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# 𝐵→𝐾𝜏⁺𝜏⁻ decay in the general two Higgs doublet model

## 1 Introduction

Rare B meson decays, induced by flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) $`bs`$ transition are the most promising research areas to test the Standard model (SM). Since these decays are induced at loop level in the SM, a comprehensive information can be obtained for the more precise determination of the fundamental parameters, such as Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements, leptonic decay constants, etc. Further, they shed light on the physics beyond the SM, such as two Higgs Doublet model (2HDM), Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the SM (MSSM) , etc.

Among the rare B-decays, the ones which the SM predicts large branching ratio ($`Br`$) become attractive since they are measurable in the near future, in the existing and forthcoming B-factories. The $`BKl^+l^{},(l=e,\mu ,\tau )`$ decay, induced by $`bsl^+l^{}`$ transition at the quark level, is one of the candidate. In the literature, there are various experimental studies on this decay -. The $`90\%`$ C.L. upper limits of $`Br(BKl^+l^{})(l=e,\mu )`$ have been obtained at the order of the magnitude as $`10^6`$, close the SM predictions.

In  -, this transition has been investigated extensively in the SM, 2HDM . In these studies, the neutral Higgs boson (NHB) exchange diagrams are not taken into account since the lepton-lepton-Higgs vertices are proportional to the mass of the lepton underconsideration. However, for $`l=\tau `$ case, the mass $`m_\tau `$ can not be neglected since it is comparable with the $`b`$-quark mass and NHB exchange diagrams give considerable contributions to the physical quantities of such channels. In , $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ process is studied in the model II 2HDM and the NHB effects are taken into account. It is shown that the $`Br`$ ratio of the process is enhanced for large $`tan\beta `$ values and the NHB contributions become considerable. Recently, this decay has been analysed and the forward backward asymmetry has been studied in the constrained minimal supersymmetric SM .

The forward-backward asymmetry $`A_{FB}`$ and the $`CP`$-violating asymmetry $`A_{CP}`$ are the physical quantities which provide information on the short distance contributions. $`A_{FB}`$ does not exist in the SM and also in the 2HDM without NHB effects. However, with the addition of these effects, $`A_{FB}`$ is created and in the model II 2HDM, its numerical value increases with the increasing value of the vertex factor $`tan\beta `$ (see  for details). The sources of $`A_{CP}`$ are the complex CKM matrix elements or the Yukawa couplings appear beyond the SM. Since the $`CP`$ violation in the SM is negligible and no complex coupling exists in the model II (I) version of the 2HDM, one can go further and choose model III version of the 2HDM to get a measurable $`A_{CP}`$.

In our work, we study the exclusive $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ decay in the model III. Since the $`\tau `$ lepton mass is comparable with $`b`$-quark mass and the new Yukawa coupling $`\xi _{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, coming from the vertices $`\tau \tau h_0`$ or $`\tau \tau A_0`$ can be large, we include the NHB diagrams and test the amount of their contributions. We calculate the $`Br`$ of the process and observe that it is sensitive to the NHB effects. Second, we get non-zero $`A_{CP}`$, at the order of the magnitude $`10^2`$, since the Yukawa couplings in the model III can be taken as complex. $`A_{FB}`$ appears in the case that the NHB effects are non-zero and, therefore, we study its sensitivity to the Yukawa coupling $`\xi _{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ and the mass ratio, $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$, of the neutral Higgs bosons $`h_0`$, $`A_0`$. Finally we calculate the $`CP`$\- asymmetry in $`A_{FB}`$ $`(A_{CP}(A_{FB}))`$ and see that it is at the order of the magnitude $`10^3`$. Similar to $`A_{FB}`$, $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ can exist if the NHB effects are non-zero and can be used for testing the contributions beyond the SM.

Note that the theoretical analysis of exclusive decays is more complicated due to the hadronic form factors, which brings an uncertainity in the calculations. The calculation of the physical observables in the hadronic level needs non-perturbative methods to determine the matrix elements of the quark level effective Hamiltonian between the hadronic states. This problem has been studied in the framework of different approaches such as relativistic quark model by the light-front formalism , chiral theory , three point QCD sum rules method , effective heavy quark theory  and light cone QCD sum rules .

