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# Magnetic Field Dependent Coherent Polarization Echoes in Glasses

## I Introduction

The absence of first order magnetic field effects in insulating materials free of magnetic moments can be concluded from basic principles. Since the magnetic field is described by an axial vector and the electrical polarization by a polar vector, a linear magnetic field dependence of the dielectric properties of pure non-magnetic insulators can be ruled out. Therefore, it is very surprising that strong magnetic field effects were discovered recently in low-frequency dielectric susceptibility measurements on certain multi-component glasses at very low temperatures.Str98 ; Str00 ; Woh01 ; Hau01 ; Coc02  In particular, a non-monotonic variation of the dielectric constant and of the dielectric loss was observed with increasing magnetic field.

Since the low-temperature dielectric properties of insulating glasses are governed by atomic tunneling systems it was speculated on a direct coupling of magnetic fields to tunneling systems. Two models have been proposed that relate the magnetic field dependence to the Ahanorov-Bohm phase of a charged particle moving along a closed loop. Ket99 ; Wue02

In polarization echo experiments at radio frequencies it has already been demonstrated that tunneling systems in glasses couple directly to magnetic fields.Lud02  Surprisingly, the amplitude of two-pulse echoes in a-BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (BAS) was found to depend strongly on the applied magnetic field showing a non-monotonic field variation. Since in polarization echo experiments only the properties of tunneling states are probed these findings prove that indeed the tunneling systems themselves are involved in the magnetic field effect. Furthermore, the character of certain features observed in these echo experiments indicate that nuclear magnetic moments might play an important role.

To explain the magnetic field effects in echo experiments a coupling to nuclear spins has recently been discussed theoretically.Wue02b  The model worked out in this publication is based on the assumption that the levels of tunneling particles with non-zero nuclear quadrupole moment exhibit a quadrupole splitting, which is different in the ground state and in the excited state. Magnetic fields cause an additional Zeeman splitting of these levels giving rise to interference effects. In turn, these effects cause the non-monotonic magnetic field variation of the echo amplitude.

In this communication we present the results of polarization echo experiments on four different glasses in magnetic fields investigated under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, we discuss briefly the models developed to explain the magnetic field effects and compare their predictions with our experimental findings.

## II Theoretical Background

In the following sections we briefly introduce the tunneling model, which is the generally accepted basis for the description of the low-temperature properties of amorphous solids. In addition, we discuss the physics of polarization echoes in glasses, and the theoretical approaches to explain the magnetic field dependence of the dielectric properties of non-magnetic insulating glasses.

A. Tunneling Model

Atomic tunneling states give rise to an important contribution to the internal energy of glasses at low temperatures. Most properties of amorphous solids are strongly influenced by these additional degrees of freedom. Two prominent examples are the linear specific heat and the logarithmic temperature dependence of the sound velocity.Esq98 ; Hun00  A phenomenological description of the low-temperature properties of glasses is provided by the so-called ‘tunneling model’, that has been proposed independently by Phillips Phi72  and Anderson et al.And72  in 1972. A central assumption of this model is that atoms or small groups of atoms are not located in well-defined potential minima, but move between two energetically almost equivalent adjacent positions separated by a potential barrier. Such a configuration can be described by a ‘particle’ moving in a double-well potential. In this approximation the single wells are considered as harmonic and identical, but may differ in their depth. This difference is usually referred to as the asymmetry energy $`\Delta `$. These particles have vibrational states in each single well, separated by the energy $`E_0`$.

At low temperatures, i.e., for $`k_\mathrm{B}TE_0`$, higher vibrational levels are not excited and can be omitted in our further discussion. The ground state is split into two levels by the tunneling motion. Therefore, tunneling systems in glasses are often referred to as two-level systems. In addition to the classical potential difference $`\Delta `$, the quantum mechanical tunnel splitting $`\Delta _0`$ contributes to the ground state splitting $`E`$ given by

$$E=\sqrt{\Delta ^2+\Delta _0^2}.$$
(1)
Applying the WKB approximation the tunnel splitting can be calculated approximately. Neglecting prefactors of the order of unity one finds

$$\Delta _0E_0\mathrm{e}^\lambda .$$
(2)
Roughly speaking the tunnel splitting $`\Delta _0`$ is given by the vibrational energy $`E_0`$ of the particle multiplied by the probability $`\mathrm{exp}(\lambda )`$ for tunneling. The so-called tunneling parameter $`\lambda =d\sqrt{2mV}/2\mathrm{}`$ reflects the overlap of the wave functions of the particle at the two sides of the potential barrier.

As a consequence of the irregular structure of glasses, the characteristic parameters of the tunneling states are widely distributed. In the tunneling model it is assumed that the asymmetry energy $`\Delta `$ and the tunnel parameter $`\lambda `$ are independent of each other and uniformly distributed as

$$P(\lambda ,\Delta )\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\Delta =\overline{P}\mathrm{d}\lambda \mathrm{d}\Delta ,$$
(3)
where $`\overline{P}`$ is a constant. Using this particular distribution function many low-temperature properties of glasses can be explained even quantitatively. An equivalent description of the low-temperature properties of glasses is given by the so-called ‘soft potential model’ Kar83  that uses a more general form of the atomic potentials and different distribution functions. It allows reliable predictions even well above 1 K. In comparison with the tunneling model the soft potential model leads to a slightly different distribution of the tunneling parameter, but for the properties below 1 K it yields the same predictions.

Tunneling systems couple to their environment by interaction with phonons and photons. External elastic or electric fields produce changes of the asymmetry energy $`\Delta `$ and lead to relaxation processes. The coupling to external fields also causes resonant processes like resonant absorption and stimulated emission. Both, resonant and relaxational contributions determine the dynamic response of the two-level systems. For a tunneling system with electric dipole moment $`𝐩`$ in an electric field $`𝐅(t)`$ the Hamiltonian in the orthogonal basis of the eigenfuntions $`\psi _{}`$ and $`\psi _+`$ of ground and excited state is given by

$`H={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}E& 0\\ 0& E\end{array}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{E}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\Delta & \Delta _0\\ \Delta _0& \Delta \end{array}\right)𝐩𝐅(t)`$ (4)
Using this Hamiltonian the coherent dynamics of tunneling systems can be formulated.

B. Polarization Echoes in Glasses

At very low temperatures the relaxation of the tunneling systems becomes so slow that coherent phenomena like polarization echoes become observable in insulating glasses. Depending on the sequence and phase of the exciting pulses, different physical properties of the tunneling systems can be studied.Gol81 ; Ens96  Here we focus on one particular kind of experiment, the so-called spontaneous echo (or two-pulse echo) which is generated by two short microwave pulses separated by the delay time $`t_{12}`$. The macroscopic polarization produced by the first microwave pulse vanishes rapidly due to the distribution of parameters of the tunneling systems in glasses. This phenomenon is similar to the well-known free induction decay observed in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.

Neglecting relaxation processes and spectral diffusionBla77  resulting from the interaction of neighbored tunneling systems, the phase of the individual tunneling systems develops freely between the two exciting pulses. The second pulse causes an effective time reversal of the development of the phase of the tunneling systems. The initial macroscopic polarization of the glass is recovered at the time $`t_{12}`$ after the second pulse. In analogy to the two-pulse echo in magnetic resonance experiments this phenomenon is referred to as the spontaneous echo. Due to the broad distribution of the parameters of the two-level systems in glasses, the description of polarization echoes in glassy materials is somewhat more involved than in the simple case of diluted paramagnetic spin systems. A detailed and general theoretical discussion of spontaneous echoes in glasses has been given by Gurevich et al. Gur90 . A few results of this theory relevant to the experiments presented here, will be summarized in the following.

The amplitude of the echo depends on the pulse area, i.e., the length of the exciting pulses times the field strength of the microwave. A maximum of the echo amplitude is observed for pulses with pulse areas $`\Omega t_{\mathrm{p1}}\pi /2`$ and $`\Omega t_{\mathrm{p2}}\pi `$, where $`t_{\mathrm{p1}}`$ and $`t_{\mathrm{p2}}`$ denote the duration of the first and second pulse, respectively, and $`\Omega `$ the effective Rabi frequency given by

$$\Omega =\sqrt{\Omega _\mathrm{R}^2+\omega _\mathrm{d}^2}.$$
(5)
Here $`\omega _\mathrm{d}=\omega _\mathrm{r}\omega `$ signifies the difference between the frequency $`\omega `$ of the microwave and the resonance frequency $`\omega _\mathrm{r}=E/\mathrm{}`$ of the tunneling systems. The quantity $`\Omega _\mathrm{R}`$ represents the Rabi frequency of systems at $`\omega _\mathrm{d}=0`$ and is given by

$$\Omega _\mathrm{R}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\frac{\Delta _0}{E}𝐩𝐅_0,$$
(6)
where $`|𝐅_0|`$ is the field strength of the exciting microwave pulse. Neglecting again any kind of phase disturbing processes, the amplitude of spontaneous echoes in glasses is expected to vary as Gur90

$`A(t)`$ $`=`$ $`A_0\mathrm{tanh}\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{2k_\mathrm{B}T}}\right)\mathrm{Im}\{\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\omega t}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}\mathrm{cos}^4\Theta \mathrm{d}\Theta {\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\eta \mathrm{d}\eta }{\sqrt{1\eta }}}`$ (7)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\Omega ^3}}\left[\mathrm{sin}\left(\Omega t_{\mathrm{p1}}\right)2\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _\mathrm{d}}{\Omega }}\mathrm{sin}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\Omega t_{\mathrm{p1}}}{2}}\right)\right]`$
$`\mathrm{sin}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\Omega t_{\mathrm{p2}}}{2}}\right)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\omega _\mathrm{d}(t2t_{12})}\mathrm{d}\omega _\mathrm{d}\},`$
with $`\eta =\mathrm{\Delta }_0/E`$, and $`\Theta `$ representing the angle between $`𝐩`$ and $`𝐅_0`$. The amplitude $`A_0`$ is determined by the number of tunneling states, their dipole moment and the field strength of the microwave.

At finite temperatures, thermal relaxation processes and spectral diffusion weaken the coherence of the ensemble of resonant tunneling systems. Thus the echo amplitude is increasingly reduced with growing delay time $`t_{12}`$. Since thermal relaxation processes and spectral diffusion are strongly temperature dependent, coherent polarization echoes in glasses can be observed only at very low temperatures, typically below 100 mK. We shall not discuss these processes here since they are not of importance for the phenomena reported here. However, we like to point out that the echo amplitude is proportional to the number of tunneling systems which are in resonance with the exciting microwave pulse and do not loose their phase coherence during the time $`2t_{12}`$.

