.2, which is now torsionless, $`G/H`$ being symmetric.

Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}`$ commutes with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ij}`$, $`D_W`$ can be written as:

$$D_W=i\gamma _i^{}X_i=[\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1},\mathrm{\Sigma }_A]^{}X_A=[\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda ,\mathrm{\Sigma }_A]^{}X_A,\text{at}x=x^0,$$
(5.19)
while

$$D=i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}^{}D_W=i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda D_W,\text{at}x=x^0.$$
(5.20)
We choose $`J`$ to correspond to the preceding Clifford representation to fix the spinorial projective module. We now show that on this module the above Dirac operators have the beautiful forms

$$𝒟_W=i[\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda ,\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{}]𝒥_A,𝒟=i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda 𝒟_W,$$
(5.21)
$`𝒥_A`$ being again the total ’orbital’ plus ’spin’ generators $`_A`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{}`$ of $`G`$. The matrices $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{},\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{}`$ act on the index $`a`$ of the spinor

$$\chi _a=\xi _M^KD_{Mb}^K(D^{\mathrm{}})_{ba}^{}$$
(5.22)
on the right as in $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}\chi )_a=\chi _b(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda )_{ba}`$.

In fact, if we apply (5.21), since by (5.9) $`𝒥_A(D^{\mathrm{}})^{}=0`$, we can see that

$$(𝒟_W\chi )_a=i\left(_A(\xi _M^KD_{Mb}^K)\right)(D^{\mathrm{}})_{bc}^{}[\mathrm{\Sigma }_A,\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda ]_{ca}.$$
(5.23)
Inserting

$`[\mathrm{\Sigma }_A,\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda ]`$ $`=`$ $`(Adg)_{AB}D^{\mathrm{}}(g)[\mathrm{\Sigma }_B,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}](D^{\mathrm{}}(g))^{}=`$ (5.24)
$`=`$ $`i(Adg)_{A,(2n+1,i)}D^{\mathrm{}}(g)\gamma _i(D^{\mathrm{}}(g))^{},`$
we get

$$(𝒟_W\chi )_a=(_A\xi _M^KD_{Mb}^K)(Adg)_{A,(2n+1,i)})(\gamma _i)_{ba^{}}(D^{\mathrm{}}(g))^{}_{a^{}a}.$$
(5.25)
But the right-invariant vector fields are related to the left-invariant ones by eq.(5.10), so

$$(𝒟_W\chi )_a=i(X_i\xi _M^KD_{Mb}^K)(\gamma _i)_{bc}(D^{\mathrm{}}(g))_{ca}^{}.$$
(5.26)
Writing $`\psi _a=\chi _a^{}D_{a^{}a}^{\mathrm{}}`$, (5.26) shows that under $`𝒟_W:\psi _a(D_W\psi )_a`$, which is the action (5.19). So $`𝒟_W`$ is equivalent to $`D_W`$. In a similar manner $`𝒟`$ is seen to be equivalent to $`D`$.

When acting on functions on $`S^{2n}`$, we can use our coordinates to express the right-invariant vector fields in the form

$$_{\mu \nu }=i\left(x_\mu \frac{}{x_\nu }x_\nu \frac{}{x_\mu }\right),$$
(5.27)
and therefore the Dirac operators as

$$𝒟_W=x_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu ^{}(_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^{}),𝒟=\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^{}_{\mu \nu }+n.$$
(5.28)
To determine the spectrum and eigenspinors of the Dirac operator we need to be more explicit about the group $`Spin(2n+1)`$. It has rank $`n`$, and IRR’s that can be labeled by the components of the highest weight $`(m_1,\mathrm{},m_n)`$, with the $`m_i`$’s all integers or all half integers, and $`m_1m_2\mathrm{}m_n0`$. The Clifford representation $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}`$ has highest weight $`(\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2})`$, dimension $`2^n`$ and quadratic Casimir operator $`C_2(\mathrm{})C_2(Spin^{\mathrm{}})=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{4}n(2n+1)`$. We indicate by $`L`$ an IRR associated with the set $`I_0`$ of §2.2; it has highest weight $`(l,0,..,0)`$, where $`l`$ is an integer, and dimension and quadratic Casimir operator

$$d(L)=\frac{2l+2n1}{l+2n1}\frac{(l+2n1)!}{l!(2n1)!},C_2(L)=l(l+2n1).$$
(5.29)
The final piece of required information is

$$L\mathrm{}=(l+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2})(l\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2})$$
(5.30)
with

$$d(j,\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2})=2^n\frac{(j+2n\frac{3}{2})!}{(j\frac{1}{2})!(2n1)!},C_2(j,\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2})=j(j+2n1)+\frac{1}{2}(n1)(n\frac{1}{2}).$$
(5.31)
With this background it is easy to show that the eigenspinors of $`𝒟`$ are of the form

$$\chi _a^{JL}=\xi _M^{JL}<JM|LN,\mathrm{}a>D_{Ni_0}^L\text{with}J=(l\pm \frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2}),$$
(5.32)
where $`M,N`$ and $`i_0`$ , and $`a`$ label vectors in the IRR’s $`J,L`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$. In fact

$$(𝒟\chi )_a=\xi _M^{JL}<JM|LN^{},\mathrm{}a^{}>(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu })_{a^{}a}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^L)_{N^{}N}D_{Ni_0}^L+n\chi _a,$$
(5.33)
where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^L`$ is the representative of $`_{\mu \nu }`$ in the IRR $`L`$.‘Completing the square’ in this equation, one finds

$$<JM|LN^{},\mathrm{}a^{}>(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu })_{a^{}a}(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^L)_{N^{}N}=(C_2(J)C_2(L)C_2(\mathrm{})<JM|LN,\mathrm{}a>.$$
(5.34)
Using the expressions for the various quadratic Casimir operators, the eigenvalues corresponding to the the eigenspinors (5.32) are found to be

$$\rho =\pm (j+n\frac{1}{2}),\text{for}j=l\pm \frac{1}{2}.$$
(5.35)
b) Odd Spheres

