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# 1 Background and Notation

## 1 Background and Notation

Let $`𝐂`$ denote the complex numbers, $`𝐐`$ denote the rational numbers, $`𝐙`$ denote the integers, and $`𝐍`$ denote the nonnegative integers. If $`G`$ is a multiplicative monoid and $`𝐅`$ is a field, then we write $`𝐅[G]`$ for the corresponding monoid algebra over $`𝐅`$. (This is the obvious generalization of “group algebra”.) Unfortunately many monoids come to us additively. In the special case of the additive monoid $`𝐐`$, we invent the symbol $`q`$ and temporarily identify $`𝐐`$ with the multiplicative monoid $`\{q^r|r𝐐\}`$ where $`q^rq^s=q^{r+s}`$. Let $`𝒞`$ be the algebraic closure of the field of fractions for $`𝐂[𝐐]`$. We write $`𝒞^\times `$ for the nonzero elements of $`𝒞`$.

Given a root system $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, let $`\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$ denote the positive roots, $`Q(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ denote the root lattice, $`P(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ denote the weight lattice, $`Q^+(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ denote the $`𝐍`$ span of the elements in $`\mathrm{\Phi }^+`$, and $`P^+(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ denote the set of dominant integral weights. Write $`2\mathrm{\Phi }`$ for the root system $`\{2\alpha |\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }\}`$ given the same inner product as $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. If $`H`$ is an additive submonoid of $`𝐂\mathrm{\Phi }`$, we invent the formal variable $`z`$, so that $`𝒞[H]`$ consists of the $`𝒞`$ linear combinations of the basis elements $`z^\lambda `$ for $`\lambda H`$.

Let g denote a semisimple Lie algebra over the complex numbers $`𝐂`$ with a chosen triangular decomposition $`\text{g}=\text{n}^{}\text{h}\text{n}^+`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be the set of roots for g and let $`\pi =\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ be the set of (positive) simple roots in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ corresponding to the root vectors in $`\text{n}^+`$. Write $`(,)`$ for the Cartan inner product on $`\text{h}^{}`$ with respect to the root system $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Let $`W`$ denote the Weyl group associated to the root system $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Set $`\rho `$ equal to the half sum of the positive roots in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

Let $`\theta `$ be a maximally split involution with respect to the fixed Cartan subalgebra h of g and triangular decomposition (see \[L3, (7.1), (7.2), and (7.3)\].) We assume throughout the paper that $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is an irreducible pair in the sense of \[A\] (see also \[L4, Section 7\]). Recall that a complex semisimple Lie algebra $`\text{g}^{}`$ with maximally split involution $`\theta ^{}`$ can be written as a direct sum of semisimple Lie subalgebras $`\text{r}_i`$ such that each $`\text{r}_i,\text{r}_i^\theta ^{}`$ is an irreducible pair. Using such a direct sum decomposition, the results of this paper easily extend to arbitrary symmetric pairs.

The involution $`\theta `$ on g induces an involution on $`\text{h}^{}`$ which we refer to as $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Furthermore, $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ restricts to an involution on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Set $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\alpha _i\pi |\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i\}`$. Recall \[L3, Section 7, (7.5)\] that there is a permutation $`p`$ on $`1,\mathrm{},n`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _{p(i)}+Q^+(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }).$$

Set $`\pi ^{}=\{\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }|ip(i)\}`$.

Given $`\alpha \text{h}^{}`$, set $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=(\alpha \mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha ))/2`$. The subset

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }|\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{and}\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha )\alpha \}$$

of $`\text{h}^{}`$ is the restricted root system associated to the pair $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$. Note that the set of (positive) simple restricted roots is just $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|\alpha _i\pi ^{}\}`$, while $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }|\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }^+`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha )\alpha \}`$. Let $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ denote the Weyl group associated to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

We make the following assumption throughout this paper:

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a reduced root system.

A complete list of the possible irreducible pairs $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ with $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ reduced using Araki’s classification \[A\] can be found in the appendix of this paper.

Let $`U=U_q(\text{g})`$ be the quantized enveloping algebra generated by $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n,`$ $`y_1,\mathrm{},y_n,`$ $`t_1^{\pm 1},\mathrm{},t_n^{\pm 1}`$ over $`𝒞`$. Recall that $`U`$ is a Hopf algebra with coproduct, counit, and antipode. (See \[J1, 3.2.9\] or \[L3, Section 1, (1.4)-(1.10)\] for relations and Hopf algebra structure.) Let $`U_+`$ denote the augmentation ideal of $`U`$. Given a subalgebra $`S`$ of $`U`$ and a $`U`$ module $`V`$, we write $`S_+`$ for $`SU_+`$ and set $`V^S=\{vV|sv=0`$ for all $`sS_+\}`$.

Let $`T`$ denote the group generated by the $`t_i`$ for $`1in`$. Set $`U^0`$ equal to the group algebra $`𝒞[T]`$. Recall that there is an isomorphism $`\tau :Q(\pi )T`$ such that $`\tau (\alpha _i)=t_i`$ for each $`i`$. Given a $`T`$ module $`N`$ and a weight $`\gamma \text{h}^{}`$, the $`\gamma `$ weight subspace of $`N`$ is just the set

$$\{mN|\tau (\beta )m=q^{(\beta ,\gamma )}m\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}\tau (\beta )T\}.$$

Note that $`U`$ is a module over itself via the (left) adjoint action denote by ad (see for example \[J1, 1.3.1\]). If $`N`$ is a subspace of $`U`$, then $`N_\gamma `$ is the $`\gamma `$ weight space of $`N`$ as an $`\mathrm{ad}T`$ module.

Given a vector subspace $`F`$ and a subset $`S`$ of an algebra over $`𝒞`$, we set $`FS`$ equal to the $`𝒞`$ span of the set $`\{as|aF,sS\}`$. Similarly, write $`SF`$ for the vector space over $`𝒞`$ spanned by the set $`\{sa|aF,sS\}`$. Now suppose that $`S`$ is a submonoid of $`T`$ and $`F`$ is both a subalgebra and $`\mathrm{ad}S`$ submodule of $`U`$. Note that the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`F`$ and $`S`$ is equal to the vector space $`FS`$.

Set $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\tau (\beta )|\beta Q(\pi )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\beta )=\beta \}`$. Let $``$ be the subalgebra of $`U_q(\text{g})`$ generated by $`x_i,y_i,t_i^{\pm 1}`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. By \[L3, Theorem 7.1\], we can lift $`\theta `$ to a $`𝐂`$ algebra automorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }`$ of $`U`$ which sends $`q`$ to $`q^1.`$ For each $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, set

$$B_i=y_it_i+\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i.$$
$`(1.1)`$
Let $`B_\theta `$ denote the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by the $`B_i,\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, $``$, and $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. By \[L3, Theorem 7.2 and the discussion following the proof of Theorem 7.4\], $`B_\theta `$ is a left coideal subalgebra which specializes to $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ as $`q`$ goes to $`1`$.

Let $`𝐇`$ denote the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms of $`U`$ which fix elements of $`T`$. Note that $`𝐇`$ acts on the set of left coideal subalgebras of $`U`$. Set $``$ equal to the orbit of $`B_\theta `$ under the action of $`𝐇`$. Of course, $``$ depends on the choice of pair $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$, but this will be understood from context. For most irreducible pairs $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$, the orbit $``$ equals the set $`_\theta `$ defined in \[L4, Section 2\] and is just the orbit under the action of $`𝐇`$ of the quantum analogs of $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ inside of $`U_q(\text{g})`$. There are, however, a few cases of irreducible pairs for which the set $`_\theta `$ is strictly larger than $``$. Since we are assuming that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced, this occurs when $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ has nonstandard analogs — also referred to as analogs of Variation 2 (see \[L3, Section 7, Variation 2\]). We only consider the standard analogs in this paper. A complete list of the quantum analogs of $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ in $`U`$ associated to all possible irreducible symmetric pairs can be found in \[L4, Section 7\]. (In the notation of \[L4, Sections 2 and 7\], the irreducible pair $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ admits nonstandard analogs when $`𝒮`$ is nonempty and consists of one special root $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$. When this happens, the orbits of $`_\theta `$ are parametrized by one variable, $`s_i`$, and $``$ is the $`𝐇`$ orbit in $`_\theta `$ associated to $`s_i=0`$.)

Given $`\lambda P^+(\pi )`$, let $`L(\lambda )`$ denote the finite dimensional simple $`U`$ module with highest weight $`\lambda `$. Write $`L(\lambda )^{}`$ for the dual of $`L(\lambda )`$ given its natural right module structure. Recall the quantum Peter-Weyl theorem (\[J1, 9.1.1 and 1.4.13\], see also \[L3, (3.1)\]): the quantized function algebra $`R_q[G]`$ is isomorphic as a $`U`$ bimodule to a direct sum of the $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}`$ as $`\lambda `$ varies over the dominant integral weights $`P^+(\pi )`$. As explained in \[L4, Section 4\], elements of $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}`$, and thus of $`R_q[G]`$, can be thought of as functions on $`U`$. Restriction to the torus $`T`$ yields an algebra homomorphism, denoted by $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$, from $`R_q[G]`$ into $`𝒞[P(\pi )]`$.

Let $`G`$ denote the connected, simply connected Lie group $`G`$ with Lie algebra g and let $`K`$ be the compact Lie group corresponding to the Lie algebra $`\text{g}^\theta `$. In the classical case, zonal spherical functions are $`K`$ invariant functions on the symmetric space $`G/K`$ which are also eigenfunctions for the action of the center of $`U(\text{g})`$. The quantum symmetric space $`R_q[G/K]_B^{}`$, or more precisely, quantum analog of the ring of regular functions on $`G/K`$ associated to $`B^{}`$, is the algebra of left $`B^{}`$ invariants inside the quantized function algebra (see \[L3, Section 7 and Theorem 7.8\]). Thus quantum zonal spherical functions at the pair $`(B,B^{})`$ in $`\times `$ are right $`B`$ invariant elements of $`R_q[G/K]_B^{}`$ which are eigenfunctions for the action of the center of $`U`$ on $`R_q[G]`$. In particular, quantum zonal spherical functions live inside the space $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ of left $`B^{}`$ and right $`B`$ invariants of $`R_q[G]`$. Moreover, the eigenspaces in $`R_q[G]`$ for the action of the center of $`U`$ are just the subspaces $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}`$ for $`\lambda `$ dominant integral. Hence the quantum zonal spherical functions at $`\lambda `$ associated to the pair $`(B,B^{})`$ are the nonzero elements in the space $`_B^{}_B(\lambda )`$ defined by

$$_B^{}_B(\lambda )=\{fL(\lambda )L(\lambda )^{}|B_+^{}f=fB_+=0\}.$$

By \[L4, Theorem 3.4 and Section 4\], $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )`$ is one dimensional if $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and zero otherwise. In particular, $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ is a direct sum of the subspaces $`_B^{}_B(\lambda )`$ as $`\lambda `$ runs over the elements in $`P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ (\[L4, (4.2)\]). By \[L4, Theorem 4.2\], the map $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ from $`R_q[G]`$ into $`𝒞[P(\pi )]`$ restricts to an injective algebra homomorphism from $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}`$ into $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$. Furthermore, \[L4, Lemma 4.1\] ensures that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}({}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{})`$ contains a distinguished basis $`\{\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ such that $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda \mathrm{{\rm Y}}(_B^{}_B(\lambda ))`$ and

$$\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda z^\lambda +\underset{\beta <\lambda }{}𝒞z^\beta $$
$`(1.2)`$
for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

We recall the notion of zonal spherical families introduced in \[L4, Section 6\]. In particular, a function $`\lambda \psi _\lambda `$ from $`P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ to $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ is called a zonal spherical family associated to $``$ if there exists $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$ in $``$ such that $`\psi _\lambda =\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda `$ for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. With a slight abuse of notation, we generally identify the zonal spherical family above with its image, $`\{\psi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$. We have the following modification of \[L4, Theorem 6.5\].

###### Theorem 1.1

Let $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. There exists a unique $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant zonal spherical family $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ associated to $``$.

Proof: In the case when $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ does not admit a nonstandard analog, then this is a consequence of \[L4, Theorem 4.2 and Theorem 6.5\] as explained in the discussion following the proof of the \[L4, Theorem 6.5\]. (This case corresponds to (i) of \[L4\].) Now assume that $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$ does admit nonstandard analogs and in particular, $`𝒮=\{\alpha _i\}`$. Let $`B`$. Set

$$N=𝐙\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i+\underset{\alpha _j\pi ^{}𝒮}{}𝐙2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j.$$

Consider a spherical vector $`\xi _\lambda L(\lambda )`$ with respect to $`B`$. By \[L4, Theorem 3.6 and its proof\], $`\xi _\lambda `$ is a sum of weight vectors of weight $`\lambda \beta `$ where $`\beta NQ^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Now $`B`$ is the image under an element in $`𝐇`$ of the analog in $`_\theta `$ associated to $`s_i=0`$. Hence the proof of \[L4, Theorem 3.6\] actually shows that $`\xi _\lambda `$ is a sum of weight vectors of weight $`\lambda \beta `$ where $`\beta `$ is in the smaller set $`Q^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Thus arguing as in \[L4, Lemma 4.1\], the space $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )`$ is a subspace of $`z^\lambda 𝒞[Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ for all pairs $`B`$ and $`B^{}`$ in $``$.

Recall that $``$ is the single orbit of $`B_\theta `$ under the action of $`𝐇`$. Thus $`\times `$ is a single $`𝐇\times 𝐇`$ orbit contained in $`_\theta \times _\theta `$. Note that elements of $`\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$ act on $`𝒞[N]`$ as linear transformations where $`g(z^\beta )=g(\beta )z^\beta `$ for all $`\beta N`$ and $`g\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )`$. Set $`𝒵_\lambda `$ equal to the set of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant zonal spherical functions at $`\lambda `$ associated to $``$ with top degree term equal to $`z^\lambda `$. By \[L4, Theorem 6.5\] there exists a $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant zonal spherical family $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ associated to $``$ such that the

$$𝒵_\lambda =\{z^\lambda g(z^\lambda \phi _\lambda )|g\mathrm{Hom}(N,𝒞^\times )\mathrm{and}g\mathrm{acts}\mathrm{trivially}\mathrm{on}Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}.$$

However, by the previous paragraph, $`z^\lambda \phi _\lambda 𝒞[Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$. Hence $`𝒵_\lambda `$ contains exactly one element $`\phi _\lambda `$. Therefore $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ is the unique $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant zonal spherical family associated to $``$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Using Theorem 1.1, we write $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ for the unique $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant zonal spherical family associated to $``$. Of course this family depends on the choice of $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$, but this will be understood from context. As an immediate consequence of Theorem 1.1, if $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}({}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{})`$ is $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant then $`\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =\phi _\lambda `$ for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. By \[L4, Corollary 5.4\], we can choose $`B_\theta ^{}`$ such that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}({}_{B_\theta ^{}}{}^{}_{B_\theta }^{})`$ is $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant. We drop the subscript $`\theta `$ and abbreviate $`B_\theta `$ as $`B`$ and $`B_\theta ^{}`$ as $`B^{}`$ after Section 2 is completed.

## 2 Decompositions and Related Projections

In this section, we present tensor product decompositions of $`U`$ with respect to a subalgebra $`B_\theta `$ similar to the quantum Iwasawa decomposition of \[L1\] and \[L2\]. This, in turn, is used to analyze various projections of elements in $`U`$ modulo $`B_+U`$ and $`UB_+`$.

Let $`T^{}`$ be the subgroup of $`T`$ generated by $`\{t_i|\alpha _i\pi ^{}\}`$ of $`T`$. Note that $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }\times T^{}=T`$ and so the multiplication map defines a vector space isomorphism

$$U^0𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]𝒞[T^{}].$$
$`(2.1)`$
Let $`G^{}`$ be the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`y_it_i,1in`$. Set $`^{}=G^{}`$ and $`^+=U^+`$. Let $`N^{}`$ be the subalgebra of $`G^{}`$ generated by the $`(\mathrm{ad}^{})`$ module $`(\mathrm{ad}^{})𝒞[y_it_i|\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }]`$. Similarly, let $`N^+`$ be the subalgebra of $`U^+`$ generated by the $`(\mathrm{ad}^+)`$ module $`(\mathrm{ad}^+)𝒞[x_i|\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }]`$. Note that both $`N^{}`$ and $`N^+`$ can be written as a direct sum of weight spaces.

Given a subset $`S`$ of $`U`$ and a weight $`\beta Q(\pi )`$, we write $`S_{\beta ,r}`$ for the restricted weight space of $`S`$ corresponding to $`\beta `$. In particular,

$$S_{\beta ,r}=\underset{\{\beta ^{}|\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}=\stackrel{~}{\beta }\}}{}S_\beta ^{}.$$

Recall the standard partial ordering on $`\text{h}^{}`$: For all distinct pairs of elements $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ in $`\text{h}^{}`$, $`\alpha \beta `$ provided that $`\beta \alpha Q^+(\pi )`$. Now suppose $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are in $`\text{h}^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is an element of $`Q^+(\pi )(_{\alpha \pi ^{}}𝐂\stackrel{~}{\alpha })`$. This latter set is contained in $`Q^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. In particular, the partial ordering on $`\text{h}^{}`$ restricts to the standard partial ordering on the restricted weights.

Set $`T_{}^{}`$ equal to the multiplicative monoid generated by the $`t_i^2`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$. Note that $`𝒞[T_{}^{}]`$ is just the polynomial ring $`𝒞[t_i^2|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]`$.

###### Lemma 2.1

For each $`B`$, all $`\beta ,\gamma Q^+(\pi )`$, and $`YU_\gamma ^+G_\beta ^{}`$, we have

$$YN_{\beta +\gamma ,r}^+B+\underset{\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}<\stackrel{~}{\beta }+\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}{}N_{\beta ^{},r}^+T_{}^{}B$$
$`(2.2)`$
and

$$YBN_{\beta \gamma ,r}^{}+\underset{\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}<\stackrel{~}{\beta }+\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}{}BT_{}^{}N_{\beta ^{},r}^{}.$$
$`(2.3)`$
Proof: Let $`B`$. Note that any Hopf algebra automorphism which fixes $`T`$ restricts to the identity on $`T_{}^{}`$ and an automorphism of $`N^{}`$ and $`N^+`$. Hence, without loss of generality, we may assume that $`B=B_\theta `$.

Choose $`\beta Q^+(\pi )`$. By construction, $`N^+`$ is an $`\mathrm{ad}^+`$ module. Note that

$$(\mathrm{ad}x_i)a=x_iat_iat_i^1x_i$$
$`(2.4)`$
for all $`i`$ and for all $`aU`$. Hence

$$^+N_\beta ^+N_{\beta ,r}^+^+.$$

Now if $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, it follows that $`x_iN^+`$. Hence

$$U_\gamma ^+N_\beta ^+N_{\beta +\gamma ,r}^+^+$$

for all $`\gamma Q^+(\pi )`$. Thus it is sufficient to prove (2.2) for $`YG_\beta ^{}`$.

It follows from the defining relations of $`U`$ that

$$G_\beta ^{}x_ix_iG_\beta ^{}+G_{\beta +\alpha _i}^{}+G_{\beta +\alpha _i}^{}t_i^2$$

for each $`1in`$. If $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ then $`t_i^2T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. If $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$ then $`t_i^2T_{}^{}`$. Finally, if $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }\pi ^{}`$, then $`t_i^2=t_{p(i)}^2(t_i^2t_{p(i)}^2)`$ . In particular, $`t_i^2`$ is an element of $`T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ for each $`i,1in`$. Hence

$$G_\beta ^{}x_ix_iG_\beta ^{}+G_{\beta +\alpha _i}^{}T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }$$
$`(2.5)`$
for all $`\alpha _i\pi `$.

Now consider a weight vector $`Y`$ of weight $`\beta `$ in $`G^{}`$. Without loss of generality, we may assume that $`Y`$ is a monomial in the $`y_it_i`$, say $`y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}`$. Note that if the restricted weight of $`Y`$ is zero, or if $`m=0`$, then $`Y`$ is an element of $`^{}`$, and hence of $`B`$. Thus (2.2) holds in these cases. We proceed by induction on both $`m`$ and the restricted weight of $`Y`$. In particular, we assume that (2.2) holds for all monomials in the $`y_it_i`$ of length strictly smaller than $`m`$ as well as for all elements in $`U_\gamma ^+G_\lambda ^{}`$ with $`\gamma Q^+(\pi )`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$.

Note that if $`\alpha _{i_m}\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ then $`y_{i_m}t_{i_m}B_+`$. By the inductive hypothesis (2.2) holds for $`y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_{m1}}t_{i_{m1}}`$. It follows that (2.2) holds whenever $`\alpha _{i_m}\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus, we may assume that $`\alpha _{i_m}\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

Recall the definition of $`B_i`$ (1.1) and note that $`B_iB_+`$ (see for example \[L4, (2.1) and (2.2)\]. Hence

$$y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}+y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_{m1}}t_{i_{m1}}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{i_m})t_{i_m}y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_{m1}}t_{i_{m1}}B_+.$$

Applying the inductive hypothesis again to $`y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_{m1}}t_{i_{m1}}`$ shows that $`Y`$ is an element of

$$y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_{m1}}t_{i_{m1}}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{i_m})t_{i_m}+\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\stackrel{~}{\beta }\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{i_m}}{}N_{\gamma ,r}^+T_{}^{}B$$

By \[L4, (2.1) and (2.2)\], $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{i_m})t_{i_m}^+x_{p(i_m)}^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Note that $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }=0`$ for all $`\beta Q(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Thus by (2.5), $`Y`$ is contained in

| $`^+x_{p(i_m)}^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }G_{\beta +\alpha _{i_m},r}^{}+^+T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }G_{\beta +2\alpha _{i_m},r}^{}`$ |
| --- |
| $`+{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\stackrel{~}{\beta }\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{i_m}}{}}N_{\gamma ,r}^+T_{}^{}B.`$ |

Note that both $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{i_m}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{i_m}`$ are strictly smaller than $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$. The result (2.2) now follows by induction on $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$. It follows from \[L4, Theorem 3.1\] (see also \[L4, (3.3) and the proof of Theorem 3.4\]) that $`B`$ contains elements $`x_i+Y_i`$, for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, where $`Y_iG^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a weight vector of weight $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$. The proof of (2.3) is similar to that of (2.2) using the elements $`x_i+Y_i`$ instead of $`B_i`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Using the above lemma, we obtain four tensor product decompositions of $`U`$.

