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# A Multiwavelength Approach to the SFR Estimation in Galaxies at intermediate redshifts1,2,3

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The observational efforts devoted during the last years to measure the cosmic star formation history is clearly manifest in the growing number of works in the field. As a result of the advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and of the 8-10 meter class telescopes, the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) star formation history per unit comoving volume initially derived up to $`z`$ 1 (Lilly et al., 1996) was extended up to $`z`$ 4 (Madau et al., 1996; Steidel et al., 1999). Naturally, all these works rely on the use of the available star formation rate (SFR) diagnostics: nebular emission lines like H$`\alpha `$ (Kennicutt, 1992a, 1998; Gallego et al., 1995; Tresse & Maddox, 1998; Glazebrook et al., 1999; Moorwood et al., 2000; Hopkins et al., 2000) and \[O ii\] (Hogg et al., 1998; Aragón-Salamanca et al., 2002); UV continuum luminosities (Lilly et al., 1996; Madau et al., 1996; Treyer et al., 1998; Cowie, Songalia & Barger, 1999; Steidel et al., 1999; Sullivan et al., 2000, 2001); far-infrared luminosities (Rowan-Robinson et al., 1997; Blain et al., 1999; Flores et al., 1999; Chary & Elbaz, 2002); and 1.4 GHz radio luminosities (Condon, 1992; Cram et al., 1998). Different cosmic star formation histories have been advocated from these various studies which can only be reconciled if the effect of dust extinction is accounted for.

In the local universe, galaxies radiate the bulk of their luminosity in the stellar regime, i.e. below $`\lambda `$ 5 $`\mu `$m. On average, only about one third of their stellar light is absorbed by dust and re-emitted in the dust regime from the mid infrared (MIR) to the sub-millimeter (Soifer & Neugebauer, 1991). In the distant universe, the reverse seems to take place as suggested by the combined results of the COsmic Background Experiment (COBE), the ISOCAM and ISOPHOT instruments on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and the sub-millimeter camera SCUBA at the JCMT. Number counts at 15 $`\mu `$m (Elbaz et al., 1999), at 90 $`\mu `$m and 170 $`\mu `$m (Efstathiou et al., 2000; Kawara et al., 2000; Matsuhara et al., 2000; Dole et al., 2001), and at 450 and 850 $`\mu `$m (Smail et al., 2002, and references therein) revealed the presence of an excess of faint galaxies by one order of magnitude in comparison with expectations based on the local properties of galaxies. Such excess can only be explained if galaxies emitted a larger fraction of their luminosity in the dust regime in the past. This conclusion is reinforced by the detection of a strong cosmic infrared background (CIRB) above $`\lambda `$ 100 $`\mu `$m (Puget et al., 1996; Hauser et al., 1998; Fixsen et al., 1998; Lagache et al., 1999, 2000) the bulk of which appears to be produced by starbursting galaxies radiating the majority of their light in the IR above $`\lambda `$ 5 $`\mu `$m (Elbaz et al., 2002; Chary & Elbaz, 2002).

Two major questions remain unanswered:

– How consistent are the different SFR indicators commonly used in the literature?

– Do local and distant galaxies exhibit a similar behaviour?

Studies of local galaxies have shown that even after correcting for dust extinction, a significant discrepancy remains between SFRs derived from UV and H$`\alpha `$ measurements compared with those obtained from FIR and radio luminosities, and that this discrepancy is worse for galaxies with higher SFRs (Hopkins et al., 2001; Poggianti & Wu, 2000). Hopkins et al. (2001) and Sullivan et al. (2001) report an increase of the $`F`$(H$`\alpha `$)/$`F`$(H$`\beta `$) ratio, used to measure extinction, with the SFR of galaxies. They suggest to use the fit to this correlation in order to account for dust extinction when H$`\beta `$ is not available. However, Buat et al. (2002) indicate that the apparent link between extinction and star formation is likely not real, but only the result of a dispersed correlation between dust extinction and luminosity.

In a recent paper, Rigopoulou et al. (2000) studied a sample of 12 galaxies with $`0.4<z<1.4`$, detected with ISOCAM in the Hubble Deep Field South (HDF-S). They showed that the discrepancy found between optical-UV and FIR-radio SFRs in the local universe is also present at high $`z`$. However, the Balmer decrement was not available for these galaxies and the authors discussed the effect of dust extinction assuming an average correction factor of 4 for SFR(H$`\alpha `$).

In the present paper, we propose to address the two previous questions using a test sample of seven galaxies at $`z`$ 0.4 and 0.8, five of which have MIR flux densities from which we derived FIR luminosities assuming that the correlation between MIR and FIR luminosities observed in the local universe remains valid at these redshifts (Elbaz et al., 2002; Chary & Elbaz, 2002). The galaxies were selected from their MIR flux density in order to sample SFRs in the range from 2 to 160 M yr-1 and morphologies ranging from a normal spiral to merging galaxies.

In this work we extend to higher redshifts the comparison between different SFR estimators that have been used for samples of local galaxies (e.g., Sullivan et al. 2001). For that purpose, we compare classical SFR indicators such as the nebular emission lines \[O ii\] and H$`\alpha `$, or the UV continuum, that we correct for dust extinction using the Balmer decrement, with the FIR and radio luminosities which are unaffected by extinction. This has been made possible with the comissioning of high resolution optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy on the Keck telescopes. High resolution spectroscopy is required not only to avoid the contamination from atmospheric OH emission lines but also to resolve the \[N ii\]$`\lambda \lambda 6549,6583`$ Å and H$`\alpha `$ emission lines. After the presentation of the observational data in Sect. 2, the fluxes in these three lines will be combined in Sect. 3 with the \[O iii\] and H$`\beta `$ lines to locate galaxies in diagnostic diagrams that allow separating between galaxies whose optical luminosity is mainly due to star formation, from galaxies where an Active Galactic Nucleus is the dominant source of emission.

In Sect. 4 we obtain multiwavelength SFR estimates for the galaxy sample using the available flux data. Additional galaxy parameters are examined in Sect. 5, and a summary of the main properties of each object is presented in Sect. 6. In Sect. 7 we compare and discuss the results obtained using the different SFR estimators. Finally, we present the conclusions in Sect. 8.

Unless otherwise indicated, throughout this paper we will assume $`H_0=70\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{Mpc}^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_M=0.3`$, and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7`$.

## 2 THE DATA

### 2.1 Galaxy Sample and Observations

The sample of dusty starburst galaxies was chosen according to the availability of ISOCAM-15 $`\mu `$m luminosities (or, at least, upper limits) for each object. The galaxies were also constrained to have a spectroscopic redshift accurate enough to insure that the H$`\alpha `$ line would be free of contamination due to night sky lines. With those criteria in mind, we have selected 4 galaxies with a mean redshift $`z0.46`$ in the Hubble Deep Field North, HDF-N (Williams et al., 1996), and 3 galaxies with $`z0.80`$ in the Groth Strip Survey, GSS (Groth et al., 1994; Koo et al., 1996). The whole set of galaxies is listed in Table 1 and displayed in Fig. 1. Interestingly, the two galaxies undetected by ISO have a compact morphology (hd2-264.2 and GSS084\_4515). The ISO sources are face-on spirals (hd4-656.1, hd4-795.111, and GSS084\_4521), a disky galaxy (hd2-264.1), and a colliding system (GSS073\_1810) which looks like a higher redshift analogue of the local Antenae system (NGC 4038 and NGC 4039). In order to facilitate the recognition of the individual objects in some of the figures of this paper, we have labeled the symbols with the letters S, D, C and A, corresponding to their morphologies, i.e. Spiral, Disky, Compact and Antenae-like, respectively.

According to their IR luminosities (computed as described in Sect. 4.3 and listed in Table 9), the HDF-N galaxies are not luminous enough to be classified as luminous infrared galaxies (LIRG, $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}10^{11}L_{}`$), whereas the contrary is true for the GSS objects. Note that although GSS073\_1810 could be marginally considered as an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG; $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}10^{12}L_{}`$), this object is constituted by two colliding galaxies (see Fig. 1). A more detailed characterization of the galaxy sample is presented in Sects. 5 and 6.