C. Coupling to Magnetic Fields

Recently, several models have been developed with the aim to explain the coupling of magnetic fields to atomic tunneling systems in disordered solids. Here we discuss first two models that focus on the description of the dielectric constant of glasses in magnetic fields. Then we consider the model that aims to explain the magnetic field effects observed in polarization echo experiments.

1. Mexican-hat Model

To describe the non-monotonic magnetic field dependence of the dielectric susceptibility of multi-component glasses, Kettemann et al.Ket99  investigated the properties of tunneling systems exhibiting the peculiarity that the tunneling particle can move along different paths to go from one potential minimum to the other thus forming a closed tunneling loop. As a simple example they considered a Mexican-hat type potential with two equivalent minima in the brim. At zero magnetic field the tunneling probability is equal for either direction of tunneling. However, in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the tunneling loop the time inversion symmetry is broken and the probability for tunneling is in general not equal anymore for the two directions of revolution. As a result the tunnel splitting $`\Delta _0`$ becomes a periodic function of the magnetic flux $`\varphi `$ threading through the loop, i.e., $`\Delta _0(\varphi )=\Delta _0(\varphi =0)\mathrm{cos}(\pi \varphi /\varphi _0)`$, where $`\varphi _0=h/e`$ represents the elementary flux quantum. Consequently, the energy spectrum of the tunneling systems varies periodically with the applied magnetic field and so does the dielectric constant of the glass.

In this model, maxima in the dielectric constant are expected at $`\varphi /\varphi _0=(2n+1)/2`$, with $`n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$. The magnetic field required to reach the first maximum of the dielectric constant turns out to be of the order of 105 T if the tunneling systems carry an elementary charge and have atomic dimensions. However, experimentally the first maximum was found at about 100 mT. This clear contradiction was interpreted by Kettemann et al. as an indication that not individual tunneling systems are responsible for the magnetic field effect but a large number of strongly coupled systems with a much larger effective charge and a larger effective loop radius. Although evidence for interactions between tunneling systems in glasses have been found in several experiments at very low temperaturesSal94 ; Rog96 ; Osh96 ; Bur98 ; Ens97 ; Ens02  it remains an open question whether clusters of 105 coherently moving tunneling systems exist in glasses.

No specific predictions were made for echo experiments in this work. However, the predicted periodical variation of the tunnel splitting should be observable since $`\Delta _0`$ enters in several quantities relevant in echo experiments. For example, one such quantity is the Rabi frequency.

2. Pair Model

A somewhat different point of view had been taken by WürgerWue02 , who considered the properties of pairs of interacting tunneling systems in magnetic fields. Suppose that there are two neighbored interacting tunneling systems of similar energy with tunneling paths along different directions. In this case the interaction between the tunneling particles would lead to a bending of the tunneling paths and to a correlation of the tunnel motion of the two systems. It is conceivable that a closed loop is formed along which the effective charge of the tunneling systems is transported. The important difference to the Mexican-hat model is that the level scheme of a coupled pair differs from that of a two-level system. Two weakly coupled two-level systems of similar energy splitting have four levels, the two in the middle being almost degenerate. The separation of the two levels in the middle will periodically vary as a function of magnetic flux through the effective loop.

Within this approach, the splitting of the two almost degenerate levels is given by the relation $`E_\mathrm{p}=\sqrt{\delta ^2+\zeta ^2}`$, with $`\delta `$ representing the difference in the energy splitting of the two coupled tunneling systems $`\delta =E_1E_2`$, and $`\zeta `$ denoting their magnetic field dependent variation $`\zeta =2\Delta _0\mathrm{sin}(\pi \varphi /\varphi _0)`$. The important feature of this model is that the relative change of the small splitting $`E_\mathrm{p}`$ caused by magnetic fields is much larger than the relative variation of the energy splittings $`E_1`$ and $`E_2`$ of isolated tunneling systems. Within this model the magnetic field variation $`\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon `$ of the dielectric constant $`\epsilon `$ is approximately given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon \frac{1}{B}\left[1\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{2\pi \Gamma \varphi ^2}{\varphi _0^2}\right)\right],$$
(8)
with $`\Gamma =2\pi \Delta _0^2/(\mathrm{}\omega pF)`$. Here, $`B`$ denotes the magnetic field, $`\omega `$ the frequency of measurement and $`F`$ the amplitude of the applied ac field. Inserting typical values of low-frequency measurements one can estimate the parameter $`\Gamma `$ to be $`\Gamma 10^{10}`$. Therefore, the oscillation period is determined by an effective flux quantum $`\varphi _0/\sqrt{\Gamma }10^5\varphi _0`$, which appears to be of the right order of magnitude for describing the observed non-monotonic magnetic field variation of $`\epsilon `$. However, it should be pointed out, that this explanation relies unambiguously on the presence of coupled pairs of tunneling systems with almost identical energy splitting and exhibiting a correlated tunneling motion with an effective tunneling loop. It is unclear at this point how large the fraction of tunneling systems in glasses is, having the required properties.

As stated above, the pair model aims to describe the dielectric susceptibility data and no specific predictions were made for polarization echo experiments.Wue02  Nevertheless, one would certainly expect a pronounced frequency dependence since the parameter $`\Gamma `$ is inversely proportional to the measuring frequency.

3. Nuclear Quadrupole Model

Very recently, an alternative explanation for the magnetic field effects of the dielectric properties of insulating glasses has been suggested.Wue02b  The central assumption of this model is, that the nuclear properties of the tunneling systems are responsible for the observed phenomena. Nuclei with a spin $`I1`$ also carry a nuclear quadrupole moment $`Q`$. Because of electric field gradients present in glasses, both, the ground state and the excited state of tunneling systems containing nuclei with a quadrupole moment, will exhibit a quadrupole splitting $`\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{Q}`$, that is generally different for the two levels. Magnetic fields couple to the nuclear magnetic dipole moment and lead to a nuclear Zeeman splitting $`\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{L}=g\mu _\mathrm{N}B`$. Here $`g`$ represents the $`g`$-factor of the nuclei and $`\mu _\mathrm{N}`$ the nuclear magneton. The behavior of such systems in polarization echo experiments depends on the relative magnitude of the two energies. At low magnetic fields ($`\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{L}\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{Q}`$) the amplitude of a two-pulse polarization echo for nuclei with half-integer spin and $`I3/2`$ should approximately be given by Wue02b

$`A(t_{12},\omega _\mathrm{L})=A(t_{12},\mathrm{})\{1a`$
$`+b_{1/2}{\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}p(x)\mathrm{cos}\left[\sqrt{x^2+(I+1/2)^2(1x^2)}\omega _\mathrm{L}t_{12}\right]dx`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\beta >1/2}{}}b_\beta {\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}p(x)\mathrm{cos}(2\beta \omega _\mathrm{L}t_{12}x)\mathrm{d}x\}`$ (9)
where $`a`$ and $`b_\beta `$ are coefficients depending on the nuclear spin, and $`A(t_{12},\mathrm{})`$ denotes the echo amplitude in the limit of high magnetic fields. The parameter $`x`$ represents the projection of the quantization axis of the magnetic moments onto the quadrupole axis and $`p(x)`$ is its normalized distribution. The sum runs over $`\beta =1/2,\mathrm{},I`$ for half-integer spins.footnote1  For $`B=0`$ the amplitude of the echo is given by $`A(t_{12})=A(t_{12},\mathrm{})[1a+_\beta b_\beta ]`$. Compared to the amplitude caused by an ensemble of simple two-level systems it is reduced by the fraction $`(a_\beta b_\beta )`$, which arises from the interference of different quadrupole levels.Ebe80  At small magnetic fields the degeneracy of the nuclear magnetic levels is lifted and causes an additional line broadening due to additional transition energies. The non-monotonic variation of the echo amplitude with the magnetic field results from the magnetic field dependence of the distribution of nuclear spin levels and the interference of their contributions to the signal. The first minimum of (9) is expected to occur roughly at $`\omega _\mathrm{L}t_{12}0.5\pi `$.footnote2  Inserting the expression for the nuclear Zeeman energy this condition leads to

$$B_{\mathrm{min}}t_{12}\frac{0.5\pi \mathrm{}}{g\mu _\mathrm{N}}.$$
(10)
Thus the nuclear quadrupole model predicts that the position of the minimum only depends on the nuclear magnetic dipole moment of the tunneling particle. As a consequence echo experiments are expected to reveal interesting information on the material dependence of the magnetic field phenomena in glasses. It is noteworthy, however, that the tunneling systems in glasses are probably not caused by the motion of single atoms, but are likely to involve the correlated motion of small atomic clusters. In this case, the interpretation of the non-monotonic variation of the echo amplitude with magnetic field is obviously more complex.

At large magnetic fields ($`\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{L}\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{Q}`$) the situation simplifies significantly and reduces to the case of a simple two-level system, because the nuclear Zeeman splitting leads to equally spaced spin levels for both, the ground states and the excited states of the tunneling systems. According to the nuclear quadrupole modelWue02b  the variation of the two-pulse echo amplitude at large magnetic fields should approximately be given by

$$\frac{A(B)}{A(B\mathrm{})}1\frac{B_0^2}{B^2},$$
(11)
where the constant $`B_0`$ marks the magnetic field at which $`\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{L}\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{Q}`$. Note that at high fields the normalized amplitude does not depend on the delay time $`t_{12}`$ whereas at low fields a delay time dependence is expected. From the magnetic field strength of the transition from the low-field to the high-field regime it is possible to estimate the magnitude of the nuclear quadrupole splitting with the help of this model.

## III Experimental Technique

The experiments were performed in a 3He-4He dilution refrigerator in order to reach temperatures down to about 10 mK, which are necessary to study coherent polarization echoes in glasses. The cooling power of the apparatus was sufficient to overcome the heat input by the two coaxial cables carrying the r.f. signals and by the r.f. power dissipated in the experiment itself. All r.f. lines inside the refrigerator were semi-rigid coaxial cables with low insertion loss up to the GHz range. Inside the vacuum enclosure of the refrigerator the coaxial cables are made from superconducting niobium in order to keep the heat input by thermal conduction as low as possible. Thermalization of the niobium cables is performed at the still with home made strip-line devices on a single-crystal sapphire substrate. The temperature was measured by an Au:Er susceptibility thermometer and a carbon resistor, both attached to the mixing chamber of the apparatus.

1. Echo Generation and Detection

The echo experiments were performed in a re-entrant microwave resonator attached to the mixing chamber of the dilution refrigerator. The resonator was made from gold plated oxygen free copper. The sample discs with a thickness of about 0.5 mm and a diameter of 8 mm were mounted in the region between the center post and the bottom of the resonator. In this area a large portion of the electric field component of the resonator is concentrated and, because of the diameter (8 mm) of the center post, the field was rather homogeneous. The r.f. signal was inductively coupled into the resonator by a loop which could be rotated in order to adjust the degree of coupling. Two modes, the ground mode at 1 GHz and the first overtone at 4.6 GHz were used in our experiments.