###### Theorem 2.2

For all $`B`$, there are isomorphisms of vector spaces via the multiplication map

1. $`N^+𝒞[T^{}]BU`$
2. $`B𝒞[T^{}]N^+U`$
3. $`N^{}𝒞[T^{}]BU`$
4. $`B𝒞[T^{}]N^{}U`$

Proof: We prove the theorem for $`B=B_\theta `$. The general result follows from the fact that $`N^+`$, $`N^{}`$, $`𝒞[T^{}]`$ and $`U`$ are all preserved by Hopf algebra automorphisms in $`𝐇`$.

Recall that $`U`$ admits a triangular decomposition (\[R\]) or equivalently, an isomorphism of vector spaces via the multiplication map:

$$UG^{}U^0U^+.$$
$`(2.6)`$
By \[Ke\], (see also \[L3, Section 6 and (6.2)\]),

$$U^+^+N^+$$
$`(2.7)`$
as vector spaces using the multiplication map. Combining (2.6) and (2.7) with (2.1) yields the following vector space isomorphism

$$UG^{}^+𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]𝒞[T^{}]N^+$$
$`(2.8)`$
induced by the multiplication map.

Set $`B_i=y_it_i`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Give an $`m`$-tuple $`J=(j_1,\mathrm{},j_m)`$, set $`y_J=y_1t_1\mathrm{}y_mt_m`$ and $`B_J=B_1\mathrm{}B_m`$. Let $`𝒥`$ be a set of $`m`$-tuples, where $`m`$ varies, such that the set $`\{y_J|J𝒥\}`$ is a basis for $`G^{}`$. By the proof of \[L3, Theorem 7.4\], we have

$$B=\underset{J𝒥}{}(B_J^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }).$$
$`(2.9)`$
Note that when $`B_J`$ is written as a direct sum of weight vectors, the lowest weight term is just $`y_J`$. Hence (2.9) ensures the lowest weight term of an element of $`B`$ is contained in $`G^{}^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. It follows from (2.8) that $`BvBv^{}=0`$ for any two linearly independent elements of $`T^{}N^+`$. This forces the map induced by multiplication from $`B𝒞[T^{}]N^+`$ to $`U`$ to be injective.

Using the triangular decomposition (2.6) and the relations of $`U`$, we have that $`U=U^+G^{}U^0`$. By the previous lemma and (2.1),

$$U=U^+G^{}U^0BT^{}N^+U.$$

Hence $`U=BT^{}N^+`$. Thus the multiplication map induces a surjection from $`B𝒞[T^{}]N^+`$ onto $`U`$ which proves (ii).

By \[L4, Theorem 3.1\], there is a $`𝒞`$ algebra anti-involution $`\kappa `$ of $`U`$ which fixes elements of $`T`$, sends each $`x_i`$ to $`c_iy_it_i`$ for some nonzero scalar $`c_i`$, and restricts to a $`𝒞`$ algebra antiautomorphism of $`B`$. It follows that $`\kappa ((\mathrm{ad}x_i)b)=c_i(\mathrm{ad}y_i)\kappa (b)`$ for all $`bU`$. In particular, $`\kappa (N^+)=N^{}`$. Thus assertion (iii) follows from applying $`\kappa `$ to (ii).

Let $`\iota `$ denote the $`𝐂`$ algebra antiautomorphism of $`U`$ defined by $`\iota (x_i)=x_i`$, $`\iota (y_i)=y_i`$, $`\iota (t_i)=t_i`$, and $`\iota (q)=q^1`$. We use $`\Delta `$ to denote the coproduct of $`U`$. It is straightforward to check using the Hopf algebra relations of $`U`$ that $`(\iota \iota )\Delta (a)=\Delta (\iota (a))`$ for all $`aU`$. Hence $`\iota (B)`$ is also a left coideal subalgebra of $`U`$. We recall briefly the notion of specialization at $`q=1`$ (see \[L3, Section 1\]). Let $`\widehat{U}`$ denote the $`𝐂[q,q^1]_{(q1)}`$ subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by $`x_i,y_i`$, $`t_i^{\pm 1}`$, and $`(t_i1)/(q1)`$ for $`1in`$. Recall that $`\widehat{U}/(q1)\widehat{U}`$ is isomorphic to $`U(\text{g})`$. Note that $`\iota (a)=a+(q1)\widehat{U}`$ and hence the images of $`\iota (a)`$ and $`a`$ are equal in $`\widehat{U}/(q1)\widehat{U}`$ for all $`a\widehat{U}`$. It follows that both $`B`$ and $`\iota (B)`$ specializes at $`q=1`$ to the same subalgebra, $`U(\text{g}^\theta )`$, of $`U(\text{g})`$. Now the algebra $`\iota (B)`$ cannot be an analog of $`U(\text{g})`$ of Variation 1 (\[L3, Section 7\]) since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced. A check of the generators of $`\iota (B)`$ shows that $`\iota (B)`$ cannot be an analog of $`U(\text{g})`$ of Variation 2 (\[L3, Section 7\]). Hence, by \[L3, Theorem 7.5\], $`\iota (B)`$. Now $`\iota `$ restricts to an antiautomorphism of $`𝒞[T^{}]`$. Furthermore, a straightforward computation yields that $`\iota ((\mathrm{ad}x_i)x_j)`$ is a scalar multiple of $`(\mathrm{ad}x_i)x_j`$ for all $`i`$ and $`j`$. It follows that $`\iota (N^+)=N^+`$. Similarly $`\iota (N^{})=N^{}`$. Hence applying $`\iota `$ to (ii) yields (i) and applying $`\iota `$ to (iii) yields (iv). $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`𝒜`$ denote the subgroup of $`T`$ generated by $`\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\alpha })`$ as $`\alpha `$ ranges over $`\pi ^{}`$. Alternatively, we can view $`𝒜`$ as the image under $`\tau `$ of the group $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Let $`𝒜_{}`$ be the semigroup generated by the $`\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}.`$ Note that for $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$,

$$t_i^2=\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)\tau (\alpha _i+\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))𝒜_{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }.$$

Hence

$$𝒞[T_{}^{}]𝒞[𝒜_{}]𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]=𝒞[𝒜_{}]+𝒞[𝒜_{}]𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+.$$
$`(2.10)`$
The following direct sum decompositions of vector spaces follows immediately from Theorem 2.2:

$$U=(UB_++U𝒞[T^{}]_+)N^+$$
$`(2.11)`$
and

$$U=(B_+U+𝒞[T^{}]_+U)N^{}$$
$`(2.12)`$
for all $`B`$ in $``$. Given $`B`$, let $`P_B`$ be the projection of $`U`$ onto $`N^+`$ using (2.11) and $`R_B`$ be the projection of $`U`$ onto $`N^{}`$ using (2.12). In the next theorem, the projections $`P_B`$ and $`R_B`$ are used to construct particular linear isomorphisms between the restricted weight spaces of $`N^+`$ and $`N^{}`$.

###### Theorem 2.3

For each $`B`$ and each $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$, with $`\beta Q^+(\pi )`$, there exist linear isomorphisms

$$P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}:N_{\beta ,r}^{}N_{\beta ,r}^+$$

and

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}:N_{\beta ,r}^+N_{\beta ,r}^{}$$

such that

$$YP_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}(Y)N_{\beta ,r}^+B_++\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}N_{\gamma ,r}^+𝒜_{}B$$
$`(2.13)`$
and

$$XR_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}(X)B_+N_{\beta ,r}^{}+\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}B𝒜_{}N_{\gamma ,r}^{}$$

for all $`YN_{\beta ,r}^{}`$ and $`XN_{\beta ,r}^+.`$

Proof: Let $`B`$. Fix $`\beta Q^+(\pi )`$. By Lemma 2.1,

$$P_B(\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}N_{\gamma ,r}^{})\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}N_{\gamma ,r}^+.$$

Theorem 2.2(iii) ensures that $`N^{}UB_+=0`$. Thus $`P_B`$ is injective. Let $`\text{n}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ be the Lie algebra generated by the root vectors in g corresponding to the set $`\{\gamma |\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }^+Q(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta })\}`$. By \[L3, Section 6\], we have the equality of formal characters: $`\mathrm{ch}N^{}=\mathrm{ch}U(\text{n}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{})`$. Similarly, $`\mathrm{ch}N^+=\mathrm{ch}U(\text{n}_\mathrm{\Theta }^+)`$ where $`\text{n}_\mathrm{\Theta }^+`$ is the Lie algebra generated by the root vectors in g corresponding to the set $`\{\gamma |\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }^+Q(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta })\}`$. Hence both $`_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}N_{\gamma ,r}^{}`$ and $`_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}N_{\gamma ,r}^+`$ are finite-dimensional and have the same dimension. It follows that $`P_B`$ restricted to the former subspace is a bijection. Thus

$$P_B(\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}N_{\gamma ,r}^{})=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}N_{\gamma ,r}^+.$$
$`(2.14)`$
Note that there is a projection of $`N^+`$ onto $`N_{\beta ,r}^{}`$ with respect to the direct sum decomposition of $`N^+`$ into restricted weight spaces. Set $`P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}`$ equal to the composition of $`P_B`$ with this projection. By (2.14), $`P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}`$ is an isomorphism of $`N_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}^{}`$ onto $`N_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}^+.`$ Furthermore, Lemma 2.1 ensures that $`YP_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}(Y)N_{\beta ,r}^+B_++_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}N_{\gamma ,r}^+𝒜_{}B.`$ Thus (2.13) follows. A similar argument constructs $`R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Action of the Center on Spherical Functions.

Set $`Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }=Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Note that $`Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a subset of $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and hence $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ is a subring of $`𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$. Thus $`𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ is a right $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ module where elements of $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ act as right multiplication. It follows that we may embed $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ into the (right) endomorphism ring $`\mathrm{End}_r𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ of $`𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$.

Note that $`𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ is also a right $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ module where

$$z^\lambda \tau (\mu )=q^{(\lambda ,\mu )}z^\lambda $$

for all $`z^\lambda 𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ and $`\tau (\mu )𝒜`$. Since the Cartan inner product restricts to a nondegenerate bilinear form on $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })\times Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, it follows that the action of $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ on $`𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ is faithful. Hence $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ also embeds in $`\mathrm{End}_r𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$. Let $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ denote the subring of $`\mathrm{End}_r𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ generated by $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ and $`𝒜`$. Note that

$$z^\lambda \tau (\mu )=q^{(\lambda ,\mu )}\tau (\mu )z^\lambda $$
$`(3.1)`$
for all $`\lambda Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\tau (\mu )𝒜`$. Furthermore (3.1) implies that the nonzero elements of $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ form an Ore set in $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$. Write $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ for the quotient ring of $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ and set $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$ equal to the localization of $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ at the Ore set $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]\{0\}.`$ In this section, we obtain a homomorphism of the center $`Z(U)`$ of $`U`$ into $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })[𝒜]`$ which corresponds to the action of $`Z(U)`$ on the zonal spherical functions.

We give $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ the structure of a left $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ module as follows. Elements of $`𝒜`$ act by left multiplication while

$$z^\lambda \tau (\mu )=q^{(\lambda ,\mu )}\tau (\mu )$$

for each $`\lambda Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and $`\tau (\mu )𝒜`$. In particular, we may also view $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ as the subring of the (left) endomorphism ring $`\mathrm{End}_l𝒞[𝒜]`$ of $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ generated by $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ and $`𝒜`$.

The action of $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ on $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ can be extended to an action of elements in $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$ on certain elements of $`𝒜`$ as long as we avoid denominator problems. In particular, consider $`f𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ and $`g𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$. Suppose that $`\tau (\mu )𝒜`$ such that $`g\tau (\mu )0`$. Note that $`(g\tau (\mu ))\tau (\mu )^1`$ is just an element of $`𝒞`$. We denote $`(f\tau (\mu ))(g\tau (\mu )\tau (\mu )^1)^1`$ by $`(fg^1)\tau (\mu )`$.

Note that the algebra $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ can be identified with a subspace of the dual of $`𝒞[𝒜]`$ where

$$z^\lambda (\tau (\mu ))=q^{(\lambda ,\mu )}$$

for all $`z^\lambda 𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ and $`\tau (\mu )𝒞[𝒜]`$. Moreover, the above two actions $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]𝒜`$ are compatible with the pairing between $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ and $`𝒞[𝒜]`$. In particular, given $`a^{}𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })],a𝒞[𝒜]`$, and $`b𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$, we obtain

$$a^{}(ba)=(a^{}b)(a).$$

Recall that $`B_\theta ^{}`$ has been chosen so that the image of $`{}_{B_\theta ^{}}{}^{}_{B_\theta }^{}`$ in $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ is $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant (see the end of Section 1). For the remainder of the paper, we will drop the $`\theta `$ subscript, setting $`B=B_\theta `$ and $`B^{}=B_\theta ^{}`$.

Let $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}`$ denote the subalgebra of $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$ generated by $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`𝒜_{}.`$ Set $`U_{}=U^+G^{}𝒜_{}`$.

###### Lemma 3.1

For each $`\tau (\gamma )𝒜`$ and $`XU^+G^{}\tau (\gamma )`$, there exists $`p_X𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$ such that

$$X\tau (\lambda )(p_X\tau (\lambda ))B_+(U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda ))+(U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda ))B_+^{}$$
$`(3.2)`$
for all $`\tau (\lambda )𝒜`$ such that $`p_X\tau (\lambda )`$ is defined.

Proof: Given $`\beta Q^+(\pi )`$, set $`P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B^{}}=P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}`$ and $`R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta },B}=R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}`$. By Lemma 2.1 and (2.10), we may reduce to the case when $`XN^+𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$. Note that if $`X`$ and $`X^{}`$ both satisfy (3.2), then so does $`X+X^{}`$. Hence we may assume that there exists a $`\beta Q^+(\pi )`$ such that $`XN_{\beta ,r}^+\tau (\gamma ^{})`$ for some $`\tau (\gamma ^{})𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$.

Given $`\alpha Q^+(\pi )`$, set $`\mathrm{ht}_r(\alpha )=_{\alpha _i\pi ^{}}m_\alpha ^i`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=_{\alpha _i\pi ^{}}m_\alpha ^i\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. We prove the lemma by induction on $`\mathrm{ht}_r(\beta )`$. In particular, assume first that $`\mathrm{ht}_r(\beta )=0`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }=0`$. Since $`N^+TT=T`$, it further follows that $`XT`$ and (3.2) holds with $`p_X=1`$. Now assume that $`\mathrm{ht}_r(\stackrel{~}{\beta })>0`$ and (3.2) is true for all elements in $`N_{\gamma ,r}^+T`$ with $`\mathrm{ht}_r(\gamma )<\mathrm{ht}_r(\beta )`$.

By Theorem 2.3, $`P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}`$ is an isomorphism of $`N_{\beta ,r}^+`$ onto itself. Let $`X_i,1im,`$ be a basis for $`N_{\beta ,r}^+`$ considered as a vector space over $`𝒞`$ so that $`P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}`$ is an upper triangular $`m\times m`$ matrix. The fact that $`P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}`$ is an isomorphism ensures that the diagonal entries of this matrix, say $`c_{ii}`$, are nonzero.

By Theorem 2.3, $`X_i\tau (\gamma ^{})`$ is an element of

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i)\tau (\gamma ^{})+\underset{\stackrel{~}{\xi }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}N_{\xi ,r}^{}𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )+B_+U_{}\tau (\gamma ).$$

Note that $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ implies that $`\mathrm{ht}_r(\xi ^{})<\mathrm{ht}_r(\beta )`$ for all $`\xi ^{}Q^+(\pi )`$ satisfying $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }^{}=\stackrel{~}{\xi }`$. Thus by the inductive hypothesis, there exists $`p_1𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$ such that $`X_i\tau (\gamma ^{})\tau (\lambda )`$ is an element of

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i)\tau (\gamma ^{})\tau (\lambda )+p_1\tau (\lambda )+B_+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )B_+^{}$$
$`(3.3)`$
for all $`\lambda `$ such that $`p_1\tau (\lambda )`$ is defined. Since $`R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i)N_{\beta ,r}^{}`$, we further have that

$$\tau (\gamma ^{})R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i)\tau (\gamma ^{})P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i))+\underset{\stackrel{~}{\xi }<\stackrel{~}{\beta }}{}𝒜_{}N_{\xi ,r}^+\tau (\gamma )+U_{}\tau (\gamma )B_+^{}.$$

Applying induction to elements of $`N_{\xi ,r}^+`$, we can find $`p_2𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$ such that

| $`\tau (\lambda )\tau (\gamma ^{})`$ | $`R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i)\tau (\lambda )\tau (\gamma ^{})P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i))p_2\tau (\lambda )`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`B_+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )B_+^{}`$ |

$`(3.4)`$
for all $`\lambda `$ such that $`p_2\tau (\lambda )`$ is defined. Set $`p_2^{}=q^{(\gamma ^{},\stackrel{~}{\beta })}z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}p_2`$. Combining (3.3) and (3.4) yields

| $`X_i\tau (\gamma ^{})\tau (\lambda )`$ | $`q^{(2\gamma ^{}+2\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\beta })}P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i)\tau (\lambda )\tau (\gamma ^{})(p_1+p_2^{})\tau (\lambda )`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`B_+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )B_+^{}`$ |

for all $`\lambda `$ such that $`(p_1+p_2^{})\tau (\lambda )`$ is defined.

By the choice of the $`\{X_i\}`$, it follows that

$$P_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(R_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}(X_i))c_{ii}(X_i)+\underset{ji}{}𝒞X_j.$$

Hence

| $`X_i\tau (\gamma ^{})(1c_{ii}z^{2\stackrel{~}{\beta }}q^{(2\gamma ^{},\stackrel{~}{\beta })})\tau (\lambda )(p_1+p_2^{})\tau (\lambda )`$ |
| --- |
| $`{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}𝒞X_j\tau (\gamma ^{}+\lambda )(z^{2\stackrel{~}{\beta }})\tau (\lambda )+B_+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )B_+^{}.`$ |

By induction on $`i`$, there exist $`s_j`$ in $`𝒞`$ and $`p_3𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$ such that

$$X_i\tau (\gamma ^{})\underset{1ji}{}(1s_jz^{2\stackrel{~}{\beta }})\tau (\lambda )p_3\tau (\lambda )B_+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )+U_{}\tau (\gamma +\lambda )B_+^{}$$

for all $`\lambda `$ such that $`p_3\tau (\lambda )`$ is defined. The lemma follows by setting $`p_{X_i}=p_3_{1ji}(1s_jz^{2\stackrel{~}{\beta }})^1`$ and noting that $`p_X`$ is a linear combinaton of the $`p_{X_i}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ denote the simply connected quantized enveloping algebra (\[J1, Section 3.2.10\].) Recall that $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ is generated by $`U`$ and the torus $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}=\{\tau (\lambda )|\lambda P(\pi )\}`$ corresponding to the weight lattice. Set

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}=\{\tau (\stackrel{~}{\mu })|\mu P(\pi )\}.$$

The ring $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ is defined in an analogous way to $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$ using the fact that the right action of $`𝒜`$ on $`𝒞[P(\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ extends to $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$.

Let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0`$ denote the group algebra $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}]`$ and set $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }=\{\tau (\mu )|\tau (\mu )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\mu )=\mu \}`$. The definition of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ yields the following inclusion:

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+.$$
$`(3.5)`$
Hence

$$\tau (\gamma )=\tau (\stackrel{~}{\gamma })+\tau (\stackrel{~}{\gamma })(\tau (\frac{1}{2}(\gamma +\mathrm{\Theta }(\gamma ))1)\tau (\stackrel{~}{\gamma })+U^0𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+$$

for all $`\tau (\gamma )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$. It follows that Lemma 3.1 extends to elements $`XU^+G^{}\tau (\gamma )`$ for any $`\tau (\gamma )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$, where $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\gamma )`$ is replaced by $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\gamma })`$, $`B_+`$ is replaced by $`(B\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$, and $`B_+^{}`$ is replaced by $`(B^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$.

Set $`T_{}`$ equal to the submonoid of $`T`$ generated by $`t_i^2`$, for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Consider $`X`$ and $`p_X`$ defined as in the previous lemma. Let $`g_\lambda `$ be the zonal spherical function in $`{}_{B^{}}{}^{}_{B}^{}(\lambda )`$ with image $`\phi _\lambda 𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ where $`\phi _\lambda `$ is chosen as in the end of Section 1. Assume further that $`p_X\tau (\beta )`$ is defined. Then

$$g_\lambda (X\tau (\beta ))=g_\lambda (p_X\tau (\beta ))=\phi _\lambda (p_X\tau (\beta )).$$

Hence $`(\phi _\lambda p_X)(\tau (\beta ))=g_\lambda (X\tau (\beta ))`$ for all $`\beta `$ such that $`p_X\tau (\beta )`$ is defined. We have established the following result.

###### Theorem 3.2

There is a linear map $`𝒳:\stackrel{ˇ}{U}𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ such that

$$g_\lambda (u\tau (\beta ))=(\phi _\lambda 𝒳(u))(\tau (\beta ))$$

for all $`u\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$, $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`\tau (\beta )𝒜`$ such that $`𝒳(u)\tau (\beta )`$ is defined. Furthermore, if $`uU^+G^{}T_{}\tau (\gamma )`$, then $`𝒳(u)𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\gamma })`$.

