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# Property of Chiral Scalar and Axial-Vector Mesons in Heavy-Light Quark System

## 1 Introduction

The property of heavy-light quark meson systems is one of the important topics of high energy physics. Until recently the mass spectra and weak transitions of $`B`$ and $`D`$ meson systems have been analyzed mainly by using the heavy quark effective theory (HQET). The HQET is based on heavy quark symmetry (HQS), which represent a spin-flavor symmetry of QCD in the heavy quark sector.

The QCD has another symmetry, chiral symmetry, in the light quark sector. Thus far for many years, the chiral symmetry had been applied in hadron physics mainly to describe the properties of $`𝝅`$-meson octet through non-linear representation. Recently the existence of light $`\sigma `$-meson, $`\sigma `$(500–600), is suggested strongly by the several groups, including ours. The observed properties of $`\sigma `$-meson are consistent with the relation between mass and width predicted by the linear $`\sigma `$ model (L$`\sigma `$M), and this fact seems to suggest that the linear representation of chiral symmetry is also realized in nature.

In a previous paper we have proposed a new covariant framework for meson level-classification and considered chiral transformation for the $`q\overline{q}`$ wave function (WF) directly in the framework of covariant oscillator quark model (COQM). The $`\sigma `$ is argued to be discriminated from the ($`q\overline{q}`$) $`{}_{}{}^{3}P_{0}^{}`$-state appearing in the non-relativistic quark model (NRQM), and to be classified into, so to speak, the “relativistic $`S`$-wave” state of the ($`q\overline{q}`$) system, which has never been appeared in NRQM. This type of new covariant state is called “chiralons.” We assume the chiral symmetry for light quark component in the heavy-light quark systems is also effective, where the possible existence of this new type of mesons is suggested as chiral partners of the ground $`S`$-wave state pseudoscalar and vector mesons, respectively.

In this paper we investigate the properties of these new scalar and axial-vector mesons by taking into account HQS for the heavy quark component, as well as chiral symmetry for the light quark component. Similar approach was given from a viewpoint of the non-linear chiral Lagrangian, including only the ground-state psedoscalar and vector heavy-light quark mesons and the $`\pi `$-meson octet. In this work we adopt the linear representation, and make a chiral Lagrangian including also the new scalar and axial-vector mesons in the heavy-light $`B,D`$ systems.

## 2 Constraints on One Pion Emission Process from HQS

For $`n\overline{b}=(u\overline{b},d\overline{b})`$ systems the new scalar and axial-vector mesons are denoted as $`X_B=^t(X_{B^+},X_{B^0})`$ and $`X_B^{}=^t(X_{B^+},X_{B^0})`$. They are supposed to be the chiral partners of the pseudoscalar $`B=^t(B^+,B^0)`$ and vector $`B^{}=^t(B^+,B^0)`$, respectively. Similarly, for $`n\overline{c}=^t(u\overline{c},d\overline{c})`$ system, the scalar $`X_{\overline{D}}=^t(X_{\overline{D}^0},X_D^{})`$ and the axial-vector $`X_{\overline{D}^{}}=^t(X_{\overline{D}^0},X_D^{})`$ are supposed to be the chiral partners of pseudoscalar $`\overline{D}=^t(\overline{D}^0,D^{})`$ and vector $`\overline{D}^{}=^t(\overline{D}^0,D^{})`$, respectively.

We consider general constraints from HQS on the processes of one pion emission, $`X_BB\pi `$, $`X_B^{}B^{}\pi `$, $`X_DD\pi `$ and $`X_D^{}D^{}\pi `$, which are expected to be the main decay modes of the relevant mesons.

The HQ spin symmetry relates $`B`$ and $`X_B`$, respectively, to $`B^{}`$ and $`X_B^{}`$, and $`D`$ and $`X_D`$, respectively, to $`D^{}`$ and $`X_D^{}`$, with the same velocity. Thus, the $`S`$-matrix elements of the relevant decay modes satisfy the relations

$`\pi B(\mathrm{𝟎})|U_I|X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})`$ $`=`$ $`i\pi B^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})|U_I|X_B^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)}),`$
$`\pi D(\mathrm{𝟎})|U_I|X_D(\mathrm{𝟎})`$ $`=`$ $`i\pi D^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})|U_I|X_D^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)}),`$ (2.1)
where $`U_I`$ is translational operator of the time from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$, and $`\mathrm{𝟎}`$ means the three velocity $`𝒗=\mathrm{𝟎}`$. The longitudinally polarized states of $`B^{}`$, $`D^{}`$ and $`X_B^{}`$, $`X_D^{}`$ appear in RHS. When the $`z`$-direction is taken as a quantization axis, the above equations are derived by using the relation, $`[U_I,S_Q^z]=0`$, $`(2S_Q^z)^2=1`$, $`2S_Q^z|X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})=|X_B^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})`$ and $`B(\mathrm{𝟎})|(2S_Q^z)=iB^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})|`$ etc., where $`S_Q^z`$ is the $`z`$-component of the heavy quark spin operator. (The factor $`i`$ comes from the convention of the spinor WF given in the appendix.) We assume that the mass difference between the chiral partners, $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_M=m_{X_M}m_M`$ $`(M=B,D,B^{},D^{})`$, is sufficiently small compared to $`m_M`$, that is, $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_Mm_M\stackrel{<}{}m_{X_M}`$, but is larger than $`m_\pi `$. In this case, when we take the rest frame of initial $`X_M`$, the final heavy-light quark meson $`M`$ also stays almost at rest, although the pion is emitted relativistically with energy $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_M`$. Thus, in both sides of Eq.(2.1) the pion momentum $`p_{\pi \mu }`$ takes the same value, and the initial and final heavy-light quark mesons are at rest.

The HQ flavor symmetry relates the $`B`$, $`B^{}`$, $`X_B`$ and $`X_B^{}`$ mesons, respectively, to the $`D`$, $`D^{}`$, $`X_D`$ and $`X_D^{}`$ mesons with the same velocity. The HQ $`\overline{b}\overline{c}`$ flavor transformation leads to the following relations

$`\pi B(\mathrm{𝟎})|U_I|X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})=\pi D(\mathrm{𝟎})|U_I|X_D(\mathrm{𝟎})`$ $``$ $`\xi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^32}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^32E_\pi }}}`$
$`\pi B^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})|U_I|X_B^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})`$ $`=`$ $`\pi D^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})|U_I|X_D^{}(\mathrm{𝟎},ϵ^{(0)})`$ (2.2)
$``$ $`i\xi ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^32}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^32E_\pi }}},`$
where a common factor $`\frac{1}{(2\pi )^32}\sqrt{\frac{1}{(2\pi )^32E_\pi }}`$ is introduced,))) Here we use the ordinary normalization of the state $`|B(\mathrm{𝟎})a_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{}|0`$ etc., where $`[a_{B(𝒑)},a_{B(𝒑^{})}^{}]=\delta ^{(3)}(𝒑𝒑^{})`$. Through heavy quark $`\overline{b}\overline{c}`$ transformation the state $`|B(\mathrm{𝟎})`$ is transformed into $`|\overline{D}(\mathrm{𝟎})`$, since one $`B`$ meson is changed into one $`\overline{D}`$ meson. The amplitudes $`\xi `$ and $`\xi ^{}`$, defined in Eq.(2.2), are related with the relevant Lorentz-invariant amplitudes, denoted respectively as $`g_{X_BB}`$, $`g_{X_DD}`$, $`g_{X_B^{}B^{}}`$ and $`g_{X_D^{}D^{}}`$, through the formula $`g_{X_BB}=\sqrt{m_{X_B}m_B}\xi `$, $`g_{X_DD}=\sqrt{m_{X_D}m_D}\xi `$, $`g_{X_B^{}B^{}}=\sqrt{m_{X_B^{}}m_B^{}}\xi ^{}`$ and $`g_{X_D^{}D^{}}=\sqrt{m_{X_D^{}}m_D^{}}\xi ^{}`$.  and the momentum conservation factor $`i(2\pi )^4\delta ^{(4)}(P_{X_M}P_Mp_\pi )`$ is omitted in RHS. Due to Eq.(2.1), the $`\xi `$ and $`\xi ^{}`$ satisfy

$`\xi =\xi ^{}.`$ (2.3)
Thus, all the relevant decay matrix elements are reduced to one universal amplitude $`\xi `$ due to HQS.