The echo signal was picked up by a second loop in the resonator and was pre-amplified by approximately 43 dB using a helium-cooled microwave amplifier located in the helium bath outside the vacuum chamber. The signal was mixed outside the cryostat with a reference signal with the same frequency. The demodulated signal was further amplified by a video amplifier and digitized by a fast digital oscilloscope. Depending on the experiment 1000 to 10000 subsequent echo cycles were digitally averaged in order to reach an acceptable signal to noise ratio.

The r.f. signal was generated by a microwave synthesizer, split into two parts and fed into the receiver and transmitter branch. The latter consisted of a variable attenuator, a phase shifter, and a p-i-n diode switch used to shape the microwave pulses with an on/off transit time of about 15 ns. The TTL control signals of the diode switch were provided by a digital pulse and delay generator.

Phase sensitive detection has two advantages for our experiment: Firstly, sensitivity is increased by 3 dB because all noise in the quadrature component of the signal is suppressed. Secondly, the output of a phase sensitive detector is bipolar, meaning that the mean value of noise of the detector signal vanishes. In a conventional rectifying (‘square law’) detector the noise output is unipolar and will therefore average to a finite value. Furthermore, mixing of the bipolar random noise signal with the fixed-polarity echo signal in a rectifying detector would lead to a nonlinear amplitude dependence of the averaged echo at low signal levels.

2. Magnetic Field Generation

In most experiments discussed, here the magnetic field was generated by a home-made superconducting magnet consisting of about 1000 m NbTi wire wound around a stainless steel cylinder with a 22 mm drill-hole and 64 mm in length. The wire was fixed with a thick layer of epoxy (Stycast 2850 FT). The coil was attached to the mixing chamber of the dilution refrigerator and the sample was placed in the middle of the cylinder. The homogeneity of the magnetic field was estimated to be better than $`5\times 10^3`$. The maximum current through the coil was about 2 A corresponding to a magnetic field strength of 0.46 T. The operation of the magnet at constant field had no noticeable influence on the performance of the cryostat. However, whenever the magnetic field was altered, the temperature of the sample holder increased significantly due to eddy currents, and, after reaching a constant magnetic field, it was slowly relaxing back to the mixing chamber temperature. For experiments at higher fields we used a standard superconducting solenoid with a field range up to 5 T, which was installed at the mixing chamber of our cryostat.

3. Samples

Four different insulating glasses were investigated, namely the two commercially available multi-component glasses BK7 and Duran, the multi-component glass a-BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (BAS), and vitreous silica containing 1200 ppm OH- (Suprasil I). The main components of these glasses are listed in Table 1 as determined by atomic emission spectroscopy.Str00f  In addition, in Table 2 we have listed for the relevant elements, the nuclear spins, the quadrupole moments of the isotopes with non-zero quadruple moment, and the natural abundance of these isotopes.

Since we were concerned about effects caused by magnetic impurities present in the samples we performed magnetization measurements in a SQUID magnetometer to determine the amount of magnetic impurities. Fig. 1 shows the result of such measurements on BK7 and Duran. Although these two glasses have a very similar composition, the change in magnetization and thus the amount of magnetic impurities differ by roughly a factor of twenty. We conclude from this measurement that the BK7 sample contained about 5 ppm of magnetic impurities with a g-factor of $`g2`$ and a total spin of $`J=5/2`$, while in Duran about 120 ppm magnetic impurities were found with $`g2`$ and $`J5/2`$.

## IV Experimental Results and Discussion

We have studied the influence of magnetic fields on the amplitude of coherent polarization echoes depending on various parameters such as frequency, delay time, electric field strength and temperature. As we will see, the experimental results allow to distinguish between the different models discussed above.

A. Spontaneous Echoes in Magnetic Fields

1. Electric Field Dependence

Let us first discuss the dependence of the echo amplitude on the electric field strength of the exciting microwave pulses. In all experiments the widths of the pulses were kept constant, being $`t_{\mathrm{p1}}100`$ns and $`t_{\mathrm{p2}}200`$ns, the electric field strength was the same for both pulses. At small electric fields the amplitude of the echo is expected to rise proportional to $`F_0^3`$. It reaches a maximum at a field fulfilling the condition $`\Omega t_{\mathrm{p2}}\pi `$ for the second pulse. At higher electric fields the shape of the echo starts to change, splitting eventually into different negative and positive parts.Gur90  In this regime it is not obvious which maximum one should take as the echo amplitude. Therefore, we have decided to plot always the integrated echo amplitude, because this is a well-defined quantity even at large fields. After passing through the maximum the integrated echo amplitude is expected to decrease towards higher fields, since in this range the signal consists of negative and positive components.

In Fig. 2 the integrated amplitude of two-pulse polarization echoes generated in BAS at different magnetic fields is plotted as a function of the applied electric field strength. All curves show the expected variation with the electric field strength, but the absolute value of the echo amplitude is different at different magnetic fields. It is noteworthy that the echo amplitude is a non-monotonic function of the applied magnetic field. The fact, that independent of the applied magnetic field the maximum of the integrated echo amplitude is always found at the same electric field strength of about 450 V/m indicates that the mean effective Rabi frequency remains virtually unaltered in magnetic fields. From this we conclude that neither the dipole moment $`p`$ nor the tunneling splitting $`\Delta _0`$ depend on the applied magnetic field. This observation disfavors the model proposed by Kettemann et al. Ket99  as an explanation for the magnetic field dependence of the echo amplitude.

2. Material Dependence

We have studied the coherent properties of four different glasses in magnetic fields in order to investigate the material dependence of the magnetic field effects. The amplitude of two-pulse polarization echoes of these four glasses is shown in Fig. 3 as a function of magnetic field.footnote3  In contrast to many other low-temperature properties of glasses the influence of magnetic fields on the amplitude of spontaneous echoes is obviously not universal. Several conclusions can be drawn from the results shown in Fig. 3. The occurrence and the magnitude of the magnetic field dependence is independent of the concentration of magnetic impurities present in the glass samples. In particular, BK7 and Duran show similar effects although the concentration of magnetic impurities differs by at least a factor of 20 as demonstrated by the magnetization measurements shown in Fig. 1.

Perhaps the most remarkable result of the measurements plotted in Fig. 3 is the fact that Suprasil I shows no magnetic field effect within the accuracy of our experiment. The slight difference between positive and negative fields is caused by drift problems in the experiment. Whereas Duran, BAS and BK7 contain isotopes with non-zero nuclear quadrupole moment, Suprasil is virtually free of such isotopes.footnote4  This strongly indicates that nuclear quadrupoles play a crucial role in the magnetic field effects, and therefore, our result clearly favors the nuclear quadrupole model.Wue02b

The variation of the echo amplitude with applied magnetic field is similar for Duran, BK7 and BAS, but not identical. All three samples exhibit a central maximum at $`B=0`$. At high fields the amplitude of the echo rises above its value at zero magnetic field and seems to reach saturation at fields above 200 mT. Fig. 4 shows the variation of the echo amplitude for BAS at $`t_{12}=1\text{¯}`$s in an extended field range. In this plot the saturation effect becomes evident. According to the nuclear quadrupole model this saturation occurs at magnetic fields at which the nuclear Zeeman energy exceeds the mean quadrupole splitting. This condition seems to be met roughly at the same magnetic field in all three glasses (see Fig. 3), although the relevant nuclei are probably either 11B or 27Al with different nuclear quadrupole moments.

The solid line in Fig. 4 represents the prediction (11) of the quadrupole model for large fields with $`B_0=60`$ mT as fitting parameter. It describes the high field limit almost perfectly. From the value of $`B_0`$ we deduce the Lamor frequency $`\omega _\mathrm{L}=4.2`$ MHz for the aluminium nuclei. Assuming further that $`\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{L}\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{Q}`$ at $`B_0`$, we obtain for the electric field gradient the value $`8\times 10^{20}`$ Vm-2 which is of the right order of magnitude.

3. Delay Time Dependence

Further remarkable observations were made in measurements of the magnetic field dependence of the amplitude of two-pulse echoes with different delay times $`t_{12}`$ between the exciting pulses. As an example, we show in Fig. 5 the amplitude of spontaneous echoes excited in BK7 as a function of the applied magnetic field for different delay times. The pattern of the magnetic field dependence is clearly different for different values of $`t_{12}`$. This observation indicates that the applied magnetic field influences the free phase development of the tunneling systems between and after the two excitation pulses.

This can be made even more obvious by plotting the amplitude as a function of the product of the magnetic field and the delay time $`t_{12}`$. Fig. 6 shows such a plot for the data displayed in Fig. 5. It is remarkable that several features of the curves at different delay times coincide in this representation. In particular, the width of the central maximum in this plot is nearly identical in all cases. In addition, we have marked two features by dashed lines, the minimum at negative fields and the second maximum at positive field strength. Such an invariance of the pattern with respect to the product $`Bt_{12}`$ is expected in the quadrupole coupling model at small magnetic fields. According to this approach, mixing between nuclear levels is the cause of these features. From the data shown in Fig. 3, the first minimum is observed at about 14 mT in all three glasses. In BK7 the two boron isotopes 10B and 11B as well as sodium are likely to cause the magnetic field effect (see Table 2). In the case of BAS the main contribution is probably due to 27Al nuclei. Using the rough approximation (10) and the appropriate $`g`$-factors we deduce values of about 11 mT for the minima in fair agreement with our observations. Applying (10) to the lighter boron isotope 10B leads to a greater value of the magnetic field at the minimum. However, it is not clear whether (10) is applicable since a theory for the contribution of integer spins is still lacking.

The absence of a second maximum in case of Duran and BAS (Fig. 3) is another interesting observation made in our experiments. In the light of the quadrupole coupling model this might be caused by the larger amount of magnetic impurities in these materials compared to BK7, because it is conceivable that electronic spins lead to a distribution of local magnetic fields and therefore might wash out certain interference patterns.

Despite the good qualitative and partially even quantitative agreement of the quadrupole coupling model we want to point out that not all details of the curves shown in Fig. 5 can be described by (9).

4. Frequency Dependence

A pronounced frequency dependence of the magnetic field effects in polarization echo experiments is expected from both models assuming a direct coupling of magnetic fields to tunneling systems.Ket99 ; Wue02  Fig. 7 shows the magnetic field dependence of the echo amplitude of BK7 measured at 0.9 GHz and 4.6 GHz, and at two different delay times. Note that the magnetic field is plotted on a logarithmic scale. Again, the curves at different delay times exhibit a different pattern as a function of the applied magnetic field, but hardly any frequency dependence is seen within the accuracy of the experiment, although frequencies differ by a factor of five. The remaining differences between the curves in particular at the long delay time of $`6\mu `$s and at higher magnetic fields could be caused by experimental problems.

