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# Residues of 𝑞-Hypergeometric Integrals and Characters of Affine Lie Algebras

## 1 Introduction

In this paper we study a problem arising from the study of two dimensional integrable quantum field theories. It is related with the calculation of the character of the space of local operators.

Let us first recall the known simplest example to give a preliminary insight on what kind of problem we are going to study. For the two dimensional massive Ising field theory in zero magnetic field, the problem of classifying local operators reduces to classifying the solutions to the equation

$`f(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2},x,x)=0,`$ (1)
where $`f(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ is a symmetric polynomial. If we denote $`R_n`$ the ring of symmetric polynomials of $`x_j`$’s, the space of solutions of (1) is given by

$`M_n:=R_n\mathrm{\Delta }_n^+,\mathrm{\Delta }_n^+={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{\overset{n}{}}}(x_i+x_j).`$
Specifying $`\text{deg}x_i=1`$, $`i`$, $`M_n`$ decomposes into the direct sum of the degree $`d`$ subspaces $`M_n(d)`$. The generating function of the dimension of $`M_n(d)`$ is calculated as

$`\text{ch}M_n:={\displaystyle \underset{d}{}}q^ddimM_n(d)={\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n(n1)}}{(q)_n}},(q)_n={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(1q^j).`$
Let $`M^{(i)}`$, $`i=0,1`$ be the direct sum of $`M_n`$ with $`n`$ being even for $`i=0`$ and odd for $`i=1`$. Then

$`\text{ch}M^{(i)}={\displaystyle \underset{nimod\mathrm{.\hspace{0.17em}2}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n(n1)}}{(q)_n}}.`$
These infinite sums can be rewritten into the infinite product form

$`\text{ch}M^{(0)}=\text{ch}M^{(1)}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1+q^j).`$
The last expression is the character of the Fock space of free fermions. The result is expected because the two dimensional Ising model in a zero magnetic field is described, at the critical point, by the free fermion conformal field theory.

The two particle $`S`$-matrix of the Ising model is $`1`$. To go beyond the Ising model there are two possibilities. One is to consider models with more complicated but diagonal $`S`$-matrices. In this case similar calculations were carried for several models in . The other is to consider models with non-diagonal $`S`$-matrices. Up to now no similar calculations have been successful in such cases.

In this paper we carry out similar calculations for the simplest model with a non-diagonal $`S`$-matrix, the $`SU(2)`$ invariant Thirring model . In this case the symmetric polynomial $`f`$ in (1) is replaced by a tensor valued function satisfying certain system of equations. The solutions to this system of equations are given by multi-dimensional $`q`$-hypergeometric integrals. For these integrals we have to solve the equation corresponding to (1). Thus the problem we consider looks far more complicated than the Ising case. Nevertheless we can solve this problem completely as shown in this paper. Let us explain our results supplying more precise statements.

Let $`V`$ be a two dimensional vector space and $`S(\beta )`$ the linear operator acting on $`V^2`$ defined by

$`S(\beta )=S_0(\beta )\widehat{S}(\beta ),\widehat{S}(\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{\beta \pi iP}{\beta \pi i}},S_0(\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\pi i+\beta }{2\pi i})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\beta }{2\pi i})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\pi i\beta }{2\pi i})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\beta }{2\pi i})}},`$
where $`P`$ is the operator which permutes the components of $`V^2`$. In general for a linear operator $`A`$ acting on $`V^2`$, we denote $`A_{ij}`$ the operator on $`V^n`$ which acts $`i`$-th and $`j`$-th components as $`A`$ and other components as an identity.

Consider the system of equations for a $`V^n`$-valued function $`f`$:

$`P_{i,i+1}S_{i,i+1}(\beta _i\beta _{i+1})f(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _n)=f(\mathrm{},\beta _{i+1},\beta _i,\mathrm{}),`$ (2)
$`P_{n1,n}P_{n1,n2}\mathrm{}P_{1,2}f(\beta _12\pi i,\mathrm{},\beta _n)=(1)^{\frac{n}{2}}f(\beta _2,\mathrm{},\beta _n,\beta _1).`$ (3)
This set of equations implies the $`sl_2`$ rational qKZ equation at level zero  and it can be solved in terms of multi-dimensional $`q`$-hypergeometric integrals . In this description of solutions, meromorphic solutions of (2) and (3) are parametrized by anti-symmetric polynomials $`P(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{\mathrm{}})`$ of $`X_a`$’s of degree less than $`n`$ in each variable with the coefficients in the space $`C_n`$ of symmetric and $`2\pi i`$-periodic meromorphic functions of $`\beta _j`$’s, here $`\mathrm{}`$ specifies the $`sl_2`$ weight of a solution. We restrict ourselves to the case where the coefficients are in the space of symmetric polynomials of $`x_j=e^{\beta _j}`$, $`1jn`$ and write $`P`$ as $`P(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{\mathrm{}}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ the solution corresponding to $`P`$. It is known  that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$, as a function of $`\beta _n`$, has at most a simple pole at $`\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i`$. Then the condition corresponding to (1) is

$`\text{Res}_{\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i}f(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _n)=0.`$ (4)
This condition should be rewritten as the condition for $`P`$. In fact we have derived equations for $`P`$ which imply (4). They are

$`P(X_1,\mathrm{},X_\mathrm{}1,\pm x^1|x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2},x,x)=0.`$ (5)
We conjecture that these equations are equivalent to (4).

Let $`U_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ be the space of solutions of (5). Since $`P`$ is an anti-symmetric polynomials of $`X_a`$’s, it can be considered as an element of the $`\mathrm{}`$-th exterior product of a free $`R_n`$-module with the monomials $`X^j`$ as a basis:

$`P^{\mathrm{}}H^{(n)},H^{(n)}=_{j=0}^{n1}R_nX^j.`$
There exist two special solutions

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_1U_{n,1},\mathrm{\Xi }_2U_{n,2},`$
for which $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{\Xi }_1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{\Xi }_2}`$ vanish identically . Moreover a polynomial $`P`$ with the coefficients in $`C_n`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ vanishes identically belongs to the space

$`^\mathrm{}1\widehat{H}^{(n)}\mathrm{\Xi }_1+^\mathrm{}2\widehat{H}^{(n)}\mathrm{\Xi }_2,\widehat{H}^{(n)}=_{j=0}^{n1}C_nX^j.`$
With this respect we consider the space

$`M_{n,\mathrm{}}:={\displaystyle \frac{U_{n,\mathrm{}}}{U_{n,\mathrm{}1}\mathrm{\Xi }_1+U_{n,\mathrm{}2}\mathrm{\Xi }_2}},`$
and, for a non-negative integer $`\lambda `$,

$`M_\lambda ^{(i)}=_{nimod\mathrm{.\hspace{0.17em}2},n2\mathrm{}=\lambda }M_{n,\mathrm{}}.`$
We define a degree, denoted by $`\text{deg}_1`$, assigning $`\text{deg}_1X_a=1`$, $`\text{deg}_1x_j=1`$. If $`P`$ is homogeneous by $`\text{deg}_1`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ becomes homogeneous of degree

$`\text{deg}_2P={\displaystyle \frac{n^2}{4}}+\text{deg}_1P,PU_{n,\mathrm{}}.`$
We introduce a grading on $`M_\lambda ^{(i)}`$ by $`\text{deg}_2`$. Then

###### Theorem 1

$`\text{ch}M_\lambda ^{(i)}={\displaystyle \underset{n2\mathrm{}=\lambda ,nimod\mathrm{.\hspace{0.17em}2}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{n^2}{4}}}{(q)_n}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ \mathrm{}1\end{array}\right]_q\right),`$ (10)
where

$`\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q={\displaystyle \frac{(q)_n}{(q)_{\mathrm{}}(q)_n\mathrm{}}}.`$ (13)
For a non-negative half integer $`S`$ let

$`\chi _S(z)={\displaystyle \frac{z^{2S+1}z^{(2S+1)}}{zz^1}}`$
be the character of the $`2S+1`$-dimensional irreducible representation of $`sl_2`$. An easy calculation shows

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda imod\mathrm{.\hspace{0.17em}2}}{}}\chi _{\lambda /2}\text{ch}M_\lambda ^{(i)}={\displaystyle \underset{nimod\mathrm{.\hspace{0.17em}2}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^{n2\mathrm{}}q^{\frac{n^2}{4}}}{(q)_{\mathrm{}}(q)_n\mathrm{}}}.`$
The last expression is the fermionic form of the character of the level one integrable highest weight representation $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i)`$ of the affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{sl_2}`$ presented in . The formula (10) gives the branching function of the $`\lambda +1`$-dimensional irreducible representation of $`sl_2`$ in $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i)`$.

Finally we remark that, for the Ising model, it is possible to construct a local operator, in the form of a set of form factors, to each element of $`M^{(i)}`$ . The problem of constructing form factors corresponding to the elements of $`M_\lambda ^{(0)}`$ will be studied in the subsequent paper.

The present paper is organized in the following manner. In section 2 the null residue equation (5) for a polynomial $`P`$ is derived. From section 3 to section 9 is devoted to the case $`n`$ even. We study the solution of (5) with $`\mathrm{}=1`$ in section 3. The module $`U_{2n,1}`$ is proved to be a free $`R_{2n}`$-module by giving its basis explicitly. In section 4 the space $`U_{2n,2}`$ is studied. Again we prove that $`U_{2n,2}`$ is a free $`R_{2n}`$-module by constructing a basis. In section 5 we present a candidate of a basis of $`U_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ in the space of exterior product of solutions for $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`2`$. Some combinatorial identity related with $`q`$-binomials and $`q`$-tetranomials are proved as a preparation of the study of $`U_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ for general $`\mathrm{}`$. In section 6 the structure theorem of $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ is given and a proof of it is presented assuming the linear independence of the basis. Sections 7 and 8 are devoted to the proof of the linear independence of the basis. The character formula (10) with $`n`$ even is derived in section 9. In section 10 the results on the case $`n`$ odd are presented and proved. In appendix A the details of calculations of the residue in section 2 is given.

## 2 Null residue equation

Let $`R_n`$ be the ring of symmetric polynomials of $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$. We consider the space of polynomials in $`X`$ of degree at most $`n1`$ with the coefficients in $`R_n`$:

$`H^{(n)}:=_{k=0}^{n1}R_nX^k.`$
The $`\mathrm{}`$-th exterior product $`^{\mathrm{}}H^{(n)}`$ is identified with the space of anti-symmetric polynomials $`P`$ in $`X_1`$, …, $`X_{\mathrm{}}`$ of degree less than $`n`$ in each variable with the coefficients in $`R_n`$. The identification is given by the map

$`X^{i_1}\mathrm{}X^i_{\mathrm{}}\text{Asym}(X_1^{i_1}\mathrm{}X_{\mathrm{}}^i_{\mathrm{}})={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma S_{\mathrm{}}}{}}\text{sgn}\sigma X_{\sigma (1)}^{i_1}\mathrm{}X_{\sigma (\mathrm{})}^i_{\mathrm{}}.`$
In the following we suppose that the variables $`X_a`$, $`x_j`$ and $`\alpha _a`$, $`\beta _j`$ are related by $`X_a=e^{\alpha _a}`$, $`x_j=e^{\beta _j}`$. To each element $`P^{\mathrm{}}H^{(n)}`$ and the index set $`M=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{\mathrm{}})`$, $`1m_1<\mathrm{}<m_{\mathrm{}}n`$, we associate the integral:

$`I_M(P):={\displaystyle _C^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}d\alpha _a{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\varphi _n(\alpha _a)g_M{\displaystyle \frac{P(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{\mathrm{}}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}{_{a=1}^{\mathrm{}}_{j=1}^n(1X_ax_j)}},`$ (14)
where

$`\varphi _n(\alpha )={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\alpha \beta _j+\pi i}{2\pi i})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\alpha \beta _j}{2\pi i})}},g_M={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _a\beta _{m_a}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m_a1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _a\beta _j+\pi i}{\alpha _a\beta _j}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{1a<b\mathrm{}}{}}(\alpha _a\alpha _b+\pi i).`$
The integration contour $`C`$ is defined as follows. It goes from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$, separating two sets $`\{\beta _j,\beta _j2\pi i,\beta _j4\pi i,\mathrm{}|1jn\}`$ and $`\{\beta _j\pi i,\beta _j+\pi i,\beta _j+3\pi i,\mathrm{}|1jn\}`$.

The set of integrals $`\{I_M(P)\}`$ satisfies a certain system of equations. Let us describe it. To this end we define a tensor valued function whose component is $`I_M(P)`$. Let $`V`$ be the vector space with the basis $`v_\pm `$:

$`V=v_+v_{}.`$
To each $`M=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{\mathrm{}})`$, $`1m_1<\mathrm{}<m_{\mathrm{}}n`$, we define the element $`v_M`$ in $`V^n`$ by

$`v_M=v_{ϵ_1}\mathrm{}v_{ϵ_n},M=\{j|ϵ_j=\}.`$
Using them define the $`V^n`$-valued function $`\psi _P`$ by

$`\psi _P={\displaystyle \underset{M}{}}I_M(P)v_M.`$
To write down the equations we need the operator acting on $`V^2`$ defined by

$`\widehat{S}(\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{\beta \pi iP}{\beta \pi i}},P(v_{ϵ_1}v_{ϵ_2})=v_{ϵ_2}v_{ϵ_1}.`$
In general for a linear operator $`A`$ acting on $`V^2`$, writing

$`A={\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}B_aC_a,B_a,C_a\text{End}(V),`$
we define the linear operator $`A_{ij}`$ acting on $`V^n`$ by

$`A_{ij}={\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\mathrm{}B_a\mathrm{}C_a\mathrm{}1,`$
where $`B_a`$ and $`C_a`$ are in i-th and j-th components respectively.

