text:
# Rational Modules for CoringsMSC (2000): 16W30 Keywords: Corings; Rational Modules; Comodules; Entwining Structures; Entwined Modules; Doi-Koppinen Structures; Doi-Koppinen Modules.

## Introduction

Let $`(H,A,C)`$ be a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure over a commutative ring $`R,`$ $`(H)_A^C`$ the corresponding category of Doi-Koppinen modules and $`A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}`$ the Koppinen opposite smash product. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`(H)_A^C`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects. A sufficient, however not necessary, condition for $`(H)_A^C`$ to embed as a *full* subcategory of $`_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}`$ is the projectivity of $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ \[24, Proposition 3.1\]. A similar result for a left-right Doi-Koppinen structure $`(H,A,C)`$ was obtained by Y. Doi \[14, 3.1\], where the corresponding category of Doi-Koppinen modules $`{}_{A}{}^{}(H)^C`$ was shown to be naturally isomorphic to the category of $`\mathrm{\#}`$*-rational* $`\mathrm{\#}(C,A)`$*-modules.* In this paper we show that these results can be obtained under a weaker condition, that $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is *locally projective*, as corollaries from the more general theory of rational modules for *corings* over a (not necessarily commutative) ring. Moreover, we show that these categories are of type $`\sigma [M],`$ the theory of which is well developed (e.g. ). This extends our results in  and  on the category of rational modules of an $`R`$-coalgebra. A fundamental tool in our work is the so called $`\alpha `$*-condition,* introduced in  for commutative base rings, which proved also to be very helpful in the author’s study of duality theorems for Hopf algebras .

The concept of a *coring* over an arbitrary ground ring $`R`$ is due to M. Sweedler  and is a generalization of the concept of a *coalgebra* over a commutative ground ring. In the first section we give the needed definitions as well as the basic properties of the category of comodules of a coring. We introduce also the category of *measuring left* (resp. *measuring right*) $`R`$*-pairings* $`𝒫_{ml}`$ (resp. $`𝒫_{mr}`$) and the category of *measuring* $`R`$*-pairings* $`𝒫_m.`$ For each $`(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}`$ (resp. $`(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{mr}`$) we consider two right (resp. left) linear topologies on $`𝒜`$, namely the *weak linear topology* $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)]`$ and the $`𝒞`$*-adic topology* $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$ (resp. $`𝒜[𝔗_{_{ls}}^l(𝒞)]`$ and $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$) and show that $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)]=𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$ (resp. $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^l(𝒞)]=𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$).

In the second section we define the *rational modules* of a measuring left (resp. right) $`R`$-pairing satisfying the so called $`\alpha `$*-condition.* The main result (Theorem 2.9) characterizes the measuring left $`R`$-pairings $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ satisfying the $`\alpha `$-condition as those for which $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense (equivalently, those for which $`^𝒞=\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]=\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]`$). Theorem 2.11 provides a dual version for measuring right $`R`$-pairings. For a measuring left $`\alpha `$-pairing $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ we prove for $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)=\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ the important *Finiteness Theorem* (2.24). The properties of the right linear topology $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)=𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)]`$ introduced in the first section will be used then to give topological (besides the algebraic) characterizations of the rational modules (Proposition 2.28).

In the third section we give some applications of our results in the first and second sections to the category of entwined modules $`_A^C(\psi )`$ corresponding to an entwining structure $`(A,C,\psi )`$ with $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ locally projective, where $`R`$ is a commutative ground ring. Our observations generalize results of Y. Doi  and M. Koppinen  on the category of Doi-Koppinen modules $`(H)_A^C`$ corresponding to a Doi-Koppinen structure $`(H,A,C)`$ with $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ projective and results of C. Menini et al. (e.g. , ) on the category of relative Hopf modules $`_A^H`$ with $`{}_{R}{}^{}H`$ projective.

Throughout this paper $`R`$ denotes an associative ring with $`1_R0_R.`$ We consider $`R`$ as a right (and a left) linear topological ring with the *discrete topology*. With $`_R`$ (resp. $`{}_{R}{}^{},`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}_{R}^{}`$) we denote the category of right $`R`$-modules (resp. left $`R`$-modules, $`R`$-bimodules). All $`R`$-modules are assumed to be *unital*. For every right (resp. left) $`R`$-module $`M`$ we denote by $`\vartheta _M^r:M_RRM`$ (resp. $`\vartheta _M^l:R_RMM`$) the canonical isomorphisms. With $`R^{op}`$ we denote the *opposite ring*. For a right $`R`$-Module $`M`$ and a left $`R`$-module $`N`$ we denote with $`\tau :M_RNN_{R^{op}}M`$ the canonical *twist* $``$-isomorphism. For a left (resp. a right) $`R`$-module $`K`$ we consider $`K`$ as a right (resp. a left) module over its ring of endomorphisms $`\mathrm{End}(_RK)^{op}`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{End}(K_R)`$) and a left (resp. a right) module over $`\mathrm{Biend}(_RK):=\mathrm{End}(K_{\mathrm{End}(_RK)^{op}})`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{Biend}(K_R):=\mathrm{End}(_{\mathrm{End}(K_R)}K)^{op}`$), the *ring of biendomorphisms* of $`K`$ (e.g. \[39, 6.4\]).

For an $`R`$-ring $`𝒜`$ and an $`𝒜`$-module $`M`$ we call an $`𝒜`$-submodule $`NM`$ $`R`$*-cofinite*, if $`M/N`$ is f.g. as an $`R`$-module. If $`U`$ is an $`R`$-bimodule, then for every right (resp. left) $`R`$-module $`L`$ we consider $`\mathrm{Hom}_R(U,L)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{Hom}_R(U,L)`$) as a right (resp. left) $`R`$-module through $`(fr)(u):=f(ru)`$ (resp. $`(rf)(u):=f(ur)`$). Moreover $`U^{}:=\mathrm{Hom}_R(U,R)`$ (resp. $`{}_{}{}^{}U:=\mathrm{Hom}_R(U,R)`$) is an $`R`$-bimodule through the right (resp. left) $`R`$-action given above and the left (resp. right) $`R`$-action given by $`(\stackrel{~}{r}f)(u):=\stackrel{~}{r}f(u)`$ (resp. $`(f\stackrel{~}{r})(u):=f(u)\stackrel{~}{r}`$). With $`{}_{}{}^{}U_{}^{}:=\mathrm{Hom}_{RR}(U,R)`$ we denote the $`R`$-bimodule of $`R`$-bilinear maps from $`U`$ to $`R.`$

## 1 Preliminaries

By an *associative* $`R`$*-ring* we mean an $`R`$-bimodule with an $`R`$-bilinear map (*multiplication*) $`\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}:𝒜_R𝒜𝒜,`$ such that

$$\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}(\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}id{}_{𝒜}{}^{})=\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}(id{}_{𝒜}{}^{}\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}).$$

If there exists an $`R`$-bilinear map $`\eta {}_{𝒜}{}^{}:R𝒜,`$ such that

$$\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}(id{}_{𝒜}{}^{}\eta {}_{𝒜}{}^{})=\vartheta _𝒜^r\text{ and }\mu {}_{𝒜}{}^{}(\eta {}_{𝒜}{}^{}id{}_{𝒜}{}^{})=\vartheta _𝒜^l,$$

then we call $`\eta _𝒜`$ the *unity* of $`𝒜.`$ If $`𝒜`$ and $``$ are $`R`$-rings (with unities $`\eta _𝒜,`$ $`\eta _{}`$), then an $`R`$-bilinear map $`f:𝒜`$ is called a *morphism of* $`R`$*-rings*, if $`f\mu _𝒜=\mu _{}(ff)`$ (and $`f\eta _𝒜=\eta _{}`$). The set of morphisms of $`R`$-rings form $`𝒜`$ to $``$ is denoted by $`\mathrm{Rng}_R(𝒜,).`$ The category of associative $`R`$-rings with unities will be denoted by $`\mathrm{𝐑𝐧𝐠}_R.`$

Dual to $`R`$-rings are $`R`$-corings presented by M. Sweedler :

###### 1.1.

A *coassociative* $`R`$*-coring* is an $`R`$-bimodule $`𝒞`$ associated with an $`R`$-bilinear map (*comultiplication*) $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞:𝒞𝒞_R𝒞,`$ such that the following diagram is commutative:

If there exists an $`R`$-bilinear map $`\epsilon _𝒞:𝒞R`$, so that the following diagram

is commutative, then we call $`\epsilon _𝒞`$ the *counity* of $`𝒞.`$ Unless the contrary is assumed, we make the convention that an $`R`$-coring has a counit. If $`R`$ is a commutative ring, then $`R`$-corings are called $`R`$-coalgebras (see ).

Let $`(𝒞,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ be an $`R`$-coring. For $`c𝒞`$ we use Sweedler-Heyneman’s $``$-notation:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(c)=c_1c_2𝒞_R𝒞.$$

Moreover we define $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ inductively as $`\mathrm{\Delta }_1:=\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_n:=(\mathrm{\Delta }id^{n1})\mathrm{\Delta }_{n1}:𝒞𝒞^{n+1},\text{ }cc_1\mathrm{}c_{n+1}\text{ for }n2.$$

###### 1.2.

The category of $`R`$-corings. For two $`R`$-corings $`(𝒞,\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞),`$ $`(𝒟,\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒟)`$ (with counities $`\epsilon _𝒞,\epsilon _𝒟`$) we call an $`R`$-bilinear map $`f:𝒟𝒞`$ an $`R`$*-coring morphism*, if the following diagram

is commutative (and $`\epsilon _𝒞f=\epsilon _𝒟`$). The set of $`R`$-coring morphisms from $`𝒟`$ to $`𝒞`$ is denoted by $`\mathrm{Cog}_R(𝒟,𝒞).`$ The category of coassociative $`R`$-corings with counities is denoted by $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐠}_R.`$

###### Definition 1.3.

Let $`M`$ be a right (resp. a left) $`R`$-module and $`NM`$ an $`R`$-submodule. We call $`NM`$ $`W`$*-pure* for some left (resp. right) $`R`$-module $`W,`$ if $`0N_RWM_RW`$ (resp. $`0W_RNW_RM`$) is exact in $`{}_{}{}^{}.`$ We call $`NM`$ *pure* (in the sense of Cohn), if $`NM`$ is $`W`$-pure for every left (resp. right) $`R`$-module $`W.`$ If $`M`$ is an $`R`$-bimodule and $`NM`$ is an $`R`$-subbimodule, then we call $`{}_{R}{}^{}N_{R}^{}`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}M_{R}^{}`$ pure, if $`NM`$ is pure as a right as well as a left $`R`$-submodule.

###### 1.4.

Let $`(𝒞,\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞,\epsilon _𝒞)`$ be an $`R`$-coring. We call a *pure* $`R`$-subbimodule $`𝒟𝒞`$ an $`R`$*-subcoring*, if $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(𝒟)𝒟_R𝒟.`$ We call an $`R`$-subbimodule $`K𝒞`$ a $`𝒞`$*-bicoideal* (resp. a $`𝒞`$*-coideal*), if $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(K)\mathrm{I}m(𝒞_RK)\mathrm{I}m(K_R𝒞)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(K)KK:=\mathrm{Ke}(𝒞_R𝒞𝒞/K_R𝒞/K)`$). A right (resp. a left) $`R`$-submodule $`K𝒞`$ is called a *right* $`𝒞`$*-coideal* (resp. a *left* $`𝒞`$*-coideal*), if $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(K)Im(K_R𝒞)`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(K)\mathrm{I}m(𝒞_RK)`$).

###### 1.5.

The Dual rings of a coring. () Let $`𝒞`$ be a *coassociative* $`R`$-coring. Then$`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞:=(\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒞,R),_l)`$ is an *associative* $`R`$-ring, where

$$(f_lg)(c)=g(c_1f(c_2))\text{ for all }f,g\text{ }^{}𝒞\text{ and }c𝒞;$$

$`𝒞^{}:=(\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒞,R),_r)`$ is an *associative* $`R`$-ring, where

$$(f_rg)(c)=f(g(c_1)c_2)\text{ for all }f,g𝒞^{}\text{ and }c𝒞;$$

$`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞_{}^{}:=(\mathrm{Hom}_{RR}(𝒞,R),)`$ is an *associative* $`R`$-ring, where

$$(fg)(c)=g(c_1)f(c_2)\text{ for all }f,g\text{ }^{}𝒞^{}\text{ and }c𝒞.$$

If $`𝒞`$ has counity $`\epsilon _𝒞,`$ then $`\epsilon _𝒞`$ is a unity for $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞,`$ $`𝒞^{}`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞_{}^{}.`$

###### 1.6.

Let $`(𝒜,\mu )`$ be an $`R`$-ring (*not necessarily with unity*). A right $`𝒜`$-module $`M`$ will be called *unital* (resp. $`𝒜`$*-faithful*), if $`M𝒜=M`$ (resp. the canonical map $`\rho _M:M\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒜,M)`$ is injective). For right $`𝒜`$-modules $`(M,\rho _M),(N,\rho _N)`$ an $`R`$-linear map $`f:MN`$ will be called $`𝒜`$*-linear*, if $`\rho _Nf=(𝒜,f)\rho _M.`$ The set of $`𝒜`$-linear maps from $`M`$ to $`N`$ will be denoted by $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(M,N).`$ With $`_𝒜`$ (resp. $`\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜`$) we denote the category of unital (resp. $`𝒜`$-faithful) right $`𝒜`$-modules. Analogously we define left $`𝒜`$-modules. For left $`𝒜`$-modules $`M`$ and $`N,`$ the set of $`𝒜`$-linear maps from $`M`$ to $`N`$ is denoted by $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(M,N).`$ The category of unital (resp. $`𝒜`$-faithful) left $`𝒜`$-modules is denoted by $`{}_{𝒜}{}^{}`$ (resp. $`{}_{𝒜}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}`$).

Let $`𝒜,`$ be $`R`$-rings. A $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodule $`M`$ will be called *unital* (resp. $`(,𝒜)`$*-faithful*), if $`{}_{}{}^{}M`$ and $`M_𝒜`$ are unital (resp. if $`M`$ is $``$-faithful and $`𝒜`$-faithful). For $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodules $`M`$ and $`N`$ we denote the set of $``$-linear $`𝒜`$-linear maps from $`M`$ to $`N`$ (called $`(,𝒜)`$*-bilinear*) by $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(M,N).`$ The category of unital (resp. *$`(,𝒜)`$*-faithful) $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodules and $`(,𝒜)`$-bilinear maps is denoted by $`{}_{}{}^{}_{𝒜}^{}`$ (resp. $`{}_{}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}_{𝒜}^{}`$).