The decay widths of $`X_M=X_B,X_B^{},X_D,X_D^{}`$ are commonly calculated as

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{X_M}`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_M}}}{\displaystyle \frac{|𝒑|}{4\pi m_{X_M}}}(\xi \sqrt{m_{X_M}m_M})^2=3{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{(\mathrm{\Delta }m_M)^2m_\pi ^2}}{8\pi }}\xi ^2,`$ (2.4)
where we use the approximation $`m_{X_M}m_M`$, $`|𝒑|=\sqrt{(\mathrm{\Delta }m_M)^2m_\pi ^2}`$ is the pion CM momentum and the factor 3 comes from the isospin freedom of final $`|\pi M`$ state. Due to Eq.(2.4) the decay widths of the relevant processes are only dependent upon the correponding mass difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_M`$.

## 3 Linear Chiral Lagrangian for $`B`$ and $`D`$ Systems

We can simply make a linear chiral Lagrangian for the ground state $`B`$ and $`D`$ meson systems, if we know their transformation law. We shall use the following rules, which are derived by using the covariant spinor WF, as explained in the appexdix.

The chiral transformation for the light $`u,d`$ quark fields is given by

$`n=\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ d\end{array}\right)`$ $``$ $`g_V\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ d\end{array}\right),g_A\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ d\end{array}\right),`$ (3.7)
where $`g_V=\mathrm{exp}\{i\frac{𝜶𝝉+\alpha _0\tau ^0}{2}\}`$ and $`g_A=\mathrm{exp}\{i\frac{𝜷𝝉+\beta _0\tau ^0}{2}\gamma _5\}`$. Correspondingly, the chiral transformation for the light-heavy $`B`$ and $`X_B`$ meson fields is given by

$`(X_B+i\gamma _5B)`$ $``$ $`g_V(X_B+i\gamma _5B),g_A(X_B+i\gamma _5B),`$
$`(X_B^{}+\gamma _5B^{})`$ $``$ $`g_V(X_B^{}+\gamma _5B^{}),g_A(X_B^{}+\gamma _5B^{}),`$ (3.8)
which is also written in the form

$`(X_Bi\gamma _5B)`$ $``$ $`g_V(X_Bi\gamma _5B),g_A^{}(X_Bi\gamma _5B),`$
$`(X_B^{}\gamma _5B^{})`$ $``$ $`g_V(X_B^{}\gamma _5B^{}),g_A^{}(X_B^{}\gamma _5B^{}).`$ (3.9)
The chiral transformation for the charge conjugate $`\overline{B}=(B^{},\overline{B}^0)`$ and $`X_{\overline{B}}=(X_B^{},X_{\overline{B}})`$ meson fields is consistently given by

$`(X_{\overline{B}}+\overline{B}i\gamma _5)`$ $``$ $`(X_{\overline{B}}+\overline{B}i\gamma _5)g_V^{},(X_{\overline{B}}+\overline{B}i\gamma _5)g_A,`$
$`(X_{\overline{B}}\overline{B}i\gamma _5)`$ $``$ $`(X_{\overline{B}}\overline{B}i\gamma _5)g_V^{},(X_{\overline{B}}\overline{B}i\gamma _5)g_A^{}.`$ (3.10)
$`(X_{\overline{B}^{}}\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5)`$ $``$ $`(X_{\overline{B}^{}}\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5)g_V^{},(X_{\overline{B}^{}}\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5)g_A,`$
$`(X_{\overline{B}^{}}+\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5)`$ $``$ $`(X_{\overline{B}^{}}+\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5)g_V^{},(X_{\overline{B}^{}}+\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5)g_A^{}.`$ (3.11)
The chiral transformation rule of $`\sigma `$ and $`𝝅`$ fields is given by

$`(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)`$ $``$ $`g_V(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)g_V^{},g_A(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)g_A,`$ (3.12)
$`(\sigma i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)`$ $``$ $`g_V(\sigma i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)g_V^{},g_A^{}(\sigma i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)g_A^{}.`$ (3.13)
Then a chiral symmetric Lagrangian for $`B`$ and $`X_B`$ mesons is given by

$`_B`$ $`=`$ $`_B^{\mathrm{free}}+_B^{\mathrm{Yukawa}},`$ (3.14)
where the free part $`_B^{\mathrm{free}}`$ and the Yukawa coupling part $`_B^{\mathrm{Yukawa}}`$ are given,))) The other chiral symmetric combinations, $`(_\mu X_{\overline{B}}+_\mu \overline{B}i\gamma _5)(_\mu X_Bi\gamma _5_\mu B)`$, $`(X_{\overline{B}}+\overline{B}i\gamma _5)(X_Bi\gamma _5B)`$ and $`(X_{\overline{B}}+\overline{B}i\gamma _5)(\sigma i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(X_B+i\gamma _5B)`$ give the same contributions as the corresponding terms in Eq.(3.15), and thus omitted.  respectively, by

$`_B^{\mathrm{free}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(_\mu X_{\overline{B}}_\mu \overline{B}i\gamma _5)(_\mu X_B+i\gamma _5_\mu B)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m_{B0}^2}{4}}(X_{\overline{B}}\overline{B}i\gamma _5)(X_B+i\gamma _5B),`$
$`_B^{\mathrm{Yukawa}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_B}{4}}(X_{\overline{B}}\overline{B}i\gamma _5)(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(X_Bi\gamma _5B),`$ (3.15)
the notation $``$ denoting to take trace for spinor and light quark flavor indices. The $`B`$-meson and $`X_B`$ meson have a common bare-mass $`m_{B0}`$ due to chiral symmetry.

For the vector $`B_\mu ^{}`$ and axial-vector $`X_{B_\mu ^{}}`$ meson systems the chiral symmetric Lagrangian is given))) The other chiral symmetric combinations, $`(F_{\mu \nu }^{X_{\overline{B}^{}}}+F_{\mu \nu }^{\overline{B}^{}}\gamma _5)(F_{\mu \nu }^{X_B^{}}+\gamma _5F_{\mu \nu }^B^{})`$, $`(X_{\overline{B}^{}\mu }+\overline{B}_\mu ^{}\gamma _5)(X_{B^{}\mu }+\gamma _5B_\mu ^{})`$ and $`(X_{\overline{B}^{}\mu }\overline{B}_\mu ^{}\gamma _5)(\sigma i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(X_{B^{}\mu }+\gamma _5B_\mu ^{})`$, give the same contributions as the corresponding terms in Eq.(3.16), and thus omitted.  by

$`_B^{}`$ $`=`$ $`_B^{}^{\mathrm{free}}+_B^{}^{\mathrm{Yukawa}},`$
$`_B^{}^{\mathrm{free}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(F_{\mu \nu }^{X_{\overline{B}^{}}}F_{\mu \nu }^{\overline{B}^{}}\gamma _5)(F_{\mu \nu }^{X_B^{}}\gamma _5F_{\mu \nu }^B^{})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m_{B^{}0}^2}{4}}(X_{\overline{B}^{}\mu }\overline{B}_\mu ^{}\gamma _5)(X_{B^{}\mu }\gamma _5B_\mu ^{}),`$
$`_B^{}^{\mathrm{Yukawa}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_B^{}}{4}}(X_{\overline{B}^{}\mu }+\overline{B}_\mu ^{}\gamma _5)(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(X_{B^{}\mu }\gamma _5B_\mu ^{}),`$ (3.16)
where $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ is the field strength tensor of the corresponding vector or axial vector mesons. The $`B^{}`$-meson and $`X_B^{}`$-meson have a common bare-mass $`m_{B^{}0}`$ in $`_B^{}^{\mathrm{free}}`$ due to chiral symmetry. The spin-spin splitting is considered by $`m_{B0}^{}`$ being different from $`m_{B0}`$ in Eq.(3.15).

