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# WDVV Equations, Darboux-Egoroff Metric and the Dressing Method

## 1 Introduction, WDVV Equation in Flat Coordinates

In this talk we describe the commuting structure behind Witten–Dijkgraaf–Verlinde–Verlinde (WDVV) associativity equations based on the dressing approach. The solutions to the WDVV equations , expressed in terms of the so-called flat coordinates $`x^1,x^2,\mathrm{},x^N`$, are provided by the prepotential $`F(x^1,x^2,\mathrm{},x^N)`$ and the Euler operator :

$$E=\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(d_\alpha x^\alpha +r_\alpha \right)\frac{}{x^\alpha }$$
(1)
with $`d_\alpha r_\alpha =0`$ and $`d_\alpha =1+\mu _1\mu _\alpha `$ , with constants $`\mu _\alpha ,\alpha =1,\mathrm{},N`$ defined below (see (40)).

The pair $`(F,E)`$ satisfies the WDVV equations if the following three conditions are satisfied.

$``$ Associativity :

$$\underset{\delta ,\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{^3F(x)}{x^\alpha x^\beta x^\delta }\eta ^{\delta \gamma }\frac{^3F(x)}{x^\gamma x^\omega x^\rho }=\underset{\delta ,\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{^3F(x)}{x^\alpha x^\omega x^\delta }\eta ^{\delta \gamma }\frac{^3F(x)}{x^\gamma x^\beta x^\rho }$$

$``$ Normalization :

$$\frac{^3F(x)}{x^\alpha x^\beta x^1}=\eta _{\alpha \beta }$$

where $`\eta _{\alpha \beta }`$ defines a constant non-degenerate metric: $`g=_{\alpha \beta =1}^N\eta _{\alpha \beta }dx^\alpha dx^\beta `$.

$``$ Quasi-Homogeneity condition : The quasi-homogeneity condition states that :

$$E(F)=d_FF+\mathrm{quadratic}\mathrm{terms}$$
(2)
where the number $`d_F`$ denotes the degree (or homogeneity) of the prepotential $`F`$.

As an example consider the three-dimensional space with three flat coordinates $`x^1,x^2,x^3`$ and with $`(E,F)`$ :

$`F`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}x^3(x^2)^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(x^1)^3+x^1x^2x^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x^3)^2\left(\mathrm{log}x^3{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\right)`$
$`E`$ $`=`$ $`x^1{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}x^2{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}x^3{\displaystyle \frac{}{x^3}}`$
such that $`E(F)=3F+\mathrm{quadratic}\mathrm{terms}`$. More details on this example will be given in Section 8.

The content of this talk is as follows. In Section 2, we define the Darboux-Egoroff equations which characterize the metric behind WDVV solutions when expressed in terms of the curvlinear orthogonal coordinates referred to as canonical coordinates. The canonical integrable structure behind the WDVV equations is presented in Section 3 emphasizing its connection to the Darboux-Egoroff metric. We use the setting of the Riemann-Hilbert problem augmented by an extra twisting condition . The tau function appears naturally in this formalism. The dressing matrix entering the Riemann-Hilbert problem generates the dressing procedure which is used to construct the commuting structure behind the WDVV equations. The dressing procedure is developed in Section 4 and used to provide relation between the canonical integrable structure and the flat coordinates, structure constants and associativity equations. Section 5 establishes a connection between the commuting flows of the canonical integrable structure behind the WDVV equations and isomodromic deformations related to the Schlesinger equation. Another evidence of such connection is provided by the fact that the tau function of the Riemann-Hilbert problem turns into the isomonodromic tau function once the conformal condition on the integrable structure is imposed as explained in Section 4 (see ).

In case of two-dimensions, solutions to the Darboux-Egoroff equations, the tau functions and the corresponding prepotential satisfying WDVV equations can be found explicitly. This is described in Section 6. More difficult is the case of three dimensions presented in Section 7 where the Darboux-Egoroff equations are shown to take the form of the classical Euler equations of free rotations of a rigid body. In three-dimensions the scaling dimension of the tau function is found to be related to the integral of the Euler equations.

Section 8 shows how to derive the canonical integrable structures for a class of rational Lax functions associated with a particular reduction of the dispersionless KP hierarchy. This derivation generalizes the well-known construction of the monic polynomials . An example of the three-dimensional canonical integrable model derived from the rational potentials is given in subsection 8.1. The three-dimensional example shown in this subsection provides solutions to the Painlevé VI equation. Given that the flows of the canonical integrable models can essentially be reformulated as isomonodromic deformations, as shown in Section 5, the connection to the sixth Painlevé equation is not surprising. The tau function of the three-dimensional example has a scaling dimension of $`R^2=1/4`$ and the corresponding prepotential contains logarithmic terms.

For the scaling dimensions, $`R^2=n^2`$ such that $`n`$ is an integer, the multi-component KP hierarchy provides a framework for the construction of canonical integrable hierarchies . It would be of interest to find a universal approach to the formulation of the canonical integrable models which would include models with fractional scaling dimensions as the ones encountered in example of subsection 8.1 based on the rational potentials of Section 8.

## 2 Darboux–Egoroff metric

Massive topological field theories can be classified locally by the Darboux–Egoroff metric given in terms of the canonical coordinates $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_N`$  :

$$g=\underset{\alpha \beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{\alpha \beta }dx^\alpha dx^\beta =\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}h_i^2(𝐮)(du_i)^2$$
(3)
with Lamé coefficients $`h_i^2(𝐮)=\varphi /u_i`$. The fact that $`h_i^2(u)`$ is a gradient ensures that the so-called “rotation coefficients”

$$\beta _{ij}=\frac{1}{h_j}\frac{h_i}{u_j},ij,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}i,jN,$$
(4)
are symmetric $`\beta _{ij}=\beta _{ji}`$ and therefore the metric becomes the Darboux-Egoroff metric when expressed in terms of the curvlinear orthogonal or canonical coordinates $`u_i`$. The Darboux-Egoroff equations for the rotation coefficients are:

$$\frac{}{u_k}\beta _{ij}=\beta _{ik}\beta _{kj},\text{distinct}i,j,k$$
(5)
$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{}{u_k}\beta _{ij}=0,ij.$$
(6)
In addition one also assumes the conformal condition :

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{N}{}}u_k\frac{}{u_k}\beta _{ij}=\beta _{ij}.$$
(7)
## 3 Integrable structure behind WDVV equations

Consider a loop group element $`g(z):S^1GL(N,\text{})`$ which decomposes as

$$g(z)=g_{}(z)g_+(z)$$

w.r.t. two subgroups of the Lie loop group $`G=\widehat{GL}(N,\text{})`$ consisting of all such maps $`g`$:

$`G_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{gG\right|g(z)=1+{\displaystyle \underset{i>0}{}}g^{(i)}z^i\}`$
$`G_+`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{gG\right|g(z)={\displaystyle \underset{i0}{}}g^{(i)}z^i\}`$
Assume from now on that $`g(z)`$ satisfies twisting condition $`g^1(z)=g^T(z)`$ . Let the un-dressed wave matrix be :

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}zE_{jj}u_j\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left(zU\right)`$ (8)
$`U`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{diag}(u_1,\mathrm{},u_N)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}u_iE_{ii}.`$
Our notation is : $`(𝐮)=(u_1,\mathrm{},u_N)`$, $`_j=/u_j`$ and matrix $`E_{ij}`$ has matrix elements $`\left(E_{ij}\right)_{kl}=\delta _{ik}\delta _{jl}`$.

The Riemann-Hilbert problem is here defined as :

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)g(z)=\mathrm{\Theta }^1(𝐮,z)M(𝐮,z)$$
(9)
with the dressing matrices :

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐮,z)G_{},\mathrm{\Theta }=1+\theta ^{(1)}z^1+\theta ^{(2)}z^2+\mathrm{}$$
(10)
$$M(𝐮,z)G_+,M=M_0+M_1z+M_2z^2+\mathrm{}$$

satisfying the twisting conditions

$$\mathrm{\Theta }^1(𝐮,z)=\mathrm{\Theta }^T(𝐮,z),M^1(𝐮,z)=M^T(𝐮,z).$$
(11)
The twisting conditions imply, in particular, that

$$M_0^T=M_0^1;\theta ^{(1)}=\theta ^{(1)T}$$

The Riemann-Hilbert problem (9) gives rise to the commuting symmetry flows :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{u_j}}\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐮,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\mathrm{\Theta }zE_{jj}\mathrm{\Theta }^1\right)_{}\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐮,z)`$ (12)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{u_j}}M(𝐮,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\mathrm{\Theta }zE_{jj}\mathrm{\Theta }^1\right)_+M(𝐮,z).`$ (13)
Equations (12) imply that the following tracelessness condition

$$I\left(\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐮,z)\right)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{}{u_j}\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐮,z)=0$$
(14)
holds for the so-called identity vector-field

$$I=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}/u_j.$$
(15)
We also define the so-called Euler vector field in terms of canonical coordinates as

$$E=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}u_i\frac{}{u_i}.$$
(16)
One finds from equations (12) that

$$E(\mathrm{\Theta })\mathrm{\Theta }^1=\left(\mathrm{\Theta }zU\mathrm{\Theta }^1\right)_{}.$$
(17)
The tau function can be associated with the Riemann-Hilbert problem (9) through relations :

$$\frac{\mathrm{log}\tau }{u_j}=\mathrm{Res}_z\left(tr\left(E_{jj}\mathrm{\Theta }^1z\frac{d\mathrm{\Theta }}{dz}\right)\right),j=1,\mathrm{},N.$$
(18)
Accordingly, we introduce the following parametrization for the symmetric $`\theta ^{(1)}`$ matrix :

$$\theta _{ij}^{(1)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{log}\tau /u_i& i=j\\ \beta _{ij}& ij\end{array}$$
(19)
with off-diagonal elements of $`\theta ^{(1)}`$-matrix defining the so-called rotation coefficients $`\beta _{ij}`$ satisfying the Darboux-Egoroff equations (5) and (6) as follows from expressions (12) and (14).

## 4 Dressing

The un-dressed structure is given by operators :

$$\delta _j=\frac{}{u_j}zE_{jj},j=1,\mathrm{},N$$
(20)
and

$$L_k=z^{k+1}\frac{d}{dz}+Uz^{k+1},$$
(21)
which both annihilate the un-dressed wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)`$ (8)

$$\delta _j\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)=0,L_k\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)=0.$$
(22)
These operators satisfy the commutation relations :

$$[\delta _j,\delta _i]=0,[L_k,L_r]=(kr)L_{k+r},[L_k,\delta _j]=0.$$
(23)
The so called dressing procedure maps the un-dressed wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)`$ to :

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)=\mathrm{\Theta }(𝐮,z)\mathrm{\Psi }_0(𝐮,z)$$

while the operators $`\delta _j`$ and $`L_k`$ are mapped into the dressed operators:

$$\delta _j𝒟_j=\mathrm{\Theta }\delta _j\mathrm{\Theta }^1,L_k_k=\mathrm{\Theta }L_k\mathrm{\Theta }^1.$$
(24)
By construction these operators annihilate the “dressed” wave (matrix) function $`\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)`$ :

$$_k\mathrm{\Psi }=0,𝒟_j\mathrm{\Psi }=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N.$$
(25)
Dressing preserves the commutation relations and so it holds that $`[𝒟_j,𝒟_i]=0`$ and $`[_k,_r]=(kr)_{k+r}`$ , $`[_k,𝒟_j]=0`$.

Since

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_j\mathrm{\Theta }^1=_j+\mathrm{\Theta }(_j\mathrm{\Theta }^1)=_j+\left(\mathrm{\Theta }zE_{jj}\mathrm{\Theta }^1\right)_{}$$
(26)
we obtain

$$𝒟_j=_j\left(\mathrm{\Theta }zE_{jj}\mathrm{\Theta }^1\right)_+=_jzE_{jj}V_j.$$
(27)
Also,

$$_0=\mathrm{\Theta }L_0\mathrm{\Theta }^1=z\frac{d}{dz}+zU+V+\left(z\frac{d\mathrm{\Theta }}{dz}E(\mathrm{\Theta })\right)\mathrm{\Theta }^1$$
(28)
with

$`V_j`$ $``$ $`[\theta ^{(1)},E_{jj}],(V_j)_{kl}=\left(\delta _{lj}\delta _{kj}\right)\beta _{kl}`$ (29)
$`V`$ $``$ $`[\theta ^{(1)},U],V_{ij}=(u_ju_i)\beta _{ij}.`$ (30)
Note, that the first three terms on the right hand side of equation (28) contain only terms of positive grade in $`z`$ while the remaining term contains terms of the negative grade in $`z`$ (terms with $`z^k`$ , $`k1`$). We will now impose the so-called conformal condition which amounts to $`(_0)_+=_0`$ or

$$E(\mathrm{\Theta })=z\frac{d\mathrm{\Theta }}{dz}.$$
(31)
As shown in reference  this condition is compatible with flows from equation (12)

The following equations follow now from relations (25)

$`𝒟_j\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`=`$ $`0{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{u_j}}=(V_j+zE_{jj})\mathrm{\Psi }`$ (32)
$`_0\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`=`$ $`0z{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Psi }}{dz}}=(zU+V).\mathrm{\Psi }`$ (33)
From (32) one can easily calculate the action of the Euler vector field on the wave-function $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$:

$$E(\mathrm{\Psi })=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}u_j\frac{\mathrm{\Psi }}{u_j}=(V+zU)\mathrm{\Psi }$$
(34)
as follows from relations $`_{j=1}^Nu_jV_j=V`$ and $`_{j=1}^Nu_jE_{jj}=U`$. Comparing this with equation (33) we find that :

$$E(\mathrm{\Psi })=z\frac{d\mathrm{\Psi }}{dz}$$
(35)
and so $`E`$ and $`zd/dz`$ coincide when applied on the wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ in the framework of the dressing formalism. Plugging relation (31) into the formula (18) for the $`\tau `$-function one obtains :

$$_j\mathrm{log}\tau =\mathrm{Res}_z\left(tr\left(\mathrm{\Theta }^1E(\mathrm{\Theta })E_{jj}\right)\right)=\frac{1}{2}tr\left(V_jV\right).$$
(36)
Also, $`I(\mathrm{\Psi })=z\mathrm{\Psi }`$, which together with relation (31) yield

$`E(\beta _{ij})`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _{ij};I(\beta _{ij})=0`$ (37)
$`E(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`R^2\tau ;I(\tau )=0`$ (38)
where in relation (38) we introduced constant $`R^2`$ defining the scaling dimension (also called homogeneity) of the tau function.