Dual to modules of $`R`$-rings are comodules of $`R`$-corings:

###### 1.7.

Let $`(𝒞,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ be an $`R`$-coring (*not necessarily with counit*). A right $`𝒞`$*-comodule* is a right $`R`$-module $`M`$ associated with an $`R`$-linear map ($`𝒞`$*-coaction*)

$$\varrho _M:MM_R𝒞,\text{ }mm_{<0>}m_{<1>},$$

such that the following diagram is commutative

If $`\varrho _M`$ is injective, then we call $`M`$ *counital*. For right $`𝒞`$-comodules $`M,N^𝒞`$ we call an $`R`$-linear map $`f:MN`$ a $`𝒞`$*-comodule morphism* (or $`𝒞`$*-colinear*), if the following diagram is commutative

The set of $`𝒞`$-colinear maps from $`M`$ to $`N`$ is denoted by $`\mathrm{Hom}^𝒞(M,N).`$ The category of counital right $`𝒞`$-comodules and $`𝒞`$-colinear maps is denoted by $`^𝒞.`$ For a right $`𝒞`$-comodule $`N`$ we call a right $`R`$-submodule $`KN`$ a $`𝒞`$*-subcomodule*, if $`(K,\varrho _K)^𝒞`$ and the embedding $`K\stackrel{\iota _K}{}N`$ is $`𝒞`$-colinear.

Analogously we define the left $`𝒞`$-comodules. For two left $`𝒞`$-comodules $`M,N`$ we denote by $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Hom}(M,N)`$ the set of $`𝒞`$-colinear maps from $`M`$ to $`N.`$ The catgeory of counitalleft $`𝒞`$-comodules will be denoted by $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}.`$

###### Lemma 1.8.

*(*Compare *\[11, Lemma 1.1.\])* Let $`(𝒞,\mathrm{\Delta })`$ be an $`R`$-coring. If $`𝒞`$ has counity $`\epsilon ,`$ then a right $`𝒞`$-comodule $`(M,\varrho _M)`$ is counital iff $`\vartheta _M^r(id_M\epsilon )\varrho _M=id_M.`$ Hence, if $`M`$ is counital, then $`\varrho _M`$ is a splitting monomorphism.

###### Definition 1.9.

Let $``$ be a category with finite limits and finite colimits. A functor $`F:𝔇`$ is called *left-exact* (resp. *right-exact*), if $`F`$ preserves finite limits (resp. finite colimits). $`F`$ is called *exact*, if it’s left-exact and right-exact.

For forthcoming reference we list some properties of the category of right comodules of an $`R`$-coring $`C.`$ These can be found in several references (e.g. Brzeziński (2002); Caenepeel et. al. (2002); Wisbauer (2002)).

###### Proposition 1.10.

Let $`(𝒞,\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞,\epsilon _𝒞)`$ be an $`R`$-coring.

1. We have a covariant functor

$$_R𝒞:_R^𝒞,\text{ }M(M_R𝒞,id_M\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞).$$

Moreover $`_R𝒞`$ is right adjoint to the forgetful functor $`:^𝒞_R`$ and left adjoint to the functor $`\mathrm{Hom}^𝒞(𝒞,):^𝒞_R.`$
2. $`_R𝒞:_R^𝒞`$ is left-exact and $`:^𝒞_R`$ is right-exact *(*since a right adjoint functor preserves limits and a left adjoint functor preserves colimits *(*e.g. *\[32, Proposition 16.4.6\])*.
3. $``$ is exact iff $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat iff $`_R𝒞:_R^𝒞`$ preserves injective objects *(*for the commutative case see  *\[40, Proposition 8\])*.
4. The category $`^𝒞`$ is cocomplete and has cokernels. The direct limits and direct sums are formed in $`_R.`$ Moreover $`_R𝒞:_R^𝒞`$ respects direct limits *(*i.e. direct sums and cokernels*)*.
5. If $`Q`$ is a cogenerator in $`_R,`$ then $`Q_R𝒞`$ is a cogenerator in $`^𝒞.`$ In particular $`^𝒞`$ has a cogenerator.
6. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat, then $`^𝒞`$ is a Grothendieck catgeory with enough injective objects. In this case $`_R𝒞:_R^𝒞`$ respects inverse limits *(*i.e. direct products and kernels*)*.
7. If $`R_R`$ is a cogenerator, then $`𝒞`$ is a cogenerator in $`^𝒞.`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat and $`R_R`$ is injective, then $`𝒞`$ is injective in $`^𝒞.`$

###### Remark 1.11.

If $`𝒞`$ is an $`R`$-coring such that $`^𝒞`$ is Grothendieck, then $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ need not be flat. A counter example is \[17, Example 1.1.\]. This shows that the conjecture of M. Wischnewsky \[40, Conjecture 14\] is false for corings.

###### 1.12.

Bicomodules. Let $`(M,\varrho _M^𝒞)`$ be a right $`𝒞`$-comodule, $`(M,\varrho _M^𝒟)`$ be a left $`𝒟`$-comodule and consider the left $`𝒟`$-comodule $`(M_R𝒞,\varrho _M^𝒟id_𝒞)`$ (resp. the right $`𝒞`$-comodule $`(𝒟_RM,id_𝒟\varrho _M^𝒞)`$). We call $`M`$ a $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$*-bicomodule*, if $`\varrho _M^𝒞:MM_R𝒞`$ is $`𝒟`$-colinear (equivalently, if $`\varrho _M^𝒟:M𝒟_RM`$ is $`𝒞`$-colinear). For $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicomodules $`M,N`$ we call a $`𝒟`$-colinear $`𝒞`$-colinear map $`f:MN`$ a $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$*-bicomodule morphism* (or $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$*-bicolinear*). We say a $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicomodule is *counital*, if it’s counital as a left $`𝒟`$-comodule and as a right $`𝒞`$-comodule. The category of counital $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicomodules and $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicolinear maps is denoted by $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}_{}^{𝒞}.`$

### The weak linear topology

Next we introduce the categories of left (resp. right) $`R`$-pairings $`𝒫_l`$ (resp. $`𝒫_r`$) and the category of $`R`$-pairings $`𝒫.`$ For each left (resp. right) $`R`$-pairing $`P=(V,W)`$ we consider $`V`$ with a right (resp. a left) linear topology, the *weak linear topology* $`V[𝔗_{ls}^r(W)]`$ (resp. $`V[𝔗_{ls}^l(W)]`$)(e.g. \[23, 10.3\], ).

###### 1.13.

The category of $`R`$-pairings. With a *left* $`R`$*-pairing* we denote a right $`R`$-module $`V`$ and a left $`R`$-module $`W`$ with an $`R`$-linear map $`\kappa _P:V`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W`$ (equivalently $`\chi _P:WV^{}`$). For left $`R`$-pairings $`(V,W)`$ and $`(V^{},W^{})`$ a *morphism of left* $`R`$*-pairings* $`(\xi ,\theta ):(V^{},W^{})(V,W)`$ consists of a morphism of right $`R`$-modules $`\xi :VV^{}`$ and a morphism of left $`R`$-modules $`\theta :W^{}W,`$ such that

$$<\xi (v),w^{}>=<v,\theta (w^{})>\text{ for all }vV\text{ and }w^{}W^{}.$$
(1)
The left $`R`$-pairings with the morphisms described above (and the usual composition of pairings) build a category, which we denote by $`𝒫_l.`$ Analogously we define the category of right $`R`$-pairings $`𝒫_r.`$

With an $`R`$*-pairing* we denote $`R`$-bimodules $`V`$ and $`W`$ with an $`R`$-bilinear map $`\kappa _P:V`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W_{}^{}`$ (equivalently $`\chi _P:W`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}V_{}^{}`$). If $`(V,W)`$ and $`(V^{},W^{})`$are $`R`$-pairings, then a *morphism of* $`R`$*-pairings* $`(\xi ,\theta ):(V^{},W^{})(V,W)`$ consists of $`R`$-bilinear maps $`\xi :VV^{}`$ and $`\theta :W^{}W`$ with the compatibility condition (1). The category of $`R`$-pairings is denoted by $`𝒫.`$

###### 1.14.

The finite topology. Let $`E`$ be a right (resp. a left) $`R`$-module, $`W`$ a set and identify the direct product $`E^W`$ with the set of all maps from $`W`$ to $`E.`$ If we consider $`E`$ with the discrete topology and the right (resp. the left) $`R`$-module $`E^W`$ with the *product topology*, then the induced *linear* topology on an $`R`$-submodule $`ZE^W`$ is called the *finite topology* and has a neighbourhood system of $`0_Z:`$

$${}_{f}{}^{}(0_Z):=\{\mathrm{An}(F)|\text{ }F=\{w_1,\mathrm{},w_k\}W\text{ is a finite subset}\}.$$

###### 1.15.

Let $`P=(V,W)`$ be a left (resp. a right) $`R`$-pairing and consider the right (resp. the left) $`R`$-submodule $`{}_{}{}^{}WR^W`$ (resp. $`W^{}R^W`$) with the *finite topology*. Then there is on $`V`$ a right (resp. a left) linear topology, the *weak linear topology* $`V[𝔗_{ls}^r(W)]`$ (resp. $`V[𝔗_{ls}^l(W)]`$), such that $`\kappa _P:V`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W`$ (resp. $`\kappa _P:VW^{}`$) is continuous. The neighbourhood system of $`0_V`$ w.r.t. this topology is given by

$${}_{f}{}^{}(0_V)=\{F^{}:=\kappa _P^1(\mathrm{An}(F))|\text{ }F=\{w_1,\mathrm{},w_k\}W\text{ is a finite subset}\}.$$

The closure $`\overline{X}`$ of any subset $`XV`$ is then given by

$$\overline{X}=\{X+F^{}FW\text{ is a finite subset}\}.$$
(2)
Hence $`V[𝔗_{_{ls}}^r(W)]`$ (resp. $`V[𝔗_{_{ls}}^l(W)]`$) is *Hausdorff* iff $`V\stackrel{\kappa _P}{}`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W`$ (resp. $`V\stackrel{\kappa _P}{}W^{}`$) is an embedding.

Next we state some properties of the weak linear topology without proof. For the proofs and other details the interested reader may refer to . For the case of a commutative ground ring a reference is \[2, Anhang\].

###### Lemma 1.16.

Let $`P=(V,W)`$ be a left $`R`$-pairing and consider $`V`$ with the weak linear topology $`V[𝔗_{ls}^r(W)].`$

1. $`\overline{X}X^{}`$ for any subset $`XV.`$ Consequently every orthogonally closed right $`R`$-submodule of $`V`$ is closed.
2. If $`R_R`$ is noetherian, then all open $`R`$-submodules of $`V`$ are $`R`$-cofinite.
3. Let $`R_R`$ be artinian.

1. Every $`R`$-cofinite closed right $`R`$-submodule $`XV`$ is open.
    2. Let $`XYV`$ be right $`R`$-submodules. If $`XV`$ is closed and $`R`$-cofinite, then $`YV`$ is also closed and $`R`$-cofinite.

We call the ring $`R`$ a *QF ring*, if $`R_R`$ (equivalently $`{}_{R}{}^{}R`$) is noetherian and a cogenerator (e.g. \[39, 48.15\]).

The following result characterizes the closed and the open $`R`$-submodules of $`V`$ w.r.t. the weak linear topology:

###### Proposition 1.17.

Let $`P=(V,W)`$ be a left $`R`$-pairing and consider $`V`$ with the weak linear topology $`V[𝔗_{ls}^r(W)].`$ Assume $`R_R`$ to be an injective cogenerator.

1. The closure of a right $`R`$-submodule $`XV`$ is given by $`\overline{X}=X^{}.`$
2. For right $`R`$-submodules $`XYV`$ we have: $`X`$ is dense in $`Y`$ iff $`X^{}=Y^{}.`$ If $`WV^{},`$ then $`XV`$ is dense iff $`X^{}=0.`$
3. The class of closed right $`R`$-submodules of $`V`$ is given by

$$\{K^{}|\text{ }KW\text{ is an }\text{arbitrary}\text{ left }R\text{-submodule}\}.$$
4. If $`R`$ is a QF-ring and $`W\stackrel{\chi _P}{}V^{}`$ is an embedding, then the class of open right $`R`$-submodules of $`V`$ is given by

$$\{K^{}|\text{ }KW\text{ is a }\text{f.g.}\text{ left }R\text{-submodule}\}.$$

###### Lemma 1.18.

Let $`W,W^{}`$ be left $`R`$-modules and consider the right $`R`$-modules $`{}_{}{}^{}W`$ and $`{}_{}{}^{}W_{}^{}`$ with the finite topology. Let $`\theta \mathrm{Hom}_R(W^{},W).`$ If $`R`$ is a QF-ring, then $`\mathrm{Ke}(\theta ^{}(X))=\theta ^1(\mathrm{Ke}(X))`$ for every right $`R`$-submodule $`X`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W.`$

### The $`𝒞`$-adic topology

We introduce now the category of *measuring left $`R`$-pairings* $`𝒫_{ml}.`$ For every $`(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}`$ we define the $`𝒞`$*-adic topology* $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$ $`(`$see , ), which we prove to coincide with the linear weak topology $`𝒜[𝔗_{_{ls}}^r(𝒞)].`$

###### 1.19.

The category of measuring $`R`$-pairings. If $`𝒞`$ is an $`R`$-coring and $`𝒜`$ is an $`R`$-ring with a morphism of $`R`$-rings $`\kappa :𝒜`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞,`$ $`a[c<a,c>],`$ then we call $`P:=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ a *measuring left* $`R`$*-pairing* (the terminology is inspired by \[34, Definition, Page 138\]). For measuring left $`R`$-pairings $`(𝒜,𝒞),`$ $`(,𝒟)`$ we say a morphism of left $`R`$-pairings $`(\xi ,\theta ):(,𝒟)(𝒜,𝒞)`$ is a *morphism of measuring left* $`R`$*-pairings*, if $`\xi :𝒜`$ is a morphism of $`R`$-rings and $`\theta :𝒟𝒞`$ is a morphism of $`R`$-corings. The measuring left $`R`$-pairings with the morphisms described above build a subcategory $`𝒫_{ml}𝒫_l.`$

A *measuring right* $`R`$*-pairing* $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ consists of an $`R`$-ring $`𝒜`$ and an $`R`$-coring $`𝒞`$ with a morphism of $`R`$-rings $`\kappa _P:𝒜𝒞^{}.`$ If $`𝒜`$ is an $`R`$-ring with a morphism of $`R`$-rings $`\kappa _P:𝒜`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞_{}^{},`$ then we call $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ a *measuring* $`R`$*-pairing*. The category of measuring right $`R`$-pairings (resp. measuring $`R`$-pairings) is denoted by $`𝒫_{mr}`$ (resp. $`𝒫_m`$).

###### 1.20.

If $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ is a measuring left (right) $`R`$-pairing, then $`𝒞`$ becomes a right (a left) $`𝒜`$-module with $`𝒜`$-action given by

$$ca:=c_1<a,c_2>\text{ (resp. }ac:=<a,c_1>c_2\text{).}$$
(3)
If $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ is a measuring $`R`$-pairing, then $`𝒞`$ is an $`𝒜`$-bimodule with the right and the left $`𝒜`$-actions in (3).

