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# The twisted Cartesian model for the double path fibration

## 1. introduction

The paper continues  in which a combinatorial model for a fibration was constructed based on the notion of a truncating twisting function from a simplicial set to a cubical set and on the corresponding notion of twisted Cartesian product of these sets being a cubical set. Applying the cochain functor we obtained a multiplicative twisted tensor product modeling the corresponding fibration.

There arises a need to iterate this construction for fibrations over loop or path spaces the bases of which are modeled by cubical sets. A cubical base naturally requires a permutahedral fibre; this really agrees with the first usage of the permutahedra (the Zilchgons) as modeling polytopes for loops on the standard cube due to R.J. Milgram  (see also ).

For this we proceed almost parallel to . Namely, let $`Q`$ be a 1-reduced cubical set, $`𝒵`$ a monoidal permutahedral set, and $``$ a permutahedral $`𝒵`$-module, i.e., $`𝒵`$ and $``$ are permutahedral sets with given associative permutahedral maps $`𝒵\times 𝒵𝒵`$ and $`𝒵\times `$ (see  or Section 2 below). We introduce the notion of truncating twisting function $`\vartheta :Q_{}𝒵_1`$ from a cubical set to a monoidal permutahedral set (the term truncating comes from the universal example $`\vartheta _U:I^nP_n`$ of such functions obtained by the standard truncation procedure, see Section 4 below). Such a twisting function $`\vartheta `$ defines the twisted Cartesian product $`Q\times _\vartheta `$ as a permutocubical set. The permutocube is defined as a polytope which is obtained from the standard cube by a certain truncation procedure due to N. Berikashvili , see also bellow. The permutocube can be thought of as a modeling polytope for paths on the cube.

We construct a functor which assigns to a cubical set $`Q`$ a monoidal permutahedral set $`𝛀Q`$ and present a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta _U:Q𝛀Q`$ of degree $`1`$ which is universal in the following sense: Given an arbitrary truncating function $`\vartheta :Q_{}𝒵_1,`$ there is a monoidal permutahedral map $`f_\vartheta :Q𝒵`$ such that $`\vartheta =f_\vartheta \vartheta _U.`$ The twisted Cartesian product $`𝐏Q=Q\times _{\vartheta _U}𝛀Q`$ is a permutocubical set functorially depending on $`Q`$. Note that $`𝛀Q`$ models the loop space $`\mathrm{\Omega }|Q|`$ and $`𝐏Q`$ models the path fibration on $`|Q|`$.

The chain complex $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝛀Q)`$ coincides with the cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$. Similarly, the chain complex $`C_{}^{}(Q\times _{\vartheta _U}𝛀Q)`$ coincides with the acyclic cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q);C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q));`$ furthermore, $`\vartheta _{}=C_{}(\vartheta ):C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_1^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵)`$ is a twisting cochain and $`C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta )`$ coincides with the twisted tensor product $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta _{}C_{}^{\mathrm{}}().`$

We construct an explicit diagonal for the permutocube $`B_n`$ which agrees with that of $`P_n`$  by means of the natural embedding $`P_nB_n`$. The equalities $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝛀Q)=\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ and $`C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta )=C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta _{}C_{}^{\mathrm{}}()`$ allow us to transport these diagonals to the cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ and the twisted tensor product $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta _{}C_{}^{\mathrm{}}()`$ respectively. Dually, we immediately obtain a multiplication on $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)_\vartheta ^{}C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta )`$ (which is an equality if the graded sets are of finite type). Note that this (co)multiplication is not strictly (co)associative but could be extended to an $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$-(co)algebra structure.

Next we express the resulting comultiplication on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta _{}C_{}^{\mathrm{}}()`$ in terms of certain chain operations of degree $`p+q1:`$

$$\{E^{p,q}:C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)^pC_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)^q\}_{p+q>0},$$

which give $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ a structure what we call a Hircsh coalgebra structure. This structure is a consequence of the permutahedral diagonal on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝛀Q)=\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q):`$ The permutahedral diagonal from  induces the diagonal $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ being a multiplicative map, thus it extends a certain homomorphism $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$, which itself consists of components $`E^{p,q}:C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)^pC_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)^q,p,q0.`$ The operation $`E^{1,1}`$ is dual to the cubical version of Steenrod’s $`_1`$-cochain operation; thus when $`E^{1,1}=0`$ a Hirsch coalgebra specializes to a cocommutative dg coalgebra (and dually for Hirsch algebras).

Towards the end of the paper we develop the theory of multiplicative twisted tensor products for Hirsch algebras, which provides a general algebraic framework for our multiplicative model of a fibration. A Hirsch algebra we define as an object $`(A,d,,\{E_{p,q}:A^pA^qA\}_{p+q>0}),`$ i.e., $`(A,d,)`$ is an associative dga and the sequence of operations $`\{E_{p,q}\}`$ determines a product on the bar construction $`BA`$ turning it into a dg Hopf algebra (this multiplication can be viewed as a perturbation of the shuffle product and is not necessarily associative). In particular $`E_{1,1}`$ has properties similar to $`_1`$ product, so that a Hirsch algebra can be considered as to have a structure measuring the lack of commutativity of $`A`$. Let $`C`$ be a dg Hopf algebra and $`M`$ be a dga and a dg $`C`$-comodule simultaneously. We say that a twisting cochain $`\varphi :CA`$ is multiplicative if the induced map $`CBA`$ is a dg Hopf algebra map. We introduce on $`A_\varphi M`$ a twisted multiplication $`\mu _\varphi `$ in terms of $`\varphi `$ and the Hirsch algebra structure of $`A`$ by the same formulas as in the case $`A=C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q),`$ $`C=C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝒵)`$ and $`M=C_{\mathrm{}}^{}();`$ then $`\varphi =\vartheta ^{}:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝒵)C_{\mathrm{}}^{+1}(Q)`$ provides a basic example of a multiplicative twisting cochain.

Applying our machinery to a fibration $`FEY`$ on a 1-connected space $`Y`$ and an associated principal $`G`$-fibration $`GPY`$ with action $`G\times FF`$ we obtain the following permutocubical model (Theorem 8.1): Let $`Q=\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\mathrm{Sing}^IY`$ be the Eilenberg 1-subcomplex generated by singular cubes that send the 1-skeleton of the standard $`n`$-cube $`I^n`$ to the base point of $`Y.`$ Let $`𝒵=\mathrm{Sing}^MG`$ and $`Y=\mathrm{Sing}^MF`$ be the singular multipermutahedral sets (see  and Section 2). We construct the Adams-Milgram map

$$\omega _{}:\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }Y)$$

which is realized by a monoidal multipermutahedral map $`\omega :𝛀Q\mathrm{Sing}^M\mathrm{\Omega }Y.`$ Composing $`\omega `$ with a map of monoidal multipermutahedral sets $`\mathrm{Sing}^M\mathrm{\Omega }Y\mathrm{Sing}^MG=𝒵`$ induced by the canonical map $`\mathrm{\Omega }YG`$ of monoids we immediately obtain a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta :Q𝒵`$. The resulting twisted Cartesian product $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\times _\vartheta \mathrm{Sing}^MF`$ provides the required permutocubical model of $`E;`$ and there exists a permutocubical weak equivalence $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\times _\vartheta \mathrm{Sing}^MF\mathrm{Sing}^BE,`$ where $`\mathrm{Sing}^B`$ denotes the singular permutocubical complex of a space. Applying the cochain functor we obtain a certain multiplicative twisted tensor product for the fibration.

In particular, we can obtain a permutocubical model for the path fibration $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2Y^{}P\mathrm{\Omega }Y^{}\mathrm{\Omega }Y^{}`$ in the following way. Taking for the base $`Y=\mathrm{\Omega }Y^{}`$ the cubical model $`Q=𝛀\mathrm{Sing}^2Y^{}`$ from  the above machinery yields the twisted Cartesian model $`𝛀\mathrm{Sing}^2Y^{}\times _{\vartheta _U}𝛀𝛀\mathrm{Sing}^2Y^{}`$ being a permutocubical set.

Consequently, we introduce the multiplication on the acyclic bar construction $`B(BC^{}(Y);BC^{}(Y))`$ whose restriction to the double bar construction $`BBC^{}(Y)`$ is just the one constructed in .

To summarize we observe the following. In  it is indicated the homotopy G-algebra structure on $`C^{}(Y)`$ consisting of cochain operations

$$\{E_{k,1}:C^{}(Y)^kC^{}(Y)C^{}(Y)\}_{k1},$$

defining a multiplication on $`BC^{}(Y)`$. Here we extend this multiplication to the structure of Hirsch algebra on $`BC^{}(Y)`$, i.e., to operations

$$\{E_{p,q}:(BC^{}(Y))^p(BC^{}(Y))^qBC^{}(Y)\}_{p+q>0},$$

which actually are cochain operations of type $`C^{}(Y)^mC^{}(Y)^n`$. This two sets of operations including in particular $``$, $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ operations, allow us to construct multiplicative models for $`\mathrm{\Omega }Y,\mathrm{\Omega }^2Y`$ and multiplicative twisted tensor products for path fibrations on $`Y`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }Y`$ as well as for fibrations associated with them.

As an example we present fibrations with the base being the loop space on a double suspension (in this case the Hirsch algebra structure consists just of $`E_{1,1}=_1`$ and all other operations $`E_{p,q}`$ are trivial) and for which the formula for the multiplication in the twisted tensor product has a very simple form. Moreover, in this case we present small multiplicative model being the twisted tensor product of cohomologies of base and fiber with the multiplicative structure purely defined by the $`,`$ $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ operations.

Finally, we mention that the geometric realization $`|𝛀𝛀\mathrm{Sing}^2Y|`$ of $`𝛀𝛀\mathrm{Sing}^2Y`$ is homeomorphic to the cellular model for the double loop space due to G. Carlsson and R. J. Milgram  and is homotopically equivalent to the cellular model due to H.-J. Baues .

The paper is organized as follows. We adopt the notions and the terminology from ; note that here a (co)algebra need not have a (co)associative (co)multiplication if it is not specially emphasized. In Section 2 we construct the functor $`𝛀`$ from the category of cubical sets to the category of permutahedral sets; Section 3 introduces the permutocubes; in Section 4 we introduce the notion of a permutocubical set; Section 5 introduces the notion of a truncating twisting function and the resulting twisted Cartesian product; in Section 6 we define an explicit diagonal on the permutocubes; in Section 7 we build the permutocubical set model for the double path fibration; in Section 8 a permutocubical model and the corresponding multiplicative twisted tensor product for a fibration are constructed, and, finally, in Section 9 the twisted tensor product theory for Hirsch algebras is developed.

## 2. The permutahedral set functor $`𝛀Q`$

For completeness we first recall some basic facts about permutahedral sets from  (compare, ).

### 2.1. Permutahedral sets

This subsection introduces the notion of a permutahedral set $`𝒵`$, which is a combinatorial object generated by permutahedra and equipped with appropriate face and degeneracy operators. We construct the generating category $`𝐏`$and show how to lift the diagonal on the permutahedra $`P`$ constructed above to a diagonal on $`𝒵`$. Naturally occurring examples of permutahedral sets include the double cobar construction, i.e., Adams’ cobar construction  on the cobar with coassociative coproduct , , . Permutahedral sets are distinguished from simplicial or cubical sets by their higher order structure relations. While our construction of $`𝐏`$follows the analogous (but not equivalent) construction for polyhedral sets given by D.W. Jones in , there is no mention of structure relations in .

Let $`S_n`$ be the symmetric group on $`\underset{¯}{n}=\{1,2,\mathrm{},n\}.`$ Recall that the permutahedron $`P_n`$ is the convex hull of $`n!`$ vertices $`(\sigma (1),\mathrm{},\sigma (n))^n,`$ $`\sigma S_n`$ , . As a cellular complex, $`P_n`$ is an $`\left(n1\right)`$-dimensional convex polytope whose $`\left(np\right)`$-faces are indexed by (ordered) partitions $`U_1|\mathrm{}|U_p`$ of $`\underset{¯}{n}`$. We shall define the permutahedra inductively as subdivisions of the standard $`n`$-cube $`I^n.`$ With this representation the combinatorial connection between faces and partitions is immediately clear.

Assign the label $`\underset{¯}{1}`$ to the single point $`P_1.`$ If $`P_{n1}`$ has been constructed and $`u=U_1|\mathrm{}|U_p`$ is one of its faces, form the sequence $`u_{}=\left\{u_0=0,u_1,\mathrm{},u_{p1},u_p=\mathrm{}\right\}`$ where $`u_j=\mathrm{\#}\left(U_{pj+1}\mathrm{}U_p\right),`$ $`1jp1`$ and $`\mathrm{\#}`$ denotes cardinality. Define the *subdivision of* $`I`$ *relative to* $`u`$ to be

$$I/u_{}=I_1I_2\mathrm{}I_p,$$

where $`I_j=[1\frac{1}{2^{u_{j1}}},1\frac{1}{2^{u_j}}]`$ and $`\frac{1}{2^{\mathrm{}}}=0.`$ Then

$$P_n=\underset{uP_{n1}}{}u\times I/u_{}$$

with faces labeled as follows (see Figures 1 and 2):

| Face of $`\underset{}{u\times I/u_{}}`$ | Partition of $`\underset{¯}{n}`$ |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`u\times 0`$ | $`U_1|\mathrm{}|U_p|n`$ |  |
| $`u\times (I_jI_{j+1})`$ | $`U_1|\mathrm{}|U_{pj}|n|U_{pj+1}|\mathrm{}|U_p,`$ | $`1jp1`$ |
| $`u\times 1`$ | $`n|U_1|\mathrm{}|U_p`$ |  |
| $`u\times I_j`$ | $`U_1|\mathrm{}|U_{pj+1}n|\mathrm{}|U_p.`$ |  |

A *cubical* vertex of $`P_n`$ is a vertex common to both $`P_n`$ and $`I^{n1}.`$ Note that $`u`$ is a cubical vertex of $`P_{n1}`$ if and only if $`u|n`$ and $`n|u`$ are cubical vertices of $`P_n.`$ Thus the cubical vertices of $`P_3`$ are $`1|2|3,`$ $`2|1|3,`$ $`3|1|2`$ and $`3|2|1`$ since $`1|2`$ and $`2|1`$ are cubical vertices of $`P_2.`$

Figure 1: $`P_3`$ as a subdivision of $`P_2\times I`$.

Figure 2a: $`P_4`$ as a subdivision of $`P_3\times I.`$

Figure 2b: The $`2`$-faces of $`P_4.`$

### 2.2. Singular Permutahedral Sets

By way of motivation we begin with constructions of two singular permutahedral sets–our universal examples. Whereas the first emphasizes coface and codegeneracy operators, the second emphasizes cellular chains and is appropriate for homology theory. We begin by constructing the various maps we need to define singular coface and codegeneracy operators.

