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# The Chow group of the moduli space of marked cubic surfaces

## 1. The cross ratio variety

### 1.1. The toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$.

The starting point of Naruki’s construction is the smooth toric variety $`T(𝐂^{})^4\stackrel{~}{T}`$ defined by the fan in the weight lattice $`N𝐙^4`$ of the root system of type $`D_4`$ whose 4-dimensional cones are the 192 Weyl chambers, see \[N\] and \[vG\], section 2. This fan has 48 edges (i.e. 1-dimensional cones), which correspond to the divisors in the boundary of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. Identifying $`N_𝐙𝐑`$ with $`𝐑^4`$, with standard basis $`ϵ_1,\mathrm{},ϵ_4`$ and standard scalar product, let

$$S:=\{\pm ϵ_i\}\{(\pm ϵ_1\pm ϵ_2\pm ϵ_3\pm ϵ_4)/2\},R:=\{\pm ϵ_i\pm ϵ_j\},$$

then $`S`$ and $`R`$ each have 24 elements and the half-lines they generate are the edges of the fan. The elements from $`SR`$ generate the $`𝐙`$-module $`N`$, for $`\tau SR`$ we denote by $`V(\tau )(\stackrel{~}{T})`$ the corresponding divisor.

The character group of $`T`$ is identified with $`M:=Hom(N,𝐙)`$, the root lattice of $`D_4`$. A $`𝐙`$-basis of $`M`$ is

$$e_1e_2,e_2e_3,e_3e_4,e_3+e_4,$$

where the $`e_i`$ are the dual basis of the $`ϵ_i`$, the corresponding characters $`T𝐂^{}`$ are usually denoted by $`\lambda `$, $`\rho `$, $`\nu `$ and $`\mu `$ respectively.

### 1.2. The cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$.

Naruki’s (smooth, projective) cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ is obtained from the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ as follows (\[N\], §10-12):

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}𝒞& \stackrel{r}{}& \hfill \widehat{T}& \stackrel{\pi ^{\prime \prime }}{}& \stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }& \stackrel{\pi ^{}}{}& \stackrel{~}{T}^{}& \stackrel{\pi _e}{}& \stackrel{~}{T}.\end{array}$$

The map $`\pi _e`$ is the blow up of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ in the identity element $`eT`$. The exceptional divisor $`\pi _e^1(e)𝐏^3`$ is denoted by $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$. The image in $`𝒞`$ of its strict transform $`\widehat{E}`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ is a tritangent divisor denoted by $`D_\mathrm{w}=D_{(16)}`$.

The map $`\pi ^{}`$ is the blow up of $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ in $`12`$ smooth, disjoint, rational curves $`C_1^{},\mathrm{},C_{12}^{}`$. We write $`C_j^{\prime \prime }:=(\pi ^{})^1(C_j^{})`$ for the exceptional divisor, the map $`C_j^{\prime \prime }C_j^{}`$ induced by $`\pi ^{}`$ is a $`𝐏^2`$-bundle.

The map $`\pi ^{\prime \prime }`$ is the blow up in $`16`$ smooth disjoint surfaces $`S_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},S_{16}^{\prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$. Each exceptional divisor $`C_j^{\prime \prime }`$ meets $`4`$ of the surfaces $`S_i^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`4`$ disjoint rational curves. These $`4`$ curves are sections of the $`𝐏^2`$-bundle $`C_j^{\prime \prime }C_j^{}`$ which meet each fiber of the $`𝐏^2`$-bundle $`C_j^{\prime \prime }C_j^{}`$ in $`4`$ general points (cf. \[N\], Prop. 9.1, §10). The strict transforms $`\widehat{C}_j`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ of the $`C_j^{\prime \prime }`$ are trivial bundles:

$$\widehat{C}_j𝐏^1\times V\stackrel{\pi ^{}\pi ^{\prime \prime }}{}𝐏^1C_j^{}$$

here $`V`$ is the blow up of $`𝐏^2`$ in $`4`$ points, the map induced by $`\pi ^{}\pi ^{\prime \prime }`$ is the projection on the first factor. The map $`r:\widehat{T}𝒞`$ induces the projection $`\widehat{C}_jV`$ on the second factor and $`r`$ is an isomorphism on the complement of the $`12`$ $`\widehat{C}_i`$’s (\[N\], p. 22, 23 and Prop. 11.3).

The 16 exceptional divisors $`\widehat{S_i}`$ of $`\pi ^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ map under $`r`$ to divisors in $`𝒞`$. The $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of these $`16`$ divisors in $`𝒞`$ consists of $`40`$ divisors, the other 24 are the images under $`r`$ of the strict transforms of the $`V(\tau )`$’s with $`\tau R`$ (\[N\], Prop. 11.2). We call these 40 divisors the cusp divisors of $`𝒞`$.

### 1.3. The marked moduli space $``$

There is a morphism

$$c:𝒞,$$

where $``$ is the moduli space of semistable marked cubic surfaces, which contracts the $`40`$ cusp divisors to (singular) points (cf. \[N\], Introduction and §12), the cusps of $``$. The map $`c`$ is an isomorphism between the complement of the cusp divisors in $`𝒞`$ and the complement of the 40 cusps of $``$. The Weyl group $`W(E_6)`$ acts biregularly on both $`𝒞`$ and $``$, the morphism $`c`$ is $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant.

There is a $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant embedding, the CAF-map

$$F:𝐏^9$$

which was studied extensively by Coble, Allcock and Freitag \[AF\], \[Fr2\] and also in \[vG\].

### 1.4. The cusp divisors.

The cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ has 40 cusp divisors of $`𝒞`$, each of these is isomorphic to $`𝐏^1\times 𝐏^1\times 𝐏^1`$, cf. \[N\], §12.

### 1.5. The boundary divisors.

A boundary divisor is an irreducible component of the closure of the set of marked cubics with a node. There are 36 such divisors in $`𝒞`$, 24 of which are obtained from the $`V(\tau )`$ with $`\tau S`$, the other 12 come from the subtori defined by $`\alpha =1`$ in $`T`$ where $`\alpha `$ is a positive root of $`D_4`$.

### 1.6. The tritangent divisors.

A tritangent divisor is an irreducible component of the closure of the set of marked cubics with an Eckardt point, that is a point on a cubic surface where three lines meet. There are 45 such divisors in $`𝒞`$. One of them is obtained from $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$, the other 44 are defined by the explicit equations in \[N\], Table 3.

### 1.7. Incidence between divisors.

The cusp, boundary and tritangent divisors can be very conveniently parametrized by points in a finite projective orthogonal geometry. Let

$$b:𝐅_3^5\times 𝐅_3^5𝐅_3,b(x,y)=\underset{i}{}x_iy_i$$

be the standard bilinear form on $`𝐅_3^5`$ and let $`q(x)=b(x,x)`$ be the associated quadratic form. The orthogonal group $`O(𝐅_3^5,q)`$ is isomorphic to $`W(E_6)\times \{\pm 1\}`$. Note that in \[AF\] the quadratic form $`x_1^2x_2^2\mathrm{}x_5^2`$ is used, substituting $`x_2:=x_2+x_3`$, $`x_3=x_2x_3`$ and similarly for $`x_4,x_5`$, one obtains $`q(x)`$ since $`21`$ mod 3.

As the nonzero elements in $`𝐅_3`$ are $`\pm 1`$, the subsets

$$N_i:=\{z𝐏(𝐅_3^5):q(z)=i\}$$

for $`i𝐅_3`$ are well defined. It is easy to check that

$$\mathrm{}N_0=40,\mathrm{}N_1=45,\mathrm{}N_1=36.$$

The group $`W(E_6)`$ acts transitively on each of these sets.

There is a natural $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant identification between $`N_0`$ and the set of cusps, $`N_1`$ and the set of tritangent divisors, $`N_1`$ and the set of boundary divisors, see \[AF\], section 3. There it is also shown that a cusp divisor and a boundary (tritangent) divisor have non-empty intersection iff the corresponding lines in $`𝐅_3^5`$ are perpendicular. In particular, a boundary divisor meets 10 and a tritangent divisor meets 16 cusp divisors.

Lemma 3.1 of \[AF\] shows that if $`D_z`$ and $`D_w`$ are boundary divisors corresponding to $`z,wN_1`$ then $`D_zD_w`$ is non-empty iff the lines $`z,w𝐅_3^5`$ are perpendicular. This implies that a boundary divisor meets 15 other boundary divisors.

A tritangent divisor has non-empty intersection with any other tritangent divisor (\[vG\], 6.7) and with any boundary divisor (for this it is most convenient to use the description of these divisors as images of long and short mirrors in the 4-ball from \[AF\], section 3).

If $`v𝐅_3^5`$ is a vector with $`q(v)0`$, the map $`s_v:xx+q(v)b(x,v)v`$ is in $`O(𝐅_3^5,q)`$, note that $`s_v=s_v`$. For $`vN_1`$ the map $`s_v`$ corresponds to the reflection in a roots of $`E_6`$. For $`vN_1`$, the map $`s_v`$ corresponds to an involution in $`W(E_6)`$. The divisor $`D_v`$, for $`vN_1N_1`$, is the unique divisor in the fixed point set of the involution $`\pm s_v`$ in $`𝒞`$.

## 2. The Chow groups

### 2.1.

For a smooth variety $`X`$ we denote by $`A^i(X)`$ the Chow group of codimension $`i`$-cycles modulo rational equivalence. For a ring $`R`$ we write $`A^i(X)_R:=A^i(X)_𝐙R`$. We determine the Chow groups of $`𝒞`$ in Theorem 2.4, some results on $`A^2(𝒞)`$ are actually proved in 4.16. Various intersection numbers are computed in 4.13 and 3.2.

### 2.2.

There are three divisors on $`𝒞`$ which are obviously invariant under $`W(E_6)`$, they are:

$$\widehat{B},\widehat{C},\widehat{T}$$

which are the sum of the $`36`$ boundary divisors, the sum of the $`40`$ cusp divisors and the sum of the $`45`$ tritangent divisors (actually we already used the notation $`\widehat{T}`$ in 1.2, however no confusion is possible). Theorem 2.4.2 shows that these classes are linearly dependent in $`A^1(𝒞)`$.

### 2.3. Symmetrizing.

Let $`D`$ be a divisor on $`𝒞`$ which is a linear combination of tritangent, boundary and cusp divisors. If the class of $`D`$ in the Chow group $`A^1(𝒞)`$ is invariant, then $`\sigma ^{}D`$ has the same class for any $`\sigma W(E_6)`$. Therefore the class of $`D`$ is the same as the class of the sum over $`\sigma W(E_6)`$ of the $`\sigma ^{}D`$ divided by $`\mathrm{}W(E_6)`$.

Since $`W(E_6)`$ permutes the 45 tritangent divisors transitively (and similarly the 36 boundary divisors as well as the 40 cusp divisors) the net result is that in $`D`$ we replace each tritangent divisor by $`\frac{1}{45}\widehat{T}`$ etc.

### 2.4. Theorem.

1. The Chow groups of the cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ are free $`𝐙`$-modules of rank:

$$\mathrm{rk}A^0(𝒞)=\mathrm{rk}A^4(𝒞)=1,\mathrm{rk}A^1(𝒞)=\mathrm{rk}A^3(𝒞)=61,\mathrm{rk}A^2(𝒞)=147.$$
2. The subgroups of $`W(E_6)`$-invariant classes have rank:

$$\mathrm{rk}A^i(𝒞)^{W(E_6)}=1,\mathrm{rk}A^j(𝒞)^{W(E_6)}=2(i=0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4},j=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}).$$

The classes $`\widehat{B}^i,\widehat{C}^i`$ are a basis of $`A^i(𝒞)_𝐐^{W(E_6)}`$, we have:

$$\widehat{T}=(25\widehat{B}+27\widehat{C})/4A^1(𝒞),\widehat{B}\widehat{C}=3\widehat{C}^2A^2(𝒞).$$
3. The canonical class of the cross ratio variety is:

$$K_𝒞=(\widehat{B}+\widehat{C})/4.$$
4. The decomposition of $`A^1(𝒞)`$ and $`A^3(𝒞)`$ into irreducible $`W(E_6)`$-representations is:

$$A^1(𝒞)_𝐂A^3(𝒞)_𝐂=\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩\mathrm{𝟐𝟒}_𝐩.$$
5. The cusp divisors are linearly independent in $`A^1(𝒞)`$, the $`40`$-dimensional subspace of $`A^1(𝒞_𝐂)`$ which they span decomposes as:

$$\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪\mathrm{𝟐𝟒}_𝐩.$$

Similarly, the boundary divisors span a $`36`$-dimensional subspace of $`A^1(𝒞)_𝐂`$ which decomposes as:

$$\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩,$$

and the tritangent divisors span a $`45`$-dimensional subspace:

$$\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩\mathrm{𝟐𝟒}_𝐩.$$

Proof. The construction of $`𝒞`$ via the diagram in 1.2 shows that the Chow groups of $`𝒞`$ are free $`𝐙`$-modules of finite rank and that $`A^i(𝒞)H^{2i}(𝒞,𝐙)`$ whereas $`H^{2i+1}(𝒞,𝐙)=0`$. Since all varieties in the diagram in 1.2, are smooth, so $`A^1A^3`$, we concentrate on $`A^1`$ and $`A^2`$.