The apparent absence of a frequency dependence in this experiment provides further evidence that the models favoring a direct coupling of magnetic fields to tunneling systems are not applicable in this case. In contrast, no (strong) variation with measuring frequency is expected within the nuclear quadrupole coupling model, because the relevant energy scales are given by the nuclear properties of the tunneling systems.

5. Temperature Dependence

If the nuclear quadrupole model is the correct description, the magnetic field effects observed in the two-pulse echo experiments are expected to be temperature independent because of their pure quantum nature. We have studied the temperature dependence of the magnetic field effects of two glasses: Duran and BAS. The result for Duran is shown in Fig. 8 where the integrated echo amplitude is plotted on a logarithmic scale. With rising temperature the amplitude of the echo decreases strongly. However, the pattern of the magnetic field variation remains nearly unaltered. There is a small decrease of the magnetic field variation relative to the absolute echo amplitude, which is hardly visible in this representation.

The magnetic field dependence of the echo amplitude in BAS at 20 mK and 56 mK is shown in Fig. 9 where the normalized amplitude $`A(B)/A(B\mathrm{})`$ is plotted on a linear scale. As in the case of Duran, the overall pattern remains unchanged as the temperature increases although the relative variation is larger at the lower temperature. With rising temperature the magnetic field effect vanishes obviously more rapidly than the amplitude of the echo itself. At a first glance this is unexpected from the point of view of the quadrupole model. In an attempt to explain this finding we may distinguish between tunneling particles with and without nuclear quadrupole moment. In both cases, the temperature dependence of the echo amplitude is assumed to be independent of magnetic fields. However, it is conceivable that the temperature dependence of the dephasing time of systems carrying a nuclear quadrupole moment is different from that of systems without a nuclear quadrupole moment. In this case the magnitude of the magnetic field effect would also depend on temperature.

Finally we want to add that the decay of spontaneous echoes in glasses is much faster than expected.Ens02b  According to theoryBla77  the decay is due to spectral diffusion and is consequently determined by the thermal relaxation of tunneling systems with an energy splitting $`E2k_\mathrm{B}T`$. In this context one might speculate whether a novel, hitherto unconsidered mechanism gives rise to fast relaxation because of the more complex level scheme of tunneling systems with a nuclear quadrupole moment.

## V Summary and Outlook

We have measured the amplitude of the two-pulse echoes generated in four different glasses in magnetic fields. Three glasses exhibit a striking non-monotonic magnetic field variation, but vitreous silica Suprasil I shows no magnetic field effect. From the absence of this phenomenon in Suprasil I, and from the influence of other parameters, such as delay time, electric field, temperature, and frequency on the magnetic field effect we conclude that tunneling particles carrying a nuclear quadrupole moment are responsible for the surprising phenomena. The nuclear quadrupole of these systems leads to a splitting of the nuclear spin levels even at zero magnetic field, which is different for the ground state and the excited state. The presence of this multi-level structure reduces the echo amplitude compared to that of simple two-level systems. As long as the Zeeman energy is smaller than the mean quadrupole splitting, mixing between the nuclear spin levels leads to a non-monotonic variation of the echo amplitude with the magnetic field. At a large magnetic field the Zeeman effect is dominant and the echo amplitude saturates at the value expected for simple two-level systems.

We believe that nuclear quadrupoles also play an important role in other experiments on glasses at low temperatures. For example the magnetic field dependence of the dielectric susceptibility at low frequencies is likely to be caused by relaxation effects involving nuclear spin levels. In addition, we like to point out that the fact that the nuclear properties of the tunneling particles matter, might allow to study the microscopic nature of the tunneling systems in glasses by investigating glasses of selected composition.

## Acknowledgment

We thank R. Weis, A. Würger, P. Strehlow for many stimulating discussions. In particular, we acknowledge the help of B. Renker in the measurement of the impurity concentration of BK7 and Duran. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.


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# Valued deformations of algebras

## 1 Valued deformations of Lie algebras

### 1.1 Rings of valuation

We recall briefly the classical notion of ring of valuation. Let $`𝔽`$ be a (commutative) field and $`A`$ a subring of $`𝔽`$. We say that $`A`$ is a ring of valuation of $`𝔽`$ if $`A`$ is a local integral domain satisfying:

$$\text{ If}x𝔽A,\text{then}x^1𝔪.$$

where $`𝔪`$ is the maximal ideal of $`A`$.

A ring $`A`$ is called ring of valuation if it is a ring of valuation of its field of fractions.

Examples : Let $`𝕂`$ be a commutative field of characteristic $`0`$. The ring of formal series $`𝕂[[t]]`$ is a valuation ring. On other hand the ring $`𝕂[[t_1,t_2]]`$ of two (or more) indeterminates is not a valuation ring.

### 1.2 Versal deformations of Fialowski \[F\]

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra and $`A`$ an unitary commutative local $`𝕂`$-algebra. The tensor product $`𝔤A`$ is naturally endowed with a Lie algebra structure :

$$[Xa,Yb]=[X,Y]ab.$$

If $`ϵ:A𝕂`$, is an unitary augmentation with kernel the maximal ideal $`𝔪`$, a deformation $`\lambda `$ of $`𝔤`$ with base $`A`$ is a Lie algebra structure on $`𝔤A`$ with bracket $`[,]_\lambda `$ such that

$$idϵ:𝔤A𝔤𝕂$$

is a Lie algebra homomorphism. In this case the bracket $`[,]_\lambda `$ satisfies

$$[X1,Y1]_\lambda =[X,Y]1+Z_ia_i$$

where $`a_iA`$ and $`X,Y,Z_i𝔤.`$ Such a deformation is called infinitesimal if the maximal ideal $`𝔪`$ satisfies $`𝔪^2=0.`$ An interesting example is described in \[F\]. If we consider the commutative algebra $`A=𝕂(H^2(𝔤,𝔤))^{}`$ (where  denotes the dual as vector space) such that $`dim(H^2)\mathrm{}`$, the deformation with base $`A`$ is an infinitesimal deformation (which plays the role of an universal deformation).

### 1.3 Valued deformations of Lie algebra

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra and $`A`$ a commutative $`𝕂`$-algebra of valuation. Then $`𝔤A`$ is a $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra. We can consider this Lie algebra as an $`A`$-Lie algebra. We denote this last by $`𝔤_A`$. If $`dim_𝕂(𝔤)`$ is finite then

$$dim_A(𝔤_A)=dim_𝕂(𝔤).$$

As the valued ring $`A`$ is also a $`𝕂`$-algebra we have a natural embedding of the $`𝕂`$-vector space $`𝔤`$ into the free $`A`$-module $`𝔤_A`$. Without loss of generality we can consider this embedding to be the identity map.

###### Definition 1

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra and $`A`$ a commutative $`𝕂`$-algebra of valuation such that the residual field $`\frac{A}{𝔪}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝕂`$ (or to a subfield of $`𝕂`$). A valued deformation of $`𝔤`$ with base $`A`$ is a $`A`$-Lie algebra $`𝔤_A^{}`$ such that the underlying $`A`$-module of $`𝔤_A^{}`$ is $`𝔤_A`$ and that

$$[X,Y]_{𝔤_A^{}}[X,Y]_{𝔤_A^{}}$$

is in the $`𝔪`$-quasi-module $`𝔤𝔪`$ where $`𝔪`$ is the maximal ideal of $`A`$.

The classical notion of deformation studied by Gerstenhaber (\[G\]) is a valued deformation. In this case $`A=𝕂[[t]]`$ and the residual field of $`A`$ is isomorphic to $`𝕂`$ . Likewise a versal deformation is a valued deformation. The algebra $`A`$ is in this case the finite dimensional $`𝕂`$-vector space $`𝕂(H^2(𝔤,𝔤))^{}`$ where $`H^2`$ denotes the second Chevalley cohomology group of $`𝔤`$. The algebra law is given by

$$(\alpha _1,h_1).(\alpha _2,h_2)=(\alpha _1.\alpha _2,\alpha _1.h_2+\alpha _2.h_1).$$

It is a local field with maximal ideal $`\{0\}(H^2)^{}`$. It is also a valuation field because we can endowe this algebra with a field structure, the inverse of $`(\alpha ,h)`$ being $`((\alpha )^1,(\alpha )^2h)`$.

## 2 Decomposition of valued deformations

In this section we show that every valued deformation can be decomposed in a finite sum (and not as a serie) with pairwise comparable infinitesimal coefficients (that is in $`𝔪`$). The interest of this decomposition is to avoid the classical problems of convergence.

### 2.1 Decomposition in $`𝔪\times 𝔪`$

Let $`A`$ be a valuation ring satisfying the conditions of definition 1. Let us denote by $`_𝒜`$ the field of fractions of $`A`$ and $`𝔪^2`$ the catesian product $`𝔪\times 𝔪`$ . Let $`(a_1,a_2)𝔪^2`$ with $`a_i0`$ for $`i=1,2`$.

i) Suppose that $`a_1.a_2^1A`$ and $`a_2a_1^1A`$. Let be $`\alpha =\pi (a_1.a_2^1)`$ where $`\pi `$ is the canonical projection on $`\frac{A}{𝔪}`$. Clearly, there exists a global section $`s:𝕂A`$ which permits to identify $`\alpha `$ with $`s(\alpha )`$ in $`A`$. Then

$$a_1.a_2^1=\alpha +a_3$$

with $`a_3𝔪`$. Then if $`a_30`$,

$$(a_1,a_2)=(a_2(\alpha +a_3),a_2)=a_2(\alpha ,1)+a_2a_3(0,1).$$

If $`\alpha 0`$ we can also write

$$(a_1,a_2)=aV_1+abV_2$$

with $`a,b𝔪`$ and $`V_1,V_2`$ linearly independent in $`𝕂^2`$. If $`\alpha =0`$ then $`a_1.a_2^1𝔪`$ and $`a_1=a_2a_3`$. We have

$$(a_1,a_2)=(a_2a_3,a_2)=ab(1,0)+a(0,1).$$

So in this case, $`V_1=(0,1)`$ and $`V_2=(1,0)`$. If $`a_3=0`$ then

$$a_1a_2^1=\alpha $$

and

$$(a_1,a_2)=a_2(\alpha ,1)=aV_1.$$

This correspond to the previous decomposition but with $`b=0`$.

ii) If $`a_1.a_2^1_AA`$, then $`a_2.a_1^1𝔪`$. We put in this case $`a_2.a_1^1=a_3`$ and we have

$$(a_1,a_2)=(a_1,a_1.a_3)=a_1(1,a_3)=a_1(1,0)+a_1a_3(0,1)$$

with $`a_3𝔪`$. Then, in this case the point $`(a_1,a_2)`$ admits the following decomposition :

$$(a_1,a_2)=aV_1+abV_2$$

with $`a,b𝔪`$ and $`V_1,V_2`$ linearly independent in $`𝕂^2`$. Note that this case corresponds to the previous but with $`\alpha =0`$.

iii) If $`a_1.a_2^1A`$ and $`a_2.a_1^1A`$ then as $`a_2.a_1^1_AA`$, $`a_1a_2^1𝔪`$ and we find again the precedent case with $`\alpha =0`$. Then we have proved

###### Proposition 1

For every point $`(a_1,a_2)𝔪^2`$, there exist lineary independent vectors $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ in the $`𝕂`$-vector space $`𝕂^2`$ such that

$$(a_1,a_2)=aV_1+abV_2$$

for some $`a,b𝔪`$.