Fix a positive integer $`n.`$ For $`0pn,`$ let

$$\underset{¯}{p}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{},& p=0\\ \{1,\mathrm{},p\},& 1pn\end{array}\text{ and }\overline{p}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{},& p=0\\ \{np+1,\mathrm{},n\},& 1pn;\end{array}$$

then $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ and $`\overline{p}`$ contain the first and last $`p`$ elements of $`\underset{¯}{n},`$ respectively; note that $`\underset{¯}{p}\overline{q}=\left\{p\right\}`$ whenever $`p+q=n+1`$. Given integers $`r,s\underset{¯}{n}`$ such that $`r+s=n+1,`$ there is a canonical projection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}:P_nP_r\times P_s`$ whose restriction to a vertex $`v=a_1|\mathrm{}|a_nP_n`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}(v)=b_1|\mathrm{}|b_r\times c_1|\mathrm{}|c_s,$$

where $`(b_1,\mathrm{},b_r;c_1,\mathrm{},c_{k1},c_{k+1},\mathrm{},c_s)`$is the unshuffle of $`(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ with $`b_i\underset{¯}{r},`$ $`c_j\overline{s},`$ $`c_k=r.`$ For example, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2,3}(2|4|1|3)=2|1\times 2|4|3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{3,2}(2|4|1|3)=2|1|3\times 4|3.`$ Since the image of the vertices of a cell of $`P_n`$ uniquely determines a cell in $`P_r\times P_s`$ the map $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}`$ is well-defined and cellular. Furthermore, the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}`$ to an $`(nk)`$-cell $`A_1|\mathrm{}|A_kP_n`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}\left(A_1|\mathrm{}|A_k\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\underset{¯}{r}\times \left(A_1|\mathrm{}|A_i\underset{¯}{r1}\text{ }|\mathrm{}|A_k\right),\hfill & \text{if }\underset{¯}{r}A_i,\text{ some }i,\hfill \\ & \\ \left(A_1|\mathrm{}|A_j\overline{s1}\text{ }|\mathrm{}|A_k\right)\times \overline{s},\hfill & \text{if }\overline{s}A_j,\text{ some }j,\hfill \\ & \\ \begin{array}{c}\left(A_1\overline{s1}\text{ }|\mathrm{}|A_k\overline{s1}\right)\hfill \\ \times \left(A_1\underset{¯}{r1}\text{ }|\mathrm{}|A_k\underset{¯}{r1}\right),\hfill \end{array}\hfill & \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Note that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}`$ acts homeomorphically in the first two cases and degeneratively in the third when $`1<k<n`$. When $`n=3`$ for example, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2,2}`$ maps the edge $`1|23`$ onto the edge $`1|2\times 23`$ and the edge $`13|2`$ onto the vertex $`1|2\times 3|2`$ (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: The projection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{2,2}:P_3I^2.`$

Now identify the set $`U=\left\{u_1<\mathrm{}<u_n\right\}`$ with $`P_n`$ and the ordered partitions of $`U`$ with the faces of $`P_n`$ in the obvious way. Then $`\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}\times 1\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{r+s1,t}=\left(1\times \mathrm{\Delta }_{s,t}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s+t1}`$ whenever $`r+s+t=n+2`$ so that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_,`$ acts coassociatively with respect to Cartesian product. It follows that each $`k`$-tuple $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)^k`$ with $`k2`$ and $`n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k=n+k1`$ uniquely determines a cellular projection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}:P_nP_{n_1}\times \mathrm{}\times P_{n_k}`$ given by the composition

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}=\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1,n_2}\times 1^{\times k2}\right)\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_{\left(k2\right)}k+3,n_{k1}}\times 1\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_{\left(k1\right)}k+2,n_k},$$

where $`n_{\left(q\right)}=n_1+\mathrm{}+n_q;`$ and in particular,

(1)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}\left(\underset{¯}{n}\right)=\underset{¯}{n_1}\times \underset{¯}{n_{\left(2\right)}1}\underset{¯}{n_11}\times \mathrm{}\times \underset{¯}{n_{\left(k\right)}\left(k1\right)}\underset{¯}{n_{\left(k1\right)}\left(k1\right)}.$$

Note that formula 1 with $`k=n1`$ and $`n_i=2`$ for all $`i`$ defines a projection $`\rho _n:P_nI^{n1}`$

$$\rho _n\left(\underset{¯}{n}\right)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{2\mathrm{}2}\left(\underset{¯}{n}\right)=12\times 23\times \mathrm{}\times \{n1,n\}$$

(see Figure 4) acting on a vertex $`u=u_1|\mathrm{}|u_n`$ as follows: For each $`i\underset{¯}{n1},`$ let $`\left\{u_j,u_k\text{ }\right|\text{ }j<k\}=\{u_1,\mathrm{},u_n\}\{i,i+1\}`$ and set $`v_i=u_j,`$ $`v_{i+1}=u_k;`$ then $`\rho _n(u)=v_1|v_2\times \mathrm{}\times v_{n1}|v_n.`$

Figure 4: The projection $`\rho _4:P_4I^3.`$

Now choose a (non-cellular) homeomorphism $`\gamma _n:I^{n1}P_n`$ whose restriction to a vertex $`v=v_1|v_2\times \mathrm{}\times v_{n1}|v_n`$ can be expressed inductively as follows: Set $`A_2=v_1|v_2;`$ if $`A_{k1}`$ has been obtained from $`v_1|v_2\times \mathrm{}\times v_{k2}|v_{k1},`$ set

$$A_k=\{\begin{array}{cc}A_{k1}|k,\hfill & \text{if }v_k=k,\hfill \\ k|A_{k1},\hfill & \text{otherwise.}\hfill \end{array}$$

For example, $`\gamma _4\left(2|1\times 3|2\times 3|4\right)=3|2|1|4.`$ Then $`\gamma _n`$ sends the vertices of $`I^{n1}`$ to cubical vertices of $`P_n`$ and the vertices of $`P_n`$ fixed by $`\gamma _n\rho _n`$ are exactly its cubical vertices. Given a codimension 1 face $`A|BP_n,`$ index the elements of $`A`$ and $`B`$ as follows: If $`nA,`$ write $`A=\left\{a_1<\mathrm{}<a_m\right\}`$ and $`B=\left\{b_1<\mathrm{}<b_{\mathrm{}}\right\};`$ if $`nB,`$ write $`A=\left\{a_1<\mathrm{}<a_{\mathrm{}}\right\}`$ and $`B=\left\{b_1<\mathrm{}<b_m\right\}.`$ Then $`A|B`$ uniquely embeds in $`P_n`$ as the subcomplex

$$P_{\mathrm{}}\times P_m=\{\begin{array}{cc}a_1|\mathrm{}|a_m|B\times A|b_1|\mathrm{}|b_{\mathrm{}},\hfill & \text{if }nA\hfill \\ A|b_1|\mathrm{}|b_m\times a_1|\mathrm{}|a_{\mathrm{}}|B,\hfill & \text{if }nB.\hfill \end{array}$$

For example, $`14|23`$ embeds in $`P_4`$ as $`1|4|23\times 14|2|3`$. Let $`\iota _{A|B}:A|BP_{\mathrm{}}\times P_m`$ denote this embedding and let $`h_{A|B}=\iota _{A|B}^1;`$ then $`h_{A|B}:P_{\mathrm{}}\times P_mA|B`$ is an orientation preserving homeomorphism. Also define the cellular projection

$$\varphi _{A|B}:P_nP_{\mathrm{}}\times P_m=\{\begin{array}{cc}b_1\mathrm{}b_{\mathrm{}}\times a_1\mathrm{}a_m,\hfill & \text{if }nA\hfill \\ a_1\mathrm{}a_{\mathrm{}}\times b_1\mathrm{}b_m,\hfill & \text{if }nB\hfill \end{array}$$

on a vertex $`c=c_1|\mathrm{}|c_n`$ by $`\varphi _{A|B}\left(c\right)=u_1|\mathrm{}|u_{\mathrm{}}\times v_1|\mathrm{}|v_m,`$ where $`(u_1,\mathrm{},u_{\mathrm{}};`$ $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_m)`$is the unshuffle of $`(c_1,\mathrm{},c_n)`$ with $`u_iB,`$ $`v_jA`$ when $`nA`$ or with $`u_iA,`$ $`v_jB`$ when $`nB.`$ Note that unlike $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s},`$ the projection $`\varphi _{A|B}`$ always degenerates on the top cell; furthermore, $`\varphi _{A|B}h_{A|B}=\varphi _{B|A}h_{A|B}=1`$. We note that when $`A`$ or $`B`$ is a singleton set, the projection $`\varphi _{A|B}`$ was defined by R.J. Milgram in .

The singular codegeneracy operator associated with $`A|B`$ is the map $`\beta _{A|B}:P_nP_{n1}`$ given by the composition

$$P_n\stackrel{\varphi _{A|B}}{}P_{\mathrm{}}\times P_m\stackrel{\rho _{\mathrm{}}\times \rho _m}{}I^\mathrm{}1\times I^{m1}=I^{n2}\stackrel{\gamma _{n1}}{}P_{n1};$$

the singular coface operator associated with $`A|B`$ is the map $`\delta _{A|B}:P_{n1}P_n`$ given by the composition

$$P_{n1}\stackrel{\rho _{n1}}{}I^{n2}=I^\mathrm{}1\times I^{m1}\stackrel{\gamma _{\mathrm{}}\times \gamma _m}{}P_{\mathrm{}}\times P_m\stackrel{h_{A|B}}{}A|B\stackrel{𝑖}{}P_n.$$

Unlike the simplicial or cubical case, $`\delta _{A|B}`$ need not be injective. We shall often abuse notation and write $`h_{A|B}:P_{\mathrm{}}\times P_mP_n`$ when we mean $`ih_{A|B}.`$

We are ready to define our first universal example. For future reference and to emphasize the fact that our definition depends only on positive integers, let $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)^k`$ such that $`n_{\left(k\right)}=n`$ and denote

$$𝒫_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}\left(n\right)=\{\text{Partitions}\text{ }A_1|\mathrm{}|A_k\text{ }\text{of }\underset{¯}{n}\text{ }|\text{ }\mathrm{\#}A_i=n_i\}.$$

###### Definition 2.1.

Let $`Y`$ be a topological space. The singular permutahedral set of $`Y`$ consists of the singular set

$$\mathrm{Sing}_{}^PY=\underset{n1}{}\left[\mathrm{Sing}_n^PY=\left\{\text{Continuous maps }P_nY\right\}\right]$$

together with singular face and degeneracy operators

$$d_{A|B}:\mathrm{Sing}_n^PY\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^PY\text{ and }\varrho _{A|B}:\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^PY\mathrm{Sing}_n^PY$$

defined respectively for each $`n2`$ and $`A|B𝒫_{}\left(n\right)`$ as the pullback along $`\delta _{A|B}`$ and $`\beta _{A|B}`$, i.e., for $`f\mathrm{Sing}_n^PY`$ and $`g\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^PY,`$

$$d_{A|B}(f)=f\delta _{A|B}\text{ and }\varrho _{A|B}(g)=g\beta _{A|B}.$$

Figure 5: The singular face operator associated with $`A|B`$.

Although coface operators $`\delta _{A|B}:P_{n1}P_n`$ need not be inclusions, the top cell of $`P_{n1}`$ is always non-degenerate; however, the top cell of $`P_{n2}`$ may degenerate under quadratic compositions $`\delta _{A|B}\delta _{C|D}:P_{n2}P_n`$ . For example, $`\delta _{12|34}\delta _{13|2}:P_2P_4`$ is a constant map, since $`\delta _{12|34}:P_3P_2\times P_2P_4`$ sends the edge $`13|2`$ to the vertex $`1|2\times 3|2`$.

###### Definition 2.2.

A quadratic composition of face operators $`d_{C|D}d_{A|B}`$ acts on $`P_n`$ if the top cell of $`P_{n2}`$ is non-degenerate under the composition

$$\delta _{A|B}\delta _{C|D}:P_{n2}P_n.$$

For comparison, quadratic compositions of simplicial or cubical face operators always act on the simplex or cube. When $`d_{C|D}d_{A|B}`$ acts on $`P_n,`$ we assign the label $`d_{C|D}d_{A|B}`$ to the codimension 2 face $`\delta _{A|B}\delta _{C|D}\left(\underset{¯}{n}\right)`$. The various paths of descent from the top cell to a cell in codimension 2 gives rise to relations among compositions of face and degeneracy operators (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: Quadratic relations on the vertices of $`P_3.`$

It is interesting to note that singular permutahedral sets have higher order structure relations, an example of which appears below in Figure 7 (see also (4)). This distinguishes permutahedral sets from simplicial or cubical sets in which relations are strictly quadratic. Our second universal example, called a “singular multipermutahedral set,” specifies a singular permutahedral set by restricting to maps $`f=\overline{f}\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}`$ for some continuous $`\overline{f}:P_{n_1}\times \mathrm{}\times P_{n_k}Y`$. Face and degeneracy operators satisfy those relations above in which $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}`$ plays no essential role.

Figure 7: A quartic relation in $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^PY`$.

Once again, fix a positive integer $`n,`$ but this time consider $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)\left(0\right)^k`$ with $`n_{(k)}=n1`$ and the projection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}:P_nP_{n_1+1}\times \mathrm{}\times P_{n_k+1}`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n:P_nP_n`$ defined to be the identity. Given a topological space $`Y,`$ let

$$\mathrm{Sing}^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}Y=\{\overline{f}\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}:P_nY\text{ }|\text{ }\overline{f}\text{is continuous}\};$$

define $`f,f^{}\mathrm{Sing}^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}Y`$ to be equivalent if there exists $`g:P_{n_1+1}\times \mathrm{}\times P_{n_{i1}+1}\times P_1\times P_{n_{i+1}+1}\times \mathrm{}\times P_{n_k+1}Y`$ for some $`i<k`$ such that

$$f=g(1^{\times i1}\times \varphi _{\underset{¯}{n_i+1}|n_i+1}\times 1^{\times ki1})\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_{i1}+1,n_i+2,n_{i+2}+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}$$

and

$$f^{}=g(1^{\times i}\times \varphi _{1|\underset{¯}{n_{i+2}+1}1}\times 1^{\times ki2})\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_i+1,n_{i+2}+2,n_{i+3}+1\mathrm{}n_k+1},$$

in which case we write $`ff^{}.`$ The geometry of the cube motivates this equivalence; the degeneracies in the product of cubical sets implies the identification (c.f.  or the definition of the cubical set functor $`𝛀X`$ in ).

Define the singular set

$$\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY=\underset{\begin{array}{c}(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)\left(0\right)^k\\ n_{(k)}=n1\end{array}}{}\mathrm{Sing}^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}Y/.$$

Singular face and degeneracy operators

$$d_{A|B}:\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^MY\text{ and }\varrho _{A|B}:\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^MY\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY$$

are defined piece-wise for each $`n2`$ and $`A|B𝒫_,\left(n\right),`$ depending on the form of $`A|B.`$ More precisely, for each pair of integers $`(p_i,q_i),`$ $`1ik,`$ with

$$p_i=1+\underset{j=1}{\overset{i1}{}}n_j\text{ and }q_i=1+\underset{j=i+1}{\overset{k}{}}n_j,\text{ let}$$

$$𝒬_{p_i,q_i}\left(n\right)=\left\{U\right|V𝒫_,\left(n\right)\text{ }|\text{ }\left(\underset{¯}{p_i}U\text{ or }\underset{¯}{p_i}V\right)\text{ and }\left(\overline{q_i}U\text{ or }\overline{q_i}V\right)\};$$

in particular, when $`r+s=n+1,`$ set $`k=2,`$ $`p_1=q_2=1,`$ $`p_2=r`$ and $`q_1=s,`$ then

$$𝒬_{r,1}\left(n\right)=\left\{U\right|V𝒫_,\left(n\right)\text{ }|\text{ }\underset{¯}{r}U\text{ or }\underset{¯}{r}V\}\text{ and}$$

$$𝒬_{1,s}\left(n\right)=\left\{U\right|V𝒫_,\left(n\right)\text{ }|\text{ }\overline{s}U\text{ or }\overline{s}V\}.$$

Since we identify $`\underset{¯}{r}|\overline{s}P_{n+1}`$ with $`P_r\times P_s=\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}\left(P_n\right),`$ it follows that $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i}\left(n\right)`$ for some $`i`$ if and only if $`\delta _{A|B}\delta _{\underset{¯}{r}|\overline{s}}:P_{n1}P_{n+1}`$ is non-degenerate; consequently we consider cases $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i}\left(n\right)`$ for some $`i`$ and $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i}\left(n\right)`$ for all $`i.`$

Since our definitions of $`d_{A|B}`$ and $`\varrho _{A|B}`$ are independent in the first case and interdependent in the second, we define both operators simultaneously. But first we need some notation: Given an increasingly ordered set $`M=\{m_1<\mathrm{}<m_k\},`$ let $`I_M:M\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\#}M}`$ denote the *indexing map* $`m_ii`$ and let $`M+z=\{m_i+z\}`$ denote *translation by* $`z`$. Of course, $`Mz`$ and $`M+z`$ are left and right translations when $`z>0;`$ we adopt the convention that translation takes preference over set operations.