The following example was communicated to the author by Tomasz Brzeziński:

###### Example 1.21.

Let $`𝒞`$ be a *coseparable* $`R`$-coring (i.e. there exists a $`𝒞`$-bicolinear map $`\pi :𝒞_R𝒞𝒞`$ with $`\pi \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞=id_𝒞`$ , equivalently there exists a *cointegral* $`\gamma \mathrm{Hom}_{RR}(𝒞_R𝒞,R),`$ such that $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞=\epsilon _𝒞`$ and

$$c_1\gamma (c_2c^{})=\gamma (cc_1^{})c_2^{}\text{ for all }c,c^{}𝒞.$$

(Brzezinski, 2002, Theorem 3.5, Corollary 3.6). Then $`𝒞`$ is a (non unital) $`R`$-ring with multiplication

$$\mu :𝒞_R𝒞𝒞,\text{ }c\stackrel{~}{c}c_1\gamma (c_2\stackrel{~}{c})$$

and therefore $`P:=(𝒞,𝒞)`$ is a measuring left $`R`$-pairing with

$$\kappa _P:𝒞{}_{}{}^{}𝒞,\text{ }c[c^{}\gamma (c^{}c)].$$

###### 1.22.

Subpairings. Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ and assume $`P𝒫_{ml}`$ (resp. $`P𝒫_{mr},`$ $`P𝒫_m`$), $`𝒥\mathrm{}𝒜`$ an $`𝒜`$-ideal, $`𝒟\stackrel{𝜄}{}𝒞`$ an $`R`$-subcoring with $`<𝒥,𝒟>=0`$ and put $`Q:=(𝒜/𝒥,𝒟).`$ Then $`Q𝒫_{ml}`$ (resp. $`Q𝒫_{mr},`$ $`Q𝒫_m`$) and $`(\pi ,\iota ):(𝒜/𝒥,𝒟)(𝒜,𝒞)`$ is a morphism in $`𝒫_{ml}`$ (resp. in $`𝒫_{mr},`$ in $`𝒫_m`$). We call $`Q`$ a *measuring* $`R`$*-subpairing* of $`P`$ and write $`QP.`$ For every $`R`$-subcoring $`𝒟𝒞`$ we have the *two-sided* $`𝒜`$-ideal $`𝒟^{}𝒜`$ and so $`(𝒜/𝒟^{},𝒟)(𝒜,𝒞)`$ is a measuring $`R`$-subpairing. In particular, to every measuring left (resp. right) $`R`$-pairing $`(𝒜,𝒞),`$ is $`(𝒜/𝒞^{},𝒞)(^{}𝒞,𝒞)`$ (resp. $`(𝒜/𝒞^{},𝒞)(𝒞^{},𝒞)`$) a *non-degenerate* measuring left (resp. right) $`R`$-subpairing.

###### 1.23.

Subgenerators. Let $`𝒜`$ be an $`R`$-ring and $`K`$ an $`𝒜`$-module. We say that an $`𝒜`$-module $`N`$ is $`K`$*-subgenerated*, if $`N`$ is isomorphic to a submodule of a $`K`$-generated $`𝒜`$-module (equivalently, if $`N`$ is kernel of a morphism between $`K`$-generated $`𝒜`$-modules). For a right $`𝒜`$-module $`K,`$ we denote by $`\sigma [K{}_{𝒜}{}^{}]`$ the *full* subcategory of $`_𝒜`$ whose objects are the $`K`$-subgenerated right $`𝒜`$-modules. For every right $`𝒜`$-module $`M`$

$$\mathrm{Sp}(\sigma [K{}_{𝒜}{}^{}],M):=\{f(N)\text{ }f\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(N,M),\text{ }N\sigma [K{}_{𝒜}{}^{}]\}$$
(4)
is the largest $`K`$-subgenerated right $`𝒜`$-submodule of $`M.`$ Moreover $`\sigma [K_𝒜]`$ is the *smallest* Grothendieck full subcategory of $`_𝒜`$ that contains $`K.`$ For the well developed theory of categories of this type the reader is referred to .

###### 1.24.

The $`𝒞`$-adic topology. Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}`$ and consider $`𝒞`$ with the right $`𝒜`$-module structure through ($``$) in (3). Then the class of right $`𝒜`$-ideals

$${}_{𝒞}{}^{}(0_𝒜):=\{(0_𝒞:F)|\text{ }F𝒞\text{ is a finite subset}\}$$

is a neighbourhood system of $`0_𝒜`$ for a right linear topology, the $`𝒞`$*-adic topology* $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$, and $`(𝒜,𝒯_𝒞(𝒜))`$ is a right linear topological $`R`$-ring. A right $`𝒜`$-ideal $`I\mathrm{}_r𝒜`$ is open w.r.t. $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$ iff $`𝒜/I`$ is $`𝒞`$-subgenerated. If $`(𝒜,𝔗)`$ is a right linear topological ring, then the category of $`(𝒜,𝔗)`$-discrete modules coincides with $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ iff $`𝔗=𝒯_𝒞(𝒜).`$ We refer mainly to  and  for detailed investigation of this topology.

###### Lemma 1.25.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}.`$ The weak linear topology $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)]`$ and the $`𝒞`$-adic topology $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$ coincide. In particular $`(𝒜,𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)])`$ is a right linear topological $`R`$-ring and a right $`𝒜`$-module $`M`$ is $`(𝒜,𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)])`$-discrete iff $`M_𝒜`$ is $`𝒞`$-subgenerated.

###### Proof.

Let $`U`$ be a neighbourhood of $`0_𝒜`$ w.r.t. $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)].`$ Then there exists a f.g. left $`R`$-submodule $`K𝒞,`$ such that $`K^{}U.`$ But we have then for every $`a(0_𝒞:K)`$ and $`cK:`$

$$<a,c>=<a,\epsilon (c_1)c_2>=\epsilon (c_1<a,c_2>)=\epsilon (ca)=0,$$

and so $`(0_𝒞:K)K^{}U,`$ i.e. $`U`$ is a neighbourhood of $`0_𝒜`$ w.r.t. $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜).`$ On the other hand, let $`U`$ be a neighbourhood of $`0_𝒜`$ w.r.t. $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜).`$ Then there exists a finite set $`F=\{c_1,\mathrm{},c_k\}𝒞,`$ such that $`(0_𝒞:F)U.`$ Assume $`\mathrm{\Delta }(c_i)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n_i}{}}c_{ij}\stackrel{~}{c}_{ij}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$ and put $`K:=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{n_i}{}}R\stackrel{~}{c}_{ij}.`$ Then $`K^{}(0_𝒞:F)U,`$ i.e. $`U`$ is a neighbourhood of $`0_𝒜`$ w.r.t. $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)].`$ So $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)]=𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)`$ and the last statement follows now from 1.24.$`\mathrm{}`$

As a corollary of Proposition 1.17 (2) and Lemma 1.25 we get

###### Corollary 1.26.

If $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}`$, then for every right $`R`$-submodule $`Y𝒜`$ the following are equivalent:

1. $`Y𝒜`$ is dense w.r.t. $`𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)].`$
2. $`Y𝒜`$ is dense w.r.t. $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜).`$

If $`R_R`$ is an injective cogenerator and $`𝒞𝒜^{}`$, then *(1)* $`\&`$ *(2)* are equivalent to
3. $`Y^{}:=\{c𝒞|<a,c>=0`$ for every $`aY\}=0.`$

### The $`\alpha `$-condition

We introduce now the category of left (resp. right) $`\alpha `$-pairings $`𝒫_l^\alpha `$ (resp. $`𝒫_r^\alpha `$) and the category of $`\alpha `$-pairings $`𝒫^\alpha .`$

###### 1.27.

We say that a left $`R`$-pairing $`P=(V,W)`$satisfies the (*left*) $`\alpha `$*-condition*, or is *left* $`\alpha `$*-pairing*, if for every right $`R`$-module $`M`$ the following map is injective:

$$\alpha _M^P:M_RW\mathrm{Hom}_R(V,M),\text{ }m_iw_i[vm_i<v,w_i>].$$

A right $`R`$-pairing $`P=(V,W)`$ is said to satisfy the (*right*) $`\alpha `$*-condition*, or is a *right* $`\alpha `$*-pairing*, if for every left$`R`$-module $`M,`$ the canonical map $`\alpha _M^P:W_RM\mathrm{Hom}_R(V,M)`$ is injective. With $`𝒫_l^\alpha 𝒫_l`$ (resp. $`𝒫_r^\alpha 𝒫_r`$) we denote the full subcategory, whose objects satisfy the $`\alpha `$-condition. We call a left (resp. a right) $`R`$-pairing $`P=(V,W)`$ *dense*, if $`\kappa _P(V)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W`$ (resp. $`\kappa _P(V)W^{}`$) is dense w.r.t. the finite topology.

With $`𝒫_{ml}^\alpha 𝒫_{ml}`$ (resp. $`𝒫_m^\alpha 𝒫_m`$) we denote the *full* subcategory of *measuring left* $`\alpha `$*-pairings* (resp. *measuring right* $`\alpha `$*-pairings*). If $`P𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ (resp. $`P𝒫_{mr}^\alpha `$) and $`QP`$ is a measuring $`R`$-subpairing, then $`Q`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition as well (see Proposition 1.32 (1-b) below).

We say a left (resp. a right) $`R`$-module $`W`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$*-condition*, if the left $`R`$-pairing $`(^{}W,W)`$ (resp. the right $`R`$-pairing $`(W^{},W)`$) satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition, i.e. if $`{}_{R}{}^{}W`$ (resp. $`W_R`$) is *universally torsion free* in the sense of G. Garfinkel .

###### 1.28.

Locally projective modules. An $`R`$-module $`W`$ is called *locally projective* (in the sense of B. Zimmermann-Huisgen ), if for every diagram

with exact rows and $`F`$ f.g.: for every $`R`$-linear map $`g:WN,`$ there exists an $`R`$-linear map $`g^{}:WL`$, such that the entstanding parallelogram is commutative. Note that every projective $`R`$-module is locally projective.

Analog to \[18, Theorem 3.2\] and \[41, Theorem 2.1\] we get the following characterizations of the $`R`$-modules satisfying the $`\alpha `$-condition:

###### Lemma 1.29.

A left *(*resp. a right*)* $`R`$-module $`W`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition iff $`{}_{R}{}^{}W`$ *(*resp. $`W_R`$*)* is locally projective.

###### Remark 1.30.

Let $`P=(V,W)𝒫_l^\alpha .`$ Then $`WV^{},`$ in particular $`{}_{R}{}^{}W`$ is $`R`$-cogenerated. If $`M`$ is any right $`R`$-module, then we have for every $`R`$-submodule $`NM`$ the commutative diagram

By assumption $`\alpha _N^P`$ is injective and so $`NM`$ is $`W`$-pure. Since $`M`$ and $`N`$ are arbitrary, we conclude that $`{}_{R}{}^{}W`$ is flat. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}R`$ is perfect, then $`{}_{R}{}^{}W`$ is projective. In particular every locally projective left $`R`$-module (over a left perfect ring) is flat (projective). So over perfect rings projectivity and local projectivity coincide.

###### Lemma 1.31.

Let $`P=(V,W)`$ be a left $`\alpha `$-pairing. If $`L`$ is a right $`R`$-module and $`KL`$ is an $`R`$-submodule, then we have for every $`l_iw_iL_RW:`$

$$l_iw_iK_RWl_i<v,w_i>K\text{ for all }vV.$$

###### Proof.

By Remark 1.30 $`{}_{R}{}^{}W`$ is flat and so we get the commutative diagram with exact rows

Clearly $`l_i<v,w_i>K`$ for every $`vV`$ iff $`l_iw_i\mathrm{Ke}((V,\pi )\alpha _L^P)=\mathrm{Ke}(\alpha _{L/K}^P(\pi id_W))=\mathrm{Ke}(\pi id_W)=K_RW.\mathrm{}`$

Analog to the commutative case \[2, Proposition 2.1.7\] we get

###### Proposition 1.32.

1. Let $`P=(V,W)`$ be a left $`R`$-pairing.

1. Let $`W^{}W`$ be an $`R`$-submodule and consider the induced left $`R`$-pairing $`P^{}:=(V,W^{}).`$ If $`P^{}𝒫_l^\alpha `$, then $`W^{}W`$ is pure. If $`P𝒫_l^\alpha ,`$ then $`P^{}𝒫_l^\alpha `$ iff $`W^{}W`$ is pure.
    2. Let $`V^{}V,`$ $`W^{}W`$ be $`R`$-submodules with $`<V^{},W^{}>=0`$ and consider the left $`R`$-pairing $`Q:=(V/V^{},W^{}).`$ If $`P𝒫_l^\alpha `$, then $`Q𝒫_l^\alpha `$ iff $`W^{}W`$ is pure.
2. Let $`Q=(Y,W)`$ be a left $`R`$-pairing, $`V`$ a right $`R`$-module, $`\xi :VY`$ an $`R`$-linear map, $`P:=(V,W)`$ the induced left $`R`$-pairing and consider the following statements:

(i) $`Q𝒫_l^\alpha `$ and $`P`$ is dense;

(ii) $`Q𝒫_l^\alpha `$ and $`\xi (V)Y`$ is dense w.r.t. $`Y[𝔗_{_{ls}}^r(W)];`$

(iii) $`P𝒫_l^\alpha ;`$

(iv) $`Q𝒫_l^\alpha `$ and $`W\stackrel{\chi _P}{}V^{}`$ is an embedding.

The following implications are always true: *(i)* $``$ *(ii)* $``$ *(iii)* $``$ (iv). If $`R_R`$ is an injective cogenerator, then *(i)-(iv)* are equivalent.

The proof of the following result is similar to that of \[3, Proposition 2.5\]:

###### Lemma 1.33.

Let $`V,W`$ be $`R`$-bimodules.

1. If $`P=(V,W),`$ $`P^{}=(V^{},W^{})`$ are left $`\alpha `$-pairings, then $`P_lP^{}:=(V^{}_RV,W_RW^{})`$ is a left $`\alpha `$-pairing, where

$$\kappa _{P_lP^{}}(v^{}v)(ww^{})=<v,w<v^{},w^{}>>=<<v^{},w^{}>v,w>.$$
2. If $`P=(V,W),`$ $`P^{}=(V^{},W^{})`$ are right $`\alpha `$-pairings, then $`P_rP^{}:=(V_RV^{},W^{}_RW)`$ is a right $`\alpha `$-pairing, where

$$\kappa _{P^{}_rP}(vv^{})(w^{}w)=<v,<v^{},w^{}>w>=<v<v^{},w^{}>,w>.$$

## 2 Rational modules

In this section we define the $`𝒞`$-*rational* $`𝒜`$*-modules* associated with a measuring left (resp. right) $`R`$-pairing $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ satisfying the $`\alpha `$-condition and prove the main result in this paper, namely Theorem 2.9 (resp. its dual version Theorem 2.11).

