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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The string theory on a Ramond-Ramond background is an interesting problem since the RNS formalism cannot be applied to the RR background and we should use the Green-Schwarz (GS) formalism. This class of background has received attention also because the most typical background for the AdS/CFT correspondence — $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ — includes the RR fields.

The simplest example of RR-background is the maximally supersymmetric IIB plane wave with RR 5-form flux . The string theory on this background becomes massive free theory in the lightcone gauge, and can be solved . The string theory on this background is claimed to correspond to the subsector of the 4-dimensional $`𝒩=4`$ Yang-Mills theory . Recently, a larger class of supersymmetric pp-wave backgrounds are investigated  (see also ). The string theories on these backgrounds are proposed to become supersymmetric Landau-Ginzburg theories in the lightcone gauge.

In this paper, we consider D-branes in these RR backgrounds. We expect that we can understand the GS open strings by studying the D-branes. The D-branes also play an important role in the holography; They are supposed to correspond to the defects in CFT . The recent works on the D-branes in pp-wave backgrounds are .

In the RNS strings in the conformal gauge, consistent D-branes are expressed as the boundary conditions preserving the superconformal symmetry. Then, what is the condition of consistent D-branes on the GS strings in the lightcone gauge? The boundary conditions preserving the supersymmetry in Landau-Ginzburg theory are known. We try to see whether these boundary conditions correspond to consistent D-branes. We consider the supersymmetric D-brane configurations from the viewpoint of the worldvolume theory, then we compare them to the worldsheet theories with supersymmetric boundary conditions.

We first consider the $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ supersymmetric case111 In this paper, we express the type of supersymmetry in terms of two dimensional worldsheet theory.  without holomorphic Killing vector term. The kappa symmetry projection on worldvolume theory is used to examine the supersymmetry and the following results are obtained. The supersymmetric D-branes are classified into the two types according to the preserved supersymmetry: A-type and B-type. An A-type D-brane should be wrapped on a special Lagrangian submanifold and the imaginary part of the superpotential should be constant on the D-brane worldvolume. On the other hand, a B-type D-brane should be wrapped on a complex submanifold and the superpotential should be constant on the D-brane worldvolume. These results can be reproduced by the $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ supersymmetric Landau-Ginzburg theory with the boundary conditions preserving worldsheet supersymmetry. One exception is that the A-branes are wrapped on Lagrangian (not necessarily special Lagrangian) submanifolds in this case.

Then we consider more general D-brane configurations. Since the D-brane equation of motion may suggest the inclusion of the gauge fields, we consider the D-branes with the gauge field excitation. The D-branes in the background with holomorphic Killing vector term and $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ supersymmetric background are also investigated.

The organisation of this paper is as follows: In section 2, we review the supersymmetric pp-wave backgrounds constructed in . We explain the supergravity backgrounds and the lightcone worldsheet theory on these backgrounds. In section 3, we consider the BPS D-branes on these backgrounds. We give the conditions to preserve the supersymmetry by making use of the kappa symmetry projection on the D-brane worldvolume. Then we compare them to the results from the analysis of the string worldsheet in the lightcone gauge. In section 4, we study the D-branes in more general cases by using the similar methods. Section 5 is devoted to summary and discussion.

## 2 Superstrings on supersymmetric pp-waves

In this section, we construct some supersymmetric supergravity solutions of pp-wave type and investigate the superstrings on these backgrounds in the lightcone gauge. In the next subsection the supersymmetries on the pp-wave backgrounds are examined and the worldsheet actions after taking the lightcone gauge are proposed in subsection 2.2.

### 2.1 Supersymmetric solutions of type IIB pp-waves

We consider the supersymmetric supergravity solutions of pp-wave type constructed in . They are type IIB supergravity solutions with the following type of metric and non-trivial 5-form field strength $`F_5`$ as

$`ds^2`$ $`=2dx^+dx^{}+H(x^i)(dx^+)^2+ds_8^2,`$
$`F_5`$ $`=dx^+\phi _4(x^i),`$ (2.1)
where $`x^\pm `$ and $`x^i`$ are 2 longitudinal and 8 transverse coordinates, respectively. The transverse space is assumed to be flat in order to make the analysis simpler. In this case, it is convenient to introduce the complex coordinates as $`z^j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x^j+ix^{j+4}),(j=1,2,3,4)`$ and the flat Käler metric $`g_{i\overline{ȷ}}=\mathrm{diag}(1,1,1,1)`$. Since the RR 5-form $`F_5`$ is self-dual, the 4-form $`\phi _4`$ has to be anti-self dual in transverse 8-dimensions. The anti-self dual 4-form can be classified into two types. They are (1,3) forms (and (3,1) forms) and (2,2) forms, which are denoted as

$`\phi _{mn}`$ $`:={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3!}}\phi _{m\overline{ı}\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}}\epsilon ^{\overline{ı}\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}\overline{n}}g_{n\overline{n}},`$
$`\phi _{l\overline{m}}`$ $`:={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{s\overline{s}}\phi _{l\overline{m}s\overline{s}},`$ (2.2)
for the convenience. The supersymmetries are generated by the Killing spinors

$$ϵ=ϵ_++ϵ_{},ϵ_+:=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}ϵ,ϵ_{}:=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+ϵ,$$
(2.3)
which consist of 16 complex components. The supersymmetries which are linearly realized after taking the lightcone gauge are related to $`ϵ_+`$, therefore we will concentrate on these components.

The requirement of supersymmetry restricts the possible geometry. If we require the (2,2) type of supersymmetry, the allowed geometry is given by the metric and 4-forms222We use the holomorphic function $`W`$ different form the one used in  by the factor $`i`$.

$`ds^2=2dx^+dx^{}32(|_kW|^2+|\phi _{j\overline{k}}z^j|^2)(dx^+)^2+2g_{i\overline{ı}}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}},`$
$`\phi _{mn}=i_m_nW,\phi _{\overline{m}\overline{n}}=i_{\overline{m}}_{\overline{n}}\overline{W},\phi _{l\overline{m}}=\text{(constant)},`$ (2.4)
which are parametrised by a holomorphic function $`W`$ and a $`4\times 4`$ hermitian traceless constant matrix $`\phi _{j\overline{k}}`$. The Killing spinors are given by

$`ϵ_+`$ $`=\alpha |0+\zeta |\stackrel{~}{0},`$
$`ϵ_{}`$ $`=2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}[\zeta _{\overline{k}}\overline{W}i\alpha \phi _{j\overline{k}}z^j]\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{k}}|0+2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}[\alpha _kWi\zeta \phi _{k\overline{ȷ}}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}]\mathrm{\Gamma }^k|\stackrel{~}{0},`$ (2.5)
where $`\alpha `$ and $`\zeta `$ are constant parameters. The notation of Gamma matrices and the definition of vacua are summarised in appendix A.