The rank of $`A^1(\stackrel{~}{T})`$ is given by the number of edges in the fan defining $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$, which is $`48`$, minus the rank of the torus, which is $`4`$. The Euler characteristic of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ is equal to the number of maximal cones (\[Fu2\], p.59), which is $`192`$. Hence the rank of $`A^2`$ is $`1922244`$:

$$\mathrm{rk}A^1(\stackrel{~}{T})=44,\mathrm{rk}A^2(\stackrel{~}{T})=102.$$

The Chow groups of the blow up $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ in the identity element are $`A^i(\stackrel{~}{T}^{})A^i(\stackrel{~}{T})A^i(𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3)`$, for $`i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$ hence the ranks increase by $`1`$.

The variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ is obtained from $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ by blowing up the $`12`$ disjoint $`C_j^{}`$’s, each of which is a $`𝐏^1`$, hence we get:

$$\mathrm{rk}A^1(\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime })=45+12=57,\mathrm{rk}A^2(\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime })=103+24=127.$$

Next one blows up $`16`$ surfaces $`S_i^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ to obtain the variety $`\widehat{T}`$. These surfaces are the strict transforms in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ of surfaces $`S_i\stackrel{~}{T}`$. Each $`S_i`$ is the closure of a subtorus (for example $`\nu =\rho =1`$ defines an $`S_i`$, the first table in 7.6 lists all $`16`$ surfaces). Using the description of the fan defining $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ one finds that $`\mathrm{rk}A^1(S_i)=4`$ for all $`i`$. These surfaces all contain $`e\stackrel{~}{T}`$ hence $`\mathrm{rk}A^1(S_i^{})=5`$, where $`S_i^{}`$ is the strict transform of $`S_i`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$. Each $`C_j^{}`$ is the strict transform of the closure $`C_j`$ of a $`1`$-dimensional subtorus of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ (\[N\], p.20), hence $`C_j`$ is either contained in $`S_i`$ or meets it in $`e`$. As $`e`$ gets blown up, an $`S_i^{}`$ either contains a $`C_j^{}`$ or they are disjoint. Thus $`\pi ^{\prime \prime }:S_i^{\prime \prime }S_i^{}`$ is an isomorphism and $`\mathrm{rk}A^1(S_i^{\prime \prime })=5`$. Therefore:

$$\mathrm{rk}A^1(\widehat{T})=57+16=73,\mathrm{rk}A^2(\widehat{T})=127+516=207.$$

Finally we consider the blow down $`r:\widehat{T}𝒞`$, it contracts the 12 $`\widehat{C}_j𝐏^1\times V`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ to the surfaces $`V`$ in $`𝒞`$. Since $`V`$ is a $`𝐏^2`$ blown up in 4 points we get:

$$\mathrm{rk}A^1(𝒞)=7312=61,\mathrm{rk}A^2(𝒞)=207512=147.$$

A relation between the invariant divisor classes can be obtained from the divisor of the rational function $`\lambda 1`$ on $`𝒞`$, see section 7.2. This divisor can be written as $`(\lambda 1)_0(\lambda 1)_{\mathrm{}}`$ where $`(\lambda 1)_0`$ is the sum of one tritangent, one boundary and 4 cusp divisors, whereas $`(\lambda 1)_{\mathrm{}}`$ is the sum of 6 boundary and 9 cups divisors, one of which has multiplicity two. Symmetrizing this relation in $`A^1(𝒞)`$, we get:

$$0=\frac{1}{45}\widehat{T}+\frac{1}{36}(16)\widehat{B}+\frac{1}{40}(410)\widehat{C},$$

from which we get the relation $`4\widehat{T}=25\widehat{B}+27\widehat{C}`$ stated in the theorem. The relation in $`A^2`$ will be proved in Proposition 3.2 by restriction to a cusp divisor.

The canonical divisor of the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ is minus the sum of the 48 divisors $`V(\tau )`$ (\[Fu2\], §4.3), $`\tau RS`$, half of which give boundary divisors, the others give cups divisors. Blowing up the origin, we must add $`3𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ to the strict transform of $`K_{\stackrel{~}{T}}`$ to obtain $`K_{\stackrel{~}{T}^{}}`$ (\[GH\], Lemma in Chap. 1.4, p.187). The exceptional divisors for $`\pi ^{}`$ are contracted by $`r`$, so these do not contribute, however we must add the 16 cups divisors which come from the blow up of the surfaces in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$. Symmetrizing the result we get:

$$K_C=\frac{3}{45}\widehat{T}+\frac{24}{36}\widehat{B}+\frac{1}{40}(24+16)\widehat{C}=(\widehat{B}+\widehat{C})/4$$

where we used the relation obtained before to eliminate $`\widehat{T}`$. A nice, explicit, anti-canonical divisor is given at the end of 7.1.

From the construction of $`𝒞`$ it is clear that $`A^1(𝒞)`$ is generated by the tritangent, boundary and cusp divisors. The divisor of $`(\lambda 1)`$ on $`𝒞`$ contains exactly one tritangent divisor with multiplicity one and this shows that the 36 boundary divisors and the 40 cusp divisors suffice to generate $`A^1(𝒞)`$. Since rk$`A^1(𝒞)`$=61, there must be 15 independent relations between the boundary and cusp divisors. One such relation, which involves both boundary and cusp divisors, is given by the divisor of the rational function $`\lambda `$ (see 7.1), others can be obtained by applying $`W(E_6)`$ to this relation.

The group $`W(E_6)`$ permutes the boundary and the cusp divisors, the decomposition of these permutation representations can be found in the atlas \[At\], p. , $`U_4(2)`$, see also \[F\] whose notation we use. The permutation representations on the 36 boundary components and the 45 tritangents are denoted by $`\chi ^{(36)}`$ and $`\chi ^{(45)}`$ in \[F\], p. 100. The group $`W(E_6)`$ has two permutation representations of degree 40 (see \[At\]), the one which corresponds to the 40 cusp divisors is not $`\chi ^{(40)}`$ in \[F\] but it is the one listed in the theorem, as can be verified by computing a few traces.

The only $`15`$-dimensional $`W(E_6)`$ representation which the two permutation representations have in common is the irreducible representation $`\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪`$, hence this must be the representation on the relations. Therefore the representation on $`A^1(𝒞)`$ is the sum of the two permutation representations modulo $`\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪`$. In particular $`A^1(𝒞)^{W(E_6)}`$ has rank 2 and is generated (over $`𝐐`$) by $`\widehat{B}`$ and $`\widehat{C}`$. Since the permutation representation on the tritangents does not contain $`\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪`$ and since the relation provided by $`\lambda 1`$ involves both boundary and cusp divisors, the subrepresentations $`\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩`$ (which is in common with the boundary divisors) and $`\mathrm{𝟐𝟒}_𝐩`$ (which is in common with the cusps) cannot map to zero in $`A^1(𝒞)`$, and finally since $`\widehat{T}A^1(𝒞)`$ is non-zero as well, we conclude that the tritangents divisors are independent in $`A^1(𝒞)`$.

The proof of $`\mathrm{rk}A^2(𝒞)^{W(E_6)}=2`$ will be given in 4.16. ∎

### 2.5. Remark.

Let $`^0`$ be the moduli space of smooth marked cubic surfaces, so $`^0𝒞\mathrm{Support}(\widehat{B}+\widehat{C})`$, and it is also the complement in $``$ of the $`36`$ boundary divisors. As we observed in the proof of the theorem, the first Chow group of $`𝒞`$ is generated by the classes of the boundary and cusp divisors. In particular,

$$A^1(^0)=Pic(^0)=0.$$

(Note that relations $`\widehat{T}=(25\widehat{B}+27\widehat{C})/4`$ and $`K_𝒞=(\widehat{B}+𝒞)/4`$ only show that $`4\widehat{T}`$ and $`4K_𝒞`$ restrict to zero on $`^0`$). Since finite cyclic subgroups of $`Pic(^0)`$ correspond to finite cyclic unramified coverings of $`^0`$, we conclude that the maximal abelian quotient of $`\pi _1(^0)`$ is trivial. See \[L\] for interesting results on this fundamental group.

### 2.6. The hyperplane class.

We determine $`(Fc)^{}𝒪(1)`$ where (cf. section 1.3)

$$𝒞\stackrel{c}{}\stackrel{F}{}𝐏^9.$$

From the work of Allcock and Freitag \[AF\] we know that, modulo cusp divisors, it is given by a so called cross divisor, that is

$$(Fc)^{}𝒪(1)D_\alpha +D_\beta +D_\gamma +D_\delta +D_t(\text{modulo cusp divisors}),$$

where $`\alpha ,\mathrm{},\delta N_1`$ and $`tN_1`$ are pairwise perpendicular. In particular, $`D_\alpha ,\mathrm{},D_\delta `$ are boundary divisors and $`D_t`$ is a tritangent divisor.

The divisor class $`(Fc)^{}𝒪(1)A^1(𝒞)`$ is $`W(E_6)`$-invariant (since $`Fc`$ is $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant), and its expression in terms of invariant classes is given in the following proposition.

### 2.7. Proposition.

The $`W(E_6)`$-invariant hyperplane class of the CAF map is given by:

$$(Fc)^{}𝒪(1)=(\widehat{B}+3\widehat{C})/4.$$

Proof. The contribution of the cusp divisors to $`D_\alpha +D_\beta +D_\gamma +D_\delta +D_t`$ is the sum of the $`24`$ cusp divisors $`D_n`$, each with multiplicity one, where $`nN_0`$ is perpendicular to at least one of element of the set $`\{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ,t\}`$. This can be seen from a local computation using the explicit expression of the coordinate functions of $`(Fc)`$ (cf. \[vG\], 5.5 and the proof of Theorem 5.7).

Symmetrizing w.r.t. $`W(E_6)`$, as explained in 2.3, we obtain the result. ∎

## 3. Cusp divisors.

### 3.1.

According to Naruki, \[N\], each cusp divisor is isomorphic to $`𝐏^1\times 𝐏^1\times 𝐏^1`$. In the following proposition we prove the relation between $`W(E_6)`$-invariant codimension two classes (already stated in Theorem 2.4) and we determine some intersection numbers involving cusp divisors.

### 3.2. Proposition.

Let $`C_0(𝐏^1)^3`$ be a cusp divisor, and let

$$D_1=\{0\}\times (𝐏^1)^2,D_2=𝐏^1\times \{0\}\times 𝐏^1,D_3=(𝐏^1)^2\times \{0\}(A^1(C_0)).$$

There are nine boundary divisors which have non-empty intersection with $`C_0`$. The class of the intersection of each of these with $`C_0`$ is one of the $`D_i`$ and

$$C_0\widehat{B}=3(D_1+D_2+D_3).$$

Let $`B_i`$ be a boundary divisor such that $`B_iC_0=D_i`$. Then, for $`ij`$:

$$C_0B_1B_2B_3=1,C_0B_i^2B_j=0,C_0B_i^3=0,C_0^2B_iB_j=1,C_0^2B_i^2=0.$$

Moreover,

$$C_0^2=C_0(B_1+B_2+B_3),C_0^3B_i=2,C_0^4=6.$$

Finally we have:

$$\widehat{B}\widehat{C}=3\widehat{C}^2A^2(𝒞),\widehat{C}^4=240.$$

Proof. The toric subvariety $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ is defined by the fan consisting of the images in $`𝐑^4/ϵ_1+ϵ_3`$ of all the cones containing $`ϵ_1+ϵ_3`$. One finds that this fan has six edges and that $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)(𝐏^1)^3`$. The divisor $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)`$ is birationally isomorphic to a cusp divisor $`C_0`$ in $`𝒞`$ via the maps in the diagram in 1.2 above. One checks that each of these maps is an isomorphism on this divisor, hence $`C_0`$ is isomorphic to $`(𝐏^1)^3`$.