Assume $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i}(n)`$ for some $`i,`$ and let

$$C_i=\{p_i,p_i+1,\mathrm{},p_i+n_i\};$$

$$A_i=\left(C_iA\right)n_{(i1)},\text{ }B_i=\left(C_iB\right)n_{(i1)};$$

(2)
$$n_i^{}=\mathrm{\#}(AC_i)1,\text{ }n_i^{\prime \prime }=\mathrm{\#}(BC_i)1.$$

For example, $`n=6,`$ $`n_1=3`$ and $`n_2=2`$ determines the projection $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{4,3}:P_61234\times 456`$ and pairs $`(p_1,q_1)=(1,3)`$ and $`(p_2,q_2)=(4,1).`$ Thus $`A|B=1234|56𝒬_{3,2}(6)`$ and the composition $`\delta _{\underset{¯}{4}|\overline{3}}\delta _{A|B}:P_5P_7`$ is non-degenerate. Furthermore, $`C_2=456,`$ $`A_2=\left(4561234\right)3=1,`$ $`B_2=23,`$ $`n_i^{}=0,`$ $`n_i^{\prime \prime }=1`$ and we may think of $`d_{A|B}`$ acting on $`1234\times 456`$ as $`1\times d_{1|23}.`$

Figure 8: Face and degeneracy operators when $`i=1`$ and $`k=2.`$

For $`f=\overline{f}\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY,`$ let $`\stackrel{~}{f}=\overline{f}(1^{\times i1}\times h_{A_i|B_i}\times 1^{\times ki})`$ and define

$$d_{A|B}(f)=\stackrel{~}{f}\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_i^{}+1,n_i^{\prime \prime }+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}.$$

Dually, note that $`n_i^{}+n_i^{\prime \prime }=n_i1`$ implies the sum of coordinates $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_{i1},n_i^{},n_i^{\prime \prime },`$ $`n_{i+1},\mathrm{},n_k)(0)^{k+1}`$ is $`n2.`$ So for $`g=\overline{g}\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_i^{}+1,n_i^{\prime \prime }+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^MY,`$ let $`\stackrel{~}{g}=\overline{g}(1^{\times i1}\times \varphi _{A_i|B_i}\times 1^{\times ki})`$ and define

$$\varrho _{A|B}(g)=\stackrel{~}{g}\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_1+1\mathrm{}n_k+1}$$

(see Figure 8).

On the other hand, assume that $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i}(n)`$ for all $`i`$ and define $`d_{A|B}`$ inductively as follows: When $`k=2,`$ set $`r=n_1+1,`$ $`s=n_2+1`$ and let

$$\begin{array}{cc}K|L=\hfill & \{\begin{array}{cc}(\underset{¯}{r}A)\overline{s}|\underset{¯}{r}B,\hfill & rA\hfill \\ \underset{¯}{r}A|(\underset{¯}{r}B)\overline{s},\hfill & rB\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & \\ M|N=\hfill & \{\begin{array}{ccc}(\overline{s}A)1|\underset{¯}{n1}(\overline{s}A)1,\hfill & rB\hfill & \\ \underset{¯}{n1}(\overline{s}B)\mathrm{\#}L|(\overline{s}B)\mathrm{\#}L,\hfill & rA,\hfill & nA\hfill \\ I_{\underset{¯}{n}L}(A)|\underset{¯}{n1}I_{\underset{¯}{n}L}(A),\hfill & rA,\hfill & nB\hfill \end{array}\hfill \\ & \\ C|D=\hfill & \{\begin{array}{ccc}I_{\underset{¯}{n}B}(\underset{¯}{r}A)|\underset{¯}{n1}I_{\underset{¯}{n}B}(\underset{¯}{r}A),\hfill & rB,\hfill & nB\hfill \\ I_{\underset{¯}{n}A}(\overline{s}B)|\underset{¯}{n1}I_{\underset{¯}{n}A}(\overline{s}B),\hfill & rA,\hfill & nB\hfill \\ & & \\ \underset{¯}{n1}I_{\underset{¯}{n}B}(\overline{s}A)|I_{\underset{¯}{n}B}(\overline{s}A),\hfill & rB,\hfill & nA\hfill \\ \underset{¯}{n1}I_{\underset{¯}{n}A}(\underset{¯}{r}B)|I_{\underset{¯}{n}A}(\underset{¯}{r}B),\hfill & rA,\hfill & nA.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

Then define

(3)
$$d_{A|B}=\varrho _{C|D}d_{M|N}d_{K|L}.$$

###### Remark 2.1.

This definition makes sense since $`K|L𝒬_{p_1,q_1}(n),`$ $`M|N𝒬_{p_3,q_3}(n1),`$ $`C|D𝒬_{p_1,q_1}(n1)`$with either $`r,nB`$ or $`r,nA`$ and $`C|D𝒬_{p_3,q_3}(n1)`$with either $`rB,`$ $`nA`$ or $`rA,`$ $`nB`$. Of course, $`𝒬_{}(n1)`$ is considered with respect to the decomposition $`n2=m_1+m_2+m_3`$ fixed after the action of $`d_{K|L}(\underset{¯}{r}\times \underset{¯}{s})`$.

If $`k=3,`$ consider the pair $`(r,s)=(n_1+1,nn_1),`$ then $`(r_1,s_1)=(n_2+1,nn_1n_21)`$ for $`A_1|B_1=I_{\underset{¯}{n}\underset{¯}{r}}(\overline{s}A)|I_{\underset{¯}{n}\underset{¯}{r}}(\overline{s}B)𝒫_{p_1,q_1}(nr),`$ and so on. Now dualize and use the same formulas above to define the degeneracy operator $`\varrho _{A|B}`$.

###### Definition 2.3.

Let $`Y`$ be a topological space. The singular multipermutahedral set of $`Y`$ consists of the singular set $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^MY`$ together with the singular face and degeneracy operators

$$d_{A|B}:\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^MY\text{ and }\varrho _{A|B}:\mathrm{Sing}_{n1}^MY\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY$$

defined respectively for each $`n2`$ and $`A|B𝒫_{}\left(n\right)`$.

###### Remark 2.2.

The operator $`d_{A|B}`$ defined in (3) applied to $`d_{U|V}`$ for some$`U|V𝒫_{r,s}(n+1)`$ yields the higher order structural relation

(4)
$$d_{A|B}d_{U|V}=\varrho _{C|D}d_{M|N}d_{K|L}d_{U|V}$$

discussed in our first universal example.

Now $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^MY`$ determines the singular (co)homology of a space $`Y`$ in the following way: Let $`R`$ be a commutative ring with identity. For $`n1,`$ let $`C_{n1}(\mathrm{Sing}^MY)`$ denote the $`R`$-module generated by $`\mathrm{Sing}_n^MY`$ and form the “chain complex”

$$(C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^MY),d)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}n_{(k)}=n1\\ n1\end{array}}{}(C_{n1}(\mathrm{Sing}^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}Y),d_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}),$$

where

$$d_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}=\underset{\begin{array}{c}A|B_{i=1}^k𝒬_{p_i,q_i}\left(n\right)\end{array}}{}(1)^{n_{(i1)}+n_i^{}}\text{ }\text{ shuff}(C_iA;C_iB)\text{ }d_{A|B}.$$

Refer to the example in Figure 7 and note that for $`fC_4(\mathrm{Sing}^MY)`$ with $`d_{13|2}d_{12|34}\left(f\right)0`$, the component $`d_{13|2}d_{12|34}\left(f\right)`$ of $`d^2\left(f\right)C_2(\mathrm{Sing}^MY)`$ is not cancelled and $`d^20`$. Hence $`d`$ is not a differential. To remedy this, form the quotient

$$C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)=C_{}\left(\mathrm{Sing}^MY\right)/DGN,$$

where $`DGN`$ is the submodule generated by the degeneracies, and obtain the *singular permutahedral chain complex* $`(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y),d)`$. Because the signs in $`d`$ are determined by the index $`i`$, which is missing in our first universal example, we are unable to use our first example to define a chain complex with signs. However, we could use it to define a unoriented theory with $`_2`$-coefficients.

The singular homology of $`Y`$ is recovered from the composition

$$C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}Y)C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^IY)C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^MY)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)$$

arising from the canonical cellular projections

$$P_{n+1}I^n\mathrm{\Delta }^n.$$

Since this composition is a chain map, there is a natural isomorphism

$$H_{}(Y)H_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)=H_{}(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y),d).$$

The fact that our diagonal on $`P`$ and the A-W diagonal on simplices commute with projections allows us to recover the singular cohomology ring of $`Y`$ as well. Finally, we remark that a cellular projection $`f`$ between polytopes induces a chain map between corresponding singular chain complexes whenever chains on the target are normalized. Here $`C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}Y)`$ and $`C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^IY)`$ are non-normalized and the induced map $`f^{}`$ is not a chain map; but fortunately $`d^2=0`$ does not depend $`df^{}=f^{}d`$.

### 2.3. Abstract Permutahedral Sets

We begin by constructing a generating category $`𝐏`$ for permutahedral sets similar to that of finite ordered sets and monotonic maps for simplicial sets. The objects of $`𝐏`$ are the sets $`n!=S_n`$ of permutations of $`\underset{¯}{n},`$ $`n1.`$ But before we can define the morphisms we need some preliminaries. First note that when $`P_n`$ is identified with its vertices $`n!`$, the maps $`\rho _n`$ and $`\gamma _n`$ defined above become

$$\rho _n:n!2!^{n1}\text{and}\gamma _n:2!^{n1}n!.$$

Given a non-empty increasingly ordered set $`M=\left\{m_1<\mathrm{}<m_k\right\},`$ let $`M!`$ denote the set of all permutations of $`M`$ and let $`J_M:M!k!`$ be the map defined for $`a=(m_{\sigma \left(1\right)},\mathrm{},m_{\sigma \left(k\right)})M!`$ by $`J_M(a)=\sigma .`$ For $`n,m`$ and partitions $`A_1|\mathrm{}|A_k𝒫_{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}(n)`$ and $`B_1|\mathrm{}|B_{\mathrm{}}𝒫_{m_1\mathrm{}m_{\mathrm{}}}(m)`$ with $`nk=m\mathrm{}=\varkappa ,`$ define the morphism

$$f_{A_1|\mathrm{}|A_k}^{B_1|\mathrm{}|B_{\mathrm{}}}:m!n!$$

by the composition

$$\begin{array}{c}m!\stackrel{sh_B}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}B_j\stackrel{\sigma _{\mathrm{max}}}{}\underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}B_{j_r}\stackrel{J_B}{}\underset{j=r}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m_{j_r}!\stackrel{\rho _{}}{}2!^\varkappa \stackrel{\gamma _{}}{}\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{s=1}{\overset{k}{}}n_{i_s}!\stackrel{J_A^1}{}\underset{s=1}{\overset{k}{}}A_{i_s}\stackrel{\sigma _{\mathrm{max}}^1}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}A_i\stackrel{\iota _A}{}n!\end{array}$$

where $`sh_B`$ is a surjection defined for $`b=\{b_1,\mathrm{},b_m\}m!`$ by

$$sh_B(b)=(b_{1,1},..,b_{m_1,1};\mathrm{};b_{1,\mathrm{}},..,b_{m_{\mathrm{}},\mathrm{}}),$$

in which the right-hand side is the unshuffle of $`b`$ with $`b_{r,t}B_t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}rm_t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}t\mathrm{};`$ $`\sigma _{\mathrm{max}}S_{\mathrm{}}`$ is a permutation defined by $`j_r=\sigma _{\mathrm{max}}(r),`$ $`\mathrm{max}B_{j_r}=\mathrm{max}(B_1B_2\mathrm{}B_{j_r});`$ $`J_B=_{r=1}^{\mathrm{}}J_{B_{j_r}};`$ $`\rho _{}=_{r=1}^{\mathrm{}}\rho _{j_r}`$ and $`\gamma _{}=_{s=1}^k\gamma _{i_s};`$ finally, $`\iota _A`$ is the inclusion. It is easy to see that

$$f_{A_1|\mathrm{}|A_k}^{B_1|\mathrm{}|B_{\mathrm{}}}=f_{A_1|\mathrm{}|A_k}^{\underset{¯}{\varkappa +1}}f_{\underset{¯}{\varkappa +1}}^{B_1|\mathrm{}|B_{\mathrm{}}}\text{and}f_{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\underset{¯}{n}}=\gamma _n\rho _n.$$

In particular, the maps $`f_{A|B}^{\underset{¯}{n1}}:(n1)!n!`$ and $`f_{\underset{¯}{n1}}^{A|B}:n!\left(n1\right)!`$ are generator morphisms denoted by $`\delta _{A|B}`$ and $`\beta _{A|B},`$ respectively (see Theorem 2.1 below, the statement of which requires some new set operations).

###### Definition 2.4.

Given non-empty disjoint subsets $`A,B,U\underset{¯}{n+1}`$ with $`ABU,`$ define the lower and upper disjoint unions (with respect to $`U`$) by
$`A\underset{¯}{}B=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}I_{U\mathrm{}A}\left(B\right)+\mathrm{\#}A1,\hfill & \text{if }\mathrm{min}B>\mathrm{min}\left(U\mathrm{}A\right)\hfill \\ I_{U\mathrm{}A}\left(B\right)+\mathrm{\#}A1\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\#}A},\hfill & \text{if }\mathrm{min}B=\mathrm{min}\left(U\mathrm{}A\right)\hfill \end{array}`$  and     $`A\overline{}B=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}I_{U\mathrm{}B}\left(A\right),\hfill & \text{if }\mathrm{max}A<\mathrm{max}\left(U\mathrm{}B\right)\hfill \\ I_{U\mathrm{}B}\left(A\right)\overline{\mathrm{\#}B}1,\hfill & \text{if }\mathrm{max}A=\mathrm{max}\left(U\mathrm{}B\right)\text{.}\hfill \end{array}`$
If either $`A`$ or $`B`$ is empty, define $`A\underset{¯}{}B=A\overline{}B=AB`$. Furthermore, given non-empty disjoint subsets $`A,B_1,\mathrm{},B_k\underset{¯}{n+1}`$ with $`k1,`$ set $`U=AB_1\mathrm{}B_k`$ and define

$$A\mathrm{}(B_1|\mathrm{}|B_k)=(B_1|\mathrm{}|B_k)\mathrm{}A=\{\begin{array}{cc}A\underset{¯}{}B_1|\mathrm{}|A\underset{¯}{}B_k,\hfill & \text{if }\mathrm{max}A<\mathrm{max}U\hfill \\ B_1\overline{}A|\mathrm{}|B_k\overline{}A,\hfill & \text{if }\mathrm{max}A=\mathrm{max}U.\hfill \end{array}$$

Note that if $`A|B`$ is a partition of $`\underset{¯}{n+1}`$, then

$$A\underset{¯}{}B=A\overline{}B=\underset{¯}{n}.$$

Given a partition $`A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{k+1}`$ of $`\underset{¯}{n},`$ define $`A_1^1|\mathrm{}|A_{k+1}^1=A_1^1|\mathrm{}|A_1^{k+1}=`$$`A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{k+1};`$ inductively, given $`A_1^i|\mathrm{}|A_{ki+2}^i`$ the partition of $`\underset{¯}{ni+1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}i<k,`$ let

$$A_1^{i+1}|\mathrm{}|A_{ki+1}^{i+1}=A_1^i\mathrm{}(A_2^i|\mathrm{}|A_{ki+2}^i)$$

be the partition of $`\underset{¯}{ni};`$ and given $`A_i^1|\mathrm{}|A_i^{ki+2}`$ the partition of $`\underset{¯}{ni+1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}i<k,`$ let

$$A_{i+1}^1|\mathrm{}|A_{i+1}^{ki+1}=(A_i^1|\mathrm{}|A_i^{ki+1})\mathrm{}A_i^{ki+2}$$

be the partition of $`\underset{¯}{ni}.`$

###### Theorem 2.1.

For $`A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{k+1}𝒫_{n_1\mathrm{}n_{k+1}}(n),`$ $`2kn,`$ the map $`f_{A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{k+1}}^{\underset{¯}{nk}}:(nk)!n!`$ can be expressed as a composition of $`\delta `$’s two ways:

$$f_{A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{k+1}}^{\underset{¯}{nk}}=\delta _{A_1^1|A_2^1\mathrm{}A_{k+1}^1}\mathrm{}\delta _{A_1^k|A_2^k}=\delta _{A_1^1\mathrm{}A_1^k|A_1^{k+1}}\mathrm{}\delta _{A_k^1|A_k^2}.$$

###### Proof.

The proof is straightforward and omitted. ∎

There is also the dual set of relations among the $`\beta `$’s.

