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# Contents

## 1 Background and Motivation

### 1.1 A brief history of rotating strings and membranes

A recent advance in our understanding of the AdS/CFT duality was the proposal  that gauge theory operators with large spin were dual to semiclassical rotating strings in the AdS background. This original work was inspired by comments  concerning ‘long’ gauge theory operators with high bare dimension and by the success in matching the anomalous dimensions of large R-charge operators with the spectrum of string theory on the Penrose limit of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$  . String configurations naturally have energies in the $`1/\alpha ^{}\lambda ^{1/2}`$ scale, where $`\lambda `$ is the ’t Hooft coupling, and are therefore dual to operators with large dimensions. Rotating strings  were shown to reproduce the known results for large R-charge operators , as well as giving results for a new class of ‘long’ twist two operators.

The principle factor that made the identification of these new operators possible, was the fact that a rotating string configuration in AdS space was obtained  that had $`ESf(\lambda )\mathrm{ln}S`$, where $`E`$ and $`S`$ are the energy and spin of the configuration. These must then be dual to gauge theory operators with an anomalous dimension that depends logarithmically on the spin. Such operators were known from the operator approach to Deep Inelastic Scattering (D.I.S.) in QCD, where they appear in the OPE of electromagnetic currents. The twist two operators typically have the form

$$𝒪_S(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)_{\mu _1}\mathrm{}_{\mu _S}\mathrm{\Phi }(0).$$
(1)
Where $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is a field in the theory such as a field strength or quarks. The anomalous dimension of these twist two operators is responsible for violations of Bjorken scaling in D.I.S. at finite coupling . It is perhaps surprising that the logarithmic dependence of anomalous dimension on spin survives from the perturbative to the strong coupling regime in the ’t Hooft coupling, and that no corrections of $`\mathrm{ln}^kS`$, or other corrections, appear. Some corrections were shown to vanish in an important one loop string calculation . These results  further clarified the connection with the large R-charge operators.

The work described so far  has subsequently been developed on both the gauge theory and string theory side in several works . Let us summarise briefly these works.

In , solutions interpolating smoothly between the various configurations considered in  were found and a natural proposal for some of the dual operators was given. In , non-stationary, pulsating, configurations were considered and, using a WKB approximation, the corrected energies were found in the limit of large quantum numbers. These configurations were associated with generalisations of operators with impurities studied in . In , orbifolded geometries were considered using a collective coordinates approach, and some connections between gauge theories and integrable systems were pointed out. The paper  considers strings orbiting around $`AdS_5`$ black holes. Their proposal is to understand the finite temperature dual system as a glueball melting into the gluon plasma, due to a transfer of angular momentum from the ‘planetoid’ solution , to the black hole.

In , an interesting extension was proposed. Firstly, they analyse the behaviour expected when one considers string configurations in ‘confining geometries’, considering only the general features of this type of geometry. They propose that the functional form has to change, when varying the size of the string soliton, from Regge-like ($`ES^{1/2}`$) to D.I.S-like ($`ES\mathrm{ln}S`$). A key observation of theirs is that in this case, unlike the case of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$, the Regge-like behaviour will not be simply an effect of the finite volume in which the gauge theory dual is defined. Further, they study string solitons in Witten’s model for QCD  and find, for a model constructed with near extremal Dp-branes, a very curious relation of the form $`ES1S^{(p5)/(9p)}`$. One result of our work will be to exhibit a Regge to logarithmic transition without any finite size effects.

In , the study of strings in Witten’s model was extended by considering pulsating, non-stationary, configurations similar to those of . Further,  study pulsating membrane configurations in $`AdS_7`$ . In , rotating membranes were studied in $`AdS_7`$ spaces, but no logarithmic behaviour for the anomalous dimensions was found. Instead, power-like behaviours were displayed. In a very nice paper dealing with higher spin gauge theories , the authors also discuss membrane configurations and found similar results. Another result of the present paper is to obtain a logarithmic anomalous dimension for membranes in $`AdS_4`$ (or $`AdS_7`$).

More recently, the results of  were reproduced using Wilson loops with a cusp anomaly . For the relation of Wilson loops and large R-charge operators, see for example . Also, the paper  has recently studied the anomalous dimensions on the field theory side.

In this paper, we would like to build on this success by applying the methods of  to gauge-gravity dualities that are much less understood than the canonical $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ string theory with $`𝒩=4`$ super Yang-Mills (SYM)  and the immediate derivatives thereof. One would like to understand dual descriptions to $`𝒩=1`$ gauge theories in four dimensions, which have more in common with observed particle physics. M-theory on a non-compact $`G_2`$ holonomy manifold is one way of realising such a gravity dual, as we shall now summarise.

### 1.2 Background to the $`G_2`$ holonomy duality

Progress in this direction originated from the duality between Chern-Simons gauge theory on $`S^3`$ at large $`N`$ and topological string theory on a blown up Calabai-Yau conifold . This duality was embedded in string theory as a duality between the IIA string theory of $`N`$ D6-branes wrapping the blown up $`S^3`$ of the deformed conifold and IIA string theory on the small resolution of the conifold with $`N`$ units of two form Ramond-Ramond flux through the blown up $`S^2`$ and no branes . The D6-brane side of the duality involves an $`𝒩=1`$ gauge theory in four dimensions that is living on the non-compact directions of the branes, at energies that do not probe the wrapped $`S^3`$.

Before lifting this duality to M-theory, let us make a few further statements regarding the relation of the D6 branes to the field theory. In order for the wrapped branes to preserve some supersymmetry, one has to embed the spin connection of the wrapped cycle into the gauge connection, which is known as twisting the theory. On the wrapped part of the brane, the gauge theory is topological . Whilst the twisting allows the configuration to preserve supersymmetry, some of the supercharges will not have massless modes. Therefore the theory living on the flat part of the brane will preserve a lower fraction of supersymmetry than the unwrapped flat brane configuration.

When we have flat D6 branes, the symmetry group of the configuration is $`SO(1,6)\times SO(3)_R`$. The spinors transform in the (8,2) of the isometry group and the scalars in the (1,3), whilst the gauge particles are in the (6,1) . Wrapping the D6 brane on the three-sphere breaks the group to $`SO(1,3)\times SO(3)\times SO(3)_R`$. The technical meaning of twisting is that the two $`SO(3)`$s get mixed to allow the existence of four dimensional spinors that transform as scalars under the new twisted $`SO(3)`$. One can then see that the remaining particles in the spectrum that transform as scalars under the twisted $`SO(3)`$ are the gauge field and four of the initial sixteen spinors. Thus the field content is that of $`𝒩=1`$ SYM. Apart from these fields, there will be massive modes, whose mass scale is set by the size of the curved cycle. When we probe the system with low enough energies, we find only the spectrum of $`𝒩=1`$ SYM. In the following when we consider ‘high energies’, we will be understanding that the energies are not high enough to probe the massive modes of the theory.

The situation is not quite as straightforward as outlined above. This is because for D6 branes in flat space, the ‘decoupling’ limit does not completely decouple the gauge theory modes from bulk modes . In our case, we expect a good gauge theory description only when the size of the wrapped three-cycle is large, which implies that we have to probe the system with very low energies to get 3+1 dimensional SYM . In this case, the size of the two cycle in the flopped geometry is very near to zero, so a good gravity description is not expected. In short, we must keep in mind that the field theory we will be dealing with has more degrees of freedom than pure $`𝒩=1`$ SYM.

It was discovered that the duality described above is naturally understood by considering M-theory on a $`G_2`$ holonomy metric . In eleven dimensions, $`G_2`$ holonomy implements $`𝒩=1`$ as pure gravity. One starts with a singular $`G_2`$ manifold that on dimensional reduction to IIA string theory corresponds to $`N`$ D6 branes wrapping the $`S^3`$ of the deformed conifold. There is an $`SU(N)`$ gauge theory at the singular locus/D6 brane. This configuration describes the UV of the gauge theory. As the coupling runs to the IR, a blown up $`S^3`$ in the $`G_2`$ manifold shrinks and another grows. This flop is smooth in M-theory physics. The metrics will be discussed in more detail in the following sections. In the IR regime, the $`G_2`$ manifold is non-singular and dimensional reduction to IIA gives precisely the aforementioned small resolution of the conifold with no branes and RR flux. Confinement emerges nicely in this picture, because the gauge degrees of freedom have disappeared in the IR along with the branes. The smooth M-theory physics of this process was systematised in  where it was shown that the transitions are in fact between three possible geometries, corresponding to the deformed conifold and two small resolutions of the conifold. This should be understood as a quantum mechanically broken triality symmetry. See also . The M-theory lift of the IIA duality of  was arrived at independently in  from the perspective of studying the M-theory geometry describing four dimensional gauge theory localised at ADE singularities .

The moral of these discoveries would seem to be that special holonomy in eleven dimensions is a natural way to formulate the dual geometry of gauge theories living on wrapped D-branes. This approach was further pursued in, for example, . The $`G_2`$ metrics describe the near horizons of branes as opposed to the full brane supergravity solution because they are not asymptotically flat. We cannot generically take a further near horizon limit of the metric, $`r0`$ typically, because this would spoil the special holonomy and therefore the matching of supersymmeties. Working within this paradigm, we shall consider rotating membranes on eleven dimensional backgrounds $`^{1,3}\times X_7`$, where $`X_7`$ is a cohomogeneity-one non-compact $`G_2`$ manifold.

### 1.3 Motivation and contents of this work

To get going, we will first study rotating membrane configurations on $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ and then go on to study rotating membranes on $`G_2`$ holonomy manifolds. The first step is something of a warm-up to show that one obtains sensible results by considering rotating membranes in a configuration that is fairly well studied. It is however, severely limited by the fact that comparatively little is known about the dual theory. The second step, on the other hand, is particularly interesting as the duality takes us to pure $`𝒩=1`$ SYM theories. This is a theory that is understood and not so different from the gauge theories of nature. However, what is very poorly understood indeed is the precise nature of the duality with M-theory on $`G_2`$ holonomy spacetimes. The anomalous dimensions of operators with large quantum numbers exhibit very characteristic behaviours that seem be captured by fairly simple string/M-theory configurations. It thus provides a window into the duality.

Some rotating membrane configurations on $`AdS_7\times S^4`$ were discussed in . We will show how a simple modification of their configurations will give logarithms in the energy-spin relation. This modification will later provide the inspiration for finding logarithms in the $`G_2`$ holonomy cases. Another previous use of membrane configurations in $`AdS_7\times S^4`$ was in providing dual descriptions of Wilson loops in . Also, the presently known matchings of $`N=1`$ SYM with $`G_2`$ holonomy M-theory come from considering membrane instantons as gauge theory instantons that generate the superpotential , membranes wrapped on one-cycles in the IR geometry that are super QCD strings in the gauge theory , and fivebranes wrapped on three-cycles that give domain walls in the gauge theory . These matchings are essentially topological and do not use the explicit form of the $`G_2`$ metrics. In this sense our results, which do use the explicit form of various metrics, are of a different nature from previous studies of the duality.

In section 2 we recall the basic formulae for supermembranes and fix notation. In section 3 we study rotating membranes on AdS spaces that are dual to gauge theories in three and four dimensions with varying amounts of supersymmetry. In particular we obtain various configurations with logarithmic anomalous dimensions. In section 4 we recall the existence of Asymptotically Localy Conical (ALC) $`G_2`$ and their role in the $`𝒩=1`$ duality. We go on to study membranes rotating in these backgrounds. Again we obtain logarithmic anomalous dimensions, as well as a variety of other behaviours. In obtaining the logarithms we consider energy and charge densities of a non-compact brane. Section 6 contains a summary and discussion, a few comments regarding the dual operators to the membrane configurations, and open questions. The first appendix is independent from the rest of this work and sets up a formalism for studying strings moving on warped backgrounds. The second appendix explicitly checks the lack of supersymmetry of the $`G_2`$ holonomy configurations.