The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we calculate the $`Br`$, $`A_{CP}`$, $`A_{FB}`$ and $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ of the exclusive $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ decay. Section 3 is devoted to the analysis of the dependencies of the physical quantities given above on the Yukawa coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, the ratio $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$ and the $`CP`$ parameter $`sin\theta `$. In appendix, we give a summary for the model III and the calculation of the matrix element for the inclusive $`bsl^+l^{}`$ decay in this model. Furthermore, we give the explicit forms of the form factors and the parametrizations used in the text.

## 2 The exclusive $`BKl^+l^{}`$ decay

The exclusive $`BKl^+l^{}`$ decay is induced by the inclusive $`bsl^+l^{}`$ process which has been studied in the literature extensively. Recently the $`bsl^+l^{}`$ decay has been handled with the addition the NHB effects in the framework of the general two Higgs doublet model . In the appendix we give a summary of the model underconsideration and present the effective Hamiltonian which is used for the hadronic matrix elements.

The calculation of the physical quantities like $`Br`$, $`A_{FB}`$, $`A_{CP}`$, etc., need the matrix elements $`K\left|\overline{s}\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)b\right|B`$, $`K\left|\overline{s}(1+\gamma _5)b\right|B`$ and $`K\left|\overline{s}i\sigma _{\mu \nu }q^\nu (1+\gamma _5)b\right|B`$ and they read as

$`K\left|\overline{s}\gamma _\mu (1\gamma _5)b\right|B`$ $`=`$ $`(p_B+p_K)_\mu f^+(q^2)+q_\mu f^{}(q^2),`$
$`K\left|\overline{s}i\sigma _{\mu \nu }q^\nu (1+\gamma _5)b\right|B`$ $`=`$ $`((p_B+p_K)_\mu q^2q_\mu (m_B^2m_K^2)){\displaystyle \frac{f_T(q^2)}{m_B+m_K}},`$
$`K\left|\overline{s}(1+\gamma _5)b\right|B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_b}}((m_B^2m_K^2)f^+(q^2)+q^2f^{}(q^2)).`$ (1)
Here $`p_B`$ and $`p_K`$ are four momentum vectors of $`B`$ and $`K`$ mesons, $`q=p_Bp_K`$ is the momentum transfer. Using these form factors, the matrix element of the $`BKl^+l^{}`$ decay can be written as:

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G\alpha _{em}}{2\sqrt{2}\pi }}V_{tb}V_{ts}^{}\left\{\left[Ap_{K\mu }+Bq_\mu \right]\overline{\mathrm{}}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{}+\left[Cp_{K\mu }+Dq_\mu \right]\overline{\mathrm{}}\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\mathrm{}+F_1\overline{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}+F_2\overline{\mathrm{}}\gamma _5\mathrm{}\right\}`$ (2)
where the functions $`A`$, $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$, $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ are given in Appendix B. Using eq.(2) and making the summation over final lepton polarizations, the double differential decay rate is calculated as:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dsdz}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G^2\alpha _{em}^2|V_{tb}V_{ts}^{}|^2m_B}{2^{12}\pi ^5}}\{v\sqrt{\lambda }({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{2}}m_B^4|A|^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}|C|^2m_B^2(\lambda m_B^2+16m_l^2r)+2|F_2|^2m_B^2s`$ (3)
$`+`$ $`8Re(D^{}F_2)m_B^2m_ls+8|D|^2m_B^2m_l^2s+4Re(C^{}F_2)m_B^2m_l(1rs)`$
$`+`$ $`8Re(C^{}D)m_B^2m_l^2(1rs)+2|F_1|^2m_B^2sv^2+z(4Re(A^{}F_1)\sqrt{\lambda }m_B^2m_lv)`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{z^2}{2}}\lambda m_B^4v^2(|A|^2+|C|^2))\}`$
where $`z=cos\theta `$ , $`\theta `$ is the angle between the momentum of $`\mathrm{}`$ lepton and that of $`B`$ meson in the center of mass frame of the lepton pair, $`\lambda =1+r^2+s^22r2s2rs`$, $`v=\sqrt{1\frac{4m_l^2}{sm_B^2}}`$, $`r=\frac{m_K^2}{m_B^2}`$ and $`s=\frac{q^2}{m_B^2}`$. In the light lepton case, namely $`l=e,\mu `$, the NHB effects are negligible and new Wilson coefficients $`C_{Q_1}`$ and $`C_{Q_2}`$, appearing in the form factors $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$, almost vanish (see  for details). However, for $`\tau `$ lepton, the NHB effects can give considerable contributions to the physical quantities $`Br`$, $`A_{FB}`$, $`A_{CP}`$, etc. Even if $`A_{CP}`$ is possible without these effects, they play the main role in the existence of $`A_{FB}`$. Further, $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ exists when NHB effects are non-zero. Therefore, we concentrate on $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ in addition to the quantities $`A_{FB}`$ and $`A_{CP}`$. Using the definitions

