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# Measuring 𝜸 in 𝑩^±→𝑲^±(𝑲𝑲^∗)_𝑫 decays

## Abstract

We develop a method to measure the CKM angle $`\gamma `$ without hadronic uncertainties from the analysis of $`B^\pm K^\pm D^0`$ and $`K^\pm \overline{D}^0`$ followed by singly Cabibbo-suppressed $`D`$ decays to non CP-eigenstates, such as $`K^\pm K^{}`$. This method utilizes the interference between $`bc\overline{u}s`$ and $`bu\overline{c}s`$ decays, and we point out several attractive features of it. All the modes that need to be measured for this method are accessible in the present data.

preprint:   LBNL-51630 CSUHEP 02-02 hep-ph/0210433

Some of the theoretically cleanest determinations of the weak phase $`\gamma `$ rely on $`BDK`$ and related decays GL ; GW ; review ; book  (for definitions, see book ; review ). The original idea of Gronau and Wyler (GW) GW  was to measure two decay rates arising from $`bc\overline{u}s`$ and $`bu\overline{c}s`$ amplitudes. By measuring the rate of a third decay that involves the interference between these two amplitudes, one can gain sensitivity to their relative phase, which is $`\gamma `$. Since all the quarks which appear in $`BDK`$ decays have distinct flavors, the theoretical uncertainty arises only from higher order weak interaction effects (including, possibly, $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing, which we discuss below). However, there are no penguin contributions to these decays.

A practical difficulty of the GW method is that the amplitude ratio $`A(B^{}\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{0}K_{}^{})/A(B^{}D^0K^{})`$ is expected to be small. As a result, the measurement of $`|A(B^{}\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{0}K_{}^{})|`$ using hadronic $`D`$ decays is hampered by a significant contribution from the decay $`B^{}D^0K^{}`$, followed by a doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay of the $`D^0`$. To avoid this problem, Atwood, Dunietz, and Soni (ADS) ADS  proposed to study final states where Cabibbo-allowed and doubly Cabibbo-suppressed $`D`$ decays interfere. Several other variants of the GW method have been proposed other ; APS . An important point is that most of the methods require the measurements of very small rates, which have yet to be observed. (One exception is Ref. APS , where relatively large rates are expected.)

In this letter we propose to use singly Cabibbo-suppressed $`D`$ decays to final states that are not CP eigenstates, and have sizable rates in both $`D^0`$ and $`\overline{D}^0`$ decay. The use of such final states has been mentioned in Ref. ADS ; here we develop the details and point out the advantages. The simplest example is the final states $`K^+K^{}`$ and $`K^{}K^+`$. In the formalism below, we assume that all relevant decays are dominated by the standard model amplitudes.111New physics would have to compete with tree-level $`bu\overline{c}s`$ or $`cs\overline{s}u`$ decays, or give rise to $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing near the present experimental limits to influence our determination of $`\gamma `$. We define

$$A_BA(B^{}D^0K^{}),\overline{A}_BA(B^{}\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{0}K_{}^{}).$$
(1)
We shall further denote

$$\frac{\overline{A}_B}{A_B}=r_Be^{i(\delta _B\gamma )},r_B\left|\frac{\overline{A}_B}{A_B}\right|,$$
(2)
where $`\delta _B`$ is the relative strong phase between $`\overline{A}_B`$ and $`A_B`$, and we have neglected the deviation of the weak phase of $`\overline{A}_B/A_B`$ from $`\gamma `$, which is suppressed by four powers of the Cabibbo angle ($`\lambda ^42\times 10^3`$). Then the ratio of the CP conjugate decay amplitudes is given by

$$\frac{A(B^+D^0K^+)}{A(B^+\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{0}K_{}^{+})}=r_Be^{i(\delta _B+\gamma )}.$$
(3)
We denote the following $`D`$ decay amplitudes

$$A_DA(D^0K^+K^{}),\overline{A}_DA(\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{0}K^+K^{}),$$
(4)
and their ratio

$$\frac{\overline{A}_D}{A_D}=r_De^{i\delta _D},r_D\left|\frac{\overline{A}_D}{A_D}\right|.$$
(5)
Here we neglected the $`cu`$ penguin contribution compared to the $`cs\overline{s}u`$ tree diagram, which is a very good approximation. Then the ratio of the CP conjugate amplitudes is

$$\frac{A(D^0K^{}K^+)}{A(\overline{D}{}_{}{}^{0}K^{}K^+)}=r_De^{i\delta _D}.$$
(6)
With these definitions, the four amplitudes we are interested in are given by