###### Example 2.1.

Theorem 2.1 defines structure relations among the $`\delta `$’s, the first of which is

(5)
$$\delta _{A|BC}\delta _{A\mathrm{}(B|C)}=\delta _{AB|C}\delta _{(A|B)\mathrm{}C}$$

when $`k=2.`$ In particular, let $`A|B|C=12|345|678`$. Since $`A\underset{¯}{}B=\{1234\},`$ $`A\underset{¯}{}C=\left\{567\right\},`$ $`A\overline{}C=\{12\}`$ and $`B\overline{}C=\left\{34567\right\},`$ we obtain the following quadratic relation on $`12|345|678`$:

$$\delta _{12|345678}\delta _{1234|567}=\delta _{12345|678}\delta _{12|34567};$$

similarly, on $`345|12|678`$ we have

$$\delta _{345|12678}\delta _{1234|567}=\delta _{12345|678}\delta _{34567|12}.$$

###### Definition 2.5.

Let $`𝒞`$ be the category of sets. A permutahedral set is a contravariant functor

$$𝒵:𝐏𝒞.$$

Thus a permutahedral set $`𝒵`$ is a graded set $`𝒵=\{𝒵_n\}_{n1}`$endowed with face and degeneracy operators

$$d_{A|B}=𝒵(\delta _{A|B}):𝒵_n𝒵_{n1}\text{ and }\varrho _{M|N}=𝒵(\beta _{M|N}):𝒵_n𝒵_{n+1}$$

satisfying an appropriate set of relations, which includes quadratic relations such as

(6)
$$d_{A\mathrm{}(B|C)}d_{A|BC}=d_{(A|B)\mathrm{}C}d_{AB|C}$$

induced by (5) and higher order relations such as

$$d_{A|B}d_{U|V}=\varrho _{C|D}d_{M|N}d_{K|L}d_{U|V}$$

discussed in (4).

Let us define the abstract analog of a singular multipermutahedral set, which leads to a singular chain complex with arbitrary coefficients.

###### Definition 2.6.

For $`n1,`$let $`X_n=_{n_{\left(k\right)}=n1,\text{ }n_k0}X^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}`$ and $`X_{n1}=`$ $`_{m_{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}=n2,\text{ }m_{\mathrm{}}0}X^{m_1\mathrm{}m_{\mathrm{}}}`$ be filtered sets; let $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i}(n)`$ for some $`i.`$ A map $`g:X_nX_{n1}`$ acts as an $`A|B`$-formal derivation if $`g|_{X^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}}:X^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}X^{n_1\mathrm{}n_i^{},n_i^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}n_k},`$ where $`(n_i^{},n_i^{\prime \prime })`$ is given by (2).

Let $`𝒞_M`$ denote the category whose objects are positively graded sets $`X_{}`$ filtered by subsets $`X_n=_{n_{\left(k\right)}=n1,\text{ }n_k0}X^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k}`$ and whose morphisms are filtration preserving set maps.

###### Definition 2.7.

A multipermutahedral set is a contravariant functor $`𝒵:𝐏𝒞_M`$ such that

$$𝒵(\delta _{A|B}):𝒵(n!)𝒵((n1)!)$$

acts as an $`A|B`$-formal derivation for each $`A|B𝒬_{p_i,q_i},`$ all $`i1.`$

Thus a multipermutahedral set $`𝒵`$ is a graded set $`\left\{𝒵_n\right\}_{n1}`$ with

$$𝒵_n=\underset{\begin{array}{c}n_{\left(k\right)}=n1\\ n_k0\end{array}}{}𝒵^{n_1\mathrm{}n_k},$$

together with face and degeneracy operators

$$d_{A|B}=𝒵(\delta _{A|B}):𝒵_n𝒵_{n1}\text{ and }\varrho _{M|N}=𝒵(\beta _{M|N}):𝒵_n𝒵_{n+1}$$

satisfying the relations of a permutahedral set and the additional requirement that $`d_{A|B}`$ respect underlying multigrading. This later condition allows us to form the chain complex of $`𝒵`$ with signs mimicking the cellular chain complex of permutahedra (see below). Note that the chain complex of a permutahedral set is only defined with $`_2`$-coefficients in general.

### 2.4. The Cartesian product of permutahedral sets

The objects and morphisms in the category $`𝐏\times 𝐏`$ are the sets and maps

$$n!!=\underset{r+s=n}{}r!\times s!\text{ and }\underset{f,g𝐏}{}f\times g:m!!n!!$$

all $`m,n1.`$ There is a functor $`\mathrm{\Delta }:𝐏𝐏\times 𝐏`$ defined as follows. If $`A|B𝒬_{r,1}(n)𝒬_{1,s}(n),`$ define $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}(A|B)=A_1|B_1\times A_2|B_2r!\times s!`$and define $`\delta _{A|B}:(n1)!n!`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\delta _{A|B})=\delta _{A_1|B_1}\times \delta _{A_2|B_2},$$

where $`\delta _{A_i|B_i}=1`$ for either $`i=1`$ or $`i=2.`$ Define $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\beta _{A|B})`$ similarly. On the other hand, if $`A|B𝒬_{r,1}(n)𝒬_{1,s}(n),`$ define

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\delta _{A|B})=\mathrm{\Delta }(\delta _{K|L})\mathrm{\Delta }(\delta _{M|N})\mathrm{\Delta }(\beta _{C|D}),$$

where $`K|L,M|N,C|D`$ are given by the formulas in (3). Dually, define $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\beta _{M|N}).`$ It is easy to check that $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is well defined.

Given multipermutahedral sets $`𝒵^{},𝒵^{\prime \prime }:𝐏𝒞_M`$, first define a functor

$$𝒵^{}\stackrel{~}{\times }𝒵^{\prime \prime }:𝐏\times 𝐏𝒞_M$$

on an object $`n!!`$ by

$$(𝒵^{}\stackrel{~}{\times }𝒵^{\prime \prime })(n!!)=\underset{r+s=n}{}𝒵^{}(r!)\times 𝒵^{\prime \prime }(s!)\mathrm{},$$

where $`(a,b)(c,e)`$ if and only if $`a=\varrho _{\underset{¯}{r}|r+1}^{}(c)`$ and $`e=\varrho _{1|\underset{¯}{s+1}\underset{¯}{1}}^{\prime \prime }(b).`$ On a map $`h=(f\times g):m!!n!!,`$

$$(𝒵^{}\stackrel{~}{\times }𝒵^{\prime \prime })(h):(𝒵^{}\stackrel{~}{\times }𝒵^{\prime \prime })(n!!)(𝒵^{}\stackrel{~}{\times }𝒵^{\prime \prime })(m!!)$$

is the map induced by $`(𝒵^{}(f)\times 𝒵^{\prime \prime }(g)).`$ Now define the product $`𝒵^{}\times 𝒵^{\prime \prime }`$ to be the composition of functors

$$𝒵^{}\times 𝒵^{\prime \prime }=𝒵^{}\stackrel{~}{\times }𝒵^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Delta }:𝐏𝒞_M.$$

The face operator $`d_{A|B}`$ on $`𝒵^{}\times 𝒵^{\prime \prime }`$ is given by

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$$d_{A|B}(a\times b)=\{\begin{array}{cc}d_{\underset{¯}{r}A|\underset{¯}{r}B}^{}\left(a\right)\times b,\hfill & \text{if }A|B𝒬_{1,s}\left(n\right),\hfill \\ a\times d_{(\overline{s}A)r+1|(\overline{s}B)r+1}^{\prime \prime }(b),\hfill & \text{if }A|B𝒬_{r,1}\left(n\right),\hfill \\ \varrho _{C|D}d_{M|N}d_{K|L}\left(a\times b\right),\hfill & \text{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`M|N,K|L,C|D`$ given by the formulas in (3).

###### Example 2.2.

The canonical map $`\iota :\mathrm{Sing}^PX\times \mathrm{Sing}^PY\mathrm{Sing}^P(X\times Y)`$ defined for $`(f,g)\mathrm{Sing}_r^PX\times \mathrm{Sing}_s^PY`$ by

$$\iota (f,g)=(f\times g)\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}$$

is a map of permutahedral sets. Consequently, if $`X`$ is a topological monoid, the singular permutahedral complex $`Sing^PX`$ inherits a canonical monoidal structure.

###### Definition 2.8.

A monoidal permutahedral set is a permutahedral set $`𝒵`$ with a map $`\mu :𝒵\times 𝒵𝒵`$ of permutahedral sets which is associative and has the unit $`e𝒵_1.`$

Clearly, for a monoidal multipermutahedral set $`𝒵,`$ its chain complex $`(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵;R),d)`$ is a dg Hopf algebra.

Given a monoidal multipermutahedral set $`𝒵,`$ a $`𝒵`$-module is a multipermutahedral set $``$ together with associative action $`𝒵\times `$ with the unit of $`𝒵`$ acting as identity. In this case $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(;R)`$ is a dga comodule over the dg Hopf algebra $`(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝒵;R),d)`$.

### 2.5. The permutahedral set functor $`𝛀Q`$

Let $`Q=(Q_n,d_i^0,d_i^1,\eta _i)_{n0}`$ be a cubical set. Recall that the diagonal

$$\mathrm{\Delta }:C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)$$

of $`Q`$ is defined on $`aQ_n`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(a)=\text{shuff}(A;B)d_B^0(a)d_A^1(a),$$

where $`d_B^0=d_{j_1}^0\mathrm{}d_{j_q}^0,`$ $`d_A^1=d_{i_1}^1\mathrm{}d_{i_p}^1,`$ the summation is over all shuffles $`\{A,B\}=\{i_1<\mathrm{}<i_q,j_1<\mathrm{}<j_p\}`$ of the set $`\underset{¯}{n}.`$ The primitive components of the diagonal are given by the extreme cases $`A=\mathrm{}`$ and $`B=\mathrm{}.`$

Assume $`Q`$ is 1-reduced. Let $`\overline{Q}=s^1(Q_{>0})`$ denote the desuspension of $`Q,`$ let $`𝛀^{\prime \prime }Q`$ be the free graded monoid generated by $`\overline{Q}`$ with the unit $`e\overline{Q}_1𝛀^{\prime \prime }Q`$ and let $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ be the set of formal expressions

$$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}=\{\varrho _{M_k|N_k}((\mathrm{}\varrho _{M_2|N_2}(\varrho _{M_1|N_1}(\overline{a}_1\overline{a}_2)\overline{a}_3)\mathrm{})\overline{a}_{k+1})|a_iQ_{r_i}\}_{r_i1;k2},$$

$`M_i|N_i𝒫_{r_{(i)},r_{i+1}}(r_{(i+1)})`$ or $`M_i|N_i𝒫_{r_{i+1},r_{(i)}}(r_{(i+1)}),`$ $`r_{(i)}=r_1+\mathrm{}+r_i,`$ $`\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}ik.`$ Note that one or more of the $`a_i`$’s can be the unit $`e`$. Adjoin the elements of $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ to $`𝛀^{\prime \prime }Q`$ and obtain the graded monoid $`𝛀^{}Q`$and let $`𝛀Q`$ be the monoid

$$𝛀Q=𝛀^{}Q\mathrm{}\text{,}$$

where $`\varrho _{M|N}(\overline{a}\overline{b})\varrho _{N|M}(\overline{a}\overline{b}),`$ $`\varrho _{j|\underset{¯}{n}j}(e\overline{a})\varrho _{\underset{¯}{n}j|j}(\overline{a}e)\overline{\eta _j(a)},a,bQ_{>0},`$ and $`\overline{a}_1\mathrm{}\varrho _{\underset{¯}{r_i}|r_i+1}(\overline{a}_ie)\overline{a}_{i+2}\mathrm{}\overline{a}_{k+1}\overline{a}_1\mathrm{}\overline{a}_i\varrho _{1|\underset{¯}{r_{i+2}+1}1}(e\overline{a}_{i+2})\mathrm{}\overline{a}_{k+1}`$ for $`a_iQ_{r_i},a_{i+1}=e,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}ik.`$ Then $`𝛀Q`$ is canonically a multipermutahedral set in the following way: First, define the face operator $`d_{A|B}`$ on a monoidal generator $`\overline{a}\overline{Q}_n`$ by

$$d_{A|B}(\overline{a})=\overline{d_B^0(a)}\overline{d_A^1(a)},A|B𝒫_,(n).$$

Next, use the formulas in the definition of a singular multipermutahedral set (3) to define $`d_{A|B}`$ and $`\varrho _{M|N}`$ on decomposables. In particular, the following identities hold for $`1in`$:

$$d_{i|\underset{¯}{n+1}i}\left(\overline{a}\right)=\overline{d_i^1(a)}\text{ and }d_{\underset{¯}{n+1}i|i}\left(\overline{a}\right)=\overline{d_i^0(a)}.$$

It is easy to see that $`(𝛀Q,d_{A|B},\varrho _{M|N})`$ is a multipermutahedral set that depends functorially on $`Q.`$

###### Remark 2.3.

The fact that the definition of $`𝛀Q`$ uses all cubical degeneracies is justified geometrically by the fact that a degenerate singular $`n`$-cube in the base of a path fibration lifts to a singular $`(n1)`$-permutahedron in the fibre, which is degenerate with respect to Milgram’s projections  (c.f., the definition of the cubical set $`𝛀X`$ on a simplicial set $`X`$ ).

