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# Gauge Theory of Composite Fermions: Particle-Flux Separation in Quantum Hall Systems

## I Introduction

Fractional quantum Hall effect(FQHE) is one of the most interesting phenomena in the current condensed matter physics. As a result of Coulomb interactions between electrons, several excentric quasiparticles may appear as low-energy excitation modes. Among them, composite fermions (CFs) proposed by Jain  play a very important role for a unified view of the FQHE at the states with the electron filling factor $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$ ($`p,q`$ are positive integers). Experiments support the CF picture not only in these FQH states, but also in the compressible states like $`\nu =1/2`$. In theoretical studies of CF, the Chern-Simons(CS) gauge theory is often employed. However, there are no transparent and consistent theoretical explanations why the CF picture works so nicely. In particular, in the CS gauge theory of CF given so far, it is not clear how to treat the CS constraints consistently, although this problem is essential to determine the low-energy quasiparticles and discuss the (in)stability of CFs. Another problem is to calculate the CF mass, which is to be determined by the Coulomb interactions between electrons. Nonperturbative study on the CS gauge theory is necessary for solving these problems, though most of the studies use perturbative calculations with respect to the CS gauge field assuming a small gauge coupling.

Recently, some papers on the low-energy properties of the QHE and/or the CS gauge theory appeared. Shankar and Murthy (SM) tried to separate intra-Landau level (LL) excitations from inter-LL excitations by enlarging the Hilbert space and redefining field variables. However, as a result of these redefinitions, the resultant field operators satisfy very complicated nonlocal commutation relations, though SM just ignore these complexities. Therefore these field operators cannot be capable to describe quasiexcitations at low energies. In other words, enlargement of the Hilbert space and redefinition of the field operators are not sufficient to describe low-energy physics of FQHE and its closely related states.

In the SM approach, there appears a local gauge symmetry and they impose a constraint on physical states, which is similar to the Gauss’ law constraint in quantum electrodynamics(QED). However, the way how this gauge symmetry is realized dynamically (e.g., in confienement phase or in deconfinement phase) is crucial for the physical properties of the system at low energies. For example, in QED, the field operators of electrons and photons in the Heisenberg picture satisfy the Gauss’ law, but the asymptotic fields describing incoming and outgoing particles do not. This stems from the fact that the gauge symmetry in QED is realized in the deconfinement-Coulomb phase. As a result, electrons and photons appear as quasi-free particles and their interactions can be treated by the perturbative calculations with respect to the small gauge-coupling constant at low energies.

In Jain’s idea of CF, notion and dynamics of fictitious (i.e., CS) magnetic fluxes are very important to understand the FQHE and $`\nu =1/2`$ states intuitively. In the previous papers, we studied an electron system in a strong magnetic field at $`\nu =1/2`$. In Ref. we made the usual CS gauge transformation to electrons and studied the resulting CS gauge theory of self-interacting fermions. We point out the possibility of separation phenomenon between particle and flux degrees of freedom, which we called particle-flux separation (PFS). In Ref., we associated a particle picture to flux degrees of freedom by writing the CS fermion operator as a product of two operators of new particles named chargeon and fluxon by enlarging the Hilbert space and imposing a local constraint. The chargeons are just the fermions that describe Jain’s CFs, exhibitting IQHE at low temperatures, whereas the fluxons are bosons that describe CS flux degrees of freedom and associated correlated holes. We showed that PFS takes place at low temperatures ($`TT_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$) where a CS fermion fractionalizes into a chargeon and a fluxon, and these “constituents” behave as quasi-free low-energy excitations there.

PFS is closely related with the charge-spin separation (CSS) in high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprates, in which each electron dissociates into holon and spinon. Both the PFS and CSS are understood as deconfinement phenomena of dynamical gauge fields that appear as a result of introducing constituents of an electron, the chargeon and fluxon in PFS and the holon and spinon in CSS.

In our recent letter  we generalized the gauge theory of PFS at $`\nu =1/2`$ of Ref. to the cases of $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$ ($`p,q:`$ positive integers). The case of $`\nu =1/2`$ is viewed as the limit $`p\mathrm{}`$ at $`q=1`$. In the PFS states, bosonic fluxons may Bose condense at $`TT_{\mathrm{BC}}(<T_{\mathrm{PFS}})`$. The resulting uniform CS magnetic field (partly) cancels the external magnetic field, and chargeons move in this reduced field. This partial cancellation of magnetic field just validates Jain’s idea that FQHE is nothing but the integer QHE of CFs, where chargeons are nothing but CFs. In Fig.1 we illustrate the basic idea of our chargeon-fluxon approach to FQHE.

In this paper, we shall present detailed and self-contained account of the gauge theory of composite fermions summerized in our letter. We extend also the previous calculations of the transition temperature $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ and masses of chargeon and fluxon at $`\nu =1/2`$ to the general fillings. Furthermore, we investigate the physical properties of the low-energy excitations in PFS states in the present picture.

The paper is organized as follows; In Sec.II, we introduce our model. Field operators of chargeons and fluxons are introduced to describe strongly-correlated electron systems in a magnetic field. Chargeons and fluxons are quantized as ordinary fermions and bosons, respectively. A local gauge symmetry emerges as a result of the chargeon-fluxon representation of electron, and a gauge field is introduced as an auxiliary field, which mediates the interaction between chargeon and fluxon in an electron. In Sec.III, an effective action or a Ginzburg-Landau(GL) theory of the dynamical gauge field is obtained by integrating out chargeon and fluxon variables by the hopping expansion. By referring to the established knowledge of lattice gauge theory, it is concluded that a confinement-deconfinement phase transition of the gauge dynamics takes place at the transition temperature $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}(>0)`$, and the PFS (deconfinement phase) is realized below $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. In Sec.IV, the ground states, quasiexcitations, and the EM transport properties in PFS states are discussed. The ground state is a direct product of the chargeon ground state and Bose condensate of fluxons, which is shown to be just the Laughlin states for $`p=1`$. As a result of the local gauge invariance, we obtain a formula of resistivity similar to the Ioffe-Larkin formula in the holon-spinon theory of high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprates; the resistivity tensor is just the summation of chargeon contribution and fluxon contribution.This formula gives rise to the results that agree with the experimantal observations. At $`T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, $`\rho _{xx}`$ changes its behavior reflecting the change of quasiparticles from chargeons and fluxons at $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ to electrons at $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}<T`$.

Sec.V is devoted to discussion. We explain flaws of SM theory in some details, e.g., insufficient treatment of noncommuting operaotrs. These flaws are removed in our theory, which is characterized as a detailed study of the dynamics of the relevant degrees of freedom in a framework of second-quantized field theory.

## II Model

### A Electrons on a lattice

Let us consider a two-dimensional system of electrons in a parpendicular constant magnetic field $`B^{\mathrm{ex}}`$. Instead of working in the continuum space, we put the system on a two-dimensional square lattice as a way of regularization, which is useful for nonperturbative study of gauge dynamics as demonstrated in lattice gauge theory by Wilson. The lattice model below is regarded as an effective system of renormalization-group theory, and the main results obtained below, e.g., the existence of PFS, are not the artifacts of introduction of a lattice but survive in the continuum. For example, the critical temperature $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ is a physical quantity that is renormalization-group invariant.(We discuss more on this point at the end of Sec.III.) For definiteness, in numerical estimation, we take the lattice spacing $`a`$ as $`a\mathrm{}`$ where

$`\mathrm{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{eB^{\mathrm{ex}}}}}`$ (2.1)
is the magnetic length. In this paper we use the units $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`c=1`$.

We start with the electron annihilation operator $`C_x`$ on the site $`x`$ (it has a definite spin component due to the Zeeman effect), satisfying the canonical anticommutaiton relations,

$`[C_x,C_y^{}]_+=\delta _{xy},[C_x,C_y]_+=0.`$ (2.2)
The Hamiltonian is written as

$`H_C`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}}(C_{x+j}^{}e^{ie(A_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}+a_{xj})}C_x+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)`$ (2.4)
$`+H_{\mathrm{int}}(C_x^{}C_x),`$
where $`m`$ is the effective electron mass (i.e., the band mass). The first term describes the process of electron hopping from the site $`x`$ to its nearest-neighbor $`x+j`$ (we use the direction index $`j=1,2`$ also as the lattice unit vector in the $`j`$-th direction) under the EM vector potential $`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}`$ for $`B^{\mathrm{ex}}a^2=ϵ_{ij}_iA_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}`$ ($`ϵ_{12}=1`$ and $`_iF(x)F(x+i)F(x)`$). We included also the dynamical (fluctuating) EM vector potential, $`a_{xj}`$, in order to derive the formula of the EM current later. By making the field rescalings,

$`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}aA_j(x),a_{xj}aa_j(x),C_xaC(x),`$ (2.5)
and taking a naive continuum limit, $`a0`$, the first term reduces to a well known continuum Hamiltonian $`(2m)^1d^2x|D_jC(x)|^2,D_j_jieA_j^{\mathrm{ex}}(x)iea_j(x)`$ (up to a chemical potential term). The second term $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$ represents repulsive interactions between electrons. Its explicit form is specified later.

Note that $`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}`$ is defined on the link $`(x,x+j)`$ and its exponentiated phase factor $`U_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}\mathrm{exp}(ieA_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}})`$ is a U(1) link variable of lattice gauge theory. In terms of $`U_{xj}`$ the local (i.e., site-dependent) U(1) EM gauge transformation is written as

$`C_x`$ $``$ $`G_x^{\mathrm{EM}}C_x,`$ (2.6)
$`U_{xj}e^{iea_{xj}}`$ $``$ $`G_{x+j}^{\mathrm{EM}}U_{xj}e^{iea_{xj}}G_{x}^{\mathrm{EM}}{}_{}{}^{},G_xU(1).`$ (2.7)
### B CS fermions

Let us express $`C_x`$ in terms of CS fermion operator $`\psi _x`$ as follows;

$$C_x=\mathrm{exp}[2iq\underset{y}{}\theta _{xy}\psi _y^{}\psi _y]\psi _x,$$
(2.8)
where $`\theta _{xy}[\mathrm{tan}^1((x_2y_2)/(x_1y_1))]`$ is the multi-valued azimuthal angle of the vector $`\stackrel{}{x}\stackrel{}{y}`$ on the lattice. From (2.8) $`\psi _x`$ satisfy

$`[\psi _x,\psi _y^{}]_+=\delta _{xy},[\psi _x,\psi _y]_+=0.`$ (2.9)
Eq.(2.8) indicates that each electron is viewed as a composite of $`2q`$ flux quanta ($`q=1,2,3,\mathrm{}`$) and a CS fermion.

Then the Hamiltonian (2.4) is rewritten as

$`H_\psi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}(\psi _{x+j}^{}e^{i(A_{xj}^{\mathrm{CS}}eA_{xj}^{\mathrm{ex}}ea_{xj})}\psi _x+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)`$ (2.11)
$`+H_{\mathrm{int}}(\psi _x^{}\psi _x),`$
where the CS gauge field is introduced as

$`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{CS}}=2qϵ_{ij}{\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}_i\theta _{xy}\psi _y^{}\psi _y.`$ (2.12)
Note $`H_{\mathrm{int}}(C_x^{}C_x)=H_{\mathrm{int}}(\psi _x^{}\psi _x)`$ due to the relation between the number operators, $`C_x^{}C_x=\psi _x^{}\psi _x`$. The filling factor $`\nu `$ is defined as usual by

$`\nu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \rho }{eB^{\mathrm{ex}}}},\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{n}{a^2}},`$ (2.13)
$`n`$ $``$ $`C_x^{}C_x=\psi _x^{}\psi _x,`$ (2.14)
where $`n`$ is the average electron number per site. Eqs.(2.11) and (2.12) show that the CS fermions $`\psi _x`$ not only minimally couple with the CS gauge field but also they themselves are the sources of $`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{CS}}`$, hence producing the CS magnetic fluxes. In fact, eq(2.12) leads to the relation,

$`B_x^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ $``$ $`ϵ_{ij}_iA_{xj}^{\mathrm{CS}}=4\pi q\psi _x^{}\psi _x,`$ (2.15)
so each CS fermion accompanies with 2q units of CS flux.

One may conceive that Jain’s CF idea can be realized if the phase factor and the CS fermion $`\psi _x`$ in (2.8)“sepatate” dynamically. However, since both of these quantities are desctibed by the same variables $`\psi _x`$, such a separation is not straightforward. We need to prepare a set of independent variables to describe the phase (CS fluxes) and the fermion. This leads us to introduce the chargeon and fluxon variables, which is the subject of the next subsection.

