text:
# Universal graphs at the successor of a singular cardinal

## 0 Introduction

The question of the existence of a universal graph of certain cardinality and with certain properties has been the subject of much research in mathematics (\[FuKo\], \[Kj\], \[KoSh 492\], \[Rd\], \[Sh 175a\], \[Sh 500\]). By universality we mean here that every other graph of the same size embeds into the universal graph. In the presence of $`GCH`$ it follows from the classical results in model theory (\[ChKe\]) that such a graph exists at every uncountable cardinality, and it is well known that the random graph (\[Rd\]) is universal for countable graphs (although the situation is not so simple when certain requirements on the graphs are imposed, see \[KoSh 492\]). When the assumption of $`GCH`$ is dropped, it becomes much harder to construct universal objects, and it is in fact usually rather easy to obtain negative consistency results by adding Cohen subsets to the universe (see \[KjSh 409\] for a discussion of this). For some classes of graphs there are no universal objects as soon as $`GCH`$ fails sufficiently (\[Kj\]), while for others there can exist consistently a small family of the class that acts jointly as a universal object for the class at the given cardinality (\[Sh 457\], \[DjSh 614\]). Much of what is known in the absence of $`GCH`$ is known about successors of regular cardinals (\[Sh 457\], \[DjSh 614\]). In \[Sh 175a\] there is a positive consistency result concerning the existence of a universal graph at the successor of singular $`\mu `$ where $`\mu `$ is not a strong limit. In this paper we address the issue of the existence of a universal graph at the successor of a singular strong limit and obtain a positive consistency results regarding the existence of a small family of such graphs that act jointly as universal for the graphs of the same size.

In addressing this specific problem, the paper also offers a step towards the solution of a more general problem of doing iterated forcing in connection with the successor of a singular. This is the case because the result about universal graphs is obtained as an application of a more general method. The method relies on an iteration of $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed $`\theta \kappa ^+`$-cc forcing, followed by the Prikry forcing for a normal ultrafilter $`𝒟`$ built by the iteration. The cardinal $`\kappa `$ here is supercompact in the ground model. The idea is that the Prikry forcing for $`𝒟`$ can be controlled by the iteration, as $`𝒟`$ is being built in the process as the union of an increasing sequence of normal filters that appear during the iteration. Apart from building $`𝒟`$, the iteration also takes care of the particular application it is aimed at by predicting the $`𝒟`$-names of the relevant objects and taking care of them (in our application, these objects are graphs on $`\kappa ^+`$). The iteration is followed by the Prikry forcing for $`𝒟`$, so changing the cofinality of $`\kappa `$ to $`\mathrm{}_0`$. Before doing the iteration we prepare $`\kappa `$ by rendering its supercompactness indestructible by $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed forcing through the use of Laver’s diamond (\[La\]). Not only do we the use the indestructibility of $`\kappa `$, but Laver’s diamond itself plays a crucial role in the definition of the iteration. We note that the result has an unusual feature in which the iteration is not constructed directly, but the existence of such an iteration is proved and used.

Some of the ideas connected to the forcing scheme discussed in this paper were pursued by A. Mekler and S. Shelah in \[MkSh 274\], and by M. Gitik and S. Shelah in \[GiSh 597\], both in turn relaying on M. Magidor’s independence proof for $`SCH`$ at $`\mathrm{}_\omega `$ \[Ma 1\], \[Ma 2\] and Laver’s indestructibility method, \[La\]. In \[MkSh 274\]§3 the idea of guessing Prikry names of an object after the final collapse is present, while \[GiSh 597\] considers densities of box topologies, and for the particular forcing used there presents a scheme similar to the one we use (although the iteration is different). The latter paper also reduced the strength of a large cardinal needed for the iteration to a hyper-measurable. The difference between \[GiSh 597\] and our results is that the individual forcing used in \[GiSh 597\] is basically Cohen forcing, while our interest here is to give a general axiomatic framework under which the scheme can be applied for many types of forcing notions.

The investigation of the consistent existence of universal objects also has relevance in model theory. The idea here is to classify theories in model theory by the size of their universality spectrum, and much research has been done to confirm that this classification is interesting from the model-theoretic point of view (\[GrSh 174\], \[KjSh 409\], \[Sh 500\], \[DjSh 614\]). The results here sound a word of caution to this programme. Our construction builds $`\mu ^{++}`$ graphs on $`\mu ^+`$ that are universal for the graphs on $`\mu ^+`$, while $`2^{\mu ^+}>>\mu ^{++}`$ and $`\mu `$ is a strong limit singular of cofinality $`\mathrm{}_0`$. In this model we naturally obtain club guessing on $`S_\mathrm{}_0^{\mu ^+}`$ for order type $`\mu `$, and this will prevent the prototype of a stable unsuperstable theory $`\mathrm{Th}(^\omega \omega ,E_n)_{n<\omega }`$ from having a small universal family, see \[Sh 457\], \[KjSh 447\]. Hence the universality spectrum at such $`\mu ^+`$ classifies the prototype of a simple unstable theory (the theory of a random graph), as less complicated than the prototype of a stable unsuperstable theory, contrary to the expectation. A possible conclusion is that one should concentrate the investigation of the universality spectrum as a dividing line for unstable theories only on the case $`\lambda ^+`$ with $`\lambda =\lambda ^{<\lambda }`$, as the case of the successor of a singular is too sensitive to the set theory involved.

There are several further questions that this paper brings to mind. From the point of view of model theory it would be interesting to determine which other first order theories fit the scheme of this paper and from the point of view of graph theory one would like to improve the result on the existence of $`\mu ^{++}`$ jointly universal graphs to having just one universal graph. Set-theoretically, we would like to be able to replace $`\mu `$ an unspecified singular strong limit by $`\mu =\mathrm{}_\omega `$, as well as to investigate singulars of different cofinality than $`\mathrm{}_0`$. We did not concentrate here on obtaining the right consistency strength for our results, suggesting another question that may be addressed in the future work.

The paper is organised as follows. The major issue is to define the iteration used in the second step of the above scheme, which is done in certain generality in §1. We give there a sufficient condition for a one step forcing to fit the general scheme, so obtaining an axiomatic version of the method. In §2 we give the application to the existence of $`\mu ^{++}`$ universal graphs of size $`\mu ^+`$ for $`\mu `$ the successor of a strong limit singular of cofinality $`\mathrm{}_0`$.

Most of our notation is entirely standard, with the possible exception of

###### Notation 0.1

For $`\alpha `$ and ordinal and a regular cardinal $`\kappa <\alpha `$, we let

$$S_\kappa ^\alpha \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\beta <\alpha :\mathrm{cf}(\beta )=\kappa \}.$$

## 1 The general framework for forcing

###### Definition 1.1

Suppose that $`\kappa `$ is a strongly inaccessible cardinal $`>\mathrm{}_0`$. A function $`h:\kappa (\kappa )`$ is called Laver’s diamond on $`\kappa `$ iff for every $`x`$ and $`\lambda `$, there is an elementary embedding $`𝐣:VM`$ with

(1) $`\mathrm{crit}(𝐣)=\kappa `$ and $`𝐣(\kappa )>\lambda `$,

(2) $`{}_{}{}^{\lambda }MM`$,

(3) $`(𝐣(h))(\kappa )=x`$.

###### Theorem 1.2

Laver (\[La\]) Suppose that $`\kappa `$ is a supercompact cardinal. Then there is a Laver’s diamond on $`\kappa `$.

###### Hypothesis 1.3

We work in a universe $`V`$ that satisfies

(1) $`\kappa `$ is a supercompact cardinal, $`\theta =\mathrm{cf}(\theta )\kappa ^+`$ and $`GCH`$ holds at and above $`\kappa `$,

(2) $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^\theta =\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\&\chi =\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^+`$ and

(3) $`h:\kappa (\kappa )`$ is a Laver’s diamond.

###### Remark 1.4

It is well known that the consistency of the above hypothesis follows from the consistency of the existence of a supercompact cardinal. We in fact only use the $`\chi `$-supercompactness of $`\kappa `$.

###### Definition 1.5

Laver (\[La\]) We define

R¯=Rα+,Rβ

~
:ακ,β<κ,\bar{R}=\langle R^{+}_{\alpha},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R_{\beta}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R_{\beta}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R_{\beta}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R_{\beta}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}:\,\alpha\leq\kappa,\beta<\kappa\rangle,
an iteration done with Easton supports, and a strictly increasing sequence $`\lambda _\alpha :\alpha <\kappa `$ of cardinals, where   $`R_\alpha `$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   and $`\lambda _\alpha `$ are defined by induction on $`\alpha <\kappa `$ as follows.

If

(1) h(α)=(P

~
,λ)𝛼𝑃

~
𝜆h(\alpha)=(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}},\lambda), where $`\lambda `$ is a cardinal and    $`P`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is a $`R_\alpha ^+`$-name of $`(<\alpha )`$-directed-closed forcing, and

(2) $`(\beta <\alpha )[\lambda _\beta <\alpha ]`$,

we let R

~
α=defP

~
superscriptdefsubscript𝑅

~
𝛼𝑃

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}} and $`\lambda _\alpha \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\lambda `$. Otherwise, let R

~
α=def{}superscriptdefsubscript𝑅

~
𝛼\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\{\emptyset\} and $`\lambda _\alpha \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}sup_{\beta <\alpha }\lambda _\beta `$.

The extension in $`R_\alpha ^+`$ is defined by letting

$$pq[\mathrm{Dom}(p)\mathrm{Dom}(q)\&(i\mathrm{Dom}(q))(qi\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}p(i)q(i)\mathrm{"})],$$

(where $`p`$ denotes the weaker condition).

###### Remark 1.6

The forcing $`R_\kappa ^+`$ used in this section is Laver’s forcing from \[La\] which makes the supercompactness of $`\kappa `$ indestructible under any $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed forcing.

###### Convention 1.7

Definitions 1.8 and 1.11, Claim 1.12 and Observation 1.13 take place in $`V_1\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{V}^{\mathrm{R}_\kappa ^+}`$. Notice that $`\kappa ^+\mathrm{cf}(\theta )=\theta <\chi `$ still holds in $`V_1`$, as $`\mathrm{Rang}(h)(\kappa )`$, and that $`\kappa `$ is still supercompact.

###### Definition 1.8

We define the family $`𝒦_\theta `$ as the family of all sequences

Q¯=Pi,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<i=lg(Q¯)<χ\bar{Q}=\langle P_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,i<i^{\ast}={\rm lg}(\bar{Q})<\chi\rangle
which satisfy

(1) $`P_i(\chi )`$ (and each $`P_i`$ is a forcing notion, which will follow from the rest of the definition),

(2) $`P_i:i<i^{}`$ is $`<`$-increasing and each satisfies $`\chi `$-cc,

(3) Q

~
isubscript𝑄

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} is a $`P_i`$-name of a member of $`(\chi )`$ (hence of cardinality $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$),

(4) If $`\mathrm{cf}(i)\kappa `$, then $`P_i=_{j<i}P_j`$,

(5) A

~
isubscript𝐴

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} is a canonical $`P_{i+1}`$-name of a subset of $`\kappa `$,

(6) Letting $`G_i`$ be $`P_i`$-generic over $`V_1`$, then in $`V_1[G_i]`$,

(a) $`\mathrm{NUF}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{𝒟:𝒟\text{ a normal ultrafilter on }\kappa \}`$,

(b) for every $`𝒟\mathrm{NUF}`$ we are given a $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed forcing notion $`Q_𝒟^i(\chi )^{V_1[G_i]}`$ whose minimal element is denoted by $`\mathrm{}_{Q_𝒟^i}`$,

(7) With the notation of (6), we have that Q

~
i[Gi]subscript𝑄

~
𝑖delimited-[]subscript𝐺𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}[G_{i}] is

$$\{\mathrm{}\}\mathrm{NUF}\{\{𝒟\}\times Q_𝒟^i:𝒟\mathrm{NUF}\}.$$

(8) The order on Q

~
i[Gi]subscript𝑄

~
𝑖delimited-[]subscript𝐺𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}[G_{i}] is given by letting

$$xy\text{ iff }[x=y\text{ or }x=\mathrm{}\text{ or }(x=𝒟\mathrm{NUF}\&y\{x\}\times Q_𝒟^i)\text{ or }$$

$$x=(𝒟,x^{}),y=(𝒟,y^{})\text{ for some }𝒟\mathrm{NUF}\text{ and }Q_𝒟^i\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}x^{}y^{}\mathrm{"}],$$

