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# Harmonic oscillator with minimal length uncertainty relations and ladder operators

## I Introduction

The existence of the minimal length, at least at the Planck scale, seems to be a general feature of any quantum theory of gravity. Test particles of sufficiently high energy for probing small scales curve gravitationally, and thereby, disturb the very space-time they are probing. Both, perturbative string theory considerations Gross:1987ar  and black hole physics mar  give rise to modified space-momentum uncertainty relations111See Ref.yon  for space-time uncerainty relations, originating from nonperturbative string theory. that imply the existence of a minimal length. The investigation of cosmological consequences of these modified space-momentum uncertainty relations has been intensified lately. It appears that minimal length uncertainty relations (MLUR) can offer some answers to the problem of black hole remnants Adler:2001vs , the trans-Planckian problem of inflation sloth , and the cosmological constant problem minic . On the other hand, one can discuss MLUR in the context of deformation of quantum mechanics, since the uncertainty relations and the underlying canonical commutation relations are at the heart of quantum mechanics. The generalized quantum-theoretical framework which implements the appearence of MLUR was discussed in Ref.Kempf:1994su , and the formalism obtained was applied to the harmonic oscillator case. Recently, the exact solution of the harmonic oscillator in arbitrary dimensions with MLUR has been found Chang .

In one spatial dimension, the generalized commutation relation can be written as

$$[x,p]=if(x,p),$$

with $`x`$ and $`p`$ hermitian operators and $`[f(x,p)]^{}=f(x,p)`$ Then, in any physical state one finds

$$\mathrm{\Delta }x\mathrm{\Delta }p\frac{1}{2}|\overline{f(x,p)}|,$$

where we define for any operator $`O`$

$$\overline{O}=\mathrm{\Psi }|O|\mathrm{\Psi },\mathrm{\Delta }O=\sqrt{\mathrm{\Psi }|(O\overline{O})^2|\mathrm{\Psi }}.$$

The operator function $`f(x,p)`$ can be treated as a smooth deformation of ordinary quantum mechanics with $`f_0(x,p)=\mathrm{}`$. Note that the limit to classical mechanics, $`f(x,p)0`$, is not smooth. In this paper we restrict ourselves to smooth deformations of quantum mechanics, only.

A number of physical problems can be expressed as a deformed harmonic oscillator with generalized commutation relations, such as a singular Calogero potential in one dimension poly , the Landau problem in two dimensions, the harmonic oscillator in noncommutative plane (see Ref.nch  and references therein). Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the harmonic oscillator case with a general deformation $`f(x,p)`$. For a large class of smooth deformations $`f(x,p)`$, one expects a smooth deformation of a ground state (Gaussian function) and a smooth deformation of excited states (Hermite polynomials).

For smooth deformations, one also expects that the corresponding Fock space and the creation and annihilation operators can be smoothly deformed. Of course, an important question is to find a general method for constructing ladder operators for any smooth deformation $`f(x,p)`$. Even when such deformed oscillators can be solved exactly, there is no well-defined method for constructing creation and annihilation operators for the corresponding Fock space. The ”second quantization” is crucial in the analysis of many-body problems and in discussing the dynamical symmetry algebra of the underlying problem.

In this brief report we concentrate on the special class of deformations $`f(x,p)=1+\beta p^2,\beta 0`$ and construct ladder operators for the corresponding harmonic oscillator problem. We also consider the $`D`$-dimensional case with $`SO(D)`$ rotational invariance. These deformations are physically motivated by generalized uncertainty relations implying the minimal length $`\mathrm{\Delta }xl_{\mathrm{min}}`$ and possess the interesting UV/IR connection. This is a simple quantum-mechanical example inspired by string theory and cosmology.

## II Harmonic oscillator in one dimension

The position and momentum operators obeying ($`\mathrm{}=1`$)

$$[X,P]=i(1+\beta P^2),$$
(1)
are represented in momentum space by

$$X=i\left[(1+\beta p^2)\frac{}{p}+\beta p\right],\mathrm{and}P=p.$$

The Schrödinger equation in momentum space corresponding to the harmonic oscillator222It is not quite appropriate to call Hamiltonian (2) a harmonic oscillator, since its equations of motion, with the commutation relation (1), are not harmonic. It would be more fitting to call it a quadratic oscillator. However, in this paper we use the same terminology as in Refs.Kempf:1994su ; Chang , i.e., (deformed) harmonic oscillator. with the Hamiltonian $`(\omega =m=1)`$

$$H=\frac{1}{2}(P^2+X^2)=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left((1+\beta p^2)\frac{}{p}\right)^22\beta p\left((1+\beta p^2)\frac{}{p}\right)2\beta ^2p^2\beta +p^2\right]$$
(2)
leads to the eigenvalue problem $`H\mathrm{\Psi }_n=E_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$. The exact solutions Chang  are

$`E_n`$ $`=`$ $`(n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})\sqrt{1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta ^2}{4}}}+\left(n^2+n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{2}},`$
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ $`=`$ $`2^\lambda \mathrm{\Gamma }(\lambda )\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{n!(n+\lambda )\sqrt{\beta }}{2\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }(n+2\lambda )}}}c^{\lambda +1}C_n^\lambda (s),`$ (3)
where $`n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},`$ and $`2\lambda =1+\sqrt{1+4/\beta ^2}`$,

$`c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\beta p^2}}},`$
$`s`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\beta }p}{\sqrt{1+\beta p^2}}},`$
and $`C_n^\lambda (s)`$ is the Gegenbauer polynomial:

$$C_n^\lambda (s)=\frac{()^n}{2^nn!}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\lambda +n)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{2\lambda +1}{2})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\lambda )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{2\lambda +1}{2}+n)}(1s^2)^{1/2\lambda }\frac{d^n}{ds^n}(1s^2)^{\lambda +n1/2},$$
(4)
satisfying the recursive relations abr

$$(n+1)C_{n+1}^\lambda (s)=\left[(2\lambda +n)sc^2\frac{d}{ds}\right]C_n^\lambda (s).$$

For the normalized functions $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s)`$, the recursive relations are

$$(n+1)\mathrm{\Psi }_{n+1}^\lambda (s)=(n+\lambda 1)\frac{𝒩_{n+1}}{𝒩_n}s\mathrm{\Psi }_n^\lambda (s)\frac{𝒩_{n+1}}{𝒩_n}c^2\frac{d}{ds}\mathrm{\Psi }_n^\lambda (s),$$
(5)
where

$$𝒩_n=2^\lambda \mathrm{\Gamma }(\lambda )\sqrt{\frac{n!(n+\lambda )\sqrt{\beta }}{2\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }(n+2\lambda )}}.$$