$`A_{FB}={\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dz}}{\displaystyle _1^0}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dz}}}{{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dz}}+{\displaystyle _1^0}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dz}}}},`$ (4)
$`A_{CP}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }+\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}}`$ (5)
we get

$`A_{FB}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }}{\mathrm{\Omega }}},`$ (6)
and

$`A_{CP}={\displaystyle \frac{𝑑s\left\{2A_2A_3\lambda ^{\frac{3}{2}}vm_B^2(1\frac{v^2}{3})Im(\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)\right\}}{𝑑s\mathrm{\Delta }}},`$ (7)
where

$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }ds\{\lambda v^2m_B^2m_\tau (A_3F_1^{(2)}|\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D|^2+A_2F_1^{(2)}Im(\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)`$ (8)
$`+`$ $`(A_1F_1^{(2)}+A_3F_1^{(1)})Re(\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)+A_1F_1^{(1)})\},`$
and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is obtained from eq. (3) by an integration over z and s of the terms in the curly bracket. $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in eq. (7) reads as

$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ $`=`$ $`v\sqrt{\lambda }\{m_B^2\lambda (A_1^2+A_2^2+C^2)(1{\displaystyle \frac{v^2}{3}})+16m_\tau ^2(CD\sqrt{\lambda }+(C^2r+D^2s))`$ (9)
$`+`$ $`8m_\tau F_2^{(1)}(\sqrt{\lambda }C+2sD)+4s(|F_2|^2+v^2|F_1|^2)`$
$`+`$ $`|\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D|^2(m_B^2\lambda A_3^2(1{\displaystyle \frac{v^2}{3}})+4(F_1^{(2)})^2sv^2)+2Re(\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)(\lambda m_B^2A_1A_3(1{\displaystyle \frac{v^2}{3}})+4F_1^{(1)}F_1^{(2)}sv^2`$
$`+`$ $`4m_\tau \sqrt{\lambda }CF_2^{(2)}+8m_\tau sDF_2^{(2)})\}`$
The explicit forms of the functions $`A_i,C,D,F_j^{(k)},i=1,2,3;j,k=1,2`$ appearing in eqs. (8) and (9) are given in Appendix B.

Finally $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ can be defined as

$`A_{CP}(A_{FB})={\displaystyle \frac{A_{FB}\overline{A}_{FB}}{A_{FB}+\overline{A}_{FB}}}`$ (10)
where $`A_{FB}`$ is given in eq. (6) and $`\overline{A}_{FB}`$ can be calculated by making the replacement $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D`$ in $`A_{FB}`$.

Notice that, during the calculations, we take into account only the second resonance for the LD effects coming from the reaction $`bs\psi _is\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$, where $`i=1,..,6`$ and divide the integration region for $`s`$ into two parts : $`\frac{4m_\tau ^2}{m_B^2}s\frac{(m_{\psi _2}0.02)^2}{m_B^2}`$ and $`\frac{(m_{\psi _2}+0.02)^2}{m_B^2}s(1\sqrt{r})^2`$, where $`m_{\psi _2}=3.686GeV`$ is the mass of the second resonance

## 3 Discussion

The model III induces many free parameters, such as $`\xi _{N,ij}^{U,D}`$ where $`i,j`$ are flavor indices and they should be restricted using the experimental results. Now, we would like to present the restrictions we use for these parameters, in our numerical calculations. Since the neutral Higgs bosons, $`h_0`$ and $`A_0`$, can give a large contribution to the coefficient $`C_7`$ which is in contradiction with the CLEO data ,