### C Chargeons and fluxons

Let us rewrite the CS fermion operator $`\psi _x`$ as a composite field of a canonical fermion operator $`\eta _x`$ and a canonical boson operator $`\varphi _x`$,

$`\psi _x=\varphi _x\eta _x.`$ (2.16)
We call particles described by $`\eta _x`$ and $`\varphi _x`$ chargeons and fluxons, respectively. Meaning of this terminology becomes clear shortly. They satisfy

$`[\varphi _x,\varphi _y^{}]=\delta _{xy},[\varphi _x,\varphi _y]=0,`$ (2.17)
$`[\eta _x,\eta _y^{}]_+=\delta _{xy},[\eta _x,\eta _y]_+=0,`$ (2.18)
$`[\varphi _x,\eta _y]=[\varphi _x,\eta _y^{}]=0.`$ (2.19)
To keep the equivalence of $`C_x`$ representation and $`\varphi _x\eta _x`$ representation, we impose the following local constraint on the physical states $`|\mathrm{Phys}`$;

$$\eta _x^{}\eta _x|\mathrm{Phys}=\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x|\mathrm{Phys}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{each}x.$$
(2.20)
Then there is the following one-to-one correpondence between the states made of $`\psi _x`$ and the physical states made of $`\varphi _x`$ and $`\eta _x`$;

$`\psi _x|0_\psi `$ $`=`$ $`0,\eta _x|V_\eta =\varphi _x|V_\varphi =0,`$ (2.21)
$`|0_\psi `$ $`=`$ $`|V|V_\eta |V_\varphi ,`$ (2.22)
$`|1_\psi `$ $``$ $`\psi _x^{}|0_\psi =\eta _x^{}\varphi _x^{}|V.`$ (2.23)
One may check the product $`\varphi _x\eta _x`$ satisfies the canonical anticommutation relation (2.9) of $`\psi _x`$ in the physical subspace defined above.

By substituting (2.16) to $`H_\psi `$ of (2.11) the Hamiltonian is rewritten in terms of $`\eta _x`$ and $`\varphi _x`$ as

$`H_{\eta \varphi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}(\eta _{x+j}^{}\varphi _{x+j}^{}W_{x+j}M_{x+j}M_x^{}W_x^{}e^{iea_{xj}}\varphi _x\eta _x`$ (2.26)
$`+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)+H_{\mathrm{int}}(\eta _x^{}\eta _x\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x){\displaystyle }_x(\mu _\eta \eta _x^{}\eta _x+\mu _\varphi \varphi _x^{}\varphi _x)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\lambda _x(\eta _x^{}\eta _x\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x),`$
where $`\lambda _x`$ is the Lagrange multiplier to enforce the constraint (2.20). $`W_x`$ and $`M_x`$ are U(1) phase factors defined as

$`W_x`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left[2iq{\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}\theta _{xy}\left(\varphi _y^{}\varphi _yn\right)\right],`$ (2.27)
$`M_x`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left[i{\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}\theta _{xy}(2q{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu }})n\right],`$ (2.28)
where we have replaced $`\psi _y^{}\psi _y`$ in $`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ by $`\varphi _y^{}\varphi _y`$ using the relations $`\psi _x^{}\psi _x=\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x=\eta _x^{}\eta _x`$ that hold due to the constraints. The chemical potentials $`\mu _\eta `$ and $`\mu _\varphi `$ are introduced to enforce the conditions $`\eta _x^{}\eta _x=\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x=n`$.

The original electron operator $`C_x`$ is expressed in terms of $`\eta _x`$ and $`\varphi _x`$ as

$$C_x=\mathrm{exp}[2iq\underset{y}{}\theta _{xy}\varphi _y^{}\varphi _y]\varphi _x\eta _x.$$
(2.29)
Here we have expressed the CS phase factor in terms of $`\varphi _x`$, i.e., we have assigned so that each $`\varphi _x`$ carries CS $`2q`$ flux quanta, while $`\eta _x`$ does not. Thus the fluxons accompany a CS field, the average value $`B_\varphi `$ of which is given by using (2.15) as

$`B_\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{B_x^{\mathrm{CS}}}{e}}={\displaystyle \frac{4\pi qn}{ea^2}},`$ (2.30)
where we divided $`B_x^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ by $`e`$ so that $`B_\varphi `$ has the dimension of a magnetic field.

By using the constraint (2.20), two expressions of the electron operators, (2.8) and (2.29), are equivalent. Eq.(2.29) shows that an electron is viewed as a composite of a chargeon $`\eta _x`$ and a fluxon $`\varphi _x`$ that bears $`2q`$-flux quanta. In other words, the chargeon $`\eta _x`$ is a composite of an electron and $`2q`$-flux quanta in the direction opposite to $`B^{\mathrm{ex}}`$. This implies that the chargeon in the present formalism may be regarded as Jain’s CF. However, we stress that, in order to justify the CF picture as a physically correct picture, the PFS must take place dynamically, as we explained in Sec.I.

We should also remark here that the CS fermion and the electron operators are invariant under the following “gauge transformation” of the chargeon and fluxon;

$$(\eta _x,\varphi _x)(e^{i\alpha _x}\eta _x,e^{i\alpha _x}\varphi _x),$$
(2.31)
where $`\alpha _x`$ is an arbitrary function of $`x`$.As we shall see later, this local gauge symmetry plays a crucial role for the PFS transition and for the EM transport properties of the present system.

### D Gauge theory of chargeons and fluxons

We are mainly interested in the structure of the ground state and the low-energy excitations of the system $`H_{\eta \varphi }`$ of (2.26). For this purpose, we employ the Lagrangian path-integral formalism, since this formalism is suitable to introduce a gauge field as an auxiliary field and to obtain an effective gauge theory. By using this gauge theory and examining its gauge dynamics, one can study the possibility of PFS in a natural and convincing manner.

The partition funciton $`Z`$ at the temperature $`T`$ is expressed by a path integral  as

$`Z`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{Tr}\mathrm{exp}(\beta H_{\varphi \eta })={\displaystyle [d\eta ][d\varphi ][d\lambda ]\mathrm{exp}\left(_0^\beta 𝑑\tau L(\tau )\right)},`$ (2.32)
$`L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\eta _x^{}(_\tau +i\lambda _x\mu _\eta )\eta _x`$ (2.37)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\varphi _x^{}(_\tau i\lambda _x\mu _\varphi )\varphi _x`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}}{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}(\eta _{x+j}^{}\varphi _{x+j}^{}W_{x+j}M_{x+j}M_x^{}W_x^{}e^{iea_{xj}}\varphi _x\eta _x`$
$`+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)H_{\mathrm{int}}(\eta _x^{}\eta _x\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x),`$
$`[d\eta ][d\varphi ][d\lambda ]{\displaystyle \underset{\tau }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}d\eta _x(\tau )d\varphi _x(\tau )d\lambda _x(\tau ),`$
where $`\tau [0,\beta ((k_\mathrm{B}T)^1)]`$ is the imaginary time. The fields in $`L(\tau )`$ are functions of $`\tau `$; $`\eta _x(\tau ),\varphi _x(\tau ),\lambda _x(\tau )`$. $`\eta _x(\tau )`$ is a Grassmann number, $`\varphi _x(\tau )`$ is a complex number, and $`\lambda _x(\tau )`$ is a real number.

We decouple the third line of $`L`$ by introducing a complex link auxiliary field $`V_{xj}`$ on the link $`(x,x+j)`$ by using the formula for arbitrary $`J_{xj}`$,

$`{\displaystyle }dV_{xj}\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau [{\displaystyle \frac{|V_{xj}|^2}{2ma^2}}+(V_{xj}^{}J_{xj}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)]\right)`$ (2.38)
$``$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau 2ma^2|J_{xj}|^2\right).`$ (2.39)
Then we have

$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle [d\eta ][d\varphi ][d\lambda ][dV]\mathrm{exp}\left(_0^\beta 𝑑\tau L_V(\tau )\right)},`$ (2.40)
$`L_V`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\eta _x^{}(_\tau +i\lambda _x\mu _\eta )\eta _x`$ (2.41)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\varphi _x^{}(_\tau i\lambda _x\mu _\varphi )\varphi _x+{\displaystyle }(V_{xj}^{}J_{xj}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)`$ (2.42)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}|V_{xj}|^2H_4H_{\mathrm{int}}(\eta _x^{}\eta _x\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x),`$ (2.43)
$`H_4`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^2}{2m}}\varphi _{x+j}^{}\varphi _{x+j}\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2\gamma ^2}}\eta _{x+j}^{}\eta _{x+j}\eta _x^{}\eta _x\right),`$ (2.44)
$`J_{xj}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}(\gamma \varphi _{x+j}W_xe^{ieca_{xj}}W_{x+j}^{}\varphi _x^{}`$ (2.46)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma }}\eta _{x+j}^{}M_{x+j}e^{ie(1c)a_{xj}}M_x^{}\eta _x).`$
Here $`\gamma `$ is a real parameter, which measures the ratio of the chargeon and fluxon masses as we shall see in (3.63). We determine its value later in (2.63) of Sec.II E. $`\gamma `$ $`c`$ is an arbitrary real constant that appears in the EM charges $`Q_\varphi `$ of $`\varphi _x`$ and $`Q_\eta `$ of $`\eta _x`$, which are read off from the couplings to $`a_{xj}`$ in $`L_V`$ as

$$Q_\varphi =ce,Q_\eta =(1c)e.$$
(2.47)
In Sec.4C, we shall discuss some consequences of this arbitrariness in the EM transport properties; we shall see that the physical results are independent of the value of $`c`$.

To see the physical meaning of the auxiliary field $`V_{xj}`$, we use the following trivial identity;

$`{\displaystyle }d^2V_{xj}{\displaystyle \frac{}{V_{xj}^{}}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau [{\displaystyle \frac{|V_{xj}|^2}{2ma^2}}+(V_{xj}^{}J_{xj}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)]\right)`$ (2.48)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^2V_{xj}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau \left[\frac{V_{xj}}{2ma^2}+J_{xj}\right]}`$ (2.50)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau [{\displaystyle \frac{|V_{xj}|^2}{2ma^2}}+(V_{xj}^{}J_{xj}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)]\right)`$
$`=`$ $`0,`$ (2.51)
(the surface terms vanish) to obtain the relation (equations of motion),

$`V_{xj}`$ $`=`$ $`2ma^2J_{xj},`$ (2.52)
which shows that $`V_{xj}`$ describes the hopping amplitudes of $`\eta _x`$ and $`\varphi _x`$. We note that the way of decoupling in (2.46) is slightly different from our previous papers. The present expression is more suitable to discuss PFS since the current $`J_{xj}`$ coupled to $`V_{xj}`$ is just the sum of the $`\eta _x`$ part and the $`\varphi _x`$ part without mixing terms.

From (2.46), $`A_{x0}\lambda _x`$ and $`A_{xj}`$ defined through $`V_{xj}|V_{xj}|U_{xj},U_{xj}\mathrm{exp}(iA_{xj})`$ can be regarded as the time and transverse component of a gauge field $`A_{x\mu }`$ ($`\mu =0(\tau ),1,2`$), respectively. Actually, under the U(1) local gauge transformation (2.31) with $`\tau `$-dependent $`\alpha _x(\tau )`$, they transform as

$$\lambda _x\lambda _x_\tau \alpha _x,A_{xj}A_{xj}+_j\alpha _x.$$
(2.53)
The Lagrangian $`L_V`$ of (2.46) is invariant under (2.53). Thus the system has a local gauge invariance, and one may regard the system as a lattice gauge theory.

A lattice gauge theory has generally two possibilities to realize its gauge dynamics;

(i) Confinement phase:

Here the gauge-field fluctuations, $`\mathrm{\Delta }A_{xj}`$, are large and random i.e.,

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }A_{xj})^2=\mathrm{},\mathrm{exp}(iA_{xj})=0,`$ (2.54)
and only the gauge-invariant (i.e., charge-neutral) objects may appear as physical excitations.

(ii) Deconfinement phase (like Coulomb phase and Higgs phase):

Here $`\mathrm{\Delta }A_{xj}`$ are small and can be treated in perturbation theory,

$`(\mathrm{\Delta }A_{xj})^20,\mathrm{exp}(iA_{xj})1,`$ (2.55)
and the gauge-variant objects may appear as excitations. (For more detailed discussion on this point, see Sec.VI of the first reference of Ref..)