Furthermore, there are solutions which preserve (1,1) type of supersymmetry. The metric and the 4-form are given by

$`ds^2=2dx^+dx^{}32(|_kU|^2)(dx^+)^2+2g_{i\overline{ı}}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}},`$
$`\phi _{mn}=_m_nU,\phi _{\overline{m}\overline{n}}=_{\overline{m}}_{\overline{n}}U,\phi _{l\overline{m}}=_l_{\overline{m}}U,`$ (2.6)
where $`U`$ is a real harmonic function. The Killing spinors can be written as

$`ϵ_+`$ $`=\zeta |0+\zeta |\stackrel{~}{0},`$
$`ϵ_{}`$ $`=2i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\zeta _{\overline{k}}U\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{k}}|02i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\zeta _kU\mathrm{\Gamma }^k|\stackrel{~}{0}.`$ (2.7)
### 2.2 The string actions in the lightcone gauge

The linearly realized supersymmetry on the worldsheet in the lightcone gauge $`x^+=\tau `$ is related to the spinor $`ϵ_+`$, as we mentioned above. For the (2,2) supersymmetric solutions, the action is given by

$`S`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \alpha ^{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{2\pi \alpha ^{}|p_{}|}𝑑\sigma \left[L_K+L_W+L_V\right]},`$
$`L_K`$ $`={\displaystyle }d^4\theta g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Phi }^i\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\overline{ȷ}},L_W={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle }d^2\theta W(\mathrm{\Phi })+(c.c.)),`$
$`L_V`$ $`=|m|^2g_{i\overline{ȷ}}V^iV^{\overline{ȷ}}{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(g_{i\overline{ı}}_jV^ig_{j\overline{ȷ}}_{\overline{ı}}V^{\overline{ȷ}})(m\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\psi _+^j+\overline{m}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}\psi _{}^j),`$ (2.8)
where the chiral superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }^i`$ is expanded as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^i=z^i+\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\psi _+^i+\sqrt{2}\theta ^{}\psi _{}^i+2\theta ^+\theta ^{}F^i+\mathrm{},$$
(2.9)
and the vector $`V`$ is related to $`\phi _{i\overline{ȷ}}`$ as

$$V_i=i\phi _{i\overline{ȷ}}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}},V_{\overline{ȷ}}=i\phi _{i\overline{ȷ}}z^i.$$
(2.10)
The indices are raised and lowered by $`g^{i\overline{ȷ}}`$ and $`g_{i\overline{ȷ}}`$, respectively. Our convention of Landau-Ginzburg models are summarised in appendix B.1. The D-branes in the case with $`V^i=0`$ are considered in the next section and the backgrounds with $`V^i0`$ are treated in subsection 4.2.

The $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ supersymmetric action is of the form

$$S=\frac{1}{2\pi \alpha ^{}}𝑑\tau _0^{2\pi \alpha ^{}|p_{}|}𝑑\sigma d^2\theta \left(\frac{1}{2}D_+\mathrm{\Phi }^ID_{}\mathrm{\Phi }^I+iU(\mathrm{\Phi })\right),$$
(2.11)
where the $`N=1`$ superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }^I`$ and supercovariant derivative $`D_\pm `$ are defined as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^I=x^I+\theta ^+\psi _+^I+\theta ^{}\psi _{}^I+\theta ^+\theta ^{}F^I,D_\pm =\frac{}{\theta ^\pm }+i\theta ^\pm _\pm .$$
(2.12)
For the superstrings on pp-waves, we have to restrict the superpotential to be harmonic. Our convention for the $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ Landau-Ginzburg models is summarised in appendix B.2. We consider the D-branes in $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ backgrounds in subsection 4.3.

## 3 D-branes in supersymmetric pp-waves

In this section we consider D-branes in the supersymmetric pp-waves analysed in the previous section. In the thin brane approximation, it is effective to use the worldvolume approach. The action on the $`(p+1)`$ dimensional worldvolume can be given by the sum of the DBI and WZ actions as

$$I_p=T_p_Md^{p+1}\xi e^\varphi \sqrt{det(G_{ab}+_{ab})}+T_p_Me^{}C,$$
(3.1)
where $`T_p`$ is the D$`p`$-brane tension expressed as $`T_p=(2\pi )^p(\alpha ^{})^{(p+1)/2}g_s^1`$. We use $`\xi ^a`$ $`(a=0,\mathrm{},p+1)`$ as the coordinate of the worldvolume and $`G_{ab}`$ as the induced metric. We also define $`=2\pi \alpha ^{}FB`$, where $`F`$ is the field strength on the worldvolume and $`B`$ is the pullback of the NSNS 2-form. The pullback of the RR gauge potentials is represented as $`C=_nC_n`$. For a while, we set $`=0`$ and include this flux in subsection 4.1.

We are interested in the supersymmetric D-branes, since they are expected to be stable. In the supersymmetric D-brane configuration, we can define the kappa symmetry projection as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }d^{p+1}\xi =e^\varphi _{DBI}^1e^{}X|_{vol},X=_n\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2n)}K^nI,$$
(3.2)
which satisfy $`(\mathrm{\Gamma })^2=1`$. The actions of $`K`$ and $`I`$ to the spinors are given by $`K\psi =\psi ^{}`$ and $`I\psi =i\psi `$, respectively and the Gamma matrices are defined by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(n)}=\frac{1}{n!}d\xi ^{a_n}\mathrm{}d\xi ^{a_1}_{a_1}x^{m_1}\mathrm{}_{a_n}x^{m_n}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{m_1\mathrm{}m_n}.$$
(3.3)
The supersymmetries in the D-brane configuration are related to the Killing spinors which satisfy

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ=ϵ,$$
(3.4)
therefore the task we have to do is to look for the configuration where the non-trivial Killing spinors satisfy (3.4).

In this section we only consider the D-branes in the (2,2) supersymmetric solutions only with non-zero superpotential $`W`$ as

$`ds^2=2dx^+dx^{}32|_kW|^2(dx^+)^2+dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}},`$
$`\phi _{mn}=i_m_nW,\phi _{\overline{m}\overline{n}}=i_{\overline{m}}_{\overline{n}}\overline{W}.`$ (3.5)
In the next section we will extend to the D-branes in more general configurations.

### 3.1 D-brane wrapped on a complex submanifold

We construct the D-branes tangent to the $`x^\pm `$ directions in order to compare with the open string actions in the lightcone gauge. Therefore the simplest D-brane is the D1-brane with $`\xi ^\pm =x^\pm `$, where $`\xi ^\pm =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi ^0\pm \xi ^1)`$. For this D-brane configuration, the kappa symmetry projection (3.2) can be written as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=i\mathrm{\Gamma }_+K.$$
(3.6)
By using the expression of the Killing spinors (2.5), we find

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_+=i\alpha ^{}|\stackrel{~}{0}+i\zeta ^{}|0,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}=2i\zeta ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}_kW\mathrm{\Gamma }^k|\stackrel{~}{0}+2i\alpha ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}_{\overline{k}}\overline{W}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{k}}|0.`$ (3.7)
Since the Killing spinors with

$`i\zeta ^{}=\alpha ,`$ (3.8)
satisfy (3.4) ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ=ϵ`$), we can conclude that this D1-brane is supersymmetric.

Let us turn to the D3-brane case. The kappa symmetry projection can be defined as

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\mathrm{\Gamma }d\xi ^2d\xi ^3=\frac{i}{\sqrt{detG}}dZ^AdZ^B\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB},$$
(3.9)
where we use $`Z^A`$ $`(A=1,2,3,4,\overline{1},\overline{2},\overline{3},\overline{4})`$ with $`Z^i=z^i,Z^{\overline{ı}}=\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}`$. Then we find

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}ϵ_+`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\sqrt{detG}}}\left(\alpha dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}g_{i\overline{ı}}|0\alpha dz^idz^j\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_j|0\zeta dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}g_{i\overline{ı}}|\stackrel{~}{0}\zeta d\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ȷ}}|\stackrel{~}{0}\right)`$
$`=(\alpha |0+\zeta |\stackrel{~}{0})d\xi ^2d\xi ^3.`$ (3.10)
Thus we can see that the D3-brane is supersymmetric if

$$\alpha =0,\omega =\sqrt{detG}d\xi ^2d\xi ^3,$$
(3.11)
where we use the Kähler form $`\omega =ig_{i\overline{ȷ}}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}`$. In the second condition, left-hand side is the pullback of the Kähler form, and the right-hand side is the volume form of the D-brane world volume. In other words, the supersymmetric D3-brane should be wrapped on a complex submanifold.