$`A[B^{}K^{}(K^+K^{})_D]`$ $`=`$ $`|A_BA_D|\left[1+r_Br_De^{i(\delta _B+\delta _D\gamma )}\right],`$
$`A[B^{}K^{}(K^{}K^+)_D]`$ $`=`$ $`|A_BA_D|e^{i\delta _D}\left[r_D+r_Be^{i(\delta _B\delta _D\gamma )}\right],`$
$`A[B^+K^+(K^{}K^+)_D]`$ $`=`$ $`|A_BA_D|\left[1+r_Br_De^{i(\delta _B+\delta _D+\gamma )}\right],`$
$`A[B^+K^+(K^+K^{})_D]`$ $`=`$ $`|A_BA_D|e^{i\delta _D}\left[r_D+r_Be^{i(\delta _B\delta _D+\gamma )}\right].`$ (7)
Of the unknowns in these equations, $`|A_D|`$ and $`r_D`$ have been measured in $`D`$ decays PDG , and $`|A_B|`$ was measured from the $`B^{}D^0K^{}`$ rate (and its conjugate) by reconstructing the $`D^0`$ in flavor-specific decays DK-meas ; DKs-meas ; DCP-K . (While in practice, measuring $`|A_B|`$ involves identifying the $`D^0`$ through its hadronic decay, which is not a pure flavor tag, this induces a negligible error.) For any given integrated luminosity in the future, the errors in the measurements of $`|A_D|`$, $`r_D`$, and $`|A_B|`$ will induce a smaller error in the measurement of $`\gamma `$ than the statistical error of measuring the decay rates corresponding to Eqs. (Measuring $`𝜸`$ in $`𝑩^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{}𝑲^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{(}𝑲𝑲^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}_𝑫`$ decays).

This brings us to the key point: by measuring the rates of the four decays in Eqs. (Measuring $`𝜸`$ in $`𝑩^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{}𝑲^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{(}𝑲𝑲^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}_𝑫`$ decays), one has four measurements for the remaining four unknowns: $`r_B`$, $`\delta _B`$, $`\delta _D`$, and $`\gamma `$.

A simple analytic solution for $`\gamma `$ can only be obtained neglecting the terms proportional to $`r_B^2`$ in the four decay rates corresponding to the amplitudes of Eqs. (Measuring $`𝜸`$ in $`𝑩^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{}𝑲^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{(}𝑲𝑲^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}_𝑫`$ decays). In this approximation, we obtain

$$\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma =\frac{(R_1+R_32)^2(R_2+R_42r_D^2)^2}{4[(R_11)(R_31)(R_2r_D^2)(R_4r_D^2)]},$$
(8)
where

$$R_1=\left|\frac{A[B^{}K^{}(K^+K^{})_D]}{A_BA_D}\right|^2,$$
(9)
and similarly $`R_{24}`$ are the squares of the “reduced amplitudes” corresponding to lines $`24`$ in Eqs. (Measuring $`𝜸`$ in $`𝑩^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{}𝑲^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{(}𝑲𝑲^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}_𝑫`$ decays). Eq. (8) illustrates that our method is sensitive to $`\gamma `$ even neglecting terms in the branching ratios proportional to $`r_B^2`$. Although $`r_B`$ is expected to be small, $`r_B^2`$ should of course not be neglected when the experimental analysis is carried out numerically. On the other hand, $`r_D`$ is expected to be of order unity, and our method works best if $`r_D`$ and $`1r_D`$ are both of order unity. This expectation is supported by the data, $`r_D=0.73\pm 0.21`$ PDG  (the real uncertainty of $`r_D`$ may already be smaller; here we assumed that the errors of the measured $`D^0K^+K^{}`$ and $`D^0K^{}K^+`$ rates are uncorrelated).

In principle, our method requires the analysis of only one type of final state with different charge assignments (such as $`K^\pm K^{}`$). In practice, the sensitivity can be improved by considering several $`B`$ and $`D`$ decays of the type considered so far. When a different $`B`$ decay mode is used, for example, $`B^{}K^{}(K^+K^{})_D`$, four more measurements can be done, but only two new parameters are introduced, $`r_B^{}`$ and $`\delta _B^{}`$. (Here we assumed, as before, that $`|A_B^{}|`$ of this $`B`$ decay channel is measured.) When a different $`D`$ decay mode is used, for example, $`B^{}K^{}(\rho ^+\pi ^{})_D`$, only one new parameter is introduced, $`\delta _D^{}`$. (Here we assumed again that $`|A_D^{}|`$ and $`r_D^{}`$ of this $`D`$ decay channel are measured.) An especially interesting additional $`D`$ decay mode is to CP eigenstates. In this case, two extra measurements are possible, but no new parameters are added, since $`r_D^{}=1`$ and $`\delta _D^{}=0`$ or $`\pi `$.