An odd sphere $`S^{2n1}=SO(2n)/SO(2n1)`$ differs from an even sphere $`S^{2n}`$ in important details. The Clifford algebra $`\mathrm{}(2n1)`$ has two inequivalent $`2^{n1}`$-dimensional representations, with $`(i)^{n1}\gamma _1\mathrm{}\gamma _{2n1}=𝕀`$ and $`(i)^{n1}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_1\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_{2n1}=𝕀`$; we may take $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_i=\gamma _i`$, which makes clear that they give a single IRR’s of $`Spin(2n1)`$, with generators $`\frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j]`$. They do give however two inequivalent IRR’s of $`Spin(2n)`$, with generators $`(\frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j],\frac{1}{2}\gamma _i)`$ and $`(\frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j],\frac{1}{2}\gamma _i)`$, let us label them $`\mathrm{}^+`$ and $`\mathrm{}^{}`$.

For covariance it is better to put these two representations together and work with the $`2^n`$-dimensional $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu ,\mu =1,\mathrm{},2n`$, built from the $`\gamma _i`$-s as indicated in (3.2); that particular construction gives

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}=(i)^n\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}𝕀& 0\\ 0& 𝕀\end{array}\right),\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{2n1}(i)^{n1}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n1}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 𝕀\\ 𝕀& 0\end{array}\right).$$

For $`\mathrm{}(2n1)`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu `$ splits into the two inequivalent IRR’s $`\frac{1}{2}(𝕀\pm \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{2n1})\mathrm{\Gamma }_j\mathrm{\Gamma }_j^{(1,2)}`$, $`1j2n1`$. The corresponding generators of $`Spin^{\mathrm{}}(2n)`$ are:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{4i}[\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu ,\mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu ]=\left\{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ij}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j]& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{4i}[\gamma _i,\gamma _j]\end{array}\right);\mathrm{\Sigma }_{2n,i}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}\gamma _i& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{2}\gamma _i\end{array}\right)\right\},$$
(5.36)
and give, as expected, the direct sum $`\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$; for the group elements of $`Spin(2n)`$ we have $`g=\left(\begin{array}{cc}D^\mathrm{}^+& 0\\ 0& D^{\mathrm{}^{}}\end{array}\right)`$, split by the projectors $`\frac{1}{2}(𝕀\pm \mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1})`$.

Spinors carry the direct sum of these two IRR’s on their index, and we can use either of the Dirac operators

$$D_W^{(1,2)}=\frac{1}{2}(𝕀\pm \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{2n1})^{}(i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^{})X_i,$$
(5.37)
or else we can accept fermion doubling and work with $`D_W^{(1)}+D_W^{(2)}`$.

There is no chirality in odd dimensions, but $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}`$ plays a role in space(time)-reflection, and can be used to give Dirac operators equivalent to $`D_W^{(1,2)}`$ :

$$D^{(1,2)}=e^{i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}^{}\pi /4}D_W^{(1,2)}e^{i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}^{}\pi /4}=\frac{1}{2}(𝕀\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^{}X_i.$$
(5.38)
We can introduce coordinates for $`S^{2n1}`$, starting from $`x^0=(0,..,1)`$, by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda =g\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda ^0g^1=g\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n}g^1,x_\lambda x_\lambda =1.$$
(5.39)
Hence at $`x=x^0`$,

$`D_W^{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`p(x^0)_{(1,2)}^R[\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda ^0,\mathrm{\Sigma }_A]^{}X_A,D^{(1,2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝕀\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}^{})i\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda ^0[\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda ^0,\mathrm{\Sigma }_A]^{}X_A,`$
$`p(x^0)_{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝕀\pm \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{2n1})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(𝕀\pm {\displaystyle \frac{(i)^{n1}}{(2n1)!}}ϵ_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{2n}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu _{2n1}}x_{\mu _{2n}}^0\right).`$ (5.40)
Their covariant forms follow:

$`𝒟_W^{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`p(x)_{(1,2)}^{}i[\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda ,\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{}]𝒥_A,𝒟^{(1,2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝕀\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }_\rho ^{}x_\rho [\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda ,\mathrm{\Sigma }_A^{}]𝒥_A,`$
$`p(x)_{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(𝕀\pm {\displaystyle \frac{(i)^{n1}}{(2n1)!}}ϵ_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _{2n}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu _{2n1}}x_{\mu _{2n}}\right)=gp(x^0)g^1.`$ (5.41)
$`𝒥_A`$ is defined as before.