The six edges of the fan defining $`C_0=V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)`$ define the classes $`D_i`$ (each twice) in $`A^1(C_0)`$. On the other hand, the edges correspond to non-empty intersections $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)V(\tau )`$. One verifies that $`\tau S`$, hence the $`V(\tau )`$ define boundary divisors. In particular, each $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)V(\tau )`$ is a $`D_i`$. That there are nine boundary divisors meeting $`C_0`$ follows from 1.7. In the notation of 7.6, $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)`$ is labelled as $`[\mathrm{24.35.16}]`$. The nine roots in this set correspond to the nine boundary divisors meeting $`C_0`$. These nine roots are in three orthogonal $`A_2`$’s, the three divisors corresponding to the roots from one $`A_2`$ intersect $`C_0`$ in the same class in $`A^1(C_0)`$ because the corresponding divisors do not meet on $`𝒞`$. In particular $`C_0\widehat{B}=3(D_1+D_2+D_3)`$.

Now it follows that $`C_0B_1B_2B_3=1`$ because the $`D_i`$ intersect transversely in one point on $`C_0`$, for $`C_0^2B_iB_j`$ see below. Finally $`C_0B_i^2B_j=C_0B_i^3=C_0^2B_i^2=0`$ since $`D_i^2=0`$ in $`(𝐏^1)^3`$.

To find the selfintersection $`C_0^2`$, we restrict the divisor of the rational function $`\lambda `$ (cf. 7.1) to $`C_0=V(ϵ_1+ϵ_3)=D_v`$ with $`v=(1,1,0,1,0)N_0`$. Using 1.7 and the tables in the Appendix to eliminate empty intersections, we find: $`C_0(C_0+B_1+B_2+B_3)=0`$ where the $`B_i`$ are the $`V(\tau )`$ with $`\tau =ϵ_1`$, $`(ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2`$ ,$`(ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2`$, which correspond to the roots $`h_{345},h_{136}`$ and $`h_{246}`$. These three roots are in three distinct $`A_2`$’s in $`[\mathrm{24.35.16}]`$ so $`C_0^2=(D_1+D_2+D_3)`$. Using this relation twice we get:

$$C_0^3B_i=C_0^2(B_1B_2B_3)B_i=C_0(B_1B_2B_3)^2B_i=2.$$

Therefore $`C_0^4=C_0^2C_0(B_1B_2B_3)=32=6`$. We also get $`C_0^2B_iB_j=(D_1+D_2+D_3)D_iD_j=1`$ if $`ij`$.

Since $`\widehat{C}`$ is the sum of $`40`$ disjoint cusp divisors, it follows that $`\widehat{C}^4=406=240`$. Finally we observe that $`C_0\widehat{B}=3(D_1+D_2+D_3)=3C_0^2`$, hence, summing over the $`40`$ cusps, we get $`\widehat{C}\widehat{B}=3\widehat{C}^2`$. ∎

### 3.3. Remark.

Recall from Theorem 2.4 that $`rk(A^2(𝒞))=147`$. We identify $`120`$ independent codimension two cycles.

Let $`C_0(𝐏^1)^3`$ be a cusp divisor and let $`D_i=C_0B_iC_0`$ be the three divisors on $`C_0`$ as in Proposition 3.2. Then $`D_iD_j=1`$, if $`ij`$, and $`D_i^2=0`$ in $`A^4(𝒞)`$. Therefore the $`D_i`$ are independent in $`A^2(𝒞)`$. As the $`40`$ cusps are disjoint we get $`340=120`$ independent codimension two classes on $`𝒞`$.

## 4. The boundary divisors

### 4.1.

In this section we study the boundary divisors and we compute some intersection numbers on $`𝒞`$ in Theorem 4.13.

### 4.2. The Chow group of a boundary divisor.

Let $`B_0`$ be a boundary divisor on $`𝒞`$. Recall that the symmetric group $`S_6`$ acts on $`B_0`$. The divisor $`B_0`$ meets 15 other boundary divisors, 10 cusp divisors and the 45 tritangent divisors. We denote the sum of these by

$$\widehat{B}_b,\widehat{C}_b,\widehat{T}_b.$$

Then in $`A^1(B_0)`$ we have:

$$\widehat{B}_{|B_0}=\widehat{B}_b+B_0^2,\widehat{C}_{|B_0}=\widehat{C}_b,\widehat{T}_{|B_0}=\widehat{T}_b.$$

### 4.3. Proposition.

The Chow groups of a boundary divisor $`B_0`$ are:

$$A^1(B_0)A^2(B_0)𝐙^{16}.$$

We also have:

$$A^1(B_0)^{S_6}A^2(B_0)^{S_6}𝐙^2,$$

$`\widehat{B}_b^i,\widehat{C}_b^i`$ are a basis of $`A^i(B_0)_𝐐^{S_6}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$ and $`\widehat{B}_b\widehat{C}_b=3\widehat{C}_b^2`$. The intersection numbers between invariant classes are:

$$\widehat{B}_b^3=165=3511,\widehat{B}_b^2\widehat{C}_b=180=2^23^25,$$

$$\widehat{B}_b\widehat{C}_b^2=60=2^235,\widehat{C}_b^3=20=2^25.$$

Moreover we have:

$$c_1(N_{B_0/𝒞})=B_0^2=(\widehat{B}_b+3\widehat{C}_b)/5,K_{B_0}=(2\widehat{B}_b+\widehat{C}_b)/5.$$

Proof. To compute the Chow groups of a boundary divisor, we choose $`B_0`$ to be the strict transform of the divisor $`V(ϵ_1)`$ on the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. The divisor $`V(ϵ_1)`$ is the toric variety defined by the fan consisting of the images in $`𝐑^4/<ϵ_1>`$ of all the cones which contain $`ϵ_1`$. One finds that $`V(ϵ_1)`$ is smooth and that the fan has 14 edges. Thus $`\mathrm{rk}A^1V(ϵ_1)=143=11`$. This divisor does not contain $`e\stackrel{~}{T}`$, but it meets (transversally in one point) exactly one of the $`12`$ curves which get blown up in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$, it is $`C_1^{}:\mu =\nu =\rho =1`$, hence $`\mathrm{rk}A^1(V(ϵ_1)^{\prime \prime })=12`$. The divisor $`V(ϵ_1)^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ meets exactly 4 of the 16 surfaces which get blown up, it meets of them in a smooth rational curve. Therefore $`\mathrm{rk}A^1\widehat{V(ϵ_1)}=12+4=16`$. Since $`\widehat{V(ϵ_1)}`$ intersects just one of the $`\widehat{C}_i𝐏^1\times S`$ (it is $`\widehat{C}_1`$) in a copy of $`V`$ (\[N\], p. 22) and $`r`$ contracts $`\widehat{C}_1`$ to $`V`$, we conclude that the blow down map $`r:\widehat{T}𝒞`$ induces an isomorphism of smooth 3-folds $`\widehat{V(ϵ_1)}B_0`$. Hence $`A^1(B_0)`$ and $`A^2(B_0)`$ have rank 16.

Note that $`K_{V(\epsilon _1)}`$ is minus the sum of the divisors corresponding to the 14 rays of the fan (the strict transform of 8 of these divisors is a boundary divisor, the other 6 are cusp divisors). From the formula for the canonical divisor of a blow up we find that $`K_{V(ϵ_1)^{\prime \prime }}`$ is obtained from the strict transform of $`K_{V(\epsilon _1)}`$ by adding twice the class of the (irreducible) exceptional divisor, this exceptional divisor is a boundary divisor. Finally $`K_{\widehat{V(ϵ_1)}}=K_{B_0}`$ is obtained by adding 4 cusp divisors to this. Since $`K_{B_0}`$ is $`S_6`$-invariant, we can symmetrize w.r.t. $`S_6`$:

$$K_{B_0}=\frac{1}{15}(8+2)\widehat{B}_b+\frac{1}{10}(6+4)\widehat{C}_b=(2\widehat{B}_b+\widehat{C}_b)/5.$$

The selfintersection $`B_0^2`$ can be computed from the restriction of the divisor of $`\lambda `$ on $`𝒞`$ (cf. 7.1) to $`B_0`$. As $`B_0=r_{}\widehat{V(ϵ_1)}`$ occurs in the divisor of zeroes with multiplicity one, the relation $`0=B_0(\lambda )`$ implies that $`B_0^2`$ is a linear combination of $`4`$ boundary divisors in $`B_0`$ with coefficient $`1`$ and $`1`$ boundary divisor with coefficient $`1`$, as well as $`4`$ cusp divisors in $`B_0`$ with coefficient $`1`$ and $`1`$ with coefficient $`2`$. Symmetrizing w.r.t. $`S_6`$ we get:

$$B_0^2=\frac{1}{15}(41)\widehat{B}_b\frac{1}{10}(4+2)\widehat{C}_b=(\widehat{B}_b+3\widehat{C}_b)/5.$$

It is amusing to check that these expressions for $`K_𝒞`$, $`K_{B_0}`$ and $`B_0^2`$ do indeed satisfy the adjunction formula:

$$K_{B_0}=(K_𝒞+B_0)_{|B_0}.$$

See 4.8 for the $`S_6`$-invariant classes and 4.11 for the intersection numbers. ∎

### 4.4. The Segre cubic.

The Segre cubic is the cubic threefold $`S`$ in $`𝐏^5`$ defined by the equations:

$$S:x_1+\mathrm{}+x_6=x_1^3+\mathrm{}+x_6^3=0.$$

It is well know that any boundary divisor is isomorphic to the blow up of $`S`$ in its 10 nodes (the points with three coordinates $`+1`$ and three coordinates $`1`$). In fact, the image of $`B_0`$ in $`𝐏^9`$ is the Segre cubic (cf. \[vG\], 6.2). The 10 nodes are the images of the intersection of $`B_0`$ with 10 cusp divisors, each such intersection is isomorphic to the exceptional divisor over a node, thus to $`𝐏^1\times 𝐏^1`$. The Segre cubic is obviously invariant under permutations of the $`x_i`$, this action of $`S_6`$ is induced by the action of a subgroup in $`W(E_6)`$ consisting of all the elements which fix $`B_0`$.

### 4.5. Boundary surfaces in $`S`$.

The intersection of $`B_0`$ with a boundary divisor $`B_1`$ is, if non-empty, isomorphic to $`V`$, a $`𝐏^2`$ blown up in $`4`$ general points. Thus $`V`$ maps to subvariety isomorphic to $`𝐏^2`$ in $`S`$ and this subvariety contains 4 of the singular points.

The divisor $`B_1`$ is contained in the fixed point set of an involution in $`W(E_6)`$ (a reflection in a root of $`E_6)`$) and thus $`B_0B_1`$ is contained in the fixed point set of an involution in $`S_6`$. Considering the involutions in $`S_6`$, we find that only the products of three commuting transpositions have a fixed point locus isomorphic to $`𝐏^2`$ and this $`𝐏^2`$ is linearly embedded. For $`\sigma =(ij)(kl)(mn)S_6`$ we have the fixed point set is

$$𝐏_\sigma ^2=\{x_i+x_j=x_k+x_l=x_m+x_n=0\}S.$$

### 4.6. Parametrizing $`S`$.

It is well-known (cf. \[H\], Theorem 3.1.2) that the blow up $`B_0`$ of the Segre threefold in the 10 nodes can be obtained as follows:

$$S\stackrel{}{}B_0\stackrel{\rho _2}{}B_5𝐏^3\stackrel{\rho _1}{}𝐏^3,$$

here $`\rho _1`$ is the blow up of $`𝐏^3`$ in 5 general points $`p_1,\mathrm{},p_5`$ and $`\rho _2`$ is the blow up of $`B_5𝐏^3`$ in the strict transforms of the 10 lines spanned by pairs of the points. Note that this implies that $`\mathrm{rk}A^1(B_0)=1+5+10=16`$, in agreement with Prop. 4.3. The rational map $`𝐏^3S`$ is given by the linear system of quadrics which contain the 5 points.