$`Br(BX_s\gamma )=(3.15\pm 0.35\pm 0.32)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^4,`$ (11)
the couplings $`\overline{\xi }_{N,is}^D`$($`i=d,s,b)`$ and $`\overline{\xi }_{N,db}^D`$ can be assumed as negligible to be able to reach the conditions $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D\overline{\xi }_{N,is}^D<<1`$ and $`\overline{\xi }_{N,db}^D\overline{\xi }_{N,ds}^D<<1`$. (see the appendix of  for details). Using also the constraints coming from $`\mathrm{\Delta }F=2`$ mixing, the $`\rho `$ parameter  and the CLEO data we have:

$`\overline{\xi }_{N,tc}<<\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U,`$
$`\overline{\xi }_{N,ib}^D0,\overline{\xi }_{N,ij}^D0,i,j=d,squarks.`$
This assumption permits us to neglect the contributions coming from primed Wilson coefficients which are related with the chirality flipped partners of the operator set (see  for details) since the Yukawa vertices are combinations of $`\overline{\xi }_{N,sb}^D`$ and $`\overline{\xi }_{N,ss}^D`$. Finally, we only take into account the Yukawa couplings $`\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U`$, $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D`$ and $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$. Notice that, for the coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, at first, we do not introduce any constraint and we will try to predict an upper limit by usin the present experimental measurements. At this stage we introduce a new parameter $`\theta `$ with the expression

$`\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D=|\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D|e^{i\theta }.`$ (12)
Here, it is possible to take both $`\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U`$ and $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D`$ or any one of them complex. In our work, we choose $`\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U`$ as real and $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D`$ as complex, namely $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D=|\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D|e^{i\theta }`$. The phase angle $`\theta `$ leads to a substantial enhancement in neutron electric dipole moment and the experimental upper limit on neutron electric dipole moment $`d_n<10^{25}\text{e}\text{cm}`$ thus places a upper bound on the couplings: $`\frac{1}{m_tm_b}Im(\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)<1.0`$ for $`m_{H^\pm }200`$ GeV .

In this section, we study the dependencies of the $`Br`$, $`CP`$ asymmetry $`A_{CP}`$, forward-backward asymmetry $`A_{FB}`$ and $`CP`$ asymmetry in forward-backward asymmetry $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ of the decay $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ on the selected parameters of the model III ($`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$ and phase angle $`\theta `$). In our analysis we restrict $`|C_7^{eff}|`$ in the region $`0.257|C_7^{eff}|0.439`$, coming from CLEO measurement (see  for details). With this restriction, an allowed region for the parameters $`\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U`$, $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D`$ and $`\theta `$, is found. Throughout the numerical calculations, we respect this restriction, the constraint for the angle $`\theta `$ due to the experimental upper limit of neutron electric dipole moment and take $`|r_{tb}|=|\frac{\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U}{\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D}|<1`$, the neutral Higgs mass $`m_{H_0}=100GeV`$, charged Higgs mass $`m_{H^\pm }=400GeV`$, the scale $`\mu =m_b`$. Here, we also give the input values used in the calculations, in Table (1).

In figs. 1 (2) we plot the $`Br`$ of the decay $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ with respect to the Yukawa coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ (the ratio $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$) for $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D=40m_b`$, $`m_{h_0}=70GeV`$, $`m_{A_0}=80GeV`$ ($`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D=10m_\tau `$, $`m_{A_0}=80GeV`$). The $`Br`$ is restricted in the region between solid lines (dashed lines) for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ ($`C_7^{eff}<0`$). Fig. 1 shows that $`Br`$ is sensitive to the NHB effects especially for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ case. For increasing values of $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, $`Br`$ can take even two orders of magnitude larger values compared to the case where no NHB is taken into account. From this figure, it is possible to predict the upper limit of the coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D<\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}20}GeV`$, respecting the experimental upper limit, $`Br(BKl^+l^{})<0.5\times 10^6`$ , $`(l=e,\mu )`$ , with the assumption that the $`Br(BK\tau ^+\tau ^{})`$ is not so much different than the previous one. For $`C_7^{eff}<0`$ the possible numerical values lie near $`10^7`$ and the $`Br`$ is not sensitive to the NHB effects. Note that, the $`Br`$ in the SM is $`\mathrm{1.06\hspace{0.17em}10}^7`$ and in the model III without NHB effects are between upper and lower limits $`(1.051.08)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^7`$ ($`(0.950.97)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}^7`$) for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ ($`C_7^{eff}<0`$). As shown in Fig. 2, the $`Br`$ is also sensitive to the ratio $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$ for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ case and it increases for the larger values of the ratio. Furtermore, the experimental value of the $`Br(BKl^+l^{})`$ shows that the mass values of the neutral Higgs bosons $`h_0`$ and $`A_0`$ are not far.