In the confinement phase of the present system, the only CS fermions $`\psi _x`$ or the electrons may appear as quasiparticles, while in the deconfinement phase, the chargeons and fluxons may appear as quasiparticles. The latter case corresponds to the PFS. Therefore, the PFS is characterized as a deconfinement phase of the gauge dynamics of the gauge field $`(\lambda _x,A_{xj})`$. In fact, in the PFS states, one may set $`V_{xj}=|V_{xj}|U_{xj}`$ by some constant $`V_{xj}V_0U_{xj}V_0`$ as the first approximation. (We shall calculate $`V_0`$ later in Sec.III A.) Then the coupling $`J_{xj}V_{xj}`$ reduces to the sum of chargeon and fluxon hopping terms. The chargeons $`\eta _x`$ just hop in a constant field described by $`M_{x+j}M_x^{}`$, i.e., in the reduced magnetic field;

$`\mathrm{\Delta }BB^{\mathrm{ex}}B_\varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \rho }{e}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu }}2q\right)=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \rho }{ep}}.`$ (2.56)
The fluxons $`\varphi _x`$ hop in a field $`W_xW_{x+j}^{}`$ generated by $`\varphi _x`$ themselves. At low $`T`$, we expect that $`\varphi _x`$ form a Bose condensation and one may set $`\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x=n`$ as the first approximation. Then $`W_x1`$ and $`\varphi _x`$ describes just free bosons. The central problem is to identify the condition when the deconfinement phase, hence the PFS, is realized in the present system (2.46).

Before studying this problem in detail, let us present some general considerations. First, we observe that the Lagrangian $`L_V`$ contains no kinetic (i.e., Maxwell) terms of gauge field like $`g^2V_{xj}^{}V_{x+j,i}^{}V_{x+i,j}V_{xi}`$ (which corresponds to the $`(_iA_j_jA_i)^2`$ term in the continuum); that is, the gauge coupling constant $`g^2`$ is infinite. Therefore one may suspect that $`V_{xj}`$ should fluctuate randomly leading to the confinement phase, so the PFS does no take place at all. This argument is valid if the system is a pure gauge theory, Lagrangian of which consists of only a Maxwell term and no couplings to charged matter fields. However, our system has couplings to matter fields, chargeons and fluxons, $`\varphi _{x+j}^{}V_{xj}\varphi _x`$ and $`\eta _{x+j}^{}V_{xj}\eta _x`$. It is possible that these couplings may suppress gauge-field fluctuations at low-energies as a renormalization effect due to the high-momentum and/or high-energy modes of $`\varphi _x`$ and $`\eta _x`$. If these factors are efficient enough, the gauge dynamics is to be realized in the deconfinement phase, hence the PFS takes place.

Similar question arose for the CSS, and some physicists concluded that the CSS never takes place in the $`U(1)`$ gauge theory of strongly-correlated models like the t-J model. In our previous paper,, we clarified this misunderstanding by pointing out the renormalization effects by couplings to matter fields. Also we emphasized there that there exists a counter example against the above naive expectation. For example, the SU(3) gauge theory in $`(3+1)`$ dimensions without quark fields is always in the confinement phase regardless of the magnitude of gauge coupling constant $`g`$. However, onset of couplings to quarks, relativistic fermions, changes its phase structure drastically. Especially, in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a sufficiently large number of light quarks (the number of quark flavor $`N_f7`$), the deconfinement phase is realized even if the coupling constant $`g_{\mathrm{QCD}}\mathrm{}`$. Furthermore, for $`N_f17`$, the effective coupling constant is renormalized as $`g_{\mathrm{eff}}0`$ at lower energies even for $`g_{\mathrm{QCD}}=\mathrm{}`$. One may argue that a similar phenomenon should certainly occur in the present gauge system, because the chargeons, nonrelativistic fermions, behave as a set of many species of relativistic fermions. This is because nonrelativistic fermions have a Fermi surface (Fermi line in two-dimensions) instead of Fermi points of relativistic fermions, and it contains a large number of low-energy excitations. In the following Section, we shall study this possibility by deriving an effective action of the dynamical gauge field $`A_{x\mu }`$, finding that the PFS is possible at sufficiently low temperatures.

### E Repulsive interaction between electrons

To make an explicit and detailed study of the gauge dynamics, one needs to specify the interaction term $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$ in (2.46). This interaction between electrons (or CS fermions) should play a crucial role in the CF picture and the PFS. Actually, if this term were missing, the system would be just an ensemble of independent electrons, each electron occupying degenerate LL’s, and no FQHE would be observed. Generally speaking, appropriate interactions are certainly necessary in order that separation phenomena of degrees of freedom take place.

Let us focus on the effects of short-range part of Coulomb interaction by taking the following nearest-neighbor repulsion as $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$;

$$H_{\mathrm{int}}(C_x^{}C_x)=H_{\mathrm{int}}(\psi _x^{}\psi _x)=g\psi _{x+j}^{}\psi _{x+j}\psi _x^{}\psi _x,$$
(2.57)
where $`g(>0)`$ is the coupling constant of the Coulomb repulsion. Since we set $`a\mathrm{}`$, $`g`$ is estimated as

$$g\frac{e^2}{ϵ\mathrm{}},$$
(2.58)
where $`ϵ`$ is the dielectric constant of materials. The effects of the long-range part $`H^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ of Coulomb repulsion shall be discussed in Sec.IV A. By using the relations $`\psi _{x+j}^{}\psi _{x+j}\psi _x^{}\psi _x=\eta _{x+j}^{}\eta _{x+j}\eta _x^{}\eta _x=\varphi _{x+j}^{}\varphi _{x+j}\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x`$ by (2.23), $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$ above is rewritten as

$`H_{\mathrm{int}}={\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}\left(g_1\eta _{x+j}^{}\eta _{x+j}\eta _x^{}\eta _x+g_2\varphi _{x+j}^{}\varphi _{x+j}\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x\right),`$ (2.59)
$`g_1+g_2=g.`$ (2.60)
The parameters $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ shall be determined shortly. Then we note that this $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$ has the same form as $`H_4`$ in $`L_V`$ of (2.46). Since we expect that chargeons and fluxons become quasiexcitations at low energies, we should adjust their environments so that they behave as freely as possible. This self-consistency condition leads us to require that $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$ and $`H_4`$ in $`L_V`$ of (2.46) should cancel out each other,

$`H_4+H_{\mathrm{int}}=0.`$ (2.61)
Then $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ are related with $`\gamma `$ as

$`g_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2\gamma ^2}},g_2={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^2}{2ma^2}}.`$ (2.62)
From $`g_1+g_2=g`$, $`\gamma `$ satisfies

$$\frac{1}{2ma^2\gamma ^2}\frac{\gamma ^2}{2ma^2}\frac{e^2}{ϵ\mathrm{}}.$$
(2.63)
The relation (2.63) is suggestive, expressing the relation between two energy scales, one is the inter-LL gap for electrons (the cyclotron frequency),

$`\omega _B={\displaystyle \frac{eB^{\mathrm{ex}}}{m}},`$ (2.64)
and another is the short-range Coulomb energy $`e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})(\sqrt{B^{\mathrm{ex}}})`$ for chargeons and fluxons. In fact, (2.63) is rewritten with $`a\mathrm{}`$ as

$$\frac{1}{2ma^2}(\frac{1}{\gamma ^2}\gamma ^2)\frac{\omega _B}{2}(\frac{1}{\gamma ^2}\gamma ^2)\frac{e^2}{ϵ\mathrm{}}.$$
(2.65)
Thus the dimensionless constant $`\gamma ^2\gamma ^2`$ is a reduction factor to reduce $`\omega _B`$ down to $`e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})`$. In the experiment, the effective electron mass $`m`$, the dielectric constant $`ϵ`$, and the magnetic length $`\mathrm{}`$ are all given, so $`\gamma `$ is determined from (2.63) by these parameters.

## III Effective Gauge Theory and PFS

In this Section, we derive the effective lattice gauge theory of the gauge field $`A_{x\mu }`$ by the hopping expansion over $`\varphi _x`$ and $`\eta _x`$, and study its phase structure. In the effective gauge theory, we shall ignore fluctuations of the absolute value $`|V_{xj}|`$ since they are massive, and focus on its U(1) phase part $`U_{xj}`$. We shall also see the fluctuations of $`\lambda _x=A_{x0}`$ are massive and can be ignored. Thus the effective action is a function of $`U_{xj}`$’s. As the lattice regularization is used in the present study, we can study the problem nonperturbatively. This is in sharp contrast to the most of other studies of the CS gauge theory.

### A Estimation of $`V_0|V_{xj}|`$

We start with writing the spatial component of the gauge field, $`V_{xj}`$, in the polar coodinate as

$`V_{xj}`$ $`=`$ $`|V_{xj}|U_{xj},U_{xj}=\mathrm{exp}(iA_{xj})\mathrm{U}(1).`$ (3.1)
Let us first estimate the expectaiton value of the amplitude, $`V_0|V_{xj}|`$ by MFT, which is obtained by setting $`V_{xj}=V_0`$ and $`\lambda _x=0`$ in the Lagrangian $`L_V`$ of (2.46). This MFT is jusitified for studying the low-energy physics a posteriori, because fluctuations of both $`|V_{xj}|`$ and $`\lambda _x`$ are shown to be massive and irrelevant to the low-energy physics. On the other hand, the phase part, $`A_{xj}`$, may be massless and should be treated carefully. Estimation of $`V_0`$ is further simplified by putting the fluxon variables as $`\varphi _x=\sqrt{n}`$, since one expects Bose condensation of fluxons at low $`T`$. In the bosonic CS gauge theory of FQHE, Bose condensation actually takes place and the Bose-condensed ground state describes the Laughlin state as is shown in Ref.. The Lagrangian $`L_{V_0}`$ of the MFT then takes the following form;

$`L_{V_0}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\eta _x^{}(_\tau \mu _\eta )\eta _x`$ (3.2)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}[V_0^2+V_0(\gamma n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma }}\eta _{x+j}^{}\eta _x+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.)].`$ (3.3)
A typical behavior of $`V_0`$ was plotted in Fig.1 of Ref.. It decreases as $`T`$ increases. We expect $`V_0`$ vanishes at certain temperature $`T_{V_0}`$. Near $`T_{V_0}`$, the MFT (LABEL:LMFT) is not reliable since Bose condensation would disappear. Instead, an expansion in term of small $`V_0`$ is possible. We shall calculate $`T_{V_0}`$ in (3.61) later.

The small fluctuations of $`|V_{xj}|`$ around $`V_0`$ are described by inserting $`V_{xj}=V_0+v_{xj},v_{xj}R`$ to $`V_0`$ in $`L_{V_0}`$ and expand $`L_{V_0}`$ up to $`O(v_{xj}^2)`$. The squared mass of $`v_{xj}`$ is positive, hence these fluctuations are irrelevant at low energies.

### B Hopping expansion and effective gauge theory

In the gauge theory of nonrelativistic fermions, the time component of gauge field is often screened (getting massive) and becomes irrelevant to the low-energy physics. This is exploited, for example, in the study of CS gauge theory of CF at $`\nu =1/2`$ by Halperin, Lee and Read. Let us examine this problem.

From Sec.III A, we are allowed to set

$`V_{xj}`$ $`=`$ $`V_0U_{xj},U_{xj}=\mathrm{exp}(iA_{xj})\mathrm{U}(1)`$ (3.5)
below $`T_{V_0}`$. Thus we are to study the dynamics of the U(1) gauge field $`U_{xj}`$ and $`\lambda _x`$. To this end, we obtain an effective action of $`U_{xj}`$ and $`\lambda _x`$ by using the hopping expansion over $`\varphi _x`$ and $`\eta _x`$, which is an expansion in powers of $`V_0`$ or equivalently of $`U_{xj}`$. This expansion is a nonperturbative expansion w.r.t. $`A_{xj}`$ that is legitimate for small expectation values of $`U_{xj}`$. It is especially useful to study the phase transition for which $`U_{xj}`$ may be regarded as an order parameter with a continuous change.