For all galaxies in our sample, we have obtained optical and near-infrared spectroscopy. The observations were carried out with the W. M. Keck Observatory telescopes and 3 different instruments over 5 observing runs (see Table 1). For the relatively low redshift HDF-N galaxies, we employed the Echelle Spectrograph and Imager, ESI (Sutin, 1997; Epps & Miller, 1998; Sheinis et al., 2002), which covers the full wavelength range from 3900 Å to 11000 Å in one configuration, and with a spectral resolution $`\mathrm{FWHM}0.8`$ Å at observed $`\lambda (\mathrm{H}\alpha )9600`$ Å. However, for the more distant GSS galaxies, initially only observed in the spectral range 4500–9000 Å with the Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, LRIS (Oke et al., 1995) ($`\mathrm{FWHM}3`$ Å), we expanded the spectral window by using the near-infrared echelle spectrograph NIRSPEC (McLean et al., 1998) in the J band (N2 and N3 filters, total spectral range 1.089-1.375 $`\mu \mathrm{m}`$, $`\mathrm{FWHM}8`$ Å). In general the observations were carried out with airmasses ranging from 1.09 to 1.56.

### 2.2 Data Reduction and Error Handling

The reduction of the LRIS data (runs 1, 2 and 3) is as described in Simard et al. (1999). The absolute flux calibration used observations of the spectrophotometric standard BD+33 2642 (runs 1 and 3) as the primary calibrator and the spectra of two stars, GSS063\_0445 and GSS093\_2453 (runs 1, 2 and 3), used to align the image masks, as secondary calibrators. We find that the response curve of LRIS is very stable on a run-to-run basis, with small fluctuations $`5`$%, which translate into negligible variations in the star formation rates once other sources of error and uncertainties are considered.

The ESI (run 4) and NIRSPEC (run 5) spectra have been reduced using a suite of our own programs based on the reduceme package (Cardiel, 1999), and a new FORTRAN package, xnirspec, specially developed for the reduction of the near-IR data. Error frames have been computed directly from the raw images, using the read-out noise and the gain of each detector. The reduction in parallel of these error frames together with the data images guarantees the correct propagation of errors due to arithmetic manipulation throughout the reduction procedure (Cardiel et al., 1998, 2002). In this sense, each fully processed spectrum is accompanied by an associated error spectrum which contains the random error in each pixel due to photon statistics and read-out noise.

One of the major problems encountered when measuring spectral features in the near-IR is the proper removal of the OH emission lines (Rousselot et al., 2000) and the compensation for telluric absorption due to water vapour and other molecules (Stevenson, 1994; Chmielewski, 2000). Systematic variations in the spectral direction (e.g. sampling aliasing, inacurate geometric distortion corrections), and in flux calibration (e.g. even small flatfield biases, residual fringing, or slit width inhomogeneities), pose a difficult challenge to the data reduction. Trying to minimize part of these problems, the NIRSPEC observations were carried out nodding the telescope, changing the position of the galaxies on the slit, in order to feed the data reduction pipeline with the subtraction of consecutive images. Even when following this procedure, the unpredictable residuals of each sky line (either in intensity or sign) had to be subtracted like normal sky lines in a subsequent step.

Since the spectra obtained in the detector plane of ESI and NIRSPEC are distorted, the image rectification prior to the removal of sky lines generates aliasing artifacts (the undersampled sky line residuals cannot be properly rectified), and, in addition, introduces a correlation between adjacent pixels in the error frames. In order to alleviate both effects, we mapped the image distortions in the spatial and spectral directions by using bivariate polynomial transformations (Wolberg, 1990). These mapping functions were determined by fitting the spectrum of a bright star, observed at different positions along the slit, and to the sky lines.

For the ESI observations, the removal of the telluric absorption, as well as the absolute flux calibration, used the high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N per Å $`150`$) almost featureless spectra of the spectrophotometric stars (BD+28 4211, Wolf 1346 and Feige 34). In the NIRSPEC run only one spectrophotometric star was observed (BD+28 4211), and the removal of telluric features was performed using the observation of V986 Oph, a hot (B0III) and bright ($`\mathrm{V}=6.15`$ mag) star.

All the flux calibrated spectra are displayed in Figs. 2 and 3.

### 2.3 Measure of emission line fluxes

The spectra have been corrected for atmospheric extinction using the Mauna Kea values available on the WWW page of the UKIRT (United Kingdom Infrared Telescope). The small corrections for galactic extinction used the dust maps of Schlegel et al. (1998) and the galactic extinction curve of Fitzpatrick (1999).

With the aim of correcting the measured Balmer emission line fluxes for the expected underlying stellar absorption, we have applied the criterion followed by Calzetti et al. (1994), who, based on the extensive analysis of giant extragalactic HII regions by McCall et al. (1985), employed $`\mathrm{EW}_{\mathrm{abs}}(\mathrm{H}\alpha )=\mathrm{EW}_{\mathrm{abs}}(\mathrm{H}\beta )=2`$ Å for galaxies with undetected or uncertain H$`\gamma `$ flux.

In order to follow a homogeneous procedure in the determination of line luminosities, line fluxes have been derived from Gaussian fits to the corresponding emission lines. It is worth noting that these fits not only match the observed spectra within the error bars available in each pixel, but they also help minimizing the uncertainties due to the choice of integration limits on both sides of the emission lines. Flux errors are also easily computed in this way through numerical simulations with bootstrapped error spectra. All the measured emission lines are displayed in the insets of Figs. 2 and 3 (see caption for details). Their values are listed in Table 2. Considering that the H$`\alpha `$ line has been observed in spectral regions densely populated by sky lines, it is not surprising that in some cases large residuals prevented fitting Gaussians to the entire wavelength domain of the \[N ii\] $`\lambda \lambda `$6549, 6583 lines. In these cases (and also when no clear signature of these lines was detectable), since the expected location of the lines is very well constrained by the centroid of the H$`\alpha `$ line, restricted fits were performed to the line regions free of contamination (see caption of Table 2 for details). Restricted fits have also been applied to other emission lines when required.

Intrinsic reddenings, parameterized through the color excess in the nebular gas, E(B$``$V)gas, were determined using the measured Balmer decrement, and assuming typical gas conditions, i.e. $`N_\mathrm{e}=10^2`$ cm-3, $`T_\mathrm{e}=10^4`$ K, recombination case B, and the flux ratio H$`\alpha `$/H$`\beta `$=2.86 (Osterbrock, 1989). Since the extinction properties of the Milky Way (Savage & Mathis, 1979; Seaton, 1979; Cardelli et al., 1989; O’Donnell, 1994; Fitzpatrick, 1999), the Small Magellanic Cloud (Prévot et al., 1984; Bouchet et al., 1985), and the Large Magellanic Cloud (Howarth, 1983; Fitzpatrick, 1985) are similar in the optical and in the near-IR spectral ranges, it is common to assume that the selective extinction curve from any of these objects can be safely used to correct the emission lines for internal reddening (Calzetti, 1997). For this reason, here we adopt the average curve for Galactic extinction published by Fitzpatrick (1999). The E(B$``$V)gas values for our galaxy sample are given in the last column of Table 2. The quoted errors correspond to the propagation of random errors in the H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$ fluxes.

Finally, to estimate the impact of the slit widths and position angles in the measured emission line fluxes, we computed the fraction of light passing through the slit for each observation, using the HST images; these fractions and associated errors, are listed in Table 3. The errors were calculated using numerical simulations which assume random positioning errors when placing the slits over the targets. The simulations were performed after isolating each galaxy from its neighbors using SExtractor (Bertin and Arnouts, 1996), with the configuration parameter checkimage\_type set to objects. Although those slit-loss estimates must be taken with caution, it seems unlikely that we are losing more than 50% of the light in any case.

### 2.4 Additional Flux Data

Additional photometric data, shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6, were used as consistency checks on the absolute flux calibration over the entire wavelength range. These data were also used to estimate the importance of the aperture correction when measuring the emission line fluxes (see Figs. 2 and 3), and to derive SFRs based on ultraviolet, infrared and radio luminosities.

The HST magnitudes for the HDF-N galaxies (Table 4) correspond to the fluxes published by Fernández-Soto et al. (1999).

