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# Universal quantum gates based on a pair of orthogonal cyclic states: Application to NMR systems

## I Introduction

Building a practical quantum computer with a large number of qubits has recently attracted much attention. For realization of a universal quantum computer, there are certain minimum requirements: the storage of quantum information in a set of two-level systems–qubits, the processing of this information using quantum gates, and a mean of final readout. So far, a number of systems has been proposed as potentially viable quantum computer models, including trapped ions, cavity quantum electrodynamics, nuclear magnetic resonce(NMR), and low-capacitance Josephson juctions, etc..

An essential requirement in quantum computation is to maintain quantum coherence in a computing system, since the coherent interference pattern between the multitude of superpositions is necessary for taking advantage of quantum parallelism. However, the coupling of a quantum system to its environment leads to the so-called decoherence process, in which encoded quantum information is lost to the environment. The error rates of the individual gate operations should be less than $`10^4`$ to assure that the quantum computer works fault-tolerantly. To accomplish the required precision, the decoherence time of the system has to be much longer than the operation time required for computing. How to suppress the infamous decoherence effects is one main task for quantum computing.

One of schemes to correct the errors caused by decoherence is quantum error-correcting codes, through which originally encoded information can be recovered by suitable encondings and measurements of qubits. An alternative approach to avoid decoherence has been proposed in Refs. , where decoherence-free states have been used as qubits. The decoherence-free space is a subspace which is inherently immune to unwanted noise. In addition, evolution of the system must not drive the state out of the decoherence-free space. So far, all of these strategies require extra-physical resources, such as additional manipulations or encoding one logical qubit by several ancillary physical qubits.

Another attractive strategy for fault-tolerant quantum computation is based on a topological idea, where gate operations depend only on global features of the control process, and are therefore largely insensitive to local inaccuracies and fluctuations. A significant advance in this direction is made by the so-called geometric quantum computation. In this kind of scheme, a universal set of quantum gates may be realized by pure geometric phases, which depend only on the geometry of the path executed, and therefore provides a possibility to perform quantum gate operations by an intrinsically fault-tolerant way.

Several basic ideas of adiabatic geometric quantum computation by using NMR, superconducting nanocircuits, trapped ions, or semiconductor nanostructures were proposed. However, the adiabatic evolution appears to be quite special, and thus the nonadiabatic correction on the phase shift may need to be considered in some realistic systems as it may play a significant role in a whole process . A serious disadvantange of the adiabatic approach is that the evolution time must be much longer than the typical operation time $`\tau _0`$ of the qubit system, while the evolution must be completed within the decoherence time, which leads to an intrinsical time limitation on the operation of quantum gate. Therefore, a generalization to nonadiabatic cases is valuable and important in controlling quantum gates.

Recently, nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation has been proposed theoretically, and detection of the conditional nonadiabatic geometric phase shifts for quantum gates using NMR is also experimentally reported. Nevertheless a systematic study of this topic, especially the appication to NMR systems, is still highly desirable. In this paper, we propose an experimentally feasible nonadiabatic scheme to achieve a universal set of quantum gates  based on a pair of orthogonal cyclic states. In this scheme, quantum gates may be implemented based on either the total phase accumulated in the cyclic evolution or the geometric Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase shift  after eliminating the dynamic phase. Therefore, quantum computation implemented by dynamic and geometric operations can be unified in the present theory. In addition, physical implementation of this set of gates is designed in detail for NMR systems, in which the qubits considered are spin-$`1/2`$ particles in the presence of a magnetic field rotating uniformly around a fixed axis. Although the Schrödinger equation of this system was solved exactly long time ago, and the AA phase was previously obtained explicitly in Refs., we here derive all phase shifts explicitly and show that they may be applicable in achieving a universal set of logical gates. Moreover, the nonadiabatic geometric computation may be experimentally achieved just by simply choosing specific controllable parameters, with the cyclic states as a pair of dark states.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we discuss general aspects of the geometric phase and cyclic evolution, and then present a theory applicable for achieving a universal set of quantum gates based on a pair of orthogonal cyclic states. In Sec. III, the theory is applied to a viable NMR quantum computer. The paper ends with a brief summary.

## II Implementation of quantum gates with a pair of orthogonal cyclic states

For universal quantum computation, we need to achieve two kinds of noncommutable single-qubit gates and one nontrivial two-qubit gate . Thus we here consider only two-qubit systems. A general Hamiltonian for two qubits may be expressed as

$$\widehat{H}=\frac{1}{2}\mu \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}[\sigma _i^{(1)}B_i^{(1)}(t)+\sigma _i^{(2)}B_i^{(2)}(t)+J_i(t)\sigma _i^{(1)}\sigma _i^{(2)}],$$
(1)
where $`\sigma _i^{(k)}(k=1,2)`$ are the Pauli operators for qubit $`k`$, $`B_i^{(k)}(t)`$ are local (real or fictitious) magnetic fields acting on $`k`$-th qubit, and $`J_i`$ represents the strength of the interaction between two qubits.

### A Cyclic evolution and geometric phases

Before the design of quantum gates, we present first general aspects of the cyclic evolution in a qubit system. A cyclic evolution is referred to as that the state of the system returns to its original state after evolution. Mathematically, a normalized state $`|\psi (t)`$ is cyclic in the interval $`[0,\tau ]`$ if and only if

$$|\psi (\tau )=e^{i\gamma }|\psi (0),$$

with $`\gamma `$ being a real number. The total phase $`\gamma `$ acquired in the evolution would contain both geometric and dynamic components, denoted as $`\gamma _g`$ and $`\gamma _d`$, respectively. Usually, not all states take cyclic evolutions. A sufficient but not necessary condition for cyclic evolution is that the initial state is a nondegenerate energy eigenstate of a cyclic Hamiltonian which changes adiabatically.

We first focus on the cyclic evolution in a qubit system. At this stage, only one term

$$\widehat{H}=\mu 𝐁\stackrel{}{\sigma }/2$$
(2)
needs to be considered. Here $`𝐁`$ denotes the total magnetic field felt by the qubit, which may include a real external field as well as an effective magnetic field induced by the interaction between different qubits. The Hamiltonian $`\widehat{H}`$ is chosen to go through a cyclic evolution with period $`\tau `$ in the parameter space $`\{𝐁\}`$.

We here present how to calculate all kinds of phase shifts. The dynamic phase may be directly calculated from its definition given by

$$\gamma _d=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}_0^\tau \psi (t)|\widehat{H}|\psi (t)𝑑t,$$
(3)
while the geometric part is not easy to derive. We first address a method to calculate adiabatic Berry’s phase. By adiabatically changing $`\widehat{H}`$ around a circuit in $`\{𝐁\}`$, the eigenstate will accumulate an adiabatic Berry’s phase $`\gamma _B=\mathrm{\Omega }_s/2`$, where the signs $``$ depend on whether the system is in the eigenstate aligned with or against the field, and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_s`$ is the solid angle subtended by the magnetic field at the degeneracy $`𝐁=0`$. $`\mathrm{\Omega }_s`$ can be derived as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_s=_0^\tau \frac{B_x_tB_yB_y_tB_x}{|𝐁|(B_z+|𝐁|)},$$
(4)
under the condition of a closed trajectory with $`𝐁(\tau )=𝐁(0)`$.