To be explicit, we use the so-called temporal gauge. At $`T=0`$, one can set $`\lambda _x(\tau )=0`$. However, at finite $`T`$, one degree of freedom of $`\lambda _x(\tau )`$ should survive as an independent variable. We make the eigen-frequency expansion,

$`\lambda _x(\tau )={\displaystyle \underset{nZ}{}}\lambda _{x,n}\mathrm{exp}(i\omega _n\tau ),\omega _n={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi n}{\beta }},`$ (3.6)
and let the zero mode $`\theta _x`$,

$`\theta _x`$ $``$ $`\lambda _{x,0}={\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑\tau \lambda _x(\tau )`$ (3.7)
as the remaining integration variable. (This $`\theta _x`$ should not be confused with the azimuthal angle of $`x`$.) All the other modes are set zero; $`\lambda _{x,n}(n0)=0`$.

In the hopping expansion, we need the on-site propagators of $`\varphi _x`$ and $`\eta _x`$, $`\varphi _x(\tau _1)\varphi _y^{}(\tau _2)_0,\eta _x(\tau _1)\eta _y^{}(\tau _2)_0`$ determined from the following Lagrangian $`L_0`$ obtained from $`L_V`$ by setting $`V_{xj}=0`$;

$`L_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\eta _x^{}(_\tau +i\beta ^1\theta _x\mu _\eta )\eta _x`$ (3.9)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\varphi _x^{}(_\tau i\beta ^1\theta _x\mu _\varphi )\varphi _x.`$
Calculations are straightforward, and we obtain

$`\eta _x(\tau _1)\eta _y^{}(\tau _2)_0=\delta _{xy}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mu _\eta (\tau _1\tau _2)}}{1+e^{\beta \mu _\eta i\theta _x}}}`$ (3.10)
$`\times [e^{i\theta _x(\tau _1\tau _2)/\beta }\theta (\tau _1\tau _2)`$ (3.11)
$`e^{\beta \mu _\eta i\theta _xi\theta _x(\tau _1\tau _2)/\beta }\theta (\tau _2\tau _1)],`$ (3.12)
$`\varphi _x(\tau _1)\varphi _y^{}(\tau _2)_0=\delta _{xy}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mu _\varphi (\tau _1\tau _2)}}{1e^{\beta \mu _\varphi +i\theta _x}}}`$ (3.13)
$`\times [e^{i\theta _x(\tau _1\tau _2)/\beta }\theta (\tau _1\tau _2)`$ (3.14)
$`+e^{\beta \mu _\varphi +i\theta _x+i\theta _x(\tau _1\tau _2)/\beta }\theta (\tau _2\tau _1)],`$ (3.15)
where $`\theta (\tau )`$ is the step function. The chemical potentials are determined by

$`\eta _x^{}\eta _x`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{ϵ+0}{lim}\eta _x^{}(\tau +ϵ)\eta _x(\tau )_0={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta \mu _\eta }}{1+e^{\beta \mu _\eta }}}=n,`$ (3.16)
$`\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{ϵ+0}{lim}\varphi _x^{}(\tau +ϵ)\varphi _x(\tau )_0={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta \mu _\varphi }}{1e^{\beta \mu _\varphi }}}=n.`$ (3.17)
By expanding the integrand of $`Z`$ of (2.46) in powers of $`V_0`$, and by using the propagators, (3.12) and (3.15), the effective action of the gauge field $`A_{\mathrm{eff}}(\theta ,U)`$ is obtained, which is a kind of GL theory for the gauge field $`(\theta ,U)`$;

$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle [dU][d\theta ]\mathrm{exp}\left(A_{\mathrm{eff}}(\theta ,U)\right)},`$ (3.18)
$`A_{\mathrm{eff}}(\theta ,U)`$ $`=`$ $`A_0(\theta )+A_2(\theta ,U)+\mathrm{O}(V_0^4).`$ (3.19)
In the leading order O$`(V_0^0)`$ of the expansion, the effective action, $`A_0(\theta )`$ of $`\theta _x`$, is obtained as

$`A_0(\theta )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\mathrm{ln}F(\theta _x),`$ (3.20)
$`F(\theta _x)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1+e^{\beta \mu _\eta i\theta _x}}{1e^{\beta \mu _\varphi +i\theta _x}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1+{\displaystyle \frac{n}{1n}}e^{i\theta _x}}{1{\displaystyle \frac{n}{1+n}}e^{i\theta _x}}}.`$ (3.21)
For the decoupled partition function at each $`x`$ for $`A_0`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{d\theta _x}{2\pi }}F(\theta _x)`$ $`=`$ $`1+e^{\beta (\mu _\varphi +\mu _\eta )}={\displaystyle \underset{n_x=0}{\overset{1}{}}}e^{\beta (\mu _\varphi +\mu _\eta )n_x},`$ (3.22)
as expected from the constraint. (Here $`n_x=\eta _x^{}\eta _x=\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x`$ are the particle numbers.) We note that Re $`F(\theta _x)`$ is an even funciton of $`\theta _x`$ and has the maximum at $`\theta _x=0`$ (mod $`2\pi `$), while Im $`F(\theta _x)`$ is an odd funciton of $`\theta _x`$.

Similarly, the second-order calculation of the hopping expansion gives rise to

$`A_2(\theta ,`$ $`U)=\beta {\displaystyle }_{x,j}{\displaystyle \frac{V_0^2}{2ma^2}}+{\displaystyle }_{x,j}{\displaystyle }^\beta _0d\tau _1{\displaystyle }^\beta _0d\tau _2`$ (3.25)
$`\times C(\theta _x,\theta _{x+j;}\tau _1,\tau _2)U_{xj}^{}(\tau _1)U_{xj}(\tau _2),`$
$`C(\theta _x,`$ $`\theta _{x+j;}\tau _1,\tau _2)=V_0^2[\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{2ma^2}}\right)^2`$ (3.29)
$`\times \varphi _{x+j}W_xW_{x+j}^{}\varphi _x^{}(\tau _1)\varphi _xW_{x+j}W_x^{}\varphi _{x+j}^{}(\tau _2)_0`$
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\gamma ma^2}}\right)^2\eta _{x+j}^{}\eta _x(\tau _1)\eta _x^{}\eta _{x+j}(\tau _2)_0]`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{V_0^2}{4m^2a^4}}f(\theta _x,\theta _{x+j};\tau _1\tau _2),`$
where $`f(\theta _x,\theta _{x+j};\tau _1\tau _2)`$ is a certain complicated function of $`\theta _x`$ and $`\theta _{x+j}`$. In particular, for $`\tau _1\tau _20`$, we have

$`f(\theta _x,\theta _{x+j};\tau _1\tau _2)`$ (3.30)
$``$ $`\left[\theta (\tau _2\tau _1)e^{i\theta _x}+\theta (\tau _1\tau _2)e^{i\theta _{x+j}}\right]`$ (3.31)
$`\times `$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^2e^{\beta \mu _\eta }}{(1+e^{\beta \mu _\eta i\theta _x})(1+e^{\beta \mu _\eta i\theta _{x+j}})}}`$ (3.32)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma ^2e^{\beta \mu _\varphi }}{(1e^{\beta \mu _\varphi +i\theta _x})(1e^{\beta \mu _\varphi +i\theta _{x+j}})}}].`$ (3.33)
### C Integration over zero modes $`\theta _x`$

Let us make a rough estimation of $`\theta _x`$-integration in (3.19) by using (3.21), (3.29), and (3.33). We shall obtain a simple result that $`\theta _x`$ can be treated as small fluctuations around the minimum $`\theta _x=0`$. To see this, we start by replacing $`U_{xj}`$-dependent part in $`A_2(\theta ,U)`$ by its average. Explicitly, we start with the following general expression of $`Z`$ up to O$`(U^2)`$ after the $`\theta `$-integration;

$`Z`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle [dU]\mathrm{exp}(A_2(U))},`$ (3.34)
$`A_2(U)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2C_U(\tau _1\tau _2)\underset{x,j}{}U_{xj}^{}(\tau _1)U_{xj}(\tau _2)},`$ (3.35)
where $`C_U`$ depends on $`T`$ and $`n`$, and it is shown to be positive for $`\tau _1\tau _20`$ by (3.33). From this result, configurations like $`U_{xj}^{}(\tau _1)U_{xj}(\tau _2)1`$ dominate the functional integral at least for $`(\tau _1\tau _2)0`$. Then one can assume

$$U_{xj}^{}(\tau _1)U_{xj}(\tau _2)e^{m_0|\tau _1\tau _2|}\mathrm{or}|\tau _1\tau _2|^r,r>0.$$
(3.36)
By substituting the correlator (3.36) into (3.29) and by the decoupling, the $`\tau `$-integrals in $`A_2(U)`$ takes the form,

$`{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _1𝑑\tau _2f(\theta _x,\theta _{x+j};\tau _1\tau _2)U_{xj}^{}(\tau _1)U_{xj}(\tau _2)}`$ (3.37)
$`=`$ $`b(_j\theta _x)^2,`$ (3.38)
with a positive constant $`b`$. From (3.21) and (3.38), the general form of the effective action for $`\theta _x`$ is fixed as

$`A_2(\theta )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\left[b{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(_j\theta _x)^2+\mathrm{ln}F(\theta _x)\right].`$ (3.39)
The first kinetic term generates correlations among $`\theta _x`$ and disfavors configurations of independent $`\theta _x`$’s. In such a field theory (having infinite degrees of freedom) the limit $`b0`$ is singular, and one obtains qualitatively correct results for $`b>0`$ by expanding $`\theta _x`$ around $`\theta _x=0`$, the minimum of $`\mathrm{ln}F(\theta _x)`$, up to $`O(\theta _x^2)`$. In other words, $`\lambda _x=\theta _x/\beta =0`$ in the ground state and their excitations are massive. This implies that the effects of $`\lambda _x`$ are screened by fluctuations (radiative corrections) of chargeons and fluxons, and the constraint (2.20) becomes irrelevant at low energies. This nonperturbative observation supports the “weak-coupling” perturbative calculation in gauge theories of nonrelativistic fermions which is often used in random-phase approximations, etc. An intuitive picture of the above screening phenomenon at long wavelength is supplied by block-spin-type renormalization-group (RG) transformations. At first, numbers of chargeons and fluxons at each lattice site are well-defined quantities. However, through block-spin RG transformations, the number of particles at each site of the transformed larger lattice becomes ambiguous. As a result, the local constraint (2.20) tends to irrelevant at long wavelengthes.

### D Confinement-deconfinement phase transition

The above result that the ground state of $`\theta _x`$ is $`\theta _x=0`$ and its excitations are massive leads that the question whether the PFS takes place or not is determined just by the dynamics of the transverse gauge field $`U_{xj}`$. The PFS corresponds to the deconfinement phase of $`U_{xj}`$.

Thus, to evaluate $`A_2`$ of (3.29), we simply put $`\theta _x=0`$ in $`f(\theta _x,\theta _{x+j};\tau _1\tau _2)`$. Then by using (3.17), we have $`f(0,0;\tau _1\tau _2)=\gamma ^2n(1n)+\gamma ^2n(1+n)`$. So $`A_2`$ reduces to

$`A_2(\theta _x=0,V_0U_{xj})=\beta {\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{V_0^2}{2ma^2}}`$ (3.40)
$`+D_2V_0^2{\displaystyle \underset{xj}{}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑\tau _1{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑\tau _2U_{xj}^{}(\tau _1)U_{xj}(\tau _2)`$ (3.41)
$`=V_0^2{\displaystyle \underset{x,j}{}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2ma^2}}+D_2\beta ^2U_{xj,0}^{}U_{xj,0}\right],`$ (3.42)
$`D_2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4m^2a^4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{n(1n)}{\gamma ^2}}+\gamma ^2n(1+n)\right),`$ (3.43)
where we have introduced Fourier decomposition of $`U_{xj}(\tau )`$,

$`U_{xj}(\tau )={\displaystyle \underset{nZ}{}}U_{xj,n}e^{i\omega _n\tau },\omega _n{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi n}{\beta }},`$ (3.44)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}U_{xj,n}^{}U_{xj,n+m}=\delta _{m0},`$ (3.45)
where the second line represents $`U_{xj}^{}(\tau )U_{xj}(\tau )=1`$. The higher-order terms of $`A_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ in the hopping expansion can be calculated in a straightforward manner. There appear plaquette terms (i.e., magnetic terms) like

$`A_{\mathrm{plaq}}`$ $`=`$ $`C_{\mathrm{plaq}}{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}U_{x2,0}U_{x+2,1,0}U_{x+1,2,0}^{}U_{x1,0}^{}+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.`$ (3.46)
Their coefficient $`C_{\mathrm{plaq}}`$ is positive and also getting large at low $`T`$.