Commutation relations yield :

$$_jV=[V_j,V],[V,E_{jj}]=[V_j,U]$$
(39)
and so $`I(V)=0`$ since $`_{j=1}^NV_j=0`$.

The similarity transformation $`V𝒱=M_0^1VM_0`$ transforms $`V`$ to the constant matrix $`𝒱`$ ($`_j𝒱=0`$) due to the flow equations $`_jM_0=V_jM_0`$, which follow from relation (13), and the above equation (39). Assume, now that there exists an invertible matrix $`S`$ which diagonalizes $`𝒱`$ :

$$S^1𝒱S=\mu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mu _jE_{jj}$$
(40)
where $`\mu `$ is a constant diagonal matrix $`\mu =\mathrm{diag}(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N)`$.

Next, define a matrix

$$M(u)=M_0(u)S=(m_{ij}(u))_{1i,jN}.$$
(41)
$`M`$ satisfies

$$(_jV_j)(M)=0M^1(_jM)=M^1V_jM$$
(42)
and

$$E(M)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}u_jV_jM=VM=M_0𝒱S=M\mu .$$
(43)
Define a constant non-degenerate metric to be :

$$\eta =(\eta _{\alpha \beta })_{1\alpha ,\beta N}=M^TM=S^TS,\text{and denote}\eta ^1=(\eta ^{\alpha \beta })_{1\alpha ,\beta N}.$$
(44)
Hence $`\eta _{\alpha \beta }=_{i=1}^Nm_{i\alpha }m_{i\beta }`$.

We have :

$$(\frac{}{u_j}V_jzE_{jj})\mathrm{\Phi }=0$$
(45)
where

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐮,z)=\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)g(z)S=M(𝐮,z)S=M(𝐮)+O(z).$$
(46)
Under a similarity transformation generated by the $`M(u)`$ matrix the Lax operators $`𝒟_j=_jzE_{jj}V_j`$ transform to:

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_jM^1𝒟_jM=_jzM^1E_{jj}M=_jzC_j,$$
(47)
where in (47) we have introduced :

$$C_j=M^1E_{jj}M=\underset{\alpha =1,\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}(C_j)_\beta ^\alpha E_{\alpha \beta },(C_j)_\beta ^\alpha =\underset{\gamma }{}\eta ^{\alpha \gamma }m_{j\gamma }m_{j\beta }$$
(48)
such that

$$C_iC_j=C_i\delta _{ij},\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}C_i=I_N.$$
(49)
The matrix $`\mathrm{\Xi }(u,z)`$ defined as

$$\mathrm{\Xi }(u,z)=M^1\mathrm{\Phi }(u,z)=I+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}z^n\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}(u)=I+z\mathrm{\Xi }^{(1)}+z^2\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}+\mathrm{}$$
(50)
is annihilated by the transformed $`\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_j`$ operators:

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_j(\mathrm{\Xi })=(_jzC_j)(\mathrm{\Xi })=0.$$
(51)
Due to $`[\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_i,\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_j]=0`$ it holds that:

$$_iC_j_jC_i=0.$$
(52)
From (52), it follows that we can define a matrix $`C`$

$$C=\underset{\alpha =1,\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}C_\beta ^\alpha E_{\alpha \beta }$$
(53)
such that :

$$C_j=_jC.$$
(54)
Accordingly, plugging the expansion (50) into equation (51) yields :

$$_j\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}=C_j\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)}=\left(_jC\right)\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)},n1,\mathrm{\Xi }^{(0)}=I$$
(55)
and therefore we can choose $`C`$ to be equal to $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(1)}`$:

$$\mathrm{\Xi }^{(1)}=C$$
(56)
while $`_j\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}=(_jC)C`$, etc. Also, by summing over $`j`$ in (55) we get

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}_j\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}=\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)}\mathrm{or}\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}_j\mathrm{\Xi }=I(\mathrm{\Xi })=z\mathrm{\Xi }.$$
(57)
Note, that the relation (35) yields :

$$z\frac{d}{dz}\mathrm{\Xi }=z𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }+[\mu ,\mathrm{\Xi }].$$
(58)
In components it gives

$$n\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}[\mu ,\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}]=𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)}.$$
(59)
Comparing with (97) we see that $`E=nI\mathrm{ad}_\mu `$ when applied on $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}`$. Equation (55) determines $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}`$ recursively up to a constant. Note, that we can add to $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}`$ a constant $`A_n`$ such that $`nA_n[\mu ,A_n]=0`$ without changing the right hand side of (59). Hence, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}`$ which is a solution of equation (59) as well equation (55) is determined up to a constant $`A_n`$ of grade $`n`$ with respect to the the grading defined by the semisimple element $`\mu `$ according to equation $`nA_n[\mu ,A_n]=0`$.

The above ambiguity amounts to the fact that $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ is determined upto a constant power series $`A(z)`$ such that

$$A(z)=I+A_1z+A_2z^2+\mathrm{},A(z)\eta A(z)^T=\eta .$$

with $`A_n`$ satisfying $`nA_n[\mu ,A_n]=0`$.

The matrix $`C`$ is crucial for the whole theory and we will now study its properties. According to (48) its matrix elements $`C_\beta ^\alpha `$ must satisfy :

$$_jC_\beta ^\alpha =\underset{\gamma }{}\eta ^{\alpha \gamma }m_{j\gamma }m_{j\beta }_jC_{\beta \alpha }=m_{j\alpha }m_{j\beta }$$
(60)
where $`C_{\beta \alpha }=_{\gamma =1}^NC_\beta ^\gamma \eta _{\alpha \gamma }`$. Therefore from equation (60):

$$C_{\alpha \beta }=C_{\beta \alpha }\mathrm{or}\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}C_\alpha ^\gamma \eta _{\beta \gamma }=\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}C_\beta ^\gamma \eta _{\alpha \gamma }.$$
(61)
Next, define flat coordinates as the first column of the $`C`$ matrix :

$$x^\alpha C_1^\alpha .$$
(62)
The Jacobian of the change of variables from $`u_i`$ to $`x^\alpha `$ is according to (48) given by :

$$\frac{x^\alpha }{u_i}=\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \beta }m_{i1}m_{i\beta }.$$
(63)
Also,

$$\frac{u_i}{x^\alpha }=\frac{m_{i\alpha }}{m_{i1}}$$
(64)
as follows from the identity: $`\delta _{ij}=_{\alpha \beta }m_{i\alpha }\eta ^{\alpha \beta }m_{j\beta }`$.

In terms of $`x^\alpha `$-coordinates the Lax operators $`\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_j`$ become:

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_\alpha =\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{u_j}{x^a}\stackrel{~}{𝒟}_j=\frac{}{x^\alpha }zC_\alpha .$$
(65)
The commutation relations :

$$[\frac{}{x^\alpha }zC_\alpha ,\frac{}{x^\beta }zC_\beta ]=0$$
(66)
yield associativity

$$[C_\alpha ,C_\beta ]=0\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(c_{\alpha \delta }^\gamma c_{\beta \gamma }^\omega c_{\beta \delta }^\gamma c_{\alpha \gamma }^\omega \right)=0$$
(67)
and integrability

$$\frac{}{x^\alpha }C_\beta \frac{}{x^\beta }C_\alpha =0$$
(68)
relations. The matrix $`C_\alpha `$ :

$$C_\alpha \underset{\gamma =1\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}c_{\alpha \beta }^\gamma E_{\gamma \beta }$$
(69)
is equal to

$$C_\alpha =\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{u_j}{x^a}C_j=\frac{}{x^a}C$$
(70)
The structure constant $`c_{\alpha \beta \gamma }=_{\delta =1}^N\eta _{\alpha \delta }c_{\beta \gamma }^\delta `$ becomes therefore equal to

$$c_{\alpha \beta \gamma }=\frac{C_{\beta \gamma }}{x^\alpha }$$
(71)
which according to (63) and (60) is equal to :

$$c_{\alpha \beta \gamma }=\frac{C_{\beta \gamma }}{x^\alpha }=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{m_{j\alpha }}{m_{j1}}_jC_{\beta \gamma }=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{m_{j\alpha }m_{j\beta }m_{j\gamma }}{m_{j1}}.$$
(72)
Hence the structure constants $`c_{\alpha \beta \gamma }`$ are symmetric in all three indices. Also, $`c_{1\beta \gamma }=\eta _{\beta \gamma }`$.

It follows from (72) that

$$\frac{C_{\beta \gamma }}{x^\alpha }=\frac{C_{\beta \alpha }}{x^\gamma }$$
(73)
and therefore

$$C_{\alpha \beta }=\frac{^2F}{x^\alpha x^\beta }\mathrm{or}c_{\alpha \beta \gamma }=\frac{^3F}{x^\alpha x^\beta x^\gamma }$$
(74)
where $`F`$ is called the prepotential.

Let us go back to the linear problem :

$$\left(\frac{}{x^\alpha }zC_\alpha \right)(M^1\mathrm{\Phi })=\left(\frac{}{x^\alpha }zC_\alpha \right)(\mathrm{\Xi })=0.$$
(75)
Introduce

$$\varphi _\beta \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\alpha }(\mathrm{\Xi })_\beta ^\alpha =I+z\varphi _\beta ^{(1)}+z^2\varphi _\beta ^{(2)}+z^3\varphi _\beta ^{(3)}+\mathrm{}$$
(76)
then as we will show below, the prepotential is given by a closed expression :

$$F=\frac{1}{2}\varphi _1^{(3)}+\frac{1}{2}\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}x^\delta \varphi _\delta ^{(2)}.$$
(77)
To show this, multiply equation (75) by $`_{\alpha =1}^N\eta _{1\alpha }`$ which yields :

$$\frac{\varphi _\beta }{x^\alpha }z\left(\eta M^1\mathrm{\Phi }\right)_{\alpha \beta }=0$$
(78)
where we introduced:

$$\varphi _\beta \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\alpha }(M^1\mathrm{\Phi })_\beta ^\alpha =\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\alpha }\underset{\gamma ,\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \gamma }m_{\delta \gamma }\mathrm{\Phi }_{\delta \beta }=\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}m_{\delta 1}\mathrm{\Phi }_{\delta \beta }$$
(79)
and where use was made of the identity :

$$\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\gamma }(C_\alpha )_\beta ^\gamma =c_{1\alpha \beta }=\eta _{\alpha \beta }$$
(80)
leading to

$$\underset{\gamma ,\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\gamma }(C_\alpha )_\delta ^\gamma (M^1\mathrm{\Phi })_\beta ^\delta =(\eta M^1\mathrm{\Phi })_{\alpha \beta }.$$
(81)
Applying $`/x^\gamma `$ on (78) and using repeatedly (78) one gets :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2\varphi _\beta }{x^\alpha x^\gamma }}z\left(\eta zC_\gamma M^1\mathrm{\Phi }\right)_{\alpha \beta }={\displaystyle \frac{^2\varphi _\beta }{x^\alpha x^\gamma }}z^2\left(\eta C_\gamma \eta ^1\eta M^1\mathrm{\Phi }\right)_{\alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2\varphi _\beta }{x^\alpha x^\gamma }}z{\displaystyle \underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}}c_{\alpha \gamma }^\delta \left(z\eta M^1\mathrm{\Phi }\right)_{\alpha \beta }={\displaystyle \frac{^2\varphi _\beta }{x^\alpha x^\gamma }}z{\displaystyle \underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}}c_{\alpha \gamma }^\delta {\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _\beta }{x^\delta }}=0`$ (82)
where we used $`_{\delta \omega =1}^N\eta _{\alpha \delta }(C_\gamma )_\omega ^\delta \eta ^{\omega \beta }=c_{\alpha \gamma }^\beta `$.

From (50) we find that $`\varphi _\beta `$ as defined in (79) can be expanded in $`z`$ as follows :

$`\varphi _\beta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\varphi _\beta ^{(n)}z^n=\varphi _\beta ^{(0)}+z\varphi _\beta ^{(1)}+z^2\varphi _\beta ^{(2)}+z^3\varphi _\beta ^{(3)}+\mathrm{}={\displaystyle \underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _{1\gamma }\left(e^{zC}\right)_\beta ^\gamma `$ (83)
$`=`$ $`\eta _{1\beta }+z{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _{1\alpha }C_\beta ^\alpha +z^2{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _{1\gamma }(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_\beta ^\gamma +z^3{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}}\eta _{1\gamma }(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(3)})_\beta ^\gamma +\mathrm{}`$
where we used relation (56).

From that we can read:

$$\varphi _\beta ^{(0)}=\eta _{1\beta },\varphi _\beta ^{(1)}=\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\alpha }C_\beta ^\alpha =\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{\beta \alpha }x^\alpha $$
(84)
where in the last equation we have used (61) and (62). Also,

$$\varphi _\beta ^{(2)}=\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\gamma }(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_\beta ^\gamma ,\varphi _\beta ^{(3)}=\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{1\gamma }(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(3)})_\beta ^\gamma .$$
(85)
Next, we have from (78) :

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_\beta ^\alpha (u,z)=z^1\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \delta }\frac{\varphi _\beta (u,z)}{x^\delta }.$$
(86)
Combining the above two equations we find

$$C_\beta ^\alpha (u)=\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \delta }\frac{\varphi _\beta ^{(2)}(u)}{x^\delta }C_{\alpha \beta }(u)=\frac{\varphi _\beta ^{(2)}(u)}{x^\alpha }=\frac{\varphi _\alpha ^{(2)}(u)}{x^\beta }.$$
(87)
Comparing with (74) we see that :

$$\varphi _\beta ^{(2)}=\frac{F}{x^\beta }.$$
(88)
Also, from (50) it follows that

$$(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_\beta ^\alpha (u)=\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \delta }\frac{\varphi _\beta ^{(3)}(u)}{}.x^\delta $$
(89)
The condition $`\mathrm{\Xi }(z)\eta ^1\mathrm{\Xi }(z)^T=\eta ^1`$ holds due to the twisting condition. Expanding in $`z`$ gives on level of $`z`$ relation $`C_{\alpha \beta }=C_{\alpha \beta }`$ which is already known. On next, $`z^2`$ level we get: $`(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})^T\eta +\eta \mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}=C^T\eta C=0`$ or

$$\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{\beta \gamma }(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_\beta ^\gamma +\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{\alpha \gamma }(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_\beta ^\gamma =\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta _{\alpha \gamma }C_\delta ^\gamma C_\beta ^\delta .$$
(90)
For $`\beta =1`$ one gets from (89) and (87) that (90) is equivalent to

$$\varphi _\alpha ^{(2)}+\frac{\varphi _1^{(3)}}{x^\alpha }=\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}C_1^\delta \frac{\varphi _\alpha ^{(2)}}{x^\delta }=\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}x^\delta \frac{\varphi _\alpha ^{(2)}}{x^\delta }.$$
(91)
Hence as in  we find :

$$\varphi _\alpha ^{(2)}=\frac{F}{x^\alpha }=\frac{\varphi _1^{(3)}}{x^\alpha }+\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}x^\delta \frac{\varphi _\alpha ^{(2)}}{x^\delta }F=\frac{1}{2}\varphi _1^{(3)}+\frac{1}{2}\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{N}{}}x^\delta \varphi _\delta ^{(2)}.$$
(92)
We will now derive an expression for the Euler vector field $`E`$ in terms of the flat coordinates.