## 2 Membrane formulae

In this section, we briefly summarise the action, equations of motion and gauge fixing constraints for membranes. The bosonic sector of the supermembrane action  is

$$𝐈_B=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^2l_{11}^3}d^3\sigma \left(\frac{(\gamma )^{1/2}}{2}\left[\gamma ^{ij}\frac{X^\mu }{\sigma ^i}\frac{X^\nu }{\sigma ^j}G_{\mu \nu }(X)1\right]+ϵ^{ijk}\frac{X^\mu }{\sigma ^i}\frac{X^\nu }{\sigma ^j}\frac{X^\rho }{\sigma ^k}C_{\mu \nu \rho }(X)\right),$$
(2)
where $`i,j,k=0\mathrm{}2`$ and $`\mu ,\nu ,\rho =0\mathrm{}10`$. The worldsheet metric is $`\gamma _{ij}`$, the embedding fields are $`X^\mu `$ and the eleven dimensional background is described by the spacetime metric $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ and three-form field $`C_{\mu \nu \rho }`$. The corresponding field strength is $`H=dC`$.

The equations of motion are

$`\gamma _{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`_iX^\mu _jX^\nu G_{\mu \nu }(X),`$
$`_i\left((\gamma )^{1/2}\gamma ^{ij}_jX^\rho \right)`$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma )^{1/2}\gamma ^{ij}_iX^\mu _jX^\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu \nu }^\rho (X)`$ (3)
$`ϵ^{ijk}_iX^\mu _jX^\nu _kX^\sigma H_{\mu \nu \sigma }^\rho (X).`$
The action (2) is equivalent on shell to the Dirac-Nambu-Goto action. The three diffeomorphism symmetries of the action may be gauge fixed by imposing the following constraints

$`\gamma _{0\alpha }=_0X^\mu _\alpha X^\nu G_{\mu \nu }(X)=0,`$
$`\gamma _{00}+L^2det\left[\gamma _{\alpha \beta }\right]=_0X^\mu _0X^\nu G_{\mu \nu }(X)+L^2det\left[_\alpha X^\mu _\beta X^\nu G_{\mu \nu }(X)\right]=0,`$ (4)
where $`\alpha ,\beta =1\mathrm{}2`$ are the spatial worldsheet indices and $`L^2`$ is an arbitrary constant to be fixed later. Using the equation of motion for $`\gamma _{ij}`$ (2) and the gauge fixing conditions (2), one obtains the action

$`𝐈_B={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(2\pi )^2Ll_{11}^3}}{\displaystyle }d^3\sigma (_0X^\mu _0X^\nu G_{\mu \nu }(X)L^2det\left[_\alpha X^\mu _\beta X^\nu G_{\mu \nu }(X)\right]`$
$`+2Lϵ^{ijk}_iX^\mu _jX^\nu _kX^\rho C_{\mu \nu \rho }(X)).`$ (5)
Note that for backgrounds where the $`C`$ field does not couple to the membrane, the second constraint in (2) is just the constancy of the Hamiltonian of the action (2).

For the simple configurations we consider below, that have additional conserved charges, the equations of motion will almost follow from imposing the constant Hamiltonian constraint. However, in making ansätze for solutions one needs to be quite careful about consistency. Warped terms are particularly dangerous. The equations of motion for the gauge fixed action (2) contain terms like $`_0X^\mu _0X^\nu _\rho G_{\mu \nu }(X)`$, and these generally have to vanish in order for the equations of motion to be solved. This must be checked for each anstaz adopted.

## 3 Membranes rotating in AdS geometries

This section considers membranes rotating in various AdS backgrounds. These configurations are very straightforward generalisations of previous work and we consider this section to be a warm-up for the $`G_2`$ cases to be considered below. We modify previous configurations slightly to obtain logarithmic terms in energy-spin relations. We call these new configurations Type I and the previously studied, non-logarithmic, membrane configurations Type II. We emphasise that this distinction, and the existence of logarithms, is independent of the precise AdS geometry, so long as the internal manifold has a $`U(1)`$ isometry.

### 3.1 Membranes rotating in $`AdS_4\times M_7`$

We start by studying membranes moving in $`AdS_4\times M_7`$. We will take first the maximally supersymmetric case with $`M_7=S^7`$ and then move on to more interesting geometries preserving $`𝒩=1,2,3`$ supersymmetries in the dual 2+1 dimensional theory. The dual field theories will be conformal and are, in some aspects, very well known. We will study two different types of configurations. The first type of configurations, type I, are similar to the original string configurations , and will give logarithmic anomalous dimensions. Type II configurations are essentially the membrane configurations that have already been studied  .

The metric and three-form potential are

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{11}^2=\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho (d\alpha ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha d\beta ^2)+B^2ds_7^2,$$
(6)
$$H=k\mathrm{cosh}\rho \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \mathrm{sin}\alpha dtd\rho d\alpha d\beta ,C=\frac{k\mathrm{sin}\alpha }{3}\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho dtd\alpha d\beta .$$
(7)
Here $`B`$ is the relative radius of $`AdS_4`$ with respect to the seven-manifold, whilst $`k`$ is a number that can be easily determined from the equations of motion.

Let us first study the case in which $`M_7=S^7`$. In this case we find it convenient to write the metric as

$$ds_7^2=4d\xi ^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\xi (d\theta ^2+d\varphi ^2+d\psi ^2+2\mathrm{cos}\theta d\varphi d\psi )+\mathrm{sin}^2\xi (d\stackrel{~}{\theta }^2+d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2+d\stackrel{~}{\psi }+2\mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\theta }d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }d\stackrel{~}{\psi }).$$
(8)
We could equally well be considering the case of the squashed seven sphere, $`\stackrel{~}{S}^7`$, the supergravity system will be dual to a conformal gauge theory with $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetry. In this case, the metric will read

$$ds_7^2=d\mathrm{\Omega }_4^2+\frac{1}{5}(\omega ^iA^i)^2,$$
(9)
with $`A^i`$ being the SU(2) one-instanton on $`S^4`$ and $`\omega ^i`$ the left-invariant one-forms of $`SU(2)`$ (for details see for example ). We will see that we obtain the same results in both cases.

The two types of solution mentioned above differ in the dependence of the AdS coordinates on the worldvolume of the membrane. The membrane is moving forward trivially in time, one direction is stretched along the radial direction of AdS and is rotating either in the AdS (spin) or in the internal, $`M_7`$, space (R-charge). There is one extra direction left, with worldvolume coordinate $`\delta `$, that distinguishes the membrane from a string. We must wrap this direction along a $`U(1)`$ isometry. This could either be in the AdS (type I configuration), or in the internal space (type II configuration). Thus, for the type I solutions the wrapped direction of the membrane, $`\delta `$-direction, remains finite at infinity, and the long membrane limit is string-like. For the type II solutions, the wrapped direction is not stabilised asymptotically. This kind of distinction will play an important role below when we discuss membranes on $`G_2`$ manifolds.

In constracting these solutions, it is important to check that the ansätze are in fact consistent. In practice, this constrains the values that one may give to constant angular coordinates.

### 3.2 Solutions of type I: logarithms

As this is our first configuration, let us describe it clearly. We want to embed the membrane into spacetime such that it is moving trivially forward in time and is extended along the radial direction of AdS

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ).$$
(10)
We would then like to have the membrane rotating in the AdS space

$$\beta =\omega \tau ,\alpha =\pi /2,$$
(11)
and for consistency of the anstaz it turns out that we cannot have the membrane rotating in the internal sphere at the same time, so the configuration will not have any R-charge,

$$\psi =0,\theta =\xi =\pi /2,\varphi =0.$$
(12)
Finally, we wrap the membrane along a $`U(1)`$ in the sphere

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }=\lambda \delta ,\stackrel{~}{\theta }=\pi /2,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=0.$$
(13)
Note that in (6), the size of the $`M_7`$ space does not change with the AdS radial direction $`\rho `$ and therefore the wrapped direction remains stabilised at infinity. This will be the main difference with the type II solutions below.

We can check that two of the constraints (2) are satisfied

$$G_{\mu \nu }_\sigma X^\mu _\tau X^\nu =G_{\mu \nu }_\delta X^\mu _\tau X^\nu =0,$$
(14)
whilst the remaining constraint

$$\frac{1}{L^2}G_{\mu \nu }_\tau X^\mu _\tau X^\nu =(G_{\mu \nu }_\sigma X^\mu _\delta X^\nu )^2(G_{\mu \nu }_\sigma X^\mu _\sigma X^\nu )(G_{\mu \nu }_\delta X^\mu _\delta X^\nu ),$$
(15)
gives the following relation, upon choosing $`L=1/\lambda `$,

$$\left(\frac{d\rho }{d\sigma }\right)^2=\frac{1}{l_{11}^2B^2}\left[\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \right].$$
(16)
We may now compute the action by substituting into the formulae of section 2,

$$I=P𝑑\tau _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho },$$
(17)
where $`P=\frac{16\pi |B|}{(2\pi )^2}`$ is a normalization factor and $`\rho _0`$ is the turning point given by

$$\frac{d\rho }{d\sigma }|_{\rho _0}=0\mathrm{tanh}\rho _0=\frac{\kappa }{\omega }.$$
(18)
Note that the term in the action associated to the three form vanishes. There is a factor of four in the normalisation because of the periodicity of the integrand and the fact that the membrane doubles back on itself. Write the integrals defining the conserved energy and spin by differentiating the Lagrangian

$$E=\frac{\delta I}{\delta \kappa }=P\kappa _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \frac{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }},$$
(19)
$$S=\frac{\delta I}{\delta \omega }=P\omega _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \frac{\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }},$$
(20)
Now one needs to do the integrals. Fortunately, these integrals are exactly the ones considered for rotating strings , and therefore we may just read off the results from these papers. What one is interested in is the relationship between the spin and energy for large and small energy. In particular, for long membranes we will get the result

$$ES=P\mathrm{ln}\frac{S}{P}+\mathrm{}.$$
(21)
To do the integrals one uses the endpoint constraint (18) and also one sometimes needs to use the normalisation condition

$$2\pi =𝑑\sigma =_0^{r_0}𝑑\rho \frac{d\sigma }{d\rho }.$$
(22)
It is perhaps not surprising that a membrane wrapped on a cycle of constant size has the same behaviour as a string.

### 3.3 Solutions of type II

We consider now a configuration that is similar to the configuration of the previous subsection, but with the difference that the wrapped direction is in the AdS space and not the sphere. That is

$$\beta =\lambda \delta ,\alpha =\pi /2,$$
(23)
compare this with (11) and (13). The rotation must now be in the sphere only, as there are no more directions in the AdS

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }=\nu \tau ,\stackrel{~}{\theta }=\xi =\pi /2,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=0.$$
(24)
The remaining directions are then

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ),\theta =\pi /2,\varphi =0,\psi =0.$$
(25)
The first two constraints are satisfied as before, whilst (15) gives

$$\left(\frac{d\rho }{d\sigma }\right)^2=\frac{1}{l_{11}^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }\left[\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho B^2\nu ^2\right].$$
(26)
The action will be

$$I=P𝑑\tau _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \mathrm{sinh}\rho \sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho B^2\nu ^2},$$
(27)
the limits of integration are zero and $`\rho _0`$ is the solution of the endpoint constraint, which is now $`\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho _0=\frac{B^2\nu ^2}{\kappa ^2}`$. The normalization constant is $`P=\frac{8\pi |B|}{(2\pi )^2}`$ and the contribution of the $`C^{(3)}`$ field vanishes as before.