From the above lessen, we use the holomorphic embedding $`z^i(w)`$ and $`\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}(\overline{w})`$ with $`w=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi ^2+i\xi ^3)`$ and $`\overline{w}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi ^2i\xi ^3)`$. In this case, the kappa symmetry projection is given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }:=\frac{_wz^i_{\overline{w}}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}}{|_wz|^2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}},$$
(3.12)
and then we obtain

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_+`$ $`=\alpha |0+\zeta |\stackrel{~}{0},`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}`$ $`=2\zeta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{}_{\overline{k}}\overline{W}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{k}}|0+2\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }_{}_kW\mathrm{\Gamma }^k|\stackrel{~}{0}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{4\zeta }{|_wz|^2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(_{\overline{w}}\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}_{\overline{k}}\overline{W})(_wz^i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i)|0{\displaystyle \frac{4\alpha }{|_wz|^2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}(_wz^k_kW)(_{\overline{w}}z^{\overline{ı}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}})|\stackrel{~}{0}.`$ (3.13)
Therefore we have non-trivial Killing spinors which satisfy $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ=ϵ`$ (3.4) when

$`\alpha =0,_wz^k_kW=0,`$ (3.14)
and in this case the D3-brane becomes supersymmetric.

The higher dimensional D-branes can be analysed in the similar way and we can see that the D-brane should be wrapped on a complex submanifold333There are the other kind of supersymmetric D-branes in the case of D5-branes and we investigate them in the next subsection.. Therefore we embed the D$`(2n+1)`$-brane $`(n=2,3,4)`$ in the holomorphic way as $`z^i(w_1,\mathrm{},w_n)`$ and $`\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}(\overline{w}_1\mathrm{}\overline{w}_n)`$ with $`w^a=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi ^{2a}+i\xi ^{2a+1})`$ and $`\overline{w}^{\overline{a}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\xi ^{2a}i\xi ^{2a+1})`$. We also denote the determinant of the induced metric as

$`h:=det[{\displaystyle \frac{z^i}{\xi ^a}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}}{\xi ^b}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}+(ab)]=|det\left[{\displaystyle \frac{z^i}{w^p}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}}{\overline{w}^{\overline{q}}}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\right]|^2,`$ (3.15)
where we use $`a,b=2,\mathrm{},2n+1`$, $`p=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and $`\overline{q}=\overline{1},\mathrm{},\overline{n}`$. In these cases, the kappa symmetry projections (3.2) are given by

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`=ih^{1/2}_{w_1}z^i_{\overline{w}_1}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}_{w_2}z^j_{\overline{w}_2}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}j\overline{ȷ}}K(\text{D5}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`=h^{1/2}_{w_1}z^i_{\overline{w}_1}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}_{w_2}z^j_{\overline{w}_2}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}_{w_3}z^k_{\overline{w}_3}\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}j\overline{ȷ}k\overline{k}}(\text{D7}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ $`=ih^{1/2}_{w_1}z^i_{\overline{w}_1}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}_{w_2}z^j_{\overline{w}_2}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}_{w_3}z^k_{\overline{w}_3}\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}_{w_4}z^{\mathrm{}}_{\overline{w}_4}\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}j\overline{ȷ}k\overline{k}\mathrm{}\overline{\mathrm{}}}K(\text{D9}),`$ (3.16)
and the conditions that the Killing spinors satisfying (3.4) ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ=ϵ`$) exist are

$`i\zeta ^{}=\alpha ,_{w_1}z^k_kW=_{w_2}z^k_kW=0(D5),`$
$`\zeta =0,_{w_1}z^k_kW=_{w_2}z^k_kW=_{w_3}z^k_kW=0(D7),`$
$`i\zeta ^{}=\alpha ,_{w_1}z^k_kW=_{w_2}z^k_kW=_{w_3}z^k_kW=_{w_4}z^k_kW=0(D9).`$ (3.17)
In summary, we have shown that the D-branes are supersymmetric if they are wrapped on complex submanifolds and satisfy

$$_aW=0,_a\overline{W}=0,\eta _+=e^{i\theta }\eta _{},$$
(3.18)
where $`a`$ represents the tangent direction of the branes and the phase $`e^{i\theta }`$ is determined for D$`p`$-brane as $`e^{i\theta }=(i)^{(p1)/2}`$. Here we also define as

$$\eta _+:=\alpha +\zeta ^{},\eta _{}:=i\alpha +i\zeta ^{},\overline{\eta }_\pm =(\eta _\pm )^{}.$$
(3.19)
The corresponding string worldsheet in the lightcone gauge is given by (2.8) replaced by the closed worldsheet with the open worldsheet ($`\times [0,\pi \alpha ^{}|p_{}|]`$). Supersymmetric boundary condition on this worldsheet was investigated in  and our results (3.18) correspond to the conditions for the B-branes. From this reason, we also call the D-branes constructed in this subsection as B-type D-branes.

### 3.2 D-brane wrapped on a special Lagrangian submanifold

For the D5-brane, we can construct non-holomorphic type of supersymmetric D-brane, which preserves the supersymmetry of the type different from (3.18). We use the coordinate of the worldvolume as $`(\xi ^+,\xi ^{},\xi ^2,\mathrm{},\xi ^5)`$ and the coordinate of the spacetime transverse space as $`Z^A`$ $`(A=1,2,3,4,\overline{1},\overline{2},\overline{3},\overline{4})`$ with $`Z^i=z^i,Z^{\overline{ı}}=\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}`$. Moreover, we use the Kähler form as $`\omega =ig_{i\overline{ȷ}}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}`$ and the holomorphic 4-form as $`\mathrm{\Omega }=4dz^1dz^2dz^3dz^4`$, which satisfy $`2^4\omega ^4=4!\mathrm{\Omega }\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$.

For the kappa symmetry projection (3.2), it is convenient to use

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}:=\mathrm{\Gamma }d\xi ^2d\xi ^3d\xi ^4d\xi ^5=\frac{i}{\sqrt{h}}\frac{1}{4!}dZ^AdZ^BdZ^CdZ^D\mathrm{\Gamma }_{+ABCD}K,$$
(3.20)
where $`h`$ is the determinant of the induced metric defined as

$`h:=det[{\displaystyle \frac{z^i}{\xi ^a}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}}{\xi ^b}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}+(ab)],a,b=2,3,4,5,`$ (3.21)
and the differential forms are considered to be pulled back to the D-brane worldvolume.

In this notation, the actions to the $`ϵ_+`$ Killing spinors are given by

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}ϵ_+={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\sqrt{h}}}(4\alpha ^{}d\overline{z}^{\overline{1}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{2}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{3}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{4}}|0+4\zeta ^{}dz^1dz^2dz^3dz^4|\stackrel{~}{0}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\alpha ^{}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}|\stackrel{~}{0}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\zeta ^{}d\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}dz^jdz^kdz^{\mathrm{}}g_{\overline{ı}j}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k\mathrm{}|0{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha ^{}dz^idz^jd\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}g_{i\overline{k}}g_{j\overline{\mathrm{}}}|\stackrel{~}{0}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\zeta ^{}d\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}dz^kdz^{\mathrm{}}g_{\overline{ı}k}g_{\overline{ȷ}\mathrm{}}|0)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\sqrt{h}}}\left(\alpha ^{}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}|0+\zeta ^{}\mathrm{\Omega }|\stackrel{~}{0}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{}}{3i}}\omega d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}|\stackrel{~}{0}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^{}}{3i}}\omega dz^kdz^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_k\mathrm{}|0{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{}}{2}}\omega ^2|\stackrel{~}{0}{\displaystyle \frac{\zeta ^{}}{2}}\omega ^2|0\right).`$ (3.22)
Here we are looking for the Killing spinors different from (3.18), say444 The phase factor can be set to one by redefining the complex coordinates.

$$\eta _+=\overline{\eta }_{}\text{or}i\alpha ^{}=\alpha ,i\zeta ^{}=\zeta .$$
(3.23)
By assigning this condition, we obtain the constraints

$`\omega =0,\mathrm{\Omega }=\sqrt{h}d\xi ^2d\xi ^3d\xi ^4d\xi ^5`$ (3.24)
on the D-brane worldvolume. Therefore the D-brane should be wrapped on a special Lagrangian submanifold $`\gamma `$, which is defined by