Similarly, for $`D`$ and $`D^{}`$ meson systems, the chiral Lagrangian is obtained from $`_B`$ and $`_B^{}`$ simply by the substitution,

$`_D`$ $`=`$ $`_B|_{(B,X_B,m_{B0},g_B)(\overline{D},X_{\overline{D}},m_{D0},g_D)}`$
$`_D^{}`$ $`=`$ $`_B^{}|_{(B^{},X_B^{},m_{B^{}0},g_B^{})(\overline{D}^{},X_{\overline{D}^{}},m_{D^{}0},g_D^{})}.`$ (3.17)
The total Lagrangian $`^{\mathrm{tot}}`$ for ground-state $`B`$ and $`D`$ systems is given by

$`^{\mathrm{tot}}`$ $`=`$ $`_B+_D+_B^{}+_D^{}+_{L\sigma M},`$ (3.18)
where $`_{L\sigma M}`$ is the Lagrangian of SU(2) L$`\sigma `$M, describing the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. Apparently, Eq. (3.18) is possibly the most simple Lagrangian with interaction satisfying chiral symmetry.

Before going further, we consider the constraints on the present Lagrangian Eq.(3.18) required from HQS. The heavy quark spin symmetry and flavor symmetry predict, in this particular model, respectively, the relations among the relevant one-pion emission amplitudes,

$`g_B`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_B}2m_B2E_\pi }}}=g_B^{}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_B^{}}2m_B^{}2E_\pi }}}`$ (3.19)
$`=`$ $`g_D\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_D}2m_D2E_\pi }}}=g_D^{}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_D^{}}2m_D^{}2E_\pi }}}`$
$``$ $`\eta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^32}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^32E_\pi }}},`$
where the universal amplitude $`\eta `$ in the present scheme corresponds to the amplitude $`\xi `$ defined in the general case (Eq.(2.3)).

## 4 Properties of Scalar and Axial-Vector Mesons

In the mechanism of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking the $`\sigma `$ acquires vacuum expectation value $`\sigma _0\sigma _0=f_\pi `$, which is described by $`_{L\sigma M}`$ in Eq.(3.18). Through the $`^{\mathrm{Yukawa}}`$ the mass degeneracies between scalar and pseudoscalar and between vector and axial-vector are broken as

$`m_{X_B}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_{B0}^2+g_Bf_\pi ,m_B^2=m_{B0}^2g_Bf_\pi ,`$
$`m_{X_D}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_{D0}^2+g_Df_\pi ,m_D^2=m_{D0}^2g_Df_\pi ,`$
$`m_{X_B^{}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_{B^{}0}^2+g_B^{}f_\pi ,m_B^{}^2=m_{B^{}0}^2g_B^{}f_\pi ,`$
$`m_{X_D^{}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_{D^{}0}^2+g_D^{}f_\pi ,m_D^{}^2=m_{D^{}0}^2g_D^{}f_\pi ,`$ (4.1)
which leads to

$`\mathrm{\Delta }m_B`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_B^{}=\mathrm{\Delta }m_D=\mathrm{\Delta }m_D^{}\mathrm{\Delta }m,`$ (4.2)
because of Eq.(3.19), where the approximations $`m_{X_B}m_Bm_{B0}`$ etc. are used. Due to Eq.(2.4), Eq.(4.2) leads to the universality of decay widths,

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{X_B}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{X_D}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{X_B^{}}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{X_D^{}}=\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m).`$ (4.3)
In this model the $`\mathrm{\Delta }m`$ is given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }m`$ $`=`$ $`\eta f_\pi ,`$ (4.4)
and thus, the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m)`$ is given by Eq.(2.4)

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m)`$ $`=`$ $`=3{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{(\mathrm{\Delta }m)^2m_\pi ^2}}{8\pi }}\xi ^2,\mathrm{with}\xi =\eta =\mathrm{\Delta }m/f_\pi .`$ (4.5)
The numerical value of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m)`$ (with $`f_\pi =93`$MeV) is depicted by solid line in Fig. 1.

The universality of mass splittings between the relevant chiral partners and of the decay widths, which was derived by using the Yukawa coupling in the most simple form, Eqs.(3.15) and (3.16), is shown to be rather generally valid from the following considerations. The mass-splittings and decay widths can be described more generally in the present scheme of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking by the following Lagrangian,

$`_n^{\mathrm{Yukawa}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{M=B,\overline{D}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{g_{M,n}}{4}}(X_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}i\gamma _5)(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(\sigma ^2+𝝅^2)^n(X_Mi\gamma _5M)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{M=B^{},\overline{D}^{}}{}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_{M,n}}{4}}`$ $`(X_{\overline{M}\mu }+\overline{M}_\mu \gamma _5)(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(\sigma ^2+𝝅^2)^n(X_{M\mu }\gamma _5M_\mu )`$ (4.6)
$`_n^\mathrm{Z}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{M=B,\overline{D}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{h_{M,n}}{4}}_\mu (X_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}i\gamma _5)(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(\sigma ^2+𝝅^2)^n_\mu (X_Mi\gamma _5M)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{M=B^{},\overline{D}^{}}{}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{h_{M,n}}{4}}`$ $`_\mu (X_{\overline{M}\nu }+\overline{M}_\nu \gamma _5)(\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)(\sigma ^2+𝝅^2)^n_\mu (X_{M\nu }\gamma _5M_\nu )`$ (4.7)
with $`n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ . When the $`\sigma `$ takes VEV, $`\sigma _0=f_\pi `$, the effects from the terms with $`n2`$ on the mass splittings and on the one pion emission amplitude can be included in the $`n=0`$ term through the redefinition,

$`g_{M,0}`$ $``$ $`g_M{\displaystyle \underset{n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}}{}}g_{M,n}f_\pi ^{2n}\mathrm{and}h_{M,0}h_M{\displaystyle \underset{n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}}{}}h_{M,n}f_\pi ^{2n}.`$ (4.8)
The modified $`n=0`$ term of Eq.(4.6) is the simplest Yukawa Lagrangian, given in Eqs. (3.15) and (3.16), leading to the mass formula, Eq.(4.1), and to the one pion emission amplitude, Eq.(3.19). The modified $`n=0`$ term of Eq.(4.7) leads to the field renormalization,

$`\sqrt{1h_Mf_\pi }X_M`$ $``$ $`X_M^{(r)},\sqrt{1+h_Mf_\pi }MM^{(r)},(M=B,D,B^{},D^{}),`$ (4.9)
which gives, in the case of $`h_Mf_\pi 1`$, the same mass formula as Eq.(4.1) with $`g_M`$ replaced by $`h_Mm_{M0}^2`$. This term also gives the one pion emission amplitude

$`h_M`$ $`P_{X_M}P_M\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2E_{X_M}2E_M2E_\pi }}}h_Mm_{X_M}m_M\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_M}2m_M2E_\pi }}}`$ (4.10)
$``$ $`h_Mm_{M0}^2\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^9}}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_{X_M}2m_M2E_\pi }}},`$
which is given from the LHS of Eq.(3.19) by replacing $`g_M`$ with $`h_Mm_{M0}^2`$.