One can now write down the integrals defining the energy and R-charge angular momentum, there is no room for spin in this case due to the fact that we are dealing with $`AdS_4`$,

$$E=\frac{\delta I}{\delta \kappa }=P\kappa _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\rho \mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho B^2\nu ^2}},$$
(28)
$$J=\frac{\delta I}{\delta \nu }=PB^2\nu _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\rho }{\sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho B^2\nu ^2}}.$$
(29)
Again, we now recognise these integrals from previous work, this time from rotating membranes . Thus we may again just read off the energy-R-charge relations. For long membranes, these are of the form $`E=J+\mathrm{}`$.

A type II configuration for membranes in $`AdS_7\times S^4`$ has been discussed in . Clearly, one can also write down a type I configuration in $`AdS_7\times S^4`$ and obtain a logarithmic $`ES`$ in that background.

### 3.4 The case of $`AdS_4\times Q^{1,1,1}`$

We consider now the case where the internal manifold $`M_7`$ of equation (6) is $`Q^{1,1,1}`$. This manifold is a $`U(1)`$ fibration over $`S^2\times S^2\times S^2`$. The interest of this configuration is that it provides an M theory dual to a three dimensional $`𝒩=2`$ conformal field theory. This is an interesting field theory, that can be thought of as describing low energy excitations living on M2 branes, that are placed on the tip of an eight dimensional cone with special holonomy. The theory is described in terms of fields $`A_i,B_i,C_i`$ with $`i=1,2`$ and with given transformation properties under the colour and flavour groups. Gauge invariant operators are of the form $`X=ABC`$ and can be put in correspondence with supergravity modes in $`AdS_4`$. Besides, baryonic operators can be constructed. This theory was well studied in various papers , , .

The eleven dimensional configuration reads

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l_{11}^2}}ds_{11}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2`$ (30)
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho (d\alpha ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha d\beta ^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d\mathrm{\Omega }_2(\theta _1,\varphi _1)+d\mathrm{\Omega }_2(\theta _2,\varphi _2)+d\mathrm{\Omega }_2(\theta _3,\varphi _3))`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}(d\psi +\mathrm{cos}\theta _1d\varphi _1+\mathrm{cos}\theta _2d\varphi _2+\mathrm{cos}\theta _3d\varphi _3)^2,`$
$$H=k\mathrm{cosh}\rho \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \mathrm{sin}\alpha dtd\rho d\alpha d\beta ,C=\frac{k\mathrm{sin}\alpha }{3}\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho dtd\alpha d\beta $$
(31)
Here again, $`k`$ is a constant determined by the equations of motion.

We can again consider two types of solutions. We will be brief in this case, since the calculations results are not very different from those of the previous subsections. Indeed the main point here is that the existence of two types of energy-spin relations, one with logarithms and one without, is independent of the internal manifold, so long as it has a $`U(1)`$ isometry around which we can wrap the membrane.

* Type I solutions

In this case the configuration reads reads

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ),\beta =\omega \tau ,\alpha =\theta _i=\pi /2,\varphi _i=\nu _i\tau ,\psi =\lambda \delta .$$
(32)
The constraint reads

$$\left(\frac{d\rho }{d\sigma }\right)^2=\frac{16}{l_{11}^2}\left(\omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho +\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \frac{1}{8}(\nu _1^2+\nu _2^2+\nu _3^2)\right),$$
(33)
there is a turning point where $`d\rho /d\sigma =0`$ and the action reads

$$I=P𝑑\tau _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \frac{1}{4}\sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \frac{1}{8}(\nu _1^2+\nu _2^2+\nu _3^2)}.$$
(34)
In this case, the normalization factor is $`P=\frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}`$. As in the previous sections, the contribution of the $`C^{(3)}`$ field vanishes. We can compute the energy, spin and R-charge angular momentum, and the results are essentially identical to those coming from equations (19)-(22). In particular, there is a logarithmic $`ES`$ relation.

* Type II solutions

In this case the solution will read

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ),\beta =\lambda \delta ,\alpha =\theta _i=\pi /2,,\psi =0,\varphi _i=\nu _i\tau .$$
(35)
The constraint will give a turning point $`\rho _0`$, when $`d\rho /d\sigma =0`$

$$\left(\frac{d\rho }{d\sigma }\right)^2l_{11}^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho =\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \frac{1}{8}(\nu _1^2+\nu _2^2+\nu _3^2),$$
(36)
and the action will be

$$I=P𝑑\tau _0^{\rho _0}𝑑\rho \mathrm{sinh}\rho \sqrt{\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \frac{1}{8}(\nu _1^2+\nu _2^2+\nu _3^2)}.$$
(37)
The normalization factor will be $`P=\frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}`$. This time, the results will be essentially the same as those coming from the previous type II configuration, of equations (28)-(29).

It is not difficult to see from (9) that one may obtain the same results using the squashed seven sphere, as we have the same cycles on which to wrap the membrane and rotate. Thus we obtain membrane configurations dual to operators of an $`𝒩=1`$ theory in three dimensions.

We can also consider the case of three dimensional $`𝒩=3`$ conformal field theories. These theories are dual to geometries of the form $`AdS_4\times N^{0,1,0}`$, where the manifold $`N^{0,1,0}`$ has metric

$$ds_7^2=d\xi ^2+\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{sin}^2\xi (\sigma _1^2+\sigma _2^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\xi \sigma _3^2)+\frac{1}{2}(\omega ^iA^i)^2$$
(38)
with $`A^{1,(2)}=\mathrm{cos}\xi \sigma _{1,(2)}`$, $`2A^3=(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\xi )\sigma _3`$, and $`\omega ^i,\sigma _i`$ are left-invariant forms in the different $`SU(2)`$s. This type of field theory is interesting because it has the same field content as $`𝒩=4`$ theories, but there are fermionic interactions that only preserve $`𝒩=3`$. Following the steps above, one can find type I and type II solutions for these metrics. Everything will work as before, with different numerical coefficients.

It should be clear by now that all that is needed to obtain a logarithmic configuration is a stabilised circle to wrap the membrane on. As we will see below in the section on $`G_2`$ manifolds, this does seems work in more general situations than AdS product spacetimes.

### 3.5 Membranes moving in warped $`AdS_5\times M_6`$ spaces

We now consider membranes moving in a geometry that is dual to an $`𝒩=2`$ supersymmetric conformal field theory in four dimensions, as opposed to the three dimensions of the previous cases. The eleven dimensional configuration was written in  and represents M5 branes wrapping a hyperbolic two-manifold. The geometry has the form of a warped product of five dimensional AdS space times a six dimensional manifold. This should be thought of as M5 branes wrapping some compact (hyperbolic) cycle inside a Calabi-Yau two-fold.

The metric looks, schematically (for a detailed discussion see ), as follows

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l_{11}^2}}ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\theta )^{1/3}(R_a^2ds_{AdS_5}^2+R_b^2(d\stackrel{~}{\theta }^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^2)+R_c^2d\theta ^2+`$ (39)
$`R_c^2{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(\theta )^{2/3}}{4}}(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta (d\alpha ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha d\beta ^2)+2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta (d\psi \mathrm{cosh}\stackrel{~}{\theta }d\stackrel{~}{\varphi })^2),`$
where $`AdS_5`$ is written in the coordinates $`(\rho ,t,\xi _1,\xi _2,\varphi )`$ as usual, $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\theta )=1+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta `$ and the $`R_i`$ are constants. The $`C^{(3)}`$ field has the schematic form

$$C=f_1(\alpha ,\theta ,\stackrel{~}{\theta })d\stackrel{~}{\theta }d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }d\beta +f_2(\alpha ,\theta )d\theta d\beta (d\psi \mathrm{cosh}\stackrel{~}{\theta }d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }).$$
(40)
We can consider a solution of the form

$$\rho =\rho (\sigma ),t=\kappa \tau ,\varphi =\omega \tau ,\psi =\lambda \delta ,\theta =\frac{\pi }{2}.$$
(41)
The remaining angles take values of $`0`$ or $`\pi /2`$ as in previous configurations. Note that $`\theta =\pi /2`$ is necessary to solve the equations of motion. There is no R-charge in this configuration. Warped solutions are discussed in more detail in Appendix A below. The key point about this configuration is that the warping factor is unimportant because we fix a value of $`\theta `$ so that it just becomes an overall number. The configuration is of type I because the wrapped direction, $`\psi =\lambda \delta `$, is in the $`M_6`$, therefore we expect to get relations of the form $`ES\mathrm{ln}S`$, and indeed this is what one finds upon doing the calculations. The integrals that emerge are, up to numerical coefficients, the same as the type I configurations we studied above.

### 3.6 Membranes moving near an AdS black hole

For completeness, we briefly consider now the case of membranes orbiting in an eleven dimensional geometry given by

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{11}^2=f(r)dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{f(r)}+r^2(d\alpha ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha d\beta ^2)+B^2ds_{S^7}^2.$$
(42)
With the function

$$f(r)=1+r^2/R^2M^2/r,$$
(43)
and $`B=R`$, the previous metric is a black hole in $`AdS_4`$. A very nice physical description of the AdS/CFT correspondence for strings orbiting about black holes was given in . We shall limit ourselves to discussing the membrane configurations and energy spin relations. As previously, we will consider two types of configuration, the type I

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ),\beta =\omega \tau ,\alpha =\theta _i=\stackrel{~}{\theta }_i=\pi /2,\stackrel{~}{\psi }=\lambda \delta ,\xi =\pi /4,$$
(44)
and the type II

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ),\beta =\lambda \delta ,\alpha =\theta _i=\stackrel{~}{\theta }_i=\pi /2,\stackrel{~}{\psi }=\nu \tau .$$
(45)
We can construct the expression for the membrane constraint in the first case,

$$2f(r)(\omega ^2r^2+\kappa ^2f(r))=l_{11}^2B^2\left(\frac{dr}{d\sigma }\right)^2,$$
(46)
and for the type II solutions

$$f(r)(\nu ^2B^2+2\kappa ^2f(r))=2r^2l_{11}^2\left(\frac{dr}{d\sigma }\right)^2.$$
(47)
Upon requiring $`dr/d\sigma `$ to vanish at the endpoints, we will obtain two different values of $`r_{min},r_{max}`$, that is, the integration limits in the action, when we change variables from $`\sigma `$ to the radial coordinate $`r`$. This is physically the fact that the membrane is entirely outside the event horizon and is therefore orbiting rather than rotating.