## 3. The permutocubes

The pertmutocube $`B_n`$ is an n-dimensional polytope discovered by N. Berikashvili which can be thought of as a ”twisted Cartesian product” of the cube and the permutahedron. Originally the permutocube $`B_n`$ has been obtained from $`I^n`$ by the following truncation procedure: First the n-cube is truncated at the minimal vertex $`a_0=(0,\mathrm{},0),`$ then it is truncated along those $`(n1)`$-faces that contained $`a_0,`$ and continuing so the last truncation is along those 1-faces (edges) of the n-cube that contained $`a_0`$. Hence, $`B_2`$ is a pentagon (Figure 9), for $`B_3`$ see Figure 10. In particular, this truncation procedure fixes the permutahedron $`P_n`$ at the vertex $`a_0.`$ So that we get the natural cellular embedding (see Figures 11 and 12)

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$$\delta _{0]\underset{¯}{n}}:P_nB_n.$$

The notation for the above inclusion map is motivated by the following combinatorial description of $`B_n.`$ We have that the faces of $`B_n`$ are in one-to-one correspondence with partitions $`C_0]C_1|\mathrm{}|C_p`$ of all (non-empty) subsets of the set

$$\underset{¯}{n_0}=\{0,1,\mathrm{},n\}$$

with $`0C_0.`$ More precisely, an $`(nkp)`$-face $`u`$=$`C_0]C_1|\mathrm{}|C_p`$ of $`B_n`$ can be labelled by the composition of face operators, denoted by $`d_u`$=$`d_{A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_p;(i_k,\mathrm{},i_1)}`$ for $`\{i_k<\mathrm{}<i_1\}\underset{¯}{n},`$

$$\begin{array}{c}u=d_{A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_p;(i_k,\mathrm{},i_1)}(\underset{¯}{n_0})=\hfill \\ \hfill d_{A_0]A_1}d_{A_0A_1]A_2}\mathrm{}d_{A_0A_1\mathrm{}A_{p1}]A_p}d_{i_k}\mathrm{}d_{i_1}(\underset{¯}{n_0}),\end{array}$$

where $`d_i`$ acts by deleting the $`(i+1)^{th}`$ integer, while $`d_{A]M}`$ forms the partition $`A]M`$ of the domain, and $`A_i=I_{\underset{¯}{n_0}(i_k,\mathrm{},i_1)}(C_i),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}ip.`$ In particular, $`d_{0]\underset{¯}{n}}(\underset{¯}{n_0})`$ just corresponds to the single $`(n1)`$-permutahedral face $`\delta _{0]\underset{¯}{n}}(P_n)B_n.`$ On the other hand, a face of the form $`d_{i_k}\mathrm{}d_{i_1}(\underset{¯}{n_0})`$ may be identified with $`B_{nk},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}k<n.`$

For example, for $`u=038]14|6|79B_9,`$ we have

$$u=d_{026]13|4|57;(2,5)}(\underset{¯}{9_0})=d_{024]13}d_{1235]4}d_{12346]57}d_2d_5(\underset{¯}{9_0}).$$

We have that $`B_n`$ also admits the realization as a subdivision of the standard $`n`$-cube $`I^n`$ compatible with the inclusion $`P_nB_n`$ (see Figures 9,10). Indeed, let $`B_0=I^0;`$ for $`1in,`$ let $`e_{i,ϵ}^{n1}`$ denote the $`\left(n1\right)`$-face $`(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{i1},ϵ,x_{i+1},\mathrm{},x_n)I^n`$ and label the endpoints of $`B_1=[0,1]`$ via $`e_{1,0}^0d_{0]1}`$ and $`e_{1,1}^0d_1.`$ Inductively, if $`B_{n1}`$ has been constructed, obtain $`B_n`$ as a subdivision of $`B_{n1}\times I`$ in the following way:

| Face of $`B_n`$ | Label |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $`e_{n,0}^{n1}`$ | $`d_{\underset{¯}{(n1)_0}]n}`$ |  |
| $`e_{i,1}^{n1}`$ | $`d_i,`$ | $`i\underset{¯}{n}`$ |
| $`d_{A]M}\times I_{0,\mathrm{\#}M}`$ | $`d_{A]Mn}`$ |  |
| $`d_{A]M}\times I_{\mathrm{\#}M,\mathrm{}}`$ | $`d_{An]M}.`$ |  |

Thus, proper cells of $`B_n`$ are represented as the Cartesian product of the permutocube and permutahedra. In particular, on a proper cell $`e=e_1\times e_2B_n`$ a permutahedral face operator $`d_{M_1|M_2}`$ acts as $`d_{M_1|M_2}(e)=e_1\times d_{M_1|M_2}(e_2).`$

Figure 9: $`B_2`$ as a subdivision of $`B_1\times I.`$

Figure 10: $`B_3`$ as a subdivision of $`B_2\times I.`$

The above face operators are connected to each other by the following combinatorial relations: The relations between $`d_{A]M}`$ and $`d_{M_1|M_2}`$ reflect the associativity of the partition procedure, while the relations between $`d_i`$ and either $`d_{A]M}`$ or $`d_{M_1|M_2}`$ reflect the commutativity of the deleting and the partition procedures. These relations together with those involving degeneracies are incorporated in the singular permutocubes (see Example 4.1) which motivate structural relations for a permutocubical set in the next section.

## 4. Permutocubical sets

Here we give the formal definition of a permutocubical set. The original motivation of that definition is the ”twisted Cartesian product” of cubical and (multi) permutahedral sets (see Section 5). Note that for applications here structural relations may be assumed modulo degeneracies, so that we give the relations explicitly only for face operators; the other relations involving degeneracies can be written by examination of the universal example-the singular permutocubical set if necessary.

Let $`𝒫_{}^0(n)=𝒫_{}(n)\mathrm{}|\underset{¯}{n}`$ with $`\mathrm{}|\underset{¯}{n}𝒫_{0,n}^0(n).`$

###### Definition 4.1.

A permutocubical set is a bigraded set

$$=\{_{p,q}\}_{p0,q1}$$

together with face and degeneracy operators

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill d_i& :_{p,q}_{p1,q},\hfill & \text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill d_{A]M}& :_{p,q}_{pr,q+r1},\hfill & A0]M𝒫^0_{pr,r}(p),\text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill d_{M_1|M_2}& :_{p,q}_{p,q1},\hfill & \text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill \eta _i& :_{p1,q}_{p,q},\hfill & i\underset{¯}{p},\text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill \varrho _{M_1|M_2}& :_{p,q1}_{p,q},\hfill & M_1|M_2𝒫_,(q),\text{}\hfill & \end{array}$$

such that for each $`p0,`$ the graded set

$$\{_{p,q};d_{M_1|M_2},\varrho _{M_1|M_2}\}_{q1}$$

is a multipermutahedral set and the relations among face operators are:

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill d_id_j& =\hfill & d_{j1}d_i,i<j,\text{}\hfill & & & \\ \hfill d_id_{A]M}& =\hfill & d_{Aj]M}d_j,i=I_{\underset{¯}{p}A}(j),i\underset{¯}{pr},\text{}\hfill & & & \\ \hfill d_id_{M_1|M_2}& =\hfill & d_{M_1|M_2}d_i,\text{}\hfill & & & \\ \hfill d_{K|L}d_{A]M}& =\hfill & \{\begin{array}{ccc}d_{A]K\underset{¯}{r}}d_{A(K\underset{¯}{r})]L\underset{¯}{r}},\hfill & K|L𝒬_{1,q}(q+r),\hfill & \\ d_{A]M}d_{K+1r|L+1r},\hfill & K|L𝒬_{r,1}(q+r).\hfill & \end{array}\hfill & & & \end{array}$$

###### Example 4.1.

For a topological space $`Y,`$ define the singular permutocubical complex $`\mathrm{Sing}^BY`$ as follows: Let

$$\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY=\{\text{continuous maps }B_p\times P_qY\}_{p0;q1},$$

$`B_p\times P_q`$ is a Cartesian product of the permutocube $`B_p`$ and the permutohedron $`P_q`$. Let

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\delta _i\times 1\hfill & :B_{p1}\times P_qB_p\times P_q,i\underset{¯}{p},\text{}\hfill & & \\ \overline{\delta }_{A]M}\hfill & :B_{pr}\times P_{q+r1}\stackrel{1\times \mathrm{\Delta }_{r,q}}{}B_{pr}\times P_r\times P_q\stackrel{\delta _{A]M}\times 1}{}B_p\times P_q,\text{}\hfill & & \end{array}$$

be the maps in which $`\delta _i`$ and $`\delta _{A]M}`$ are the canonical inclusions. Consider also the map

$$\begin{array}{cc}\varsigma _i\times 1:B_p\times P_qB_{p1}\times P_q,\hfill & i\underset{¯}{p},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\varsigma _i:B_pB_{p1}`$ is the projection that identifies the faces $`d_{\underset{¯}{p+1}i]i}`$ and $`d_i.`$

Then for $`f\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY,`$ define

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill d_i& :\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY\mathrm{Sing}_{p1,q}^BY,\text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill d_{A]M}& :\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY\mathrm{Sing}_{pr,q+r1}^BY,\text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill \text{}\eta _i& :\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY\mathrm{Sing}_{p+1,q}^BY\text{}\hfill & \end{array}$$

as compositions

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill d_i(f)& =\hfill & f(\delta _i\times 1),\text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill d_{A]M}(f)& =\hfill & f\overline{\delta }_{A]M},\text{}\hfill & \\ \hfill \eta _i(f)& =\hfill & f(\varsigma _i\times 1),\hfill & \end{array}$$

while define

$$d_{M_1|M_2}:\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q1}^BY\text{and}\varrho _{M_1|M_2}:\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q+1}^BY$$

as $`d_{M_1|M_2}=1\times d_{M_1|M_2}`$ and $`\varrho _{M_1|M_2}=1\times \varrho _{M_1|M_2}`$ to obtain the singular permutocubical set $`(\mathrm{Sing}^BY,d_i,d_{A]M},d_{M_1|M_2},\eta _i,\varrho _{M_1|M_2}).`$

The singular permutocubical complex $`\mathrm{Sing}^BY`$ determines the singular (co)homo-logy of $`Y`$ in the following way: Form the ”chain complex”

$$(C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^BY),d)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p+q=n1\\ n1\end{array}}{}(C_{n1}(\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY),d_{p,q}),$$

where

$$d_{p,q}=\underset{\begin{array}{c}A0|M𝒫_{}^0(p)\\ 1ip\end{array}}{}\left((1)^{i+1}d_i+(1)^{\mathrm{\#}A}\text{shuff}(A;M)d_{A]M}\right)+(1)^pd_q,$$

$`d_q:C_{q1}(\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q}^BY)C_{q2}(\mathrm{Sing}_{p,q1}^BY),`$ the singular permutahedral differential. Let

$$C_{}^{}(Y)=C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^BY)/DGN,$$

where $`DGN`$ is the submodule of $`C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^BY)`$ generated by the degenerate elements of $`\mathrm{Sing}^BY,`$ and obtain the singular permutocubical chain complex $`(C_{}^{}(Y),d)`$ of $`Y.`$

Now let $`\phi :B_nI^n`$ be the cellular projection defined by the property that it maps homeomorphically the faces $`d_{\underset{¯}{n}i]i}(B_n)`$ and $`d_i(B_n)`$ onto the faces $`d_i^0(I^n)`$ and $`d_i^1(I^n)`$ respectively, $`1in`$. Then the composition of maps

$$B_p\times P_q\stackrel{\phi \times \rho }{}I^p\times I^{q1}=I^{p+q1}\stackrel{𝜓}{}\mathrm{\Delta }^{p+q1},$$

clearly induces a composition of maps of graded sets

$$\mathrm{Sing}Y\stackrel{\psi _{}}{}\mathrm{Sing}^IY\stackrel{(\phi \times \rho )_{}}{}\mathrm{Sing}^BY.$$

After the passage on the non-normalized chains (unless the last one) one gets a sequence of homomorphisms

$$C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}Y)C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^IY)C_{}(\mathrm{Sing}^BY)C_{}^{}(Y),$$

whose composition is a chain map inducing a natural isomorphism

$$H_{}(Y)H_{}^{}(Y)=H_{}(C_{}^{}(Y),d).$$

Since the diagonal on the permutocube constructed in Section 6 is compatible with the A-W diagonal on the standard simplex under the above cellular projections, $`H_{}^{}(Y)`$ determines the singular cohomology ring of $`Y`$ as well.

Basic examples of a permutocubical set are provided in the next section.

## 5. Truncating twisting functions and twisted Cartesian products

As in  in this section we introduce the notion of a twisting function between graded sets in which the domain and the target have face and degeneracy operators of different types; but this time we define a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta :Q𝒵`$ from a cubical set $`Q`$ to a monoidal permutahedral set $`𝒵`$. For a permutahedral $`𝒵`$-module with action $`𝒵\times ,`$ such $`\vartheta `$ defines a twisted Cartesian product $`Q\times _\vartheta `$ as a permutocubical set.

These notions are motivated by the permutocubical set $`𝐏Q`$ (see below) which can be viewed as a twisted Cartesian product determined by the canonical inclusion $`\vartheta :Q𝛀Q,`$ $`x\overline{x}`$ of degree $`1,`$ referred to as the universal truncating twisting function.

The geometrical interpretation of $`\vartheta _U`$ answers to the truncation procedure that converts $`I^n`$ into $`B_n`$ mentioned in Section 3. By this the permutocube is thought of as a ”twisted Cartesian product” of the cube and the permutohedron (see Figures 11 and 12).

Figure 11: The universal truncating twisting function $`\vartheta _U:I^2P_2.`$

Figure 12: The universal truncating twisting function $`\vartheta _U:I^3P_3.`$

###### Definition 5.1.

Let $`Q=(Q_n,d_i^0,d_i^1,\eta _i)`$ be a 1-reduced cubical set and $`𝒵=(𝒵_n,d_{M_1|M_2},\varrho _{M_1|M_2})`$ be a monoidal permutahedral set. A sequence $`\vartheta =\{\vartheta _n\}_{n1}`$ of degree $`1`$ functions $`\vartheta _n:Q_n𝒵_n`$ is called a truncating twisting function if it satisfies:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\hfill \vartheta (a)& =\hfill & e,\hfill & & aQ_1,\text{}\hfill \\ \hfill d_{M_1|M_2}\vartheta (a)& =\hfill & \vartheta d_{M_2}^0(a)\vartheta d_{M_1}^1(a),\hfill & M_1|M_2𝒫_,(n),\hfill & aQ_n,\text{}\hfill \\ \hfill \varrho _{\underset{¯}{n}i|i}\vartheta (a)& =\hfill & \vartheta \eta _i(a),\hfill & i\underset{¯}{n}.\text{}\hfill & \end{array}$$

Note that since the first condition above we in particular get

$$d_{i|\underset{¯}{n}i}\vartheta (a)=\vartheta d_i^1(a)\text{and}d_{\underset{¯}{n}i|i}\vartheta (a)=\vartheta d_i^0(a)\text{for}i\underset{¯}{n}\text{and}aQ_{n>0}.$$

###### Remark 5.1.

By definition a truncation twisting function commutes only with the permutahedral degeneracy operator $`\varrho _{\underset{¯}{n}i|i},`$ since it is in fact arisen by the cubical degeneracy operator $`\eta _i`$ (c.f. Remark 2.3).

We have the following

###### Proposition 5.1.

Let $`Q`$ be a 1-reduced cubical set and $`𝒵`$ be a monoidal permutahedral set. A sequence $`\vartheta =\{\vartheta _n\}_{n1}`$ of degree $`1`$ functions $`\vartheta _n:Q_n𝒵_n`$ is a truncating twisting function if and only if the monoidal map $`f:𝛀Q𝒵`$ defined by $`f(\overline{a}_1\mathrm{}\overline{a}_k)=\vartheta (a_1)\mathrm{}\vartheta (a_k)`$ is a map of permutahedral sets.

###### Proof.

Since $`f`$ is completely determined by its restriction to monoidal generators, use the argument of verification of permutahedral identities for a given single generator $`\overline{\sigma }`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }Q`$ being equivalent to that of identities of the universal truncating function $`\vartheta _U:\sigma \overline{\sigma }.`$

###### Definition 5.2.

Let $`Q=(Q_n,d_i^0,d_i^1,\eta _i)`$ be a 1-reduced cubical set and $`𝒵=(𝒵_n,d_{M_1|M_2},\varrho _{M_1|M_2})`$ be a monoidal permutahedral set and $``$ be a permutahedral set with $`𝒵`$-module structure. Let $`\vartheta =\{\vartheta _n\}_{n1},`$ $`\vartheta _n:Q_n𝒵_n`$ be a truncating twisting function. The twisted Cartesian product $`Q\times _\vartheta `$ is the Cartesian product of sets

$$Q\times =\{(Q\times )_{p,q}=\underset{p0,q1}{}Q_p\times _q\}$$

endowed with the face and degeneracy operators $`d_i,d_{A]M},d_{M_1|M_2},`$ $`\eta _i,\varrho _{M_1|M_2}`$ defined for $`(a,b)Q_p\times _q`$ by :

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill d_i(a,b)& =\hfill & (d_i^1(a),b),\hfill & i\underset{¯}{p},\text{}\hfill \\ \hfill d_{A]M}(a,b)& =\hfill & (d_M^0(a),\vartheta d_A^1(a)b),\hfill & A0|M𝒫_,^0(p),\text{}\hfill \\ \hfill d_{M_1|M_2}(a,b)& =\hfill & (a,d_{M_1|M_2}(b)),\hfill & M_1|M_2𝒫_,(q)\text{}\hfill \\ \hfill \eta _i(a,b)& =\hfill & (\eta _i(a),b),\hfill & i\underset{¯}{p+1},\text{}\hfill \\ \hfill \varrho _{M_1|M_2}(a,b)& =\hfill & (a,\varrho _{M_1|M_2}(b)),\hfill & M_1|M_2𝒫_,(q+1).\text{}\hfill \end{array}$$

It is easy to check that $`(Q\times _\vartheta ,d_i,d_{A]M},d_{M_1|M_2},\eta _i,\varrho _{M_1|M_2})`$ is a permutocubical set.