$`\omega |_\gamma =0,Im\mathrm{\Omega }|_\gamma =0.`$ (3.25)
The actions to the $`ϵ_{}`$ part of the Killing spinors are similarly obtained as

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}2\zeta \mathrm{\Gamma }_{}_{\overline{m}}\overline{W}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{m}}|0={\displaystyle \frac{2i\zeta ^{}}{\sqrt{h}}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}_mW`$ (3.26)
$`\times ({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}g^{m\overline{m}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{n}}\epsilon _{\overline{n}\overline{m}\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}|0{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}dz^id\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\delta _i^m\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{n}}\epsilon _{\overline{n}\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}|0`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}dz^idz^jd\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}g_{i\overline{k}}g_{j\overline{\mathrm{}}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^m|\stackrel{~}{0}2dz^idz^jd\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\delta _i^mg_{j\overline{k}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\overline{\mathrm{}}|\stackrel{~}{0}).`$
The other parts are obtained by the complex conjugation and exchanging $`\alpha `$ and $`\zeta `$ of the above equation. By taking account of $`\omega =0`$ and $`Im\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$, the condition of $`i\zeta ^{}=\zeta `$ leads to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{h}}}_mWdz^md\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\epsilon _{\overline{m}\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}=2_{\overline{m}}\overline{W}d\xi ^2d\xi ^3d\xi ^4d\xi ^5,`$ (3.27)
hence

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3!}}dWd\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\epsilon _{\overline{m}\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}=_{\overline{m}}\overline{W}d\overline{z}^1d\overline{z}^2d\overline{z}^3d\overline{z}^4,`$ (3.28)
and this condition is equivalent to

$`dW=d\overline{W}.`$ (3.29)
This type of D-brane corresponds to the A-brane in the terms of  when we consider the open string worldsheet in the lightcone gauge, thus we also call this brane as A-brane. The condition (3.29) can be reproduced by the analysis of , however the condition (3.25) is slightly different. Our Killing spinor analysis has shown that the supersymmetric D-brane of this type should be wrapped on a special Lagrangian submanifold, on the other hand, the analysis of  gives only the requirement that the A-brane should be wrapped on a Lagrangian (not necessarily special Lagrangian) submanifold ($`\omega =0`$). Some comments on this point are given in section 5.

### 3.3 Examples

In this subsection, we show some examples of the supersymmetric D-brane configurations considered in the above subsections. In particular, we consider the maximally supersymmetric case $`W=i_j(z^j)^2`$ and compare it to the known results.

First, let us comment on D9-branes. Since the superpotential should be constant on the supersymmetric D-brane worldvolume, D9-brane cannot be supersymmetric for the nontrivial superpotential $`W`$.

Secondly, let us go to D7-branes. For a nontrivial superpotential $`W(z)`$, the B-type D7-brane worldvolume should be identical to a hyper surface $`iW(z)=c,(c:`$ constant). For example, in the maximally supersymmetric case ($`W=i_j(z^j)^2`$), the D7-brane is expressed as

$`(z^1)^2+(z^2)^2+(z^3)^2+(z^4)^2=c.`$ (3.30)
This surface has the same topology and complex structure as a (deformed) conifold. Note that the flat D7-brane expressed as $`(+,,4,2)`$ in  is not a B-type brane in our terms. The $`(+,,4,2)`$ brane does not preserve the supersymmetry expressed by the Killing spinor of the type (2.5). In the maximally supersymmetric plane wave case, there are many Killing spinors besides ones expressed as eq. (2.5). The $`(+,,4,2)`$ brane preserves nontrivial linear combinations of these extra Killing spinors and ones of (2.5).

Thirdly, we consider the B-type D5-branes and D3-branes. These branes can take the various shapes. For the maximally supersymmetric case, there is a flat D5-brane expressed as

$`z_1=iz_2,z_3=iz_4,`$ (3.31)
and a flat D3-brane expressed as

$`z_1=iz_2,z_3=a,z_4=b,(a,b:\text{constants}).`$ (3.32)
Note that these branes are not the ones classified in . These branes are extended to oblique directions and cannot be expressed as $`(+,,m,n)`$. The $`(+,,3,1)`$ and $`(+,,2,0)`$ branes are not B-type D-branes in our terms, for the same reason as the $`(+,,4,2)`$ D7-brane.

Fourthly, let us turn to D1-branes. For the maximally supersymmetric case, this brane is the same as $`(+,,0,0)`$ in .

Finally, we comment on the A-type D5-branes. A typical example of special Lagrangian submanifold is the worldvolume of $`(+,,4,0)`$ brane in . As discussed in , this brane is not a solution of the equation of motion without worldvolume gauge field excitation. Moreover, this brane does not satisfy the condition of superpotential ($`ImW=`$ constant) obtained in this section. We will discuss the gauge field and equation of motion in subsection 4.1. If we include the gauge field, the condition of superpotential is modified. As a result, the $`(+,,4,0)`$ brane with appropriate gauge field excitation is an A-type D-brane in our terms.

## 4 D-branes in more general cases

### 4.1 Inclusion of gauge field excitations

In the previous section, we have considered the D-brane configurations without gauge fields. Here we include the gauge fields of the type

$$F=\underset{a}{}F_{+a}d\xi ^+d\xi ^a,F_{+a}=_aA_+(\xi ),(a=1,\mathrm{},p1).$$
(4.1)
In this case, the equation of motion of $`x^I`$ is given in . Let us define

$`M_{a^{}b^{}}=_a^{}x^I_b^{}x^Jg_{IJ}+2\pi \alpha ^{}F_{a^{}b^{}},(a^{},b^{},c^{}=\pm ,1,\mathrm{},p1),`$
$`M^{a^{}b^{}}M_{b^{}c^{}}=\delta _c^{}^a^{},G^{a^{}b^{}}=M^{(a^{}b^{})},\theta ^{a^{}b^{}}=M^{[a^{}b^{}]},`$ (4.2)
then the equation of motion can be written as

$$_a^{}(\sqrt{M}G^{a^{}b^{}}_b^{}x^I)=0.$$
(4.3)
This equation does not give more constraints to the coordinates of the D-brane wrapped on a complex submanifold or a special Lagrangian submanifold.

On the other hand, the equation of motion of the gauge field $`A^i`$ may give some constraints. For a B-type brane, it is given as

$$_a^{}(\sqrt{M}\theta ^{a^{}b^{}})=0,$$
(4.4)
hence we can see that the configuration without gauge field excitation satisfies the equation of motion as well as the one with some solutions $`F_{+i}`$. However, for D-branes wrapped on special Lagrangian submanifolds, we find

$$_a^{}(\sqrt{M}\theta ^a^{})=\frac{1}{4!}ϵ^{+ijkl}F_{+ijkl},_a^{}(\sqrt{M}\theta ^{a^{}a})=0,$$
(4.5)
because there may be contributions from the WZ action in this case. If the condition $`ImW=`$(constant) is satisfied, the right-hand side of the first equation vanishes. On the other hand, even if $`ImW=`$(constant) is not satisfied, we may obtain a BPS D-brane by introducing the gauge field $`F`$.

First, let us examine the B-type D3-brane. The other dimensional B-branes can be analysed in a similar way. In this case, the kappa symmetry projection (3.2) is given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(1)}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2)},$$
(4.6)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(1)}`$ is the previous one (3.12) and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2)}`$ is the term added additionally as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2)}=\frac{_{\overline{w}}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}}{|_wz|^2}F_{+w}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}K\frac{_wz^i}{|_wz|^2}F_{+\overline{w}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_iK.$$
(4.7)
The action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(1)}`$ to the Killing spinor is the same as before and the one of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2)}`$ is given as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2)}ϵ=\alpha ^{}\frac{_{\overline{w}}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}}{|_wz|^2}F_{+w}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}|0\zeta ^{}\frac{_wz^i}{|_wz|^2}F_{+\overline{w}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i|\stackrel{~}{0}.$$
(4.8)
By adding to the action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(1)}`$ (3.13), we can see that the conditions (3.14) are replaced by555 We can use $`\zeta =ie^{2i\beta }\zeta ^{}`$ for the parameter of the Killing spinor. In that case, the condition of the superpotential is slightly modified by the phase factor.

$$\alpha =0,\zeta =i\zeta ^{},_wz^k_kW+\frac{i}{4}F_{+w}=0.$$
(4.9)
Therefore, if we include the non-trivial gauge fields, we can only construct the B-type D-branes which preserve at most $`1/4`$ supersymmetry.