The expression for the action, energy and spin, in the type I case is,

$$I=P𝑑\tau _{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\sqrt{\kappa ^2f(r)\omega ^2r^2}\frac{dr}{\sqrt{f(r)}},$$
(48)
$$E=\kappa P_{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\frac{\sqrt{f(r)}}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2f(r)\omega ^2r^2}}𝑑r,$$
(49)
$$S=\omega P_{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\frac{r^2}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2f^2(r)\omega ^2r^2f(r)}}𝑑r,$$
(50)
while for the type II configurations we will have for the action, energy and R-symmetry angular momentum

$$I=\frac{P}{2}𝑑\tau _{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\sqrt{\kappa ^2f(r)\nu ^2B^2/2}\frac{r}{\sqrt{f(r)}}𝑑r,$$
(51)
$$E=\frac{\kappa P}{2}_{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\frac{r\sqrt{f(r)}}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2f(r)\nu ^2B^2/2}}𝑑r,$$
(52)
$$J=\frac{\nu PB^2}{4}_{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\frac{r}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2f^2(r)\nu ^2B^2f(r)/2}}𝑑r.$$
(53)
Let us study the explicit expressions for the energy and the spin of type I configurations. It is convenient to make a choice of parameters $`M=R=\kappa =1`$. The results will remain true at least for a small interval of value for $`M`$ around $`M=1`$. We can see that for values of the parameter $`\omega `$ close to one, corresponding to long membranes, the functions inside the square roots are positive in the interval $`r_h,r_+`$, where $`r_h`$ is the root of $`r^3+r1`$ and the roots of $`(\omega ^21)r^3+r1`$ are $`r_{},r_+`$ both of them positive and bigger than $`r_h`$ and $`r_{}`$, a third negative root. The integrals read,

$$E_r_{}^{r_+}𝑑r\sqrt{\frac{r^3+r1}{(\omega ^21)r^3+r1}},$$
(54)
$$S_r_{}^{r_+}𝑑r\frac{r^3}{\sqrt{[r^3+r1][(\omega ^21)r^3+r1]}}.$$
(55)
Now, we want to study the approximate expressions for these integrals in the cases of long membranes, that is membranes that are extended in the interval $`(r_{},r_+)`$. Evaluating the approximate expressions for the integrals in the case of long membranes, we get a relation of the form $`EkSS^3`$.

## 4 Rotating membranes on $`G_2`$ manifolds

### 4.1 The duality with ALC $`G_2`$ metrics

Partially motivated by the developments described in the introduction, there has been significant recent progress in constructing new cohomogeneity-one manifolds with $`G_2`$ holonomy , generalising the manifolds that have been known for some time .

When the M-theory flop was discussed in , the only known $`G_2`$ metric with the necessary symmetries to describe wrapped D6 branes in type IIA was asymptotically a cone over $`S^3\times S^3`$ . The essential point is that one $`S^3`$ collapses at the origin whilst another does not. <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Note that the collapsing and non-collapsing $`S^3`$s need not coincide with the two $`S^3`$s in terms of which the metric is written. Thus depending on which $`S^3`$ the M-theory cycle is contained in, one gets either a IIA reduction that is singular at the origin - branes - or a non-singular reduction - no branes. However, in these metrics the dilaton diverges at infinity after reduction so they are unsatisfactory IIA backgrounds. The authors of  thus postulated the existence of two new types of $`G_2`$ holonomy metric to fix this problem. These metrics should not be Asymptotically Conical (AC), but Asymptotically Locally Conical (ALC), that is to say that at infinity there should be a circle with a stabilised radius. This circle will be the M-theory circle and the corresponding IIA dilaton will be well-behaved. The two metrics would correspond to when the stabilised $`U(1)`$ is contained within the collapsing $`S^3`$ or the non-collapsing $`S^3`$, corresponding to good D6-brane or good non-D6-brane solutions, respectively.

This picture was essentially realised with the discovery of explicit ALC $`G_2`$ metrics. $`G_2`$ metrics reducing to D6-branes wrapping the deformed conifold were discussed in , these are called the $`𝔹_7`$ family of metrics. Metrics reducing to the small resolution of the conifold with fluxes were discussed in , these are called the $`𝔻_7`$ family. Transformations of these metrics under the broken triality symmetry were discussed in , this does not change the radial behaviour or the symmetries.

The situation is not quite as anticipated by . All the known $`G_2`$ metrics are constructed out of left-invariant one-forms on the two $`S^3=SU(2)`$s, $`\{\mathrm{\Sigma }_i,\sigma _i\}_{i=1}^3`$, see e.g. (4.2.1) below. In the AC case, there is an $`SU(2)_L^\mathrm{\Sigma }\times SU(2)_L^\sigma \times SU(2)_R^D`$ isometry group, where the $`SU(2)_L^\mathrm{\Sigma }\times SU(2)_L^\sigma `$ part is manifest and corresponds to left multiplication on the spheres. The remaining $`SU(2)_R^D`$ is a diagonally acting right multiplication. Note that right multiplication acts on the left-invariant forms as an adjoint action. The ALC metrics have a reduced isometry group $`SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)`$, where an $`SU(2)`$ has been broken to $`U(1)`$ by the stabilised cycle. It was suggested in  that the $`SU(2)`$ that should be broken to $`U(1)`$ would be $`SU(2)_L^\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ on one side of the flop and $`SU(2)_L^\sigma `$ on the other side. This fits nicely with symmetry of their discussion. However, in order to realise this, one would need to construct $`G_2`$ metrics that were not written in terms of left invariant forms, as these automatically imply $`SU(2)_L^\mathrm{\Sigma }\times SU(2)_L^\sigma `$ invariance. It is not clear how one would go about doing this. Instead, the solutions of the $`𝔹_7`$ and $`𝔻_7`$ families have the $`SU(2)_R^D`$ broken to $`U(1)`$. This is compatible with writing the metric in terms of the left invariant one forms.

There is a $`_N`$ quotient of the metric that is responsible for the $`N`$ D-branes or the $`N`$ units of flux upon reduction to IIA. The $`_N`$ always acts within the diagonal $`U(1)`$ which is furthermore the M-theory circle. The action is singular at the origin in the $`𝔹_7`$ case, but not for $`𝔻_7`$.

It is important to observe that both the $`𝔹_7`$ and $`𝔻_7`$ families are two parameter families and one can go from one to the other , via the singular AC metric. Besides the scale parameter which measures the distance from the singular conical point, there is another parameter which measures the distance from the AC metric. The AC metric is contained in both families. Consider now the running of the coupling constant, described in the first section. Starting in a $`𝔹_7`$ metric in the UV, the flow must involve not only one of the $`S^3`$s shrinking \- change of scale parameter - but also a flow towards the AC metric. This allows the flow to move to the $`𝔻_7`$ family via the AC metric as well as expanding a different $`S^3`$ in the IR. Thus the flow must move nontrivially in a two dimensional parameter space. A priori, it is not obvious why starting from an M-theory geometry that has a well behaved dilaton in the IIA reduction in the UV ($`𝔹_7`$ family), one should generically end up with an M-theory geometry that also admits a good IIA reduction in the IR ($`𝔻_7`$ family). But the desired flow should exist, which is enough to establish the IIA duality from M-theory with a well-behaved dilaton. Assuming that the quantum smoothing of the process continues to occur as it did in the AC case .

We will consider membranes rotating on all of the geometries discussed in this subsection. The $`𝔻_7`$ family are, strictly speaking, the gravity duals that describe the field theory in the IR. The precise role of the $`𝔹_7`$ metrics in the duality is unclear, although it could well be related to the lack of brane-bulk decoupling discussed in the introduction.

### 4.2 Membranes on the Asymptotically Conical metric and the $`𝔹_7`$ family

#### 4.2.1 Metric formulae

The background is pure geometry, the three-form C-field is zero. The eleven dimensional metric is of the form

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{11}^2=dt^2+dx^2+dy^2+dz^2+ds_7^2,$$
(56)
where the $`G_2`$ metrics are

$`ds_7^2=dr^2+a(r)^2\left[(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\sigma _1)^2+(\mathrm{\Sigma }_2\sigma _2)^2\right]+d(r)^2(\mathrm{\Sigma }_3\sigma _3)^2`$
$`+b(r)^2\left[(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1+\sigma _1)^2+(\mathrm{\Sigma }_2+\sigma _2)^2\right]+c(r)^2(\mathrm{\Sigma }_3+\sigma _3)^2,`$ (57)
where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i,\sigma _i`$ are left-invariant one-forms on $`SU(2)`$

$`\sigma _1`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\psi _1d\theta _1+\mathrm{sin}\psi _1\mathrm{sin}\theta _1d\varphi _1,`$
$`\sigma _2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}\psi _1d\theta _1+\mathrm{cos}\psi _1\mathrm{sin}\theta _1d\varphi _1,`$
$`\sigma _3`$ $`=`$ $`d\psi _1+\mathrm{cos}\theta _1d\varphi _1,`$ (58)
where $`0\theta _1\pi `$, $`0\varphi _12\pi `$, $`0\psi _14\pi `$, at least before including the $`_N`$ quotient. The definitions for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i`$ are analogous but with $`(\theta _1,\varphi _1,\psi _1)(\theta _2,\varphi _2,\psi _2)`$. These metrics are locally asymptotic to cones over $`S^3\times S^3`$. There is a finite size $`S^3`$ bolt at the origin. There is a two parameter family of such $`G_2`$ metrics, called $`𝔹_7`$ in the classification of . The radial functions satisfy the equations

$`\dot{a}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{a^2}{bd}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{d}}+{\displaystyle \frac{c}{a}}\right]`$ , $`\dot{b}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{b^2}{ad}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{a}{d}}{\displaystyle \frac{c}{b}}\right],`$
$`\dot{d}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{ab}}+{\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}}+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{a}}\right]`$ , $`\dot{c}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{b^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{a^2}}\right].`$ (59)
Two exact solutions are known. One is the asymptotically conical (AC) solution of , which has $`SU(2)^3\times _2`$ symmetry. The other is only Asymptotically Locally Conical (ALC), with a stabilised $`U(1)`$ at infinity , which has $`SU(2)^2\times U(1)\times _2`$ symmetry. The remaining metrics in this family are only known numerically. Fortunately, we only require the asymptotics at the origin and at infinity, which are easily calculated from (4.2.1). As $`r0`$ we have

$`a(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_0+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16R_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{(7+64q_0)r^4}{2560R_0^3}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`b(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q_0r^3}{R_0^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+98304q_0^2+1344q_0)r^5}{10240R_0^4}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`c(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+128q_0)r^3}{64R_0^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(216q_0+1+16896q_0^2)r^5}{640R_0^4}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`d(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_0+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{16R_0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(3+64q_0)r^4}{1280R_0^3}}+\mathrm{},`$ (60)
where $`q_0`$ and $`R_0`$ are constants. Note that $`b(r)`$ and $`c(r)`$ collapse, whilst $`a(r)`$ and $`d(r)`$ do not. As $`r\mathrm{}`$ we have

$`a(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2\sqrt{3}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{R_1}{2}}(2q_1+\sqrt{3})+{\displaystyle \frac{3\sqrt{3}R_1^2}{4r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`b(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2\sqrt{3}}}+q_1R_1+{\displaystyle \frac{3\sqrt{3}R_1^2}{4r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`c(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_1{\displaystyle \frac{9R_1^3}{r^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(27+36\sqrt{3}q_1)R_1^4}{r^3}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`d(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{3}}+{\displaystyle \frac{R_1}{2\sqrt{3}}}(4q_1+\sqrt{3})+{\displaystyle \frac{3R_1^2}{r}}+\mathrm{},`$ (61)
where $`q_1`$ and $`R_1`$ are constants that will be functions of of $`q_0`$ and $`R_0`$. Note that $`c(r)`$ is stabilised whilst the others diverge linearly. The expressions are needed to second order because we will be interested in the subleading terms of various integrals.

#### 4.2.2 Commuting $`U(1)`$ isometries and membrane configurations

The metrics (4.2.1) have three commuting $`U(1)`$ isometries. Using the Euler coordinates (4.2.1), these can canonically be taken to be generated by $`_{\varphi _1}SU(2)_L^\sigma `$, $`_{\varphi _2}SU(2)_L^\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`_{\psi _1}+_{\psi _2}SU(2)_R^D`$.