Thus, the effects from Eqs.(4.6) and (4.7) can be described by the simplest Yukawa Lagrangian in Eqs. (3.15) and (3.16). Thus, its result of the universality of mass-splittings Eq.(4.2), and of the universality of decay widths Eq.(4.3) is kept to be valid even in the case of taking the general contributions from Eqs. (4.6) and (4.7) into account. However, the value of universal $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m)`$ itself generally becomes different from the original one, Eq.(4.5), by considering the effect from the following type of Lagrangian,

$`^{(\mathrm{d})}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{M=B,\overline{D}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{k_M}{4}}\{(X_Mi\gamma _5M)\stackrel{}{_\mu }(X_{\overline{M}}\overline{M}i\gamma _5)\}_\mu (\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅)`$ (4.11)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{M=B^{},\overline{D}^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{k_M}{4}}\{(X_{M\nu }\gamma _5M_\nu )\stackrel{}{_\mu }(X_{\overline{M}\nu }+\overline{M}_\nu \gamma _5)\}_\mu (\sigma +i\gamma _5𝝉𝝅),`$
where $`k_B=k_B^{}=k_D=k_D^{}k`$ due to HQS. By taking this Lagrangian into account, the Lorentz invariant amplitude of one pion emission decay $`g_M(=\eta \sqrt{m_{X_M}m_M}\eta m_{X_M}=\mathrm{\Delta }mm_{X_M}/f_\pi `$ due to Eq.(3.19) ) is changed as

$`g_M`$ $``$ $`g_Mkp_\pi (P_M+P_{X_M})g_M+2k\mathrm{\Delta }mm_{X_M}`$ (4.12)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }mm_{X_M}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_\pi }}2k),`$
and the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m)`$ is still given by Eq.(4.5) with the new $`\xi `$

$`\xi `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }m(1/f_\pi 2k).`$ (4.13)
The order of the magnitude of $`k`$ is inverse momentum of the light quark. The $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{\Delta }m)`$ is given in the case of $`k=1/m_q^{\mathrm{constit}}`$(, where the constituent quark mass $`m_q^{\mathrm{constit}}m_\rho /2`$), as an example, by dashed line in Fig. 1. As can be seen in this figure the absolute value of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is largely dependent upon the value of $`k`$, and cannot be predicted in the present model.

Finally we consider the possible effects of mixing between pseudo-scalar and axial-vector and between scalar and vector mesons. The corresponding Lagrangian is given by

$`^{\mathrm{mix}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{M=B,\overline{D}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{l_M}{4}}(X_{\overline{M}^{}\mu }+\overline{M}_\mu ^{}\gamma _5)i\gamma _5(_\mu X_M+i\gamma _5_\mu M)`$ (4.14)
$`+(_\mu X_{\overline{M}}+_\mu \overline{M}i\gamma _5)i\gamma _5(X_{M^{}\mu }\gamma _5M_\mu ^{})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{M}{}}l_M[(X_{\overline{M}^{}\mu }_\mu M+_\mu \overline{M}X_{\overline{M}^{}\mu })+i(\overline{M}_\mu ^{}_\mu X_M_\mu X_{\overline{M}}M_\mu ^{})],`$
where $`l_B=l_Dl`$ due to HQS, and the magnitude of this $`l`$ is of the order of light quark momentum $`m_q^{\mathrm{constit}}`$. The equation (4.14) leads to the redefinition of the vector and axial-vector meson fields,

$`𝑿_{\overline{M}^{}\mu }`$ $``$ $`X_{\overline{M}^{}\mu }+{\displaystyle \frac{l}{m_{X_M^{}}^2}}_\mu M,𝑿_{M^{}\mu }X_{M^{}\mu }+{\displaystyle \frac{l}{m_{X_M^{}}^2}}_\mu M,`$
$`\overline{𝑴}_\mu ^{}`$ $``$ $`\overline{M}_\mu ^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{il}{m_M^{}^2}}_\mu X_{\overline{M}},𝑴_\mu ^{}M_\mu ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{il}{m_M^{}^2}}_\mu X_M.`$ (4.15)
Correspondingly, the field renormalization for the scalar and pseudoscalar mesons is necessary.

$`\sqrt{1{\displaystyle \frac{l^2}{m_{X_M^{}}^2}}}M`$ $``$ $`M,\sqrt{1{\displaystyle \frac{l^2}{m_M^{}^2}}}X_MX_M.`$ (4.16)
The field renormalization changes the masses of scalar and pseudoscalar mesons commonly as $`m_M^2m_M^2(1+l^2/m_M^2)`$ and $`m_{X_M}^2m_{X_M}^2(1+l^2/m_{X_M}^2)`$. This correction factor is of order $`(m_q/m_Q)^2`$, and thus expected to be small. Furthermore, it does not affect the mass splitting $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_M`$. Thus, it is not necessary to take these mixing effects into account.

## 5 Concluding Remarks

We have investigated the properties of new scalar $`X_B,X_D`$ and axial vector $`X_B^{},X_D^{}`$ mesons, which are chiral partners of the ground state pseudoscalar $`B,D`$ and vector $`B^{},D^{}`$ mesons, respectively.

Through the mechanism of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking the masses of chiral multiplets split universally, and the decay widths for one pion emission of $`X_B`$, $`X_D`$, $`X_B^{}`$ and $`X_D^{}`$ generally take a common value in the present framework, due to chiral and heavy quark symmetry.

Possible existence of these new mesons and the validity of above predicted property should be investigated from experimental data. Recently the spectra of $`D^{}\pi `$ and $`B\pi `$ invariant mass from weak $`Z^0`$-boson decay were analyzed, and some evidences for possible existence of the new axial-vector $`X_D^{}`$ and scalar $`X_B`$ are suggested, respectively. The preliminary values of masses are $`m_{X_D^{}}2300`$MeV and $`m_{X_B}5520`$MeV, corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_D^{}290`$MeV and $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_B240`$MeV, respectively. However, in order to derive any definite conclusion, the data with higher statistics are necessary.

## Acknowledgements

One of the authors (M. I.) is grateful deeply to Professor M. Oka and Professor A. Hosaka for useful discussions and continual encouragements.

## A Derivation of Chiral and HQ Spin Transformation Rule from
Covariant Spinor WF

In this appendix we derive the chiral and HQ spin transformation rules for the heavy-light quark mesons which are, up to the phase factor, derived from the covariant bi-spinor WF given in our previous paper. The (annihilation part of) WF for the light-heavy $`q\overline{Q}`$ mesons, with four velocity $`v_\mu `$ are

$`(U_B^{(+)},D_{X_B}^{(+)},U_{B^{(s)}}^{(+)},D_{X_B^{}^{(s)}}^{(+)})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}(i\gamma _5,1,iϵ^{(s)}\gamma ,i\gamma _5ϵ^{(s)}\gamma )(1+iv\gamma ),`$ (A.1)
respectively. (The index $`(+)`$ is omitted in the following.) Corresponging to the “$`i\gamma _5`$”-transformation for the light-quark component WF, $`u(𝒑,s)u^{}(𝒑,s)=i\gamma _5u(𝒑,s)`$, the above bi-spinor meson WF are transformed as

$`U_B`$ $``$ $`i\gamma _5U_B=D_{X_B},D_{X_B}i\gamma _5D_{X_B}=U_B,`$
$`U_{B^{(s)}}`$ $``$ $`i\gamma _5U_{B^{(s)}}=iD_{X_B^{}^{(s)}},D_{X_B^{}^{(s)}}i\gamma _5D_{X_B^{}^{(s)}}=iU_{B^{(+)}},`$ (A.2)
which are represented by the $`\chi `$ field operation as

$`\chi a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`a_{X_B(𝒑)}^{}|0,\chi a_{X_B(𝒑)}^{}|0=a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0,`$
$`\chi a_{B^{}(𝒑,ϵ^{(s)})}^{}|0`$ $`=`$ $`ia_{X_B^{}(𝒑,ϵ^{(s)})}^{}|0,\chi a_{X_B^{}(𝒑,ϵ^{(s)})}^{}|0=ia_{B^{}(𝒑,ϵ^{(s)})}^{}|0.`$ (A.3)
In terms of the local meson field operator, Eq.(A.3) is represented by

$`\chi (\overline{B},X_{\overline{B}},\overline{B}^{},X_{\overline{B}^{}})\chi ^{}=(X_{\overline{B}},\overline{B},iX_{\overline{B}^{}},i\overline{B}^{}).`$ (A.4)
Through its hermitian conjugation (which converts the charge of the meson), Eq.(A.4) leads to

$`\chi (B,X_B,B^{},X_B^{})\chi ^{}=(X_B,B,iX_B^{},iB^{}),`$ (A.5)
which is equivalent to

$`\chi ^{}(B,X_B,B^{},X_B^{})\chi =(X_B,B,iX_B^{},iB^{}).`$ (A.6)
The $`\chi ^{}`$ field operation corresponds to the “$`i\gamma _5`$” transformation for the quark component WF, $`u(𝒑,s)u^{}(𝒑,s)=i\gamma _5u(𝒑,s)`$. The equation (A.6) is also derived in a different way. The WF are given by