### 4.7. The Chow group of $`B_0`$ (bis).

We denote the exceptional fibers of $`\rho _1`$ by $`V_1^{},\mathrm{},V_5^{}`$ and their strict transforms in $`B_0`$ by $`V_1,\mathrm{},V_5`$. The divisor $`V_1^{}𝐏^2`$ intersects the strict transform in $`B_5𝐏^3`$ of the $`4`$ lines $`p_1,p_i`$ ($`i=2,\mathrm{},5`$) in $`4`$ points in general position. Thus each $`V_i`$ is isomorphic to $`V`$.

Let $`V_{ij}^{\prime \prime }=p_k,p_l,p_m`$ be the plane in $`𝐏^3`$ spanned by the points with complementary indices, so $`\{i,\mathrm{},m\}=\{1,\mathrm{},5\}`$. Its strict transform $`V_{ij}^{}`$ in $`B_5𝐏^3`$ has divisor class $`H^{}V_k^{}V_l^{}V_m^{}`$, here $`H^{}`$ is the pull-back of $`𝒪(1)`$ on $`𝐏^3`$. Its strict transform $`V_{ij}`$ in $`B_0`$ has class

$$V_{ij}=HV_kV_lV_mC_{kl}C_{km}C_{lm},$$

where $`C_{ij}`$ is the exceptional divisor in $`B_0`$ over the strict transform of the line $`p_i,p_j`$ (note that $`V_{ij}^{\prime \prime }`$ contains three of the $`10`$ lines) and $`H`$ is the pull-back of $`𝒪(1)`$ to $`B_0`$. The intersection point $`V_{ij}^{\prime \prime }`$ with the line $`p_i,p_j`$ is blown up by $`\rho _2`$, so $`V_{ij}`$ is also isomorphic to $`V`$.

The divisors $`H`$, $`V_1,\mathrm{}V_5`$, and the $`10`$ $`C_{ij}`$ are a $`𝐙`$-basis of $`A^1(B_0)`$, so it is easy to verify that the $`5`$ $`V_i`$’s and the $`10`$ $`V_{ij}`$’s are independent. It will be convenient to define $`V_{i6}:=V_i`$, so we can talk simply about the $`15`$ $`V_{ij}`$.

Using explicit formulas for the quadrics on the 5 points (cf. \[H\], proof of Thm. 3.2.1), one verifies that the $`15`$ $`V_{ij}`$ map to the 15 $`𝐏_\sigma `$. Thus we conclude, for example, that in $`A^1(B_0)`$ we have:

$$\widehat{B}_b=\underset{ij}{\overset{6}{}}V_{ij}=10H5\widehat{V}3\widehat{C}_b,\text{with}\widehat{V}:=\underset{i=1}{\overset{5}{}}V_i,\widehat{C}_b=\underset{kl}{\overset{5}{}}C_{kl}.$$

### 4.8. Invariant classes in $`A^1(B_0)`$.

The group $`S_6`$ permutes the $`𝐏_\sigma `$ and thus the $`15`$ $`V_{ij}`$’s transitively. Hence there is only a one dimensional $`S_6`$-invariant subspace in the subspace (of codimension $`1`$) of $`A^1(B_0)_𝐐`$ which they span. Therefore $`dimA^1(B_0)_𝐐^{S_6}2`$. Since also $`\widehat{C}_b`$ is invariant and does not lie in the span of the $`V_{ij}`$’s, we have $`dimA^1(B_0)_𝐐^{S_6}=2`$ and $`\widehat{B}_b`$, $`\widehat{C}_b`$ are a basis of the invariant classes.

### 4.9. The Picard group of $`V`$

Each of the $`15`$ boundary surfaces $`V_{ij}`$ of $`B_0`$ is isomorphic to $`V`$ and it will be convenient to restrict divisor classes on $`B_0`$ (and on $`𝒞`$) to a $`V_{ij}`$ in order to compute intersection numbers, Chern classes etc.

Since $`V`$ is isomorphic to the blow up of $`𝐏^2`$ in $`4`$ points, we have

$$A^1(V)𝐙l𝐙e_1\mathrm{}𝐙e_4$$

with intersection product $`l^2=1`$, $`e_i^2=1`$, $`le_i=e_ie_j=0`$ if $`1i,j4`$ and $`ij`$. Moreover, with $`c:=e_1+\mathrm{}+e_4`$:

$$c_1(V)=K_V=3lc,c_2(V)=7,$$

the formula for $`K_V`$ is standard (\[HAG\], V.3.3), for $`c_2`$ one can use $`\chi (𝒪_V)=1`$ and the Noether formula (\[HAG\], Appendix A, 4.1.2) $`\chi (𝒪_V)=(K^2+c_2)/12`$.

### 4.10. Lemma.

Let $`V_{16}`$ $`(B_0)`$ be the strict transform of the exceptional divisor $`V_1^{}(B_5𝐏^3)`$ over $`p_1𝐏^3`$. The restriction map on divisors is given by:

$$A^1(B_0)A^1(V_{16}),\widehat{B}_{b|V_{16}}=5l3c,\widehat{C}_{b|V_{16}}=c,V_{16}^2=l(A^1(V_{16})).$$

In particular, the restriction map is injective on $`S_6`$-invariants.

Proof. Since $`V_{16}`$ maps to a point in $`𝐏^3`$, the class $`H`$ maps to zero in $`A^1(V_{16})`$. Moreover, $`V_{16}`$ does not intersect the divisors $`V_{i6}`$ ($`i=2,\mathrm{},5`$) nor the $`4`$ divisors $`V_{1k}`$ with $`k=2,\mathrm{},5`$ nor the divisors $`C_{kl}`$ with $`k,l1`$, thus also these map to zero. The intersection $`V_{16}`$ and one of the $`6`$ divisors $`V_{kl}`$, $`2k,l5`$, is transversal along a divisor with class $`le_ie_j`$ where $`\{i,j,k,l\}=\{2,\mathrm{},5\}`$. Obviously $`C_{1j}`$ maps to $`e_{j1}`$, $`j=2,\mathrm{},5`$ (up to permutation of indices).

It remains to determine the image of $`V_{16}A^1(B_0)`$, we write $`V_{16}^2`$ for this class. Using $`K_{B_0}=(2/5)\widehat{B}_b+(1/5)\widehat{C}_b`$, which restricts to $`(2/5)(V_{16}^2+6l2c))+(1/5)c`$, and the adjunction formula :

$$K_{V_{16}}=K_{B_0}^{}{}_{|V_{16}}{}^{}+V_{16}^2\text{we get}3l+c=\frac{3}{5}V_{16}^2\frac{12}{5}l+c,$$

hence $`V_{16}^2=l`$. ∎

### 4.11. Intersection numbers on $`B_0`$.

It is now easy to compute the intersection numbers. If $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ are $`S_6`$-invariant divisors on $`B_0`$, then $`D_1D_2\widehat{B}_b=15D_1D_2V_{16}`$ since $`\widehat{B}_b`$ is the sum of 15 surfaces in the $`S_6`$-orbit of $`V:=V_{16}`$. Recall that we may compute the intersection product $`D_1D_2V`$ on $`B_0`$ simply as $`D_{1}^{}{}_{|V}{}^{}D_{2}^{}{}_{|V}{}^{}`$ on $`V`$, in fact:

$$D_1D_2V=D_1D_2j_{}1_V=j_{}(j^{}(D_1D_2)1_V)=j_{}(j^{}D_1j^{}D_2)A^3(B_0)$$

were $`j:VB_0`$ is the inclusion of $`V`$ in $`B_0`$ and $`1_VA^0(V)`$ is the class of $`V`$, $`1_V=[V]`$, and we used the projection formula and the fact that $`j^{}`$ is a ring homomorphism. Thus we find:

$$\widehat{B}_b^3=15\widehat{B}_{b|V}\widehat{B}_{b|V}=15(5l3c)^2=15(25+9(4))=165,$$

Similarly, we get $`\widehat{B}_b^2\widehat{C}_b=15(5l3c)c=180`$ and $`\widehat{B}_b\widehat{C}_b^2=15c^2=60`$. It remains to compute $`\widehat{C}_b^3`$, as $`\widehat{C}_b`$ is the sum of 10 disjoint divisors in one $`S_6`$-orbit, this is $`10C_b^3`$ where $`C_b`$ is a cusp divisor on $`B_0`$. But $`C_b^3=C_0^3B_0=2`$ by Proposition 3.2.

### 4.12. Intersection numbers on $`𝒞`$.

Using the results on the restriction to subvarieties we can now determine some intersection numbers on the cross ratio variety as well as its canonical class.

### 4.13. Theorem.

The intersection numbers between invariant classes on the cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ are:

$$\widehat{B}^4=12528=2^43^329,\widehat{B}^3\widehat{C}=6480=2^43^45,\widehat{B}^2\widehat{C}^2=2^43^35,$$

$$\widehat{B}\widehat{C}^3=720=2^43^25,\widehat{C}^4=240=2^435.$$

Moreover, for boundary divisors $`B_0,\mathrm{},B_3`$ which have a non-empty intersection (that is, the corresponding lines in $`𝐅_3^5`$ are perpendicular) we have:

$$B_0^4=3,B_0^3B_1=1,B_0^2B_1^2=1,B_0^2B_1B_2=1,B_0B_1B_2B_3=1.$$

Proof. We follow the strategy of section 4.11, replacing the role of the surface $`V`$ with that of the boundary divisor $`B_0`$. Since $`\widehat{B}`$ is the sum of the 36 divisors in the $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of $`B_0`$ we get, for $`W(E_6)`$-invariant divisors $`D_1,D_2,D_3`$:

$$D_1D_2D_3\widehat{B}=36D_1D_2D_3B_0=36(D_1D_2D_3)_{|B_0}=36(D_{1}^{}{}_{|B_0}{}^{})(D_{2}^{}{}_{|B_0}{}^{})(D_{3}^{}{}_{|B_0}{}^{}).$$

Using that $`\widehat{B}_{|B_0}=\widehat{B}_b+B_0^2=(4\widehat{B}_b3\widehat{C}_b)/5`$ (cf. 4.2 and Prop. 4.3) we obtain:

$$\widehat{B}^4=36\widehat{B}_{|B_0}^3=\frac{36}{125}(4\widehat{B}_b3\widehat{C}_b)^3=\frac{36}{125}(64(165)\mathrm{})=2^43^329,$$

similarly one finds:

$$\widehat{B}^3\widehat{C}=\frac{36}{25}(4\widehat{B}_b3\widehat{C}_b)^2\widehat{C}_b=6480,\widehat{B}^2\widehat{C}^2=\frac{36}{5}(4\widehat{B}_b3\widehat{C}_b)\widehat{C}_b^2=2160,$$

and $`\widehat{B}\widehat{C}^3=36\widehat{C}_b^3=720`$. For $`\widehat{C}^4`$ see Proposition 3.2.

The intersection numbers of the boundary divisors are easily determined by restriction to $`B_0`$ or $`B_0B_1=V_{ij}`$ (for some $`i,j`$), the restriction map $`A^1(B_0)A^1(V_{ij})`$ is given in 4.10. Hence:

$$B_0^4=N_{B_0/𝒞}^3=\frac{1}{125}(\widehat{B}_b+3\widehat{C}_b)^3=3,B_0^3B_1=N_{B_0/𝒞}^2V_{ij}=\frac{1}{25}(5l3c+3c)^2=1.$$

Similarly one computes the other intersection numbers. ∎

### 4.14.

It is now easy to compute the degree of the moduli space of marked cubics embedded in $`𝐏^9`$ by the CAF-system. This computation was already done in \[Fr\]. Freitag used two skew $`𝐏^4`$’s in $`𝐏^9`$ (eigenspaces of a subgroup of index two of $`W(E_6)`$) and showed, using explicit generators of the ideal of $`𝐏^9`$ and computer algebra, that the projection from one to the other induces a morphism $`𝐏^4`$ of degree $`27`$.