Next we discuss how the sensitivity to $`\gamma `$ changes in some limiting cases. If $`r_D=1`$ then Eqs. (Measuring $`𝜸`$ in $`𝑩^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{}𝑲^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{(}𝑲𝑲^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}_𝑫`$ decays) become degenerate if either $`\delta _D=0`$ or $`\delta _B=0`$, and $`\gamma `$ can no longer be extracted from this mode alone. If $`r_D1`$, then our method is sensitive to $`\gamma `$ independent of $`\delta _D`$ and $`\delta _B`$. However, if $`\delta _D=0`$ or $`\delta _B=0`$ then the sensitivity to $`\gamma `$ comes only from terms in the branching ratios proportional to $`r_B^2`$. In this case Eqs. (Measuring $`𝜸`$ in $`𝑩^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{}𝑲^\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{(}𝑲𝑲^{\mathbf{}}\mathbf{)}_𝑫`$ decays) are not degenerate, but both the numerator and the denominator of Eq. (8), obtained neglecting $`r_B^2`$ terms, vanish due to $`|\mathrm{cos}(\delta _D+\delta _B)|=|\mathrm{cos}(\delta _D\delta _B)|`$. This indicates that the error in the determination of $`\gamma `$ may become large if either of the strong phases is small. This potential difficulty may be eliminated using several decay modes, as long as there are two sizable and different strong phases. For example, even if $`\delta _B`$ is small, the sensitivity of our analysis to $`\gamma `$ can still be large and not rely on the $`r_B^2`$ terms in the decay rates if we use two $`D`$ decay modes with sizable strong phases.

Throughout this analysis we assumed that $`|A_D|`$ and $`r_D`$ are known from $`D`$ decays, but $`\delta _D`$ is not. In the near future, it will be possible to measure $`\delta _D`$ at a charm factory using CP-tagged $`D`$ decays DDbar1 ; GGR , simplifying our $`\gamma `$ measurement. With some model dependence, $`\delta _D`$ may also be measured at the $`B`$ factories using a Dalitz plot analysis of the $`D`$ decay Williams . In this case, one typically assumes that the variation of $`\delta _D`$ over the Dalitz plot can be accounted for by using phases of Breit-Wigner resonances. With enough events, the validity of this assumption can be checked in the analysis. Both the charm and the $`B`$ factory measurements of $`r_D`$ and $`\delta _D`$ can be carried out as a function of the Dalitz plot variables.

Measurements of $`\gamma `$ that depend only on one strong phase, $`\delta `$, are in general subject to an eight-fold discrete ambiguity, due to invariance of the observables under the three symmetry operations soffer

$$\begin{array}{cccc}S_{\mathrm{ex}}\hfill & :\hfill & \gamma \delta ,\hfill & \delta \gamma ,\hfill \\ S_{\mathrm{sign}}\hfill & :\hfill & \gamma \gamma ,\hfill & \delta \delta ,\hfill \\ S_\pi \hfill & :\hfill & \gamma \gamma +\pi ,\hfill & \delta \delta +\pi .\hfill \end{array}$$
(10)
In the modes we propose, the variation of $`\delta _D`$ across the $`D`$ decay Dalitz plot will be largely determined by the Breit-Wigner shape of the dominant resonance (such as the $`K^{}`$). As a result, the theoretical expressions for the decay rates are no longer invariant under $`S_{\mathrm{ex}}`$ and $`S_{\mathrm{sign}}`$, and the only ambiguity that is relevant for our method is the two-fold $`S_\pi `$ ambiguity APS .

To compare the sensitivity to $`\gamma `$ of the different methods, we assume that the only small parameters are $`\lambda `$ and $`r_B`$. The latter has been estimated assuming factorization as

$$r_B\left|\frac{V_{ub}V_{cs}^{}}{V_{cb}V_{us}^{}}\right|\frac{1}{N_C}\lambda /2,$$
(11)
where $`N_C=3`$ is the number of colors. The accuracy of this estimate is expected to depend on the specific hadronic mode. Thus, for example, the numerical values of $`r_B`$ in $`BK(K^{}K)_D`$ and in $`BK^{}(K^{}K)_D`$ are expected to be different. Since the uncertainty of this estimate of $`r_B`$ is large, it is not yet known whether $`r_B`$ is closer to $`\lambda `$ or to $`\lambda ^2`$. The statistical significance of a CP asymmetry measurement scales roughly as the smallest amplitude that is needed in order to generate the asymmetry. Thus, to compare the methods we need to identify the smallest such amplitude in each of them. Compared to $`A_B`$, the smallest amplitude in the ADS method is of order $`\mathrm{min}(\lambda ^2,r_B)`$, while in the GW and in our methods it is of order $`r_B\lambda `$. This simple argument suggests that if $`r_B<\lambda `$ then the ADS method has the largest sensitivity while if $`r_B>\lambda `$ then it is one of the others. There are many additional factors and experimental differences that will influence this comparison when the measurements are actually carried out. For example, since in our case measurements of doubly Cabibbo-suppressed $`D`$ decays are not needed, the induced experimental error from $`D`$ decay rates is expected to be the smallest. We conclude that the sensitivity of these methods are comparable and depend on yet unknown hadronic amplitudes and experimental details, and so all should be pursued.