Since the requirement of the adiabatic evolution could be stringent, a generalization to nonadiabatic case is more desirable. The generalization of adiabatic Berry’s phase to a nonadiabatic cyclic evolution was introduced in Ref. , where a general geometric phase $`\gamma _g=\gamma \gamma _d`$ is defined as

$$\gamma _g=i_0^\tau \stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)|\frac{}{t}|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t),$$
(5)
Here $`|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t)=e^{if(t)}|\psi (t)`$ with $`f(\tau )f(0)=\gamma `$, leading to $`|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(\tau )=|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(0)`$. The AA phase can be regarded as a geometric phase associated with a closed curve in the projective Hilbert space, and approaches Berry’s phase in the adiabatic limit. The AA formulation applies regardless of the Hamiltonian $`\widehat{H}`$ being cyclic or adiabatic; it depends only on the cyclic evolution of the system itself.

Normally, Eq. (5) is not directly used to calculate the geometric phase accumulated in a cyclic evolution. We here present an alternative method to calculate the non-adiabatic geometric phases. This approach is more convenient for qubit systems discussed in this paper. For a spin-$`1/2`$ particle in the presence of an arbitrary magnetic field, the nonadiabatic cyclic AA phase is just the solid angle determined by the evolution curve in the projective Hilbert space–a unit sphere $`S^2`$. Any two-component ’spin’ state $`|\psi =[e^{i\phi /2}\mathrm{cos}(\theta /2),e^{i\phi /2}\mathrm{sin}(\theta /2)]^T`$ may be mapped into a unit vector $`𝐧=(\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi ,\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi ,\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ in the projective Hilbert space via the relation $`𝐧=\psi |\stackrel{}{\sigma |}\psi `$, where $`T`$ represents the transposition of matrix. By changing the magnetic field, the AA phase is given by

$$\gamma _g=\frac{1}{2}_C(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )𝑑\phi ,$$
(6)
where $`C`$ is along the actual evolution curve on $`S^2`$, and is determined by the equation

$$_t𝐧(t)=\mu 𝐁(t)\times 𝐧(t)/\mathrm{}.$$
(7)
This $`\gamma _g`$ phase recovers Berry’s phase in adiabatic evolution. The cyclic evolution implies that $`𝐧(t)`$ undergoes a closed path in the projective Hilbert space.

We consider a process, in which a pair of orthogonal states $`|\psi _\pm `$ can evolve cyclically starting from $`|\psi _\pm (0)`$. A pair of orthogonal state may be parametrized as

$$|\psi _+=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\phi /2}}{\mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\phi /2}}\right)$$
(8)
and

$$|\psi _{}=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\phi /2}}{\mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\phi /2}}\right).$$
(9)
Denoting $`𝐧_\pm (t)=\psi _\pm (t)|\stackrel{}{\sigma |}\psi _\pm (t)`$, it is straightforward to find that $`𝐧_+(t)=𝐧_{}(t)`$ by using Eqs.(8) and (9). For a cyclic evolution, $`|\psi _\pm (\tau )=e^{i\gamma _\pm }|\psi _\pm (0)`$. Besides, we have an important relation: $`\gamma _+=\gamma _{}`$. This is because the dynamic phase

$`\gamma _{d+}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\tau }E_+(t)𝑑t={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\tau }E_{}(t)dt`$
$`=`$ $`\gamma _d`$
with

$$E_\pm (t)=\psi _\pm (t)|H|\psi _\pm =\mu 𝐧_\pm (t)𝐁(t),$$

and the geometric phase $`\gamma _g(𝐧(0))=\gamma _g(𝐧(0))`$ at any time if the two initial states correspond to $`\pm 𝐧(0)`$ . By taking into account the cyclic condition for $`|\psi _\pm `$, we finally have

$$U(\tau )|\psi _\pm =\mathrm{exp}(\pm i\gamma )|\psi _\pm ,$$
(10)
where $`U(\tau )`$ is the evolution operator. Hereafter we denote $`\gamma `$,$`\gamma _g`$, and $`\gamma _d`$ as the phases for $`|\psi _+`$ for brevity.

### B Quantum computation

We now show how to realize a universal set of quantum gates based on either the total phases or the geometric AA phases accumulated in cyclic evolutions.

#### 1 Quantum logical gates

A quantum logical gate is a unitary operator $`U`$ acting on the states of a certain set of qubits, that is, $`U`$ may be referred to as a quantum gate if $`|\psi _{out}=U|\psi _{in}`$ with $`|\psi _{in}`$ being the input state and $`|\psi _{out}`$ being the output state. The space of all the possible input and output states makes up the Hilbert space of states for the quantum computer. If $``$ is the Hilbert space of a single qubit, and $`|\psi _i`$ is a given basis state for the $`i`$th qubit, then a basis vector $`|\psi `$ for the states of the quantum register is a tensor product of qubit states $`|\psi =|\psi _1|\psi _2\mathrm{}|\psi _n^n`$. $`U_N`$ is an $`N`$-qubit gate when $`|\psi _{in}^N`$. Nevertheless, we need not to implement all $`U_l(1lN)`$ but only a universal set of gates $`U_u`$. A set of gates $`U_u`$ is called universal if any unitary action $`U_l`$ can be decomposed into a product of successive gates in $`U_u`$. It is shown that two noncommutable one-qubit (single-qubit) gates and one nontrivial two-qubit gate consist of a universal set of gates. This universality is very useful in practice since it allows us to focus only on how to construct a universal set of gates.

We first construct the single-qubit gates by assuming that a pair of orthogonal states $`|\psi _\pm `$ can evolve cyclically. We write an arbitrary input state as $`|\psi _{in}=a_+|\psi _++a_{}|\psi _{}`$ with $`a_\pm =\psi _\pm |\psi `$, and express the two cyclic initial states as $`|\psi _+=\mathrm{cos}\chi /2|0+\mathrm{sin}\chi /2|1`$ and $`|\psi _{}=\mathrm{sin}\chi /2|0+\mathrm{cos}\chi /2|1`$, where $`|0`$ and $`|1`$ constitute the computational basis for the qubit. Using Eq.(10), the output state at time $`\tau `$ is found to be

$$|\psi _{out}=U^{sq}(\chi ,\gamma )|\psi _{in},$$

where

$$U^{sq}(\chi ,\gamma )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}e^{i\gamma }\mathrm{cos}^2\frac{\chi }{2}+e^{i\gamma }\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{\chi }{2}\hfill & i\mathrm{sin}\chi \mathrm{sin}\gamma \hfill \\ i\mathrm{sin}\chi \mathrm{sin}\gamma \hfill & e^{i\gamma }\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{\chi }{2}+e^{i\gamma }\mathrm{cos}^2\frac{\chi }{2}\hfill \end{array}\right).$$
(11)
For this gate, there exists a relation

$$[U^{sq}(\chi ,\gamma )]^{}=[U^{sq}(\chi ,\gamma )],$$

where the adjoint operation $``$ corresponds to transposition and complex conjugation of matrix. Thus the important $``$ operator for a unitary operation $`U`$ may be experimentally achieved by the operation $`U`$ with the inverse sign of the phase factor.