Let as define

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s)=\frac{b^n}{\sqrt{n!}}|0,n=0,1,2,\mathrm{},$$

where $`b^{}`$ and $`b`$ are bosonic operators, $`[b,b^{}]=1`$, with the number operator $`N=b^{}b`$ and

$$[N,b^{}]=b^{},[N,b]=b.$$

Now we easily find

$`b^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s)=\sqrt{n+1}\mathrm{\Psi }_{n+1}(s),`$
$`b\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s)=\sqrt{n}\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1}(s),`$
$`N\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s)=n\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s).`$
Using the recursive relations (5) we obtain

$`b^{}=\left[s(N+\lambda 1)c^2{\displaystyle \frac{d}{ds}}\right]\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{N+\lambda +1}{(N+\lambda )(N+2\lambda )}}},`$
$`b=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{N+\lambda +1}{(N+\lambda )(N+2\lambda )}}}\left[(N+\lambda )s+c^2{\displaystyle \frac{d}{ds}}\right].`$ (6)
From the Hamiltonian $`H=\beta \lambda \left(N+\frac{1}{2}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\beta N^2`$ we can express the number operator

$$N=\frac{1}{\beta }\left[\beta \lambda +\sqrt{\beta ^2\lambda ^2+\beta (2H\beta \lambda )}\right].$$

In the limit $`\beta 0,\beta \lambda 1`$, the Hamiltonian becomes $`H=N+1/2`$ and the wave functions and the ladder operators smoothly go to the ordinary harmonic oscillator case:

$`\underset{\beta 0}{lim}c^{\lambda +1}=\mathrm{exp}(p^2/2),`$
$`\underset{\beta 0}{lim}\mathrm{\Psi }_n(s)=𝒩_n(0)\mathrm{exp}(p^2/2)H_n(p),`$
$`\underset{\beta 0}{lim}b^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(p{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp}}\right),`$
$`\underset{\beta 0}{lim}b={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(p+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp}}\right).`$
We can obtain an interesting result if we define operators $`A,A^{}`$

$$A^{}=b^{}\sqrt{\left(1+\frac{N}{2\lambda }\right)\beta \lambda },A=\sqrt{\left(1+\frac{N}{2\lambda }\right)\beta \lambda }b,$$
(7)
with the commutator $`[A,A^{}]=\beta \lambda +\beta N`$. Then we can write the Hamiltonian as

$$H=\beta \lambda \left(N+\frac{1}{2}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\beta N^2=\frac{1}{2}\{A,A^{}\}.$$

The deformed oscillators (7) are examples of the general deformed oscillator mapping, see Refs.po . Furthermore, we redefine the operators $`A,A^{}`$ for $`\beta >0`$:

$$J_{}=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\beta }}A,J_+=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\beta }}A^{},J_0=N+\lambda .$$

In this way they become generators of $`SU(1,1)`$ algebra:

$$[J_{},J_+]=2J_0,[J_0,J_\pm ]=\pm J_\pm .$$

The deformed harmonic oscillator in one dimension, Eqs.(1) and (2), possesses a hidden $`SU(1,1)`$ symmetry for $`\beta >0`$. The same hidden symmetry was found in the quantum system with an infinitely deep square-well potential Ma . For $`\beta <0`$, the algebra of the operators $`A,A^{}`$ has a finite dimensional representation if $`2\lambda `$ is an integer. In this case, there is no minimal length and the system becomes parafermionic. It corresponds to a hidden $`SU(2)`$ symmetry.

The benefit of our construction of ladder operators is obvious when considering the many-body problem. The simplest way to consider $`N`$ free deformed harmonic oscillators is to define

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\{A_i,A_i^{}\},$$

with the algebra of multimode oscillators multi

$$[A_i,A_j^{}]=(\beta \lambda +\frac{\beta }{2}N)\delta _{i,j},[A_i,A_j]=[A_i^{},A_j^{}]=0.$$

The procedure for finding the algebra of observables and dynamical symmetry algebra is the same as presented in Refs.op .

A large class of smooth deformations of the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator case can be described by the wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\mathrm{\Psi }_0(s)P_n(s)`$, where $`s=s(p)`$ is an arbitrary function of momentum, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_0(s)`$ is a smooth deformation of the Gausssian, and the orthogonal polynomial $`P_n(s)`$ is one of the following three types, up to simple deformations:

$`P_n^{(1)}(s)(as+b)^\alpha (cs+d)^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{d^n}{ds^n}}\left[(as+b)^{\alpha +n}(cs+d)^{\beta +n}\right],`$
$`P_n^{(2)}(s)(as+b)^\alpha e^{+\beta s}{\displaystyle \frac{d^n}{ds^n}}\left[(as+b)^{\alpha +n}e^{\beta s}\right],`$
$`P_n^{(3)}(s)e^{+(\alpha s^2+\beta s)}\left[as+b{\displaystyle \frac{d}{ds}}\right]^ne^{(\alpha s^2+\beta s)}.`$ (8)
For example, for the two-body Calogero model the Hamiltonian for relative motion is $`H=\frac{1}{2}[p^2+x^2+\nu (\nu 1)/x^2]`$ and the polynomial part of the wave function is

$$P_n^{(3)}(x)e^{\frac{1}{2}x^2}\left[x\frac{d}{dx}+\frac{\nu }{x}(1K)\right]^ne^{\frac{1}{2}x^2},$$

where $`K`$ is exchange operator, $`Kx=xK`$, and on symmetric states the $`\nu `$ part is zero.

Using recursive relations for the orthogonal polynomials (II) one can construct creation and annihilation operators for a large class of deformations, simply following the procedure outlined in this section.

## III Harmonic oscillator in D-dimensions

In more than one dimensions, the modified commutation relation can be generalized to the tensorial form:

$`[X_i,P_j]=i(\delta _{ij}+\beta P^2\delta _{ij}+\beta ^{}P_iP_j),`$
$`[P_i,P_j]=0,X_i^{}=X_i,P_i^{}=P_i.`$ (9)
Then, the commutation relations among the coordinates $`X_i`$ are almost uniquely determined by the Jacobi identity (up to possible extensions, see Kempf Kempf:1994su ). The operators $`X_i`$ and $`P_j`$ satisfying the relations (III) are realized in momentum space as

$`X_i=i\left[(1+\beta p^2){\displaystyle \frac{}{p_i}}+\beta ^{}p_ip_j{\displaystyle \frac{}{p_j}}+\left(\beta +{\displaystyle \frac{D+1}{2}}\beta ^{}\right)p_i\right],`$
$`P_i=p_i.`$ (10)
The condition for the existence of minimal length is $`l_{\mathrm{min}}^2=D\beta +\beta ^{}>0`$. The Hamiltonian for $`D`$dimensional deformed harmonic oscillator