Let $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ denote the center of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. The restriction of $`𝒳`$ to $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is particularly nice. Recall that $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ admits a direct sum decomposition

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{U}=\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0(G_+^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}U_+^+).$$

Let $`𝒫`$ denote the quantum Harish-Chandra projection of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ onto $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0`$ using this decomposition. A central element $`c`$ acts on elements of $`L(\lambda )`$, and hence on the zonal spherical function $`g_\lambda `$, as multiplication by the scalar $`z^\lambda (𝒫(c))`$. In particular

$$g_\lambda (c\tau (\gamma ))=z^\lambda (𝒫(c))(\phi _\lambda (\tau (\gamma )))$$

for all $`cZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ and $`\tau (\gamma )𝒜`$. It follows that

$$(\phi _\lambda 𝒳(c)z^\lambda (𝒫(c))\phi _\lambda )\tau (\gamma )=0$$
$`(3.6)`$
for all $`\tau (\gamma )`$ such that $`𝒳(c)\tau (\gamma )`$ is defined. The next result shows that (3.6) holds for all $`\tau (\gamma )`$.

###### Corollary 3.3

The restriction of $`𝒳`$ to $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is an algebra homomorphism from $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ to $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ such that

$$\phi _\lambda 𝒳(c)=z^\lambda (𝒫(c))\phi _\lambda $$
$`(3.7)`$
and thus

$$g_\lambda (c\tau (\beta ))=(\phi _\lambda 𝒳(c))(\tau (\beta ))$$
$`(3.8)`$
for all $`cZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$, $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, and $`\tau (\beta )𝒜`$. Furthermore, if $`zZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ and $`zU^+G^{}T_{}\tau (\gamma )`$, then $`𝒳(z)𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\gamma })`$.

Proof: Let $`cZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. Note that we can find a nonzero element $`p=p_\beta z^\beta `$ in $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ such that $`p𝒳(c)`$ is in the subring of $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ generated by $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. It follows that there exists $`f=f_\beta z^\beta `$ in $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ such that $`p^1f=\phi _\lambda 𝒳(c)z^\lambda (𝒫(c))\phi _\lambda .`$ Hence $`f_\beta q^{(\beta ,\gamma )}=0`$ for all $`\gamma `$ such that $`_\beta p_\beta q^{(\beta ,\gamma )}0`$.

Assume that $`f0`$. Choose $`\gamma `$ such that $`(\gamma ,\beta )0`$ for at least one $`\beta `$ with $`f_\beta 0`$ and $`(\gamma ,\beta ^{})0`$ for at least one $`\beta ^{}`$ with $`p_\beta ^{}0`$. A standard Vandermonde determinant argument shows that there exists $`N0`$ such that $`_\beta f_\beta q^{(\beta ,m\gamma )}0`$ for all $`mN`$. By the previous paragraph, $`p_\beta q^{(\beta ,m\gamma )}=0`$ for all $`mN`$. Another application of the Vandermonde determinant argument yields $`p=0`$, a contradiction. Hence $`f=0`$. This proves (3.7) and (3.8) immediately follows. The last assertion of the corollary is a direct consequence of Theorem 3.2. $`\mathrm{}`$

The restricted Weyl group $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ acts on $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ by

$$s\tau (\mu )=\tau (s\mu )$$

and

$$sz^\mu =z^{s\mu }$$

for any $`sW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`\tau (\mu )\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. In the classical case, elements of the center of the classical enveloping algebra of $`U(\text{g})`$ can be realized as $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant elements of $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ with respect to their action on spherical functions. The next theorem is a quantum version of this result.

The group algebra $`𝒞[Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ is just the Laurent polynomial ring corresponding to the polynomial ring $`𝒞[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]`$. Let $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ denote the formal Laurent series ring $`𝒞((z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{})).`$ In particular, the ring $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ consists of finite linear combinations of possibly infinite sums of the form $`_{\gamma \beta }a_\gamma z^\gamma `$ where $`\gamma `$ and $`\beta `$ are elements of $`Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and each $`a_\gamma 𝒞`$. Note that $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ embeds inside $`\mathrm{End}_r𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ where

$$\underset{\gamma \beta }{}a_\gamma z^\gamma \tau (\nu )=\underset{\gamma \beta }{}a_\gamma q^{(\gamma ,\nu )}z^\gamma $$
$`(3.9)`$
for all $`_{\gamma \beta }a_\gamma z^\gamma 𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ and $`\tau (\nu )\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. Let $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ denote the subring of $`\mathrm{End}_r𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ generated by $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. The quotient ring $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ embeds inside of $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ in a standard way. It follows that that $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ is a subring of $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$.

The relations in (3.9) ensures that the multiplication map yields vector space isomorphisms

$$𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })).$$
$`(3.10)`$
In particular, elements of $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ are finite sums of the form $`_ia_ib_i`$ where $`a_i𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ and $`b_i𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$. Grouping together the coefficients of each $`z^\beta `$, we can write any element in $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ as a finite linear combination of possibly infinite sums of the form $`_{\gamma <\beta }a_\gamma z^\gamma `$ where $`\gamma `$ and $`\beta `$ are in $`Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and each $`a_\gamma 𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$. However, the reader should be aware that not all such sums are elements of $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$.

Let $`\omega _i^{}`$ be the fundamental weight in $`P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ corresponding to the restricted root $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Since $`Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ is a subset of $`P(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, it follows that $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))`$ is a subring of the Laurent power series ring $`𝒞((z^{\omega _i^{}}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}))`$. Thus we may view $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ as a subring of $`\mathrm{End}_r𝒞((z^{\omega _i^{}}|\alpha _i\pi ^{})).`$ This interpretation will be needed in the proof below where elements of $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ act on zonal spherical functions.

###### Theorem 3.4

The image of $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ under $`𝒳`$ is contained in $`(𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜})^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$.

Proof: Let $`aZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ and $`s=s_\alpha `$ be the reflection in $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ corresponding to a simple root $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Assume that $`𝒳(a)s𝒳(a)`$. We can think of $`𝒳(a)s𝒳(a)`$ as an element of $`𝒞((Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }))\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. It follows from (3.10) that there exists a finite set $`\{\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _r\}`$ of noncomparable elements in $`Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and elements $`a_{\beta _i}𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ for $`\beta _i\gamma _i`$ and $`1ir`$ such that

$$𝒳(a)s𝒳(a)=\underset{i}{}\underset{\beta _i\gamma _i}{}a_{\beta _i}z^{\beta _i}.$$

We may further assume that $`a_{\gamma _i}0`$ for each $`1ir`$.

Recall that the zonal spherical function $`\phi _\lambda `$ can be written as a sum of the form

$$z^\lambda +\underset{\beta <\lambda }{}y_\beta z^\beta $$

where each $`\beta Q_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and each $`y_\beta 𝒞`$ (see (1.2)). Hence

$$0=\phi _\lambda (𝒳(a)s𝒳(a))\underset{i}{}(z^\lambda (a_{\gamma _i}))z^{\lambda +\gamma _i}+\underset{i}{}\underset{\beta <\lambda +\gamma _i}{}𝒞z^\beta .$$

Hence $`z^{\lambda _i}(a_{\gamma _i})=0`$ for all $`1ir`$ and all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. This forces each $`a_{\gamma _i}=0`$, a contradiction. $`\mathrm{}`$

We wish to extend Corollary 3.3 and Theorem 3.4 to $`B`$ invariant elements of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. In particular, let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ denote the subalgebra of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ consisting of $`\mathrm{ad}_rB`$ invariant elements. Since $`B`$ is not a Hopf subalgebra of $`U`$, it is not obvious that the centralizer $`C_{\stackrel{ˇ}{U}}(B)=\{c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}|bc=cb`$ for all $`bB\}`$ of $`B`$ in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ is equal to the set $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$. Nevertheless, the next lemma shows that this is indeed true.

###### Lemma 3.5

$`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B=C_{\stackrel{ˇ}{U}}(B)`$. In particular, $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is a subset of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$.

Proof: Note that the second assertion is an immediate consequence of the first. It is straightforward to check that $`C_{\stackrel{ˇ}{U}}(B)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$. (The argument follows as in \[J1, Lemma 1.3.3\] using the right adjoint action instead of the left adjoint action.)

Recall that $`\sigma (a_{(1)})a_{(2)}=ϵ(a)`$ for all $`aU`$ where $`ϵ`$ is the counit for $`U`$ and the coproduct is given in Sweedler notation, $`\Delta (a)=a_{(1)}a_{(2)}`$. Recall further that $`B`$ is a left coideal and so $`\Delta (B)UB`$. Suppose that $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$. Then

| $`ac`$ | $`={\displaystyle a_{(1)}ϵ(a_{(2)})c}={\displaystyle a_{(1)}\sigma (a_{(2)})ca_{(3)}}`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`={\displaystyle ϵ(a_{(1)})ca_{(2)}}=c{\displaystyle ϵ(a_{(1)})a_{(2)}}=ca`$ |

for all $`aB`$. Hence $`cC_{\stackrel{ˇ}{U}}(B)`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^BC_{\stackrel{ˇ}{U}}(B)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Theorem 2.2(ii) and (3.5) imply the following inclusion

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{U}((B\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_++N_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜})𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{A}].$$
$`(3.11)`$
Let $`𝒫_𝒜`$ denote the projection of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ onto $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ using this decomposition.

Let $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Recall \[L4, Theorem 3.2\] that $`(L(\lambda )^{})^B`$ is one dimensional. Choose a nonzero generating vector $`v_\lambda ^{}`$ of weight $`\lambda `$ for $`L(\lambda )^{}`$. By \[L4, Lemma 3.3\], we can choose a nonzero vector $`\xi _\lambda ^{}`$ in $`(L(\lambda )^{})^B`$ such that $`\xi _\lambda ^{}=v_\lambda ^{}+v_\lambda ^{}N_+^+`$. Suppose that $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$. By the previous lemma, $`\xi _\lambda ^{}cu=\xi _\lambda ^{}uc=0`$ for all $`uB_+`$. Hence $`\xi _\lambda ^{}c`$ is a scalar multiple of $`\xi _\lambda ^{}`$. It follows from (3.11) and the definition of $`𝒫_𝒜`$ that

$$\xi _\lambda ^{}c\xi _\lambda ^{}(𝒫_𝒜(c)+N_+^+)z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(c))v_\lambda ^{}+v_\lambda ^{}N_+^+.$$

Hence $`\xi _\lambda ^{}c=z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(c))\xi _\lambda ^{}`$.

Consider the special case when $`c`$ is an element in $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. Now $`\xi _\lambda ^{}v_\lambda ^{}+v_\lambda ^{}B_+`$ (see the proof of \[L3, Theorem 7.7\]). In particular, we can find a $`b`$ such that $`b1B_+`$ and $`\xi _\lambda ^{}=v_\lambda ^{}b`$. It follows that $`v_\lambda ^{}bc=v_\lambda ^{}cb`$. Therefore, $`\xi _\lambda ^{}c=z^\lambda (𝒫(c))\xi _\lambda ^{}`$. By the previous paragraph, we see that $`z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(c))=z^\lambda (𝒫(c))`$ for all $`cZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. In particular, $`𝒫_𝒜(c)`$ agrees with the image of $`𝒫(c)`$ under projection onto $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ using (3.5). Thus arguing as in Corollary 3.3 and Theorem 3.4, we have the following generalization of Theorem 3.4.

###### Theorem 3.6

The restriction of $`𝒳`$ to $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ is an algebra homomorphism from $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ to $`(𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜})^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ such that

$$\phi _\lambda 𝒳(c)=z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(c))\phi _\lambda $$

and

$$g_\lambda (c\tau (\beta ))=(\phi _\lambda 𝒳(c))(\tau (\beta ))$$

for all $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$, $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, and $`\tau (\beta )𝒜`$.

Consider $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$. As in the classical case, we refer to the image $`𝒳(c)`$ in $`(𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜})^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ as the radial component of $`c`$.

## 4 Central Elements: the Rank One Case

In this section, we study certain central elements of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ and compute their radial components when the restricted root system has rank one. In particular, we assume that $`\pi ^{}`$ contains a single root $`\alpha _i`$ and so $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}`$. Assume for the moment that $`\pi =\pi ^{}`$ and so $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$. Then $`U`$ is just $`U_q(\text{s}\text{l}2)`$ and is generated by $`x_i,y_i,t_i,t_i^1`$. Set $`q_i=q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)/2}`$. Note that

$$(q_it_i+q_i^1t_i^1)+(q_iq_i^1)^2y_ix_i$$
$`(4.1)`$
is central in $`U`$. We show that the other rank one cases contain a similar central element.

Note that $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)}=2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Since we are assuming that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced, it follows that $`\alpha _i+\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$ is not a root in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Hence $`(\alpha _i,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))=0`$. Using Araki’s classification of irreducible symmetric pairs, we have the following possibilities for $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$.

1. g is of type $`A_1`$ with $`\pi =\{\alpha _i\}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$.
2. g is of type $`A_1\times A_1`$ with $`\pi =\{\alpha _i,\alpha _{p(i)}\}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{p(i)}`$.
3. g is of type $`A_3`$ with $`\pi =\{\alpha _1,\alpha _2,\alpha _3\}`$, $`\alpha _i=\alpha _2`$, and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _2)=\alpha _1\alpha _3\alpha _2`$.
4. g is of type $`B_r`$ with $`\pi =\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _r\}`$, $`\alpha _i=\alpha _1`$, and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=\alpha _12\alpha _2\mathrm{}2\alpha _r`$.
5. g is of type $`D_r`$ with $`\pi =\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _r\}`$, $`\alpha _i=\alpha _1`$, and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=\alpha _12\alpha _2\mathrm{}2\alpha _{r2}\alpha _{r1}\alpha _r`$.

Recall that the $`(\mathrm{ad}U)`$ module $`(\mathrm{ad}U)\tau (2\mu )`$ for $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ contains a one-dimensional subspace of $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. (See \[J1, 7.1.16-7.19 and 7.1.25\] or \[JL1\] for more information about $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$.) Moreover, there exists a (unique) nonzero vector $`c_\mu `$ in $`(\mathrm{ad}U)\tau (2\mu )Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ such that

$$c_\mu \tau (2\mu )+(\mathrm{ad}U_+)\tau (2\mu ).$$

We find a “small” weight $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ such that $`c_\mu `$ looks like (4.1) modulo $`(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$. In particular, $`\mu `$ will satisfy the conditions of the following lemma. Let $`w_0`$ denote the longest element of the Weyl group $`W`$ associated to the root system of g.

###### Lemma 4.1

There exists $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Theta }(\mu \alpha _i/2)=\mu \alpha _i/2\mathrm{and}\mathrm{\Theta }(w_0\mu \alpha _i/2)=w_0\mu \alpha _i/2.$$
$`(4.7)`$
Proof: Suppose first that g satisfies the conditions of (4.2) or (4.3) above. Then $`\alpha _i/2`$ is in $`P^+(\pi )`$ and $`w_0\alpha _i/2=\alpha _i/2`$. Hence we set $`\mu =\alpha _i/2`$ in these cases.

Let $`\omega _j`$ be the fundamental weight corresponding to $`\alpha _j,`$ for each $`j`$. The remaining cases are handled below.

Case (4.4): Set $`\mu =\omega _1`$. We have $`\omega _1=1/4(\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+3\alpha _3)`$ while $`w_o\omega _1=\omega _3=1/4(3\alpha _1+2\alpha _2+\alpha _3)`$. Thus (4.7) follows since $`i=2`$.

Case (4.5): Set $`\mu =\omega _r.`$ In this case $`\omega _r=w_0\omega _r=1/2(r\alpha _r+(r1)\alpha _{r1}+\mathrm{}+3\alpha _3+2\alpha _2+\alpha _1)`$. Thus (4.7) follows since $`i=1`$.

Case (4.6): In this case, $`\mu `$ can be either $`\omega _r`$ or $`\omega _{r1}`$. Note that $`\omega _r=1/2(\frac{r}{2}\alpha _r+\frac{(r2)}{2}\alpha _{r1}+(r2)\alpha _{r2}+\mathrm{}2\alpha _2+\alpha _1)`$ and $`\omega _{r1}=1/2(\frac{r}{2}\alpha _{r1}+\frac{(r2)}{2}\alpha _r+(r2)\alpha _{r2}+\mathrm{}2\alpha _2+\alpha _1)`$. Furthermore, $`w_o(\omega _r)=\omega _{r1}`$ and $`i=1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall the definition of the Harish-Chandra projection $`𝒫`$ given in Section 3. We have the following description of the Harish-Chandra projection of central elements $`c_\mu `$ of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ (\[J1, 7.1.19 and 7.1.25\]): up to a nonzero scalar,

$$𝒫(c_\mu )=\underset{\nu P^+(\pi )}{}\widehat{\tau }(2\nu )dimL(\mu )_\nu $$
$`(4.8)`$
where

$$\widehat{\tau }(\beta )=\underset{wW}{}\tau (w\beta )q^{(\rho ,w\beta )}.$$

The next result is the first step in understanding the central element $`c_\mu `$ when $`\mu `$ satisfies the conditions of Lemma 4.1.

###### Proposition 4.2

Suppose that $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ is chosen as in Lemma 4.1 to satisfy condition (4.7). Then

$$c_\mu y_i^{}^+x_i+𝒫(c_\mu )+(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

Moreover, $`𝒫(c_\mu )𝒞[T_{}]\tau (2\mu )`$.

Proof: The last statement is an immediate consequence of (4.8). Note that $`c_\mu `$ is a sum of zero weight vectors in $`(\mathrm{ad}U)\tau (2\mu ).`$ By \[J2, Theorem 3.3\], we can construct a basis for the zero weight space of $`(\mathrm{ad}U)\tau (2\mu )`$ consisting of vectors in sets of the form

$$a_\beta b_\beta \tau (2\mu )+\underset{\gamma Q^+(\pi )}{}\underset{0<\gamma ^{}<\beta \gamma }{}G_\gamma ^{}^{}U_\gamma ^{}^+\tau (2\mu +2\gamma )$$

where $`a_\beta `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\beta `$ in $`(\mathrm{ad}U^{})\tau (2\mu )`$ and $`b_\beta `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\beta `$ in $`(\mathrm{ad}U^+)\tau (2\mu )`$. It further follows from \[J1, 7.1.20\], that the weights $`\beta `$ appearing in the above expression satisfy $`\beta \mu w_0\mu `$. Hence

| $`c_\mu `$ | $`{\displaystyle \underset{\gamma Q^+(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta })}{}}G_{\mu +w_0\mu +\gamma }^{}U_{\mu w_0\mu \gamma }^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }\tau (2\mu )`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`+{\displaystyle \underset{\{\beta |0\stackrel{~}{\beta }<\stackrel{~}{\mu }\stackrel{~}{w_0\mu }\}}{}}G_\beta ^{}U_\beta ^+T_{}\tau (2\mu ).`$ |

$`(4.9)`$
By choice of $`\mu `$, we have that $`\mu w_0\mu \alpha _iQ(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Hence $`0\stackrel{~}{\beta }<\stackrel{~}{\mu }\stackrel{~}{w_0\mu }`$ forces $`\beta Q^+(\pi _\mathrm{\Theta })`$. Thus (4.9) implies that

$$c_\mu y_it_i^{}^+x_iT_\mathrm{\Theta }\tau (2\mu )+𝒫(c_\mu )+_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}_+.$$
$`(4.10)`$
The assumption on $`\mu `$ further implies that $`t_i\tau (2\mu )=\tau (2\mu +\alpha _i)\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence

$$t_i\tau (2\mu )=1+(t_i\tau (2\mu )1)𝒞+U𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+.$$

The lemma now follows from this expression and (4.10). $`\mathrm{}`$

The next lemma simplifies the component of $`c_\mu `$ coming from $`y_i^{}^+x_i`$.

###### Lemma 4.3

$`y_i^{}^+x_i𝒞y_ix_i+_+U+U_+.`$

Proof: Consider an element $`y_ibcx_i`$ of $`U`$ where $`b^{}`$ and $`c^+`$. Using the relations of $`U`$, we can rewrite this element as a sum of terms of the form $`y_ic^{}b^{}d^{}x_i`$ where $`c^{}^+`$, $`b^{}U^0`$, and $`d^{}^{}.`$ Since $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, we have $`y_ic^{}b^{}d^{}x_i=c^{}y_ib^{}x_id^{}`$. So if either $`c^{}`$ is in $`_+^+`$ or $`d^{}`$ is in $`_+^{}`$, then $`y_ic^{}b^{}d^{}x_i_+^+U+U_+^{}_+U+U_+`$. If neither of these conditions hold, we may assume that $`c^{}b^{}d^{}=b^{}`$ which is an element of $`U^0`$. Then $`y_ib^{}x_i𝒞y_ix_i+y_ix_i(U^0)_+𝒞y_ix_i+_+U+U_+.`$ $`\mathrm{}`$

The tensor product decomposition (2.1) implies the following direct sum decomposition:

$$U^0=𝒞[T^{}]U^0𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+.$$
$`(4.11)`$
Recall the direct sum decomposition (3.5) using $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ instead of $`T^{}`$. Let $`𝒫_𝒜^{}`$ denote the map from $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ to $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ defined by composing the Harish-Chandra map $`𝒫`$ with the projection of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0`$ into $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ using (3.5). Similarly, let $`𝒫^{}`$ denote the map from $`U`$ onto $`𝒞[T^{}]`$ which is the composition of $`𝒫`$ with the projection onto $`𝒞[T^{}]`$ using (4.11). Note that

$$𝒫_𝒜^{}(a)=\underset{m}{}a_m\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)^m\mathrm{if}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{only}\mathrm{if}𝒫^{}(a)=\underset{m}{}a_mt_i^m$$
$`(4.12)`$
for all $`aU`$.