So far we have neglected $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing in our analysis. Its effects on the GW and ADS methods were studied in Ref. DDbar1 , and it is straightforward to generalize it to our case. We find that the leading effect on our determination of $`\gamma `$ is generically of order $`x_D/r_B`$ and $`y_D/r_B`$, where $`x_D=\mathrm{\Delta }m_D/\mathrm{\Gamma }_D`$ and $`y_D=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Gamma }_D/2\mathrm{\Gamma }_D`$. Since the present experimental bounds on $`x_D`$ and $`y_D`$ are at the few percent level, and even the standard model values may be not much smaller FGLP , $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing gives rise to a theoretical error of order $`10\%`$. This is the largest theoretical uncertainty in our method at present, but it will be reduced as experiments yield tighter bounds on or measurements of $`x_D`$ and $`y_D`$. (The leading sensitivity to $`D\overline{D}`$ mixing in the GW method is similar to our case, while in the ADS method there are potentially even larger effects of order $`x_D/\lambda ^2`$ and $`y_D/\lambda ^2`$.)

We note that while there are experimental advantages to using the resonant $`D`$ decay final states $`K^{}K`$ or $`\rho \pi `$, in general the full three-body Dalitz plot may be used to perform this analysis. (Higher multiplicity final states may also be used, although they will suffer from low reconstruction efficiencies.) Our method should also work well in some regions of the Dalitz plots of Cabibbo-allowed decay modes, such as $`K_S\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ or $`K_SK^+K^{}`$. However, the regions where $`r_D`$ and $`1r_D`$ are both of order unity are expected to be relatively small, and so the advantage of the high branching fractions of these dacays is not fully realized.

In conclusion, we proposed a variant of the GW method to measure $`\gamma `$. It requires measurement of only Cabibbo-allowed and singly Cabibbo-suppressed $`D`$ decays in color allowed $`B`$ decays. Because it involves only large decay rates it may be carried out with current data sets. The branching fraction and reconstruction efficiency of the decay $`B^\pm K^\pm (KK^{})_D`$ is similar to that of $`B^\pm K^\pm (K^+K^{})_D`$, which has already been observed DCP-K . This might provide the first measurement of $`\gamma `$ that is free of hadronic uncertainties.

###### Acknowledgements.

Y.G. was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation under Grant No. 237/01. Z.L. was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by a DOE Outstanding Junior Investigator award. The work of Y.G. and Z.L. was also supported in part by the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation through Grant No. 2000133. The work of A.S. was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-FG03-93ER40788.


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# Complex Structure of Kerr Geometry and Rotating “Photon Rocket” Solutions.

## 1 Introduction

The nonstationary gravitational fields from moving sources can be described by a retarded-time scheme which is a generalization of the Lienard-Wiechard construction of classical electrodynamics. In particular, the known Kinnersley ”photon rocket” solutions  represent the nonstationary generalizations of the Schwarzschild black hole. The parameters of the Kinnersley solution are determined by a given worldline of a moving source and are expressed via the retarded-time position, boost and acceleration of the source. Due to acceleration, the Kinnersley solutions are accompanied by a lightlike radiation.

In this work we generalize this solution to the rotating case corresponding to the twisting Kerr geometry.

Our treatment is based on the Newman complex representation of the Kerr geometry , which is generated by a complex world line of source $`x_0(\tau )`$ moving in $`CM^4`$. This representation was used to construct the retarded-time scheme  and to obtain solutions of the linearized Einstein equations .

In the present work we construct such a retarded-time scheme in the Kerr-Schild formalism . It allows us to use the effective Kerr theorem  and obtain exact nonstationary solutions having the twisting, geodesic and shear free Kerr congruence. These solutions represent a natural generalization of the Kinnersley class.

Complex structure of Kerr geometry plays a central role in our treatment. We obtain a link between the Kerr theorem and the complex worldline of the Kerr source and determine the Kerr congruence as a complex retarded-time field. Real solutions are formed as a real slice of the complex structure and determined by a real retarded-time parameter.

## 2  Complex structure of Kerr geometry and retarded-time construction.

Electrodynamic analogue of the Kerr solution was obtained by Appel in 1887 (!) . A point-like charge $`e`$, placed on the complex Z-axis $`(x_0,y_0,z_0)=(0,0,ia)`$ gives the Appel potential $`\varphi _a=Ree/\stackrel{~}{r},`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{r}`$ is the Kerr complex radial coordinate $`\stackrel{~}{r}=PZ^1=r+ia\mathrm{cos}\theta `$, and $`r`$, $`\theta `$ are the oblate spheroidal coordinates. It may be expressed in the usual Cartesian coordinates $`x,y,z,t`$ as $`\stackrel{~}{r}=[(xx_0)^2+(yy_0)^2+(zz_0)^2]^{1/2}=[x^2+y^2+(zia)^2]^{1/2},`$ that corresponds to a shift of the source in complex direction $`(x_o,y_o,z_o)(0,0,ia)`$, and can be considered as a mysterious ”particle” propagating along a complex world-line $`x_0^\mu (\tau )`$ in $`CM^4`$.