Next, let us consider the A-type D5-brane. Including non-trivial field strength $`F_{+a}`$, the kappa symmetry projection (3.2) becomes $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(1)}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(2)}`$ with the additional term $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(2)}`$ as

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(2)}=\frac{i}{\sqrt{h}}F_{+a}d\xi ^a\frac{1}{3!}dZ^AdZ^BdZ^C\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ABC}.$$
(4.10)
Here we should notice that the condition (3.4) can be separated as

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(1)}ϵ_+=ϵ_+d^4\xi ,\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(1)}ϵ_{}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(2)}ϵ_+=ϵ_{}d^4\xi .$$
(4.11)
The first equation implies that the supersymmetric A-brane must be wrapped on a special Lagrangian submanifold. Using $`\omega |_\gamma =0`$, we find

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(2)}ϵ_+`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{2i\alpha }{\sqrt{h}}}F_{+a}d\xi ^a{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3!}}ϵ_{jklm}dz^jdz^kdz^l\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^m|\stackrel{~}{0}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{2i\zeta }{\sqrt{h}}}F_{+a}d\xi ^a{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3!}}ϵ_{\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}\overline{m}}dz^{\overline{ȷ}}dz^{\overline{k}}dz^\overline{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{m}}|0.`$ (4.12)
This equation and (3.26) imply

$$\frac{1}{3!}\left(dW+\frac{i}{4}F_{+a}d\xi ^a\right)d\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}d\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}d\overline{z}^\overline{\mathrm{}}\epsilon _{\overline{m}\overline{ȷ}\overline{k}\overline{\mathrm{}}}=_{\overline{m}}\overline{W}d\overline{z}^1d\overline{z}^2d\overline{z}^3d\overline{z}^4,$$
(4.13)
where we use $`i\zeta ^{}=\zeta `$. Thus the A-type D5-brane preserves supersymmetry if the superpotential satisfy

$$_a(W\overline{W})+\frac{i}{4}F_{+a}=0,$$
(4.14)
for the tangent direction $`a`$ of the brane.

The above Killing spinor results can be reproduced by analysing the open string worldsheet in the lightcone gauge. The inclusion of the gauge fields corresponds to the addition of the following boundary potential;

$$S_B=\frac{1}{2}_\mathrm{\Sigma }𝑑\tau Y(z^i,\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}).$$
(4.15)
This action is invariant under the transformation $`\delta _Bz^i=0`$ and $`\delta _B\psi _B^i=\kappa f^i(z,\overline{z})`$, where $`\kappa `$ is a spinor and $`\psi _B^i`$ is the fermionic coordinate at the boundary. The supersymmetry transformation at the boundary can be modified by this transformation. By taking the variation of the action by this transformation, we obtain the boundary conditions of the fields.

For the A-type boundary condition $`\eta _+=\overline{\eta }_{}`$, what we have to do is only replacing $`_mW`$ with $`_mW+2i_mY`$, then the boundary condition for superpotential is modified as

$$_a(W\overline{W})+2i_aY=0,$$
(4.16)
which is the same as (4.14). For the B-type boundary condition $`\eta _+=\eta _{}`$, we can only preserve 1/4 supersymmetry if we include non-zero gauge fields. In this case, we have to replace $`_mW`$ with $`_mW+2i_mY`$, where we assign $`\eta _+=\overline{\eta }_+`$. Therefore the boundary conditions becomes

$$_aW+2i_aY=0,$$
(4.17)
which corresponds to the Killing spinor results (4.9).

### 4.2 The background with non-zero (2,2)-form

Let us consider the background with non-zero $`(2,2)`$-form $`\phi _{m\overline{n}}`$. In this case, we introduce a harmonic function $`U=\phi _{m\overline{n}}z^m\overline{z}^{\overline{n}}`$, and write the Killing spinor as

$`ϵ_+=\alpha |0+\zeta |\stackrel{~}{0},ϵ_{}=\beta _{\overline{m}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{m}}|0+\delta _m\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^m|\stackrel{~}{0},`$
$`\beta _{\overline{m}}:=2_{\overline{m}}(i\alpha U+\zeta \overline{W}),\delta _m:=2_m(i\zeta U\alpha W).`$ (4.18)
In the analysis of the kappa symmetry projection, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_+`$ is the same as the previous section, and the conditions obtained from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_+=ϵ_+`$ should hold also in this case. We see below the additional conditions derived from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}=ϵ_{}`$.

For a D0-brane, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}`$ becomes

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }=i\mathrm{\Gamma }_+K,\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}=i\beta _m\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^m|\stackrel{~}{0}i\delta _{\overline{m}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{m}}|0,`$ (4.19)
where we introduce

$`\beta _m:=(\beta _{\overline{m}})^{}=2_m(i\alpha ^{}U+\zeta ^{}W),\delta _{\overline{m}}:=(\delta _m)^{}=2_{\overline{m}}(i\zeta ^{}U\alpha ^{}\overline{W}).`$ (4.20)
As a result, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}=ϵ_{}`$ implies

$`i\zeta ^{}=\alpha .`$ (4.21)
There is no additional condition for a D0-brane.

In contrast, for a B-type D3-brane, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}=ϵ_{}`$ reads $`\beta _{\overline{k}}=0`$. From $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ_{}=ϵ_{}`$ we obtain $`\alpha =0`$. Consequently, the kappa symmetry projection implies $`_{\overline{k}}U=0`$, and there is no B-type D3-brane for non-zero $`\phi _{m\overline{n}}`$.

Let us turn to the B-type D5-brane. In this case, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ=ϵ`$ reads

$`\zeta ^{}=i\alpha ,_{w^a}z^k\beta _k=0,_{\overline{w}^a}\overline{z}^{\overline{k}}\delta _{\overline{k}}=0,(a=1,2).`$ (4.22)
Therefore, for the supersymmetric B-type D5-brane, $`U`$ must be a constant on the D5-brane worldvolume, in addition to the condition $`W`$ must be a constant.

As a same manner, we analyse B-type D7-branes and D9-branes. For a non-zero $`\phi _{m\overline{n}}`$, B-type D7-branes do not exist for the same reason as D3-branes. On the other hand, D9-branes also do not exist since $`U`$ cannot be constant on the D9-brane worldvolume for a non-zero $`\phi _{m\overline{n}}`$.

Finally, we examine the A-type D5-brane. We obtained from the kappa symmetry analysis the following conditions on superpotential $`W`$ and real harmonic function $`U`$ as

$`dW=d\overline{W},_mUdz^m+_{\overline{m}}Ud\overline{z}^{\overline{m}}=0,`$ (4.23)
where the differential forms are pulled back to the worldvolume. The second condition shows that $`U`$ must be constant on the D-brane worldvolume.