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\left(𝐏^2+𝐗^2\right)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{D}{}}\left(P_i^2+X_i^2\right)$$
(11)
possesses $`O(2D)`$ rotational symmetry in $`2D`$-phase space. However, the transformation Eq.(III) and hence all commutation relations preserve the same form under $`O(D)`$ transformations: $`X_i^{}=R_{ij}X_j,P_i^{}=R_{ij}P_j`$ and $`x_i^{}=R_{ij}x_j,p_i^{}=R_{ij}p_j`$, where $`RO(D)`$. Hence, the dynamical symmetry of the problem at hand is $`O(D)`$. Therefore we assume that the energy eigenstates in the momentum space when expressed in terms of radial momenta can be written as a product of spherical harmonics and a radial wave function:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_D(𝐩)=Y_{l_{D1}\mathrm{}l_2l_1}(\mathrm{\Omega })R(p),p=\sqrt{𝐩^2},l=l_{D1}\mathrm{}l_2|l_1|.$$

Then one can perform the replacement

$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{p_i^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{p^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{D1}{p}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{p}}{\displaystyle \frac{L^2}{p^2}},`$ (12)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}p_i{\displaystyle \frac{}{p_i}}`$ $`=`$ $`p{\displaystyle \frac{}{p}},`$ (13)
where

$$L^2=l(l+D2),l=0,1,2,\mathrm{}.$$
(14)
For example, in two-dimensional case, $`Y_m(\varphi )=\mathrm{exp}(im\varphi )/\sqrt{2\pi }`$ and $`l=|m|,mZ`$. Note that

$$\left(\frac{}{p}\right)^{}=\frac{}{p}\frac{D1}{p}.$$

We therefore find that the Schrödinger equation for the $`D`$-dimensional oscillator can be reduced to the 1-dimensional problem for the radial wave function $`R(p)`$. The energy eigenvalues for $`\beta +\beta ^{}>0`$ are given by

$`E_{nl}`$ $`=`$ $`[(n+{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})\sqrt{1+\left\{\beta ^2L^2+{\displaystyle \frac{(D\beta +\beta ^{})^2}{4}}\right\}}`$ (16)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{(\beta +\beta ^{})(n+{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})^2+(\beta \beta ^{})(L^2+{\displaystyle \frac{D^2}{4}})+\beta ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}}\}],`$
where $`n=2n^{}+l`$ and $`n^{}`$ and $`l`$ are non-negative integers. The D=1 case can be reproduced by setting $`L^2=0`$ and $`\beta ^{}=0`$. The states with $`l=0`$ are even eigenstates ($`n=2n^{}`$) and states with $`l=1`$ are odd eigenstates ($`n=2n^{}+1`$). The normalized energy eigenfunctions are

$$R_n\mathrm{}(p)=\sqrt{\frac{2(2n^{}+a+b+1)n^{}!\mathrm{\Gamma }(n^{}+a+b+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n^{}+a+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(n^{}+b+1)}}(\beta +\beta ^{})^{D/4}c^{\lambda +\delta }s^{\mathrm{}}P_n^{}^{(a,b)}(z),$$
(17)
where $`P_n^{(a,b)}(z)`$ is the Jacobi polynomial,

$`c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+(\beta +\beta ^{})p^2}}},s={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\beta +\beta ^{}}p}{\sqrt{1+(\beta +\beta ^{})p^2}}},`$ (18)
$`z`$ $`=`$ $`2s^21,\delta ={\displaystyle \frac{\beta +\beta ^{}(D+1)/2}{\beta +\beta ^{}}},`$ (19)
$`a`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda {\displaystyle \frac{1+\beta (D1)/(\beta +\beta ^{})}{2}},b={\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}}+l1,`$ (20)
and $`\lambda `$ is the positive root of the equation

$$\lambda ^2\lambda \left[1+(D1)\frac{\beta }{\beta +\beta ^{}}\right]\left(\frac{\beta }{\beta +\beta ^{}}\right)^2L^2\frac{1}{(\beta +\beta ^{})^2}=0.$$

Interesting cases are i)$`\beta =0,\beta ^{}>0`$, ii)$`\beta +\beta ^{}=0,\beta >0`$, and iii)$`2\beta =\beta ^{}>0`$, see Refs.Kempf:1994su ; brau . Using recursive relations for Jacobi polynomials abr

$`(2n+a+b)(1x^2){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}P_n^{(a,b)}(x)=n[(ab)(2n+a+b)x]P_n^{(a,b)}(x)+2(n+a)(n+b)P_{n1}^{(a,b)}(x),`$
$`2(n+1)(n+a+b+1)(2n+a+b)P_{n+1}^{(a,b)}(x)=`$
$`(2n+a+b+1)[(2n+a+b)(2n+a+b+2)x+a^2b^2]P_n^{(a,b)}(x)`$
$`2(n+a)(n+b)(2n+a+b+2)P_{n1}^{(a,b)}(x),`$ (21)
we find recursive relations for the energy eigenfunctions $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}`$ and hence we find the unique ladder (creation and annihilation) operators for the radial excitations $`a_r^{}(\beta ,\beta ^{},D,l)`$ and $`a_r(\beta ,\beta ^{},D,l)`$. Demanding $`a_r|0,l=0`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}=\frac{(a_r^{})^n^{}}{\sqrt{n^{}!}}Y_{l_{D1}\mathrm{}l_1,m}=\frac{(a_r^{})^n^{}}{\sqrt{n^{}!}}|0,l,n=2n^{}+l,n^{},l=0,1,2,\mathrm{},$$
(22)
and

$`a_r^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}=\sqrt{n^{}+1}\mathrm{\Psi }_{n+2,l},a_r\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}=\sqrt{n^{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{n2,l},`$
$`a_r^{}a_r=N^{},a_ra_r^{}=N^{}+1,`$
we find

$`a_r^{}(\beta ,\beta ^{},D,l)=[C_{1N^{}}^{}+xC_{2N^{}}^{}(1x^2){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}(2N^{}+a+b)(2N^{}+a+b+2)]\times `$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(2N^{}+a+b)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(2N^{}+a+b+3)}{(2N^{}+a+b+1)(N^{}+a+b+1)(N^{}+a+1)(N^{}+b+1)}}\right]^{1/2},`$
$`a_r(\beta ,\beta ^{},D,l)=[C_{1N^{}}+xC_{2N^{}}+(1x^2){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}(2N^{}+a+b)]\times `$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(2N^{}+a+b1)}{(2N^{}+a+b+1)(N^{}+a+b)(N^{}+a)(N^{}+b)}}\right]^{1/2},`$ (23)
where $`C_{1N^{}}^{},C_{2N^{}}^{},C_{1N^{}},C_{2N^{}}`$ are given by the following expressions:

$`C_{1N^{}}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`(ab)[(2N^{}+a+b+1)(N^{}+a+b)+N^{}]`$
$``$ $`(2N^{}+a+b)(2N^{}+a+b+2){\displaystyle \frac{\lambda +1l}{2}},`$
$`C_{2N^{}}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`(2N^{}+a+b)(2N^{}+a+b+2)\left(N^{}+a+b+1{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda +1+l}{2}}\right),`$
$`C_{1N^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`(2N^{}+a+b){\displaystyle \frac{\lambda +1l}{2}}N^{}(ab),`$
$`C_{2N^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`(2N^{}+a+b)\left(N^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda +1+l}{2}}\right).`$
The states $`|0,l>`$ with energy $`E_{l,l}`$, Eq.(16), are $`\left[\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{D+l1}{D1}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{D+l3}{D1}\right)\right]`$-fold degenerate, and can be represented by an irreducible representation of group $`SO(D)`$. If $`\beta =\beta ^{}=0`$, the degeneracy of states with energy $`E_n=n+D/2`$ is larger, i.e., $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{N+l1}{D1}\right)`$, corresponding to the totally symmetric irreducible representation of $`SU(D)`$ dynamical symmetry. Note that one can simply generalize the transformations (III), i.e., commutation relations Eq.(III) by taking $`\beta \delta _{ij}\beta _{ij},\beta ^{}P_iP_j\beta _{ij}^{}P_iP_j`$ to obtain different dynamical symmetries of the type $`O(D_i)`$, $`D_i=D`$.