###### Remark 2.1.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`R`$-pairing. For every right $`R`$-module $`M,`$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒜,M)`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-module through $`(fa)(a^{})=f(aa^{})`$ for all $`a,a^{}𝒜`$ and $`\alpha _M^P:M_R𝒞\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒜,M)`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear. If moreover $`M`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-module, then the canonical map $`\rho _M:M\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒜,M)`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear.

###### 2.2.

Let $`𝒜`$ be an $`R`$-ring (*not necessarily with unity*), $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ a measuring left $`\alpha `$-pairing and $`M`$ an $`𝒜`$-faithful right $`𝒜`$-module. Put $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜):=\rho _M^1(M_R𝒞),`$ i.e. $`m\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)`$ iff there exists a uniquely determined element $`m_ic_i,`$ such that $`ma=m_i<a,c_i>`$ for every $`a𝒜.`$ We call $`M_𝒜`$ $`𝒞`$*-rational*, if $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)=M.`$ In this case we get an $`R`$-linear map $`\varrho _M:=(\alpha _M^P)^1\rho _M:MM_R𝒞.`$

Analog to the commutative case (e.g. \[19, Proposition 2.9\]) we get

###### Lemma 2.3.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`\alpha `$-pairing *(*$`𝒜`$ *not necessarily with unity)*. For every $`(M,\rho _M)`$ $`\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜`$ we have:

1. $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)M`$ is an $`𝒜`$-submodule.

2. For every $`𝒜`$-submodule $`NM`$ we have $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(N_𝒜)=N\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜).`$

3. $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜))=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜).`$

4. For every $`L`$ $`\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜`$ and $`f`$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(M,L)`$ we have $`f(\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜))\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(L_𝒜).`$

Analog to the commutative case \[2, Folgerung 2.2.10\] we have

###### Remark 2.4.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`\alpha `$-pairing and consider the embedding $`𝒞\stackrel{\chi _P}{}𝒜^{}.`$ Since $`\chi _P`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear, we have $`𝒞\stackrel{\chi _P}{}\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞((𝒜^{})_𝒜)`$ by Lemma 2.3 (4). If $`f\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞((𝒜^{})_𝒜)`$ with $`\varrho (f)=f_ic_i,`$ then we have for every $`a𝒜`$

$$f(a)=(fa)(1_𝒜)=f_i(1_𝒜)<a,c_i>=\chi _P(f_i(1_𝒜)c_i)(a),$$

i.e. $`f=\chi _P(f_i(1_𝒜)c_i).`$ So $`\chi _P`$ is an isomorphism.

For a left (resp. right) measuring $`\alpha `$-pairing $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ we denote the category of $`𝒞`$-rational right (resp. left) $`𝒜`$-modules and $`𝒜`$-linear maps by $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)`$ (resp. $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(_𝒜\stackrel{~}{}`$). The subcategory of unital $`𝒞`$-rational right (resp. left) $`𝒜`$-modules will be denoted by $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$ (resp. $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(_𝒜)`$).

###### Lemma 2.5.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`R`$-pairing *(*$`𝒜`$ *not necessarily with unity)*.

1. If $`(M,\varrho _M)`$ is a right $`𝒞`$-comodule, then $`M`$ becomes a right $`𝒜`$-module through

$$\rho _M:=M\stackrel{\varrho _M}{}M_R𝒞\stackrel{\alpha _M^P}{}\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒜,M).$$

If $`𝒜`$ has unity and $`M`$ is counital, then $`M_𝒜`$ is unital *(*and so $`𝒜`$-faithful*)*.
2. Let $`(M,\varrho _M),(N,\varrho _N)`$ be right $`𝒞`$-comodules and consider the induced structures of right $`𝒜`$-modules $`(M,\rho _M),`$ $`(N,\rho _N).`$ If $`f:MN`$ is $`𝒞`$-colinear, then $`f`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear.
3. Let $`N`$ be a right $`𝒞`$-comodule, $`KN`$ a $`𝒞`$-subcomodule and consider the induced right $`𝒜`$-module structures $`(N,\rho _N),`$ $`(K,\rho _K).`$ Then $`KN`$ is an $`𝒜`$-submodule.

###### Proof.

1. Consider the left $`R`$-pairing $`P_lP:=(𝒜_R𝒜,𝒞_R𝒞).`$ For every right $`𝒜`$-module $`(M,\rho _M)`$ we have the diagram

(5)
(where $`\varsigma ^r`$ is the canonical isomorphism). By definition of $`\rho _M`$ and $`\alpha _M^{_{P_lP}}`$ all trapezoids are commutative. Since $`(M,\varrho _M)`$ is a right $`𝒞`$-comodule, the inner rectangle is commutative and so the outer rectangle is commutative, i.e. $`(M,\rho _M)`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-module.

Assume $`M`$ to be counital. If $`𝒜`$ has unity, then $`\kappa _P(1_𝒜)=\epsilon _𝒞`$ and we have for every $`mM`$

$$m=m_{<0>}\epsilon _𝒞(m_{<1>})=m\epsilon _𝒞=m1_𝒜M𝒜,$$

i.e. $`M_𝒜`$ is unital.
2. Consider the diagram

(6)
The lower trapezoid is obviously commutative. The triangles are commutative by definition of $`\rho _M,\rho _N.`$ If the outer rectangle is commutative ($`f`$ is $`𝒞`$-colinear), then the upper trapezoid is commutative ($`f`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear).
3. trivial.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.6.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`\alpha `$-pairing *(*$`𝒜`$ *not necessarily with unity)*.

1. If $`(M,\rho _M)\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜`$ is $`𝒞`$-rational, then $`M`$ gets a structure of a *counital* right $`𝒞`$-comodule through

$$\varrho _M:M\stackrel{\rho _M}{}\mathrm{Hom}_R(𝒜,M)\stackrel{(\alpha _M^P)^1}{}M_R𝒞.$$
2. Let $`(M,\rho _M),`$ $`(N,\rho _N)\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜`$ be $`𝒞`$-rational and consider the induced structures of right $`𝒞`$-comodules $`(M,\varrho _M),`$ $`(N,\varrho _N).`$ Then $`\mathrm{Hom}^𝒞(M,N)=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(M,N).`$
3. Let $`(N,\rho _N)\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜`$ be $`𝒞`$-rational and consider the induced counital right $`𝒞`$-comodule $`(N,\varrho _N).`$ If $`KN`$ is an $`𝒜`$-submodule, then $`K`$ gets a structure of a counital $`𝒞`$-subcomodule. Moreover $`\varrho _K=(\varrho _N)_{|_K}.`$

###### Proof.

1. If $`(M,\rho _M)`$ is $`𝒞`$-rational, then by definition $`\rho _M(M)\alpha _M^P(M_R𝒞),`$ i.e. $`\varrho _M:=(\alpha _M^P)^1\rho _M`$ is well defined and we get the commutative diagram

By assumption $`M_𝒜`$ is $`𝒜`$-faithful (i.e. $`\rho _M`$ is injective) and so $`\varrho _M`$ is injective, i.e. the induced right $`𝒞`$-coaction on $`M`$ is counital. Consider now diagram (5). By definition of $`\varrho _M`$ and $`\alpha _M^{_{P_lP}}`$ all trapezoids are commutative. By assumption $`M`$ is a right $`𝒞`$-comodule and so the outer rectangle is commutative. By Lemma 1.33 (1) $`\alpha _M^{P_lP}`$ is injective and so the inner rectangle is commutative, i.e. $`(M,\varrho _M)`$ is a counital right $`𝒞`$-comodule.
2. Consider diagram (6). The lower trapezoid is obviously commutative and the triangles are commutative by definition of $`\varrho _M`$ and $`\varrho _N.`$ Moreover $`\alpha _N^P`$ is injective and so the outer rectangle is commutative ($`f`$ is $`𝒞`$-colinear) iff the upper trapezoid is commutative ($`f`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear), i.e. $`\mathrm{Hom}^𝒞(M,N)=\mathrm{Hom}_𝒜(M,N).`$
3. Let $`(N,\rho _N)`$ be a $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module. If $`KN`$ is an $`𝒜`$-submodule, then by Lemma 2.3 (2) $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(K_𝒜)=K\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(N_𝒜)=K`$ and so $`K_𝒜`$ is $`𝒞`$-rational, hence $`K`$ is a counital right $`𝒞`$-comodule by (1). Moreover $`K\stackrel{\iota _K}{}N`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear and so $`𝒞`$-colinear by (2), i.e. $`KN`$ is a $`𝒞`$-subcomodule. Note that by assumption and Remark 1.30 $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat, hence $`\varrho _K=(\varrho _N)_{|_K}.\mathrm{}`$

###### 2.7.

For every $`R`$-coring $`𝒞`$ we have an isomorphism of $`R`$-rings $`(𝒞^{},_r)\mathrm{End}^𝒞(𝒞)`$ via $`f[cf(c_1)c_2]`$ with inverse $`g\epsilon _𝒞g`$ (compare Proposition 1.10 (1)). Analogously $`(^{}𝒞,_l)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{End}(𝒞)^{op}`$ as $`R`$-rings.

If $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha ,`$ then by Lemma 2.6 (2) $`\mathrm{End}^𝒞(𝒞)=\mathrm{End}(𝒞_𝒜)`$ and so

$${}_{}{}^{}𝒞\text{ }^𝒞\mathrm{End}(𝒞)^{op}\mathrm{End}(_𝒞^{}𝒞)^{op}=\mathrm{End}(_{\mathrm{End}^𝒞(𝒞)}𝒞)^{op}=\mathrm{End}(_{\mathrm{End}(𝒞_𝒜)}𝒞)^{op}:=\mathrm{Biend}(𝒞_𝒜),$$

i.e. $`(^{}𝒞,_l)`$ is isomorphic to an $`R`$-subring of $`\mathrm{Biend}(𝒞_𝒜).`$ If moreover $`𝒞_R`$ is locally projective, then $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{End}(𝒞)=\mathrm{End}(_𝒞^{}𝒞),`$ hence $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞\mathrm{Biend}(𝒞_𝒜).`$

On the other hand, if $`P𝒫_{mr}^\alpha ,`$ then we have analogously $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{End}(𝒞)=\mathrm{End}(_𝒜𝒞)`$ and so

$$𝒞^{}\mathrm{End}^𝒞(𝒞)\mathrm{End}(𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)=\mathrm{End}(𝒞_{{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{End}(𝒞)^{op}})=\mathrm{End}(𝒞_{\mathrm{End}(_𝒜𝒞)^{op}}):=\mathrm{Biend}(_𝒜𝒞),$$

i.e. $`(𝒞^{},_r)`$ is isomorphic to an $`R`$-subring of $`\mathrm{Biend}(_𝒜𝒞).`$ If moreover $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective, then $`\mathrm{End}^𝒞(𝒞)=\mathrm{End}(𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞),`$ hence $`𝒞^{}\mathrm{Biend}(_𝒜𝒞).`$

Note that it follows from above, that in case $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ and $`𝒞_R`$ are locally projective we have $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞\mathrm{Biend}(𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ and $`𝒞^{}\mathrm{Biend}(_𝒞^{}𝒞)`$ as $`R`$-rings.

The following result generalizes \[2, Theorem 2.2.13\] from the case of commutative base rings to the case of arbitrary rings:

###### Proposition 2.8.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`R`$-pairing *(*$`𝒜`$ not necessarily with unity*)*. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense, then

| $`^𝒞`$ | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞].`$ |

(7)
###### Proof.

Step (1). By Proposition 1.32 (2) $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ satisfies the left $`\alpha `$-condition. By Lemmata 2.5 and 2.6 we have covariant functors

that act as the identity on morphisms. Clearly we have

$$()^𝒞\text{ }()_𝒜=id_^𝒞,\text{ }()_𝒜()^𝒞=id_{\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)},$$

i.e. $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)^𝒞.`$

Step (2). We show now that every $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module is unital. Let $`(N,\rho _N)\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)`$ and $`nN`$ with $`\varrho _N(n)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_ic_i.`$ By assumption $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense and so there exists some $`a𝒜,`$ such that $`\kappa _P(a)(c_i)=\epsilon _𝒞(c_i)`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k.`$ So

$$n=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_i\epsilon _𝒞(c_i)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_i<a,c_i>=naN𝒜.$$

Step (3). Let $`(N,\rho _N)^𝒞.`$ For every $`nN`$ with $`\varrho _N(n)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_ic_i`$ we have $`\{c_1,\mathrm{},c_k\}^{}(0_N:n),`$ hence $`N_𝒜`$ is $`𝒞`$-subgenerated. By Proposition 1.10 (3), Lemma 2.6 and Step (1) $`^𝒞`$ is a Grothendieck full subcategory of $`_𝒜`$ and so $`^𝒞`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ (since $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ is the *smallest* such subcategory of $`_𝒜`$ containing $`𝒞`$).

Step (4). For $`𝒜=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ we get as above

$${}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)=\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞].\mathrm{}$$

We are now ready to present the main result in this article, namely

###### Theorem 2.9.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`R`$-pairing. Then the following are equivalent:

(i) $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense;

(ii) $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense;

(iii) $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ satisfies the left $`\alpha `$-condition;

(iv) $`\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]^𝒞\sigma [𝒞_𝒜].`$

If the equivalent conditions *(i)-(iv)* are satisfied, then we have isomorphisms of categories

| $`^𝒞`$ | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(\stackrel{~}{}_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞].`$ |

(8)
###### Proof.

(i) $``$ (ii) By Lemma 1.29 $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective iff it satisfies the left $`\alpha `$-condition.

(ii) $``$ (iii) follows from Proposition 1.32 (2).

(iii) $``$ (iv) If $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition, then clearly $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ satisfies the left $`\alpha `$-condition. Moreover, since (by our convention) $`𝒜`$ has unity with $`\kappa _P(1{}_{𝒜}{}^{})=\epsilon _𝒞,`$ we get by an analogous argument to that in the proof of Theorem 2.8 the isomorphisms of categories $`^𝒞\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]=\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞].`$

(iv) $``$ (i) By Assumption $`\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]^𝒞`$ and it follows analog to \[36, 3.5\] that $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective. Moreover, for all $`c_1,\mathrm{},c_k𝒞,`$ the right $`𝒜`$-module $`(c_1,\mathrm{},c_k)𝒜𝒞^k`$ is a right $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$-submodule (because $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]`$). Hence $`(c_1,\mathrm{},c_k)^{}𝒞=((c_1,\mathrm{},c_k)𝒜)^{}𝒞(c_1,\mathrm{},c_k)𝒜,`$ i.e. $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense (see \[39, 15.8\]).