Define

$$𝒰=M^1UM=\underset{\alpha ,\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}𝒰_\beta ^\alpha E_{\alpha \beta }$$
(93)
and notice, that

$$𝒰=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}u_iM^1E_{ii}M=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}u_i_iC=E(C).$$
(94)
From (94) and the fact that the first column of matrix $`C`$ defines the flat variables as in (62) we find that

$$E(x^\alpha )=E(C_1^\alpha )=𝒰_1^\alpha $$
(95)
from which follows an expression for the Euler operator in terms of flat variables $`x^\alpha `$ :

$$E=\underset{\alpha }{}𝒰_1^\alpha \frac{}{x^\alpha }.$$
(96)
Furthermore, from (55)

$$E(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)})=\underset{j}{}u_j_j\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}=\underset{j}{}u_jC_j\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)}=𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)},n1,\mathrm{\Xi }^{(0)}=I.$$
(97)
Put $`n=1`$ in (59), it gives :

$$\mathrm{\Xi }^{(1)}[\mu ,\mathrm{\Xi }^{(1)}]=C[\mu ,C]=𝒰.$$
(98)
Hence :

$$𝒰_\beta ^\alpha =(1\mu _\alpha +\mu _\beta )C_\beta ^\alpha $$
(99)
and

$$𝒰_1^\alpha =\left(1+\mu _1\mu _\alpha \right)x^\alpha .$$
(100)
Accordingly, the Euler vectorfield $`E=_iu_i_i`$ becomes in terms of the flat coordinates

$$E=\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}𝒰_1^\alpha \frac{}{x^\alpha }=\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{N}{}}(1+\mu _1\mu _\alpha )x^\alpha \frac{}{x^\alpha }.$$
(101)
Similarly, for the identity vector filed $`I`$ we find

$$I(x^\alpha )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{x^\alpha }{u_i}=\underset{i,\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \beta }m_{i1}m_{i\beta }=\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{N}{}}\eta ^{\alpha \beta }\eta _{1\beta }=\delta _{\alpha 1}$$
(102)
and therefore $`I=/x^1`$ in terms of the flat coordinates.

## 5 Monodromy and Frobenius manifold

Let us first introduce notion of monodromy. The notion of monodromy preserving deformations for linear differential equations in the complex plane was first studied by Schlesinger . Consider a linear differential equation with rational coefficients:

$$\frac{dW}{dz}=A(z)W$$
(103)
where $`A(z)`$ is an $`N\times N`$ matrix valued function with rational entries. In the case that $`A(z)`$ has only simple poles in the finite plane one can write:

$$A(z)=\underset{\nu =1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{A_\nu }{za_\nu }$$
(104)
In a neighborhood of any regular point for the differential eq. (103) one can find a fundamental set of solutions $`\{y_1(z),\mathrm{},y_N(z)\}`$. If one analytically continues such a solution $`y_j(z)`$ around a singular point $`a_\nu `$ it does not in general return to the solution $`y_j`$ but to a linear combination $`_kM_{kj}^\nu y_k`$. The matrices $`M^\nu `$ are called monodromy matrices.

A question investigated by Schlesinger was as follows. How must the coefficient matrices $`A_\nu `$ depend on the poles $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_n\}`$ so that the monodromy matrices $`M^\nu `$ do not depend on the location of the poles. The conditon for this takes a form of a non-linear system of equations

$$\underset{\mu }{}\frac{A_\nu }{a_\mu }da_\mu =\underset{\nu \mu }{}[A_\nu ,A_\mu ]\frac{da_\nu da_\mu }{a_\nu a_\mu }.$$
(105)
These equations are known as Schlesinger equations. In reference  it was shown that for solutions $`A_\nu (a)`$ to the Schlesinger equations (105) the right hand side of this equation is exact:

$$\underset{\mu }{}\frac{\mathrm{log}\left(\tau (a)\right)}{a_\mu }da_\mu =\frac{1}{2}\underset{\nu \mu }{}Tr\left(A_\nu A_\mu \right)\frac{da_\nu da_\mu }{a_\nu a_\mu }.$$
(106)
We will now show that that the canonical flows of the Frobenius manifolds reproduce the structure of the Schlesinger equations.

Define

$$S_i=M^1E_{ii}(V\alpha I)M$$
(107)
where $`\alpha `$ is an arbitrary constant.

Recalling relations (39) and (42) one finds

$$_jS_i=M^1[E_{jj},V_i](V\alpha I)M=_iS_j$$
(108)
due to the fact that $`[E_{jj},V_i]=[E_{ii},V_j]`$.

Thus, locally there exists a function $`S`$ such that $`S_i=_iS`$. A calculation based on relations (39) and (42) yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{u_i}}S_i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{[S_i,S_j]}{u_iu_j}},`$ (109)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{u_j}}S_i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{[S_i,S_j]}{u_ju_i}},ij.`$ (110)
These are the Schlesinger equations. They can be rewritten in a more compact form as :

$$dS_i=\underset{j=1,ji}{\overset{N}{}}[S_i,S_j]\frac{du_jdu_i}{u_ju_i},d=\underset{j}{\overset{N}{}}_jdu_j.$$
(111)
It follows from the Schlesinger equations that

$$S_{\mathrm{}}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}S_i=M^1(V\alpha I)M=𝒱\alpha I$$
(112)
is constant as already established in (40).

The Schlesinger equations can be obtained as compatibility equations of the following linear equations :

$$\frac{d}{d\lambda }W=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{S_i}{\lambda u_i}W,_iW=\frac{S_i}{\lambda u_i}W.$$
(113)
The compatibility equations reproduce equations (109)-(110) by evaluating residues at $`\{u_i\}_{i=1,\mathrm{},N}`$

The system of first-order differential equations (113) can be rewritten as

$$\left(D+𝒮\right)W=0,$$
(114)
where $`D`$ :

$$D=\frac{}{\lambda }d\lambda +\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{}{u_i}du_i$$
(115)
is the exterior derivative and $`𝒮`$ the flat connection :

$$𝒮=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}S_j(𝐮)D\mathrm{log}(\lambda u_j)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}S_j\frac{d\lambda du_j}{\lambda u_j}$$
(116)
which satisfies the zero-curvature condition :

$$D𝒮+𝒮𝒮=0,$$
(117)
due to (114). Let, $`dU=_{j=1}^NE_{jj}du_j`$. One finds then that

$$D\mathrm{log}(\lambda U)=(\lambda U)^1(d\lambda dU)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{E_{jj}}{\lambda u_j}(d\lambda dU)$$
(118)
and the connection $`𝒮`$ can be rewritten as :

$$𝒮=M^1(\lambda U)^1(d\lambda dU)(V\alpha I)M=M^1BM$$
(119)
where in the last identity we defined

$$B=(\lambda U)^1(d\lambda dU)(V\alpha I)=\left(D\mathrm{log}(\lambda U)\right)(V\alpha I).$$
(120)
Let

$$𝒟=D+𝒮=D+M^1BM$$
(121)
then the zero-curvature condition (117) implies that $`𝒟^2=0`$.

It follows that

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒟}=M𝒟M^1=DdMM^1+B=DA+B$$
(122)
with

$$A=dMM^1=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}V_jdu_j$$
(123)
will also define the flat connection, in agreement with . In components :

$`\stackrel{~}{𝒟}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(_iV_i{\displaystyle \frac{E_{ii}(V\alpha I)}{\lambda u_i}}\right)du_i+\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\lambda }}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{E_{ii}(V\alpha I)}{\lambda u_i}}\right)d\lambda `$ (124)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(_iV_i{\displaystyle \frac{E_{ii}(V\alpha I)}{\lambda U}}\right)du_i+\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{\lambda }}+{\displaystyle \frac{(V\alpha I)}{\lambda U}}\right)d\lambda .`$
Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ be such that the condition $`\stackrel{~}{𝒟}\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )=0`$ holds. In components this condition takes a form of

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\lambda }}\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(V\alpha I)}{U\lambda }}\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ (125)
$`_i\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`\left(V_i+{\displaystyle \frac{E_{ii}(V\alpha I)}{\lambda u_i}}\right)\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda ).`$ (126)
We will now show that $`\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ defined as :

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )=\mathrm{Res}_z\left(\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)z^{1\alpha }e^{\lambda z}\right)$$
(127)
with the wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)`$ which satisfies equations (32)-(33), will satisfy eqns. (125)-(126).

It follows that :

$`(U\lambda I){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )}{\lambda }}=\mathrm{Res}_z(U\lambda I)z^\alpha \mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)e^{\lambda z}`$ (128)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_z\left(U\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)z^\alpha e^{\lambda z}+\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)z^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{e^{\lambda z}}{z}}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_z\left(U\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)z^\alpha e^{\lambda z}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)}{z}}z^\alpha e^{\lambda z}+\alpha z^{1\alpha }\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)e^{\lambda z}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_z(V\alpha I)(𝐮)z^{1\alpha }\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)e^{\lambda z}=(V\alpha I)(𝐮)\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda ).`$
Equation (33) was used in this derivation. Hence $`\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ indeed satisfies eq. (125). Furthermore, due to equation (32) it also holds that

$`_i\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`V_i\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )+E_{ii}\mathrm{Res}_z\left(z^\alpha \mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)e^{\lambda z}\right)=V_i\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )E_{ii}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\lambda }}\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$ (129)
$`=`$ $`V_i\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )+E_{ii}{\displaystyle \frac{(V\alpha I)}{\lambda U}}\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$
which agrees with (126). Hence $`W`$ from eqs.(113) is given by $`W(𝐮,\lambda )=M\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )`$.

Note, that due to (32)-(33) $`\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)`$ satisfies $`(zd/dz_{i=1}u_i_i)\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐮,z)=0`$. This leads to equation $`(\lambda d/d\lambda +_{i=1}u_i_i)\mathrm{\Omega }(𝐮,\lambda )=0`$.

Plugging $`S_i`$ into (106) we get

$$_j\mathrm{log}\tau =\underset{k=1,kj}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{tr(S_jS_k)}{u_ju_k}=\underset{k=1,kj}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{tr(E_{jj}VE_{kk}V)}{u_ju_k}=\frac{1}{2}tr(V_jV)$$
(130)
which reproduces the well-known result for the isomonodromic tau function (36). The isomonodromic tau function $`\tau `$ is related to Dubrovin’s  isomonodromic tau function $`\tau _I`$ as follows: $`\tau _I=1/\sqrt{\tau }`$ .

## 6 Darboux-Egoroff Metric, the Two-dimensional Case

For $`N=2`$ there are only two canonical coordinates from which one can construct function $`\tau _0=u_1u_2`$ such that $`I(\tau _0)=0,E(\tau _0)=\tau _0`$. Then the tau function $`\tau =\tau _0^{R^2}`$ satisfies $`I(\tau )=0,E(\tau )=R^2\tau `$. In order to satisfy equation (32) we take $`\beta _{21}=\beta _{12}=iR/\tau _0`$ and we find in terms of the Pauli matrices :

$$V_j=[\beta ,E_{jj}]=_j(R\mathrm{log}\tau _0\sigma _2)V=[\beta ,U]=R\sigma _2.$$
(131)
Solution to equation $`(_jV_j)M_0=0`$ can be calculated explicitly in $`N=2`$ and is given by $`M_0=\mathrm{exp}\left(\sigma _2R\mathrm{log}\tau _0\right)`$. Let

$$S=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ i& i\end{array}\right),S^1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& i\\ 1& i\end{array}\right),\eta =S^TS=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(132)
Then $`\mu =M^1VM=R\sigma _3`$ for $`M=M_0S`$. Also,

$$𝒰=M^1UM=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1+u_2& \tau _0^{12R}\\ \tau _0^{1+2R}& u_1+u_2\end{array}\right)$$
(133)
and

$$_1C=M^1E_{11}M=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \tau _0^{2R}\\ \tau _0^{2R}& 1\end{array}\right),_2C=M^1E_{22}M=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \tau _0^{2R}\\ \tau _0^{2R}& 1\end{array}\right).$$
(134)
For the matrix $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}`$ we have :

$$E(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)})=\left(nI\mathrm{ad}_\mu \right)\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}n\mathrm{\Xi }_{11}^{(n)}& (n2R)\mathrm{\Xi }_{12}^{(n)}\\ (n+2R)\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(n)}& n\mathrm{\Xi }_{22}^{(n)}\end{array}\right)=𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(n1)}$$
(135)
and therefore from $`E(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(1)})=E(C)=(I\mathrm{ad}_\mu )C=𝒰`$ and (133) we derive

$$C=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1+u_2& \frac{\tau _0^{12R}}{12R}\\ \frac{\tau _0^{1+2R}}{1+2R}& u_1+u_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{2(12R)}(2(1+2R)x^2)^{\frac{12R}{1+2R}}\\ x^2& x^1\end{array}\right),$$
(136)
valid for $`R\pm \frac{1}{2}`$. Note, that $`E=x^1\frac{}{x^1}+(1+2R)x^2\frac{}{x^2}`$ and

$$𝒰=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{2}(2(1+2R)x^2)^{\frac{12R}{1+2R}}\\ (1+2R)x^2& x^1\end{array}\right).$$
(137)
Using expression (132) we find :

$$\varphi _i^{(2)}=\mathrm{\Xi }_{2i}^{(2)},i=1,2\varphi _1^{(3)}=\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}$$
(138)
which when plugged into expression (77) or $`2F=\varphi _1^{(3)}+_\delta x^\delta \varphi _\delta ^{(2)}`$ yields

$$2F=\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}+x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}+x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}}^{(2)}.$$
(139)
We will use equation (135), which for $`n=2`$ reads

$$\left(2I\mathrm{ad}_\mu \right)\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}2\mathrm{\Xi }_{11}^{(2)}& (22R)\mathrm{\Xi }_{12}^{(2)}\\ (2+2R)\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(2)}& 2\mathrm{\Xi }_{22}^{(2)}\end{array}\right)=𝒰C$$
(140)
and plugging $`𝒰`$ from (133) into the above relation yields

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left((u_1+u_2)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\tau _0^2}{1+2R}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x^1)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{(2(1+2R)x^2)^{\frac{2}{2R+1}}}{8(1+2R)}}`$ (141)
$`\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}}^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left((u_1+u_2)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\tau _0^2}{12R}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x^1)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{(2(1+2R)x^2)^{\frac{2}{2R+1}}}{8(12R)}}`$ (142)
$`\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4(2+2R)}}\left((u_1+u_2)\tau _0^{1+2R}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2R}}+1)\right)=x^1x^2`$ (143)
where we used identification between $`x^1,x^2`$ and the first column of the $`C`$ matrix in (136). Furthermore, for (135) with $`n=3`$ we find

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}=\frac{1}{2(3+2R)}\left(\tau _0^{2R+1}\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}+(u_1+u_2)\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}\right)=\frac{1}{2(3+2R)}\left(2(1+2R)x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}+2x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}\right)$$
(144)
or

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}=\frac{1}{2(3+2R)}\left((1+2R)(x^1)^2x^2+2(x^1)^2x^2+\frac{(2(1+2R)x^2)^{\frac{3+2R}{2R+1}}}{8(1+2R)}\right).$$
(145)
Plugging it into (139) gives

$$F=\frac{1}{2}(x^1)^2x^2+\frac{(2(1+2R)x^2)^{\frac{3+2R}{2R+1}}}{16(3+2R)(12R)}$$
(146)
valid for $`R3/2,R\pm 1/2`$. The remaining special cases of $`R=3/2,\pm 1/2`$ must be considered separately.