In the limit $`\beta 0`$, $`\beta ^{}0`$ and $`0\beta /(\beta +\beta ^{})1`$, we find

$`a_r`$ $`=`$ $`\left[2N^{}l+p^2+p{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp}}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{N^{}+l1+D/2}}},`$
$`a_r^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[2N^{}lD+p^2p{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp}}\right]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{N^{}+l+D/2}}}.`$ (24)
For $`D=1`$ and $`l=0`$,

$`a_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{N^{}+1/2}}}\left[p^2+p{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp}}2N^{}\right],`$
$`a_0^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[p^2p{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dp}}2N^{}1\right]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{N^{}+1/2}}}.`$ (25)
Let us briefly discuss the symmetry aspects of the deformed harmonic oscillator, i.e., harmonic oscillator defined on noncommutative space. The Hamiltonian (11) is invariant under $`O(2D)`$ transformation in phase space. However, the symmetry of commutation relations may be quite different for different noncommutative spaces. In the case of ordinary cannonical variables $`x_i,p_i`$, the symmetry is $`Sp(2D)`$, so that the dynamical symmetry of ordinary harmonic oscillator in $`D`$ dimensions is $`O(2D)Sp(2D)=U(D)`$. A complete analysis of phase space symmetry structure was performed in Ref.nch  for noncommutative space in which the commutators of phase space variables are constants (c-numbers). In the case of generalized commutation relations implying minimal length uncertainty relations, Eqs.(III) and (III), the commutators are no longer c-numbers. However, they are invariant under $`O(D)`$ transformation, $`X_i^{}=R_{ij}X_j,P_i^{}=R_{ij}P_j`$. Hence, the dynamical symmetry is $`O(2D)O(D)=O(D)`$. Note that the symmetry of the transformed Hamiltonian in terms of cannonical variables $`H(X_i(x_i,p_i),P_i=p_i)`$, is $`O(D)`$ and the symmetry preserving cannonical commutation relations is $`Sp(2D)`$, so, again, the dynamical symmetry for the transformed system is $`O(D)`$. The system defined by cannonical commutation relations and the Hamiltonian $`H(X_i(x_i,p_i),P_i=p_i)`$ is not physically equivalent to the system defined by the Hamiltonian (11) and deformed commutation relations (III), although they have a common energy spectrum and a common dynamical symmetry group. None the less, all physical quantities in a noncommutative system can be determined in terms of relevant quantities in a transformed system, expressed in terms of cannonical variables.

## IV Conclusion

The importance of a consistent Fock-space picture in physics is well understood, but we wish to stress that this picture is especially suited for the analysis of many-body problems and for the discussion of symmetries in the problem. Also, the construction of the ladder operator is an interesting mathematical problem connected with (quantum) group theory borzov , and has its applications in physical chemistry chem .

Any eigenvalue problem $`H\mathrm{\Psi }_n=E_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ with a discrete spectrum bounded from below, can be described in Fock space as $`\{b^n|0;n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}\}`$ with $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n=b^n|0/n!;[b,b^{}]=1`$. So far, there has been no simple method of expressing $`b^{}=b^{}(x,p)`$, that would generalize the simple relation $`b^{}=(xip)/\sqrt{2}`$ valid for the ordinary harmonic oscillator. A general approach to the construction of generalized ladder operators exists only for a certain class of exactly solvable potentials, namely, the shape-invariant potentials bal . The solution of this problem is connected with the recursive relations among orthogonal polynomials $`P_n`$, defined as $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\mathrm{\Psi }_0P_n`$.

We have explicitly constructed deformed ladder operators using the exact solutions found in Ref.Chang  and have discussed the corresponding deformed Fock space. These results represent a step towards finding a general method for constructing ladder operators for any smooth deformation of cannonical commutation relations. The dynamical symmetry for the described problem is a group of rotations $`O(D)`$, and is defined by a specific choice of deformed commutation relations Eq.(III). A slight generalization that we have suggested offers new possibilities for symmetry breaking.

Finally, let us note that the case $`\beta +\beta ^{}<0`$ but $`D\beta +\beta ^{}>0`$ was not discussed in the literature. This case might be physically interesting since it indicates that there is singularity in the system (transformation Eq.(III) becomes singular) when $`𝐩_{\mathrm{crit}}^2=1/(\beta +\beta ^{})`$. This value has to be very large, $`𝐩_{\mathrm{crit}}^2\stackrel{<}{}E_{\mathrm{Pl}}`$, so it implies that relativistic effects have to be considered (nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is not applicable anymore!). This singularity might suggest the generalization of special relativity with new (invariant) scale, connected with the Planck scale, and similar to the generalizations proposed in Refs.ac . The modified relativistic quantum mechanics approach to the minimal length uncertainty relations is very important in order to get consistent physical picture.

Acknowledgments

We thank M. Mileković for useful discussions. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia under contracts No. 0098002 and No. 0098003.


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# Regular Black Holes and Confinement

## 1 Introduction

Last years there has been a renewed interest in regular black holes (BHs) and particlelike models within General Relativity (see e.g.  for a summary), and more especially on electric/magnetically charged BHs and particlelike solutions (see e.g., ). Singularity of black hole can be regularized by a metric deformation. In this case, as a consequence of the Einstein equations, there appears a material source which replaces the former singular region, and a phase transition occurs near the core of regularized black hole solutions: from external electrovacuum to another state of matter inside the core. Such regularized black hole solutions can be considered as classical gravitating solitons. Regularization of the rotating Kerr-Newman black hole solution is of a special interest as a solitonic model of charged spinning particle. We recall that the Kerr-Newman solution has $`g=2`$ gyromagnetic ratio, possesses the stringy structures  and is a fundamental solution of low energy string theory. The source of regularized Kerr-Newman solution takes the form of relativistically rotating superconducting disk .