Now, let us turn to the worldsheet analysis of the Landau-Ginzburg models. The variation of the action (2.8) becomes (see eq.(B.13))

$`\delta S`$ $`={\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}d\tau \{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}[\eta _+_+\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\psi _{}^i\eta _{}_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\psi _+^i+\overline{\eta }_+_+z^i\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}+\overline{\eta }_{}_{}z^i\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\left[\eta _+_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}+\eta _{}_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\overline{\eta }_+_iW\psi _+^i+\overline{\eta }_{}_iW\psi _{}^i\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[\eta _+mV_i\psi _+^i\eta _{}\overline{m}V_i\psi _{}^i+\overline{\eta }_+\overline{m}V_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}+\overline{\eta }_{}mV_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}]\}.`$ (4.24)
First, we consider the B-type supersymmetry $`\eta _+=\eta _{}`$. In this case, eq.(4.24) becomes

$`\delta S`$ $`={\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}d\tau \{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}[\eta _+(_\tau \overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\{\psi _{}^i\psi _+^i\}+_\sigma \overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\{\psi _{}^i+\psi _+^i\})+\overline{\eta }_+(_\tau z^i\{\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}\}`$
$`+_\sigma z^i\{\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}+\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}\})]{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}[\eta _+_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}(\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}+\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}})\overline{\eta }_+_iW(\psi _+^i+\psi _{}^i)]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[\eta _+(mV_i\psi _+^i\overline{m}V_i\psi _{}^i)+\overline{\eta }_+(mV_{\overline{ı}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}\overline{m}V_{\overline{ı}}\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}})]\}.`$ (4.25)
If we assume $`m=\overline{m}`$, the result is the same as the Killing spinor analysis. In this case, for a Neumann direction $`I`$, we have to set $`\psi _+^I=\psi _{}^I`$, and also $`_IW=V_I=0`$. For a Dirichlet direction, $`\psi _+^I=\psi _{}^I`$ has to be satisfied, and there is no more condition on $`W`$ and $`V`$. As a result, for the B-type D-brane, $`W`$ and $`U`$ should be constant on the D-brane worldvolume.

Next, we consider the A-type boundary condition. If we set $`\eta _+=\overline{\eta }_{}`$, the variation (4.24) becomes

$`\delta S={\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}d\tau \{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\eta _1[_0\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}(\psi _{}^i+\psi _+^i)+_0z^i(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}+\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}})_1\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}(\psi _{}^i\psi _+^i)+_1z^i(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}})]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}i\eta _2\left[_0\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}(\psi _{}^i\psi _+^i)_0z^i(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}})_1\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}(\psi _{}^i+\psi _+^i)_1z^i(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}+\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}})\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\eta _1\left[_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}})+_iW(\psi _{}^i\psi _+^i)\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\eta _2\left[_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}+\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}})+_iW(\psi _{}^i+\psi _+^i)\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _1m[V_i(\psi _{}^i\psi _+^i)+V_{\overline{ı}}(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}})]+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\eta _2m[V_i(\psi _{}^i+\psi _+^i)V_{\overline{ı}}(\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}+\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}})]\},`$ (4.26)
where we use $`\eta _+=\eta _1+i\eta _2,(\eta _1,\eta _2:`$ real) and assume $`m=\overline{m}`$. If we take it into account that both $`i_0z^i`$ and $`_1z^i`$ are the holomorphic components of normal vectors of the D-brane worldvolume, we can read from the first and second line, that both $`u^i=\eta (\psi _{}^i\psi _+^i)`$ and $`v^i=i\eta (\psi _{}^i+\psi _+^i)`$ are the holomorphic components of tangent vectors of the worldvolume for a real fermionic parameter $`\eta `$. Therefore, we obtain the conditions that $`\delta S`$ vanishes as

$`v^I_I(W\overline{W})=u^I_I(W\overline{W})=0,`$
$`v^I_IU=u^I_IU=0,`$ (4.27)
where we use $`V_j=i_jU`$. This condition implies that both $`ImW`$ and $`U`$ must be constant on the D-brane worldvolume. This is the same result as the one obtained from the Killing spinor analysis666The discrepancy of “special Lagrangian or Lagrangian” is still present..

Let us here comment on the phase of $`m`$. The phase of $`m`$ does not appear in the supergravity solution (2.4)777The absolute value and the sign of $`m`$ can be absorbed into the hermitian matrix $`\phi _{i\overline{ȷ}}`$.. Assuming that $`m=\overline{m}`$, the constraints on both A-type and B-type branes from worldsheet analysis are consistent with the ones from spacetime analysis. For this reason, we claim that $`m`$ is a pure imaginary number in the worldsheet theory on the supergravity background (2.4).

### 4.3 $`(1,1)`$ supersymmetric background

In this section, we consider the D-branes in $`(1,1)`$ supersymmetric background. We first consider the D-branes from the point of view of the worldsheet Landau-Ginzburg theory. Then we compare it to the Killing spinor analysis.

The superfield formalism of the $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ Landau-Ginzburg theory is summarised in appendix B.2. The variation of the action (2.11) on the worldsheet with boundary by the supersymmetry transformation can be calculated by using Eq.(B.20) as (omitting the irrelevant factor $`1/(2\pi \alpha ^{})`$)

$`\delta S={\displaystyle d^2\sigma \delta L}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}𝑑\tau `$ $`[\eta _+(g_{IJ}\psi _{}^I_+x^J+\psi _+^I_IU(x))`$
$`+\eta _{}(g_{IJ}\psi _+^I_{}x^J+\psi _{}^I_IU(x))].`$ (4.28)
In order to preserve the $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetry, say $`\eta _+=\eta _{}`$, we have to assign the boundary condition to the fields. By assigning $`\eta _+=\eta _{}`$, we find

$`\delta S={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Sigma }}𝑑\tau \eta _+`$ $`[g_{IJ}(\psi _{}^I\psi _+^I)_0x^J`$
$`+g_{IJ}(\psi _{}^I+\psi _+^I)_1x^J+(\psi _{}^I+\psi _+^I)_IU(x)].`$ (4.29)
Therefore the boundary conditions are $`\psi ^I=\overline{\psi }^I`$ for the tangent direction of the brane and $`\psi ^I=\overline{\psi }^I`$ for the normal direction. Furthermore, $`U`$ must be constant along the tangent direction $`_IU=0`$.

Next we compare this result with the one from Killing spinor analysis. Here we should note that the Killing spinors of $`(1,1)`$ case (2.7) are given by replacing the ones of $`(2,2)`$ case (2.5) of $`\phi _{j\overline{k}}=0`$ with $`\alpha \zeta `$, $`i_jW_jU`$ and $`i_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{W}_{\overline{ȷ}}U`$. For the D-branes wrapped on complex submanifolds, we can construct supersymmetric D-branes when $`p=1,5,9`$ since the condition $`\alpha =\zeta `$ is compatible only in these cases. By using (3.18), we obtain $`\zeta =aia,a+ia,aia`$ with real $`a`$ for $`p=1,5,9`$, respectively and

$$_IU=0,I:\text{tangent}.$$
(4.30)
This condition is the same as the one obtained from the string worldsheet analysis. The D-branes wrapped on special Lagrangian submanifolds are also examined and they are supersymmetric if $`\zeta =a+ia`$ for a real parameter $`a`$ and superpotential $`U`$ satisfy (4.30). Therefore we conclude that the Killing spinor analysis reproduces the result from the string worldsheet analysis.

## 5 Conclusion and discussions

In this paper, we have investigated the D-branes in the supersymmetric pp-wave backgrounds constructed in . The corresponding open string worldsheet theories in the lightcone gauge are supposed to be the Landau-Ginzburg theories on the two dimensional worldsheet with boundary. In the D-brane worldvolume analysis, the supersymmetry can be examined by using the kappa symmetry projection. The results are compared to the D-branes in the Landau-Ginzburg models.

For the $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ supersymmetric case without holomorphic Killing vector terms and gauge field excitations, we obtain the two types of supersymmetric D-branes. One is called as A-type D-brane, which is wrapped on a special Lagrangian submanifold and the other is called as B-type D-brane, which is wrapped on a complex submanifold. Moreover, there are conditions on the superpotential in both cases. We have shown that these results can be reproduced by the analysis of Landau-Ginzburg models . As for an A-type D-brane, we obtain the BPS D-branes with the non-constant imaginary part of the superpotential by including non-trivial gauge fields. The D-branes on the backgrounds with holomorphic Killing vector terms and the $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ backgrounds are also studied.