R=-3/2

The problem arises for $`R=3/2`$ due to the fact that the matrix operator $`\left(nI\mathrm{ad}_\mu \right)`$ in equation (135) does not have an inverse for $`n=3`$. So, instead of using the matrix equation (135) we will use $`E(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(3)})=𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}`$ with the Euler operator $`E=x^1\frac{}{x^1}+(1+2R)x^2\frac{}{x^2}`$ being equal for $`R=3/2`$ with :

$$E=x^1\frac{}{x^1}2x^2\frac{}{x^2}$$
(147)
Recall from relation (139) that in order to calculate the superpotential $`F`$ we need to find the matrix element $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)}`$. The relevant recursion relation is

$$E(\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)})=(𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_{21}=2x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{11}^{(2)}+x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(2)}=\frac{1}{2^5}$$
(148)
where in the product $`(𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_{21}`$ we used $`𝒰`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{11}^{(2)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(2)}`$ as given in equations (137), (141) and (143) with $`R=3/2`$. Solution to the differential equation (148) is given by

$$\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)}=\frac{1}{2}(x^1)^2x^2+\frac{1}{2^6}\mathrm{log}(x^2).$$
(149)
Note, that the first term on the right hand side is annihilated by the Euler vector field (147) $`E\left((x^1)^2x^2\right)=0`$ and therefore it can not be obtained from the relation (148) alone. To obtain this term we used as additional information relation (57) which, in view of (102), implies $`(\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)})/x^1=\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(2)}`$.

The prepotential according to (139) is then :

$$2F=\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}+x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}+x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}}^{(2)}=(x^1)^2x^2\frac{1}{2^6}\mathrm{log}(x^2)\frac{1}{2^7},R=\frac{3}{2}.$$
(150)
The last term being a constant can be droped.

R=1/2

From (134) we derive

$$C=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1+u_2& \mathrm{log}\tau _0\\ \frac{\tau _0^2}{2}& u_1+u_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}(2\sqrt{x^2})\\ x^2& x^1\end{array}\right),R=\frac{1}{2}$$
(151)
or, since $`C`$ is defined up to a constant :

$$C=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{4}\mathrm{log}(x^2)\\ x^2& x^1\end{array}\right),R=\frac{1}{2}$$
(152)
where $`x^1=\frac{1}{2}(u_1+u_2),x^2=\tau _0^2/4`$ and therefore the Euler operator is

$$E=x^1\frac{}{x^1}+2x^2\frac{}{x^2}.$$
(153)
Equation (133) gives in this case

$$𝒰=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1+u_2& 1\\ \tau _0^2& u_1+u_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x^2& x^1\end{array}\right)=E(C)$$
(154)
From $`E(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})=𝒰C`$ and (153) we find :

$$\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(x^1)^2+\frac{1}{4}x^2& \frac{x^1}{4}\mathrm{log}(x^2)\\ x^1x^2& \frac{(x^1)^2}{2}+\frac{x^2}{4}\mathrm{log}(x^2)\frac{x^2}{4}\end{array}\right).$$
(155)
Next

$`E(\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)})`$ $`=`$ $`(𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_{21}=2x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{11}^{(2)}+x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(2)}=2(x^1)^2x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x^2)^2`$ (156)
$``$ $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x^1)^2x^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(x^2)^2`$
and the prepotential according to (139) is

$$2F=\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}+x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}+x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}}^{(2)}=(x^1)^2x^2+\frac{(x^2)^2}{4}\left(\mathrm{log}(x^2)\frac{3}{2}\right),R=\frac{1}{2}.$$
(157)
R=-1/2

From (134) we derive

$$C=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1+u_2& \frac{\tau _0^2}{2}\\ \mathrm{log}\tau _0& u_1+u_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{4}e^{4x^2}\\ x^2& x^1\end{array}\right),R=\frac{1}{2}$$
(158)
where $`x^1=\frac{1}{2}(u_1+u_2),x^2=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}\tau _0`$ and therefore the Euler operator is :

$$E=x^1\frac{}{x^1}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{}{x^2}.$$
(159)
Equation (133) gives in this case

$$𝒰=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_1+u_2& \tau _0^2\\ 1& u_1+u_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}x^1& \frac{1}{2}e^{4x^2}\\ \frac{1}{2}& x^1\end{array}\right)=E(C).$$
(160)
As in the case $`R=1/2`$ we can determine $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)}`$ from $`E(\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})=𝒰C`$ and equations (158)-(160) and $`\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)}`$ from $`E(\mathrm{\Xi }_{21}^{(3)})=(𝒰\mathrm{\Xi }^{(2)})_{21}`$. This leads according to (139) to

$$2F=\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(3)}+x^1\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{(2)}+x^2\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{2\hspace{0.17em}2}}^{(2)}=(x^1)^2x^2+\frac{1}{32}e^{4x^2}=(x^1)^2x^2+\frac{1}{2^5}e^{4x^2},R=\frac{1}{2}$$
(161)
## 7 Darboux-Egoroff Metric, the Three-dimensional Case

Let us now consider the three-dimensional manifolds. In this case, we can rewrite the antisymmetric matrix $`V`$ as:

$$V=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& \omega _3& \omega _2\\ \omega _3& 0& \omega _1\\ \omega _2& \omega _1& 0\end{array}\right)$$
(162)
or $`(V)_{ij}=(u_ju_i)\beta _{ij}=ϵ_{ijk}\omega _k`$. From (37) and (38) we see that $`\omega _k`$ vanishes when acted on by the vectorfields $`E`$ and $`I`$. That makes $`\omega _k`$ effectively a function of one variable $`s`$ such that $`E(s)=I(s)=0`$. Let us choose

$$s=\frac{u_2u_1}{u_3u_1}.$$
(163)
Then equation (39) takes a form equivalent to the Euler top equations:

$$\frac{d\omega _1}{ds}=\frac{\omega _2\omega _3}{s},\frac{d\omega _2}{ds}=\frac{\omega _1\omega _3}{s(s1)},\frac{d\omega _3}{ds}=\frac{\omega _1\omega _2}{1s}.$$
(164)
One verifies that $`d(_{k=1}^3\omega _k^2)/ds=0`$. Consequently,

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{3}{}}\omega _k^2=R^2$$
(165)
where a constant $`R^2`$ is an integral of equations (164). The same constant $`R^2`$ characterizes the homogeneity of the tau function. Indeed, starting from expression (36) one finds for the scaling dimension

$$E(\mathrm{log}\tau )=\frac{1}{2}\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}u_jtr\left(V_jV\right)=\frac{1}{2}tr\left(V^2\right)=\frac{1}{2}tr\left(\mu ^2\right)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{3}{}}\mu _\alpha ^2.$$
(166)
Recalling that $`(V)_{ij}=ϵ_{ijk}\omega _k`$ we can rewrite the above as :

$$E(\mathrm{log}\tau )=\frac{1}{2}\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}(ϵ_{ijk}\omega _k)^2=\underset{k=1}{\overset{3}{}}\omega _k^2=R^2.$$
(167)
As shown in , for $`\eta _{11}`$ different from zero the homogeneity of the Lamé coefficients $`h_i`$ must vanish. In such case, the Lamé coefficients $`h_i`$ depend only on one variable $`s`$ due to the fact that $`I(h_i)=E(h_i)=0`$. The relations $`_jh_i^2=_ih_j^2`$ translate for the function $`h_i^2(s)`$ to

$$s\frac{dh_1^2}{ds}=(s1)s\frac{dh_2^2}{ds}=(1s)\frac{dh_3^2}{ds}.$$
(168)
Also, since

$$\omega _k=\frac{u_ju_i}{2h_ih_j}\frac{h_i^2}{u_j},i,j,k\text{cyclic}$$
(169)
we find e.g.

$$\omega _3=\frac{s}{2h_1h_2}\frac{dh_1^2}{ds},\omega _2=\frac{s}{2h_1h_3}\frac{dh_1^2}{ds}$$
(170)
and so $`h_3\omega _2=h_2\omega _3`$ and similarly $`h_1\omega _2=h_2\omega _1`$. We conclude that

$$\omega _i^2=\frac{R^2}{\eta _{11}}h_i^2,i=1,2,3$$
(171)
and comparing equations (164) with equation (168) we obtain like in  :

$$s\frac{dh_1^2}{ds}=(s1)s\frac{dh_2^2}{ds}=(1s)\frac{dh_3^2}{ds}=2i\frac{R}{\sqrt{\eta _{11}}}h_1h_2h_3.$$
(172)
## 8 Rational Landau - Ginsburg Models

In this section we will show how to associate the canonical Darboux-Egoroff structure to the rational Landau - Ginsburg models. Following Aoyama and Kodama  we study a rational potential :

$`W(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}}z^{n+1}+a_{n1}z^{n1}+\mathrm{}+a_0+{\displaystyle \frac{v_1}{zv_{m+1}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{v_2}{2(zv_{m+1})^2}}+\mathrm{}`$ (173)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{v_m}{m(zv_{m+1})^m}}`$
which is known to characterize the topological Landau-Ginzburg (LG) theory. The rational potential in this form can be regarded as the Lax operator of a particular reduction of the dispersionless KP hierarchy

The space of rational potentials from (173) is naturally endowed with the metric :

$$g(_tW,_t^{}W)=\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W^{}}\left(\frac{_tW_t^{}W}{W^{}}\right)dz$$
(174)
where $`_tW=_ta_{n1}z^{n1}+\mathrm{}+_ta_0+\frac{_tv_1}{zv_{m+1}}+\mathrm{}`$ describes a tangent vector to the space of rational potentials obtained by taking derivative of all coefficients with respect to their argument. $`W^{}(z)`$ is a derivative with respect to $`z`$ of the rational potential $`W`$ :

$$W^{}(z)=z^n+(n1)a_{n1}z^{n2}+\mathrm{}\frac{v_m}{(zv_{m+1})^{m+1}}.$$
(175)
Next, we find the flat coordinates $`x_\alpha ,\alpha =1,\mathrm{},m+1`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma ,\gamma =1,..,n`$ such that

$$g(\frac{W}{x_\alpha },\frac{W}{x_\beta })=\eta _{\alpha \beta },g(\frac{W}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma },\frac{W}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\delta })=\stackrel{~}{\eta }_{\gamma \delta },g(\frac{W}{x_\alpha },\frac{W}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma })=0$$
(176)
with constant and non-degenerate matrices $`\eta _{\alpha \beta }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\eta }_{\gamma \delta }`$.

Consider first the function $`w=w(W,z)`$ such that $`W(z)=w^m/m`$ and $`z=x_{m+1}+x_mw+\mathrm{}+x_1w^m=_{\alpha =1}^{m+1}x_\alpha w^{m+1\alpha }`$. We take $`zx_{m+1}`$ or $`|w|1`$. It follows that

$$W^{}dz=\frac{1}{w^{m+1}}dw,\frac{W}{x_\alpha }=W^{}\frac{z}{x_\alpha }=W^{}w^{m+1\alpha }$$
(177)
Consequently:

$`g({\displaystyle \frac{W}{x_\alpha }},{\displaystyle \frac{W}{x_\beta }})=\mathrm{Res}_{z=\mathrm{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(W/x_\alpha )(W/x_\beta )}{W^{}}}\right)dz`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_{z=\mathrm{}}\left(W^{}w^{m+1\alpha }w^{m+1\beta }\right)dz=\mathrm{Res}_{w=\mathrm{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w^{m+1\alpha }w^{m+1\beta }}{w^{m+1}}}\right)dw=\delta _{\alpha +\beta =m+2}.`$
Hence $`x_\alpha `$ are flat coordinates with the metric $`\eta _{\alpha \beta }=\delta _{\alpha +\beta =m+2}`$. The coefficients $`v_j,j=1,\mathrm{},m+1`$ of $`W(z)`$ are given in terms of the flat coordinates as :

$`v_k`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _k=(k1)m+k}{}}x_{\alpha _1}x_{\alpha _2}\mathrm{}x_{\alpha _k},k=1,\mathrm{},m`$ (179)
$`v_{m+1}`$ $`=`$ $`x_{m+1}.`$
Examples are :

$$v_m=(x_m)^m,v_{m1}=(m1)x_{m1}(x_m)^{m2},\mathrm{},v_1=x_1.$$
(180)
To represent the remaining coefficients of $`a_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ of $`W`$ in terms of the flat coordinates we consider a relation:

$$z=w+\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}_1}{w}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}_2}{w^2}+\mathrm{}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{x}_n}{w^n}$$
(181)
valid for large $`z`$ and $`|w|1`$. In this limit we impose a relation $`W=w^{n+1}/(n+1)`$ from which it follows that

$$W^{}dz=w^ndw,\frac{W}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma }=W^{}\frac{z}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma }=W^{}w^\gamma .$$
(182)
We find

$`g({\displaystyle \frac{W}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma }},{\displaystyle \frac{W}{\stackrel{~}{x}_\delta }})=\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(W/\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma )(W/\stackrel{~}{x}_\delta )}{W^{}}}\right)dz`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W}\left(W^{}w^\gamma w^\delta \right)dz=\mathrm{Res}_{w=0}w^{n\gamma \delta }dw=\delta _{\gamma +\delta =n+1}.`$
Hence $`\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma `$ are flat coordinates with the metric $`\stackrel{~}{\eta }_{\gamma \delta }=\delta _{\gamma +\delta =n+1}`$. By similar considerations $`\eta _{\alpha \gamma }=0`$ for $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},m+1,\gamma =1,\mathrm{},n`$.