## 2 Regularized Kerr-Newman spacetimes

The Kerr-Newman (KN) solution in the Kerr-Schild (KS) form is:

$$g_{KN}=\eta _{ij}+2hk_ik_j$$
(1)
where, in Kerr angular coordinates, $`\eta _{ij}=\mathrm{diag}(1,1,r^2,r^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta )`$, $`h`$ is a function given by $`f_{KN}(r)/(r^2+a^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta )`$ with $`f_{KN}(r)=mre^2/2`$ ($`a`$, $`m`$ and $`e`$ are the angular momentum per unit mass, the mass and the electric/magnetic charge of the source, respectively) and $`k`$ is tangent to a very special twisting Kerr Principal Null Congruence of KN metric that need not be explicitly presented here. Looking at (1) a generalization appears that keeps the essential geometry of KN solution: to allow a general $`f(r)`$. In  this generalization has been studied in detail.

In order to regularize the KN singularity one has to change the behavior of function $`f(r)`$ in the region of small $`r`$ setting $`f(r)\alpha r^n`$ with $`n4`$. Particularly, in the nonrotating case, for $`n=4`$ the source represents a spherically symmetrical space-time of constant curvature (de Sitter or anti de Sitter solution) with cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=6\alpha `$ and energy density $`\rho =3\alpha /4\pi `$. The ‘radial’ position $`r_0`$ of the phase transition shell can be estimated as a point of intersection for plots $`f_{int}(r)`$ and $`f_{KN}(r)`$,

$$\frac{4}{3}\pi \rho r_0^4=mr_0e^2/2.$$
(2)
Analysis shows  that there appears a thin intermediate shell at $`r=r_0`$ with a strong tangential stress which is typical for domain wall structure. Dividing Eq. (2) by $`r_0`$ one can recognize here the mass balance equation $`m=M_{int}(r_0)+M_{em}(r_0)`$, where $`M_{int}(r_0)`$ is the ADM mass of the core and $`M_{em}(r_0)=e^2/2r_0`$ is external electromagnetic field’s one. As a consequence of this equation, the AdS and dS interiors are admissible, and AdS interiors correspond to strongly charged particles.

For rotating BHs, the core region represents a strongly oblated rotating disk of compton radius, and curvature is concentrated in a stringy region on the border of this disk. It was shown  that there appears a baglike structure in the core region and the source resembles a domain wall interpolating between external and internal vacua. The Kerr-Schild class of metrics allows one to describe regular rotating and non-rotating BH solutions at least on the level of gravitational equations.

However, there appear some problems on the level of field models describing corresponding matter source. The following demands to the matter field models are necessary for regularized charged particlelike solutions.

i - External vacuum has to be (super)-Kerr-Newman black hole solution with long range  electromagnetic field and zero cosmological constant;

ii -Internal vacuum has to be an (A)dS space with superconducting properties, expelling the electric field.

Exact solutions of this kind are unknown and it is expected that they can exist in some generalized supergravity models.

These demands are very restrictive and are not satisfied in the known solitonlike, bag, domain wall and bubble models. In most known models the external electromagnetic field is short range. An exception is the $`U(I)\times \stackrel{~}{U}(I)`$ field model which was used by Witten to describe the cosmic superconducting strings . This field model can be adapted for description of the superconducting bag geometry.

The model contains two sectors A and B , and correspondingly two Higgs and two gauge fields. One of the gauge fields can be set as a long range external electromagnetic field and another one is independent and can be chosen as a “dual” gauge field (in the sense of the dual Dirac electrodynamics ) which is confined inside the bag .

It is based on the Abelian Higgs field model for superconducting source. One can achieve nonperturbative soliton-like solutions of this kind taking the external KN BH field and a core described by three chiral fields of a supersymmetric field model. It was shown  that there exists a BPS-saturated domain wall solution interpolating between supersymmetric vacua I) and II). External vacuum I) is characterized by

$$I)Z=0;\varphi =0;|\sigma |=\eta ;W=0,$$
(3)
and internal vacuum II), used for the interior of the bag, is characterized by

$$II)Z=m/c;\sigma =0;|\varphi |=\eta \sqrt{\lambda /c};W=\lambda m\eta ^2/c.$$
(4)
One can check the existence of the phase transition in the planar wall approximation. Minimum of the total energy is achieved by $`r_0=(\frac{e^2}{16\pi ϵ})^{1/3},`$ corresponding to the stationary state with total mass $`M_{tot}^{}=E_{tot}^{}=\frac{3e^2}{4r_0}.`$ For the rotating Kerr-Newman case , $`J=ma`$, and for $`J1`$ we find out that parameter $`a1/m`$ has Compton size. Coordinate $`r`$ is an oblate spheroidal coordinate, and the phase transition occurs at the shell representing an oblate rotating ellipsoid with the axis ratio of order $`137^1`$.

## 3 Regular BHs based on the models of non-linear electrodynamics

### 3.1 Exact nonrotating regular BH solutions

Second model demonstrating the phase transition in the core region and confinement is based on nonlinear electrodynamics of a general (non-BI) type(NED) . It is of a special interests since, at least in the non-rotating case, it yields the exact and consistent electric/magnetic charged solutions which can be interpreted as non-perturbative particlelike solutions. In spite of the very different field mechanism, this models displays also a “dual” electromagnetic phase in the core region.

In a recent paper , K. Bronnikov, showed that only purely magnetically charged BHs could be regular if Maxwell limit was to be reproduced for low energies of the field. It was showed in  that Bronnikov’s restrictions may be circumvented and indeed both regular magnetically and electrically charged solutions can exist.

In the obtained recently by Ayón-Beato and García exact regular BH solution to this NED-theory, Bronnikov has observed existence of casps and branches in Lagrangian. In particular, their solution contained singular distributions of electric charges $`J_{(e)}^i=_mF^{mi}`$ near a sphere of finite radius $`r=r_0`$ and at the center. In our paper  a modification of this solution was suggested, which allows one to avoid abnormal branches in the Ayón-Beato – García solution. It was achieved by a transition to ”dual” electrodynamics in the core region (by $`r<r_0`$) fulfilling Dirac’s idea on dual electrodynamics . As a result, the charges inside the sphere $`r=r_0`$ turn out to be magnetic $`J_{(m)}^\mu =_\nu \stackrel{~}{F}^{\nu \mu }`$. These charges give rise to a magnetic vacuum polarization inside the core, while for an external observer this solution has electric charge only. On the other hand, the fact that central region of this solution contains only magnetic charges allows one to avoid the Bronnikov theorem and to get regular BH solution with the resulting electrical charge.

Since core expels electric charges from itself one can speculate that it possesses superconducting properties, whereas the vacuum region of the external observer possesses the dual properties —it is not penetrable for magnetic charges, due to their confinement inside the sphere $`r=r_0`$. It is remarkable that nonlinear electrodynamics allows one to get exact and selfconsistent solutions of this sort belonging to the Kerr-Schild class of metrics.