It is straightforward to verify that two operations $`U^{(1)}(\chi _1,\gamma _1)`$ and $`U^{(2)}(\chi _2,\gamma _2)`$ are noncommutable as long as

$$\mathrm{sin}\gamma _1\mathrm{sin}\gamma _2\mathrm{sin}(\chi _2\chi _1)0.$$
(12)
Since two kinds of noncommutable operations constitute a universal set of single-qubit gates, we achieve the universal single-qubit gates by choosing $`\chi _1\chi _2+j\pi `$ for any nontrivial phases $`\gamma _1`$ and $`\gamma _2`$ ($`\gamma _{1,2}j\pi `$), where $`j`$ is an integer. For example, the phase-flip gate $`U_1^{sq}(\gamma _1)=\mathrm{exp}(2i\gamma _1|11|)`$ (up to an irrelevant overall phase) is accomplished at $`\chi =0`$; the gate $`U_2^{sq}(\gamma _2)=\mathrm{exp}(i\gamma _2\sigma _x)`$ is obtained at $`\chi =\pi /2`$, which produces a spin flip (NOT-operation) when $`\gamma _2=\pi /2`$ and an equal-weight superposition of spin states when $`\gamma _2=\pi /4`$. $`U_{1,2}^{sq}`$ are two well-known single-qubit gates.

In terms of the computational basis $`\{|00`$,$`|01`$,$`|10`$, $`|11\}`$, where the first (second) number represent the state in the controlled (target) qubit, the unitary operator to describe the two-qubit gate is given by

$$U^{tq}=diag(U_{(\gamma ^0,\chi ^0)},U_{(\gamma ^1,\chi ^1)}),$$
(13)
under the condition that the control qubit is far away from the resonance condition for the operation of the target qubit. Here $`\gamma ^\delta `$ $`(\chi ^\delta )`$ represents the total phase (the cyclic initial state ) of the target qubit when the control qubit is in state $`\delta (=0,1)`$. Following Ref., we find that unitary operator (13) is a nontrivial two-qubit gate if and only if $`\gamma ^1\gamma ^0`$ or $`\chi ^1\chi ^0`$ $`(mod2\pi )`$. For example,

$$U_{(\gamma ^0,\gamma ^1)}^{tq}=diag(e^{i\gamma ^0},e^{i\gamma ^0},e^{i\gamma ^1},e^{i\gamma ^1}),$$
(14)
when $`\chi ^1=\chi ^0=0`$; this gate was proposed to be achieved in the adiabatic case in the charge qubit. Combining gate (14) with single-qubit operations we are able to perform a gate described by

$`U_{CN}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[IU^{sq}(\pi /4,\pi /2)\right]U_{(0,\pi /2)}^{tq}\left[IU^{sq}(\pi /4,\pi /2)\right]^{}`$ (15)
$`=`$ $`diag(I,i\sigma _x),`$ (16)
with $`I`$ as a $`2\times 2`$ unit matrix. This gate is equivalent to the controlled-NOT (CNOT, which is defined as $`|m|n|m|mn`$, where $``$ denotes the addition modulo $`2`$.) gate up to an overall phase factor for the target qubit. On the other hand, $`U_{(0,\gamma ^1)}^{tq}`$ become the controlled-phase (CPHASE, which is defined as $`|m|n|m\mathrm{exp}(imn\varphi )|n`$.) gate by removing a overall phase for the target qubit.

An alternative practical method to achieve the controlled two-qubit gate is also available under certain conditions. Denoting the Hamiltonian of the target qubit as $`H_t`$, we may produce $`H_t=0`$ by choosing certain parameters of $`H_t`$ when the controlled qubit is in the state $`|0`$, while $`H_t`$ is able to realize a required gate when the controlled qubit is in state $`|1`$. Then the gate in this case is given by

$$U^{tq}=diag(I,U(\gamma ,\chi )),$$
(17)
where $`\gamma `$ is the total phase accumulated in the evolution when the controlled qubit is in state $`|1`$. Gate (17) corresponds to gate (13) for $`\gamma ^0=0`$ and $`\chi _0=\pi /2`$. $`U_{CN}`$ in Eq.(16) may be directly derived when $`\gamma =\chi =\pi /2`$.

So far, we have demonstrated that all elements of quantum computation may be achievable by using a pair of orthogonal cyclic states.

#### 2 Geometric quantum gates

The quantum gates $`U`$ described in Eqs. (11), (13) \[or (17)\] may be divided into two categories: one is referred to as a geometric gate if the phase in $`U`$ is a pure geometric evolution operator ($`\gamma _d=0`$), and the other is referred to as a dynamic gate as long as there exists a nonzero phase induced from dynamic origin (i.e., $`\gamma _d0`$). Geometric quantum computation demands that logical gates in computing are realized by using geometric phase shifts, so that it may have the built-in fault-tolerant advantage due to the fact that the geometric phases depend only on some global geometric features.

A key point in geometric quantum computation is to remove the dynamic phase. We here address two methods. A simpler and also practical one is to choose some specific external parameters such that the dynamic phases of the pair of cyclic states accumulated in the whole evolution may be eliminated. Interestingly, with this method the corresponding cyclic states in NMR systems are dark states (the eigenstate with the zero energy eigenvalue), and thus no dynamic phase is involved. The dark state method was proposed for geometric quantum computation with trapped ions, and then described in NMR systems. The other is referred to as a two-loop method: let the evolution be dragged by $`\widehat{H}`$ along two closed loops, with one being in $`t[0,\tau ]`$ and the other in $`t(\tau ,\tau +\tau ^{}]`$. The dynamic phases accumulated in the two loops may be canceled, while the AA phases will add.

## III Application to NMR systems

So far, we have proposed a general scheme to achieve a universal set of quantum gates based on a pair of orthogonal cyclic states. It is important to further consider implementing this scheme with real physical systems. Here, we illustrate this implementation using NMR systems. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that, in principle, the above theory may be applicable to other systems which are potentially viable quantum computer models.

For NMR systems, the magnetic field in Eq.(1) or (2) in a rotating magnetic field is given by

$$𝐁(t)=(B_0\mathrm{cos}\omega t,B_0\mathrm{sin}\omega t,B_1),$$
(18)
where $`B_{0,1}`$ and $`\omega `$ are constants. The qubit state $`|\psi (t)`$ is described by the Schrödinger equation

$$i\mathrm{}\frac{}{t}|\psi (t)=H|\psi (t),$$
(19)
where the Hamiltonian for a single qubit is given by

$$H=\frac{1}{2}(\omega _0\sigma _x\mathrm{cos}\omega t+\omega _0\sigma _y\mathrm{sin}\omega t+\omega _1\sigma _z)$$
(20)
with $`\omega _i=g\mu B_i/\mathrm{}`$ $`(i=0,1)`$ and $`g`$ being the gyromagnetic ratio. The Schrödinger equation with Hamiltonian (20) can be solved analytically. In terms of explicit form of the solution $`𝐧(\chi ,\omega t)`$ represented in Ref., it is found that a pair of orthogonal initial states $`|\psi _\pm `$ with $`\chi =\mathrm{arctan}[\omega _0/(\omega _1\omega )]`$ take cyclic evolutions with the period $`\tau =2\pi /\omega `$, and the evolution paths are the curves on a Bloch sphere swept by unit vectors $`\pm 𝐧(\chi ,\omega t)`$. Therefore, we may use this pair of $`|\psi _\pm `$ to achieve single qubit gates described in Eq.(11), where the corresponding phases for one cycle are given by

$`\gamma _g`$ $`=`$ $`\pi (1{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1\omega }{\mathrm{\Omega }}}),`$ (21)
$`\gamma _d`$ $`=`$ $`\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\omega _0^2+\omega _1(\omega _1\omega )}{\omega \mathrm{\Omega }}},`$ (22)
$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`\pi (1+\mathrm{\Omega }/\omega ),`$ (23)
with $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\sqrt{\omega _0^2+(\omega _1\omega )^2}`$. In the derivation of the dynamic phase, $`E_+(t)=[\omega _1\mathrm{cos}\chi +\omega _0\mathrm{sin}\chi ]\mathrm{}/2`$ is used. We may choose any two processes with different values $`\{\omega _0,\omega _1,\omega \}`$ satisfying Eq.(12) to accomplish two noncommutable qubit gates.