From expression (181) and $`W(z)=w^{n+1}/(n+1)`$ one can find relations between coefficients $`a_\gamma `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{x}_\gamma `$  starting with $`a_{n1}=\stackrel{~}{x}_1`$ and so on.

We will now show how to associate to the rational potentials $`W`$ canonical coordinates $`u_i,i=1,\mathrm{},n+m+1`$ for which the metric (174) becomes a Darboux-Egoroff metric.

Let $`\alpha _i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n+m+1`$ be roots of the rational potential $`W(z)`$ in (175). Equivalently, $`W^{}(\alpha _i)=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},n+m+1`$. Thus $`W^{}(z)`$ can be rewritten as

$$W^{}(z)=\frac{_{j=1}^{n+m+1}(z\alpha _j)}{(zv_{m+1})^{m+1}}.$$
(184)
Next, define the canonical coordinates as

$$u_i=W(\alpha _i),i=1,\mathrm{},n+m+1.$$
(185)
The identity :

$`\delta _j^i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{u_i}{u_j}}={\displaystyle \frac{W(\alpha _i)}{u_j}}`$ (186)
$`=`$ $`W^{}(\alpha _i){\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _i}{u_j}}+{\displaystyle \frac{W}{u_j}}(\alpha _i)={\displaystyle \frac{W}{u_j}}(\alpha _i)`$
implies that

$$\frac{W}{u_j}(z)=\frac{a_{n1}}{u_j}z^{n1}+\mathrm{}+\frac{a_0}{u_j}+\frac{v_1/u_j}{zv_{m+1}}+\mathrm{}+\frac{v_m}{(zv_{m+1})^{m+1}}\frac{v_{m+1}}{u_j}$$
(187)
can be rewritten as

$$\frac{W}{u_j}(z)=\frac{_{k=1,jk}^{n+m+1}(z\alpha _k)}{(zv_{m+1})^{m+1}}\frac{(\alpha _jv_{m+1})^{m+1}}{_{k=1,jk}^{n+m+1}(\alpha _j\alpha _k)}.$$
(188)
Consider

$$g(\frac{W}{u_i},\frac{W}{u_j})=\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W^{}}\left(\frac{(W/u_i)(Wu_j)}{W^{}}\right)dz.$$
(189)
Recalling (184) and (188) we find that $`g(W/u_i,W/u_j)=0`$ for $`ij`$. For $`i=j`$, we find

$`g({\displaystyle \frac{W}{u_i}},{\displaystyle \frac{W}{u_i}})`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W^{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(W/u_i)^2}{W^{}}}\right)dz`$ (190)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(\alpha _iv_{m+1})^{m+1}}{_{j=1,ji}^{n+m+1}(\alpha _i\alpha _j)}}={\displaystyle \frac{a_{n1}}{u_i}}`$
where the last identity was obtained by comparing coefficients of the $`z^{n1}`$ term in (187) and (188).

Hence, in terms of the coordinates $`u_i`$ the metric can be rewritten as $`g=_{i=1}^Nh_i^2(u)(du_i)^2`$ with the Lamé coefficients :

$$h_i^2(u)=\frac{a_{n1}}{u_i}.$$
(191)
### 8.1 N=3 Model, Example of Rational Landau - Ginsburg models

Consider the model with $`n=m=1`$ in (173):

$$W(z)=\frac{1}{2}z^2+x_1+\frac{x_2}{zx_3}$$
(192)
where as coefficients we used the flat coordinates $`x_1=\stackrel{~}{x}_1`$ and $`x_2,x_3`$ corresponding to $`x_1,x_2`$ of the previous section. The flat coordinates $`x_\alpha ,\alpha =1,2,3`$ are related to the flat metric :

$$\eta ^{\alpha \beta }=\eta _{\alpha \beta }=\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W^{}}\left(\frac{(W/x_\alpha )(W/x_\beta )}{W^{}}\right)dz=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(193)
The metric tensor can be derived from the more general expression involving the structure constants

$$c^{\alpha \beta \gamma }=\mathrm{Res}_{z\mathrm{Ker}W^{}}\left(\frac{(W/x_\alpha )(W/x_\beta )(W/x_\gamma )}{W^{}}\right)dz$$
(194)
through relation $`\eta ^{\alpha \beta }=c^{\alpha \beta 1}`$. The non-zero values of the components of $`c_{\alpha \beta \gamma }`$ are found from (194) to be :

$$c^{111}=1,c^{123}=1,c^{222}=1/x_2,c^{233}=x_3,c^{333}=x_2$$
(195)
the other values can be derived using that $`c^{\alpha \beta \gamma }`$ is symmetric in all three indices. These values can be reproduced from the formula (74) with the prepotential :

$$F(x_1,x_2,x_3)=\frac{1}{6}x_2(x_3)^3+\frac{1}{6}(x_1)^3+x_1x_2x_3+\frac{1}{2}(x_2)^2\left(\mathrm{log}x_2\frac{3}{2}\right).$$
(196)
The prepotential satisfies the quasi-homogeneity relation (2) with $`d_F=3`$ with respect to the Euler vectorfield :

$$E=x_1\frac{}{x_1}+\frac{3}{2}x_2\frac{}{x_2}+\frac{1}{2}x_3\frac{}{x_3}=x^1\frac{}{x^1}+\frac{1}{2}x^2\frac{}{x^2}+\frac{3}{2}x^3\frac{}{x^3}.$$
(197)
We now adopt a general discussion of canonical coordinates from Section 7 to the case of $`n=m=1`$. Let $`\alpha _i`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ be roots of the polynomial $`W^{}(z)=zx_2/(zx_3)^2`$. So, $`\alpha _i`$ satisfy $`W^{}(\alpha _i)=0`$ or $`\alpha _i(\alpha _ix_3)^2x_2=0`$ for all $`i=1,2,3`$.

Then, it follows by taking derivatives of $`\alpha _i(\alpha _ix_3)^2=x_2`$ with respect to $`x_2,x_3`$ that

$$\frac{\alpha _i}{x_3}=\frac{2\alpha _i}{3\alpha _ix_3},\frac{\alpha _i}{x_2}=\frac{1}{(\alpha _ix_3)(3\alpha _ix_3)}$$
(198)
and further that

$$\frac{u_i}{x_3}=\frac{x_2}{(\alpha _ix_3)^2}=\alpha _i,\frac{u_i}{x_2}=\frac{1}{\alpha _ix_3}$$
(199)
for the canonical coordinates $`u_i=W(\alpha _i)=\frac{1}{2}\alpha _i^2+x_1+x_2/(\alpha _ix_3)`$. We now present a method of inverting the derivatives in (199) or alternatively to find the matrix elements $`m_{ij}`$ of the matrix $`M`$ from relation (41). The sum of the canonical coordinates is equal to $`_{i=1}^3u_i=3x_1+x_3^2`$ and therefore

$$1=3\frac{x_1}{u_i}+2x_3\frac{x_3}{u_i}=h_i^2\left(3+2x_3\frac{u_i}{x_2}\right)$$
(200)
where we used the fact that

$$\frac{x_3}{u_i}=m_{i1}^2\frac{u_i}{x_2}$$
(201)
because of

$$\frac{x_\alpha }{u_i}=m_{i1}m_{i\alpha },\frac{u_i}{x_\alpha }=\eta _{\alpha \beta }\frac{m_{i\beta }}{m_{i1}},h_i^2=m_{i1}^2$$
(202)
Hence, from relation (200) it holds that $`h_i^2=\left(3+2x_3\frac{u_i}{x_2}\right)^1`$ or by using equation (199) that

$$\frac{x_1}{u_i}=h_i^2=\frac{\alpha _ix_3}{3\alpha _ix_3}.$$
(203)
Plugging the last equation into equation (201) and using relation (199) we obtain

$$\frac{x_3}{u_i}=\frac{1}{3\alpha _ix_3}.$$
(204)
Similarly, from

$$\frac{x_2}{u_i}=m_{i1}^2\frac{u_i}{x_3}$$
(205)
we obtain

$$\frac{x_2}{u_i}=\frac{x_2}{(\alpha _ix_3)(3\alpha _ix_3)}=\frac{\alpha _i(\alpha _ix_3)}{(3\alpha _ix_3)}.$$
(206)
Furthermore,

$$\frac{\alpha _i}{u_j}=\frac{\alpha _i}{x_2}\frac{x_2}{u_j}+\frac{\alpha _i}{x_3}\frac{x_3}{u_j}$$
(207)
gives for $`ij`$:

$$\frac{\alpha _i}{u_j}=\frac{1}{(3\alpha _ix_3)(3\alpha _jx_3)}\left(\frac{\alpha _j(\alpha _jx_3)}{(3\alpha _ix_3)}+2\alpha _i\right)$$
(208)
and for $`i=j`$ :

$$\frac{\alpha _i}{u_i}=\frac{3\alpha _i}{(3\alpha _ix_3)^2}.$$
(209)
Using (208) we can take a derivative of $`h_i^2`$ in (203) and find the rotation coefficients defined in (4) to be

$$\beta _{ij}=\frac{(\alpha _kx_3)(3\alpha _kx_3)}{(3\alpha _ix_3)(3\alpha _jx_3)}\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\alpha _ix_3)(3\alpha _ix_3)(\alpha _jx_3)(3\alpha _jx_3)}}.$$
(210)
Its square is then

$$\beta _{ij}^2=\frac{1}{(\alpha _i\alpha _j)^2}\frac{1}{(4x_33\alpha _k)^2}\frac{x_1}{u_k},$$
(211)
where $`i,j,k`$ are cyclic. Recall that in equation (162) we have introduced the functions $`\omega _k=(u_ju_i)\beta _{ij}`$, where again we used the cyclic indices $`i,j,k`$. The difference of canonical coordinates can be written as : $`u_ju_i=(\alpha _i\alpha _j)(3\alpha _k4x_3)/2`$ which together with equation (210) yields:

$$\omega _k^2=\frac{1}{4}h_k^2=\frac{1}{4}\frac{x_1}{u_k}=\frac{1}{4}\frac{\alpha _kx_3}{3\alpha _kx_3}.$$
(212)
Since $`I=_{i=1}^3/u_i=/x_1`$ then

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{3}{}}\omega _k=\frac{1}{4},E(\mathrm{log}\tau )=\frac{1}{4}.$$
(213)
The explicit form of the roots $`\alpha _i`$ is needed to find expressions for $`\omega _k`$ and its dependence on the parameter $`s`$. It is convenient to introduce $`q=x_2/(x_3)^3`$ and $`a_i=\alpha _i/x_3`$ which satisfy equation $`a_i(a_i1)^2=q`$. Let us furthermore introduce a parameter $`\omega `$ such that $`q=4(\omega ^21)^2/(\omega ^2+3)^3`$. This parametrization makes it possible to obtain the compact expressions for $`\omega _k`$. The three solutions to the algebraic equation

$$a(a1)^2=q=4\frac{(\omega ^21)^2}{(\omega ^2+3)^3}$$
(214)
are:

$$a_1=\frac{4}{\omega ^2+3},a_2=\frac{(\omega +1)^2}{\omega ^2+3},a_3=\frac{(\omega 1)^2}{\omega ^2+3}.$$
(215)
Note, that $`a_2a_3`$ under $`\omega \omega `$ transformation, which shows that $`\omega `$ is a purely imaginary variable. First, we find that the variable $`s`$ from (163) can be expressed as :

$$s=\frac{(a_2a_1)}{(a_3a_1)}\frac{(3a_34)}{(3a_24)}=\frac{(\omega 3)^3(\omega +1)}{(\omega +3)^3(\omega 1)}$$
(216)
Next, from relations $`h_i^2=(a_i1)/(3a_i1)`$ and equation (212) we derive :

$$\omega _1^2=\frac{1}{4}\frac{(\omega ^21)}{(\omega ^29)},\omega _2^2=\frac{1}{4}\frac{(\omega +1)}{\omega (\omega 3)},\omega _3^2=\frac{1}{4}\frac{(\omega 1)}{\omega (\omega +3)}.$$
(217)
They provide solutions to the Euler top equations (164). The corresponding function

$$y(\omega )=\frac{(\omega 3)^2(\omega +1)}{(\omega +3)(\omega ^2+3)}$$
(218)
connected with $`\omega _k`$’s through relations :

$`\omega _1^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(ys)y^2(y1)}{s}}\left(v{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(ys)}}\right)\left(v{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(y1)}}\right),`$
$`\omega _2^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(ys)^2y(y1)}{s(1s)}}\left(v{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(y1)}}\right)\left(v{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2y}}\right),`$
$`\omega _3^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(ys)y(y1)^2}{(1s)}}\left(v{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2y}}\right)\left(v{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(ys)}}\right)`$ (219)
with the auxiliary variable $`v`$ defined by equation

$$\frac{dy}{ds}=\frac{y(y1)(ys)}{s(s1)}\left(2v\frac{1}{2y}\frac{1}{2(y1)}+\frac{1}{2(ys)}\right)$$
(220)
is a solution of the Painlevé VI equation :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d^2y}{ds^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{y}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ys}}\right)({\displaystyle \frac{dy}{ds}})^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{s}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{s1}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ys}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{dy}{ds}}`$ (221)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y(y1)(ys)}{s^2(s1)^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{s}{8y^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{s1}{8(y1)^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3s(s1)}{8(ys)^2}}\right].`$
Introducing parameter $`x=(\omega 3)/(\omega +3)`$ one can rewrite expressions (218) and (216) as :

$$y=\frac{x^2(x+2)}{x^2+x+1},s=\frac{x^3(x+2)}{2x+1},$$
(222)
which reproduces the $`k=3`$ Poncelet polygon solution of Hitchin .