$`0|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0,0|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{X_B(𝒑)}^{}|0,0|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{B^{(s)}(𝒑)}^{}|0,0|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{X_B^{}^{(s)}(𝒑)}^{}|0,`$ (A.7)
where

$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d𝒑^{}(a_{B(𝒑^{})}U_B+a_{X_B(𝒑^{})}D_{X_B}`$ (A.8)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}(a_{B^{}(𝒑^{},ϵ^{(s)})}U_{B^{(s)}}+a_{X_B^{}(𝒑^{},ϵ^{(s)})}D_{X_B^{}^{(s)}})).`$
Under the $`i\gamma _5`$-transformation, $`0|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0i\gamma _50|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0`$, which corresponds to $`0|\mathrm{\Phi }a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|00|\mathrm{\Phi }\chi a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0=0|\chi \chi ^{}\mathrm{\Phi }\chi a_{B(𝒑)}^{}|0`$. Thus, the transformation rule is given by $`\chi ^{}\mathrm{\Phi }\chi =i\gamma _5\mathrm{\Phi }`$, which is equivalent to

$`\chi ^{}(Bi\gamma _5+X_B1`$ $`+`$ $`B^{}iϵ\gamma +X_B^{}i\gamma _5ϵ\gamma )\chi `$
$`=i\gamma _5(Bi\gamma _5`$ $`+`$ $`X_B1+B^{}iϵ\gamma +X_B^{}i\gamma _5ϵ\gamma ).`$ (A.9)
The equation (A.9) is more simplified as

$`\chi ^{}(Bi\gamma _5+X_B1+B^{}\gamma _5+X_B^{})\chi =i\gamma _5(Bi\gamma _5+X_B1+B^{}\gamma _5+X_B^{}),`$ (A.10)
which is equivalent to Eq.(A.6).

The $`\chi ^{}`$ transformation rule for charge conjugated $`b\overline{n}`$ systems is given from the Pauli conjugate, $`\mathrm{\Phi }\gamma _4\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\gamma _4`$, of Eq.(A.10) as

$`\chi ^{}(\overline{B}i\gamma _5+X_{\overline{B}}1\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5+X_{\overline{B}^{}})\chi =(\overline{B}i\gamma _5+X_{\overline{B}}1\overline{B}^{}\gamma _5+X_{\overline{B}^{}})i\gamma _5.`$ (A.11)
By using Eqs.(A.10) and (A.11) we can derive the chiral transformation rules given in §3(, which are the $`\chi ^{}`$ transformation,) of the text.

Next we consider the operation of $`S_Q^z`$ on our bi-spinor WF. We take the meson rest frame and the $`z`$-direction as the spin quantization axis. Representing the spin configurations as $`|s_q^z,S_{\overline{Q}}^z`$ ( $`s_q^z(S_{\overline{Q}}^z)`$ denoting the third component of light quark (heavy anti-quark) spin), the bi-spinor WF, $`U_B,U_{B^{(0)}},D_{X_B}`$ and $`D_{X_{B^{(0)}}}`$, are given symbolically by

$`U_B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{i\sqrt{2}}}(|+|+),U_{B^{(0)}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}|++|+,`$
$`D_{X_B}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}|+|+,D_{X_B^{}^{(0)}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(|++|+),`$ (A.12)
where in $`U`$-type bi-spinor WF both the light-quark and heavy-antiquark spinors are in positive energy state, but in $`D`$-type bi-spinor WF the light-quark spinor is in “negative energy” state. The operation of $`S_Q^z`$ on WF is the multiplication of $`\sigma _3^{}`$ to the $`\overline{Q}`$-index of WF from left side (or equivalent to the multiplication of $`\sigma _3^{}=\sigma _3`$ from right side).

$`U_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})}(\sigma _3)`$ $`=`$ $`iU_{B^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})},U_{B^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}(\sigma _3)=iU_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})},`$
$`D_{X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})}(\sigma _3)`$ $`=`$ $`D_{X_B^{}^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})},D_{X_B^{}^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}(\sigma _3)=D_{X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})}.`$ (A.13)
The equation (A.13) corresponds to the following relation for meson creation operator

$`[2S_Q^z,a_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`ia_{B^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{},[2S_Q^z,a_{B^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{}]=ia_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{},`$
$`[2S_Q^z,a_{X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`a_{X_B^{}^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{},[2S_Q^z,a_{X_B^{}^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{}]=a_{X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})}^{}.`$ (A.14)
The hermitian conjugate of the above equations leads to

$`[2S_Q^z,a_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})}]`$ $`=`$ $`ia_{B^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})},[2S_Q^z,a_{B^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}]=ia_{B(\mathrm{𝟎})},`$
$`[2S_Q^z,a_{X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})}]`$ $`=`$ $`a_{X_B^{}^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})},[2S_Q^z,a_{X_B^{}^{(0)}(\mathrm{𝟎})}]=a_{X_B(\mathrm{𝟎})}.`$ (A.15)
The equations (A.14) and (A.15) are represented by using meson field operator symbolically as

$`[2S_Q^z,\overline{B}]`$ $`=`$ $`i\overline{B}^{(0)},[2S_Q^z,\overline{B}^{(0)}]=i\overline{B},`$
$`[2S_Q^z,X_{\overline{B}}]`$ $`=`$ $`X_{\overline{B}^{}}^{(0)},[2S_Q^z,X_{\overline{B}^{}}^{(0)}]=X_{\overline{B}};\mathrm{and}`$
$`[2S_Q^z,B]`$ $`=`$ $`iB^{(0)},[2S_Q^z,B^{(0)}]=iB,`$
$`[2S_Q^z,X_B]`$ $`=`$ $`X_B^{}^{(0)},[2S_Q^z,X_B^{}^{(0)}]=X_B,`$ (A.16)
where only the components with velocity $`𝒗=\mathrm{𝟎}`$ are selected in all fields. The above equations are useful to make the Lagrangian satisfying the heavy quark spin symmetry.


text:
# Anomalous Dimension in the Solution of the Barenblatt’s Equation

## Abstract

A new method is presented to obtain the anomalous dimension in the solution of the Barenblatt’s equation. The result is the same as that in the renormalization group (RG) approach. It gives us insight on the perturbative solution of the Barenblatt’s equation in the RG approach. Based on this discussion, an improvement is made to take into account, in more complete way, the nonlinear effect, which is included in the Heaviside function in higher orders. This improved result is better than that in RG approach.

I. Introduction

Renormalization and the renormalization group (RG) method are powerful mathematical physics tool in quantum field theory and condensed matter physics.1,2 Recently it has been found that there are also important applications in dynamical process, asymptotic analysis and perturbation theory.3-5 The fractal and chaos behaviors have been studied with the RG approach3. The introduction of the intermediate asymptotic idea is very useful. It can help us to search for the connection between the similarity, fractal and anomalous dimension of the RG theory3. But there are still ambiguities in some aspects. For example, in quantum field theory and in dynamical theory, it is well known that the RG approach can improve the results of the perturbation calculation.1-5 It can remove the divergence and lead to higher leading order behavior from a lower order perturbation calculation. It is also clear that the divergence and the renormalization are physical requirements for some theories. But some of the divergences occur without apparent physical reasons. One question involves the improvement that arise from the RG perturbative calculations. In this paper we study this problem by analyzing a typical example.

Barenblatt’s equation has many good characteristics. It has strong physical background and appears in many different disciplines.6 It has been studied by applying the method of similarity analysis. It can be solved in terms of the parabolic cylinder functions in the intermediate asymptotic region. Its perturbation solution is divergent and has anomalous dimension in its asymptotic behavior. It is renormalizable and can be treated with the renormalization and RG approach3,4. But there are still some ambiguities as mentioned above.

In this paper we study improvements on the perturbation solution of the Barenblatt’s equation by renormalization and RG treatment and, attempt to expose some general principles through the discussion of this example. Based on the above analysis, an improved result is obtained by considering the nonlinear effect, which is included in the Heaviside function in higher orders, in more complete way.