A similar method may be employed to achieve the two-qubit operation. The spin-spin interaction in NMR is very well approximated by

$$H_I=J\sigma _z^1\sigma _z^2/2.$$

The state of control qubit is (almost) not affected by any operation of the target qubit if $`\omega _1^t`$ of the target qubit is chosen to be significantly different from $`\omega _1^c`$ of the control qubit. We may prove that the initial states $`|\psi _\pm `$ described by $`\chi ^\delta =\mathrm{arctan}[\omega _0/(\omega _1^\delta \omega )]`$ are a pair of orthogonal cyclic states, and may be used to achieve a two-qubit gate described by Eq.(13). Here $`\omega _1^\delta =\omega _1+(2\delta 1)J`$, $`\omega `$, $`\omega _0`$, and $`\omega _1`$ are parameters for the target qubit (the superscript ”t” is omitted for brevity). The corresponding phases for one cycle are given by

$`\gamma _g^\delta `$ $`=`$ $`\pi (1{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1^\delta \omega }{\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta }}),`$ (24)
$`\gamma _d^\delta `$ $`=`$ $`\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\omega _0^2+\omega _1^\delta (\omega _1^\delta \omega )}{\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^\delta }},`$ (25)
$`\gamma ^\delta `$ $`=`$ $`\pi (1+\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta /\omega ),`$ (26)
with $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta =\sqrt{\omega _0^2+(\omega _1^\delta \omega )^2}`$. It is seen from Eq.(26) that the gate described by Eq.(17) may be accomplished by choosing the following special parameters,

$$\omega =\omega _0=\omega _1J.$$

It is worth pointing out that we may achieve the nonadiabatic geometric gates by choosing some specific parameters, with which $`\gamma _d=0`$ in the whole process. It is direct to verify that the dynamic phase in Eq.(22) is zero under the following condition,

$$\omega =\frac{\omega _0^2+\omega _1^2}{\omega _1}.$$
(27)
Thus the single qubit gates with the parameters satisfying Eq.(27) are geometric quantum gates with geometric phase shift $`\gamma _g=\pi (1+\omega _0/\sqrt{\omega _0^2+\omega _1^2})`$. The geometric phases $`\gamma _g`$ versus the ratio $`\omega _1/\omega _0`$ are plotted in Fig. 1. It is seen that the nontrivial phases required for two universal single-qubit gates may be simply realized by any two processes with different values of $`\omega _1/\omega _0`$ (except for zero or infinite).

Besides, the geometric two-qubit gates are realized whenever

$`\omega `$ $`=`$ $`2\omega _1,`$ (28)
$`\omega _1^2`$ $`=`$ $`\omega _0^2+J^2.`$ (29)
Correspondingly, the conditional geometric phases are given by $`\gamma _g^\delta =\pi (1+\sqrt{\omega _1^\delta /2\omega )}`$. Figure 2 shows the conditional phases $`\gamma _g^\delta `$ versus the ratio $`\omega _1/J`$. It is evident that the nontrivial phases ($`\gamma _g^0\gamma _g^1`$ in mod $`2\pi `$) required for two-qubit gates may be achieved for $`0<\omega _1/J<\mathrm{}`$.

It is worth pointing out that the constraint described by Eq.(27) \[ or Eqs.(28) and (29)\] is equivalent to the condition that the instantaneous dynamic phase for the wave function in single qubit (or the target qubit) is always zero, namely, the states $`|\psi _\pm `$ used here are the dark states.

The advantage of the above nonadiabatic gates is that $`\omega `$ is of the same order of magnitude as $`\omega _0`$ or $`\omega _1`$. This implies that the speed of geometric quantum gate is comparable with that of the dynamic quantum gate. In contrast, the speed of quantum gate based on adiabatic Berry’s phase is much lower than that of gate using dynamic phase, since the adiabatic condition requires that both $`\omega _0`$ and $`\omega _1`$ should be much larger than $`\omega `$.

Note that, the geometric gates $`U_{1,2}^{sq}`$ may not be practical by directly using the field $`𝐁`$ in Eq.(18) as the corresponding geometric phase in Eq.(21) is determined by the angle $`\chi `$. For example, Eq.(21) can be rewritten as $`\gamma _g=\pi (1\mathrm{cos}\chi )`$; thus $`\gamma _g=0`$ $`(\pi )`$ as $`\chi =0`$ ($`\pi /2`$). This problem can be solved by rotating the field. It will be seen below that the parameter $`\chi `$ for the initial cyclic state may be changed by rotating the symmetric axis of field (18), while the phases in Eqs.(21),(22), and (23) are invariant.

We introduce a rotation operator $`𝐑(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )`$ that represents the rotation of angle $`\chi ^{}\chi `$ around the $`\widehat{y}`$-axis, that is,

$$𝐑^{(2)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )=\mathrm{exp}[i(\chi ^{}\chi )\sigma _y]$$
(30)
in the $`SU(2)`$ representation, and

$$𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )=\mathrm{exp}[i(\chi ^{}\chi )\tau _2]$$
(31)
with

$$\tau _2=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0\hfill & 0\hfill & i\hfill & \\ 0\hfill & 0\hfill & 0\hfill & \\ i\hfill & 0\hfill & 0\hfill & \end{array}\right)$$
(32)
in the $`SO(3)`$ representation. Assuming the required angle is $`\chi ^{}`$ in Eq. (11), we may apply a magnetic field $`𝐁^{}=𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )𝐁`$, then the solution of the cyclic states are $`𝐧_\pm ^{}=𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )[\pm 𝐧_\pm (\chi ,\omega t)]`$ \[$`|\psi _\pm =𝐑^{(2)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )|\psi _\pm `$\] because of the spherical symmetry of the system. Thus $`\chi `$ may change to any required $`\chi ^{}`$ for implementation of the quantum gate, with the geometric phase being unchanged, because the area swept by $`𝐧^{}`$ is the same as that by $`𝐧`$. On the other hand, we have

$`E_\pm ^{}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu 𝐧_\pm ^{}(t)𝐁^{}(t)`$
$`=`$ $`\mu [𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )𝐧_\pm (t)][𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\chi ^{}\chi )𝐁(t)]`$
$`=`$ $`E_\pm (t).`$
Therefore, we have proven that the invariant of all phases with respect to the rotation of the symmetric axis of the field in Eq. (18). We conclude that $`\gamma `$ $`(\chi )`$ in gate (11) is determined by the values of $`\{\omega _0,\omega _1,\omega \}`$ (the symmetric axis of the magnetic field). For example, if the magnetic field is $`𝐁^{}`$ for $`\chi ^{}=0`$ ($`\pi /2`$), we may achieve the geometric gate $`U_1`$ ($`U_2`$) with $`\gamma _{1,2}=\pi (1\mathrm{cos}\chi )`$. It is worth pointing out that the above method to control $`\chi `$ and $`\gamma _g`$ separately in quantum gates is also feasible in nongeometric gates.

We turn to address how to remove the dynamic phases in a multiloop nonadiabatic evolution. The possible generalization of a multiloop method from the adiabatic evolution to nonadiabatic case was mentioned in Refs.. We here wish to demonstrate explicitly one removal procedure of the dynamic phase.