Then $`\psi _P`$ satisfies the following system of equations:

$`P_{i,i+1}\widehat{S}_{i,i+1}(\beta _i\beta _{i+1})\psi _P(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _n)=\psi _P(\mathrm{},\beta _{i+1},\beta _i,\mathrm{}),`$ (15)
$`P_{n1,n}P_{n1,n2}\mathrm{}P_{1,2}\psi _P(\beta _12\pi i,\mathrm{},\beta _n)=\psi _P(\beta _2,\mathrm{},\beta _n,\beta _1).`$ (16)
Here we remark on the solutions to the equations (2) and (3) in the introduction. By multiplying a scalar function we define $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_P=e^{\frac{n}{4}_{j=1}^n\beta _j}{\displaystyle \underset{j<k}{}}\zeta (\beta _j\beta _k)\psi _P,`$ (17)
where $`\zeta (\beta )`$ is a certain meromorphic function. See  and references therein for the precise description of $`\zeta (\beta )`$. We simply remark here that $`\zeta (\beta )`$ is holomorphic and non zero at $`\beta =\pi i`$. The function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ solves the equations (2) and (3). Conversely every solution of (2) and (3) can be written using $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$. Let us give more detailed and precise statements on this fact. Let $`\mathrm{\Theta }_\pm ^{(n)}(X)=_{j=1}^n(1\pm Xx_j)`$ and set

$`2\mathrm{\Xi }_1^{(n)}(X)=\mathrm{\Theta }_+^{(n)}(X)+(1)^{n1}\mathrm{\Theta }_{}^{(n)}(X),`$ (18)
$`2\mathrm{\Xi }_2^{(n)}(X_1,X_2)=\left(\mathrm{\Theta }_+^{(n)}(X_1)\mathrm{\Theta }_+^{(n)}(X_2)\mathrm{\Theta }_{}^{(n)}(X_1)\mathrm{\Theta }_{}^{(n)}(X_2)\right){\displaystyle \frac{X_1X_2}{X_1+X_2}}`$
$`+(1)^n\left(\mathrm{\Theta }_+^{(n)}(X_1)\mathrm{\Theta }_{}^{(n)}(X_2)\mathrm{\Theta }_+^{(n)}(X_2)\mathrm{\Theta }_{}^{(n)}(X_1)\right).`$ (19)
Notice that the space of meromorphic solutions of (15) and (16) is a vector space over the field $`C_n`$ of symmetric and $`2\pi i`$-periodic meromorphic functions of $`\beta _1`$,…,$`\beta _n`$. The ring $`R_n`$ becomes a subring of $`C_n`$. Consider the scalar extension of $`H^{(n)}`$ from $`R_n`$ to $`C_n`$:

$`\widehat{H}^{(n)}=C_n_{R_n}H^{(n)}=_{j=0}^{n1}C_nX^j.`$
Then

###### Theorem 2

()

* Any meromorphic solution of (2) and (3) which takes the value in the space of $`sl_2`$ highest weight vectors in $`V^n`$ with the weight $`n2\mathrm{}`$ can be written as $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ for some $`P^{\mathrm{}}\widehat{H}^{(n)}`$.
* For $`P^{\mathrm{}}\widehat{H}^{(n)}`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P=0`$ if and only if

$`P^\mathrm{}1\widehat{H}^{(n)}\mathrm{\Xi }_1^{(n)}+^\mathrm{}2\widehat{H}^{(n)}\mathrm{\Xi }_2^{(n)}.`$

The function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_P`$ has a nice homogeneity property. Let us define degrees, denoted by $`\text{deg}_1`$, of elements in $`^{\mathrm{}}H^{(n)}`$by assigning

$`\text{deg}_1X=1,\text{deg}_1x_j=1.`$
Then

###### Proposition 1

If $`P`$ is homogeneous by $`\text{deg}_1`$,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_P(\beta _1+\theta ,\mathrm{},\beta _n+\theta )=e^{\text{deg}_2(P)\theta }\mathrm{\Psi }_P(\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _n),`$
where

$`\text{deg}_2(P)={\displaystyle \frac{n^2}{4}}+\text{deg}_1P.`$
Proof. Notice that $`\alpha _a`$, $`\beta _j`$ appear in the integrand of $`I_M(P)`$ in the form $`\alpha _a\beta _j`$ or $`\alpha _a\alpha _b`$ except in $`P`$. The proposition immediately follows from this. Q.E.D.

In the following the degree of an element of $`^{\mathrm{}}H^{(n)}`$ is measured by $`\text{deg}_1`$ unless otherwise stated.

As a function of $`\beta _n`$, $`\psi _P`$ has at most a simple pole at $`\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i`$ . We shall study the space of $`P`$ such that

$`\text{Res}_{\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i}\psi _P=0.`$ (20)
By the remark below (17) this is equivalent to (4). Let us find the condition for $`P`$ such that (20) holds.

For a polynomial $`P(X_1,\mathrm{},X_{\mathrm{}}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_{2n})`$ of $`x_i^{}s`$ and $`X_j^{}s`$, define

$`\rho _\pm (P)=P(X_1,\mathrm{},X_\mathrm{}1,\pm x^1|x_1,\mathrm{},x_{2n2},x,x),x=x_{n1},`$
and for a set $`M=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{\mathrm{}})`$, $`1m_1<\mathrm{}<m_{\mathrm{}}n`$, define

$`M^{(a)}=(m_1^{},\mathrm{},m_\mathrm{}1^{})=(m_1,\mathrm{},m_{a1},m_{a+1},\mathrm{},m_{\mathrm{}}).`$
Let us set

$`\stackrel{~}{g}_M=g_M|_{\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i},D_n(X)={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(1Xx_j)`$
$`\stackrel{~}{J}_M(P)={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}\varphi _{n2}(\alpha _b)\stackrel{~}{g}_M{\displaystyle \frac{P}{_{b=1}^\mathrm{}1D_{n2}(X_b)(1X_b^2x_{n1}^2)}}.`$
Using these notations we define

$`I_M^{(1)}(P)={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^\mathrm{}1}{\beta _{n1}\beta _{m_a}\pi i}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n2}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _{n1}\beta _j}{\beta _{n1}\beta _j\pi i}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}d\alpha _b\stackrel{~}{J}_{M^{(a)}}(P)`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{_{b=1}^{a1}(\alpha _b\beta _{n1}+2\pi i)}{_{b=a}^\mathrm{}1(\beta _{n1}\alpha _b)}},`$
$`I_M^{(2)}(P)={\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}d\alpha _b\stackrel{~}{J}_{M^{(\mathrm{})}}(P),`$
$`I_M^{(3)}(P)={\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}d\alpha _b\stackrel{~}{J}_{M^{(\mathrm{})}}(P){\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _b\beta _{n1}}{\alpha _b\beta _{n1}+\pi i}},`$
$`I_M^{(4)}(P)={\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}d\alpha _b\stackrel{~}{J}_{M^{(\mathrm{}1)}}(P){\displaystyle \frac{\beta _{n1}\alpha _\mathrm{}1+\pi i}{\alpha _\mathrm{}1\beta _{n1}+\pi i}},`$
and

$`f_{n1}^{(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{(2\pi i)^{\mathrm{}}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{n1}(\beta _{n1}\pi i)}{D_{n2}(x_{n1}^1)}},`$
$`f_{n1}^{(2)}=f_{n1}^{(4)}=(2\pi i)^\mathrm{}1{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{n1}(\beta _{n1})}{D_{n2}(x_{n1}^1)}},`$
$`f_{n1}^{(3)}=(2\pi i)^\mathrm{}1{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{n1}(\beta _{n1}+\pi i)}{D_{n2}(x_{n1}^1)}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n2}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _{n1}\beta _j+2\pi i}{\beta _{n1}\beta _j}}.`$
Then

###### Proposition 2

For $`P^{\mathrm{}}H^{(2n)}`$, the residue of $`I_M`$ is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}Res_{\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i}I_M(P)`$ $`=`$ $`f_{n1}^{(1)}I_M^{(1)}(\rho _{}(P))\text{if }n1,nM,`$
$`=`$ $`f_{n1}^{(1)}I_M^{(1)}(\rho _{}(P))f_{n1}^{(2)}I_M^{(2)}(\rho _+(P))\text{if }n1M\text{}nM,`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}f_{n1}^{(j)}I_M^{(j)}(\rho _{(1)^j}(P))\text{if }nM\text{}n1M,`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{4}{}}}f_{n1}^{(j)}I_M^{(j)}(\rho _{(1)^j}(P))\text{if }n1,nM,`$
where $`\pm 1`$ are identified with $`\pm `$.

###### Corollary 1

If

$`\rho _+(P)=\rho _{}(P)=0,`$ (21)
then (20) is satisfied.

Remark. The residue of $`I_M(P)`$ can vanish for some $`M`$ although $`\rho _+(P)`$ or $`\rho _{}(P)`$ is not zero. The $`P`$’s corresponding to form factors of local operators give such examples . We conjecture that if the residue of $`I_M(P)`$ vanishes for all $`M`$ (21) holds. In other words we conjecture that (20) and (21) are equivalent. It is true for $`\mathrm{}=1`$.

Let us write down the equations (21) in component forms. To this end we introduce a notation. For a polynomial $`f(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ we define $`\overline{f}`$ by

$`\overline{f}=f(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2},x,x),x=x_{n1}.`$
Expand $`P^{\mathrm{}}H^{(2n)}`$ as

$`P={\displaystyle P_{i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}X^{i_1}}\mathrm{}X^i_{\mathrm{}},`$
such that the coefficients $`P_{i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}`$’s are anti-symmetric with respect to indices:

$`P_{i_{\sigma _1}\mathrm{}i_\sigma _{\mathrm{}}}=\text{sgn}\sigma P_{i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}},\sigma S_{\mathrm{}}.`$
Then (21) is equivalent to

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i_{\mathrm{}}:even}{}}\overline{P_{i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}}x^i_{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \underset{i_{\mathrm{}}:odd}{}}\overline{P_{i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}}x^i_{\mathrm{}}=0.`$ (22)
Let $`U_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ be the space of solutions of (21):

$`U_{n,\mathrm{}}=\{P^{\mathrm{}}H^{(n)}|\rho _+(P)=\rho _{}(P)=0\}.`$
It is obviously an $`R_n`$-module. In the subsequent sections we shall study the structure of $`U_{n,\mathrm{}}`$.

## 3 Solutions for $`\mathrm{}=1`$

In this section we study $`U_{2n,1}`$. The equations (22) for $`P=_{i=0}^{2n1}P_i(x)X^i`$ are

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}\overline{P_{2i}(x)}x^{2i}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{P_{2i1}(x)}x^{(2i1)}=0.`$ (23)
Thus the sets of polynomials $`\{P_{2i}\}`$ and $`\{P_{2i1}\}`$ satisfy the same equation independently. The solutions of the equation (23) can be found easily as we shall see below.

Let $`e_k^{(n)}`$ be the elementary symmetric polynomial defined by

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(1+x_jt)={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}e_k^{(n)}t^k.`$
We set $`e_k^{(n)}=0`$ for $`k>n`$, $`k<0`$ or $`n<0`$ and $`e_0^{(0)}=1`$.

Example 3.1. The polynomial

$`P=e_1^{(2n)}X+e_3^{(2n)}X^3+\mathrm{}+e_{2n1}^{(2n)}X^{2n1}`$
is a solution of (23). To verify this we use

$`\overline{e_k^{(n)}}=e_k^{(n2)}x^2e_{k2}^{(n2)},`$ (24)
which is valid for all integers $`k`$. Then

$`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{e_{2s1}^{(2n)}}x^{(2s1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(e_{2s1}^{(2n2)}x^2e_{2s3}^{(2n2)})x^{(2s1)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}e_{2s1}^{(2n2)}x^{(2s1)}{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}e_{2s1}^{(2n2)}x^{(2s1)}=0.`$
Beginning from the solution in Example 3.1 we can construct a set of solutions of (23). Let $`P_{r,s}^{(2n)}`$, $`1rn`$, $`s`$ be defined by the following recursion relations:

$`P_{1,s}^{(2n)}`$ $`=`$ $`e_{2s1}^{(2n)},`$
$`P_{r,s}^{(2n)}`$ $`=`$ $`P_{r1,s+1}^{(2n)}e_{2s}^{(2n)}P_{r1,1}^{(2n)}\text{for }r2.`$ (25)
We easily have

$`P_{r,s}^{(2n)}=0,s0.`$ (26)
###### Proposition 3

We have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{P_{r,s}^{(2n)}}x^{2(s1)}=0.`$
Proof. Let us prove this equation by the induction on $`r`$. The case $`r=1`$ is verified in Example 3.1.

###### Lemma 1

$`P_{r,s}^{(2n)}=0`$, $`sn+1`$.

This lemma is easily proved by the induction on $`r`$.

###### Lemma 2

$`\overline{P_{r,s}^{(2n)}}=P_{r,s}^{(2n2)}x^2P_{r,s1}^{(2n2)}`$.

Proof. Let us prove the lemma by the induction on $`r`$. If $`r=1`$, the assertion is (24) and there is nothing to prove. For $`r2`$, using (25) and (24) we have

$`\overline{P_{r,s}^{(2n)}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{P_{r1,s+1}^{(2n)}}\overline{e_{2s}^{(2n)}}\overline{P_{r1,1}^{(2n)}}`$
$`=`$ $`P_{r1,s+1}^{(2n2)}x^2P_{r1,s}^{(2n2)}(e_{2s}^{(2n2)}x^2e_{2s2}^{(2n2)})P_{r1,1}^{(2n2)}`$
$`=`$ $`P_{r1,s+1}^{(2n2)}e_{2s}^{(2n2)}P_{r1,1}^{(2n2)}x^2(P_{r1,s}^{(2n2)}e_{2s2}^{(2n2)}P_{r1,1}^{(2n2)})`$
$`=`$ $`P_{r,s}^{(2n2)}x^2P_{r,s1}^{(2n)}.`$
Q.E.D.

Using Lemma 1, 2 and (26) we have, for $`r2`$,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\overline{P_{r,s}^{(2n)}}x^{2(s1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(P_{r,s}^{(2n2)}x^2P_{r,s1}^{(2n2)})x^{2(s1)}=0.`$
Thus Proposition 3 is proved. Q.E.D.

Define the elements $`v_r^{(2n)}`$, $`w_r^{(2n)}`$ of $`H^{(2n)}`$ by

$`v_r^{(2n)}={\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}}P_{r,s}^{(2n)}X^{2(s1)},w_r^{(2n)}=Xv_r^{(2n)}.`$ (27)
###### Corollary 2

The elements $`v_r^{(2n)}`$, $`w_r^{(2n)}`$ are solutions of (23).

###### Theorem 3

The space $`U_{2n,1}`$ is a free $`R_{2n}`$ module of rank $`2n`$ with $`\{v_r^{(2n)},w_r^{(2n)}\}`$ as a basis:

$$U_{2n,1}=_{r=1}^nR_{2n}v_r^{(2n)}_{r=1}^nR_{2n}w_r^{(2n)}.$$

For the proof let us define the $`n`$ by $`n`$ matrix $`X^{(2n)}=(X_{ij}^{(2n)})`$ by

$`X_{ij}^{(2n)}=P_{i,j}^{(2n)},1i,jn.`$
###### Proposition 4

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n^+=_{i<j}^n(x_i+x_j)`$. Then

$$detX^{(2n)}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+.$$

We prepare several lemmas in order to prove Proposition 4.

###### Lemma 3

As a polynomial of $`x_1`$, …, $`x_{2n}`$, $`detX^{(2n)}`$ is homogeneous of degree $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$.

Proof. It can be easily checked that $`X_{ij}^{(2n)}=P_{i,j}^{(2n)}`$ is homogeneous of degree $`2i+2j3`$. Thus for any permutation $`(j_1,\mathrm{},j_n)`$ of $`(1,\mathrm{},n)`$ we have

$`\text{deg}(X_{1j_1}^{(2n)}\mathrm{}X_{nj_n}^{(2n)})=2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}i+2{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}j3n=n(2n1).`$
Q.E.D.