If the equivalent conditions (i)-(iv) are satisfied, then the assumptions of Theorem 2.8 are satisfied and so the isomorphisms of categories (8) are evident.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.10.

Note that if $`𝒜`$ has no unity, then the implication (iv) $``$ (i) in the previous theorem is still evident, if $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is unital as a left $`𝒜`$-module. In this case the four statements become equivalent, if we add “$`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense” to statement (iii).

A dual version of Theorem 2.9 is valid for *measuring right* $`R`$*-pairings:*

###### Theorem 2.11.

For a measuring right $`R`$-pairing $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ the following are equivalent:

(i) $`𝒞_R`$ is locally projective and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`𝒞^{}`$ is dense;

(ii) $`𝒞_R`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`𝒞^{}`$ is dense;

(iii) $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ is a right $`\alpha `$-pairing;

(iv) $`\sigma [_𝒞^{}𝒞]`$ $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\sigma [_𝒜𝒞].`$

If the equivalent conditions *(i)-(iv)* are satisfied, then we have isomorphisms of categories

| $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}`$ | $``$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(_𝒜\stackrel{~}{})`$ | $`=`$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [_𝒜𝒞]`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $``$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(_𝒞^{}\stackrel{~}{})`$ | $`=`$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(_𝒞^{})`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [_𝒞^{}𝒞].`$ |

(9)
###### Remark 2.12.

We should mention here that the implications (iii) $``$ (iv) in Theorem 2.9 resp. 2.11 were achieved independently in  Theorem 2.6’ resp. Theorem 2.6 (note the interchange between *left* and *right* pairings in our notation).

As a corollary of Proposition 1.32 and Theorem 2.9 we get

###### Corollary 2.13.

Let $`Q=(,𝒞)𝒫_{ml},`$ $`\xi :𝒜`$ a morphism of $`R`$-rings and consider the induced measuring left pairing $`P:=(𝒜,𝒞).`$ Then the fallowing are equivalent:

(i) $`P𝒫_{ml}^\alpha ;`$

(ii) $`Q𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ and $`\xi (𝒜)`$ is dense w.r.t. $`[𝔗_{_{ls}}(𝒞)];`$

(iii) $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective and $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense;

(iv) $`\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]^𝒞\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]\sigma [𝒞_{}].`$

If these equivalent conditions are satisfied, then we have isomorphisms of categories:

| $`^𝒞`$ | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]`$ |
|  | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_{})`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒞_{}].`$ |

(10)
###### Definition 2.14.

We call a measuring left (right) $`\alpha `$-pairing $`(𝒜,𝒞)`$ coproper, if $`𝒜^{rat}:=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(𝒜_𝒜)`$ ($`{}_{}{}^{rat}𝒜:=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜𝒜)`$) is dense in $`𝒜.`$ An $`R`$-coring with $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ ($`𝒞_R`$) locally projective will be called *left coproper* (*right coproper*), if $`{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}𝒞:=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(^{}𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ (resp. $`𝒞^{\mathrm{}}:=`$ $`{}_{}{}^{𝒞}\mathrm{Rat}(𝒞_𝒞^{}^{})𝒞^{}`$) is dense. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ and $`𝒞_R`$ are locally projective, then we call $`𝒞`$ *coproper*, if it is left and right coproper.

###### Proposition 2.15.

*()* Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a coproper left measuring $`\alpha `$-pairing *(*i.e. $`𝒯:=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(𝒜_𝒜)𝒜`$ is dense*)*.

1. $`𝒞`$ is left coproper, i.e. $`{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}𝒞`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense.

2. For every $`f`$ $`𝒯,`$ there exists some $`e`$ $`𝒯,`$ such that $`fe=f.`$

3. For every right $`𝒜`$-module $`M`$ we have $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)=M𝒯.`$

4. There is an isomorphism of categories $`_{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}𝒞^𝒞_𝒯.`$

###### 2.16.

Birational modules. Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`\alpha `$-pairing and $`Q=(,𝒟)`$ be a measuring right $`\alpha `$-pairing ($`𝒜,`$ $``$ not necessarily with unities). For a $`(,𝒜)`$-faithful $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodule $`(M,\rho _M^𝒜,\rho _M^{})`$ it’s obvious that $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}(_{}M)`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-module, $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)`$ is a left $``$-module, and

$$\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞((^𝒟\mathrm{Rat}(_{}M))_𝒜)=\text{ }^𝒟\mathrm{Rat}(_{}M)\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)=\text{ }^𝒟\mathrm{Rat}(_{}(\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_𝒜)))$$
(11)
is a $`(,𝒜)`$-subbimodule of $`M,`$ which we call the $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$*-birational* $`(,𝒜)`$*-subbimodule* of $`M.`$ If $`M=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞((^𝒟\mathrm{Rat}(_{}M))_𝒜),`$ then we call $`{}_{}{}^{}M_{𝒜}^{}`$ $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$*-birational*.

With $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}_{}^{𝒞}(_{}\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{}_{𝒜}^{}`$ we denote the full subcategory of $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-birational $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodules. The subcategory of unital $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-birational $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodules is denoted with $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}_{}^{𝒞}(_{}_𝒜).`$

As a generalization of the corresponding result for coalgebras over base fields (e.g. \[13, Theorem 2.3.3\]) resp. over commutative rings (\[2, Folgerung 2.2.19\]) we get

###### Theorem 2.17.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ be a measuring left $`R`$-pairing and $`Q=(,𝒟)`$ be a measuring right $`R`$-pairing *(*$`𝒜,`$ $``$ not necessarily with unities*)*. If $`𝒞,𝒟`$ are locally projective, $`\kappa _P(𝒜)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ and $`\kappa _Q()𝒟^{}`$ are dense, then there are isomorphisms of categories

| $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}_{}^{𝒞}`$ | $``$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}_{}^{𝒞}(_{}\stackrel{~}{}_𝒜)`$ | $`=`$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}_{}^{𝒞}(_{}_𝒜)`$ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $``$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}_{}^{𝒞}(_𝒟^{}\stackrel{~}{}_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`{}_{}{}^{𝒟}\mathrm{Rat}_{}^{𝒞}(_𝒟^{}_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ |  |

###### Proof.

Let $`M`$ be an arbitrary $`R`$-bimodule. In view of the previous results in this section it’s enough to show that $`M`$ is a counital $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicomodule iff it’s a $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-birational $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodule. If $`M`$ is a counital $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicomodule, then $`M`$ is by Lemma 2.5 (1) a $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module and analogously a $`𝒟`$-rational left $``$-module. Moreover $`\alpha _M^Q`$ is obviously $`𝒜`$-linear, $`\varrho _M^𝒟`$ is by assumption $`𝒞`$-colinear, hence $`𝒜`$-linear by Lemma 2.5 (2). Consequently $`\rho _M^{}=\alpha _M^Q\varrho _M^𝒟`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear, i.e. $`M`$ is a $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-birational $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodule.

On the other hand, let $`M`$ be a $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-birational $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodule. By Lemma 2.6 $`M`$ is a counital right $`𝒞`$-comodule and analogously a counital left $`𝒟`$-comodule. Since $`M`$ is a $`(,𝒜)`$-bimodule, $`\rho _M^{}`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear and so we have for all $`a𝒜`$ and $`mM:`$

$$\alpha _M^Q(\varrho _M^𝒟(ma))=\rho _M^{}(ma)=\rho _M^{}(m)a=(\alpha _M^Q(\varrho _M^𝒟(m))a=\alpha _M^Q(\varrho _M^𝒟(m)a),$$

hence $`\varrho _M^𝒟`$ is $`𝒜`$-linear by the injectivity of $`\alpha _M^Q.`$ By Lemma 2.6 (2), $`\varrho _M^𝒟`$ is $`𝒞`$-colinear, i.e. $`M`$ is a counital $`(𝒟,𝒞)`$-bicomodule.$`\mathrm{}`$

As a consequence of Theorems 2.9 and 2.11 we get

###### Proposition 2.18.

1. Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}.`$ If $`K𝒞`$ is a right $`𝒞`$-coideal *(*resp. a left $`𝒞`$-coideal, a $`𝒞`$-bicoideal*)*, then $`K^{}`$ is a left $`𝒜`$-ideal *(*resp. a right $`𝒜`$-ideal, an $`𝒜`$-ideal*)*. If $`K`$ is a $`𝒞`$-coideal, then $`K^{}𝒜`$ is an $`R`$-subring with unity $`1_𝒜.`$ If $`P𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ and $`I𝒜`$ is a left $`𝒜`$-ideal, then $`I^{}𝒞`$ is a right $`𝒞`$-coideal.
2. Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{mr}.`$ If $`K𝒞`$ is a left $`𝒞`$-coideal *(*resp. a right $`𝒞`$-coideal, a $`𝒞`$-bicoideal*)*, then $`K^{}`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-ideal *(*resp. a left $`𝒜`$-ideal, an $`𝒜`$-ideal*)*. If $`K`$ is a $`𝒞`$-coideal, then $`K^{}𝒜`$ is an $`R`$-subring with unity $`1_𝒜.`$ If $`P𝒫_{mr}^\alpha `$ and $`I𝒜`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-ideal, then $`I^{}𝒞`$ is a left $`𝒞`$-coideal.

###### Lemma 2.19.

Let $`X`$ be set and $`XR`$ the free $`R`$-module with basis $`X.`$ If $`R_R`$ is noetherian, then for every right $`R`$-module $`M,`$ the following $`R`$-linear map is injective

$$\beta _M:M_RR^XM^X,\text{ }mf[xmf(x)].$$
(12)
Hence $`\stackrel{~}{P}:=(XR,R^X)`$ is a left $`\alpha `$-pairing.

###### Proof.

Let $`M`$ be an arbitrary right $`R`$-module and write $`M`$ as a direct limit of its f.g. $`R`$-submodules $`M=\underset{}{lim}_\mathrm{\Lambda }M_\lambda `$ ( \[39, 24.7\]). For every $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda },`$ $`M_\lambda `$ is f.p. in $`_R`$and we have by (\[39, 25.4\]) the isomorphisms

$$\beta _{M_\lambda }:M_\lambda _RR^XM_\lambda ^X,\text{ }mf[xmf(x)]$$

Moreover for each $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }`$ the restriction of $`\beta _M`$ on $`M_\lambda `$ is equal to $`\beta _{M_\lambda }`$ and so the following map is injective:

$$\beta _M=\underset{}{lim}\beta _{M_\lambda }:\underset{}{lim}M_\lambda _RR^X\underset{}{lim}M_\lambda ^XM^X.$$

Obviously $`\stackrel{~}{P}𝒫_l^\alpha `$ iff $`\beta _M`$ is injective for every $`M`$ $`_R.\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 2.20.

Let $`W,W^{}`$ be $`R`$-bimodules, $`X`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W,X^{}`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}W_{}^{}`$ be $`R`$-subbimodules and consider the canonical $`R`$-linear maps

$$\kappa :X^{}_RX\text{ }^{}(W_RW^{})\text{ and }\chi :W_RW^{}(X^{}_RX)^{}.$$

If $`R_R`$ is noetherian, $`W_R`$ is flat and $`\mathrm{Ke}(X)_R`$ $`W_R`$ is pure, then

$$\mathrm{Ke}(\kappa (X^{}_RX))\mathrm{Ke}(X)_RW^{}+W_R\mathrm{Ke}(X^{}).$$
(13)
###### Proof.

Consider the embeddings $`E:=W/\mathrm{Ke}(X)X^{},`$ $`E^{}:=W^{}/\mathrm{Ke}(X^{})R^X^{}`$ and the commutative diagram

It follows by assumptions that $`W/\mathrm{Ke}(X)`$ is flat in $`_R`$ and $`{}_{R}{}^{}R_{}^{X^{}}`$ is flat (e.g. \[39, 36.5, 26.6\]). Moreover $`\beta _X^{}`$ is injective by Lemma 2.19, hence $`\delta `$ is injective. It follows then by \[10, II-3.6\] that

| Ke$`(\kappa (X_RX^{}))`$ | $`:=`$ | $`\mathrm{Ke}(\chi )`$ | $`=`$ | Ke$`(\delta (\pi \pi ^{}))`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`=`$ | $`\mathrm{Ke}(\pi _X\pi _X^{})`$ | $`=`$ | Ke$`(X)_RW^{}+W_R\mathrm{Ke}(X^{}).\mathrm{}`$ |

###### Proposition 2.21.

Let $`R`$ be a QF ring and $`𝒞`$ an $`R`$-coring. If $`𝒜`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is an $`R`$-subring *(*with $`\epsilon _𝒞𝒜`$*)*, $`𝒞_R`$ is flat and $`\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)_R𝒞_R`$ is pure, then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜))\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)_R𝒞+𝒞_R\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)`$ *(*$`\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)𝒞`$ is a $`𝒞`$-coideal*)*.

###### Proof.

Let $`𝒜`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ be an $`R`$-subring and consider the $`R`$-linear map

$$\kappa :𝒜_R𝒜\text{ }^{}(𝒞_R𝒞),\text{ }ab[cd<b,c<a,d>>].$$

If $`𝒞_R`$ is flat and $`\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)_R`$ $`𝒞_R`$ is pure, then we have by Corollary 2.20 and Lemma 1.18:

$$\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)\mathrm{Ke}(\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞^{}(\kappa (𝒜_R𝒜)))=\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞^1(\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)_R𝒞+𝒞_R\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)),$$
(14)
i.e. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜))\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)_R𝒞+𝒞_R\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜).`$ If $`\epsilon _𝒞𝒜,`$ then $`\epsilon _𝒞(\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜))=0,`$ hence $`\mathrm{Ke}(𝒜)𝒞`$ is a $`𝒞`$-coideal.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 2.22.