For the GSS galaxies (Table 5) we list the $`U`$, $`B`$, $`R`$ and $`I`$ band magnitudes determined by Brunner et al. (1999) using photometric data obtained with the Prime Focus CCD (PFCCD) camera on the Mayall 4 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. In addition, we have computed $`V_{606}`$ and $`I_{814}`$ band magnitudes using SExtractor (Bertin and Arnouts, 1996) applied on the HST images (Groth et al., 1994). We have also compared the KPNO magnitudes with their analogous HST measurements. In this sense, a small offset of 0.15 mag has been detected between the KPNO $`I`$ band magnitudes and the HST $`I_{814}`$ data (see Fig. 4). We do not make a similar correction for the KPNO $`R`$ band magnitudes because the overlap in wavelength with the $`V606`$ bandpass is small and the comparison between both magnitudes has a large scatter. Finally, we also derived a direct measurement of the $`J`$ band magnitude for the pair of interacting galaxies GSS073\_1810. In this case, we made use of the images obtained with the slit-viewing camera SCAM of NIRSPEC through the N3 filter (covering the range 1.143-1.375 microns). Although the total effective exposure time only lasted 80 seconds, it was enough to get the absolute flux with a relative random uncertainty of $`25`$%.

The MIR flux densities (Table 6), $`S_\nu (15\mu \mathrm{m})`$, are the ISOCAM measurements with the LW3 filter published by Aussel et al. (1999) and Flores et al. (1999) for the HDF-N and the GSS galaxies, respectively. Non-detections are indicated by an upper limit, that corresponds to the sensitivity threshold of the surveys. The flux published by Aussel et al. (1999) for hd2-264.1 integrates the emission of four blended sources. The flux value given here is the result for only this galaxy, obtained after deconvolving the different objects (H. Aussel 2001, private communication). The fluxes for GSS073\_1810 and GSS084\_4521 are also revised values (after improving the flux calibration through Monte Carlo simulations; H. Flores 2001, private communication).

The radio flux densities (last column in Table 6), $`S_\nu (\mathrm{radio})`$, are the 8.5 GHz measurements from Richards et al. (1998) for the HDF-N galaxies, and the 5.0 GHz data from Fomalont et al. (1991) for the GSS objects. We also quote the sensitivity limit of the considered survey for the undetected galaxies. Finally, to be consistent with the estimation of the MIR flux for hd2-264.1, we consider that the radio flux in this case also integrates the combined values of the blended sources. Thus, the quoted radio flux is the same fraction of the total radio flux.

## 3 Constraining the AGN contribution

Before calculating the SFRs from the collected multiwavelength data, we must consider the possible contamination of our galaxy sample by AGNs. The fact that QSOs and ULIRGs exhibit similar total luminosities and space densities led Sanders et al. (1988) to suggest that ULIRGs may constitute the dust-enshrouded phase of QSO formation. In this sense, strong interactions and mergers are the mechanisms responsible for the funneling of gas into the central regions of galaxies, which subsequently may feed both star formation and AGN activity. Although some aspects of this scenario are still controversial, observations confirm the connexion between QSO, ULIRGs and mergers (Canalizo & Stockton, 2001, and references therein). In conclusion, rather than segregating LIRGs and ULIRGs into starbursts and AGNs, the key question is to constrain the relative contribution of each component to the IR luminosity in a case by case basis.

### 3.1 Emission-line diagnostic diagrams

An important constraint on the contribution of AGN radiation, if any, to the total luminosity of our galaxies comes from the use of emission-line diagnostic diagrams. The set of emission lines displayed in Table 2 allows us to examine two of the most commonly employed diagrams. In Fig. 5 we compare the ratio \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007/H$`\beta `$ (which is an indicator of the gas excitation) versus the ratios \[N ii\]$`\lambda `$6583/H$`\alpha `$ and \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6716,6731/H$`\alpha `$ (the tabulated line ratios are also given in Table 8). Two interesting properties of these diagrams are their ability to properly discriminate between mechanisms responsible for the gas ionization (star formation, AGN, or shocks), and their low sensitivity to extinction corrections. The latter is clearly manifest in our data, since the mean correction of the plotted ratios in our galaxy sample is only 2%, with a maximum of 7% for the \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007/H$`\beta `$ ratio in hd2-264.2. In panels 5(a) and 5(b) we display a large collection of emission line ratios corresponding to nearby galaxies from Veilleux & Osterbrock (1987) and Gallego et al. (1996) —see table caption for details—, whereas in panels 5(c) and 5(d) we do the same with our galaxy sample. The analysis of this figure clearly indicates that the locus spanned by our galaxies is perfectly compatible with that exhibited by star forming galaxies.

It is also very interesting to compare the measured line fluxes exhibited by our galaxy sample, and in particular the ratios \[O iii\]$`\lambda `$5007/H$`\beta `$ (an indicator of the emitting gas excitation), with those of local star-forming galaxies, as a function of luminosity. For this purpose, we have estimated rest-frame absolute blue magnitudes for each galaxy using the available HST $`V606`$ and $`I814`$ magnitudes (note that the HST F606W and F814W bandpasses correspond approximately to the rest-frame $`B`$ band at $`z0.4`$ and $`z0.8`$, which are precisely quite close to the redshifts exhibited by the present sample). The HST fluxes were corrected for redshift, the transmission curves of filters F606W and F814W were de-redshifted to reproduce pseudo $`B`$ bands for each target, and a residual k-correction (ranging from $`0.06`$ to $`0.28`$ mag) was derived for each object, using the averaged spectral energy distributions corresponding to Sab, Sbc and Scd galaxies of Fukugita et al. (1995). The resulting magnitudes are listed in Table 9, and the excitation diagram is displayed in Fig. 6. For comparison, we have included in the same figure the very well characterized local sample of the UCM survey (Gallego et al., 1996, 1997), using different symbols to discriminate among distinct star forming galaxies: SBN (Starburst Nuclei, originally defined by Balzano (1983), are spiral galaxies that host a nucleus with an important star-forming process, with H$`\alpha `$ luminosities always higher than 108 L), DANS (Dwarf Amorphous Nucleus Starburst, introduced by Salzer et al. (1989), are similar to SBN but at lower scale), HIIH (H ii galaxies hot spot —see Gallego et al. (1996)—, are bright galaxies with a global star-forming process, optical spectrum dominated by blue colors, and strong emission lines; they show similar H$`\alpha `$ luminosities to those exhibited by SBN, but with large \[O iii\]/H$`\beta `$ ratios), DHIIH (dwarf H ii hot spot, are similar to HIIH, but with H$`\alpha `$ luminosities lower than $`5\times 10^7`$ L), and BCD (blue compact dwarf, are star forming galaxies with the lowest luminosity and higher ionization). Finally, Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2) are also displayed in Fig. 6 to show the plot region covered by AGN-dominated objects. The analysis of this figure reveals that the galaxies of our sample are perfectly compatible with the locus of local SBN, with the exception of hd2-264.2, which based on its higher \[O iii\]/H$`\beta `$ ratio, is located in the region of local HIIH objects.

### 3.2 Further evidence

There is a growing body of evidence indicating that the population of IR luminous galaxies detected by the ISOCAM deep surveys are generally dust-obscured starbursts (Fadda et al., 2002; Elbaz et al., 2002). Genzel et al. (1998) and Laurent et al. (2000) report the presence of a dichotomy in the spectroscopic properties of starbursts and galaxies whose luminosity is dominated by gravitational accretion: the former show stronger MIR broad emission features, with a fast decline in their emission shortward of $`\lambda 6\mu \mathrm{m}`$, whereas AGNs are characterized by a flatter spectrum. Through the analysis of these features, Tran et al. (2001) showed that AGN activity is dominant in local ULIRGs only for very luminous objects. In particular, these authors found that the contribution due to star formation to the total far-infrared luminosity is, on average, 82%–94% for galaxies with $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}<10^{12.4}\mathrm{L}_{}`$ (for a cosmology with $`H_0=75\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{Mpc}^1`$, and $`q_0=0.5`$), these numbers decrease to 44%–55% at higher luminosities. Considering that all our galaxies are below that threshold (see Table 9) our data support the idea that star formation is the dominant source of ionization in our sample (note that the largest $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ value of $``$ 1012 L corresponds to GSS073\_1810, which actually consists of two interacting galaxies).