Recall the dotted Weyl group action on $`\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ defined by

$$w.\tau (\mu )q^{(\rho ,\mu )}=\tau (w\mu )q^{(\rho ,w\mu )}$$
$`(4.13)`$
for all $`\tau (\mu )\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$ and $`wW`$. By \[J1, 7.1.17 and 7.1.25\], the image of $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ under $`𝒫`$ is contained in $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}]^{W.}`$. Define the dotted action of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ on $`\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ using the same formula as in (4.13) where now $`w`$ is an element of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`\tau (\mu )\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$.

###### Lemma 4.4

For all $`\mu P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, the image of $`c_\mu `$ under $`𝒫_𝒜^{}`$ is invariant under the dotted action of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }.`$ Moreover, if $`\mu `$ satisfies the conditions of (4.7) then $`𝒫^{}(c_\mu )`$ is a scalar multiple of $`q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1`$.

Proof: Recall that $`w_0`$ is the longest element of $`W`$ and let $`w_0^{}`$ denote the longest element of the Weyl group $`<s_\alpha |\alpha \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }>`$. Set $`w=w_0^{}w_0`$. By \[L3, Section 7\] or checking (4.2)-(4.6) directly, we see that $`w_0^{}\alpha _i=\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$ and $`w_0^{}\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$. Further checking the possibilities for $`w_0`$ in (4.2)-(4.6) yields that $`w\alpha _i=\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$ and $`w\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$. Hence $`w\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ and we may identify $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ with the subgroup $`w`$ of $`W`$.

It is straightforward to check using (4.2) through (4.6) that $`w_0`$ sends $`\alpha _i`$ to $`\alpha _i`$. Furthermore, $`w_0`$ sends a simple root in $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ to the negative of a simple root in $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. It follows that $`w`$ permutes the elements of $`\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus $`q^{(\rho ,\gamma )}=q^{(\rho ,w\gamma )}`$ for all $`\gamma `$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\gamma )=\gamma `$. Hence $`w.\tau (\mu )=\tau (w\mu )`$ for all $`\mu `$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\mu )=\mu `$. It follows that $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+`$ is invariant under the dotted action of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus

$$𝒫_𝒜^{}(𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}]^{W.})𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }.}$$

which proves the first assertion of the lemma.

Now assume that $`\mu `$ satisfies (4.7). It follows that $`𝒫_𝒜^{}(\tau (2\mu ))=\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$. By Proposition 4.2, $`𝒫(c_\mu )𝒞[T_{}]\tau (2\mu )`$. Hence (2.1) and (2.10) imply that $`𝒫_𝒜^{}(c_\mu )𝒞[𝒜_{}]\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$. The second assertion now follows from (4.12) and the fact that the only elements of $`𝒞[𝒜_{}]\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$ invariant under the dotted action of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ are scalar multiples of $`q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)^1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

An immediate consequence of (4.8) is that $`z^\lambda (𝒫(c_\mu ))0`$, and more importantly, $`𝒫^{}(c_\mu )0`$ for any choice of $`\lambda `$ and $`\mu `$. This fact is used in the next result. In particular, we show that when $`\mu `$ is chosen as in Lemma 4.1, then $`c_\mu `$ looks like the central element of $`U_q(\text{s}\text{l}2)`$ described in (4.1).

###### Theorem 4.5

Assume that $`\mu `$ satisfies the conditions of (4.7). Let $`a`$ be the nonzero scalar guaranteed by Lemma 4.4 (and the above comments) such that $`𝒫^{}(c_\mu )=a(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1).`$ Then

| $`c_\mu a[q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+`$ | $`q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1+(q_iq_i^1)(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)})y_ix_i]`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`+`$ | $`(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.`$ |

Proof: By Proposition 4.2 and Lemma 4.3, there exists $`c𝒞`$ such that

$$c_\mu (cy_ix_i+b)(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+$$
$`(4.14)`$
where

$$b=a(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1).$$
$`(4.15)`$
Consider the $`𝐂`$ algebra automorphism $`\psi `$ of $`U`$ defined by $`\psi (x_j)=y_jt_j`$, $`\psi (y_j)=t_j^1x_j`$, $`\psi (t)=t`$ and $`\psi (q)=q^1`$ for all $`1jn`$ and $`t\stackrel{ˇ}{T}`$. A straightforward check shows that $`\psi ((\mathrm{ad}x_i)b)=(\mathrm{ad}y_it_i)\psi (b)`$ and $`\psi ((\mathrm{ad}y_i)b)=(\mathrm{ad}t_i^1x_i)\psi (b)`$ for all $`b\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. In particular, if $`x(\mathrm{ad}U)\tau (\mu )`$, then so is $`\psi (x)`$.

Recall that $`c_\mu `$ has been scaled so that $`c_\mu \tau (2\mu )+(\mathrm{ad}U_+)\tau (2\mu )`$. Hence $`\psi (c_\mu )\tau (2\mu )+(\mathrm{ad}U)_+\tau (2\mu )`$. Since $`(\mathrm{ad}U_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})=0`$, it follows that $`\psi (c_\mu )=c_\mu `$. Therefore, applying $`\psi `$ to (4.14) using the form of $`b`$ given in (4.15) yields $`c_\mu `$ is an element of

$$a(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1)+ct_i^1x_iy_it_i+(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

Thus

| $`c_\mu `$ | $`a(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1)+c(q_iq_i)^1(t_it_i^1)+cy_ix_i`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`+(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.`$ |

Note that $`q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1`$ is not invariant with respect to the dotted $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ action. Hence $`c`$ must be nonzero. Moreover, in order for $`a(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1)+c(q_iq_i)^1(t_it_i^1)`$ to be invariant under the dotted $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ action, we must have $`c=(q_iq_i^1)(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)})a`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`\chi `$ be the Hopf algebra automorphism (which restricts to the identity on $`T`$) defined by

$$\chi (x_i)=q^{1/2(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)}x_i$$

and

$$\chi (y_i)=q^{1/2(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)}y_i.$$

By \[L4, Section 5\], we may assume that $`B^{}=\chi (B)`$.

Note that $`B_+`$ contains

$$B_i=y_it_i+\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i$$

and $`B_+^{}`$ contains

$$B_i^{}=y_it_i+q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i.$$

By \[L4, Lemma 5.1\], we have

$$q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{p(i)})t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)+_+^+U+U_+^+.$$

When $`i=p(i)`$, it follows that

$$q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i^1x_it_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)+_+^+U+U_+^+.$$
$`(4.16)`$
Assume for the moment that $`ip(i)`$. The assumption that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced ensures that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{p(i)}`$ and $`(\alpha _i,\alpha _{p(i)})=0`$. Moreover, checking cases (4.2)-(4.6) yields that $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)=t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}`$. Hence $`t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)=t_i^1x_it_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}=t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_i^1x_i=\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i^1x_i`$. It follows that (4.16) holds when $`ip(i)`$ as well.

The next lemma will allow us to compute $`𝒳(y_ix_i)`$. This, in turn, will be used to compute the image of $`c_\mu `$ under $`𝒳`$ where $`\mu `$ satisfies the conditions of (4.7).

###### Lemma 4.6

Let $`\tau (\lambda )T`$ such that $`s(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)=(\lambda ,\alpha _i)=(\lambda ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))0`$. Then

$$y_ix_i\tau (\lambda )+q_i^{4s}\frac{(t_it_i^1)}{(q_i^{4s}1)(q_iq_i^1)})\tau (\lambda )$$

is an element in $`B_+U+UB_{}^{}{}_{+}{}^{}`$.

Proof: Set $`a_i=2(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)/(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)`$. Note that

$$B_it_i^1x_i\tau (\lambda )=y_ix_i\tau (\lambda )+\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_it_i^1x_i\tau (\lambda ).$$

Now $`2(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)/(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)=a_i+2`$. Hence by (4.16),

$$y_ix_i\tau (\lambda )+q_i^{a_i}t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i\tau (\lambda )B_it_i^1x_i\tau (\lambda )_+U+U_+.$$

On the other hand

| $`t_i^1x_i\tau (\lambda )B_i^{}=`$ | $`q_i^{2s}x_iy_i\tau (\lambda )+q_i^{2sa_i}t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i\tau (\lambda )`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`=`$ | $`q_i^{2s}y_ix_i\tau (\lambda )+q_i^{2s}{\displaystyle \frac{(t_it_i^1)}{(q_iq_i^1)}}\tau (\lambda )+q_i^{2sa_i}t_i^1x_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i\tau (\lambda ).`$ |

Thus

$$(q_i^{4s}1)y_ix_i\tau (\lambda )+q_i^{4s}\frac{(t_it_i)}{(q_iq_i^1)}\tau (\lambda )B_+U+UB_+^{}.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

Set $`\stackrel{~}{t}_i=\tau (\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$. We are now ready to compute the radial components of the central elements described in Theorem 4.5.

###### Theorem 4.7

Let $`\mu `$ satisfy the conditions of (4.7). Let $`a`$ be the nonzero scalar such that $`𝒫^{}(c_\mu )=a(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1)`$. Then

$$𝒳(c_\mu )=a[q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\stackrel{~}{t}_i(q_i^{2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}1)+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1(q_i^{2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}1)](z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}1)^1.$$

Proof: By Theorem 4.5 and Lemma 4.6, $`a^1c_\mu \tau (\lambda )`$ is an element in

$$(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i+q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}t_i^1)\tau (\lambda )+\frac{(q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)})(t_it_i^1)\tau (\lambda )}{(q_i^{4s}1)}+B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}B_+^{}$$

for all $`\tau (\lambda )𝒜`$. This set simplifies to

$$\frac{(q_i^{4s+2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}1)q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\stackrel{~}{t}_i+(q_i^{4s2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}1)q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1}{(q_i^{4s}1)}\tau (\lambda )+B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}B_+^{}.$$

Set $`Y`$ to be the right-hand expression in the statement of the theorem. The desired formula now follows from the fact that $`Y`$ is the unique element in $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$ such that

$$a^1Y\tau (\lambda )=\left(\frac{(q_i^{4s+2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}1)q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\stackrel{~}{t}_i+(q_i^{4s2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}1)q_i^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1}{(q_i^{4s}1)}\right)\tau (\lambda )$$

for all $`\tau (\lambda )𝒜`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5  Graded Zonal Spherical Functions

Recall the $`\mathrm{ad}U`$ filtration on $`U`$ defined in \[J1, 7.1.1\]. In this section, we use a modified version of this filtration that is chosen so that the associated graded ring of $`U`$ contains $`B`$ as a subalgebra.

Define a degree function on $`U`$ by

1. $`\mathrm{deg}x_i=\mathrm{deg}y_it_i=0`$ for all $`i`$, $`1in`$.
2. $`\mathrm{deg}t_i^1=1`$ for all $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi \pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$
3. $`\mathrm{deg}t=0`$ for all $`tT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

Let $``$ denote the filtration on $`U`$ defined by the above degree function. Write $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ for the associated graded algebra with respect to this filtration. Note that elements of $`U^+`$, $`G^{}`$, and $``$ are all in degree zero. Moreover the relations satisfied by the elements of $`U^+`$ (resp. $`G^{}`$, $``$) are homogeneous of degree $`0`$. Therefore, the map $`a\mathrm{gr}a`$ defines an isomorphism between $`U^+`$ and $`\mathrm{gr}U^+`$, between $`G^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{gr}G^{}`$, and between $``$ and $`\mathrm{gr}`$. Using this isomorphism, we write $`U^+`$ for $`\mathrm{gr}U^+`$, $`G^{}`$ for $`\mathrm{gr}G^{}`$, and $``$ for $`\mathrm{gr}`$. Furthermore, if $`S`$ is a subset and $`a`$ is an element of $`U^+`$, $`G^{}`$, or $``$ then we simply write $`a`$ for $`\mathrm{gr}a`$ and $`S`$ for $`\mathrm{gr}S`$.

The next lemma shows that a similar identification holds for $`B`$. In particular, we may identify $`B`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}B`$ as a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{gr}U`$.

###### Lemma 5.1

For all $`bB`$, $`\mathrm{deg}b=0`$. Thus the filtration $``$ restricts to the trivial filtration on $`B`$ and the map $`a\mathrm{gr}a`$ defines an isomorphism between $`B`$ and $`\mathrm{gr}B`$.

Proof: Let $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ denote the algebra generated freely over $`^+T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ by elements $`\stackrel{~}{B}_i`$, $`1in`$. By \[L3, Theorem 7.4\], there is a homomorphism from $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ onto $`B`$ which is the identity on $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$, sends $`\stackrel{~}{B}_i`$ to $`B_i`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, and sends $`\stackrel{~}{B}_i`$ to $`y_it_i`$ for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

By (5.1) and (5.3), we have that $`\mathrm{deg}a=0`$ for all $`aT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Consider $`B_i=y_it_i+\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i`$ for some $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. We have $`\mathrm{deg}y_it_i=0`$. Recall that $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }`$ is a particular lift of the involution $`\theta `$ to a $`𝐂`$ algebra automorphism of $`U`$. It follows from the explicit description of $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }`$ given in of \[L3, Theorem 7.1\] that $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)U^+\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))`$. Since $`\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))t_i=\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$, we have that $`\mathrm{deg}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i=0`$ as well. So the generators of $`B`$ are all in degree $`0`$. By the previous paragraph, the relations satisfied by these generators are all homogeneous of degree $`0`$. Hence all elements in $`B`$ have degree $`0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that not all elements of $`𝒞[T]`$ are in degree $`0`$. So $`𝒞[T]`$ does not naturally identify with its graded image in the same way as the subalgebras discussed above. However, the algebra map induced by $`t_i\mathrm{gr}t_i`$ for $`1in`$ does define an isomorphism from $`𝒞[T]`$ to $`\mathrm{gr}𝒞[T]`$. Thus any $`\mathrm{gr}T`$ module inherits the structure of a $`T`$ module via this isomorphism.

Set $`\text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}=\{\lambda \text{h}^{}|\mathrm{\Theta }(\lambda )=\lambda \}`$. Consider $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ and let $`v_\lambda `$ be a (left) $`T`$ weight vector of weight $`\lambda `$. Note that $`tv_\lambda =v_\lambda `$ for all $`tT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Make $`𝒞v_\lambda `$ into a $`\mathrm{gr}TU^+`$ module by insisting that $`_+v_\lambda =U_+^+v_\lambda =0`$. Define the left $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ by

$$\overline{M}(\lambda )=\mathrm{gr}U_{(\mathrm{gr}TU^+)}v_\lambda .$$

By Lemma 2.1 and Theorem 2.2, $`\overline{M}(\lambda )=\mathrm{gr}N^{}v_\lambda `$ as $`\mathrm{gr}N^{}`$ modules. Since $`N^{}`$ is a subalgebra of $`G^{}`$, $`N^{}`$ can be identified with $`\mathrm{gr}N^{}`$ via the obvious map.

The algebra $`G^{}`$ can be given the structure of a $`U^+`$ module as in \[J1, Sections 5.3 and 7.1\]. In particular, let $`x_i^{}`$ and $`x_i^{\prime \prime }`$ be functions on $`G^{}`$ such that

$$(\mathrm{ad}x_i)m=x_i^{}(m)+x_i^{\prime \prime }(m)t_i^2$$

for all $`mG^{}`$ and for all $`i`$ such that $`1in`$. Given $`i`$ such that $`1in`$, the action of $`x_i`$ on the element $`mG^{}`$ is defined by

$$x_im=x_i^{}(m).$$

###### Lemma 5.2

$`N^{}`$ is a $`U^+`$ submodule of $`G^{}`$. Moreover, $`\overline{M}(\lambda )N^{}`$ as $`U^+`$ modules for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$.

Proof: First, note that by \[L3, Section 6\], $`N^{}`$ is an $`\mathrm{ad}^+`$ module. In particular, $`(\mathrm{ad}x)nN^{}`$ for all $`x^+`$ and $`nN^{}`$. It follows that $`x_i^{\prime \prime }(n)=0`$ and $`x_in=(\mathrm{ad}x_i)n`$ is an element of $`N^{}`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`nN^{}`$. Thus $`N^{}N^{}`$.

Now $`N^{}`$ is generated by elements of the form $`(\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j`$ (\[L3, Section 6\]) where $`y^{}`$ and $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Suppose that $`y^{}`$. By the defining relations of $`U`$, $`(\mathrm{ad}x_k)((\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j)=(\mathrm{ad}y)(\mathrm{ad}x_k)y_jt_j)`$ for all $`k`$ such that $`\alpha _k\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. It follows that

$$x_k^{}((\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j)=(\mathrm{ad}y)\left(\frac{\delta _{kj}}{q_jq_j^1}\right).$$

Thus $`x_k^{}((\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j)=0`$ for $`y_+^{}`$ while $`x_k^{}(y_jt_j)`$ is a scalar. Therefore $`x_k^{}(n)N^{}`$ for all $`nN^{}`$ and $`\alpha _k\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. The fact that $`G^{}`$ is generated by $`N^{}`$ and $`^{}`$ (\[L3, Section 6\]) yields that $`N^{}`$ is a $`U^+`$ submodule of $`G^{}`$.

Fix $`nN^{}`$. By (2.4), $`(\mathrm{gr}x_i)(nv_\lambda )=\mathrm{gr}((\mathrm{ad}x_i)n)v_\lambda `$ since $`x_iv_\lambda =0`$. Furthermore, $`\mathrm{gr}(\mathrm{ad}x_i)n=x_i^{}(n)`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ by the definition of the filtration $``$. Now consider $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. It follows that $`(\mathrm{ad}x_i)n=x_i^{}(n)`$ and so $`(\mathrm{gr}x_i)(nv_\lambda )=x_i^{}(n)v_\lambda `$ in this case as well. Thus, the map $`nnv_\lambda `$ is an isomorphism of $`U^+`$ modules under the identification of $`U^+`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}U^+`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Recall that $`N^{}`$ is an $`\mathrm{ad}T`$ module. Since $`v_\lambda `$ is a $`T`$ weight vector, it follows that $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is a direct sum of its $`T`$ weight spaces with highest weight equal to $`\lambda `$. Moreover, suppose $`b`$ is a weight vector in either $`G^{}`$ or $`U^+`$, and $`m`$ is a weight vector in $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$. Note that the weight of $`(\mathrm{gr}b)m`$ is equal to the sum of the weights of $`\mathrm{gr}b`$ and $`m`$.

###### Lemma 5.3

$`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is a simple $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module for each $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$.

Proof: Observe that $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is a cyclic $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module generated by $`v_\lambda `$. So it is sufficient to show that $`1v_\lambda `$ is in the $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module generated by $`nv_\lambda `$ for any weight vector $`nN^{}`$.

By the discussion preceding the lemma, $`(\mathrm{gr}b)m`$ has higher weight than $`m`$ for any nonzero weight vector $`\mathrm{gr}b`$ in $`\mathrm{gr}U_+^+`$ and nonzero weight vector $`m`$ in $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$. Hence, it is enough to show that the only vectors in $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ annihilated by $`U_+^+`$ are scalar multiples of $`1v_\lambda `$. This follows from Lemma 5.2 and the fact that the only $`U^+`$ invariant vectors of $`G^{}`$ are scalar multiples of $`1`$ (\[JL2, Lemma 4.7(i)\]). $`\mathrm{}`$

Now let $`v_\lambda ^r`$ be a right $`T`$ weight vector of weight $`\lambda `$. We can make $`𝒞v_\lambda ^r`$ into a right $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module as follows. Set $`v_\lambda ^r_+=v_\lambda ^rG_+^{}=0`$ and set

$$\overline{M}(\lambda )^r=𝒞v_\lambda ^r_{\mathrm{gr}TG^{}}\mathrm{gr}U.$$

Replacing $`x_i`$ with $`y_it_i`$ and $`N^{}`$ with $`N^+`$, we can give $`N^+`$ a $`G^{}`$ module structure analogous to the $`U^+`$ module structure of $`N^{}`$. Furthermore, as in Lemma 5.2, $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$ is isomorphic to $`N^+`$ as a $`G^{}`$ module. Moreover, as in Lemma 5.3, $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$ is a simple right $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module.

###### Lemma 5.4

Let $`\lambda `$ and $`\lambda ^{}`$ be elements in $`\text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}.`$ The map which sends

$$mv_\lambda mv_\lambda ^{}$$

for all $`mN^{}`$ defines an isomorphism from $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ onto $`\overline{M}(\lambda ^{})`$ as $`U^+`$ modules, $`G^{}`$ modules, and $`B`$ modules. Similarly, the map which sends

$$v_\lambda ^rmv_\lambda ^{}^rm$$

for all $`mN^+`$ defines an isomorphism from $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$ onto $`\overline{M}(\lambda ^{})^r`$ as $`U^+`$ modules, $`G^{}`$ modules, and $`B`$ modules.

Proof: We prove the first assertion. The second follows in a similar fashion. The proof of Lemma 5.2 shows that the map $`nnv_\lambda `$ is a $`U^+`$ module isomorphism from $`N^{}`$ onto $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$. This isomorphism is independent of $`\lambda `$. Hence $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is isomorphic to $`\overline{M}(\lambda ^{})`$ as $`U^+`$ modules for all $`\lambda ,\lambda ^{}\text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$.

Now $`N^{}`$ is a $`𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ module via the adjoint action. Recall that $`tv_\lambda =v_\lambda `$ for all $`tT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus, $`(\mathrm{gr}t)(nv_\lambda )=(\mathrm{gr}tnt^1)v_\lambda `$ for all $`tT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`nN^{}`$. Hence $`nnv_\lambda `$ is an isomorphism of $`𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ modules. This isomorphism is independent of the choice of $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Therefore $`\overline{M}(\lambda )\overline{M}(\lambda ^{})`$ as $`𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ modules for all $`\lambda ,\lambda ^{}\text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$.