(9) We have

Pi=def{p:(i)p is a function with domain i,(ii)jDom(p)p(j) is a canonical Pj-name  of a member of
Q
~
j(iii)|SDom(p)|<κ (see below)},P_{i}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\left\{p:\,\begin{array}[]{ll}{\rm(i)}\,p\mbox{ is a function with domain }\subseteq i,\\
{\rm(ii)}\,j\in{\rm Dom}(p)\implies p(j)\mbox{ is a canonical }P_{j}\mbox{-name }\\
\quad\mbox{ of a member of }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j}\\
{\rm(iii)}\,{|S{\rm Dom}(p)|}<\kappa\mbox{ (see below)}\end{array}\right\},
ordered by letting

$$pq[\mathrm{Dom}(p)\mathrm{Dom}(q)\&(i\mathrm{Dom}(q))(qip(i)q(i))],$$

where

(Definition 1.8 continues below)

###### Notation 1.9

(A) For $`i<i^{}`$, and $`pP_i`$, we let

SDom(p)=def{jDom(p):¬[pjPj``p(j){}NUF

~
{(𝒟

~
,𝒟

~
j):𝒟NUF

~
}"]},superscriptdef𝑆Dom𝑝conditional-setjDompdelimited-[]pjsubscriptforcessubscriptPj``pjNUF

~
conditional-set𝒟

~
subscriptsuperscriptj𝒟

~
𝒟fragmentsNUF

~
"S{\rm Dom}(p)\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\left\{j\in{\rm Dom}(p):\,\neg\left[p\upharpoonright j\Vdash_{P_{j}}\begin{split}``p(j)\in\{\emptyset\}\cup\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\\
\cup\{(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}},\emptyset^{j}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}):\,{\cal D}\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle NUF$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle NUF$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle NUF$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle NUF$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\}"\\
\end{split}\right]\right\},
(B) For $`i<i^{}`$ and $`pP_i`$ we call $`p`$ purely full iff:

$`S\mathrm{Dom}(p)=\mathrm{}`$ and for every $`j<i`$ we have

pjPj``p(j)NUF

~
".𝑝𝑗subscriptforcessubscript𝑃𝑗``𝑝𝑗NUF

~
"p\upharpoonright j\Vdash_{P_{j}}``p(j)\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}".
(C) Suppose that $`i<i^{}`$ and $`pP_i`$ is purely full, we define

Pi/p=def{qPi:qp&each q(j) has form (𝒟

~
,x) for some x},superscriptdefsubscript𝑃𝑖𝑝conditional-setqsubscriptPiqpeach qj has form 𝒟

~
x for some xP_{i}/p\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\{q\in P_{i}:\,q\geq p\,\,\&\,\,\mbox{each }q(j)\mbox{ has form
}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}},x)\mbox{ for some }x\},
with the order inherited from $`P_i`$.

(Definition 1.8 continues:)

(10) For every $`ii^{}`$ and $`pP_i`$ which is purely full we have that $`P_i/p`$ satisfies $`\theta `$-cc and $`P_i/p(\chi )`$.

###### Observation 1.10

(1) If $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta `$ and $`i<\mathrm{lg}(\overline{\theta })`$, then Pi+1=PiQ

~
isubscript𝑃𝑖1subscript𝑃𝑖subscript𝑄

~
𝑖P_{i+1}=P_{i}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}.

(2) Assuming that Pj,Q

~
j,A

~
j:j<i𝒦θ\langle P_{j},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j}:\,j<i\rangle\in{\cal K}_{\theta} and (5)-(10) above hold, we can see that Pj,Q

~
j,A

~
j:ji𝒦θ\langle P_{j},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j}:\,j\leq i\rangle\in{\cal K}_{\theta}. Hence $`𝒦_\theta `$ can be alternatively defined by specifying when Pj,Q

~
j,A

~
j:j<i𝒦θ\langle P_{j},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{j}:\,j<i\rangle\in{\cal K}_{\theta} by induction on $`i<\chi `$.

###### Definition 1.11

(1) Let $`\kappa ^+\mathrm{cf}(\theta )=\theta <\chi `$. We define the family $`𝒦_\theta ^+`$ as the family of all sequences

Q¯=Pi,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<χ\bar{Q}=\langle P_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,i<\chi\rangle
such that

$$i<\chi \overline{Q}i𝒦_\theta .$$

We let $`P_\chi \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}<\chi }\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{i}`$.

(2) Suppose that $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta ^+`$ and $`p_i:i<\chi `$ with $`p_iP_{\zeta _i}`$ are purely full and increasing in $`P_\chi `$, where $`\zeta _i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{min}\{\zeta :\mathrm{p}_\mathrm{i}\mathrm{P}_\zeta \}`$ (so if $`i<j`$ then $`p_i=p_j\zeta _i`$). We define

$$P_\chi /_{i<\chi }p_i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{q}\mathrm{P}_\chi :(\mathrm{i}<\chi )[\mathrm{q}\zeta _\mathrm{i}\mathrm{P}_{\zeta _\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{p}_\mathrm{i}]\},$$

with the order inherited from $`P_\chi `$.

###### Claim 1.12

(1) If $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta `$, then for all $`i\mathrm{lg}(\overline{Q})`$, we have that $`P_i`$ is $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed.

(2) Similarly for $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta ^+`$.

Proof of the Claim. (1) Given a directed family $`\{p_\alpha :\alpha <\alpha ^{}<\kappa \}`$ of conditions in $`P_i`$. We shall define a common extension $`p`$ of this family. Let us first let $`\mathrm{Dom}(p)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\alpha <\alpha ^{}}\mathrm{Dom}(\mathrm{p}_\alpha )`$. For $`j\mathrm{Dom}(p)`$, we define $`p(j)`$ by induction on $`j`$. We work in $`V_1^{P_j}`$ and assume that $`\{p_\alpha j:\alpha <\alpha ^{}\}G_{P_j}`$.

If $`j_{\alpha <\alpha ^{}}S\mathrm{Dom}(p_\alpha )`$, then notice that there is at most one $`𝒟\mathrm{}`$ such that for some (possibly more than one) $`\alpha <\alpha ^{}`$ we have pαj``pα(j)=𝒟

~
"subscript𝑝𝛼𝑗forces``subscript𝑝𝛼𝑗𝒟

~
"p_{\alpha}\upharpoonright j\Vdash``p_{\alpha}(j)=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}", as the family is directed. If there is such $`𝒟`$, we let $`p(j)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}𝒟`$, otherwise we let $`p(j)=\mathrm{}`$.

If $`j_{\alpha <\alpha ^{}}S\mathrm{Dom}(p_\alpha )`$, similarly to the last paragraph, we conclude that there is exactly one $`𝒟`$ such that

[α<α&jSDom(pα)]pαj``pα(j){𝒟

~
}×Q

~
𝒟j".delimited-[]𝛼superscript𝛼𝑗𝑆Domsubscript𝑝𝛼subscript𝑝𝛼𝑗forces``subscript𝑝𝛼𝑗𝒟

~
subscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
𝑗𝒟"[\alpha<\alpha^{\ast}\,\,\&\,\,j\in S{\rm Dom}(p_{\alpha})]\implies p_{\alpha}\upharpoonright j\Vdash``p_{\alpha}(j)\in\{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\}\times\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{j}_{{\cal D}}".
As Q

~
𝒟jsubscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
𝑗𝒟\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{j}_{{\cal D}} is forced to be $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed, we can find in $`V_1^{P_j}`$ a condition $`q`$ such that $`qp_j(\alpha )`$ for all $`\alpha <\alpha ^{}`$ such that $`jS\mathrm{Dom}(p_\alpha )`$. Let $`p(j)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{q}`$ for some such $`q`$.

(2) Follows from (1) as $`\chi =\mathrm{cf}(\chi )>\kappa `$. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{1.12}}`$

###### Observation 1.13

Suppose that $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta ^+`$, $`i<j<\chi `$ and $`pP_i`$, $`qP_j`$ are purely full, while $`pq`$. Then

(1) $`\mathrm{Dom}(p)\mathrm{Dom}(q)`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{Dom}(p)p(\alpha )=q(\alpha )`$.

(2) Suppose that $`rP_i/p`$.

Then defining $`r+qP_j`$ by letting $`\mathrm{Dom}(r+q)=\mathrm{Dom}(q)`$ and letting for $`\alpha \mathrm{Dom}(r)`$

(r+q)(α)=def{r(α) if αDom(p)(q(α),Q

~
q(α)α) otherwise,superscriptdef𝑟𝑞𝛼casesr𝛼 if 𝛼Dompq𝛼subscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
𝛼q𝛼 otherwise,(r+q)(\alpha)\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\left\{\begin{array}[]{ll}r(\alpha)&\mbox{ if }\alpha\in{\rm Dom}(p)\\
(q(\alpha),\emptyset_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha}_{q(\alpha)}})&\mbox{ otherwise,}\end{array}\right.
we obtain a condition in $`P_j/q`$.

(3) For $`r_1,r_2P_i/p`$ we have that

$`(\alpha )`$ $`r_1`$ and $`r_2`$ are incompatible in $`P_i/p`$ iff $`r_1+q`$ and $`r_2+q`$ are incompatible in $`P_j/q`$,

($`\beta )`$ $`r_1_{P_i/p}r_2r_1+q_{P_j/q}r_2+q`$.

(4) $`P_i/p<_fP_j/q`$ where $`f(r)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{r}+\mathrm{q}`$.

(5) Suppose that the sequence $`\overline{p}=p_i:i<\chi `$ satisfies that each $`p_iP_{\zeta _i}`$ is purely full, and the sequence $`\overline{p}`$ is increasing in $`P_\chi `$, where

$$\zeta _i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{min}\{\zeta :\mathrm{p}_\mathrm{i}\mathrm{P}_\zeta \}=\xi _\mathrm{i}+1>\mathrm{i}$$

and $`\zeta _i:i<\chi `$ is strictly increasing. Then $`P^{}=P_\chi /_{i<\chi }p_i`$ is isomorphic to the limit of a $`(<\kappa )`$-supported iteration of $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed $`\theta `$-cc forcing, namely

PlimPξi/(piξi),Q

~
pi(ξi)ξi:i<χ,P^{\ast}\approx\lim\langle P_{\xi_{i}}/(p_{i}\upharpoonright\xi_{i}),\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\xi_{i}}_{p_{i}(\xi_{i})}:\,i<\chi\rangle,
with the complete embeddings $`f_{p_i,p_j}:P_{\xi _i}/(p_i\xi _i)P_{\xi _j}/(p_j\xi _j)`$ as in (4) above.

(6) For every $`rP_\chi `$, there is $`qr`$ with $`S\mathrm{Dom}(q)=S\mathrm{Dom}(r)`$ and $`p`$ purely full in some $`P_i`$, such that $`qP_i/p`$.

###### Convention 1.14

Since $`f_{p_i,p_j}`$ are usually clear form the context we simplify the notation by not mentioning these functions explicitly.

###### Claim 1.15

Suppose that $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta ^+`$ and   $`t`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is a $`P_\chi `$-name of an ordinal, while $`pP_\chi `$ is purely full.

Then for some $`j<\chi `$ and $`q`$ we have $`pqP_j`$, and $`q`$ is purely full, and above $`q`$ we have that   $`t`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is a $`P_j`$-name (i.e   $`t`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is a $`P_j/q`$-name).

Proof of the Claim. Given $`pP_\chi `$ purely full, and suppose that the conclusion fails. Let $`i<\chi `$ be such that $`pP_i`$. We shall choose by induction on $`\zeta <\theta `$ ordinals $`i_\zeta `$ and $`\gamma _\zeta `$ and condition $`r_\zeta `$ such that

(i) $`i_\zeta [i,\chi )`$ and $`_\zeta :\zeta <\theta `$ is increasing continuous,

(ii) $`p_\zeta P_{i_\zeta }`$ is purely full, with $`p_0=p`$,

(iii) $`p_\zeta r_\zeta `$ with rζPχ``t

~
=γζ"subscriptforces𝑃𝜒subscript𝑟𝜁``𝑡

~
subscript𝛾𝜁"r_{\zeta}\Vdash_{P\chi}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}=\gamma_{\zeta}",

(iv) $`\gamma _\zeta \{\gamma _\xi :\xi <\zeta \}`$, so in particular $`r_\zeta `$ is incompatible with every $`r_\xi `$ for $`\xi <\zeta `$,

(v) $`p_\zeta \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\xi <\zeta }\mathrm{p}_\xi `$ for $`\zeta `$ a limit.