###### Lemma 4

$`detX^{(2n)}`$ is divisible by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+`$.

Proof. Since $`detX^{(2n)}`$ is a symmetric polynomial, it is sufficient to prove

$`\overline{detX^{(2n)}}=0.`$ (28)
In $`detX^{(2n)}`$ we successively add the $`j`$-th column multiplied by $`x_{2n1}^{2(j1)}`$ to the first column. Then $`i`$-th row of the first column becomes

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}P_{i,j}^{(2n)}x^{2(j1)}.`$
Thus (28) follows from Proposition 3. Q.E.D.

###### Lemma 5

The expression of $`detX^{(2n)}`$ as a polynomial of $`e_1`$,…,$`e_{2n}`$ is

$`detX^{(2n)}=(1)^{\frac{1}{2}n(n1)}e_1^ne_{2n}^{n1}+\mathrm{},`$
where $`e_k=e_k^{(2n)}`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ part does not contain $`e_1^ne_{2n}^{n1}`$.

Proof. It can be easily proved that $`P_{r,s}^{(2n)}`$ is at most of degree $`1`$ in $`e_{2n}`$, is of degree $`0`$ for $`s<nr+2`$ and

$`P_{r,nr+2}^{(2n)}=e_1e_{2n}+(\text{terms of degree }0\text{ in }e_{2n}).`$
Thus

$$\underset{e_{2n}\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{e_{2n}^{n1}}detX^{(2n)}=\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}\hfill e_1& \hfill e_3& \hfill \mathrm{}& \hfill e_{2n3}& \hfill e_{2n1}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \mathrm{}& \hfill 0& \hfill e_1\\ \hfill 0& \hfill 0& \hfill \mathrm{}& \hfill e_1& \hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{}& \hfill \mathrm{}& & & \hfill \mathrm{}\\ \hfill 0& \hfill e_1& \hfill \mathrm{}& \hfill \mathrm{}& \hfill \end{array}\right|=(1)^{\frac{1}{2}n(n1)}e_1^n,$$

which proves the lemma. Q.E.D.

###### Lemma 6

The expression of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+`$ as a polynomial of $`e_1`$,…,$`e_{2n}`$ is

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+=(1)^{\frac{1}{2}n(n1)}e_1^ne_{2n}^{n1}+\mathrm{}.`$
Proof. The statement follows easily from (see  for example)

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+=det(e_{2n2i+j}^{(2n)})_{1i,j2n1}.`$
Q.E.D.

Now Proposition 4 is obvious from Lemma 4, 5 and 6. Q.E.D.

Proof of Theorem 3.

By Proposition 4, $`v_i^{(2n)}`$, $`w_j^{(2n)}`$, $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$ are linearly independent over $`R_{2n}`$. Thus it is sufficient to prove that any solution

$$P=\underset{s=1}{\overset{n}{}}P_sX^{2(s1)}$$

of (23) is written as a linear combination of $`v_i^{(2n)}`$, $`1in`$ with the coefficients in $`R_{2n}`$. Let us consider the following linear equation for $`Q_i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$:

$`P={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}Q_iv_i^{(2n)},`$
which, in the matrix form, is

$`(P_1,\mathrm{},P_n)=(Q_1,\mathrm{},Q_n)X^{(2n)}.`$
By Cramer’s formula, using Proposition 4, this equation is solved as

$`Q_i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+}}detX_i^{(2n)},`$
where the matrix $`X_i^{(2n)}`$ is defined by replacing $`i`$-th row in $`X^{(2n)}`$ by $`(P_1,\mathrm{},P_n)`$. In a similar way to Lemma 4 one can prove that $`X_i^{(2n)}`$ is divisible by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+`$. Thus $`Q_iR_{2n}`$ and the theorem is proved. Q.E.D.

Notice that if $`\psi _P=0`$ the residue of $`\psi _P`$ is zero. Thus $`\mathrm{\Xi }_1^{(2n)}`$ should be in $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$. In fact we have the relation

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_1^{(2n)}=w_1^{(2n)},`$ (29)
which is obvious from their definitions.

## 4 Solutions for $`\mathrm{}=2`$

In this section we solve the equations (21) in the case $`\mathrm{}=2`$. In general, for solutions $`u_j`$, $`1jm`$, of (21) with $`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_j`$, it is obvious that their exterior product

$`u_1\mathrm{}u_m={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma }{}}\text{sgn}\sigma u_1(X_{\sigma _1},\mathrm{},X_{\sigma _\mathrm{}_1})\mathrm{}u_m(X_{\sigma _{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}_{m1}+1}},\mathrm{},X_\sigma _{\mathrm{}}),`$
is a solution of (21) with $`\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}_m`$. Thus, from the results of the previous section,

$`v_{i_1}^{(2n)}v_{i_2}^{(2n)},v_i^{(2n)}w_j^{(2n)},w_{j_1}^{(2n)}w_{j_2}^{(2n)},`$
are solutions of (21) with $`\mathrm{}=2`$ for any $`i_1,i_2`$, $`i,j`$, $`j_1,j_2`$. In fact there exist solutions which can not be expressed as an $`R_{2n}`$-linear combination of those solutions. Let us give a construction of them.

Set

$`v_0^{(2n)}={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n}{}}}e_{2j}^{(2n)}X^{2j}.`$
Although $`v_0^{(2n)}`$ are not in $`H^{(2n)}`$ it satisfies

$`\rho _\pm (v_0^{(2n)})=0.`$
Using $`v_0^{(2n)}`$ we define, for $`1jn`$,

$`2\xi _j^{(2n)}(X_1,X_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_1X_2}{X_1+X_2}}\left(v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)w_j^{(2n)}(X_2)+v_0^{(2n)}(X_2)w_j^{(2n)}(X_1)\right)`$ (30)
$`v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)w_j^{(2n)}(X_2)+v_0^{(2n)}(X_2)w_j^{(2n)}(X_1).`$
Since

$$v_0^{(2n)}(X)=v_0^{(2n)}(X),w_j^{(2n)}(X)=w_j^{(2n)}(X),$$

$`\xi _j`$ is an anti-symmetric polynomial of $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$ with the coefficients in $`R_{2n}`$. The definition of $`\xi _j`$ is motivated by the relation

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_2^{(2n)}=\xi _1^{(2n)},`$ (31)
which can be easily checked.

###### Proposition 5

$`\xi _j^{(2n)}U_{2n,2},1jn`$.

Proof. Applying $`\rho _\pm `$ to (30) we see that

$`\rho _\pm (2\xi _j^{(2n)})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_1x^1}{X_1\pm x^1}}\left(\overline{v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)}\rho _\pm (w_j^{(2n)})+\rho _\pm (v_0^{(2n)})\overline{w_j^{(2n)}(X_1)}\right)`$
$`\overline{v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)}\rho _\pm (w_j^{(2n)})+\rho _\pm (v_0^{(2n)})\overline{w_j^{(2n)}(X_1)}`$
$`=`$ $`0,`$
where $`\overline{v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)}`$ means, for example, that we take bar of each coefficient of the power of $`X_1`$.

It remains to prove $`\text{deg}_{X_i}\xi _j^{(2n)}2n1`$, $`i=1,2`$. Obviously $`\text{deg}_{X_i}\xi _j^{(2n)}2n`$, $`i=1,2`$. Let us calculate the coefficient of $`X_1^{2n}`$ as a polynomial of $`X_1`$ as

$`\underset{X_1\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{2\xi _j^{(2n)}}{X_1^{2n}}}`$
$`=`$ $`\underset{X_1\mathrm{}}{lim}[{\displaystyle \frac{1\frac{X_2}{X_1}}{1+\frac{X_2}{X_1}}}({\displaystyle \frac{v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)}{X_1^{2n}}}w_j^{(2n)}(X_2)+v_0^{(2n)}(X_2){\displaystyle \frac{w_j^{(2n)}(X_1)}{X_1^{2n}}})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{v_0^{(2n)}(X_1)}{X_1^{2n}}}w_j^{(2n)}(X_2)+v_0^{(2n)}(X_2){\displaystyle \frac{w_j^{(2n)}(X_1)}{X_1^{2n}}}]`$
$`=`$ $`e_{2n}^{(2n)}w_j^{(2n)}(X_2)e_{2n}^{(2n)}w_j^{(2n)}(X_2)=0.`$
Thus $`\text{deg}_{X_1}\xi _j^{(2n)}2n1`$. By the anti-symmetry of $`\xi _j^{(2n)}`$ we get $`\text{deg}_{X_2}\xi _j^{(2n)}2n1`$. Q.E.D.

###### Theorem 4

The module $`U_{2n,2}`$ is a free $`R_{2n}`$ module of rank $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$ with the following elements as a basis

$`v_{i_1}^{(2n)}v_{i_2}^{(2n)}(1i_1<i_2n),w_{j_1}^{(2n)}w_{j_2}^{(2n)}(1j_1<j_2n),`$
$`v_i^{(2n)}w_j^{(2n)}(1in,1jn1),\xi _k^{(2n)}(1kn).`$ (32)
The linear independence of (32) is a special case of Theorem 6. Let us prove the theorem assuming the linear independence.

First of all one can easily check that the number of elements (32) is $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$. We number the elements (32) from $`1`$ to $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$ and name the $`r`$-th element by $`Q_r`$. Let

$`Q_r={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}Q_{r;ij}X^iX^j,Q_{r;ij}R_{2n}.`$
We set $`Q_{r;ij}=Q_{r;ji}`$ for $`ij`$. We introduce the lexicographical order from the left on the set

$$J_2=\{(ij)|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}0}i<j2n1\}.$$

Define the $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$ by $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$ matrix $`X^{(2n)}=(X_{r;ij}^{(2n)})`$, $`1r\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)`$, $`(ij)J_2`$ by

$`X_{r;ij}^{(2n)}=Q_{r;ij}.`$
###### Lemma 7

As a polynomial of $`x_1`$, …, $`x_{2n}`$, $`detX^{(2n)}`$ is homogeneous of degree $`n(2n1)(4n3)`$.

This is a special case of Proposition 7.

###### Lemma 8

$`detX^{(2n)}`$ is divisible by $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{4n3}`$.

This lemma is also a special case of Proposition 8 below. Since the proof of the lemma generalizes the case $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and illustrates the proof in the general case, we shall give a proof of it here.

Proof. In $`detX^{(2n)}`$, to each $`(0,j)`$-th column with $`j=1,\mathrm{},2n1`$, we successively add the $`(2i,j)`$-th column times $`x_{2n1}^{2i}`$ for $`22i<j`$ and the $`(j,2i)`$-th column times $`x_{2n1}^{2i}`$ for $`j<2i`$. Then, to each $`(1,j)`$-th column with $`j=2,\mathrm{},2n1`$, we add the $`(2i1,j)`$-th column times $`x_{2n1}^{(2i1)}`$ for $`32i1<j`$ and the $`(j,2i1)`$-th column times $`x_{2n1}^{(2i1)}`$ for $`j<2i1`$ successively. Then, in the resulting determinant, the $`(r;0,j)`$-th component $`Q_{r;0,j}^{}`$ and the $`(r;1,j^{})`$-th component $`Q_{r;1,j^{}}^{}`$ becomes

$`Q_{r;0,j}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}Q_{r;2i,j}x_{2n1}^{2i},Q_{r;1,j^{}}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}Q_{r;2i1,j^{}}x_{2n1}^{(2i1)},`$
respectively. Since $`Q_r`$ is a solution of (22),

$`\overline{Q_{r;0,j}^{}}=\overline{Q_{r;1,j^{}}^{}}=0.`$
This means that $`Q_{r;0,j}^{}`$ and $`Q_{r;1,j^{}}^{}`$ are divisible by $`x_{2n1}+x_{2n}`$. Thus $`detX^{(2n)}`$ is divisible by $`(x_{2n1}+x_{2n})^{4n3}`$. Because $`detX^{(2n)}`$ is a symmetric polynomial of $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_{2n}`$, it is divisible by $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{4n3}`$. Q.E.D.

The following lemma is obvious from the linear independence of (32) and Lemma 7, 8.

###### Lemma 9

There is a non-zero constant $`c`$ such that

$`detX^{(2n)}=c(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{4n3}.`$
The proof of Theorem 4 is similar to that of Theorem 3 using Lemma 3 and 4.

## 5 $`q`$-Tetranomial identity

From now on we use the multi-index notations like

$`v_I=v_{i_1}\mathrm{}v_{i_l},\text{for }I=(i_1,\mathrm{},i_l).`$
Consider the following elements of $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$:

$`v_I^{(2n)}w_J^{(2n)}\xi _K^{(2n)},`$ (33)
$`I=(i_1,\mathrm{},i_\mathrm{}_1),1i_1<\mathrm{}<i_\mathrm{}_1n,`$ (34)
$`J=(j_1,\mathrm{},j_\mathrm{}_2),1j_1<\mathrm{}<j_\mathrm{}_2n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_3,`$ (35)
$`K=(k_1,\mathrm{},k_\mathrm{}_3),1k_1\mathrm{}k_\mathrm{}_3n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_3+1,`$ (36)
$`\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}.`$ (37)
If $`\mathrm{}=1,2`$, these are the basis of $`U_{2n,1}`$ and $`U_{2n,2}`$ given in Theorem 3 and 4 respectively.

Let us count the number $`N_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ of such elements. Obviously it is given by

$`N_{2n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{\mathrm{}_1}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\mathrm{}_1}{\mathrm{}_3}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_3}{\mathrm{}_2}}\right).`$
In the right hand side

$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{\mathrm{}_1}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\mathrm{}_1}{\mathrm{}_3}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_3}{\mathrm{}_2}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{n!}{\mathrm{}_1!\mathrm{}_2!\mathrm{}_3!(n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3)!}},`$
which is the tetranomial coefficient denoted by

$`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right).`$ (40)
Therefore we have

$`(1+x+x+x^2)^n={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{2n}{}}}N_{2n,\mathrm{}}x^{\mathrm{}}.`$
The left hand side is

$`(1+x)^{2n}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{2n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right)x^{\mathrm{}}.`$
Thus we have

$`N_{2n,\mathrm{}}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right)=\text{rank}^{\mathrm{}}H^{(2n)},`$ (41)
and the identity

$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{\mathrm{}_1}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\mathrm{}_1}{\mathrm{}_2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}{\mathrm{}_3}}\right),`$ (42)
here we used the symmetry of (40) with respect to the permutations of $`\mathrm{}_1`$, $`\mathrm{}_2`$, $`\mathrm{}_3`$.