II. Anomalous dimension calculation by the RG method

In this section, we repeat some results that are well known, for consistency in notation and discussion style.

We consider the Barenblatt’s equation in one space dimension

$$_tu(x,t)\frac{1}{2}_x^2u(x,t)=\frac{\epsilon }{2}\theta \left(_tu(x,t)\right)_x^2u(x,t),$$
(1)
with symmetrical initial condition. It describes a nonlinear diffusive process with non-conservative ‘mass’.

Introduce a change of variables

$$\xi =\xi (x,t)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{t+l^2}}andT=T(x,t)=t+l^2.$$
(2)
Then eq.(1) reads

$$_Tu(\xi ,T)\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi u(\xi ,T)\frac{1}{2T}_\xi ^2u(\xi ,T)=\frac{\epsilon }{2T}\theta \left((_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi )u(\xi ,T)\right)_\xi ^2u(\xi ,T).$$
(3)
We use an initial condition of $`u(\xi ,T)`$ as

$$u(\xi ,l^2)=\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{2\pi l^2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\xi ^2}{2}\right).$$
(4)
It corresponds to the initial condition for $`u(x,t)`$ in the variables $`x`$ and $`t`$ as follows:

$$u(x,0)=\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{2\pi l^2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{x^2}{2l^2}\right).$$
(5)
For a general diffusion equation, there is a finite solution under this initial condition. In this case, the initial condition is singular when $`l^2`$ approaches zero as a $`\delta `$-function. $`m_0`$ is a finite constant. But it is not so in the case of Barenblatt’s equation3,4,6. It must be renormalized to get a finite solution. The $`m_0`$ is no longer a constant when the $`l^2`$ changes. It becomes infinite when the support of the initial state approaches zero. We will discuss that in the end of this section.

Introducing the expansion

$$u(\xi ,T)=u_0(\xi ,T)+\epsilon u_1(\xi ,T)+\mathrm{},$$
(6)
one has a sequence of equations:

$$2T_Tu_0(\xi ,T)\xi _\xi u_0(\xi ,T)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T)=0,$$
(7)
$$2T_Tu_1(\xi ,T)\xi _\xi u_1(\xi ,T)_\xi ^2u_1(\xi ,T)=\theta \left((_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi )u_0(\xi ,T)\right)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(8)
and so on.

Furtherly, we assume that the initial condition of the $`u_0(\xi ,T)`$ is:

$$u_0(\xi ,l^2)=\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{2\pi l^2}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\xi ^2}{2}\right).$$
(9)
Then the initial condition of the $`u_n(\xi ,T)`$ is:

$$u_n(\xi ,l^2)=0n1.$$
(10)
The solution of the zero-order approximation is:

$$u_0(\xi ,T)=\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{2\pi T}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\xi ^2}{2}\right).$$
(11)
Since one has

$$\left(_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi \right)u_0(\xi ,T)=\left(\frac{1}{2T}\frac{\xi ^2}{2T}\right)u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(12)
one obtains

$$\theta \left((_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi )u_0(\xi ,T)\right)=\theta \left(1\left|\xi ^2\right|\right).$$
(13)
This is the Heaviside function of the Barenblatt’s equation in its lowest order. We can write the first-order equation as:

$$2T_Tu_1(\xi ,T)\xi _\xi u_1(\xi ,T)_\xi ^2u_1(\xi ,T)=\theta \left(1\left|\xi ^2\right|\right)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(14)
From the similarity analysis we know that the solution of the Barenblatt’s equation can be written in a form of variable separation:

$$u(\xi ,T)=F\left(T\right)G(\xi ).$$
(15)
It is adequate when we are only interested in the behavior of the solution in the intermediate asymptotic region.

Expanding

$$F\left(T\right)=F_0\left(T\right)+\epsilon F_1\left(T\right)+\mathrm{},$$
(16)
and

$$G(\xi )=G_0(\xi )+\epsilon G_1(\xi )+\mathrm{},$$
(17)
we have

$$u_0(\xi ,T)=F_0\left(T\right)G_0(\xi )$$
(18)
and

$$u_1(\xi ,T)=F_0\left(T\right)G_1(\xi )+F_1\left(T\right)G_0(\xi ).$$
(19)
We now take

$$F_0\left(T\right)=\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{2\pi T}}andG_0(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\xi ^2}{2}\right).$$
(20)
The solution in the first-order approximation is

$$u^{(1)}(\xi ,T)=F_0\left(T\right)G_0(\xi )+\epsilon \left(F_0\left(T\right)G_1(\xi )+F_1\left(T\right)G_0(\xi )\right).$$
(21)
It tells us that the approximation solution not can be expressed in the form of variable separation in finite order of the perturbative theory. But we will see that the RG solution is in this form. Thus, we shall pursue along this line and accept a corresponding approximation, so that we can use the variable separation solution.

Inserting eq.$`\left(19\right)`$ into eq.$`\left(14\right)`$ yields

$$2T\left(F_1^{^{}}G_0+F_0^{^{}}G_1\right)\xi \left(F_1G_0^{^{}}+F_0G_1^{^{}}\right)\left(F_1G_0^{^{\prime \prime }}+F_0G_1^{^{\prime \prime }}\right)=\theta \left(1\left|\xi \right|\right)F_0G_0^{^{\prime \prime }},$$
(22)
where

$$F_i^{^{}}=\frac{d}{dT}F_i\left(T\right),G_i^{^{}}=\frac{d}{d\xi }G_i(\xi ),andG_i^{^{\prime \prime }}=\frac{d^2}{d\xi ^2}G_i(\xi ),i=0,1.$$
(23)
Now, we search for the solution of the $`F_1(T)`$. Integrate this equation with respect to the $`\xi `$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$ and let

$$\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}G_1(\xi )𝑑\xi =a.$$
(24)
After simple integral calculation and the application of the conditions

$$\underset{\xi \pm \mathrm{}}{lim}\xi G_1(\xi )=0and\underset{\xi \pm \mathrm{}}{lim}G_1^{^{}}(\xi )=0,$$
(25)
one obtains

$$2aF_1(T)TF_0^{^{}}(T)+2\sqrt{2\pi }TF_1^{^{}}(T)+aF_0(T)+\sqrt{2\pi }F_1(T)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{e}}F_0(T).$$
(26)
Substituting $`F_0\left(T\right)=m_0/\sqrt{2\pi T}`$ and $`F_0^{^{}}\left(T\right)=F_0\left(T\right)/2T`$ into eq.$`\left(26\right)`$, we get

$$TF_1^{^{}}(T)+\frac{1}{2}F_1(T)+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}F_0(T)=0.$$
(27)
The solution of eq.$`(27)`$ is

$$F_1(T)=F_0(T)\beta \mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2},$$
(28)
where

$$\beta =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}.$$
(29)
For obtaining this solution, we have made use of the initial condition

$$F_n(l^2)=0n1.$$
(30)
The first-order approximation of $`F(T)`$ is

$$F^{\left(1\right)}(T)=F_0(T)\left(1\alpha \mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}\right),$$
(31)
where

$$\alpha =\epsilon \beta =\frac{\epsilon }{\sqrt{2\pi e}}.$$
(32)
It is the anomalous dimension and is well known in the solution of the Barenblatt’s equation in the intermediate asymptotic region by application of RG approach3,4.

In the following discussion, we keep the $`G(\xi )`$ in its zero-order approximation without considering the higher-order corrections. That is to put $`G_n(\xi )=0,n1.`$ Then the solution of the first order is

$$u^{(1)}(\xi ,T)=F_0(T)G_0(\xi )\left(1\alpha \mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}\right).$$
(33)
It has been proved that this approximation does not have any effect on the function $`F^{\left(1\right)}(T)`$ when we make the RG treatment. We will discuss the space behavior in a separate paper.