(vi) $`r_\zeta P_{i_{\zeta +1}}/p_{\zeta +1}`$.

We now explain how to do this induction.

Given $`p_\zeta `$ and $`i_\zeta `$. Since we are assuming that   $`t`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is not a $`P_{i_\zeta }`$-name above $`p_\zeta `$, it must be possible to find $`r_\zeta `$ and $`\gamma _\zeta `$ as required. Having chosen $`r_\zeta `$, (by extending $`r_\zeta `$ if necessary), we can choose $`p_{\zeta +1}`$ as required in item (vi) above, see Observation 1.13(6). This determines $`i_{\zeta +1}`$. Note that $`i_{\zeta +1}<\chi `$ as $`P_\chi \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{j}<\chi }\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{j}`$.

However, completing the induction we arrive at a contradiction, as letting $`p^{}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\zeta <\theta }\mathrm{p}_\zeta `$ we obtain a purely full condition. Hence $`P\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{P}_{sup_{\zeta <\theta }\mathrm{i}_\zeta }/\mathrm{p}^{}`$ has $`\theta `$-cc, but $`\{r_\zeta +p^{}:\zeta <\theta \}`$ forms a set of $`\theta `$ pairwise incompatible conditions in $`P`$. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{1.15}}`$

###### Convention 1.16

Now we go back to $`V`$, i.e. the Main Claim 1.17 takes place in $`V`$.

###### Main Claim 1.17

Suppose

($`\alpha `$) Q

~
¯=P

~
i,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<χ\bar{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}=\langle\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,i<\chi\rangle is an $`R_\kappa ^+`$-name for a member of 𝒦

~
θ+subscriptsuperscript𝒦

~
𝜃\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal K}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal K}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal K}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal K}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{+}_{\theta},

$`(\beta `$) $`𝐣:VM`$ is an elementary embedding such that $`{}_{}{}^{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}MM`$, $`\mathrm{crit}(𝐣)=\kappa `$, $`\chi <𝐣(\kappa )`$ and

(𝐣(h))(κ)=(P

~
χ,χ)𝐣𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒𝜒({\bf j}(h))(\kappa)=(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi},\chi)
(such a choice is possible by the definition of Laver’s diamond) .

Considering 𝐣(Rα+,R

~
α:α<κ){\bf j}(\langle R^{+}_{\alpha},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}:\,\alpha<\kappa\rangle) in $`M`$, by its definition we see that

𝐣(Rα+,R

~
α:α<κ)=Rα+,R

~
α:α<𝐣(κ){\bf j}(\langle R^{+}_{\alpha},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}:\,\alpha<\kappa\rangle)=\langle R^{+}_{\alpha},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}:\,\alpha<{\bf j}(\kappa)\rangle
and R

~
κ=P

~
χsubscript𝑅

~
𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\kappa}=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}. Hence 𝐣(Rκ+)=Rκ+P

~
χR

~
𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒superscript𝑅

~
{\bf j}(R^{+}_{\kappa})=R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast} for some Rκ+P

~
χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}-name R

~
Msuperscript𝑅

~
𝑀\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\in M for a forcing notion, which is forced to be $`\chi ^+`$-closed.

We also let

Q

~
¯=P

~
i,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<𝐣(χ)=def𝐣(P

~
i,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<χ).\bar{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}^{\prime}=\langle\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{i}:\,i<{\bf j}(\chi)\rangle\buildrel\rm def\over{=}{\bf j}(\langle\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,i<\chi\rangle).
Then in $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$, the following holds: we can find $`\overline{\alpha }=\alpha _i:i<\chi `$, $`\overline{p}^{}=p_i^{}:i<\chi `$ and $`\overline{q}^{}=q_i^{}=({}_{}{}^{1}q_{i}^{},{}_{}{}^{2}q_{i}^{}):i<\chi `$ such that

(a) $`\alpha _i:i<\chi `$ is strictly increasing continuous and each $`\alpha _i<\chi `$,

(b) $`p_i^{}P_{\alpha _i+1}`$ is purely full,

(c) $`\overline{p}^{}`$ is increasing in $`P_\chi `$,

(d) For every $`i<\chi `$, we have $`\overline{q}^{}iM^{R_\kappa ^+}`$, and in $`M^{R_\kappa ^+}`$ we have

(pi,qi1,qi2)PχR

~
P

~
𝐣(αi+1),subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖superscriptsubscript𝑞𝑖1superscriptsubscript𝑞𝑖2subscript𝑃𝜒superscript𝑅

~
subscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖1(p^{\ast}_{i},{}^{1}q_{i},{}^{2}q_{i})\in P_{\chi}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{i}+1)},
while (pi,qi1)PχR

~
subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖superscriptsubscript𝑞𝑖1subscript𝑃𝜒superscript𝑅

~
(p^{\ast}_{i},{}^{1}q_{i})\in P_{\chi}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast},

(e) In $`M^{R_\kappa ^+}`$ we have that for $`\gamma <\chi `$

(pi,qi1,qi2):i<γ is increasing in PχR

~
P

~
supi<γ𝐣(αi+1),\langle(p^{\ast}_{i},{}^{1}q_{i},{}^{2}q_{i}):\,i<\gamma\rangle\mbox{ is increasing in }P_{\chi}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\ast{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}^{\prime}_{\sup_{i<\gamma}{\bf j}(\alpha_{i}+1)},
(f) In $`M^{R_\kappa ^+}`$, it is forced by $`(p_{i+1}^{},{}_{}{}^{1}q_{i+1}^{})`$ that $`{}_{}{}^{2}q_{i+1}^{}`$ is an upper bound to

{𝐣(r):rG

~
PαiQ

~
pi(αi)αi+1},conditional-set𝐣𝑟𝑟subscript𝐺

~
subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
subscript𝛼𝑖1subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖\{{\bf j}(r):\,r\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{P_{\alpha_{i}}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}+1}_{p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})}}\},
(g) If    $`B`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is an $`R_\kappa ^+`$-name of a Pα

~
i+1subscript𝑃subscript𝛼

~
𝑖1P_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}+1}-name of a subset of $`\kappa `$, then for some Rκ+P

~
χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}-name 𝐭

~
B

~
subscript𝐭

~
𝐵

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}} for a truth value (i.e. an ordinal $`\{0,1\}`$):

(1) In $`V`$ we have that $`(\mathrm{}_{R_\kappa ^+},p_{i+1}^{})`$ forces 𝐭

~
B

~
subscript𝐭

~
𝐵

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}} to be a Pα

~
i+1+1/pi+1subscript𝑃subscript𝛼

~
𝑖11subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖1P_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i+1}+1}/p^{\ast}_{i+1}-name,

(2) M[(Rκ+,pi+1,qi+1)``κ𝐣(B

~
) iff
t
~
B

~
=1"].models𝑀delimited-[]forcessubscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖1subscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1``𝜅𝐣𝐵

~
subscript iff
t
~
𝐵

~
1"M\models[(\emptyset_{R^{+}_{\kappa}},p^{\ast}_{i+1},q^{\ast}_{i+1})\Vdash``\kappa\in{\bf j}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}})\mbox{ iff }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}=1"].

(i) In $`M^{R_\kappa ^+}`$, either

(pi+1,qi+1)``κ𝐣(A

~
αi)",forcessuperscriptsubscript𝑝𝑖1subscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1``𝜅𝐣subscript𝐴

~
subscript𝛼𝑖"(p_{i+1}^{\ast},q^{\ast}_{i+1})\Vdash``\kappa\in{\bf j}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha_{i}})",
or:

piPχ`` there is no q=(q1,q2)R

~
P

~
𝐣(αi)+1qi with q1R

~
``q2(𝐣(αi))P

~
𝐣(αi)+1{𝐣(r):rG

~
PαiQ

~
pi(αi)αi} and κ𝐣(A

~
αi)"".subscriptforcessubscript𝑃𝜒subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖`` there is no 𝑞superscript𝑞1superscript𝑞2subscriptsuperscript𝑅

~
subscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖1subscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖 with subscriptforcessuperscript𝑅

~
superscript𝑞1``superscript𝑞2𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖1conditional-set𝐣𝑟𝑟subscript𝐺

~
subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
subscript𝛼𝑖superscriptsubscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖 and 𝜅𝐣subscript𝐴

~
subscript𝛼𝑖""p^{\ast}_{i}\Vdash_{P_{\chi}}\begin{array}[]{c}``\mbox{ there is no }q=({}^{1}q,{}^{2}q)\geq_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{i})+1}}q^{\ast}_{i}\mbox{ with }\\
{}^{1}q\Vdash_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}}``{}^{2}q({\bf{j}}(\alpha_{i}))\geq_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{i})+1}}\{{\bf j}(r):\,r\in{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}_{P_{\alpha_{i}}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}}_{p_{i}^{\ast}(\alpha_{i})}}\}\\
\mbox{ and }\kappa\in{\bf j}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha_{i}})"".\end{array}
\[Note that 𝐣(A

~
αi)𝐣subscript𝐴

~
subscript𝛼𝑖{\bf j}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha_{i}}) is a $`P_{𝐣(\alpha _i)+1}^{}`$-name for a subset of $`𝐣(\kappa )`$.\]

(j) If $`\mathrm{cf}(i)\theta `$, then in VRκ+P

~
α

~
isuperscript𝑉subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

~
subscript𝛼

~
𝑖V^{R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.43054pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.43054pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.43054pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle\alpha$\crcr\vbox to0.43054pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}}} we have $`p_i^{}(\alpha _i)NUF`$ and specifically

pi(αi)={B

~
[GPαi]:
B
~
 is a Pαi/(piαi)-name
for a subset of κ and
t
~
B

~
[GPαi]=1}.subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖conditional-set𝐵

~
delimited-[]subscript𝐺subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖
B
~
 is a subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖-name
for a subset of 𝜅subscript and
t
~
𝐵

~
delimited-[]subscript𝐺subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖1p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})=\left\{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}[G_{P_{\alpha_{i}}}]:\,\begin{split}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\mbox{ is a }P_{\alpha_{i}}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i})\mbox{-name
for a subset of }\kappa\\
\quad\mbox{ and }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}[G_{P_{\alpha_{i}}}]=1\\
\end{split}\right\}.
###### Remark 1.18

In fact, to accommodate various applications, we might want to weaken item (j) of the Main Claim 1.17, say to apply only to stationary many $`iS_\theta ^\chi `$. The same proof would work, but as we do not need this at present, we shall not go into this generality.

Proof of the Main Claim. Consider Ri+,R

~
i:κ<i<𝐣(κ)\langle R^{+}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,\kappa<i<{\bf j}(\kappa)\rangle over Rκ+P

~
χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi} in $`M`$. By the inductive definition of $`R_i`$ (which is preserved by j), for $`\kappa <i<\chi ^+`$, we have that R

~
isubscript𝑅

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} is a name for the trivial forcing. For $`\chi ^+<i<𝐣(\kappa )`$, we have that R

~
isubscript𝑅

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} is a name for a $`(<\chi )`$-directed-closed forcing in $`M`$, so in $`V`$ as well, as $`{}_{}{}^{<\chi }MM`$. Similarly we conclude that P

~
𝐣(ζ)subscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣𝜁\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\zeta)} names a $`(<\chi )`$-closed forcing notion, for all $`\zeta <\chi `$. This observation will be used repeatedly and in particular will enable us to use the master condition idea in the induction below. In particular, we can conclude that R

~
χsubscript𝑅

~
𝜒\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi} is $`(<\chi )`$-complete. By the choice of j,

$$_{𝐣(R_\kappa ^+)}\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}\text{each }P_i^{}/p\text{ is }(<\chi )\text{-closed for }pP_i^{}\text{ purely full}.\mathrm{"}$$

Also notice that in the induction below, we have that in $`V_1`$, the cardinality of $`P_{\alpha _i+1}/p_i^{}`$ is $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ and $`P_{\alpha _i+1}/p_i^{}`$ satisfies $`\theta `$-cc, so in $`V_1^{P_{\alpha _i}}`$ we have $`2^\kappa \mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$.