By the definition of $`\text{deg}_1`$ we easily have

$`\text{deg}_1v_i^{(2n)}=2i1,\text{deg}_1w_j^{(2n)}=2j2,\text{deg}_1\xi _k^{(2n)}=2k2.`$
Thus

$`\text{deg}_1(v_I^{(2n)}w_J^{(2n)}\xi _K^{(2n)})={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}_1}{}}}(2i_r1)+{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}_2}{}}}(2j_r2)+{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}_3}{}}}(2k_r2),`$ (43)
if the element is non-zero. We denote the right hand side of (43) by $`d_{I,J,K}`$. Let us consider the generating function of $`d_{I,J,K}`$:

$`\text{ch}_{2n,\mathrm{}}:={\displaystyle \underset{I,J,K}{}}q^{d_{I,J,K}},`$ (44)
where $`I,J,K`$ run the index sets satisfying (34) - (37). It is easy to evaluate it explicitly. To write it we use the $`q`$-integer notations:

$`[n]_p=1p^n,[n]_p!=[1]_p[2]_p\mathrm{}[n]_p,\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ r\end{array}\right]_p={\displaystyle \frac{[n]_p!}{[r]_p![nr]_p!}}.`$ (47)
Then we easily obtain

$`\text{ch}_{2n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ \mathrm{}_1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\\ \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_3\\ \mathrm{}_2\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (54)
In the right hand side

$`\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ \mathrm{}_1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\\ \mathrm{}_2\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\\ \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}={\displaystyle \frac{[n]_{q^2}!}{[\mathrm{}_1]_{q^2}![\mathrm{}_2]_{q^2}![\mathrm{}_3]_{q^2}![n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3]_{q^2}!}}`$ (61)
is the $`q`$-tetranomial coefficient written as

$`\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (64)
If some $`\mathrm{}_i1`$, we set $`\text{(}\text{64}\text{)}=0`$. Notice that (64) is symmetric with respect to the permutations of $`\mathrm{}_1`$, $`\mathrm{}_2`$, $`\mathrm{}_3`$. Now we prove the $`q`$-analogue of (42).

###### Proposition 6

$`\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\\ \mathrm{}_1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\\ \mathrm{}_2\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\\ \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (73)
Proof. Let us denote the left and the right hand sides of (73) by $`a_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ respectively. By direct calculations one can easily prove (73) for $`\mathrm{}=0,1,2`$. It is obvious that $`a_{1,\mathrm{}}=b_{1,\mathrm{}}=0`$ for $`\mathrm{}3`$. Thus (73) holds for $`n=1`$. Let us prove the identity by the induction on $`n`$. To this end we shall show that $`a_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ satisfy the same recursion relation.

The following recursion relations hold for $`q`$-binomial coefficients:

$`\left[\begin{array}{c}m\\ r\end{array}\right]_p`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{c}m1\\ r\end{array}\right]_p+p^{mr}\left[\begin{array}{c}m1\\ r1\end{array}\right]_p`$ (80)
$`=`$ $`p^r\left[\begin{array}{c}m1\\ r\end{array}\right]_p+\left[\begin{array}{c}m1\\ r1\end{array}\right]_p.`$ (85)
Using (80) and (85) we have

$`a_{n,\mathrm{}}=a_{n1,\mathrm{}}+(q^{2n\mathrm{}1}+q^{2n1})a_{n1,\mathrm{}1}+q^{2n\mathrm{}}a_{n1,\mathrm{}2}.`$ (86)
Let us prove the same recursion relation for $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$. Using (80) for the first $`q`$-binomial coefficient in the product in $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ we have

$`b_{n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)}\left[\begin{array}{c}n1\\ \mathrm{}_1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\\ \mathrm{}_2\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\\ \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ (93)
$`+q^{2n1}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{(\mathrm{}_11)^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)}\left[\begin{array}{c}n1\\ \mathrm{}_11\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\\ \mathrm{}_2\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\\ \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (100)
It is obvious that

$`\text{(}\text{100}\text{)}=q^{2n1}b_{n1,\mathrm{}1}.`$
Applying (80) to the second $`q`$-binomial coefficient in (93) we have

$`\text{(}\text{93}\text{)}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)}\left[\begin{array}{c}n1\\ \mathrm{}_1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_11\\ \mathrm{}_2\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{c}n\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2\\ \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ (107)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}1}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_2+1)+2(n1\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n1& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (110)
We again use (80) to the third product of $`q`$-binomial coefficients in (107) we get

$`\text{(}\text{107}\text{)}=b_{n1,\mathrm{}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}2}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)+2n\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n1& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (113)
Therefore we have

$`b_{n,\mathrm{}}=b_{n1,\mathrm{}}+q^{2n1}b_{n1,\mathrm{}1}+\text{(}\text{110}\text{)}+\text{(}\text{113}\text{)}.`$ (114)
Using the symmetry of $`\mathrm{}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{}_2`$ of the $`q`$-tetranomial coefficient we see that

$`\text{(}\text{110}\text{)}={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}1}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)+2\mathrm{}_3+2n1\mathrm{}}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n1& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (117)
There is an obvious identity of the form

$`[\mathrm{}_3]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}=[\mathrm{}_1+1]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1+1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_31\end{array}\right]_{q^2},`$ (122)
which is also valid for $`\mathrm{}_3=0`$. We rewrite (122) as

$`q^{2\mathrm{}_3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1+1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_31\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ (132)
$`+q^{2(\mathrm{}_1+1)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1+1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_31\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$
We substitute (132) into (117) and get

$`\text{(}\text{110}\text{)}=q^{2n1\mathrm{}}b_{n1,\mathrm{}1}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}1}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)+2n1\mathrm{}}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n1& \\ \mathrm{}_1+1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_31\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ (135)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}1}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)+2n1\mathrm{}+2(\mathrm{}_1+1)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n1& \\ \mathrm{}_1+1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_31\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (138)
If $`\mathrm{}_1=1`$, the sum of the summand of (135) and (138) becomes zero. Therefore the sum in (135) and (138) can be taken for $`\mathrm{}_11`$, $`\mathrm{}_20`$, $`\mathrm{}_31`$. Then shifting the summation variables $`\mathrm{}_1`$ and $`\mathrm{}_3`$ we have

$`\text{(}\text{135}\text{)}+\text{(}\text{138}\text{)}=\text{(}\text{113}\text{)}+q^{2n\mathrm{}}b_{n1,\mathrm{}2}.`$
We substitute this into (114) and get the recursion relation (86) for $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$. Thus by the induction on $`n`$ Proposition 6 is proved. Q.E.D.

## 6 Solutions for general $`\mathrm{}`$

We shall show that the solutions of (21) for $`\mathrm{}3`$ are generated by the solutions for $`\mathrm{}=1,2`$. More precisely we prove

###### Theorem 5

The module $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ is a free $`R_{2n}`$-module of rank $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ with the set of elements $`\{v_I^{(2n)}w_J^{(2n)}\xi _K^{(2n)}\}`$ as a basis:

$`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}=_{I,J,K}R_{2n}v_I^{(2n)}w_J^{(2n)}\xi _K^{(2n)},`$
where $`I,J,K`$ runs over all index sets satisfying (34)-(37).

The strategy of the proof is similar to the case $`\mathrm{}=1,2`$. The most complex part of the proof is in the following theorem.

###### Theorem 6

The elements $`\{v_I^{(2n)}w_J^{(2n)}\xi _K^{(2n)}\}`$, where $`I,J,K`$ runs over all index sets satisfying (34)-(37), are linearly independent over $`R_{2n}`$.

The proof of this theorem is given in section 8. In this section we prove Theorem 5 assuming Theorem 6.

We number the elements $`\{v_I^{(2n)}w_J^{(2n)}\xi _K^{(2n)}\}`$ from $`1`$ to $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ and denote the $`r`$-th element by $`Q_r`$. Expand $`Q_r`$ as

$`Q_r={\displaystyle \underset{0i_1<\mathrm{}<i_{\mathrm{}}2n1}{}}Q_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}X^{i_1}\mathrm{}X^i_{\mathrm{}}.`$ (139)
We extend the index $`(i_1,\mathrm{},i_{\mathrm{}})`$ of $`Q_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}`$ to $`0i_1,\mathrm{},i_{\mathrm{}}2n1`$ such that $`Q_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}`$ is anti-symmetric with respect to the permutation of $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_{\mathrm{}}`$. We introduce the lexicographical order from the left on the set

$`J_{2n,\mathrm{}}=\{(i_1,\mathrm{},i_{\mathrm{}})|\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}i_1<\mathrm{}<i_{\mathrm{}}2n1\}.`$
Let us define the $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ by $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ matrix $`X^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ by

$`X^{(2n,\mathrm{})}=(X_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}^{(2n,\mathrm{})}),1r\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right),(i_1,\mathrm{},i_{\mathrm{}})J_{2n,\mathrm{}},`$ (140)
$`X_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}^{(2n,\mathrm{})}=Q_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}.`$
###### Proposition 7

As an element of $`R_{2n}`$, $`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is homogeneous of degree $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}\right)\left(\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)\right)`$.

Proof. By the definition of $`\text{deg}_1`$, if $`Q_r=v_Iw_J\xi _K`$,

$`\text{deg}_1Q_{r;s_1\mathrm{}s_{\mathrm{}}}=d_{I,J,K}+s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{\mathrm{}}.`$
Thus, as in the proof of Lemma 3, $`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is homogeneous of degree

$`d^{(2n,\mathrm{})}:={\displaystyle \underset{I,J,K}{}}d_{I,J,K}+{\displaystyle \underset{0s_1<\mathrm{}<s_{\mathrm{}}2n1}{}}(s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{\mathrm{}}).`$
The proposition follows from the following lemma.

###### Lemma 10

$`d^{(2n,\mathrm{})}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}}\right)\left(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)\right).`$ (141)
Proof. Let us set

$`a_{n,\mathrm{}}:=\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q.`$ (144)
By Proposition 6, (44), (54)

$`a_{n,\mathrm{}}=\text{ch}_{2n,\mathrm{}}.`$
It follows that

$`d^{(2n,\mathrm{})}={\displaystyle \frac{da_{n,\mathrm{}}}{dq}}|_{q=1}+{\displaystyle \underset{0s_1<\mathrm{}<s_{\mathrm{}}2n1}{}}(s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{\mathrm{}}).`$ (145)
We denote the first term of the right hand side of (145) by $`A_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ and the second term by $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$. The sum $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ is expressed in terms of $`A_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ as follows. Notice that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{0s_1<\mathrm{}<s_{\mathrm{}}2n1}{}}q^{s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{\mathrm{}}}=q^{\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}1)}a_{n,\mathrm{}}.`$
Then

$`b_{n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dq}}(q^{\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}1)}a_{n,\mathrm{}})|_{q=1}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{}}{2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right)+A_{n,\mathrm{}},`$
and

$`d^{(2n,\mathrm{})}=2A_{n,\mathrm{}}+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{}}{2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right).`$
Let us define $`c_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ by

$`c_{n,\mathrm{}}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}}\right)\left(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{}}{2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right),`$ (146)
Then the lemma is equivalent to

$`c_{n,\mathrm{}}=2A_{n,\mathrm{}}.`$ (147)
Let us prove (147) by the induction on $`n`$. For $`n=1`$, (147) is easily verified. Let us prove that $`c_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`2A_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ satisfy the same recursion relation.

Notice that $`a_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ here is the same as $`a_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ in the proof of Proposition 6. By differentiating the recursion relation (86) of $`a_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ one obtains the recursion relation for $`2A_{n,\mathrm{}}`$:

$`2A_{n,\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`2A_{n1,\mathrm{}}+2(2A_{n1,\mathrm{}1})+2A_{n1,\mathrm{}2}`$ (148)
$`+2(4n\mathrm{}2)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+2(2n\mathrm{})\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}2}}\right).`$
We prove the same recursion relation for $`c_{n,\mathrm{}}`$. Set

$`c_{n,\mathrm{}}^{(1)}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{2}}\right)\left(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)\right),c_{n,\mathrm{}}^{(2)}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{}}{2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}}\right).`$
Using

$`\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{m}}\right)=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n2}{m}}\right)+2\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n2}{m1}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n2}{m2}}\right),`$
in each binomial coefficient in $`c_{n,\mathrm{}}^{(1)}`$ and $`c_{n,\mathrm{}}^{(2)}`$, we get

$`c_{n,\mathrm{}}^{(1)}=c_{n1,\mathrm{}}^{(1)}+2c_{n1,\mathrm{}1}^{(1)}+c_{n1,\mathrm{}2}^{(1)}+(4n3)\left(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}2}}\right)\right),`$
$`c_{n,\mathrm{}}^{(2)}=c_{n1,\mathrm{}}^{(2)}+2c_{n1,\mathrm{}1}^{(2)}+c_{n1,\mathrm{}2}^{(2)}+2(\mathrm{}1)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+(2\mathrm{}3)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}2}}\right).`$
Taking the difference of these equations and using the induction hypothesis we get the desired recursion relation. Q.E.D.

###### Proposition 8

The determinant $`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is divisible by $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)}`$.

Proof. In $`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$, for each $`1j_2<\mathrm{}<j_{\mathrm{}}2n1`$, we add the $`(2j,j_2,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}})`$-th column times $`x_{2n1}^{2j}`$ or $`x_{2n1}^{2j}`$ to the $`(0,j_2,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}})`$-th column successively so that, in the resulting determinant, the $`(r;0,j_2,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}})`$-th component becomes

$`Q_{r;0,j_2\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}Q_{r;2j,j_2\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}}x_{2n1}^{2j}.`$
Further, for each $`2j_2^{}<\mathrm{}<j_{\mathrm{}}^{}2n1`$, we add the $`(2j1,j_2^{},\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$-th column times $`x_{2n1}^{(2j1)}`$ or $`x_{2n1}^{(2j1)}`$ to the $`(1,j_2^{},\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$-th column successively so that the $`(r;1,j_2^{},\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}}^{})`$-th component becomes

$`Q_{r;1,j_2^{}\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}^{}}^{}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}Q_{r;2j1,j_2^{}\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}^{}}x_{2n1}^{(2j1)}.`$
Since $`\{Q_{r;i_1\mathrm{}i_{\mathrm{}}}\}`$ satisfy (22), we have

$`\overline{Q_{r;0,j_2\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}}^{}}=\overline{Q_{r;1,j_2^{}\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}^{}}^{}}=0.`$
It follows that $`Q_{r;0,j_2\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}}^{}`$ and $`Q_{r;1,j_2^{}\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}^{}}^{}`$ are divisible by $`x_{2n1}+x_{2n}`$. Thus $`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is divisible by

$$(x_{2n1}+x_{2n})^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)}.$$

Since $`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is a symmetric polynomial of $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_{2n}`$, it is divisible by

$$(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)}.$$

Q.E.D.

###### Corollary 3

There is a constant $`c`$ such that

$`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}=c(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)}.`$
Proof of Theorem 5.