This class of solutions deserves interest not only as an explicit example of the regular electrically charged BH solution, but also as an example of particlelike solution with a very specific realization of the ideas on quark confinement based on dual electrodynamics and superconductivity .

### 3.2 Regular rotating black holes from NED, preliminary treatment

The models of rotating regular BH solutions are of big interest to modelling spinning gravitating solitons. In this case it is expected that the phase transition will occur in a disklike region of compton size, and there appear a stringy region on the boarder of the Kerr disk. There was an assumption that such solution in NED-theory can contain a closed loop of gauge field similarly to the magnetic vortex fluxes of usual superconductors.

In this case it is necessary to include, besides $`f=F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$ the other invariant $`g=F_{\mu \nu }{}_{}{}^{}F_{}^{\mu \nu }`$. Contrary to the nonrotating case, the solutions of this kind in Kerr geometry met obstacles and represent a hard and still unsolved problem. It is known that the NED theory of the Born-Infeld type cannot lead to regular BH solutions. In fact, to be able to solve NED field equations, one needs to suppose some particular family of spacetimes. Therefore, it seems easier to choose some preferred candidates and try to derive the associated Lagrangian. Working in the Kerr-Schild class, we have made two relevant advances in such direction. First, we have computed the geometry of the most general spacetime that preserves staticity, axial symmetry and the Kerr Principal Null Congruence of KN spacetime. This is accomplished by allowing $`f=f_{int}`$ in (1) to depend on $`r`$ and $`\theta `$ for the short range. The inclusion of $`\theta `$ seems to be essential in the rotating case. On the other hand, in the framework of theory with two invariants, the Bianchi identities are

$$_\mu F^{\mu \nu }=0,$$
(5)
and the field equations take the form

$$_\mu (L_fF^{\mu \nu }+L_gF^{\mu \nu })=0.$$
(6)
where $`L_f=/f,L_g=/g`$.

These dynamic equations can be expressed via tensor $`P^{\mu \nu }=/F_{\mu \nu }=L_fF^{\mu \nu }+L_gF^{\mu \nu },`$ in the form

$$_\mu P^{\mu \nu }=0;$$
(7)
The following (anti)self-dual combinations can be considered $`_\pm ^{\mu \nu }=F^{\mu \nu }\pm iF^{\mu \nu }`$, ($`_\pm ^{\mu \nu }=\pm i^{\mu \nu }`$) and $`𝒫_\pm ^{\mu \nu }=P^{\mu \nu }\pm iP^{\mu \nu }`$ ($`𝒫_\pm ^{\mu \nu }=\pm i𝒫^{\mu \nu }`$),

One can now introduce two invariants: $`P=P_{\mu \nu }P^{\mu \nu };Q=P_{\mu \nu }P^{\mu \nu }`$; and their complex combinations

$$P_\pm =P\pm iQ=(L_fiL_g)^2(f\pm ig)=4L_\pm ^2F_\pm ;$$
(8)
where the following notations are used

$$F_\pm =f\pm ig;L_\pm =/F_\pm =\frac{1}{2}(L_fiL_g).$$
(9)
In these terms the following relation holds

$$𝒫_\pm ^{\mu \nu }=2L_\pm _\pm ^{\mu \nu },$$
(10)
and, correspondingly,

$$F^{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{4L_+}𝒫_+^{\mu \nu }+\frac{1}{4L_{}}𝒫_{}^{\mu \nu }.$$
(11)
Putting

$$2H_\pm =2/P_\pm =(2L_\pm )^1,$$
(12)
one can obtain the $`FP`$-duality via the Legendre transformation similarly to the theory with one invariant.

Electromagnetic invariants can be expressed in the terms of the Kerr tetrad components

$`f`$ $`=`$ $`F_{ab}F^{ab}=2(F_{12}^2+F_{34}^2)=(_{12}^2+\overline{}_{12}^2),`$
$`g`$ $`=`$ $`F_{ab}F^{ab}=4iF_{12}F_{34}=i(_{12}^2\overline{}_{12}^2).`$ (13)
In the Kerr-Schild tetrad components the field equations (7) can be rewritten via selfdual and anti-selfdual tensors containing in the Kerr-Schild null tetrad only two (complex) independent components,

$$𝒫_{12}=𝒫_{34}=P_{34}+P_{12},𝒫_{31}=2P_{31},𝒫_{23}=𝒫_{14}=𝒫_{24}=0,$$
(14)
In analogue with nonrotating case one expects that the known solution of the corresponding linear problem $`_{ab}`$ can be used as a ‘starting’ solution for tensor $`𝒫_{ab}`$ in nonlinear case. This solution has the following explicit form:

$$𝒫_{12}=AZ^2,𝒫_{31}=(AZ)_{,1},$$
(15)
where for the charged rotating BH solution $`A=e/p^2`$, $`p=2^{1/2}(1+Y\overline{Y})`$, $`Z=p/(r+ia\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$. The invariants $`P_\pm `$ can be expressed in the Kerr tetrad via complex Kerr radial coordinate $`Z`$,

$$P_+=P+iQ=𝒫_{12}^2=e^2(Z/p)^4,P_{}=PiQ=e^2(\overline{Z}/p)^4.$$
(16)
The system of field equations (6) takes the form

$$iI^1=𝒫_{12}H_{+,2}+[\overline{𝒫_{12}H_{+,2}𝒫_{31}H_{+,4}}]=0,$$
(17)
$$iI^2=\overline{𝒫_{12}H_{+,2}}𝒫_{12}H_{+,1}+𝒫_{31}H_{+,4}=0,$$
(18)
$$iI^2=𝒫_{12}H_{+,4}\overline{𝒫_{12}H_{+,4}}=0,$$
(19)
$$iI^4=𝒫_{12}H_{+,3}+𝒫_{31}H_{+,2}[\overline{𝒫_{12}H_{+,3}+𝒫_{31}H_{+,2}}]=0.$$
(20)
Substitution of the “starting” solution (15) in (20) turns it into a system for function $`H_+`$. Some nontrivial solutions of this system were obtained. However, integration showed that corresponding Hamiltonian $``$ turned out to be complex that cannot be appropriate. Thus, the problem of existence for consistent rotating solutions in the Kerr-Schild class remains still open.