Now we choose $`(\alpha _i,p_i^{},q_i^{})`$ in $`M^{R_\kappa ^+}`$ by induction on $`i`$. We start with $`\alpha _0=0`$, $`p_0^{}P_1`$ any purely full condition, and $`q_0^{}=\mathrm{}`$.

Choice of $`p_{i+1}^{},q_{i+1}^{}`$ and $`\alpha _{i+1}`$.

Given $`p_i^{}`$ and $`\alpha _i`$ in $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$. We have that

piαiPαi``|Q

~
pi(αi)αi|Υ&G

~
Q

~
pi(αi)αiP

~
αi+1/pi."formulae-sequencesubscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptforcessubscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖``subscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖Υsubscript𝐺

~
subscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖subscript𝑃

~
subscript𝛼𝑖1subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖"p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}\Vdash_{P_{\alpha_{i}}}``{|\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}}_{p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})}|}\leq\Upsilon\,\,\&\,\,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}}_{p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})}}\subseteq\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha_{i}+1}/p^{\ast}_{i}."
Hence in $`M`$, letting X

~
i=def{𝐣(r):rG

~
PαiQ

~
pi(αi)αi}superscriptdefsubscript𝑋

~
𝑖conditional-set𝐣rrsubscript𝐺

~
subscriptPsubscript𝛼isubscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
subscript𝛼isubscriptsuperscriptpisubscript𝛼i\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\{{\bf j}(r):\,r\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{P_{\alpha_{i}}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}}_{p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})}}\} we have

(R𝐣(κ)+,𝐣(piαi))P𝐣(αi)``X

~
iP

~
𝐣(αi)+1 is directed and above𝐣(pi(αi)) has sizeΥ."subscriptforcessubscriptsuperscript𝑃𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝐣𝜅𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖formulae-sequence``subscript𝑋

~
𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖1 is directed and above𝐣subscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖 has sizeΥ"(\emptyset_{R^{+}_{{\bf j}(\kappa)}},{\bf j}(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}))\Vdash_{P^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{i})}}\begin{split}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\subseteq\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{i})+1}\mbox{ is directed}\\
\mbox{ and above}\\
{\bf j}(p_{i}(\alpha_{i}))\mbox{ has size}\leq\Upsilon."\\
\end{split}
In $`V_1`$, we have that the forcing $`P_{\alpha _i+1}/p_i^{}`$ is a $`\theta `$-cc forcing notion of size $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$, hence there are $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^\theta \mathrm{{\rm Y}}=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ canonical $`P_{\alpha _i+1}/p_i^{}`$-names for a subset of $`\kappa `$. Let us enumerate them as B

~
ζi+1:ζ<ζ(i+1)Υdelimited-⟨⟩:superscriptsubscript𝐵

~
𝜁𝑖1𝜁superscript𝜁𝑖1Υ\langle\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\zeta}^{i+1}:\,\zeta<\zeta^{\ast}(i+1)\leq\Upsilon\rangle, with B

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0i+1=A

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isubscriptsuperscript𝐵

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𝑖10subscript𝐴

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𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{i+1}_{0}=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}. By induction on $`\zeta \zeta ^{}(i+1)`$ we choose purely full $`p_\zeta ^{i+1}`$ increasing continuous with $`\zeta `$, $`q_\zeta ^{i+1}=({}_{}{}^{1}q_{\zeta }^{i+1},{}_{}{}^{2}q_{\zeta }^{i+1})`$ increasing with $`\zeta `$, $`\alpha _\zeta ^{i+1}`$ increasing with $`\zeta `$ and 𝐭

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B

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ζi+1subscript𝐭

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superscriptsubscript𝐵

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𝜁𝑖1\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\zeta}^{i+1}} as follows.

Let $`p_0^{i+1}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{p}_\mathrm{i}^{}`$, $`\alpha _0^{i+1}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\alpha _\mathrm{i}`$ and $`q_0^{i+1}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{q}_\mathrm{i}^{}`$.

Coming to $`\zeta +1`$, let $`G`$ be a Rκ+P

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χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi} generic such that $`(\mathrm{}_{R_\kappa ^+},p_\zeta ^{i+1})G`$ and let $`H`$ be a j(Rκ+P

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χ)R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}) generic over $`M`$ so that $`\{𝐣(r):rG\}H`$. This can be achieved by the familiar argument using the fact that 𝐣(Rκ+P

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χ)𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒{\bf j}(R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}) is $`(<𝐣(\kappa ))`$-directed-closed, while $`G`$ is $`(<\kappa )`$-directed and has size $`\chi <𝐣(\kappa )`$. In particular, $`𝐣`$ lifts to an embedding of $`V[G]M[H]`$. By the fact that 𝐣(Rκ+P

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χ)=Rκ+P

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χR

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P

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𝐣(χ)𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒superscript𝑅

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subscriptsuperscript𝑃

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𝐣𝜒{\bf j}(R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi})=R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\chi)}, we can write $`M[H]=M[H_0][H_1]`$ where $`H_0`$ is Rκ+P

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χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi} generic over $`M`$. In $`M[H_0]`$ we ask “the $`\zeta `$-question”:

Is it true that there is no

q=(q1,q2)R

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P

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𝐣(αζi+1)+1{qξi+1:ξζ}𝑞superscript𝑞1superscript𝑞2subscriptsuperscript𝑅

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subscriptsuperscript𝑃

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𝐣superscriptsubscript𝛼𝜁𝑖11conditional-setsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜉𝜉𝜁q=({}^{1}q,{}^{2}q)\geq_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{\zeta}^{i+1})+1}}\{q^{i+1}_{\xi}:\,\xi\leq\zeta\}
with

q1R

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``q2X

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i&κ𝐣(B

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ζi+1)"&q2P

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𝐣(αζi+1)+1/(𝐣(pζi+1)𝐣(αζi+1)+1)?subscriptforcessuperscript𝑅

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superscript𝑞1``superscript𝑞2subscript𝑋

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𝑖𝜅𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝐵

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𝑖1𝜁"superscript𝑞2subscriptsuperscript𝑃

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𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝛼𝑖1𝜁1𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖1𝜁𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝛼𝑖1𝜁1?{}^{1}q\Vdash_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}}``{}^{2}q\geq\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\,\,\&\,\,\kappa\in{\bf j}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{i+1}_{\zeta})"\,\,\&\,\,{}^{2}q\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha^{i+1}_{\zeta})+1}/({\bf j}(p^{i+1}_{\zeta})\upharpoonright{\bf j}(\alpha^{i+1}_{\zeta})+1)?
If the answer is positive, in $`M`$ we define 𝐭

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B

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ζi+1=def0superscriptdefsubscript𝐭

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subscriptsuperscript𝐵

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𝑖1𝜁0\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{i+1}_{\zeta}}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}0 (hence a Rκ+P

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χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}-name for a truth value), and

$$q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}=({}_{}{}^{1}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1},{}_{}{}^{2}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1})$$

to be any Rκ+P

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χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

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𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}-name for a condition in R

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P

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𝐣(χ)superscript𝑅

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subscriptsuperscript𝑃

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𝐣𝜒\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\chi)} such that

(Rκ+,pζi+1)``qζ+1i+11R

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qξi+11"forcessubscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖1𝜁``superscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜁11subscriptsuperscript𝑅

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superscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜉1"(\emptyset_{R^{+}_{\kappa}},p^{i+1}_{\zeta})\Vdash``{}^{1}q^{i+1}_{\zeta+1}\geq_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}}{}^{1}q^{i+1}_{\xi}"
for every $`\xi \zeta `$, and

(Rκ+,pζi+1,qζ+1i+11)P

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𝐣(αζi+1)+1``qζ+1i+12{qξi+12:ξζ}&qζ+1i+12X

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i".subscriptforcessubscriptsuperscript𝑃

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𝐣subscriptsuperscript𝛼𝑖1𝜁1subscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖1𝜁superscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜁11``superscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜁12conditional-setsuperscriptsuperscriptsubscript𝑞𝜉𝑖12𝜉𝜁superscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜁12subscript𝑋

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𝑖"(\emptyset_{R^{+}_{\kappa}},p^{i+1}_{\zeta},{}^{1}q^{i+1}_{\zeta+1})\Vdash_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha^{i+1}_{\zeta})+1}}``{}^{2}q^{i+1}_{\zeta+1}\geq\cup\{{}^{2}q_{\xi}^{i+1}:\,\xi\leq\zeta\}\,\,\&\,\,{}^{2}q^{i+1}_{\zeta+1}\geq\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}".
The choice of $`{}_{}{}^{1}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}`$ is possible by the induction hypothesis and the fact that

Rκ+P

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χ``R

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 is (<χ)-directed-closed".\Vdash_{R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\mbox{ is }(<\chi)\mbox{-directed-closed}".
Let us verify that the choice of $`{}_{}{}^{2}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}`$ is possible. Working in $`M`$ we have that $`(\mathrm{}_{R_\kappa ^+},p_\zeta ^{i+1},{}_{}{}^{1}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1})`$ forces X

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isubscript𝑋

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} over $`(\mathrm{}_{R_\kappa ^+},p_\zeta ^{i+1},{}_{}{}^{1}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1})`$ to be a $`(<\kappa )`$-directed subset of P

~
𝐣(χ)subscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣𝜒\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\chi)} of size $`\chi `$. Hence if $`\zeta =0`$ we can choose $`{}_{}{}^{2}q_{}^{i+1}`$ to be forced to be above X

~
isubscript𝑋

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}. We can similarly choose $`{}_{}{}^{2}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}`$ for $`\zeta >0`$.

If the answer to the $`\zeta `$ question is negative, we let 𝐭

~
B

~
ζi+1=def1superscriptdefsubscript𝐭

~
superscriptsubscript𝐵

~
𝜁𝑖11\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\zeta}^{i+1}}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}1 and choose $`q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}=({}_{}{}^{1}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1},{}_{}{}^{2}q_{\zeta +1}^{i+1})`$ in $`M`$ exemplifying the negative answer.

At any rate, 𝐭

~
B

~
ζi+1subscript𝐭

~
superscriptsubscript𝐵

~
𝜁𝑖1\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\zeta}^{i+1}} is a Rκ+P

~
χsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑃

~
𝜒R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\chi}-name for an ordinal. By Claim 2.13, in $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$ there is $`\alpha _{\zeta +1}^{i+1}\alpha _\zeta ^{i+1}`$ and purely full $`p_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}p_\zeta ^{i+1}`$ with $`p_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}P_{\alpha _{\zeta +1}^{i+1}}`$ such that 𝐭

~
B

~
ζi+1subscript𝐭

~
superscriptsubscript𝐵

~
𝜁𝑖1\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\zeta}^{i+1}} is a $`P_{\alpha _{\zeta +1}^{i+1}}/p_{\zeta +1}^{i+1}`$-name.

For $`\zeta `$ limit, let $`\alpha _\zeta ^{i+1}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}sup_{\xi <\zeta }\alpha _\xi ^{\mathrm{i}+1}`$, $`p_\zeta ^{i+1}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\xi <\zeta }\mathrm{p}_\xi ^{\mathrm{i}+1}`$, and $`q_\zeta ^{i+1}`$ not defined.