From (3.43) and (3.46), the static-modes of the transverse gauge field $`U_{xj,0}`$ are enhanced at large $`\beta `$ and nonvanishing $`V_0`$, i.e., $`U_{xj,0}U_01`$ (up to irrelevant pure-gauge freedoms). Explicitly, we estimate that $`U_{xj,0}`$ has nonvanishing expectation value $`U_0`$ when the coefficient of $`|U_{xj,0}|^2`$ in $`A_2`$ is larger than unity,

$`D_2V_0^2\beta ^2>1.`$ (3.47)
Since $`V_0`$ is a decreasing function of $`T`$, this happens at lower $`T`$’s. On the other hand, the other oscillating modes $`U_{xj,n0}`$ are strongly suppressed by (3.45), i.e., $`_{n0}|U_{xj,n}|^21`$. This implies that, at low $`T`$ where the condition (3.47) holds, the gauge dynamics is in the deconfinement phase, where $`U_{xj}(\tau )U_0`$ (up to gauge freedom) and the fluctuations $`\mathrm{\Delta }A_{xj}`$ are small. Therefore, PFS takes place at low $`T`$ such that (3.47) holds. The quasiexcitations there are the chargeons $`\eta _x`$, fluxons $`\varphi _x`$, and the gauge bosons $`A_{xj}`$. The transition temperature $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ can be estimated from the “GL theory” (3.43) by setting the coefficient of $`|U_{xj,0}|^2`$ unity;

$`D_2V_0^2\beta ^2|_{T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}}`$ (3.48)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{V_0^2(T_{\mathrm{PFS}})}{4m^2a^4k_\mathrm{B}^2T_{\mathrm{PFS}}^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{n(1n)}{\gamma ^2}}+\gamma ^2n(1+n)\right)1.`$ (3.49)
The analysis using the method by Polyakov and Susskind predicts that the phase transition at $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ is smooth as in CSS, so our hopping expansion of $`A_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ in powers of $`V_0U_{xj}`$ is justified a posteriori. Concerning to the order of the CDPT of the present system, we remind that the usual lattce gauge theory on a 3D spatial lattice exhibits a second-order CDPT, while the gauge theory on a 2D spatial lattice exhibit a CDPT of the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) type. However, the present effective lattice gauge theory (3.43) on a 2D lattice has a stronger correlations along $`\tau `$-direction than the usual coupling $`|_\tau U_{xj}|^2`$, so the CDPT may be of second order instead of the KT type. Further study is required to clarify this point.

For comparison, let us list up the temperature regions in which the deconfinement phases take place for various models;

(3.55)
One may feel it strange that the deconfinement region is at high $`T`$ for QED and QCD, while it is low $`T`$ for the t-J model and the present FQH system. From Ref., the condition of deconfinement is estimated as $`\beta g_\mathrm{G}^2<1`$ for a gauge theory with a gauge coupling constant $`g_\mathrm{G}`$. When $`g_\mathrm{G}`$ is a $`T`$-independent constant as in QED and QCD, the deconfinement occurs at high $`T`$. However, in the strongly-correlated electron systems, the gauge theory in question is an effective theory obtained by integrating out the “electron” degrees of freedom, and the resulting gauge coupling may be $`T`$-dependent. In fact, we estimated $`g_\mathrm{G}^2T^3`$ for the t-J model, which implies the result (3.55). By repeating the same argument as Ref., we obtain the same result $`g_\mathrm{G}^2T^3`$ for the present gauge model, which is consistent with the condition (3.47).

### E Numerical results

Let us estimate $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}(\nu )`$ numerically by using (3.49) with $`V_0(T)`$ determined by (LABEL:LMFT). We consider the following choice of the Coulomb coupling;

$`g=(0.11)\times {\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{ϵ\mathrm{}}},`$ (3.56)
and the parameters,

$`a=\mathrm{},B^{\mathrm{ex}}=10[\mathrm{T}],`$ (3.57)
$`m=0.067\times m_{\mathrm{electron}},ϵ=13.`$ (3.58)
The parameter $`\gamma `$ is $`\nu `$-independent and calculated by (2.63) as

$`\gamma =0.960.69,`$ (3.59)
for (3.56).

We plot $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}(\nu )`$ at various fillings $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$ for $`g=0.1e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})`$ in Fig.2 and for $`g=e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})`$ in Fig.3. At $`\nu =1/2`$,

$`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}(1/2)`$ $`=`$ $`5.76.7\mathrm{K}.`$ (3.60)
$`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}(\nu )`$ seems consistent with the experiments. We note that the highest temperature at which FQHE is observed is $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}(<T_{\mathrm{PFS}})`$ since Bose condensation of fluxons is necessary for FQHE (See Sec.IV C for details).

Let us estimate the effect of phase fluctuations of $`U_{xj}`$ upon PFS. For this purpose, we compare $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ with its “mean-field” value $`T_{V_0}`$. $`T_{V_0}`$ is defined by the temperature at which $`V_0`$ starts to develop and is calculated by setting the coefficient of the $`V_0^2`$ term in $`A_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ with $`|U_{xj,0}|=1`$ to vanish, i.e., $`\beta /(2ma^2)+\beta ^2D_2=0`$ as

$`T_{V_0}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2k_\mathrm{B}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{n(1n)}{\gamma ^2}}+\gamma ^2n(1+n)\right).`$ (3.61)
This $`T_{V_0}(\nu )`$ is also plotted in Fig.2,3. At $`\nu =1/2`$,

$`T_{V_0}(1/2)=1619\mathrm{K},`$ (3.62)
which is about 3 times larger than $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}(1/2)`$ of (3.60). This demonstrates the importance of fluctuations of the gauge-field $`A_{xj}`$ in PFS, which reduce the critical temperature of PFS significantly from $`T_{V_0}`$ down to $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. The similar large effect of gauge field was found also in CSS.

Let us next consider the masses of chargeon and fluxon, $`m_\eta (\nu )`$ and $`m_\varphi (\nu )`$. To calculate $`m_\eta `$ and $`m_\varphi `$, one may set $`V_{xj}V_0`$ in the $`J_{xj}^{}V_{xj}`$ term in Lagrangian (2.46) at low $`T`$. Then this term gives rise to the hopping terms of $`\eta _x`$ and $`\varphi _x`$, from which one obtains

$`m_\eta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{V_0}}m,m_\varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma V_0}}m.`$ (3.63)
Their values for (3.56) and (3.58) are plotted in Fig.4,5, which show $`m_\eta ,m_\varphi >m`$. At $`\nu =1/2`$,

$`m_\eta (1/2)`$ $`=`$ $`(6.64.5)m,m_\varphi (1/2)=(7.29.5)m.`$ (3.64)
Experimentally, the mass of CF, $`m_{\mathrm{CF}}`$, is determined by equating the observed activation energy $`E_{\mathrm{ac}}`$ in the resistivity $`\rho _{xx}\mathrm{exp}(E_{\mathrm{ac}}/2k_\mathrm{B}T)`$ to be an energy gap $`\omega _{\mathrm{\Delta }B}e\mathrm{\Delta }B/m_{\mathrm{CF}}`$ between the lowest and the next LL formed by the residual magnetic field $`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$ felt by CFs, i.e., $`m_{\mathrm{CF}}=e\mathrm{\Delta }B/E_{\mathrm{ac}}`$. In our theory, chargeons just describe Jain’s CFs, so one has $`m_\eta =m_{\mathrm{CF}}`$. The estimate (LABEL:CFmass) of $`m_\eta `$ in Fig.4,5 seems consistent with the experiments  apart from the region near $`\nu =1/2`$ where the effect of coupling of gauge field to (almost) massless fermions may be large.

One may argue that the scale of the CF mass, $`m_\eta `$, should be set by the Coulomb energy, and not by the electron band mass $`m`$. For example, even for the limit $`m0`$ at which the energy gap between neighboring LL’s of electrons diverges, the CF should have a finite mass. The expressions of $`m_{\eta ,\varphi }`$ in (LABEL:CFmass) are free from this criticism. They hold just for the physical value of the electron band mass $`m`$, and do not imply $`m_{\eta ,\varphi }`$ are proportional to $`m`$. (The ratios $`m_{\eta ,\varphi }/m`$ vary as $`m`$ varies.) In our approach, we argued in Sec.II E that the residual interactions $`H_4`$ of $`\eta _x`$ and $`\varphi _x`$, which involves $`m`$, and the short-range Coulomb interaction $`H_{\mathrm{int}}`$ should relate as (2.62). Thus the formula above may be interpreted as $`m_{\eta ,\varphi }e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})`$.

In this section, we studied the phase structure of the effective gauge theory, which is defined on a lattice. One may wonder whether the PFS and the CDPT studied on the lattice model survive in the “continuum limit”. The CDPT at finite $`T`$ was first discovered by Polyakov and Susskind in lattice gauge theory. After that, more detailed investigations, including numerical studies and renormalization-group (RG) analyses, confirm the existence of this CDPT in the continuum. The lattice models are regarded there as the effective models of RG, and the transition tepmerature is a RG-invariant quantity. Moreover, recent studies on gauge theories in the continuum spacetime, which is closely related to the present gauge system, support the existence of CDPT at finite $`T`$. For example, in Ref., the $`U(1)`$ gauge theory in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions coupled with multi-fermions is studied by the RG method. There a nontrivial infrared fixed point is found. This result indicates that a deconfinement phase is realized at low $`T`$. In Ref., finite$`T`$ properties of the compact $`U(1)`$ gauge theory is studied by using the Georgi-Glashow model in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions. From the instanton calculation, it is shown that a CDPT occurs at finite $`T`$ as predicted by the lattice gauge theory. These facts support that our results of the PFS and CDPT obtained in this section remain valid even in the “continuum limit”.

## IV Ground State, Low-Energy Excitaitons, EM Transport

### A Ground state

In the previous section, we showed that the PFS takes place at low $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. In the PFS states, the chargeons and fluxons are interacting only weakly through the gauge field $`A_{xj}`$. In this perturbative phase of gauge dynamics, one can return to the continuum notation. (Recall that the lattice regularization was essential for the strong-coupling phase of gauge dynamics.) Let us study the ground state by putting $`V_{xj}=V_0`$. Due to the separation pheomenon PFS, the Hamiltonian may be separated effectively into the chargeon part $`H_\eta `$ and the fluxon part $`H_\varphi `$,

$`H_{\mathrm{eff}}=H_\eta +H_\varphi ,`$ (4.1)
where we have safely neglected perturbative mixing effects mediated by $`A_{xj}`$. Then the ground state of electrons $`|G_C`$ is given by a direct product of the ground state of $`H_\eta `$, $`|G_\eta `$, and the ground state of $`H_\varphi `$, $`|G_\varphi `$, i.e.,

$`|G_C=|G_\eta |G_\varphi .`$ (4.2)
Thus the electron wave function is expressed in the continuum notation as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_e(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N){}_{C}{}^{}0|C(x_1)\mathrm{}C(x_N)|G_{C}^{}`$ (4.3)
$`=\mathrm{\Psi }_\eta (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\varphi (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N),`$ (4.4)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\eta (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N){}_{\eta }{}^{}0|\eta (x_1)\mathrm{}\eta (x_N)|G_{\eta }^{},`$ (4.5)
$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\varphi (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N){}_{\varphi }{}^{}0|\varphi (x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi (x_N)\times `$ (4.6)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\mathrm{exp}[2iq{\displaystyle d^2y\theta (x_ky)\varphi ^{}(y)\varphi (y)}]|G_\varphi ,`$ (4.7)
where $`\theta (x)`$ is the azimuthal angle of $`x`$.