The existence of three commuting $`U(1)`$ isometries is very useful for considering rotating membranes. By placing the directions of rotation and wrapping along these $`U(1)`$s, most of the equations of motion are trivially satisfied as a statement of conserved charges. The remaining equation of motion for the radial direction then follows from a first order gauge fixing constraint, as discussed above.

However, the canonical $`U(1)`$s are not the most sensible for our purposes. Consider the redefinitions

$`\psi _3=\psi _1+\psi _2,`$ $`\psi _4=\psi _1\psi _2,`$
$`\varphi _3=\varphi _1+\varphi _2,`$ $`\varphi _4=\varphi _1\varphi _2.`$ (62)
Note that $`\psi _3,\psi _4`$ now have a range of $`8\pi `$ whilst $`\varphi _3,\varphi _4`$ have a range of $`4\pi `$. Three commuting isometries now are $`_{\varphi _3},_{\varphi _4},_{\psi _3}`$. As we shall see shortly, the first two $`U(1)`$s will now be contained in $`S^3`$s that do collapse and do not collapse, respectively, at the origin. In the IIA brane picture, the $`S^3`$ that does collapse is surrounding the brane whilst the $`S^3`$ that does not collapse is inside the brane. In order for the dual field theory to be four dimensional, one must consider energies such that the finite $`S^3`$ is not probed. The charge generated by rotations along $`_{\varphi _3}`$, inside the brane, will be denoted $`K_1`$, whilst the charge generated by rotations along $`_{\varphi _4}`$, outside the brane, will be denoted by $`K_2`$. In the $`𝔹_7`$ family, the $`U(1)`$ generated by $`_{\psi _3}`$, the circle that is stabilised at infinity, is contained within the collapsing $`S^3`$ at the origin. Call this charge $`K_3`$. Note that the isometries transverse to the membrane do not have the interpretation of R-charge because the theory is $`𝒩=1`$. We cannot have all three charges at once, as we need to use one of the isometries to wrap the membrane. This last point is necessary for the wrapping direction to drop out of the action integral.

The configuration of the membrane is taken to be trivial in the remaining directions

$$x=y=z=0,\theta _1=\theta _2=\pi /2,\psi _4=0.$$
(63)
One can also extend the string in the $`xyz`$ plane and indeed such configuration will be considered in a later section. There are then three possible configurations for the nontrivial directions, shown in Table 1.

If the stabilised circle generated by $`_{\psi _3}`$ is considered as the M-theory circle, then configurations II<sub>B</sub> and III<sub>B</sub> reduce to rotating D2-branes or a D0-D2 state, depending on whether there is a rotation along the M-theory circle or not, whilst the I<sub>B</sub> configuration reduces to a rotating fundamental string.

At this point, we need to take into account the $`_N`$ quotient of the $`G_2`$ manifold that was mentioned above. The effect of this quotient is to send

$$\psi _3\frac{\psi _3}{N}.$$
(64)
The target space metric that is seen by the membrane is thus

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{M2}^2=dt^2+dr^2+\frac{c(r)^2}{N^2}d\psi _3^2+b(r)^2d\varphi _3^2+a(r)^2d\varphi _4^2.$$
(65)
It is easily checked that the $`\gamma _{0\alpha }`$ constraints in (2) are satisfied. The remaining constraint, choosing the free constant $`L=1/\lambda `$, then implies that

$$\left(\frac{dr}{d\sigma }\right)^2=\{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \frac{\kappa ^2b(r)^2\omega ^2a(r)^2\nu _2^2}{c(r)^2l_{11}^2/N^2}(\text{Case I}\text{B})\\ \hfill \frac{\kappa ^2a(r)^2\nu _2^2\nu _3^2c(r)^2/N^2}{b(r)^2l_{11}^2}(\text{Case II}\text{B})\\ \hfill \frac{\kappa ^2b(r)^2\omega ^2c(r)^2\nu _2^2/N^2}{a(r)^2l_{11}^2}(\text{Case III}\text{B})\end{array}$$
(66)
A further constraint must be imposed, this is the condition that the membrane doubles back on itself at some radius

$$\frac{dr}{d\sigma }|_{r_0}=0.$$
(67)
This condition gives a relationship between $`(r_0,\kappa ,\omega ,\nu _2,\nu _3)`$. We will use this relationship to eliminate $`\kappa `$ below.

Also, one needs to impose a normalisation condition

$$2\pi =𝑑\sigma =_0^{r_0}𝑑r\frac{d\sigma }{dr}.$$
(68)
This gives an integral constraint between $`(r_0,\kappa ,\omega ,\nu _2,\nu _3)`$.

Other configurations are possible, in which the rotating directions or the wrapped direction is some linear combination of the $`U(1)`$s. However, these configurations will not generically satisfy the constraints, because the induced metric will have cross terms. Another possibility is to take different $`U(1)`$ subgroups of the original $`SU(2)`$s. The present choices would appear to be the most natural and we will not consider other subgroups here.

Before moving on, one must check the consistency of the ansätze described here. Checking the equations of motion, we find that indeed all are consistent.

#### 4.2.3 Energy and other conserved charges

The following conserved charges are naturally associated with the configuration

$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta I}{\delta \kappa }},K_1={\displaystyle \frac{\delta I}{\delta \omega }},`$
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta I}{\delta \nu _2}},K_3={\displaystyle \frac{\delta I}{\delta \nu _3}},`$ (69)
where $`I`$ is the action (2). The $`\kappa `$ derivative is taken at fixed $`(r_0,\omega ,\nu _2,\nu _3)`$, and similarly for the other derivatives.

Let us do this in the three cases. Note that in passing from an integral over $`\sigma `$ to an integral over $`r`$ we multiply by four because of the periodicity of the integrand and the fact that the membrane doubles back on itself. We use the constraint (67) to eliminate $`\kappa `$. The different numerical factor in the different cases is due to the different ranges of the angle about which the membrane is wrapped.

* Case I<sub>B</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r|c(r)|\sqrt{\kappa ^2b(r)^2\omega ^2a(r)^2\nu _2^2}},`$ (70)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|c(r)|\sqrt{\omega ^2b(r_0)^2+\nu _2^2a(r_0)^2}}{\sqrt{\omega ^2\left[b(r_0)^2b(r)^2\right]+\nu _2^2\left[a(r_0)^2a(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (71)
$`K_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\omega |c(r)|b(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega ^2\left[b(r_0)^2b(r)^2\right]+\nu _2^2\left[a(r_0)^2a(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (72)
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\nu _2|c(r)|a(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega ^2\left[b(r_0)^2b(r)^2\right]+\nu _2^2\left[a(r_0)^2a(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (73)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (74)
* Case II<sub>B</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r|b(r)|\sqrt{\kappa ^2a(r)^2\nu _2^2\nu _3^2c(r)^2/N^2}},`$ (75)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|b(r)|\sqrt{\nu _2^2a(r_0)^2+\nu _3^2c(r_0)^2/N^2}}{\sqrt{\nu _2^2\left[a(r_0)^2a(r)^2\right]+\nu _3^2\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (76)
$`K_1`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (77)
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\nu _2|b(r)|a(r)^2}{\sqrt{\nu _2^2\left[a(r_0)^2a(r)^2\right]+\nu _3^2\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (78)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{N^2(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\nu _3|b(r)|c(r)^2}{\sqrt{\nu _2^2\left[a(r_0)^2a(r)^2\right]+\nu _3^2\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]/N^2}}}.`$ (79)
* Case III<sub>B</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r|a(r)|\sqrt{\kappa ^2b(r)^2\omega ^2\nu _3^2c(r)^2/N^2}},`$ (80)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|a(r)|\sqrt{\omega ^2b(r_0)^2+\nu _3^2c(r_0)^2/N^2}}{\sqrt{\omega ^2\left[b(r_0)^2b(r)^2\right]+\nu _3^2\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (81)
$`K_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\omega |a(r)|b(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega ^2\left[b(r_0)^2b(r)^2\right]+\nu _3^2\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (82)
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (83)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{N^2(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\nu _3|a(r)|c(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega ^2\left[b(r_0)^2b(r)^2\right]+\nu _3^2\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]/N^2}}}.`$ (84)

These integrals may be expanded for large and small $`r_0`$ using the expansions (4.2.1) and (4.2.1). In the various integrals there are usually two constants, such as $`\omega `$ and $`\nu _2`$ in the I<sub>B</sub> case. These are nontrivially related through the normalisation constraint (68). Here we will only consider the cases where one of the constants is zero, corresponding to a rotation in only one direction. In these cases we see that the remaining constant drops out of the integral and the normalisation constraint does not need to be evaluated.

For short membranes, small $`r_0`$, one may use the Taylor expansions about the origin to evaluate the integrals. For long membranes, large $`r_0`$, one may only use the expansions about infinity to evaluate the integral if the integral is diverging with $`r_0`$ because in this case the integral is dominated by the contributions at infinity. One then needs to check that there is not an $`r_0`$ contribution from the interior of the integrand. Naively, the integrals for large $`r_0`$ are done as follows

$`{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}f(r,r_0)𝑑r`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Lambda }^{r_0}}f(r,r_0)𝑑r=r_0{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Lambda }^1}f(ur_0,r_0)𝑑u`$ (85)
$``$ $`r_0{\displaystyle _\mathrm{\Lambda }^1}\left[F_m(u)r_0^m+F_{m1}(u)r_0^{m1}+\mathrm{}\right]𝑑u,`$
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is some cutoff and we ignore contributions from this end of the integral. The final expression represents an expansion of $`f(ur_0,r_0)`$ about $`r_0=\mathrm{}`$. In the final result of this calculation, we may trust any terms that diverge as $`r_0\mathrm{}`$. One thing that may go wrong is that the leading order coefficient, $`F_m(u)`$, in the final equation of (85) integrates to zero, meaning that there is no $`r_0^m`$ power term. In this case one should do the full integral numerically to check whether the vanishing is a result of power expanding inside the integral, and see what the leading order coefficient is. Alternatively one can try to do the integral exactly without expanding the integrand fully. Doing this is crucial to obtain the logarithmic term in the next subsection.

Given the resulting expressions for $`E`$ and the $`K`$s, one then eliminates $`r_0`$ to obtain the results of Table 2. In this table $`k`$ is used to denote positive numerical factors. Dependence on $`R_0,R_1,N`$ is kept explicit. It turns out there is no dependence on $`q_0,q_1`$ to the order considered in the table.

The results in Table 2 have a physical interpretation. Note that there are four types of leading order behaviour. Use $`K`$ to denote a generic charge and $`R`$ to denote either $`R_1`$ or $`R_2`$.

* $`E=kR^{1/2}K^{1/2}`$: This is the well known Regge relation for strings in flat space. It arises when the $`\delta `$-direction of the membrane is wrapped on a stabilised $`U(1)`$ and when the direction of rotation is a $`U(1)`$ that is not stabilised (i.e. collapsing if we are at the origin or expanding if we are going to infinity).
* $`E=kK^{2/3}`$: This is the result for membranes rotating in flat space. It arises when neither the $`\delta `$-direction nor the direction of rotation is stabilised.
* $`E{\displaystyle \frac{K}{R}}=kRK^{1/3}`$: This result arises for long strings when the $`\delta `$-direction is not stabilised, but the direction of rotation is stabilised. Interestingly, this relation was also observed in a different configuration  in $`AdS_7\times S^4`$, suggesting perhaps that it is quite generic.
* $`E{\displaystyle \frac{K}{R}}=k{\displaystyle \frac{K^3}{R^7}}`$: This result arises for short strings when the $`\delta `$-direction collapses, but the direction of rotation does not collapse.