Let us first choose the magnetic fields in two loops as

$`Loop1:`$ $`B`$ $`=(B_0\mathrm{cos}\omega t,B_0\mathrm{sin}\omega t,B_1),t[0,\tau )`$ (33)
$`Loop2:`$ $`B`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}=𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\alpha ^{}\alpha )(B_0^{}\mathrm{cos}\omega t,B_0^{}\mathrm{sin}\omega t,B_1^{}),`$ (34)
$`t`$ $`[\tau ,2\tau ]`$ (35)
where $`\tau =2\pi /\omega `$, $`\alpha =\mathrm{arctan}[\omega _0/(\omega _1\omega )]`$, and $`\alpha =\mathrm{arctan}[\omega _0^{}/(\omega _1^{}+\omega )]`$ with $`\omega _i^{}=g\mu B_i^{}/\mathrm{}`$ $`(i=0,1)`$. As shown before, a pair of orthogonal initial states $`|\psi _\pm `$ ($`|\psi _\pm ^{}`$) with $`\chi =\alpha `$ ($`\chi ^{}=\alpha ^{}`$) take cyclic evolutions during the loop one (two). The rotation $`𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\alpha ^{}\alpha )`$ in Eq.(35) ensures that the cyclic initial states in the two loops are the same at the time $`t=2\pi /\omega `$ . Therefore, the gate described by the two loops is given by $`U=U(\chi ,\gamma ^{(1)}+\gamma ^{(2)})`$, where $`\gamma ^{(1)}`$ ($`\gamma ^{(2)}`$) is the total phase accumulated in the loop one (two). Denoting $`\gamma _d^{(l)}`$ $`(l=1,2)`$ and $`\gamma _g^{(l)}`$ the dynamic phases and geometric phases accumulated in the loop $`l`$, respectively, we now illustrate that there exist processes satisfying

$`\gamma _g^{(1)}+\gamma _g^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\pi ,`$
$`\gamma _d^{(1)}+\gamma _d^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\pi `$ is a nontrivial geometric phase which we intend to realize in geometric quantum gates. Then the magnetic fields should satisfy the following equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1\omega }{\mathrm{\Omega }}}`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1^{}+\omega }{\mathrm{\Omega }^{}}}=2\mathrm{\Gamma },`$ (36)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _0^2+\omega _1^2\omega \omega _1}{\omega \mathrm{\Omega }}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\omega _0^{})^2+(\omega _1^{})^2+\omega \omega _1^{}}{\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^{}}},`$ (37)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\sqrt{\omega _0^2+(\omega _1\omega )^2}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=\sqrt{(\omega _0^{})^2+(\omega _1^{}+\omega )^2}`$. As for the required $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, it is possible that there exist many solutions, since there are five unknown variables in two equations. For example, we numerically calculate the solutions for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=1/2`$. For simplicity, we set $`\omega _1^{}=\omega _1`$ as the unit, and find that if $`\{\omega ,\omega _0,\omega _0^{}\}`$ $`(0<\omega <\omega _1)`$ satisfy the equations given by

$`\omega `$ $`+`$ $`1.13389\omega _0=0.99998,`$
$`\omega `$ $`+`$ $`1.07091\omega _00.06299\omega _0^{}=0.88889,`$
which describe a straight line(segment) in the three-dimensional space, the geometric phase accumulated in the whole two-loop evolution is just what we required, with the total dynamic phase being zero.

The multiloop method to remove dynamic phase is also feasible for two-qubit geometric quantum gates. We choose the magnetic fields on the target qubit in two loops as

$`Loop1:`$ $`B`$ $`=(B_0\mathrm{cos}\omega t,B_0\mathrm{sin}\omega t,B_1),t[0,\tau ),`$ (38)
$`Loop2:`$ $`B`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}=𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\eta )(B_0^{}\mathrm{cos}\omega ^{}t,B_0^{}\mathrm{sin}\omega ^{}t,B_1^{}),`$ (39)
$`t`$ $`[\tau ,\tau +\tau ^{}],`$ (40)
where $`\tau ^{}=2\pi /\omega ^{}`$. The angle

$$\eta =\mathrm{arctan}[\omega _0/(\omega _1^\delta \omega )]\mathrm{arctan}[\omega _0^{}/(\omega _1^\delta +\omega ^{})]$$
(41)
should be independent on the state $`\delta `$ in the control qubit. To guarantee that the interaction between qubits is still determined by the original initial state $`\delta `$ of the control qubit, the control qubit should be rotated by $`𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\eta )`$ at time $`t=\tau `$ \[The state of the controlled qubit is unchanged if a rotation $`𝐑^{(3)}(\widehat{y},\eta )`$ is also applied at time $`\tau +\tau ^{}`$\]. Correspondingly, the $`\delta `$independent constraint described by Eq.(41) can be rewritten as

$$\frac{\omega _0}{(\omega _1\omega )^2J^2}=\frac{\omega _0^{}}{(\omega _1^{}+\omega ^{})^2J^2}.$$
(42)
On the other hand, the condition under which there exist processes with zero dynamic phase is

$$\frac{\omega _0^2+\omega _1^\delta (\omega _1^\delta \omega )}{\omega \mathrm{\Omega }^\delta }=\frac{(\omega _0^{})^2+\omega _1^\delta (\omega _1^\delta +\omega ^{})}{\omega ^{}\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta },$$
(43)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta =\sqrt{\omega _0^2+(\omega _1^\delta \omega )^2}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta =\sqrt{(\omega _0^{})^2+(\omega _1^\delta +\omega ^{})^2}`$. Note that the geometric phases are nontrivial ( $`\gamma _g^1\gamma _g^0`$ in $`mod2\pi `$), and thus can be applicable in geometric quantum computation.

The magnetic fields, which satisfy Eqs. (42) and (43) in loop two, as a function of $`\omega `$ are plotted in Fig.3a, where $`\omega _0=\omega _1=5.0`$ with $`J`$ as the unit. We may numerically calculate the three unknown variables $`\{\omega ^{},\omega _0^{},\omega _1^{}\}`$ in three equations described by Eqs. (42) and (43). Then the conditional geometric phases may be obtained from equations $`\gamma _g^\delta =\mathrm{\Gamma }^\delta \pi `$ with

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^\delta =2\frac{\omega _1^\delta \omega }{\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta }\frac{\omega _1^\delta +\omega ^{}}{\mathrm{\Omega }^\delta }.$$

The corresponding conditional phases $`\gamma _g^\delta `$ for $`\omega _0=\omega _1=5.0`$ as a function of $`\omega `$ are plotted in Fig.3(b). It is seen that the nontrivial phases $`\gamma _g^1\gamma _g^0`$ may be realized by appropriately choosing the values of $`\{\omega ,\omega _0,\omega _1\}`$ and $`\{\omega ^{},\omega _0^{},\omega _1^{}\}`$. As a consequence the nontrivial two-qubit geometric quantum gate may be achieved.

## IV Conclusions and discussions

An experimentally feasible scheme based on a pair of orthogonal cyclic states has been proposed to accomplish a universal set of quantum logical gates, in which quantum computation implemented by both dynamic and geometric operations can work, i.e., quantum gates in this scheme may be implemented by the total phases accumulated in the cyclic evolution, and the geometric quantum computation can be achieved by eliminating the dynamic phase. Furthermore, the geometric phase shift used is the cyclic AA phase, which can be nonadiabatic. It is possible that the gates achieved here can handle arbitrary quantum computation without the intrinsic limitation on operation time. Therefore, the nonadiabatic method proposed here may allow us to physically implement (geometric) quantum computation even for systems with very short decoherence time, which could be especially useful for solid-state implementations of scalable quantum computers.