Recall that $`\overline{M}(\lambda )=\mathrm{gr}Uv_\lambda =N^{}v_\lambda `$ as left $`N^{}`$ modules. In particular, the action of an element in $`N^{}`$ on $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ just corresponds to left multiplication by that element. Thus the action of $`N^{}`$ on $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is independent of $`\lambda `$.

Now consider $`y_it_i`$ where $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. In particular, $`y_it_i`$ is an element of $``$. Recall that $`N^{}`$ is $`\mathrm{ad}y_it_i`$ invariant while $`y_it_iv_\lambda =0`$. Hence, given $`nN^{}`$, we have

$$(y_it_in)v_\lambda =((\mathrm{ad}y_it_i)n)v_\lambda .$$

Thus the action of $`y_it_i`$ on $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ corresponds to the action of $`(\mathrm{ad}y_it_i)`$ on $`N^{}`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. As mentioned earlier (\[L3, Section 6\]) $`G^{}`$ is generated by $`^{}`$ and $`N^{}`$. It follows that the action of $`G^{}`$ on $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is independent of $`\lambda `$.

Recall the identification of $`B`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}B`$. It follows from the proof of Lemma 5.1 that $`\mathrm{gr}B`$ is contained in the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ generated by $`\mathrm{gr}U^+`$, $`\mathrm{gr}G^{}`$, and $`\mathrm{gr}𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]`$. Thus the isomorphism of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ to $`\overline{M}(\lambda ^{})`$ as $`B`$ modules follows from their isomorphism as $`U^+`$, $`G^{}`$, and $`𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]`$ modules. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^{}`$ denote the dual of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ given its natural right $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module structure. The locally finite $`T`$ part, $`F_T(\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})`$, of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^{}`$ is the direct sum of its $`T`$ weight spaces. Note further that the $`\beta `$ weight space of $`F_T(\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})`$ is the dual of the $`\beta `$ weight space of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$. In particular,

$$dimF_T(\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})=\overline{M}(\lambda )_\beta $$

for all $`\beta `$. Let $`v_\lambda ^{}`$ be a nonzero vector in $`F_T(\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})_\lambda `$. Then $`v_\lambda ^{}`$ generates a simple $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module isomorphic to $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$. A comparison of the dimension of the weight spaces yields $`F_T(\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})=v_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{gr}U`$.

Let $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r`$ denote the completion of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$ consisting of possibly infinite sums of distinct weight vectors $`_\gamma a_\gamma `$ for $`a_\gamma (\overline{M}(\lambda )^r)_\gamma `$. We can identify $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^{}`$ with $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r`$. Similar considerations allow us to identify $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$ with the completion $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )`$ consisting of possibly infinite sums of distinct weight vectors in $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$.

For the remainder of the paper, given $`u\mathrm{gr}U`$ we write $`uv_\lambda `$ for the element $`u(1v_\lambda )`$ of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ and $`v_\lambda ^ru`$ for the element $`(v_\lambda ^r1)u`$ of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$. In light of the isomorphisms of Lemma 5.4, we often abbreviate $`(\mathrm{gr}a)w`$ as $`aw`$ and $`w^{}(\mathrm{gr}a)`$ as $`w^{}a`$ for $`aG^{}BU^+`$, $`w\overline{M}(\lambda )`$, and $`w^{}\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$.

###### Lemma 5.5

Let $`V`$ be a finite dimensional simple right $`B`$-module and $`W`$ be a finite dimensional simple left $`B`$ module. There are vector space isomorphisms

$$\mathrm{Hom}_B(V,\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})\mathrm{Hom}_{}(𝒞v_\lambda ,V^{})$$

and

$$\mathrm{Hom}_B(W,\overline{M}(\lambda )^r)\mathrm{Hom}_{}(𝒞v_\lambda ^r,W^{}).$$

Proof: Given $`\psi \mathrm{Hom}_B(V,\overline{M}(\lambda )^{})`$, define a linear map $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ from $`𝒞v_\lambda `$ to $`V^{}`$ by $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(v_\lambda )(w)=\psi (w)(v_\lambda )`$. Note that $`\psi (w)(mv_\lambda )=(\psi (w)m)v_\lambda =\psi (wm)v_\lambda `$ for all $`m`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }(mv_\lambda )(w)=\stackrel{~}{\psi }(v_\lambda )(wm)`$ for $`m`$. Thus $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }\mathrm{Hom}_{}(𝒞v_\lambda ,V^{})`$.

Using Lemma 2.1, we obtain a graded version of Theorem 2.2. In particular, there is an isomorphism of vector spaces via the (graded) multiplication map:

$$\mathrm{gr}UB\mathrm{gr}𝒞[T^{}]N^{}.$$

It follows that $`\overline{M}(\lambda )=Bv_\lambda .`$ Hence $`\psi (w)`$ is completely determined by its action on $`v_\lambda `$. Thus the map from $`\psi `$ to $`\stackrel{~}{\psi }`$ is one-to-one. The first isomorphism now follows from the fact that this map is clearly invertible. A similar argument verifies the second isomorphism. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that Lemmas 5.1, 5.4, and 5.5 hold when we replace $`B`$ by any subalgebra in $``$. In particular, these lemmas apply to $`B^{}`$. Let $`V_1`$ denote the trivial one dimensional left $`B^{}`$ module. It follows that $`V_1`$ is annihilated by $`B_+^{}`$. Let $`V_1^r`$ denote the trivial one-dimensional right $`B`$ module. Then by Lemma 5.5,

$$dim\mathrm{Hom}_B^{}(V_1,\widehat{M}(\lambda ))=dim\mathrm{Hom}_{}(𝒞v_\lambda ,V_1)=1.$$

Similarly, $`dim\mathrm{Hom}_B(V_1^r,\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r)=1.`$ In particular, the space of $`B^{}`$ invariants in $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )`$ is one dimensional and the space of $`B`$ invariants in $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r`$ is one dimensional. Let $`\zeta _\lambda ^r`$ be a nonzero vector in $`(\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r)^B`$ and $`\zeta _\lambda `$ be a nonzero vector in $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^B^{}`$.

Let $`\widehat{N}^{}`$ be the space consisting of possibly infinite sums of the form $`_{\gamma 0}a_\gamma `$ where $`a_\gamma `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\gamma `$ in $`N^{}`$. Similarly, let $`\widehat{N}^+`$ be the space consisting of possibly infinite sums of the form $`_{\gamma 0}a_\gamma `$ where $`a_\gamma `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\gamma `$ in $`N^+`$. Note that $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r=v_\lambda ^r\widehat{N}^+`$ and $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )=\widehat{N}^{}v_\lambda `$.

###### Lemma 5.6

There exists $`b\widehat{N}^{}`$ and $`b^r\widehat{N}^+`$ such that $`\zeta _\lambda =bv_\lambda `$ and $`\zeta _\lambda ^r=v_\lambda ^rb^r`$ for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Moreover, both $`b`$ and $`b^r`$ have nonzero constant terms.

Proof: The fact that there is a universal element $`b`$ which satisfies $`\zeta _\lambda =bv_\lambda `$ for any choice of $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ follows immediately from Lemma 5.4. Similarly, Lemma 5.4 ensures the existence of unique element $`b^r`$ satisfying $`\zeta _\lambda ^r=v_\lambda ^rb^r`$ for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. We prove the last statement of the lemma. Fix $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ and write $`b=_{\gamma \beta }b_\gamma `$ where $`b_\beta 0`$. If $`x_jb_\gamma v_\lambda 0`$, then $`x_jb_\gamma v_\lambda `$ has weight $`\alpha _j+\gamma +\lambda `$. Hence

$$x_jbv_\lambda =x_jb_\beta v_\lambda +\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{than}\alpha _j+\beta +\lambda .$$

Now if $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, then $`x_jbv_\lambda =0`$. It follows that $`x_jb_\beta v_\lambda =0`$ for all $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. On the other hand, as in the proof of Lemma 2.1, if $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, then $`B_+`$ contains an element of the form $`x_i+Y_i`$, where $`Y_i`$ is a weight vector in $`G^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ of weight $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)`$. In particular, $`Y_ib_\gamma v_\lambda `$ has weight strictly lower than $`\gamma `$. So for $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$, we have

$$0=(x_i+Y_i)bv_\lambda =x_ib_\beta v_\lambda +\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{than}\alpha _i+\beta +\lambda .$$

Hence $`x_ib_\beta v_\lambda =0`$ for all $`i`$ such that $`1in`$. Since the only highest weight vectors in $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ are scalar multiples of $`v_\lambda `$, it follows that $`b_\beta `$ is a nonzero scalar. The same argument works for $`b^r`$ using $`y_it_i+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Theta }}(y_i)t_i`$ instead of $`x_i+Y_i`$ and $`y_jt_j`$ instead of $`x_j`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that we can consider elements of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^{}\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ as functions on $`T`$ where $`(m^{}m)(t)=m^{}(tm)`$ for all $`m\overline{M}(\lambda )`$, $`m^{}\overline{M}^{}(\lambda )`$, and $`tT`$. This gives rise to a linear map $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}`$ from $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^{}\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ to $`𝒞[P(\pi )]`$ such that $`(\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(m^{}m))(t)=(m^{}m)(t)`$. Recall the identification of $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r`$ with $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^{}`$. Consider weight vectors $`m_\gamma ^r\overline{M}(\lambda )_\gamma ^r`$ and $`m_\gamma ^{}\overline{M}(\lambda )_\gamma ^{}`$. Note that $`m_\gamma ^r(tm_\gamma ^{})`$ is zero if $`\gamma \gamma ^{}`$. It follows that the map $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}`$ can be extended to a linear map, which we also refer to as $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}`$, from $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r\widehat{M}(\lambda )`$ to the formal Laurent series ring $`𝒞((z^\alpha |\alpha \pi ))`$ such that (with the obvious interpretations)

$$\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\underset{\gamma \lambda }{}m_\gamma ^r\underset{\gamma \lambda }{}m_\gamma )=\underset{\gamma \lambda }{}\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(m_\gamma ^rm_\gamma ).$$

Let $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ denote the subring of $`𝒞((z^\alpha |\alpha \pi ))`$ consisting of elements of the form $`_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}a_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}z^{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}`$ where each $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }Q^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}𝒞`$.

Note that $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ inherits a triangular decomposition from $`U`$. Let $`\overline{𝒫}`$ be the projection of $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ onto $`\mathrm{gr}U^0`$ using the direct sum decomposition

$$\mathrm{gr}U=\mathrm{gr}U^0\mathrm{gr}(G_+^{}U+UU_+^+).$$

Now $`\mathrm{gr}x_iy_jt_j=\delta _{ij}(q_iq_i^1)^1+\mathrm{gr}q_i^1y_jt_jx_i`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence

$$\overline{𝒫}(\mathrm{gr}U^+G^{})𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }].$$

###### Lemma 5.7

There exists $`p𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ such that $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )=z^\lambda p`$ for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Moreover, $`p`$ has a nonzero constant term.

Proof: Let $`b`$ and $`b^r`$ be as in Lemma 5.6. We can write $`b=_\gamma b_\gamma `$ where each $`b_\gamma `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\gamma `$ in $`N^{}`$. Similarly, we can write $`b^r=_\gamma b_\gamma ^r`$ where each $`b_\gamma ^r`$ is a weight vector of weight $`\gamma `$ in $`N^+`$. Let $`b_\gamma ^{\prime \prime }`$ be the scalar such that $`\overline{𝒫}(\mathrm{gr}b_\gamma ^rb_\gamma )b_\gamma ^{\prime \prime }+𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+`$. Note that $`sv_\lambda =v_\lambda ^rs=0`$ for all $`s𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+`$ and $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. It follows that

| $`(v_\lambda ^rb_\gamma ^r)(\tau (\beta )b_\gamma v_\lambda )=`$ | $`(v_\lambda ^r)((\mathrm{gr}b_\gamma ^r\tau (\beta )b_\gamma )v_\lambda )`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`=`$ | $`q^{(\beta ,\gamma +\lambda )}v_\lambda ^r((\mathrm{gr}b_\gamma ^rb_\gamma )v_\lambda )`$ |
| $`=`$ | $`q^{(\beta ,\gamma +\lambda )}v_\lambda ^r(b_\gamma ^{\prime \prime }v_\lambda )`$ |

for all $`\tau (\beta )T`$ and $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Thus

$$z^\lambda \overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(b_\gamma v_\lambda v_\lambda ^rb_\gamma ^r)=b_\gamma ^{\prime \prime }z^\gamma $$

for each $`\gamma `$ and for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Therefore, by Lemma 5.6, $`z^\lambda \overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )=z^\lambda ^{}\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^{}^r\zeta _\lambda ^{})`$ for all $`\lambda `$ and $`\lambda ^{}`$ in $`\text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. This proves the first assertion. The second assertion follows from the fact that both $`b`$ and $`b^r`$ have nonzero constant terms (Lemma 5.6). $`\mathrm{}`$

We can give $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$ a filtration by setting $`\mathrm{deg}f=0`$ for all $`f𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and setting the degree of an element $`t𝒜`$ equal to its degree in the $``$ filtration of $`U`$. Note that $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜`$ is isomorphic to its associated graded ring under this filtration. Given a homogeneous element $`g\tau (\beta )`$ where $`g𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`\tau (\beta )𝒜`$, we write $`\mathrm{gr}g\tau (\beta )`$ as just $`g\tau (\beta )`$.

Note that $``$ extends in an obvious way to a filtration on $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Similarly, the above filtration extends to $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. Now suppose $`zZ(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. Then $`\mathrm{gr}z`$ is in the center of $`\mathrm{gr}\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. As explained in Section 4, given $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$, there exists a central element $`c_\mu `$ in $`(\mathrm{ad}U)\tau (2\mu )`$ such that $`c_\mu \tau (2\mu )+(\mathrm{ad}U_+)\tau (2\mu )`$. Furthermore, by (4.8) (which applies in general and not just to the rank one cases), there exists a nonzero scalar multiple $`c_\mu ^{}`$ of $`c_\mu `$ such that

$$c_\mu ^{}\tau (2\mu )+G_+^{}U_{}U_+^+\tau (2\mu ).$$
$`(5.4)`$
Hence by Lemma 3.1, there exists $`p_\mu 𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ such that $`\mathrm{gr}c_\mu ^{}\tau (\beta )`$ is an element of

$$B_+\mathrm{gr}(G^{}U^+\tau (2\mu +\beta ))+\mathrm{gr}(G^{}U^+\tau (2\mu +\beta ))B_+^{}+\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })(p_\mu \tau (\beta )).$$

It follows that

$$\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))=\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p_\mu $$

and

| $`(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )(\mathrm{gr}c_\mu \tau (\beta ))`$ | $`=\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )((\mathrm{gr}𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))\tau (\beta ))`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )((\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p_\mu )\tau (\beta ))`$ |

for all $`\tau (\beta )𝒜`$.

###### Theorem 5.8

There exists $`p𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ such that $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )=z^\lambda p`$ for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))=p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p`$ for all $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$.

Proof: The first assertion is simply Lemma 5.7. By (5.4), it follows that $`(\mathrm{gr}c_\mu ^{})v_\lambda =q^{(\lambda ,\mu )}v_\lambda `$. Furthermore, $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ ensures that $`(\lambda ,\mu )=(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\mu })`$. Since $`(\mathrm{gr}c_\mu ^{})`$ is central in $`\mathrm{gr}U`$, it follows that $`\mathrm{gr}c_\mu ^{}`$ acts on $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ as multiplication by the scalar $`q^{(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\mu })}`$. A similar argument yields that $`\mathrm{gr}c_\mu ^{}`$ acts on $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$ as multiplication by the same scalar $`q^{(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\mu })}`$. Hence $`\mathrm{gr}c_\mu ^{}`$ acts on elements of $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )^r\widehat{M}(\lambda )`$ as multiplication by the scalar $`q^{(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\mu })}`$. It follows that

| $`\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(\zeta _\lambda ^r\zeta _\lambda )p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p=`$ | $`z^\lambda pp^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`=`$ | $`q^{(\lambda ,\stackrel{~}{\mu })}z^\lambda p`$ |
| $`=`$ | $`z^\lambda p(\mathrm{gr}𝒳(c_\mu ^{})).`$ |

In particular,

$$\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p$$
$`(5.5)`$
acts as zero on $`z^\lambda p`$ for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. But $`\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p`$ is an element of $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })`$. The only element of this set which acts as zero on $`z^\lambda p`$ is zero. This forces the expression in (5.5) to be identically equal to zero. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 6 Computing Graded Radial Components

In this section, we compute the graded image of radial components using information about rank one quantum symmetric pairs from Section 4. In particular, for each $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$, we associate a semisimple Lie subalgebra $`\text{g}_i`$ of g such that $`\text{g}_i,\text{g}_i^\theta `$ is an irreducible symmetric pair with rank one restricted root system as follows. Recall that $`\omega _j`$ denotes the fundamental weight corresponding to the root $`\alpha _j\pi `$. For all $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$, set $`\pi _i=\{\alpha _j|(\omega _j,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))0\mathrm{or}(\omega _j,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{p(i)}))0\}`$. Let $`\text{g}_i\text{g}`$ be the semisimple Lie subalgebra generated by the root vectors $`e_j`$ and $`f_j`$ with $`\alpha _j\pi _i`$. It follows that $`\pi _i`$ is the set of simple roots associated to $`\text{g}_i`$. Moreover, the choice of $`\pi _i`$ ensures that $`\theta `$ restricts to an involution of $`\text{g}_i`$ which we also refer to as $`\theta `$. Set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i=\{\pm \stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}`$ and note that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i`$ is precisely the set of restricted roots associated to the symmetric pair $`\text{g}_i,\text{g}_i^\theta `$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$ denote the root system associated to $`\text{g}_i`$ and set $`U_i=U_q(\text{g}_i)`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i^+=\mathrm{\Delta }^+\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$. Note that $`BU_i`$ can be though of as a (standard) quantum analog of $`U(\text{g}_i^{\theta _i})`$ inside of $`U_i`$. In particular, results in the previous sections of this paper apply to the quantum symmetric pair $`U_i,BU_i`$. A similar comment can be made in reference to the subalgebra $`B^{}`$ of $`U`$.

For most standard subsets of $`U`$, we use the subscript $`i`$ to denote the intersection of this subset with $`U_i`$. For example, we write $`U_i^+`$ for $`U^+U_i`$. The exception to this rule is $`BU_i`$ since $`B_i`$ has already been defined as something different in (1.1).

Set $`\text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}=\{\lambda \text{h}^{}|(\lambda ,\eta )=0`$ for all $`\eta Q(\pi _i)`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\eta )=\eta \}`$. Note that $`\text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ is a subset of $`\text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$. Given $`\lambda \text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$, let $`v_\lambda `$ be a $`T`$ weight vector of weight $`\lambda `$ and give $`𝒞v_\lambda `$ the structure of a trivial $`_iU_i^+`$ module. Write $`\overline{M}_i(\lambda )`$ for the (left) $`\mathrm{gr}U_iT`$ module induced from the $`\mathrm{gr}T_iU_i^+`$ module $`𝒞v_\lambda `$.

###### Lemma 6.1

Fix $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$ and let $`w`$ be a weight vector in $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ of weight $`\gamma `$. Assume further that $`sw=0`$ for all $`s\mathrm{gr}(_iT_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}U_i^+)_+`$. Then $`\gamma \text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$ and the map $`uv_\gamma uw`$ is a $`\mathrm{gr}U_iT`$ module isomorphism from $`\mathrm{gr}U_iTv_\gamma `$ onto $`\mathrm{gr}U_iTw`$.

Proof: Since $`sw=0`$ for all $`s𝒞[T_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}]_+`$, it follows that $`\tau (\eta )w=q^{(\eta ,\gamma )}w=w`$ for all $`\tau (\eta )T_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}`$. Now $`\tau (\eta )T_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}`$ if and only if $`\eta Q(\pi _i)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\eta )=\eta `$. Hence $`\gamma \text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$.

Set $`I=UU_+^++_{\tau (\beta )T}U(\tau (\beta )q^{(\gamma ,\beta )})`$. Note that $`\overline{M}_i(\gamma )`$ is isomorphic to the left $`\mathrm{gr}U_iT`$ module $`(\mathrm{gr}U_iT)/(\mathrm{gr}(IU_iT))`$. Since $`w`$ is annihilated by $`I`$, it follows that the map $`uv_\gamma uw`$ is a $`\mathrm{gr}U_iT`$ module map.

By our assumptions on $`w`$, we have that $`(\mathrm{gr}U_iT)w=N_i^{}w`$. Now $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is a free $`N^{}`$ module. Hence the subspace $`(\mathrm{gr}U_iT)w`$ is a cyclic free $`N_i^{}`$ module. The lemma now follows from the fact that $`\overline{M}_i(\gamma )`$ is also a cyclic free $`N_i^{}`$ module. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`\widehat{M}_i(\lambda )`$ be the subspace of $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )`$ consisting of possibly infinite sums of weight vectors in $`\overline{M}_i(\lambda )`$. Similarly, let $`\widehat{N}_i^{}`$ be the subspace of $`\widehat{N}^{}`$ consisting of possibly infinite sums of weight vectors in $`N_i^{}`$. Given $`\lambda \text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$, let $`\zeta _{\lambda i}`$ denote the $`B^{}U_i`$ invariant vector of $`\widehat{M}_i(\lambda )`$. By Lemma 5.6, there is an element $`b_i`$ in $`\widehat{N}_i^{}`$ such that $`\zeta _{\lambda i}=b_iv_\lambda `$.

###### Lemma 6.2

There exists $`w=_\gamma w_\gamma \widehat{N}^{}`$ such that each $`w_\gamma `$ is a weight vector of weight $`\gamma `$, $`sw=0`$ for all $`s\mathrm{gr}(_iT_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}U_i^+)_+`$, and $`b_iwv_\lambda =\zeta _\lambda `$ for all $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$.