One interesting observation follows from the above analysis. The field equations (6) are similar to the corresponding field equations in axion-dilaton gravity . It shows that the factors $`L_f`$ and $`L_g`$ play a role which is analogous to the role of dilaton and axion. It leads us to the conclusion that both types of considered models can be joined in a model of supergravity containing the gauge and Higgs chiral fields as well as the axion and dilaton fields.


text:
# Local cohomology and 𝒟-affinity in positive characteristic

## 1. Introduction

Let $`k`$ be a field. Consider the polynomial ring

$$R=k\left[\begin{array}{ccc}X_{11}& X_{12}& X_{13}\\ X_{21}& X_{22}& X_{23}\end{array}\right]$$

and $`IR`$ the ideal generated by the three $`2\times 2`$ minors

$$f_1:=\left|\begin{array}{cc}X_{12}& X_{13}\\ X_{22}& X_{23}\end{array}\right|,f_2:=\left|\begin{array}{cc}X_{13}& X_{11}\\ X_{23}& X_{21}\end{array}\right|\text{and}f_3:=\left|\begin{array}{cc}X_{11}& X_{12}\\ X_{21}& X_{22}\end{array}\right|.$$

If $`k`$ is a field of positive characteristic, the local cohomology modules $`\mathrm{H}_I^j(R)`$ vanish for $`j>2`$ (see Chapitre III, Proposition (4.1) in ). However, if $`k`$ is a field of characteristic zero, $`\mathrm{H}_I^3(R)`$ is non-vanishing (see Proposition 2.1 of this paper or Remark 3.13 in ).

Consider the Grassmann variety $`X=\mathrm{Gr}(2,V)`$ of $`2`$-dimensional vector subspaces of a $`5`$-dimensional vector space $`V`$ over $`k`$. Let us take a two dimensional subspace $`W`$ of $`V`$. Then the singularity $`R/I`$ appears in the Schubert variety $`YX`$ of $`2`$-dimensional subspaces $`E`$ such that $`dim(EW)1`$. Therefore $`_Y^3(𝒪_X)`$ does not vanish in characteristic zero while it does vanish in positive characteristic.

In this paper we show how this difference in the vanishing of local cohomology translates into a non-vanishing first cohomology group for the $`𝒟_X`$-module $`_Y^2(𝒪_X)`$ in positive characteristic.

Previous work of Haastert () showed the Beilinson-Bernstein equivalence () to hold for projective spaces and the flag manifold of $`SL_3`$ in positive characteristic. However, as we show in this paper, $`𝒟`$-affinity breaks down for the flag manifold of $`SL_5`$ in all positive characteristics. The Beilinson-Bernstein equivalence, therefore, does not carry over to flag manifolds in positive characteristic.

## 2. Local cohomology

Keep the notation from §1. A topological proof of the following proposition is given in §5.

###### Proposition 2.1.

$`H_I^3(R)`$ does not vanish in characteristic zero.

###### Corollary 2.2.

$`_Y^3(𝒪_X)`$ does not vanish in characteristic zero.

The local to global spectral sequence

$$\mathrm{H}^p(X,_Y^q(𝒪_X))\mathrm{H}_Y^{p+q}(X,𝒪_X)$$

and $`𝒟`$-affinity in characteristic zero () implies

$$\mathrm{H}_Y^3(X,𝒪_X)=\mathrm{\Gamma }(X,_Y^3(𝒪_X))0.$$

On the other hand, if $`k`$ is a field of positive characteristic, $`_Y^q(𝒪_X)=0`$ if $`q2`$, since $`Y`$ is a codimension two Cohen Macaulay subvariety of the smooth variety $`X`$ (, Chapitre III, Proposition (4.1)). This gives a totally different degeneration of the local to global spectral sequence. In the positive characteristic case we get

$$\mathrm{H}^p(X,_Y^2(𝒪_X))\mathrm{H}_Y^{p+2}(X,𝒪_X).$$

We will prove that $`\mathrm{H}_Y^3(X,𝒪_X)0`$ even if $`k`$ is a field of positive characteristic. This will give the desired non-vanishing

$$\mathrm{H}^1(X,_Y^2(𝒪_X))0$$

in positive characteristic.

## 3. Lifting to $``$

To deduce the non-vanishing of $`\mathrm{H}_Y^3(X,𝒪_X)`$ in positive characteristic, we need to compute the local cohomology over $``$ and proceed by base change. Flag manifolds and their Schubert varieties admit flat lifts to $``$-schemes. In this section $`X_{}`$ and $`Y_{}`$ will denote flat lifts of a flag manifold $`X`$ and a Schubert variety $`YX`$ respectively.

The local Grothendieck-Cousin complex (cf. , §8) of the structure sheaf $`𝒪_X_{}`$

(3.1)
$$_{X_0/X_1}^0(𝒪_X_{})_{X_1/X_2}^1(𝒪_X_{})\mathrm{},$$

where $`X_i`$ denotes the union of Schubert schemes of codimension $`i`$, is a resolution of $`𝒪_X_{}`$, since $`𝒪_X_{}`$ is Cohen Macaulay, $`\mathrm{codim}X_ii`$ and $`X_iX_{i+1}X`$ are affine morphisms for all $`i`$ (see , Theorem 10.9). The sheaves in this resolution decompose into direct sums

$$_{X_i/X_{i+1}}^i(𝒪_X_{})=\underset{\mathrm{codim}(C)=i}{}_C^i(𝒪_X_{})$$

of local cohomology sheaves $`_C^i(𝒪_X_{})`$ with support in Bruhat cells $`C`$ of codimension $`i`$. The degeneration of the local to global spectral sequence gives

$$\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^p(X_{},_C^c(𝒪_X_{}))=\mathrm{H}_{CY_{}}^{p+c}(X_{},𝒪_X_{}),$$

since $`_C^i(𝒪_X_{})=0`$ if $`ic=\mathrm{codim}(C)`$.

Since the scheme $`X_iX_{i+1}`$ is affine it follows that $`\mathrm{H}_C^p(X_{},𝒪_X_{})=0`$ if $`p\mathrm{codim}(C)`$ (, Theorem 10.9). This shows that the resolution (3.1) is acyclic for the functor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y_{}`$ and

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y_{}(X_{},_C^c(𝒪_X_{}))=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & \text{if }CY_Z\hfill \\ \mathrm{H}_C^c(X_{},𝒪_X_{})\hfill & \text{if }CY_{}\text{,}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`c=\mathrm{codim}(C)`$. Applying $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Y_{}(X_{},)`$ to (3.1) we get the complex

$$M_Y^{}:\mathrm{H}_{C_Y}^c(X_{},𝒪_X_{})\underset{\mathrm{codim}(C)=c+1,CY_{}}{}\mathrm{H}_C^{c+1}(X_{},𝒪_X_{})\mathrm{},$$

where $`c`$ is the codimension of $`Y_{}`$, $`C_Y`$ is the open Bruhat cell in $`Y_{}`$ and $`\mathrm{H}_{C_Y}^c(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$ sits in degree $`c`$. Notice that $`\mathrm{H}^i(M_Y^{})=\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^i(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$ and that $`M_Y^{}`$ is a complex of free abelian groups. In fact the individual entries $`\mathrm{H}_C^i(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$ are direct sums of weight spaces, which are finitely generated free abelian groups (cf. , Theorem 13.4). By weight spaces we mean eigenspaces for a fixed $``$-split torus $`T`$. The differentials in $`M_Y^{}`$ being $`T`$-equivariant, the complex $`M_Y^{}`$ is a direct sum of complexes of finitely generated free abelian groups. Since $`\mathrm{H}^i(M_Y^{})=\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^i(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$, one obtains the following lemma.