Since accretion around black holes must lead to the formation of luminous X-ray sources, specially in the hard X-ray domain (less sensitive to extinction affecting obscured AGNs), the cross-correlation of deep X-ray and MIR observations is a direct way to check for the mechanism responsible for the nebular emission-lines. From the deep X-ray survey in the HDF-N performed with Chandra (Hornschemeier et al., 2000, 2001; Brandt et al., 2001), we find that only one of our four galaxies in this field, hd2-264.1, is an X-ray source (see Fig. 5 in Brandt et al. 2001). Very recently Fadda et al. (2002) have studied in detail the mechanisms that power the X-ray emission of ISOCAM galaxies in the HDF-N+FF presenting X-ray counterparts. They found that hd2-264.1 exhibits an X-ray luminosity $`L_\mathrm{X}2\times 10^{41}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1`$ and an X-ray spectral index similar to those of the star forming galaxies Arp 220 and Arp 244. Although we are not going to repeat all the details here, it is important to stress that the latter result alone clearly suggests that, in spite of its X-ray detection, a dominant AGN contribution in this object can be safely dismissed.

Further support to the idea that the optical light of the galaxies under study is dominanted by hot stars is given by the LRIS spectra of the GSS subsample. These have enough S/N that a cross-correlation of their spectral energy distribution (SED) against well-known SEDs of local star forming galaxies is easily done. This task was carried out by fitting the continuum regions free of high sky-line residuals to the SEDs in the spectrophotometric atlas of Kennicutt (1992b) masking out emission line regions. One of the best fits is obtained with NGC 4775, a typical Sc galaxy. This result, shown in Fig. 7, reveals that typical high-order absorption Balmer lines, a signature of young stellar populations, are present in the spectra of these targets.

A final piece of data gives more support to the same idea: the measured emission-line widths are not broad. The averaged FWHM values (derived from the fits to the emission lines with better S/N and without high residuals of sky lines) after quadratically subtracting the spectral resolution, are (in km/sec): $`110\pm 9`$ (hd2-264.1), $`94\pm 9`$ (hd2-264.2), $`101\pm 7`$ (hd4-656.1), $`129\pm 9`$ (hd4-795.111), $`216\pm 26`$ (GSS073\_1810A), $`167\pm 45`$ (GSS073\_1810B), $`327\pm 42`$ (GSS084\_4515), and $`216\pm 35`$ (GSS084\_4521). With this result, we are confident that none of the galaxies under study is a Seyfert 2.

In conclusion, although we cannot completely rule out AGNs as a possible source of ionizing radiation, all evidence compiled here suggests that such a contribution, if present, is very small.

## 4 Multiwavelength star formation rates

We have transformed the previous flux measurements and their corresponding errors (Tables 2, 4 and 5) into star formation rates, using well-known calibrations. The summary of this computation is presented in Table 7, displayed in Fig. 9, and described in this section.

### 4.1 SFR from ultraviolet continua

Since the resulting UV spectrum of star forming galaxies is roughly flat in the range of 1500–2800 Å, the SFR can be derived from any measurement of the UV luminosity in that spectral interval, using a calibration such as that given in Eq. (1) of Kennicutt (1998), namely,

$$\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{UV}}(M_{}/\mathrm{yr})=1.4\times 10^{28}L_{\mathrm{UV}}(\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{Hz}^1).$$
(1)
Note that at the mean redshifts of the HDF-N and GSS galaxies of our sample, the $`U`$ band magnitudes displayed in Tables 4 and 5 —the HST F300W ($`\lambda 3000`$ Å) and the KPNO $`U`$ ($`\lambda 3670`$ Å) filters— sample practically the same rest-frame wavelength $`\lambda _{\mathrm{rest}}2050`$ Å. The estimated luminosities were corrected for internal reddening using the recipe of Calzetti et al. (2000) for starbursts, where the color excesses for the stellar continuum were derived using E(B$``$V)$`{}_{\mathrm{cont}}{}^{}=0.44`$E(B$``$V)gas (Calzetti, 1997). In addition, the Galactic extinction has been corrected using the EG(B$``$V) from Table 1 and the extinction curve of Fitzpatrick (1999).

The errors were determined numerically by bootstrapping the original spectra and their corresponding error spectra. Thus, the bootstrap propagates the errors in E(B$``$V)gas quoted in Table 2. However, we have not included here the intrinsic scatter in Eq. (1). In fact, different calibrations between UV flux and SFR differ by $`0.3`$ dex (Kennicutt, 1998). In addition, systematic errors may also be present due to the fact that Eq. (1) is valid only for galaxies with continuous star formation over time scales of $`10^8`$ or longer.

### 4.2 SFR from \[O ii\] and H$`\alpha `$ luminosities

Here we use the average calibrations given in Eq. (3) and (2) of Kennicutt (1998),

$$\mathrm{SFR}_{[\mathrm{O}\text{ii}]}(M_{}/\mathrm{yr})=1.4\times 10^{41}L_{[\mathrm{O}\text{ii}]}(\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1),$$
(2)
and

$$\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }(M_{}/\mathrm{yr})=7.9\times 10^{42}L_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }(\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1),$$
(3)
with the correction for internal reddening was applied as described above. It is important to keep in mind that $`L_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }`$ traces the instantaneous SFR, because the H$`\alpha `$ emission is due to the re-processing of ionizing radiation shortward of 912 Å, which is produced by the most massive stars. Thus they are strongly dependent on the adopted initial mass function.

Since the errors in E(B$``$V)gas and the extinction-corrected H$`\alpha `$ flux are correlated, the error spectra were also bootstrapped to calculate the errors for SFR. We should also note that in this procedure we have not included the intrinsic scatter in Eqs. (2)–(3).

Finally the values derived for $`\mathrm{SFR}_{[\mathrm{O}\text{ii}]}`$ and $`\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }`$, and their corresponding error bars, were corrected for aperture effects. For that purpose, we used the factors listed in Table 3 for the bluest filters. In particular, HDF-N galaxies were corrected using the fraction of galaxy light passing through the $`U_{300}`$ filter, whereas for the GSS objects we employed the factors associated to the $`V_{606}`$ filter (slit 1.18″ for $`\mathrm{SFR}_{[\mathrm{O}\text{ii}]}`$; slit 0.76″ for $`\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }`$). These aperture corrected SFRs are the ones tabulated in Table 7.

### 4.3 SFR from mid infrared fluxes

The SFR of a galaxy may be estimated from its integrated IR luminosity, $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}=L(81000\mu \mathrm{m})`$ using Eq. (4) of Kennicutt (1998),

$$\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{IR}}(M_{}/\mathrm{yr})=4.5\times 10^{44}L_{\mathrm{IR}}(\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^1).$$
(4)
The IR SED of local star forming galaxies generally peaks in the FIR, between $`\lambda `$ 40 and 100 $`\mu `$m. In this spectral region, most of the luminosity is due to the thermal emission of the so-called big dust grains. The MIR flux is a combination of broad emission features and hot dust continuum as in the SED of the proto-typical starburst galaxy M 82 presented in Fig. 8a. Our sample of galaxies was observed in the LW3 filter of ISOCAM, centered at 15 $`\mu `$m ($`\lambda =`$ 12–18 $`\mu `$m).

At the redshift of the HDF-N galaxies ($`z`$ 0.4), the ISOCAM-LW3 filter (upper thick horizontal segment on Fig. 8a) samples almost the same rest-frame wavelength as the IRAS-12 $`\mu `$m filter for galaxies at $`z`$= 0. In Fig. 8b, we show that the 12 $`\mu `$m luminosity ($`\nu L_\nu `$) of local galaxies is tightly correlated with their integrated IR luminosity, $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$. We used the 293 galaxies from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample (BGS Soifer et al., 1989) with 12 $`\mu `$m flux densities and redshifts to derive this correlation.

At the redshift of the GSS galaxies ($`z`$ 0.8), the ISOCAM-LW3 filter (lower thick horizontal segment on Fig. 8a) largely overlaps the same rest-frame wavelength as the ISOCAM-LW2 filter (upper dashed rectangle), which is centered at 6.75 $`\mu `$m ($`\lambda =`$ 5–8.5 $`\mu `$m). In Fig. 8c, we have reproduced the Fig. 5d from Elbaz et al. (2002) which shows that rest-frame LW2 luminosities are also correlated with $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$.