The correspondence between the spacetime Killing spinor analysis and the Landau-Ginzburg model analysis seems work quite well, nevertheless, there is a disagreement. In the D-brane worldvolume analysis, the A-type D-branes should be wrapped on a special  Lagrangian submanifold, however in the string worldsheet analysis, the A-type D-branes should be wrapped on a Lagrangian submanifold. This discrepancy may originate from the fact that the Killing spinor analysis use the spacetime spinors, however, the Landau-Ginzburg models have the worldsheet spinors. In the $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ superconformal field theory, there is a spectral flow symmetry and it is believed that it relates the spacetime supersymmetry to the worldsheet one. In the superconformal case like , we have to assign the boundary condition also for the spectral flow operator in order to reproduce the spacetime analysis. In our lightcone analysis, there must be much closer relation between the spacetime and worldsheet supersymmetry, thus we cannot use the same analysis. However, it is natural to expect that we resolve this problem if we assign an alternative condition corresponding to the requirement of the superconformal symmetry, which we have not known yet. It is important to investigate this aspect more closely888 In the $`U(4)`$ formalism  of the covariant gauge, the D-branes correspond to the boundary conditions which preserve superconformal symmetry. This construction of the D-branes may resolve this problem. We would like to thank Nathan Berkovits for the useful comment..

Although we have used the flat transverse space throughout this paper, we can also treat the curved (Calabi-Yau) transverse space in the same manner. We can take the local frame of the Calabi-Yau space as follows:

$`ds_8^2=2g_{i\overline{ȷ}}e^ie^{\overline{ȷ}},\omega =ig_{i\overline{ȷ}}e^ie^{\overline{ȷ}}(\text{Kähler form}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }=4e^1e^2e^3e^4(\text{Holomorphic 4-form}),`$
$`ϵ=dϵ+𝝎^{i\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ȷ}}ϵ(\text{Covariant derivative}),𝝎^i{}_{i}{}^{}=0,`$ (5.1)
where $`g_{i\overline{ȷ}}`$ is the flat Kähler metric defined as $`(g_{i\overline{ȷ}})=\mathrm{diag}(1,1,1,1)`$, $`e^i,e^{\overline{ȷ}}`$ are the vielbeins and $`𝝎^{i\overline{ȷ}}`$ is the spin connection. In this frame, two covariantly constant spinors in this Calabi-Yau 4-fold can be expressed as $`|0`$ and $`|\stackrel{~}{0}`$ which satisfy $`d|0=d|\stackrel{~}{0}=0`$ and the features in Appendix A. We can consider the pp-wave background with this Calabi-Yau 4-fold  in this frame. The Killing spinor can be written just the same form as eq.(2.5). All the analyses of section 3 and 4 can be repeated just the same way by replacing $`dz^ie^i,d\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}e^{\overline{ı}}`$. Therefore, the same result is obtained also in the case of curved transverse space.

In order to use the transverse space as $`\mathrm{𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑛}(7)`$ or $`G_2`$ manifold, we have to use the real coordinates instead of the complex coordinates. In this case, we may find the supersymmetric D-brane wrapped on a Cayley cycle as in  and hence it is worthwhile to study it.

It is also important to extend to the more general setups. The pp-wave with constant 3-forms corresponds to the Penrose limit of $`AdS_3\times S^3\times T^4(\text{or }K3)`$  and it was shown that, in the case with non-constant 3 forms, there is no supersymmetry linearly realized on the worldsheet of the lightcone gauge . It is interesting to consider the D-branes in this background because the condition of consistent D-branes is supposed to be different from ours.

In the Landau-Ginzburg description, we can apply the mirror symmetry to the D-branes . It is important to see how the mirror symmetry act on the D-brane configurations of the string theories in the covariant gauge.

### Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Tohru Eguchi, Isao Kishimoto, Takeo Inami, Kazuhiro Sakai, Yuji Sugawara and Hiromitsu Takayanagi for useful discussions and comments. S. Y. is supported in part by Soryushi Shogakukai.

## Appendix A Gamma matrices and useful formulae

We use the convention of Gamma matrices as

$$\{\mathrm{\Gamma }^+,\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\}=2,\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_+,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\}=2,\{\mathrm{\Gamma }^i,\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{ı}}\}=2g^{i\overline{ı}},\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}\}=2g_{i\overline{ı}}.$$
(A.1)
We also define

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_+:=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+),\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}}:=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i),$$
(A.2)
and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{m_1\mathrm{}m_n}`$ in the similar way. Using this notation, we can show

$`(\mathrm{\Gamma }_+)^2=1,\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_+,\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_+=\mathrm{\Gamma }_+\mathrm{\Gamma }_+,`$
$`[\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}},\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{k}}]=2\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\delta _{\overline{ı}}^{\overline{k}},[\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}},\mathrm{\Gamma }^k]=2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{ı}}\delta _i^k.`$
$`A^i\overline{A}^{\overline{ı}}A^j\overline{A}^{\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{j\overline{ȷ}}=|A|^4,|A|^2:=A^i\overline{A}^{\overline{ı}}g_{i\overline{ı}},`$ (A.3)
where $`A^i`$ are arbitrary vectors. In order to express the spinors it is convenient to use the fock space formalism. The vacua are given by

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_+|0=\mathrm{\Gamma }^m|0=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\overline{m}}|0=0,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_+|\stackrel{~}{0}=\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{m}}|\stackrel{~}{0}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_m|\stackrel{~}{0}=0,|\stackrel{~}{0}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{1}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{3}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{\overline{4}}|0,`$ (A.4)
and satisfy

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}}|0=g_{i\overline{ı}}|0,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\overline{ı}}|\stackrel{~}{0}=+g_{i\overline{ı}}|\stackrel{~}{0},\mathrm{\Gamma }_+|0=|0,\mathrm{\Gamma }_+|\stackrel{~}{0}=|\stackrel{~}{0}.$$
(A.5)
## Appendix B Supersymmetric Landau-Ginzburg models

### B.1 $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ case

Let $`(\sigma ^0=\tau ,\sigma ^1=\sigma )`$ be the coordinates of the two dimensional Minkowski space. It is convenient to use

$`\sigma ^\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\tau \pm \sigma ),_\pm :={\displaystyle \frac{}{\sigma ^\pm }}=_\tau \pm _\sigma .`$ (B.1)
We introduce the fermionic coordinates $`(\theta ^\pm ,\overline{\theta }^\pm )`$, and define the supertranslation generator and supercovariant derivative as

$`Q_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta ^\pm }}+i\overline{\theta }^\pm _\pm ,\overline{Q}_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }^\pm }}i\theta ^\pm _\pm ,`$
$`D_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta ^\pm }}i\overline{\theta }^\pm _\pm ,\overline{D}_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }^\pm }}+i\theta ^\pm _\pm .`$ (B.2)
Anti-commutators between these differential operators become

$$\{Q_\pm ,\overline{Q}_\pm \}=2i_\pm ,\{D_\pm ,\overline{D}_\pm \}=2i_\pm ,(\text{others})=0.$$
(B.3)
We use chiral superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }^i`$ and its complex conjugate $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\overline{ı}}`$ satisfying

$`\overline{D}_\pm \mathrm{\Phi }^i=0,D_\pm \overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\overline{ı}}=0.`$ (B.4)
These chiral superfields are expanded by fermionic coordinates as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }^i`$ $`=z^i+\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\psi _+^i+\sqrt{2}\theta ^{}\psi _{}^i+2\theta ^+\theta ^{}F^ii\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+_+z^ii\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}_{}z^i`$
$`i\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}_{}\psi _+^ii\sqrt{2}\theta ^{}\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+_+\psi _{}^i\theta ^+\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\theta }^+_+_{}z^i,`$
$`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\overline{ı}}`$ $`=\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}\sqrt{2}\overline{\theta }^+\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}\sqrt{2}\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}+2\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\theta }^+\overline{F}^{\overline{ı}}+i\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+_+\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}+i\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}`$
$`i\sqrt{2}\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\theta }^+_{}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}i\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+\overline{\theta }^{}_+\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\theta ^+\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\theta }^+_+_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}.`$ (B.5)
The action we consider is the $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ Landau-Ginzburg models (2.8). Integrating fermionic coordinates, the Kähler potential term becomes999 We concentrate on only the flat target space.