Such decomposition est called of length $`2`$ if $`b0`$. If not it is called of length $`1`$.

### 2.2 Decomposition in $`𝔪^k`$

Suppose that $`A`$ is valuation ring satisfying the hypothesis of Definition 1. Arguing as before, we can conclude

###### Theorem 1

For every $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)𝔪^k`$ there exist $`h(hk`$) independent vectors $`V_1,V_2,..,V_h`$ whose components are in $`𝕂`$ and elements $`b_1,b_2,..,b_h𝔪`$ such that

$$(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)=b_1V_1+b_1b_2V_2+\mathrm{}+b_1b_2\mathrm{}b_hV_h.$$

The parameter $`h`$ which appears in this theorem is called the length of the decomposition. This parameter can be different to $`k`$. It corresponds to the dimension of the smallest $`𝕂`$-vector space $`V`$ such that $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)V𝔪`$.

If the coordinates $`a_i`$ of the vector $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)`$ are in $`A`$ and not necessarily in its maximal ideal, then writing $`a_i=\alpha _i+a_i^{}`$ with $`\alpha _i𝕂`$ and $`a_i^{}𝔪`$, we decompose

$$(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)=(\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)+(a_1^{},a_2^{},\mathrm{},a_k^{})$$

and we can apply Theorem 1 to the vector $`(a_1^{},a_2^{},\mathrm{},a_k^{})`$.

### 2.3 Uniqueness of the decomposition

Let us begin by a technical lemma.

###### Lemma 1

Let $`V`$ and $`W`$ be two vectors with components in the valuation ring $`A`$. There exist $`V_0`$ and $`W_0`$ with components in $`𝕂`$ such that $`V=V_0+V_0^{}`$ and $`W=W_0+W_0^{}`$ and the components of $`V_0^{}`$ and $`W_0^{}`$ are in the maximal ideal $`𝔪`$. Moreover if the vectors $`V_0`$ and $`W_0`$ are linearly independent then $`V`$ and $`W`$ are also independent.

Proof. The decomposition of the two vectors $`V`$ and $`W`$ is evident. It remains to prove that the independence of the vectors $`V_0`$ and $`W_0`$ implies those of $`V`$ and $`W`$. Let $`V,W`$ be two vectors with components in $`A`$ such that $`\pi (V)=V_0`$ and $`\pi (W)=W_0`$ are independent. Let us suppose that

$$xV+yW=0$$

with $`x,yA`$. One of the coefficients $`xy^1`$ or $`yx^1`$ is not in $`𝔪`$. Let us suppose that $`xy^1𝔪`$. If $`xy^1A`$ then $`x^1y𝔪`$. Then $`xV+yW=0`$ is equivalent to $`V+x^1yW=0`$. This implies that $`\pi (V)=0`$ and this is impossible. Then $`xy^1A𝔪`$. Thus if there exists a linear relation between $`V`$ and $`W`$, there exists a linear relation with coefficients in $`A𝔪`$. We can suppose that $`xV+yW=0`$ with $`x,yA𝔪`$. As $`V=V_0+V_0^{},W=W_0+W_0^{}`$ we have

$$\pi (xV+yW)=\pi (x)V_0+\pi (y)W_0=0.$$

Thus $`\pi (x)=\pi (y)=0`$. This is impossible and the vectors $`V`$ and $`W`$ are independent as soon as $`V_0`$ and $`W_0`$ are independent vectors. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)=b_1V_1+b_1b_2V_2+\mathrm{}+b_1b_2\mathrm{}b_hV_h`$ and $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)=c_1W_1+c_1c_2W_2+\mathrm{}+c_1c_2\mathrm{}c_sW_s`$ be two decompositions of the vector $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)`$. Let us compare the coefficients $`b_1`$ and $`c_1`$. By hypothesis $`b_1c_1^1`$ is in $`A`$ or the inverse is in $`𝔪`$. Then we can suppose that $`b_1c_1^1A`$. As the residual field is a subfield of $`𝕂`$ , there exists $`\alpha \frac{A}{𝔪}`$ and $`c_1𝔪`$ such that

$$b_1c_1^1=\alpha +b_{11}$$

thus $`b_1=\alpha c_1+b_{11}c_1`$. Replacing this term in the decompositions we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}(\alpha c_1+b_{11}c_1)V_1+(\alpha c_1+b_{11}c_1)b_2V_2+\mathrm{}+(\alpha c_1+b_{11}c_1)b_2\mathrm{}b_hV_h\hfill \\ =c_1W_1+c_1c_2W_2+\mathrm{}+c_1c_2\mathrm{}c_sW_s.\hfill \end{array}$$

Simplifying by $`c_1`$, this expression is written

$$\alpha V_1+m_1=W_1+m_2$$

where $`m_1,m_2`$ are vectors with coefficients $`𝔪`$. From Lemma 1, if $`V_1`$ and $`W_1`$ are linearly independent, as its coefficients are in the residual field, the vectors $`\alpha V_1+m_1`$ and $`W_1+m_2`$ would be also linearly independent ($`\alpha 0`$). Thus $`W_1=\alpha V_1`$. One deduces

$$b_1V_1+b_1b_2V_2+\mathrm{}+b_1b_2\mathrm{}b_hV_h=c_1(\alpha V_1)+c_1b_{11}V_1+c_1b_{12}V_2+\mathrm{}+c_1b_{12}b_3\mathrm{}b_hV_h,$$

with $`b_{12}=b_2(\alpha +b_{11}).`$ Then

$$b_{11}V_1+b_{11}b_{12}V_2+\mathrm{}+b_{11}b_{12}b_3\mathrm{}b_hV_h=c_2W_2+\mathrm{}+c_2\mathrm{}c_sW_s.$$

Continuing this process by induction we deduce the following result

###### Theorem 2

Let be $`b_1V_1+b_1b_2V_2+\mathrm{}+b_1b_2\mathrm{}b_hV_h`$ and $`c_1W_1+c_1c_2W_2+\mathrm{}+c_1c_2\mathrm{}c_sW_s`$ two decompositions of the vector $`(a_1,a_2,\mathrm{},a_k)`$. Then

i. $`h=s`$,

ii. The flag generated by the ordered free family $`(V_1,V_2,..,V_h)`$ is equal to the flag generated by the ordered free family $`(W_1,W_2,\mathrm{},W_h)`$ that is $`i1,..,h`$

$$\{V_1,\mathrm{},V_i\}=\{W_1,\mathrm{},W_i\}$$

where $`\{U_i\}`$ designates the linear space genrated by the vectors $`U_i`$.

### 2.4 Geometrical interpretation of this decomposition

Let $`A`$ be an $``$ algebra of valuation. Consider a differential curve $`\gamma `$ in $`^3`$. We can embed $`\gamma `$ in a differential curve

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }:A^3A.$$

Let $`t=t_01+1ϵ`$ an parameter infinitely close to $`t_0`$, that is $`ϵ𝔪`$. If $`M`$ corresponds to the point of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of parameter $`t`$ and $`M_0`$ those of $`t_0`$, then the coordinates of the point $`MM_0`$ in the affine space $`^3A`$ are in $`𝔪`$. In the flag associated to the decomposition of $`MM_0`$ we can considere a direct orthonormal frame $`(V_1,V_2,V_3)`$. It is the Serret-Frenet frame to $`\gamma `$ at the point $`M_0`$.

## 3 Decomposition of a valued deformation of a Lie algebra

### 3.1 Valued deformation of Lie algebras

Let $`𝔤_A^{}`$ be a valued deformation with base $`A`$ of the $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. By definition, for every $`X`$ and $`Y`$ in $`𝔤`$ we have $`[X,Y]_{𝔤_A^{}}[X,Y]_{𝔤_A^{}}𝔤𝔪`$. Suppose that $`𝔤`$ is finite dimensional and let $`\{X_1,\mathrm{},X_n\}`$ be a basis of $`𝔤`$. In this case

$$[X_i,X_j]_{𝔤_A^{}}[X_i,X_j]_{𝔤_A^{}}=\underset{k}{}C_{ij}^kX_k$$

with $`C_{ij}^k𝔪`$. Using the decomposition of the vector of $`𝔪^{n^2(n1)/2}`$ with for components $`C_{ij}^k`$ , we deduce that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[X_i,X_j]_{𝔤_A^{}}[X_i,X_j]_{𝔤_A^{}}\hfill & =\hfill & a_{ij}(1)\varphi _1(X_i,X_j)+a_{ij}(1)a_{ij}(2)\varphi _2(X_i,X_j)\hfill \\ & & +\mathrm{}+a_{ij}(1)a_{ij}(2)\mathrm{}a_{ij}(l)\varphi _l(X_i,X_j)\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`a_{ij}(s)𝔪`$ and $`\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _l`$ are linearly independent. The index $`l`$ depends of $`i`$ and $`j`$. Let $`k`$ be the supremum of indices $`l`$ when $`1i,jn`$. Then we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[X,Y]_{𝔤_A^{}}[X,Y]_{𝔤_A^{}}\hfill & =\hfill & ϵ_1(X,Y)\varphi _1(X,Y)+ϵ_1(X,Y)ϵ_2(X,Y)\varphi _2(X,Y)\hfill \\ & & +\mathrm{}+ϵ_1(X,Y)ϵ_2(X,Y)\mathrm{}ϵ_k(X,Y)\varphi _k(X,Y)\hfill \end{array}$$

where the bilinear maps $`ϵ_i`$ have values in $`𝔪`$ and linear maps $`\varphi _i:𝔤𝔤𝔤`$ are linearly independent.

If $`𝔤`$ is infinite dimensional with a countable basis $`\{X_n\}_n`$ then the $`𝕂`$-vector space of linear map $`T_2^1=\{\varphi :𝔤𝔤𝔤\}`$ also admits a countable basis.