We now proceed to calculate the underlying $`\tau `$-function. Our knowledge of the $`\tau `$-function is based on equation (36) from which we derive that

$$_j\mathrm{log}\tau =\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\beta _{ij}^2(u_iu_j).$$
(223)
The identity $`I(\mathrm{log}\tau )=0`$, shows that $`\tau =\tau (x_2,x_3)`$ is a function of two variables $`x_2,x_3`$. Furthermore, it satisfies :

$$E(\mathrm{log}\tau )=\left(\frac{3}{2}x_2\frac{}{x_2}+\frac{1}{2}x_3\frac{}{x_3}\right)\mathrm{log}\tau =\frac{1}{4}.$$
(224)
A solution to the above equation is

$$\mathrm{log}\tau =\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{log}x_2+\mathrm{log}x_3\right)+f\left(\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{log}x_2\mathrm{log}x_3\right)$$
(225)
where $`f()`$ is an arbitrary function of it’s argument. In order to determine the function $`f`$ we use equation (223) to calculate the derivative

$$\frac{\mathrm{log}\tau }{x_3}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{u_j}{x_3}_j\mathrm{log}\tau =\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{3}{}}\alpha _j\beta _{ij}^2(u_iu_j).$$
(226)
A calculation based on equation (211) yields:

$$x_3\frac{}{x_3}\mathrm{log}\tau =\frac{1}{8}\frac{1}{1\frac{27}{4}q}=\frac{1}{4}f^{}\left(\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{log}x_2\mathrm{log}x_3\right)$$
(227)
where the last equality was obtained by comparing with equation (225) (recall that $`q=x_2/(x_3)^3`$). Integration gives (ignoring an inessential integration constant) :

$$f\left(\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{log}x_2\mathrm{log}x_3\right)=\frac{1}{24}\left(\mathrm{log}q+\mathrm{log}(4+27q)\right).$$
(228)
Using that $`x_2=qx_3^3`$ we can now rewrite $`\mathrm{log}\tau `$ as

$$\mathrm{log}\tau =\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{log}x_3^2+\frac{1}{24}\mathrm{log}\left(q^3(4+27q)\right).$$
(229)
Inserting parametrization of $`q`$ from (214) and using relation $`u_2u_3=8x_3^2\omega ^3(\omega ^2+3)^2`$ we obtain the following expression for $`\mathrm{log}\tau `$ :

$$\mathrm{log}\tau =\mathrm{log}(u_2u_3)^{\frac{1}{4}}+\frac{1}{24}\mathrm{log}\left((\omega 1)^6(\omega +1)^6(\omega 3)^2(\omega +3)^2\omega ^{16}\right).$$
(230)
It is easy to confirm $`I(\mathrm{log}\tau )=0`$ and $`E(\mathrm{log}\tau )=1/4`$ based on this expression.

###### Acknowledgments.

H.A. was partially supported by FAPESP and NSF (PHY-9820663). A.H.Z. and J.F.G were partially supported by CNPq.


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# Phase coherence length of an elongated Bose-Einstein condensate

The experimental study of one dimensional (1D) degenerate Bose gases, where the radial motion is“frozen”, is currently an important direction of research in ultracold atom physics gorlitz01 ; schreck01 ; greiner01 . In uniform 1D systems, fluctuations of the condensate wavefunction around equilibrium are pronounced, because of a large population of low-lying states; as a result, no long range order exists at any temperature. In a trapped 1D gas, the finite size of the sample naturally introduces a low-momentum cutoff, and at sufficiently low temperature a phase coherent sample can exist (see petrov1d  and references therein for the properties of 1D gases). Essentially, the same analysis holds for three dimensional (3D) trapped gases in very elongated traps petrov3d : here the interaction energy per particle is larger than the radial frequency, and the condensate wavefunction is built from several radial modes. Still, low-energy excitations with a frequency smaller than the radial frequency are effectively one-dimensional, and induce large fluctuations of the condensate phase petrov3d . Such condensates with a fluctuating phase, or quasicondensates, were recently observed experimentally in dettmer01 ; hellweg01 . In this paper, we first discuss how to measure the velocity distribution via Bragg transitions, and why this is an (indirect) measurement of the coherence length. Then we present our measurements richard02  for very elongated traps, that agree well with the theory developed by Petrov et al. petrov3d ; gerbier02 .

Phase coherence of the (quasi)condensate can be characterized by the $`1/e`$ decay length of the spatial correlation function, $`𝒞^{(1)}(s)=1/Nd^3𝐑\mathrm{\Psi }^{}(𝐑+s𝐞_\mathrm{z}/2)\mathrm{\Psi }(𝐑s𝐞_\mathrm{z}/2)`$ zambelli00 , with $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ the atomic field operator. Consider a sample of $`N_0`$ condensed atoms, trapped in a cylindrically symmetric, harmonic trap with an aspect ratio $`\lambda =\omega _\mathrm{z}/\omega _{}1`$, in the 3D Thomas-Fermi regime. Petrov et al. petrov1d ; petrov3d  investigated the long wavelength fluctuations of the phase of $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, with the following conclusions. Below a characteristic temperature $`T_\varphi =15N_0(\mathrm{}\omega _\mathrm{z})^2/32\mu `$, the phase fluctuations are small, and the coherence length is essentially the condensate size $`L`$, as in “ordinary” 3D condensates stenger99 ; hagley99  (to put it differently, $`𝒞^{(1)}`$ is limited by the density envelope of $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$). On the other hand, for $`TT_\varphi `$ the coherence length is limited to a value much smaller than $`L`$, the value at the center of the trap being $`L_\varphi =LT_\varphi /T`$.

A convenient technique to measure the coherence length is Bragg Spectroscopy, as was done in stenger99  in the radial direction. One illuminates the atomic sample with counter-propagating laser beams with frequency difference $`\omega `$ and wavevectors $`\pm 𝐤_\mathrm{L}`$, parallel to the long axis $`z`$ of a cigar-shaped condensate (see Fig. 1). The basic process involves the absorption of a photon in one beam and stimulated emission into the other, with a net momentum and energy transfer $`\pm 2\mathrm{}𝐤_\mathrm{L}`$ and $`\mathrm{}\omega `$, respectively. This process is resonant around the frequency that matches the gain in kinetic energy: for an atom at rest it is $`\omega =4\mathrm{}k_\mathrm{L}^2/2M=\omega _0`$. If the initial velocity is non-zero, then the resonance frequency is Doppler-shifted according to $`\omega =\omega _0+2k_\mathrm{L}v_\mathrm{z}`$. Therefore, by scanning the relative frequency of the two beams one scans the velocity distribution $`𝒫(v_\mathrm{z})`$. Since $`𝒫`$ is the Fourier transform of $`𝒞^{(1)}(s)`$ zambelli00 , the root mean square (rms) width of the spectrum (“Doppler width”) can be used to infer the coherence length according to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\omega ^\mathrm{D}=2k_\mathrm{L}v_{\mathrm{rms}}2(\mathrm{}k_\mathrm{L}/ML_\varphi )`$, to within a numerical factor that depends on the lineshape. In other words, we probe the phase fluctuations of the wavefunction by measuring the momentum distribution, i.e. by probing the spatial gradient of the phase, rather than the phase itself .

Experimentally, axial Bragg spectroscopy directly in the trap is difficult because of collisions between the diffracted atoms and the parent BEC. First, mean-field interactions inhomogeneously broaden the line (typically by $`500`$ Hz in our case) stenger99 ; zambelli00 . Second, the mean free path of the diffracted atoms $`l_{\mathrm{mfp}}`$ is typically much smaller than L, thus producing a diffuse background, rather than a well-defined diffracted cloud chikkatur00 . We solve these problems by opening the trap abruptly, and letting the BEC expand for 2 ms before applying the Bragg pulse: the density drops by a factor $`90`$, and the mean field broadening and destructive collisions are suppressed. The released mean field energy converts mainly into radial velocity in a time $`\omega _{}`$, while a small axial velocity field develops castin96 ; kagan96 . For our experimental parameters the latter is negligible ($`40`$ Hz to be compared to the typical linewidth $`200`$ Hz, see below). The fluctuating velocity distribution is essentially frozen during the release of the condensate, and the velocity width remains $`\mathrm{}/ML_\varphi `$ during the expansion gerbier02 . For quantitative comparison with our data, we have assumed that all contributions to the width add in quadrature. A gaussian fit to the “ideal” velocity distribution calculated in gerbier02  gives an effective rms width $`v_{\varphi ,\mathrm{rms}}0.62\mathrm{}/ML_\varphi `$.

In our experiment, we produce a condensate of 87Rb in the $`|\mathrm{F}=1;\mathrm{m}_\mathrm{F}=1`$ hyperfine level. The magnetic trap is an iron-core electromagnet producing a Ioffe-Pritchard type potential. However, an important difference with respect to the trap used in desruelle99 ; lecoq01  is the possibility to compensate the bias field down to a few Gauss. Together with a strong radial gradient of $`1400`$ G/cm, this allows to reach radial frequencies of $`800`$ Hz. At the same time the axial confinement is shallow, with a typical frequency $`5`$ Hz. The overall duty cycle, including laser-cooling and evaporation phases, is typically $`30`$ s. After the last evaporation ramp, we observe the formation of a condensate that exhibits strong shape oscillations (see dalfovo99  and references therein), as shown in Fig.2a. This is in line with a recent observation by Schvarchuck et al. schvarchuck02 , who propose the picture of a BEC locally in equilibrium at each point on the axis, but globally out of equilibrium. Indeed, the radial degrees of freedom are rapidly thermalized, but axial motion damps on a much longer time scale. We plot in Fig. 2b the width of the Bragg resonance for such a non-equilibrium condensate as a function of time. It also reveals an oscillation, however at about twice the mode frequency, because the velocity width is not sensitive to whether the condensate contracts or expands. The amplitude in velocity space is quite large and disturbs significantly momentum spectroscopy: therefore we hold the condensate for a variable time (typically 7 seconds) in presence of an rf shield, so that the collective oscillation damps completely.

Let us discuss briefly a few important experimental points. As shown in Fig. 1a, the beams that form the lattice travel parallel to the long axis of the cloud. The beams are retroreflected to form two standing waves with orthogonal polarizations and opposite chirp directions: therefore two distinct clouds with opposite velocities are seen after time of flight (Fig. 1b). Stabilizing the last mirror against mechanical vibrations was crucial for achieving sufficient resolution. We mounted the mirror on a massive ($`30\times 30\times 2`$ cm) aluminium plate, oriented such that vibrations essentially occur perpendicular to the optical path. The Bragg pulse is applied for a duration of $`2`$ ms at around $`30.1`$ kHz to stimulate four-photon scattering. We used second-order instead of first-order (two-photon) Bragg scattering to increase the seperation of the diffracted clouds from the parent condensate. After a 20 ms free flight, we measure the relative number of diffracted atoms by absorption imaging. The temperature and condensate energies are also measured from this image, after correcting for a small probe angle ($`20`$ mrad) with respect to the vertical. The temperature is carefully controlled during each spectrum by controlling the trap depth to $`2`$ kHz precision (corresponding to $`10`$ nK).

We take Bragg spectra (diffraction efficiency versus detuning), fixing the final rf frequency and therefore the number of condensed atoms and the temperature of the surrounding thermal cloud (see Fig. 1c for a typical spectrum). Typically, each point of the spectrum is averaged over five individual measurements. Figure 3a shows the Doppler width as a function of temperature. A clear increasing trend is seen, suggesting the presence of phase fluctuations in our sample. At each temperature, between four and six spectra were taken, at a variety of delays to sample any residual oscillations of the trapped cloud. A closer look at the resonance width as a function of this delay (for a fixed temperature) reveals an oscillation at the trap frequency. This is consistent with a center of mass oscillation having a fluctuating amplitude, causing line shifts random from shot to shot: averaging over many points therefore results in line broadening. However, as the phase of this oscillation is well defined, we are able to quantify the broadening and correct for it. The Doppler width extracted after correction of this spurious broadening is plotted in Fig. 3b versus the expected width, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\varphi =2k_\mathrm{L}\times 0.62\mathrm{}/ML_\varphi `$ gerbier02 . Using a quadrature fit, $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2=\mathrm{\Delta }_0^2+\alpha ^2\mathrm{\Delta }_\varphi ^2`$, with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ the experimental resolution, we find a slope $`\alpha =0.96(8)`$, sufficiently close to $`1`$ to indicate good agreement with theoretical expectations. Thus, our experiment provides a quantitative (and successful) test of the theory of phase fluctuations in BEC developed in petrov3d . The coherence length deduced after substraction of the experimental resolution is shown in inset of Fig. 3b, and seen to be substantially smaller than the condensate length.

Although quasicondensates have reduced long-range order, local correlation properties are expected to be identical to those of a pure condensate petrov1d ; petrov3d . We test this prediction quantitatively by measuring the release energy of the cloud. As discussed in Ref. ketterle97 , if we assume that the density fluctuations are $`\delta n=Cn_0`$, we find for the release energy $`E_{\mathrm{rel}}=(1+C^2)5\mu /7`$, with $`\mu `$ the chemical potential calculated for zero density fluctuations and Thomas-Fermi condensate dalfovo99 . This quantity depends (not sensitively) on atom number calibration, which can be done by measuring the transition temperature: since the explicit expression dalfovo99  depends only on the properties of the thermal cloud above the transition, this is an independent calibration. We measure the release energy by a standard time of flight technique ensher96 , and from this deduce $`0.03C0.05`$, consistent with zero density fluctuations, as for a true (ı.e. phase-coherent) condensate. 333Related work has been carried out at the Institute for Quantum Optics in Hannnover (J. J. Arlt, presentation at the meeting “Recent developments in the physics of cold atomic gases,” Trento (2002)).

In conclusion, we have measured the temperature-dependent coherence length of an elongated Bose condensate. We find quantitative agreement between our measurements and the predictions of Shlyapnikov and coworkers petrov1d ; petrov3d ; gerbier02 . In addition, our measurements are consistent with the absence of density fluctuations, even in the phase-fluctuating regime. Therefore they confirm the picture of this new regime of quantum degeneracy in elongated traps: a macroscopic wavefunction is still the correct concept, but its phase is random, such that phase coherence does not extend across the whole sample.