It is sufficient to prove that any $`PU_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ can be written as a linear combination of $`Q_r`$’s with the coefficients in $`R_{2n}`$. Let us write

$`P={\displaystyle \underset{0j_1<\mathrm{}<j_{\mathrm{}}2n1}{}}P_{j_1\mathrm{}j_{\mathrm{}}}X^{j_1}\mathrm{}X^j_{\mathrm{}}.`$
We solve the following linear equations for $`S_r`$, $`r=1,\mathrm{},\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$:

$`P={\displaystyle \underset{r}{}}S_rQ_r,`$
which, in the matrix form,

$`(P_{j_1,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}}})=(S_r)X^{(2n,\mathrm{})},`$
where $`(P_{j_1,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}}})`$ and $`(S_r)`$ are both row vectors. Since $`\{Q_r\}`$ are linearly independent over $`R_{2n}`$ by Theorem 6, $`c0`$ in Corollary 3. Then by Cramer’s formula

$`S_r=c^1(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)}detX_r^{(2n,\mathrm{})},`$
where the matrix $`detX_r^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is defined by replacing the $`r`$-th row in $`X^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ by $`(P_{j_1,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}}})`$. In a similar way to the proof of Proposition 8, $`detX_r^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ is proved to be divisible by

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right)}.`$
Thus $`S_rR_{2n}`$ as desired. Q.E.D.

## 7 Equivalent Conditions for linear independence

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}`$ be the $`2n`$-dimensional vector space with the basis $`\alpha _i,\beta _j`$, $`i,j=1,\mathrm{},n`$:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}=_{i=1}^n\alpha _i_{j=1}^n\beta _j.`$
Define $`\omega _k^2\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}`$ by

$`\omega _k={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _{rk+1}\beta _r.1rn,`$ (149)
Here and in the following the indices of $`\alpha _i`$, $`\beta _j`$, $`\omega _k`$ are extended to integers and they are read by modulo $`n`$ in the representative $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$.

In this section we set

$`e_k=e_k^{(2n)},P_{r,s}=P_{r,s}^{(2n)},v_i=v_i^{(2n)},w_j=w_j^{(2n)},\xi _k=\xi _k^{(2n)},`$
since $`n`$ always remains same.

###### Theorem 7

The following conditions are equivalent:

* $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ is linearly independent over $``$,
* $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ linearly generate $`^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}`$,
* $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ is a basis of $`^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}`$,
* $`\{v_Iw_J\xi _K\}`$ is linearly independent over $`R_{2n}`$,

where $`I,J,K`$ satisfy (34)-(37).

Proof. By (41), it is obvious that (i), (ii) and (iii) are equivalent. Let us prove the equivalence of (i) and (iv). To this end we have to prepare several lemmas and propositions.

###### Proposition 9

The following expressions for $`\xi _k`$ hold:

$`\xi _k=\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=nk+1}{\overset{nk+i}{}}}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=k}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=ik}{\overset{nk}{}}}\right)e_{2(ki+r)}X^{2r+1}v_i,`$ (150)
$`\xi _k=\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=nk+1}{\overset{nk+i}{}}}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=k}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=ik}{\overset{nk}{}}}\right)e_{2(ki+r)}w_iX^{2r}.`$ (151)
The proof of this proposition is given in the end of this section.

We consider the specialization

$`e_1=e_{2n}=1,e_j=0,j1,2n.`$ (152)
###### Lemma 11

At (152) we have

$$P_{r,s}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1,& 1sn\text{ and }s=nr+2\text{ mod. }n\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof. Let us prove the statement by the induction on $`r`$. For $`r=1`$,

$`P_{1,s}=e_{2s1},`$
and the statement is obvious. For $`r2`$, Substituting (152) into (25) and using the hypothesis of the induction we have

$$P_{r,nr+2}=P_{r1,n(r1)+2}e_{2(nr+2)}P_{r1,1}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill P_{1,n+1}e_{2n}P_{1,1}=1,& r=2\hfill \\ \hfill 1,& r3.\hfill \end{array}$$

For $`snr+2`$,

$`P_{r,s}=P_{r1,s+1}e_{2s}P_{r1,1}=0,`$
by the induction hypothesis. Q.E.D.

For any integer $`i`$ we set

$`<i>=X^j,0j2n1,ij\text{ mod. }2n\text{.}`$
###### Corollary 4

At (152) we have

$`v_i=<2(ni+1)>,w_i=<2(ni+1)+1>,1in.`$
The following lemma follows from Proposition 9 and Corollary 4.

###### Lemma 12

At (152),

$`\xi _k={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}<2(n+rk)+1>v_r={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}w_{kr+1}v_r.`$
At (152) we set

$`\alpha _i=v_{2i},\beta _j=w_j.`$
Then we have

$`\omega _k={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _{rk+1}\beta _r=\xi _k.`$
Thus at (152)

$`\{v_Iw_J\xi _K\}=\{\pm \alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\},`$
where $`\pm `$ means that $`+`$ or $``$ is determined to each $`(I,J,K)`$. Consequently, if $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ are linearly independent, for the matrix $`X^{(2n,\mathrm{})}`$ defined in (140),

$`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}0,`$
at (152) and $`\{v_Iw_J\xi _K\}`$ are linearly independent over $`R_{2n}`$. Therefore (iv)$``$(i) in Theorem 7 is proved.

Let us prove the converse. We have to use the following lemma which can be easily verified.

###### Lemma 13

At (152), we have

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n}^+=(1)^{\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)(\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right))}.`$
Now, if $`\{v_Iw_J\xi _K\}`$ are linearly independent over $`R_{2n}`$, $`c0`$ in Corollary 3. Then, at (152), we get

$`detX^{(2n,\mathrm{})}=c(1)^{\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)(\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{\mathrm{}1}\right))}0.`$
Thus $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ are linearly independent. Q.E.D.

Proof of Proposition 9.

Let us first prove (150). In this proof we extend the index $`r`$ of $`P_{r,s}`$ to $`r`$ by defining

$`P_{r,s}=e_{2(s+r)3},r0.`$
For $`rn+1`$, $`P_{r,s}`$ is defined by the recursion relation (25). Then the recursion relation (25) holds for all $`r,s`$.

The following lemma is obtained by a simple calculation using the definitions (27) and (30).

###### Lemma 14

$`(X_1+X_2)\xi _k(X_1,X_2)={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(e_{2j}P_{k,i}e_{2i}P_{k,j})X_1^{2i}X_2^{2j}.`$
Let us denote the right hand side of (150) by $`\eta _k`$ and expand it as

$`\eta _k={\displaystyle \underset{i,j=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}a_{ij}^{(k)}(X_1^{2i+1}X_2^{2j}X_2^{2i+1}X_1^{2j}).`$
We set $`a_{ij}^{(k)}=0`$ unless $`0i,jn1`$. Then

$`(X_1+X_2)\eta _k={\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}(a_{i1,j}^{(k)}a_{j1,i}^{(k)})X_1^{2i}X_2^{2j}+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}(a_{ij}^{(k)}a_{ji}^{(k)})X_1^{2i+1}X_2^{2j+1}.`$
Comparing this with Lemma 14 we see that (150) is equivalent to the following equations:

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}=a_{ji}^{(k)},`$ (153)
$`a_{i1,j}^{(k)}a_{j1,i}^{(k)}=e_{2j}P_{k,i}e_{2i}P_{k,j}.`$ (154)
In order to prove these equations we calculate $`a_{ij}^{(k)}`$ more explicitly.

###### Lemma 15

We have

$$a_{ij}^{(k)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _{r=0}^ie_{2(ir)}P_{k+r,j+1},& 0ink\hfill \\ \hfill _{r=1}^{ni}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr,j+1},& nk+1in1.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof. If $`0ink`$, $`X^{2i+1}X^{2j}`$ appears only from the second sum of the right hand side of (150). Its coefficient is calculated as

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}={\displaystyle \underset{r=k}{\overset{k+i}{}}}e_{2(kr+i)}P_{r,j+1}={\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}P_{k+r,j+1}.`$
Similarly, if $`nk+1in1`$, $`X^{2i+1}X^{2j}`$ appears only from the first sum term and its coefficient is given by

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}={\displaystyle \underset{r=kn+i}{\overset{k1}{}}}e_{2(kr+i)}P_{r,j+1}={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr,j+1}.`$
Q.E.D.

Let us rewrite $`a_{ij}^{(k)}`$ more.

###### Lemma 16

$$a_{ij}^{(k)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(_{r+s=i+j+2,ri}_{r+s=i+j+2,rj+1}\right)e_{2r}P_{k1,s},\hfill & 0ink\hfill \\ \left(_{r+s=i+j+1,rj}_{r+s=i+j+1,ri+1}\right)e_{2r}P_{k,s},\hfill & nk+1in1.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof. First we suppose that $`0ink`$. Using Lemma 15 we have

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}P_{k+r,j+1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}(P_{k+r1,j+2}e_{2(j+1)}P_{k+r1,1})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}P_{k+r1,j+2}+e_{2i}P_{k1,j+2}e_{2(j+1)}{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}P_{k+r1,1}.`$
By Lemma 15 we have, for the first term,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}P_{k+r1,j+2}=a_{i1,j+1}^{(k)}.`$
As to the third term, we see

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i}{}}}e_{2(ir)}P_{k+r1,1}`$ $`=`$ $`P_{k+i1,1}+e_2P_{k+i2,1}+\mathrm{}+e_{2i}P_{k1,1}`$
$`=`$ $`(P_{k+i2,2}e_2P_{k+i2,1})+e_2P_{k+i2,1}+\mathrm{}+e_{2i}P_{k1,1}`$
$`=`$ $`P_{k+i2,2}+e_4P_{k+i3,1}+\mathrm{}+e_{2i}P_{k1,1}`$
$`\mathrm{}`$
$`=`$ $`P_{k1,i+1}.`$
Thus we have

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`a_{i1,j+1}^{(k)}+e_{2i}P_{k1,j+2}e_{2(j+1)}P_{k1,i+1}`$ (155)
$`=`$ $`a_{0,i+j}^{(k)}+{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i1}{}}}(e_{2(ir)}P_{k1,j+2+r}e_{2(j+1+r)}P_{k1,i+1r}).`$
Notice that,

$`a_{0,i+j}^{(k)}=P_{k,i+j+1}=P_{k1,i+j+2}e_{2(i+j+1)}P_{k1,1},`$
which is precisely the $`r=i`$ term in the second term of (155). Therefore

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}={\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{i}{}}}(e_{2(ir)}P_{k1,j+2+r}e_{2(j+1+r)}P_{k1,i+1r}),`$
which proves the first equation of the lemma.

Next we consider the case $`nk+1in1`$. Here we use the recursion relation of $`P_{r,s}`$ in the form

$`P_{r,s}=P_{r+1,s1}+e_{2(s1)}P_{r,1}.`$ (156)
Using (156) we have

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr,j+1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}(P_{kr+1,j}+e_{2j}P_{kr,1})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=2}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr+1,j}e_{2(i+1)}P_{k,j}e_{2j}{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr,1},`$
where we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r=2}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr+1,j}=a_{i+1,j1}^{(k)},`$
and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr,1}`$ $`=`$ $`P_{k,i+1}+{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{ni}{}}}e_{2(i+r)}P_{kr,1}P_{k,i+1}`$
$`=`$ $`P_{kn+i,n+1}P_{k,i+1}`$
$`=`$ $`P_{k,i+1},`$
where we use Lemma 1. Therefore

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`a_{i+1,j1}^{(k)}+e_{2j}P_{k,i+1}e_{2(i+1)}P_{k,j}`$ (157)
$`=`$ $`a_{n1,i+j+1n}^{(k)}+{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{ni2}{}}}(e_{2(jr)}P_{k,i+1+r}e_{2(i+1+r)}P_{k,jr}).`$
Here

$`a_{n1,i+j+1n}^{(k)}=e_{2n}P_{k1,i+j+2n},`$
which is the $`r=ni1`$ term in the second term of (157). Thus we have

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}={\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{ni1}{}}}(e_{2(jr)}P_{k,i+1+r}e_{2(i+1+r)}P_{k,jr}),`$
which completes the proof of Lemma 16. Q.E.D.

Proof of (153).

We can assume $`i<j`$. The proof is divided into three cases.

(i). the case $`0i<jnk`$: We use the first equation in Lemma 16 and notations like

$`(ri)_1={\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+2,ri}{}}e_{2r}P_{k1,s}.`$ (158)
Then we have

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}=(ri)_1(rj+1)_1,`$
and

$`a_{ji}^{(k)}=(rj)_1(ri+1)_1=(ri)_1(rj+1)_1=a_{ij}^{(k)}.`$
(ii). the case $`nk+1i<jn1`$: In this case we use notations like

$`(rj)_2={\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,rj}{}}e_{2r}P_{k,s}.`$ (159)
Then

$`a_{ij}^{(k)}=(rj)_2(ri+1)_2=(ri)_2(rj+1)_2=a_{ji}^{(k)}.`$
(iii). the case $`0ink<jn1`$: In this case we have

$`a_{ji}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,ri}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,rj+1}{}})e_{2r}P_{k,s}`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,ri}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,rj+1}{}})e_{2r}(P_{k1,s+1}e_{2s}P_{k1,1})`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+2,ri,s1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+2,rj+1,s1}{}})e_{2r}(P_{k1,s}e_{2(s1)}P_{k1,1}).`$
Notice that, if $`s=0`$,

$`P_{k1,s}e_{2(s1)}P_{k1,1}=0.`$
Then

$`a_{ji}^{(k)}=a_{ij}^{(k)}({\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,ri}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{r+s=i+j+1,rj+1}{}})e_{2r}e_{2s}P_{k1,1}.`$
The second term in the right hand side vanishes because $`ri`$ is equivalent to $`sj+1`$ under the condition $`r+s=i+j+1`$. Thus (153) is proved.

Proof of (154).

Since both hand sides of (154) are anti-symmetric with respect to $`i`$ and $`j`$, we can assume $`i<j`$.

(i). the case $`0ink`$: We use the notation (158) in which $`r+s=i+j+2`$ is changed to $`r+s=i+j+1`$. Then we have

$`a_{i1,j}^{(k)}=(ri1)_1(rj+1)_1,`$
$`a_{j1,i}^{(k)}=a_{i,j1}^{(k)}=(ri)_1(rj)_1.`$
Thus

$`a_{i1,j}^{(k)}a_{j1,i}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`(r=i)_1+(r=j)_1`$
$`=`$ $`e_{2i}P_{k1,j+1}+e_{2j}P_{k1,i+1}`$
$`=`$ $`e_{2i}P_{k,j}+e_{2j}P_{k,i},`$
where to derive the last equation we have used the recursion relation of $`P_{r,s}`$.

(ii). the case $`nk+1i<jn1`$: We use the notation (159) in which $`r+s=i+j+1`$ is changed to $`r+s=i+j`$. Then

$`a_{i1,j}^{(k)}=a_{j,i1}^{(k)}=(ri1)_2(rj+1)_2,`$
$`a_{j1,i}^{(k)}=(ri)_2(rj)_2.`$
Therefore

$`a_{i1,j}^{(k)}a_{j1,i}^{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`(r=i)_2+(r=j)_2`$
$`=`$ $`e_{2i}P_{k,j}+e_{2j}P_{k,i},`$
which completes the proof of (154).