The previous two correlations suggest that we can compute $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ for galaxies with $`z`$ 0.4 and 0.8 which were detected at 15 $`\mu `$m. However, because the rest-frame wavelength range corresponding to the observed 15 $`\mu `$m ISOCAM band does not exactly match the ISOCAM-LW2 and IRAS-12 $`\mu `$m filters, we did not compute $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ directly from the correlations but instead from a library of template SEDs ranging from 0.1 to 1000 $`\mu \mathrm{m}`$. These templates were produced by Chary & Elbaz (2002) who combined observed SEDs in order to reproduce the same observed trends between mid-infrared and far-infrared luminosities derived from ISOCAM, IRAS and SCUBA observations of nearby galaxies.

This computation relies on the hypothesis that the trends observed for local galaxies apply also to galaxies located at $`z`$ 0.4 and 0.8. As suggested in Elbaz et al. (2002), this assumption is supported by the correlation observed between radio and MIR luminosities both in the local and distant universe ($`z`$ 0.8).

To obtain the total integrated IR luminosity for the galaxies of our sample, we proceeded as follows. We computed the expected flux density, $`S_\nu (15\mu \mathrm{m})`$, for all the template SEDs, at the redshifts of each of our sample galaxies. The values thus obtained were compared to the measured ISOCAM-15 $`\mu `$m flux densities in order to select, for each sample galaxy, the template SED that best matched its ISOCAM flux density. The chosen SED was then used to predict IRAS flux densities. The latter were employed to compute the total IR flux densities, using

$$\frac{F_{\mathrm{IR}}(L_{})}{1.8\times 10^{14}}=13.48f_{12}+5.16f_{25}+2.58f_{60}+f_{100},$$
(5)
(Sanders & Mirabel, 1996), where $`f_{12}`$, $`f_{25}`$, $`f_{60}`$ and $`f_{100}`$ are the IRAS flux densities in Jy at 12, 25, 60 and 100 $`\mu m`$.

Note that we did not compute $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ by directly integrating the template SED because the spectral energy distributions of Chary & Elbaz (2002) were built to fit correlations using Eq. 5. Anyway, the difference in the computation of $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ between using Eq. 5 and integrating the SED is of the order of only 5–10%. The final IR luminosity for each galaxy is listed in Table 9.

The error bars in $`\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ quoted in Table 7 have been computed by propagating the errors in the ISOCAM-15 $`\mu `$m flux (i.e. obtaining the best SED which fitted $`S_\nu (15\mu \mathrm{m})\pm \mathrm{error}`$). They do not include a possible intrinsic scatter within the correlations shown in the Figs. 8b,c since the observed scatter combines this intrinsic scatter with measurement errors. If the scatter observed in Figs. 8b,c were mostly intrinsic, the 1-sigma error bars on $`\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ quoted in Table 7 should be increased according to a 40% uncertainty on $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$.

### 4.4 SFR from radio fluxes

The correlation between radio and infrared luminosities (Helou et al., 1985; Condon et al., 1991; Yun et al., 2001) offers an additional diagnostic tool to estimate the SFR. This correlation can be characterized with the help of the flux density ratio $`q`$ defined by Helou et al. (1985),

$$q=\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{F(\text{40–120}\mu \mathrm{m})}{3.75\times 10^{12}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{m}^2}\right)\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{S_\nu (1.4\mathrm{GHz})}{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{m}^2\mathrm{Hz}^1}\right),$$
(6)
where $`S_\nu (1.4\mathrm{GHz})`$ is the observed 1.4 GHz flux density in units of $`\mathrm{W}\mathrm{m}^2\mathrm{Hz}^1`$. In the study of a complete sample of 1809 galaxies from the IRAS 2 Jy sample, Yun et al. (2001) have shown that 98% of the galaxies follow the above relation with $`q=2.34\pm 0.01`$, the scatter in the linear relation being $`0.26`$ dex.

We computed rest-frame radio luminosities at 1.4 GHz assuming that $`S_\nu \nu ^\alpha `$ (as suggested by Yun et al., 2001), using the radio fluxes given in Table 6, and the typical radio spectral index $`\alpha =0.80\pm 0.15`$, with the exception of hd2-264.1 ($`\alpha =0.87\pm 0.12`$) and GSS084\_4521 ($`\alpha =0.75\pm 0.25`$), whose values were determined more precisely due to the availability of radio measurements at two different frequencies.

To convert the derived FIR luminosity, $`L(\text{40–120}mu\mathrm{m})`$, into integrated IR luminosity, $`L(\text{8–1000}mu\mathrm{m})`$, we used the following tight correlations derived from the IRAS BGS (Soifer et al., 1989)

$$L(\text{8–1000}\mu \mathrm{m})=(1.26\pm 0.15)L(\text{40–500}\mu \mathrm{m}),$$
(7)
$$L(\text{40–500}\mu \mathrm{m})=(1.50\pm 0.10)L(\text{40–120}\mu \mathrm{m}),$$
(8)
and thus

$$L(\text{8–1000}\mu \mathrm{m})=(1.89\pm 0.26)L(\text{40–120}\mu \mathrm{m}).$$
(9)
Finally, the SFRradio is computed from Eq. (4), employing the $`L(\text{8–1000}\mu \mathrm{m})`$ luminosity obtained from the combination of Eqs. (6) and (9).

The random errors correspond to the coadded effect of random errors in the radio flux and in the spectral index $`\alpha `$, neglecting the contribution of a possible intrinsic scatter in the $`q`$ parameter.

## 5 Additional galaxy properties

Although the galaxy sample examined in this paper is small, it is clear from Fig. 1 that it includes a diverse collection of objects. In addition to star formation rate estimates, the sample can also be used to derive additional galaxy properties, like metallicities and masses, which will provide a more complete description of each object.

Metallicities can be determined from the measured emission line strengths using the empirical line flux ratio technique of Pagel et al. (1979), which relates the line ratio

$$\mathrm{R}_{23}=\frac{\text{[O }\text{ii}\text{]}\lambda 3727+\text{[O }\text{iii}\text{]}\lambda \lambda 4959,5007}{\mathrm{H}\beta }$$
(10)
to the oxygen abundance, O/H. This calibration, shown in Fig. 10a, can be parameterized as a function of the ionization parameter

$$\mathrm{O}_{32}=\frac{\text{[O }\text{iii}\text{]}\lambda \lambda 4959,5007}{\text{[O }\text{ii}\text{]}\lambda 3727}.$$
(11)
In this work we have adopted the analytic fits of Kobulnicky et al. (1999) —in particular their Eqs. (7)–(9)— to the set of photoionization models of McGaugh (1991). As seen in Fig. 10a, these calibrations are degenerate, there being two widely different oxygen abundances for a given pair of R23 and O32 values. Fortunately the diagnostic diagram relating \[N ii\]$`\lambda 6583`$/\[O ii\]$`\lambda 3727`$ with \[N ii\]$`\lambda 6583`$/H$`\alpha `$ (see Fig. 10b), has proven to be an excellent tool to break this degeneracy, as shown by Contini et al. (2002). In particular, galaxies that fall in the upper right quadrant of this diagram can be safely assigned to the upper branch (high metallicity) of the oxygen calibration in Fig. 10a. This is the case for all galaxies in our sample, excepting GSS084\_4515, which falls in the turnaround region of the calibration diagram. Even though the measures for this galaxy present large uncertainties, it is clear that it exhibits the lowest metallicity. We have also included in Figs. 10a and 10b the UV selected galaxies from Contini et al. (2002) to illustrate the reliability of this method. The R23 and O32 metallicity indicators, together with the final derived metallicities, are listed in Table 8. Note that for the two colliding galaxies GSS073\_1810 the \[O iii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$4959,5007 emission lines fall, unfortunately, outside the observable wavelength range of LRIS, so we cannot derive their metallicity. However, the location of these two objects in Fig. 10b (shown as open circles), suggests that they also should have a metallicity corresponding to the upper branch of the R23 calibration in Fig. 10a. This result is fully consistent with the position of our galaxies in the excitation diagram presented in Fig. 6, in which the local starburst trend is typically interpreted as a sequence governed by the metallicity content of the ionized gas, with metallicity increasing when moving from the H ii galaxies to the SBNs.