We gratefully acknowledge D. S. Petrov and G. V. Shlyapnikov for many stimulating discussions. This work was supported by CNRS, DGA, and EU. FG stay in Heidelberg was funded by the European Science Fundation under the project BEC 2002+.


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# Grothendieck rings of Laurent series fields

## 1. introduction

Recently, the Grothendieck ring of a structure, in the sense of logic, has been introduced in  and independently in . The Grothendieck ring of a model-theoretical structure is built up as a quotient of the definable sets by definable bijections (see below), and thus, depends both on the model and the language. For $`(M,)`$ a structure with the signature of a language $``$ we write $`K_0(M,)`$ for the Grothendieck ring of $`(M,)`$. In  and , the following explicit calculations of Grothendieck rings of fields are made:

> $`K_0(,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is isomorphic to $``$,
> $`K_0(_p,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is trivial,
> $`K_0(𝔽_p((t)),_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is trivial.

Here, $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$ is the language $`(+,,,0,1)`$. In  and  it is shown that the Grothendieck ring $`K_0(,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is extremely big and complicated; $`K_0(,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$, and many other Grothendieck rings, are not explicitly known.

Any Euler characteristic (in the sense of  or ), defined on the definable sets, factors through the natural projection of definable sets into the Grothendieck ring, and, in this sense, to know a Grothendieck ring is to know a universal Euler characterictic. Nevertheless, it happens that a Grothendieck ring is trivial.

The triviality of a Grothendieck ring can be proven by constructing a definable bijection from $`X`$ to $`X\{a\}`$, where $`X`$ is a definable set and $`\{a\}`$ a point on $`X`$. We develop general techniques to obtain definable bijections $`KK^\times `$, where $`K`$ is a valued field and $`K^\times =K\{0\}`$. In section 1.2 we explain iterated Laurent series fields. In the present paper we prove:

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`L`$ be either $`_p`$ or a finite field extension of $`_p`$, and let $`K`$ be one of the fields $`L`$, $`L((t_1))`$, $`L((t_1))((t_2))`$, $`L((t_1))((t_2))((t_3))`$, and so on. Then $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})=0`$ and there exists a $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-definable bijection $`KK^\times `$.111Here, as always, definable means definable with parameters.222For $`K=_p`$, this result was proven in .

###### Theorem 2.

Let $`L`$ be $`𝔽_q`$ where $`𝔽_q`$ is the finite field with $`q=p^l`$ elements, $`p`$ a prime, and let $`K`$ be one of the fields $`L((t_1))`$, $`L((t_1))((t_2))`$, $`L((t_1))((t_2))((t_3))`$, and so on. Then $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})=0`$ and there exists a $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-definable bijection $`KK^\times `$.333For $`K=𝔽_q((t))`$ this was proven in .

Central in the proofs of this paper is a subgroup $`H(K,)`$ of $``$, associated to a field $`K`$ and a language $``$, which is sensitive to some elementary arithmetical properties of the indices of $`n`$-th powers in $`K^\times `$ and of the number of $`n`$-th roots in $`K^\times `$ (see section 3). Using the definition, it follows immediately that, for example,

> $`H(,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is $``$,
> $`H(_p,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is $``$, and
> $`H(,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is $`\{0\}`$.

We give two criteria for valued fields, for which the value group has a well-determined minimal strictely positive element, to have a trivial Grothendieck ring (proposition 1 and 2).

We also consider Laurent series fields over $``$ and over fields of characteristic $`p>0`$, using the language of Denef - Pas. The language of Denef - Pas  was introduced to study uniform $`p`$-adic integrals for all primes $`p`$, and is now still used in, for example, the theory of motivic integration (see  and ).

For any $``$-valued field $`K`$ with angular component map $`\mathrm{ac}`$, the Grothendieck ring $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{Pas}})`$ is trivial, and there exists a $`_{\mathrm{Pas}}`$-definable bijection from $`K^2`$ onto $`K^2\{(0,0)\}`$, see , Thm. 1 and proposition 2 below. (Proposition 2 is more general than , Thm. 1.) The following theorems give stronger results for iterated Laurent series fields.

###### Theorem 3.

Let $`K`$ be one of the fields $`((t_1))`$, $`((t_1))((t_2))`$, $`((t_1))((t_2))((t_3))`$, and so on. We have

$$H(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})=.$$

Endow $`K`$ with a valuation onto a group of the form $`^k`$ with lexicographical order, $`k>0`$, and with the natural angular component map (as in section 2). Then

$$K_0(K,_{\mathrm{Pas}})=\{0\},$$

and there exist a bijection $`KK^\times `$, definable in the language $`_{\mathrm{Pas}}`$ of Denef - Pas.

###### Theorem 4.

Let $`L`$ be an arbitrary field of characteristic $`p>0`$. Let $`K`$ be one of the fields $`L((t_1))`$, $`L((t_1))((t_2))`$, $`L((t_1))((t_2))((t_3))`$ and so on. Endow $`K`$ with a valuation onto a group of the form $`^k`$ with lexicographical order, $`k>0`$, and with the natural angular component map (as in section 2). Then $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{Pas}})=\{0\}`$ and there exists a bijection $`KK^\times `$ definable in the language of Denef - Pas.

### 1.1. Valued fields

Fix a field $`K`$. We call $`K`$ a valued field if there is an ordered group $`(G,+,)`$ and a valuation map $`v:KG\{\mathrm{}\}`$ such that

* $`v(x)=\mathrm{}`$ if and only if $`x=0`$;
* $`v(xy)=v(x)+v(y)`$ for all $`x,yK`$;
* $`v(x+y)\mathrm{min}\{v(x),v(y)\}`$ for all $`x,yK`$.

We write $`R`$ for the valuation ring $`\{xKv(x)0\}`$ of $`K`$, $`M`$ for its unique maximal ideal and we write $`k`$ for the residue field $`R/M`$ and $`p:Rk`$ for the natural projection. If $`G=`$ we call $`K`$ a $``$-valued field. Whenever $`K`$ is a $``$-valued field, the valuation ring $`R`$ is a discrete valuation ring, and a generator $`\pi `$ of the maximal ideal of $`R`$ is called a uniformizer.

A valued field often carries an angular component map modulo $`M`$, or angular component map for short; it is a group homomorphism $`\mathrm{ac}:K^\times k^\times `$, extended by putting $`\mathrm{ac}(0)=0`$, and satisfying $`\mathrm{ac}(x)=p(x)`$ for all $`x`$ with $`v(x)=0`$ (see ).

### 1.2. Iterated Laurent series fields

We define iterated Laurent series fields by induction. Let $`L((t_1))`$ be the field of (formal) Laurent series in the variable $`t_1`$ over $`L`$ and let $`L((t_1))\mathrm{}((t_{n1}))((t_n))`$ be the field of (formal) Laurent series in the variable $`t_n`$ over $`L((t_1))\mathrm{}((t_{n1}))`$. On a field $`L((t_1))\mathrm{}((t_n))`$ we can put many valuations, for example the valuation $`v_n`$ taking values in the lexicographically ordered $`n`$-fold product of $``$, defined as follows. If $`n=1`$, then we put $`v_1(x)=s`$ whenever $`x=_{is}a_st_n^i`$ with $`a_s0`$ and $`a_iL`$. For general $`n`$, and $`x=_{is}a_st_n^i`$, where $`a_s0`$ and $`a_iL((t_1))\mathrm{}((t_{n1}))`$, we put $`v_n(x)=(s,v_{n1}(a_s))^n`$. Remark that the valuation ring with respect to the valuation $`v_n`$ is Henselian.

### 1.3. Grothendieck rings

Let $``$ be a language and let $`M`$ be a model for $``$. For $``$-definable sets $`XM^m`$, $`YM^n`$, $`m,n>0`$, a $``$-definable bijection $`XY`$ is called an $``$-isomorphism and we write $`X_{}Y`$, or $`XY`$ if the context is clear, if $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are $``$-isomorphic. (Definable always means definable with parameters.) For definable $`X`$ and $`Y`$, we can choose disjoint definable sets $`X^{},Y^{}K^m^{}`$ for some $`m^{}>0`$, such that $`XX^{}`$ and $`YY^{}`$, and then we define the *disjoint union* $`XY`$ of $`X`$ and $`Y`$ up to isomorphism as $`X^{}Y^{}`$. By the Grothendieck group $`K_0(M,)`$ of the structure $`(M,)`$ we mean the group generated by symbols $`[A]`$, for $`A`$ a $``$-definable set, with the relations $`[A]=[A^{}]`$ if $`A_{}A^{}`$ and $`[A]=[B]+[C]`$ if $`A`$ is the disjoint union of $`B`$ and $`C`$. The group $`K_0(M,)`$ carries a multiplicative structure induced by $`[A\times B]=[A][B]`$, where $`A\times B`$ is the Cartesian product of definable sets. The so-obtained ring is called the Grothendieck ring and for a $``$-definable set $`X`$ we write $`[X]`$ for the image of $`X`$ in $`K_0(M,)`$.

Let $`T`$ be a theory in some language $``$. A formula $`\phi `$ with free variables $`x_1,\mathrm{}x_n`$ determines a set in $`M^n`$ for any model $`M`$ of $`T`$. On these sets we can define a disjoint union operation and Cartesian products in the natural way. The Grothendieck group $`K_0(T,)`$ is the group generated by symbols $`[\phi ]`$, for $`\phi `$ a $``$-formula, with the relations $`[\phi ]=[\phi ^{}]`$ if the theory $`T`$ implies that there is some $``$-definable bijection between the sets defined by $`\phi `$ and $`\phi ^{}`$, and the relation $`[\phi ]=[\psi ]+[\psi ^{}]`$ if $`\phi `$ is the disjoint union of $`\psi `$ and $`\psi ^{}`$. This group carries a multiplicative structure induced by the Cartesian product of definable sets and the so obtained ring is called the Grothendieck ring of $`(T,)`$.

## 2. Languages of Denef - Pas

Let $`K`$ be a valued field, with a valuation map $`v:KG\{\mathrm{}\}`$ for some ordered group $`G`$, and an angular component map $`\mathrm{ac}:Kk`$, where $`k`$ is the residue field. Let $`_k`$ be an arbitrary expansion of $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$ and let $`_G`$ be an arbitrary expansion of the language of ordered groups with infinity, namely $`(+,,0,\mathrm{},)`$. A language of Denef - Pas can in fact be either language in a wide variety of languages; it is always a three-sorted language of the form $`(_k,_{\mathrm{ring}},_G,v,\mathrm{ac})`$, with as sorts:

* a $`k`$-sort for the residue field-sort,
* a $`K`$-sort for the valued field-sort, and
* a $`G`$-sort for the value group-sort.

The language $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$ is used for the $`K`$-sort, $`_k`$ for the $`k`$-sort and $`_G`$ for the $`G`$-sort. The function symbol $`v`$ stands for the valuation map $`KG\{\mathrm{}\}`$ and $`\mathrm{ac}`$ stands for an angular component map $`Kk`$ (in fact, this is an angular component map modulo the maximal ideal $`M`$). A structure for a language of Denef - Pas is denoted $`(k,K,G\{\mathrm{}\})`$, where $`k,K`$ and $`G`$ are as above.

Remark that if $`G=`$, namely if $`K`$ is a $``$-valued field, there exists a natural angular component map $`\mathrm{ac}:Kk`$ sending $`x0`$ to $`t^{v(x)}xmodM`$, where $`t`$ is a uniformizer of the valuation ring. More generally, if the value group of $`K`$ is $`^n`$, and $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_n`$ are field elements such that $`v(t_1)=(1,0,\mathrm{},0),\mathrm{},v(t_n)=(0,\mathrm{},0,1)`$ forms a set of generators of $`^n`$, there is a natural angular component map $`\mathrm{ac}:Kk`$ given by $`\mathrm{ac}(x)=x_it_i^{r_i}modM`$, where $`v(x)=(r_1,\mathrm{},r_n)`$. These angular component maps are canonical up to the choice of $`t`$ and $`t_i`$. Languages of Denef - Pas are denoted $`_{\mathrm{Pas}}`$.

## 3. Calculations of Grothendieck rings

Let $`K`$ be a field and $``$ an expansion of $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$. We write $`P_n(K)`$ or $`P_n`$ for the $`n`$-th powers in $`K^\times `$. For $`n>1`$ we put

$$r_n(K)=\mathrm{}\{xKx^n=1\}$$

and

$$s_n(K)=[K^\times :P_n(K)]$$

which is either a nonnegative integer or $`\mathrm{}`$.

###### Definition 1.

Let $`K`$ be a field and let the numbers $`s_n(K)`$ and $`r_n(K)`$, $`n>1`$ be as above. For $`n>1`$ we put

$$\lambda _n(K,)=\frac{s_n(K)}{r_n(K)}$$

if the following conditions are satisfied

* $`s_n(K)<\mathrm{}`$ and $`\frac{s_n(K)}{r_n(K)}`$ ;
* there exists a $``$-definable $`n`$-th root function. This means that there exists a definable set $`\sqrt[n]{P_n}`$ and a definable bijection $`\sqrt[n]{}:P_n(K)\sqrt[n]{P_n}`$ such that $`(\sqrt[n]{x})^n=x`$ for each $`xP_n(K)`$.

If one of the above conditions is not satisfied, we put $`\lambda _n(K,)=1`$. We define $`H(K,)`$ as the subgroup of $``$ generated by the numbers

$$\lambda _n(K,)1$$

for all $`n>1`$.

Remark that if $`^{}`$ is an expansion of $``$, then there is a group inclusion $`H(K,)H(K,^{})`$. Let $`_\mathrm{v}=(_{\mathrm{ring}},R)`$ be the language of rings with an extra $`1`$-ary relation symbol $`R`$ which corresponds to a valuation ring inside the model. If the model is a valued field, we take the natural interpretations.