The behaviour of the energy-charge relationship would thus seem to depend on whether the wrapped circle and the circle of rotation are stabilised. In the above configurations one case is missing, there is no case in which both the $`\delta `$-circle and the circle of rotation do not collapse. For short strings, we will find such a configuration in the $`𝔻_7`$ metrics below, because more circles are non-shrinking at the origin. However, within the set of configurations we have considered thus far, we cannot find a configuration in which two circles are stabilised at infinity, because the $`G_2`$ metrics only have one stabilised circle. We might expect such a configuration to give logarithms by analogy with the previous section when we considered membranes rotating on $`AdS_4\times S^7`$: to move from a relationship of the form $`EK=K^{1/3}`$ to a relationship $`EK=\mathrm{ln}K`$, we changed the wrapped circle to make it stabilised. To achieve this in the present case, we need to use the non-compact directions. However, due to the tension of the membrane, one cannot simply have a closed membrane in flat space. The resolution is to consider an infinite membrane in the non-compact directions and study the energy density of the configuration. Insofar as the equations are concerned, this is effectively the same as wrapping the membane.

#### 4.2.4 Using the non-compact directions: logarithms

Writing the eleven dimensional metric as

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{11}^2=dt^2+dx^2+dy^2+dz^2+ds_7^2,$$
(86)
the following configuration, which we denote IV<sub>B</sub>, has the desired feature of having both a wrapped and a rotating direction asymptotically stabilised. The nontrivial coordiantes are

$$t=\kappa \tau ,\psi _3=\nu _3\tau ,r=r(\sigma ),x=\lambda \delta .$$
(87)
The remaining coordinates are trivial

$$\varphi _3=\varphi _4=0,y=z=0,\theta _1=\theta _2=\pi /2,\psi _4=0.$$
(88)
One might also want to consider having the rotation in the non-compact direction, but this seems to cause difficulties with the implementation of the endpoint constraint (67). The target space metric seen by the membrane now becomes

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{M2}^2=dt^2+dr^2+\frac{c(r)^2}{N^2}d\psi _3^2+dx^2.$$
(89)
The action, energy and charge, per unit length along the non-compact $`x`$ direction, are easily worked out to be

* Case IV<sub>B</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r\sqrt{\kappa ^2\nu _3^2c(r)^2/N^2}},`$ (90)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|c(r_0)|}{\sqrt{\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (91)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{c(r)^2}{\sqrt{\left[c(r_0)^2c(r)^2\right]}}}.`$ (92)

In the large membrane limit, $`r_0\mathrm{}`$, these integrals are dominated by their behaviour at $`r_0`$, thus we may expand the integrand and evaluate only at $`r_0`$. We substitute the expansion of $`c(r)`$ to second order into the integrand and evaluate the integral. Expanding the integrand fully before integrating will not give the correct answer, as no logs will appear.

The integrals give, to leading and subleading order

$`K_3=k{\displaystyle \frac{ir_0R_1}{2N}}\left[3K(\sqrt{2r_0^2/(9R_1^2)1})+E(\sqrt{2r_0^2/(9R_1^2)1})\right],`$
$`E=k{\displaystyle \frac{ir_0}{2}}\left[K(\sqrt{2r_0^2/(9R_1^2)1})E(\sqrt{2r_0^2/(9R_1^2)1})\right],`$ (93)
Where $`K(x)`$ and $`E(x)`$ are complete Elliptic integrals of the first and second kind. The constants $`k`$ in the above two lines are equal, but below we use $`k`$ to denote any constant, with dependence on $`\rho _0`$ and $`R_1`$ kept explicit.

In order to evaluate these integrals we need the following expressions for the asymptotics as $`x\mathrm{}`$ of the Elliptic integrals

$`K(\sqrt{x1}){\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}x^{1/2}(\mathrm{ln}x+i\pi ),`$
$`E(\sqrt{x1})ix^{1/2}.`$ (94)
These formulae are easily derived by expressing the complete elliptic integrals as hypergeometric functions and then using the Pfaff and Gauss theorems for hypergeometric functions .

Thus we have that whilst

$$K_3=\frac{kr_0^2}{N}+\mathrm{},$$
(95)
the difference

$$E\frac{NK_3}{R_1}=kR_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{r_0}{R_1}+\mathrm{}.$$
(96)
Combining these two expressions gives the new kind of behaviour for long membranes

$$E\frac{NK_3}{R_1}=kR_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{NK_3}{R_1^2}+\mathrm{}.$$
(97)
This behaviour is different from the behaviours of the previous section because both the direction of wrapping and the direction of rotation are stabilised as we go to infinity.

For short membranes with this configuration, we get $`E=kN^{1/2}K_3^{1/2}+\mathrm{}`$ as expected for a membrane where the $`\delta `$-direction is stabilised but the rotation direction collapses at the origin. These solutions thus realise a transition from Regge behaviour for short membranes, to logarithmic behaviour for long membranes without finite size effects .

Another way of getting around the fact that a closed tubular membrane in flat space can’t exist as a static solution due to the membrane tension is to consider a pulsating membrane solution, analogous to the well-known pulsating closed string solution. The solution will not be particularly straightforward to construct in the present context. Such a solution may have a tunable amplitude, in which case one could make the energy of the pulsations negligible compared with the energy of the rotation and therefore the calculations of this section will go through as the dominant effect.

### 4.3 Membranes on the $`𝔻_7`$ family

#### 4.3.1 Metric formulae

The metrics can be written in the form

$`ds_7^2=dr^2+a(r)^2\left[(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1+g(r)\sigma _1)^2+(\mathrm{\Sigma }_2+g(r)\sigma _2)^2\right]+c(r)^2(\mathrm{\Sigma }_3+g_3(r)\sigma _3)^2`$
$`+b(r)^2\left[\sigma _1^2+\sigma _2^2\right]+f(r)^2\sigma _3^2,`$ (98)
where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i,\sigma _i`$ are left-invariant one-forms on the $`SU(2)`$s, as previously. The six functions are not all independent

$$g(r)=\frac{a(r)f(r)}{2b(r)c(r)},g_3(r)=1+2g(r)^2.$$
(99)
None of the radial functions are known explicitly, although the asymptotics at the origin and at infinity are known. The asymptotics are found by finding Taylor series solutions to the first order equations for the radial functions. The equations are

$`\dot{a}={\displaystyle \frac{c}{2a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{a^5f^2}{8b^4c^3}},`$ $`\dot{b}={\displaystyle \frac{c}{2b}}{\displaystyle \frac{a^2(a^23c^2)f^2}{8b^3c^3}},`$
$`\dot{c}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{2a^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{2b^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3a^2f^2}{8b^4}},`$ $`\dot{f}={\displaystyle \frac{a^4f^3}{4b^4c^3}}.`$ (100)
As $`r0`$ one has

$`a(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q_0^2+2)r^3}{288R_0^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(7429q_0^2+31q_0^4)r^5}{69120R_0^4}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`b(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_0{\displaystyle \frac{(q_0^22)r^2}{16R_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1321q_0^2+11q_0^4)r^4}{1152R_0^3}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`c(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(5q_0^28)r^3}{288R_0^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(232353q_0^2+157q_0^4)r^5}{34560R_0^4}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`f(r)`$ $`=`$ $`q_0R_0+{\displaystyle \frac{q_0^3r^2}{16R_0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q_0^3(14+11q_0^2)r^4}{1152R_0^3}}+\mathrm{},`$ (101)
where $`q_0`$ and $`R_0`$ are constants. Note that $`a(r)`$ and $`c(r)`$ collapse and the other two functions do not. As $`r\mathrm{}`$ we have

$`a(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{\sqrt{6}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}q_1R_1}{\sqrt{2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(27\sqrt{6}96h_1)R_1^2}{96r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`b(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{\sqrt{6}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}q_1R_1}{\sqrt{2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{h_1R_1^2}{r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`c(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{3}}+q_1R_1{\displaystyle \frac{9R_1^2}{8r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`f(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_1{\displaystyle \frac{27R_1^3}{8r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{81R_1^4q_1}{4r^3}}+\mathrm{}.`$ (102)
With constants $`R_1,q_1,h_1`$. Note that $`f(r)`$ stabilises. Three constants appear to this order, whilst there were only two constants in the expansion about the origin. This just means that for some values of these constants, the corresponding solution will diverge before it reaches zero. In any case, we find no $`h_1`$ dependence in the results below.

#### 4.3.2 Membrane configurations

The situation is essentially the same as for the $`𝔹_7`$ family of metrics. Again one has three commuting $`U(1)`$ isometries, generated by $`_{\varphi _1}SU(2)_L^\sigma `$, $`_{\varphi _2}SU(2)_L^\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`_{\psi _1}+_{\psi _2}SU(2)_R^D`$. One difference, however, is that now $`_{\varphi _1}`$ generates a $`U(1)`$ that does not collapse and $`_{\varphi _2}`$ generates a circle that does collapse, so there is no need to change variables to $`\varphi _3`$ and $`\varphi _4`$ as previously. In fact, such a change would not give a valid solution. We do however need to define

$$\psi _3=\psi _1+\psi _2,\psi _4=\psi _1\psi _2.$$
(103)
Note that now $`\psi _3,\psi _4`$ have ranges of $`8\pi `$ whilst $`\varphi _1,\varphi _2`$ have ranges of $`2\pi `$. Three commuting $`U(1)`$ isometries are then $`_{\varphi _1}`$, $`_{\varphi _2}`$ and $`_{\psi _3}`$. There are no branes in reduction of these configurations to well-defined IIA solutions. The circle generated by $`_{\varphi _1}`$ and $`_{\psi _3}`$ do not collapse in the interior and thus rotation in these directions corresponds to charges, $`K_1`$ and $`K_2`$ respectively. The $`_{\varphi _2}`$ circle does collapse and rotation about this circle will give a charge denoted by $`K_3`$.

Similar to before, we take

$$x=y=z=0,\theta _1=\theta _2=\pi /2,\psi _4=\pi /2.$$
(104)
Note that the value of $`\psi _4`$ is different. This value is needed to diagonalise the metric seen by the membrane and hence satisfy the constraints. As in the previous subsection, there are three possible configurations for the nontrivial directions, shown in Table 3.