The Kerr-Newman solution has just the same origin and can be described by means of a complex retarded-time construction as a field generated by such a complex source .

Similar to the usual retarded-time scheme, a complex  retarded time $`\tau =t+i\sigma `$ is determined by the family of complex light cones emanating from the points of the complex worldline $`x_0^\mu (\tau )`$.

The complex light cone with the vertex at some point $`x_0`$ of the complex worldline $`x_0^\mu (\tau )CM^4`$: $`(x_\mu x_{0\mu })(x^\mu x_0^\mu )=0,`$ can be split into two families of null planes: ”left” planes

$$x_L=x_0(\tau )+\alpha e^1+\beta e^3$$
(1)
spanned by null vectors $`e^1(Y)`$ and $`e^3(Y,\stackrel{~}{Y})`$, and”right”planes

$$x_R=x_0(\tau )+\alpha e^2+\beta e^3,$$
(2)
spanned by null vectors $`e^2`$ and $`e^3`$.

The Kerr congruence $`𝒦`$ arises as a real slice of the family of the ”left” null planes ($`Y=const.`$) of the complex light cones whose vertices lie on the complex worldline $`x_0(\tau )`$.

## 3 Kerr-Schild formalism and the Kerr theorem

In the Kerr-Schild backgrounds congruence $`𝒦`$ determines the ansatz

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }+2he_\mu ^3e_\nu ^3,$$
(3)
where $`\eta _{\mu \nu }`$ is auxiliary Minkowski metric, and $`e^3`$ is principal null direction (PNC) of Kerr geometry. The PNC is null with respect to the auxiliary Minkowski spacetime as well as to the metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$. 111 We follow the notations of work  and use signature $`(+++)`$. The Kerr-Schild null tetrad is completed as follows: $`e^1=d\zeta Ydv,e^2=d\overline{\zeta }\overline{Y}dv,e^4=dv+he^3.`$ The dual tetrad $`e_a`$ is determined by permutations: $`e^1e_2,e^2e_1,e^3e_4,e^4e_3`$. The tetrad derivatives are defined by $`,_a_a=e_a^\mu _\mu `$.

The treatment via complex worldline can be related to the Kerr theorem by setting up a correspondence between parameters of the worldline and parameters of a generating function $`F`$ of the Kerr theorem.

Traditional formulation of the Kerr theorem is as follows.

Any geodesic and shear-free null congruence in Minkowski space is defined by a function $`Y(x)`$ which is a solution of the equation

$$F=0,$$
(4)
where $`F(\lambda _1,\lambda _2,Y)`$ is an arbitrary analytic function of the projective twistor coordinates $`Y,\lambda _1=\zeta Yv,\lambda _2=u+Y\overline{\zeta }.`$

The Kerr congruence $`𝒦`$ is defined then by the vector field

$$e^3=du+\overline{Y}d\zeta +Yd\overline{\zeta }Y\overline{Y}dv,$$
(5)
where $`2^{\frac{1}{2}}\zeta =x+iy,2^{\frac{1}{2}}\overline{\zeta }=xiy,2^{\frac{1}{2}}u=z+t,2^{\frac{1}{2}}v=zt`$ are the null Cartesian coordinates.

In the Kerr-Schild approach the Kerr theorem acquires more broad contents . It allows one to obtain the position of singular lines, caustics of the PNC, as a solution of the system of equations $`F=0;dF/dY=0,`$ and to define some important parameters of the solution:

$$\stackrel{~}{r}=dF/dY,P=_{\lambda _1}F\overline{Y}_{\lambda _2}F.$$
(6)
The parameter $`\stackrel{~}{r}`$ characterizes a complex radial distance, and for the Kerr solution it is a typical complex combination $`\stackrel{~}{r}=r+ia\mathrm{cos}\theta `$. Parameter $`P`$ is connected with the boost of the source.

Stationary congruences, having Kerr-like singularities contained in a bounded region, have been considered in papers . It was shown that in this case function $`F`$ must be at most quadratic in $`Y`$,

$$Fa_0+a_1Y+a_2Y^2+(qY+c)\lambda _1(pY+\overline{q})\lambda _2,$$
(7)
where coefficients $`c`$ and $`p`$ are real constants and $`a_0,a_1,a_2,q,\overline{q},`$ are complex constants. Writing the function F in the form $`F=AY^2+BY+C,`$ one can find solutions of the equation $`F=0`$ for the function $`Y(x)`$

$$Y_{1,2}=(B\pm \mathrm{\Delta })/2A,$$
(8)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=(B^24AC)^{1/2}.`$ These two roots define two PNCs of the Kerr geometry. From (6) one has

$$\stackrel{~}{r}=F/Y=2AYB=\mathrm{\Delta },$$
(9)
and $`P=pY\overline{Y}+\overline{q}\overline{Y}+qY+c.`$