Let $`𝒞`$ be an $`R`$-coring and assume that $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective. For every $`R`$-coring $`𝒟`$ with an injective morphism of $`R`$-corings $`\iota _𝒟:𝒟𝒞`$ we have:

1. $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒟`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is pure iff $`Q:=(^{}𝒞,𝒟)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha .`$ In this case $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒟`$ is locally projective, $`\iota _𝒟^{}(^{}𝒞)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒟`$ is dense and there are isomorphisms of categories

| $`^𝒟`$ | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒟(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒟)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒟_{}_{}{}^{}𝒟]`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $``$ | $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒟(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\sigma [𝒟_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞].`$ |
2. Let $`{}_{R}{}^{}R`$ be $`𝒞`$-injective. Then $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒟`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is pure iff $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒟`$ is locally projective.
3. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒟`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is pure, then

$$𝒟=𝒞{}_{}{}^{𝒟}={}_{}{}^{𝒞}𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞\text{ is }𝒟\text{-rational.}$$

###### Proof.

1. Since $`\iota _𝒟`$ is a morphism of $`R`$-corings, it follows that $`\iota _𝒟^{}:`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒟`$ is a morphism of $`R`$-rings, i.e. $`Q`$ is a measuring left $`R`$-pairing. The result follows now by Theorem 2.9 and the commutativity of the following diagram for every right $`R`$-module $`M`$

(15)
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}R`$ is $`𝒞`$-injective, then $`\iota _𝒟^{}:`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒟`$ is surjective. Hence, for every right $`R`$-module $`M`$ the map $`(\iota _𝒟^{},M)`$ in diagram (15) is injective and the result follows.
3. It is enough to prove: $`𝒞\mathrm{Rat}^𝒟(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)𝒟=𝒞.`$

Assume $`𝒞\mathrm{Rat}^𝒟(_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞)^𝒟.`$ Then there exists a right $`R`$-linear map

$$\varrho :𝒞𝒞_R𝒟,\text{ }c\underset{i=1}{\overset{k_c}{}}c_id_i,$$

such that $`cf=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k_c}{}}c_i\iota _𝒟^{}(f)(d_i)`$ for every $`f`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞.`$ Consider the following diagram

(16)
and the left $`\alpha `$-pairing $`P_lP:=(^{}𝒞_R`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞,𝒞_R𝒞)`$ (see Lemma 1.33 (1)). Then we have for all $`c𝒞`$ and $`f,g`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞:`$

| $`\chi _{P_lP}(c_1c_2)(fg)`$ | $`=`$ | $`g(c_1f(c_2))`$ | $`=`$ | $`g(cf)`$ |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`=`$ | $`g(\underset{i=1}{\overset{k_c}{}}c_i\iota _𝒟^{}(f)(d_i))`$ | $`=`$ | $`\chi _{P_lP}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{k_c}{}}c_i\iota (d_i))(fg),`$ |  |  |

and so $`c_1c_2=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k_c}{}}c_i\iota (d_i),`$ i.e. diagram (16) is commutative. Hence for every $`c𝒞`$ we have

$$c=\epsilon _𝒞(c_1)c_2=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k_c}{}}\epsilon _𝒞(c_i)\iota (d_i)\iota (𝒟),$$

i.e. $`𝒞=𝒟.\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.23.

Even if $`𝒞`$ is an $`R`$-coring and $`𝒟𝒞`$ is an $`R`$-subbimodule with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞(𝒟)\mathrm{I}m(𝒟_R𝒟),`$ $`𝒟`$ may have no $`R`$-coring structure such that the natural embedding $`\iota _𝒟:𝒟𝒞`$ is a morphism of $`R`$-corings. For $`𝒟`$ to be an $`R`$-subcoring of $`𝒞`$ we need $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒟_{R}^{}`$ $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞_{R}^{}`$ to be *pure* (in the sense of Cohn). A counterexample for coalgebras over commutative rings can be found in \[28, Page 56\].

An important role by studying the category of rational representations of a left measuring pairing $`P𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ is played by the

###### 2.24.

Finiteness Theorem. Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha .`$

1. If $`M\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$, then there exists for every finite subset $`\{m_1,\mathrm{},m_k\}M`$ some $`N\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$, such that $`NM`$ and $`N_R`$ is finitely generated.
2. Every finite subset of $`𝒞`$ is contained in a right $`𝒞`$-coideal, which is f.g. in $`_R.`$

###### Proof.

1. Let $`M\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$ and $`\{m_1,\mathrm{},m_k\}M.`$ Then $`m_i𝒜M`$ is an $`𝒜`$-submodule, hence a $`𝒞`$-subcomodule. Moreover $`m_im_i𝒜`$ and consequently there exists a subset $`\{(m_{ij},c_{ij})\}_{j=1}^{n_i}m_i𝒜\times 𝒞,`$ so that $`\varrho _M(m_i)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{n_i}{}}m_{ij}c_{ij}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k.`$ Obviously $`N:=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}m_i𝒜=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{n_i}{}}m_{ij}RM`$ is a $`𝒞`$-subcomodule and contains $`\{m_1,\mathrm{},m_k\}.`$
2. This is a special case of (1).$`\mathrm{}`$

For every $`(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ we get from the isomorphism of categories $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]`$ and \[38, 2.9\]:

###### Corollary 2.25.

Let $`(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha .`$

1. $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(_𝒜)`$ is $`(𝒜,R)`$-finite *(*i.e. a $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module is f.g. in $`_𝒜`$ iff it’s f.g. in $`_R`$*)*.
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}R`$ is perfect, then every $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module satisfies the descending chain condition w.r.t. the f.g. $`𝒜`$-submodules.
3. If $`R_R`$ is noetherian, then every $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module is locally noetherian.
4. If $`R_R`$ is artinian, then every f.g. $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-module has finite length.

###### Proposition 2.26.

For every dense measuring left $`R`$-pairing $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)`$ the following are equivalent:

1. $`^𝒞\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]=_{𝒜/\mathrm{An}_𝒜(𝒞)};`$
2. The functor $`_R𝒞:_R_{𝒜/\mathrm{An}_𝒜(𝒞)}`$ has a left adjoint;
3. $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is f.g. and projective;
4. $`{}_{𝒞^{}}{}^{}𝒞`$ is f.g. and $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective;
5. $`𝒜/\mathrm{An}_𝒜(𝒞)`$ is f.g. in $`_R`$ and $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective.

###### Proof.

With the help of Proposition 1.10 and Theorem 2.9, the equivalence of the first four statements can be established as in \[36, 3.6\].

If we assume (1) or (5), then we conclude that $`^𝒞\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]\sigma [𝒞_{}_{}{}^{}𝒞]`$ by Proposition 2.8 and is $`(𝒜,R)`$-finite by Corollary 2.25. The result follows then by the fact that in this case $`\sigma [𝒞_𝒜]=_{𝒜/\mathrm{An}_𝒜(𝒞)}`$ iff $`𝒜/\mathrm{An}_𝒜(𝒞)`$ is f.g. in $`_R`$ \[38, 2.9 (3)\].$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.27.

It follows from Proposition 2.26 that for an $`R`$-coring $`𝒞`$ with $`{}_{R}{}^{}𝒞`$ locally projective and every dense $`R`$-subring $`𝒜`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ $`:`$

$$𝒜_R\text{ is f.g.}\text{ }_R𝒞\text{ is f.g.}\text{ }_R𝒞\text{ is f.g. and projective.}$$

In particular a f.g. locally projective $`R`$-coring is projective.

The following result gives topological characterizations of the $`𝒞`$-rational right $`𝒜`$-modules. Here we generalize some of those characterizations given by D. Radford in \[30, 2.2\] in the case of coalgebras over base fields to the case of corings over arbitrary (artinian) ground rings. See also \[2, Proposition 2.2.26\] for the case of coalgebras over commutative rings.

###### Proposition 2.28.

Let $`P=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ and consider $`𝒜`$ with the $`𝒞`$-adic topology $`𝒯_𝒞(𝒜)=𝒜[𝔗_{ls}^r(𝒞)].`$ If $`M`$ is a unital right $`𝒜`$-module, then for every $`mM`$ the following are equivalent:

1. there exists a finite subset $`F=\{c_1,\mathrm{},c_k\}𝒞`$, such that $`(0_𝒞:F)(0_M:m);`$
2. $`m𝒜`$ is $`𝒞`$-subgenerated;
3. $`m\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M{}_{𝒜}{}^{});`$
4. there exists a f.g. left $`R`$-submodule $`K𝒞,`$ such that $`K^{}(0_M:m).`$

If $`R_R`$ is artinian, then *(1)-(4)* are moreover equivalent to:
5. $`(0_M:m)`$ contains an $`R`$-cofinite closed $`R`$-submodule;
6. $`(0_M:m)`$ is an $`R`$-cofinite closed right $`𝒜`$-ideal.

###### Proof.

(1) $``$ (2) By assumption and 1.24 $`mN:=\mathrm{Sp}(\sigma [𝒞_𝒜],M).`$ Moreover $`m𝒜`$ $`N`$ is a right $`𝒜`$-submodule and is consequently $`𝒞`$-subgenerated.

(2) $``$ (3) By assumption and Theorem 2.9 $`mm𝒜\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M{}_{𝒜}{}^{}).`$

(3) $``$ (4) Let $`\varrho (m)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}m_ic_i`$ and put $`K:=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}Rc_i𝒞.`$ Then clearly $`K^{}(0_M:m).`$

(4) $``$ (1) For every left $`R`$-submodule $`K𝒞`$ we have $`(0_𝒞:K)K^{}.`$

Let $`R_R`$ be *artinian*.

(4) $``$ (5). Assume $`K^{}(0_M:m)`$ for some $`K=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}Rc_i𝒞.`$ Since $`𝒜/K^{}`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}K`$ and $`R_R`$ is noetherian, we conclude that $`K^{}𝒜`$ is $`R`$-cofinite. Moreover $`K^{}`$ is by Lemma 1.16 (1) closed.

The implications (5) $``$ (6) $``$ (1) follow from Lemma 1.16 (3).$`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Applications

In what follows $`R`$ is a *commutative* ring and $`_R`$ is the category of $`R`$-(bi)modules. For an $`R`$-algebra $`(A,\mu _A,\eta _A)`$ and an $`R`$-coalgebra $`(C,\mathrm{\Delta }_C,\epsilon _C)`$ we consider $`(\mathrm{Hom}_R(C,A),):=\mathrm{Hom}_R(C,A)`$ as an $`R`$-algebra with the so called *convolution product* $`(fg)(c):=f(c_1)g(c_2)`$ and unity $`\eta _A\epsilon _C.`$ With this definition $`C`$ becomes a $`C^{}`$-bimodule through the left and the right $`C^{}`$-action $`fc=c_1f(c_2)`$ and $`cf=f(c_1)c_2.`$

### Entwined Modules

Next we apply our results in the previous sections to the category of entwined modules corresponding to a right-right entwining structure $`(A,C,\psi ).`$ These were introduced by T. Brzeziński and S. Majid  as a generalization of the Doi-Koppinen modules corresponding to a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure (see 3.15).

###### 3.1.

A *right-right entwining structure* $`(A,C,\psi )`$ over $`R`$ consists of an $`R`$-algebra $`A,`$ an $`R`$-coalgebra $`C`$ and an $`R`$-linear map

$$\psi :C_RAA_RC,\text{ }caa_\psi c^\psi ,$$

such that

| $`(a\stackrel{~}{a})_\psi c^\psi `$ | $`=`$ | $`a_\psi \stackrel{~}{a}_\mathrm{\Psi }c^{\psi \mathrm{\Psi }},`$ | $`(1_A)_\psi c^\psi `$ | $`=`$ | $`1_Ac,`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`a_\psi \mathrm{\Delta }_C(c^\psi )`$ | $`=`$ | $`a_{\psi \mathrm{\Psi }}c_1^\mathrm{\Psi }c_2^\psi ,`$ | $`a_\psi \epsilon _C(c^\psi )`$ | $`=`$ | $`\epsilon _C(c)a.`$ |

(17)
###### 3.2.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$be a right-right entwining structure. An *entwined module* corresponding to $`(A,C,\psi )`$ is a right $`A`$-module $`M,`$ which is also a right $`C`$-comodule through $`\varrho _M,`$ such that

$$\varrho _M(ma)=m_{<0>}a_\psi m_{<1>}^\psi \text{ for all }mM\text{ and }aA.$$

The category of right-right entwined modules and $`A`$-linear $`C`$-colinear morphisms is denoted by $`_A^C(\psi ).`$ For $`M,N_A^C(\psi )`$ we denote by $`\mathrm{Hom}_A^C(M,N)`$ the set of $`A`$-linear $`C`$-colinear morphisms from $`M`$ to $`N.`$ By a remark of M. Takeuchi (e.g. \[8, Proposition 2.2\]) $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ is an $`A`$-coring with $`A`$-bimodule structure given by

$$a(\stackrel{~}{a}c):=a\stackrel{~}{a}c,\text{ }(\stackrel{~}{a}c)a:=\stackrel{~}{a}a_\psi c^\psi ,$$
(18)
comultiplication

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_𝒞:A_RC(A_RC)_A(A_RC),\text{ }ac(ac_1)_A(1_Ac_2)$$

and counity $`\epsilon _𝒞:=\vartheta _A^r(id_A\epsilon _C).`$ Moreover $`_A^C(\psi )^𝒞.`$

###### Lemma 3.3.

*(See \[37, 4.2\])* Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure over $`R`$ and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$

1. $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A):=\mathrm{Hom}_R(C,A)`$ is an $`A`$-ring with $`A`$-bimodule structure given by $`(af)(c):=a_\psi f(c^\psi ),`$ $`(fa)(c):=f(c)a,`$ multiplication

$$(fg)(c)=f(c_2)_\psi g(c_1^\psi ),$$
(19)
and unity $`\eta _A\epsilon _C.`$
2. $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ as $`A`$-rings via

$$\phi :\mathrm{Hom}_R(C,A)\mathrm{Hom}_A(A_RC,A),\text{ }f[acaf(c)]$$
(20)
with inverse $`h[ch(1_Ac)].`$

###### 3.4.

A *left-right entwining structure* is a triple $`(A,C,\psi ),`$ where $`A`$ is an $`R`$-algebra, $`C`$ is an $`R`$-coalgebra and

$$\psi :A_RCA_RC,\text{ }aca_\psi c^\psi ,$$

is an $`R`$-linear map such that the conditions in (17) are satisfied with the first of them replaced by

$$(a\stackrel{~}{a})_\psi c^\psi =a_\psi \stackrel{~}{a}_\mathrm{\Psi }c^{\mathrm{\Psi }\psi }\text{ for all }a,\stackrel{~}{a}A,cC.$$

###### 3.5.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a left-right entwining structure. With an entwined module corresponding to $`(A,C,\psi )`$ we mean a left $`A`$-module $`M,`$ which is also a right $`C`$-comodule through $`\varrho _M,`$ s.t.

$$\varrho _M(am)=a_\psi m_{<0>}m_{<1>}^\psi \text{ for all }aA\text{ and }mM.$$

The category of left-right entwined modules and $`A`$-linear $`C`$-colinear morphisms is denoted by $`{}_{A}{}^{}_{}^{C}(\psi ).`$ For $`M,N`$ $`{}_{A}{}^{}_{}^{C}(\psi )`$ we denote by $`{}_{A}{}^{}\mathrm{Hom}_{}^{C}(M,N)`$ the set of all $`A`$-linear $`C`$-colinear morphisms from $`M`$ to $`N.`$ It’s easy to see that $`(A^{op},C,\psi \tau )`$ is a right-right entwining structure, hence $`𝒟:=A^{op}_RC`$ is an $`A^{op}`$-coring and $`{}_{A}{}^{}_{}^{C}(\psi )_{A^{op}}^C(\psi \tau )^{A^{op}_RC}.`$ Moreover $`\mathrm{\#}_{\psi \tau }^{op}(C,A^{op})`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒟`$ as $`A^{op}`$-rings and $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi (C,A):=(\mathrm{\#}_{\psi \tau }^{op}(C,A^{op}))^{op}`$ is an $`A`$-ring with multiplication

$$(fg)(c)=f(c_1^\psi )g(c_2)_\psi \text{ for all }f,g\mathrm{Hom}_R(C,A)\text{ and }cC$$
(21)
and unity $`\eta _A\epsilon _C.`$

###### 3.6.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure over $`R`$ and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$ We say that $`(A,C,\psi )`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$*-condition*, if for every right $`A`$-module $`M`$ the following map is injective

$$\alpha _M^\psi :M_RC\mathrm{Hom}_R(\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A),M),\text{ }mc[fmf(c)]$$

(equivalently, if $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective).