At the end, we let $`\alpha _{i+1}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}sup_{\zeta <\zeta ^{}(\mathrm{i}+1)}\alpha _{\zeta +1}^{\mathrm{i}+1}`$ and $`p_{i+1}^{}`$ any purely full condition in $`P_{\alpha _{i+1}+1}`$ with $`p_{i+1}^{}_{\zeta <\zeta ^{}(i+1)}p_\zeta ^{i+1}`$, and $`q_{i+1}^{}`$ such that

(Rκ+,pi+1)``qi+1R

~
P

~
𝐣(αi+1)+1{qζi+1:ζζ(i+1)}".forcessubscriptsubscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖1``subscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1subscriptsuperscript𝑅

~
subscriptsuperscript𝑃

~
𝐣subscript𝛼𝑖11conditional-setsubscriptsuperscript𝑞𝑖1𝜁𝜁superscript𝜁𝑖1"(\emptyset_{R^{+}_{\kappa}},p^{\ast}_{i+1})\Vdash``q^{\ast}_{i+1}\geq_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle P$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}_{{\bf j}(\alpha_{i+1})+1}}\{q^{i+1}_{\zeta}:\,\zeta\leq\zeta^{\ast}(i+1)\}".
Choice of $`p_i^{},q_i^{}`$ and $`\alpha _i`$ for $`i<\chi `$ limit. We let $`\alpha _i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}sup_{\mathrm{j}<\mathrm{i}}\alpha _\mathrm{j}`$ and choose $`p_i^{}P_{\alpha _i+1}`$ purely full so that $`p_i^{}_{ji}p_j^{}`$, and if $`\mathrm{cf}(i)\theta `$, then

pi(αi)=def{B

~
[GPαi]:
B
~
 is a Pαi/(piαi)-name for a
subset of κ and
t
~
B[GPαi]=1}.superscriptdefsubscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖:𝐵

~
delimited-[]subscriptGsubscriptPsubscript𝛼i
B
~
 is a subscriptPsubscript𝛼isubscriptsuperscriptpisubscript𝛼i-name for a
subset of 𝜅subscript and
t
~
Bdelimited-[]subscriptGsubscriptPsubscript𝛼i1p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\left\{\begin{split}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}[G_{P_{\alpha_{i}}}]:\,&\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\mbox{ is a }P_{\alpha_{i}}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i})\mbox{-name for a
subset of }\kappa\\
&\mbox{ and }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{B}[G_{P_{\alpha_{i}}}]=1\\
\end{split}\right\}.
It follows by the construction of Laver’s diamond and standard arguments about elementary embeddings and master conditions that

piαiPαi``pi(αi)NUF

~
".subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptforcessubscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖``subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖NUF

~
"p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}\Vdash_{P_{\alpha_{i}}}``p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\rm NUF}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}".
Then we can choose $`q_i^{}`$ so that $`(\mathrm{}_{R_\kappa ^+},p_i^{},q_i^{})(\mathrm{}_{R_\kappa ^+},p_j^{},q_j^{})`$ for all $`j<i`$ and $`q_i^{}\{𝐣(r):rG_{P_{\alpha _i}}\}`$, which is again possible by the observation at the beginning of the proof. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{1.17}}`$

###### Conclusion 1.19

In $`V_1`$, if $`\overline{Q}𝒦_\theta ^+`$ and $`p_i^{}:i<\chi `$ is as guaranteed by Main Claim 1.17, letting 𝒟

~
i=defpi(αi)superscriptdefsubscript𝒟

~
𝑖subscriptsuperscriptpisubscript𝛼i\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i}), it follows by Observation 1.13(5) that

P¯=Pαi/(piαi),Q

~
𝒟

~
iαi:i<χ\bar{P}=\langle P_{\alpha_{i}}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}),\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}}:\,i<\chi\rangle
is an iteration with $`(<\kappa )`$-supports of $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed $`\theta `$-cc forcing. In addition, there is a club $`C`$ of $`\chi `$ with the property that in $`V_1^P`$

$$𝒟_i:iC\&\mathrm{cf}(i)\theta $$

is an increasing sequence of normal filters over $`\kappa `$, with

[iC&cf(i)θ]Pαi/(piαi)``𝒟

~
i is an ultrafilter over κ".delimited-[]𝑖𝐶cf𝑖𝜃subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖forces``subscript𝒟

~
𝑖 is an ultrafilter over 𝜅"[i\in C\,\,\&\,\,{\rm cf}(i)\geq\theta]\implies P_{\alpha_{i}}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i})\Vdash``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\mbox{ is an ultrafilter over }\kappa".
If $`\delta <\chi `$ satisfies $`\mathrm{cf}(\delta )>\kappa `$ then $`_{i<\delta }p_i^{}`$ forces over $`P_{\alpha _\delta }`$ that i<δ𝒟

~
isubscript𝑖𝛿subscript𝒟

~
𝑖\bigcup_{i<\delta}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} us an ultrafilter over $`\kappa `$ which is generated by $`\mathrm{cf}(\delta )`$ sets.

###### Definition 1.20

(In $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$) Given Q¯=Pi,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<χ𝒦θ+\bar{Q}=\langle P_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,i<\chi\rangle\in{\cal K}^{+}_{\theta}.

We say that $`\overline{Q}`$ is fitted iff there is a continuous increasing sequence $`\alpha _i:i<\chi `$ of ordinals $`<\chi `$, and a sequence $`p_i^{}:i<\chi `$ of purely full conditions with $`p_i^{}P_{\alpha _i+1}`$, such that letting 𝒟

~
i=defpi(αi)superscriptdefsubscript𝒟

~
𝑖subscriptsuperscriptpisubscript𝛼i\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}p^{\ast}_{i(\alpha_{i})},

Pαi+1/(piαi),Q

~
𝒟

~
iαi:i<χ\langle P_{\alpha_{i}+1}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}),\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\alpha_{i}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}}:\,i<\chi\rangle
is an iteration with $`(<\kappa )`$-supports of $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed $`\theta `$-cc forcing, and

cf(i)θPαi+1/(piαi)``A

~
i𝒟

~
i".{\rm cf}(i)\geq\theta\implies\Vdash_{P_{\alpha_{i}+1}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i})}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}".
###### Crucial Claim 1.21

(In $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$) The following is a sufficient condition for Q¯

~
𝒦θ+¯𝑄

~
subscriptsuperscript𝒦𝜃\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle\bar{Q}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle\bar{Q}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle\bar{Q}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle\bar{Q}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\in{\cal K}^{+}_{\theta} to be fitted:

There is a definition $`𝐑`$ such that:

(1) for every forcing $``$ with $`||\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ in $`V^{}`$ and a $``$-name    $`𝒟`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   of a normal ultrafilter on $`\kappa `$ we have that 𝐑[,𝒟

~
]𝐑𝒟

~
{\bf R}[{\mathbb{P}},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}] is a $``$-name of a forcing notion of cardinality $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$,

(2) for every purely full $`pP_\chi `$ and $`i\mathrm{Dom}(p)`$, we have that

pi``p(i)=Q

~
p(i)i=𝐑[Pi/(pi),p(i)]",𝑝𝑖forces``𝑝𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑄

~
𝑖𝑝𝑖𝐑subscript𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑖"p\upharpoonright i\Vdash``p(i)=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{i}_{p(i)}={\bf R}[P_{i}/(p\upharpoonright i),p(i)]",
(3) there is a definition    $`f`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   that for every forcing $``$ with $`||\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ in $`V^{}`$ and a $``$-name    $`𝒟`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   of a normal ultrafilter on $`\kappa `$ gives a $``$-name of a function f

~
[,𝒟

~
]:𝐑[,𝒟

~
]𝒟

~
:subscript𝑓

~
𝒟

~
𝐑𝒟

~
𝒟

~
{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}_{[{\mathbb{P}},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}]}:\,{\bf R}[{\mathbb{P}},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}]\rightarrow\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}} such that for every purely full $`pP_\chi `$ and $`i\mathrm{Dom}(p)`$ it is forced by $`pi`$ that:

“for every inaccessible $`\kappa ^{}<\kappa `$ and every $`𝐠`$ a $`(<\kappa ^{})`$-directed family of conditions in $`𝐑[P/(pi),p(i)]`$ of size $`<\kappa `$, such that

r𝐠κf

~
[P/(pi),p(i)](r),𝑟𝐠superscript𝜅subscript𝑓

~
𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑟r\in{\bf g}\implies\kappa^{\prime}\in{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}_{[P/(p\upharpoonright i),p(i)]}(r),
there is $`q𝐠`$ such that qκA

~
iforces𝑞superscript𝜅subscript𝐴

~
𝑖q\Vdash\kappa^{\prime}\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}.”

###### Remark 1.22

The condition in Claim 1.21 is sufficient for the present application in §2. It may be weakened if needed for some future application. Really, the condition to use instead of it is that in item (i) of Main Claim 1.17, for all $`i`$ of cofinality $`<\theta `$, we are “in the good case”, i.e. the first case of item (i). However, we wish to have a criterion which can be used without the knowledge of the proof of the Main Claim 1.17, and the condition in Claim 1.21 is one such criterion.

Proof of the Crucial Claim. By Conclusion 1.19 it suffices to show that under the assumptions of this Claim, in the proof of Main Claim 1.17 we can choose $`\alpha _i:i<\chi `$, $`p_i^{}:i<\chi `$ and $`q_i^{}:i<\chi `$ so that for every $`i`$ with $`\mathrm{cf}(i)\theta `$, the answer to “the 1st question” in the choice of $`q_1^{i+1}`$ is negative. The proof is by induction on such $`i`$. We use the notation of Main Claim 1.17.

Given $`i`$ with $`\mathrm{cf}(i)\theta `$. Hence we have

pi(αi)={B

~
[Gi]:
B
~
 a Pαi/(piαi)-name for asubset of κ and
t
~
B

~
=1}=def𝒟

~
i.subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖conditional-set𝐵

~
delimited-[]subscript𝐺𝑖
B
~
 a subscript𝑃subscript𝛼𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝑝𝑖subscript𝛼𝑖-name for asubset of 𝜅subscript and
t
~
𝐵

~
1superscriptdefsubscript𝒟

~
ip^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})=\left\{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}[G_{i}]:\,\begin{split}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\mbox{ a }P_{\alpha_{i}}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i})\mbox{-name for a}\\
\mbox{subset of }\kappa\mbox{ and }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\bf t}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}=1\\
\end{split}\right\}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}.
In $`M`$ we have

(Rκ+,pi,qi)({𝐣(r)(𝐣(αi)):𝐣(r)X

~
i} is (<κ)directed of size <𝐣(κ),κ is inaccessible and (r)[κ𝐣(f

~
[P/(pαi),pi(αi)](r))]).(\emptyset_{R^{+}_{\kappa}},p^{\ast}_{i},q^{\ast}_{i})\Vdash\left(\begin{split}\{{\bf j}(r)({\bf j}(\alpha_{i})):\,{\bf j}(r)\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle X$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\}\mbox{ is }(<\kappa)-\mbox{directed of size }<\\
{\bf j}(\kappa),\kappa\mbox{ is inaccessible and }(\forall r)[\kappa\in{\bf j}({\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}_{[P/(p^{\ast}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}),p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})]}(r))]\\
\end{split}\right).
(The last statement is true by the definition of 𝒟

~
isubscript𝒟

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} and t

~
B

~
subscript𝑡

~
𝐵

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle t$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle B$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}, no matter what $`f_{[P/p^{}\alpha _i,p_i^{}(\alpha _i)]}(r)`$ is forced to be.)

By the assumption (3) and elementarity, applying $`𝐣`$ we have that the answer to the “1st question” is negative. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{1.21}}`$

###### Definition 1.23

(In $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$) Given $`\theta =\mathrm{cf}(\theta )(\kappa ,\chi )`$. We define $`𝒦_\theta ^{}`$ in the same way as $`𝒦_\theta ^+`$, but with a freedom of choice for $`Q_0`$. Namely, to obtain the definition of $`𝒦_\theta ^{}`$ from that of $`𝒦_\theta ^+`$, we

(A) In item (6) of Definition 1.8, require $`i>0`$,

(B) We let $`Q_0`$ be any $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed $`\theta `$-cc forcing notion in $`(\chi )`$.

###### Claim 1.24

(In $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$) Main Claim 1.17, Conclusion 1.19, Definition 1.20 and Claim 1.21 hold with $`𝒦_\theta ^+`$ replaced by $`𝒦_\theta ^{}`$.

Proof of the Claim. As in VRκ+Q

~
0superscript𝑉subscriptsuperscript𝑅𝜅subscript𝑄

~
0V^{R^{+}_{\kappa}\ast\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{0}}, $`\kappa `$ is still indestructibly supercompact and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^\theta =\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{1.24}}`$

###### Discussion 1.25

(1) In the present application, we need to make sure that cardinals are not collapsed, so we have $`\theta =\kappa ^+`$ and is $`Q_𝒟`$ chosen to have a strong version of $`\kappa ^+`$-cc which is preserved by iterations with $`(<\kappa )`$-supports.

(2) Clearly, Claim 1.21 remains true if we replace the word “inaccessible” by e.g “strongly inaccessible”, “weakly compact”, “measurable”.