###### Remark 5.2.

Note that for the twisted Cartesian product $`Q\times _\vartheta `$ we have the following sequence of graded sets

$$\stackrel{𝜄}{}Q\times _\vartheta \stackrel{𝜉}{}Q$$

with $`\iota (b)=(a_0,b)`$ and $`\xi (a,b)=a,a_0Q_0,(a,b)Q\times .`$

###### Example 5.1.

Let $`M=\{e_k\}_{k0}`$ be the free minoid on a single generator $`e_1M_1`$ with trivial permutahedral set structure and let $`\vartheta :QM`$ be the sequence of constant maps $`\vartheta _n:Q_nM_{n1},n1.`$ Then the twisted Cartesian product $`Q\times _\vartheta M`$ can be thought of as a permutocubical resolution of the 1-reduced cubical set $`Q.`$

### 5.1. The permutocubical set functor $`𝐏Q`$

The universal truncating twisting function $`\vartheta _U`$ defines a special (acyclic) twisted Cartesian product: Namely, we have

###### Definition 5.3.

A functor from the category of 1-reduced cubical sets to the category of permutocubical sets defined by $`QQ\times _{\vartheta _U}𝛀Q`$ is the universal permutocubical functor and denoted by $`𝐏.`$

## 6. The diagonal of permutocubes

Here we construct the explicit diagonal $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B:C_{}(B_n)C_{}(B_n)C_{}(B_n)`$ for permutocubes which induces a diagonal for a permutocubical set too.

### 6.1. The orthogonal stream

Suppose that an $`n`$-dimensional polytope $`X`$ is realized as a subdivision of the cube $`I^n`$ so that each $`m`$-dimensional cell $`eX,`$ $`0mn,`$ is itself a subdivision of $`I^m`$ ($`I^m`$ need not be a face of $`I^n;`$ c.f. $`B_n`$). In particular, we have an induced partial ordering on the set of all vertices of $`e`$ defined by $`xy`$ if there is an oriented broken line from $`x`$ to $`y.`$ For a cell $`e^{}e,`$ let $`I^{m(e^{})}I^m`$ be the face of $`I^m`$ of the minimal dimension $`m(e^{})`$ that contains $`e^{}.`$ Then we introduce the following

###### Definition 6.1.

Let $`eX`$ be an $`m`$-cell and $`xe`$ be a vertex. An orthogonal stream $`OS_x(e)`$ of $`x`$ with the support $`e`$ is a pair

$$(U_x,V_x)=(\{u_1,\mathrm{},u_r\},\{v_1,\mathrm{},v_s\})_{r,s1}$$

of collections of faces of $`e`$ satisfying the following conditions:

1. $`\mathrm{max}u_r=x=\mathrm{min}v_1`$ and $`dimu_r+dimv_1=m;`$

2. $`I^{m(u_i)}=I^{m(u_r)},dimu_i=dimu_r\text{and}\mathrm{max}u_ix,1ir;`$

3. $`I^{m(v_j)}=I^{m(v_1)},dimv_j=dimv_1\text{and}\mathrm{min}v_jx,1js.`$

The union $`_{xe}SO_x(e)`$ is denoted by $`SO(e).`$

The pair $`(u_r,v_1)OS_x(e)`$ is referred to as the strong complementary pair (SCP) and denoted by $`(u_x,v_x);`$ while a pair $`(u,v)OS_x(e)`$ is referred to as a complementary pair (CP) (compare, ).

Clearly, any vertex $`xeB_n`$ uniquely defines the SCP $`(u_x,v_x)`$ in $`OS_x(e),`$ and, consequently, the whole $`OS_x(e)`$ is uniquely determined by the vertex $`x.`$ In particular, when $`x`$ coincides with a vertex of $`I^m`$ then $`dimu_x=m(u_x)`$ and $`dimv_x=m(v_x),`$ so that $`U_x`$ and $`V_x`$ actually lay on orthogonal faces of $`I^m`$ at the vertex $`x.`$

For $`B_n,`$ an orthogonal stream $`OS_x(e)`$ for each cell $`eB_n`$ admits an explicit combinatorial description. For example, for the top cell of $`B_n`$ we have the following: Think of a vertex $`x`$=$`0]x_1|\mathrm{}|x_kB_n`$ as an ordered sequence of integers for $`1kn.`$ Let $`u_x`$=$`A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_p`$ and $`v_x`$=$`C_0]C_1|\mathrm{}|C_q`$ be partitions of $`\underset{¯}{n_0}`$ in which $`A_j`$ for $`1jp,`$ and $`C_i`$ for $`0iq,`$ are the $`(j+1)^{th}`$ decreasing and the $`(i+1)^{th}`$ increasing subsequence of maximal length of $`x`$ respectively (compare, ); while for the vertex $`x=0]B_n,`$ let $`(u_x,v_x)=(\underset{¯}{n_0}],0]).`$ For example, for $`x`$= $`0]1|\mathrm{}|nB_n,`$ one gets $`(u_x,v_x)`$ = $`(0]1|\mathrm{}|n,\underset{¯}{n_0}]);`$ for $`x`$= $`0]2|1|3|6|5B_6,`$$`(u_x,v_x)`$=$`(04]12|3|56,02]136|5).`$

Next for a partition $`a=A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{\mathrm{}}`$ of $`\underset{¯}{n_0},`$ we define the right-shift $`R`$ and the left-shift $`L`$ operators respectively as follows (compare, ): For proper subsets $`M_iA_i`$ and $`N_jA_j,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}i<\mathrm{},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}<j\mathrm{},`$ let

$$\begin{array}{cccc}R_{M_i}(a)=A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_iM_i|A_{i+1}M_i|\mathrm{}|A_{\mathrm{}}\hfill & \text{for}\mathrm{min}M_i>\mathrm{max}A_{i+1},\hfill & & \\ L_{N_j}(a)=A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_{j1}N_j|A_jN_j|\mathrm{}|A_{\mathrm{}}\hfill & \text{for}\mathrm{min}N_j>\mathrm{max}A_{j1},\hfill & & \end{array}$$

where $`R_{\mathrm{}}=Id=L_{\mathrm{}}.`$ Then each CP $`(u,v)(U_x,V_x)`$ in the orthogonal stream $`OS_x(B_n)`$ can be obtained from the SCP $`(u_x,v_x)`$ by successive application of the above operators as

$$(u,v)=(R_{M_\mathrm{}1}\mathrm{}R_{M_1}R_{M_0}(u_x),L_{N_1}\mathrm{}L_N_{\mathrm{}}(v_x))$$

for some $`\{M_i\}_{0i<\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\{N_j\}_{0<j\mathrm{}}.`$

For example, for the vertex $`x=0]2|1|3|6|5,`$ we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}OS_x(B_6)\text{=}(U_x,V_x)\text{=}\hfill \\ \hfill (\{0]12|34|56,0]124|3|56,04]12|3|56\},\{02]136|5],\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}023}]16|5,026]13|5,0236]1|5\}).\end{array}$$

In particular, for the permutahedron $`P_n`$ the above description of CP’s agrees with that by configuration matrices in .

### 6.2. The sign of $`SO_x(B_n)`$

The sign for a pair $`(u,v)OS_x(B_n)`$ is deduced by motivation that the cellular projection $`\phi :B_nI^n`$ preserves diagonals.

First for a partition $`a=A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_p`$ of $`\underset{¯}{n_0}`$ fix the following signs:

$$sgn_1(a)=\left(1\right)^{ϵ_1}psgn(a)\text{ and }ϵ_1=_{i=1}^pi\mathrm{\#}A_{pi},$$

$$sgn_2(a)=\left(1\right)^{ϵ_2}psgn(a)\text{and }ϵ_2=ϵ_1+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{p}{2}\right),$$

$$rsgn(a)=(1)^{\frac{1}{2}\left[(\mathrm{\#}A_0)^2+\mathrm{}+(\mathrm{\#}A_p)^2(n+1)\right]}$$

and $`psgn(a)`$ is the permutation sign $`\{0,1,\mathrm{},n\}A_0]A_1|\mathrm{}|A_p.`$

Now define

$$sgn(u,v)=(1)^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{q+1}{2}\right)}\text{ }rsgn(u)sgn_1(v)sgn_2(u)sgn_2(u_x),$$

where $`q+1`$ is the number of blocks in the partition $`v.`$

Note that the above sign agrees with that of a CP from $`SO_x(P_n)`$ established in .

### 6.3. The diagonal of the permutocube

By means of orthogonal streams we construct an explicit diagonal for permutocubes as follows.

###### Theorem 6.1.

The explicit diagonal of $`B_n`$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_B:C_{}(B_n)C_{}(B_n)C_{}(B_n)$$

is defined for a cell $`eB_n`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_B(e)=\underset{(e_1,e_2)OS(e)}{}sgn(e_1,e_2)e_1e_2.$$

###### Proof.

The proof is straightforward and analogous to that of Theorem 1 in . ∎

In particular, in terms of orthogonal streams the diagonal $`\mathrm{\Delta }_P`$ for permutahedra established in  can be formulated as follows.

###### Theorem 6.2.

The explicit diagonal of $`P_n`$

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_P:C_{}(P_n)C_{}(P_n)C_{}(P_n)$$

is defined for a cell $`eP_n`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_P(e)=\underset{(e_1,e_2)OS(e)}{}sgn(e_1,e_2)e_1e_2.$$

Below all components of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ for the top cell of $`B_n`$ are written down for $`n=1,2,3`$ in which rows correspond to the orthogonal streams.

###### Example 6.1.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\mathrm{\Delta }_B(1])=\hfill & & & & & \\ & 0]1\hfill & \hfill & 1]\hfill & & x=0]1\text{}\hfill \\ & +1]\hfill & \hfill & 0]\hfill & & x=0].\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Example 6.2.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\mathrm{\Delta }_B(12])=\hfill & & & & & \\ & 0]1|2\hfill & \hfill & 12]\hfill & & x=0]1|2\text{}\hfill \\ & 0]12\hfill & \hfill & 2]1\hfill & & x=0]2|1\text{}\hfill \\ & (0]12+2]1)\hfill & \hfill & 1]\hfill & & x=0]1\text{}\hfill \\ & +1]2\hfill & \hfill & 2]\hfill & & x=0]2\text{}\hfill \\ & +12]\hfill & \hfill & 0]\hfill & & x=0].\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Example 6.3.

Up to sign, we have

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{\Delta }_B(123])=\hfill & & & & \\ & 0]1|2|3\hfill & \hfill & 123]\hfill & x=0]1|2|3\hfill \\ & +0]12|3\hfill & \hfill & 2]13\hfill & x=0]2|1|3\hfill \\ & +0]1|23\hfill & \hfill & 13]2\hfill & x=0]1|3|2\hfill \\ & +(0]12|3+0]1|23)\hfill & \hfill & 3]12\hfill & x=0]3|1|2\hfill \\ & +0]12|3\hfill & \hfill & (2]13+23]1)\hfill & x=0]2|1|3\hfill \\ & +0]2|13\hfill & \hfill & 23]1\hfill & x=0]2|3|1\hfill \\ & +(0]12|3+2]1|3)\hfill & \hfill & 13]\hfill & x=0]1|3\hfill \\ & +2]13\hfill & \hfill & 3]1\hfill & x=0]3|1\hfill \\ & +(0]1|23+0]13|2+3]1|2)\hfill & \hfill & 12]\hfill & x=0]1|2\hfill \\ & +(0]123+3]12)\hfill & \hfill & 2]1\hfill & x=0]2|1\hfill \\ & +1]2|3\hfill & \hfill & 23]\hfill & x=0]2|3\hfill \\ & +1]23\hfill & \hfill & 3]2\hfill & x=0]3|2\hfill \\ & +(0]123+3]12+2]13+23]1)\hfill & \hfill & 1]\hfill & x=0]1\hfill \\ & +(1]23+13]2)\hfill & \hfill & 2]\hfill & x=0]2\hfill \\ & +12]3\hfill & \hfill & 3]\hfill & x=0]3\hfill \\ & +123]\hfill & \hfill & 0]\hfill & x=0].\hfill \end{array}$$

### 6.4. The diagonal on a permutocubical set

Now we use the above combinatorial description of an orthogonal stream to define an explicit diagonal for a permutocubical set $`=\{_{p,q}\}_{p0;q1}.`$

A coproduct

$$\mathrm{\Delta }:C_{}()C_{}()C_{}()$$

is defined for $`a_{p,q}`$ by

(9)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }(a)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}(u_1,u_2)OS(B_p)\\ (v_1,v_2)OS(P_q)\end{array}}{}sgn(u_1,u_2)sgn(v_1,v_2)(1)^ϵd_{u_1}d_{v_1}(a)d_{u_2}d_{v_2}(a),$$

$`ϵ=|d_{u_2}(a)||d_{v_1}(a)|.`$

## 7. The permutocubical model for the path fibration

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }Y\stackrel{𝑖}{}PY\stackrel{𝜋}{}Y`$ be the Moore path fibration on a topological space $`Y.`$ In  Adams constructed a dga map

$$\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(Y)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }Y)$$

being a weak equivalence for a simply connected $`Y,`$ where $`C_{}`$ denotes the singular simplicial chain complex, while in  Adams and Hilton constructed a model for the path fibration using the singular cubical complex for each term of the fibration. Here we obtain a natural combinatorial model for the path fibration where for the base the singular cubical complex and for the fibre the singular multipermutahedral complex are taken; the total space in this case is modeled by the permutocubical set being a twisted Cartesian product described in Section 5. This model is naturally mapped into the singular permutocubical complex of the total space. The chain complex of the obtained model is a (comultiplicative) twisted tensor product, while the Adams-Hilton model is not. In particular, the acyclic cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y);C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y))`$ coincides with the chain complex of the permutocubical set (compare, Theorem 5.1 in ).

For a space $`Y,`$ let $`\iota _0:\mathrm{Sing}^MY\mathrm{Sing}^BY`$ be an inclusion of sets induced by the identification $`P_q=B_0\times P_q.`$ Let denote $`\iota _{}=\iota _0i_{}:\mathrm{Sing}^M\mathrm{\Omega }Y\mathrm{Sing}^BPY.`$ Let $`(\phi \times \rho )_{}:\mathrm{Sing}^IY\mathrm{Sing}^BY`$ be a natural map of graded sets from Example 4.1. Then we have the following theorem (compare, , , ).

###### Theorem 7.1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }Y\stackrel{𝑖}{}PY\stackrel{𝜋}{}Y`$ be the Moore path fibration.

(i) There are natural morphisms $`\omega ,p,(\phi \times \rho )_{}`$ such that

(10)
$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\mathrm{Sing}^P\mathrm{\Omega }Y& \stackrel{\iota _{}}{}& \mathrm{Sing}^BPY& \stackrel{\pi _{}}{}& \mathrm{Sing}^BY\\ \omega & & p& & \left(\phi \times \rho \right)_{}& & \\ 𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y& \stackrel{\iota }{}& 𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y& \stackrel{\xi }{}& \mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y,\end{array}$$

$`(\phi \times \rho )_{}`$ is a map of graded sets induced by $`\phi \times \rho :B_p\times P_{np+1}I^n,`$ while $`p`$ is a morphism of permutocubical sets, and $`\omega `$ is a morphism of monoidal permutahedral sets; $`p`$ and $`\omega `$ are homotopy equivalences whenever $`Y`$ is simply connected.