###### Lemma 3.1.

Every local cohomology group $`\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^i(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$ is a direct sum of finitely generated abelian groups. In the codimension $`c`$ of $`Y_{}`$ in $`X_{}`$, $`\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^c(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$ is a free abelian group.

## 4. The counterexample

For a field $`k`$, let us set $`X_k=X_{}k`$ and $`Y_k=Y_{}k`$. Then one has $`H_{Y_k}^q(X_k,𝒪_{X_k})=\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^q(X_{},𝒪_X_{}k)`$. Since $`𝒪_X_{}`$ is flat over $``$, one has a spectral sequence

$$\mathrm{Tor}_p^{}(\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^q(X_{},𝒪_X_{}),k)\mathrm{H}_{Y_k}^{p+q}(X_k,𝒪_{X_k}).$$

This shows that the natural homomorphism

$$\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^i(X_{},𝒪_X_{})k\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{Y_k}^i(X_k,𝒪_{X_k})$$

is an injection, and it is an isomorphism if the field $`k`$ is flat over $``$.

In our example (cf. §1), one has

$$\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^3(X_{},𝒪_X_{})\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^3(X_{},𝒪_X_{})0.$$

By Lemma 3.1, the cohomology $`\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^3(X_{},𝒪_X_{})`$ must contain $``$ as a direct summand. Therefore the injection

$$\mathrm{H}_Y_{}^3(X_{},𝒪_X_{})k\stackrel{}{}\mathrm{H}_{Y_k}^3(X_k,𝒪_{X_k})$$

shows that $`\mathrm{H}_{Y_k}^3(X_k,𝒪_{X_k})`$ is non-vanishing for any field $`k`$ of positive characteristic. Since $`\mathrm{H}_{Y_k}^3(X_k,𝒪_{X_k})\mathrm{H}^1(X_k,_{Y_k}^2(𝒪_{X_k}))`$, one obtains the following result.

###### Proposition 4.1.

$`\mathrm{H}^1(X_k,_{Y_k}^2(𝒪_{X_k}))0`$ if $`k`$ is of positive characteristic.

## 5. Proof of non-vanishing of $`H_I^3(R)`$

In this section, we shall give a topological proof of Proposition 2.1. We may assume that the base field is the complex number field $``$.

The local cohomologies $`H_I^{}(R)`$ are the cohomology groups of the complex

$`R\stackrel{}{}R[f_1^1]R[f_2^1]R[f_3^1]`$
$`\stackrel{}{}R[(f_1f_2)^1]R[(f_2f_3)^1]R[(f_1f_3)^1]\stackrel{}{}R[(f_1f_2f_3)^1].`$
Hence one has

$$H_I^3(R)=\frac{R[(f_1f_2f_3)^1]}{R[(f_1f_2)^1]+R[(f_2f_3)^1]+R[(f_1f_3)^1]}.$$

In order to prove the non-vanishing of $`H_I^3(R)`$, it is enough to show

(5.2) $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_1f_2f_3}}R[(f_1f_2)^1]+R[(f_2f_3)^1]+R[(f_1f_3)^1].`$
Consider the $`6`$-cycle

$`\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`\{\left(\begin{array}{ccc}t_2u+t_3\overline{v}& u& t_1\overline{v}\\ t_2vt_3\overline{u}& v& t_1\overline{u}\end{array}\right)`$
$`;|t_1|=|t_2|=|t_3|=1,|u|^2+|v|^2=1\text{}\}`$
$`=`$ $`\{k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}t_2& 1& 0\\ t_3& 0& t_1\end{array}\right)`$
$`;|t_1|=|t_2|=|t_3|=1,k=\left(\begin{array}{cc}u& \overline{v}\\ v& \overline{u}\end{array}\right)SU(2)\text{}\}`$
in $`X(f_1f_2f_3)^1(0)`$, where $`X=\mathrm{Spec}(R)^6`$. Then on $`\gamma `$ one has

$$f_1=t_1,f_2=t_1t_2\text{ and }f_3=t_3.$$

Set $`\omega =dX_{ij}`$. Then one has $`\omega =t_1dt_1dt_2dt_3\theta `$ on $`\gamma `$, where $`\theta `$ is a non-zero invariant form on $`SU(2)`$. Therefore one has

$$_\gamma \frac{\omega }{f_1f_2f_3}=_\gamma \frac{dt_1dt_2dt_3\theta }{t_1t_2t_3}\overline{)}=0.$$

Hence, in order to show (5.2), it is enough to prove that

(5.6) $`{\displaystyle _\gamma }\phi \omega =0`$
for any $`\phi R[(f_1f_2)^1]+R[(f_2f_3)^1]+R[(f_1f_3)^1]`$.

For $`\phi R[(f_1f_2)^1]`$, the equation (5.6) holds because we can shrink the cycle $`\gamma `$ by $`|t_3|=\lambda `$ from $`\lambda =1`$ to $`\lambda =0`$. For $`\phi R[(f_1f_3)^1]`$), the equation (5.6) holds because we can shrink the cycle $`\gamma `$ by $`|t_2|=\lambda `$ from $`\lambda =1`$ to $`\lambda =0`$.

Let us show (5.6) for $`\phi R[(f_2f_3)^1]`$. Let us deform the cycle $`\gamma `$ by

$`\gamma _\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`\{k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}(1\lambda )t_2& 1& \lambda t_1t_2t_3^1\\ t_3& 0& t_1\end{array}\right)`$
$`;|t_1|=|t_2|=|t_3|=1,kSU(2)\text{}\}.`$
Note that the values of $`f_1`$, $`f_2`$ and $`f_3`$ do not change under this deformation. Hence $`\gamma _\lambda `$ is a cycle in $`X(f_1f_2f_3)^1(0)`$. One has

$`\gamma _1`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& t_1t_2t_3^1\\ t_3& 0& t_1\end{array}\right);|t_1|=|t_2|=|t_3|=1,kSU(2)\right\}`$
$`=`$ $`\left\{k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& t_2\\ t_3& 0& t_1\end{array}\right);|t_1|=|t_2|=|t_3|=1,kSU(2)\right\}.`$
In the last coordinates of $`\gamma _1`$, one has $`f_2=t_2t_3`$ and $`f_3=t_3`$. Hence, for $`\phi R[(f_2f_3)^1]`$,

$$_\gamma \phi \omega =_{\gamma _1}\phi \omega $$

vanishes because we can shrink the cycle $`\gamma _1`$ by $`|t_1|=\lambda `$ from $`\lambda =1`$ to $`\lambda =0`$.

###### Remark.

Although we do not give a proof here, $`H_I^3(R)`$ is isomorphic to $`H_J^6(R)`$ as a D-module. Here $`J`$ is the defining ideal of the origin.