For getting a finite but non-zero asymptotic solution, the ‘mass’

$$m_0=\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑xu(x,t)$$
(34)
not can remain a constant. It is necessary to approach infinity when the support of the initial function approaches zero. To obtain a finite solution of Barenblatt’s equation, the $`u(x,0)`$ must be more singular than the $`\delta `$-function. It is different from the diffusive equation in regular cases. Moreover, the values of the non-zero order terms are not small, but instead, very large in the intermediate asymptotic region. The renormalization is required. It is well known that the renormalization and RG approach not only remove the divergence but also improve the perturbation expansion solution to higher leading order.1-5

Let

$$m_0=m_R(\mu )Z(\mu ,l^2)$$
(35)
and

$$Z(\mu ,l^2)=1+\alpha \mathrm{ln}\frac{\mu }{l^2}.$$
(36)
From the work of Goldenfeld et al,3,4 we know that the result of the renormalization and RG treatment is:

$$u_R^{(1)}(\xi ,T)=\frac{m_R(l^2)}{\sqrt{2\pi T}}\left(\frac{l^2}{T}\right)^\alpha \mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\xi ^2}{2}\right).$$
(37)
It is easy to check that the initial condition, the boundary conditions and the connection condition are all satisfied when the $`l^2`$ is taken in non-zero value. But we must remember that the renormalization mass will approach the infinite when $`l^20,`$ in order to keep the solution finite. Usually we require

$$m_R(l^2)\times l^{2\alpha }=finite.$$
(38)
There is an explanation for the improvement of the RG approach.7 But the whole case is not very clear yet. We will discuss some aspects of it in following sections.

III. Anomalous dimension calculation by summing $`F\left(T\right)`$ to the infinite order

Now we discuss the improvement to the perturbative solution of the Barenblatt’s equation in the RG approach. We do this by using the approximation suggested in the previous section. We are especially interested in the behavior of the intermediate asymptotic region, in which $`\xi `$ and $`t`$ are far from the zero point but not in infinite. We shall prove that the result of the renormalization and RG approach is equivalent to the infinite sum of the series of $`F(T).`$

We assume the solution of eq.$`\left(3\right)`$ in a form of variable separation in any order. We have known that it is not a suitable form when the approximation order $`n`$ is finite. But, the higher the approximation order is taken, the better the proposed form is. As the first step, we keep the dependence on space in its lowest-order. Thus we set

$$u_n(\xi ,T)=f_n(T)u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(39)
At the same time, we also neglect a part of the nonlinear effects. We keep the Heaviside function in its lowest order as $`\theta \left(1\left|\xi ^2\right|\right).`$ Therefore we have the form of perturbation expansion of the Barenblatt’s equation.

$$2T_Tu_n(\xi ,T)\xi _\xi u_n(\xi ,T)_\xi ^2u_n(\xi ,T)=$$

$$=\theta \left((_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi )u_0(\xi ,T)\right)_\xi ^2u_{n1}(\xi ,T)n1.$$
(40)
We will prove that the RG anomalous dimension is just the result of summing up the $`F(T)`$ series to infinite order in the above approximation.

Inserting eqs.$`\left(13\right)`$ and $`\left(39\right)`$ into eq.$`\left(40\right)`$ yields

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_n(T)=\theta \left(1\left|\xi ^2\right|\right)f_{n1}(T)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T)n1.$$
(41)
The initial condition

$$u_n(\xi ,l^2)=0n1$$
(42)
becomes

$$f_n(l^2)=0n1.$$
(43)
When $`n=1`$, one has

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_1(T)=\theta \left(1\left|\xi ^2\right|\right)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(44)
Integrating it with respect to $`\xi `$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$ gives

$$T\frac{d}{dT}f_1(T)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}=\beta .$$
(45)
Using $`f_n(l^2)=0,`$ $`n1,`$ the solution of eq.$`\left(45\right)`$ is

$$f_1(T)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi e}}\mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}=\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^\beta .$$
(46)
When $`n=2,`$ one has

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_2(T)=\theta \left(1\left|\xi ^2\right|\right)f_1(T)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(47)
Doing the same integration as we have done to the eq.$`(44),`$ we obtain

$$2T\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{T}}\frac{d}{dT}f_2(T)=f_1(T)\underset{1}{\overset{1}{}}𝑑\xi _\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(48)
Due to the identity

$$2T\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{T}}\frac{d}{dT}f_1(T)=\underset{1}{\overset{1}{}}𝑑\xi _\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(49)
we have

$$\frac{d}{dT}f_2(T)=f_1(T)\frac{d}{dT}f_1(T).$$
(50)
Making use of $`f_n(l^2)=0,`$ $`n1,`$ we obtain

$$f_2(T)=\frac{1}{2}\left[f_1(T)\right]^2.$$
(51)
Using the principle of mathematical induction, we now prove that

$$f_m(T)=\frac{1}{m!}\left[f_1(T)\right]^m.$$
(52)
Suppose that eq$`.(52)`$ is true for $`m=n1,`$ that is to say,

$$f_{n1}(T)=\frac{1}{\left(n1\right)!}\left[f_1(T)\right]^{n1}.$$
(53)
We are going to prove that it is true for $`m=n.`$ Integrating eq.$`\left(41\right)`$ with respect to $`\xi `$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$ gives

$$2T\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{T}}\frac{d}{dT}f_n(T)=f_{n1}(T)\underset{1}{\overset{1}{}}𝑑\xi _\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(54)
Due to eq.$`\left(49\right)`$, one has

$$\frac{d}{dT}f_n(T)=f_{n1}(T)\frac{d}{dT}f_1(T).$$
(55)
Substituting eq.$`\left(53\right)`$ into it gives

$$\frac{d}{dT}f_n(T)=\frac{1}{\left(n1\right)!}\left[f_1(T)\right]^{n1}\frac{d}{dT}f_1(T).$$
(56)
Because $`f_n(l^2)=0,`$ the solution of eq.$`\left(56\right)`$ is

$$f_n(T)=\frac{1}{n!}\left[f_1(T)\right]^n.$$
(57)
It is true for $`m=1`$ and $`m=2.`$ Thus we have proved the proposition for any $`m`$.

In the infinite limit, we have

$$u(\xi ,T)=\left[1+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\epsilon ^n}{n!}\left[f_1(T)\right]^n\right]u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(58)
Inserting eq.$`\left(46\right)`$ into it yields

$$u(\xi ,T)=\left[1+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n!}\left[\epsilon \beta \mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}\right]^n\right]u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(59)
that is

$$u(\xi ,T)=\mathrm{exp}\left[\epsilon \beta \mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}\right]u_0(\xi ,T)=\left[\frac{T}{l^2}\right]^\alpha u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(60)
where

$$\alpha =\epsilon \beta =\frac{\epsilon }{\sqrt{2\pi e}},$$
(61)
which is just the anomalous dimension given by the renormalization and RG approach.

IV. An improvement on the calculation of the anomalous dimension

In the previous section, we have kept the Heaviside function and the function $`G(\xi )`$ in their lowest order in our calculation of the $`F(T)`$ to higher orders. It has led a partial loss of the nonlinear effect which is included in the Heaviside function. Now we show that the calculation of the anomalous dimension can be improved by the infinite summing of the function $`F(T)`$ without the approximation of keeping the Heaviside function in its lowest order to take account of a part of the lost nonlinear effect. Now we still keep the solution in the form of variable separation as eq.$`(15),`$ but only let the function $`G(\xi )`$ in it lowest order. We shall use a trick that makes an analytic treatment possible.

Take the approximation solution obtained in the previous section

$$u(\xi ,T)=\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^\alpha u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(62)
as an initial solution. After inserting it into the Heaviside function, we solve the $`u_n(\xi ,T)`$ and search for its infinite sum. Thus we obtain the first iterative result.

We put the first iterative solution into the Heaviside function to solve the equation secondly.

In this way, we search for the limit of the iterative solution to infinite. If the limit exists, we can obtain the solution.

An important observation is that the form of the solution remains unchanged in the iterative process.

$$u^{\left(k\right)}(\xi ,T)=\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^{\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(63)
The only change is the value of the anomalous dimension $`\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}.`$ It simplifies the analysis considerably.