We here discuss briefly the errors induced by random noises in geometric quantum computation. Random noises may lead to two kinds of errors. One is that the path may not be exactly closed at the end of the gate operation, leading to the noncyclic corrections. The other is that the evolution path may fluctuate around the ideal path with known cone angle. The noncyclic corrections could be negligible at least when the first-order corrections from random noises are taken into account, as was indicated in Ref. . On the other hand, as that in the adiabatic cyclic geometric scheme, the present scheme is also robust to the second type of errors as the area enclosed by the evolution path (geometric phase) is insensitive to the random fluctuation.

Finally, we wish to make a few remarks on experimental implementation of geometric quantum computation. The simplest geometric quantum computation should experimentally complete the following three steps one by one: (i) detection of the (conditional) geometric phase shifts in qubit systems; (ii) implementation of a universal set of geometric quantum logic gates, particularly the implementation of a conditional gate. (iii) illustration of a simple algorithm by pure geometric quantum gates, such as Deutsch’s problem, Grover’s search algorithm, or Shor’s factorization algorithm, etc.. Two recent exciting experiments reported that the conditional geometric phase shifts for quantum logical gates using NMR were detected in adiabatic and nonadiabatic regions. However, a universal set of gates as well as a simple quantum algorithm experimented by (adiabatic or nonadiabatic) geometric phases are still awaited.

###### Acknowledgements.

We are very grateful to Dr. L. M. Duan, Dr. J. W. Pan and Dr. X. B. Wang for valuable discussions, and Dr. P. Zanardi for pointing out Ref.. This work was supported by the RGC grant of Hong Kong under Grants Nos. HKU7118/00P and HKU7114/02P, and a CRCG grant at the HKU. S. L. Z. was supported in part by SRF for ROCS, SEM, the NSF of Guangdong Province under Grant No. 021088, and the NNSF of China under Grant No. 10204008.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

In ref.  ( see also  ) a finite projective module description of all noncommutative monopole configurations on the fuzzy two-sphere has been presented. The basic variables which describe connections and gauge fields of the monopoles are represented by globally defined projective operators, in terms of which it is possible to deduce directly the Chern class ---.

The aim of the present paper is to generalize the above construction to the case of the fuzzy four-sphere ---. The difference from the fuzzy two-sphere case - is that the commutators of the coordinates do not close between them in this case. We have to generalize the algebra from five hermitian operators to fifteen operators, which define the $`SO(5,1)`$ algebra. Despite this difficulty we are able to generalize our method. The starting point is the simple observation that our construction, in the classical limit, is based on the Hopf fibration $`S^3S^2`$; since it exists its generalization to the case $`S^7S^4`$ we conclude that the fuzzy four-sphere algebra is generated by four independent oscillators. Once that the building blocks of the more complicated algebra are recognized, it is then easy to compute the projectors, which define the projective modules over the fuzzy four-sphere. The projectors are $`N\times N`$ matrices, having as entries the elements of the basic noncommutative coordinate algebra of the fuzzy four-sphere, where $`N=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)}{6}`$ and $`k`$ is an integer, labelling the instanton number.

It is important to notice that a further generalization to higher dimensional fuzzy spheres of the present method is forbidden since there is no straightforward generalization of the Hopf fibration to $`S^{2n}`$ spheres. At the level of the fuzzy four-sphere, there are sixteen independent entries of the type $`z_i\overline{z}_j`$ ( where ($`z_i,\overline{z}_j`$) are the basic raising and lowering operators of the four oscillators ), corresponding to the basic operators of the $`SO(5,1)`$ algebra and the number operator $`\widehat{N}`$, labelling the representations of this algebra.

## 2 The fuzzy four-sphere

The fuzzy four-sphere ( we follow mainly ref.  ) is realized through a set of five hermitian operators that satisfy the following two conditions:

$`ϵ^{\mu \nu \lambda \rho \sigma }\widehat{x}_\mu \widehat{x}_\nu \widehat{x}_\lambda \widehat{x}_\rho =C\widehat{x}_\sigma `$ (2.1)
$`\widehat{x}_\mu \widehat{x}_\mu =R^2`$
where $`R`$ is a radius of the sphere. The two constraints respect $`SO(5)`$ invariance. Both constraints are for example realized by the five-dimensional gamma matrices, which are the simplest finite-dimensional realizations of the fuzzy four-sphere, like the Pauli matrices are the simplest one for the fuzzy two-sphere.

In general, let us define finite-dimensional matrices $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu `$ as follows

$$\widehat{x}_\mu =\rho \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu $$
(2.2)
where $`\rho `$ is a dimensional constant. The gamma matrices algebra is defined as

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_1^{(0)}=\gamma _0\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_2^{(0)}=\gamma _0\gamma _1\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_3^{(0)}=\gamma _0\gamma _2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_4^{(0)}=\gamma _0\gamma _3\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_5^{(0)}=i\gamma _0\gamma _5.$$
(2.3)
The general matrices can be built from the $`n`$-fold symmetric tensor product of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(0)}`$ algebra :

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}=(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(0)}1\mathrm{}.1+1\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(0)}\mathrm{}.1+\mathrm{}\mathrm{..1}1\mathrm{}.\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(0)})_{sym}.$$
(2.4)
The size of these matrices depends on the parameter $`n`$ as

$$N=\frac{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{6}.$$
(2.5)
The same construction is valid in two dimensions, i.e. replacing $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(0)}`$ with Pauli matrices $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}`$ become the hermitian operators of a fuzzy two-sphere, that is a $`(n+1)`$-dimensional representation of $`SU(2)`$.

It is not difficult to realize that these matrices satisfy the two conditions defining the fuzzy four-sphere (2.1) :

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}=n(n+4)`$ (2.6)
$`ϵ^{\mu \nu \lambda \rho \sigma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\nu ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\lambda ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\rho ^{(n)}=ϵ^{\mu \nu \lambda \rho \sigma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\lambda \rho }^{(n)}=(8n+16)\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\sigma ^{(n)}`$
where $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}=\frac{1}{2}[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)},\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\nu ^{(n)}]`$.

The two parameters $`C`$ and $`R^2`$ can be computed as:

$`C`$ $`=`$ $`(8n+16)\rho ^3`$
$`R^2`$ $`=`$ $`n(n+4)\rho ^2.`$ (2.7)
In the large $`n`$-limit, fixing $`R^2`$, one recovers the usual classical four-sphere, since then $`C`$ goes to zero as $`\frac{1}{n^2}`$. From the second constraint we can recover the following useful relation :

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}=\frac{1}{2(n+2)}ϵ^{\mu \nu \lambda \rho \sigma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\lambda \rho }^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\sigma ^{(n)}=\frac{1}{2(n+2)}ϵ^{\mu \nu \lambda \rho \sigma }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\lambda ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\rho ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\sigma ^{(n)}.$$
(2.8)
For completeness let us give a whole set of relations, obtained from the fundamental ones (2.6) and (2.8):

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\nu ^{(n)}=4\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}`$ (2.9)
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\nu \mu }^{(n)}=4n(n+4)`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\nu \lambda }^{(n)}=n(n+4)\delta _{\mu \lambda }+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\lambda ^{(n)}2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\lambda ^{(n)}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}.`$
Unfortunately, the basic coordinate operators $`\widehat{x}_\mu `$ do not close between them but we need to enlarge the algebra to the commutators :

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)},\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\nu ^{(n)}]`$ (2.10)
$`[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)},\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\nu \lambda }^{(n)}]=2(\delta _{\mu \nu }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\lambda ^{(n)}\delta _{\mu \lambda }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\nu ^{(n)})`$
$`[\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)},\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\lambda \rho }^{(n)}]=2(\delta _{\nu \lambda }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \rho }^{(n)}+\delta _{\mu \rho }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\nu \lambda }^{(n)}\delta _{\mu \lambda }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\nu \rho }^{(n)}\delta _{\nu \rho }\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \lambda }^{(n)}).`$
These form the $`SO(5,1)`$ algebra.

