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# Measurements of streaming motions of the Galactic Bar with Red Clump Giants

## 1 Introduction

Several groups have carried out gravitational microlensing observations toward dense stellar fields, such as the Magellanic clouds, the Galactic center and disc. Until now, hundreds of events have been found (EROS: Aubourg et al. 1993; OGLE: Udalski et al. 1993, 1994, 2000; Woźniak et al. 2001; MACHO: Alcock et al. 1997, 2000a, 2000b; MOA: Bond et al. 2001, 2002), and thousands are expected in the upcoming years by MOA 111http://www.phys.canterbury.ac.nz/~physib/alert/alert.html, OGLE-III 222 http://www.astrouw.edu.pl/~ogle/ogle3/ews/ews.html and other collaborations.

It is well known that the gravitational microlensing survey data is well suited for numerous other scientific projects (see Paczyński 1996; Gould 1996). The studies of the Galactic structure certainly benefit from this type of data. The microlensing optical depth probes the mass density of compact objects along the line of sight and the event time-scale distribution is related to the mass function and kinematics of the lensing objects. Observed high optical depth may be explained by the presence of the bar (Udalski et al. 1994; Alcock et al. 1997, 2000a; Sumi et al. 2002). There is substantial evidence that the Galaxy has a bar at its center (de Vaucouleurs 1964; Blitz & Spergel 1991; Stanek et al. 1994, 1997; Kiraga & Paczyński 1994; Häfner et al. 2000). However, the parameters of the bar, e.g., its mass, size, and the motion of stars within it, still remain poorly constrained.

Stanek et al. (1997) used the Red Clump Giants (RCGs) to constrain the axial ratios and orientation of the Galactic bar. These stars are the equivalent of the horizontal branch stars for a metal-rich population, i.e., relatively low-mass core helium burning stars. RCGs in the Galactic bulge occupy a distinct region in the colour magnitude diagram (Stanek et al. 2000 and references therein). The intrinsic width of the luminosity distribution of RCGs in the Galactic bulge is small, about 0.2 mag (Stanek et al. 1997; Paczyński & Stanek 1998). Their observed peak and width of the luminosity function are related to the distance and radial depth of the bar.

Furthermore, Mao & Paczyński (2002) suggested that the proper motion measurements of RCGs in the Galactic center are useful in constraining the Galactic bar parameters. By considering a sub-sample of bright RCGs, one should be able to isolate to a sufficient degree the stars that are on average closer to the near side of the bar. Similarly, the stars in a faint sub-sample would be more on the far side of the bar. If there is a tangential streaming motion of 100 km s-1 in the bulge/bar, there should be a detectable difference of 1.6 mas yr-1 in the average proper motion between the bright and faint RCG sub-samples. Measurements of this difference provide constraints on the models of the Galactic bar.

To test the feasibility of the method, in this paper we analyze stellar proper motions in one of the fields observed by the Optical Gravitational Experiment II (OGLE-II; Udalski et al. 2000). In § 2 we describe the data. We present the analysis method in § 3 and results in § 4. Discussion and conclusion are given in § 5.

## 2 DATA

We use the data collected during the second phase of the OGLE experiment, between 1997 and 2000. All observations were made with the 1.3-m Warsaw telescope located at the Las Campanas Observatory, Chile, which is operated by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The ”first generation” camera has a SITe 2048 $`\times `$ 2048 pixel CCD detector with pixel size of 24 $`\mu `$m resulting in 0.417 arcsec/pixel scale. Images of the Galactic bulge were taken in drift-scan mode at ”medium” readout speed with the gain 7.1 $`e^{}`$/ADU and readout noise of 6.3 $`e^{}`$. A single 2048 $`\times `$ 8192 pixel frame covers an area of 0.24 $`\times `$ 0.95 deg2. Saturation level is about 55,000 ADU. Details of the instrumentation setup can be seen in Udalski, Kubiak & Szymański (1997).

In this paper we use 266 $`I`$-band frames of the BUL\_SC1 field centered at ($`\alpha ,\delta )_{2000}=(18^h02^m32^s.5,29^{}57^{}41^{\prime \prime })`$. The time baseline is almost 4 years. There are gaps between the observing seasons when the Galactic bulge cannot be observed from Las Campanas, each about 3 months long. The median seeing is $`1.3^{\prime \prime }`$. We use the $`VI`$ photometric maps of standard OGLE template (Udalski et al. 2002) as the astrometric and photometric references.

Only about 70% of the area of the BUL\_SC1 field overlaps with the extinction map made by Stanek (1996) and is used in the analysis. This ensures that we can accurately deredden stellar magnitudes.

## 3 Analysis

The standard OGLE template serves as the fixed astrometric reference in our analysis. In the case of BUL\_SC1 field, the frame adopted as the OGLE template was taken at JD = 2450561.715. In order to treat properly spatial PSF variations and frame distortions the field is divided into 256 subframes before processing. Subframes are 512$`\times `$128 pixels with 14 pixel margin on each side to smooth out transitions between the local polynomial fits. The shape of the subframe reflects stronger y-axis (declination) gradients due to drift-scan mode of observation. The actual proper motion analysis includes only 180 subframes, that is 70% of the area of the BUL\_SC1 field for which the accurate interstellar extinction data is available from Stanek (1996).

We compute the pixel positions of stars in each of the subframes using the DoPHOT package (Schechter, Mateo & Saha 1993). At the start of the processing for each exposure, the positions of stars in a single subframe are cross-referenced with those in the template and the overall frame shift is obtained. Using this crude shift we can identify the same region of the sky (corresponding to a given subframe of the template) throughout the entire sequence of frames. For each of the subframes, about $`300`$ brightest ($`I<17`$) stars categorized by DoPHOT as isolated are used to derive the local transformation between pixel coordinate systems of a given exposure and the template. The search radius in matching the stars between templete and other frames is 0.5 pixel. We use first order polynomial to fit the transformation. The resulting piece-wise transformation adequately converts pixel positions to the reference frame of the template. Typical residuals are at the level of $`0.08`$ pixels.

An example of time dependence of the position for a star with the detectable proper motion is shown in Fig. 1. Also presented is the best fit model of proper motion $`(\mu _\alpha ,\mu _\delta )`$ with and without the differential refraction. The star’s coordinates in the sky at the time $`t`$ are given as follows:

$$\alpha =\alpha _0+\mu _\alpha t+a\mathrm{sin}C\mathrm{tan}z,$$
(1)
$$\delta =\delta _0+\mu _\delta t+a\mathrm{cos}C\mathrm{tan}z,$$
(2)
where $`a`$, $`z`$ and $`C`$ are the differential refraction coefficient, the zenith angle and the angle made by the Zenith, the star and the South Pole; $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\delta _0`$ are constants. The parameter $`a`$ is a function of the apparent star colour. Here we neglect the parallax effect due to the Earth motion because we are interested in stars at the distance of the Galactic center.

We computed $`\alpha _0`$, $`\delta _0`$, $`\mu _\alpha `$, $`\mu _\delta `$ and $`a`$ for all 46,961 stars used to transform coordinate systems (approximately the number of used subframes times the typical number of stars per subframe, 180 $`\times `$ 300). In cases when the star is measured in the overlap region of more than one subframe, the data set with the largest number of points is selected. Stars with the number of data points fewer than 20 are rejected.

A sample of fitted proper motions is listed in Table 1. The complete list of all 46,961 stars is available in electric format via anonymous ftp from the server astro.princeton.edu, directory /sumi/propermotion/bul\_sc1.pm.gz. The list contains star ID, number of data points, measured $`\mu _\alpha `$ and $`\mu _\delta `$ with their errors, $`a`$, standard deviation (Sdev) of data points in the fitting, equatorial coordinates, apparent $`I`$-band magnitude and $`VI`$ colour, and extinction corrected magnitude $`I_0`$ and colour $`(VI)_0`$ estimated using the extinction map of Stanek (1996). ID, coordinates, $`I`$ and $`VI`$ for each object are identical with those in Udalski et al. (2002).

In Fig. 2, we present the $`I`$ and $`VI`$ Colour Magnitude Diagram (CMD) of stars used in this analysis. We also show the correlation between the differential refraction coefficient $`a`$ and the apparent $`VI`$ colour (uncorrected for extinction) for stars with $`I<16`$. In Fig. 3, we plot the uncertainty in $`\mu `$, $`\sigma _\mu `$, as a function of extinction corrected $`I`$-band magnitude $`I_0`$, and we list the mean $`<\sigma _\mu >`$ in Table 2.

To check the measurements we cross-identified our stars with the list of high proper motion objects detected photometrically by Eyer & Woźniak (2001). Out of 74 stars in Eyer & Woźniak (2001), 53 are in the region used in the present analysis, and 52 were recovered. We plot the proper motions of those 52 stars as measured in both Eyer & Woźniak (2001) ($`\mu _{\mathrm{EW}}`$) and this work ($`\mu `$). The very good correlation gives us certain confidence in our measurements. Fig. 5 shows the histogram of $`\mu _{\mathrm{EW}}`$ (thick solid line), $`\mu `$ of all 46,961 sample (dotted line), the sample detected with the confidence better than $`3\sigma `$ (dot-dashed line), better than $`5\sigma `$ (dashed line) and better than $`10\sigma `$ (thin solid line). We can see that our method is more effective in detecting proper motions than Eyer & Woźniak (2001).

## 4 Results

For the purpose of proper motion analysis we identify three populations of stars: RCGs, Disc Stars (DSs) and Red Giants (RGs). Those occupy respectively the upper-right, upper-left and lower-right regions in Fig. 6, the extinction corrected CMD. Within each population we distinguish a bright and a faint sub-sample indicated by thick and thin boxes in the same figure. Those regions of the CMD are defined by the following formula:

$$13.5<I_0<14.23(\mathrm{bright}\mathrm{RCGs}),$$
(3)
$$14.39<I_0<14.76(\mathrm{faint}\mathrm{RCGs}),$$
(4)
$$0.84<(VI)_0<1.38(\mathrm{both}\mathrm{RCGs}),$$
(5)
$$13.0<I_0<15.0(\mathrm{bright}\mathrm{DSs}),$$
(6)
$$15.0<I_0<16.0(\mathrm{faint}\mathrm{DSs}),$$
(7)
$$0.3<(VI)_0<0.7(\mathrm{both}\mathrm{DSs}),$$
(8)
$$15.4<I_0<15.9(\mathrm{bright}\mathrm{RGs}),$$
(9)
$$16.0<I_0<16.5(\mathrm{faint}\mathrm{RGs}),$$
(10)
$$0.9<(VI)_0<1.5(\mathrm{both}\mathrm{RGs}).$$
(11)
The CMD region for the RCGs was found to maximize the significance of the proper motion difference between bright and faint samples.

Figs. 7 and 8 summarize the main results. In Fig. 7 we show a histogram of $`\mu _\alpha `$ (left panel) and $`\mu _\delta `$ (right panel) for bright (thick line) and faint (dashed line) samples of all three stellar populations. Fig. 8 shows the contour map and the mean of the distribution in $`\mu _\alpha `$ and $`\mu _\delta `$ for bright (thick line and cross) and faint (thin line and cross) samples of RCGs, DSs and RGs. In this figure, the top-left corner is toward positive $`l`$ and bottom-right corner is toward negative $`l`$ direction. We also show the mean value of the relative proper motion $`<\mu >`$ in equatorial and Galactic coordinates as well as the corresponding Root Mean Square (RMS) in equatorial coordinates for each of the samples in Table 3. We assumed that the error in $`\mu `$ of each star is the RMS of the related distribution. This RMS is the combination of the intrinsic scatter in $`\mu `$ and the astrometric uncertainty and therefore it provides a sensible upper limit for the error in $`<\mu >`$. In measuring the mean value we rejected high proper motion objects with $`|\mu |>20`$ mas yr-1. Note that the mean values $`<\mu >`$ of all sample are not exactly zero, as these are not identical to all stars used to align the frames. Stars with fewer than 20 data points and detected multiple times in the overlapping subframes were rejected. The differences are insignificant and we can safely ignore them.

Finally, we also show the mean positional shift of stars in each population as a function of time (JD) in Fig. 9. The plots of each samples, i.e., all (dot), bright (filled circle) and faint (open circle), are shifted vertically for clarity, because only the slope is important.

In Figs. 7, 8 and Table 3, differences in $`<\mu >`$ between bright and faint samples of RCGs are clearly seen. The main component is along $`<\mu _l>`$ and reaches $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >1.5`$ mas yr-1. The accuracy in $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >`$ is about $`\sigma 0.11`$ mas yr-1, therefore the significance of the difference is $`14\sigma `$. In short, stars at the far side are moving toward negative Galactic latitude $`l`$ relative to the stars at the near side. The magnitude and orientation of the proper motion of one group relative to the other can be explained by the rotation of stars in the bar in the same direction as the Solar motion around the Galactic center. The result is consistent with $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >1.6`$ mas yr-1 estimated by Mao & Paczyński (2002) using the Kiraga & Paczyński (1994)’s model with the tangential streaming motion of $`v_b100`$ km s-1. Note that in this analysis the measured $`<\mu >`$ is not absolute, but relative. Although the astrometric reference frame seems to be close to the one based on stars at the near side of the bar, in principle it is not associated with any pneumatically defined stellar population. On the other hand, the difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >`$ between the two populations of RCGs is properly defined and reliable.

Both RG samples have same proper motion and values of $`<\mu _l>`$ are about a mid between the those of bright and faint RCGs. This can be explained by that RGs are on average at the center of the bar.

The disc stars seem to be moving toward positive $`l`$ with $`<\mu _l>3.3`$ mas yr-1 with respect to RGs, i.e., the Galactic center. This is roughly consistent with $`<\mu _l>3.2`$ mas yr-1 estimated assuming that disc stars are on average on the $`1`$ kpc from the Sun and the flat rotation curve of $`v_r220`$ km s-1. Here we also assumed that the Sun has an additional velocity of 19 km s-1 toward ($`l,b)=(53^{},25^{}`$) relative to the Local Standard of Rest (RSL) (Binney & Tremaine 1987), i.e., $`(v_l,v_b)`$= (12 km s-1, 7 km s-1). As for the disc stars, their distance may be estimated from their apparent brightness. They are typically at the main sequence turn-off point for an old population, so very crudely they have absolute magnitude $`M_{I,0}4`$ or so. The bright DSs are at about $`I_0`$ = 14 mag, the faint are at about $`I_0`$ = 15.5 mag. So, their distance moduli are approximately 10 mag and 11.5 mag, which corresponds to the distance from us: 1 kpc and 2 kpc, respectively. For the faint DSs, slightly larger proper motion with respect to RGs is expected than the measured one. This difference might be due to the difference in rotation curve along the line of sight. The values $`<\mu _b>0.3`$ (bright DSs) or $`0.05`$ (faint DSs) might be explained by the solar motion $`(v_l,v_b)`$ relative to LSR. A detailed analysis of these results is beyond the scope of this pilot study.