Proceeding as we did for even spheres, with $`_{\mu \nu }`$ as in eq.(5.27) the Dirac operators can be rewritten in the form

$$𝒟_W^{(1,2)}=p(x)_{(1,2)}^{}x_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu ^{}(_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^{}),𝒟^{(1,2)}=\frac{1}{2}(𝕀\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2n+1}^{})(\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }^{}_{\mu \nu }+n\frac{1}{2}).$$
(5.42)
Given their form, it is easy to find one set of eigenvalues and eigenspinors for the Dirac operators $`𝒟^{(1,2)}`$, by the same argument that led us to eq.(5.32). The IRR’s of $`Spin(2n)`$ are labeled by highest weights $`(m_1,..,m_n),m_1m_2\mathrm{}|m_n|0`$ with the $`m_i`$ all integers or all half integers. The two $`2^{n1}`$-d spinor representations $`\mathrm{}^\pm `$ have $`(\frac{1}{2},..,\frac{1}{2},\pm \frac{1}{2})`$, with quadratic Casimir $`C_2(\mathrm{}^\pm )=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Sigma }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{4}n(2n1)`$. The IRR’s associated with the set $`I_0`$ of section 2.2 are $`L=(l,0,..)`$, with dimension $`d(L)=\frac{(l+n1)(l+2n3)!}{(n1)(2n3)!l!}`$, and quadratic Casimir $`C_2(L)=l(l+2n2)`$. Finally

$$L\mathrm{}^\pm =(l+\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},..,\pm \frac{1}{2})(l\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},..,\pm \frac{1}{2}).$$
(5.43)
For these last representations we have $`C_2(j,\frac{1}{2},\mathrm{},\pm \frac{1}{2})=(j\frac{1}{2})(j+2n\frac{3}{2})+\frac{1}{4}n(2n1)`$.

With all this information, the analogues of (5.33),(5.34) give for the eigenvalues

$$\rho _\pm =\pm (j_\pm +n1),\text{ with}j_\pm =l\pm \frac{1}{2}.$$
(5.44)
There are eigenstates for each of the two inequivalent representations of the Clifford algebra. They are given by

$`\chi _{1,a\pm }^{JL}`$ $`=`$ $`(0,{\displaystyle }\xi _M^{JL}<(j_\pm ,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},..,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}),M|L,N^{};\mathrm{}^{}a>D_{N^{}i_0}^L),`$
$`\chi _{2,a\pm }^{JL}`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle }\xi _M^{JL}<(j_\pm ,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},..,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}),M|L,N^{};\mathrm{}^+a>D_{N^{}i_0}^L,0).`$ (5.45)
However, from eq.(5.38), we have

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda 𝒟^{(1,2)}=𝒟^{(2,1)}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda ^{}x_\lambda ,$$
(5.46)
and this implies that there is another set of eigenvectors, with the same eigenvalues, given by

$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_{1,a\pm }^{JL}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda \chi _{2,a}^{J,L}`$ $`=`$ $`(0,{\displaystyle }\xi _M^{JL}<(j_{},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},..,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}),M|D^J|L,i_0;\mathrm{}^+\alpha >D_{\alpha a}^{\mathrm{}^{}}),`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_{2,a\pm }^{JL}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_\lambda x_\lambda \chi _{1,a}^{J,L}`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle }\xi _M^{JL}<(j_{},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},..,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}),M|D^J|L,i_0;\mathrm{}^{}\alpha >D_{\alpha a}^\mathrm{}^+,0).`$
### 5.4 The Projective Dirac Operators on $`P^N`$

For reasons of brevity, we focus on $`P^2`$, a case we have already treated in . $`P^2`$ is $`SU(3)/U(2)`$. If $`\lambda _\alpha `$ are the Gell-Mann matrices, it is the orbit of $`\lambda _8`$ under $`SU(3)`$:

$$P^2:\{g\lambda _8g^1,gSU(3)\}.$$
(5.48)
Writing $`g\lambda _8g^1=\lambda _A\xi _A`$ analogously to (5.18), we can regard those $`\xi ^8`$ given by(5.48), as points of $`P^2`$. The stability group at $`\lambda _8`$, or equally well at $`\xi ^0=(0,\mathrm{},0,1)`$ is $`U(2)`$. Its generators are $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _8`$.

If we can achieve a covariant–looking form for $`D`$ and $`D_W`$ looking like (5.19), (5.20), we can find covariant $`𝒟`$ and $`𝒟_W`$. Towards this end we introduce the Clifford algebra with eight generators $`\gamma _A`$. They can be transformed by the adjoint representation of $`SU(3)`$ without disturbing their anticommutators:

$$\gamma _A^{}=Adg_{AB}\gamma _B\{\gamma _A^{},\gamma _B^{}\}=2\delta _{AB}.$$
(5.49)
The generators $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_A`$ in this representation can actually be written using $`\gamma _A`$:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_A=\frac{1}{4i}f_{ABC}\gamma _B\gamma _C.$$
(5.50)
Consider the action $`\gamma _A[\mathrm{\Sigma }_8,\gamma _A]`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_8`$ on $`\gamma _A`$. For this action, the eigenvalues of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_8`$ are $`\pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}`$ and $`0`$. The $`0`$ eigenvalues are for $`\gamma _A`$ with $`A=1,2,3,8`$, thus:

$`[\mathrm{\Sigma }_8,[\mathrm{\Sigma }_8,\gamma _A]]`$ $`=`$ $`0\text{if}A=1,2,3,8,`$ (5.51)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}\gamma _A\text{if}A=4,5,6,7.`$
This lets us write the Dirac operator in ’covariant’ form

$$D_W=i\frac{4}{3}[\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi ^0,[\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi ^0,\gamma _A]]^{}X_A,(X_Af)(g)=\frac{d}{dt}f(ge^{it\mathrm{\Sigma }_A})|_{t=0}.$$
(5.52)
The role of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_A`$ and $`\gamma _A`$ are reversed here for covariantization as compared to spheres.