###### Theorem 3

If $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ (resp. $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$) is the law of the Lie algebra $`𝔤_A^{}`$ (resp. $`𝔤_A^{}`$) then

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\underset{iI}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i$$

where $`I`$ is a finite set of indices, $`ϵ_i:𝔤𝔤𝔪`$ are linear maps and $`\varphi _i`$’s are linearly independent maps in $`T_2^1`$.

### 3.2 Equations of valued deformations

We will prove that the classical equations of deformation given by Gerstenhaber are still valid in the general frame of valued deformations. Neverless we can prove that the infinite system described by Gerstenhaber and which gives the conditions to obtain a deformation, can be reduced to a system of finite rank. Let

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\underset{iI}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i$$

be a valued deformation of $`\mu `$ (the bracket of $`𝔤`$). Then $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ satisfies the Jacobi equations. Following Gerstenhaber we consider the Chevalley-Eilenberg graded differential complex $`𝒞(𝔤,𝔤)`$ and the product $``$ defined by

$$(g_qf_p)(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{p+q})=(1)^{ϵ(\sigma )}g_q(f_p(X_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},X_{\sigma (p)}),X_{\sigma (p+1)},\mathrm{},X_{\sigma (q)})$$

where $`\sigma `$ is a permutation of $`1,\mathrm{},p+q`$ such that $`\sigma (1)<\mathrm{}<\sigma (p)`$ and $`\sigma (p+1)<\mathrm{}<\sigma (p+q)`$ (it is a $`(p,q)`$-schuffle); $`g_q𝒞^q(𝔤,𝔤)`$ and $`f_p𝒞^p(𝔤,𝔤)`$. As $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ satisfies the Jacobi indentities, $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=0`$. This gives

$$(\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{iI}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i)(\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{iI}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i)=0.(1)$$

As $`\mu _{𝔤_A}\mu _{𝔤_A}=0`$, this equation becomes :

$$ϵ_1(\mu _{𝔤_A}\varphi _1+\varphi _1\mu _{𝔤_A})+ϵ_1U=0$$

where $`U`$ is in $`𝒞^3(𝔤,𝔤)𝔪`$. If we symplify by $`ϵ_1`$ which is supposed non zero if not the deformation is trivial, we obtain

$$(\mu _{𝔤_A}\varphi _1+\varphi _1\mu _{𝔤_A})(X,Y,Z)+U(X,Y,Z)=0$$

for all $`X,Y,Z𝔤`$. As $`U(X,Y,Z)`$ is in the module $`𝔤𝔪`$ and the first part in $`𝔤A`$, each one of these vectors is null. Then

$$(\mu _{𝔤_A}\varphi _1+\varphi _1\mu _{𝔤_A})(X,Y,Z)=0.$$

###### Proposition 2

For every valued deformation with base $`A`$ of the $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra $`𝔤`$, the first term $`\varphi `$ appearing in the associated decomposition is a 2-cochain of the Chevalley-Eilenberg cohomology of $`𝔤`$ belonging to $`Z^2(𝔤,𝔤)`$.

We thus rediscover the classical result of Gerstenhaber but in the broader context of valued deformations and not only for the valued deformation of basis the ring of formal series.

In order to describe the properties of other terms of equations (1) we use the super-bracket of Gerstenhaber which endows the space of Chevalley-Eilenberg cochains $`𝒞(𝔤,𝔤)`$ with a Lie superalgebra structure. When $`\varphi _i𝒞^2(𝔤,𝔤),`$ it is defines by

$$[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]=\varphi _i\varphi _j+\varphi _j\varphi _i$$

and $`[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]𝒞^3(𝔤,𝔤)`$.

###### Lemma 2

Let us suppose that $`I=\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$. If

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{iI}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i$$

is a valued deformation of $`\mu `$, then the 3-cochains $`[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]`$ and $`[\mu ,\varphi _i]`$, $`1i,jk1`$, generate a linear subspace $`V`$ of $`𝒞^3(𝔤,𝔤)`$ of dimension less or equal to $`k(k1)/2`$. Moreover, the 3-cochains $`[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]`$, $`1i,jk1`$, form a system of generators of this space.

Proof. Let $`V`$ be the subpace of $`𝒞^3(𝔤,𝔤)`$ generated by $`[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]`$ and $`[\mu ,\varphi _i]`$. If $`\omega `$ is a linear form on $`V`$ of which kernel contains the vectors $`[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]`$ for $`1i,j(k1)`$, then the equation (1) gives

$$ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_k\omega ([\varphi _1,\varphi _k])+ϵ_1ϵ_2^2\mathrm{}ϵ_k\omega ([\varphi _2,\varphi _k])+\mathrm{}+ϵ_1ϵ_2^2\mathrm{}ϵ_k^2\omega ([\varphi _k,\varphi _k])+ϵ_2\omega ([\mu ,\varphi _2])$$

$$+ϵ_2ϵ_3\omega ([\mu ,\varphi _3])\mathrm{}+ϵ_2ϵ_3\mathrm{}ϵ_k\omega ([\mu ,\varphi _k])=0.$$

As the coefficients which appear in this equation are each one in one $`𝔪^p`$, we have necessarily

$$\omega ([\varphi _1,\varphi _k])=\mathrm{}=\omega ([\varphi _k,\varphi _k])=\omega ([\mu ,\varphi _2])=\mathrm{}=\omega ([\mu ,\varphi _k])=0$$

and this for every linear form $`\omega `$ of which kernel contains $`V`$. This proves the lemma.

From this lemma and using the descending sequence

$$𝔪𝔪^{(2)}\mathrm{}𝔪^{(p)}\mathrm{}$$

where $`𝔪^{(p)}`$ is the ideal generated by the products $`a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_p,a_i𝔪`$ of length $`p`$, we obtain :

###### Proposition 3

If

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{iI}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i$$

is a valued deformation of $`\mu `$, then we have the following linear system :

$$\{\begin{array}{c}\delta \varphi _2=a_{11}^2[\varphi _1,\varphi _1]\hfill \\ \delta \varphi _3=a_{12}^3[\varphi _1,\varphi _2]+a_{22}^3[\varphi _1,\varphi _1]\hfill \\ \mathrm{}\hfill \\ \delta \varphi _k=_{1ijk1}a_{ij}^k[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]\hfill \\ [\varphi _1,\varphi _k]=_{1ijk1}b_{ij}^1[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]\hfill \\ \mathrm{}.\hfill \\ [\varphi _{k1},\varphi _k]=_{1ijk1}b_{ij}^{k1}[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\delta \varphi _i=[\mu ,\varphi _i]`$ is the coboundary operator of the Chevalley cohomology of the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$.

Let us suppose that the dimension of $`V`$ is the maximum $`k(k1)/2`$. In this case we have no other relations between the generators of $`V`$ and the previous linear system is complete, that is the equation of deformations does not give other relations than the relations of this system. The following result shows that, in this case, such deformation is isomorphic ,as Lie algebra laws,to a ”polynomial” valued deformation.

###### Proposition 4

Let be $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ a valued deformation of $`\mu `$ such that

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{i=1,\mathrm{},k}{}ϵ_1ϵ_2\mathrm{}ϵ_i\varphi _i$$

and dim$`V`$=k(k-1)/2. Then there exists an automorphism of $`𝕂^n𝔪`$ of the form $`f=IdP_k(ϵ)`$ with $`P_k(X)𝕂^k[X]`$ satisfying $`P_k(0)=1`$ and $`ϵ𝔪`$ such that the valued deformation $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{\prime \prime }}`$ defined by

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{\prime \prime }}(X,Y)=h^1(\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(h(X),h(Y)))$$

is of the form

$$\mu _{𝔤_A\mathrm{"}}=\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{i=1,\mathrm{},k}{}ϵ^i\phi _i$$

where $`\phi _i=_{ji}\varphi _j.`$

Proof.  Considering the Jacobi equation

$$[\mu _{𝔤_A^{}},\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}]=0$$

and writting that dim$`V`$=$`k(k1)/2`$, we deduce that there exist polynomials $`P_i(X)𝕂[X]`$ of degree $`i`$ such that

$$ϵ_i=a_iϵ_k\frac{P_{ki}(ϵ_k)}{P_{ki+1}(ϵ_k)}$$

with $`a_i𝕂`$. Then we have

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{i=1,\mathrm{},k}{}a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_i(ϵ_k)^i\frac{P_{ki}(ϵ_k)}{P_k(ϵ_k)}\varphi _i.$$

Thus

$$P_k(ϵ_k)\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=P_k(ϵ_k)\mu _{𝔤_A}+\underset{i=1,\mathrm{},k}{}a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_i(ϵ_k)^iP_{ki}(ϵ_k)\varphi _i.$$

If we write this expression according the increasing powers we obtain the announced expression. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us note that, for such deformation we have

$$\{\begin{array}{c}\delta \phi _2+[\phi _1,\phi _1]=0\hfill \\ \delta \phi _3+[\phi _1,\phi _2]=0\hfill \\ \mathrm{}\hfill \\ \delta \phi _k+_{i+j=k}[\phi _i,\phi _j]=0\hfill \\ _{i+j=k+s}[\phi _i,\phi _j]=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

### 3.3 Particular case : one-parameter deformations of Lie algebras

In this section the valuation ring $`A`$ is $`𝕂[[t]]`$. Its maximal ideal is $`t𝕂[[t]]`$ and the residual field is $`𝕂`$. Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`𝕂`$\- Lie algebra. Consider $`𝔤A`$ as an $`A`$-algebra and let be $`𝔤_A^{}`$ a valued deformation of $`𝔤`$. The bracket $`[,]_t`$ of this Lie algebra satisfies

$$[X,Y]_t=[X,Y]+t^i\varphi _i(X,Y).$$

Considered as a valued deformation wuth base $`𝕂[[t]]`$, this bracket can be written

$$[X,Y]_t=[X,Y]+\underset{i=1}{\overset{i=k}{}}c_1(t)\mathrm{}c_i(t)\psi _i(X,Y)$$

where $`(\psi _1,\mathrm{},\psi _k)`$ are linearly independent and $`c_i(t)t[[t]]`$. As $`\varphi _1=\psi _1`$, this bilinear map belongs to $`Z^2(𝔤,𝔤)`$ and we find again the classical result of Gerstenhaber. Let $`V`$ be the $`𝕂`$-vector space generated by $`[\varphi _i,\varphi _j]`$ and $`[\mu ,\varphi _i],i,j=1,\mathrm{},k1`$, $`\mu `$ being the law of $`𝔤`$. If dim$`V=k(k1)/2`$ we will say that one-parameter deformation $`[,]_t`$ is of maximal rank.