The target space metric that is seen by the membrane, after doing the $`_N`$ quotient on $`\psi _3`$, is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l_{11}^2}}ds_{M2}^2`$ $`=`$ $`dt^2+dr^2+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}f(r)^2+c(r)^2g(r)^4\right]{\displaystyle \frac{d\psi _3^2}{N^2}}+\left[a(r)^2g(r)^2+b(r)^2\right]d\varphi _1^2+a(r)^2d\varphi _2^2`$ (105)
$``$ $`dt^2+dr^2+{\displaystyle \frac{C(r)^2}{N^2}}d\psi _3^2+B(r)^2d\varphi _1^2+A(r)^2d\varphi _2^2,`$
where we have introduced functions $`A(r),B(r),C(r)`$ in order to make the following formulae less ugly. The asymptotics for these functions follow from the limits (4.3.1) and (4.3.1) and the algebraic equations in (4.3.1). As $`r0`$ we have

$`A(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(q_0^2+2)r^3}{288R_0^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(7429q^2+31q^4)r^5}{69120R^4}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`B(r)`$ $`=`$ $`R_0+{\displaystyle \frac{(4q_0^2)r^2}{32R_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{(61q^4152q^2+208)r^4}{18432R^3}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`C(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_0R_0}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3q_0^3r^2}{64R_0}}{\displaystyle \frac{(160+121q^2)q^3r^4}{12288R^3}}+\mathrm{},`$ (106)
and as $`r\mathrm{}`$ we have

$`A(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{\sqrt{6}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}q_1R_1}{\sqrt{2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(27\sqrt{6}96h_1)R_1^2}{96r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`B(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{\sqrt{6}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}q_1R_1}{\sqrt{2}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(18\sqrt{6}+96h_1)R_1^2}{96r}}+\mathrm{},`$
$`C(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{R_1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{9R_1^3}{8r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{27q_1R_1^4}{4r^3}}+\mathrm{}.`$ (107)
The only nontrivial constraint from (2) now implies that

$$\left(\frac{dr}{d\sigma }\right)^2=\{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \frac{\kappa ^2B(r)^2\omega _1^2A(r)^2\nu ^2}{C(r)^2l_{11}^2/N^2}(\text{Case I}\text{D})\\ \hfill \frac{\kappa ^2A(r)^2\nu ^2C(r)^2\omega _2^2/N^2}{B(r)^2l_{11}^2}(\text{Case II}\text{D})\\ \hfill \frac{\kappa ^2B(r)^2\omega _1^2C(r)^2\omega _2^2/N^2}{A(r)^2l_{11}^2}(\text{Case III}\text{D})\end{array}$$
(108)
The issue of consistency is more subtle in these cases than in the $`𝔹_7`$ cases. This is because there are more cross terms in the metric. It turns out that in order for the ansätze to be consistent, one can only have one of the angular momenta to be nonzero in any given solution. Thus, for example, in the type I<sub>D</sub> solution one must have either $`\omega _1=0`$ or $`\nu =0`$ in order for the configuration to solve the equations of motion. These are the configurations we shall consider below.

#### 4.3.3 Energy and other conserved charges

Again, the differing numerical factors in the expressions below are due to differences in the ranges of angles.

* Case I<sub>D</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r|C(r)|\sqrt{\kappa ^2B(r)^2\omega _1^2A(r)^2\nu ^2}},`$ (109)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|C(r)|\sqrt{\omega _1^2B(r_0)^2+\nu ^2A(r_0)^2}}{\sqrt{\omega _1^2\left[B(r_0)^2B(r)^2\right]+\nu ^2\left[A(r_0)^2A(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (110)
$`K_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1|C(r)|B(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega _1^2\left[B(r_0)^2B(r)^2\right]+\nu ^2\left[A(r_0)^2A(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (111)
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (112)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\nu |C(r)|A(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega _1^2\left[B(r_0)^2B(r)^2\right]+\nu ^2\left[A(r_0)^2A(r)^2\right]}}}.`$ (113)
* Case II<sub>D</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r|B(r)|\sqrt{\kappa ^2A(r)^2\nu ^2\omega _2^2C(r)^2/N^2}},`$ (114)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|B(r)|\sqrt{\nu ^2A(r_0)^2+\omega _2^2C(r_0)^2/N^2}}{\sqrt{\nu ^2\left[A(r_0)^2A(r)^2\right]+\omega _2^2\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (115)
$`K_1`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (116)
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{N^2(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _2|B(r)|C(r)^2}{\sqrt{\nu ^2\left[A(r_0)^2A(r)^2\right]+\omega _2^2\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (117)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\nu |B(r)|A(r)^2}{\sqrt{\nu ^2\left[A(r_0)^2A(r)^2\right]+\omega _2^2\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]/N^2}}}.`$ (118)
* Case III<sub>D</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r|A(r)|\sqrt{\kappa ^2B(r)^2\omega _1^2\omega _2^2C(r)^2/N^2}},`$ (119)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|A(r)|\sqrt{\omega _1^2B(r_0)^2+\omega _2^2C(r_0)^2/N^2}}{\sqrt{\omega _1^2\left[B(r_0)^2B(r)^2\right]+\omega _2^2\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (120)
$`K_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _1|A(r)|B(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega _1^2\left[B(r_0)^2B(r)^2\right]+\omega _2^2\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (121)
$`K_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{N^2(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _2|A(r)|C(r)^2}{\sqrt{\omega _1^2\left[B(r_0)^2B(r)^2\right]+\omega _2^2\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]/N^2}}},`$ (122)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (123)

These integrals are now performed in the small and large membrane limits in the same way as for the $`𝔹_7`$ metrics. The results are presented in Table 4. Again, $`k`$ denotes positive numerical constants, with dependence on $`R_0,R_1,q_0,q_1,N`$ kept explicit. It is not surprising that a dependence on $`q_0`$ now emerges because, unlike the $`𝔹_7`$ cases, the principle interpretation of this parameter is as measuring the squashing of the bolt at the origin .

The behaviours observed are the same as for the $`𝔹_7`$ metrics, except that there is one new possibility for short strings

* $`E={\displaystyle \frac{K}{R}}=kR^2`$: This arises when the $`\delta `$-direction does not collapse at the origin, so the rotation is string-like, and the direction of rotation also does not collapse. There will be a dependence on $`q`$.

#### 4.3.4 Using the non-compact directions again: logarithms

Writing the eleven dimensional metric as

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{11}^2=dt^2+dx^2+dy^2+dz^2+ds_7^2,$$
(124)
we may do exactly the same calcutions as we did before for the $`𝔹_7`$ metrics. The configuration that follows will be denoted IV<sub>D</sub>,

$`t=\kappa \tau ,\psi _3=\omega _2\tau ,\varphi _1=\varphi _2=0,r=r(\sigma ),`$
$`y=z=0,x=0,\varphi =\lambda \delta ,\theta _1=\theta _2=\pi /2,\psi _4=\pi /2.`$ (125)
The target space metric seen by the membrane now becomes

$$\frac{1}{l_{11}^2}ds_{M2}^2=dt^2+dr^2+\frac{C(r)^2}{N^2}d\psi _3^2+dx^2.$$
(126)
The action, energy and charge, per unit length along the $`x`$ direction, are easily worked out to be

* Case IV<sub>D</sub>

$`I`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _0^{r_0}𝑑r\sqrt{\kappa ^2\omega _2^2C(r)^2/N^2}},`$ (127)
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{|C(r_0)|}{\sqrt{\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]}}},`$ (128)
$`K_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{N(2\pi )^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{r_0}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{C(r)^2}{\sqrt{\left[C(r_0)^2C(r)^2\right]}}}.`$ (129)

Obviously, this is exactly the same as the $`𝔹_7`$ case but with $`c(r)C(r)`$. The asymptotic expansions to second order are the same for $`c(r)`$ and $`C(r)`$ if we let $`R_1R_1/2`$. Thus we get the same result

$$E\frac{2NK_3}{R_1}=kR_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{NK_3}{R_1^2}+\mathrm{}.$$
(130)
For short membranes with this configuration, we get $`E=2NK_3/(R_1q_1)=kR_1/q+\mathrm{}`$. As commented before, we might expect to also find a pulsating membrane solution with these energy - charge relations.

## 5 Discussion, comments regarding dual operators and open issues

Let us first review what we have done and found in this work. Motivated by the recent developments mentioned in the first section, we studied membranes rotating in different geometries that are of interest as duals to gauge theories.

To start with, we considered an $`AdS_4\times M_7`$ spacetime. Depending on the holonomy of $`M_7`$, these are dual to $`2+1`$ dimensional conformal field theories with a varying number of preserved supersymmetries. In all of these manifolds, we found that rotating membrane configurations may develop relations for the energy E, spin S, and R-symmetry angular momentum J, of the form $`ES\mathrm{ln}S`$ and $`EJS1/J\mathrm{ln}^2(S/J)`$, as had previously been found for strings on various backgrounds. The same logarithmic results were found for membranes moving in a warped $`AdS_5\times M_6`$ geometry that is dual to a four dimensional $`N=2`$ conformal field theory. We also recovered previous non-logarithmic results for membranes and explained the difference between the logarithmic and non-logarithmic cases in terms of whether the direction wrapped by the membrane was stabilised at infinity or not.

According to the correspondence between high angular momentum strings/membranes and ‘long’ operators , these rotating membranes should be dual to certain twist two operators in the corresponding conformal field theory that have anomalous dimensions given by the relation between energy (or conformal dimension), spin and J-charge calculated on the gravity side of the duality. These results point to the fact that for geometries of the form $`AdS_p\times M_q`$, it will be possible to find membrane/string configurations dual to ‘long’ twist two operators.

Given these results, we were lead to a very natural extension; geometries that are not of the form $`AdS_p\times M_q`$. Section four of this work presents a very detailed study of membranes rotating in M-theory backgrounds of the form $`^{1,3}\times M_7`$, where $`M_7`$ is now a non-compact $`G_2`$ holonomy manifold. These backgrounds are thought to be dual to $`𝒩=1`$ SYM, which is a confining ‘QCD-like’ theory.

The results of section four could be summarised as follows. We have found rotating membrane configurations that should be dual to operators with energy-angular momentum relations, using $`K`$ to denote the angular momentum/dual charge, of the following form for small quantum numbers $`EK^{2/3},EKK^3,EK^{1/2},EK=\text{constant}`$. When continued to the large quantum number regime these may become $`EK^{1/2},EK^{2/3},EKK^{1/3},EK\mathrm{ln}K.`$ For the logarithmic cases, we considered energy and charge densities of a noncompact membrane. Some of these configurations seem to realise the proposal of  for rotating solutions in a confining geometry to exhibit a transition for Regge-like to D.I.S.-like behaviour without finite size effects.

Several comments are in order. First of all, we consider these results to be interesting. Not many dynamical or quantitative tests of the duality between M theory on $`G_2`$ manifolds and $`𝒩=1`$ SYM theory seem to exist. We hope that our results are a step towards an understanding of the duality that involves both a dynamical and a quantitative statement. Indeed, the fact that we obtained results that look very much like they should correspond to anomalous dimensions of operators, suggests that the energy of gravity states corresponds to the dimension of gauge theory operators. This is not at all otherwise obvious, given the lack of conformal symmetry and the lack of a holographic formulation of the duality that explicitly links bulk states with boundary operators.

We should point out that our results leave many issues open. These issues seem to be inextricably tied up with limitations of current understanding of the duality. To begin with, due to the running of the gauge theory dual coupling, it is not evident how to read off from our solutions the ’t Hooft coupling dependence of the relation between energy/dimension and spin/charge in the field theory. Then, the interpretation of the field theory dual charge to the angular momenta of the membrane is not totally clear. Given that the rotations are not in the four flat non-compact directions of the spacetime, it is not obvious why the charge should be four dimensional Lorentzian spin and if it is not spin, then it is not clear what else it could be. As well as the known behaviours, like $`EK^{1/2},EK^{2/3}`$, which are Regge-like behaviours for short membranes, and $`EK\mathrm{ln}K`$, which is the D.I.S/twist two-like behaviour, we obtained other relations such as those of the form $`EKK^{1/3},EKK^3`$. The first type of relation appeared previously for strings moving in Witten’s QCD confining model . The second type does not seem to have been previously studied. It is not clear which ‘QCD-like’ operator will be dual to these last two configurations. We must keep in mind that, in the gravity approximation, M-theory on a $`G_2`$ manifold is not dual to pure $`𝒩=1`$ SYM. Indeed Kaluza-Klein and bulk modes are not decoupled from the $`3+1`$ gauge theory, a feature that seems to afflict any study involving D6 branes.

One might speculate that the logarithmic configurations we found on the $`G_2`$ spacetimes could be related to large Lorentzian spin operators in field theory via Wilson lines. Wilson lines are closely related to the twist two operators of form (1), see for example  and references therein. The membrane configurations in question, called IV<sub>B</sub> and IV<sub>D</sub> above, form an infinite line in the noncompact directions. Some related comments were made in .