For the projective module, for the representation $`D^J`$, we have the one given by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_A`$. It is $`2^{8/2}=16`$\- dimensional. The transform $`𝒟_W`$ of $`D_W`$ onto this module is immediate:

$$𝒟_W=\frac{4}{3}[\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi ,[\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi ,\gamma _A]]^{}𝒥_A.$$
(5.53)
In addition to $`D_W`$ we can also write the Dirac operators

$$D^{}=i\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}[\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi ^0,\gamma _A]X_A,D=i\mathrm{\Gamma }(\xi ^0)D_W,\mathrm{\Gamma }(\xi ^0)=\gamma _4\gamma _5\gamma _6\gamma _7.$$
(5.54)
$`D^{}`$ becomes $`𝒟^{}=i\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}[\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi ,\gamma _A]J_A`$ on the projective module. To find $`𝒟`$ we need to find the chirality operator $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\xi )`$ for all $`\xi `$. This is in  and is just

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\xi )=\frac{1}{4!}ϵ_{ABCD}(\xi )\gamma _A\gamma _B\gamma _C\gamma _D,ϵ_{ABCD}(\xi )=4(ad\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi )_{[AB}(ad\mathrm{\Sigma }\xi )_{CD]}$$
(5.55)
($`[]=`$antisymmetrization). We cannot have an $`a`$ in $`\chi _a`$ take values from 1 to 16: that would give 4 spinors. We must have it taking just 4 values and carrying the representation of just $`\gamma _A,A=4,5,6,7`$. The explanation of how this is done takes up some space in .

## 6 On Riemannian Structure and Gravity.

An inverse metric $`(\eta ^{ij})`$ is a symmetric nondegenerate field, which defines a map $`𝒯^{(1)}𝒯^{(1)}𝒯^{(0)}`$ via $`ff^{}\eta ^{ij}f_if_j^{}`$. As the $`f`$’s transform by $`Ad_{G/H}`$ under $`ggh`$, $`(\eta ^{ij})`$ transform by the product $`Ad_{G/H}^1Ad_{G/H}^1`$ of its contragradient representation. Or, the metric $`(\eta _{ij})`$ itself transforms by $`Ad_{G/H}Ad_{G/H}`$.

A particular metric is $`(\widehat{\delta }_{ij})`$, where $`\widehat{\delta }_{ij}(g)`$ is $`\delta _{ij}`$ ($`\delta `$= Kronecker $`\delta `$). The torsion–free covariant derivative compatible with $`\widehat{\delta }`$ is $`\overline{X}`$:

$$\overline{X}\widehat{\delta }=0.$$
(6.1)
The corresponding curvature tensor of $`G/H`$ can be calculated in terms of the structure constants of $`G`$. From their form we have that for any vector field $`f_i`$ tangent to $`G/H`$,

$$[\overline{X}_i,\overline{X}_j]=R_{ijkl}f_l=\left(c_{ij\alpha }c_{\alpha kl}+\frac{1}{4}(2c_{ijk^{}}c_{k^{}kl}c_{ikk^{}}c_{k^{}jl}c_{kjk^{}}c_{k^{}il})\right)f_l.$$
(6.2)
The scalar curvature is then $`R=R_{ijij}=c_{ij\alpha }c_{\alpha ij}+\frac{1}{4}c_{ijk^{}}c_{k^{}ij}`$. For $`S^n=Spin(n+1)/Spin(n)`$, we found in section 5.3 that in a Clifford representation, $`[\mathrm{\Sigma }_{n+1,i},\mathrm{\Sigma }_{n+1,j}]=i\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ij}`$. So, with the correspondences $`i(n+1,i),\alpha (i,j)`$ we have that $`c_{ijk}=0`$, and the curvature is $`R=n(n1)`$.

A more general $`H`$-invariant metric $`\eta `$ can be defined as follows. Let us decompose $`\underset{¯}{G/H}`$ into irreducible subspaces under $`Ad_{G/H}`$ and let $`\{S_m^{(\sigma )}\}`$ be a basis for the unitary irreducible representation $`\sigma `$ such that

$$TrS_m^{(\sigma )^{}}S_n^{(\sigma ^{})}=c\delta _{\sigma \sigma ^{}}\delta _{mn}.$$
(6.3)
(Here $`\sigma `$ and $`\sigma ^{}`$ can be equivalent representations). Let $`X_m^{(\sigma )}`$ be the corresponding (in general complex) vector field, it is a linear combination of $`X_i`$. Then a general $`H`$-invariant metric $`\eta `$ on vector fields $`X_m^{(\sigma )}`$ and $`X_n^{(\sigma ^{})}`$ is the constant function defined by

$$\eta (X_m^{(\sigma )},X_n^{(\sigma ^{})})(g)=\lambda _\sigma \delta _{\sigma \sigma ^{}}\delta _{mn},\lambda _\sigma \mathrm{a}\mathrm{positive}\mathrm{constant},$$
(6.4)
independent of $`g`$. Such metrics are essential for certain Kähler structures as we shall see in Section 7.