On the other hand, the stationary and boosted Kerr geometries are described by a straight complex worldline with a real 3-velocity $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ in $`CM^4`$:

$$x_0^\mu (\tau )=x_0^\mu (0)+\xi ^\mu \tau ;\xi ^\mu =(1,\stackrel{}{v}).$$
(10)
It was shown in  that parameters $`p,c,q,\overline{q}`$ are related to parameters of complex worldline $`_\tau x_0(\tau )=\xi ^\mu `$, or to the boost of the source. Meanwhile, the complex initial position of complex worldline $`x_0^\mu (0)`$ in (10) gives six parameters which are connected to coefficients $`a_0,a_1a_2`$. It can be decomposed as $`\stackrel{}{x}_0(0)=\stackrel{}{c}+i\stackrel{}{d}`$, where $`\stackrel{}{c}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{d}`$ are real 3-vectors with respect to the space O(3)-rotation. The real part $`\stackrel{}{c}`$ defines the initial position of source, and the imaginary part $`\stackrel{}{d}`$ defines the value and direction of angular momentum.

## 4 Real slice and the real retarded time

In nonstationary case coefficients of function $`F`$ turn out to be complex variable depending on the complex retarded-time parameter $`\tau `$, and function $`_\tau x_0^\mu =\xi ^\mu `$ takes also complex values. The real slice of space-time is constructed from the “left” and “right”complex structures. The “left” structure is built of the left complex worldline $`x_0`$ and of the complex parameter $`Y`$ generating the left null planes. The “right” complex structure is built of the right complex worldline $`\overline{x}_0`$, parameter $`\overline{Y}`$ and right null planes, spanned by vectors $`e^2`$ and $`e^3`$. These structures can be considered as functionally independent in $`CM^4`$, but they have to be complex conjugate on the real slice of space-time. For a real point of space-time $`x`$ and for the corresponding real null direction $`e^3`$ we define a real function

$$\rho (x)=x^\mu e_\mu ^3(x).$$
(11)
One can determine the values of $`\rho `$ at the points of the left and right complex worldlines $`x_0^\mu `$ and $`\overline{x}_0^\mu `$ by L- and R-projections

$$\rho _L(x_0)=x_0^\mu e_\mu ^3(x)|_L,\rho _R(\overline{x}_0)=\overline{x}_0^\mu e_\mu ^3(x)|_R,$$
(12)
where the sign $`|_L`$ means that the points $`x`$ and $`x_0(\tau )`$ are synchronized by the left null plane (1), and $`xx_0(\tau _L)=\alpha e^1+\beta e^3.`$

As a consequence of the conditions $`e^{1\mu }e_\mu ^3=e^{3\mu }e_\mu ^3=0`$, we have

$$\rho _L(x_0)=x_0^\mu e_\mu ^3(x)|_L=\rho (x).$$
(13)
So far as the parameter $`\rho (x)`$ is real, parameter $`\rho _L(x_0)`$ will be real too. Similarly, $`\rho _R(\overline{x}_0)=\overline{x}_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }e_\mu ^3(x)|_R=\rho (x),`$ and consequently, $`\rho _L(x_0)=\rho (x)=\rho _R(\overline{x}_0).`$ The parameters $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2`$ can also be expressed in terms of the coordinates $`x^\mu `$,

$$\lambda _1=x^\mu e_\mu ^1,\lambda _2=x^\mu (e_\mu ^3\overline{Y}e_\mu ^1).$$
(14)
It yields

$$\rho =\lambda _2+\overline{Y}\lambda _1.$$
(15)
The values of twistor parameters $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ can also be defined by L-projection for the points of the complex worldline, $`\lambda _1^0`$ and $`\lambda _2^0`$:

$$(\lambda _1\lambda _1^0)|_L=0,(\lambda _2\lambda _2^0)|_L=0.$$
(16)
The L-projection determines the values of the left retarded-time parameter $`\tau _L=(t+i\sigma )|_L`$. The real function $`\rho `$ and the twistor variables $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ acquire an extra dependence on the retarded-time parameter $`\tau _L`$. However, it should be noted that the real and imaginary parts of $`\tau _L`$ are not independent because of the constraint caused by L-projection. It means that on the real slice functions $`\rho ,\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ and functions $`\rho _0,\lambda _1^0,\lambda _2^0`$ can be considered as functions of the real retarded-time parameter $`t_0=\mathrm{}e\tau _L`$.

On the other hand, in $`CM^4`$ function $`t_0|_L`$ is an analytic function of twistor parameters $`Z^a=\{Y,\lambda _1,\lambda _2\}`$ which satisfy the relation222It can be obtained by direct differentiation. See also  $`Z^a,_2=Z^a,_4=0`$. It has the consequence

$$t_0,_2=t_0,_4=0.$$
(17)
Similar to the stationary case considered in , one can use for function $`F`$ representation in the form

$$F(\lambda _1\lambda _1^0)K_2(\lambda _2\lambda _2^0)K_1,$$
(18)
where the functions $`K_1`$ and $`K_2`$ will be depending on the real retarded-time $`t_0`$ (or on the related real parameter $`\rho _0`$). It leads to the form (7) with the coefficients depending on the retarded-time.