The locus of our galaxy sample in the metallicity-luminosity diagram is examined in Fig. 11, and compared with the regions spanned by additional samples of galaxies, extracted from Fig. 10a of Contini et al. (2002, see references therein). In this sense, hd2-264.1, hd4-656.1, hd4-795.111, and GSS084\_4521 are perfectly compatible with the locus spanned by local SBN galaxies (open circles). In addition, GSS084\_4515 overlaps with the luminous compact galaxies (LCGs) of Hammer et al. (2001), whereas hd2-264.2 is close to the location of the $`z\text{0.1–0.5}`$ emission-line objects of Kobulnicky & Zaritsky (1999). Finally, since the positions of the two interacting galaxies GSS073\_1810 in Fig. 11 indicate that their metallicities are likely to be in the range covered by the remaining spiral galaxies of the sample, and considering their rest-frame absolute $`B`$ magnitude, their location in Fig. 11 should also be compatible with the SBN objects.

Galaxy masses for the HDF-N subsample have been estimated using the $`K`$ band photometry published by Fernández-Soto et al. (1999) and listed in Table 4. Using the spectral energy distribution of late-type galaxies given by Fukugita et al. (1995), we have derived an average K-correction of $`K(z)K(0)=0.65`$ mag. Finally, we have employed a mass-to-light ratio 0.93 M/LK,⊙, which is the value for the local SBN-like galaxies modeled by Gil de Paz et al. (2000). The resulting masses are listed in Table 9.

We also quote in Table 9 values for the galaxy half-light radius, which come from the Medium Deep Survey (Ratnatunga et al., 1999) fits in the F606W filter for HDF-N galaxies (roughly rest-frame $`B`$ band at $`z0.4`$), or from GIM2D (Simard et al., 2002) fits to the F814W filter (close to the rest-frame $`B`$ band at $`z0.8`$) in the case of GSS galaxies. The uncertainties for the HDF-N data were estimated from the variation of the half-light radius values when using the F300W and F814W filters. The errors for the GSS galaxies combine the uncertainties calculated by GIM2D using Monte Carlo simulations, added to the variation in the galaxy fits using the F606W images.

We have combined the computed rest-frame absolute $`B`$ magnitudes, with the half-light radii and the emission-line widths, to compare the structural properties of our galaxy sample (see Fig. 12) with those of different galaxy types (both local and at redshifts $`1`$) compiled and published by Phillips et al. (1997). The unambiguous spiral-type galaxies of our sample (hd4-656.1, hd4-795.111, GSS073\_1810 and GSS084\_4521) fall in the region spanned by local galaxies of this type in these figures (since these objects are observed face-on, their positions in Fig. 12c are only lower limits). The disky galaxy hd2-264.1 is also compatible with low luminosity and low mass spirals, whereas the compact object hd2-264.2 is consistent with the CNELG and compact galaxies at higher redshifts of Phillips et al. (1997) and Guzmán et al. (1997). Interestingly, another compact galaxy from our sample, GSS084\_4515, behaves in a rather different fashion when plotted in these diagrams. The latter result is examined in more depth in the next section.

## 6 Description of individual galaxies

Here we present a summary of the properties of each galaxy in our sample.

### 6.1 hd2-264.1

This galaxy appears to be closely connected with hd2-264.2 (the difference in radial velocity between both objects is only $`350`$ km/s), and the star formation episode may well have been triggered as the result of the interaction between both galaxies. In the HST images hd2-264.1 shows a central blue condensation and a close to edge-on diffuse disk. Based on the standard emission-line ratio diagnostics, this object qualifies as a starburst nucleus of moderate luminosity (M$`{}_{\mathrm{B}}{}^{}=19.7`$), similar in H$`\alpha `$ luminosity, far-IR luminosity, color and size to the local galaxies in the same spectroscopic category.

### 6.2 hd2-264.2

This object is a featureless compact galaxy close to hd2-264.1. Its appearance in the HST images is highly concentrated, with a half-light radius of $`0.6`$ kpc in the F300W band, and $`1.5`$ kpc in the F814W band. Its low luminosity and small velocity dispersion indicate a low mass system where a star-forming process, likely motivated by an interaction with its larger companion hd2-264.1, has increased its luminosity. Its spectrum confirms those characteristics typical of a high ionization ongoing star formation process. The object was not detected by ISO, and shows similar properties to the compact star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshifts studied by different authors (Phillips et al., 1997; Guzmán et al., 1997; Kobulnicky & Zaritsky, 1999).

### 6.3 hd4-656.1

This face-on spiral galaxy exhibits two well defined spiral arms in the HST images. The object shows emission lines that correspond to a moderate starburst in the nucleus. The galaxy properties of this object are similar to those of its local counterparts.

### 6.4 hd4-795.111

This galaxy has very similar properties, within errors, to those of hd4-656.1. Both show moderate infrared luminosities and spectral features consistent with a nuclear starburst, with a star formation rate of about 2 M yr-1 as indicated by all the SFR tracers.

### 6.5 GSS073\_1810

The HST images of GSS073\_1810 reveal a system formed by two morphologically disrupted spiral galaxies ($`\mathrm{\Delta }v_\mathrm{r}70`$ km s-1 in H$`\alpha `$). This large ($`27`$ kpc total diameter) and luminous system is clearly undergoing a strong burst of star formation. It is worth noting that each individual component could be considered as being average in size and luminosity. The combined system, based on its integrated IR luminosity, can barely be qualified as an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG, log LIR/L=11.97). The ratio SFRIR over SFR is well above the $``$1 observed for objects with IR luminosity lower than 1011L, confirming a different nature for the object.

### 6.6 GSS084\_4515

The behavior of this interesting galaxy differs significantly from hd2-264.2, the other compact object analyzed in this work. It shows the lowest metallicity of the galaxy sample, and its value matches that of the sample of LCGs at $`0.5z0.7`$ (asterisks in Fig. 11) of Hammer et al. (2001). Its mass ($`4\times 10^{10}`$ M, as read from Fig. 12c), is also similar to that of the LCG sample ($`10^{10}`$$`2.5\times 10^{11}`$ M). GSS084\_4515 has an amorphous but compact morphology (half-light radius $`2.5`$ kpc), and its spectrum is dominated by a high ionization starburst that accounts for the HII-like emission-line ratios. The colors, SFRs, diagnostic diagrams, H$`\alpha `$ luminosity, absolute magnitude and metallicity, all suggest that this galaxy is similar to the brightest compact star-forming galaxies studied by Guzmán et al. (1997), in particular the subsample at $`z>0.7`$ classified as disk-like.

### 6.7 GSS084\_4521

This object has the appearance of a bright face-on spiral galaxy, and its spectroscopic properties are typical of systems presenting a nuclear starburst. The observed discrepancies between SFRIR and SFRradio with SFRUV, SFR$`_{\text{[O }\text{ii}\text{]}}`$ and SFR suggest that its nuclear starburst is highly obscured. The IR luminosity is very high ($`\mathrm{log}\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{IR}}=11.59`$) but similar to extreme local objects such as UCM2250+2427.

## 7 Comparison of different SFR estimators

Although it can be argued that the calibrations adopted in Sect. 4 to derive the SFR estimates listed in Table 7 do suffer from large uncertainties, in this work we are precisely seeking systematic deviations when using the same prescriptions in all the galaxies. The discrepancies found by following this approach must then be understood in terms of processes that violate the hypothesis of a similar star forming scenario in all the galaxies. Among these, varying star formation histories and differences in the wavelength dependent extinction corrections are expected to be two of the most important factors. In addition, the detailed modeling of nebular emission from star-forming objects by Charlot & Longetti (2001) shows that the situation is even more complex since the zero-age effective ionization parameter, the gas metallicity and the effective dust-to-heavy element ratio are all parameters which variation introduces scatter in the predicted SFRs.

Even assuming the reduced size of our galaxy sample, the graphic comparison presented in Fig. 9 does provide an interesting insight concerning how different star formation indicators behave in galaxies at intermediate redshifts.