## 5 Discussion and Conclusion

We have measured the proper motion for 46,961 stars in the OGLE-II BUL\_SC1 field covering Baade’s window. We dramatically increased the number of objects with large proper motions in this field compared to Eyer & Woźniak (2001) who detected 53 high proper motion objects in the same region of the Galactic bulge. We have estimated the difference in the proper motion between the bright (near-side) and the faint (far-side) samples of RCGs. We found that the far-side RCGs have a proper motion of $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >1.5\pm 0.011`$ mas yr-1 toward the negative $`l`$ relative to the near-side RCGs. The results fit the picture with stars in the bar rotating around the Galactic center in the same direction as the Sun. The value $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >`$ 1.5 mas yr-1 is consistent with 1.6 mas yr-1 estimated by Mao & Paczyński (2002) who assumed a streaming motion of the bar at $`v_b100`$ $`kms^1`$. The presented method used with the OGLE-II data is sensitive to the relative streaming motion of stars in the Galactic bar down to about $`\mathrm{\Delta }<\mu >0.1`$ mas yr-1.

As discussed in the previous section, the measured proper motions of DS and RG samples seem consistent with the basic understanding of stellar motions in the Galaxy, and the Solar motion relative to LSR in particular. This consistency supports the reliability of our analysis.

The question of possible contamination by stars in the Galactic disc bears some discussion as we select the samples of RCGs using the CMD. Only nearby disc main-sequence stars, or evolved disc stars are expected to fall in the same CMD region as our RCG samples. The effect can be considered negligible because these stars are not very numerous (Stanek et al. 1994).

One should keep in mind that all measurements of $`<\mu >`$ presented here are not absolute, but relative to the astrometric reference frame which is not well known. This problem can be solved by using background quasars that would be detected in the near future using the OGLE-II variability catalog (Woźniak et al. 2002; Eyer 2002). The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate that proper motions can be measured with very high precision using the OGLE-II data, sufficiently high to clearly detect the presence of a strong streaming motion (rotation) of stars in the Galactic bar. While the reference frame established by the large number of stars is not well defined with respect to the inertial frame of reference, the relative motions of groups of stars are well determined. A detailed analysis of these results is beyond the scope of the present study. We intend to expand our work to all 49 OGLE-II Galactic bulge fields covering a large range of $`l`$ and $`b`$ around the bar. A thorough analysis of all available data is underway and will be published elsewhere.

## Acknowledgments

We are grateful to B. Paczyński for helpful comments and discussions. We are grateful to the OGLE team for providing us with all CCD images on which this paper is based. T.S. and L.E. acknowledge the financial support from the Nishina Memorial Foundation and from the Swiss National Science Foundation respectively. This work was partly supported with the following grants to B. Paczyński: NSF grants AST-9820314 and AST-0204908, and NASA grants NAG5-12212, and grant HST-AR-09518.01A provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

This paper is a continuation of our study of the $`_2`$-orbifold vertex operator algebra $`V_L^+`$ which is the fixed points of vertex operator algebra $`V_L`$ (see \[B\], \[FLM2\]) associated to positive definite even lattice $`L`$ under the automorphism $`\theta `$ lifted from the $`1`$ isometry of $`L.`$ We classify the irreducible modules for $`V_L^+.`$ It turns out that any irreducible $`V_L^+`$-module is either isomorphic to a submodule of an irreducible $`V_L`$-module or a submodule of an irreducible twisted $`V_L`$-module. In the case that the rank of $`L`$ is one, this result was obtained previously in \[DN2\].

The $`V_L^+`$ forms a basic class of vertex operator algebras besides affine, Virasoro and lattice vertex operator algebras. The structure and representation theory for affine, Virasoro and lattice vertex operator algebras are well understood (see \[B\], \[FLM2\], \[D1\], \[DL\], \[DLM2\], \[FZ\], \[Li\], \[W\]) with the help of affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras, Virasoro algebras and lattices. Although $`V_L^+`$ is also related to the lattice, but its structure and representation theory are much more complicated. For example, if $`L`$ does not have any vector of squared length 2, such as the Leech lattice, $`V_L^+`$ has no weight one vectors and is hardly related to affine Kac-Moody algebras. In this case the weight two subspace of $`V_L^+`$ is a commutative nonassociative algebra similar to the Griess algebra \[Gr\]. In some sense, $`V_L^+`$ is a “typical” vertex operator algebra. So the study of $`V_L^+`$ should help people to investigate general vertex operator algebras.

It is worthy to point out that $`V_L^+`$ is a $`_2`$-orbifold vertex operator algebra. In the case that $`L=\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the Leech lattice, such vertex operator algebra was used in \[FLM2\] to construct the moonshine vertex operator algebra $`V^{\mathrm{}}.`$ There have been efforts on studying the representations of $`V_L^+`$ for special $`L`$ with the help of representation theory for the Virasoro algebra with central charge $`1/2`$ (see \[D3\], \[DGH\]). We refer the reader to \[DLM1\], \[DM\], \[DVVV\] and \[K\] for general orbifold theory.

As in \[DN2\], the main idea is to determine Zhu’s algebra $`A(V_L^+)`$ whose inequivalent simple modules have a one to one correspondence with the inequivalent irreducible (admissible) modules for $`V_L^+`$ (see \[Z\]). The results and methods from \[DN2\] in the case of rank one play important roles in this paper. There is a fundamental difference between rank one case and higher rank cases. Zhu’s algebra in rank one case is commutative with one exception but is not for higher ranks. In general $`L`$ is not a orthogonal sum of rank one lattices. Nevertheless, for any element in $`L`$ we can consider the rank one sublattice generated by the element and apply results in \[DN2\]. Note that the $`\theta `$-invariants $`M(1)^+`$ of the Heisenberg vertex operator algebra $`M(1)`$ is a subalgebra of $`V_L^+.`$ So the structure and representation theory for $`M(1)^+`$ obtained in \[DN3\] have been extensively used in this paper. Although the information that we get on $`A(V_L^+)`$ is good enough to classify the simple modules, we could not prove that $`A(V_L^+)`$ is semisimple.

There are still two major problems about $`V_L^+.`$ One is the rationality and the other is to determine the fusion rules among irreducible modules. It is certainly believed that $`V_L^+`$ is rational. In the case that $`L`$ is some rank one lattice, the rationality was established in \[A\]. But rationality for any $`L`$ remains open. This problem is related to $`C_2`$-cofiniteness of $`V_L^+,`$ which is obtained recently in \[Y\] in the rank one case and in \[ABD\] in general. The determination of the fusion rules will be carried out in a separate paper.

The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we review various (twisted) modules for a vertex operator algebra $`V`$ and define Zhu’s algebra $`A(V).`$ We define vertex operator algebra $`V_L^+`$ and its subalgebra $`M(1)^+`$ in Section 3. We also list the known irreducible modules for $`V_L^+.`$ Section 4 is about Zhu’s algebras $`A(M(1)^+)`$ and $`A(V_L^+).`$ In particular we obtain many identities for a set of generators for in $`A(V_L^+)`$ by using results from \[DN1\], \[DN2\] and \[DN3\]. Using the known irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules we compute how the generators of $`A(V_L^+)`$ act on the known simple $`A(V_L^+)`$-modules. In Section 4 we give a spanning set for $`A(V_L^+)`$ which is used in the later sections for the classification. Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to the classification of simple $`A(V_L^+)`$-modules and irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules. Since $`M(1)^+`$ is a subalgebra of $`V_L^+`$ there is an algebra homomorphism from $`A(M(1)^+)`$ to $`A(V_L^+).`$ This homomorphism embeds the two $`d\times d`$ matrix subalgebras of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ (see \[DN3\]) into $`A(V_L^+)`$ where $`d`$ is the rank of $`L.`$ There are two cases in the classification. In Section 5 we deal with the case that the simple modules are annihilated by the two matrix subalgebras. Section 6 handles the other case: that is, one of the matrix algebras does not annihilate the simple modules.

Throughout the paper $`_0`$ is the set of nonnegative integers.

## 2 Vertex operator algebras and modules

In this section we recall the definitions of various (twisted) modules for a vertex operator algebra (cf. \[B\], \[D2\], \[FFR\], \[FLM1\], \[FLM2\], \[DLM4\], \[Le\], \[Z\]). We also review the Zhu’s algebra $`A(V)`$ associated to a vertex operator algebra $`V.`$

A vertex operator algebra $`V`$ is a $``$-graded vector space $`V=_nV_n`$ equipped with a linear map $`Y:V(\mathrm{End}V)[[z,z^1]],aY(a,z)=_na_nz^{n1}`$ for $`aV`$ such that $`dimV_n`$ is finite for all integer $`n`$ and that $`V_n=0`$ for sufficiently small integer $`n`$ (see \[FLM2\]). There are two distinguished vectors, the vacuum vector $`\mathrm{𝟏}V_0`$ and the Virasoro element $`\omega V_2`$. By definition $`Y(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=\mathrm{id}_V`$, and the component operators $`\{L(n)\}`$ of $`Y(\omega ,z)=_nL(n)z^{n2}`$ gives a representation of the Virasoro algebra on $`V`$ with central charge $`c.`$ Each homogeneous space $`V_n(n0)`$ is an eigenspace for $`L(0)`$ with eigenvalue $`n`$.

An automorphism $`g`$ of a vertex operator algebra $`V`$ is a linear isomorphism of $`V`$ satisfying $`g(\omega )=\omega `$ and $`gY(a,z)g^1=Y(g(a),z)`$ for any $`aV`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{Aut}(V)`$ the group of all automorphisms of $`V`$. For a subgroup $`G<\mathrm{Aut}(V)`$ the fixed point set $`V^G=\{aV|g(a)=a,gG\}`$ has a canonical vertex operator algebra structure.

Let $`g`$ be an automorphism of a vertex operator algebra $`V`$ of order $`T`$. Then $`V`$ is a direct sum of eigenspaces for $`g`$:

$$V=\underset{r=0}{\overset{T1}{}}V^r,V^r=\{aV|g(a)=e^{\frac{2\pi ir}{T}}a\}.$$

###### Definition 2.1.

A weak $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module $`M`$ is a vector space equipped with a linear map

$`Y_M:V`$ $`(\mathrm{End}M)\{z\},`$
$`a`$ $`Y_M(a,z)={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}a_nz^{n1},a_n\mathrm{End}M`$
such that the following conditions hold for $`0rT1,aV^r,bV`$ and $`uM`$:

(1) $`b_mu=0`$ if $`m`$ is sufficiently large,

(2) $`Y_M(a,z)=_{n+\frac{r}{T}}a_nz^{n1}`$,

(3) $`Y_M(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=\mathrm{id}_M`$,

(4) (the twisted Jacobi identity)

$`\begin{array}{cc}& z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)Y_M(a,z_1)Y_M(b,z_2)z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y_M(b,z_2)Y_M(a,z_1)\hfill \\ & =z_2^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^{\frac{r}{T}}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)Y_M(Y(a,z_0)b,z_2).\hfill \end{array}`$
A weak $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module is denoted by $`(M,Y_M)`$, or simply by $`M`$. In the case $`g`$ is the identity, any weak $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module is called a weak $`V`$-module. A $`g`$-twisted weak $`V`$-submodule of a $`g`$-twisted weak module $`M`$ is a subspace $`N`$ of $`M`$ such that $`a_nNN`$ hold for all $`aV`$ and $`n`$. If $`M`$ has no $`g`$-twisted weak $`V`$-submodule except $`0`$ and $`M`$, $`M`$ is called irreducible or simple.

Set $`Y_M(\omega ,z)=_nL(n)z^{n2}`$. Then $`\{L(n)|n\}`$ give a representation of the Virasoro algebra on $`M`$ with central charge $`c`$ and the $`L(1)`$-derivative property

$$Y_M(L(1)a,z)=\frac{d}{dz}Y(a,z)\text{ for all }aV.$$
(2.1)
holds for any $`aV`$ (see \[DLM2\]).

###### Definition 2.2.

An admissible $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module $`M`$ is a weak $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module which has a $`\frac{1}{T}_0`$-gradation $`M=_{n\frac{1}{T}_0}M(n)`$ such that

$`a(m)M(n)M(\mathrm{wt}(a)+nm1)`$ (2.2)
for any homogeneous $`aV`$ and $`m,n`$.

In the case $`g`$ is the identity, any admissible $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module is called an admissible $`V`$-module. Any $`g`$-twisted weak $`V`$-submodule $`N`$ of a $`g`$-twisted admissible $`V`$-module is called a $`g`$-twisted admissible $`V`$-submodule if $`N=_{n\frac{1}{T}}_0NM(n)`$.

A $`g`$-twisted admissible $`V`$-module $`M`$ is said to be irreducible if $`M`$ has no trivial admissible weak $`V`$-submodule. When a $`g`$-twisted admissible $`V`$-module $`M`$ is a direct sum of irreducible admissible submodules, $`M`$ is called completely reducible.

###### Definition 2.3.

A vertex operator algebra $`V`$ is said to be $`g`$-rational if any $`g`$-twisted admissible $`V`$-module is completely reducible. If $`V`$ is $`\mathrm{id}_V`$-rational, then $`V`$ is called rational.

###### Definition 2.4.

A $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module $`M=_\lambda M_\lambda `$ is a $``$-graded weak $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module with $`M_\lambda =\{uM|L(0)u=\lambda u\}`$ such that $`M_\lambda `$ is finite dimensional and for fixed $`\lambda `$, $`M_{\lambda +n/T}=0`$ for sufficiently small integer $`n`$. A vector $`wM_\lambda `$ is called a weight vector of weight $`\lambda ,`$ and we write $`\lambda =\mathrm{wt}(w).`$

In the case $`g`$ is the identity, a $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module is called a $`V`$-module. A $`V`$-module $`M`$ is called irreducible if $`M`$ is irreducible as a weak $`V`$-module. By definition, for a vertex operator algebra $`(V,Y,\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1},\omega )`$, $`(V,Y)`$ becomes a $`V`$-module. If a vertex operator algebra is irreducible as a $`V`$-module, then $`V`$ is called simple.

It is proved in \[DLM4\] that if $`V`$ is $`g`$-rational then there are only finitely many inequivalent irreducible admissible $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-modules and any irreducible admissible $`g`$-twisted $`V`$-module is ordinary.

We next define Zhu’s algebra $`A(V)`$ which is an associative algebra following \[Z\]. For any homogeneous vectors $`aV`$, and $`bV`$, we define

$`ab=\left(\mathrm{Res}z{\displaystyle \frac{(1+z)^{\mathrm{wt}(a)}}{z}}Y(a,z)\right)b,`$
$`ab=\left(\mathrm{Res}z{\displaystyle \frac{(1+z)^{\mathrm{wt}(a)}}{z^2}}Y(a,z)\right)b,`$
and extend to $`V\times V`$ bilinearly. Denote by $`O(V)`$ the linear span of $`ab`$ ($`a,bV`$) and set $`A(V)=V/O(V)`$. We write $`[a]`$ for the image $`a+O(V)`$ of $`aV`$. The following theorem is due to \[Z\] (also see \[DLM4\]).