### 4.15. Corollary.

The degree of the image in $`𝐏^9`$ of the moduli space $``$ under the CAF-map is $`27`$.

Proof. From Theorem 2.6 it follows that the degree is given by

$$\left((\widehat{B}+3\widehat{C})/4\right)^4=\frac{1}{256}(\widehat{B}^4+12\widehat{B}^3\widehat{C}+\mathrm{}+81\widehat{C}^4)=27,$$

where we used the intersection numbers from Theorem 4.13. ∎

### 4.16. The $`W(E_6)`$-ivariants in $`A^2(𝒞)`$.

We already observed in 3.3 that there are 120 independent codimension 2 classes (obtained as $`B_iC_j`$) supported on the cusp divisors. It is easy to see that $`W(E_6)`$ permutes these classes transitively, and hence the subspace of invariant classes has dimension 1.

Next we consider the orthogonal complement (w.r.t. the intersection form) in $`A^2`$, it has dimension $`147120=27`$. Classes in the complement are given for example by the selfintersections $`B_i^2`$ of the $`36`$ boundary divisors (indeed, $`B_iC_jB_k^2=0`$, for any indices, by Proposition 3.2). A computation shows that the rank of the intersection matrix $`(B_i^2B_j^2)`$ is $`21`$. The group $`W(E_6)`$ permutes these classes and since the permutation character is $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩`$, we conclude that there is in $`A^2(𝒞)_𝐐`$ a $`21`$-dimensional subspace, perpendicular to the $`120`$ subspace, on which $`W(E_6)`$ acts via $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩`$. In particular we found another invariant.

To get our hands on the remaining $`6`$-dimensional subspace, we considered the image of the $`306`$-dimensional $`𝐐`$-vectorspace $`W`$ generated by the $`270=3615/2`$ (non-empty) intersections $`B_iB_j`$ of boundary divisors and the $`36`$ $`B_i^2`$. The group $`W(E_6)`$ acts on $`W`$ by permuting the basis vectors. Using the previous theorem (and a computer) we found that the matrix of intersection products has rank $`147`$, hence these classes span $`A^2(𝒞)_𝐐`$ (the $`270`$ classes $`B_iB_j`$ span a subspace of codimension $`1`$). Next one computes the kernel of $`WA^2(𝒞)_𝐐`$ (which is the kernel of the intersection matrix). Its perpendicular w.r.t. to the standard innerproduct on $`W`$ is a $`W(E_6)`$-invariant subspace which maps isomorphically onto $`A^2(𝒞)_𝐐`$. Now one computes the $`6`$-dimensional subspace which is perpendicular to the $`120+21=141`$-dimensional subspace we already found and one verifies that it is the standard $`6`$-dimensional representation $`\mathrm{𝟔}_𝐩`$ of $`W(E_6)`$.

A class in this subspace, which corresponds to the root $`h`$, is the class $`S_h=S_h^+S_h^{}`$, where $`S_h^+`$ is the sum of the $`154=60`$ classes $`B_{ij}B_{ijk}`$ ($`1ij6`$ and $`ki,j`$) and $`S_h^{}`$ is the sum of the $`60`$ classes $`B_{ij}B_{klm}`$ ($`1ij6`$ and $`\{k,l,m\}\{i,j\}=\mathrm{}`$), here we wrote $`B_m`$ for the boundary divisor corresponding to the root $`h_m`$ (cf. 7.4).

In any case, we can now conclude that $`\mathrm{rk}A^2(𝒞)^{W(E_6)}=2`$. As a byproduct, we found that the complement of the $`120`$ classes supported on the cusps has the representation $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩\mathrm{𝟔}_𝐩`$, which is the permutation representation of $`W(E_6)`$ on the 27 lines (!), cf. \[F\], (5.2). For completeness sake, the representation on the $`120`$-dimensional subspace is $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏𝟓}_𝐪\mathrm{𝟐𝟎}_𝐩\mathrm{𝟐𝟒}_𝐩\mathrm{𝟔𝟎}_𝐩`$.

## 5. The Riemann-Roch Theorem

### 5.1. Riemann-Roch.

The Riemann-Roch theorem for a line bundle $`𝒪_𝒞(D)`$ on the cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ is:

$$\chi (𝒪_𝒞(D))=\mathrm{deg}\left((1+D+\frac{1}{2}D^2+\frac{1}{6}D^3+\frac{1}{24}D^4)(1+\frac{1}{2}c_1+\frac{1}{12}(c_1^2+c_2)+\frac{1}{24}c_1c_2+td(𝒯)_4)\right)_4$$

where $`td(𝒯)_4=\frac{1}{720}(c_1^44c_1^2c_23c_2^2c_1c_3+c_4)`$, (\[HAG\], Appendix A.4) and $`𝒯`$ is the tangent bundle of $`𝒞`$. In particular, if $`D=0`$ we find $`1=\chi (𝒪_𝒞)=td(𝒯)_4`$. Hence to use the Riemann-Roch theorem we only need to compute $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ of $`𝒞`$, and we will only indicate how we computed $`c_3`$ and $`c_4`$.

### 5.2. Chern classes.

The Chern classes $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ can be computed easily by restriction to a divisor. In general, if $`Y`$ is a smooth divisor on $`X`$, the exact sequence

$$0𝒯_Y𝒯_{X}^{}{}_{|Y}{}^{}𝒩_{Y/X}0$$

gives the following relations in $`A^{}(Y)`$:

$$c_1(X)_{|Y}=c_1(Y)+Y^2,c_2(X)_{|Y}=c_1(Y)Y^2+c_2(Y),c_3(X)_{|Y}=c_2(Y)Y^2+c_3(Y)$$

where $`Y^2=c_1(N_{Y/X})A^1(Y)`$, the first relation is equivalent to the adjunction formula.

### 5.3. Proposition.

The Chern classes of a boundary divisor $`B_0`$ are:

$$c_1(B_0)=(2\widehat{B}_b+\widehat{C}_b)/5,c_2(B_0)=(4\widehat{B}_b^236\widehat{C}_b^2)/25,c_3(B_0)=34.$$

Proof. To compute $`c_2(B_0)`$ we consider the divisor $`Q(𝐏^1)^2`$ which lies over a cusp in the Segre threefold. We can identify $`Q`$ with the divisor $`D_1=B_0C_0`$ as in Proposition 3.2. Only six of the nine boundary divisors, besides $`B_0`$, which meet $`C_0`$ intersect $`Q`$, they intersect it in $`3D_1D_2+3D_1D_3=3\mathrm{\Delta }`$ where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the diagonal of $`(𝐏^1)^2`$. Thus $`\widehat{B}_b`$ restricts to $`3\mathrm{\Delta }`$ on $`Q`$. Since $`\widehat{C}_b`$ is the sum of the $`10`$ disjoint cusp divisors on $`B_0`$, one of which is $`Q`$, its restriction to $`Q`$ is $`Q^2=N_{Q/B_0}`$. Since $`K_Q=2\mathrm{\Delta }`$ the adjunction formula gives

$$2\mathrm{\Delta }=K_{B_0|Q}+Q^2=\left((2\widehat{B}_b\widehat{C}_b)/5\right)_{|Q}+Q^2=(6\mathrm{\Delta }+4Q^2)/5$$

hence $`Q^2=\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Furthermore, since $`\widehat{B}_b^2\widehat{C}_b=1018`$, $`\widehat{C}_b^3=20`$ and $`\widehat{C}_b`$ is the sum of $`10`$ disjoint copies of $`Q`$, we get $`\widehat{B}_b^2Q=18`$, $`\widehat{C}_b^2Q=2`$.

Now we write $`c_2(B_0)=n\widehat{B}_b^2+m\widehat{C}_b^2`$ and use the relation 5.2 for $`QB_0`$:

$$(n\widehat{B}_b^2+m\widehat{C}_b^2)_{|Q}=c_1(Q)Q^2+c_2(Q)=(2\mathrm{\Delta })(\mathrm{\Delta })+4=0,$$

hence $`18n+2m=0`$. On any smooth threefold we have $`c_1c_2/24=\chi (𝒪)`$. Since $`\chi (𝒪)=1`$ for $`B_0`$ this implies

$$24=\frac{1}{5}(2\widehat{B}_b+\widehat{C}_b)(n\widehat{B}_b^2+m\widehat{C}_b^2)=30n20m.$$

From these equations one finds $`n=4/25`$ and $`m=36/25`$.

Recall that $`B_0`$ is obtained as a blow up in two different ways. One is described in section 4.6, the other in the proof of Proposition 4.3. In \[Fu1\], Thm. 15.4 the Chern classes of the blow up of a smooth threefold $`Y`$ in a point $`p`$ or in a smooth curve $`X`$ are given. Applying these formulas allows one to compute, in two different ways, $`c_3(B_0)`$ and we found the same result, $`c_3(B_0)=34`$, in both ways. This method also allowed us to verify the formula for $`c_2(B_0)`$ determined above. ∎

### 5.4. Theorem.

The Chern classes of the cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ are:

$$c_1(𝒞)=(\widehat{B}\widehat{C})/4,c_2(𝒞)=(\widehat{B}^29\widehat{C}^2)/8,c_3(𝒞)=\frac{13}{396}\widehat{B}^3+\frac{181}{96}\widehat{C}^3,$$

and $`c_4(𝒞)=271`$.

Proof. Since $`c_1(𝒞)=K_𝒞`$, the first result follows from Theorem 2.4. The expression for $`c_2`$ follows from the formula for $`c_2(X)_{|Y}`$ in 5.2 applied to $`B_0𝒞`$ and the previous proposition. Similarly, since the Chern class $`c_3`$ is invariant under $`W(E_6)`$ it can be written as $`a\widehat{B}^3+b\widehat{C}^3`$ for certain $`a,b𝐐`$. Restricting to $`B_0`$ and to a cusp divisor $`C_0`$ and using $`c_3(B_0)=34`$, $`c_3(C_0)=8`$ (which follows from $`C_0(𝐏^1)^3`$) we find two equations for $`a`$ and $`b`$ from which $`c_3`$ can be determined. The class $`c_4`$ can be computed from the other $`c_i`$ and the relation $`td(𝒯)_4=1`$. ∎

## 6. Applications

### 6.1. The CAF-linear system.

In \[Fr\], Freitag determined the Hilbert function of the graded ring $`𝐂[Y_0,\mathrm{},Y_9]/`$, where $``$ is the homogeneous ideal defining $`𝐏^9`$. The Hilbert function coincides with the map $`n\chi (𝒪_𝒞(nH))`$, see the theorem below. This suggests that that the multiplication maps $`Sym^nH^0(H)H^0(nH)`$ are surjective and that $`H^i(nH)=0`$ for $`i,n>0`$.

### 6.2. Theorem.

Let $`H=(\widehat{B}+3\widehat{C})/4`$ be the pull-back of the hyperplane section of $`𝒞𝐏^9`$. Then we have:

$$\chi (𝒪_𝒞(nH))=\frac{9}{8}n^4+\frac{9}{4}n^3+\frac{27}{8}n^2+\frac{9}{4}n+1.$$

Proof. This follows by direct computation from the Riemann-Roch formula. ∎

### 6.3. Tritangent divisors.

We haven’t used the tritangent divisors to obtain the results above. However, applying the same methods we can describe the Chow groups of a tritangent divisor. We will denote the tritangent divisor in $`𝒞`$ obtained from $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ by $`T_0`$. The strict transform of the hyperplane class in $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ will be denoted by $`H_\mathrm{w}A^1(T_0)`$. There is an identification $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3𝐏(Q(F_4)_𝐙𝐂)`$, where $`Q(F_4)`$ is the root lattice of the root system system of type $`F_4`$ such that the action of $`W(F_4)`$ on $`Q(F_4)`$ induces the biregular action of $`W(F_4)(W(E_6))`$ on $`T_0`$ (cf. \[vG\], 6.4, 6.5). The root system $`F_4`$ has $`24`$ short roots, these are the elements of $`S`$, and 24 long roots, the elements of $`R`$, these form a subroot system of type $`D_4`$ in $`F_4`$. The 12 points in $`𝐏(Q(F_4)_𝐙𝐂)`$ defined by the short roots of $`F_4`$ are blown up to divisors in $`T_0`$. The sum of these $`12`$ divisors in $`T_0`$ will be denoted by $`\widehat{B}_{t,e}`$.