(3) As we shall see in section 2, the point of dealing with a fitted member of $`𝒦_\theta ^+`$ is to be able to control the Prikry names in the forcing that will be performed after the iteration extracted from $`𝒦_\theta ^+`$, namely the Prikry forcing over $`_{i<\delta }𝒟_i`$ for some $`\delta `$. The point of A

~
isubscript𝐴

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i} is to give us a control of this ultrafilter in the appropriate universe. With this in mind, we could use Claim 1.21 to represent our results in the axiomatic form, and there is also an equivalent game-theoretic representation. As it is not entirely clear that Claim 1.21 is the best sufficient condition for fittedness, we have decided not to formulate any axioms here.

## 2 Universal graphs

###### Theorem 2.1

Assume that it is consistent that a supercompact cardinal $`\kappa `$ exists, and let $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ and $`\chi `$ be such that $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^+=\chi `$ and $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}^{\kappa +}=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$.

Then it is consistent to have a singular strong limit cardinal $`\mu `$ of cofinality $`\omega `$ with $`2^{\mu ^+}=\chi >\mu ^{++}`$, on which there are $`\mu ^{++}`$ graphs of size $`\mu ^+`$ which are universal for the graphs of size $`\mu ^+`$.

Proof. We start with a universe $`V`$ in which $`\mu `$, $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ and $`\chi `$ satisfy Hypothesis 1.3, with $`\mu `$ in place of $`\kappa `$ and $`\theta =\mu ^+`$. Let $`R_\kappa ^+`$ be the forcing described in Definition 1.5. We work in $`V^{R_\kappa ^+}`$, which we start calling $`V`$ from this point on. As we shall not use $`R_\kappa ^+`$ any more, we free the notation R

~
αsubscript𝑅

~
𝛼\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha} to be used with a different meaning in this section.

###### Definition 2.2

Let $`Q_0`$ be the Cohen forcing which makes $`2^{\mu ^+}=\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ by adding $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ distinct $`\mu ^+`$-branches $`\{\eta _\alpha :\alpha <\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\}`$ to $`({}_{}{}^{\mu ^+>}2)^V`$ by conditions of size $`\mu `$. Let $`V_0\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{V}[\mathrm{G}_{\mathrm{Q}_0}]`$.

###### Notation 2.3

If $`\kappa `$ is measurable and $`𝒟`$ is a normal ultrafilter on $`\kappa `$, let $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$ denote the Prikry forcing for $`𝒟`$.

###### Discussion 2.4

The idea of the proof is to embed “$`𝒟`$-named graphs” into a universal graph. We use an iteration of forcing to achieve this. As we intend to perform a Prikry forcing at the end of iteration, we need to control the names of graphs that appear after the Prikry forcing, so one worry is that there would be too many names to take care of by the bookkeeping. Luckily, we shall not be dealing with all such names, but only with those for which we are sure that they will actually be used at the end. This is achieved by building the ultrafilter that will serve for the Prikry forcing, as the union of filters that appear during the iteration. To this end, for every relevant $`𝒟`$ we also force a set   $`A`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   that will in some sense be a “diagonal intersection” of $`𝒟`$, so its membership in the intended ultrafilter will guarantee that that ultrafilter contains $`𝒟`$ as a subset.

###### Definition 2.5

Suppose $`V^{}V_0`$ is a universe in which $`2^{\kappa ^+}\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$, while $`\kappa \mu `$ is measurable and $`𝒟`$ is a normal ultrafilter over $`\kappa `$. Working in $`V^{}`$, we define a forcing notion $`Q=Q_𝒟\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{Q}_{𝒟,\kappa }^\mathrm{V}^{}`$, as follows.

Let M

~
¯=M

~
α=κ+,R

~
α:α<Υ\bar{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}=\langle\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}=\langle\kappa^{+},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\rangle:\,\alpha<\Upsilon\rangle list without repetitions all canonical (in the usual sense) $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$-names for graphs on $`\kappa ^+`$. For definiteness we pick the first such list in the canonical well-order of $`(\chi )`$. Elements of $`Q`$ are of the form

$$p=A^p,B^p,u^p,\overline{f}^p=f_\alpha ^p:\alpha u^p,$$

where

(i) $`A^p[\kappa ]^{<\kappa }`$,

(ii) $`B^p𝒟𝒫([\kappa (\mathrm{Sup}(A^p))])`$,

(iii) $`u^p[\mathrm{{\rm Y}}]^{<\kappa }`$,

(iv) For $`\alpha u^p`$, we have that $`f_\alpha ^p`$ is a partial one-to-one function from $`\kappa ^+`$ with $`|\mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^p)|<\kappa `$, mapping $`\zeta \mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^p)`$ to an element of $`\{\eta _\alpha \zeta \}\times \kappa `$,

(v) For $`\alpha ,\beta u^p`$, for every $`x^{},x^{\prime \prime },y^{},y^{\prime \prime }`$, if

$$f_\alpha ^p(x^{})=f_\beta ^p(y^{})f_\alpha ^p(x^{\prime \prime })=f_\beta ^p(y^{\prime \prime }),$$

then for every $`w[A^p]^{<\mathrm{}_0}`$

w,BpPr(𝒟)``M

~
αR

~
α(x,x′′) iff
M
~
βR

~
β(y,y′′)",subscriptforcesPr𝒟𝑤superscript𝐵𝑝``subscript𝑀

~
𝛼modelssubscript𝑅

~
𝛼superscript𝑥superscript𝑥′′subscript iff
M
~
𝛽modelssubscript𝑅

~
𝛽superscript𝑦superscript𝑦′′"\langle w,B^{p}\rangle\Vdash_{{\rm Pr}({\cal D})}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\models\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}(x^{\prime},x^{\prime\prime})\mbox{ iff }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\beta}\models\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\beta}(y^{\prime},y^{\prime\prime})",
and for every $`w[A^p]^{<\mathrm{}_0}`$ the condition $`w,B^p`$ decides in the Prikry forcing for $`𝒟`$ if M

~
αR

~
α(x,x′′)modelssubscript𝑀

~
𝛼subscript𝑅

~
𝛼superscript𝑥superscript𝑥′′\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\models\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}(x^{\prime},x^{\prime\prime})

We define the order on $`Q`$ by letting $`pq`$ (here $`q`$ is a stronger condition) iff

(a) $`A^p`$ is an initial segment of $`A^q`$,

(b) $`A^qA^pB^p`$,

(c) $`B^pB^q`$,

(d) $`u^pu^q`$,

(e) For $`\alpha u^p`$, we have $`f_\alpha ^pf_\alpha ^q`$.

###### Claim 2.6

Suppose that $`Q=Q_{𝒟,\kappa }^V^{}`$ is defined as in Definition 2.5. Then in $`V^{}`$:

(1) $`Q`$ is a separative partial order.

(2) Suppose that $`G`$ is $`Q`$-generic over $`V^{}`$, and let in $`V^{}[G]`$

$$A^{}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{A}:(\mathrm{B},\mathrm{u},\overline{\mathrm{f}})[\mathrm{A},\mathrm{B},\mathrm{u},\overline{\mathrm{f}}\mathrm{G}]\}.$$

Then $`A^{}[\kappa ]^\kappa `$ and $`A^{}^{}B`$ for every $`B𝒟`$.

(3) For $`\alpha <\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ and $`a\kappa ^+`$, the set

$$𝒦_{a,\alpha }\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Q}:\alpha \mathrm{u}^\mathrm{p}\&\mathrm{a}\mathrm{Dom}(\mathrm{f}_\alpha ^\mathrm{p})\}$$

is dense open in $`Q`$.

Proof of the Claim. (1) Routine checking.

(2) For $`\alpha <\kappa `$, the set

$$_\alpha \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Q}:(\beta \alpha )[\beta \mathrm{A}^\mathrm{p}]\}$$

is dense open, hence $`A^{}[\kappa ]^\kappa `$. For $`B𝒟`$ the set

$$𝒥_B\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Q}:\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{p}\mathrm{B}\}$$

is dense open. If $`p𝒥_BG`$, then for any $`qG`$ with $`qp`$ we have $`A^qA^pB^p`$. Hence $`A^{}BA^p`$.

(3) Given $`pQ`$, clearly there is $`qp`$ with $`\alpha u^q`$. Without loss of generality $`\alpha u^p`$ and $`a\mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^p)`$. Applying the Prikry Lemma, for every $`b\mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^p)`$ and $`w[A^p]^{<\mathrm{}_0}`$, there is $`B_{w,b}B^p`$ with $`B_{w,b}𝒟`$ and such that

(w,Bw,b)||Pr(𝒟)``M

~
αbR

~
αa".(w,B_{w,b})||_{{\rm Pr}({\cal D})}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\models b\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}a".
Choose $`\gamma <\kappa `$ such that $`(\eta _\alpha a,\gamma )_{\beta u^p}\mathrm{Rang}(f_\beta ^p)`$, which is possible as for every relevant $`\beta `$ we have $`|\mathrm{Dom}(f_\beta ^p)|<\kappa `$. Now we define $`q`$ by letting $`A^q\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{A}^\mathrm{p}`$, $`B^q\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{b}}:\mathrm{w}[\mathrm{A}]^{<\mathrm{}_0}\&\mathrm{b}\mathrm{Dom}(\mathrm{f}_\alpha ^\mathrm{p})\}`$, $`u^q\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{u}^\mathrm{p}`$ and

$$f_\beta ^q\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{f}_\beta ^\mathrm{p}\hfill & \hfill \text{ if }\beta \alpha \\ \mathrm{f}_\alpha ^\mathrm{p}\{(\mathrm{a},(\eta _\alpha \mathrm{a},\gamma )\}\hfill & \hfill \text{ otherwise.}\end{array}$$

$`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.6}}`$

###### Notation 2.7

Suppose that $`Q`$ is as in Claim 2.6. For $`\alpha <\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ let

f

~
α=def{fαp:αup&pG

~
Q}.superscriptdefsubscript𝑓

~
𝛼conditional-setsubscriptsuperscriptfp𝛼𝛼superscriptuppsubscript𝐺

~
Q\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\cup\{f^{p}_{\alpha}:\,\alpha\in u^{p}\,\,\&\,\,p\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{Q}\}.
###### Definition 2.8

(Shelah, \[Sh 80\]) Let $`\lambda \mathrm{}_0`$ be a cardinal. A forcing notion $`P`$ is said to be stationary $`\lambda ^+`$-cc iff for every $`p_\alpha :\alpha <\lambda ^+`$ in $`P`$, there is a club $`C\lambda ^+`$ and a regressive $`f:\lambda ^+\lambda ^+`$ such that for all $`\alpha ,\beta C`$,

$$[\mathrm{cf}(\alpha )=\mathrm{cf}(\beta )=\lambda \&f(\alpha )=f(\beta )]p_\alpha ,p_\beta \text{ are compatible}.$$

###### Theorem 2.9

Shelah (\[Sh 80\]) Suppose that $`\lambda ^{<\lambda }=\lambda \mathrm{}_0`$. Iterations with $`(<\lambda )`$-support of $`(<\lambda )`$-directed-closed stationary $`\lambda ^+`$-cc forcing, are $`(<\lambda )`$-directed-closed and satisfy stationary $`\lambda ^+`$-cc.

###### Claim 2.10

Suppose that $`Q`$ is as in Claim 2.6. Then $`Q`$ is $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed and satisfies stationary $`\kappa ^+`$-cc.

Proof of the Claim. First suppose that $`i^{}<\kappa `$ and $`\{p_i:i<i^{}\}`$ is directed. For $`i<i^{}`$ let $`p_i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{A}^\mathrm{i},\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{i},\mathrm{u}^\mathrm{i},\overline{\mathrm{f}}^\mathrm{i}`$. We define $`A\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{i}^{}}\mathrm{A}^\mathrm{i}`$, $`B\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{i}^{}}\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{i}`$, $`u\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{i}^{}}\mathrm{u}^\mathrm{i}`$, and for $`\alpha u`$ we let $`f_\alpha \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{i}^{}}\mathrm{f}_\alpha ^\mathrm{i}`$. It is easily verified that this defines a common upper bound of all $`p_i`$.

Hence $`Q`$ is $`(<\kappa )`$-directed-closed. Now we shall prove that it is $`\kappa ^+`$-stationary-cc. Let $`p_i:i<\kappa ^+`$ be given, where each $`p_i=A^i,B^i,u^i,\overline{f}^i`$.