Between all the possible representations of this algebra, we can always choose to diagonalize a matrix $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu `$ out of the five matrices, for example $`\widehat{x}_5=\rho \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_5`$, whose eigenvalue $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ runs between $`n,n2,\mathrm{}.,n+2,n`$.

The matrices $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mu \nu }^{(n)}`$ , with $`\mu ,\nu =1,\mathrm{}4`$ form an $`SO(4)`$ algebra, which is a subalgebra of the $`SO(5)`$ algebra :

$`[\widehat{N}_i,\widehat{N}_j]=iϵ_{ijk}\widehat{N}_k`$ (2.11)
$`[\widehat{M}_i,\widehat{M}_j]=iϵ_{ijk}\widehat{M}_k`$
$`[\widehat{N}_i,\widehat{M}_j]=0`$
where

$`\widehat{N}_1={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{23}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{14})\widehat{M}_1={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{23}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{14})`$ (2.12)
$`\widehat{N}_2={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{13}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{24})\widehat{M}_2={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{13}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{24})`$
$`\widehat{N}_3={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{12}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{34})\widehat{M}_1={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{12}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{34}).`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ab}`$ is rewritten as:

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{23}=2i(\widehat{N}_1+\widehat{M}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{14}=2i(\widehat{N}_1\widehat{M}_1)`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{13}=2i(\widehat{N}_2+\widehat{M}_2)\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{24}=2i(\widehat{N}_2\widehat{M}_2)`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{12}=2i(\widehat{N}_3+\widehat{M}_3)\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{34}=2i(\widehat{N}_3\widehat{M}_3).`$ (2.13)
The Casimir of each $`SU(2)`$ algebra depends on $`n`$ and on the eigenvalue $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$:

$`\widehat{N}_i\widehat{N}_i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(n+\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)(n+4+\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ (2.14)
$`\widehat{M}_i\widehat{M}_i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(n\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)(n+4\mathrm{\Gamma }_5).`$
Therefore matrices $`\widehat{N}_i`$ and $`\widehat{M}_i`$ are realized by $`(\frac{n+\mathrm{\Gamma }_5+2}{2})`$ and $`(\frac{n\mathrm{\Gamma }_5+2}{2})`$ dimensional representations of $`SU(2)`$ respectively.

For $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=n`$ at the north pole , the Casimir of $`\widehat{N}_i`$ and $`\widehat{M}_i`$ are given by :

$`\widehat{N}_i\widehat{N}_i={\displaystyle \frac{n(n+2)}{4}}`$ (2.15)
$`\widehat{M}_i\widehat{M}_i=0.`$
A fuzzy two-sphere appears at the north pole and it is given by the $`(n+1)`$-dimensional representation of $`SU(2)`$. By using the $`SO(5)`$ symmetry we can attach a fuzzy two-sphere to every point on the fuzzy four-sphere. We can regard this two-sphere as the ( spin ) internal two-dimensional space.

It is not difficult to introduce actions on a fuzzy four-sphere, for example by introducing the following matrix model:

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g^2}}Tr({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[A_\mu ,A_\nu ][A_\mu ,A_\nu ]+{\displaystyle \frac{2\lambda }{5(n+2)\rho }}ϵ^{\mu \nu \lambda \rho \sigma }A_\mu A_\nu A_\lambda A_\rho A_\sigma `$ (2.16)
$`+`$ $`8(1\lambda )\rho ^2A_\mu A_\mu )`$
which contains the fuzzy four sphere as a classical solution :

$$A_\mu =\widehat{x}_\mu =\rho \widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(n)}.$$
(2.17)
By expanding matrices around the classical solution corresponding to the fuzzy four-sphere, we obtain an action of noncommutative gauge theory.

## 3 Hopf fibration and projectors for the fuzzy four-sphere

Instead of searching for instanton solutions on the fuzzy four-sphere by exploring the classical solutions of the action (2.16), as we did for the fuzzy sphere , we appeal to another method which is simpler and is based on the Hopf principal fibration from $`S^7`$ to $`S^4`$.

In two dimensions noncommutative monopoles over the fuzzy two-sphere were derived by introducing projector operators $`P_n`$ which characterize the non trivial bundles over the fuzzy two-sphere. The canonical connection associated with the projector $`P_n(x)`$ has curvature given by

$$^2=P_ndP_ndP_n.$$
(3.1)
The projector operator is made in terms of the Hopf fibration from $`S^3`$ to $`S^2`$ as follows:

$`x_1={\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2}}(z_0\overline{z}_1+z_1\overline{z}_0)|z_0|^2+|z_1|^2=1`$ (3.2)
$`x_2={\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2}}(z_0\overline{z}_1z_1\overline{z}_0)x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2={\displaystyle \frac{\rho ^2}{4}}`$
$`x_3={\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{2}}(z_0\overline{z}_0z_1\overline{z}_1).`$
In this classical setting, $`z_0`$ and $`z_1`$ are two complex numbers constrained to be $`S^3`$ and the Hopf fibration produces the real coordinates $`x_i`$ which are instead constrained to be $`S^2`$.

This representation is particularly useful for the noncommutative case since generalizing the complex coordinates to a couple of oscillators:

$$[z_i,\overline{z}_j]=\delta _{ij}[z_i,z_j]=0$$
(3.3)
produces for the real coordinates $`x_i`$, promoted to operators, the more complex algebra of the fuzzy two-sphere:

$$[\widehat{x}_i,\widehat{x}_j]=i\rho ϵ_{ijk}\widehat{x}_k.$$
(3.4)
Introducing the number operator

$$\widehat{N}=\overline{z}_0z_0+\overline{z}_1z_1$$
(3.5)
the parameter $`\rho `$ is given in terms of $`n`$, the eigenvalue of $`\widehat{N}`$, and $`R`$ the radius of the sphere:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(\widehat{x}^i)^2=R^2`$ (3.6)
$`\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{2R}{\sqrt{n(n+2)}}}.`$
Here is the idea of the present letter. Since the Hopf fibration $`S^3S^2`$ is generalizable to the case $`S^7S^4`$, is it possible to represent the complicated algebra of the fuzzy four-sphere in terms of four independent oscillators ? The answer is yes, and it is also possible to generalize the construction that led us to compute the projectors $`P_n`$ for the fuzzy two-sphere to the case of fuzzy four-sphere.