The fluxon part of Lagrangian density is given for $`a_{xj}=0`$ by

$`_\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`\varphi ^{}(_\tau \mu _\varphi )\varphi `$ (4.9)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{V_0\gamma }{2m}}|(_j+iA_j^\varphi )\varphi |^2H_\varphi ^{\mathrm{LR}}(\varphi ^{}\varphi ),`$
with

$$A_j^\varphi (x)2qd^2y\frac{}{x_j}\theta (xy)(\varphi ^{}\varphi (y)\rho ).$$
(4.10)
Here we have included the term $`H_\varphi ^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ to $`_\varphi `$, which expresses a long-range part of the Coulomb repulsion between fluxons. We partition the full long-range Coulomb repulsion as follows;

$`H^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}{\displaystyle ^{}}d^2xd^2y(C^{}C(x)\rho ){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{|xy|}}(C^{}C(y)\rho )`$ (4.11)
$``$ $`H_\eta ^{\mathrm{LR}}+H_\varphi ^{\mathrm{LR}},`$ (4.12)
$`H_\eta ^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_\eta }{2}}{\displaystyle ^{}}d^2xd^2y(\eta ^{}\eta (x)\rho ){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{|xy|}}(\eta ^{}\eta (y)\rho ),`$ (4.13)
$`H_\varphi ^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_\varphi }{2}}{\displaystyle ^{}}d^2xd^2y(\varphi ^{}\varphi (x)\rho ){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{|xy|}}(\varphi ^{}\varphi (y)\rho ),`$ (4.14)
$`g_\eta +g_\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`g{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{ϵ\mathrm{}}},`$ (4.15)
where the prime indicates that the integration range is $`|xy|>a`$. We note that the recent experiment  suggests that the CFs (i.e., chargeons $`\eta _x`$) have residual long-range Coulomb repulsion, i.e., $`g_\eta 0`$.

The above fluxon Lagrangian $`_\varphi `$ has just the same form as the Lagrangian of the composite bosons (CB) in the CB theory of FQHE, except that each fluxon here carries $`2q`$ CS flux quanta, while each CS boson carries $`2q+1`$ flux quanta. (We shall discuss the related chargeon-fluxon formalism of CB systems in Sec.V B, where $`\varphi (x)`$ carries $`2q+1`$ flux quanta.) In Ref., the ground state is given by the Bose condensation of CBs and the wave function is calculated explicitly. Then one may consider $`|G_\varphi `$ also as the Bose-condensed state of $`\varphi (x)`$ as in the CB theory. By following the derivation in Ref., we obtain

$`{}_{\varphi }{}^{}0|\varphi (x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi (x_N)|G_{\varphi }^{}={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}|z_iz_j|^{2q}e^{\frac{1}{4\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2}_{j=1}^N|z_j|^2},`$ (4.16)
$`\mathrm{}_\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{eB_\varphi }}},B_\varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{4\pi q\rho }{e}},`$ (4.17)
where $`z_j`$’s are the complex coordinates of $`N`$ fluxons, $`z_jx_{j1}+ix_{j2}`$. The CS factor $`\mathrm{exp}[2iqd^2y\theta (xy)\varphi _y^{}\varphi _y]`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\varphi `$ of (4.7) produces a phase factor of $`|z_iz_j|^{2q}`$, changing $`|z_iz_j|^{2q}`$ in (4.17) to $`(z_iz_j)^{2q}`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\varphi `$ of (4.7). Thus the fluxon part $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\varphi `$ in (4.7) becomes

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\varphi (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}(z_iz_j)^{2q}e^{\frac{1}{4\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2}{\scriptscriptstyle |z_j|^2}}.`$ (4.18)
From (4.18), one sees that fluxons give rise to the factor $`_{i<j}(z_iz_j)^{2q}`$ that describes correlation holes as it is expected.

Let us turn to the chargeon part $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\eta (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)`$. As explained in Sec.II D, at $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$, the chargeons $`\eta _x`$ feel the residual field

$`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$ $`=`$ $`B^{\mathrm{ex}}B_\varphi =\pm {\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \rho }{ep}},`$ (4.19)
and they fill up the $`p`$ LL’s formed by $`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$, giving rise to IQHE. This observation clearly implies that the chargeons are nothing but Jain’s CFs. The wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\eta `$ in (4.7) is known for $`p=1`$ as the Slater determinant,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\eta (x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}(z_iz_j)e^{{\scriptscriptstyle |z_j|^2/(4\mathrm{}_\eta ^2)}},`$ (4.20)
$`\mathrm{}_\eta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{e\mathrm{\Delta }B}}}.`$ (4.21)
Thus (4.18) becomes just the Laughlin’s wave function for $`\nu =1/(2q+1)`$,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_e(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)={\displaystyle \underset{i<j}{}}(z_iz_j)^{2q+1}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle |z_j|^2/(4\mathrm{}^2)}},`$ (4.22)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}_\eta ^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2}}eB^{\mathrm{ex}}.`$ (4.23)
For $`p1`$, one needs the wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\eta `$ of IQHE with the filling factor $`\nu _\eta =p=2,3,\mathrm{}`$ to obtain the full wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_e`$.

At $`\nu =1/(2q)(p=\mathrm{})`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }B=0`$, so chargeons behave as quasi-free fermions in vanishing magnetic field. Beyond MFT, fluctuations of $`A_{xj}`$ meditate interactions among chargeons (and fluxons), and may generate non-Fermi-liquid-like behaviors.

### B Low-energy excitations

Let us study the low-energy excitations in the PFS state with $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$ at which FQHE is observed experimentally. There are classified according to the excitaitons in the chargeon sector and the excitations in the fluxon sector.

We first consider the excitations in the chargeon sector. In the leading approximation for PFS in which the interactions with the gauge field are ignored, the chargeons move in a reduced magnetic field $`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$ of (2.56) as explained, and they fill up the first $`p`$ LL’s formed by $`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$. So the possible excitations are the inter-LL excitations from the $`p`$-th LL to the $`p+1`$-th LL, hence their energy gap is $`\omega _\eta e\mathrm{\Delta }B/m_\eta `$. It is estimated as

$`\omega _\eta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e\mathrm{\Delta }B}{m_\eta }}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }B}{B^{\mathrm{ex}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{m_\eta }}\omega _B{\displaystyle \frac{\nu }{p}}{\displaystyle \frac{\nu }{3.2}}200\mathrm{K}`$ (4.24)
$`<`$ $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}10\nu \mathrm{K}\mathrm{for}{\displaystyle \frac{\nu }{p}}<0.16,`$ (4.25)
where we used the rough estimation, $`m_\eta /m3.2/\nu `$ (Fig.4), $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}10\nu `$ (Fig.2) for $`g=0.1e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})`$, and $`\omega _B200`$K. Since $`\omega _\eta `$ can be smaller than $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, these chargeon excitations may be genuine excitations.

Recently, spin-reversed excitations are observed in the FQH regime $`2/5\nu 1/3`$. They should be identified with another type of excitations in the CF or chargeon sector, because the CFs may carry spin degrees of freedom. In fact, if we include the spin degrees of freedom of electrons into the present chargeon-fluxon formalism, we introduce the chargeon operator $`\eta _{x\sigma }`$ which carries the spin index $`\sigma =,`$, corresponding to the electron operator $`C_{x\sigma }`$ through (2.29) as

$$C_{x\sigma }=\mathrm{exp}[2iq\underset{y}{}\theta _{xy}\varphi _y^{}\varphi _y]\varphi _x\eta _{x\sigma }.$$
(4.26)
Then the observed spin-reversed excitations $`|\mathrm{SR}`$ are expected to be Skyrmion-type excitations in the spin space of chargeons just like the Skyrmion excitations known in the electron system at $`\nu =1`$. Their excitation energy $`E_{\mathrm{SR}}`$ is estimated as the sum of Zeeman energy and the Coulomb energy $`H_\eta ^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ of (4.15),

$`E_{\mathrm{SR}}`$ $`=`$ $`E_\mathrm{Z}+E_{},`$ (4.27)
$`E_\mathrm{Z}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{SR}|H_\mathrm{Z}|\mathrm{SR},`$ (4.28)
$`E_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{SR}|H_\eta ^{\mathrm{LR}}|\mathrm{SR},`$ (4.29)
where the Zeeman Hamiltonian is given by

$`H_\mathrm{Z}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g\mu _\mathrm{B}B^{\mathrm{ex}}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\left(C_x^{}C_xC_x^{}C_x\right)`$ (4.30)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g\mu _\mathrm{B}B^{\mathrm{ex}}}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x\left(\eta _x^{}\eta _x\eta _x^{}\eta _x\right)`$ (4.31)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g\mu _\mathrm{B}B^{\mathrm{ex}}n}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{x}{}}\left(\eta _x^{}\eta _x\eta _x^{}\eta _x\right).`$ (4.32)
We have set $`\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x\varphi _x^{}\varphi _x=n`$ in the last line of (4.32). From this, we estimate $`E_\mathrm{Z}g\mu _\mathrm{B}B^{\mathrm{ex}}n`$. These energies are measured in Ref. as $`E_\mathrm{Z}0.18`$mev and $`E_{}0.6`$mev.

Next, let us consider the excitations in the fluxon sector. Here one may conceive the following two types of excitations. The first one is described by small fluctuations $`\phi _x`$ around the fluxon condensate (here we consider $`T0`$) as

$$\varphi (x)=\sqrt{\rho }+\phi (x).$$
(4.33)
To calculate their energy gap, we follow the similar calculation in CB theory. By substituting (4.33) into the Lagrangian (4.9), expanding it up to $`O(\phi ^2)`$, and making a Bogoliubov transformation to diagonalize it, one finds that the field $`\phi (x)`$ describes excitations with an energy gap $`\omega _\varphi eB_\varphi /m_\varphi `$. It is estimated for $`g=0.1e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})`$ as

$`\omega _\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{eB_\varphi }{m_\varphi }}={\displaystyle \frac{B_\varphi }{B^{\mathrm{ex}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{m_\varphi }}\omega _B`$ (4.34)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2pq}{2pq\pm 1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\nu }{3}}200\mathrm{K}60\nu \mathrm{K},`$ (4.35)
which is always larger than $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}10\nu `$. Therefore these “excitations” are not genuine ones in the PFS states.

The proper fluxon excitations in the PFS states are described by the second type of excitations; i.e., vortices. As in the CB theory of FQHE, they are given by the configurations as

$$\varphi (x)\sqrt{\rho }e^{iN\theta (x)},|x|\mathrm{},$$
(4.36)
where $`N`$ is an integer. A single vortex carries the electric charge $`ceN/(2q)`$. Their kinetic energy vanishes due to the cancellation of their spatial variaitons with $`A_{xj}^{\mathrm{CS}}`$ in the covariant derivative, so an energy gap is supplied from the interaction $`H_\varphi ^{\mathrm{LR}}`$ in (4.15). Thus the vortex energy is calculated by substituting (4.36) into $`H_\varphi ^{\mathrm{LR}}`$. The relevant calculation has been already done in the CB theory for the states of FQHE at $`\nu =1/(2q+1)`$, giving rise to the single-vortex energy $`E_V`$ for $`N=1`$ as

$$E_V0.04\frac{e^2}{ϵ\mathrm{}}6\mathrm{K},$$
(4.37)
with $`e^2/(ϵ\mathrm{})160`$K. Because this $`E_V`$ is of the same order as $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, they are in charge of genuine excitations.

The estimation (4.37) is in agreement with the numerical calculation by using the Laughlin wave function. However, there are still some discrepancy with the experimentally observed activation energies in FQH states, which are smaller than (4.37) by a factor $`23`$. From this fact, more careful studies are required to calculate the energy gap in the fluxon sector in the present formalism.