Thus (150) is proved.

The expression (151) follows from (150) in the following manner.

Let $`\eta _k^{}`$ denote the right hand side of (151). Notice that $`w_i(X)`$ is obtained from $`v_i(X)`$ by the replacement

$`X^{2r}X^{2r+1},0rn1.`$
Then it is obvious that $`\eta _k^{}`$ is obtained from $`\eta _k`$ by the replacement

$`X^{2r}X^{2r+1},X^{2r+1}X^{2r},0rn1.`$ (160)
Since

$`\eta _k={\displaystyle a_{ij}^{(k)}X^{2i+1}}X^{2j},`$
we have

$`\eta _k^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle a_{ij}^{(k)}X^{2i}}X^{2j+1}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle a_{ji}^{(k)}X^{2i+1}}X^{2j}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle a_{ij}^{(k)}X^{2i+1}}X^{2j}=\eta _k,`$
which proves (151). Thus the proof of Proposition 9 is completed. Q.E.D.

## 8 Linear independence

In this section we prove

###### Theorem 8

The elements $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ linearly generate $`^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}`$, where $`I,J,K`$ satisfy (34)-(37).

As a consequence of Theorem 8 and 7, Theorem 6 is proved.

Let $`B_{\mathrm{}}`$ be the linear span of $`\{\alpha _I\beta _J\omega _K\}`$ in $`^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2n)}`$. We use the symbol $``$ for the equality modulo $`B_{\mathrm{}}`$. For the sake of simplicity, in the following, we omit the symbol $``$ of the exterior product and simply write the product for the exterior product.

The conditions (34)-(37) for the product $`\alpha _I\beta _J`$, $`I=(i_1,\mathrm{},i_\mathrm{}_1)`$, $`J=(j_1,\mathrm{},j_\mathrm{}_2)`$ are

$`1i_1\mathrm{}i_\mathrm{}_1n,1j_1\mathrm{}j_\mathrm{}_2n\mathrm{}_1,\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2=\mathrm{}.`$
The elements $`\alpha _I\beta _J`$ which does not satisfy (34)-(37) are classified by the number of $`k`$ of $`\beta _j`$ such that $`j>n\mathrm{}_1`$. We write such $`j`$ in the form $`j=nr`$ with $`0r\mathrm{}_11`$ for later convenience. With these notations, in order to prove Theorem 8, it is sufficient to prove

$`\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _{j_1}\mathrm{}\beta _{j_{\mathrm{}_2k1}}\beta _{nr_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{nr_0}0,`$ (161)
$`1i_{\mathrm{}_11}<\mathrm{}<i_0n,1j_1<\mathrm{}<j_{\mathrm{}_2k1}n\mathrm{}_1,`$
$`0r_0<\mathrm{}<r_k\mathrm{}_11,0k\mathrm{}_11,`$
here we changed the way of numbering the indices of $`\alpha `$ for the sake of later convenience. We set

$`J^{}=(j_1,\mathrm{},j_{\mathrm{}_2k1}).`$
Let us consider the element

$`\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\widehat{\alpha _{i_{r_k}}}\mathrm{}\widehat{\alpha _{i_{r_0}}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\omega _{nr_ki_{r_k}+1}\mathrm{}\omega _{nr_0i_{r_0}+1},`$ (162)
where $`\widehat{\alpha _{i_{r_k}}}`$ means that $`\alpha _{i_{r_k}}`$ is removed. Since

$`i_s\mathrm{}_1s,0s\mathrm{}_11,`$
we have

$`n+1r_si_{r_s}n+1\mathrm{}_1,0sk.`$
Notice that, in (162), the number of $`\alpha `$ is $`\mathrm{}_1k1`$ and the number of $`\omega `$ is $`k+1`$. Then the indices of (162) satisfy (34)-(37) if and only if the indices of $`\beta _j^{}`$, $`\omega _k^{}`$ appearing in (162) satisfy $`j^{}n\mathrm{}_1`$ and $`k^{}n+1\mathrm{}_1`$. Thus

$`\text{(}\text{162}\text{)}0.`$ (163)
Let us prove (161) by the induction on $`k`$. The case $`k=0`$ is proved in Proposition 10 below.

Suppose that $`k1`$ and (161) is valid until $`k1`$. Then it is possible to expand (162) using (149) as

(162) $``$ $`\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\widehat{\alpha _{i_{r_k}}}\mathrm{}\widehat{\alpha _{i_{r_0}}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}{\displaystyle \underset{p_0,\mathrm{},p_k=n\mathrm{}_1+1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _{p_k+r_k+i_{r_k}}\beta _{p_k}\mathrm{}\alpha _{p_0+r_0+i_{r_0}}\beta _{p_0}`$ (164)
$``$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \underset{p_0,\mathrm{},p_k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}_11}{}}}\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_k}+r_kp_k}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_0}+r_0p_0}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\beta _{np_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{np_0}`$
$``$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \underset{0p_0<\mathrm{}<p_k\mathrm{}_11}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma S_{k+1}}{}}\text{sgn}\sigma \alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_k}+r_kp_{\sigma _k}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_0}+r_0p_{\sigma _0}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}`$
$`\times \beta _J^{}\beta _{np_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{np_0},`$
where the equation is valid for $`k=0`$ without any assumption and we use the induction hypothesis for $`k1`$. The sign $`\pm `$ is determined from $`\mathrm{}_2`$, $`k`$, $`\{r_s\}`$. Since it is irrelevant to the following argument, we omit its explicit description.

By (163) and (164) we have

$`0`$ $``$ $`\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\beta _{nr_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{nr_0}`$ (165)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 1}{}}\text{sgn}\sigma \alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_k}+r_kr_{\sigma _k}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_0}+r_0r_{\sigma _0}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\beta _{nr_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{nr_0}`$
$`+`$ $`_{0p_0<\mathrm{}<p_k\mathrm{}_11}^{}_\sigma (\text{the summand of (}\text{164}\text{)}),`$
where $`^{}`$ means that $`(p_0,\mathrm{},p_k)=(r_0,\mathrm{},r_k)`$ is excluded.

###### Lemma 17

If a summand of (8) is proportional to

$`\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\beta _{nr_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{nr_0},`$ (167)
it coincides with (167).

Proof. It is sufficient to prove that, if

$`(i_{r_k}+r_kr_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0}+r_0r_{\sigma _0})`$
is a permutation of $`(i_{r_k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0})`$, then

$`(i_{r_k}+r_kr_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0}+r_0r_{\sigma _0})=(i_{r_{\sigma _k}},\mathrm{},i_{r_{\sigma _0}}).`$ (168)
Notice that

$`i_{r_k}+R_k\mathrm{}i_{r_1}+R_1i_{r_0},R_s=r_sr_0.`$ (169)
We set $`j_0=i_{r_0}`$ for the sake of simplicity and write

$`(i_{r_k}+R_k,\mathrm{},i_{r_0}+R_0)=((j_0N)^{M_N}\mathrm{}(j_01)^{M_1}j_0^{M_0}),M_N0,`$
where

$`(j_0s)^{M_s}=j_0s,\mathrm{},j_0s(M_s\text{ terms}).`$
Then

$`(i_{r_k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0})=(j_0NR_k,\mathrm{},j_0),`$
$`(i_{r_k}+r_kr_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0}+r_0r_{\sigma _0})=((j_0N)^{M_N}\mathrm{}j_0^{M_0})(R_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},R_{\sigma _0}).`$ (170)
Suppose that (170) is a permutation of $`(i_{r_k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0})`$. Notice the term which coincides with $`i_{r_k}`$. If

$`j_0aR_s=i_{r_k}=j_0NR_k,`$
for some $`0aN`$, then obviously we have $`a=N`$ and $`s=k`$. Next consider the term which coincides with $`i_{r_{k1}}`$ and so on. In this way we see that, for each $`0sN`$,

$`(\sigma _{kM_N\mathrm{}M_s},\mathrm{},\sigma _{kM_N\mathrm{}M_{s1}+1})`$
is a permutation of

$`(kM_N\mathrm{}M_s,\mathrm{},kM_N\mathrm{}M_{s1}+1).`$
This means

$`((j_0N)^{M_N}\mathrm{}j_0^{M_0})(R_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},R_{\sigma _0})`$
$`=(j_0NR_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},j_0NR_{\sigma _{kM_N+1}},\mathrm{})`$
$`=(i_{r_{\sigma _k}},\mathrm{},i_{r_{\sigma _0}}).`$
Q.E.D.

Let $`M1`$ be the number of (167) appearing in (8). Then we can solve the equation (165) as

$`M\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\beta _{nr_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{nr_0}`$
$`_{0p_0<\mathrm{}<p_k\mathrm{}_11}^{}_\sigma ^{}\text{sgn}\sigma \alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_k}+r_kp_{\sigma _k}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_{r_0}+r_0p_{\sigma _0}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}`$
$`\times \beta _J^{}\beta _{np_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{np_0},`$ (171)
where $`^{}`$ means that the terms proportional to (167) are excluded from the sum.

In order to simplify the notation we set

$`(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0|nr_k,\mathrm{},nr_0):=\alpha _{i_{\mathrm{}_11}}\mathrm{}\alpha _{i_0}\beta _J^{}\beta _{nr_k}\mathrm{}\beta _{nr_0}.`$ (172)
Notice that in the left hand side $`J^{}`$ does not appear. We omit $`J^{}`$ because $`J^{}`$ remains same in all the arguments below.

Let us consider the map among elements of the form (172) and $`0`$:

$`(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0|nr_k,\mathrm{},nr_0)`$
$`(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_{r_k}+r_kp_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0}+r_0p_{\sigma _0},\mathrm{},i_0|np_k,\mathrm{},np_0),`$ (173)
where $`\{r_s\}`$, $`\{p_s\}`$, $`\sigma `$, $`\{i_s\}`$ should satisfy

$`0r_0<\mathrm{}<r_k\mathrm{}_11,0p_0<\mathrm{}<p_k\mathrm{}_11,`$ (174)
$`\text{LHS}\pm \text{RHS},`$ (175)
$`1i_{\mathrm{}_11}<\mathrm{}<i_0n.`$
For a set of integers $`(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0)`$ we define

$`h(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0)=\mathrm{max}\{i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0\}\mathrm{min}\{i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0\}.`$
For (172) we set

$`h(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0|nr_k,\mathrm{},nr_0):=h(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0).`$
###### Lemma 18

Suppose that the right hand side of (173) is written as

$`\pm (i_{\mathrm{}_11}^{},\mathrm{},i_0^{}|np_k,\mathrm{},np_0),i_{\mathrm{}_11}^{}\mathrm{}i_0^{}.`$
Then

$`i_{\mathrm{}_11}i_{\mathrm{}_11}^{},i_0^{}i_0.`$
In particular

$`h(i_{\mathrm{}_11}^{},\mathrm{},i_0^{}|np_k,\mathrm{},np_0)h(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0|np_k,\mathrm{},np_0),`$ (176)
and the equality holds if and only if

$`i_{\mathrm{}_11}=i_{\mathrm{}_11}^{},i_0^{}=i_0.`$
Proof. Notice that

$`i_s+si_s^{}+s^{},0s^{}s\mathrm{}_11.`$
It follows that, for any $`0s\mathrm{}_11`$,

$`i_{\mathrm{}_11}i_{\mathrm{}_11}+\mathrm{}_11p_{\sigma _s}i_{r_s}+r_sp_{\sigma _s}i_0p_{\sigma _s}i_0,`$
which proves the lemma. Q.E.D.

We denote the left hand and the right hand sides of (176) by $`h^{}`$ and $`h`$ respectively. By Lemma 18, the case $`h=h^{}`$ occurs only in the following four cases.

* $`r_k\mathrm{}_11`$, $`r_00`$.
* $`r_k\mathrm{}_11`$, $`r_0=0`$ and there exists $`k_1`$ such that $`i_{r_{k_1}}+r_{k_1}=i_0`$.
* $`r_k=\mathrm{}_11`$, $`r_00`$ and there exists $`k_1`$ such that $`i_{r_{k_1}}+r_{k_1}(\mathrm{}_11)=i_{\mathrm{}_11}`$.
* $`r_k=\mathrm{}_11`$, $`r_0=0`$ and there exist $`k_1`$, $`k_2`$ such that

$$i_{r_{k_1}}+r_{k_1}(\mathrm{}_11)=i_{\mathrm{}_11},i_{r_{k_2}}+r_{k_2}=i_0.$$

###### Proposition 10

After finitely many applications of the maps (173), each element is mapped to zero.

Proof. Let us prove the proposition by the induction on $`\mathrm{}_1`$. For $`\mathrm{}_1=1`$, there is nothing to prove.

Suppose that $`\mathrm{}_1>1`$ and the statement holds until $`\mathrm{}_11`$. Let us prove the $`\mathrm{}_1`$ case by the induction on $`h=h(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0)`$.

If $`h\mathrm{}_12`$, there is no $`(i_{\mathrm{}_11},\mathrm{},i_0)`$ satisfying $`i_{\mathrm{}_11}<\mathrm{}<i_0`$.

Suppose that $`h\mathrm{}_11`$. We denote the value of $`h`$ of the right hand side of (173) by $`h^{}`$. By Lemma 18 $`h^{}h`$. If $`h^{}<h`$, the statement holds by the induction hypothesis. Let us consider the case $`h^{}=h`$ which is divided into (i) to (iv) above.

We first consider the case (iv).

In this case $`p_{\sigma _{k_1}}=\mathrm{}_11`$, $`p_{\sigma _{k_2}}=0`$. Therefore

$`\sigma _{k_1}=k,\sigma _{k_2}=0,p_k=\mathrm{}_11,p_0=0.`$
We have

$`i_{r_k}+r_kp_{\sigma _k}=i_{\mathrm{}_11}+\mathrm{}_11p_{\sigma _k}=i_{r_{k_1}}+r_{k_1}p_{\sigma _k},`$
$`i_{r_0}+r_0p_{\sigma _0}=i_0p_{\sigma _0}=i_{r_{k_2}}+r_{k_2}p_{\sigma _0}.`$
For the value of $`\sigma _0`$, $`\sigma _k`$ we have four cases.

* $`k_1=k`$, $`k_2=0`$: We have $`\sigma _s0,k`$ for any $`1sk1`$.
* $`k_1=k`$, $`k_20`$: We have $`\sigma _00,k`$.
* $`k_1k`$, $`k_2=0`$: We have $`\sigma _k0,k`$.
* $`k_1k`$, $`k_20`$: We have $`\sigma _0,\sigma _k0,k`$.