The general covariant differential $``$ can be defined in the usual way:

$$_i\eta _{jk}=\overline{X}_i\eta _{jk}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^j^{}\eta _{j^{}k}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ik}^k^{}\eta _{jk^{}}.$$
(6.5)
The formula shows that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ transforms by $`Ad_{G/H}Ad_{G/H}Ad_{G/H}^1`$ under the structure group $`H`$. As $`\overline{X}`$ is torsion–free, so is $``$ if as usual $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ji}^k`$. A standard calculation gives the metric–compatible torsion–free $``$, its $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ being given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k=\frac{1}{2}\eta ^{kk^{}}\left(\overline{X}_i\eta _{jk^{}}+\overline{X}_j\eta _{ik^{}}\overline{X}_k^{}\eta _{ij}\right).$$
(6.6)
These $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k`$ are not Christoffel symbols, for example they vanish if $`c_{ijk}=0`$. Christoffel symbols are defined with respect to some local coordinates $`x^a`$ on $`G/H`$.

Next, introduce $`|G/H|`$-beins or soldering forms $`e_i^a`$ such that

$$\eta _{ij}=\eta (X_i,X_j)=e_i^ae_j^b\eta _{ab}.$$
(6.7)
The Christoffel symbols are defined from $`\eta _{ab}`$ in the usual way.

The spin connection is defined by:

$$_ie_j^a=\overline{X}_ie_j^a+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^ke_k^a+e_j^b(\omega _i)_{ba}=0,$$
(6.8)
where $`(\omega _i)_{ba}=(\omega _i)_{ab}`$ and transforms as a tensor field in $`i`$ under $`H`$. The solution for $`\omega _i`$ is standard:

$$(\omega _i)_{ca}=E_c^j[\overline{X}_ie_j^a+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^ke_k^a],E_c^je_j^a=\delta _c^a\text{or}E_c^j=\eta ^{jk}e_k^a\eta _{ac}.$$
(6.9)
The covariant derivative on spinors $`\psi `$ is given by

$$(_i\psi )_a=(\overline{X}_i\psi )_a\frac{1}{4}(\omega _i)_{cd}(\gamma _c\gamma _d\psi )_a.$$
(6.10)
The Dirac operator in the presence of a gravity field $`(\eta _{ij})`$ is thus:

$$D=\eta ^{ij}e_j^a\gamma _a_j.$$
(6.11)
All this stuff is very natural. It remains to transport it to projective modules. In the module picture $`\eta _{ij}`$ gets transformed to

$$G_{\lambda \rho }=\eta _{ij}(D^J)_{i\lambda }^{}(D^J)_{j\rho }^{},$$
(6.12)
while $`\eta ^{ij}`$ becomes

$$G^{\lambda \rho }=\eta ^{ij}D_{\lambda i}^JD_{\rho j}^J.$$
(6.13)
The projector for the module is

$$P_\sigma ^\lambda =G^{\lambda \rho }G_{\rho \sigma }=D_{\lambda i}^J(D^J)_{i\sigma }^{}.$$
(6.14)
The projective module analogue of $`\overline{X}_i`$ is the $`\overline{}_\rho `$ defined in section 5.2. Adding the action of

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\lambda \mu }^\nu =\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^k(D^J)_{i\lambda }^{}(D^J)_{j\nu }^{}(D^J)_{k\nu }^{}$$
(6.15)
to $`\overline{}_\rho `$ defines the action of $`_\rho `$, the metric-compatible torsion-free covariant derivative on tensors ($`_\rho G_{\mu \nu }=0`$).

The action of $`_\rho `$ on spinorial modules follows from (6.10). We let $`𝒥_\rho `$ be the total angular momentum for the representation $`J_S`$ chosen for spinors, and

$`𝒞_{\rho \lambda \sigma }^{(S)}`$ $`=`$ $`D_{\lambda b}^{J_S}(c_{ijk}\gamma _j\gamma _k)_{ba}(D^{J_S})_{a\sigma }^{}(D^{J_T})_{i\rho }^{},`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\rho \lambda \sigma }`$ $`=`$ $`D_{\lambda b}^{J_S}((\omega _i)_{jk}\gamma _j\gamma _k)_{ba}(D^{J_S})_{a\sigma }^{}(D^{J_T})_{i\rho }^{},`$
$`\chi _\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`\psi _a(D^{J_S})_{a\sigma }^{}.`$ (6.16)
Then, as can easily be shown from (5.17) above,

$$(_\rho \chi )_\sigma =i(𝒥_\rho \chi )_\sigma \chi _\lambda \left(\frac{1}{8}𝒞^{(S)}+\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{\Omega }\right)_{\rho \lambda \sigma }.$$
(6.17)
## 7 Complex Structures and Kähler Manifolds

In favourable circumstances, we can push this program ahead and define more refined ideas like complex and Kähler structures on tensors $`𝒯^{(n)}`$ and on their projective modules. We indicate how to treat them briefly.