### 7.1 SFRUV and SFR

The comparison between SFRUV and SFR (Fig. 9a), shows that for galaxies at $`z0.4`$, excluding hd2-264.1, the SFRUV values are slightly above the 1:1 relation. In the specific case of hd2-264.1, the HST images suggest that we are observing an almost edge-on disk, so the UV extinction correction might be underestimated and the actual UV flux be slightly higher. Interestingly, all the galaxies at higher redshift ($`z0.8`$) exhibit underestimated SFRUV. These results are consistent with the work of Sullivan et al. (2001), who found that the UV/H$`\alpha `$ ratio decreases with increasing SFR for galaxies in the redshift range $`0<z<0.5`$, whereas for low-SFR objects the UV luminosities lead to higher SFRs than H$`\alpha `$. Previous observations of distant galaxies, using uncorrected H$`\alpha `$ fluxes, had already revealed that the UV flux underestimates the SFR by a factor of a few (Glazebrook et al., 1999; Yan et al., 1999; Moorwood et al., 2000). The origin of this dichotomic behavior has tentatively been attributed to temporal variations in the star formation histories, with episodic and rapid starbursts (Glazebrook et al., 1999; Sullivan et al., 2001). However, Bell & Kennicutt (2001) find this explanation insufficient, and argue for an increasing attenuation of the UV emission relative to H$`\alpha `$ for higher luminosity galaxies.

### 7.2 SFR$`_{\text{[O }\text{ii}\text{]}}`$ and SFR

Although it is well known that the observed (i.e. uncorrected for extinction) \[O ii\]/H$`\alpha `$ ratio shows a large scatter in local star-forming galaxies (a factor of $`7`$), this scatter improves when extinction corrected values are used (Jansen et al., 2001; Aragón-Salamanca et al., 2002). In our case (Fig. 9b) the comparison between both SFR estimates is, at first sight, quite good within error bars. However, it is interesting to note that the galaxy that deviates the most from the 1:1 relation is precisely the object with lowest metallicity, namely GSS084\_4515. That metallicity is an underlying cause of scatter when comparing \[O ii\]$`\lambda 3727`$ with H$`\alpha `$ luminosities has been suggested by Jansen et al. (2001). To explore this issue in greater detail, we compare in Fig. 13 the correlation found by these authors between the \[O ii\]/H$`\alpha `$ ratio and the metallicity parameter R23 for local emission-line galaxies which are not dominated by an active galactic nucleus. The solid line is the linear fit to the local galaxy sample, which is given by (Jansen et al., 2001)

$$\mathrm{log}(\text{[O }\text{ii}\text{]}/\mathrm{H}\alpha )=0.82\mathrm{log}\mathrm{R}_{23}0.48.$$
(12)
The galaxies in our sample follow very well this trend. After applying a metallicity correction to the \[O ii\] SFR estimates (Fig. 14) we find an excellent match between both SFR indicators.

### 7.3 SFRIR, SFRradio and SFR

Finally, in Fig. 9c and 9d we compare the unbiased SFRIR and SFRradio estimators, with SFR. For the two galaxies of our sample with radio detections, SFRIR and SFRradio agree very well within the error bars. The remaining upper limits in radio fluxes also give consistent results with the IR data, excluding GSS073\_1810, for which the IR flux is unexpectedly higher than the constraint imposed by the radio flux. For the latter galaxy, an inspection of the radio map of Fomalont et al. (1991, Fig. 2, NW quadrant) reveals that there is indeed a detection (displayed as an isocontour at a level of 8$`\mu `$ Jy) at the expected location of this object. The fact that it constitutes an interacting system with a physical star-forming extension which is likely larger than that exhibited by a single galaxy like GSS084\_4521, might explain why GSS073\_1810 does not present a concentrated peak flux density above the 16$`\mu `$ Jy threshold used by Fomalont et al. (1991) to generate their “complete” catalog. Thus, the integrated flux density for this object is probably very close to the sensitivity limit of their survey. This result, together with the uncertainty in the total infrared luminosity, lessens the discrepancy between SFRIR and SFRradio for this object.

The most intriguing result, which is specially manifest in Fig. 9c, is the good agreement between these SFR indicators for the galaxy subsample at $`z0.4`$, while for the higher redshift (and more luminous) objects the agreement is very poor. To investigate this paradoxical behavior in greater detail we compare in Fig. 15 the ratio SFRIR/SFR as a function of the IR luminosity. In this diagram we have included additional galaxy samples, both local and at high redshift. The small open symbols correspond to local star-forming galaxies from Gallego et al. (1996) and Buat et al. (2002, excluding cluster galaxies and objects with apparent diameters larger than 1.5 arcmin —likely affected by aperture effects—). The small solid squares represent the measurements of galaxies observed by Rigopoulou et al. (2000) in the Hubble Deep Field South without a correction for internal extinction. By including the average extinction correction of these authors (a factor of 4 in the H$`\alpha `$ flux), their measurements are displaced to the positions indicated by the tip of the arrows. The H$`\alpha `$ fluxes in the latter sample were also not corrected for aperture effects. We have ignored two galaxies from the Rigopoulou sample, namely ISOHDF-S\_38 and ISOHDF-S\_39, because they are probable AGNs (both exhibit very strong \[N ii\] lines compared with H$`\alpha `$ —see their Fig. 1—). Asterisks are the extinction corrected objects from Fig. 3a of Sullivan et al. (2001), where we have determined $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ from their 1.4 GHz luminosities using the relations shown in Sect. 4.4 (we have excluded upper limits in Sullivan et al. data). The dashed line is a bisector least-squares fit (Isobe et al., 1990) to our galaxy sample,

$$\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{IR}}/\mathrm{SFR}_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }3.3\times 10^4(L_{\mathrm{IR}}/L_{})^{0.35},$$
(13)
where we have excluded the upper limits in $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ (and thus in SFRIR/SFR). Our lower redshift ($`z0.4`$) galaxies are compatible with the local reference sample, in the sense that SFR traces almost all the SFR (if not all) as derived from the IR luminosity. However, this is not true when the more luminous galaxies are considered. In particular, only one object, out of 10 local galaxies with $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}>10^{11}`$ L, falls above the relation given in Eq. (13). On the contrary, and although the actual extinctions for the high-redshift sample of Rigopoulou et al. (2000) are unknown, the averaged correction estimated by these authors seems to accommodate their galaxies in the previous fit. Finally, the two most luminous IR objects from the sample of Sullivan et al. (2001) do also appear quite close to the same fit. Summarizing, the data we have collected here indicate that the extinction corrected SFR estimates in $`z0.8`$ galaxies miss an increasing fraction of the total SFR, which is clear evidence of the presence of highly obscured dust-enshrouded star forming regions within these galaxies. In addition, there is an indication that this underestimate may be a function of $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ (Eq. 13). However, considering the luminosity and redshift segregation of our galaxy sample, we cannot yet preclude an effect due only to $`z`$.

Interestingly, the two galaxies with compact aspect, hd2-264.2 and GSS084\_4515, were both undetected by ISO, and thus we have only plotted upper limits for these objects in Fig. 15. However, it is important to highlight that this common morphology is misleading, since, as we have previously discussed, these galaxies exhibit different metallicity, mass and structural properties, apart from a difference of a factor of $`10`$ in total far-infrared luminosity. The arrow in hd2-264.2 places this object close to SFRIR/H$`\alpha 1`$, whereas in the case of the LCG GSS084\_4515 its real $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ would put it either on the fit given by Eq. (13), or in the locus of the $`z0.4`$ objects. If, as suggested by Hammer et al. (2001), LCGs are evolved starbursts and the progenitors of the present-day spiral bulges, objects of this type may have an important contribution to the SFR density at intermediate redshifts. These authors have also predicted the total far-infrared luminosities of LCGs to be around $`10^{11}`$ L, near or slightly below the limiting sensitivity reached by ISO in the redshift range $`0.5z0.7`$. If we assume that GSS084\_4515 belongs to the same galaxy family, and although its non-detection by ISO is then not surprising, this galaxy will accommodate in the fit of Eq. (13). This result highlights the relevance of quantifying the actual $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$ of LCGs, which will be possible in a near future with the help of SIRTF.