It follows that the map (173) induces the map

$`(i_{\mathrm{}_12},\mathrm{},i_1|nr_{k1},\mathrm{},nr_1)`$
$`\pm (\mathrm{},i_{r_{k1}}+r_{k1}p_{\sigma _{k1}^{}},\mathrm{},i_{r_1}+r_1p_{\sigma _1^{}},\mathrm{}|np_{k1},\mathrm{},np_1),`$ (177)
where $`\sigma ^{}`$ is the permutation of $`(1,\mathrm{},k1)`$ specified according as the cases (a)-(d) above as

* $`\sigma _s^{}=\sigma _s`$ for $`1sk1`$,
* $`\sigma _{k_2}^{}=\sigma _0`$, $`\sigma _s^{}=\sigma _s`$ (otherwise),
* $`\sigma _{k_1}^{}=\sigma _k`$, $`\sigma _s^{}=\sigma _s`$ (otherwise),
* $`\sigma _{k_1}^{}=\sigma _k`$, $`\sigma _{k_2}^{}=\sigma _0`$, $`\sigma _s^{}=\sigma _s`$ (otherwise).

Notice that

$`1r_1<\mathrm{}<r_{k1}\mathrm{}_12,1p_1<\mathrm{}<p_{k1}\mathrm{}_12,`$
and

$`\text{LHS of (}\text{177}\text{)}=\pm (\text{RHS of (}\text{177}\text{)})`$
is equivalent to

$`\text{LHS of (}\text{173}\text{)}=\pm (\text{RHS of (}\text{173}\text{)}).`$
Let us set

$`I_{s1}=i_s,r_s1=r_{s1}^{},p_s1=p_{s1}^{},\sigma _s^{}1=\tau _{s1}.`$
Then

$`i_{r_s}+r_sp_{\sigma _s^{}}=I_{r_{s1}^{}}+r_{s1}^{}p_{\tau _{s1}}^{},`$
$`0r_1^{}<\mathrm{}<r_{k2}^{}\mathrm{}_13,0p_1^{}<\mathrm{}<p_{k1}^{}\mathrm{}_13,`$
and $`\tau `$ is the permutation of $`(0,\mathrm{},k2)`$. We have

$`\text{LHS of (}\text{177}\text{)}=(I_{\mathrm{}_13},\mathrm{},I_0|n1r_{k2}^{},\mathrm{},n1r_0^{}),`$
$`\text{RHS of (}\text{177}\text{)}=\pm (\mathrm{},I_{r_{k2}^{}}+r_{k2}^{}p_{\tau _{k2}}^{},\mathrm{},I_{r_0^{}}+r_0^{}p_{\tau _0}^{},\mathrm{}|`$
$`n1p_{k2}^{},\mathrm{},n1p_0^{}),`$
Thus the map (177) can be considered as the map (173) with the replacements

$`\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_12,nn1,kk2.`$
Notice that, in the case (iv), the map beginning from the image of the map (173) is again of the form (iv) if the image is not zero and the value of $`h`$ is invariant. Therefore, by the induction hypothesis on $`\mathrm{}_1`$, if we apply the maps (173) of the type (iv) sufficiently many times to an element we have zero. Thus the statement is proved in this case.

The cases (ii) and (iii) can be proved in a similar manner. Things we should notify here are the followings. In the case (ii) if the image is non-zero and the next map preserves the value of $`h`$, the next map is of type (ii) or (iv). Similarly for the case (iii) the next map is of type (iii) or (iv) under the same condition.

Let us consider the case (i). We divide the case into three.

* $`p_k\mathrm{}_11`$, $`p_0=0`$: The next map is in the case (ii) for which the statement is already proved as above.
* $`p_k=\mathrm{}_11`$, $`p_00`$: The next map is in the case (iii) for which the statement is already proved as above too.
* $`p_k\mathrm{}_11`$, $`p_00`$:

In this case $`k\mathrm{}_13`$ and the map (173) induces the map

$`(i_{\mathrm{}_12},\mathrm{},i_1|nr_k,\mathrm{},nr_0)`$
$`(i_{\mathrm{}_12},\mathrm{},i_{r_k}+r_kp_{\sigma _k},\mathrm{},i_{r_0}+r_0p_{\sigma _0},\mathrm{},i_1|np_k,\mathrm{},np_0).`$ (178)
We set

$`I_{s1}=i_s,r_s1=r_s^{},p_s1=p_s^{}.`$
Then

$`\text{LHS of (}\text{178}\text{)}=(I_{\mathrm{}_13},\mathrm{},I_0|n1r_k^{},\mathrm{},n1r_0^{}),`$
$`\text{RHS of (}\text{178}\text{)}=(I_{\mathrm{}_13},\mathrm{},I_{r_k^{}}+r_k^{}p_{\sigma _k}^{},\mathrm{},I_{r_0^{}}+r_0^{}p_{\sigma _0}^{},\mathrm{}|`$
$`n1p_k^{},\mathrm{},n1p_0^{}).`$
Thus (178) can be considered as the map (173) with the modification

$`\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_12,nn1.`$
Therefore sufficiently many compositions of the maps of type (i-iii) leads each element to zero by the induction hypothesis.

Let us summarize what is proved in the case (i). To this end we introduce the case (v) which is (ii) or (iii) or (iv). Then we have the diagram like

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccccc}(i)& & (v)& & (v)& & \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & (i)& & (v)& & \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & \mathrm{}& & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & (i)& & (v)& & \mathrm{}& & 0\\ & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & 0& & & & ,\end{array}$$

where the maps directed from NW to SE represent the composition of maps of type (i-iii) and those from W to E represent the composition of maps of type (v). This shows that in the case (i) the statement is proved. Thus for $`\mathrm{}_1`$ the statement is proved by the induction on $`h`$. Therefore the proposition is proved by the induction on $`\mathrm{}_1`$. Q.E.D.

Finally let us complete the proof of Theorem 8. For $`k=0`$, (171) holds. Then by Proposition 10,

$`\text{LHS of (}\text{171}\text{)}0,`$ (179)
which proves (161) for $`k=0`$. If $`k1`$, (164) holds by the induction hypothesis. Consequently (171) is valid. Again by Proposition 10 we have (179) which proves (161) for $`k`$. Thus the proof of Theorem 8 is completed. Q.E.D.

## 9 Fermionic character formula

For a graded vector space $`W=_kW(k)`$ such that $`W(k)`$ is finite dimensional, we define its character by

$`\text{ch}W={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}q^kdimW(k).`$
We introduce a grading on $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ by $`\text{deg}_2`$:

$`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}U_{2n,\mathrm{}}(k),`$ (180)
where $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}(k)`$ is the subspace of elements with degree $`k`$. By Proposition 6, Theorem 5, (44) and (54) we have

$`\text{ch}U_{2n,\mathrm{}}=q^{n^2}\text{ch}R_{2n}\text{ch}_{2n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{q^{n^2}}{[2n]_q!}}\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q.`$ (183)
We consider the $`R_{2n}`$-module

$`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{U_{2n,\mathrm{}}}{U_{2n,\mathrm{}1}w_1+U_{2n,\mathrm{}2}\xi _1}},`$ (184)
here and in the following of this section we omit $`(2n)`$ of $`v_i^{(2n)}`$ etc. The denominator of the right hand side of (184) is introduced because for any element $`P`$ in the denominator, $`\psi _P`$ vanishes identically due to Theorem 2 (ii), (29) and (31).

Since $`w_1`$ and $`\xi _1`$ are homogeneous, $`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ is also graded. In this section we shall calculate the character of $`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$. To this end we construct an $`R_{2n}`$ free resolution of $`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$.

Define the $`R_{2n}`$-linear map $`\phi _{\mathrm{}}`$ by

$`\phi _{\mathrm{}}:U_{2n,\mathrm{}}U_{2n,\mathrm{}1}U_{2n,\mathrm{}+1}U_{2n,\mathrm{}},`$
$`\phi _{\mathrm{}}(a,b)=(aw_1+(1)^{\mathrm{}}b\xi _1,bw_1),`$
and the map $`\psi _{\mathrm{}}`$ by

$`\psi _{\mathrm{}}:U_{2n,\mathrm{}}U_{2n,\mathrm{}1}U_{2n,\mathrm{}+1},`$
$`\psi _{\mathrm{}}(a,b)=aw_1+(1)^{\mathrm{}}b\xi _1,`$
where we set $`U_{n,0}=R_n`$ and $`U_{n,\mathrm{}}=0`$ for $`\mathrm{}<0`$. We denote $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$ the natural projection:

$`p_{\mathrm{}}:U_{2n,\mathrm{}}M_{2n,\mathrm{}}.`$
The relation

$`\phi _{\mathrm{}}\phi _\mathrm{}1=0`$ (185)
can be easily verified.

###### Theorem 9

The following sequence is exact for $`0\mathrm{}n`$:

$`0U_{2n,0}\stackrel{\phi _0}{}U_{2n,1}U_{2n,0}\stackrel{\phi _1}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{\phi _\mathrm{}2}{}U_{2n,\mathrm{}1}U_{2n,\mathrm{}2}\stackrel{\psi _\mathrm{}1}{}U_{2n,\mathrm{}}\stackrel{p_{\mathrm{}}}{}M_{2n,\mathrm{}}0.`$
Proof. We first prove

###### Lemma 19

The sequence

$`U_{2n,m1}U_{2n,m2}\stackrel{\phi _{m1}}{}U_{2n,m}U_{2n,m1}\stackrel{\phi _m}{}U_{2n,m+1}U_{2n,m}`$ (186)
is exact at the middle term for any $`0mn1`$.

Proof. We have to prove

$`\text{Ker}\phi _m=\text{Im}\phi _{m1}.`$
###### Lemma 20

For any $`0mn1`$, we have

$`\text{ch}(\text{Im}\phi _m)=\text{ch}U_{2n,m}.`$
Proof. We set

$`U_{2n,m+1}^{}=_{1J}R_{2n}v_Iw_J\xi _KU_{2n,m+1},`$
$`U_{2n,m1}^{\prime \prime }=_{1J}R_{2n}v_Iw_J\xi _KU_{2n,m1},`$
where, in both cases, the sum is taken for $`I,J,K`$ satisfying (34)-(36). Define the map

$`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_m:U_{2n,m+1}^{}U_{2n,m1}^{\prime \prime }\text{Im}\phi _m,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_m(a,b)=(a+(1)^mb\xi _1,bw_1).`$
Notice the following three properties of the basis $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}=\{v_Iw_J\xi _K\}`$ of $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ given in Theorem 5.

The first is that, if $`v_Iw_J\xi _K`$ is in $`Bas_\mathrm{}1`$ and $`1J`$, then $`v_Iw_1w_J\xi _K`$ is in $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}`$. We denote the subset of $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}`$ consisting of such elements by $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^+`$.

The second is that, if $`v_Iw_J\xi _K`$ is in $`Bas_{\mathrm{}+1}`$ and $`J=(1,J^{})`$, then $`v_Iw_J^{}\xi _K`$ is in $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}`$. We denote the subset of $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}`$ consisting of such elements by $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^{}`$.

The third property is

$`Bas_{\mathrm{}}=Bas_{\mathrm{}}^+Bas_{\mathrm{}}^{}.`$ (187)
It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_m`$ is bijective. Moreover $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_m`$ preserves the degree sinec $`\text{deg}_1w_1=\text{deg}_1\xi _1=0`$. Thus

$`\text{ch}(\text{Im}\phi _m)=\text{ch}U_{2n,m+1}^{}+\text{ch}U_{2n,m1}^{\prime \prime }=\text{ch}U_{2n,m},`$
where we use (187) to derive the last equation. Thus the lemma is proved. Q.E.D.

We have the exact sequence:

$`0\text{Ker}\phi _mU_{2n,m}U_{2n,m1}\text{Im}\phi _m0.`$ (188)
Then

$`\text{ch}(\text{Im}\phi _m)=\text{ch}U_{2n,m}+\text{ch}U_{2n,m1}\text{ch}(\text{Ker}\phi _m).`$ (189)
For two polynomials $`f(q)`$, $`g(q)`$ of $`q`$ we denote

$`f(q)g(q),`$
if all the coefficients of $`f(q)g(q)`$ are non-negative. By (185) we have

$`\text{Im}\phi _{m1}\text{Ker}\phi _m.`$
Then, by (189) and Lemma 20, we have

$`\text{ch}(\text{Im}\phi _m)`$ $``$ $`\text{ch}U_{2n,m}+\text{ch}U_{2n,m1}\text{ch}(\text{Im}\phi _{m1})`$
$`=`$ $`\text{ch}U_{2n,m}=\text{ch}(\text{Im}\phi _m).`$
Thus

$`\text{Im}\phi _{m1}=\text{Ker}\phi _m,`$ (190)
which proves Lemma 19. Q.E.D.

Let us prove

$`\text{Ker}\psi _\mathrm{}1=\text{Im}\phi _\mathrm{}2.`$ (191)
It is sufficient to prove

$`\text{Ker}\psi _\mathrm{}1\text{Im}\phi _\mathrm{}2.`$
Suppose that

$`\psi _\mathrm{}1(a,b)=aw_1+(1)^\mathrm{}1b\xi _1=0,aU_{2n,\mathrm{}1},bU_{2n,\mathrm{}2}.`$
By taking exterior product with $`w_1`$ we have

$`(w_1b)\xi _1=0.`$
Since the map

$`\xi _1:^mH^{(2n)}^{m+2}H^{(2n)},0mn1,`$
is injective as proved in  using the representation theory of $`sl_2`$,

$`w_1b=0.`$
Thus we have

$`\phi _\mathrm{}1(a,b)=(0,0).`$
Therefore, by Lemma 19, we have

$`(a,b)\text{Im}\phi _\mathrm{}2.`$
Consequently (191) is proved.

Finally the equation

$`\text{Ker}p_{\mathrm{}}=\text{Im}\psi _\mathrm{}1`$
is obvious by the definition of $`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$. Thus Theorem 9 is proved. Q.E.D.

###### Corollary 5

We have

$`\text{ch}M_{2n,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{q^{n^2}}{[2n]_q!}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}1\end{array}\right]_q\right).`$ (196)
Proof. By Theorem 9

$`\text{ch}M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`\text{ch}U_{2n,\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \underset{r=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}(1)^r\left(\text{ch}U_{2n,\mathrm{}1r}+\text{ch}U_{2n,\mathrm{}2r}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\text{ch}U_{2n,\mathrm{}}\text{ch}U_{2n,\mathrm{}1}.`$
Then the corollary follows from (183). Q.E.D.