We consider adjoint orbits only for $`G/H`$. Thus let $`\underset{¯}{k}`$ be a fixed element of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ from the Cartan subalgebra $`C(\underset{¯}{G})`$, and $`H`$ its stability group:

$$H=<hG:h\underset{¯}{k}h^1=\underset{¯}{k}>,[\underset{¯}{k},T(\alpha )]=0\alpha ,[\underset{¯}{k},S(i)]0i.$$
(7.1)
The Cartan subalgebra of $`\underset{¯}{H}`$, $`C(\underset{¯}{H})=C(\underset{¯}{G})`$, since any element of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$ which commutes with $`\underset{¯}{k}`$ is in $`\underset{¯}{H}`$. The manifold $`G/H`$, being an adjoint orbit of the simple Lie group $`G`$, has even dimension. These observations have the following implications.

Consider the eigenvalue equation

$$[\underset{¯}{k},E_a]=\lambda _aE_a.$$
(7.2)
Then $`\lambda _a0`$. The $`E_a`$ will be of the form $`_i\xi _{ai}S(i),\xi _{ai}`$, and span the complexification $`(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c`$ of $`(\underset{¯}{G/H})`$.

By (2.7), $`(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c`$ is invariant under the adjoint action of $`\underset{¯}{k}`$. Also, as $`Ad_{\underset{¯}{G/H}}`$ is a real, orthogonal representation, the eigenvalues $`\lambda _a`$ are real, while of course the $`S(i)`$ are hermitean. So the adjoint of (7.2) shows that $`E_a^{}`$ corresponds to the eigenvalue $`\lambda _a`$, and that each positive eigenvalue is paired with a negative one. The eigenvalues $`\lambda _a`$ may be degenerate.

We choose $`E_a,a=1,\mathrm{},\frac{1}{2}(|G||H|)`$, to be solutions of (7.2) with $`\lambda _a>0`$, $`E_a=E_a^{}`$, and the normalization

$$TrE_aE_b=\delta _{a+b,0}.$$
(7.3)
So, if $`E_a=\xi _{ai}S(i)`$ (for both signs of $`a`$), $`\xi _{ai}=\xi _{ai}^{}`$. We choose $`c=1`$ in (2.1) and (2.3). Then (2.3) and (7.3) show that the matrix $`\{\xi _{ai}\}`$ is unitary as well.

Let $`(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c^\pm `$ denote the span of the eigenvectors $`E_{\pm |a|}`$ (where note that $`|a|>0`$). The subspaces $`(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c^\pm `$ are of precisely the same dimension and

$$(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c=(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c^+(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c^{}$$
(7.4)
The elements $`E^+=_i\xi ^iS(i)(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c^+`$ generate vector fields $`X^+=\xi ^iX_i`$ which we define to be holomorphic. Let $`^+`$ denote the space of holomorphic vector fields. Likewise $`(\underset{¯}{G/H})_c^{}`$ gives rise to the space $`^{}`$ of antiholomorphic vector fields. This splitting of the space of fields $``$ as the direct sum $`^+^{}`$ gives us the complex structure. The $`(1,1)`$ tensor $`J`$ of complex analysis is $`\pm i`$ on $`^\pm `$: for a vector field $`X=\xi ^iX_i,JX=\xi ^j_{a>0}i(\xi _{aj}^{}\xi _{ai}\xi _{aj}\xi _{ai}^{})X_i`$.

This complex structure is Kähler. To show it, let us introduce the Maurer-Cartan forms $`\theta ^A`$, defined by $`g^1dg=i\mathrm{\Sigma }_A\theta ^A`$, or, setting $`c=1`$ in (2.1), by

$$\theta ^A=iTr\mathrm{\Sigma }_Ag^1dg.$$
(7.5)
They are dual to the vector fields $`X_A=(X_i,X_\alpha )`$, so that for example $`\theta ^i(X_j)=\delta _{ij}`$, and fulfill

$$d\theta ^A=\frac{i}{2}Tr(\mathrm{\Sigma }_A[\mathrm{\Sigma }_B,\mathrm{\Sigma }_C])\theta ^B\theta ^C=\frac{1}{2}c_{BCA}\theta ^B\theta ^C.$$
(7.6)
Consider the particular Maurer-Cartan form

$$\mathrm{\Theta }=iTr\underset{¯}{k}g^1dg=Tr(\underset{¯}{k}\mathrm{\Sigma }_A)\theta ^A=Tr\left(\underset{¯}{k}T(\alpha )\right)\theta ^\alpha .$$
(7.7)
In the last step we used (2.4). For $`d\mathrm{\Theta }`$ we have

$$d\mathrm{\Theta }=\frac{i}{2}Tr\left(\underset{¯}{k}[\mathrm{\Sigma }_B,\mathrm{\Sigma }_C]\right)\theta ^B\theta ^C.$$
(7.8)
But using (7.1) we have $`Tr\underset{¯}{k}[T(\alpha ),T(\beta )]=Tr[\underset{¯}{k},T(\alpha )]T(\beta )=0`$ and $`Tr\underset{¯}{k}[T(\alpha ),S(i)]=Tr[\underset{¯}{k},T(\alpha )]S(i)=0`$. Therefore

$$d\mathrm{\Theta }=\frac{i}{2}Tr\left(\underset{¯}{k}[S(i),S(j)]\right)\theta ^i\theta ^j.$$
(7.9)
Remembering that the matrix $`\{\xi _{ai}\}`$ (with $`a`$ of both signs) is unitary, we may set

$$S(i)\theta ^i=E_a\xi _{ai}^{}\theta ^iE_a\theta ^a$$
(7.10)
(with implied sum over $`a`$ of both signs), and rewrite (7.9) as