###### Proposition 5

Let

$$[X,Y]_t=[X,Y]+t^i\varphi _i(X,Y)$$

be a one-parameter deformation of $`𝔤`$. If its rank is maximal then this deformation is equivalent to a polynomial deformation

$$[X,Y]_t^{}=[X,Y]+\underset{i=1,\mathrm{},k}{}t^i\phi _i$$

with $`\phi _i=_{j=1,\mathrm{},i}a_{ij}\psi _j.`$

###### Corollary 1

Every one-parameter deformation of maximal rank is equivalent to a local non valued deformation with base the local algebra $`𝕂[t]`$.

Recall that the algebra $`𝕂[t]`$ is not an algebra of valuation. But every local ring is dominated by a valuation ring. Then this corollary can be interpreted as saying that every deformation in the local algebra $`[t]`$ of polynomials with coefficients in $``$ is equivalent to a ”classical”-Gerstenhaber deformation with maximal rank.

## 4 Deformations of the enveloping algebra of a rigid Lie algebra

### 4.1 Valued deformation of associative algebras

Let us recall that the category of $`𝕂`$-associative algebras is a monoidal category.

###### Definition 2

Let $`𝔞`$ be a $`𝕂`$-associative algebra and $`A`$ an $`𝕂`$-algebra of valuation of such that the residual field $`\frac{A}{𝔪}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝕂`$ (or to a subfield $`𝕂^{}`$ of $`𝕂`$). A valued deformation of $`𝔞`$ with base $`A`$ is an $`A`$-associative algebra $`𝔞_A^{}`$ such that the underlying $`A`$-module of $`𝔞_A^{}`$ is $`𝔞_A`$ and that

$$(X.Y)_{𝔞_A^{}}(X.Y)_{𝔞_A^{}}$$

belongs to the $`𝔪`$-quasi-module $`𝔞𝔪`$ where $`𝔪`$ is the maximal ideal of $`A`$.

The classical one-parameter deformation is a valued deformation. As in the Lie algebra case we can develop the decomposition of a valued deformation. It is sufficient to change the Lie bracket by the associative product and the Chevalley cohomology by the Hochschild cohomology.

The most important example concerning valued deformations of associative algebras is those of the associative algebra of smooth fonctions of a manifold. But we will be interested here by associative algebras that are the enveloping algebras of Lie algebras. More precisely, what can we say about the valued deformations of the enveloping algebra of a rigid Lie algebra?

### 4.2 Complex rigid Lie algebras

In this section we suppose that $`𝕂=`$. Let $`_n`$ be the algebraic variety of structure constants of $`n`$-dimensional complex Lie algebra laws. The basis of $`^n`$ being fixed, we can identify a law with its structure constants. Let us consider the action of the linear group $`Gl(n,)`$ on $`_n`$ :

$$\mu ^{}(X,Y)=f^1\mu (f(X),f(Y)).$$

We denote by $`𝒪(\mu )`$ the orbit of $`\mu `$.

###### Definition 3

The law $`\mu _n`$ is called rigid if $`𝒪(\mu )`$ is Zariski-open in $`_n`$.

Let $`𝔤`$ be a $`n`$-dimensional complex Lie algebra with product $`\mu `$ and $`𝔤_A`$ a valued deformation with base $`A`$. As before $`_A`$ is the field of fractions of $`A`$.

###### Definition 4

Let $`A`$ be a valued $``$-algebra. We say that $`𝔤`$ is $`A`$-rigid if for every valued deformation $`𝔤_A^{}`$ of $`𝔤_A`$ there exists a $`_A`$-linear isomorphism between $`𝔤_A^{}`$ and $`𝔤_A`$.

Let $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ be a valued deformation of $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$. If we write $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}=\varphi `$, then $`\varphi (X,Y)𝔤𝔪`$ for all $`X,Y𝔤A.`$ If $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ is rigid, there exits $`fGl_n(𝔤_𝒜)`$ such that

$$f^1(\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(f(X),f(Y)))=\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(X,Y).$$

Thus

$$\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(f(X),f(Y))f(\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(X,Y))=\varphi (f(X),f(Y)).$$

As $`𝔤_A^{}`$ is invariant by $`f`$, $`\varphi (f(X),f(Y))𝔤𝔪.`$ So we can decompose $`f`$ as $`f=f_1+f_2`$ with $`f_1Aut(𝔤_A)`$ and $`f_2:𝔤_A𝔤𝔪.`$ Let $`f^{}`$ be $`f^{}=ff_1^1.`$ Then

$$f^1(\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(f^{}(X),f^{}(Y)))=\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(X,Y)$$

and $`f^{}=Id+h`$ with $`h:𝔤_A𝔤𝔪.`$ Thus we have proved

###### Lemma 3

If $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ is $`A`$-rigid for every valued deformation $`\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}`$ there exits $`fGl_n(𝔤_𝒜)`$ of the type $`f=Id+h`$ with $`h:𝔤_A𝔤𝔪`$ such that

$$f^1(\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(f(X),f(Y)))=\mu _{𝔤_A^{}}(X,Y)$$

for every $`X,Y𝔤_A.`$

Remark. If $`f=Id+h`$ then $`f^1=Id+k`$. As $`𝔤_A`$ is invariant by $`f`$, the linear map $`k`$ satisfies $`k:𝔤_A𝔤𝔪.`$

###### Theorem 4

If the residual field of the valued ring is isomorphic to $``$ then the notions of $`A`$-rigidity and of rigidity are equivalent.

Proof. Let us suppose that for every valued algebra of residual field $``$, the Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is $`A`$-rigid. We will consider the following special valued algebra: let $`^{}`$ be non standard extension of $``$ in the Robinson sense (\[Ro\]). If $`_l`$ is the subring of non-infinitely large elements of $`^{}`$ then the subring $`𝔪`$ of infinitesimals is the maximal ideal of $`_l`$ and $`_l`$ is a valued ring. Let us consider $`A=_l`$. In this case we have a natural embedding of the variety of $`A`$-Lie algebras in the variety of $``$-Lie algebras. Up this embedding (called the transfert principle in the Robinson theory), the set of $`A`$-deformations of $`𝔤_A`$ is an infinitesimal neighbourhood of $`𝔤`$ contained in the orbit of $`𝔤`$. Then $`𝔤`$ is rigid. $`\mathrm{}`$

Examples. If $`A=[[t]]`$ then $`𝕂^{}=`$ and we find again the classical approach to the rigidity. We have another example, yet used in the proof of Theorem 3, considering a non standard extension $`^{}`$ of $``$. In this context the notion of rigidity has been developed in \[A.G\] (such a deformation is called perturbation). This work has allowed to classifiy complex finite dimensional rigid Lie algebras up the dimension eight.

### 4.3 Deformation of the enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra

Let $`𝔤`$ be a finite dimensional $`𝕂`$-Lie algebra and $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ its enveloping algebra. In this section we consider a particular valued deformation of $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ corresponding to the valued algebra $`𝕂[[t]]`$. In \[P\], the following result is proved:

###### Proposition 6

If $`𝔤`$ is not rigid then $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ is not $`𝕂[[t]]`$-rigid.

Recall that if the Hochschild cohomology $`H^{}(𝒰(𝔤),𝒰(𝔤))`$ of $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ satisfies

$$H^2(𝒰(𝔤),𝒰(𝔤))=0$$

then $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ is $`𝕂[[t]]`$-rigid. By the Cartan-Eilenberg theorem, we have that

$$H^n(𝒰(𝔤),𝒰(𝔤))=H^n(𝔤,𝒰(𝔤)).$$

###### Theorem 5 (P)

Let $`𝔤`$ be a rigid Lie algebra. If $`H^2(𝔤,)0`$, then $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ is not $`𝕂[[t]]`$-rigid.

From \[C\] and \[A.G\] every solvable complex Lie algebra decomposes as $`𝔤=𝔱𝔫`$ where $`𝔫`$ is the niladical of $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔱`$ a maximal exterior torus of derivations in the Malcev sense. Recall that the rank of $`𝔤`$ is the dimension of $`𝔱`$. A direct consequence of Petit’s theorem is that for every complex rigid Lie algebra of rank equal or greater than 2 its envelopping algebra is not rigid.

###### Theorem 6

Let $`𝔤`$ be a complex finite dimensional rigid Lie algebra of rank $`1`$. Then

$$dimH^2(𝔤,)=0$$

if and only if $`0`$ is not a root of the nilradical $`𝔫.`$

Proof. Suppose first that $`0`$ is not a root of $`𝔫`$ that is for every $`X0𝔱`$, 0 is not an eigenvalue of the semisimple operator $`adX`$. Let $`\theta `$ be in $`Z^2(𝔤,)`$. Let $`(X,Y_i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n1}`$ a basis of $`𝔫`$ adapted to the decomposition $`𝔤=𝔱𝔫`$. In particular we have

$$[X,Y_i]=\lambda _iY_i$$

with $`\lambda _i^{}`$ for all $`i=1,..,n1`$ (\[A.G\]). As $`d\theta =0`$ we have for all $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n1`$

$$d\theta (X,Y_i,Y_j)=\theta (X,[Y_i,Y_j])+\theta (Y_i,[Y_j,X])+\theta (Y_j,[X,Y_i])=0,$$

for all $`1i,jk1`$, and this gives

$$(\lambda _i+\lambda _j)\theta (Y_i,Y_j)=\theta (X,[Y_i,Y_j]).(1)$$

If $`(\lambda _i+\lambda _j)`$ is not a root, then $`[Y_i,Y_j]=0`$ and this implies that $`\theta (Y_i,Y_j)=0`$. If not, $`(\lambda _i+\lambda _j)=\lambda _k`$ is a root. Let us note $`Y_k^1,\mathrm{},Y_k^{n_k}`$ the eigenvectors of the chosen basis corresponding to the root $`\lambda _k`$. We have

$$[Y_i,Y_j]=\underset{s=1}{\overset{n_k}{}}a_{ij}^s(k)Y_k^s.$$

Let us consider the dual basis $`\{\omega _0,\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _{n1}\}`$ of $`\{X,Y_1,\mathrm{},Y_{n1}\}`$. We have

$$d\omega _k^s=\lambda _k\omega _0\omega _k^s+\underset{l,m}{}a_{lm}^s(k)\omega _l\omega _m$$

where the pairs $`(l,m)`$ are such that $`\lambda _l+\lambda _m=\lambda _k.`$ Then we deduce from (1)

$$a_{ij}^s(k)\theta (X,Y_k^s)\lambda _k\theta (Y_i,Y_j)=0.$$

Let us fix $`\lambda _k`$. If we write

$$\begin{array}{cc}\theta =\hfill & _{l,m,\lambda _l+\lambda _m=\lambda _k}b_{lm}(k)\omega _l\omega _m+_{r,s,\lambda _r+\lambda _s\lambda _k}c_{rs}(k)\omega _r\omega _s\hfill \\ & \\ & +_k_{s=1}^{n_k}\beta _k^s\omega _0\omega _k^s\hfill \end{array}$$

then, for every pair $`(i,j)`$ such that $`\lambda _i+\lambda _j=\lambda _k`$, (1) gives

$$\lambda _kb_{ij}(k)+\underset{s=1}{\overset{n_k}{}}a_{ij}^s(k)\beta _k^s=0$$

and

$$b_{ij}(k)=\underset{s=1}{\overset{n_k}{}}\frac{a_{ij}^s(k)}{\lambda _k}\beta _k^s.$$