For a non-negative integer $`\lambda `$ let us consider the direct sum of $`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ with $`n\mathrm{}`$ being fixed:

$`M_{2\lambda }^{(0)}:=_{n\mathrm{}=\lambda }M_{2n,\mathrm{}}.`$
Then, by Corollary 5, we get

$`\text{ch}M_{2\lambda }^{(0)}={\displaystyle \underset{n\mathrm{}=\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{n^2}}{[2n]_q!}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}1\end{array}\right]_q\right).`$ (201)
Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i`$, $`i=0,1`$ be the fundamental weights of $`\widehat{sl_2}`$, $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i)`$ be the level one irreducible highest weight representation with the highest weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i`$,

$`e_i,f_i,h_i,i=0,1`$
the Chevalley generators of $`\widehat{sl_2}`$ and $`d`$ the scaling element . Consider the subspace of $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i)`$ consisting of $`sl_2`$ highest weight vectors with the $`sl_2`$ weight $`\mu `$:

$`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i|\mu )=\{vV(\mathrm{\Lambda }_i)|e_1v=0,h_1v=\mu v\}.`$
Then

$`\text{ch}M_{2\lambda }^{(0)}=\text{tr}_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0|2\lambda )}(q^d),`$
which is the branching function of $`2\lambda +1`$-dimensional irreducible representation of $`sl_2`$ in the representation $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$ of $`\widehat{sl_2}`$. In fact if we multiply (201) by the character $`\chi _\lambda (z)`$ of the $`2\lambda +1`$-dimensional irreducible representation of $`sl_2`$ we get

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda =0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\chi _\lambda (z)\text{ch}M_{2\lambda }^{(0)}={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{2n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^{2n2\mathrm{}}q^{n^2}}{[\mathrm{}]_q![2n\mathrm{}]_q!}},`$
which is the fermionic form of the character of $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$ presented in .

The space $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0|2\lambda )`$ becomes the irreducible representation of the Virasoro algebra with $`c=1`$ and $`h=\lambda ^2`$ . It follows that

$`\text{tr}_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0|2\lambda )}(q^d)={\displaystyle \frac{q^{\lambda ^2}(1q^{2\lambda +1})}{(q:q)_{\mathrm{}}}},(z:q)_{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1zq^j).`$
## 10 The case of odd number of variables

In this section we study the case where the number of $`x_j`$’s is odd. The structure is similar to the even case. But there are some differences in the construction of a basis. Thus we consider this case separately. We omit the proofs of the statements if they are quite similar to the even case.

Let us define $`P_{r,s}^{(2n+1)}`$, $`1rn+1`$, $`s`$ by the same recursion relation as (25):

$`P_{1,s}^{(2n+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`e_{2s1}^{(2n+1)},`$
$`P_{r,s}^{(2n+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`P_{r1,s+1}^{(2n+1)}e_{2s}^{(2n+1)}P_{r1,1}^{(2n+1)}\text{for }r2.`$ (202)
Then $`P_{r,s}^{(2n+1)}=0`$ for $`s0`$.

###### Proposition 11

* $`P_{r,s}^{(2n+1)}=0`$ for $`r2`$ and $`sn+1`$.
* $`\overline{P_{r,s}^{(2n+1)}}=P_{r,s}^{(2n1)}x^2P_{r,s1}^{(2n1)}`$.

Let us define $`v_i^{(2n+1)}`$, $`w_i^{(2n+1)}`$, $`0in`$ by

$`v_0^{(2n+1)}={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n}{}}}e_{2j}^{(2n+1)}X^{2j},v_i^{(2n+1)}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}}P_{i,j}^{(2n+1)}X^{2(j1)}(i0),w_i^{(2n+1)}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}}P_{i+1,j}^{(2n+1)}X^{2j1}.`$
By Proposition 11

$`\rho _\pm (v_i^{(2n+1)})=\rho _\pm (w_i^{(2n+1)})=0,0in.`$
Notice that

$`w_0^{(2n+1)}H^{(2n+1)},v_i^{(2n+1)},w_j^{(2n+1)}H^{(2n+1)},j0.`$
We set, for $`1kn`$,

$`2\xi _k^{(2n+1)}(X_1,X_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{X_1X_2}{X_1+X_2}}\left(v_0^{(2n+1)}(X_1)w_{k1}^{(2n+1)}(X_2)+v_0^{(2n+1)}(X_2)w_{k1}^{(2n+1)}(X_1)\right)`$ (203)
$`+v_0^{(2n+1)}(X_1)w_{k1}^{(2n+1)}(X_2)v_0^{(2n+1)}(X_2)w_{k1}^{(2n+1)}(X_1).`$
Then

$`\xi _k^{(2n+1)}H^{(2n+1)},\rho _\pm (\xi _k^{(2n+1)})=0,`$
which means

$$\xi _k^{(2n+1)}U_{2n+1,2}.$$

We have the relation

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_1^{(2n+1)}=v_0^{(2n+1)},\mathrm{\Xi }_2^{(2n+1)}=\xi _1^{(2n+1)}.`$
We set

$`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o=\{v_I^{(2n+1)}w_J^{(2n+1)}\xi _K^{(2n+1)}\},Bas_{\mathrm{}}^{o+}=v_0^{(2n+1)}Bas_\mathrm{}1^o,`$
where $`I,J,K`$ satisfy (34)-(37) and define

$`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o=Bas_{\mathrm{}}^{o+}Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o.`$
It follows from the even case that the cardinality of $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ is

$`\mathrm{}Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o=\mathrm{}Bas_\mathrm{}1^o+\mathrm{}Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o=\left(\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}1\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}2n+1\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right).`$ (210)
The degrees of elements are given by

$`\text{deg}_1v_0^{(2n+1)}=0,\text{deg}_1v_i^{(2n+1)}=2i1(i0),\text{deg}_1w_j^{(2n+1)}=2j,\text{deg}_1\xi _k^{(2n+1)}=2k2.`$
The structure of $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ is given by the following theorem.

###### Theorem 10

* The module $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ is a free $`R_{2n+1}`$-module of rank $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ with $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ as a basis.
* The character $`\text{ch}_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ of $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ with respect to $`\text{deg}_1`$is given by

$`\text{ch}_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}=\left[\begin{array}{c}2n+1\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q.`$ (213)

Let us first prove (ii) assuming (i). Let

$`b_{n,\mathrm{}}^\pm ={\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_2\pm 1)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$ (216)
By Proposition 6 we have

$`b_{n,\mathrm{}}^{}=\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q.`$ (219)
We easily have

$`\text{ch}_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}=b_{n,\mathrm{}1}^++b_{n,\mathrm{}}^+,`$ (220)
where in the right hand side the first and the second terms are the characters of $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^{o+}`$ and $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ respectively. Notice a similar identity to (122):

$`[\mathrm{}_2]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}=[\mathrm{}_3+1]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_21& \mathrm{}_3+1\end{array}\right]_{q^2},`$ (225)
which implies

$`q^{2\mathrm{}_2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_21& \mathrm{}_3+1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ (235)
$`+q^{2(\mathrm{}_3+1)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_21& \mathrm{}_3+1\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$
Using this relation we rewrite $`b_{n,\mathrm{}}^+`$ as

$`b_{n,\mathrm{}}^+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_21)+2\mathrm{}_2}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$ (238)
$`=`$ $`\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q`$ (247)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}+1,\mathrm{}_31}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_2+1)}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+2\mathrm{}_3=\mathrm{}+1,\mathrm{}_31}{}}q^{\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2(\mathrm{}_2+1)+2\mathrm{}_3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}& n& \\ \mathrm{}_1& \mathrm{}_2& \mathrm{}_3\end{array}\right]_{q^2}.`$
We easily have

$`(\text{247})+(\text{247})=q^{\mathrm{}+1}\left[\begin{array}{c}2n\\ \mathrm{}+1\end{array}\right]_qb_{n,\mathrm{}+1}^+.`$ (250)
The desired result follows from (85). Q.E.D

The proof of (i) consists of two parts, the linear independence and the generation of the space $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$. Let us first prove the linear independence. It is proved by the specialization argument as in the even case using the result of the even case.

Consider the specialization of variables:

$`e_{2n+1}^{(2n+1)}=e_{2n}^{(2n+1)}=1,e_j^{(2n+1)}=0,j2n,2n+1.`$ (251)
###### Proposition 12

At (251) we have

* $$P_{r,s}^{(2n+1)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1,& s=n+2r\hfill \\ \hfill 0,& \text{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}$$
* $$v_0^{(2n+1)}=1X^{2n},v_i^{(2n+1)}=X^{2(n+1i)},i0,w_j^{(2n+1)}=X^{2n+12j},$$
* $$\xi _k^{(2n+1)}=\underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}v_{kr}^{(2n+1)}w_r^{(2n+1)},$$

where the index $`kr`$ of $`v_{kr}^{(2n+1)}`$ is read by modulo $`n`$ in the representative $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$.

At (251) we define $`\gamma `$, $`\alpha _i`$, $`\beta _i`$, $`\omega _i`$, $`1in`$ by

$`\gamma =v_0^{(2n+1)},\alpha _1=v_n^{(2n+1)},\alpha _i=v_{n+1i}^{(2n+1)},i2,`$
$`\beta _i=w_i^{(2n+1)},\omega _i={\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\alpha _{ri+1}\beta _r,`$
where the indices of $`\alpha _i`$, $`\beta _j`$ are considered by modulo $`n`$ in the representative $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}`$. By Proposition 12, $`\{\alpha _i,\beta _j,\gamma \}`$ are linearly independent.

Corresponding to $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ we define

$`SBas_{\mathrm{}}^o=\{\alpha _I^{(2n+1)}\beta _J^{(2n+1)}\omega _K^{(2n+1)}\},`$
where $`I,J,K`$ satisfy (34)-(37). By Theorem 7 and 8, elements of $`SBas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ are linearly independent. Thus elements of

$`\gamma SBas_\mathrm{}1^oSBas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$
are linearly independent. Consequently elements of $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ are linearly independent over $`R_{2n+1}`$.

Next let us prove that elements of $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ generate $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ over $`R_{2n+1}`$. Number the elements in $`Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ from $`1`$ to $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ and name the $`r`$-th element $`Q_r`$. Expand $`Q_r`$ as in (139) and define the $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ by $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{\mathrm{}}\right)`$ matrix $`X^{(2n+1,\mathrm{})}`$ by the similar formula to (140). The assertion follows from

###### Proposition 13

We have

$`detX^{(2n+1,\mathrm{})}=c(\mathrm{\Delta }_{2n+1}^+)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}1}\right)+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}\right)},`$
for some non-zero constant $`c`$.

Let

$`d_{I,J,K}^o=\text{deg}_1v_I^{(2n+1)}w_J^{(2n+1)}\xi _K^{(2n+1)},`$ (252)
and

$`d^{(2n+1,\mathrm{})}={\displaystyle \underset{I,J,K}{}}d_{I,J,K}^o+{\displaystyle \underset{0s_1\mathrm{}s_{\mathrm{}}2n}{}}(s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{\mathrm{}}),`$
where $`(I,J,K)`$ runs index sets such that $`v_I^{(2n+1)}w_J^{(2n+1)}\xi _K^{(2n+1)}Bas_{\mathrm{}}^o`$. Then Proposition 13 follows from

###### Lemma 21

$`d^{(2n+1,\mathrm{})}=\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n+1}{2}}\right)\left(\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n1}{\mathrm{}1}}\right)\right).`$
The proof of this lemma is similar to that of Lemma 10.

In this way (i) of Theorem 10 is proved. Q.E.D.

In the following we omit $`(2n+1)`$ of $`v_i^{(2n+1)}`$ etc.

Let

$`M_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}}{U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}1}v_0+U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}2}\xi _1}}.`$
We define the maps $`\phi _{\mathrm{}}^o`$, $`\psi _{\mathrm{}}^o`$, $`p_{\mathrm{}}^o`$ replacing $`U_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ by $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$, $`w_1`$ by $`v_0`$ and $`M_{2n,\mathrm{}}`$ by $`M_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ in the definition of $`\phi _{\mathrm{}}`$, $`\psi _{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`p_{\mathrm{}}`$. We introduce a grading on $`M_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}`$ by $`\text{deg}_2`$.

Then

###### Theorem 11

* The following sequence is exact for $`0\mathrm{}n`$:

$`0U_{2n+1,0}\stackrel{\phi _0^o}{}U_{2n+1,1}U_{2n+1,0}\stackrel{\phi _1^o}{}\mathrm{}`$ $`\stackrel{\phi _\mathrm{}2^o}{}`$ $`U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}1}U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}2}`$
$`\stackrel{\psi _\mathrm{}1^o}{}U_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}\stackrel{p_{\mathrm{}}^o}{}M_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}0.`$
* We have

$`\text{ch}M_{2n+1,\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{4}(2n+1)^2}}{[2n+1]_q!}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{c}2n+1\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q\left[\begin{array}{c}2n+1\\ \mathrm{}1\end{array}\right]_q\right).`$ (257)

Similarly to the even case if we set

$`M_{2\lambda +1}^{(1)}=_{n\mathrm{}=\lambda }M_{2n+1,\mathrm{}},`$
we have

$`\text{ch}M_{2\lambda +1}^{(1)}={\displaystyle \underset{n\mathrm{}=\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{4}(2n+1)^2}}{[2n+1]_q!}}\left(\left[\begin{array}{c}2n+1\\ \mathrm{}\end{array}\right]_q\left[\begin{array}{c}2n+1\\ \mathrm{}1\end{array}\right]_q\right)`$ (262)
which is equal to

$`\text{tr}_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_1|2\lambda +1)}(q^{d+\frac{1}{4}})={\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{4}(2\lambda +1)^2}(1q^{2\lambda +2})}{(q:q)_{\mathrm{}}}}.`$
## Appendix A Proof of Proposition 2

Let us write the integrand of $`I_M(P)`$ by $`J_M(P)`$:

$`I_M(P)={\displaystyle _C^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}d\alpha _aJ_M(P).`$
We simply write Res instead of writing

$`\text{Res}_{\beta _n=\beta _{n1}+\pi i}.`$
We divide the case into four: (I). $`n1,nM`$, (II). $`n1M`$, $`nM`$, (III) $`n1M`$, $`nM`$, (IV). $`n1M`$, $`nM`$. As in the proof of Proposition 3 in  one can calculate the residue in the following way according as the four cases.

(I).

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}\text{Res}I_M(P)=Res{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}\pi i}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b.`$
(II).

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}\text{Res}I_M(P)`$ $`=`$ $`Res{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}\pi i}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b`$
$`\text{Res}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _{\mathrm{}}=\beta _{n1}}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}d\alpha _b.`$
(III).

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}\text{Res}I_M(P)`$ $`=`$ $`Res{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}\pi i}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b`$
$`\text{Res}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _{\mathrm{}}=\beta _{n1}}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}1}{}}}d\alpha _b`$
$`+Res{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}+\pi i}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b.`$
(IV).

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi i}}\text{Res}I_M(P)`$ $`=`$ $`Res{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}\pi i}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b`$
$`\text{Res}{\displaystyle \underset{a=\mathrm{}1,\mathrm{}}{}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b`$
$`+Res{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle _{C^\mathrm{}1}}(\text{Res}_{\alpha _a=\beta _{n1}+\pi i}J_M(P)){\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}d\alpha _b.`$
The theorem can be proved by the calculations using these formulae.