Proof: Fix $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Let $`m=_\gamma m_\gamma `$ be a vector in $`\widehat{M}(\lambda )`$ such that $`(B^{}U_i)_+m=0`$. It follows that $`sm_\gamma =0`$ for all $`s𝒞[T_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}]_+`$ and all $`\gamma `$. Thus $`m_\gamma `$ nonzero implies that $`\gamma \text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$.

Let $`\beta `$ be the highest weight such that $`m_\beta 0`$. The same argument as in Lemma 5.6 shows that $`x_jm_\beta =0`$ for all $`\alpha _j\pi _i`$. By the previous paragraph, $`\beta `$ is a weight in $`\text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$.

Note that each $`y_jt_j`$ is a highest weight vector for the action of $`\mathrm{ad}^+`$. By \[JL1,Section 4\], $`\mathrm{ad}y_k`$ acts ad nilpotently on $`y_jt_j`$ whenever $`kj`$. Hence \[JL1, Theorem 5.9\] ensures that each $`y_jt_j`$ such that $`\alpha _j\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ generates a locally finite $`\mathrm{ad}`$ module. By the definition of $`N^{}`$, it follows that $`N^{}`$ is a locally finite module with respect to the action of $`\mathrm{ad}`$. Hence $`m_\beta `$ generates a finite dimensional $`\mathrm{ad}_i`$ module. The fact that $`(\beta ,\alpha _j)=0`$ for all $`\alpha _j\pi _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ further implies that $`m_\beta `$ generates a one-dimensional trivial $`\mathrm{ad}_i`$ module. Thus by Lemma 6.1, $`b_im_\beta `$ is a $`B^{}U_i`$ invariant vector. Moreover, rescaling if necessary, we may assume by Lemma 5.6 that $`b_im_\beta =m_\beta +`$ terms of weight lower than $`\beta `$. Now $`m^{}=mb_im_\beta `$ is a $`B^{}U_i`$ invariant vector. Moreover, when $`m^{}`$ is written as a sum of weight vectors, the highest weight of a nonzero summand is strictly less than $`\beta `$. By induction, we can find a sequence of weight vectors $`\{w_\gamma \}`$ such that each $`w_\gamma `$ generates a trivial $`U_i^+_iT_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}`$ module and

$$mb_i\underset{0\gamma \gamma ^{}}{}w_\gamma \underset{\beta <\gamma ^{}}{}N_\beta ^{}.$$

Thus by the definition of $`\widehat{N}^{}`$, we obtain $`m=b_i_\gamma w_\gamma `$.$`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`G_{\pi \pi _i}^{}`$ denote the subalgebra of $`G^{}`$ generated by $`(\mathrm{ad}U_i^{})𝒞[y_it_i|\alpha _i\pi _i]`$. By \[L3, Section 6\], we see that multiplication induces an isomorphism of vector spaces

$$G^{}G_i^{}G_{\pi \pi _i}^{}.$$
$`(6.1)`$
Furthermore, $`G_{\pi \pi _i}^{}`$ is generated by elements of the form $`(\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j`$ where $`\alpha _j\pi _i`$, $`yG_i^{}`$, and the weight of $`(\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j`$ is a root in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. It follows that the weight of $`(\mathrm{ad}y)y_jt_j`$ cannot be an element of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$. Hence the weights of vectors in $`G_{\pi \pi _i}^{}`$ are elements of

$$\underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }^+\mathrm{\Delta }_i^+}{}𝐍(\gamma ).$$

Suppose that $`\beta \mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Note that $`2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i_{\alpha \pi _i}𝐍\alpha _i`$. Hence $`\beta `$ must be a positive root. So both $`\beta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\beta )`$ are elements of $`_{\alpha \pi }𝐍\alpha `$. Hence $`2\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{\alpha \pi _i}𝐍\alpha `$ forces both $`\beta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\beta )`$ to be elements of $`_{\alpha \pi _i}𝐍\alpha `$. In particular

$$\{\beta \mathrm{\Delta }^+|\stackrel{~}{\beta }=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}\mathrm{\Delta }_i^+.$$
$`(6.2)`$
By (6.2), if $`\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }^+\mathrm{\Delta }_i^+`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }_i`$. In particular, if $`\beta `$ is a weight of an element of $`G_{\pi \pi _i}^{}`$, then

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta }\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}{}𝐍(\stackrel{~}{\gamma }).$$

###### Lemma 6.3

Let $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Suppose $`w`$ is a weight vector of weight $`\beta `$ in $`N^{}`$ such that $`wv_\lambda `$ generates a trivial $`\mathrm{gr}(U_i^+_iT_{\mathrm{\Theta }i})`$ module and $`\beta Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Then the weight of $`w`$ is contained in $`_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}𝐍(\stackrel{~}{\gamma }).`$

Proof: Write $`w=_jw_{1j}w_{2j}`$ where $`w_{1j}G_i`$ and $`w_{2j}G_{\pi \pi _i}^{}`$. For each $`j`$, set $`\gamma _{1j}`$ equal to the weight of $`w_{1j}`$ and $`\gamma _{2j}`$ equal to the weight of $`w_{2j}`$. We may further assume that $`\{w_{2j}\}_j`$ is a linearly independent set. Choose $`\beta ^{}`$ minimal in the set $`\{\gamma _{2j}\}_j`$ using the standard partial ordering on $`Q(\pi )`$. By the discussion preceding the lemma, we have that

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta }^{}\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}{}𝐍(\stackrel{~}{\gamma }).$$

Thus it is sufficient to show that $`\beta =\beta ^{}`$.

Consider $`\alpha _k\pi _i`$. In particular, $`x_kwv_\lambda =0`$. By Lemma 5.2, $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ is isomorphic to the submodule $`N^{}`$ of $`G^{}`$ as $`U^+`$ modules. Hence $`x_kw=\mathrm{gr}((\mathrm{ad}x_k)w)=0`$. On the other hand,

$$\mathrm{gr}((\mathrm{ad}x_k)w)\underset{\gamma _{2j}=\beta ^{}}{}\mathrm{gr}((\mathrm{ad}x_k)w_{1j})w_{2j}+G_i^{}\underset{\gamma \beta ^{}}{}(G_{\pi \pi _i}^{})_\gamma .$$

Hence, by (6.1), $`\mathrm{gr}(\mathrm{ad}x_k)w_{1j}=0`$ for all $`j`$ such that $`\gamma _{2j}=\beta ^{}`$. Fix $`j`$ such that $`\gamma _{2j}=\beta ^{}`$. It follows that $`w_{1j}`$ is a highest weight vector with respect to the action of $`U_i^+`$ on $`G_i^{}`$. By \[JL2, Lemma 4.7(i)\], $`w_{1j}`$ is a scalar. Thus the weight of $`w`$ agrees with the weight of $`w_{2j}`$ which is just $`\beta ^{}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Given $`\lambda \text{h}_{\mathrm{\Theta }i}^{}`$, let $`v_\lambda ^r`$ be a right $`T`$ weight vector of weight $`\lambda `$ and give $`𝒞v_\lambda ^r`$ the structure of a one dimensional trivial $`\mathrm{gr}(_iG_i^{})`$ module. Define $`\overline{M}_i(\lambda )^r`$ to be the right $`\mathrm{gr}U_iT`$ module induced from the one dimensional $`\mathrm{gr}(_iG_i^{}T)`$ module $`𝒞v_\lambda ^r`$. Note that versions of Lemmas 6.1-6.3 hold for the right $`\mathrm{gr}U_i`$ modules $`\overline{M}_i(\lambda )^r`$. In particular, let $`b^r`$ be chosen as in Lemma 5.6. Let $`b_i^r`$ be also chosen as in Lemma 5.6 for the modules $`\overline{M}_i(\lambda )^r`$. As in Lemma 6.2, there exists $`w^r\widehat{N}^+`$ such that $`w^rb_i^r=b^r`$. Moreover, $`w^r=_\gamma w_\gamma ^r`$ where each $`w_\gamma `$ is annihilated by elements in $`\mathrm{gr}(G_i^{}_iT_{\mathrm{\Theta }i})_+`$. Furthermore, $`w_\gamma ^r0`$ implies that $`\gamma `$ is an element of $`_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}𝐍\stackrel{~}{\beta }.`$

Recall the graded version $`\overline{𝒫}`$ of the Harish-Chandra map defined in the last section. The vector space decomposition (3.5) extends in the obvious way to the corresponding graded algebras. Let $`\overline{𝒫_𝒜}`$ denote composition of $`\overline{𝒫}`$ with projection onto $`\mathrm{gr}𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ using a graded version of (3.5).

Given $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$, assume that $`v_\lambda ^r`$ has been chosen so that $`v_\lambda ^r(v_\lambda )=1.`$ It follows that $`v_\lambda ^r(\tau (\beta )v_\lambda )=q^{(\lambda ,\beta )}`$ for all $`\tau (\beta )T`$. In particular, $`v_\lambda ^r(tv_\lambda )=1`$ for all $`tT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence $`v_\lambda ^rc\tau (\beta )dv_\lambda =q^{(\lambda \gamma ,\beta )}(\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(\mathrm{gr}cd))`$ for all $`cU_\gamma ^+`$, $`\tau (\beta )T`$, and $`dG_\gamma ^{}`$. Thus

$$\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(v_\lambda ^rcdv_\lambda )=z^{\lambda \gamma }(\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(\mathrm{gr}cd))$$

for all $`cU_\gamma ^+`$ and $`dG_\gamma ^{}`$.

Choose $`p_i𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ as in Lemma 5.7 such that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(\zeta _{\lambda i}^r\zeta _{\lambda i})=z^\lambda p_i`$. Let $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}|\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i]]`$ denote the subring of $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ consisting of possibly infinite linear combinations of the $`z^\nu `$ for $`\nu _{\beta \mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}𝐍\beta `$.

###### Lemma 6.4

There exists $`k_i𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}|\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}]]`$ such that $`p=p_ik_i`$. Furthermore, $`k_i`$ has a nonzero constant term.

Proof: By Lemma 5.7, $`p`$ has a nonzero constant term. Hence if we can write $`p=p_ik_i`$, then both $`p_i`$ and $`k_i`$ have nonzero constant terms. Thus the second assertion follows from the first.

Fix $`\lambda \text{h}_\mathrm{\Theta }^{}`$. Using Lemma 5.6, choose $`b\widehat{N}^{}`$ such that $`\zeta _\lambda =bv_\lambda `$ and $`b_i\widehat{N}_i^{}`$ such that $`\zeta _{\lambda i}=b_iv_\lambda `$ Write

$$b_i=\underset{\delta }{}b_{i\delta }\mathrm{and}b_i^r=\underset{\delta }{}b_{i\delta }^r$$

where each $`b_{i\delta }(N_i^{})_\delta `$ and $`b_{i\delta }^r(N_i^+)_\delta `$. Note that

$$z^\lambda p_i=\underset{\delta }{}\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(v_\lambda ^rb_{i\delta }^rb_{i\delta }v_\lambda )=\underset{\delta }{}z^{\lambda \delta }(\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(\mathrm{gr}b_{i\delta }^rb_{i\delta })).$$

Let $`w=_\gamma w_\gamma `$ satisfy the conditions of Lemma 6.2. By Lemma 6.3, each $`\gamma `$ with $`w_\gamma `$ nonzero satisfies $`\gamma _{\beta \mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}𝐍\beta `$. Choose $`\gamma `$ so that $`w_\gamma 0`$. Note that $`U_{i+}^+w_\gamma v_\lambda =0`$. Using the identification of $`\overline{M}(\lambda )`$ with $`N^{}`$ as $`U^+`$ modules (Lemma 5.2), we obtain $`\mathrm{gr}(\mathrm{ad}x_j)w_\gamma =0`$ for all $`\alpha _j\pi _i`$. Hence $`\mathrm{gr}x_jw_\gamma =\mathrm{gr}t_jw_\gamma t_j^1x_j`$ for all $`x_jU_i`$. It follows that $`\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(\mathrm{gr}(UU_{i+}^+)w_\gamma )=0`$. Similarly $`\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(w_\gamma ^r(\mathrm{gr}G_{i+}^{}U))=0`$. To make the next computation easier to read, we shorten $`\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(\mathrm{gr}u)`$ to $`\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(u)`$ for $`uU`$. Since $`b_{i\delta }(N_i^{})_\delta `$ and $`b_{i\delta }^r(N_i^+)_\delta `$, it follows that

| $`{\displaystyle \underset{\delta }{}}\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(w_\gamma ^rb_{i\delta }^r\tau (\beta )b_{i\delta }w_\gamma )=`$ | $`{\displaystyle \underset{\delta }{}}\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(w_\gamma ^r\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(b_{i\delta }^r\tau (\beta )b_{i\delta })w_\gamma )`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`=`$ | $`{\displaystyle \underset{\delta }{}}q^{(\delta ,\beta )}\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(b_{i\delta }^rb_{i\delta })\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(w_\gamma ^r\tau (\beta )w_\gamma )`$ |
| $`=`$ | $`\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(w_\gamma ^r\tau (\beta )w_\gamma )p_i\tau (\beta ).`$ |

Now $`\overline{𝒫}_𝒜(w_\gamma ^r\tau (\beta )w_\gamma )`$ is equal to $`a_\gamma z^\gamma \tau (\beta )`$ for some scalar $`a_\gamma `$ independent of $`\beta `$. Thus

$$\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}(v_\lambda ^rb^rbv_\lambda )=z^\lambda (\underset{\gamma }{}a_\gamma z^\gamma )p_i.$$

The lemma now follows from the fact that $`\gamma `$ is in the $`𝐍`$ span of the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}`$ whenever $`a_\gamma 0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i`$ be the reflection in $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ corresponding to the restricted root $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Recall that $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i`$ restricts to a permutation on the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i`$ induces a linear map on $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}|\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}]]`$ defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{s}_i\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}{}z^{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}{}z^{\stackrel{~}{s}_i(\stackrel{~}{\gamma })}.$$

###### Lemma 6.5

Choose $`k_i𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}|\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}]]`$ such that $`p=p_ik_i`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{s}_ik_i=k_i`$.

Proof: Recall that $`\omega _j`$ denotes the fundamental weight corresponding to $`\alpha _j\pi `$. Given $`\alpha _j`$ and $`\alpha _k`$ in $`\pi ^{}`$, we know that $`(\omega _j,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_k)`$ is a nonzero scalar multiple of $`\delta _{jk}`$. Set $`\nu _i=(_{\{r|\alpha _r\pi ^{}\}}\omega _r)\omega _i`$. It follows that $`(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_j,\nu _i)0`$ for all $`ji`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i,\nu _i)=0`$. Hence $`p_i`$ commutes with $`\tau (2\nu _i)`$. More generally,

$$z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}\tau (2\nu _i)=q^{(2\nu _i,\stackrel{~}{\beta })}\tau (2\nu _i)z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}$$

for all $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }Q(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Note that if $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ is not a scalar multiple of $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$, then $`(\stackrel{~}{\beta },\nu _i)0`$. Hence if $`k𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}|\stackrel{~}{\beta }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}]]`$ and $`k`$ commutes with $`\tau (2\nu _i)`$ then $`k`$ is a scalar. Now by Corollary 3.3, Theorem 3.4 and Theorem 5.8,

$$𝒳(c_{\nu _i})=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(k_i^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\nu }_i)k_i)+\underset{\{\mu P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })|\mu <\stackrel{~}{\nu }_i\}}{}\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(f_\mu )\tau (2w\mu )$$

up to a nonzero scalar for some $`f_\mu 𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Since $`𝒳(c_{\nu _i})`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i`$ invariant and $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i\tau (2\nu _i)=\tau (2\nu _i)`$, it follows that $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i(k_i\tau (2\nu _i)k_i^1)=k_i\tau (2\nu _i)k_i^1`$. Hence $`\stackrel{~}{s}_ik_i=k_ik`$ where $`k`$ commutes with $`\tau (2\nu _i)`$. Thus $`k`$ must be a scalar. Since $`k_i`$ has a nonzero constant term, and $`\stackrel{~}{s}_i`$ fixes constants, it follows that $`k=1`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`a`$ and $`x`$ be an indeterminates and define

$$(x;a)_{\mathrm{}}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1xa^i).$$
$`(6.3)`$
Set $`z_i=z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}`$. Let $`\rho _i`$ denote the half sum of the positive roots in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_i`$. Note that $`\rho `$ is just the sum of the fundamental weights corresponding to the simple roots in $`\pi `$. A similar statement can be made concerning $`\rho _i`$ with respect to $`\pi _i`$. Hence $`(\rho ,\beta )=(\rho _i,\beta )`$ for all $`\beta Q(\pi _i)`$.

For each $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$, we let $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}]]`$ denote the subring of $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ consisting of elements of the form $`_{m0}a_mz^{m\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ where the $`a_m`$ are scalars. Recall that $`z_i=z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}`$. Using the rank one computations found in Section 4, we determine $`p_i`$.

###### Lemma 6.6

Given $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$, we have

$$p_i=\frac{(g_iz_i^1;a_i)_{\mathrm{}}}{(z_i^1;a_i)_{\mathrm{}}}$$

where $`a_i=q^{(2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}`$ and $`g_i=q_i^{2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}`$.

Proof: Let $`\mu _i`$ be chosen to satisfy the conditions of (4.7) with respect to $`\text{g}_i`$. By Theorem 4.7 and Theorem 5.8

$$p_i^1\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1p_i=\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_{\mu _i}^{}))=\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1(1g_iz_i^1)(1z_i^1)^1.$$

Note that $`z_i^1\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1=a_i\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1z_i^1`$. Hence,

| $`{\displaystyle \frac{(z_i^1;a_i)_{\mathrm{}}}{(g_iz_i^1;a_i)_{\mathrm{}}}}\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1{\displaystyle \frac{(g_iz_i^1;a_i)_{\mathrm{}}}{(z_i^1;a_i)_{\mathrm{}}}}=`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1{\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1z_i^1a_i^{j+1})}{(1g_iz_i^1a_i^{j+1})}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1g_iz_i^1a_i^j)}{(1z_i^1a_i^j)}}`$ |
| --- | --- |
| $`=`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{t}_i^1(1g_iz_i^1)(1z_i^1)^1.`$ |

The lemma now follows from the fact that the only elements in $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}]]`$ which commute with $`\stackrel{~}{t}_i`$ are the scalars. $`\mathrm{}`$

Consider $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced, $`(\alpha ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha ))`$ equals $`0`$ if $`\alpha \mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha )`$ and equals $`(\alpha ,\alpha )`$ otherwise. Hence it is straightforward to check that $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ implies $`(\alpha ,\alpha )=(\beta ,\beta )`$ for all $`\beta `$ in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. In particular, the length of a root whose restriction equals $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is just a function of $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ and does not depend on the choice of root. Set

$$mult(\stackrel{~}{\alpha })=|\{\beta \mathrm{\Delta }|\stackrel{~}{\beta }=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\}|.$$

We recall two well known facts about the $`mult`$ function. First, $`mult(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)=2(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)/(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$. Moreover, $`mult(\stackrel{~}{\alpha })=mult(w\stackrel{~}{\alpha })`$ for all $`wW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }`$.

Given $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$, set $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=q^{(2\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\alpha })}`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=q^{mult(\stackrel{~}{\alpha })(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\alpha })(\alpha ,\alpha )/2}.`$ Set

$$p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=\frac{(g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }};a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }})_{\mathrm{}}}{(z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }};a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }})_{\mathrm{}}}$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Note that $`p_i=p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}`$. Furthermore, by the previous paragraph, $`wp_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=p_{\stackrel{~}{\beta }}`$ whenever $`wW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ satisfies $`w\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$. Now $`p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ is clearly an element of $`𝐂((q))[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}]]`$ where $`𝐂((q))`$ is the Laurent polynomial ring in the one variable $`q`$. However, by definition, $`p_i`$ is actually an element of $`𝒞[[z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}]]`$. Hence $`p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ is an element of $`𝒞[[z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}]]`$ for each $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$.

###### Theorem 6.7

Set

$$p=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+}{}p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}.$$

Then for each $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$,

$$\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))=p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p.$$
$`(6.4)`$
Proof: By Theorem 5.8, there exists an element $`p`$ in $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ such that $`\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c_\mu ^{}))=p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p`$ for all $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$. Since each $`p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ is an element of $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}]]`$, it follows that $`_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+}p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ is an element of $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$. Choose $`p^{}`$ in $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ so that $`pp^{}=_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+}p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$.

Set $`k_i^{}=_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i\}}p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}.`$ Note that $`p_ik_i^{}=pp^{}`$. Choose $`k_i`$ as in Lemma 6.4. It follows that $`k_ip^{}=k_i^{}`$ for each $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi ^{}`$. Write $`k_i^{}=_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}d_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}^{}z^{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}`$, $`k_i=_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}d_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}z^{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}`$, and $`p^{}=_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}a_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}z^{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}`$.

Note that by the definition of $`k_i^{}`$ and Lemma 6.5,

$$\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}{}d_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}^{}z^{\stackrel{~}{s}_i\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}=k_i^{}\mathrm{and}\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}{}d_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}z^{\stackrel{~}{s}_i\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}=k_i$$

where equality holds in $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$. It follows that

$$\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}{}a_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}z^{\stackrel{~}{s}_i\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}=p^{}$$

in $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ for all simple reflections $`\stackrel{~}{s}_iW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence

$$\underset{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }0}{}a_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}z^{w\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}=p^{}$$
$`(6.5)`$
in $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ for all $`wW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Suppose $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }>0`$ is such that $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}`$ is nonzero. We can find $`wW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ such that $`w\stackrel{~}{\gamma }<0`$. But then $`z^{w\stackrel{~}{\gamma }}𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$. This contradicts (6.5). Hence $`p^{}`$ must be a scalar and so $`k_i`$ is a scalar multiple of $`k_i^{}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`p`$ be defined as in Theorem 6.7. It follows that $`p`$ is the unique element of $`𝒞[[z^{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}|\alpha _i\pi ^{}]]`$ such that (6.4) holds for all $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$. Recall the definition of the projection map $`𝒫_𝒜`$ given at the end of Section 3. The next result extends Theorem 6.7 to other elements in $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ and, more generally, to elements of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$.