### 6.4. Proposition.

The Chow groups of a tritangent divisor $`T_0`$ are:

$$A^1(T_0)A^2(T_0)𝐙^{29}.$$

Moreover we have:

$$A^1(T_0)^{W(F_4)}A^2(T_0)^{W(F_4)}𝐙^3$$

and the classes $`H_\mathrm{w}`$, $`\widehat{B}_t:=\widehat{B}_{|T_0}`$ and $`\widehat{C}_t:=\widehat{C}_{|T_0}`$ are a basis of $`A^1(T_0)_𝐐^{W(F_4)}`$.

The chern classes of $`T_0`$ are:

$$c_1(T_0)=K_{T_0}=2H_\mathrm{w}\frac{1}{2}\widehat{B}_t\frac{1}{2}\widehat{C}_t,c_2(T_0)=6H_\mathrm{w}^22H_\mathrm{w}\widehat{C}_t\widehat{C}_t^2,c_3(T_0)=92.$$

The hyperplane class of the CAF-map restricts to

$$3H_\mathrm{w}\widehat{B}_{t,e}.$$

Proof. The 12 curves $`C_i^{}\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ which are blown up in $`\pi ^{}`$ intersect the projective space $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ in $`12`$ points, these are the points defined by $`S`$. This adds $`12`$ to the rank of $`A^1`$. Next in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ the strict transform of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ meets the 16 $`S_i^{\prime \prime }`$’s in 16 smooth rational curves (these curves are the strict transforms of $`16`$ lines in $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$, each line contains three of the points, on each point there are 4 lines). Thus for the strict transform $`\widehat{E}`$ of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ we get rk$`A^1(\widehat{E})=1+12+16=29`$.

The intersection of $`\widehat{E}`$ and a $`\widehat{C}_i𝐏^1\times V`$ is a copy of $`V`$ (cf. \[N\], p. 22). Since the contraction $`r:\widehat{T}𝒞`$ induces the projection $`𝐏^1\times VV`$, the map $`r`$ induces an isomorphism $`\widehat{E}T_0`$. Thus also rk$`A^1(T_0)=29`$. The rank of $`A^2`$ follows since $`T_0`$ is easily seen to be smooth by construction. The invariant classes are also obvious.

A tritangent divisor has non-empty intersection with each boundary divisor. The $`12`$ divisors in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ obtained from the subtori $`\alpha =1`$ in $`T`$, with $`\alpha `$ a root of $`D_4`$, intersect $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ in linear subspaces defined by the same root of $`F_4`$ (\[vG\], proof of Thm. 6.5). We denote by $`\widehat{B}_{t,i}`$ the sum of the twelve divisors in $`T_0`$ obtained in this way. The other $`3612=212`$ boundary divisors in $`𝒞`$ are obtained from the $`V(\tau )`$ where $`\tau S`$, these are paired by $`\tau \tau `$. The image $`C_j`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ of each of the twelve curves $`C_j^{}`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ has non-empty intersection with exactly two such boundary divisors, the two are in a pair and each intersection is transversal in one point. We denote the pair defined by $`C_j`$ by $`\pm \tau _j`$. The divisors $`\widehat{T}`$ and $`\widehat{V(\pm \tau _j)}`$ are still disjoint, but each meets the divisor $`\widehat{C}_jC_j\times V`$ in a copy of $`V`$. In the final blow down $`r:\widehat{T}𝒞`$, $`\widehat{C}_j`$ is contracted onto $`V`$, hence this surface is the intersection of any two of $`T_0`$, $`B_{\tau _j}`$, and $`B_{\tau _j}`$ where $`B_\tau `$ is the boundary divisor defined by $`V(\tau )`$. We denote the sum of these 12 surfaces by $`\widehat{B}_{t,e}`$, then

$$\widehat{B}_t=\widehat{B}_{t,i}+2\widehat{B}_{t,e}.$$

Using the divisor of $`\lambda 1`$ (cf. 7.1) restricted to $`T_0`$ we find that $`T_0^2`$ is is the sum of $`(1)`$ times one of the twelve divisors in $`\widehat{B}_{t,i}`$ (it is $`D_\lambda ^1T_0)`$), minus the sum of $`4`$ divisors in $`\widehat{C}_t`$ and plus the sum of $`6`$ divisors from $`\widehat{B}_{t,e}`$. Symmetrizing w.r.t. $`W(F_4)`$ (so we replace each divisor in $`\widehat{B}_{t,i}`$ by $`(1/12)\widehat{B}_{t,i}`$ etc.) we find:

$$T_0^2=\frac{1}{12}\widehat{B}_{t,i}+\frac{6}{12}\widehat{B}_{t,e}\frac{4}{16}\widehat{C}_t=\frac{1}{12}\widehat{B}_{t,i}+\frac{1}{2}\widehat{B}_{t,e}\frac{1}{4}\widehat{C}_t.$$

The canonical divisor of $`T_0`$ can be obtained from the adjunction formula for $`T_0𝒞`$:

$$K_{T_0}=K_{𝒞}^{}{}_{|T_0}{}^{}+T_0^2=\frac{1}{4}(\widehat{B}_{t,i}2\widehat{B}_{t,e}+\widehat{C}_t)\frac{1}{12}\widehat{B}_{t,i}+\frac{1}{2}\widehat{B}_{t,e}\frac{1}{4}\widehat{C}_t=\frac{1}{3}\widehat{B}_{t,i}.$$

The canonical divisor of $`T_0`$ can also be computed from the construction of $`T_0`$ given above:

$$K_{T_0}=4H_\mathrm{w}+2\widehat{B}_{t,e}+\widehat{C}_t.$$

Thus we find:

$$\widehat{B}_{t,i}=12H_\mathrm{w}6\widehat{B}_{t,e}3\widehat{C}_t.$$

The $`12H_\mathrm{w}`$ in this formula arises from the fact that each of the twelve divisors in $`\widehat{B}_{t,i}`$ is the strict transform of plane in $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$. Since $`\widehat{B}_t=\widehat{B}_{t,i}+2\widehat{B}_{t,e}`$, this relation implies $`4\widehat{B}_{t,e}=12H_\mathrm{w}\widehat{B}_t3\widehat{C}_t`$ and thus we can eliminate $`\widehat{B}_{t,e}`$ from the last formula for $`K_{T_0}`$ to obtain the formula in the theorem. The other Chern classes can be computed by restricting the Chern classes of $`𝒞`$ or directly by using the blow up formulas as in the proof of 5.3.

The restriction of the CAF-hyperplane class to $`T_0`$ is:

$$\frac{1}{4}(\widehat{B}+3\widehat{C})_{|T_0}=\frac{1}{4}(\widehat{B}_{t,i}+2\widehat{B}_{t,e}+3\widehat{C}_t)=3H_\mathrm{w}\widehat{B}_{t,e}$$

which agrees with the fact that the CAF-map, when restricted to $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$, is given by the cubics which vanish on the 12 points which are blown up to give $`\widehat{B}_{t,e}`$ (\[vG\], Thm 6.5). ∎

### 6.5. Remark.

The tritangent divisor $`T_0`$ also has non-empty intersection with the other $`451=12+216`$ tritangent divisors. It is verified in \[vG\], 6.7 that $`216`$ tritangent divisors intersect $`T_0`$ in the strict transform of 16 quadrics in $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$.

The other 12 tritangent divisors intersect $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ in the $`12`$ linear subspaces defined by the short roots, that is by a pair $`\pm \tau S`$. The involutions corresponding to these 12 divisors are just the reflections in the corresponding short roots in $`W(F_4)W(E_6)`$ (\[vG\], proof of Thm 6.5). The involution defined by $`\tau `$ permutes the boundary divisors $`B_{\pm \tau }`$ (defined by $`V(\pm \tau )\stackrel{~}{T}`$) in $`𝒞`$. Thus we conclude that the surface $`V=T_0B_\tau B_\tau `$ must coincide with the divisor in $`T_0`$ defined by the plane in $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ defined by the short root $`\tau `$. In particular, $`V`$ lies in two tritangent as well as in two boundary divisors.

The fact that there are surfaces in the intersection of pairs of boundary and tritangent divisors can also easily be seen using the ball quotient description of $`𝒞`$. Following \[AF\], the ball $``$ is viewed as a subvariety of $`𝐂^5`$:

$$=\{(1,z_1,z_2,z_3,z_4)𝐂^5:\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}|z_1|^2\mathrm{}|z_4|^2>0\}$$

and we consider the hermitian form $`(z,w)=z_0\overline{w}_0z_1\overline{w}_1\mathrm{}z_4\overline{w}_4`$ on $`𝐂^5`$. Let $`e_1=(0,1,0,0,0)`$, $`e_2=(0,0,1,0,0)`$, then the subvarieties of the ball defined by $`(z,e_i)=0`$ map onto tritangent divisors $`T_i`$ under the map

$$/\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒞\{\text{cusp divisors}\}.$$

The subvarieties defined by $`w_1=e_1+e_2`$ and $`w_2=e_1e_2`$ map onto boundary divisors $`T_j`$. Obviously, the intersection of these four divisors is a surface.

## 7. Appendix

### 7.1. The divisor of $`\lambda `$.

The divisor of the rational function $`\lambda `$, as well as $`\lambda 1`$, are used to obtain relations in the various Chow groups considered in this paper. In the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ we have

$$(\lambda )=\underset{\tau SR}{}n_\tau V(\tau )\mathrm{with}n_\tau =(ϵ_1ϵ_2,\tau )$$

(standard inner product on $`𝐑^4`$). Obviously, we have $`n_\tau =n_\tau `$, so it suffices to list the $`\tau RS`$ with $`n_\tau >0`$ which is easily done.

$$n_\tau >0\mathrm{iff}S_{\lambda ,0}R_{\lambda ,0}\{ϵ_1ϵ_2\},$$

where

$$S_{\lambda ,0}=\{ϵ_1,ϵ_2,(ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2,(ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2,(ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2,(ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2\},$$

here $`\tau S`$ so these give boundary divisors,

$$R_{\lambda ,0}=\{ϵ_1+ϵ_3,ϵ_1ϵ_3,ϵ_1+ϵ_4,ϵ_1ϵ_4,ϵ_2+ϵ_3,ϵ_2ϵ_3,ϵ_2+ϵ_4,ϵ_2ϵ_4\}$$

here $`\tau R`$ so these give cusp divisors, and finally $`n_\tau =2`$ if $`\tau =ϵ_1ϵ_2`$, the divisor $`V(ϵ_1ϵ_2)`$ is also a cusp divisor.

To find the divisor of the rational function $`\lambda `$ on $`𝒞`$, we observe that a divisor $`V(\tau )`$ does not intersect $`T`$, hence it does not contain $`eT`$ (which gets blown up in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$) nor any of the 12 curves in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ which are blown up in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ nor any of the 16 surfaces in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ which are blown up in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. Thus the divisor of $`\lambda `$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ is simply the sum of the strict transforms of the divisors $`V(\tau )\stackrel{~}{T}`$ with the same multiplicities. Finally, the direct image under $`r`$ of this divisor in $`𝒞`$ is the divisor of $`\lambda `$ on $`𝒞`$.