There is a stationary $`SS_\kappa ^{\kappa ^+}`$ and $`A^=[\kappa ]^{<\kappa }`$ and $`\sigma ,\tau <\kappa `$ such that for all $`iS`$ we have $`A^i=A^=`$ and $`|u^i|=\sigma `$, and $`|\{\mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^i):\alpha u^i\}|=\tau `$. For $`iS`$, let $`\zeta _i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}sup_{\alpha \mathrm{u}^\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{Dom}(\mathrm{f}_\alpha ^\mathrm{i})`$, hence $`\mathrm{cf}(\zeta _i)<\kappa `$. So

$$E\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{j}<\kappa ^+:\mathrm{cf}(\mathrm{j})\kappa (\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{j})[\zeta _\mathrm{i}<\mathrm{j}]\}$$

is a club of $`\kappa ^+`$. Let $`S_1\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}`$.

Let $`\theta \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\sigma +\tau +|\mathrm{A}^=|`$, so $`\theta <\kappa `$. For $`iS_1`$ let $`u^i\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\alpha _\mathrm{s}^\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{s}<\sigma \}`$ be an increasing enumeration. For every such $`i`$, we define a model $`M_i`$ with universe $`\kappa ^+`$, relations $`𝐑_{w,s}^i`$ for $`w[A^=]^{<\mathrm{}_0}`$ and $`s<\sigma `$, and (partial) functions $`g_s^i`$ from $`\kappa ^+`$ to $`\kappa `$, for $`s<\sigma `$. This model is defined by letting

(ζ,ξ)𝐑w,si iff [ζ,ξDom(fαsii)&(w,Bi)Pr(𝒟)``ζR

~
αsiξ"],𝜁𝜉subscriptsuperscript𝐑𝑖𝑤𝑠 iff delimited-[]𝜁𝜉Domsubscriptsuperscript𝑓𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝛼𝑖𝑠𝑤superscript𝐵𝑖subscriptforcesPr𝒟``𝜁subscript𝑅

~
subscriptsuperscript𝛼𝑖𝑠𝜉"(\zeta,\xi)\in{\bf R}^{i}_{w,s}\mbox{ iff }[\zeta,\xi\in{\rm Dom}(f^{i}_{\alpha^{i}_{s}})\,\,\&\,\,(w,B^{i})\Vdash_{{\rm Pr}({\cal D})}``\zeta\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha^{i}_{s}}\xi"],
and

$$g_s^i(\zeta )=\gamma \text{ iff }f_{\alpha _s^i}^i(\zeta )=(\eta _{\alpha _s^i},\gamma ).$$

Note that always $`|𝐑_{w,s}^i|\theta `$ and $`|g_s^i|\theta `$.

Now let $`X`$ be the set of all isomorphism types of models with their universe an ordinal $`<\kappa ^+`$ and $`\theta `$ relations and functions, each of cardinality $`\theta `$. Hence $`|X|=\kappa ^+`$, let $`X\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{t}_\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{i}<\kappa ^+\}`$. Now note that there is a club $`C`$ of $`\kappa ^+`$ such that for every $`jCS_\kappa ^{\kappa ^+}`$, types of all models with universe $`<j`$ and $`\theta `$ relations of functions, each of cardinality $`\theta `$, are enumerated in $`X`$ with an index $`<j`$. Let $`S_2\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{S}_1`$.

For $`iS_2`$, let $`h(i)=l`$ iff $`t_l`$ is the type of $`M_isup(i_{\alpha u^i}\mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^i))+1`$. Hence $`h`$ is regressive on $`S_2`$, so there is a stationary subset $`S_3`$ of $`S_2`$ such that $`h`$ is constant on $`S_3`$.

It is easily verified that $`p_i,p_j`$ are compatible for every $`i,jS_3`$. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.10}}`$

###### Observation 2.11

Suppose that $`𝒟`$ is a normal ultrafilter over $`\kappa `$ and $`Q`$ is a forcing notion such that

Q``𝒟𝒟

~
 and
D
~
 is a normal ultrafilter
over κ".subscriptforces𝑄absent``𝒟superscript𝒟

~
superscript and
D
~
 is a normal ultrafilter
over 𝜅"\Vdash_{Q}``{\cal D}\subseteq\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\mbox{ and }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\mbox{ is a normal ultrafilter
over }\kappa".
Then Pr(𝒟)<fQPr(𝒟

~
){\rm Pr}({\cal D})<\!\!\!\circ_{f}Q\ast{\rm Pr}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}), where $`f`$ is the embedding given by

$$f((a,A))\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}(\mathrm{}_\mathrm{Q},(\mathrm{a},\mathrm{A})).$$

###### Definition 2.12

Suppose that $`Q`$ is as in Claim 2.6, while $`Q<P`$, and 𝒟

~
superscript𝒟

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime} is a $`P`$-name of a normal ultrafilter over $`\kappa `$, extending 𝒟{A

~
}𝒟superscript𝐴

~
{\cal D}\cup\{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\}. For $`\alpha <\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$ we define Gr

~
α𝒟subscriptsuperscriptfragmentsGr

~
superscript𝒟𝛼\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{{{\cal D}}^{\prime}}_{\alpha}, intended to be a name for a graph on $`\{\eta _\alpha \zeta :\zeta <\kappa ^+\}\times \kappa `$ (see Claim 2.13 below), defined by letting for $`y^{},y^{\prime \prime }\{\eta _\alpha \zeta :\zeta <\kappa ^+\}\times \kappa `$,

yR

~
y′′ iff for some p,w,Bp
G
~
 with αup,pQ and [w][Ap]<0 and some x,x′′Dom(fαp) we have fαp(x)=y and fαp(x′′)=y′′, AND w,BpPr(𝒟

~
)``M

~
αR

~
α(x,x′′)".superscript𝑦𝑅

~
superscript𝑦′′formulae-sequence iff for some 𝑝𝑤superscript𝐵𝑝
G
~
 with 𝛼superscript𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑄 and delimited-[]𝑤superscriptdelimited-[]superscript𝐴𝑝absentsubscript0missing-subexpressionmissing-subexpression and some superscript𝑥superscript𝑥′′Domsubscriptsuperscript𝑓𝑝𝛼missing-subexpressionmissing-subexpression we have subscriptsuperscript𝑓𝑝𝛼superscript𝑥superscript𝑦 and subscriptsuperscript𝑓𝑝𝛼superscript𝑥′′superscript𝑦′′missing-subexpressionmissing-subexpressionsubscriptforcesPr𝒟

~
 AND 𝑤superscript𝐵𝑝``subscript𝑀

~
𝛼modelssubscript𝑅

~
𝛼superscript𝑥superscript𝑥′′"missing-subexpression\begin{array}[]{ccc}y^{\prime}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}y^{\prime\prime}&\mbox{ iff for some }\langle p,\langle w,B^{p}\rangle\rangle\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle G$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\mbox{ with }\alpha\in u^{p},p\in Q\mbox{ and }[w]\in[A^{p}]^{<\aleph_{0}}\\
&\mbox{ and some }x^{\prime},x^{\prime\prime}\in{\rm Dom}(f^{p}_{\alpha})\\
&\mbox{ we have }f^{p}_{\alpha}(x^{\prime})=y^{\prime}\mbox{ and }f^{p}_{\alpha}(x^{\prime\prime})=y^{\prime\prime},\\
&\mbox{ AND }\langle w,B^{p}\rangle\Vdash_{{\rm Pr}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}})}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\models\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}(x^{\prime},x^{\prime\prime})".\end{array}
###### Claim 2.13

Suppose $`Q`$ is as in Claim 2.6, while $`Q<P`$, and 𝒟

~
superscript𝒟

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime} is a $`P`$-name of a normal ultrafilter over $`\kappa `$, extending 𝒟{A

~
}𝒟superscript𝐴

~
{\cal D}\cup\{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\} (equivalently, A

~
𝒟

~
superscript𝐴

~
superscript𝒟

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\in\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}).

Then

,,A

~
PPr(𝒟

~
)``f

~
α is an embedding of
M
~
α into
Gr
~
α𝒟

~
.subscriptforces𝑃Prsuperscript𝒟

~
superscript𝐴

~
``subscript𝑓

~
𝛼subscript is an embedding of
M
~
𝛼subscriptsuperscript into
Gr
~
superscript𝒟

~
𝛼\langle\emptyset,\langle\emptyset,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\rangle\rangle\Vdash_{P\ast{\rm Pr}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime})}``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle f$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\mbox{ is an embedding of }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}\mbox{ into }\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Gr$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}}_{\alpha}.
Proof of the Claim. Let $`G`$ be PPr(𝒟

~
)𝑃Prsuperscript𝒟

~
P\ast{\rm Pr}(\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime})-generic with ,,A

~
Gsuperscript𝐴

~
𝐺\langle\emptyset,\langle\emptyset,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\rangle\rangle\in G and suppose that $`x^{},x^{\prime \prime }`$ are such that $`M_\alpha R_\alpha (x^{},x^{\prime \prime })`$ in $`V[G]`$. Let p+,w,A

~
superscript𝑝𝑤superscript𝐴

~
\langle p^{+},\langle w,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\rangle\rangle be a condition in $`G`$ that forces this. Without loss of generality, we have

p+,w,A

~
,,A

~
.superscript𝑝𝑤superscript𝐴

~
superscript𝐴

~
\langle p^{+},\langle w,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\rangle\rangle\geq\langle\emptyset,\langle\emptyset,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}\rangle\rangle.
In particular, p+P``w[A

~
]<0"subscriptforces𝑃superscript𝑝``𝑤superscriptdelimited-[]superscript𝐴

~
absentsubscript0"p^{+}\Vdash_{P}``w\in[\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}]^{<\aleph_{0}}". Considering $`P`$ as $`QP/Q`$, let us write p+,w,A

~
superscript𝑝𝑤superscript𝐴

~
\langle p^{+},\langle w,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\rangle\rangle as p,p,w,A

~
𝑝superscript𝑝𝑤superscript𝐴

~
\langle p,p^{\prime},\langle w,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\rangle\rangle. As A

~
superscript𝐴

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast} is a $`Q`$-name, by extending $`p^+`$ if necessary, we may assume that $`A^pw`$, and then using the density of $`𝒦_{x^{},\alpha }`$ and $`𝒦_{x^{\prime \prime },\alpha }`$, we may also assume that $`\alpha u^p`$ and $`x^{},x^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{Dom}(f_\alpha ^p)`$. By extending further, we may assume that p+``A

~
Bp"forcessuperscript𝑝``superscript𝐴

~
superscript𝐵𝑝"p^{+}\Vdash``\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\subseteq B^{p}". Then p+,w,A

~
p,w,Bpsuperscript𝑝𝑤superscript𝐴

~
𝑝𝑤superscript𝐵𝑝\langle p^{+},\langle w,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}\rangle\rangle\geq\langle p,\langle w,B^{p}\rangle\rangle, hence the latter is in $`G`$. Since pP``w,bp||Pr(𝒟)R

~
α(x,x′′)"p\Vdash_{P}``\langle w,b^{p}\rangle||_{{\rm Pr}({\cal D})}\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}(x^{\prime},x^{\prime\prime})", it must be that $`w,B^p_{\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)}\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}M_\alpha R_\alpha (x^{},x^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{"}`$. Hence in $`V[G]`$ we have that

$$y^{}=f_\alpha (x^{})Ry^{\prime \prime }=f_\alpha (x^{\prime \prime }).$$

On the other hand, suppose that in $`V[G]`$ we have $`y^{}=f_\alpha (x^{})Ry^{\prime \prime }=f_\alpha (x^{\prime \prime })`$ and let $`p,w,B^p`$ exemplify this. In particular, $`w,B^p`$ forces in $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$ that $`\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}M_\alpha R_\alpha (x^{},x^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{"}`$, and since $`p,w,B^pG`$, we have that $`R_\alpha (x^{},x^{\prime \prime })`$ holds in $`V[G]`$.

As it is easily seen that each $`f_\alpha `$ is forced to be 1-1 and total, this finishes the proof. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.13}}`$

###### Claim 2.14

Suppose that $`Q`$ and 𝒟

~
superscript𝒟

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime} are as in Claim 2.13, while $`G`$ is $`Q`$-generic over $`V^{}`$ and $`2^\kappa =\kappa ^+`$ holds in $`V^{}`$. Further suppose that $`H`$ is a $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟^{})`$-generic filter over $`V^{}[G]`$ with $`\mathrm{},A^{}H`$.