$`L_K`$ $`={\displaystyle d^4\theta g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Phi }^i\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\overline{ȷ}}}:={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\theta ^+𝑑\theta ^{}𝑑\overline{\theta }^{}𝑑\overline{\theta }^+g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\mathrm{\Phi }^i\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\overline{ȷ}}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}(_+z^i_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}+_+\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}_{}z^i+i\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}\stackrel{}{}_{}\psi _+^i+i\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}\stackrel{}{}_+\psi _{}^i)+g_{i\overline{ȷ}}F^i\overline{F}^{\overline{ȷ}}.`$ (B.6)
The superpotential term can be calculated as

$`L_W`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle }d^2\theta W(\mathrm{\Phi })+(c.c.)):={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle }d\theta ^{}d\theta ^+W(\mathrm{\Phi })|_{\overline{\theta }^\pm =0}+(c.c.)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_iW(z)F^i+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}(\overline{z})\overline{F}^{\overline{ı}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_i_jW(z)\psi _+^i\psi _{}^j{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_{\overline{ı}}_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{W}(\overline{z})\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}.`$ (B.7)
The holomorphic Killing vector term is given by

$`L_V=|m|^2g_{i\overline{ȷ}}V^iV^{\overline{ȷ}}{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(g_{i\overline{ı}}_jV^ig_{j\overline{ȷ}}_{\overline{ı}}V^{\overline{ȷ}})(m\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\psi _+^j+\overline{m}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}\psi _{}^j),`$ (B.8)
where the holomorphic Killing vector $`V^i`$ satisfies

$`V_i=i\phi _{i\overline{ȷ}}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}},V_{\overline{ı}}=i\phi _{\overline{ı}j}^{}z^j,V^i_iW=0,`$
$`_iV^{\overline{ȷ}}=0,_{\overline{ȷ}}V^i=0,_iV_{\overline{ȷ}}=_{\overline{ȷ}}V_i=(\text{constant}).`$ (B.9)
By using the equation of motion, we can set $`F^i`$ as

$$F^i=\frac{1}{2}g^{i\overline{ı}}_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}(\overline{z}),$$
(B.10)
and we obtain the total Lagrangian

$`L=L_K+L_W+L_V`$ (B.11)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}(_+z^i_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}+_+\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}_{}z^i+i\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}\stackrel{}{}_{}\psi _+^i+i\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}}\stackrel{}{}_+\psi _{}^i)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_i_jW(z)\psi _+^i\psi _{}^j{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_{\overline{ı}}_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{W}(\overline{z})\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}g^{i\overline{ȷ}}_iW(z)_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{W}(\overline{z})`$
$`|m|^2g_{i\overline{ȷ}}V^iV^{\overline{ȷ}}{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(g_{i\overline{ı}}_jV^ig_{j\overline{ȷ}}_{\overline{ı}}V^{\overline{ȷ}})(m\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}\psi _+^j+\overline{m}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}\psi _{}^j).`$
The supersymmetry transformation on this action can be described by using the two complex fermionic parameter $`\eta _+,\eta _{}`$ as

$`\delta z^i=\eta _+\psi _{}^i\eta _{}\psi _+^i,`$ $`\delta \overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}=\overline{\eta }_+\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}+\overline{\eta }_{}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}},`$
$`\delta \psi _+^i=i\overline{\eta }_{}_+z^i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _+g^{i\overline{ȷ}}_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{W}i\overline{\eta }_+\overline{m}V^i,`$ $`\delta \overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}}=i\eta _{}_+\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{\eta }_+g^{\overline{ı}j}_jW+i\eta _+mV^{\overline{ı}},`$
$`\delta \psi _{}^i=i\overline{\eta }_+_{}z^i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _{}g^{i\overline{ȷ}}_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{W}+i\overline{\eta }_{}mV^i,`$ $`\delta \overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}}=i\eta _+_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ı}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{\eta }_{}g^{\overline{ı}j}_jWi\eta _{}\overline{m}V^{\overline{ı}}.`$ (B.12)
The variation of the Lagrangian becomes

$`\delta L`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{i\overline{ȷ}}\left[\eta _+_{}(_+\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\psi _{}^i)\eta _{}_+(_{}\overline{z}^{\overline{ȷ}}\psi _+^i)\overline{\eta }_+_{}(_+z^i\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}})+\overline{\eta }_{}_+(_{}z^i\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}})\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\left[\eta _+_{}(_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ı}})+\eta _{}_+(_{\overline{ı}}\overline{W}\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ı}})+\overline{\eta }_+_{}(_iW\psi _+^i)+\overline{\eta }_{}_+(_iW\psi _{}^i)\right]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[\eta _+m_{}(V_i\psi _+^i)\eta _{}\overline{m}_+(V_i\psi _{}^i)\overline{\eta }_+\overline{m}_{}(V_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_+^{\overline{ȷ}})+\overline{\eta }_{}m_+(V_{\overline{ȷ}}\overline{\psi }_{}^{\overline{ȷ}})\right].`$ (B.13)
This is a total derivative form and hence there is $`𝒩=(2,2)`$ supersymmetry if there is no boundary.

### B.2 $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ case

Let us introduce the two pure imaginary fermionic coordinates $`(\theta ^+,\theta ^{})`$, then the supertranslation generator and supercovariant derivative can be defined as

$$Q_\pm =\frac{}{\theta ^\pm }i\theta ^\pm _\pm ,D_\pm =\frac{}{\theta ^\pm }+i\theta ^\pm _\pm .$$
(B.14)
A real superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }^I`$ can be expanded as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }^I=x^I+\theta ^+\psi _+^I+\theta ^{}\psi _{}^I+\theta ^+\theta ^{}F^I.`$ (B.15)
The Lagrangian of $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ Landau-Ginzburg models can be written as (2.11)

$`L`$ $`={\displaystyle d^2\theta \left[\frac{1}{2}g_{IJ}D_+\mathrm{\Phi }^ID_{}\mathrm{\Phi }^J+iU(\mathrm{\Phi })\right]}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{IJ}\left[_+x^I_{}x^J+i\psi _+^I_{}\psi _+^J+i\psi _{}^I_+\psi _{}^JF^IF^J\right]`$
$`i_IU(x)F^I+i_I_JU(x)\psi _+^I\psi _{}^J.`$ (B.16)
Eliminating $`F^I`$ by

$$F^I=i^IU(x),$$
(B.17)
we obtain

$`L`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{IJ}\left[_+x^I_{}x^J+i\psi _+^I_{}\psi _+^J+i\psi _{}^I_+\psi _{}^J\right]`$
$`+i_I_JU(x)\psi _+^I\psi _{}^J{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_IU(x)^IU(x).`$ (B.18)
The supersymmetry transformation is expressed with two real parameters $`\eta _\pm `$ as

$`\delta x^I=\eta _+\psi _{}^I+\eta _{}\psi _+^I,`$
$`\delta \psi _+^I=i\eta _{}_+x^Ii\eta _+^IU(x),`$
$`\delta \psi _{}^I=i\eta _+_{}x^I+i\eta _{}^IU(x).`$ (B.19)
The variation of Lagrangian can be written as

$`\delta L={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _+_{}\left(g_{IJ}\psi _{}^I_+x^J+\psi _+^I_IU(x)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _{}_+\left(g_{IJ}\psi _+^I_{}x^J\psi _{}^I_IU(x)\right).`$ (B.20)
This is the total derivative form and hence there is $`𝒩=(1,1)`$ supersymmetry if there is no boundary on worldsheet.