###### Theorem 2.5.

(1) The bilinear operation $``$ induces $`A(V)`$ an associative algebra structure. The vector $`[\mathrm{𝟏}]`$ is the identity and $`[\omega ]`$ is in the center of $`A(V)`$.

(2) Let $`M=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}M(n)`$ be an admissible $`V`$-module with $`M(0)0.`$ Then the linear map

$$o:V\mathrm{End}M(0),ao(a)|M(0)$$

induces an algebra homomorphism from $`A(V)`$ to $`\mathrm{End}M(0)`$. Thus $`M(0)`$ is a left $`A(V)`$-module.

(3) The map $`MM(0)`$ induces a bijection from the set of equivalence classes of irreducible admissible $`V`$-modules to the set of equivalence classes of irreducible $`A(V)`$-modules.

## 3 Vertex operator algebras $`M(1)^+`$ and $`V_L^+`$

In this section we recall the construction of the vertex operator algebra $`V_L^+`$ associated with a positive definite even lattice $`L`$ and the vertex operator algebra $`M(1)^+`$ (cf. \[FLM2\]). We also state several results on classifications of irreducible modules for $`V_L^+`$ when the rank of $`L`$ is one (see \[DN2\]) and $`M(1)^+`$ (see \[DN1\] and \[DN3\]).

Let $`L`$ be a rank $`d`$ even lattice with a positive definite symmetric $``$-bilinear form $`(,)`$. We set $`𝔥=_{}L`$ and extend $`(,)`$ to a $``$-bilinear form on $`𝔥`$. Let $`\widehat{𝔥}=[t,t^1]𝔥C`$ be the affinization of commutative Lie algebra $`𝔥`$ defined by

$`[\beta _1t^m,\beta _2t^n]=m(\beta _1,\beta _2)\delta _{m,n}C\text{ and }[C,\widehat{𝔥}]=0`$
for any $`\beta _i𝔥,m,n`$. Then $`\widehat{𝔥}^+=[t]𝔥C`$ is a commutative subalgebra. For any $`\lambda 𝔥`$, we can define a one dimensional $`\widehat{𝔥}^+`$-module $`e^\lambda `$ by the actions $`\rho (ht^m)e^\lambda =(\lambda ,h)\delta _{m,0}e^\lambda `$ and $`\rho (C)e^\lambda =e^\lambda `$ for $`h𝔥`$ and $`m0`$. Now we denote by

$`M(1,\lambda )=U(\widehat{𝔥})_{U(\widehat{𝔥}^+)}e^\lambda S(t^1[t^1])`$
the $`\widehat{𝔥}`$-module induced from $`\widehat{𝔥}^+`$-module $`e^\lambda `$. Set $`M(1)=M(1,0).`$ Then there exists a linear map $`Y:M(1)(\mathrm{End}M(1,\lambda )[[z,z^1]]`$ such that $`(M(1),Y,\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1},\omega )`$ has a simple vertex operator algebra structure and $`(M(1,\lambda ),Y)`$ becomes an irreducible $`M(1)`$-module for any $`\lambda 𝔥`$ (see \[FLM2\]). The vacuum vector and the Virasoro element are given by $`\mathrm{𝟏}=e^0`$ and $`\omega =\frac{1}{2}_{a=1}^dh_a(1)^2e^0`$ respectively, where $`\{h_a\}`$ is an orthonormal basis of $`𝔥`$.

Let $`L`$ be any positive-definite even lattice and let $`\widehat{L}`$ be the canonical central extension of $`L`$ by the cyclic group $`\kappa `$ of order 2:

$$1\kappa \widehat{L}\stackrel{}{}L0$$

with the commutator map $`c(\alpha ,\beta )=\kappa ^{(\alpha ,\beta )}`$ for $`\alpha ,\beta L`$. Let $`e:L\widehat{L}`$ be a section such that $`e_0=1`$ and $`ϵ:L\times L\kappa `$ be the corresponding 2-cocycle. We can assume that $`ϵ`$ is bimultiplicative. Then $`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )ϵ(\beta ,\alpha )=\kappa ^{(\alpha ,\beta )},`$

$$ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )ϵ(\alpha +\beta ,\gamma )=ϵ(\beta ,\gamma )ϵ(\alpha ,\beta +\gamma )$$
(3.1)
and $`e_\alpha e_\beta =ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )e_{\alpha +\beta }`$ for $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma L.`$

Let $`L^{}=\{\lambda 𝔥|(\alpha ,\lambda )\}`$ be the dual lattice of $`L`$. Then there is an $`\widehat{L}`$-module structure on $`[L^{}]=_{\lambda L^{}}e^\lambda `$ such that $`\kappa `$ act as $`1`$ (see \[DL\]). Let $`L^{}=_{iL^{}/L}(L+\lambda _i)`$ be the coset decomposition such that $`\lambda _0=0.`$ Set $`[L+\lambda _i]=_{\alpha L}e^{\alpha +\lambda _i}.`$ Then $`[L^{}]=_{iL^{}/L}[L+\lambda _i]`$ and each $`[L+\lambda _i]`$ is an $`\widehat{L}`$-submodule of $`[L^{}].`$ The action of $`\widehat{L}`$ on $`[L+\lambda _i]`$ is as follows:

$$e_\alpha e^{\beta +\lambda _i}=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )e^{\alpha +\beta +\lambda _i}$$

for $`\alpha ,\beta L.`$ On the surface, the module structure on each $`[L+\lambda _i]`$ depends on the choice of $`\lambda _i`$ in $`L+\lambda _i.`$ It is easy to prove that different choices of $`\lambda _i`$ give isomorphic $`\widehat{L}`$-modules.

We can identify $`e^\alpha `$ with $`e_\alpha `$ for $`\alpha L.`$ Set $`[M]=_{\lambda M}e^\lambda `$ for a subset $`M`$ of $`L^{}`$, and define $`V_M=M(1)[M]`$. Then for any $`\lambda L^{}`$, there exists a linear map $`Y:V_L(\mathrm{End}V_{\lambda +L})[[z,z^1]]`$ such that $`(V_L,Y,\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1},\omega )`$ becomes a simple vertex operator algebra and $`(V_{\lambda +L},Y)`$ is an irreducible $`V_L`$-module (see \[B\] and \[FLM2\]). The vertex operator $`Y(h(1)\mathrm{𝟏},z)`$ and $`Y(e^\alpha ,z)`$ associated to $`h(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`e^\alpha `$ are defined by

$`Y(h(1)\mathrm{𝟏},z)=h(z)={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}h(n)z^{n1},`$
$`Y(e^\alpha ,z)=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (n)}{n}}z^n\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (n)}{n}}z^n\right)e_\alpha z^\alpha ,`$
where $`h(n)(h𝔥,n)`$ is the action of $`ht^n`$ on $`V_{\lambda +L}`$, $`e_\alpha `$ is the left action of $`\widehat{L}`$ on $`[L^{}]`$ and $`z^\alpha `$ is the operator on $`[L^{}]`$ defined by $`z^\alpha e^\lambda =z^{(\alpha ,\lambda )}e^\lambda `$.

The vertex operator associated to the vector $`v=\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _r(n_r)e^\alpha `$ for $`\beta _i𝔥,n_i1`$ and $`\alpha L`$ is defined by

$`Y(v,z)=^{_{}}_{^{}}^{(n_11)}\beta _1(z)\mathrm{}^{(n_r1)}\beta _r(z)Y(e^\alpha ,z)^{_{}}_{^{}},`$
where $`=\frac{1}{n!}(\frac{d}{dz})^n`$ and the normal ordering $`^{_{}}_{^{}}^{_{}}_{^{}}`$ is an operation which reorders the operators so that $`\beta (n)(\beta 𝔥,n<0`$) and $`e_\alpha `$ to be placed to the left of $`X(n),(X𝔥,n0`$) and $`z^\alpha `$.

We note that $`M(1)`$ is contained in $`V_L`$ as a vertex operator subalgebra with same Virasoro element. For any $`\lambda L^{}`$, $`M(1)e^\lambda `$ is isomorphic to $`M(1,\lambda )`$ as $`M(1)`$-modules. Thus $`V_{\lambda +L}`$ is isomorphic to $`_{\alpha L}M(1,\lambda +\alpha )`$ as $`M(1)`$-modules.

Now we define a linear isomorphism $`\theta :V_{L+\lambda _i}V_{L\lambda _i}`$ for $`iL^{}/L`$ by

$`\theta (\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)e^{\alpha +\lambda _i})=(1)^k\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)e^{\alpha \lambda _i}`$
for $`\beta _i𝔥,n_i1`$ and $`\alpha L`$ if $`2\lambda _iL,`$ and

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta (\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)e^{\alpha +\lambda _i})\hfill \\ \hfill =(1)^kc_{2\lambda _i}ϵ(\alpha ,2\lambda _i)\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)e^{\alpha \lambda _i}\end{array}$$

if $`2\lambda _iL`$ where $`c_{2\lambda _i}`$ is a square root of $`ϵ(2\lambda _i,2\lambda _i).`$ Then $`\theta `$ defines a linear isomorphism from $`V_L^{}`$ to itself such that

$$\theta Y(u,z)v=Y(\theta u,z)\theta v$$

for $`uV_L`$ and $`vV_L^{}.`$ In particular, $`\theta `$ is an automorphism of $`V_L`$ which induces an automorphism of $`M(1).`$

For any $`\theta `$-stable subspace $`U`$ of $`V_L`$, let $`U^\pm `$ be the $`\pm 1`$-eigenspace of $`U`$ for $`\theta `$. We have the following proposition (see \[DM\] and \[DLM1\]):

###### Proposition 3.1.

(1) $`M(1)^\pm ,M(1,\lambda )`$ for $`\lambda 𝔥\{0\}`$ are irreducible $`M(1)^+`$-modules, and $`M(1,\lambda )M(1,\lambda ).`$

(2) $`(V_{L+\lambda _i}+V_{L\lambda _i})^\pm `$ for $`iL^{}/L`$ are irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules. Moreover if $`2\lambda _iL`$ then $`(V_{L+\lambda _i}+V_{L\lambda _i})^\pm ,`$ $`V_{L+\lambda _i},`$ and $`V_{L\lambda _i}`$ are isomorphic.

Next we recall a construction of $`\theta `$-twisted modules for $`M(1)`$ and $`V_L`$ following \[FLM2\] and \[D2\]. Denote by $`𝔥[1]=𝔥t^{\frac{1}{2}}[t,t^1]C`$ the twisted affinization of $`𝔥`$ defined by the commutation relation

$`[\beta _1t^m,\beta _2t^n]=m(h_1,h_2)\delta _{m,n}C\text{ and }[C,\widehat{𝔥}]=0`$
for any $`\beta _i𝔥,m,n\frac{1}{2}+`$. Then the symmetric algebra $`M(1)(\theta )=S(t^{\frac{1}{2}}[t^1]𝔥)`$ is the unique irreducible $`\widehat{𝔥}`$-module such that $`C=1`$ and $`\beta t^n1=0`$ if $`t>0.`$ This space, in fact, is an irreducible $`\theta `$-twisted $`M(1)`$-module.

By abuse the notation we also use $`\theta `$ to denote the automorphism of $`\widehat{L}`$ defined by $`\theta (e_\alpha )=e_\alpha `$ and $`\theta (\kappa )=\kappa .`$ Set $`K=\{a^1\theta (a)|a\widehat{L}\}`$. For any $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module $`T`$ such that $`\kappa `$ acts by the scalar $`1`$, we define $`V_L^T=M(1)(\theta )T`$. Then there exists a linear map $`Y:V_L(\mathrm{End}V_L^T)[[z^{\frac{1}{2}},z^{\frac{1}{2}}]]`$ such that $`(V_L^T,Y)`$ becomes a $`\theta `$-twisted $`V_L`$-module (see \[FLM2\]). The cyclic group $`\theta `$ acts on $`M(1)(\theta )`$ and $`V_L^T`$ by

$`\theta (\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k))=(1)^k\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)`$
and

$`\theta (\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)t)=(1)^k\beta _1(n_1)\beta _2(n_2)\mathrm{}\beta _k(n_k)t`$
for $`\beta _i𝔥,n_i\frac{1}{2}+_0`$ and $`tT`$. We denote by $`M(1)(\theta )^\pm `$ and $`V_L^{T,\pm }`$ the $`\pm 1`$-eigenspace for $`\theta `$ of $`M(1)(\theta )`$ and $`V_L^T`$ respectively.

Following \[FLM2\], let $`T_\chi `$ be the irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module associated to a central character $`\chi `$ satisfying $`\chi (\kappa )=1.`$ Then any irreducible $`\theta `$-twisted $`V_L`$-module is isomorphic to $`V_L^{T_\chi }`$ for some central character $`\chi `$ with $`\chi (\kappa )=1`$ (see \[D2\]). By \[DLi\] we get

###### Proposition 3.2.

(1) $`M(1)(\theta )^\pm `$ are irreducible $`M(1)^+`$-modules.

(2) Let $`\chi `$ be a central character of $`\widehat{L}/K`$ such that $`\chi (\iota (\kappa ))=1`$, and $`T_\chi `$ the irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module with central character $`\chi `$. Then $`V_L^+`$-modules $`V_L^{T_\chi ,\pm }`$ are irreducible.

It is proved in \[DN1\] and \[DN2\] that any irreducible modules for $`M(1)^+`$ and $`V_L^+`$ with rank one lattice $`L`$ is isomorphic to one of irreducible modules in Propositions 3.1 and 3.2:

###### Theorem 3.3.

(\[DN1\]) The set

$$\{M(1)^\pm ,M(1)(\theta )^\pm ,M(1,\lambda )(M(1,\lambda ))|\lambda 𝔥\{0\}\}$$
(3.2)
gives all inequivalent irreducible $`M(1)^+`$-modules.

###### Theorem 3.4.

(\[DN2\]) Let $`L=\alpha `$ be a rank one even lattice such that $`(\alpha ,\alpha )=2k`$ with positive integer $`k`$. The set

$$\{V_L^\pm ,V_{\alpha /2+L}^\pm ,V_L^{T_i,\pm },V_{r\alpha /2k+L}|i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}rk1\}$$
(3.3)
gives all inequivalent irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules, where $`T_i`$ is an irreducible $`L/2L`$-module on which $`e_\alpha `$ acts by the scalar $`(1)^{i1}`$ for $`i=1,2.`$

## 4 Zhu’s algebras $`A(M(1)^+)`$ and $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$

In this section we recall the structure of Zhu’s algebras $`A(M(1)^+)`$ and $`A(V_L^+)`$ following \[DN2\] and \[DN3\].