The Hopf fibration $`S^7S^4`$ is made by four complex coordinates $`z_i`$ constrained to be $`S^7`$, that are mixed together to give five real coordinates $`x_i`$ constrained to be $`S^4`$:

$`x_1=\rho (a_1+\overline{a}_1)x_2=i\rho (a_1\overline{a}_1)`$ (3.7)
$`x_3=\rho (a_2+\overline{a}_2)x_4=i\rho (a_2\overline{a}_2)`$
$`x_5=\rho (z_0\overline{z}_0+z_1\overline{z}_1z_2\overline{z}_2z_3\overline{z}_3)`$
$`a_1=z_0\overline{z}_2+z_3\overline{z}_1`$
$`a_2=z_0\overline{z}_3z_2\overline{z}_1`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}x_i^2=\rho ^2{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}|z_i|^2=1.`$
By promoting the complex coordinates $`z_i`$ to four oscillators as follows :

$$[z_i,\overline{z}_j]=\delta _{ij}[z_i,z_j]=0$$
(3.8)
the corresponding algebra for $`\widehat{x}_i`$ is the fuzzy four-sphere algebra. For example the $`SU(2)\times SU(2)`$ subalgebra made by $`\widehat{N}_i`$ and $`\widehat{M}_i`$ can be easily represented in terms of $`z_i`$ as:

$`\widehat{N}_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(z_3\overline{z}_3z_2\overline{z}_2)\widehat{M}_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(z_0\overline{z}_0z_1\overline{z}_1)`$ (3.9)
$`\widehat{N}_+=\widehat{N}_1+i\widehat{N}_2=z_2\overline{z}_3\widehat{M}_+=\widehat{M}_1+i\widehat{M}_2=z_1\overline{z}_0`$
$`\widehat{N}_{}=\widehat{N}_1i\widehat{N}_2=z_3\overline{z}_2\widehat{M}_{}=\widehat{M}_1i\widehat{M}_2=z_0\overline{z}_1.`$
The parameter $`n`$ is simply the eigenvalue of the number operator $`\widehat{N}`$ :

$$\widehat{N}=\overline{z}_0z_0+\overline{z}_1z_1+\overline{z}_2z_2+\overline{z}_3z_3\widehat{N}n.$$
(3.10)
In terms of $`\widehat{N}`$, the Casimir for $`\widehat{x}_i^2`$ is :

$$\underset{i}{}\widehat{x}_i^2=\rho ^2\widehat{N}(\widehat{N}+4)=R^2.$$
(3.11)
To construct the $`k`$-instanton projectors $`P_k(x)`$ for the fuzzy four-sphere, let us consider the following vectors:

$$|\psi _k>=N_k\left(\begin{array}{c}(z_0)^k\\ \mathrm{}\mathrm{}..\\ \sqrt{\frac{k!}{i_1!i_2!i_3!(ki_1i_2i_3)!}}z_0^{ki_1i_2i_3}z_1^{i_1}z_2^{i_2}z_3^{i_3}\\ \mathrm{}\mathrm{}..\\ (z_1)^k\end{array}\right)$$
(3.12)
where

$$0i_1k0i_2ki_10i_3ki_1i_2.$$
(3.13)
Fixing $`i_1`$ and $`i_2`$, the index $`i_3`$ takes $`ki_1i_2+1`$ values. Fixing $`i_1`$, the indices $`i_2`$ and $`i_3`$ take $`\frac{(ki_1+1)(ki_1+2)}{2}`$ values.

In total the number of entries of the vector $`|\psi _k>`$ is given by summing over $`i_1`$ as follows:

$$N_k=\frac{(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)}{6}$$
(3.14)
which is equal to the number $`N`$ of the size of the matrix $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu ^{(k)}`$.

The normalization condition for these vectors fixes the function $`\widehat{N}_k`$ to be dependent only on the number operator $`\widehat{N}`$:

$`<\psi _k|\psi _k>=1`$ (3.15)
$`N_k=N_k(\widehat{N})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{_{i=0}^{k1}(\widehat{N}i+k)}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{_{i=0}^{k1}(ni+k)}}}.`$
The corresponding $`k`$-instanton connection $`1`$-form can be computed in terms of the vector $`|\psi _k>`$:

$$A_k^{}=<\psi _k|d|\psi _k>.$$
(3.16)
The projector for the $`k`$-instanton on the fuzzy four sphere is defined to be:

$$P_k=|\psi _k><\psi _k|P_k^2=P_kP_k^{}=P_k.$$
(3.17)
In the product of the two ket and bra vectors, the sixteen combinations of oscillators can be written in terms of the algebra of the fuzzy sphere and the number operator, which is equal to its eigenvalue $`n`$ on a definite representation. Therefore $`P_k`$ is a matrix having as entries the basic operator algebra of the theory.

The trace of the projector $`P_k`$ is always positive definite since

$`TrP_k={\displaystyle \frac{(n+k+1)(n+k+2)(n+k+3)}{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}Tr1=`$ (3.18)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(n+k+1)(n+k+2)(n+k+3)}{6}}<{\displaystyle \frac{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{6}}{\displaystyle \frac{(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)}{6}}=Tr1_P`$
where $`1_P`$ is the identity projector.

To construct the $`k`$-anti-instanton solution it is enough to take the adjoint of the vector $`|\psi _k>`$. Consider the $`\frac{(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)}{6}`$-dimensional vectors:

$$|\psi _k>=N_k\left(\begin{array}{c}(\overline{z}_0)^k\\ \mathrm{}\mathrm{}..\\ \sqrt{\frac{k!}{i_1!i_2!i_3!(ki_1i_2i_3)!}}\overline{z}_0^{ki_1i_2i_3}\overline{z}_1^{i_1}\overline{z}_2^{i_2}\overline{z}_3^{i_3}\\ \mathrm{}\mathrm{}..\\ (\overline{z}_1)^k\end{array}\right).$$
(3.19)
The normalization condition for these vectors fixes the function $`N_k`$ to be dependent only on the number operator $`\widehat{N}`$:

$`<\psi _k|\psi _k>=1`$ (3.20)
$`N_k=N_k(\widehat{N})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{_{i=0}^{k1}(\widehat{N}+i+4k)}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{_{i=0}^{k1}(n+i+4k)}}}.`$
The corresponding projector for anti-instantons is

$$P_k=|\psi _k><\psi _k|k<n+4.$$
(3.21)
The trace of this projector

$`TrP_k={\displaystyle \frac{(nk+1)(nk+2)(nk+3)}{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}Tr1=`$ (3.22)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(nk+1)(nk+2)(nk+3)}{6}}`$
is positive definite if and only if the following bound is respected

$$k<n+1.$$
(3.23)
For the special cases $`k=n+1,k=n+2,k=n+3`$ $`P_k`$ is simply the null projector.

The projector above, defining the $`k`$-projective moduli of the non commutative gauge theory over the fuzzy four-sphere can be used to compute the following Chern class

$$c_k=Tr(\gamma _5P_kdP_kdP_kdP_kdP_k)$$
(3.24)
as we did in  for the fuzzy two-sphere.

## 4 Conclusions

In this paper we have made use of an alternative description to the instanton connections and gauge fields in terms of globally defined projectors, a method which is suitable for generalization like noncommutative geometry.

In particular we have shown how to derive exact expressions for the noncommutative $`k`$-instantons on the fuzzy four-sphere. The projectors defined here are finite-dimensional matrices as in the two dimensional case, and can be used to compute the corresponding topological charge ( Chern class for the vector bundle ) in four dimensions. We believe that this intrinsic description of connections and gauge fields in global terms will help in extending the methods of noncommutative geometry to the case of the fuzzy four-sphere.

A possible generalization of this paper would be to study the flat limit of the fuzzy four-sphere, which should define the noncommutative $`k`$-instantons on the noncommutative four plane. This could represent an alternative method with respect to the papers ------, based on the Hopf fibration $`S^7S^4`$ and the flat limit.