###### Corollary 6.8

For each $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$,

$$\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c))=p^1\mathrm{gr}(𝒫_𝒜(c))p$$

where

$$p=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+}{}p_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}.$$

Moreover, $`cB_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ if and only if $`𝒫_𝒜(c)0`$.

Proof: Let $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$. The definition of the map $`𝒫_𝒜`$ ensures that $`𝒫_𝒜(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is contained in $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$. Thus $`z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(c))=0`$ for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ if and only if $`𝒫_𝒜(c)=0`$. Hence, by Theorem 3.6, $`𝒳(c)=0`$ if and only if $`𝒫_𝒜(c)=0`$.

Suppose $`cB_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Then $`𝒳(c)=0`$. By the previous paragraph, $`𝒫_𝒜(c)=0`$. Thus the lemma follows trivially in this case. Thus we may assume that $`cB_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$.

Let $`c^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}N^+`$ such that $`cc^{}B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. In particular, $`𝒳(c)=𝒳(c^{})`$. We can write $`\mathrm{gr}c^{}=(\mathrm{gr}an)+(\mathrm{gr}n^{})`$ where $`a`$ is in $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$, $`n`$ is a weight vector in $`N^+`$ of weight $`\gamma `$, and $`n^{}_{\beta >\gamma }\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}N_\beta ^+`$. Note that $`a0`$ since $`cB_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Choose $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ such that $`z^\lambda (\mathrm{gr}a)0`$. Since $`v_\lambda ^r`$ generates the $`\mathrm{gr}U`$ module $`\overline{M}(\lambda )^r`$, it follows that $`v_\lambda ^rn0`$. Hence

$$\zeta _\lambda ^r(\mathrm{gr}c^{})v_\lambda ^r(\mathrm{gr}c^{})+\underset{\beta >0}{}v_\lambda ^rN_\beta ^+(\mathrm{gr}c^{})=z^\lambda (\mathrm{gr}a)v_\lambda ^rn+\underset{\beta >0}{}v_\lambda ^rN_\beta ^+.$$
$`(6.6)`$
In particular, $`\zeta _\lambda ^r(\mathrm{gr}c^{})`$ is nonzero.

Given $`bB`$, we have $`c^{}b=cb+(c^{}c)bbc+B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Thus $`c^{}bB_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ for all $`bB_+`$. Hence

$$\zeta _\lambda ^r(\mathrm{gr}c^{})B_+=0.$$

Therefore, by the discussion following Lemma 5.5, $`\zeta _\lambda ^r(\mathrm{gr}c^{})`$ is a scalar multiple of $`\zeta _\lambda ^r`$. This forces $`n`$ to be an element of $`𝒞`$. Without loss of generality, we may assume that $`n=1`$. Thus (6.6) implies that $`\zeta _\lambda ^r(\mathrm{gr}c^{})=z^\lambda (\mathrm{gr}a)\zeta _\lambda ^r`$, which is a nonzero multiple of $`\zeta _\lambda ^r`$. Using the definition of the map $`𝒫_𝒜`$ (end of Section 3), we see that $`\mathrm{gr}a=\mathrm{gr}(𝒫_𝒜(c^{}))=\mathrm{gr}(𝒫_𝒜(c))`$. Hence $`𝒫_𝒜(c)`$ is nonzero, which completes the proof of the second assertion of the lemma.

Arguing as in Theorem 5.8, yields

$$\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c^{}))=p^1\mathrm{gr}(𝒫_𝒜(c^{}))p.$$

Hence $`\mathrm{gr}(𝒳(c))=p^1\mathrm{gr}(𝒫_𝒜(c))p`$. The first assertion now follows from Theorem 6.7. $`\mathrm{}`$

An immediate consequence of Corollary 6.8 is that

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B(\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}N_+^++B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U})B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}.$$

A similar argument switching the right and left actions yields that

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B(\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}N_+^++\stackrel{ˇ}{U}B_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}B_+.$$

## 7 Minuscule and Pseudominuscule Weights

In this section, we find “small” elements in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ which correspond to minuscule or pseudominuscule weights of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and determine their radial components. For all but three types of irreducible symmetric pairs $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$, this small element is $`c_\mu ^{}`$ plus a constant term where $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is either a minuscule or a pseudominuscule weight in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Most of this section is devoted to finding a suitable element in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ in the remaining three problematic cases. This involves a separate construction using fine information about finite dimensional $`\mathrm{ad}_rU`$ submodules of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$.

Recall that $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is an irreducible symmetric pair and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is reduced. It follows from the classification of irreducible symmetric pairs that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is an irreducible root system corresponding to a simple Lie algebra as classified in \[Hu, Chapter III\]. Before discussing elements of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$, we briefly review facts concerning minuscule and pseudomninuscule weights associated to root systems of simple Lie algebras. Since we will be applying this information to the restricted root system, all the results will be stated with respect to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

A fundamental weight $`\beta `$ is called minuscule with respect to the root system $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ if

$$0\frac{2(\beta ,\alpha )}{(\alpha ,\alpha )}1$$
$`(7.1)`$
for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$. Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is simple, it admits a minuscule weight if and only if it is not of type $`E8,F4,`$ or $`G2`$. It is straightforward to check that the minuscule weights for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are exactly the smallest fundamental weights not contained in $`Q^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. In particular, a minuscule weight $`\beta `$ satisfies the following condition:

1. There does not exist $`\gamma P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ such that $`\beta \gamma Q^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

The longest root of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, when $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is simply laced, and the longest short root of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, when $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has two root lengths, is called a pseudominuscule weight. A pseudominuscule weight $`\beta `$ satisfies (7.1) for all $`\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }^+\beta `$. Moreover, one checks easily that a pseudominuscule weight $`\beta `$ satisfies the following condition similar to (7.2):

1. The weight $`\gamma P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ satisfies $`\beta \gamma Q^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ if and only if $`\gamma =0`$.

Recall the definition of the element $`p`$ given in Theorem 6.7. Using the previous sections, we can compute the image of $`c_\mu `$ under $`𝒳`$ when $`\mu `$ satisfies one of the above conditions. In particular, we have the following.

###### Lemma 7.1

(i) If $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ is such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is minuscule in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ then there exists a central element $`c`$ in $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ with

$$𝒳(c)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p).$$

(ii) If $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ is such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is pseudominuscule in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ then there exists a central element $`c`$ in $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ with

$$𝒳(c)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p(1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu }))).$$

Proof: Suppose first that there exists $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is minuscule in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Let $`(𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{})_+`$ denote the subalgebra of $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{}`$ generated by $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ and $`𝒞[𝒜_{}]_+.`$ By Theorem 6.7 and Corollary 3.3,

$$𝒳(c_\mu ^{})p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p+(𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })𝒜_{})_+\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu }).$$

Note that since $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ satisfies (7.2), there does not exist $`\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\beta })𝒞[𝒜_{}]\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ is dominant. Hence by Theorem 3.4,

$$𝒳(c_\mu ^{})=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p).$$

This proves (i).

Now assume that there exists $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is pseudominuscule in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. The same reasoning as in the previous paragraph, yields that

$$𝒳(c_\mu ^{})=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p)+g$$

for some $`g𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Now the zonal spherical functions $`\phi _\lambda `$ are eigenvectors for the action of $`𝒳(c_\mu )`$. When $`\lambda =0`$, $`\phi _\lambda `$ is just $`1`$. Hence the action of $`𝒳(c_\mu ^{})`$ on $`1`$ must be a scalar. Now the action of

$$\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p)\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu }))$$

on $`1`$ is zero. Furthermore, $`w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu }))`$ is in $`𝒞(Q_\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ for each $`wW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Hence $`g+_{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu }))`$ is a scalar, say $`g_0`$. It follows that $`𝒳(c_\mu ^{}g_0)`$ has the required form. $`\mathrm{}`$

Assume for the moment that $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is not of type EIV, EVII, or EIX. Suppse that $`\beta `$ is a minuscule weight or pseudominuscule weight in $`P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. A straightforward computation shows that $`P^+(\pi )`$ contains a fundamental weight $`\mu `$ such that $`\beta =\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$. These values of $`\mu `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ are given in the appendix.

Now assume that $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is of type EIV. Then $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is of type A3 with set of simple roots $`\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6\}`$. Recall that $`\omega _i`$ denotes the fundamental weight corresponding to the simple root $`\alpha _i`$. For $`i=1`$ and $`i=6`$, let $`\omega _i^{}`$ denote the fundamental weight in the weight lattice of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$. Note that both $`\omega _1^{}`$ and $`\omega _6^{}`$ are minuscule. It is straightforward to check that neither $`\omega _1^{}`$ nor $`\omega _6^{}`$ is in the span of the set $`\{\stackrel{~}{\omega }_i|1i6\}`$. A similar computaton shows that if $`\text{g},\theta `$ is of type EVII or EIX then the minuscule or pseudominuscule weights associated $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are not the restriction of elements in $`P^+(\pi )`$. Thus, in these special cases, $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ does not contain elements whose radial components are of the form described in Lemma 7.1. The remainder of this section is devoted to finding elements in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ in the remaining cases which play the role of $`c_\mu `$ for $`\mu `$ minuscule or pseudominuscule.

We recall basic facts about the structure of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ as a $`U`$ module with respect to the adjoint action (see \[JL1\] and \[JL2\], or \[J1, Section 7\]). Here we use the right adjoint action instead of the left and will translate the results accordingly. For each $`\eta P^+(\pi )`$, observe that $`\tau (2\eta )`$ generates a finite dimensional $`\mathrm{ad}_rU`$ module. Let $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ denote the locally finite part of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ with respect to the right adjoint action. One has that $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is a subalgebra of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. As an $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)`$ module, $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is isomorphic to the direct sum of the $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\eta )`$ as $`\eta `$ runs over elements in $`P^+(\pi )`$.

Let $`G^+`$ be the subalgebra of $`U`$ generated by the $`x_jt_j^1`$ for $`j=1,\mathrm{},n`$. By \[J2, Theorem 3.3\], one can construct a basis of $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\eta )`$ consisting of weight vectors contained in sets of the form

$$a_\beta b_\beta ^{}\tau (2\eta )+\underset{\xi Q^+(\pi )}{}\underset{\gamma \beta \xi }{}\underset{\gamma ^{}\beta ^{}\xi }{}U_\gamma ^{}G_\gamma ^{}^+\tau (2\eta 2\xi )$$
$`(7.4)`$
where $`a_\beta U_\beta ^{}`$ and $`b_\beta ^{}G_\beta ^{}^+`$. Moreover, $`0\xi \eta w_0\eta `$ and both $`\beta `$ and $`\beta ^{}`$ are less than or equal to $`\eta w_0\eta `$ (\[J1, 7.1.20).

###### Lemma 7.2

Let $`\eta P^+(\pi )`$ and suppose that $`u(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\eta )`$. Then

$$𝒫_𝒜(u)\tau (2\stackrel{~}{w_0\eta })𝒞[𝒜_{}].$$
$`(7.5)`$
Proof: Suppose that $`uU_\gamma ^{}G_\gamma ^{}^+\tau (2\eta 2\xi )`$ where $`\xi `$ and $`\gamma `$ are elements of $`Q^+(\pi )`$ such that $`0\xi \eta w_0\eta `$ and $`0\gamma \eta w_0\eta \xi `$. We argue that $`u`$ satisfies (7.5). The lemma then follows by the linearity of $`𝒫_𝒜`$ and the description of a basis of $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\eta )`$ using (7.4).

Note that (2.7) implies that $`U_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0_+^+N^+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0+N_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}`$. Hence $`𝒫_𝒜(U_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0)=0`$. It further follows from (3.11) that

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{U}U_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0(B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+N_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}+𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}])U_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0B_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+N_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}.$$

Hence $`𝒫_𝒜(U^{}G_+^+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0)=0`$. Thus, we may reduce to the case where $`\gamma ^{}=0`$ and so $`uU_\gamma ^{}\tau (2\eta 2\xi )`$. It follows that $`uG_\gamma ^{}\tau (2\eta 2\xi \gamma )`$.

By Lemma 2.1 and (2.10), we have that

$$𝒫_𝒜(u)\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\eta }2\stackrel{~}{\xi }\stackrel{~}{\gamma })𝒞[𝒜_{}].$$

To complete the proof of the lemma, we argue that $`\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\eta }2\stackrel{~}{\xi }\stackrel{~}{\gamma })\tau (2\stackrel{~}{w_0\eta })𝒞[𝒜_{}]`$. Our assumptions on $`\xi `$ and $`\gamma `$ ensure that $`2\eta 2\xi \gamma 2w_0\eta .`$ Furthermore, $`2\stackrel{~}{\eta }`$, $`2\stackrel{~}{\xi }`$, and $`2w_0\stackrel{~}{\eta }`$ are all elements of $`Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Thus it is sufficient to show that $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$ whenever $`𝒫_𝒜(u)0`$.

Note that $`u\tau (2\eta +2\xi \gamma )`$ can be written as a sum of monomials $`y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}`$ in the $`y_it_i`$ of weight $`\gamma `$. Assume that $`y_{i_1}B_+`$. Arguing as in the proof of Lemma 2.1, we obtain

$$y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{i_1})t_{i_1}y_{i_2}t_{i_2}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}+B_+y_{i_2}t_{i_2}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}.$$

Thus by (2.5),

$$y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m}G^{}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_{i_1})t_{i_1}+G_{\gamma +2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}^{}T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }+B_+U.$$

It follows that $`𝒫_𝒜(y_{i_1}t_{i_1}\mathrm{}y_{i_m}t_{i_m})𝒫_𝒜(G_{\gamma +2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}^{}T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }).`$ Furthermore,

$$𝒫_𝒜(G_{\gamma +2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}^{}T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta })=𝒫_𝒜(G_{\gamma +2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}^{})𝒫_𝒜(T_{}^{}T_\mathrm{\Theta }).$$

By induction on $`\gamma `$, we obtain $`𝒫_𝒜(G_\gamma ^{})=0`$ unless $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }Q^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Therefore $`𝒫_𝒜(u)0`$ implies $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }Q^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`\varphi `$ be the Hopf algebra automorphism of $`U`$ which fixes elements in $`T`$ and $`\varphi (x_i)=q^{(2\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}x_i`$ for all $`1in`$. Note that $`\varphi (B_i)==q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)\alpha _i)}(q^{(2\rho ,\alpha _i)}y_it_i+q^{(2\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i)`$ for all $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. The next lemma provides information about $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$ which will be applied later to elements of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$.

###### Lemma 7.3

Suppose $`u(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Then $`u(\varphi (B)\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(B\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.`$

Proof: Suppose $`u(\mathrm{ad}_r(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. Now $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of $`U`$. Hence $`(\mathrm{ad}_r(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$. The lemma now follows in this case since $`T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ is a subalgebra of both $`\varphi (B)`$ and $`B`$. Thus, it is sufficient to show that $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB_i)a(\varphi (B)\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(B\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$ for all $`i`$ such that $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$.

Fix $`i`$ with $`\alpha _i\pi _\mathrm{\Theta }`$. By \[L3, Theorem 7.1\], there exists a sequence $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_s`$ and a nonzero scalar $`g`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)`$ $`=g(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_1})\mathrm{}(\mathrm{ad}_rx_{i_s})(t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)})`$. Using the fact that $`(\mathrm{ad}_rx_j)a=t_j^1x_ja+t_j^1ax_j`$ for all $`j`$ and for all $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$, we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i_+U+g\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))x_{p(i)}x_{i_s}\mathrm{}x_{i_1}t_i$$
$`(7.6)`$
and

$$\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_iU_++(1)^sgt_{i_1}^1x_{i_1}\mathrm{}t_{i_s}^1x_{i_s}t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_i.$$
$`(7.7)`$
Note that $`\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))t_i^1T_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Applying the antipode to (7.7) and using (7.6) to simplify yields

| $`\sigma (\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i)`$ | $`_+Ugt_i^1t_{p(i)}^1x_{p(i)}t_{p(i)}t_{i_s}^1x_{i_s}t_{i_s}\mathrm{}t_{i_1}^1x_{i_1}t_{i_1}`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+Uq^{(2\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))}g\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))x_{p(i)}x_{i_s}\mathrm{}x_{i_1}`$ |
|  | $`=(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+Uq^{(2\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i).`$ |

Hence

| $`\sigma (B_i)`$ | $`=\sigma (y_it_i+\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i)`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=q^{(2\rho ,\alpha _i)}y_iq^{(2\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))}\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)`$ |
|  | $`=q^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}\varphi (B_i)t_i^1.`$ |

Recall that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(y_it_i)=y_it_i1+t_iy_it_i`$. It follows from \[L3, (7.14)\] that

$$\Delta (\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i)\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))t_i+t_i\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i)t_i+U(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

Note that $`\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i))t_iT_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. Thus $`\tau (\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)t_i1+𝒞[T_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+`$. Combining the formulas for $`\Delta (y_it_i)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{~}{\theta }(y_i))`$ gives us

$$\Delta (B_i)B_i1+t_iB_i+U(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

Hence $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB_i)aq^{(\rho ,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)+\alpha _i)}\varphi (B_i)t_i^1a+t_i^1aB_i+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$ for all $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

Recall the definition of the Hopf algebra automorphism $`\chi `$ following the proof of Theorem 4.5. In particular, $`\chi (x_i)=q^{(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)}x_i`$ for all $`1in`$. Since $`(\rho ,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i)=(\stackrel{~}{\rho },\alpha _i)`$ for all $`i`$, it follows that $`\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })x_i\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })=\varphi \chi (x_i)`$ for $`1in`$. Similarly, $`\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })y_i\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })=\varphi \chi (y_i)`$ for all $`1in`$. Thus $`\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })u\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })=\varphi \chi (u)`$ for all $`uU`$.

###### Lemma 7.4

Suppose that $`a^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ and $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^0`$ such that

$$a^{}a+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_++(\mathrm{ad}_rB)_+F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U}).$$

Then

$$(\phi 𝒳(a^{}))(\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=\phi (a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))$$
$`(7.8)`$
for all $`\phi 𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$.

Proof: By \[L4, Corollary 5.4\], $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ is a basis for $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$. Hence it is sufficient to verify (7.8) when $`\phi =\phi _\lambda `$ for $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. We use here facts from Section 1 introduced before Theorem 1.1. In particular, $`{}_{\varphi \chi (B)}{}^{}_{\varphi (B)}^{}`$ is the subspace of $`R_q[G]`$ consisting of left $`\varphi \chi (B)`$ and right $`\varphi (B)`$ invariants. Moreover, the space $`{}_{\varphi \chi (B)}{}^{}_{\varphi (B)}^{}`$ contains a distinguished basis $`\{g_\lambda ^{}|\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ such that the set $`\{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(g_\lambda ^{})|\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ satisfies (1.2). For each $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}(g_\lambda ^{})`$ is written as $`\phi _{\varphi (B),\varphi \chi (B)}^\lambda `$. By \[L4, Theorem 6.3\], $`\phi _{\varphi (B),\varphi \chi (B)}^\lambda =\phi _{B,B^{}}^\lambda =\phi _\lambda `$ for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

The discussion preceding this lemma implies that

$$a^{}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })+\varphi (B)_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\varphi \chi (B)_+.$$

Hence

$$g_\lambda ^{}(a^{}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=\phi _\lambda (a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })).$$

Recall that $`g_\lambda ^{}L(\lambda )^{\varphi \chi (B)}(L(\lambda )^{})^{\varphi (B)}.`$ Thus arguing as in Section 3 (preceding Theorem 3.6),

$$g_\lambda ^{}(a^{}\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(a^{}))g_\lambda ^{}(\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })).$$
$`(7.9)`$
The lemma now follows from Theorem 3.6 and the fact that $`g_\lambda ^{}(\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=\phi _\lambda (\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

By \[L4, Theorem 3.1\], $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ can be written as a direct sum of finite dimensional simple $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB)`$ modules. Consider an element $`aF_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. Since the action of $`\mathrm{ad}_rB`$ on $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is locally finite, $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB)a`$ is a finite dimenionsal submodule of $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. Now suppose that $`a(\mathrm{ad}_rB)_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. In particular, $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)a`$ has codimension $`1`$ in $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB)a`$. Since the action of $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB)`$ on $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ is completely reducible, it follows that there exists a nonzero element $`a^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that

$$(\mathrm{ad}_rB)a=𝒞a^{}(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)a.$$

We may further assume that $`a^{}`$ has been chosen so that

$$a^{}a+(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)a.$$

Now $`(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)\stackrel{ˇ}{U}\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B=0`$. Hence the choice of $`a^{}`$ is unique. Thus we have a linear map $`L:F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that $`L(a)`$ is the unique element of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ in the set $`a+(\mathrm{ad}_rB_+)a`$. (Note that $`L`$ is very similar to the so-called Letzter map studied in \[J3\].)

Recall that $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ acts on $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ (see the discussion following the proof of Corollary 3.3.) Given $`wW_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`u𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ we write $`wu`$ for the action of $`w`$ on $`u`$.

###### Lemma 7.5

Suppose that $`a^{}`$ is an element of $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ such that $`a^{}a+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+`$ where $`a𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ and

$$\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))0$$

Then $`𝒫_𝒜(L(a^{}))`$ is nonzero.

Proof: It is straightforward to check that the bilinear pairing between $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ and $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ given by $`<f,k>=f(k)`$ for all $`f𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ and $`k𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ is nondegenerate. Note that

$$\phi (a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=|W_\mathrm{\Theta }|^1\phi (\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho })))$$

for all $`\phi 𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$. Hence the assumptions on $`a`$ ensure that there exists $`\phi 𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ such that $`\phi (a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))0`$.