$`d\mathrm{\Theta }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(Tr\underset{¯}{k}[E_a,E_b])\theta ^a\theta ^b`$ (7.11)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\lambda _a(TrE_aE_b)\theta ^a\theta ^b=i{\displaystyle \underset{a>0}{}}\lambda _a\theta ^a\theta ^a,`$
where we have used (7.2) and (7.3). The vector fields $`X_a=\xi _{ai}X_i`$ are dual to $`\theta ^a`$: $`\theta ^a(X_b)=\delta _{ab}`$. Consequently, the two-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }=d\mathrm{\Theta }`$ can be specified by

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(X_a,X_b)=d\mathrm{\Theta }(X_a,X_b)=i\lambda _a\delta _{a+b,0}.$$
(7.12)
Since all $`\lambda _a0`$, it follows from (7.11) that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a symplectic (i.e. closed and non-degenerate) form on $`G/H`$. It has been extensively discussed in  where its physical implications are also explained. It fulfills the Kählerian condition

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(JX_a,JX_b)=\mathrm{\Omega }(X_a,X_b).$$
(7.13)
For vector fields $`X=\xi ^iX_i,Y=\eta ^iX_i`$, we have $`\mathrm{\Omega }(X,Y)=_{a>0}(i\lambda _a)(\xi _{ai}\xi _{aj}^{}\xi _{aj}\xi _{ai}^{})\xi ^i\eta ^j`$.

The Kähler metric $`\eta `$ on vector fields $`(X_a,X_b)`$ is given by

$$\eta (X_a,X_b)=\mathrm{\Omega }(JX_a,X_b)=|\lambda _a|\delta _{a+b,0}.$$
(7.14)
The Levi-Civita connection corresponding to this metric is the torsion-less connection compatible with $`\eta `$. Its coefficients are given by the formula (6.6):

$$\frac{1}{2}c_{abc}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ab}^c=\frac{1}{2}c_{abc}\frac{|\lambda _a||\lambda _b|}{2|\lambda _c|}c_{abc}.$$
(7.15)
Note from (7.3) and (2.8) that $`c_{abc}=Tr[E_a,E_b]E_c`$. So we have the symmetries

$$c_{abc}=c_{b,c,a}=c_{c,a,b}.$$
(7.16)
Also from $`Tr[\underset{¯}{k},[E_a,E_b]E_c]=0`$ and (7.2) we have that

$$c_{abc}\mathrm{and}(\text{7.15})=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}\mathrm{if}\lambda _a+\lambda _b\lambda _c0.$$
(7.17)
Finally, we shall show that the Kähler metric on $`G/H`$ can be derived from a Kähler potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta `$. It is a function on $`G/H`$ and depends on a parameter $`\zeta `$. It has the property

$$X_aX_b\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta =\eta (X_a,X_b)$$
(7.18)
for $`\lambda _a`$ and $`\lambda _b`$ of the same sign and $`|\lambda _a||\lambda _b|`$. The ordering is needed because of the torsion term in (2.8). It can be discarded when the torsion is zero, that is for symmetric spaces. Note that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta `$ can in general be only locally defined on $`G/H`$.

The construction of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta `$ involves the member of a specific class of unitary representations $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_K:g\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(g)`$ of $`G`$. Let $`\sigma _K`$ be the associated representation of $`\underset{¯}{G}`$. Any such representation contains a normalized highest weight vector $`|K>`$ with eigenvalue $`K`$ for $`\sigma _K(\underset{¯}{k})`$, which is annihilated by the orthogonal complement of $`\underset{¯}{k}`$ in $`\underset{¯}{H}`$ and the positive roots $`E_a`$:

$`\mathrm{a})`$ $`\sigma _K(\underset{¯}{k})|K>=K|K>,K>0,`$ (7.19)
$`\mathrm{b})`$ $`\sigma _K(T(\alpha ))|K>=0\mathrm{if}TrT(\alpha )\underset{¯}{k}=0,`$
$`\mathrm{c})`$ $`\sigma _K(E_a)|K>=0\mathrm{for}a>0.`$
A representation of $`G`$ fulfilling a) and b) always exists: it is induced from the unitary one-dimensional representation of $`H`$ given by a) and b):

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(e^{i\xi _\alpha T(\alpha )})|K>=e^{i\frac{K}{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}\mathrm{Tr}(\underset{¯}{k}\xi _\alpha T(\alpha ))}|K>.$$
(7.20)
Here we have used

$$\sigma _K(\xi _\alpha T(\alpha ))|K>=\frac{K}{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}\mathrm{Tr}(\underset{¯}{k}\xi _\alpha T(\alpha ))|K>.$$
(7.21)
As for a), b) and c) together, it gives the representation of the group $`G_c`$ generated by $`\underset{¯}{H}`$ and $`E_a`$, $`a>0`$, induced from the representation $`\sigma _K(\underset{¯}{H})`$, $`\sigma _K(E_a)`$, $`a>0`$.