First we write down identities in Zhu’s algebra $`A(M(1)^+)`$. Let $`\{h_a\}`$ be an orthonormal basis of $`𝔥`$. Set $`\omega _a=\omega _{h_a}=\frac{1}{2}h_a(1)^2\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`J_a=J_{h_a}=h_a(1)^4\mathrm{𝟏}2h_a(3)h_a(1)\mathrm{𝟏}+\frac{3}{2}h_a(2)^2\mathrm{𝟏}`$. The vector $`\omega _a`$ and $`J_a`$ generate a vertex operator algebra $`M(1)^+`$ associated to the one dimensional vector space $`h_a`$ (see \[DG\]). Next we set $`S_{ab}(m,n)=h_a(m)h_b(n)\mathrm{𝟏}`$, and define $`E_{ab}^u,\overline{E}_{ab}^u,E_{ab}^t,\overline{E}_{ab}^t`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}`$ as follows (see \[DN3\]);

$`E_{ab}^u`$ $`=5S_{ab}(1,2)+25S_{ab}(1,3)+36S_{ab}(1,4)+16S_{ab}(1,5)(ab),`$
$`\overline{E}_{ba}^u`$ $`=S_{ab}(1,1)+14S_{ab}(1,2)+41S_{ab}(1,3)+44S_{ab}(1,4)+16S_{ab}(1,5)(ab),`$
$`E_{aa}^u`$ $`=E_{ab}^uE_{ba}^u,`$
$`E_{ab}^t`$ $`=16(3S_{ab}(1,2)+14S_{ab}(1,3)+19S_{ab}(1,4)+8S_{ab}(1,5))(ab),`$
$`\overline{E}_{ba}^t`$ $`=16(5S_{ab}(1,2)+18S_{ab}(1,3)+21S_{ab}(1,4)+8S_{ab}(1,5))(ab),`$
$`E_{aa}^t`$ $`=E_{ab}^tE_{ba}^t,`$
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}`$ $`=45S_{ab}(1,2)+190S_{ab}(1,3)+240S_{ab}(1,4)+96S_{ab}(1,5).`$
It is proved in \[DN3\] that $`[\overline{E}_{ab}^u]=[E_{ab}^u],[\overline{E}_{ab}^t]=[E_{ab}^t]`$ and $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]=[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ba}]`$ in $`A(M(1)^+)`$ for any $`a,b`$. Thus we often use $`\overline{E}_{ba}^u`$ and $`\overline{E}_{ba}^t`$ for $`[E_{ba}^u]`$ and $`[E_{ba}^t]`$ respectively.

By \[DN3, Proposition 5.3.12\] we have

###### Proposition 4.1.

For any $`a,b,c,d`$,

$`[E_{ab}^u][E_{cd}^u]=\delta _{bc}[E_{ad}^u],[E_{ab}^t][E^t_{cd}]=\delta _{bc}[E_{ad}^u],`$
$`[E_{ab}^u][E_{cd}^t]=[E_{cd}^t][E_{ab}^u]=0,`$
$`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}][E_{cd}^u]=[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}][E_{cd}^t]=[E_{cd}^u][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]=[E_{cd}^t][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]=0(ab).`$
###### Remark 4.2.

The vectors $`[S_{ab}(1,n)](1n5)`$ can be expressed as linear combinations of $`[E_{ab}^u],[E_{ab}^t]`$ and $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ as follows (see \[DN3, Remark 5.1.2\]);

$`[S_{ab}(1,1)]`$ $`=[E_{ab}^u]+[E_{ba}^u]+[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[E_{ab}^t]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[E_{ba}^t],`$ (4.1)
$`[S_{ab}(1,2)]`$ $`=2[E_{ab}^u][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}[E_{ab}^t]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[E_{ba}^t],`$ (4.2)
$`[S_{ab}(1,3)]`$ $`=3[E_{ab}^u]+[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]+{\displaystyle \frac{15}{16}}[E_{ab}^t]+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16}}[E_{ba}^t],`$ (4.3)
$`[S_{ab}(1,4)]`$ $`=4[E_{ab}^u][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]{\displaystyle \frac{35}{32}}[E_{ab}^t]{\displaystyle \frac{5}{32}}[E_{ba}^t],`$ (4.4)
$`[S_{ab}(1,5)]`$ $`=5[E_{ab}^u]+[E_{ba}^u]+[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]+{\displaystyle \frac{315}{256}}[E_{ab}^t]+{\displaystyle \frac{35}{256}}[E_{ba}^t].`$ (4.5)
Let $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ be the linear subspace of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ spanned by $`E_{ab}^u`$ and $`E_{ab}^t`$, respectively for $`1a,bd.`$ Then we have (see \[DN3, Proposition 5.3.14\]):

###### Proposition 4.3.

(1) $`A^u`$ are $`A^t`$ are two sided ideals of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ and the quotient algebra $`A(M(1)^+)/(A^u+A^t)`$ is commutative.

(2) The natural actions of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ on $`M(1)^{}(0)`$ and $`M(1)(\theta )^{}`$ induce isomorphisms of algebras from $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ to $`\mathrm{End}M(1)^{}(0)`$ and $`\mathrm{End}M(1)(\theta )^{}`$ respectively. Under the basis $`\{h_1(1),\mathrm{},h_d(1)\}`$ ( $`\{h_1(1/2),\mathrm{},h_d(1/2)\}`$ resp. ) of $`M(1)^{}(0)`$ ( $`M(1)(\theta )^{}(0)`$ resp. ), each $`[E_{ab}^u]`$ ( $`[E_{ab}^t]`$ resp. ) corresponds to the matrix element $`E_{ab}`$ whose $`(i,j)`$-entry is 1 and zero elsewhere.

###### Remark 4.4.

The ideals $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ are independent of the choice of an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$. In particular, the units $`I^u=_{a=1}^d[E_{aa}^u]`$ and $`I^t=_{a=1}^d[E_{aa}^t]`$ of $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ are independent of the choice of an orthonormal basis.

We next recall some relations (see \[DN3, Lemma 5.2.2 and Lemma 5.3.2\]) which will be used later.

###### Proposition 4.5.

For any indices $`a,b,c`$,

$`[\omega _a][E_{bc}^u]=\delta _{ab}[E_{bc}^u],`$ (4.6)
$`[E_{bc}^u][\omega _a]=\delta _{ac}[E_{bc}^u],`$ (4.7)
$`[\omega _a][E_{bc}^t]=\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta _{ab}\right)[E_{bc}^t],`$ (4.8)
$`[E_{bc}^t][\omega _a]=\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta _{ac}\right)[E_{bc}^t],`$ (4.9)
$`[\omega _a][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{bc}]=[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{bc}][\omega _a]=0.`$ (4.10)
Set $`H_a=H_{h_a}=J_a+\omega _a4\omega _a\omega _a`$ (see \[DN3\]). Then the following identities (see \[DN3, Proposition 6.13\]) hold:

###### Proposition 4.6.

For distinct $`a,b`$ and $`c`$,

$`\left(70[H_a]+1188[\omega _a]^2585[\omega _a]+27\right)[H_a]=0,`$ (4.11)
$`([\omega _a]1)\left([\omega _a]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\right)\left([\omega _a]{\displaystyle \frac{9}{16}}\right)[H_a]=0,`$ (4.12)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}[H_a]+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}[H_b]=2[E_{aa}^u]2[E_{bb}^u]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[E_{aa}^t]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[E_{bb}^t],`$ (4.13)
$`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \frac{4}{135}}(2[\omega _a]+13)[H_a]+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{135}}(2[\omega _b]+13)[H_b]\hfill \\ & =4([E_{aa}^u][E_{bb}^u])+{\displaystyle \frac{15}{32}}([E_{aa}^t][E_{bb}^t]),\hfill \end{array}`$ (4.14)
$`[\omega _b][H_a]={\displaystyle \frac{2}{15}}([\omega _a]1)[H_a]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{15}}([\omega _b]1)[H_b],`$ (4.15)
$`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]^2=4[\omega _a][\omega _b]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}([H_a]+[H_b])([E_{aa}^u]+[E_{bb}^u]){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}([E_{aa}^t]+[E_{bb}^t]),`$ (4.16)
$`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{bc}]=2[\omega _b][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ac}].`$ (4.17)
We now state the structure theorem on $`A(M(1)^+)`$ (see \[DN3, Remark 5.1.3 and Proposition 5.3.15\]):

###### Theorem 4.7.

Zhu’s algebra $`A(M(1)^+)`$ generated by $`[w_a],[J_a]`$ for $`1ad,[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ for $`1abd`$ and $`[E_{ab}^u],[E_{ab}^t]`$ for $`1a,bd`$. The quotient algebra $`A(M(1)^+)/(A^t+A^u)`$ is commutative and is generated by the images of $`[w_a],[J_a]`$ for $`1ad`$ and $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ for $`1abd`$.

By Theorems 3.3 and 2.5 any irreducible $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module is a top level of an irreducible $`M(1)^+`$-module. We give the actions of the generators of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ on the top level of all irreducible $`M(1)^+`$-modules.

|  | $`M(1)^+`$ | $`M(1)^{}`$ | $`M(1,\lambda )`$ $`(\lambda 𝔥\{0\})`$ | $`M(1)(\theta )^+`$ | $`M(1)(\theta )^{}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`h_c(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`e^\lambda `$ | $`1`$ | $`h_c(1/2)1`$ |
| $`\omega _a`$ | $`0`$ | $`\delta _{ac}`$ | $`(h_a,\lambda )^2/2`$ | $`1/16`$ | $`1/16+1/2\delta _{ac}`$ |
| $`J_a`$ | $`0`$ | $`6\delta _{ac}`$ | $`(h_a,\lambda )^4(h_a,\lambda )^2/2`$ | $`3/128`$ | $`3/1283/8\delta _{ac}`$ |
| $`H_a`$ | $`0`$ | $`9\delta _{ac}`$ | $`0`$ | $`9/128`$ | $`9/1289/8\delta _{ac}`$ |
| $`E_{ab}^u`$ | $`0`$ | $`\delta _{bc}h_a(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ |
| $`E_{ab}^t`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`\delta _{bc}h_a(1/2)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ |
| $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`(h_a,\lambda )(h_b,\lambda )`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ |

Table 1. The actions of $`\omega ,J,H,E_{ab}^u,E_{ab}^t`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}`$ on top levels.

Let $`L`$ be a positive definite even lattice. We next recall the results on the structure of Zhu’s algebra $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ for any $`\alpha L`$. Let $`\gamma 𝔥`$ such that $`(\gamma ,\gamma )0.`$ Let $`h`$ be an orthonormal basis of $`𝔥=\gamma `$ and set $`\omega _\gamma =\frac{1}{2}h(1)^2\mathrm{𝟏},J_\gamma =h(1)^4\mathrm{𝟏}2h(3)h(1)\mathrm{𝟏}+\frac{3}{2}h(2)^2\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`H_\gamma =J_\gamma +\omega _\gamma 4\omega _\gamma \omega _\gamma `$. Clearly, $`\omega _\gamma ,J_\gamma ,H_\gamma `$ are independent of $`\gamma `$ in subspace $`\gamma .`$ We use notations

$`E^\alpha =e^\alpha +e^\alpha \text{ and }F^\alpha =e^\alpha e^\alpha `$
for any $`\alpha L`$ respectively. Then Zhu’s algebra $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is generated by $`[\omega _\alpha ],[H_\alpha ]`$ and $`[E^\alpha ]`$ (see \[DN2\]). The structure of $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ depends on $`|\alpha |^2=(\alpha ,\alpha )`$ greatly.

First we deal with the case $`|\alpha |^22`$ following \[DN2\].

###### Proposition 4.8.

For any $`\alpha L`$ such that $`|\alpha |^2=2k2`$, $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is a semisimple, commutative algebra of dimension $`k+7,`$ and the following identities hold;

$`[H_\alpha ][E^\alpha ]={\displaystyle \frac{18(8k3)}{(4k1)(4k9)}}\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{k}{4}}\right)\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{3(k1)}{4(8k3)}}\right)[E^\alpha ],`$ (4.18)
$`\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{k}{4}}\right)\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\right)\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{9}{16}}\right)[E^\alpha ]=0.`$ (4.19)
The actions of the generators of $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ on the top levels of irreducible $`V_\alpha ^+`$-modules are given as follows:

|  | $`V_\alpha ^+`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{}`$ | $`V_{\alpha +\frac{r}{2k}\alpha }`$ $`(1rk1)`$ | $`V_{\alpha +\frac{\alpha }{2}}^+`$ | $`V_{\alpha +\frac{\alpha }{2}}^{}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`e^{\frac{r}{2k}\alpha }`$ | $`e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}+e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}`$ | $`e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}`$ |
| $`\omega _\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`1`$ | $`r^2/4k`$ | $`k/4`$ | $`k/4`$ |
| $`J_\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`6`$ | $`(r^2/2k)^2r^2/4k`$ | $`k^4/4k^2/4`$ | $`k^4/4k^2/4`$ |
| $`H_\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`9`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ |
| $`E^\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ |

|  | $`V_\alpha ^{T_1,+}`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{T_1,}`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{T_2,+}`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{T_2,}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`t_1`$ | $`\alpha (1/2)t_1`$ | $`t_2`$ | $`\alpha (1/2)t_2`$ |
| $`\omega _\alpha `$ | $`1/16`$ | $`9/16`$ | $`1/16`$ | $`9/16`$ |
| $`J_\alpha `$ | $`3/128`$ | $`45/128`$ | $`3/128`$ | $`45/128`$ |
| $`H_\alpha `$ | $`9/128`$ | $`135/128`$ | $`9/128`$ | $`135/128`$ |
| $`E^\alpha `$ | $`2^{2k+1}`$ | $`2^{2k+1}(4k1)`$ | $`2^{2k+1}`$ | $`2^{2k+1}(4k1)`$ |

Table 2. The actions of $`\omega _\alpha ,J_\alpha ,H_\alpha `$ and $`E^\alpha `$ on top levels in the case $`|\alpha |^2=2k2`$.

In the case $`|\alpha |^2=2`$, $`V_\alpha ^+`$ is isomorphic to the lattice vertex operator algebra $`V_\beta `$ with $`|\beta |^2=8`$ (see \[DG\]), and Zhu’s algebra $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is not a commutative but a semisimple associative algebra (see \[DLM3\]). By using the representation theory of $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ we have the following proposition;

###### Proposition 4.9.

For any $`\alpha L`$ with $`|\alpha |^2=2`$, $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is a semisimple algebra generated by $`[\omega _\alpha ],[J_\alpha ],[E^\alpha ]`$ and the following identities hold;

$`[E^\alpha ][E^\alpha ]=4ϵ(\alpha ,\alpha )[\omega _\alpha ],`$ (4.20)
$`[H_\alpha ][E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ][H_\alpha ]=12[\omega _\alpha ]\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)[E^\alpha ],`$ (4.21)
$`([\omega _\alpha ]1)\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}\right)\left([\omega _\alpha ]{\displaystyle \frac{9}{16}}\right)[E^\alpha ]=0.`$ (4.22)
###### Proof.