Inspired by \[14, 3.1\] we present

###### Definition 3.7.

1. Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure satisfying the $`\alpha `$-condition. Let $`M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)},`$ $`\rho _M:M\mathrm{Hom}_A(\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A),M)`$ the canonical map and $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(M):=\rho _M^1(M_RC).`$ If $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)})=M,`$ then we call $`M`$ $`\mathrm{\#}`$*-rational* and set $`\varrho _M:=(\alpha _M^\psi )^1\rho _M:MM_RC.`$ The class of $`\mathrm{\#}`$*-rational* right $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$-modules build a full subcatgery of $`_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)},`$ which we denote with $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)}).`$ For a left-right entwining structure $`(A,C,\psi ),`$ the $`\alpha `$-condition and the category of $`\mathrm{\#}`$*-rational left* $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi (C,A)`$*-modules* are analogously defined.

###### Lemma 3.8.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure over $`R`$ and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$

1. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat *(*resp. projective, f.g.*)*, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat *(*resp. projective, f.g.*)*.
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ is locally projective *(*i.e. $`(A,C,\psi )`$ satisfies the left $`\alpha `$-condition*)*.

###### Proof.

1. Clear.
2. For every right $`A`$-module $`M`$ we have the commutative diagram

where $`\gamma :C^{}`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞,`$ $`f[acaf(c)].`$ The result follows then by Lemma 1.29.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.9.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure.

1. If $`M_A^C(\psi )`$ and $`NM`$ is a $`C`$-subcomodule, then $`NA`$ is a subobject of $`M`$ in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$
2. Assume $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ to be locally projective.

1. For every right $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$ module $`M`$ we have $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)})_A^C(\psi ).`$
    2. If $`M_A^C(\psi ),`$ then $`M`$ becomes a $`\mathrm{\#}`$-rational right $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$-module through

    $$mf=m_{<0>}f(m_{<1>})\text{ for all }mM\text{ and }f\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A).$$
    3. Assume $`A_A^C(\psi ),`$ so that $`1_{<0>}1_{<1>}𝒞`$ is a group-like element. Let $`M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)}`$ be $`C`$-rational and put $`M^{co𝒞}:=\{mM`$ $`\varrho _M(m)=m1_{<0>}1_{<1>}\}.`$ If $`\mathrm{\Psi }_M:M^{co𝒞}_BAM,`$ $`mama`$ is surjective, then $`M`$ is $`\mathrm{\#}`$-rational.

###### Proof.

1. For every $`nN`$ and $`aA`$ we have

$$\varrho _M(na)=n_{<0>}a_\psi n_{<1>}^\psi NA_RC.$$

Consequently $`NAM`$ is a $`C`$-subcomodule with structure map $`(\varrho _M)_{_{NA}},`$ hence $`NAM`$ is a subobject in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$
2. Assume $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ to be locally projective.

1. Every right $`\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$-module $`M`$ becomes a right $`A`$-module through the canonical algebra morphism $`\iota _A:A\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$ and a left $`C^{}`$-module through the algebra anti-morphism $`\iota _C^{}:C^{}\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A).`$ Clearly $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)})M`$ is a $`C`$-rational left $`C^{}`$-module. Moreover, for all $`m\mathrm{Rat}^C(M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)}),`$ $`aA`$ and $`g\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$ we have

    | $`[ma]g`$ | $`=`$ | $`(m\iota _A(a))g`$ |  |  |
    | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m(\iota _A(a)g)`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}(\iota _A(a)g))(m_{<1>})`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}\iota _A(a)(m_{<1>2})_\psi g(m_{<1>1}^\psi )`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}(a\epsilon _C(m_{<1>2}))_\psi g(m_{<1>1}^\psi )`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}a_\psi g(m_{<1>}^\psi ),`$ |  |  |

    i.e. $`ma\mathrm{Rat}^C(M_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)})`$ with $`\varrho (ma)=m_{<0>}a_\psi m_{<1>}^\psi `$ and the result follows.
    2. Let $`M_A^C(\psi ).`$ Then for every $`mM`$ and $`f,g\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)`$we have

    | $`m(fg)`$ | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}(fg)(m_{<1>})`$ |  |  |
    | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}f(m_{<1>2})_\psi g(m_{<1>1}^\psi )`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0><0>}f(m_{<1>})_\psi g(m_{<0><1>}^\psi )`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`(m_{<0>}f(m_{<1>}))g`$ |  |  |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`(mf)g.`$ |  |  |
    3. Let $`mM`$ be arbitrary. By assumption $`m=\mathrm{\Psi }_M(\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_ia_i)`$ for some $`\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_ia_iM^{co𝒞}_RA,`$ hence we have for all $`f\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A):`$

    | $`mf`$ | $`=`$ | $`\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_i(a_if)`$ | $`=`$ | $`\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_i1_{<0>}a_{i__\psi }f(1_{<1>}^\psi )`$ |
    | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
    |  | $`=`$ | $`\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(n_ia_i)_{<0>}f((n_ia_i)_{<1>})`$ | $`=`$ | $`\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}m_{<0>}f(m_{<1>}).\mathrm{}`$ |

The main result in this section is

###### Theorem 3.10.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$

1. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`_A^C(\psi )`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects.
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective *(*resp. f.g. and projective*)*, then

$$_A^C(\psi )\mathrm{Rat}^C(_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)})\sigma [(A_RC)_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)}]\text{ }\text{(}\text{resp. }_A^C(\psi )_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi ^{op}(C,A)}\text{)}\text{.}$$
(22)

###### Proof.

1. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat and the result follows by the isomorphism $`_A^C(\psi )^𝒞`$ and Proposition 1.10 (3) (this is a generalization of \[12, Section 2.8, Corollary 4\], where $`(A,C,\psi )`$ is *monoidal* and $`R`$ is a base field).
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition by Lemma 3.8 (2), i.e. $`(^{}𝒞,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}^\alpha .`$ The result follows now by Theorem 2.9 and Lemma 3.9. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is f.g. and projective, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ is also f.g. and projective and the result follows by Proposition 2.26.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Corollary 3.11.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a left-right entwining structure and consider the corresponding $`A^{op}`$-coring $`𝒟:=A^{op}_RC.`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then by Theorem 3.10 $`{}_{A}{}^{}_{}^{C}(\psi )_{A^{op}}^C(\psi \tau )`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects. If moreover $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective *(*resp. f.g. and projective*)*, then

$${}_{A}{}^{}_{}^{C}(\psi )\mathrm{Rat}^C(_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi (C,A)})=\sigma [_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi (C,A)}𝒟]\text{(}\text{resp. }_A^C(\psi )\text{ }_{\mathrm{\#}_\psi (C,A)}\text{)}\text{.}$$

###### 3.12.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure.

1. By \[9, Corollaries 3.4, 3.7\] $`_R^cA:^C_A^C(\psi )`$ is a functor, where for every $`N^C`$ we consider the canonical right $`A`$-module $`N_R^cA:=N_RA`$ with the $`C`$-coaction $`na[n_{<0>}a_\psi n_{<1>}^\psi ].`$ Moreover $`_RA`$ is left adjoint to the forgetful functor $`_A:_A^C(\psi )^C,`$ where for every $`N^C`$ and $`M_A^C(\psi )`$

$$\mathrm{Hom}_A^C(N_R^cA,M)\mathrm{Hom}^C(N,M),\text{ }gg(1_A)$$
(23)
is a functorial isomorphism with inverse $`f[naf(n)a].`$
2. By the isomorphism $`_A^C(\psi )^𝒞`$ and Proposition 1.10 (1) $`_RC_A𝒞:_A_A^C(\psi )`$ is a functor, where for every $`N_A`$ we consider the canonical right $`C`$-comodule $`N_RC`$ with the $`A`$-action $`(nc)ana_\psi c^\psi .`$ Moreover $`_RC`$ is right adjoint to the forgetful functor $`^C:_A^C(\psi )_A`$ and left adjoint to $`\mathrm{Hom}_A^C(𝒞,):_A^C(\psi )_A.`$

###### Definition 3.13.

Let $`C`$ be an $`R`$-coalgebra.

1. $`C`$ is said to be *left* (*right*) *Quasi-co-Frobenius*, if $`C`$ is cogenerated by $`C^{}`$ as a left (a right) $`C^{}`$-module (i.e. $`C`$ is a torsionless $`C^{}`$-module ).
2. Assume $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ to be locally projective. After  we call $`C`$ *left coproper* (resp. *right coproper*), if $`C^{\mathrm{}}:=\mathrm{Rat}^C(_C^{}C^{})`$ (resp. $`{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}C:=\mathrm{Rat}^C(C_C^{}^{})`$) is dense in $`C^{}.`$ We call $`C`$ *coproper*, if $`C`$ is left and right coproper.

###### Corollary 3.14.

Let $`(A,C,\psi )`$ be a right-right entwining structure and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$

1. Let $`C`$ be projective in $`^C`$ *(*e.g. $`R`$ is a QF ring and $`C`$ is left Quasi-co-Frobenius*)*. Then $`C_R^cA`$ is projective in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$ If moreover $`\psi `$ is bijective, then $`A_RC`$ is also projective in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective and left coproper, then $`C^{\mathrm{}}_R^cA`$ is a generator in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$
3. If $`A`$ is a cogenerator in $`_A,`$ then $`A_RC`$ is a cogenerator in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat and $`A_A`$ is injective, then $`A_RC`$ is injective in $`_A^C(\psi ).`$

###### Proof.

1. This follows from the functorial isomorphism (23): $`\mathrm{Hom}_A^C(C_R^cA,M)\mathrm{Hom}^C(C,M)`$ for every $`M_A^C(\psi ).`$ If $`R`$ is a QF ring and $`C`$ is left Quasi-co-Frobenius, then $`C`$ is projective in $`^C`$ by *.* Note that $`\psi `$ is a morphism in $`_A^C(\psi ),`$ hence $`A_RCC_R^cA`$ in $`_A^C(\psi ),`$ if $`\psi `$ is bijective.
2. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective and left coproper, then $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a generator in $`\sigma [_C^{}C]^C`$ by \[38, 2.6\]. The result follows then by the functorial isomorphism (23): $`\mathrm{Hom}_A^C(C^{\mathrm{}}_R^cA,M)\mathrm{Hom}^C(C^{\mathrm{}},M)`$ for every $`M_A^C(\psi ).`$
3. Consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$ If $`A`$ is a cogenerator in $`_A,`$ then by Lemma 1.10 (2) $`𝒞`$ is a cogenerator in $`^𝒞_A^C(\psi ).`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}𝒞`$ is flat and the second statement follows by Proposition 1.10 (7).$`\mathrm{}`$

### Doi-Koppinen Modules

In what follows we consider a fundamental class of entwined modules, namely the class of Doi-Koppinen modules introduced independently by Y. Doi  and M. Koppinen .

###### 3.15.

A *right-right Doi-Koppinen structure* over $`R`$ is a triple $`(H,A,C)`$ consisting of an $`R`$-bialgebra $`H,`$ a right $`H`$-comodule algebra $`A`$ and a right $`H`$-module coalgebra $`C.`$ A *right-right Doi-Koppinen module* for $`(H,A,C)`$ is a right $`A`$-module $`M,`$ which is also a right $`C`$-comodule through $`\varrho _M,`$ such that

$$\varrho _M(ma)=m_{<0>}a_{<0>}m_{<1>}a_{<1>}\text{ for all }mM\text{ and }aA.$$

With $`(H)_A^C`$ we denote the category of right-right Doi-Koppinen modules and $`A`$-linear $`C`$-colinear morphisms. By \[9, Page 295\] $`(A,C,\psi )`$ is a right-right entwining structure and $`(H)_A^C_A^C(\psi ),`$ where

$$\psi :C_RAA_RC,\text{ }caa_{<0>}ca_{<1>}.$$
(24)
By Lemma 3.3 $`\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A):=\mathrm{Hom}_R(C,A)`$ is an $`A`$-ring with $`A`$-bimodule structure

$$(af)(c):=a_{<0>}f(ca_{<1>})\text{ and }(fa)(c):=f(c)a,$$

multiplication

$$(fg)(c)=f(c_2)_{<0>}g(c_1f\left(c_2\right)_{<1>})$$
(25)
and unity $`\eta _A\epsilon _C.`$ Moreover we have, with $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ the corresponding $`A`$-coring, an isomorphism of $`A`$-rings $`\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞.`$ The $`R`$-algebra $`\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)`$ was introduced by M. Koppinen \[24, 2.2\].

###### 3.16.

Let $`H`$ be an $`R`$-bialgebra. Since $`H`$ itself is a right $`H`$-module coalgebra with structure map $`\mu _H,`$ it turns out that, for every right $`H`$-comodule algebra $`A,`$ the triple $`(H,A,H)`$ is a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and $`(H)_A^H=_A^H,`$ the category of *relative Hopf modules* investigated in . Note also that $`H`$ is a right $`H`$-comodule algebra with structure map $`\mathrm{\Delta }_H`$ and it turns out that, for every right $`H`$-module coalgebra $`C,`$ the triple $`(H,H,C)`$ is a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and $`(H)_H^C=_{[C,H]},`$ the category of *Doi’s* $`[C,H]`$*-modules* introduced in . Finally $`(H,H,H)`$ is a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and $`(H)_H^H=_H^H,`$ the category of *Hopf modules* studied by M. Sweedler \[34, 4.1\].

The following result is easy to prove.

###### Lemma 3.17.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$be a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure over $`R,`$ $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ the corresponding $`A`$-coring and $`TC^{}`$ a left $`H`$-module subalgebra.