In the QH states, magneto-roton excitations are known as genuine low-energy excitations. In the present formalism, they are identified with the vortex-antivortex pairs in the fluxon sector just as in the CS theory of CBs. To study these excitaitons, we start with the effective Lagrangian of vortices obtained by the duality transformation. Let us consider a system of vortex-antivortex pair with vorticities $`N_i=\pm 1(i=1,2)`$ and denote their coodinates as $`(x_i^1,x_i^2)(i=1,2)`$. Then the effective Lagrangian is written after imposing the LLL condition as

$`L`$ $`=`$ $`2E_Vq\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,2}{}}N_iϵ^{\alpha \beta }\dot{x}_i^\alpha x_i^\beta `$ (4.39)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2q}}{\displaystyle \underset{ij}{}}ϵ^{\alpha \beta }\dot{x}_i^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{x_i^\beta x_j^\beta }{|x_ix_j|^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{4q^2|x_1x_2|}}.`$
The first term of (4.39) is the self energy of the vortices, the second term denotes the Lorentz force, the third term comes from the Aharonov-Bohm phase or fractional statistics of vortices, and the fourth term is the Coulomb interaction. Important results are derived from (4.39). First the coordinates $`x_i^\alpha `$ satisfies the following commutation relations;

$$[x_i^\alpha ,x_j^\beta ]=2iq\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2N_i\delta _{ij}ϵ^{\alpha \beta },$$
(4.40)
which indicate that the sizes of vortices are about $`\sqrt{2q}\mathrm{}_\varphi `$, and the vortex-pair picture holds when the distance between vortex and antivortex is lager than $`\sqrt{2q}\mathrm{}_\varphi `$. Let us introduce the relative and center-of-mass coordinates,

$`x=x_1^1x_2^1,y=x_1^2x_2^2,`$ (4.41)
$`X={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x_1^1+x_2^1),Y={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(x_1^2+x_2^2).`$ (4.42)
Then from (4.40) we have

$$[x,Y]=2iq\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2,[y,X]=2iq\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2.$$
(4.43)
These relations imply that $`(P_X(2q\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2)^1y,P_Y(2q\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2)^1x)`$ is the total (center-of-mass) momentum. From the discussion just below (4.40), we have the conditions, $`P_X,P_Y>(\sqrt{2q}\mathrm{}_\varphi )^1`$. Let us consider a vortex pair with the total momentum $`P_X=p_X`$ and $`P_Y=0`$. Then the energy of the pair is given from (4.39) as

$`E(y=2qp_X\mathrm{}_\varphi ^2)`$ $`=`$ $`2E_V{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{(2q)^3p_X\mathrm{}_\varphi }}.`$ (4.44)
(One can show that the second and the third terms do not contribute to $`E`$.) Thus the system has the minimum energy, $`E_{\mathrm{min}}2E_Ve^2(2q)^{5/2}\mathrm{}_\varphi ^1`$ at $`p_X(\sqrt{2q}\mathrm{}_\varphi )^1`$. As $`y`$ or $`p_X`$ increases to $`\mathrm{}`$, the vortex pair dissociates into an independent vortex and an antivortex, and its energy increases continuously up to $`2E_V`$. These independent vortices break the coherent condensation of fluxons.

Let us stress that the chargeon excitations with the energy gap $`\omega _\eta `$ and the fluxon vortices with the energy gap $`E_V`$ (and their magneto-roton combinations) are two independent types of excitations, both of which are supported simultaneously in the PFS states. As we shall see in Sec.IV C, chargeons and fluxons contribute to the resistivity tensors, $`\rho _{xx}`$ and $`\rho _{xy}`$, in different manners. Therefore, by measuring activation energies in two quantities $`\rho _{xx}`$ and $`\rho _{xy}`$, one may identify the above chargeon excitations and fluxon vortices independently. For example, the above mentioned magneto-roton excitations disappear in the temperature region $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}<T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, whereas the effective LLs of CFs, hence the spin-reversed excitations still exist and become more active at higher $`T`$ up to $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. Then it is quite interesting to observe by experiments how the magneto-roton excitations and spin-reversed excitations change their importance as $`T`$ increases from very low $`T`$ up to $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. For $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}<T`$, the PFS disappears and the relevant excitations there should be described by electrons themselves. Thus certain qualitative changes in the low-energy excitations should be observed at $`T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. Further quantitative study of these excitations and comparison with experiments are welcome to show the appropriateness of the present chargeon-fluxon theory of CFs.

Finally, we comment on the case of $`\nu =1/(2q)`$. In this case, chargeons move in a vanishing magnetic field $`\mathrm{\Delta }B=0`$, so they form a Fermi line if the interactions with the gauge field are ignored. Although, the perturbative gauge interactions may give rise to a non-Fermi-liquid-like behavior, the chargeon excitations may remain gapless as in a usual Fermi-liquid theory. Thus the states are no more incompressive and no FQH effect will be observed (See next subsection). In the fluxon sector, the fluxon vortices with the energy (4.37) exist as low-energy excitations with a gap as in the previous case of $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$.

### C EM transport property

Let us consider the EM transport properties of the PFS states. The response functions of electrons is calculated from the EM effective action $`A_{\mathrm{EM}}[a_{xj}]`$ defined by

$`{\displaystyle [dU]\mathrm{exp}(A_{\mathrm{eff}}[a_{xj},V_0U_{xj}])}=\mathrm{exp}(A_{\mathrm{EM}}[a_{xj}]),`$ (4.45)
where we have set $`\theta _x=0`$ as in the previous calculations and also showed the dependence of $`a_{xj}`$ explicitly. In the PFS states, fluctuations of the dynamical gauge field $`A_{xj}`$ are small, so $`A_{\mathrm{eff}}[a_{xj},V_0U_{xj}]`$ can be expanded in powers of $`A_{xj}`$ up to $`O(A^2)`$ as

$`A_{\mathrm{eff}}[a_{xj},V_0U_{xj}]={\displaystyle \underset{x,y,i,j}{}}[(A+cea)_{xi}\mathrm{\Pi }_{\varphi xy}^{ij}(A+cea)_{yj}`$ (4.46)
$`+(A+(1c)ea)_{xi}\mathrm{\Pi }_{\eta xy}^{ij}(A+(1c)ea)_{yj}],`$ (4.47)
where $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{\varphi (\eta )}^{ij}`$ is the polarization tensor of $`\varphi _x(\eta _x)`$. $`A_{\mathrm{EM}}[a_{xj}]`$ is obtained by making Gaussian integration over $`A_{xj}(𝐑)`$ as

$`A_{\mathrm{EM}}[a_{xj}]`$ $`=`$ $`e^2{\displaystyle a_{xi}\mathrm{\Pi }_{xy}^{ij}a_{yj}},`$ (4.48)
$`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ $`=`$ $`(\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi ^1+\mathrm{\Pi }_\eta ^1)^1,`$ (4.49)
where $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ is nothing but the response function of electrons. Then we obtain the simple formula for the resistivity,

$`\rho `$ $`=`$ $`\rho _\eta +\rho _\varphi ,`$ (4.50)
$`\rho `$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^2\mathrm{\Pi }}},\rho _\eta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^2\mathrm{\Pi }_\eta }},\rho _\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{e^2\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi }},`$ (4.51)
where $`\rho _{(\eta ,\varphi )}`$ are $`2\times 2`$ resistivity tensor of electrons, chargeons, and fluxons, respectively. Both chargeons and fluxons contribute additively to $`\rho `$. This result obviously reflects the composite nature (2.16) even though the PFS takes place.

The parameter $`c`$ in (2.47) expresses arbitrariness to choose the reference state from which the relative EM charges (2.47) are measured. Then it is natural that the formula (4.51) does not depend on $`c`$. In high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprates, there exists exactly the same arbitrariness in the EM charges of holons and spinons. There, the formula of $`\rho `$ that corresponds to (4.51) is known as the Ioffe-Larkin formula.

What is the contribution to the electric transports from fluxons? Let us consider the FQH state at $`\nu =p/(2pq\pm 1)`$ first. In the CB theory of FQHE, CBs form a Bose condensate and each CB carries $`(2q+1)`$-flux quanta and gives rise to $`\rho _{xy}=(2q+1)h/e^2`$. Because each fluxon in the present formalism carries $`2q`$ flux quanta and certainly contributes to $`\rho _{xy}`$ in the same manner as those CBs do, we have $`\rho _{\varphi xy}=2qh/e^2`$. Likewise, $`\rho _{\varphi xx}=0`$ because of the superfluidity of the fluxon condensation. On the other hand, the chargeons fill up the $`p`$ LL’s of $`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$ and so contribute with $`\rho _{\eta xy}=\pm h/(pe^2)`$ and $`\rho _{\eta xx}=0`$ as in the IQHE. Thus, from (4.51), we obtain

$`\rho _{xy}{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{h}}`$ $`=`$ $`2q\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{p}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu }},\rho _{xx}=0,`$ (4.52)
which are actually observed in the experiments.

We stress that chargeons exhibit IQHE as long as $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ whatever fluxons behave as explained at the end of Sec.II D. However, to exhibit FQHE like the Laughlin state (4.18) and the resistivity (4.52), fluxons must Bose-condense. Thus FQHE takes place not at $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ but $`T<T_{\mathrm{BC}}(<T_{\mathrm{PFS}})`$.

How about the resistivity in the compressible states like $`\nu =1/(2q)`$? The fluxons contribute to $`\rho _{\varphi xy}=2qh/e^2`$ as before, whereas the chargeons are effectively in the vanishing magnetic field and form a Fermi line as explained before. For such a fermionic system, $`\rho _{\eta xx}0,`$ and $`\rho _{\eta xy}=0`$. This result shall persist although the gauge field may influences the transport properties of the chargeons. Therefore, the formula (4.51) becomes

$$\rho _{xy}\frac{e^2}{h}=2q=\frac{1}{\nu },\rho _{xx}0,$$
(4.53)
as is also observed experimantally.

Finally, let us point out the possible change in the behavior of $`\rho _{xx}(T)`$ across $`T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, which reflects the change of quasiparticles from electrons for $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}<T`$ to (uncondensed) fluxons (and chargeons and perturbative gauge bosons) at $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. For $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}<T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, chargeons still give rise to $`\rho _{\eta xx}0`$ (up to $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$) due to their IQHE ($`\rho _{\eta xx}\mathrm{exp}(\beta \omega _\eta )`$ by the small LL mixing effects). However, vortices of fluxons are activated there and the Bose condensation disappears. Thus the fluxons give rise to a nonvanishing contribution $`\rho _{\varphi xx}0`$, and the FQH states disappear as we mentioned above. If this change is observed in experiment, it may support our present theory of PFS. We recall that a similar change in high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprates is observed, where anomalous behaviors of various physical quantities start to appear at $`T=T_{\mathrm{CSS}}`$, below which the anomalous metallic phase is realized. For example, the dc resistivity exhibits a linear-$`T`$ behavior below $`T_{\mathrm{CSS}}`$, which is consistent with the perturbative calculations using a system of bosons interacting with a massless gauge field.

Let us discuss the above observation rather in detail. For $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}<T`$, the electrons in $`B_{\mathrm{ex}}`$ interact themselves and with impurites, producing certain $`\sigma _{exx}`$ and $`\sigma _{exy}`$. For $`T`$ just below $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, the fluxon degrees of freedom is well described not by $`\varphi _x`$ but by the following $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x`$ because of the noncondensation of the field $`\varphi _x`$;

$`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x\mathrm{exp}(2iqn{\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}\theta _{xy}\varphi _y^{}\varphi _y)\varphi _x,`$ (4.54)
with which the interaction term in $`J_{xj}`$ of (2.46) is expressed as

$`J_{xj}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ma^2}}(\gamma \stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{x+j}\mathrm{exp}(2iqn_j{\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}\theta _{xy})e^{ieca_{xj}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x^{}`$ (4.56)
$`+\mathrm{}).`$
This shows that the new bosons $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x`$ move under $`B_\varphi `$. Such a bosonic system may have smaller $`\sigma _{xx},\sigma _{xy}`$ than those of the electron system (above $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$) due to the larger bosonic density of states and the interaction with the dynamical gauge field $`U_{xj}`$, i.e., $`\sigma _{\varphi xx}(T)=f(T)\sigma _{exx}(T),\sigma _{\varphi xy}(T)=g(T)\sigma _{exy}(T)`$, $`f(T)<1,g(T)<1`$. In the gauge theory for the t-J model in the slave-boson picture, the conductivity of the bosonic holon and the fermionic spinon, which are interacting with the dynamical gauge field, is calculated. At low $`T`$, the holon gives main contribution to the resistivity as $`\sigma T^1`$ which should be compared with the ordinary $`T^2`$ behavior at low $`T`$.

To study the behavior of $`\rho _{xx}(T)`$ near $`T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, let us start with the formula of $`\rho =\sigma ^1`$;

$`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\rho _{xx}& \rho _{xy}\\ \rho _{yx}& \rho _{yy}\end{array}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma _{xx}^2+\sigma _{xy}^2}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sigma _{xx}& \sigma _{xy}\\ \sigma _{xy}& \sigma _{xx}\end{array}\right),`$ (4.61)
where we set $`\sigma _{yx}=\sigma _{xy},\sigma _{yy}=\sigma _{xx}`$. It may be simplified by setting $`\sigma _{xx}<<\sigma _{xy}`$ as

$`\rho _{xx}{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _{xx}}{\sigma _{xy}^2}}.`$ (4.62)
Thus the ratio of $`\rho _{\varphi xx}`$ and $`\rho _{exx}`$ is expressed as

$`r(T){\displaystyle \frac{\rho _{\varphi xx}(T)}{\rho _{exx}(T)}}={\displaystyle \frac{f(T)}{g^2(T)}}.`$ (4.63)
At $`T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ we assume $`\rho _{xx}`$ is continuous; $`r(T_{\mathrm{PFS}})=1`$. For example, let us set the $`T`$-dependences $`f(T)T^m,g(T)T^n`$. Then we have

$`r(T)\left({\displaystyle \frac{T}{T_{\mathrm{PFS}}}}\right)^{m2n},`$ (4.64)
which implies that the derivative $`d\rho _{xx}(T)/dT`$ is discontinuous at $`T=T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. According to $`m>2n`$ or $`m<2n`$, $`\rho _{xx}`$ gets reduction $`r(T)<1`$ or enhancement $`r(T)>1`$ at $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. On the other hand, at $`T`$ slightly higher than $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}`$, we expect $`\rho _{\varphi xy}2qh/e^2`$ and $`\rho _{\varphi xx}0`$. In Fig.6 the expected $`T`$-dependence of $`\rho _{xx}`$ is illustrated.