The semisimplicity is due to \[DLM3\]. Since $`E^\alpha E^\alpha =4ϵ(\alpha ,\alpha )\omega _\alpha `$, (4.20) is clear. Identities (4.20)–(4.22) are immediate as the both sides have the same actions on the simple modules by Table 3. We only need to explain how to read the actions on the top level $`V_\alpha ^{}(0)`$ of $`V_\alpha ^{}`$ in the table. $`V_\alpha ^{}(0)`$ has a basis $`\{\alpha (1),F^\alpha \}`$ which are eigenvectors for $`[\omega _a],[J_\alpha ]`$ and $`[H_\alpha ].`$ The vector $`[E^\alpha ]`$ maps $`\alpha (1)`$ to $`2F^\alpha `$ and $`F^\alpha `$ to $`2\alpha (1).`$ In order to see that $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is generated by $`[E^\alpha ],[\omega _\alpha ],[J_\alpha ],`$ we observe that the actions of $`[\omega _\alpha ],[J_\alpha ],[E^\alpha ]`$ distinguish the simple modules. ∎

|  | $`V_\alpha ^+`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{}`$ |  | $`V_{\alpha +\frac{\alpha }{2}}^+`$ | $`V_{\alpha +\frac{\alpha }{2}}^{}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`F^\alpha `$ | $`e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}+c_\alpha e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}`$ | $`e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}c_\alpha e^{\frac{\alpha }{2}}`$ |
| $`\omega _\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`1`$ | $`1`$ | $`\frac{1}{4}`$ | $`\frac{1}{4}`$ |
| $`J_\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`6`$ | $`3`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ |
| $`H_\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`9`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ | $`0`$ |
| $`E^\alpha `$ | $`0`$ | $`2F^\alpha `$ | $`2\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ | $`c_\alpha ^3`$ | $`c_\alpha ^3`$ |

|  | $`V_\alpha ^{T_1,+}`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{T_1,}`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{T_2,+}`$ | $`V_\alpha ^{T_2,}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | $`t_1`$ | $`\alpha (1/2)t_1`$ | $`t_2`$ | $`\alpha (1/2)t_2`$ |
| $`\omega _\alpha `$ | $`1/16`$ | $`9/16`$ | $`1/16`$ | $`9/16`$ |
| $`J_\alpha `$ | $`3/128`$ | $`45/128`$ | $`3/128`$ | $`45/128`$ |
| $`H_\alpha `$ | $`9/128`$ | $`135/128`$ | $`9/128`$ | $`135/128`$ |
| $`E^\alpha `$ | $`1/2`$ | $`3/2`$ | $`1/2`$ | $`3/2`$ |

Table 3. The actions of $`\omega _\alpha ,J_\alpha ,H_\alpha `$ and $`E^\alpha `$ on top levels in the case $`|\alpha |^2=2`$.

Finally we discuss the top levels of the known irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules. Let $`\lambda L^{}`$ such that $`\lambda `$ has the minimal length in $`L+\lambda `$, i.e., $`\lambda `$ satisfies that $`|\lambda +\alpha |^2|\lambda |^2`$ for any $`\alpha L`$. We assume that the coset representatives $`\lambda _i`$ have the minimal lengths. We set

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )=\{\alpha L||\lambda +\alpha |^2=|\lambda |^2\}.`$
and $`L_2=\{\alpha L||\alpha |^2=2\}.`$ We shall also use the notation

$`|\lambda |=\sqrt{(\lambda ,\lambda )}`$
for $`\lambda L^{}`$. Then the top levels $`W(0)`$ of irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules $`W`$ are given as follows;

$`V_L^+(0)=\mathrm{𝟏},V_L^+(0)=𝔥(1){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha L_2}{}}(e^\alpha e^\alpha ),`$ (4.23)
$`V_{\lambda _i+L}(0)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i)}{}}e^{\lambda _i+\alpha }(2\lambda _iL),`$ (4.24)
$`V_{\lambda _i+L}^\pm (0)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i)}{}}(e^{\lambda _i+\alpha }\pm \theta e^{\lambda _i+\alpha })(2\lambda _iL),`$ (4.25)
$`V_L^{T_\chi ,+}(0)=T_\chi ,V_L^{T_\chi ,}(0)=𝔥(1/2)T_\chi .`$ (4.26)
Here $`𝔥(1)=\{h(1)|h𝔥\}M(1)`$ and $`𝔥(1/2)=\{h(1/2)|h𝔥\}M(1)(\theta ).`$

###### Remark 4.10.

Note that if $`2\lambda _iL`$ the sum $`_{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i)}(e^{\lambda _i+\alpha }\pm \theta e^{+\lambda _i+\alpha })`$ is not a direct sum since for any $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i)`$, $`2\lambda _i\alpha `$ also belongs to $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i)`$. Let $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda _i)`$ be a subset of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i)`$ such that $`|\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda _i)\{\alpha ,2\lambda _i\alpha \}|=1`$ for any $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda _i).`$ Then

$`V_{\lambda _i+L}^\pm (0)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda _i)}{}}(e^{\lambda _i+\alpha }\pm \theta e^{\lambda _i+\alpha }).`$ (4.27)
## 5 A spanning set of $`A(V_L^+)`$

For any $`\alpha L`$, set $`V_L^+[\alpha ]=M(1)^+E^\alpha M(1)^{}F^\alpha `$ and $`A(V_L^+)(\alpha )=(V_L^+[\alpha ]+O(V_L^+))/O(V_L^+).`$ Then $`A(V_L^+)`$ is a sum of $`A(V_L^+)(\alpha )`$ for $`\alpha L.`$ We obtain spanning sets of $`A(V_L^+)(\alpha )`$ for $`\alpha L`$ and thus for $`A(V_L^+)`$ in this section. The spanning sets will be used in the next two sections to classify the simple $`A(V_L^+)`$-modules.

Let $`X`$ be a vertex operator subalgebra of $`V_L^+`$ whose Virasoro vector may differ from the Virasoro vector of $`V_L^+.`$ Clearly, the identity map induces an algebra homomorphism from $`A(X)`$ to $`A(V_L^+).`$ From now on we will use $`[u]`$ for $`uX`$ to denote both $`u+O(X)`$ and $`u+O(V_L^+)`$ if the context is clear. For example, we will use $`[E_{ab}^t],[E_{ab}^u]`$ for the images of $`E_{ab}^t,E_{ab}^u`$ in $`A(V_L^+).`$

Consider the map $`\varphi _\alpha :M(1,\alpha )V_L^+[\alpha ]`$ defined by $`ue^\alpha \frac{1}{2}(u+\theta (u))E^\alpha +\frac{1}{2}(u\theta (u))F^\alpha .`$ Clearly $`\varphi _\alpha `$ is an $`M(1)^+`$-module isomorphism.

First we consider a spanning set of $`M(1,\alpha )`$ for $`\alpha 𝔥.`$

###### Proposition 5.1.

$`M(1,\alpha )`$ is spanned by $`u(1)e^\alpha `$ and $`u(1)h(n)e^\alpha `$ for $`uM(1)^+,h𝔥`$ and $`n1`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`U`$ be the subset of $`M(1,\alpha )`$ spanned by $`u(1)e^\alpha `$ and $`u(1)h(n)e^\alpha `$ for $`uM(1)^+,h𝔥`$ and $`n1`$. We prove that

$`\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _r(n_r)e^\alpha U`$ (5.1)
for $`r1,n_i1`$ and $`\beta _i𝔥`$ by induction on the length $`r`$. The case $`r=1`$ is clear. Let $`p2`$ and suppose that (5.1) holds if $`r<p`$. We note that

$`(\gamma _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\gamma _r(n_r)\mathrm{𝟏})(1)u=`$ $`{\displaystyle \left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{r}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_j1}{n_j1}\right)\right)^{_{}}_{^{}}\gamma _1(i_1)\mathrm{}\gamma _r(i_r)^{_{}}_{^{}}u}`$
for any even integer $`r1,n_i1,\gamma _i𝔥`$ and $`uM(1,\alpha )`$, where $`i_j(1jr)`$ run through integers satisfying $`i_j=n_j`$. We see that for any $`i_j(1jr)`$ such that $`i_j=n_j`$, the coefficient $`_{j=1}^r\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_j1}{n_j1}\right)`$ is nonzero if and only if $`i_j=n_j`$ or some $`i_j`$ are nonnegative. Thus if $`p`$ is even then we see that

$`\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _p(n_p)e^\alpha =(\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _p(n_p)\mathrm{𝟏})(1)e^\alpha +\text{ lower length terms},`$
and if $`p`$ is odd then

$$\begin{array}{c}\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _p(n_p)e^\alpha \hfill \\ \hfill =(\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _{p1}(n_{p1})\mathrm{𝟏})(1)\beta _p(n_p)e^\alpha +\text{ lower length terms}.\end{array}$$

By induction hypothesis, $`\beta _1(n_1)\mathrm{}\beta _p(n_p)e^\alpha U.`$

By Proposition 5.1 and using the map $`\varphi _\alpha ,`$ we see that $`V_L^+[\alpha ]`$ is spanned by the vectors $`u(1)E^\alpha `$ and $`u(1)h(n)F^\alpha `$ for $`uM(1)^+,h𝔥`$ and $`n1`$.

Since

$$u(1)v=uv+\text{ lower weight vectors},$$

for any homogeneous vectors $`uM(1)^+,vV_L^+[\alpha ]`$ one proves that $`V_L^+[\alpha ]`$ is spanned by the vectors $`uE^\alpha `$ and $`uh(n)F^\alpha `$ for $`uM(1)^+,h𝔥`$ and $`n1`$ by using induction on weight.

###### Lemma 5.2.

The $`A(V_L^+)(\alpha )`$ is spanned by the vectors $`[u][E^\alpha ][v]`$ for $`u,vM(1)^+`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`h𝔥`$ and $`n>0.`$ It is enough to prove that $`h(n)F^\alpha `$ lies in the span of $`[u][E^\alpha ][v]`$ for $`u,vM(1)^+`$. If $`h\alpha `$, $`h(n)F^\alpha `$ is contained in the spanning set by Proposition 3.15 (1) of \[A\]. Now we assume that $`(h,\alpha )=0.`$ Then

$`\alpha (1)h(n)\mathrm{𝟏}E^\alpha E^\alpha \alpha (1)h(n)\mathrm{𝟏}=(\alpha ,\alpha )h(n)F^\alpha .`$
Again $`h(n)F^\alpha `$ is contained in the spanning set. ∎

Next we will reduce the size of the spanning set of $`V_L^+[\alpha ]`$ further. Fix an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ of $`𝔥`$ so that $`h_1\alpha `$. Then by Propositions 4.8 and 4.9, we see that $`[E^\alpha ][\omega _b],[E^\alpha ][H_b]`$ for any $`b`$ are linear combinations of vectors of the form $`[u][E^\alpha ]`$ for $`uM(1)^+`$. Since $`M(1)^+`$ is generated by $`[\omega _a],[H_a],[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ and $`A^u,A^t`$, by Lemma 5.2 and the fact that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ and $`[E^\alpha ]`$ commute if $`a1,b1`$, we have:

$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A(V_L^+)(\alpha )=& \mathrm{span}\{[u][E^\alpha ]|uM(1)^+\}\hfill \\ & +[E^\alpha ]A^u+[E^\alpha ]A^t+{\displaystyle \underset{b=2}{\overset{d}{}}}[E^\alpha ][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}]\hfill \end{array}`$ (5.2)
where $`A^u`$ ($`A^t`$ resp.) is understood to be the subalgebra of $`A(V_L^+)`$ generated by $`[E_{ab}^u]`$ ($`[E_{ab}^t]`$ resp.) for $`1a,bd.`$ Since $`V_L^{}(0)`$ contains $`𝔥(1)`$ as a subspace and $`V_L^{T_\chi ,}`$ contains $`𝔥(1/2)`$ as a tensor factor for any $`\chi `$ (see (4.23) and (4.26)), by Proposition 4.3, $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ are isomorphic to the matrix algebra $`M_d().`$

###### Lemma 5.3.

For any $`b1`$,

$$[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}][E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}]U_{1b}[E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ]U_{1b},$$

where $`U_{ab}`$ is the subspace of $`A(V_L^+)`$ linearly spanned by $`[E_{ab}^u],[E_{ba}^u],[E_{ab}^u]`$ and $`[E_{ba}^u]`$.

###### Proof.

By Remark 4.2 we see that $`[S_{1b}(1,1)][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}][S_{1b}(1,2)]modU_{1b}`$. By direct calculations, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}|\alpha |S_{1b}(1,n)E^\alpha \hfill \\ \hfill =|\alpha |h_1(1)h_b(n)E^\alpha +n|\alpha |^2h_b(n1)F^\alpha +(n+1)|\alpha |^2h_b(n)F^\alpha .\end{array}$$
(5.3)
The identity $`|\alpha |h_1(1)h_b(n)E^\alpha =nh_b(n1)F^\alpha +L(1)h_b(n)F^\alpha `$ shows that $`|\alpha |[h_1(1)h_b(n)e^\alpha ]=n[h_b(n1)F^\alpha ]\left(n+\frac{|\alpha |^2}{2}\right)[h_b(n)F^\alpha ]`$. Substituting this identity into (5.3) we get

$$\begin{array}{c}|\alpha |[S_{1b}(1,n)][E^\alpha ]\hfill \\ \hfill =n(|\alpha |^21)[h_b(n1)F^\alpha ]+\left(n(|\alpha |^21)+\frac{|\alpha |^2}{2}\right)[h_b(n)F^\alpha ].\end{array}$$
(5.4)
Similarly,

$$\begin{array}{c}|\alpha |[E^\alpha ][S_{1b}(1,n)]\hfill \\ \hfill =n(|\alpha |^21)[h_b(n1)F^\alpha ]+\left(n(|\alpha |^21)\frac{|\alpha |^2}{2}\right)[h_b(n)F^\alpha ].\end{array}$$
(5.5)
Thus,

$`[S_{1b}(1,1)][E^\alpha ][E^\alpha ][S_{1b}(1,1)]`$ $`=|\alpha |[h_b(1)F^\alpha ],`$ (5.6)
$`[S_{1b}(1,2)][E^\alpha ][E^\alpha ][S_{1b}(1,2)]`$ $`=|\alpha |[h_b(2)F^\alpha ].`$ (5.7)
Since $`[S_{1b}(1,1)]+[S_{1b}(1,2)]U_{1b}`$, we see that $`[h_b(2)F^\alpha ]+[h_b(1)F^\alpha ]`$ lies in $`U_{1b}[E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ]U_{1b}`$. Using (5.4) and (5.5) gives

$`|\alpha |([\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}][E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}])`$ $`|\alpha |([S_{1b}(1,1)][E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ][S_{1b}(1,1)])`$
$`modU_{1b}[E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ]U_{1b}`$
$`=(|\alpha |^21)([h_b(2)F^\alpha ]+[h_b(1)F^\alpha ])`$
$`0modU_{1b}[E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ]U_{1b},`$
as desired. ∎

By Lemma 5.3 and (5.2) we immediately have

###### Proposition 5.4.

For any $`\alpha L`$,

$`A(V_L^+)(\alpha )`$ $`=\mathrm{span}\{[u][E^\alpha ]|uM(1)^+\}+[E^\alpha ]A^u+[E^\alpha ]A^t`$
$`=\mathrm{span}\{[E^\alpha ][u]|uM(1)^+\}+[E^\alpha ]A^u+[E^\alpha ]A^t.`$
In particular, any vector in $`A(V_L^+)`$ is a linear combination of vectors of the form $`[u][E^\alpha ]`$ and $`[E^\alpha ]a`$ for $`\alpha L,`$ $`uM(1)^+`$ and $`aA^u+A^t`$.