1. $`A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T:=A_RT`$ is an $`A`$-ring with $`A`$-bimodule structure

$$\stackrel{~}{a}(a\mathrm{\#}f):=\stackrel{~}{a}_{<0>}a\mathrm{\#}\stackrel{~}{a}_{<1>}f\text{ and }(a\mathrm{\#}f)\stackrel{~}{a}:=a\stackrel{~}{a}\mathrm{\#}f$$
(26)
and multiplication

$$(a\mathrm{\#}f)(b\mathrm{\#}g):=a_{<0>}b\mathrm{\#}(a_{<1>}g)f.$$
(27)
If $`\epsilon _CT,`$ then $`1_A\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C`$ is a unity for $`A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T`$ and $`AA\mathrm{\#}^{op}T,`$ $`aa\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C`$ is a morphism of $`A`$-rings.
2. We have a morphism of $`A`$-rings

$$\beta :A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A),\text{ }a\mathrm{\#}f[caf(c)].$$

Hence $`Q:=(A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T,𝒞)`$ is a measuring left $`A`$-pairing with

$$\kappa _Q:=\phi \beta :A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T\text{ }^{}𝒞,\text{ }a\mathrm{\#}f[\stackrel{~}{a}c\stackrel{~}{a}af(c)].$$

###### Theorem 3.18.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$ be a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC.`$

1. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`(H)_A^C`$ is a Grothendieck catgeory with enough injective objects.
2. Let $`TC^{}`$ be an $`A`$-pure left $`H`$-module subalgebra and $`Q:=(A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T,𝒞).`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective *(*resp. f.g. and projective*)* and $`TC^{}`$ is dense, then $`\beta (A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T)\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)`$ is dense, $`Q𝒫_{ml}^\alpha `$ and we have isomorphisms of categories

$$(H)_A^C\sigma [𝒞_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}]=\sigma [𝒞_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T}]\text{(}\text{resp. }(H)_A^C_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}\text{)}\text{.}$$

###### Proof.

1. Since $`(H)_A^C_A^C(\psi ),`$ where $`\psi `$ is defined in (24), the result follows by Proposition 3.10 (1).
2. Consider the left measuring $`A`$-pairing $`P:=(A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{},𝒞)`$ and let $`\varphi :C^{}A_RC^{},`$ $`f1_Af.`$ Then we have for every right $`A`$-module $`M`$ the following commutative diagram

Let $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ be locally projective. Then $`\alpha _M^C`$ is injective and so $`\alpha _M^P`$ is injective. Since $`M`$ is an arbitrary right $`A`$-module, $`P`$ satisfies the $`\alpha `$-condition and we get by Theorem 3.10 the category isomorphisms $`(H)_A^C\sigma [𝒞_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}]\sigma [𝒞_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}].`$ It follows then by Theorem 2.9 that $`\kappa _P(A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{})`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense. If $`TC^{}`$ is an $`A`$-pure dense left $`H`$-module subalgebra, then obviously $`A\mathrm{\#}^{op}TA\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}`$ is dense, hence $`\kappa _Q(A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T)`$ $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞`$ is dense. Since $`{}_{}{}^{}𝒞\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)`$ it follows then that $`\beta (A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T)\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)`$ is dense.

If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is f.g. and projective, then $`(H)_A^C_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}`$ by Theorem 3.10 (2). Note that in this case $`A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)`$ and the result follows.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### 3.19.

A left-right Doi-Koppinen structure is a triple $`(H,A,C),`$where $`H`$ is an $`R`$-bialgebra, $`A`$ is a right $`H`$-comodule algebra and $`C`$ is a left $`H`$-module coalgebra. A Doi-Koppinen module corresponding to $`(H,A,C)`$ is a left $`A`$-module $`M,`$ which is also a right $`C`$-comodule through $`\varrho _M,`$ s.t. $`\varrho _M(am)=a_{<0>}m_{<0>}a_{<1>}m_{<1>}.`$ The category of left-right Doi-Koppinen modules and $`A`$-linear $`C`$-colinear morphisms is denoted by $`{}_{A}{}^{}_{}^{C}(H).`$ It turns out that $`(H^{op},A^{op},C)`$ is a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure, hence $`\mathrm{\#}(C,A):=(\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A^{op}))^{op}`$ is an $`A`$-ring with multiplication

$$(fg)(c)=f(g\left(c_2\right)_{<1>}c_1)g(c_2)_{<0>}.$$
(28)
and unity $`\eta _A\epsilon _C.`$ For every right $`H`$-module subalgebra $`TC^{}`$ (with $`\epsilon _CT`$) the smash product $`A\mathrm{\#}T:=(A^{op}\mathrm{\#}^{op}T)^{op}`$ is an $`A`$-ring with multiplication

$$(a\mathrm{\#}f)(b\mathrm{\#}g):=ab_{<0>}\mathrm{\#}(fb_{<1>})g$$
(29)
(and unity $`1_A\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C`$). In fact the $`R`$-algebra $`\mathrm{\#}(C,A)`$ (resp. $`A\mathrm{\#}T`$) was introduced in \[24, 2.1\] (resp. in \[15, Page 375\]).

###### Corollary 3.20.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$ be a left-right Doi-Koppinen structure, $`𝒟:=A^{op}_RC`$ the corresponding $`A^{op}`$-coring and $`\beta :A\mathrm{\#}C^{}\mathrm{\#}(C,A)`$the canonical morphism. If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`{}_{A}{}^{}(H)^C(H^{op})_{A^{op}}^C`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects. If $`TC^{}`$ is an $`A`$-pure dense right $`H`$-module subalgebra and $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective *(*resp. f.g. and projective*)*, then $`\beta (A\mathrm{\#}T)\mathrm{\#}(C,A)`$ is dense and

$${}_{A}{}^{}(H)^C\sigma [_{\mathrm{\#}(C,A)}𝒟]\sigma [_{A\mathrm{\#}T}𝒟]\text{(}\text{resp. }_A(H)^C\text{ }_{\mathrm{\#}(C,A)}\text{ }_{A\mathrm{\#}C^{}}\text{)}\text{.}$$

Next we extend some results of  on relative Hopf modules to the general case of right-right Doi-Koppinen modules.

###### Proposition 3.21.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$ be a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure such that $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective, $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ the corresponding $`A`$-coring and $`TC^{}`$ an $`A`$-pure dense left $`H`$-module subalgebra.

1. Let $`M`$ be a right $`A`$-module and a left $`T`$-module. If for all $`fT,`$ $`aA`$ and $`mM`$ we have

$$f[ma]=((a_{<1>}f)m)a_{<0>},$$

then $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM)(H)_A^C.`$ Consequently $`M(H)_A^C`$ iff $`M=\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM).`$
2. If $`\epsilon _CT,`$ then for every right $`A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T`$-module $`M`$ we have: $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM)=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T})`$ and $`M(H)_A^C`$ iff $`M=\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM).`$

###### Proof.

1. Since $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective and $`TC^{}`$ is dense, it follows by \[2, Satz 2.2.13\] that $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_T)^C.`$ Moreover we have for all $`m\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM),`$ $`fT`$ and $`aA:`$

| $`f[ma]`$ | $`=`$ | $`((a_{<1>}f)m)a_{<0>}`$ | $`=`$ | $`(m_{<0>}(a_{<1>}f)(m_{<1>}))a_{<0>}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`=`$ | $`f(m_{<1>}a_{<1>})m_{<0>}a_{<0>},`$ |  |  |

i.e. $`ma\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM)`$ with $`\varrho _M(ma)=m_{<0>}a_{<0>}m_{<1>}a_{<1>},`$ hence $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM)(H)_A^C.`$ On the other hand, if $`M(H)_A^C,`$ then $`M`$ is in particular a right $`C`$-comodule and so $`M=\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM).`$
2. Clearly $`\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T})\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM).`$ On the other hand we have for all $`fT,`$ $`aA`$ and $`m\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM):`$

| $`m(a\mathrm{\#}f)`$ | $`=`$ | $`m((1_A\mathrm{\#}f)(a\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C))`$ | $`=`$ | $`(m(1_A\mathrm{\#}f))(a\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C)`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`=`$ | $`(fm)(a\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C)`$ | $`=`$ | $`(m_{<0>}f(m_{<1>}))(a\mathrm{\#}\epsilon _C))`$ |
|  | $`=`$ | $`m_{<0>}af(m_{<1>}),`$ |  |  |

i.e. $`m\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(M_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}T})`$ with $`\varrho _M(m)=m_{<0>}_A(1_Am_{<1>}).`$ Note that for all $`fT,`$ $`aA`$ and $`m\mathrm{Rat}^C(_TM)`$ we have by a similar argument that $`f[ma]=((a_{<1>}f)m)a_{<0>}`$ and the result follows by (1).$`\mathrm{}`$

As a direct consequence of Proposition 3.21 we get

###### Corollary 3.22.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$be a right-right *(*resp. a left-right*)* Doi-Koppinen structure and assume $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ to be locally projective. If $`^C`$ is closed under extensions in $`{}_{C^{}}{}^{},`$ then $`(H)_A^C`$ *(*resp. $`{}_{A}{}^{}(H)^C`$*)* is closed under extensions in $`_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}`$ *(*resp. in $`{}_{A\mathrm{\#}C^{}}{}^{}`$*)*.

The proof of the following result is with slight modifications along the lines of \[26, 1.9\].

###### Corollary 3.23.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$ be a right-right *(*resp. a left-right*)* Doi-Koppinen structure with $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ locally projective and consider the corresponding $`A`$-coring $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ *(*resp. the $`A^{op}`$-coring $`𝒟:=A^{op}_RC`$*)*. If $`C`$ is left coproper and $`C^{\mathrm{}}C^{}`$ is $`A`$-pure, then

$$(H)_A^C=_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{\mathrm{}}}=_{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{}}𝒞\text{(}\text{resp. }_A(H)^C\text{ }_{A\mathrm{\#}C^{\mathrm{}}}\text{ }_{(^{\mathrm{}}𝒟)^{op}}\text{)}\text{.}$$

###### Proof.

Let $`(H,A,C)`$ be a right-right Doi-Koppinen structure, $`𝒜:=A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{},`$ $`P:=(𝒜,𝒞)𝒫_{ml}`$ and assume $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ to be locally projective. Since $`C`$ is left coproper, it follows by the isomorphism of categories $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_C^{})=\sigma [_C^{}C]`$ and analog to \[38, 2.6\] that $`\mathrm{Rat}^C(_C^{}N)=C^{\mathrm{}}N`$ for every left $`C^{}`$-module $`N.`$ By Lemma 3.21 (2) we have then

$$𝒯:=\mathrm{Rat}^𝒞(𝒜_𝒜)=\mathrm{Rat}^C(_C^{}𝒜)=C^{\mathrm{}}𝒜=𝒜(1_A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{\mathrm{}})=A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{\mathrm{}}.$$

Since $`C^{\mathrm{}}C^{}`$ is dense, $`𝒯=A_RC^{\mathrm{}}A_RC^{}`$ is dense by Theorem 3.18 and the result follows by Proposition 2.15. The corresponding result for left-right Doi-Koppinen structures follows by symmetry.$`\mathrm{}`$

Next we consider three examples of right-right Doi-Koppinen structures (see ).

###### 3.24.

Yetter-Drinfel’d modules. Let $`(H,K,A,C)`$ be a *Yetter-Drinfel’d datum,* $`(K^{op}_RH,A,C)`$ the corresponding right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and consider the category of Yetter-Drinfel’d modules $`𝒴𝒟(K,H)_A^C(K^{op}_RH)_A^C.`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`𝒴𝒟(K,H)_A^C`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects (this generalizes \[12, Section 4.4., Corollary 31\], where a base field is assumed). If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective (resp. f.g. and projective), then we have with $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ the corresponding $`A`$-coring

$$𝒴𝒟(K,H)_A^C\sigma [𝒞_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}]\sigma [𝒞_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{})}]\text{ (resp. }𝒴𝒟(K,H)_A^C_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}\text{).}$$

###### 3.25.

Long dimodules. Let $`A`$ be an $`R`$-algebra, $`C`$ an $`R`$-coalgebra, $`(R,A,C)`$ the trivial right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and consider the category of *Long dimodules* $`_A^C(R)_A^C.`$ If $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`_A^C`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects. If moreover $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective (resp. f.g. and projective), then we have with $`𝒞:=A_RC`$ the corresponding $`A`$-coring

$$_A^C\sigma [𝒞_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}]\sigma [𝒞_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}]\text{ (resp. }_A^C_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}=_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}C^{}}\text{).}$$

###### 3.26.

Modules graded by $`G`$-sets. Let $`G`$ be a group, $`A`$ a $`G`$-graded $`R`$-algebra, $`X`$ a right $`G`$-set (e.g. $`X=G`$), $`(RG,A,RX)`$ the corresponding right-right Doi-Koppinen structure and denote by $`gr`$-$`(G,A,X)(RG)_A^{RX}`$ the category of $`RX`$-graded right $`A`$-modules. Since the free $`R`$-module $`RX`$ is in particular locally projective, we get by Theorem 3.18 (2) isomorphisms of categories

$$gr\text{-}(G,A,X)\sigma [(A_RRX)_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(RX,A)}]\sigma [(A_RRX)_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}(RX)^{}}].$$

If moreover $`X`$ is finite, then $`RX`$ is in particular f.g. and projective, hence

$$gr\text{-}(G,A,X)_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(RX,A)}_{A\mathrm{\#}^{op}(RX)^{}}.$$

### Alternative Doi-Koppinen modules

It turns out from work of D. Tambara  that every entwining structure $`(A,C,\psi ),`$ for which $`{}_{R}{}^{}A`$ is f.g. and projective, can be obtained from a Doi-Koppinen structure with a suitable auxiliary $`R`$-bialgebra giving rise to the entwining map $`\psi .`$ P. Schauenburg has shown in  that this is not the case in general. However, if $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is f.g. and projective, then he remarks that $`(A,C,\psi )`$ can be derived form what he calls an *alternative Doi-Koppinen structure.*

###### 3.27.

Let $`H`$ be an $`R`$-bialgebra, $`A`$ a right $`H`$-module algebra and $`C`$ a right $`H`$-comodule coalgebra. Then $`(H,A,C)`$ is called a *right-right alternative Doi-Koppinen structure*. It turns out, that $`(A,C,\psi )`$ is a right-right entwining structure, where

$$\psi :C_RAA_RC,\text{ }caac_{<1>}c_{<0>}.$$

We denote the corresponding category of entwined modules (called *alternative right-right Doi-Koppinen modules*) by $`a(H)_A^C.`$ As for other categories of entwined moudles, if $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is flat, then $`a(H)_A^C`$ is a Grothendieck category with enough injective objects. If moreover $`{}_{R}{}^{}C`$ is locally projective (resp. f.g. and projective), then

$$a(H)_A^C\sigma [(A_RC)_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}]\text{ (resp. }a(H)_A^C_{\mathrm{\#}^{op}(C,A)}).$$

Acknowledgments. Most of the results in this paper are generalizations of results in my dissertation at the Heinrich-Heine Universität (Düsseldorf - Deutschland). I am so grateful to my supervisor Prof. Robert Wisbauer for the continuous support and encouragement. I also thank Tomasz Brzeziński for drawing my attention to the theory of corings and entwined modules during my visit to him in Swansea and for example (1.21). Many thanks go to José Gómez-Torrecillas for his inspiring ideas and for the useful preprints on the subject he sent me.