(ii) The chain complex $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y)`$ coincides with the cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y).`$

(iii) The chain complex $`C_{}^{}(𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y)`$ coincides with the acyclic cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y);C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)).`$

###### Proof.

(i). Morphisms $`p`$ and $`\omega `$ are constructed simultaneously by induction on the dimension of singular cubes in $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y.`$ For $`i=0,1`$ and $`(\sigma ,e)𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y,`$ $`\sigma \mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{i}{}^{I}Y,`$ define $`p(\sigma ,e)`$ as the constant map $`B_iPY`$ to the base point $`y,`$ where $`e`$ denotes the unit of the monoid $`𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y`$ (and of the monoid $`\mathrm{Sing}^P\mathrm{\Omega }Y`$ as well). Put $`\omega (e)=e.`$

Denote by $`𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{(i,j)}{}^{I}Y`$ the subset in $`𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y`$ consisting of the elements $`(\sigma ,\tau )`$ with $`|\sigma |i`$ and $`\tau 𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{(j)}{}^{I}Y,`$ a submonoid in $`𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y`$ having (monoidal) generators $`\overline{\sigma }`$ with $`|\overline{\sigma }|j.`$

Suppose by induction that we have constructed $`p`$ and $`\omega `$ on $`𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{(n1,n2)}{}^{I}Y`$ and $`𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{(n2)}{}^{I}Y`$ respectively such that

$$\begin{array}{c}p(\sigma ,\tau )=p(\sigma ,e)\omega (\tau )\text{and}(\iota _{}\omega )(\overline{\sigma })=p(d_{0]\underset{¯}{r}}(\sigma ,e)),r=|\sigma |,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}r<n,\hfill \end{array}$$

where the $``$ product is determined by the action $`PY\times \mathrm{\Omega }YPY.`$ Let $`\overline{B}_nB_n`$ be the union of the all $`(n1)`$-faces of $`B_n`$ except the $`d_{0]\underset{¯}{n}}(B_n),`$ and then for a singular cube $`\sigma :I^nY`$ define the map $`\overline{p}:\overline{B}_nPY`$ by

$$\overline{p}|_{d_i(B_n)}=p(d_i(\sigma ,e)),1in,\text{and}\overline{p}|_{d_{A]M}(B_n)}=p(d_{A]M}(\sigma ,e)),A]M0]\underset{¯}{n}.$$

Then the following diagram commutes:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\overline{B}_n& \stackrel{\overline{p}_\sigma }{}& P_\sigma Y& \stackrel{g_\sigma }{}& PY\\ \overline{i}& & \pi _\sigma & & \pi & & \\ B_n& \stackrel{\phi }{}& I^n& \stackrel{\sigma }{}& Y.\end{array}$$

Clearly, $`\overline{i}`$ is a strong deformation retraction and we define $`p(\sigma ,e):B_nPY`$ as a lift of $`\phi .`$ Define $`p(d_{0]\underset{¯}{n}}(\sigma ,e))=p(\sigma ,e)|_{d_{0]\underset{¯}{n}}(B_n)},`$ and then $`\omega (\overline{\sigma })`$ is determined by $`(\iota _{}\omega )(\overline{\sigma })=p(\sigma ,e)\delta _{0]\underset{¯}{n}}:P_nB_nPY.`$

The proof of $`p`$ and $`\omega `$ being homotopy equivalences (after the geometric realizations) immediately follows, for example, from the observation that $`\xi `$ induces a long exact homotopy sequence. The last statement is a consequence of the following two facts: (1) $`|𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y|`$ is contractible, (2) The projection $`\xi `$ induces an isomorphism $`\pi _{}(|𝐏\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y|,|𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y|)\stackrel{\xi _{}}{}\pi _{}(|\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y|).`$

(ii)-(iii). This is straightforward. ∎

Thus, by passing on chain complexes in diagram (10) we obtain the following comultiplicative model of $`\pi `$ formed by dgc’s (not necessarily coassociative ones).

###### Corollary 7.1.

For the path fibration $`\mathrm{\Omega }Y\stackrel{𝑖}{}PY\stackrel{𝜋}{}Y`$ there is a comultiplicative model formed by dgc’s which is natural in $`Y:`$

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega }Y)& \stackrel{\iota _{}}{}& C_{}^{}(PY)& \stackrel{\pi _{}}{}& C_{}^{}(Y)\\ \omega _{}& & p_{}& & \left(\phi \times \rho \right)_{}& & \\ \mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y)& & \mathrm{\Omega }(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y);C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y))& \stackrel{\xi _{}}{}& C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Y).\end{array}$$

## 8. Permutocubical models for fibrations

Here we prove the main result in this paper. Let $`G`$ be a topological group, $`F`$ be a $`G`$-space $`G\times FF`$, $`GP\stackrel{𝜋}{}Y`$ be a principal $`G`$-bundle and $`FE\stackrel{𝜁}{}Y`$ be the associated fibration with the fiber $`F`$. Let $`Q=\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y`$, $`𝒵=\mathrm{Sing}^MG`$ and $`=\mathrm{Sing}^MF`$. The group operation $`G\times GG`$ induces the structure of a monoidal multipermutahedral set on $`𝒵,`$ and the action $`G\times FF`$ induces $`𝒵`$-module structure $`𝒵\times `$ on $``$ (c.f. Example 2.2).

###### Theorem 8.1.

The principal $`G`$-fibration $`GP\stackrel{𝜋}{}Y`$ determines a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta :\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\mathrm{Sing}^MG`$ such that twisted Cartesian product $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\times _\vartheta \mathrm{Sing}^MF`$ models the total space $`E`$ of the associated fibration $`FE\stackrel{𝜁}{}Y,`$ that is, there exists a permutocubical map

$$\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\times _\vartheta \mathrm{Sing}^MF\mathrm{Sing}^BE$$

inducing homology isomorphism.

###### Proof.

Let $`\omega :𝛀Q\mathrm{Sing}^M\mathrm{\Omega }Y`$ be the map of monoidal multipermutahedral sets from Theorem 7.1. By Proposition 5.1 $`\omega `$ corresponds to a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta ^{}:Q=\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\stackrel{\vartheta _U}{}𝛀Q=𝛀\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\stackrel{𝜔}{}\mathrm{Sing}^M\mathrm{\Omega }Y.`$ Composing $`\vartheta ^{}`$ with the map of monoidal multipermutahedral sets $`\mathrm{Sing}^M\mathrm{\Omega }Y\mathrm{Sing}^MG=𝒵`$ induced by the canonical map $`\mathrm{\Omega }YG`$ of monoids we obtain a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta :Q𝒵`$. The resulting twisted Cartesian product $`\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\times _\vartheta \mathrm{Sing}^MF`$ is a permutocubical model of $`E.`$ Indeed, we have the canonical equality

$$Q\times _\vartheta =(Q\times _\vartheta 𝒵)\times /,$$

where $`(xg,y)(x,gy).`$ Next the argument of the proof of Theorem 7.1 gives a permutocubical map $`f^{}:Q\times _{\vartheta _U}𝛀Q\mathrm{Sing}^BP`$ preserving the actions of $`𝛀Q`$ and $`𝒵.`$ Hence, this map extents to a permutocubical map $`f:Q\times _\vartheta 𝒵\mathrm{Sing}^BP`$ by $`f(x,g)=f^{}(x,e)g.`$ The map

$$\begin{array}{c}(Q\times _\vartheta 𝒵)\times \stackrel{f\times 1}{}\mathrm{Sing}^BP\times \stackrel{𝜆}{}\mathrm{Sing}^B(P\times F),\hfill \\ \hfill \lambda (h_1,h_2)=(h_1\times h_2)(1_B\times \mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}),\end{array}$$

induces the map of permutocubical sets

$$\mathrm{Sing}_{}^{1}{}_{}{}^{I}Y\times _\vartheta \mathrm{Sing}^MF\mathrm{Sing}^BE$$

as desired. ∎

For convenience, assume that $`Q,𝒵`$ and $``$ are as in Definition 5.2. On the chain level a truncating twisting function $`\vartheta `$ induces the twisting cochains $`\vartheta _{}:C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_1^{\mathrm{}}(𝒵)`$ and $`\vartheta ^{}:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝒵)C_{\mathrm{}}^{+1}(Q)`$ in the standard sense (, , ). It is straightforward to verify that the following equality holds:

(11)
$$C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta )=C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta _{}C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(),$$

and, consequently, the obvious injection

(12)
$$C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta )C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)_\vartheta ^{}C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()$$

of dg modules (which is an equality if the graded sets are of finite type).

The permutocubical structure of $`Q\times _\vartheta `$ induces a dgc sturcture on $`C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta ).`$ Transporting this structure (diagonal (9)) on the right-hand side of (11) we obtain a comultiplicative model of $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta C_{}^{\mathrm{}}()`$ of our fibration. Dually, $`C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta )`$ is a dga, so a dga structure (a multiplication) arises on the right-hand side of (12) and we obtain a multiplicative model $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)_\vartheta C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()`$ of our fibration.

Below we describe these structures (the comultiplication on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)_\vartheta C_{}^{\mathrm{}}()`$ and the multiplication on $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)_\vartheta C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()`$ in terms of certain (co)chain operations that form a Hirsch (co)algebra structure on the (co)chain complex of $`Q`$.

### 8.1. The canonical Hirsch algebra structure on $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)`$

Consider the equality

$$C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝛀Q)=\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)$$

from Theorem 7.1. As before, the permutahedral structure of $`𝛀Q`$ induces a coproduct on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(𝛀Q)`$ (); consequently, this structure also appears on the right-hand side of the above equality, so that the cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(Q)`$ becomes a dg Hopf algebra.

To describe the above coproduct in terms of generators (singular cubes) we need the following combinatorial analysis of the diagonal $`\mathrm{\Delta }_P`$ on permutahedra (compare , ).

Given an ordered subset $`B0`$ and $`a,bB`$ with $`a<b,`$ let $`[a\mathrm{}b]=\{xB|axb\}`$ be a block; for $`A=(a_1<\mathrm{}<a_k)B,`$ let

$$J_B(A)=[a_1\mathrm{}a_2][a_2\mathrm{}a_3]\mathrm{}[a_{k1}\mathrm{}a_k]$$

be a sequence of blocks; then $`\overline{J}_B(A)`$ can be thought of as a generator of the monoid $`𝛀Q,`$ i.e., $`\overline{J}_B(A)\overline{Q}`$ (recall Proposition 3.1 from  that we have the correspondence between sequences of such blocks and compositions of cubical face operators). On the other hand, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_P`$ can be expressed on $`\underset{¯}{n}`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_P(\underset{¯}{n})=\underset{(u,v)OS(P_n)}{}\overline{J}_{\stackrel{~}{u}_1}(\stackrel{~}{u}_2)\mathrm{}\overline{J}_{\stackrel{~}{u}_{p1}}(\stackrel{~}{u}_p)\overline{J}_{\stackrel{~}{v}_1}(\stackrel{~}{v}_2)\mathrm{}\overline{J}_{\stackrel{~}{v}_{q1}}(\stackrel{~}{v}_q),$$

for $`(\stackrel{~}{u}_i,\stackrel{~}{v}_j)=(u_i0(n+1),v_j0(n+1)),`$$`(u_i,v_j)=(A_i\mathrm{}A_p,C_j\mathrm{}C_q)_{1ip,1jq},`$$`(u,v)=(A_1|\mathrm{}|A_p,C_1|\mathrm{}|C_q).`$ Consider the identification $`J_{w_i}(w_{i+1})=d_{w_{i+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}w_i}^1([01\mathrm{}n+1]),w=u,v,`$ to obtain the following formula for the coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }:\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$: For a generator $`\sigma C_n^{\mathrm{}}(Q),`$ let

(13)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\overline{\sigma })=\underset{(u,v)OS(P_n)}{}sgn(u,v)\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}\overline{d_{u_{i+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}u_i}^1(\sigma )}\right)\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{q}{}}\overline{d_{v_{i+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}v_i}^1(\sigma )}\right).$$

Note that since $`Q`$ is assumed to be 1-reduced, the image $`\overline{d_{w_{i+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}w_i}^1(\sigma )}`$ of a 1-dimensional face $`d_{w_{i+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}w_i}^1(\sigma )`$ for $`w=u,v,`$ is the unit in $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ and hence can be omitted.

Actually the diagonal consists of components

$$E^{p,q}=pr\mathrm{\Delta }:C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)^pC_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)^q,p,q1,$$

where $`pr`$ is the obvious projection.

The basic component $`E^{1,1}`$ is formed by those pairs $`(u,v)OS(P_n)`$ in which all but one pair satisfy $`(\mathrm{\#}A_i,\mathrm{\#}C_j)=(1,1);`$ this component is a chain operation dual to the cubical version of Steenrod’s $`_1`$-product.

Dualizing the operations $`E^{p,q},`$ we obtain the sequence of cochain operations

$$\{E_{p,q}:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)^pC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)^qC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)\}_{p+q0},$$

which define a multiplication on the bar construction $`BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q).`$ These cochain operations form on $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)`$ the structure of a Hirsch algebra (see the next section).

The operations $`E_{p,q}`$ are restrictions of more general cochain operations that arise on $`\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)`$ (the non-normalized chains) for a based space $`Y`$ which is not necessarily 1-connected. In this case, for $`Q=\mathrm{Sing}^IY,`$ we have the operations

$$\{E_{p,q}:\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)^p\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)^q\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)\}_{p,q1}$$

given by the following explicit formulas: For $`a_i\overline{C}^2(Q)`$, $`b_j\overline{C}^2(Q)`$, $`1ip`$, $`1jq`$, let

$$E_{p,q}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_q)=\underset{sp;tq}{}\overline{E}_{s,t}(ϵ^1,a_1,ϵ^1,\mathrm{},ϵ^1,a_p,ϵ^1;ϵ^1,b_1,ϵ^1,\mathrm{},ϵ^1,b_q,ϵ^1),$$

$`ϵ^1\overline{C}^1(Q)`$ is the generator represented by the constant singular 1-cube at the base point $`IyY`$ and the operations $`\overline{E}_{s,t}`$ are defined for $`a_i\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^{k_i}(Q),b_j\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^{r_j}(Q),\sigma Q_n,`$ by

$$\overline{E}_{s,t}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_s;b_1,\mathrm{},b_t)=c\overline{C}_{\mathrm{}}^n(Q),$$

$$c(\sigma )=\underset{\begin{array}{c}u𝒫_{k_1,\mathrm{},k_s}(n)\\ v𝒫_{r_1,\mathrm{},r_t}(n)\\ (u,v)OS(P_n)\end{array}}{}sgn(u,v)a_1(\sigma _1)\mathrm{}a_s(\sigma _s)b_1(\sigma _1^{})\mathrm{}b_t(\sigma _t^{}),$$

$$\sigma _i=d_{u_{i+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}u_i}^1(\sigma ),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}is,\sigma _j^{}=d_{v_{j+1}}^0d_{\underset{¯}{n}v_j}^1(\sigma ),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}jt,$$

where $`(u_i,v_j)`$ is as in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_P(\underset{¯}{n})`$ above, and where $`\overline{E}_{s,t}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_s;b_1,\mathrm{},b_t)=0`$ otherwise.

Thus, the above formula for $`p,q=1`$ defines $`E_{1,1}`$ as the cubical version of Steenrod’s cochain $`_1`$-operation without any restriction on $`Y.`$

###### Remark 8.1.

The operations $`\{E^{p,q}\}`$ on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)=\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X),`$ $`Q=𝛀\mathrm{Sing}^2X,`$ in fact have the form

$$E^{p,q}=\mathrm{\Delta }_E^{p1}\mathrm{\Delta }_E^{q1}$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_E^k:\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X)^{k+1}`$ is the $`k`$-th iteration of the comultiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }_E:\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X)\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X)`$ being itself induced by the homotopy G-coalgebra structure $`\{E^{k,1}\}`$ on $`C_{}(X)`$ (c.f. ).