Let us assume that the relation $`F(Y,t_0)=0`$ is hold by the retarded-time evolution $`F/t_0|_L=0.`$ It yields

$$\frac{F}{t_0}=K_1_{t_0}\lambda _2^0K_2_{t_0}\lambda _1^0+(\lambda _1\lambda _1^0)_{t_0}K_2(\lambda _2\lambda _2^0)_{t_0}K_1=0.$$
(19)
As a consequence of (16), by L-projection last two terms cancel and one obtains

$$(F/t_0)|_L=(K_1_{t_0}\lambda _2^0K_2_{t_0}\lambda _1^0)|_L=0,$$
(20)
that is provided by

$$K_1(t_0)=_{t_0}\lambda _2^0,K_2(t_0)=_{t_0}\lambda _1^0.$$
(21)
It seems that the extra dependence of function $`F`$ on the real retarded-time parameter $`t_0`$ contradicts to the Kerr theorem; however, the analytic dependence of $`t_0`$ on $`Y,\lambda _1,\lambda _2`$ is reconstructed by L-projection. As a result, function F turns out to be analytic functions of twistor variables. Meanwhile, all the real retarded-time derivatives are non-analytic and have to involve the conjugate “right” complex structure.

As a consequence of the relation (6), one obtains

$$P=\overline{Y}K_1+K_2,$$
(22)
that yields for function $`P`$ the real expression

$$P=\rho _L/t_0=\mathrm{}e_\tau (x_0^\mu (\tau )e_\mu ^3|_L).$$
(23)
The coefficients $`A,B,C`$ of the resulting decomposition $`F=AY^2+BY+C`$ will be functions of the retarded-time parameter $`t_0`$ as well as the solutions of (8),(9) defining $`\stackrel{~}{r}`$, $`Y(x)`$ and corresponding PNC.

333Note that the real function $`\rho _L(t_0)`$ plays the role of a potential for $`P`$, Similar to some nonstationary solutions presented in

.

## 5 Solution of the field equations.

For simplicity, we shall assume that there is no electromagnetic field. Similar to the Kinnersley case, we admit the existence of null radiation. Therefore, all the components of Ricci tensor $`R_{ab}`$ have to be zero for the exclusion $`R_{33}`$ that corresponds to an incoherent flow of the light-like particles in $`e^3`$ direction.

The process of the solution of the field equations is similar to the treatment given in . In particular, we have $`R_{24}=R_{22}=R_{44}=0.`$

If the electromagnetic field is zero, we have also $`R_{12}=R_{34}=0,`$ that leads to the equation $`h,_{44}+2(Z+\overline{Z})h,_4+2Z\overline{Z}h=0,`$ which admits the solution

$$h=M(Z+\overline{Z})/2,$$
(24)
where $`M`$ is a real function, obeying the condition $`M,_4=0`$.

The equation $`R_{23}=0,`$ acquires the form

$$M,_23Z^1\overline{Z}Y,_3M=0.$$
(25)
The last gravitational field equation $`R_{33}=P_{33}`$ takes the form

$$𝒟M=Z^1\overline{Z}^1P_{33}/2,$$
(26)
where

$$𝒟=_3Z^1Y,_3_1\overline{Z}^1\overline{Y},_3_2.$$
(27)
The term $`P_{33}`$ is the contribution to energy-momentum tensor corresponding to the null radiation.

To integrate (25) we have to use the relation 444This relation was proved in  for stationary case. In nonstationary case function $`P`$ has an extra dependence on $`t_0`$; however, because of (17) this relation is valid.

$$(\mathrm{log}P),_2=Z^1\overline{Z}Y,_3,$$
(28)
which allows us to represent (25) in the form

$$(\mathrm{log}MP^3),_2=0$$
(29)
and to get the general solution

$$M=m/P^3,$$
(30)
where

$$m,_4=m,_2=0.$$
(31)
Since $`m`$ has to be real, it can only be a function of $`t_0`$.

Action of the operator $`𝒟`$ on the variables $`Y,\overline{Y}`$ and $`\rho `$ is as follows:

$$𝒟Y=𝒟\overline{Y}=0,𝒟\rho =1.$$
(32)
From the last relation and (23) we have

$$𝒟\rho =(\rho _L/t_0)𝒟t_0=P𝒟t_0=1,$$
(33)
which yields

$$𝒟t_0=P^1.$$
(34)
Since $`M`$ is a function of $`Y,\overline{Y}`$ and $`t_0`$, equation (26) takes the form

$$_{t_0}M=PZ^1\overline{Z}^1P_{33}/2.$$
(35)
This equation is the definition of the unique component $`P_{33}`$ of the lightlike radiation which propagates along twisting PNC. Substituting (30) one obtains

$$P_{33}=Z\overline{Z}[6m(_{t_0}P)+2P(_{t_0}m)]/P^3.$$
(36)
The first term describes a radiation caused by an acceleration of source while the second term corresponds to a radiation with a loss of mass that corresponds to the Vaidya ”shining star” solution .