The expression of $`\theta `$ becomes

$$\begin{array}{cc}\theta =\hfill & _k_{s=1}^{n_k}\beta _k^s\omega _0\omega _k^s+_{i,j,\lambda _i+\lambda _j=\lambda _k}\frac{a_{ij}^s(k)}{\lambda _k}\beta _k^s\omega _i\omega _j\hfill \\ & \\ & +_{r,s,\lambda _r+\lambda _s\lambda _k}c_{rs}(k)\omega _r\omega _s.\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\theta \hfill & =\hfill & _k(\frac{1}{\lambda _k}_{s=1}^{n_k}\beta _k^s(\lambda _k\omega _0\omega _k^s+_{i,j,\lambda _i+\lambda _j=\lambda _k}a_{ij}^s(k)\omega _i\omega _j)\hfill \\ & & \\ & & +_{r,s,\lambda _r+\lambda _s\lambda _k}c_{rs}(k)\omega _r\omega _s\hfill \\ & & \\ & =\hfill & _s\beta _k^sd\omega _k^s+_{k^{}k}_{s=1}^{n_k^{}}\beta _k^{}^s\omega _0\omega _k^{}^s\hfill \\ & & \\ & & +_{r,s,\lambda _r+\lambda _s\lambda _k}c_{rs}(k)\omega _r\omega _s.\hfill \end{array}$$

If we continue this method for all the non simple roots (that is which admit a decomposition as sum of two roots, we obtain the heralded result.

For the converse, if $`0`$ is a root, then the cocycle

$$\theta =\omega _0\omega _0^{}$$

where $`\omega _0^{}`$ is related with the eigenvector associated to the root $`0`$ is not integrable. $`\mathrm{}`$

Remark. It is easy to verify that every solvable rigid Lie algebra of rank greater or equal to $`2`$ cannot have $`0`$ as root. Likewise every solvable rigid Lie algebra of rank $`1`$ and of dimension less than $`8`$ has not $`0`$ as root. This confirm in small dimension the following conjecture \[Ca\]:

If $`𝔤`$ is a complex solvable finite dimensional rigid Lie algebra of rank $`1`$, then $`0`$ is not a root.

Consequences. If $`H^2(𝔤,)0`$, there exits $`\theta ^2𝔤^{}`$ such that $`[\theta ]_{H^2}0.`$ If $`rg(𝔤)2`$, then we can suppose that $`\theta ^2𝔱^{}`$ and $`\omega `$ defines a non trivial deformation of $`𝒰(𝔤).`$ If $`rg(𝔤)=1`$, then $`0`$ is not a root of $`𝔱`$. The Hochschild Serre sequence gives:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}H_{CE}^2(𝔤,𝒰(𝔤))\hfill & =\hfill & (^2𝔱^{}Z(𝒰(𝔤)))(𝔱^{}H_{CE}^1(𝔫,𝒰(𝔤))^t)H_{CE}^2(𝔫,𝒰(𝔤))^t\hfill \\ & =\hfill & 𝔱^{}H_{CE}^1(𝔫,𝒰(𝔤))^tH_{CE}^2(𝔫,𝒰(𝔤))^t\hfill \end{array}$$

But from the previous proof, if $`\theta `$ is a non trivial 2-cocycle of $`Z_{CE}^2(𝔤,)`$ then $`i(X)\theta 0`$ for every $`X𝔱`$, $`X0.`$ The 1-form $`\omega =i(X)\theta `$ is closed. Then $`\theta `$ corresponds to a cocycle belonging to $`𝔱^{}Z_{CE}^1(𝔫,𝒰(𝔤))^t`$ and defines a deformation of $`𝒰(𝔤).`$

###### Theorem 7

Let $`𝔤`$ be a solvable complex rigid Lie algebra. If its rank is greater or equal to $`2`$ or if the rank is $`1`$ and $`0`$ is a root, then the enveloping algebra $`𝒰(𝔤)`$ is not rigid.

Remark. In \[P\], T.Petit discribes some examples of deformations of the enveloping algebra of a rigid Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ in small dimension and satisfying $`H_{CE}^2(𝔤,)=0.`$ For this, he shows that every deformation of the linear Poisson structure on the dual $`𝔤^{}`$ of $`𝔤`$ induces a non trivial deformation of $`𝒰(𝔤).`$ This reduces the problem to find non trivial deformation of the linear Poisson structure.

### 4.4 Poisson algebras

Recall that a Poisson algebra $`𝒫`$ is a (commutatitive) associative algebra endowed with a second algebra law satisfying the Jacobi’s identity and the Liebniz rule

$$[a,bc]=b[a,c]+[a,b]c$$

for all $`a,b,c𝒫`$. The tensor product $`𝒫_1𝒫_2`$ of two Poisson algebras is again a Poisson algebra with the following associative and Lie products on $`𝒫_1𝒫_2:`$

$$(a_1a_2).(b_1b_2)=(a_1.b_1)(a_2.b_2)$$

$$[(a_1a_2),(b_1b_2)]=([a_1,b_1]a_2.b_2)+(a_1.b_1[a_2,b_2])$$

for all $`a_1,b_1𝒫_1,a_2,b_2𝒫_2.`$ We can verify easily that these laws satisfy the Leibniz rule.

Every commutative associative algebra has a natural Poisson structure, putting $`[a,b]=abba=0`$. Then the tensor product of a Poisson algebra by a valued algebra is as well a Poisson algebra. In this context we have the notion of valued deformation. For example, if we take as valued algebra the algebra $`[[t]]`$, then the Poisson structure of $`𝒫[[t]]`$ is given by

$$(a_1a_2(t)).(b_1b_2(t))=(a_1.b_1)(a_2(t).b_2(t))$$

$$[(a_1a_2(t)),(b_1b_2(t))]=[a_1,b_1]a_2(t).b_2(t)$$

because $`[[t]]`$ is a commutative associative algebra.

Remark. As we have a tensorial category it is natural to look if we can define a Brauer Group for Poisson algebras. As the associative product corresponds to the classical tensorial product of associative algebras, we can consider only Poisson algebras which are finite dimensonal simple central algebras. The matrix algebras $`M_n()`$ are Poisson algebras. Then, considering the classical equivalence relation for define the Brauer Group, the class of matrix algebra constitutes an unity. Now the opposite algebra $`A^{op}`$ also is a Poisson algebra. In fact the associative product is given by $`a._{op}b=ba`$ and the Lie bracket by $`[a,b]_{op}=baab`$. Thus

$$[a,b._{op}c]_{op}=[a,cb]_{op}=cbaacb$$

$$b._{op}[a,c]_{op}+[a,b]_{op}._{op}c=cabacb+cbacab=cbaacb$$

this gives the Poisson structure of $`A^{op}`$. The opposite algebra $`A^{op}`$ is, modulo the equivalence relation, the inverse of $`A`$.

## 5 Deformations of non associative algebras

### 5.1 Lie-admissible algebras

In \[R\], special classes of non-associative algebras whose laws give a Lie bracket by anticommutation are presented. If $`A`$ is a $`𝕂`$-algebra, we’ll note by $`a_\mu `$ the associator of its law $`\mu `$:

$$a_\mu (X,Y,Z)=\mu (\mu (X,Y),Z)\mu (X,\mu (Y,Z)).$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_n`$ be the $`n`$-symmetric group.

###### Definition 5

An algebra $`A`$ is Lie-admissible if

$$\underset{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }_3}{}a_\mu \sigma =0,$$

with $`\sigma (X_1,X_2,X_3)=(X_{\sigma ^1(1)},X_{\sigma ^1(2)},X_{\sigma ^1(3)}).`$

Let $`G`$ be a sub-group of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_3`$. The Lie-admissible algebra $`(A,\mu )`$ is called $`G`$-associative if

$$\underset{\sigma G}{}a_\mu \sigma =0.$$

Let us note that this last identity implies the Lie-admissible identity. If $`G`$ is the trivial sub-group, then the corresponding class of $`G`$-associative algebras is nothing other that the associative algebras but for all other sub-group, we have non-assotiative algebras. For example, if $`G=<Id,\tau _{23}>`$ we obtain the pre-Lie algebras (\[G\]). If $`G=<Id,\tau _{12}>`$ the corresponding algebras are the Vinberg algebras.

### 5.2 External tensor product

It is easy to see that each one of the categorie of $`G`$-associative algebras is not tensorial exept for $`G=<Id>.`$ But in \[G.R\] we have proved the following result:

###### Theorem 8

For every sub-group $`G`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_3`$, let $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss`$ be the associated operad and $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ its dual operad. For every $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss`$-algebra $`A`$ and $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$-algebra $`B`$, $`AB`$ is a $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss`$-algebra.

Recall the structure of $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$-algebras.

-If $`G=<Id>`$, then the $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ are the associative algebras,

-If $`G=<Id,\tau _{12}>`$, then the $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ are the associative algebras satisfying $`abc=bac`$,

-If $`G=<Id,\tau _{23}>`$, then the $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ are the associative algebras satisfying $`abc=acb`$,

-If $`G=<Id,\tau _{13}>`$, then the $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ are the associative algebras satisfying $`abc=cab`$,

-If $`G=𝒜_\mathcal{3}`$, then the $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ are the associative algebras satisfying $`abc=bac=cab`$,

-If $`G=\mathrm{\Sigma }_3`$, then the $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ are the 3-commutative associative algebras (\[R\]).

### 5.3 Valued deformation of $`G`$-associative algebras

###### Definition 6

Let $`𝒜`$ be a $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss`$ algebra and $`A`$ a valued $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$ algebra. Let $`\mu `$ be the law of the $`A`$-algebra $`𝒜𝒜`$. A deformation of $`𝒜`$ of basis $`A`$ is a $`A`$-algebra whose law $`\mu ^{}`$ satisfies:

$$\mu ^{}(X,Y)\mu (X,Y)𝒜𝔪$$

for every $`X,Y𝒜`$, where $`𝔪`$ is the maximal two-sided ideal of $`A`$.

If $`A`$ is a commutative associative algebra, then it’s a $`𝒢𝒜`$$`ss^!`$-algebra for every $`G`$. We can study the valued deformations in this particular case.

Acknowledgements We express our thanks to Martin Markl for reading the manuscript and many helpful remarks.

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