## V Discussion

### A Conclusion

In this paper we studied the low-energy quasiexcitations of the fermionic CS gauge theory for the CF. We show that phenomenon which we call PFS is essential for the CF to appear as a quasiparticle and the PFS takes place at low $`T<T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. The PFS can be understood as a deconfinement transition of the dynamical gauge field. As a result of the PFS, an electron or a CS fermion splinters off a chargeon and a fluxon. Below $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}`$, fluxons Bose condense, cancelling the external magnetic field partly and producing correlation holes in the desired form. The chargeons move in a reduced manetic field $`\mathrm{\Delta }B`$ to form an incompressible fluid as the Jain’s CFs. The system below $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}`$ exhibit FQHE. We estimated the transition temperature $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$ as well as the CF and fluxon masses. From the local gauge invariance with the dynamical gauge field, chargeons and fluxons contribute to the resistivity tensor of electrons additively. This formula describes well the observed results of resistivity. For the important problem in future, we consider the calculation of $`T_{\mathrm{BC}}`$. It is not only important for comparison with experiments but also challenging theoretically. To compare with the experiments, we have calculated $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$, $`m_\eta `$, $`m_\varphi `$. Also we conjectured $`\rho _{xx}`$ should have an extra damping factor below $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}`$. Finally, we stress that PFS is closely related to CSS in high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cuprates. Actually, theoretical techniques are common and both phenomena are understood as separations of the degrees of freedom describing electrons. In Fig.7 we illustrate the phase strucutres of the gauge dynamics for the present FQH sysetem and the t-J model of high-$`T_\mathrm{c}`$ cupper oxides. We note that a deconfinement phase may be further classified into two independent phases; (I) Coulomb phase in which the gauge bosons are massless and (II) Higgs phase in which the gauge bosons acquire a finite mass. The two phase strucures in Fig.7 look almost similar each other, except that the present FQH system has one Higgs phase that is generated by the Bose condensation of fluxons via the well-known Anderson-Higgs mechanism, while the t-J model has two Higgs phases reflecting the two different mechanisms; (I) Higgs I induced by the spin-gap order parameter and (II) Higgs II induced by the Bose condensation of holons.

### B PFS in composite bosons

Let us comment on the CB approach to the FQHE in terms of the “chargeon” and “fluxon”. First we intorduce the CS boson operator $`\psi _x^\mathrm{B}`$ from the electron operator $`C_x`$ by the following CS transformation;

$$C_x=\mathrm{exp}[(2q+1)i\underset{y}{}\theta _{xy}\psi _{y}^{\mathrm{B}}{}_{}{}^{}\psi _y^\mathrm{B}]\psi _x^\mathrm{B}.$$
(5.1)
Each CS boson is viewed as a composite of an electron and $`(2q+1)`$ quanta of CS fluxes. Then the “chargeon” operator $`\eta _x^\mathrm{B}`$ and the “fluxon” operator $`\varphi _x^\mathrm{B}`$ are intoroduced as constituents of a CS boson just like the case of CS fermion in (2.16) as follows;

$$\psi _x^\mathrm{B}=\varphi _x^\mathrm{B}\eta _x^\mathrm{B},$$
(5.2)
where both $`\varphi _x^\mathrm{B}`$ and $`\eta _x^\mathrm{B}`$ are canonical bosons. Each fluxon $`\varphi _x^\mathrm{B}`$ carries an odd number $`(2q+1)`$ of flux quanta. One may follow the analyses of Sec.II and Sec.III and obtain a critical temperature $`T_{\mathrm{PFS}}^\mathrm{B}`$ below which the gauge dynamics is realized in a deconfinement phase and ther PFS takes place.

In the FQH states, both chargeons and fluxons Bose condense and fluxons create the correlation holes. In this sense, the fluxon field corresponds to the longitudinal gauge field in the SM formalism of the CB. However, the PFS is essential for the chargeon and fluxon to behave as weakly interacting quasiexcitations and to satisfy the usual canonical commutation relations.

### C Comment on the theory of Shanker and Murthy

As we mentioned in the introduction, recently there appeared some papers for the low-energy quasiexcitations in the FQH state by using the CS theory. Let us briefly discuss the SM’s approach among them, in particular, the treatment of the CS constraint and field operators which they introduced in order to describe quasiparticles.

Lagrangian of the CS theory is given as follows,

$`L`$ $`=`$ $`i\overline{\psi }_0\psi +a_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{a}}{2\pi l}}\overline{\psi }\psi \right)`$ (5.4)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}}|(i\stackrel{}{}+e\stackrel{}{A}+\stackrel{}{a})\psi |^2,`$
where $`\psi `$ is the CS particle field (a boson or fermion), $`\stackrel{}{A}`$ is the external magnetic field and $`a_0`$ is the Lagrange multiplier for the CS constraint,

$$\frac{\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{a}}{2\pi l}\overline{\psi }\psi =0.$$
(5.5)
Then SM introduced a composite particle operator $`\psi _{CP}`$;

$`\psi (x,y,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}[i\mathrm{\Theta }(x,y,t)]\psi _{CP}(x,y,t),`$ (5.6)
$`\mathrm{\Theta }(x,y,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}a_0(x,y,t^{})𝑑t^{}.`$ (5.7)
The Lagrangian (5.4) is rewritten in terms of $`\psi _{CP}`$,

$`L`$ $`=`$ $`i\overline{\psi }_{CP}_0\psi _{CP}+a_0{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{}\times \stackrel{}{a}}{2\pi l}}`$ (5.9)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}}|(i\stackrel{}{}+e\stackrel{}{A}+\stackrel{}{a}+2\pi l\stackrel{}{P})\psi _{CP}|^2,`$
where

$$\stackrel{}{P}(x,y,t)=\frac{1}{2\pi l}\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{\Theta }(x,y,t).$$
(5.10)
From (5.7) and (5.10),

$$\stackrel{}{}^1_0\stackrel{}{P}(x,y,t)=\frac{1}{2\pi l}a_0(x,y,t).$$
(5.11)
By substituting (5.11) into the second term of (5.9), it is easily seen that the CS gauge field $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ become canonical conjugate variables with each other. More precisely let us define the following variables after going into the momentum space $`\stackrel{}{q}`$,

$$P=i\frac{\stackrel{}{q}}{q}\stackrel{}{P},\delta \stackrel{}{a}=e\stackrel{}{A}+\stackrel{}{a},\delta a=i\frac{\stackrel{}{q}}{q}\times \delta \stackrel{}{a}.$$
(5.12)
Then $`[\delta a(\stackrel{}{q}_1),P(\stackrel{}{q}_2)]=(2\pi )^2\delta ^2(\stackrel{}{q}_1+\stackrel{}{q}_2)`$.

The local CS constraint on “physical states” appears from the invariance under time-independent gauge transformations; $`\psi _{CP}e^{i\mathrm{\Lambda }}\psi _{CP}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{P}\stackrel{}{P}\frac{1}{2\pi l}\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$,

$$(\frac{\stackrel{}{}\times \delta \stackrel{}{a}}{2\pi l}:\psi _{CP}^{}\psi _{CP}:)|\mathrm{phys}=0,$$
(5.13)
where $`:\psi _{CP}^{}\psi _{CP}:=\psi _{CP}^{}\psi _{CP}\rho `$ and SM used (5.13) for deriving the Laughlin’s wave function, etc.(see later discussion).

In the “new” Lagrangian (5.9), SM treated $`\psi _{CP}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ as independent commuting dynamical variables instead of the “original” ones $`\psi `$ and $`a_0`$. But this treatment is not legitimate by the following reason; From (5.6) and the fact that $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ are conjugate operators, the new variable $`\psi _{CP}`$ must satisfy a nontrivial nonlocal commutation relation with the CS gauge field $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ or $`\delta a`$ defined by (5.12). Therefore $`\psi _{CP}`$ cannot be treated as an independent variable that commute with other operators. In other words, SM have changed the system from the original one.

From (5.6), it is obvious that the above local gauge symmetry comes from the invariance of the original field $`\psi `$ under a simultanoeous phase rotation of $`\psi _{CP}`$ and $`\mathrm{exp}(i\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Therefore, this gauge symmetry is close to the one in the chargeon-fluxon approach in this paper. As we discussed in this paper, the most important point in the gauge theory is how the above local gauge symmetry and the constraint (5.13) are realized in the ground state and low-energy excitations. This dynamical problem is essential and must be clarified. For example in QED, the Gauss’ law constrant, which is similar to (5.13), is not satisfied by the low-energy excitations, i.e., the electron and photon. Similarly, in the fermionic CS gauge theory, the multiplier $`a_0`$ often acquires a “mass term” from the radiative corrections of the fermion $`\psi `$ and the CS constraint becomes irrelevant at low energies.

Let us consider the case of CS bosons and examine the SM’s derivation of the Laughlin’s wave function for $`\nu =1/3`$. By ignoring the interaction terms of the “gauge field” $`(a,P)`$ and the composite boson $`\psi _{CP}`$ as SM did, Hamiltonian is given as follows from (5.9),

$$H_0=\frac{1}{2m}|\stackrel{}{}\psi _{CP}|^2+\frac{\rho }{2m}(\delta a^2+(6\pi )^2P^2).$$
(5.14)
If we assume that $`\psi _{CP}`$ and $`(\delta a,P)`$ are independent variables as SM did, wave functional of the lowest-energy state of the Hamiltonian (5.14), $`\mathrm{\Psi }[a,\psi _{CP}]`$, is readily obtained. The boson field $`\psi _{CP}`$ Bose condenses and the system of $`(a,P)`$ is just a harmonic oscillator (here we ignore quantum fluctuations of $`\psi _{CP}`$ as SM did),

$$\mathrm{\Psi }[a,\psi _{CP}]=\underset{x}{}\delta (\psi _{CP}(x)\sqrt{\rho })\underset{\stackrel{}{q}}{}e^{\delta a^2(\stackrel{}{q})}.$$
(5.15)
However it is obvious that the wave functional (5.15) does not satisfy the constraint (5.13). The Bose condensation of $`\psi _{CP}`$ breaks the gauge invariance. Moreover, the Hamiltonian $`H_0`$ in (5.14) itself does not respect the local gauge symmetry generated by the operator $`(\frac{\stackrel{}{}\times \delta \stackrel{}{a}}{2\pi l}:\psi _{CP}^{}\psi _{CP}:)`$. SM simply ignored the $`\psi _{CP}`$ part of the wave functional and simply put $`\mathrm{\Psi }[a,\psi _{CP}]=1_\stackrel{}{q}e^{\delta a^2(\stackrel{}{q})}`$ where $`1`$ stands for “wave functional” of the Bose condenesd state. This manipulation is essential for SM’s derivation of the Laughlin’s wave function. Obviously they confused the field operator in the second quantization and the wave function. From the above discussion, it is obvious that SM’s treatment of the CS constraint is not satisfactory at all.

Contrary to the SM approach, new dynamical degrees of freedom for the CS fluxes is introduced in the present formalism, i.e., the fluxon field. The fluxon field can be quanatized as canonical bosons and it commutes with other fields like the chargeon and the gauge field. As the phase factor $`\mathrm{exp}(i\mathrm{\Theta })`$ in the SM approach, the fluxon produces the correlation holes and contains the reminiscence of the inter-LL excitations.

As we stressed in the present paper, PFS is essential to assure the validity of Jain’s CF theory (such as the stability of CFs), and to identify the conditions with which PFS is possible is a purely dynamical problem. In this context, we recall there is a similar dynamical problem of gauge theory that is studied as “hidden gauge symmetry” in a context of composite partcle theory in high-energy particle physics.

Acknowledgement

We dedicate this paper to the memory of Professor Bunji Sakita. He has influenced us through his attitude to research and his character.