We remark that the second spanning set of $`A(V_L^+)(\alpha )`$ is proved similarly.

We conclude this section with the following lemma which will be used in the next two sections.

###### Lemma 5.5.

Let $`I^t`$ be the unit of the simple algebra $`A^t`$. Then for any $`\alpha L`$, $`I^t[E^\alpha ][E^\alpha ]I^t=0`$.

###### Proof.

We have already pointed out that $`I^t`$ is independent of the choice of orthonormal basis of $`𝔥.`$ Take an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ so that $`h_1\alpha `$. Then $`I^t=_{a=1}^d[E_{aa}^t]`$. It is clear that $`[E_{aa}^t][E^\alpha ][E^\alpha ][E_{aa}^t]=0`$ for any $`a2`$. Hence we have to show that $`[E_{11}^t][E^\alpha ][E^\alpha ][E_{11}^t]=0`$. Set

$$\overline{E}_{aa}^t=16(3S_{aa}(1,2)+18S_{aa}(1,3)+21S_{aa}(1,4)+8S_{aa}(1,5)).$$

It is easy to check by definitions that $`E_{11}^t=E_{12}^tE_{21}^t=\overline{E}_{11}^t\overline{E}_{22}^t+u+v`$, for some $`uM(1)_{h_1}^+`$ and $`vM(1)_{h_2}^+`$ where $`M(1)_W^+`$ is the subspace of $`M(1)^+`$ corresponding to the subspace $`W`$ of $`𝔥.`$ Since $`[\overline{E}_{22}^t]`$ and $`[v]`$ commute with $`[E^\alpha ]`$ we only need to prove that $`[\overline{E}_{11}^t]`$ and $`[u]`$ commute with $`[E^\alpha ].`$ Note that the identity map induces an algebra homomorphism from $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ to $`A(V_L^+).`$ It suffices to prove that $`[\overline{E}_{11}^t]`$ and $`[u]`$ commute with $`[E^\alpha ]`$ in $`A(V_\alpha ^+).`$

The result is clear if $`|\alpha |^22`$ as $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is commutative (see Proposition 4.8).

If $`|\alpha |^2=2,`$ $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is a semisimple algebra of dimension 11 by Proposition 4.9 and Table 3. So it is enough to prove that $`[\overline{E}_{11}^t]`$ and $`[u]`$ commute with $`[E^\alpha ]`$ on the unique 2 dimensional module $`V_\alpha ^{}(0)`$ spanned by $`\alpha (1)`$ and $`F^\alpha .`$ Since $`[E_{11}^t]=0`$ on $`V_L^{}(0)`$ we immediately see that $`[E_{11}^t]`$ acts on $`V_\alpha ^{}(0)V_L^{}(0)`$ as zero. Clearly, $`[\overline{E}_{22}^t]`$ and $`[v]`$ act on $`V_\alpha ^{}(0)`$ trivially. As a result, $`[u]=0`$ on $`V_\alpha ^{}(0).`$ A direct calculation shows that $`o(\overline{E}_{11}^t)h_1(1)=o(\overline{E}_{11}^t)(F^\alpha )=0`$. This shows that $`[\overline{E}_{11}^t]`$ and $`[u]`$ are zero on $`V_\alpha ^{}(0),`$ and commute with $`[E^\alpha ]`$ in particular. So the proof is complete. ∎

## 6 Classification I

In this section and the next section we classify the simple modules for $`A(V_L^+)`$ and thus classify the irreducible admissible $`V_L^+`$-modules. We prove that any irreducible admissible $`V_L^+`$-module is ordinary and is isomorphic to one given in Propositions 3.1 and 3.2. In this section we deal with a simple $`A(V_L^+)`$-module $`W`$ such that $`A^uW=A^tW=0.`$ The other cases will be studied in the next section.

Now let $`W`$ be an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module such that $`A^uW=A^tW=0`$. An element $`uA(V_L^+)`$ is called semisimple on $`W`$ if $`u`$ acts on $`W`$ diagonally. Note that for any $`\alpha L,`$ $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is semisimple, and that $`[\omega _\alpha ]`$ and $`[J_\alpha ]`$ are semisimple on $`W.`$ As a result, $`[H_\alpha ]`$ is semisimple on $`W`$ since $`[\omega _a]`$ and $`[J_a]`$ commute.

Take mutually orthogonal elements $`\alpha _aL`$ with $`1ad`$, and consider the orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ of $`𝔥`$ such that $`h_a\alpha _a`$. Since $`A^tW=A^uW=0`$ we see that $`[S_{ab}(1,1)]=[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ on $`W.`$ Using identity

$$\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _a+\alpha _b)(1)^2\mathrm{𝟏}=\omega _a+|\alpha _a||\alpha _b|S_{ab}(1,1)+\omega _b,$$

we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[(\alpha _a+\alpha _b)(1)^2\mathrm{𝟏}]=[\omega _a]+|\alpha _a||\alpha _b|[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]+[\omega _b]`$ (6.1)
on $`W`$. Since $`[\omega _a],[\omega _b]`$ and $`[(\alpha _a+\alpha _b)(1)^2\mathrm{𝟏}]`$ are semisimple and commute each other on $`W,[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ is also semisimple on $`W.`$ Note that $`A(M(1)^+)`$ is generated by $`[\omega _a],[J_a]`$ for $`1ad`$, $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]`$ for $`1abd`$ and $`A^u,A^t`$. We obtain the following lemma.

###### Lemma 6.1.

Let $`W`$ be an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module such that $`A^uW=A^tW=0`$. Then any element in $`A(M(1)^+)`$ is semisimple on $`W.`$

Since $`A(M(1)^+)/(A^u+A^t)`$ is a commutative algebra by Proposition 4.3, Lemma 6.1 implies that $`W`$ is a direct sum of one-dimensional irreducible $`A(M(1)^+)`$-modules on which $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ act as zero. By Theorem 3.3, an irreducible $`A(M(1)^+)`$-submodule of $`W`$ is isomorphic to one of the following: $`M(1)^+(0),M(1)(\theta )^+(0)`$ or $`M(1,\lambda )(0)`$ for some $`\lambda 𝔥\{0\}`$.

Now we consider the case $`[H_\gamma ]W=0`$ for some $`\gamma 𝔥`$. Then we take an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ of $`𝔥`$ so that $`h_1\gamma `$. By using (4.13), we have

$`[H_a]=[H_1]=0`$ (6.2)
on $`W`$ for any $`a`$. We note from Table 1 that any irreducible $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module on which $`[H_a]`$ acts $`0`$ for $`a=1,\mathrm{},d`$ is isomorphic to $`M(1)^+(0)`$ or $`M(1,\lambda )(0)`$ for $`\lambda 𝔥\{0\}`$. So $`W`$ is a direct sum of $`M(1)^+(0)`$ and $`M(1,\lambda )(0)`$ as an $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module. In fact, $`[H_\gamma ]W=0`$ for any $`\gamma 𝔥`$ with $`(\gamma ,\gamma )0`$ again by Table 1.

We write $`W=W_0\left(_{\lambda 0}W_\lambda \right)`$, where $`W_\lambda `$ is a sum of simple $`A(M(1)^+)`$-submodules isomorphic to $`M(1,\lambda )(0)`$ if $`\lambda 0`$ and $`W_0`$ is a sum of simple $`A(M(1)^+)`$-submodules isomorphic to $`M(1)^+(0)=\mathrm{𝟏}.`$ Since $`M(1,\lambda )M(1,\lambda )`$ as $`M(1)^+`$-modules, we can assume that $`\lambda `$ ranges in $`𝔥\{0\}/`$, where the equivalence $`\lambda \mu `$ is defined by $`\lambda =\pm \mu `$.

We first assume that $`W_00`$, and let $`v`$ be a nonzero vector in $`W_0`$. Then $`v`$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ as $`A(M(1)^+)`$-modules. This shows that $`[\omega _\alpha ]v=0`$ for any $`\alpha L`$. Hence by (4.19) and (4.22) we have $`[E^\alpha ]v=0`$. Since $`A(V_L^+)`$ is generated by $`[u]`$ and $`[E^\alpha ](uM(1)^+,\alpha L)`$, $`v`$ is an $`A(V_L^+)`$-module isomorphic to $`V_L^+(0)=\mathrm{𝟏}`$. This shows that $`W`$ is isomorphic to $`V_L^+(0)`$.

Next we consider the case $`W_0=0`$. We set $`P(W)=\{\lambda 𝔥\{0\}|W_\lambda 0\}`$.

###### Lemma 6.2.

(1) For any $`\lambda ,\mu P(W)`$, $`|\lambda |^2=|\mu |^2`$.

(2) For any $`\alpha L`$ and $`\lambda P(W)`$, $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$, i.e., $`P(W)L^{}`$.

(3) For any $`\lambda P(W),`$ $`\lambda `$ has the minimal length in $`L+\lambda .`$

###### Proof.

(1) follows from the fact that the Virasoro element $`[\omega ]`$ acts on $`W`$ as a constant and acts on $`W_\lambda `$ by scalar $`\frac{|\lambda |^2}{2}`$.

For (2) we note that for any $`\alpha L`$ and that $`[\omega _\alpha ]`$ acts on $`W_\lambda `$ by the scalar $`\frac{(\lambda ,\alpha )^2}{2|\alpha |^2}`$. On the other hand, by Tables 2 and 3, $`[\omega _\alpha ]`$ acts on any irreducible $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$-module on which $`[H_\alpha ]=0`$ as $`\frac{r^2}{2|\alpha |^2}(0r\frac{|\alpha |^2}{2}).`$ Thus for any $`\lambda P(W)`$, $`\frac{(\lambda ,\alpha )^2}{2|\alpha |^2}=\frac{r^2}{2|\alpha |^2}`$ for some $`r`$. This shows that $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$ is an integer.

We now prove (3) and let $`\alpha ,r`$ be as in the proof of (2). Then $`(\lambda ,\alpha )^2=r^2\frac{|\alpha |^4}{4}.`$ Thus $`2(\lambda ,\alpha )|\alpha |^2`$ which is equivalent to that $`|\lambda +\alpha |^2|\lambda |^2.`$

For $`\lambda P(W)`$, we take a nonzero vector $`vW_\lambda `$ and set $`Q(\lambda ,W)=\{\alpha L|[E^\alpha ]v0\}`$. We see that

$$W=\underset{\alpha (\lambda ,W)}{}([E^\alpha ]v)$$

by Lemma 6.1 and Proposition 5.4. By using Proposition 4.8, Proposition 4.9 and the fact that $`[H_\alpha ]=0`$ on $`W`$, we get $`\frac{|\alpha |^2}{8}=\frac{(\lambda ,\alpha )^2}{2|\alpha |^2}`$. This shows that $`\alpha `$ satisfies

$`|\lambda +\alpha |^2=|\lambda |^2\text{ or }|\lambda \alpha |^2=|\lambda |^2.`$ (6.3)
That is, $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$.

###### Lemma 6.3.

For any nonzero $`\lambda P(W)`$, $`Q(\lambda ,W)=\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$.

###### Proof.

We have already known that $`Q(\lambda ,W)\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$. To prove $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )Q(\lambda ,W)`$ it suffices to show that $`[E^\alpha ]v0`$ for any nonzero $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$. Write $`\lambda =\lambda _1+\lambda _2`$ such that $`\lambda _1\alpha `$ and $`(\lambda _2,\alpha )=0`$. Then the condition $`|\lambda +\alpha |^2=|\lambda |^2`$ implies that

$$2(\lambda _1,\alpha )=|\alpha |^2.$$

Hence $`\lambda _1=\frac{(\lambda _1,\alpha )}{|\alpha |^2}\alpha =\frac{1}{2}\alpha `$. By Theorem 3.4 and Table 2 and Table 3, $`v`$ is an irreducible $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$-module isomorphic to $`V_{\frac{\alpha }{2}+\alpha }^+(0)`$ or $`V_{\frac{\alpha }{2}+\alpha }^{}(0)`$. Thus Table 2 and Table 3 again implies $`[E^\alpha ]v0`$, as desired. ∎

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )=\{0\}`$ for any $`\lambda L^{}`$ and $`E^\alpha =E^\alpha `$ we have

$`W={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )}{}}([E^\alpha ]v).`$ (6.4)
Recall from Section 4 that $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda )`$ is a subset of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$ if $`2\lambda L.`$

###### Lemma 6.4.

(1) If $`2\lambda L`$, then $`W_{\lambda +\alpha }=([E^\alpha ]v)`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda ),`$ $`W_{\lambda +\alpha }=0`$ for other $`\alpha `$ and $`W=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )}([E^\alpha ]v)`$.

(2) If $`2\lambda L`$, then

$$W_{\lambda +\alpha }=([E^\alpha ]v)=([E^{\alpha +2\lambda }]v)$$

for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda ),`$ $`W_{\lambda +\alpha }=0`$ for other $`\alpha `$ and $`W=_{\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda )}([E^\alpha ]v)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$ and $`h𝔥`$. Then $`h=\frac{(h,\alpha )}{|\alpha |^2}\alpha +(h\frac{(h,\alpha )}{|\alpha |^2}\alpha )`$. We take an orthogonal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ so that $`h_1\alpha .`$ By Lemma 5.3 we have

$`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1i}][E^\alpha ]v=[E^\alpha ][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1i}]v=(h_1,\lambda )(h_i,\lambda )[E^\alpha ]v`$
for $`2id`$ and

$`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ij}][E^\alpha ]v=[E^\alpha ][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ij}]v=(h_i,\lambda )(h_j,\lambda )[E^\alpha ]v`$
for $`2i<jd.`$ Note that $`[\omega _i][E^\alpha ]v=\frac{(h_i,\lambda )^2}{2}[E^\alpha ]v`$ for all $`i.`$ We have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[h(1)^2\mathrm{𝟏}][E^\alpha ]v=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}}(h,h_i)^2[\omega _i][E^\alpha ]v+{\displaystyle \underset{1i<jd}{}}(h,h_i)(h,h_j)[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ij}][E^\alpha ]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\lambda ,h_i)^2(h,h_i)^2}{2}}[E^\alpha ]v{\displaystyle \underset{2jd}{}}(\lambda ,h_1)(\lambda ,h_j)(h,h_1)(h,h_j)[E^\alpha ]v`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{2i<jd}{}}(\lambda ,h_i)(\lambda ,h_j)(h,h_i)(h,h_j)[E^\alpha ]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(((h,h_1)h_1,\lambda ){\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{d}{}}}(h,h_i)(\lambda ,h_i)\right)^2[E^\alpha ]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(2((h,h_1)h_1,\lambda )(h,\lambda )\right)^2[E^\alpha ]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(2({\displaystyle \frac{(h,\alpha )}{|\alpha |^2}}\alpha ,\lambda )(h,\lambda )\right)^2[E^\alpha ]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left((h,\alpha )(h,\lambda )\right)^2[E^\alpha ]v`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(h,\lambda +\alpha )^2[E^\alpha ]v.`$
This implies that $`[E^\alpha ]vU_{\lambda +\alpha }`$. Notice that $`M(1,\lambda +\alpha )M(1,\lambda +\beta )`$ as $`M(1)^+`$-modules if and only if $`\alpha =\beta `$ or $`2\lambda =\alpha \beta `$ for any $`\alpha ,\beta L`$. Thus if $`2\lambda L`$ then $`_{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )}U_{\lambda +\alpha }=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )}U_{\lambda +\alpha }`$. This proves (1).