We rewrite $`\alpha `$ as $`\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}`$

$$\alpha =\epsilon \beta =\frac{\epsilon }{\sqrt{2\pi e}}\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}=\epsilon \beta ^{\left(0\right)}.$$
(64)
The $`\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}=\epsilon \beta ^{\left(k\right)}`$ represents the results after the $`k`$th iteration.

We still need to solve the problem by summing up the infinite expansion series, in each step of the iterative process.

Putting eq.$`\left(63\right)`$ into the Heaviside function of the $`n`$th-order equation, we obtain the $`n`$th order and $`(k+1)`$th iteration equation

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_n^{\left(k+1\right)}(T)=$$

$$\theta \left(\left(_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi \right)\left(\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^{\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T)\right)\right)f_{n1}^{\left(k+1\right)}(T)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(65)
where the super-index $`\left(k\right)`$ represents the result of the $`k`$th iteration and the sub-index $`n`$ represents the $`n`$th order in the perturbation expansion. The initial condition remains in the form of eq.$`\left(43\right)`$.

When $`k=1`$ and $`n=1,`$ one has

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\theta \left(\left(_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi \right)\left(\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^{\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T)\right)\right)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(66)
where $`f_0^{\left(k\right)}(T)=1`$ has been used. Because of the identity

$$\left(_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi \right)\left(\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^{\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T)\right)=\left[2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\left(\xi ^21\right)\right]\frac{1}{2T}\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^{\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(67)
one has

$$\theta \left(\left(_T+\frac{\xi }{2T}_\xi \right)\left(\left(\frac{T}{l^2}\right)^{\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T)\right)\right)=\theta \left(2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}+1\xi ^2\right).$$
(68)
Substituting it into eq.$`\left(66\right)`$ and integrating it with respect to $`\xi `$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$ yields

$$2T\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{T}}\frac{d}{dT}f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\theta \left(2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}+1\xi ^2\right)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T)$$

$$=\frac{m_0}{\sqrt{2\pi T}}\left[2\sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}}{2}\right)\right],$$
(69)
that is,

$$\frac{d}{d\mathrm{ln}T}f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\left[\sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}}{2}\right)\right].$$
(70)
Using $`f_1^{\left(1\right)}(l^2)=0,`$ we can obtain the solution of eq.$`\left(70\right)`$

$$f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{\sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}}{\sqrt{2\pi e^{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}}}\mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}=\beta ^{\left(1\right)}\mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2},$$
(71)
where

$$\beta ^{\left(1\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}}{\sqrt{2\pi e^{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}}}.$$
(72)
When $`k=1`$ and $`n=2`$, one has

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_2^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\theta \left(2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}+1\xi ^2\right)f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(73)
Integrating it with respect to $`\xi `$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$ yields

$$\frac{d}{dT}f_2^{\left(1\right)}(T)=f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\frac{d}{dT}f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T).$$
(74)
Making use of $`f_n^{\left(1\right)}(l^2)=0,`$ $`n2,`$ the solution of eq.$`(74)`$ is

$$f_2^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{1}{2}\left[f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\right]^2.$$
(75)
Using the principle of mathematical induction, it is easy to prove that

$$f_m^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{1}{m!}\left[f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\right]^m.$$
(76)
Suppose it is true for $`m=n1,`$ that is to say

$$f_{n1}^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{1}{\left(n1\right)!}\left[f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\right]^{n1}.$$
(77)
We are going to prove that it is true for $`m=n.`$ We know that

$$2Tu_0(\xi ,T)\frac{d}{dT}f_n^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\theta \left(2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}+1\xi ^2\right)f_{n1}^{\left(1\right)}(T)_\xi ^2u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(78)
Integrating it with respect to $`\xi `$ from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`+\mathrm{}`$ gives

$$\frac{d}{dT}f_n^{\left(1\right)}(T)=f_{n1}^{\left(1\right)}(T)\frac{d}{dT}f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T).$$
(79)
Substituting eq.$`\left(77\right)`$ into it yields

$$\frac{d}{dT}f_n^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{1}{\left(n1\right)!}\left[f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\right]^{n1}\frac{d}{dT}f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T).$$
(80)
On account of $`f_n^{\left(1\right)}(l^2)=0,`$ one can solve eq.$`\left(80\right)`$ and obtain

$$f_n^{\left(1\right)}(T)=\frac{1}{n!}\left[f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\right]^n.$$
(81)
We have proved that it is true for $`m=1`$ and $`m=2`$ . Thus the proposition is true for any $`m`$.

Now we sum the infinite series

$$u^{\left(1\right)}(\xi ,T)=\left[1+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\epsilon ^n}{n!}\left[f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)\right]^n\right]u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(82)
Inserting the expression of $`f_1^{\left(1\right)}(T)`$ into it, we obtain

$$u^{\left(1\right)}(\xi ,T)=\left[1+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n!}\left[\epsilon \beta ^{\left(1\right)}\mathrm{ln}\frac{T}{l^2}\right]^n\right]u_0(\xi ,T).$$
(83)
That is

$$u^{\left(1\right)}(\xi ,T)=\left[\frac{T}{l^2}\right]^{\alpha ^{\left(1\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(84)
where

$$\alpha ^{\left(1\right)}=\epsilon \beta ^{\left(1\right)}and\beta ^{\left(1\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}}{\sqrt{2\pi e^{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}\right)}}}.$$
(85)
The $`\alpha ^{\left(1\right)}`$ is the anomalous dimension corrected to the first-order of the $`F(T).`$ Now, we have finished the first iterative calculation.

When we make the $`k`$th iteration, the process is the same as the $`\left(k1\right)`$th one. The only difference is that we will use $`\beta ^{\left(k\right)}`$ in place of the $`\beta ^{\left(k1\right)}.`$ Then it is easy to prove that

$$u^{\left(k\right)}(\xi ,T)=\left[\frac{T}{l^2}\right]^{\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(86)
where

$$\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}=\epsilon \beta ^{\left(k\right)}and\beta ^{\left(k\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(k1\right)}\right)}}{\sqrt{2\pi e^{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(k1\right)}\right)}}}.$$
(87)
The $`\alpha ^{\left(k\right)}`$ is the anomalous dimension corrected to the $`k`$th order of the $`F(T).`$

If the iterative process is convergent, the limit exists. Let $`lim_k\mathrm{}\beta ^{\left(k\right)}=\beta ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)},`$ which leads to

$$\beta ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{\left(1+2\epsilon \beta ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right)}}{\sqrt{2\pi e^{\left(1+2\epsilon \beta ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right)}}}.$$
(88)
Then one has

$$u^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}(\xi ,T)=\left[\frac{T}{l^2}\right]^{\alpha ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}}u_0(\xi ,T),$$
(89)
where

$$\alpha ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}=\epsilon \beta ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}.$$
(90)
and

$$\alpha ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}=\frac{\epsilon \sqrt{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right)}}{\sqrt{2\pi e^{\left(1+2\alpha ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}\right)}}}$$
(91)
It is obvious that eq.$`\left(91\right)`$ has finite solution, which is the anomalous dimension corrected by considering the nonlinear effect of $`F(T)`$ to infinite order.

The justification of the iterative method and its initial value is that the solution is convergent and satisfies the Barenblatt’s equation in our approximation.

We can compare the improved result with the numerical one given by Barenblatt and the result obtained by RG approach as shown in Fig.1. The improved result $`\alpha ^{\left(\mathrm{}\right)}`$ is better than $`\alpha ^{\left(0\right)}`$.

V. Conclusion

We have calculated the anomalous dimension by summing the $`F(T)`$ to infinite order. When we keep the Heaviside function and the space dependent function $`G(\xi )`$ in their lowest order, the anomalous dimension is the same as the RG result. When the approximation of the Heaviside function in its lowest order is removed, the value of the anomalous dimension can be improved. It is expressed in eq.$`\left(91\right)`$ and Fig.1.

Acknowledgments

G. Cheng is supported in part by the National Science Foundation in China and by the NDSTPR. Foundation in China. The authors would like to thank Miss J.L. Zhou, Dr. Zhang Yang and Dr. Han Lang for their help in this paper.