Using the tables from 7.4 below one finds that

$$S_{\lambda ,0}=\{h_{345},h_{13},h_{136},h_{26},h_{246},h_{256}\}\{h_{345},h_{13},h_{145},h_{136},h_{26},h_{123},h_{246},h_{256},h_{45}\}=[\mathrm{13.45.26}],$$

that is, this set of $`6`$ positive roots can be completed to a set three orthogonal $`A_2`$’s (see 7.6). Similarly one finds

$$S_{\lambda ,\mathrm{}}=\{h_{12},h_{245},h_{36},h_{126},h_{356},h_{346}\}\{h_{12},h_{245},h_{145},h_{36},h_{126},h_{123},h_{356},h_{346},h_{45}\}=[\mathrm{12.45.36}],$$

so, using the same three roots $`h_{145},h_{123},h_{45}`$, also this set can be completed to a set of three orthogonal $`A_2`$’s. These sets of nine roots correspond to the cusp divisors $`D_v`$ where $`v=(1,1,1,0,0)N_0`$ (with $`D_v=V(ϵ_1ϵ_2)`$) and $`w=(1,1,1,0,0)`$ (with $`D_w=V(ϵ_1+ϵ_2)`$) respectively. For $`zN_0`$ we define $`\{z\}`$ to be the set of nine (positive) roots in the corresponding $`A_2^3`$ and we put

$$B_z=\underset{t\{z\}}{}D_t.$$

Next we consider the cusp divisors. Using the table 7.6 we find that the eight $`\tau R_{\lambda ,0}`$ correspond to the lines generated by the eight vectors $`(1,1,0,\pm 1,0)`$, $`(1,1,0,0,\pm 1)`$, $`(1,0,1,\pm 1,0)`$, $`(1,0,1,0,\pm 1)`$. These vectors are all perpendicular to $`w`$, similarly the $`\tau R_{\lambda ,\mathrm{}}`$ correspond to the vectors $`(1,1,0,\pm 1,0)`$, $`(1,1,0,0,\pm 1)`$, $`(1,0,1,\pm 1,0)`$, $`(1,0,1,0,\pm 1)`$ which are all in $`v^{}`$. The linear space $`v^{}𝐅_3^4`$ contains $`13`$ isotropic lines, $`8`$ of these are spanned by the vectors listed, another $`4`$ are spanned by $`(0,1,1,\pm 1,0)`$ and $`(0,1,1,0,\pm 1)`$ (note that these vectors are also in $`w^{}`$) and finally there is the line spanned by $`v`$ itself. We write

$$C_v^{}=\underset{zv^{}}{}D_z$$

for the sum of these 13 cusp divisors. Putting all this together, we have $`(\lambda )=B_v+C_w^{}+3D_v(B_w+C_v^{}+3D_w)`$.

As a byproduct of our labors we get:

$$E_v=E_w(A^1(𝒞))\mathrm{with}E_v=B_vC_v^{}+3D_v.$$

The group $`W(E_6)`$ permutes the $`vN_0`$ and it easily follows that any two $`E_v`$’s are linearly equivalent, hence $`E_v`$ is an invariant class. Symmetrizing $`E_v`$ gives:

$$E_v=\frac{9}{36}\widehat{B}+\frac{(13+3)}{40}\widehat{C}=(\widehat{B}\widehat{C})/4=K_𝒞.$$

### 7.2. The divisor of $`\lambda 1`$.

The rational function $`\lambda 1`$ on has the same poles as $`\lambda `$. Its divisor of zeroes $`(\lambda 1)`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ is the closure in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ of the subtorus defined by $`\lambda =1`$ in $`T`$, we denote it by $`D_\lambda ^1`$. Since $`\lambda (e)=1`$, the divisor $`(\lambda 1)_0`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$, the blow up $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ of $`e`$, is given by the sum of the strict transform of $`D_\lambda ^1`$ and the exceptional fibre $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$. The strict transforms in $`\widehat{T}`$ of the exceptional divisors for the map $`\pi ^{}:\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ are blown down by $`r:\stackrel{~}{T}𝒞`$, hence in the end they do not contribute to $`(\lambda 1)_0`$ in $`A^1(𝒞)`$. The map $`\pi ^{\prime \prime }`$ blows up 16 surfaces in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$, these are the strict transforms of surfaces in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. By inspection one finds that 4 of these are contained in $`D_\lambda ^1`$, to be explicit, the defining equations of these curves are:

$$\lambda =\mu \nu \rho =1,\lambda =\mu \rho =1,\lambda =\nu \rho =1,\lambda =\rho =1.$$

Therefore the divisor $`(\lambda 1)_0`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ has 6 components (with multiplicity one), the strict transforms of $`D_\lambda ^1(\stackrel{~}{T})`$, of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3)(\stackrel{~}{T}^{})`$ and the exceptional divisors over the 4 surfaces. The divisor $`(\lambda 1)_0`$ in $`𝒞`$ is the direct image of this divisor, in particular it is the sum of one boundary divisor (coming from $`D_\lambda ^1`$), one tritangent divisor (coming from $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$) and 4 cusp divisors (coming from the exceptional divisors over the surfaces).

### 7.3. Tables.

We collect some of the notations used by various authors for referring to tritangents, boundary and cusp divisors (cf. \[Fr2\] and \[S\]). We also give a $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant map between the sets of these divisors and the sets $`N_i`$ (see 1.7).

### 7.4. The boundary divisors.

The $`36`$ boundary divisors are parametrized by the $`36`$ positive roots of $`E_6`$. These roots generate the root lattice $`Q(E_6)𝐙^6`$. The quadratic form given by the Cartan matrix on $`Q(E_6)`$ has determinant $`3`$, hence the $`𝐅_3`$-valued bilinear form it induces on $`FF_3^6`$ is degenerate. In fact, $`v=\alpha _1\alpha _3+\alpha _5\alpha _6=h_{12}h_{23}+h_{45}h_{56}Q(R)`$ has the property that $`(v,\alpha )3𝐙`$ (this is easy to verify on a basis of simple roots of $`E_6`$ using the Dynkin diagram), but $`v3Q(R)`$. More intrinsically, we note that $`v/3`$ lies in the weight lattice $`P(E_6)`$ and that $`P(E_6)=Q(E_6)+𝐙(v/3)`$, hence $`Q(E_6)/(3Q(E_6)+𝐙v)Q(E_6)/3P(E_6)`$ (cf. \[B\], Exercises, VI §4, n. 2). On $`𝐅_3^5Q(E_6)/(3P(E_6)`$ we get a non-degenerate $`𝐅_3`$-valued quadratic form $`q`$ and we have an induced homomorphism $`W(E_6)O(𝐅_3^5,q)`$.

Under the quotient map

$$\pi :Q(R)Q(E_6)/(3Q(E_6)+𝐙v)𝐅_3^5$$

the roots of $`E_6`$ map to elements of $`N_1`$. We fix $`\pi `$ by defining the images of the basis of simple roots $`h_{12},h_{123},h_{23},h_{34},h_{45},h_{56}`$:

$$\pi (h_{i,i+1})=f_if_{i+1}(1i4),\pi (h_{123})=(0,0,0,1,1),$$

here $`f_i`$ is the $`i`$-th standard basis vector of $`𝐅_3^5`$, and in view of $`\pi (v)=0`$ we get

$$\pi (h_{56})=h_{12}h_{23}+h_{45}=(1,1,1,1,1).$$

The first table lists the roots of $`D_4E_6`$, the corresponding characters of $`T`$, the name of the root in $`E_6`$ and its image in $`𝐏(𝐅_3^5)`$. The last three tables list the elements in $`S`$, which define boundary divisors in $`𝒞`$, the corresponding positive root in $`E_6`$ and its image in $`𝐏(𝐅_3^5)`$. Note that $`(\pm \pm \pm \pm )`$ stands for the vector $`(\pm ϵ_1\pm ϵ_2\pm ϵ_3\pm ϵ_4)/2`$.

### 7.5. Tritangents.

The tritangents were labelled by Cayley, later a more comprehensible notation was introduced by Schläfli. The $`27`$ lines on a smooth cubic surface are denoted by $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_6`$ (these are $`6`$ skew lines which can thus be blown down to points $`p_i`$), $`b_1,\mathrm{},b_6`$ ($`b_i`$ maps to the conic on the $`6`$ points except for $`p_i`$) and $`c_{ij}`$, $`1i<j6`$ ($`c_{ij}`$ maps to the line $`p_i,p_j`$). The 45 tritangent planes are denoted by

$$(ij)=a_i,b_j,c_{ij},(ij.kl.mn)=c_{ij},c_{kl},c_{mn},$$

here $`ij`$ and $`(ij)(ji)`$, also $`\{i,\mathrm{},n\}=\{1,\mathrm{},6\}`$ and $`i<j`$, $`k<l`$, $`m<n`$. A correspondence between Cayley’s labels and those of Schläfli was given in \[S\] and is copied here.

Each tritangent plane is determined by a $`D_4E_6`$ (cf. \[vG\], 1.8). The span of the image of such a $`D_4`$ in $`𝐅_3^5`$ has codimension one (the image of the ‘standard’ $`D_4`$ spanned by $`h_{123},h_{23},h_{34},h_{45}`$ has this property, the other $`D_4`$’s are in $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of this one), hence it is the perpendicular of a one dimensional subspace. In this way each tritangent defines a point in $`𝐏(𝐅_3^5)`$, one checks that this point lies in $`N_1`$ for the standard $`D_4`$, and thus it lies in $`N_1`$ for all tritangents. Alternatively, one can use \[AF\] to find this correspondence.

Another way to describe this correspondence was found by Matsumoto and Terasoma \[MT\], Prop. 3.4. They identify $`𝐅_3^5`$ with a subgroup of the $`3`$-torsion points of the intermediate Jacobian of a cubic threefold associated to a cubic surface.

### 7.6. The cusp divisors.

The $`40`$ cusp divisors can be labelled by ‘triads of trihedral pairs’ (cf. \[H\], 6.1.1), they correspond also to copies of three orthogonal $`A_2`$’s in $`E_6`$ (cf. \[H\], 6.1.5.3) The notation we use is:

$$[ijk.lmn]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}h_{ij}& h_{jk}& h_{ik}\\ h_{lm}& h_{mn}& h_{ln}\\ h& h_{ijk}& h_{lmn}\end{array}\right],[ij.kl.mn]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}h_{ij}& h_{ikl}& h_{jkl}\\ h_{kl}& h_{kmn}& h_{lmn}\\ h_{mn}& h_{nij}& h_{mij}\end{array}\right],$$

here the rows of the matrices are thee positive vectors of $`E_6`$ which span an $`A_2`$ and the roots in different rows are perpendicular.

The image under $`\pi `$ of the span of an $`A_2Q(E_6)`$ is a two dimensional subspace of $`𝐅_3^5`$, its projectivizations thus has $`4`$ points, three of which are lines spanned by the positive roots, the other line is spanned by an element from $`N_0`$. The span of the images of three perpendicular $`A_2`$’s has codimension one in $`𝐅_3^5`$ (in fact, the span of each of the three contains the same element $`v`$ from $`N_0`$). Hence this subspace is the perpendicular of an element, which in fact is this $`vN_0`$ (to check this it suffices to verify this statement for one of the $`40`$ triples, and to apply $`W(E_6)`$ to obtain the result in general). Conversely, given a vector $`vN_0`$, it is perpendicular to exactly $`9`$ elements in $`N_1`$.

The first table lists the equations of a subtorus of $`T`$ whose closure in the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ is one of the 16 surfaces $`S_i`$, the pair of roots in $`D_4E_6`$ which define the surface are also given. This pair of roots spans an $`A_2E_6`$ which is contained in a unique triple of orthogonal $`A_2`$’s. The corresponding cusp divisor in $`𝒞`$ is then labelled as above as well as by a vector in $`N_0`$, this vector is normalized by its first non-zero component being $`+1`$. The last table lists a $`\tau R`$, which defines a cusp divisor in $`𝒞`$, a label for the corresponding triple of orthogonal $`A_2`$’s as well as the corresponding normalized vector in $`N_0`$.