By the previous lemma and (7.9), $`g_\lambda (L(a^{})\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=z^\lambda (𝒫_𝒜(L(a^{}))g_\lambda (\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))=\phi _\lambda (a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))`$. Thus it is sufficient to find $`\lambda `$ such that $`\phi _\lambda (a\tau (\stackrel{~}{\rho }))`$ is nonzero. But the $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ form a basis for $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$. The result now follows using the nondegenerate pairing described in the first paragraph. $`\mathrm{}`$

We are now ready to associate an element of $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ to a minuscule or pseudominuscule restricted weight.

###### Lemma 7.6

There exists $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that

$$𝒫_𝒜(a)\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\eta })+\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\eta })𝒞[𝒜_{}]_+$$
$`(7.10)`$
where $`\stackrel{~}{\eta }`$ is a minuscule or pseudominuscule weight.

Proof: By the discussion preceding Theorem 3.6, $`𝒫_𝒜`$ restricted to $`Z(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$ agrees with the composition of $`𝒫`$ followed by the projection onto $`𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒜}]`$ using (3.5). Suppose that $`\eta P^+(\pi )`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\eta }`$ is a minuscule or pseudominuscule restricted weight with respect to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Then the description (4.8) of the image of the central elements under $`𝒫`$ ensures that $`c_\eta `$ satisfies (7.10). Thus we may reduce to the cases when $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is of type EIV, EVII, or EIX. We assume first that $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is of type EIV.

Recall that $`\omega _i`$ is the fundamental weight corresponding to the simple root $`\alpha _i`$ in $`\pi `$ and $`\omega _i^{}`$ is the fundamental weight corresponding to the restricted root $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i`$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. One checks that $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_6=2\omega _6^{}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=2\omega _1^{}`$, and $`w_0\omega _6=\omega _1`$. Consider the $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)`$ submodule $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _6)`$ of $`F_r(\stackrel{ˇ}{U})`$. Note that the only restricted dominant integral weights less than $`2\omega _1^{}`$ is $`\omega _6^{}`$.

By Lemma 7.2,

$$𝒫_𝒜(a)\tau (4\omega _1^{})𝒞[𝒜_{}]_+$$

for any $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _6)`$. On the other hand, Corollary 6.8 and Theorem 3.6 ensure that $`\mathrm{gr}(𝒫_𝒜(a))`$ is a linear combination of terms of the form $`\tau (2\gamma )`$ where $`\gamma P^+(\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Hence if $`a\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _6)`$, then

$$𝒫_𝒜(a)\tau (2\gamma )+\tau (2\gamma )𝒞[𝒜_{}]_+$$

where $`\gamma =\omega _6^{}`$, or $`\gamma =2\omega _1^{}`$. Thus it is sufficient to find two elements $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _6)`$ such that $`𝒫_𝒜(a_1)`$ and $`𝒫_𝒜(a_2)`$ are linearly independent.

Note that $`\tau (2\omega _6)`$ is in $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _6)`$. It is straightforward to check that $`4\omega _6^{}2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6=2\omega _1^{}`$. Hence $`\tau (2\omega _1^{})\tau (2\omega _6)\tau (2\alpha _6)+𝒞[\stackrel{ˇ}{T}_\mathrm{\Theta }]_+.`$

The action $`\mathrm{ad}_r`$ is a right action. In particular, $`(\mathrm{ad}_ruv)w=(\mathrm{ad}_rv)(\mathrm{ad}_ru)w`$ for all $`u,v,`$ and $`w\stackrel{ˇ}{U}`$. A direct computation yields that

| $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_6x_6)`$ | $`\tau (2\omega _6)q^1\tau (2\omega _6)`$ |
| --- | --- |
|  | $`=q^2(1q^2)^2\tau (2\omega _6)t_6^1y_6x_6q^1\tau (2\omega _6)t_6^2.`$ |

Recall that $`x_5`$ and $`y_5`$ are elements of $``$. Arguing as in Lemma 4.3, one has, up to a nonzero scalar, that $`y_6y_5x_5x_6`$ is an element of $`y_6x_6+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+U+U(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.`$ Using this fact, it is straightforward to show that up to a nonzero scalar

$$(\mathrm{ad}_ry_5x_5)(\mathrm{ad}_ry_6x_6)\tau (2\omega _6)\tau (2\omega _6)t_6^1y_6x_6+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

Thus a suitable linear combination of the terms $`\tau (2\omega _6)`$, $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_6x_6)\tau (2\omega _6)`$ and $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_6x_6y_5x_5)\tau (2\omega _6)`$ yields an element $`b(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _6)`$ such that

$$b\tau (2\omega _1^{})+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

Set $`a_1=L(\tau (2\omega _6))`$ and $`a_2=L(b)`$. Note that $`2\omega _1^{}+\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ and $`4\omega _6^{}+\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ are distinct dominant restricted weights and hence are in different orbits with respect to the action of $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$. It follows from Lemma 7.5 that $`𝒫_𝒜(a_1)`$, and $`𝒫_𝒜(a_2)`$ are linearly independent. This completes the proof of the lemma when $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is of type EIV for the restricted minuscule weight $`\omega _1^{}`$. The same argument works for the restricted minuscule weight $`\omega _6^{}`$ using the diagram automorphism of E<sub>6</sub> which sends $`\alpha _1`$ to $`\alpha _6`$.

Now consider the case when $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is of type EVII. In this case, we use the $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)`$ module $`(\mathrm{ad}_rU)\tau (2\omega _7)`$. Note that $`\omega _7^{}=\stackrel{~}{\omega }_7`$ and $`\omega _1^{}`$ are the only dominant integral restricted weights less than or equal to $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_7`$. Furthermore, as above, there exists a linear combination $`b`$ of $`\tau (2\omega _7)`$, $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_7y_6x_7x_6)\tau (2\omega _7)`$ and $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_7y_6x_7x_6y_5x_5)\tau (2\omega _7)`$ such that

$$b\tau (2\omega _1^{})+𝒞\tau (2(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_7\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7))+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

One checks that $`2\omega _1^{}+\stackrel{~}{\rho },2(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_7\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7)+\stackrel{~}{\rho },`$ and $`\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\omega }_7)+\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ are in different $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ orbits. Hence Lemma 7.5 ensures that $`𝒫_𝒜(L(\tau (2\omega _7)))`$ and $`𝒫(L(b))`$ are linearly independent and the proof follows in this case. Similarly, if $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is of type EIX, one can find a linear combination $`b`$ of $`\tau (2\omega _8)`$, $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_8y_7y_6x_8x_7x_6)\tau (2\lambda )`$ and $`(\mathrm{ad}_ry_8y_7y_6x_8x_7x_6y_5x_5)\tau (2\lambda )`$ such that $`b`$ is an element of

$$\tau (2\omega _1^{})+𝒞\tau (2(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_8\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_8))+𝒞\tau (2(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_8\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_8\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7))+(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}+\stackrel{ˇ}{U}(T_\mathrm{\Theta })_+.$$

In this case, there are three dominant integral weights, $`1`$, $`\omega _1^{}`$, and $`\omega _8^{}`$, less than or equal to $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_8=\omega _8^{}`$. Now the $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ orbits of $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$, $`2\omega _1^{}+\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$, $`2(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_8\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_8)+\stackrel{~}{\rho },(\stackrel{~}{\omega }_8\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_8\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7)+\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$, and $`2\stackrel{~}{\omega }_8+\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ are distinct. This combined with Lemma 7.5 implies that the three elements $`𝒫_𝒜(1),𝒫_𝒜(L(\tau (2\omega _8)),`$ and $`𝒫_𝒜(L(b))`$ are linearly independent. The desired element $`a`$ in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ which satisfies (2.10) is then a suitable linear combination of $`1`$, $`L(\tau (2\omega _8)`$, and $`L(b)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Using the proof of Lemma 7.1, we can compute the radial components of the “small” elements in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ described in Lemma 7.6.

###### Theorem 7.7

Suppose that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is a minuscule weight of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Then there exists an element $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that

$$𝒳(c)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p).$$

If $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is of type F4, G2, or E8, and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is the pseudominuscule weight of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, then there exists an element $`c`$ in $`\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that

$$𝒳(c)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w[p^1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })p(1\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu }))].$$

Proof: If $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is not of type EIV, EVII, or EIX, then the result follows from Lemma 7.1 and the paragraph immediately following the lemma. More generally, let $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ be a minuscule or pseudominuscule weight of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Then Lemma 7.6 guarantees the existence of an element $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that $`\mathrm{gr}𝒫_𝒜(c)=\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })`$. Arguing as in the proof of Lemma 7.1, using Corollary 6.8 and Theorem 3.6 (instead of Theorem 6.7 and Corollary 3.3) we see that $`𝒳(c)`$ has the desired form. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 8 Macdonald Polynomials

In this section we express the zonal spherical functions as Macdonald polynomials. Formally, Macdonald polynomials associated to a root system are Laurent polynomials which depend on an indeterminate $`a`$ and a system of parameters $`g=\{g_\alpha |\alpha `$ is a root$`\}`$ such that $`g_\alpha =g_{w\alpha }`$ for all $`w`$ in the corresponding Weyl group. Often, however, the $`g_\alpha `$ are taken to be powers of $`a`$. We will take this point of view here in reviewing basic facts and notations concerning these polynomials. To further simplify the presentation, we assume that $`a`$ is a power of $`q`$ and that the $`g_\alpha `$ are rational powers of $`a`$. In particular, each $`g_\alpha `$ is an element of $`𝒞`$.

Let $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}`$ denote the dual root system to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. For each $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, set

$$m_\lambda =\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}z^{w\lambda }.$$

The set of Macdonald polynomials $`\{P_\lambda (a,g)|\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ associated to $`2\mathrm{\Sigma },\stackrel{ˇ}{2}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is the unique basis of $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^{W_\mathrm{\Theta }}`$ which satisfy the following conditions:

1. The polynomials are orthogonal with respect to the Macdonald inner product at $`a,g`$.
2. There exists scalars $`a_{\lambda ,\mu }`$ in $`𝒞`$ such that $`P_\lambda (a,g)=m_\lambda +_{\mu <\lambda }a_{\lambda ,\mu }m_\mu `$ for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$.

For more details, the reader is referred to \[M2\] or \[Ki\].

Macdonald polynomials can also be characterized using certain difference operators associated to minuscule and pseudominuscule weights. In particular, set $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=a^{2(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\alpha })}`$ for $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. Recall (6.3) the definition of $`(x;a)_{\mathrm{}}.`$ Let

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+=\underset{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }^+}{}\frac{(z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }};a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }})_{\mathrm{}}}{(g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}z^{2\stackrel{~}{\alpha }};a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }})_{\mathrm{}}}.$$

Given $`\beta P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$, define an operator $`T_\beta `$ on $`𝒞[Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ by

$$T_\beta z^\alpha =q^{(\beta ,\alpha )}z^\alpha .$$

Let $`D_\beta (a,g)`$ be the operator on $`𝒞[Q(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]`$ defined by

$$D_\beta (a,g)(f)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+)^1\left(T_\beta (\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+f)\right).$$

Similarly, let $`E_\beta (a,g)`$ be the operator on $`𝐂[a,g][z^\alpha |\alpha \mathrm{\Sigma }]`$ defined by

$$E_\beta (a,g)(f)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+)^1\left((T_\beta (\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+))((T_\beta 1)f)\right).$$

Set $`F_\beta `$ equal to the difference operator $`D_\beta `$ if $`\beta `$ is a minuscule weight of $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and equal to the difference operator $`E_\beta `$ if $`\beta `$ is pseudominuscule of $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. The following result summarizes the relationship between Macdonald polynomials and these difference operators.

###### Theorem 8.1

(\[M2\]) Let $`S`$ be a subset of $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ consisting of

1. one minuscule weight if $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is not of type $`D_n`$, E8, F4, or G2
2. both minuscule weights if $`2\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is of type $`D_n`$
3. one pseudominuscule weight if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is of type E8, F4, or G2.

Then the set $`\{P_\lambda (a,g)|\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ is the unique basis of $`𝒞[P(2\mathrm{\Sigma })]^W`$ satisfying (8.2) which consists of eigenvectors for the action of $`F_\beta `$ as $`\beta `$ ranges over $`S`$.

In order to identify the zonal spherical functions with Macdonald polynomials, we show that the action of certain central elements (or more generally $`B`$ invariant elements) on the right correspond to the left action of the difference operators described above.

###### Theorem 8.2

Let $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ be an irreducible symmetric pair. Let $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ denote the unique $`W_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ invariant zonal spherical family associated to $``$. Then

$$\phi _\lambda =P_\lambda (a,g)$$

for all $`\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })`$. Here $`a=q`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=q^{mult(\stackrel{~}{\alpha })(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\alpha })(\alpha ,\alpha )/2}`$ for each $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

Proof: Let $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ be a minuscule weight in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ if $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is not of type F4, EVIII, or G2 and pseudominuscule otherwise. Note that when $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is minuscule, so is $`w_0^{}\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ and similarly if $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is pseudominuscule then so is $`w_0^{}\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$. Consider first the case when $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is minuscule. Applying Theorem 7.7 to the weight $`w_0^{}\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ shows that there exists $`c\stackrel{ˇ}{U}^B`$ such that

$$𝒳(c)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w(p^1\tau (2w_0^{}\stackrel{~}{\mu })p).$$
$`(8.3)`$
It is straightforward to see that $`w_0^{}(p^1)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+`$ using the definition of $`p`$ given in Theorem 6.7. Hence we can rewrite (8.3) as

$$𝒳(c)=\underset{wW_\mathrm{\Theta }}{}w((\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+\tau (2\stackrel{~}{\mu })(\mathrm{\Delta }_{a,g}^+)^1)$$

It follows that the right action of $`𝒳(c)`$ agrees with the left action of $`D_{2\stackrel{~}{\mu }}(a,g)`$. Thus the basis $`\{\phi _\lambda |\lambda P^+(2\mathrm{\Sigma })\}`$ is a basis of eigenvectors for the action of $`D_{2\stackrel{~}{\mu }}(a,g)`$ satifying (8.2) when $`\mu `$ is minuscule. The theorem now follows from Theorem 8.1 when $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is minuscule. A similar argument using the operators $`E_{2\stackrel{~}{\mu }}(a,g)`$ works for $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ pseudominuscule. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 9 Appendix

We include in this appendix a complete list of all irreducible symmetric pairs with reduced restricted roots using Araki’s classification \[A\]. For each case, we explicitly describe the involution $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and the restricted roots $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$. (This information can also be read off the table in \[A\]). We further give the values of $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ and $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ for $`\alpha \pi ^{}`$ in each case. Moreover, if $`\text{g},\text{g}^\theta `$ is not of type EIV,EVII, or EIX, then we explicitly give $`\mu P^+(\pi )`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is the pseudominuscule or minuscule weight of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

Note that in Case 1 below, when $`\text{g}_1`$ and $`\text{g}_2`$ are simply laced, we have $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}=g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}`$ for all restricted roots $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$. In particular, $`a=g`$ in these cases and the resulting Macdonald polynomials are just the Weyl character formulas.

Case I: $`\text{g}=\text{g}_1\text{g}_2`$ where both $`\text{g}_1`$ and $`\text{g}_2`$ are simple and isomorphic to each other. Let $`\pi _1=\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ denote the simple roots corresponding to $`\text{g}_1`$ and $`\pi _2=\{\alpha _{n+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _{2n}\}`$ denote the roots for $`\text{g}_2`$. We further assume that $`\alpha _i\alpha _{i+n}`$ defines the isomorphism between the two root systems.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{i+n}`$ for $`1in`$; $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n\}`$ and is of the same type as $`\text{g}_1`$; $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is minuscule (resp. pseudominuscule) when $`\mu `$ is a minuscule (resp. pseudominuscule) weight of $`\text{g}_1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)}`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^{(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)(\alpha _i,\alpha _i)/2}`$ for each $`i`$.

Case II: g is simple

Type AI g is of type $`A_n`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$, for $`1in`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ is of type $`A_n`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for all $`1in`$.

Type AII g is of type $`A_n`$, where $`n=2m+1`$ is odd and $`n3`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2j+1`$, $`0jm`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{i1}\alpha _i\alpha _{i+1}`$ for $`i=2j,1jm`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|i=2j+1,0jm\}`$ is of type $`A_n`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ is minuscule where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ for all $`i`$, $`i=2j,1jm`$.

Type AIII Case 2: g is of type $`A_n`$ where $`n=2m+1`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{ni+1}`$ for $`1in`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|1im\}`$ is of type $`C_m`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`1im1`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_m}=q^4`$, and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`1im`$.

Type BI g is of type $`B_n`$, $`r`$ is an integer such that $`2rn`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`r+1in`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`1ir1`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _r)=2\alpha _{r+1}2\alpha _{r+2}\mathrm{}2\alpha _n.`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_r\}`$ is of type $`B_r`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _r^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _n`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`1ir1`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_r}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_r}=q^{2(nr)+1}`$.

Type BII g is of type $`B_n`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`2in`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=2\alpha _22\alpha _3\mathrm{}2\alpha _n.`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1\}`$ is of type $`A_1`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _n`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1}=q^{2n1}`$.

Type CI g is of type $`C_n`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`1in`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n\}`$ is of type $`C_n`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`1in1`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n}=q^8`$, and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n}=q^4`$.

Type CII Case 2: g is of type $`C_n`$ where $`n3`$ is even.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2j1,1jn/2,`$ $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{i1}\alpha _i\alpha _{i+1}`$ for $`i=2j,1j(n2)/2`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _n)=\alpha _n2\alpha _{n1}`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i|i=2j,1jn/2\}`$ is of type $`C_{n/2}`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _2^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ for $`i=2j,1j(n2)/2`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n}=q^{12}`$.

Type DI Case 1: g is of type $`D_n`$, $`r`$ is an integer such that $`2rn2`$

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`r+1in`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`1ir1`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _r)=\alpha _r2\alpha _{r+1}\mathrm{}2\alpha _{n2}\alpha _{n1}\alpha _n`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_r\}`$ is of type $`B_r`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _r^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _n`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`1ir1`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_r}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_r}=q^{2(nr)}`$.

Type DI Case 2: g is of type $`D_n`$, $`n4`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`1in2`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _{n1})=\alpha _n,\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _n)=\alpha _{n1}`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{n1}\}`$ is of type $`B_{n1}`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _{n1}^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _{n1}`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ for $`1in2`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{n1}}=q^2`$, and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`1in1`$.

Type DI Case 3: g is of type $`D_n`$, $`n4`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`1in`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ is of type $`D_n`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }_i=\omega _{ni}`$ where $`\mu _i=\omega _{ni}`$, for $`i=0`$ and $`i=1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for all $`1in`$.

Type DII g is of type $`D_n`$, $`n4`$.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`2in`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=\alpha _12\alpha _2\mathrm{}2\alpha _{n2}\alpha _{n1}\alpha _n`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1\}`$ is of type $`A_1`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _n`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1}=q^{2(n1)}`$.

Type DIII Case 1: g is of type $`D_n`$ where $`n`$ is even,

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2j1,1jn/2`$. $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{i1}\alpha _i\alpha _{i+1}`$ for for $`i=2j,1j(n2)/2`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _n)=\alpha _n`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_2,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_4,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n\}`$ is of type $`C_n`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _2^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$for $`i=2j,1j(n2)/2`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n}=q^4`$, and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_n}=q^2`$.

Type E1 g is of type E6.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for all $`i`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6\}`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _6^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _6`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for all $`1in`$.

Type EII g is of type E6.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _{p(i)}`$ where $`p(1)=6,p(3)=5,p(4)=4,p(2)=2,p(5)=3,`$ and $`p(6)=1`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_2,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_4,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_3,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1\}`$ is of type F4.

pseudominuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`i=3,1`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ for $`i=2,4`$, and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$, for $`i=1,2,3,4`$.

Type EIV g is of type E6.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2,3,4,5`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=\alpha _12\alpha _32\alpha _4\alpha _5\alpha _2`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _6)=\alpha _62\alpha _52\alpha _4\alpha _3\alpha _2`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6\}`$ is of type A3.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^8`$ for $`i=1,6`$.

Type EV g is of type E7.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for all $`i`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7\}`$.

minuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _7^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _7`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for all $`1i7`$.

Type EVI g is of type E7.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2,5,7`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _6)=\alpha _6\alpha _5\alpha _7`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _4)=\alpha _2\alpha _5\alpha _4`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=1,3`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_3,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_4,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6\}`$ is of type F4.

pseudominuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _6^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _7`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`i=1,3`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ for $`i=4,6`$.

Type EVII g is of type E7.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2,3,4,5`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=\alpha _12\alpha _32\alpha _4\alpha _2\alpha _5`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _6)=\alpha _62\alpha _42\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _7)=\alpha _7`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7\}`$ is of type C3.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^8`$ for $`i=1,6`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`i=7`$.

Type EVIII g is of type E8.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for all $`i`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_8\}`$ is of type E8.

pseudominuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _8^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _8`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for all $`1i8`$.

Type EIX g is of type E8.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=2,3,4,5`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _1)=\alpha _12\alpha _32\alpha _4\alpha _2\alpha _5`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _6)=\alpha _62\alpha _42\alpha _5\alpha _2\alpha _3`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=7,8`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_8,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_7,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_6,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1\}`$ is of type F4.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^8`$ for $`i=1,6`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`i=7,8`$.

Type FI g is of type F4.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=1,2,3,4`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_2,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_3,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_4\}`$ is of type F4.

pseudominuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _4^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _4^{}`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`i=1,2`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q`$ for $`i=3,4`$.

Type G g is of type G2.

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(\alpha _i)=\alpha _i`$ for $`i=1,2`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_1,\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_2\}`$ is of type G2.

pseudominuscule weight: $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=\omega _1^{}`$ where $`\mu =\omega _1^{}`$.

$`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^4`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^2`$ for $`i=1`$, $`a_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^{12}`$ and $`g_{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_i}=q^{18}`$ for $`i=2`$.

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