###### Lemma 1.

Let $`K`$ be a field and $``$ an expansion of $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$. For each positive number $`mH(K,)`$, there exists a $``$-definable bijection

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m+1}{}}K^\times K^\times ,$$

and thus, in $`K_0(K,)`$,

$$m[K^\times ]=0.$$

Moreover, if $`K`$ is a valued field and $``$ is an expansion of $`_\mathrm{v}`$, there exists a $``$-definable bijection

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m+1}{}}(R\{0\})R\{0\},$$

and thus, in $`K_0(K,)`$,

$$m[R\{0\}]=0.$$

###### Proof.

We first prove that $`K^\times _{i=1}^{\lambda _n}K^\times `$ for all $`\lambda _n=\lambda _n(K,)`$, $`n>1`$. If $`\lambda _n=1`$ there is nothing to prove, so let $`\lambda _n>1`$. Remark that for each $`xK^\times `$ and each definable set $`AK`$ there is a definable bijection $`xAA`$. With the notation of definition 1, the sets $`x\sqrt[n]{P_n}`$ form a partition of $`K^\times `$ when $`x`$ runs over the $`n`$-th roots of unity. This gives $`_{i=1}^{r_n}\sqrt[n]{P_n}K^\times `$. Since $`K^\times `$ is the disjoint union of all cosets of $`P_n`$ inside $`K^\times `$, we find $`_{i=1}^{s_n}P_nK^\times `$. Combining with the isomorphism $`P_n\sqrt[n]{P_n}`$ we calculate:

$$K^\times \underset{i=1}{\overset{s_n}{}}P_n\underset{i=1}{\overset{s_n}{}}\sqrt[n]{P_n}\underset{i=1}{\overset{\lambda _n}{}}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{r_n}{}}\sqrt[n]{P_n})\underset{i=1}{\overset{\lambda _n}{}}K^\times ,$$

where $`s_n=s_n(K)`$ and $`r_n=r_n(K)`$. Now let $`m>0`$ be in $`H(K,)`$ and let $`n>1`$, $`s>0`$ be integers. By what we just have shown, we can add $`\lambda _n1`$ disjoint copies of $`K^\times `$ to $`_{i=1}^sK^\times `$, in the sense that $`_{i=1}^sK^\times _{i=1}^{s+\lambda _n1}K^\times `$. Similarly, if $`s>\lambda _n1`$, we can subtract $`\lambda _n1`$ disjoint copies of $`K^\times `$ from $`_{i=1}^sK^\times `$, to be precise, $`_{i=1}^sK^\times _{i=1}^{s\lambda _n+1}K^\times `$. The lemma follows since the numbers $`\lambda _n1`$ generate $`H(K,)`$.

If $``$ is an expansion of $`_\mathrm{v}`$, we have the same isomorphisms and the same arguments for $`R\{0\}`$ instead of $`K^\times `$, working with $`RP_n`$ and $`R\sqrt[n]{P_n}`$ instead of $`P_n`$ and $`\sqrt[n]{P_n}`$. ∎

###### Definition 2.

Let $`R`$ be a valuation ring such that the value group has a minimal strictly positive element. Let $`\pi R`$ have minimal strictly positive valuation. Write $`M`$ for the maximal ideal of $`R`$. Let $`\mathrm{ac}`$ be an angular component map $`Kk`$, where $`k`$ is the residue field. We define the set $`R^{(1)}`$ as

$$R^{(1)}=\{xR\mathrm{ac}(x)=1\}.$$

The set $`R^{(1)}`$ is not necessarily definable in the language $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$. If $`R^{(1)}`$ is definable in some language $``$ we have the following criterion. Remark also that a minimal strictly positive element in the value group necessarily is unique.

###### Proposition 1.

Let $`K`$ be a valued field. Suppose that the value group has a minimal strictly positive element and let $`\pi R`$ have this minimal strictly positive valuation. Let $``$ be an expansion of $`_\mathrm{v}`$ and let $`\mathrm{ac}`$ be an angular component map $`Kk`$, with $`k`$ the residue field. If $`R^{(1)}`$ is $``$-definable and $`H(K,)=`$, then

$$K_0(K,)=0,K_{}K^\times ,\text{ and }R_{}R\{0\}.$$

###### Proof.

We first prove that $`K_0(K,)=0`$. We may suppose that $`\mathrm{ac}(\pi )=1`$, otherwise we could replace $`\pi `$ by $`\pi /a`$ where $`a`$ is an arbitrary element with $`v(a)=0`$ and $`\mathrm{ac}(a)=\mathrm{ac}(\pi )`$. The following is a $``$-isomorphism

$$RR^{(1)}R^{(1)}:\{\begin{array}{ccc}xR\hfill & & 1+\pi x,\hfill \\ xR^{(1)}\hfill & & \pi x.\hfill \end{array}$$

This implies, in $`K_0(K,)`$, that $`[R]+[R^{(1)}]=[R^{(1)}]`$, and thus after cancellation, $`[R]=0`$. By lemma 1 and because $`H(K,)=`$, also $`[R\{0\}]=0`$. The following calculation implies $`K_0(K,)=0`$:

$$0=[R]=[R\{0\}]+[\{0\}]=[\{0\}]=1.$$

We have $`[\{0\}]=1`$ because $`[\{0\}]`$ is the multiplicative unit in $`K_0(K,)`$.

Next we prove $`RR\{0\}`$, by taking translates and applying homotheties to the occurring sets. We make all occurring disjoint unions explicit. Write $`f_1`$ for the isomorphism

$$f_1:1+\pi ^2(R\{0\})\pi ^2(R\{0\})1+\pi ^2(R\{0\}),$$

given by lemma 1, it is an isomorphism from one copy of $`R\{0\}`$ onto two disjoint copies of $`R\{0\}`$. Define the function $`f_2`$ on $`\pi ^2R\pi +\pi ^2R^{(1)}`$ by

$$f_2:\pi ^2R\pi +\pi ^2R^{(1)}\pi +\pi ^2R^{(1)}:\{\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \pi ^2x& & \pi +\pi ^2(1+\pi x),\hfill \\ \hfill \pi +\pi ^2x& & \pi +\pi ^2(\pi x),\hfill \end{array}$$

then $`f_2`$ is an isomorphism from the disjoint union of $`R`$ and $`R^{(1)}`$ to a copy of $`R^{(1)}`$. Finally, we find $``$-isomorphisms:

$$f:RR\{0\}:x\{\begin{array}{cc}f_1(x)\hfill & \text{if }x1+\pi ^2(R\{0\}),\hfill \\ f_2(x)\hfill & \text{if }x\pi ^2R\pi +\pi ^2R^{(1)},\hfill \\ x\hfill & \text{else}\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$KK^\times :x\{\begin{array}{cc}f(x)\hfill & \text{if }xR,\hfill \\ x\hfill & \text{else.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Proposition 1 immediately yields the triviality of the Grothendieck rings of $`_p`$ and of $`𝔽_q((t))`$ with characteristic different from 2, which was originally proven in . Theorems 1 and 2 of the present paper are generalizations. In case that $`H(K,)`$ is different from $``$, we formulate the following criterion. (The argument of this criterion is similar to the proof of , Thm. 1.)

###### Proposition 2.

Let $`K`$ be a valued field. Suppose that the value group has a unique minimal, strictly positive element and let $`\pi R`$ have this minimal strictly positive valuation. Let $``$ be an expansion of $`_\mathrm{v}`$ and let $`\mathrm{ac}`$ be an angular component map $`Kk`$. If $`R^{(1)}`$ is $``$-definable, then

$$K_0(K,)=0,K^2_{}K^2\{(0,0)\},\text{ and }R^2_{}R^2\{(0,0)\}.$$

###### Proof.

We first prove that $`K_0(K,)=0`$. As above we may suppose that $`\mathrm{ac}(\pi )=1`$. The following is a $``$-isomorphism

$$g_1:RR^{(1)}R^{(1)}:\{\begin{array}{ccc}xR\hfill & & 1+\pi x,\hfill \\ xR^{(1)}\hfill & & \pi x.\hfill \end{array}$$

As above, this implies that $`[R]=0`$ in $`K_0(K,)`$.

We argument that the disjoint union of two copies of $`(R\{0\})^2`$ is $``$-isomorphic to $`(R\{0\})^2`$ itself. Define the sets

$`X_1=\{(x,y)(R\{0\})^2|v(x)v(y)\},`$
$`X_2=\{(x,y)(R\{0\})^2|v(x)>v(y)\},`$
then $`X_1,X_2`$ form a partition of $`(R\{0\})^2`$. The isomorphisms

$`(R\{0\})^2X_1:(x,y)(x,xy),`$
$`(R\{0\})^2X_2:(x,y)(\pi xy,y),`$
imply that $`(R\{0\})^2(R\{0\})^2`$ is isomorphic to $`X_1X_2`$ which is exactly $`(R\{0\})^2`$. After cancellation, it follows that $`[(R\{0\})^2]=0`$.

Since $`0=[R]=[R\{0\}]+[\{0\}]=[R\{0\}]+1`$ we have $`[R\{0\}]=1`$. Together with $`0=[(R\{0\})^2]=[R\{0\}]^2`$ this yields $`1=0`$, so $`K_0(K,)`$ is trivial. Write $`g_2`$ for the isomorphism

$$g_2:(R\{0\})^2(R\{0\})^2(R\{0\})^2$$

Now take the disjoint union of $`R^{(1)}\times (R\{0\})`$, $`R\times (R\{0\})`$ and $`(R\{0\})^2`$ inside $`R^2`$ in some way, meaning that we take disjoint isomorphic copies inside $`R^2`$ of the mentioned sets. Using the above isomorphisms $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ in a clever way on these disjoint copies, it is clear that we can remove one copy of $`R\times (R\{0\})`$ from $`R^2`$ and put one copy of $`(R\{0\})^2`$ back instead, hence we find an isomorphism from $`R^2`$ to itself minus a point. For details of this construction, we refer to the proof of , theorem 1. ∎

## 4. The proofs of theorems 1, 2, and 3

###### Proof of theorem 1.

Fix a field $`K`$ as in the statement. Using Hensel’s lemma, it is elementary to calculate for each $`n`$ the numbers $`r_n(K)`$ and $`s_n(K)`$, and to find that, for $`n`$ a prime number, $`s_n(K)/r_n(K)`$ is a power of $`n`$. Further, it is not difficult to check that taking $`n`$-th roots is definable. Therefore, the generator $`\lambda _21`$ of $`H(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is uneven and $`\lambda _31`$ is even. This implies that $`H(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})=`$.

We calculate explicitly for $`K=_p((t))`$, for the other fields of the statement, the arguments are completely similar, although, notation can get more complicated.

Let $`v`$ be the valuation on $`K`$ into $`\times \{\mathrm{}\}`$ with lexicographical order, determined by: $`v(x)=(s,r)`$ for $`x=_{is}a_it^i`$ with $`a_i_p`$ and $`a_s0`$, the $`p`$-adic valuation of $`a_s`$ being $`r`$. The valuation ring $`R`$ is definable and can be described by

$$R=\{xK1+tx^2P_2(K)\&1+px^2P_2(K)\}$$

if $`p2`$ and by

$$R=\{xK1+tx^3P_3(K)\&1+px^3P_3(K)\}$$

if $`p=2`$. Write $`M`$ for the maximal ideal of $`R`$. Let $`\mathrm{ac}:K𝔽_p`$ be the angular component $`\mathrm{ac}(x)=p^rt^sxmodM`$ for nonzero $`x`$ with $`v(x)=(s,r)`$. The set $`R^{(1)}=\{xR\mathrm{ac}(x)=1\}`$ is definable since it is the union of the sets

$$p^it^jP_{p1}(K),$$

for $`i,j=0,\mathrm{},p2`$.

Now we can use proposition 1, to find a $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-definable bijection $`KK^\times `$ and to find that $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is trivial. This proves the proposition for fields of the form $`_p((t))`$. When $`L`$ is a finite field extension of $`_p`$ and $`K`$ an iterated Laurent series field over $`L`$, there are $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-formula’s playing the role of $`\phi `$ in the obvious way and the reader can make the adaptations. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 2.

Suppose for simplicity that $`K`$ is the field $`\left(𝔽_p((t_1))\right)((t_2))`$, where $`p`$ is a prime. The other cases are completely similar. Let $`v_2`$ be the valuation on $`K`$ into $`\times `$ as in section 1.2; this is a valuation determined by: $`v(x)=(s,r)`$ for a Laurent series $`_{is}a_it_2^i`$ with $`a_i𝔽_q((t_1))`$ and $`a_s0`$ and $`a_s=_{ir}b_it_1^i`$ with $`b_r0`$ and $`b_i𝔽_q`$. Write $`M`$ for the maximal ideal with respect to $`v_2`$. The valuation ring $`R=\{xv_2(x)0\}`$ is $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-definable because of the following observation:

$$R=\{xK1+t_2x^2P_2(K)\&1+t_1x^2P_2(K)\},$$

if $`\mathrm{char}(K)2`$ and

$$R=\{xK1+t_2x^3P_3\&1+t_1x^3P_3\},$$

if $`\mathrm{char}(K)=2`$.

Let $`\mathrm{ac}:K𝔽_p`$ be the angular component map $`xt_2^st_1^rxmodM`$ for nonzero $`x`$ with $`v_2(x)=(s,r)`$. The set $`R^{(1)}=\{xR\mathrm{ac}(x)=1\}`$ is definable since it is the union of the sets

$$t_1^jt_2^iP_{p1}(K)$$

for $`i,j=0,\mathrm{},p2`$. Now use proposition 2 to find that $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is trivial and to find a $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-definable bijection

$$g_3:R^2R^2\{(0,0)\}.$$

The following is a definable injection:

$$g_4:R^2R:(x,y)x^p+t_1y^p,$$

and thereby, we can define the $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-isomorphism

$$g_5:RR\{0\}:x\{\begin{array}{cc}g_4g_3(g_4^1(x))\hfill & \text{if }xg_4(R^2)\hfill \\ x\hfill & \text{else}.\hfill \end{array}$$

This finishes the proof. ∎

###### Proof of theorem 3.

Let $`K`$ be the field $`((t_1))\mathrm{}((t_{n1}))((t_n))`$. Taking $`n`$-th roots is clearly $`_{\mathrm{ring}}`$-definable, and, using the notation of definition 1 we have that $`\lambda _2(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is a power of two and $`\lambda _3(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})`$ is a power of three. Therefore, $`H(((t)),_{\mathrm{ring}})=`$. The existence of a $`_{\mathrm{Pas}}`$-definable bijection $`KK^\times `$ and the triviality of $`K_0(K,_{\mathrm{Pas}})`$ are formal consequences of proposition 1, because $`H(K,_{\mathrm{ring}})=`$, the value group clearly has a unique minimal strictly positive element and $`R^{(1)}`$ is $`_{\mathrm{Pas}}`$-definable. ∎

###### Proof of theorem 4.

Let $`K`$ be $`L((t_1))\mathrm{}((t_n))`$ where $`L`$ is a field of characteristic $`p>0`$. The statement follows immediately from proposition 2 using the definable injection

$$R^2R:(x,y)x^p+t_1y^p$$

as in the proof of theorem 2. ∎