Next we consider the case $`2\lambda L`$. Clearly, $`W=_{\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda )}W_{\lambda +\alpha }`$ and $`W_{\lambda +\alpha }=([E^\alpha ]v)+([E^{\alpha +2\lambda }]v)`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda ).`$ Since $`\lambda P(W)`$ is arbitrary, it suffices to prove that $`W_\lambda =v=([E^{2\lambda }]v).`$ Note that $`W_\lambda `$ is an $`A(V_{2\lambda }^+)`$-module which is a sum of $`V_{2\lambda +\lambda }^\pm (0)`$ (see Tables 2 and 3). Thus we can choose $`v`$ to be an eigenvector for $`[E^{2\lambda }].`$ As a result we see that $`([E^{2\lambda }]v)=v,`$ as desired. ∎

We now can prove the following:

###### Proposition 6.5.

Let $`W`$ and $`\lambda `$ be as before. Then $`W`$ is isomorphic to $`V_{L+\lambda }(0)`$ if $`2\lambda L`$ and to $`V_{L+\lambda }^\pm `$ if $`2\lambda L`$ and $`[E^{2\lambda }]=\pm c_{2\lambda }^3`$ on $`W_\lambda .`$

###### Proof.

We first assume that $`2\lambda L.`$ We notice that $`V_{L+\lambda }(0)=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )}e^{\lambda +\alpha }`$ by Lemma 6.2 (3) and (4.24) and that $`W=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )}[E^\alpha ]v`$ for a nonzero $`vW_\lambda `$ by Lemma 6.4. Now we define a linear isomorphism $`f`$ from $`W`$ to $`V_{L+\lambda }(0)`$ by sending $`[E^\alpha ]v`$ to $`o(E^\alpha )e^\lambda `$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$. Since $`[E^\alpha ]v=o(E^\alpha )e^\lambda =0`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda ),`$ we see immediately that $`f`$ sends $`[E^\alpha ]v`$ to $`o(E^\alpha )e^\lambda `$ for any $`\alpha L.`$ Clearly, both $`[E^\alpha ]v`$ and $`o(E^\alpha )e^\lambda `$ are eigenvectors for $`A(M(1)^+)`$ with the same eigenvalue. Thus we have

$$f([uE^\alpha ]v)=f([u][E^\alpha ]v)=o(u)o(E^\alpha )e^\lambda =o(uE^\alpha )e^\lambda $$

for any $`uM(1)^+`$ and $`\alpha L.`$ Recall that both $`A^u`$ and $`A^t`$ act trivially on $`W`$ and $`V_{L+\lambda }(0).`$ By Proposition 5.4 we see that

$$f([u]v)=o(u)f(v)=o(u)e^\lambda $$

for any $`uV_L^+.`$ Let $`w=[x]v`$ for some $`xV_L^+`$ and $`uV_L^+.`$ Then

$$f([u]w)=f([ux]v)=o(ux)f(v)=o(u)o(x)f(v)=o(u)f([x]v)=o(u)f(w).$$

That is, $`f`$ is an $`A(V_L^+)`$-module isomorphism.

The case that $`2\lambda L`$ is more complicated. In this case $`[E^{2\lambda }]v=\pm c_{2\lambda }^3v.`$ We first assume that $`[E^{2\lambda }]v=c_{2\lambda }^3v.`$ Note that $`V_{L+\lambda }(0)=_{\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda )}(e^{\lambda +\alpha }+\theta e^{\lambda +\alpha })`$ with $`o(E^{2\lambda })(e^\lambda +\theta e^\lambda )=c_{2\lambda }^3(e^\lambda +\theta e^\lambda )`$ by Lemma 6.2 (3) and (4.25), where we take $`\lambda `$ to be a representative of $`\lambda +L`$. As before we define a linear map $`f:WV_{\lambda +L}^+(0)`$ by $`f([E^\alpha ]v)=o(E^\alpha )(e^\lambda +e^\lambda )`$ for any $`\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda ).`$ It is clear that $`f`$ is an $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module isomorphism. Using the proof for the case that $`2\lambda L`$ it is enough to prove that $`f([E^\alpha ]v)=o(E^\alpha )f(v)`$ for any $`\alpha L`$. Since $`o(E^\alpha )f(v)=f([E^\alpha ]v)=0`$ for any $`\alpha L\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )\mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda )`$ and $`E^\alpha =E^\alpha `$ we only need to show that $`f([E^{2\lambda +\alpha }]v)=o(E^{2\lambda +\alpha })f(v)`$ for any $`\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\lambda ).`$

Let $`0\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }(\lambda ).`$ Then $`(\lambda ,\alpha )`$ is a negative integer. Thus $`e_n^\alpha e^{2\lambda }=e_n^\alpha e^{2\lambda }=0`$ for all $`n1`$ and $`E^\alpha E^{2\lambda }V_L^+[\alpha +2\lambda ].`$ As a result we see that $`[E^\alpha ][E^{2\lambda }]=[u][E^{\alpha +2\lambda }]`$ on both $`W`$ and $`V_{L+\lambda }^+(0)`$ for some $`uM(1)^+`$ by Proposition 5.4. Since $`o(E^{2\lambda +\alpha })(e^\lambda +\theta e^\lambda )[E^{2\lambda +\alpha }]vM(1,\lambda +\alpha )(0)`$ as $`A(M(1)^+)`$-modules, $`[u]`$ acts on $`o(E^{2\lambda +\alpha })(e^\lambda +\theta e^\lambda )`$ and $`[E^{2\lambda +\alpha }]v`$ as a same constant $`p.`$ Then $`[E^\alpha ]v=[E^\alpha ][E^{2\lambda }]v=p[E^{2\lambda +\alpha }]v`$ and $`o(E^\alpha )(e^\lambda +\theta e^\lambda )=po(E^{\alpha +2\lambda })(e^\lambda +\theta e^\lambda ).`$ Since $`[E^\alpha ]v`$ is nonzero, $`p`$ is nonzero. This implies that $`f([E^{2\lambda +\alpha }]v)=o(E^{2\lambda +\alpha })f(v).`$ So if $`[E^{2\lambda }]v=c_{2\lambda }^3v,`$ $`W`$ is isomorphic to $`V_{L+\lambda }^+.`$

Similarly, if $`[E^{2\lambda }]v=c_{2\lambda }^3v,`$ $`W`$ is isomorphic to $`V_{L+\lambda }^{}.`$ The proof is complete. ∎

Next we consider the case $`[H_\gamma ]W0`$ for some nonzero $`\gamma 𝔥`$. By Lemma 6.1, there exists an eigenvector $`vW`$ for $`[H_\gamma ]`$. We take an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ so that $`h_1\gamma `$. Then (6.2) implies $`[H_a]v=[H_b]v0`$ for any $`a,b`$. By (LABEL:equation4) we have $`[\omega _a]v=[\omega _b]v`$ for any $`a`$ and $`b`$. Thus (4.15) implies $`[w_a]v=\frac{1}{16}v`$ for any $`a`$, and (4.11) shows that $`[H_a]v=\frac{9}{128}v`$. We finally have $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]v=0`$ by (4.16). By Theorem 3.3 and Table 1, we see that $`v`$ is isomorphic to $`M(1)(\theta )^+(0)`$ as an $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module. This shows that $`H_\beta v=\frac{9}{128}v`$ for any $`\beta 𝔥`$ with $`(\beta ,\beta )0.`$ Thus $`W=W_{9/128}W_0`$ where $`W_{9/128}`$ and $`W_0`$ are subspaces of $`W`$ such that $`H_\beta `$ acts as $`\frac{9}{128}`$ and $`0`$ respectively for any $`\beta 𝔥`$ with $`(\beta ,\beta )0.`$

Let $`\alpha L.`$ We claim that $`W_{9/128}`$ is $`[E^\alpha ]`$-invariant. It is enough to show that $`[H_\alpha ][E^\alpha ]w0`$ if $`[E^\alpha ]w`$ is nonzero for $`wW.`$ By Propositions 4.8 and 4.9, $`0[E^\alpha ]w`$ is an eigenvector for $`[H_\alpha ]`$ with nonzero eigenvalue by noting that $`[\omega _\alpha ][E^\alpha ]=[E^\alpha ][\omega _\alpha ]`$ and $`[\omega _\alpha ]`$ acts on $`W_{9/128}`$ as constant $`1/16.`$ By Proposition 5.4 $`W_{9/128}`$ is a submodule and must be $`W`$ itself. Thus $`W`$ is a direct sum of copies of $`M(1)(\theta )^+(0)`$ and each element of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ acts on $`W`$ as a constant. This implies that the action of $`[E^\alpha ]`$ for any $`\alpha L`$ commutes with the action of $`A(M(1)^+)`$.

For any $`0\alpha L`$ we define

$`B_\alpha =2^{|\alpha |^21}\left(E^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{2|\alpha |^2}{2|\alpha |^21}}E_{11}^tE^\alpha \right)`$ (6.5)
and $`B_0=\mathrm{𝟏}`$ where $`E_{11}^t`$ is defined with respect to an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ of $`𝔥`$ such that $`h_1\alpha .`$ Note that $`A^tW=0.`$ So in our case, $`[B_\alpha ]=2^{|\alpha |^21}[E^\alpha ].`$ Let $`\alpha ,\beta L`$ such that $`(\alpha ,\beta )<0`$. The introduction of $`B_\alpha `$ is motivated by the definition of vertex operator $`Y(E^\alpha ,z)`$ on the twisted modules $`V_L^{T_\chi }.`$ Since $`E^\alpha E^\beta V_L^+[\alpha +\beta ],`$ by Proposition 5.4, we see that

$$[B_\alpha ][B_\beta ][u][B_{\alpha +\beta }]mod[E^\alpha ](A^u+A^t),$$

for some $`uM(1)^+`$ on $`W`$. Since $`[u]`$ acts on $`M(1)(\theta )^+(0)`$ by a constant, say $`p`$, we have $`[B_\alpha ][B_\beta ]=p[B_{\alpha +\beta }]`$ on $`W`$.

On the other hand,

$$o(B_\alpha B_\beta )=o(u)o([B_{\alpha +\beta }])=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )o(B_{\alpha +\beta }),$$

on the irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module $`V_L^{T_\chi ,+}(0)`$ for any $`\chi `$. As a result we see that $`p=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )`$.

In the case $`(\alpha ,\beta )0`$, we have

$`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [B_\alpha ][B_\beta ]& =ϵ(\alpha +\beta ,\beta )[B_{\alpha +\beta }][B_\beta ][E^\beta ]\hfill \\ & =ϵ(\alpha +\beta ,\beta )ϵ(\beta ,\beta )[B_{\alpha +\beta }][B_0]\hfill \\ & =ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )[B_{\alpha +\beta }].\hfill \end{array}`$ (6.6)
So in any case we have $`[B_\alpha ][B_\beta ]=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )[B_{\alpha +\beta }]`$ for $`\alpha ,\beta L.`$

Thus the map from $`\widehat{L}`$ to $`GL(W)`$ by sending $`e_\alpha `$ to $`B_\alpha `$ and $`\kappa `$ to $`1`$ defines representation of $`\widehat{L}`$ on $`W.`$ Note that $`\theta (e_\alpha )=e_\alpha `$ and $`B_\alpha =B_\alpha .`$ So this induces a group homomorphism from $`\widehat{L}/K`$ to $`GL(W).`$ Since the action of $`A(M(1)^+)`$ commutes with the action of $`[B_\alpha ]`$ for any $`\alpha L,`$ by Proposition 5.4 we see that $`W`$ is an irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module. Thus $`W`$ is isomorphic to $`T_\chi `$ for some central character $`\chi `$ with $`\chi (\kappa )=1`$. We finally obtain the following proposition:

###### Proposition 6.6.

Let $`W`$ be an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module such that $`A^uW=A^tW=0`$. If $`[H_\gamma ]W0`$ for some $`\gamma 𝔥`$, then there exists an irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module $`T_\chi `$ with central character $`\chi `$ such that $`WT_\chi =V_L^{T_\chi ,+}`$.

## 7 Classification II

Again we fix an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module $`W.`$ In this section we consider the case $`A^uW0`$ or $`A^tW0`$ and complete our classification of irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-modules.

First we assume that $`A^uW`$ is nonzero. Since $`A^u`$ is a simple algebra, $`W`$ contains a simple $`A^u`$-modules isomorphic to $`𝔥(1).`$ So we can assume that $`𝔥(1)`$ is an $`A(M(1)^+)`$-submodule of $`W.`$ We will use the action of $`A(V_L^+)`$ on $`𝔥(1)`$ to get the whole $`W.`$

###### Lemma 7.1.

For any nonzero $`\alpha L`$ with $`|\alpha |^22`$, $`E^\alpha 𝔥(1)=0`$.

###### Proof.

We take an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ so that $`h_1\alpha `$. Then $`[\omega _a]h_b(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=\delta _{a,b}h_b(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$. By (4.19), $`[E^\alpha ]h_b(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$ if $`b1.`$ In the case $`b=1,`$ $`h_1(1)`$ is a simple module for $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ such that $`[E^\alpha ]=0`$ by Table 2. ∎

We next assume that $`|\alpha |^2=2.`$ Set $`\overline{F}^\alpha =[E^\alpha ]\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$. Since $`[\omega _a]\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}=\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`E^\alpha E^\alpha =4ϵ(\alpha ,\alpha )\omega _a,`$ we have that $`\overline{F}^\alpha `$ is nonzero. Using (4.21) and the fact that $`[H_\alpha ]\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}=9\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ gives $`[H_\alpha ]\overline{F}^\alpha =0`$. It is clear that $`\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`\overline{F}^\alpha `$ are linear independent and that $`\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}+\overline{F}^\alpha `$ is closed under the actions of $`[\omega _\alpha ],[H_\alpha ]`$ and $`[E^\alpha ]`$. Since $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$ is generated by $`[\omega _\alpha ],[H_\alpha ]`$ and $`[E^\alpha ]`$ we see that $`\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}+\overline{F}^\alpha `$ is an $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$-module. By Table 3 we have:

###### Proposition 7.2.

For any $`\alpha L_2`$, the two dimensional space $`\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}+\overline{F}^\alpha `$ is an $`A(V_\alpha ^+)`$-module isomorphic to $`V_\alpha ^{}(0)`$.