| $`\nu =\rho =1`$ | $`h_{34},h_{45}`$ | $`[126.345]`$ | $`(0,0,1,1,1)`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`\mu =\rho =1`$ | $`h_{34},h_{123}`$ | $`[\mathrm{34.12.56}]`$ | $`(0,0,1,1,1)`$ |
| $`\mu =\nu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{35},h_{123}`$ | $`[\mathrm{35.12.46}]`$ | $`(0,0,1,1,1)`$ |
| $`\nu =\mu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{45},h_{124}`$ | $`[\mathrm{45.12.36}]`$ | $`(0,0,1,1,1)`$ |
| $`\nu =\lambda \rho =1`$ | $`h_{24},h_{45}`$ | $`[136.245]`$ | $`(0,1,0,1,1)`$ |
| $`\mu =\lambda \rho =1`$ | $`h_{24},h_{123}`$ | $`[\mathrm{24.13.56}]`$ | $`(0,1,0,1,1)`$ |
| $`\mu =\lambda \nu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{123},h_{25}`$ | $`[\mathrm{25.13.46}]`$ | $`(0,1,0,1,1)`$ |
| $`\nu =\lambda \mu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{45},h_{134}`$ | $`[\mathrm{45.13.26}]`$ | $`(0,1,0,1,1)`$ |
| $`\lambda =\nu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{23},h_{35}`$ | $`[146.235]`$ | $`(0,1,1,0,1)`$ |
| $`\lambda =\mu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{23},h_{124}`$ | $`[\mathrm{23.14.56}]`$ | $`(0,1,1,0,1)`$ |
| $`\lambda \nu \rho =\mu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{25},h_{124}`$ | $`[\mathrm{25.14.56}]`$ | $`(0,1,1,0,1)`$ |
| $`\lambda \mu \rho =\nu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{35},h_{134}`$ | $`[\mathrm{35.14.56}]`$ | $`(0,1,1,0,1)`$ |
| $`\lambda =\rho =1`$ | $`h_{23},h_{34}`$ | $`[234.156]`$ | $`(0,1,1,1,0)`$ |
| $`\lambda =\mu \nu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{23},h_{125}`$ | $`[\mathrm{23.15.46}]`$ | $`(0,1,1,1,0)`$ |
| $`\mu \nu \rho =\lambda \rho =1`$ | $`h_{24},h_{125}`$ | $`[\mathrm{24.15.36}]`$ | $`(0,1,1,1,0)`$ |
| $`\rho =\lambda \mu \nu \rho =1`$ | $`h_{34},h_{135}`$ | $`[\mathrm{34.15.26}]`$ | $`(0,1,1,1,0)`$ |


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# Delbrück scattering and the 𝑔-factor of a bound electron

## 1 Introduction

Recently a significant progress in measurements of the $`g`$-factor of a bound electron in a hydrogen-like ion with a spinless nucleus has been achieved . At the same time an accurate theory was successfully developed . Comparison of theory and experiment  for the hydrogen-like carbon ion $`{}_{}{}^{12}\mathrm{C}_{}^{5+}`$ allows to determine the most accurate values of the electron mass

$$m_e=\mathrm{0.000\hspace{0.17em}548\hspace{0.17em}579\hspace{0.17em}909\hspace{0.17em}2}(4)\mathrm{u}$$
(1)
and the proton-to-electron mass ratio

$$m_p/m_e=\mathrm{1836.152\hspace{0.17em}673\hspace{0.17em}3}(14).$$
(2)
Those are three times more accurate than the recommended CODATA values  based on study of protons and electrons in Penning trap .

Theory and experiment equally contribute into uncertainty of the values in Eqs. (1) and (2). An essential part of theoretical uncertainty (maybe even the dominant part) is due to the light-by-light scattering effects. A part of them is related to the Wichmann-Kroll potential (so-called the “electric-loop” term presented in Fig. 1, where the contribution of a vacuum polarization by free electrons known analytically for a point-like nucleus  is not included). Its leading contribution ($`\alpha (Z\alpha )^6`$) has been found analytically :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{EL})=2\left(\frac{38}{45}\frac{2\pi ^2}{27}\right)\frac{\alpha (Z\alpha )^6}{\pi }.$$
(3)
Here $`Z`$ is the nuclear charge number, $`\alpha =e^2`$ is the fine-structure constant, $`\mathrm{}=c=1`$. The other part (so-called the “magnetic loop” term) presented in Fig. 2 has not been known. Even the order of magnitude of the leading term has not been clarified. Some rough estimations for it were included into evaluations in Ref. . We claim that the magnetic-loop effects contribute in order $`\alpha (Z\alpha )^5`$. Therefore, potentially they could strongly affect the $`g`$ factor of a bound electron. For instance, with

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{ML})}{2}=C_{\mathrm{ML}}\alpha (Z\alpha )^5$$

one can find a shift of $`g`$-factor up to $`2C_{\mathrm{ML}}10^9`$ in the case of the hydrogen-like ion of carbon, and $`C_{\mathrm{ML}}10^8`$ in the case of oxygen. In this paper we study the leading contribution of the magnetic-loop effects and determine coefficient $`C_{\mathrm{ML}}`$.

## 2 Low-energy Delbrück scattering and the contribution of “magnetic loop”

First we note that we need to study a vacuum polarization loop with the two lines of external virtual photons in the Coulomb field of a nucleus. One of these photons is related to an homogenous magnetic field and the other connects the electron loop and the atomic electron line. Because of the Furry theorem the leading effects of the electric field are related to the diagram with the two Coulomb lines. Then, we apply the block of the vacuum polarization when both external photon lines transfer momenta $`𝐤_1`$ and $`𝐤_2`$ significantly smaller than the electron mass, $`|𝐤_2|Z\alpha m_e`$. The rigorous analysis shows that the contribution to g-factor of the region $`|𝐤_2|m_e`$ is of order of $`\alpha (Z\alpha )^6`$. The kinematics $`k_1,k_2m_e`$ is similar to that for low-energy Delbrück scattering (see Fig. 3).

Delbrück scattering (see ) is a process in which the initial photon turns into a virtual electron-positron pair that scatters in the electric field of an atom and then transforms into the final photon. The Feynman diagram corresponding to the amplitude in the lowest in $`Z\alpha `$ order is shown in Fig. 3. Let us consider the scattering of a virtual photon with the initial momentum $`k_1=(\omega ,𝐤_1)`$ and the final momentum $`k_2=(\omega ,𝐤_2)`$, with $`\omega ,|𝐤|_{1,2}m_e`$. Due to the gauge invariance, the Delbrück scattering amplitude reads

$`T^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (Z\alpha )^2}{m_e^3}}\{C_1[g^{\mu \nu }(k_1k_2)k_2^\mu k_1^\nu ]`$ (4)
$`+C_2[\omega ^2g^{\mu \nu }\omega (n^\mu k_1^\nu +k_2^\mu n^\nu )+(k_1k_2)n^\mu n^\nu ]\},`$
where $`n^\mu =g^{\mu \mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}}`$, $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are some constants. This form of the amplitude follows from the relations $`k_{1\mu }T^{\mu \nu }=T^{\nu \mu }k_{2\mu }=0`$, and from the linearity of $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ with respect to $`k_1`$ and $`k_2`$. To calculate the magnetic loop contribution we need only the amplitude $`T^{ij}`$ at $`\omega =0`$. We can find it since the amplitude in Eq.(4) was derived for the real photons. For $`\omega =|𝐤|_1=|𝐤|_2`$ the amplitude $`T_D=e_\mu ^{(1)}T^{\mu \nu }e_\nu ^{(2)}`$ ($`e_\mu ^{(1,2)}`$ are the polarization vectors) is of the form

$`T_D={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha (Z\alpha )^2}{m_e^3}}\{(C_1+C_2)\omega ^2(𝐞_1𝐞_2^{})+C_1[𝐞_1\times 𝐤_1][𝐞_2^{}\times 𝐤_2]\}.`$ (5)
The amplitude $`T_D`$ (5) was obtained in Ref.  (see also ). Using the results of  and Eq.(5), we obtain

$`C_1={\displaystyle \frac{7}{1672}}\mathrm{and}C_2={\displaystyle \frac{73}{3272}}.`$ (6)
Let us consider now the amplitude $`T_M`$ of interaction of the magnetic field with the spin part of the magnetic moment of the atomic electron. In the zero approximation it reads

$`T_M^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie}{m_e}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}𝐀_𝐤[𝐤\times 𝐬]\rho _𝐤}`$ (7)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{m_e}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}𝐁_𝐤𝐬\rho _𝐤},`$
where $`𝐀_k`$ is the vector potential, $`𝐬`$ is the spin operator, and $`\rho _𝐤`$ is the Fourier transform of the electron density $`|\psi (𝐫)|^2`$, $`\psi (𝐫)`$ is the bound electron wave function. Note that a sign of $`T_M`$ is opposite to that of Hamiltonian. In the case of the homogeneous magnetic field $`𝐁`$, we have

$$𝐁_𝐤=i[𝐤\times 𝐀_𝐤]=(2\pi )^3\delta (𝐤)𝐁,$$

and we can replace in Eq. (7) $`\rho _𝐤`$ by $`\rho _0=1`$. Using (4) we can represent the correction $`T_M^{(1)}`$ as follows:

$`T_M^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie\alpha (Z\alpha )^2}{m_e^4}}C_1{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d^3𝐪}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{4\pi }{𝐪^2}}`$ (8)
$`\times \left\{(𝐤𝐪)𝐀_k(𝐀_k𝐪)𝐤\right\}[𝐪\times 𝐬]\rho _𝐪`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie\alpha (Z\alpha )^2}{m_e^4}}C_1{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}𝐀_𝐤[𝐤\times 𝐬]\frac{d^3𝐪}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{8\pi }{3}\rho _𝐪}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ie\alpha (Z\alpha )^2}{m_e^4}}C_1{\displaystyle \frac{d^3𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}𝐀_𝐤[𝐤\times 𝐬]\frac{8\pi }{3}|\psi (0)|^2}.`$
Thus, our final result for the relative correction of the magnetic loop reads

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{ML})}{2}}=T_M^{(1)}/T_M^{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{7\pi \alpha (Z\alpha )^2}{672m_e^3}}|\psi (0)|^2.`$ (9)
Substituting $`|\psi (0)|^2=(Z\alpha m)^3/\pi `$ for $`1s`$ state, we have

$`\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{ML})={\displaystyle \frac{7}{216}}\alpha (Z\alpha )^5,`$ (10)
For the interesting cases of hydrogen-like carbon ($`Z=6`$) and oxygen ($`Z=8`$) the numerical values are $`0.410^{10}`$ and $`1.610^{10}`$, respectively. The obtained correction has the same order of magnitude as results in ref. . However, a quantitative comparison of our analytic result with numerical calculations there is not helpful because of lack of accurate numerical data for $`Z10`$.

## 3 Conclusions

If one applies Eq. (10) to the $`g`$-factor for hydrogen-like carbon and oxygen, then the result in some sense is controversial. First, it has lower order of magnitude than expected, i.e. $`(\alpha (Z\alpha )^5)`$. On the other side, the correction (10) is consistent with the preliminary estimate (see, e.g., ) because of its very small numerical coefficient. Next, it is not clear if the leading in $`Z\alpha `$ term gives a dominant contribution. E.g., in the case of recoil correction for carbon, the leading term is smaller than the next-to-leading term because of the small coefficients in it .

To estimate uncertainty related to the higher order terms, we note that the coefficients in the contribution of the free vacuum polarization

$`\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{VP})`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{\pi }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{8}{15}}(Z\alpha )^4+{\displaystyle \frac{5\pi }{18}}(Z\alpha )^5\right]`$ (11)
$``$ $`0.34\times \alpha (Z\alpha )^5+0.56\times \alpha (Z\alpha )^6`$
are about unity in contrast to the light-by-light contributions (3) and (10),

$`\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{ML})`$ $``$ $`0.032\times \alpha (Z\alpha )^5,`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{EL})`$ $``$ $`0.072\times \alpha (Z\alpha )^6.`$ (12)
We consider an estimation $`\pm \alpha (Z\alpha )^6`$ for higher order magnetic-loop effects as a conservative one. It is below $`10^{10}`$ at $`Z<6`$, leads to $`\mathrm{\Delta }g110^{10}`$ for carbon and $`\mathrm{\Delta }g610^{10}`$ for oxygen. Our results are collected in the Table 1.

The experimental results for $`g`$ are available for the ions of carbon and oxygen with a relative uncertainty of $`210^9`$ being limited by our knowledge of the electron mass . However, their ratio is free of this uncertainty

$$g(^{12}\mathrm{C}^{5+})/g(^{16}\mathrm{O}^{7+})=\mathrm{1.000\hspace{0.17em}497\hspace{0.17em}273\hspace{0.17em}1}(15),$$
(13)
and is in a fair agreement with the theoretical prediction

$$g(^{12}\mathrm{C}^{5+})/g(^{16}\mathrm{O}^{7+})=\mathrm{1.000\hspace{0.17em}497\hspace{0.17em}273\hspace{0.17em}3}(3).$$
(14)
Calculation of the next-to-leading term of the magnetic-loop effects is in progress.

## Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Peter Mohr, Günther Werth and Vladimir Ivanov for stimulating discussions. We thank the School of Physics at the University of New South Wales for their warm hospitality during the stay when this work has been done. The work of S.G.K. was supported in part by RFBR grant 00-02-16718, and the work of A.I.M. by UNSW.