### 8.2. Twisted multiplicative model for a fibration

Next we further explore the twisted Cartesian product $`Q\times _\vartheta `$. To describe the corresponding coproduct and product on the right-hand sides of (11) and (12) respectively, it is very convenient to express the diagonal $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ in terms of combinatorics of the cubes and permutahedra. Namely, for the top cell $`\underset{¯}{n_0}`$ of $`B_n,`$ let

(14)
$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Delta }_B(\underset{¯}{n_0})=[01\mathrm{}n+1][0,n+1]+\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{n}N|N𝒫_{ns,s}^0(n)\\ (u,v)OS(P_s)\end{array}}{}J_{u_0}(u_1^{})\overline{J}_{u_1^{}}(u_2^{})\mathrm{}\overline{J}_{u_{p1}^{}}(u_p^{})J_{v_1^{}}(v_2^{})\overline{J}_{v_2^{}}(v_3^{})\mathrm{}\overline{J}_{v_{q1}^{}}(v_q^{}),\end{array}$$

for $`u_0=\{01\mathrm{}n+1\},`$ $`(u_i^{},v_j^{})=(I_N^{}^1(\stackrel{~}{u}_i),I_N^{}^1(\stackrel{~}{v}_j)),`$ $`N^{}=N0(n+1),`$ where $`(\stackrel{~}{u}_i,\stackrel{~}{v}_j)_{1ip,1jq}`$ is as in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_P(\underset{¯}{s})`$ above. In particular, the summand $`[01\mathrm{}n+1][0,n+1]`$ is a primitive component of the diagonal, while the second one is obtained by $`N=\underset{¯}{n},(u,v)=(1|2|\mathrm{}|n,\underset{¯}{n}),`$ and is equal to

$$\begin{array}{c}[01][12]\mathrm{}[n,n+1]\overline{[012][23]\mathrm{}[n,n+1]}\overline{[023][34]\mathrm{}[n,n+1]}\mathrm{}\overline{[0,n,n+1]}\hfill \\ \hfill [01\mathrm{}n+1].\end{array}$$

###### Remark 8.2.

Note that we abuse the notation when we mean under $`[01\mathrm{}n+1]`$ an $`n`$-permutocube, since this notation was used for combinatorial description of the $`n`$-cube in . Accordingly here $`\overline{[01\mathrm{}n+1]}`$ corresponds to the $`(n1)`$-permuta-hedron.

Furthermore, the action $`𝒵\times `$ induces a comodule structure $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝒵)C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()`$ and it is not hard to see that the permutocubical multiplication of (12) can be expressed by this comodule structure, the diagonal (14), the twisting cochain $`\vartheta ^{}`$, and the operations $`\{E_{p,q}\}_{p,q1}`$ by the following formula: Let $`a_1m_1,a_2m_2C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)_\vartheta ^{}C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_L^k:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝒵)^kC_{\mathrm{}}^{}()`$ be the iterated $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^0=\mathrm{Id}:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}()C_{\mathrm{}}^{}();`$ let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^p(m_1)=c_1^1\mathrm{}c_1^pm_1^{p+1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{}^{q1}(m_2)=c_2^1\mathrm{}c_2^{q1}m_2^q;`$ then

(15)
$$\begin{array}{c}\mu ((a_1m_1)(a_2m_2))=\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{p0;q1}{}(1)^ϵa_1E_{p,q}(\vartheta (c_1^1),\mathrm{},\vartheta (c_1^p);a_2,\vartheta (c_2^1),\mathrm{},\vartheta (c_2^{q1}))m_1^{p+1}m_2^q,\end{array}$$

$`ϵ=|m_1^{p+1}|(|a_2|+|c_2^1|+\mathrm{}+|c_2^{q1}|).`$

###### Corollary 8.1.

Under the circumstances of Theorem 8.1, the twisted differential $`d_\vartheta `$ and multiplication $`\mu `$ turn the tensor product $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z)C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(F)`$ into a dga $`(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z)C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(F),d_\vartheta ,\mu _\vartheta )`$ weakly equivalent to the dga $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(E)`$.

###### Corollary 8.2.

There exists on the acyclic bar construction $`B(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z);C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z))`$ the following multiplication: For $`a=a_0[\overline{a}_1|\mathrm{}|\overline{a}_n],b=b_0[\overline{b}_1|\mathrm{}|\overline{b}_m],a_i,b_jC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z),0in,0jm,`$ let

(16)
$$ab=\underset{p0;q1}{}(1)^ϵa_0E_{p,q}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_0,b_1,\mathrm{},b_{q1})[\overline{a}_{p+1}|\mathrm{}|\overline{a}_n][\overline{b}_q|\mathrm{}|\overline{b}_m],$$

$`ϵ=\left(|\overline{a}_{p+1}|+\mathrm{}+|\overline{a}_n|\right)\left(|b_0|+|\overline{b}_1|+\mathrm{}+|\overline{b}_{q1}|\right).`$

###### Proof.

Take $`𝒵==𝛀Q`$. Then the multiplication (15) looks as (16). ∎

Using the fact that $`BC^{}(Y)`$ has an associative multiplication  we canonically introduce on the acyclic bar construction $`B(BC^{}(Y);BC^{}(Y))`$ the multiplication by (16) that agrees with the one on the double bar construction $`BBC^{}(Y)`$ .

## 9. Twisted tensor products for Hirsch algebras

The notion of Hirsch (co)algebra naturally generalizes that of a homotopy G-(co)algebra. We generalize the theory of multiplicative twisted tensor products for homotopy G-algebras, and, consequently, for commutative dga’s . Namely we define a twisted tensor product with both twisted differential and twisted multiplication  inspired by formulas (15) and (16) established in the previous section.

Let $`A`$ be a dga and consider the dg module $`(Hom(BABA,A),)`$ with differential $``$. The $``$-product induces a dga structure (the tensor product $`BABA`$ is a dgc with the standard coalgebra structure).

###### Definition 9.1.

A Hirsch algebra is a 1-reduced associative dga $`A`$ eqwipped with multilinear maps

$$E_{p,q}:A^pA^qA,p,q0,p+q>0,$$

satisfying the following conditions:

1. $`E_{p,q}\text{is of degree}1pq`$;
2. $`E_{1,0}=Id=E_{0,1}\text{and}E_{p>0,0}=0=E_{0,q>0};`$
3. The homomorphism $`E:BABAA`$ defined by

$$E([\overline{a}_1|\mathrm{}|\overline{a}_p][\overline{b}_1|\mathrm{}|\overline{b}_q])=E_{p,q}(a_1,\mathrm{},a_p;b_1,\mathrm{},b_q)$$

is a twisting element in the dga $`(Hom(BABA,A),)`$, i.e., it satisfies $`E=EE.`$

Condition (iii) implies that $`\mu _E`$ is a chain map; thus $`BA`$ becomes a dg Hopf algebra with not necessarily associative multiplication $`\mu _E`$ (c.f. , ). Condition (iii) can be rewritten in terms of components $`E_{p,q}.`$ In particular, the operation $`E_{1,1}`$ satisfies conditions similar to Steenrod’s $`_1`$ product:

$$dE_{1,1}(a;b)E_{1,1}(da;b)+(1)^{|a|}E_{1,1}(a;db)=(1)^{|a|}ab(1)^{|a|(|b|+1)}ba,$$

so it measures the non-commutativity of the product of $`A`$ (thus, a Hirsch algebra with $`E_{p,q}=0`$ for $`p,q1`$ is just a commutative dga).

The dual notion is that of a Hirsch coalgebra. For a Hirsch coalgebra $`(C,d,\mathrm{\Delta },\{E^{p,q}:CC^pC^q\}),`$ the cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }C`$ is a dg Hopf algebra with a comultiplication induced by $`\{E^{p,q}\}`$.

Main examples of Hirsch (co)algebras are: $`C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)`$ (see the previous section), in particular, Adams’ cobar construction $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}(X)`$ (), and the singular simplicial cochain complex $`C^{}(X)`$: In  a twisting cochain $`E:BC^{}(X)BC^{}(X)C^{}(X)`$ satisfying (i)-(iii) is constructed and these conditions determined $`E`$ uniquely up to the standard equivalence of twisting cochains.

### 9.1. Multiplicative twisted tensor products

Let $`A`$ be a Hirsch algebra, $`C`$ be a dg Hopf algebra, and $`M`$ be a dga being a dg comodule over $`C`$.

###### Definition 9.2.

A twisting cochain $`\vartheta :CA`$ in $`Hom(C,A)`$ is multiplicative if the comultiplicative extension $`CBA`$ is an algebra map.

It is clear that if $`\vartheta :CA`$ is a multiplicative twisting element and if $`g:BC`$ is a map of dg Hopf algebras then the composition $`\vartheta g:BA`$ is again a multiplicative twisting cochain. The canonical projection $`BAA`$ provides an example of the universal multiplicative cochain. The argument for the proof of formula (15) immediately yields the following:

###### Theorem 9.1.

Let $`\vartheta :CA`$ be a multiplicative twisting cochain. Then the tensor product $`AM`$ with the twisting differential $`d_\vartheta =dId+Idd+\vartheta _{}`$ becomes a dga $`(AM,d_\vartheta ,\mu _\vartheta )`$ with the twisted multiplication $`\mu _\vartheta `$ determined by formula (15).

The above theorem includes the twisted tensor product theory both for homotopy G-algebras () and for commutative algebras ().

###### Corollary 9.1.

For a Hirsch algebra $`A,`$ the acyclic bar construction $`B(A;A)`$ endowed with the twisted multiplication determined by formula (16) asquires a dga structure.

### 9.2. Examples

For simplicity we assume that the ground ring $`R`$ is a field, and all spaces are path connected. In examples below we further explore the fact that for a space being a suspension the corresponding homotopy G-algebra structure is extremely simple: it consists just of $`E_{1,1}=_1`$ and all other operations $`E_{k>1,1}`$ are trivial , and so does the corresponding Hirsch algebra structure for the loop space on a double suspension.

1. Multiplicative models for $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2S^2X`$. Given a polyhedron $`X,`$ consider the space $`Y=\mathrm{\Omega }S^2X.`$ As in  we regard a suspension $`SX`$ as the geometric realization of quotient simplicial set $`C_+XC_{}X/C_{}X.`$ It is immediate to check by (13) that $`E^{p,q}=0`$ for $`(p,q)(1,1)`$ on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q),`$ where $`Q=𝛀S^2X,`$$`𝛀`$ is the cubical set functor constructed in  (if we had $`Q=𝛀SX,`$ then the Hircsh coalgebra structure would be reduced to that of homotopy $`G`$-coalgebra on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q);`$ verification of this fact is left to the interested reader). Furthermore, $`E^{1,1}:C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ becomes a coassociative chain map of degree 1. Since the comultiplication on $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ is cocomutative (more precisely, $`C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ is a primitively generated Hopf algebra), $`E^{1,1}`$ also induces a binary cooperation of degree 1 on the homology denoted by $`Sq^{1,1}:H_{}(Q)H_{}(Q)H_{}(Q)`$.

Notice that both $`(C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q),d,\mathrm{\Delta },E^{1,1})`$ and $`(H_{}(Q),d=0,\mathrm{\Delta }_{},Sq^{1,1})`$ are Hirsch coalgebras, thus $`\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }H_{}(Q)`$ both are dg Hopf algebras.

Similarly to  the cycle choosing homomorphism $`\iota :H_{}(Q)C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q)`$ is a dg coalgebra map and induces an isomorphism of dg Hopf algebras

$$H(\mathrm{\Omega }T\stackrel{~}{H}_{}(SX))\stackrel{}{}H(\mathrm{\Omega }H_{}(Q))\stackrel{(\mathrm{\Omega }\iota )_{}}{}H_{}(\mathrm{\Omega }C_{}^{\mathrm{}}(Q))=H_{}(\mathrm{\Omega }Y).$$

2. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }YPY\stackrel{𝜋}{}Y`$ be the Moore path fibration with the base $`Y=\mathrm{\Omega }S^2X.`$ Let $`f:YZ`$ be a map, $`\mathrm{\Omega }Y\times \mathrm{\Omega }Z\mathrm{\Omega }Z`$ be the induced action via the composition

$$\mathrm{\Omega }Y\times \mathrm{\Omega }Z\stackrel{\mathrm{\Omega }f\times \mathrm{Id}}{}\mathrm{\Omega }Z\times \mathrm{\Omega }Z\mathrm{\Omega }Z,$$

and $`\mathrm{\Omega }ZE_f\stackrel{𝜁}{}Y`$ be the associated fibration; for simplicity assume that $`Z`$ is the suspension and simply connected $`CW`$-complex of finite type, as well. We present two multiplicative models for the fibration $`\zeta `$ using the permutocubical model $`Q\times _\vartheta 𝛀Z`$ with the universal truncating twisting function $`\vartheta =\vartheta _U:Q𝛀Q`$.

Notice that the twisted differential of the cochain complex $`(C_{}^{}(Q\times _\vartheta 𝛀Z),d)=(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(𝛀Z),d_{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}})=(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Y)BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z),d_{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}})`$ with universal $`\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}:BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q)`$ becomes the form

$$\begin{array}{c}d_{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}}(a[\overline{m}^1|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}^n])=da[\overline{m}^1|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}^n]+\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}a[\overline{m}^1|\mathrm{}|d\overline{m}^k|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}^n]+\hfill \\ \hfill am_1[\overline{m}^2|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}^n].\end{array}$$

Since the simplified structure of the Hirsch algebra $`(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q),d,\mu ,E_{1,1})`$ formula (15) becomes the following form:

(17)
$$\mu _{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}}((a_1m_1)(a_2m_2))=a_1a_2m_1m_2+a_1E_{1,1}(f^\mathrm{\#}(m_1^1),a_2)[\overline{m}_1^2|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}_1^n]m_2,$$

where $`f^\mathrm{\#}:C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z)C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q),`$$`a_1,a_2C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Q),m_1=[\overline{m}_1^1|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}_1^n],m_2BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z),n0.`$

So that we get that $`H(C_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Y)BC_{\mathrm{}}^{}(Z),d_{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}},\mu _{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}})`$ and $`H^{}(E_f)`$ are isomorphic as algebras.

On the other hand, let us consider the following multiplicative twisted tensor product $`(H^{}(Y)H^{}(𝛀Z),d_\vartheta ^{})=(H^{}(Y)BH^{}(Z),d_\vartheta ^{})`$ with universal $`\vartheta ^{}:BH^{}(Y)H^{}(Y)`$. The differential here is of the form:

$$d_\vartheta ^{}(a[\overline{m}^1|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}^n])=am_1[\overline{m}^2|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}^n].$$

Again since the simplified structure of the Hirsch algebra $`(H^{}(Y),d=0,\mu ^{},Sq_{1,1})`$ the formula (15) becomes the following form:

(18)
$$\mu _\vartheta ^{}((a_1m_1)(a_2m_2))=a_1a_2m_1m_2+a_1Sq_{1,1}(f^{}(m_1^1),a_2)[\overline{m}_1^2|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}_1^n]m_2,$$

where $`f^{}:H^{}(Z)H^{}(Y),a_1,a_2H^{}(Y),`$ $`m_1=[\overline{m}_1^1|\mathrm{}|\overline{m}_1^n],m_2BH^{}(Z),n0.`$ Remark that for an element $`aH^{}(Y),`$ one gets $`Sq_{1,1}(a,a)=Sq_1(a),`$ the Steenrod square.

We claim that $`(H^{}(Y)BH^{}(Z),d_\vartheta ^{})`$ is a ”small” multiplicative model of the fibration $`\zeta ,`$ i.e., $`H(H^{}(Y)BH^{}(Z),d_\vartheta ^{})`$ and $`H^{}(E_f)`$ are isomorphic as algebras. Indeed, since the explicit formulas (17) and (18) it is straightforward to check that a ”cocyle choosing” homomorphism $`(H^{}(Y)BH^{}(Z),d_\vartheta ^{})(C^{}(Y)BC^{}(Z),d_{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}})`$ induces an algebra isomorphism

$$H(H^{}(Y)BH^{}(Z),d_\vartheta ^{})\stackrel{}{}H(C^{}(Y)BC^{}(Z),d_{\vartheta ^\mathrm{\#}})H^{}(E_f)$$

as required.

As a byproduct we obtain that the multiplicative structure of the total space $`E_f`$ does not depend on a map $`f`$ in a sense that if $`f^{}=g^{}`$ then $`H^{}(E_f)=H^{}(E_g)`$ as algebras. Note also that this multiplicative structure is purely defined by the $`,`$ $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ operations on the simplicial cochain complex $`C^{}(S^2X).`$