The resulting metric has the form $`g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }+(m/P^3)(Z+\overline{Z})e_\mu ^3e_\nu ^3`$. One can normalize $`e^3`$ by introducing $`l=e^3/P`$, and metric takes the simple form

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }m(\stackrel{~}{r}^1+\overline{\stackrel{~}{r}}^1)l_\mu l_\nu ,$$
(37)
where $`\stackrel{~}{r}=PZ^1=dF/dY.`$

The structure of this solution and the form of metric are similar to the Kinnersley solution  and correspond to its modification for the case of complex worldline.

Let us summarize the obtained solution. All the parameters are determined by a given complex worldline $`x_0(\tau )`$ and have the current values depending on the retarded-time parameter $`t_0`$ which is determined by L-projection

$$(\lambda _1\lambda _1^0)|_L=0,(\lambda _2\lambda _2^0)|_L=0.$$
(38)
The congruence

$$e^3=du+\overline{Y}d\zeta +Yd\overline{\zeta }Y\overline{Y}dv$$
(39)
is expressed in the null Cartesian coordinates $`u,v,\zeta ,\overline{\zeta }`$ and is determined for a fixed retarded time $`t_0`$ by function

$$Y(x,t_0)=[B+(B^24AC)^{1/2}]/2A$$
(40)
which is a solution of the equation $`F=AY^2+BY+C=0`$. The current parameters $`A,B,C`$ are defined by this, quadratic in $`Y`$, decomposition of function $`F`$ given by

$$F(\lambda _1\lambda _1^0)K_2(\lambda _2\lambda _2^0)K_1,$$
(41)
where

$$K_1(t_0)=_{t_0}\lambda _2^0,K_2(t_0)=_{t_0}\lambda _1^0.$$
(42)
The current function $`\stackrel{~}{r}`$ and $`P`$ are given by

$$\stackrel{~}{r}=2AYB,P=\overline{Y}K_1+K_2.$$
(43)
If the worldline is real, $`\mathrm{}mx_0=0,`$ the equation (30) takes the form $`M(Y,\overline{Y},t_0)=m/P^3,`$ where $`P=\dot{x}_0^\mu e_\mu ^3`$ so that $`\dot{x}_0^\mu l_\mu =1`$. We obtain $`\tau _L=\tau _R`$ that yields exactly the Kinnersley real retarded-time construction with metric $`g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }+2(m/r)(\sigma _\mu /r)(\sigma _\nu /r).`$ The relation with our notations is $`l^\mu =\sigma ^\mu /r,`$ where $`\sigma ^\mu =x^\mu x_0^\mu ,r=PZ^1.`$ The Kinnersley retarded-time parameter $`u=\tau /\sqrt{(\dot{x}_0)^2},`$ and the Kinnersley parameter $`\lambda ^\mu (u)=\dot{x}_0^\mu (\tau )/\sqrt{(\dot{x}_0)^2}.`$

## 6 Conclusion.

The solutions considered represent a natural generalization of the Kinnersley class to the rotating case. The Kerr-Schild approach provides the exact retarded expressions for metric, coordinate system, PNC, and position of singularity in terms of the null Cartesian coordinates by arbitrary boost and acceleration of rotating source with arbitrary orientations of angular momentum.

The solutions obtained can find an application for modelling the radiation from the rotating astrophysical object by arbitrary relativistic boosts and accelerations and can also represent an interest for investigation of the role of gravitational field by particle scattering in ultrarelativistic regimes , as well as for modelling the Kerr spinning particle , generating excitations of the string-like Kerr source . On the other hand, the solutions considered are direct generalizations of the rotating black hole solutions, and have the black hole horizons by the standard conditions $`m^2>e^2+a^2`$. Since the black hole solutions in the retarded-time scheme are based on outgoing principal null congruence, the black hole interior has to be considered in this case as the ‘past’. The problem of radiation from black holes by acceleration demands a better understanding of the corresponding geometry and has to be considered elsewhere.

Some known generalizations of the Kerr solution, such as Kerr-Newman solution, Kerr-Sen solution to low energy string theory , solution to broken $`N=2`$ supergravity  and the regular rotating BH-solutions , retain the form and (geodesic and shear-free) properties of the Kerr congruence. It means that the Kerr theorem can be used in these cases, and these solutions can also be generalized to the nonstationary cases.

Acknowledgments. We are very thankful to G. Alekseev and to M. Demianski for detailed discussions.