Now we fix $`\alpha L_2`$ and prove that $`\overline{F}^\alpha `$ is an irreducible $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module isomorphic to $`M(1,\alpha )(0).`$ We continue to fix an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ of $`𝔥`$ such that $`h_1\alpha `$ and consider the action of $`A^u,A^t`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}`$ on $`\overline{F}^\alpha .`$ By the proof of Lemma 5.5 we see that $`[E_{aa}^t]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E^\alpha ][E_{aa}^t]\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$ for any $`a`$. Thus $`[E_{ab}^t]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E_{ab}^t][E_{bb}^t]\overline{F}^\alpha =0`$ for any $`a,b`$ and $`A^t\overline{F}^\alpha =0`$.

We have already mentioned that $`[H_1]\overline{F}^\alpha =[H_\alpha ]\overline{F}^\alpha =0.`$ If $`a>1`$ then $`[H_a]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E^\alpha ][H_a]\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$ by Table 1. Thus by (LABEL:equation4), $`[E_{aa}^u]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E_{bb}^u]\overline{F}^\alpha `$ for any $`a,b.`$ This shows that $`A^u\overline{F}^\alpha =0`$ as $`[E_{ab}^u]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E_{ab}^u][E_{bb}^u]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E_{ab}^u][E_{aa}^u]\overline{F}^\alpha =0`$.

We now deal with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}.`$ If $`b1`$, one has $`[E^\alpha ]h_b(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$ by (4.22). Hence $`[E^\alpha ][E_{ba}^u]h_a(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=[E^\alpha ][E_{ba}^t]h_a(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$. Lemma 5.3 and Table 1 then show that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}]\overline{F}^\alpha =[E^\alpha ][\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}]h_a(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$. It is clear that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]\overline{F}^\alpha =0`$ for any $`a1,b1`$. Consequently, $`([E^\alpha ])𝔥(1)=\overline{F}^\alpha `$ is an irreducible $`M(1)^+`$-module isomorphic to $`M(1,\alpha )`$.

Since $`A(V_L^+)`$ is generated by $`A(M(1)^+)`$ and $`E^\beta `$ for $`\beta L,`$ by Lemma 7.1, we see that

$$W=𝔥(1)\left(\underset{\alpha L_2}{}\overline{F}^\alpha \right).$$

###### Lemma 7.3.

Let $`f:WV_L^{}(0)`$ be a linear map defined by $`f(h(1)\mathrm{𝟏})=h(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`f(\overline{F}^\alpha )=2F^\alpha `$. Then $`f`$ is an $`A(V_L^+)`$-module isomorphism.

###### Proof.

Clearly, $`f`$ is well-defined as $`\overline{F}^\alpha =\overline{F}^\alpha `$ and $`F^\alpha =F^\alpha .`$ We only have to prove that $`f`$ is an $`A(V_L^+)`$-module homomorphism. We have already proved that $`f`$ is an $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module homomorphism. It suffices to show that

$`o(E^\beta )f(u)=f([E^\beta ]u)`$ (7.1)
for any $`uW`$ and $`\beta L`$ because $`A(V_L^+)`$ is generated by $`A(M(1)^+)`$ and $`[E^\beta ]`$ for $`\beta L`$.

Note that $`[E^\beta ]𝔥(1)=0=o(E^\beta )M(1)^{}(0)`$ if $`\beta L_2`$. So (7.1) holds for $`u𝔥(1)`$ and $`\beta L_2`$. If $`\beta L_2`$ and $`u=h(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ such that $`(h,\beta )=0,`$ then $`[E^\beta ]h(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$ in $`W`$ and $`o(E^\beta )h(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=0`$ in $`M(1)^{}(0).`$ Again (7.1) holds in this case. If $`\beta L_2`$ and $`u=\beta (1)\mathrm{𝟏},`$ (7.1) follows from Proposition 7.2. Therefore (7.1) holds for $`u𝔥(1)`$ and $`\beta L`$.

Now let $`u=\overline{F}^\alpha `$ for some $`\alpha L_2`$. Note that $`[E^\alpha ]𝔥(1)=\overline{F}^\alpha `$. By Proposition 5.4 if $`(\beta ,\alpha )<0`$ then we have

$`[E^\beta ][E^\alpha ]={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}[v_i][E^{\alpha +\beta }][w_i]`$
for some $`v_i,w_iM(1)^+`$. If $`\alpha +\beta L_2`$ then we have $`0=f([E^\beta ]\overline{F}^\alpha )=o(E^\beta )F^\alpha `$. Hence (7.1) hold in this case. If $`\alpha +\beta L_2`$, $`[E^{\alpha +\beta }]𝔥(1)`$ is an $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module isomorphic to $`M(1,\alpha +\beta )(0)`$. So each $`[v_i]`$ acts as a constant on $`[E^{\alpha +\beta }]𝔥(1)`$. Since (7.1) holds for any $`u𝔥(1)`$,

$`f([E^\beta ]\overline{F}^\alpha )`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f([v_i][E^{\alpha +\beta }][w_i]\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}o(v_i)o(E^{\alpha +\beta })o(w_i)f(\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}o([v_i][E^{\alpha +\beta }][w_i])\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$
$`=o([E^\beta ])o([E^\alpha ])\alpha (1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$
$`=2o([E^\beta ])F^\alpha `$
$`=o([E^\beta ])f(\overline{F}^\alpha ).`$
This shows (7.1) for $`u=\overline{F}^\alpha `$ and $`\beta L`$ such that $`\alpha +\beta L_2`$.

If $`(\alpha ,\beta )=0`$, we have $`E^\beta E^\alpha =ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )(E^{\alpha +\beta }+E^{\alpha \beta })`$. Since $`|\alpha \pm \beta |^2=|\alpha |^2+|\beta |^24`$, we see that $`o(E^\beta )F^\alpha =0=[E^\beta ]\overline{F}^\alpha `$. Thus (7.1) holds in this case. ∎

Thus we get the following proposition:

###### Proposition 7.4.

Let $`W`$ be an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module such that $`A^uW0`$. Then $`WV_L^{}(0)`$ as $`A(V_L^+)`$-module.

Finally suppose that $`A^tW0`$. Then we see that $`W`$ contains an irreducible $`A(M(1)^+)`$-module $`𝔥(1/2)`$ isomorphic to $`M(1)(\theta )^{}(0)`$. Set $`W^0=\{uW|A^tu=0\}`$. If $`uW^0`$, then by Lemma 5.5, $`A^t[E^\alpha ]u=A^t([I^t][E^\alpha ]u)=A^t([E^\alpha ][I^t]u)=0`$ for any $`\alpha L.`$ That is, $`W^0`$ is $`[E^\alpha ]`$-invariant. Since $`A^t`$ is a two-sided ideal of $`A(M(1)^+),`$ Proposition 5.4 implies that $`W^0`$ is an $`A(V_L^+)`$-submodule of $`W`$. Thus $`W^0=0`$ because $`W`$ is an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module such that $`A^tW0`$. Therefore, we have $`W=A^tW`$. In fact $`W`$ is a direct sum of the unique simple module $`𝔥(1/2).`$

Let $`\alpha L`$ and we take an orthonormal basis $`\{h_a\}`$ of $`𝔥`$ so that $`h_1\alpha `$. We see that $`A^uW=0`$ and $`[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{ab}]W=0`$ for any $`1abd`$. Recall the element $`[B_\alpha ]A(V_L^+)`$ in (6.5).

###### Lemma 7.5.

For any $`1a,bd`$, $`[B_\alpha ]`$ and $`[E_{ab}^t]`$ commute on $`W`$. Therefore, $`[B_\alpha ]`$ commutes with the action of $`A(M(1)^+)`$.

###### Proof.

It is enough to show the lemma in the case $`a=1`$ or $`b=1`$. Since $`A^uW=[\mathrm{\Lambda }_{1b}]W=0`$, by (4.1) and (4.2), we have

$`[E_{ab}^t]=[S_{ab}(1,1)]2[S_{ab}(1,2)],[E_{ba}^t]=3[S_{ab}(1,1)]+2[S_{ab}(1,2)]`$
on $`W`$. Thus (5.4) and (5.5) gives the following identities;

$`|\alpha |[E_{1b}^t][E^\alpha ]=`$ $`4(|\alpha |^21)[h_b(3)F^\alpha ]`$
$`(6|\alpha |^25)[h_b(2)F^\alpha ]\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}|\alpha |^21\right)[h_b(1)F^\alpha ],`$
$`|\alpha |[E_{b1}^t][E^\alpha ]=`$ $`4(|\alpha |^21)[h_b(3)F^\alpha ]`$
$`+(8|\alpha |^27)[h_b(2)F^\alpha ]+\left({\displaystyle \frac{9}{2}}|\alpha |^23\right)[h_b(1)F^\alpha ],`$
$`|\alpha |[E^\alpha ][E_{1b}^t]=`$ $`4(|\alpha |^21)[h_b(3)F^\alpha ]`$
$`(4|\alpha |^25)[h_b(2)F^\alpha ]\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}|\alpha |^21\right)[h_b(1)F^\alpha ],`$
$`|\alpha |[E^\alpha ][E_{b1}^t]=`$ $`4(|\alpha |^21)[h_b(3)F^\alpha ]`$
$`+(6|\alpha |^27)[h_b(2)F^\alpha ]+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}|\alpha |^23\right)[h_b(1)F^\alpha ].`$
These identities implies

$$\begin{array}{c}(2|\alpha |^21)[E_{1b}^t][E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ][E_{1b}^t]\hfill \\ \hfill =[E_{b1}^t][E^\alpha ](2|\alpha |^21)[E^\alpha ][E_{b1}^t].\end{array}$$
(7.2)
Note that $`[E_{1b}^t]`$ ($`[E_{b1}^t]`$ resp. ) is an eigenvector in $`A(V_L^+)`$ for the left multiplication of $`[\omega _b]`$ of eigenvalue $`\frac{1}{16}`$ ($`\frac{9}{16}`$ resp. ) by (4.8). Multiplying (7.2) by $`[\omega _b]`$ on the left and using the fact that $`[\omega _b][E^\alpha ]=[E^\alpha ][\omega _b]`$ we obtain

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{16}\left((2|\alpha |^21)[E_{1b}^t][E^\alpha ]+[E^\alpha ][E_{1b}^t]\right)\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{9}{16}\left([E_{b1}^t][E^\alpha ]+(2|\alpha |^21)[E^\alpha ][E_{b1}^t]\right).\end{array}$$
(7.3)
Combining (7.2) and (7.3) gives

$`[E_{1b}^t][E^\alpha ]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2|\alpha |^21)}}[E^\alpha ][E_{1b}^t]`$
$`[E_{b1}^t][E^\alpha ]`$ $`=(2|\alpha |^21)[E^\alpha ][E_{b1}^t].`$
It is clear now that $`[E_{1b}^t][B_\alpha ]=[B_\alpha ][E_{1b}^t]`$ and $`[E_{b1}^t][B_\alpha ]=[B_\alpha ][E_{b1}^t]`$ by the definition of $`B_\alpha .`$

Let $`\alpha ,\beta L`$ such that $`(\alpha ,\beta )<0`$. By Proposition 5.4, Lemma 7.5 and the fact that $`W=A^tW`$, we can write $`[B_\alpha ][B_\beta ]=u[B_{\alpha +\beta }]`$ for some $`uA^t`$ on $`W`$. On the other hand $`[B_\alpha ][B_\beta ]=u[B_{\alpha +\beta }]=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )[B_{\alpha +\beta }]`$ on any irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module $`V_L^{T_\chi ,}(0)`$. Thus $`u=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )I^t`$. This proves the identity $`[B_\alpha ][B_\beta ]=ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )[B_{\alpha +\beta }]`$ on $`W`$ for $`\alpha ,\beta L`$ such that $`(\alpha ,\beta )<0`$. As in (6.6) we can also show this identity for $`\alpha ,\beta L`$ such that $`(\alpha ,\beta )=0`$. Then an argument similar to that in the proof of Proposition 6.6 shows that $`W`$ is an $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module on which $`\kappa =1`$. So $`W`$ is written as $`W=𝔥(1/2)U`$ for an $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module $`U`$. By the irreducibility of $`W`$ we see that $`U`$ is an irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module. Hence we have the following proposition:

###### Proposition 7.6.

Let $`W`$ be an irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module such that $`A^tW0`$. Then there exists an irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module $`T_\chi `$ with central character $`\chi `$ such that $`W𝔥(1/2)T_\chi =V_L^{T_\chi ,}(0)`$.

Combining with Proposition 6.5, Proposition 6.6, Proposition 7.4 and Proposition 7.6, we see that any irreducible $`A(V_L^+)`$-module is isomorphic to a top level of known irreducible $`V_L^+`$-module. Therefore, by Theorem 2.5 we have the following theorem;

###### Theorem 7.7.

Let $`L`$ be a positive definite even lattice. Then any irreducible admissible $`V_L^+`$-module is isomorphic to one of irreducible modules $`V_L^\pm ,V_{\lambda +L}(\lambda L^{})`$ with $`2\lambda L`$, $`V_{\lambda +L}^\pm (\lambda L^{})`$ with $`2\lambda L`$ and $`V_L^{T_\chi ,\pm }`$ for any irreducible $`\widehat{L}/K`$-module $`T_\chi `$ with central character $`\chi `$.

###### Remark 7.8.

Although we have achieved the classification of irreducible modules for $`V_L^+,`$ we do not determine the structure of $`A(V_L^+)`$ completely. By Proposition 5.2 of \[Y\] and Theorem 5.3 of \[ABD\], $`V_L^+`$ is $`C_2`$-cofinite and thus $`A(V_L^+)`$ is finite dimensional. The orbifold theory conjectures that $`V_L^+`$ is a rational vertex operator algebra, which implies $`A(V_L^+)`$ is a finite dimensional semisimple associative algebra. But we cannot prove the semisimplicity of $`A(V_L^+)`$ in this paper.

###### Remark 7.9.

In the case that $`L`$ is unimodular, $`V_L`$ has a unique irreducible module $`V_L`$ and a unique $`\theta `$-twisted module $`V_L^{T_\chi }.`$ So $`V_L^+`$ has exactly 4 inequivalent irreducible modules, $`V_L^\pm ,`$ $`(V_L^{T_\chi })^\pm .`$ In particular, if $`L`$ is the Leech lattice, this gives a different proof of the classification of irreducible $`V_L^+`$-modules previously obtained in \[D3\].