Another important question is whether it is possible to use any measurable parameter exclusively derived from the optical lines with the aim of correcting the biased SFR estimates, in order to match the values obtained from the total far-infrared luminosity. In this sense, and as we already mentioned in Sect. 1, Hopkins et al. (2001) and Sullivan et al. (2001) have recently reported a correlation between the optical extinction (derived from the Balmer decrement) and the star formation rate (or luminosity) of the galaxies. Buat et al. (2002) also find correlations between the measured extinction in H$`\alpha `$, A\[H$`\alpha `$\], and $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$, although with a very large scatter.

We have represented in Fig. 16 the ratio SFRIR/SFR as a function of A\[H$`\alpha `$\]. For local galaxies this ratio correlates with A\[H$`\alpha `$\] when H$`\alpha `$ fluxes uncorrected for extinction are used. After correcting the H$`\alpha `$ flux for extinction, local galaxies and our galaxy subsample at $`z0.4`$ scatter around SFRIR/SFR$`{}_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }{}^{}1`$, whereas the $`z0.8`$ objects remain above this value. Since the measured H$`\alpha `$ extinctions in GSS073\_1810 and in GSS084\_4521 are very similar, we cannot use this parameter to conclude whether there is any correlation between the systematic underestimation of SFR from H$`\alpha `$ as a function of A\[H$`\alpha `$\]. Anyway, we should note that these two galaxies have H$`\alpha `$ extinctions similar to hd2-264.1, and lower than hd2-264.2. Both hd2-264.1 and hd2-264.2 have total far-infrared luminosities one order of magnitude fainter that either GSS073\_1810 and GSS084\_4515. For that reason, if there were actually a correlation between the observed rest-frame optical extinction and the ratio SFRIR/H$`\alpha `$, it should be sought in galaxies with $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}>10^{11}`$ L and, presumably, at intermediate redshifts. Clearly more data are required in order to settle this question.

## 8 Conclusions

In this work we have compared several star formation rate estimators using a small but diverse sample of galaxies at two intermediate redshifts ($`z0.4`$ and $`z0.8`$). By selecting the sample galaxies on the basis of their ISOCAM-15 $`\mu `$m mid-infrared luminosities, we have sampled SFRs ranging from 2 to 160 M$`{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{yr}_{}^{1}`$. Their morphological types include spiral, compact and merging emission-line galaxies. It is important to highlight that the redshift segregation of the sample is also accompanied by a segregation in total far-infrared luminosity, with the farthest galaxies being the most luminous. This fact leads to an ambiguity between luminosity and distance that must be kept in mind when interpreting the results.

The observed spectral range includes the most prominent optical emission lines, from \[O ii\]$`\lambda `$3727 to \[S ii\]$`\lambda \lambda `$6716,6731. The availability of H$`\beta `$ and H$`\alpha `$ allows the determination of color excesses in the nebular gas and correcting the emission-line fluxes for extinction. The diagnostic diagrams generated from the corrected emission-line ratios confirm the star-forming nature of the galaxies, as it was already suggested by evidence from their total far-infrared luminosity, observations in the X-ray domain, and the absence of broad emission lines. In addition, the overall characteristics of the selected galaxies, in particular their metallicity and structural properties, also match those of star forming galaxies, both local and at intermediate redshifts.

The good agreement between HST and ground-based photometry, in one hand, and the spectrophotometric calibration of the spectra, on the other, allows us to be confident on the reliability of the estimated aperture corrections, the final optical emission-line luminosities, and thus the SFRs from them obtained. Our results have shown the following.

(i) There is a general good agreement in the comparison between the five available SFR indicators (from UV, \[O ii\], H$`\alpha `$, IR and radio luminosities) for the $`z0.4`$ (L$`{}_{\mathrm{IR}}{}^{}<10^{11}`$ L) galaxies, whereas the situation is not the same in the case of the $`z0.8`$ (L$`{}_{\mathrm{IR}}{}^{}>10^{11}`$ L) subsample, being the discrepancies different depending on the considered SFR estimator. Focusing in the $`z0.8`$ galaxies, the SFRs derived from UV, \[O ii\] and IR luminosities are, respectively, lower, similar and higher, than the values obtained from H$`\alpha `$. The paradoxical behavior of SFRUV versus SFR is still subject of debate, and among the possible explanations for the observed discrepancies are temporal variations in the star formation history and luminosity dependent attenuations of the UV emission. From the observational perspective, we confirm the findings of Sullivan et al. (2001) and extend their result up to $`z0.8`$.

(ii) The correction for metallicity of the \[O ii\]/H$`\alpha `$ ratio (using the relation found in local galaxies) greatly improves the concordance between the SFRs derived from the extinction corrected luminosities of both emission lines. The correction does in fact work for the galaxies in our sample in the two redshift (or luminosity) bins.

(iii) The fit given in Eq. (13), and shown in Fig. 15, indicates that extinction corrected SFR estimates in luminous infrared galaxies at intermediate redshifts miss an increasing fraction of the total SFR, and that the degree of underestimation increases with $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}`$. This result confirms the finding by Rigopoulou et al. (2000) who used an averaged extinction correction of $`4`$ derived from $`VK`$ colors. In this work we quantify more rigorously this effect by employing line fluxes corrected for extinction making use of color excesses computed from the Balmer decrement. Thus, there is here an observational evidence that the Balmer emission lines, H$`\alpha `$ and H$`\beta `$, do not probe the same region of a galaxy than the one which is responsible for the strong IR luminosity in the case of luminous IR galaxies. This is even more remarquable in Fig. 16 where galaxies with very different SFRs share the same A\[H$`\alpha `$\]. The spatial resolution in the MIR is not sufficient to confirm this statement at these redshifts, but the case of the Antennae galaxy NGC 4038/4039 (Mirabel et al., 1998) offers a perfect example of such behavior in the local universe. A possible explanation for this effect is that a fraction of the star formation in these galaxies is embedded in dense and opaque dust clouds and that this fraction increases with the total star formation. As already expected, galaxy encounters (hd2-264.1 and hd2-264.2) and mergers (GSS073\_1810) are the likely causes for triggering star formation episodes. Whether a quantitative estimation of the hidden star formation is definitely inaccessible to rest-frame optical spectroscopic studies, and in particular to the use of the measured H$`\alpha `$ extinction, seems unclear, and deserves further research work.

Some kind of evolution in galaxies with $`L_{\mathrm{IR}}>10^{11}`$ L at $`z0.4`$ cannot be discarded, since, as we have shown in Fig. 15, an important fraction of local galaxies with those luminosities does not show such a large underestimation of the SFR when using H$`\alpha `$ fluxes instead of far-infrared luminosities. However the scarcity of the galaxy samples strongly demands additional observational work in order to settle this point.

The inclusion of two apparently compact galaxies in our sample has allowed us to analyze the relation between the different SFR estimators applied to this kind of object relative to what is measured for spiral-like galaxies. In particular, one of these two objects qualifies as a luminous compact galaxy, with similar properties to those of the LCGs at intermediate redshifts studied by Hammer et al. (2001). Surprisingly, this object may be suffering similar dust-enshrouded star formation processes as galaxies with a very different morphological aspect, like the bona fide spiral GSS084\_4521 or even the antenae-like colliding system GSS073\_1810. The confirmation of this still speculative result, which has important implications concerning the accurate estimation of the cosmic SFR density at intermediate redshifts, will be possible after the launch of SIRTF.

Valuable discussions with Jaime Zamorano, Pablo Pérez-González and Ranga-Ram Chary are gratefully acknowledged. We thank Hervé Aussel for facilitating us the deconvolved ISCOCAM flux for hd2-264.1 and Hector Flores for providing us with his revised ISOCAM fluxes for the GSS galaxies. We are grateful to the staff of the W. M. Keck Observatory for their help during the observations. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Support for this work has been provided by NSF grants AST 95-29028 and AST 00-71198. N.C. acknowledges financial support from a UCM Fundación del Amo fellowship, a short contract at UCSC, and from the Spanish Programa Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica under grant AYA2000-977. D.E. wishes to thank the American Astronomical Society for its support through the Chretien International Research Grant and Joel Primack and David Koo for supporting his research through NASA grants NAG5-8218 and NAG5-3507. R.P.S. acknowledges support provided by the National Science Foundation through grant GF-1002-99 and from the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NSF cooperative agreement AST 96-13615, and CNPq/Brazil, for financial support through grant 200510/99-1. J.G. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Programa Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica under grant AYA2000-1790.