Let us fix an orthonormal basis $`\{e_1,e_2,\mathrm{},e_M\}`$ in the representation space of dimension $`M`$ (say) of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(G)`$. Choose a vector $`|\zeta )=_{i=1}^M\zeta _ie_i`$, $`\zeta _i`$, $`\zeta =(\zeta _1,\zeta _2,\mathrm{},\zeta _M)`$, so that $`(\zeta |\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(g)|K>0`$ when $`g`$ belongs to some open set $`𝒪`$. Such a $`|\zeta )`$ exists since $`(\zeta |\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(g)|K>=1`$ for $`|\zeta )=\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(g)|K>`$. Further choose $`𝒪`$ so that it is invariant under $`H`$-action. That is always possible since for $`(\zeta |\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(g)|K>`$ changes only by a phase under this action by (7.20).

Now the function $`\omega _\zeta `$ defined by

$$\omega _\zeta (g)=<\zeta |\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(g)|K>,g𝒪$$
(7.22)
has the properties

$`(X_a\omega _\zeta )(g)`$ $`=`$ $`(X_a\overline{\omega }_\zeta )(g)=0\mathrm{for}a>0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _\zeta (g)}}(X_\alpha \omega )_\zeta (g)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\overline{\omega }_\zeta (g)}}(X_\alpha \overline{\omega }_\zeta )(g)=i{\displaystyle \frac{K}{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}}Tr(\underset{¯}{k}T(\alpha )).`$ (7.23)
Here the bar denotes complex conjugation. The first line is a direct consequence of the fact that $`|K>`$ is the highest weight vector, the second line follows from the relation $`\omega _\zeta (gh)=\omega _\zeta (g)\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(h)`$ valid for any $`gG`$, $`hH`$, with the phase factor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(h)`$ given by (7.20).

If $`g𝒪`$, the Kähler potential is given by the formula

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta =\frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K}\mathrm{log}\omega _\zeta (g)\overline{\omega }_\zeta (g).$$
(7.24)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta `$ is a function on $`𝒪/HG/H`$, since in the product

$$\omega _\zeta (gh)\overline{\omega }_\zeta (gh)=\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(h)\omega _\zeta (g)\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_K(h)\overline{\omega }_\zeta (g)$$

the phase factors $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_K(h)`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_K(h)`$ cancel. The Kähler potential is closely related to the one-form $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ introduced in (7.7). Thus the exterior derivative $`d`$ on $`G`$ can be written as $`d=d_++d_{}+d_0`$, where

$$d_\pm f(g)=(X_{\pm |a|}f)(g)\theta ^{\pm |a|},d_0f(g)=(X_\alpha f)(g)\theta ^\alpha .$$
(7.25)
Now, using (7.23) one obtains

$`i(d_+d_{})\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta `$ $`=`$ $`i(X_{|a|}\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta )\theta ^{|a|}i(X_{|a|}\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta )\theta ^{|a|}`$ (7.26)
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K\overline{\omega }_\zeta }}(X_{|a|}\overline{\omega }_\zeta )\theta ^{|a|}+i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K\omega _\zeta }}(X_{|a|}\omega _\zeta )\theta ^{|a|}`$
$`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K}}d\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _\zeta }{\overline{\omega }_\zeta }}+Tr(\underset{¯}{k}T(\alpha ))\theta ^\alpha =i{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K}}d\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _\zeta }{\overline{\omega }_\zeta }}+\mathrm{\Theta }`$
It follows that

$$di(d_+d_{})\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta =d\mathrm{\Theta }=\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(7.27)
The left hand side of (7.27) can be evaluated using the first line of (7.26) and (7.6). Calculating its values on $`iX_aX_b`$ for $`0<\lambda _a\lambda _b`$ and $`0<\lambda _a\lambda _b`$, we get (7.18). For this calculation, it is also important that $`c_{abc}=0`$ if $`\lambda _a+\lambda _b\lambda _c`$ .

In another open set $`𝒪^{}G`$, we may have to work with the Kähler potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\eta `$. Then if $`𝒪𝒪^{}\mathrm{}`$, the two potentials on $`𝒪𝒪^{}`$ are related by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\eta =\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta \frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K}\mathrm{log}\frac{\omega _\eta }{\omega _\zeta }+\frac{\mathrm{Tr}\underset{¯}{k}^2}{2K}\mathrm{log}\frac{\overline{\omega }_\eta }{\overline{\omega }_\zeta }.$$
(7.28)
The mapping $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\zeta `$ to $`\mathrm{\Phi }_\eta `$ is often called a gauge transformation.

Acknowledgements

We are part of a collaboration on fuzzy physics and noncommutative geometry which involves several physicists. The work reported here has benefited greatly by discussions with the members of this collaboration. We thank to Franciscus J. Vanhecke for bringing reference  our attention. Our work was supported by D.O.E. and N.S.F under contract numbers DE-FG02-85ER40231 and INT-9908763, by I.N.F.N, Italy, and VEGA project 1/7069/20, Slovakia.