Then in $`V^{}[G][H]`$, there is a graph $`Gr^{}`$ of size $`\kappa ^+`$ such that for every $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$-generic filter $`J`$ over $`V^{}`$, every graph of size $`\kappa ^+`$ in $`V^{}[J]`$ is embedded into $`Gr^{}`$.

Proof of the Claim. Define $`Gr^{}`$ on $`_{\alpha <\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}\{\eta _\alpha \zeta :\zeta <\kappa ^+\}\times \kappa `$, hence $`|Gr^{}|=\kappa ^+`$, by our assumptions on $`V^{}`$. We let

$$Gr^{}\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}(\eta _\alpha \zeta ,i)R(\eta _\alpha \xi ,j)\mathrm{"}\text{ iff }Gr_\alpha ^𝒟^{}\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}(\eta _\alpha \zeta ,i)R(\eta _\alpha \xi ,j)\mathrm{"}.$$

Then $`Gr^{}`$ is a well defined graph, as follows by the definition of $`Q`$.

Given $`M`$ a graph on $`\kappa ^+`$ in $`V^{}[J]`$, there is $`\alpha `$ such that M=M

~
α[G][J]𝑀subscript𝑀

~
𝛼delimited-[]𝐺delimited-[]𝐽M=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle M$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\alpha}[G][J], hence $`M`$ embeds into $`Gr_\alpha ^𝒟^{}`$, which is a subgraph of $`Gr^{}`$. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.14}}`$

We thank Charles Morgan for permitting us to use the following argument he showed us:

###### Claim 2.15

Let $`𝒟`$ be a normal ultrafilter over $`\kappa `$ and $`A𝒟`$. Suppose that $`G`$ is $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$-generic filter over $`V`$. Then there is some $`G^{}`$ which is $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$-generic over $`V`$ and such that $`(\mathrm{},A)G^{}`$ while $`V[G]=V[G^{}]`$.

Proof of the Claim. Let $`x=x_G=\{s:(B𝒟)(s,B)G\}`$, so

$$G=G_x=\{(s,B)\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟):sx_GsB\}.$$

Now we use the Mathias characterisation of Prikry forcing, which says that for an infinite subset $`x`$ of $`\kappa `$ we have that $`G_x`$ is $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$-generic over $`V`$ iff $`x_GB`$ is finite for all $`B𝒟`$. Hence $`xA`$ is finite. Let $`y=x_GA`$, so an infinite subset of $`\kappa `$ which clearly satisfies that $`yB`$ is finite for all $`B𝒟`$. Let $`G^{}=G_y`$, so $`G^{}`$ is $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟)`$-generic over $`V`$ and $`(\mathrm{},A)G^{}`$. We have $`V[G^{}]V[G]`$ because $`yG`$ and $`V[G]V[G^{}]`$ because $`xy`$ is finite. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.15}}`$

###### Conclusion 2.16

Suppose that $`Q`$, 𝒟

~
superscript𝒟

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\prime}, $`G`$ and $`V^{}`$ are as in Claim 2.14 and $`H`$ is a $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟^{})`$-generic filter over $`V^{}[G]`$. Then the conclusion of Claim 2.14 holds in $`V^{}[G][H]`$.

Proof. Since $`\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{s},\mathrm{B}:\mathrm{B}\mathrm{A}^{}\}`$ is in $`V^{}[G]`$ and dense in $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟^{})`$, there is $`s,BH`$. Let $`H^{}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{\mathrm{t},\mathrm{C}:\mathrm{t}\mathrm{s}\}`$. Then $`s,A^{}H^{}`$ and $`H^{}`$ is $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟^{})/s`$-generic over $`V^{}[G]`$ with $`V^{}[G][H^{}]=V^{}[G][H]`$. As $`s,A^{}`$ forces in $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟^{})/s`$ exactly the same statements as $`\mathrm{},A^{}`$ does in $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟^{})`$, the conclusion follows by Claim 2.14. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.16}}`$

###### Claim 2.17

Suppose that Q¯=Pi,Q

~
i,A

~
i:i<χ𝒦κ+\bar{Q}=\langle P_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i},\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}:\,i<\chi\rangle\in{\cal K}^{\ast}_{\kappa^{+}} is given by determining $`Q_0`$ as in Definition 2.2 and defining Q

~
𝒟

~
i=Q

~
𝒟

~
,κV[GPi]superscriptsubscript𝑄

~
𝒟

~
𝑖superscriptsubscript𝑄

~
𝒟

~
𝜅𝑉delimited-[]subscript𝐺subscript𝑃𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}}^{i}=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.60275pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}},\kappa}^{V[G_{P_{i}}]} as defined in Definition 2.5, with $`\kappa `$ replaced by $`\mu `$, and A

~
i=A

~
isubscript𝐴

~
𝑖subscriptsuperscript𝐴

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}=\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}_{i} where A

~
isubscriptsuperscript𝐴

~
𝑖\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle A$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}^{\ast}_{i} was defined in Claim 2.6(2).

Then $`\overline{Q}`$ is fitted.

Proof of the Claim. We shall take   $`R`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   to be defined by Definition 2.5. By Claim 1.21, it suffices to give a definition of   $`f`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   satisfying the requirements of that Claim. Suppose that P,𝒟

~
𝑃𝒟

~
P,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}} is such that R

~
[P,𝒟

~
]𝑅

~
𝑃𝒟

~
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle R$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}[P,\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}], working in $`V^P`$ we define

$$f=f_{[P,𝒟]}:Q_𝒟=R_{[P,𝒟]}𝒟$$

by letting $`f(p)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{p}`$ for $`p=(A^p,B^p,u^p,\overline{f}^p)`$. We check that this definition is as required. So suppose that $`\kappa ^{}<\kappa `$ is inaccessible and $`𝐠`$ is a $`(<\kappa ^{})`$-directed family of conditions in $`Q_𝒟`$ with the property that for all $`p𝐠`$ we have $`\kappa ^{}B^p`$. We define $`r`$ by letting

$$A^r\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\underset{\mathrm{p}𝐠}{}\mathrm{A}^\mathrm{p}\{\kappa ^{}\},\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{r}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\underset{\mathrm{p}𝐠}{}\mathrm{B}^\mathrm{p}\{\kappa ^{}\},\mathrm{u}^\mathrm{r}\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{p}𝐠}\mathrm{u}^\mathrm{p},$$

and for $`\alpha u^r`$, we let $`f_\alpha ^r\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{p}𝐠\&\alpha \mathrm{u}^\mathrm{p}}\mathrm{f}_\alpha ^\mathrm{p}`$. It is easy to check that this condition is as required. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.17}}`$

###### Remark 2.18

The inaccessibility of $`\kappa ^{}`$ was not used in the Proof of Claim 2.17.

Proof of the Theorem finished.

To finish the proof of the Theorem, in $`V_0`$ let $`\overline{Q}`$ be as in Claim 2.17. By Claim 2.17 and the definition of fittedness, we can find sequences $`p_i^{}:i<\chi `$ and $`\alpha _i:i<\chi `$ witnessing that $`\overline{Q}`$ is fitted. Let 𝒟

~
i=defpi(αi)superscriptdefsubscript𝒟

~
𝑖subscriptsuperscriptpisubscript𝛼i\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{i}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}{p^{\ast}_{i}(\alpha_{i})} for $`i<\chi `$. If we force in $`V_0`$ by

P=deflimPαi/(piαi),Q

~
𝒟i:i<χ,P^{\ast}\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\lim\langle P_{\alpha_{i}}/(p^{\ast}_{i}\upharpoonright\alpha_{i}),\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle Q$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}_{{\cal D}_{i}}:\,i<\chi\rangle,
we obtain a universe $`V^{}`$ in which $`𝒟_i:\mathrm{cf}(i)=\mu ^+`$ is an increasing sequence of normal filters over $`\mu `$, and $`𝒟\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{S}_{\mu ^+}^\chi }𝒟_\mathrm{i}`$ is a normal ultrafilter over $`\mu `$. For, in $`V^{P_{\alpha _i}/(p_i^{}\alpha _i)}`$, we have that $`𝒟_i`$ is an ultrafilter over $`\mu `$, and $`\mathrm{cf}(\chi )>\mu `$, while the iteration is with $`(<\mu )`$-supports and $`\mu ^{<\mu }=\mu `$. Hence every subset if $`\mu `$ in $`V^{}`$ appears as an element of $`V^{P_{\alpha _i}/(p_i^{}\alpha _i)}`$ for some $`i`$, and so $`𝒟`$ is an ultrafilter.

Also, for every $`iS_{\mu ^+}^\chi `$ we have that $`A_i^{}𝒟`$. Let   $`𝒟`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   be a $`P^{}`$-name for $`𝒟`$ of $`V^{}`$. Let

E=def{δ<χ:(α<δ)(β(α,δ))[αβ=β] and 𝒟

~
𝒫(κ)V0Pβ is a Pβ/(pββ)-name and pβ+1(β)=𝒟𝒫(κ)V0Pβ}.superscriptdef𝐸conditional-set𝛿𝜒for-all𝛼𝛿𝛽𝛼𝛿delimited-[]subscript𝛼𝛽𝛽 and 𝒟

~
𝒫superscript𝜅superscriptsubscriptV0subscriptP𝛽 is a subscriptP𝛽subscriptp𝛽𝛽-name and subscriptp𝛽1𝛽𝒟𝒫superscript𝜅superscriptsubscriptV0subscriptP𝛽E\buildrel\rm def\over{=}\left\{\delta<\chi:\,\begin{split}(\forall\alpha<\delta)(\exists\beta\in(\alpha,\delta))[\alpha_{\beta}=\beta]\mbox{ and }\\
\mathchoice{\oalign{$\displaystyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\displaystyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\textstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\textstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}{\oalign{$\scriptscriptstyle{\cal D}$\crcr\vbox to0.86108pt{\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle{\tilde{\mkern-3.0mu}\mkern 3.0mu}{}$}\vss}}}\cap{\cal P}(\kappa)^{V_{0}^{P_{\beta}}}\mbox{ is a }P_{\beta}/(p_{\beta}\upharpoonright\beta)\mbox{-name}\\
\mbox{ and }p_{\beta+1}(\beta)={\cal D}\cap{\cal P}(\kappa)^{V_{0}^{P_{\beta}}}\\
\end{split}\right\}.
Hence $`E`$ is a club of $`\chi `$. Let $`\delta ES_{\mu ^{++}}^\chi `$ be larger than $`\mu ^{+++}`$. Force with $`P^{}\delta `$, so obtaining $`V_1`$ in which $`2^{\mu ^+}2^\kappa \mu ^{+++}`$, as each coordinate of $`P^{}\delta `$ adds a subset of $`\mu `$, and cardinals are preserved. In $`V_1`$ force with the Prikry forcing for $`𝒟_\delta \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{S}_{\mu ^+}^\delta }𝒟_\mathrm{i}`$. Let $`W\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mathrm{V}_1[\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟_\delta )]`$. For $`iS_{\mu ^+}^\delta `$, let $`\mathrm{Gr}_i^{}`$ be a graph obtained in $`W`$ satisfying the conditions of Conclusion2.16 with $`𝒟_\delta `$ in place of $`𝒟^{}`$ and $`𝒟_i`$ in place of $`𝒟`$. Let $`C`$ be a club of $`\delta `$ of order type $`\mu ^{++}`$, and let $`g`$ be its increasing enumeration.

We claim that $`W`$ is as required, and that

$$\{\mathrm{Gr}_{g(i)}^{}:i<\mu ^{++}\&\mathrm{cf}(g(i))=\mu ^+\}$$

are universal for graphs of size $`\mu ^+`$. Clearly the cofinality of $`\mu `$ in $`W`$ is $`\mathrm{}_0`$ and $`\mu `$ is a strong limit. Suppose that $`Gr`$ is a graph on $`\mu ^+`$ in $`W`$ and let   $`\mathrm{Gr}`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   be a $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟_\delta )`$-name for it. Hence, there is a $`i<\mu ^{++}`$ with $`\mathrm{cf}(g(i))=\mu ^+`$ such that   $`\mathrm{Gr}`$    $`\stackrel{~}{}`$   is a $`\mathrm{Pr}(𝒟_{g(i)})`$-name for a graph on $`\mu ^+`$. The conclusion follows by the choice of $`Gr_i^{}`$. $`\mathrm{}_{\text{2.1}}`$

###### Remark 2.19

The forcing used in \[GiSh 597\] also satisfies the conditions of Claim 1.21, again with $`f(p)=B^p`$.