Finally, in the following appendices, we set up a formalism to study certain string configurations on warped AdS backgrounds, that are general confining backgrounds. We then end by explicitly checking non-supersymmetry of the membrane configurations we considered on $`G_2`$ backgrounds.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Robert Thorne for a very useful discussion and Gregory Korchemsky for very extensive and useful e-mail correspondence. We would also like to thank Gary Gibbons, Rubén Portugues and in particular Nemani Suryanarayana for discussions. SAH is funded by the Sims scholarship and CN is funded by PPARC.

## Appendix A Strings moving in warped AdS spaces

In this section we will consider strings rotating in the background geometry generated by a D4-D8 system. The objective is to study effects of warp factors on the rotating configurations. The subsection below takes a more general approach. The geometry is given in  and reads in Einstein frame,

$$ds^2=(\mathrm{sin}\xi )^{1/12}[dt^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho +d\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_4^2+\frac{2}{g^2}(d\xi ^2+\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\xi }{4}(d\theta ^2+d\varphi ^2+d\psi ^2+2\mathrm{cos}\theta d\varphi d\psi ))],$$
(131)
where $`g`$ is a constant and

$$d\mathrm{\Omega }_4^2=d\theta _1+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _1d\theta _2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _1\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _2d\theta _3^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _1\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _3d\theta _4^2,$$
(132)
and the matter fields are

$$e^{6/5\varphi }=\mathrm{sin}\xi ,F_4=\mathrm{sin}^{1/3}\xi \mathrm{cos}^3\xi \text{vol}(S^4).$$
(133)
We will consider here a configuration given by

$$\rho =\rho (\sigma ),t=\kappa \tau \theta _4=\omega \tau ,\xi =\xi (\sigma ),\psi =\sqrt{2}\nu \tau ,\theta _i=0,\theta =0.$$
(134)
Plug this configuration into the string action, and neglect the term that is proportional to the dilaton, since it is an $`\alpha ^{}`$ correction and we are not considering in the metric (131) any stringy corrections. We have an action

$$S=\frac{2P}{g^2}𝑑\sigma f(\xi )\left[\xi ^2+\frac{g^2}{2}\rho ^2+\frac{1}{2}\left(g^2\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2g^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \right)\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\xi \right],$$
(135)
with $`f(\xi )=\mathrm{sin}^{1/12}\xi (\sigma )`$ and  denoting $`d/d\sigma `$. The equations of motion are

$$\frac{d}{d\sigma }(f(\xi )\rho ^{})f(\xi )(\omega ^2\kappa ^2)\mathrm{cosh}\rho \mathrm{sinh}\rho =0,$$
(136)
$$\frac{d}{d\sigma }(f(\xi )\xi ^{})=\frac{g^2}{4}\frac{df(\xi )}{d\xi }(\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \frac{2\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\xi }{g^2}+\frac{2\xi ^2}{g^2}+\rho ^2)+f(\xi )\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}\xi \mathrm{sin}\xi ,$$
(137)
and the constraint reads

$$f(\xi )\left(\frac{2\xi ^2}{g^2}+\rho ^2\kappa ^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho +\omega ^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho +\frac{2\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\xi }{g^2}\right)=0.$$
(138)
One can check that the derivative of the constraint can be split up to give the second order equations of motion.

We can consider special cases of the previous configurations. In the case where the warping angle $`\xi `$ is taken to be a constant $`\xi _{}=\pi /2`$. Note that this specific value is needed to solve the equations of motion. There is no R-charge in this configuration. The computations are very similar to the cases analysed in  and we get the same result with operators satisfying $`ES\mathrm{ln}S`$. Besides, one can consider the case in which the coordinate $`\rho =\rho _{}=0`$ is constant, again with a value specified by the equations of motion. In this case, the equations of motion reduce to

$$\xi ^{\prime \prime }=\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}\xi \mathrm{sin}\xi ,\xi ^2+\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\xi =\frac{g^4}{4}\kappa ^2,$$
(139)
The turning point will be

$$\mathrm{cos}^2\xi _0=\frac{g^4}{4\nu ^2}\kappa ^2.$$
(140)
We can compute the energy and angular momentum for this configuration to be given by

$$E=\frac{2}{g^2}P\kappa _0^\xi \frac{\mathrm{sin}^{1/12}\xi }{\sqrt{\frac{g^4}{4\nu ^2}\kappa ^2\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\xi }}𝑑\xi ,$$
(141)
$$J=\frac{2}{g^2}P\nu _0^\xi \frac{\mathrm{sin}^{1/12}\xi }{\sqrt{\frac{g^4}{4\nu ^2}\kappa ^2\nu ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\xi }}\mathrm{cos}^2\xi d\xi .$$
(142)
As we have done in previous sections, we expand the integrals above to find the relation between energy, spin and angular momentum for long and short strings. After doing the expansion, we notice that the energy and angular momentum do not diverge for long strings. This is a new type of behaviour. Even though this geometry is very similar to the one described in section 4.1 of the paper , we have here a warping factor. We get that the relation for long strings is of the form

$$EJ=k+\mathrm{},$$
(143)
where $`k`$ is a numerical constant.

### A.1 Strings moving in a general background

Consider now the motion of strings in backgrounds of the form,

$$ds_{10}^2=f(r)\left[dt^2+d\rho ^2+\rho ^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2(\theta ,\varphi )\right]+dr^2+\mathrm{}$$
(144)
where the “…” can be whatever one wants, the string will not be moving in these directions. Backgrounds of this form are interesting since they have the general form of gravity duals to gauge theories in $`3+1`$ dimensions with a low number of supersymmetries, and that may exhibit confinement. Consider a string configuration that could be interpreted as a spinning string in the $`3+1`$ manifold

$$r=r(\sigma ),t=\kappa \tau ,\varphi =\omega \tau ,\rho =\rho (\sigma ).$$
(145)
The Polyakov action in this case is,

$$I=\frac{1}{2\pi \alpha ^{}}𝑑\sigma \left[r^2+f(r)(\rho ^2+\kappa ^2\rho ^2\omega ^2)\right],$$
(146)
and the constraint is,

$$f(r)(\rho ^2\kappa ^2+\rho ^2\omega ^2)+r^2=0.$$
(147)
We can see that the derivative of the constraint will have the form

$$2r^{}\left(r^{\prime \prime }\frac{1}{2}\frac{df}{dr}(\kappa ^2+\rho ^2\omega ^2\rho ^2)\right)+2\rho ^{}\left(f(r)\rho ^{\prime \prime }+f(r)\omega ^2\rho +\frac{df}{dr}r^{}\rho ^{}\right)=0,$$
(148)
where terms inside the parenthesis will be the equations of motion derived from (146). Integrating the equations of motion, we will obtain a relation between the variables, that we can substitute into the original action and follow the procedure in previous sections of the paper. This seems like an interesting direction to investigate in the future. It seems possible that one might obtain logarithms in these types of configurations.

## Appendix B Conditions for supersymmetry of rotating membranes

We do not expect our configurations to be supersymmetric given the time dependence and the minimally supersymmetric background. However, for completeness, we check this explicitly.

Let $`ϵ`$ generate a supersymmetry of the background spacetime metric, i.e. it is a Killing spinor. This supersymmetry will be preserved by the worldsheet if

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{M2}ϵ=ϵ,$$
(149)
where

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{M2}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{det\gamma }}\frac{1}{3!}ϵ^{ijk}_iX^\mu _jX^\nu _kX^\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu \nu \sigma }.$$
(150)
Where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu \nu \sigma }`$ is the standard antisymmetric combination of eleven dimensional Dirac matrices, and $`\gamma _{ij}`$ is the induced metric on the worldsheet.

This formula is particularly easy to apply to the membrane configurations on $`G_2`$ backgrounds. For the $`𝔹_7`$ metrics, the parallel spinor  has constant coefficients and satisfies three projection conditions

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2635}ϵ=ϵ,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{1634}ϵ=ϵ,\mathrm{\Gamma }_{6201}ϵ=ϵ,$$
(151)
using tangent space indices. The orthonormal frame on the $`G_2`$ is

$`e^0=dr,e^1=a(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1\sigma _1),e^2=a(\mathrm{\Sigma }_2\sigma _2),e^3=d(\mathrm{\Sigma }_3\sigma _3),`$
$`e^4=b(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1+\sigma _1),e^5=b(\mathrm{\Sigma }_2+\sigma _2),e^6=d(\mathrm{\Sigma }_3+\sigma _3).`$ (152)
From here one uses the membrane configurations of Table 1 to calculate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{M2}`$. For example, for the I<sub>B</sub> configuration one obtains

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{I}_𝔹}=\frac{\left[\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _3}+\nu _2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _4}+\kappa \mathrm{\Gamma }_t\right]\mathrm{\Gamma }_r\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\psi _3}}{c/N\sqrt{\kappa ^2b^2\omega ^2a^2\nu _2^2}},$$
(153)
where

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _3}`$ $`=`$ $`b\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_4+b\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_5,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _4}`$ $`=`$ $`a\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_1+a\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_2,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\psi _3}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c}{N}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_6,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_r`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0,\mathrm{\Gamma }_t=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\widehat{t}}.`$ (154)
The matrix (153) is easily seen not to commute or anticommute with the projectors of equation (151) and therefore no supersymmetries are preserved. The same will be the case for the II<sub>B</sub>, III<sub>B</sub> and IV<sub>B</sub> configurations.

The $`𝔻_7`$ cases are a little more complicated because the parallel spinor  does not have constant coefficients. However, it will be sufficient for us to know that the parallel spinor satisfies

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2536}ϵ=ϵ,$$
(155)
where we are using tangent space indices and the vielbeins are

$`e^0=dr,e^1=a(\mathrm{\Sigma }_1+g\sigma _1),e^2=a(\mathrm{\Sigma }_2+g\sigma _2),e^3=c(\mathrm{\Sigma }_3+g_3\sigma _3),`$
$`e^4=b\sigma _1,e^5=b\sigma _2,e^6=f\sigma _3.`$ (156)
One then calculates $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{M2}`$ using Table 2. For the I<sub>D</sub> configuration, for example, one obtains

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{I}_𝔻}=\frac{\left[\omega _1\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _1}+\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _2}+\kappa \mathrm{\Gamma }_t\right]\mathrm{\Gamma }_r\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\psi _3}}{C/N\sqrt{\kappa ^2\omega _1^2B^2\nu ^2A^2}},$$
(157)
where

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _1}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ag}{\sqrt{2}}}\left[(\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}+\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}})\mathrm{\Gamma }_1+(\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}})\mathrm{\Gamma }_2\right]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{\sqrt{2}}}\left[(\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}+\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}})\mathrm{\Gamma }_4+(\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}})\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\right],`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\varphi _2}`$ $`=`$ $`a(\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}+\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}})\mathrm{\Gamma }_1+a(\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _3}{2}})\mathrm{\Gamma }_2,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\psi _3}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{cg^2}{N}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_2+{\displaystyle \frac{f}{2N}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_6,`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_t`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\widehat{t}},\mathrm{\Gamma }_r=\mathrm{\Gamma }_0.`$ (158)
One can now see that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{I}_𝔻}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{2536}`$ do not commute or anticommute and therefore no supersymmetry is preserved. It is easy to check that the same occurs for the other configurations, II<sub>D</sub>, III<sub>D</sub> and IV<sub>D</sub>. Thus, as expected, none of our configurations are supersymmetric.