Fig. 3 is devoted to the $`sin\theta `$ dependence of $`A_{CP}`$ including NHB effects. Here, $`A_{CP}`$ is restricted in the region between solid lines (dashed lines) for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ ($`C_7^{eff}<0`$). It is at the order of the magnitude $`10^3`$ and increases with the increasing values of the parameter $`sin\theta `$ as it should be. For $`C_7^{eff}>0`$, the possible values of $`A_{CP}`$ have the same sign (here minus), however for $`C_7^{eff}<0`$ it can vanish or it can have both signs. We also present the $`sin\theta `$ dependence of $`A_{CP}`$ without NHB effects, in Fig. 4. For this case $`A_{CP}`$ is greater as a magnitude and the restriction region is larger compared to the previous one, expecially for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$. As it can be seen from eq. (7), the addition of NHB effects reduces the magnitude of the $`A_{CP}`$ since NHB contributions enter into expression in the denominator but not in the numerator.

In Figs. 5 (6), we plot the $`A_{FB}`$ of the decay $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ with respect to the Yukawa coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ (the ratio $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$) for $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D=40m_b`$, $`m_{h_0}=70GeV,m_{A_0}=80GeV`$ ($`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D=10m_\tau `$, $`m_{A_0}=80GeV`$ ). $`A_{FB}`$ is restricted in the region between solid lines (dashed lines) for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ ($`C_7^{eff}<0`$). Since $`A_{FB}`$ appears only with the NHB effects, it is a good candidate for testing the existence of them. $`A_{FB}`$ is at the order of the magnitude $`10^2`$ and increases with the increasing values of $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ for $`C_7^{eff}<0`$ as shown in Fig. 5. The behavior of $`A_{FB}`$ is different for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ since it slightly decreases when $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ increases. In addition to this, $`A_{FB}`$ is sensitive the ratio $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$ for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ and increases as a magnitude with the decreasing ratio (see Fig. 6). However for $`C_7^{eff}<0`$ $`A_{FB}`$ is not sensitive to the ratio $`\frac{m_{h_0}}{m_{A_0}}`$. Further, it has negative sign for both $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ and $`C_7^{eff}<0`$.

Finally, we present the $`CP`$ violating asymmetry in $`A_{FB}`$ ($`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$) in Figs. 7 and 8 since this parameter exists when NHB effects are non-zero and can play an important role in the determination of those effects. Fig. 7 shows $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ dependence of $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ (lies between solid lines) and $`C_7^{eff}<0`$ (lies between dashed lines). This quantity is not so much sensitive to $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$ and can be at the order of the magnitude $`10^4`$ for $`C_7^{eff}<0`$. It can have both signs or can vanish for this case. For $`C_7^{eff}>0`$, the numerical value of $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ can increase up to $`10^3`$. Here, the SM Higgs $`H_0`$ part of the NHB effects causes to have large values for $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ and the part which contains neutral Higgs bosons beyond enters into expression destructively. Fig. 8 represents $`sin\theta `$ dependence of $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$. As shown in this figure, the possible values of $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ for $`C_7^{eff}>0`$ have the same sign and they are non-zero for nonzero $`sin\theta `$, however for $`C_7^{eff}<0`$ $`A_{CP}(A_{FB})`$ can vanish or exist with both signs.

Now we would like to present our conclusions.

* The $`Br`$ of the exclusive process $`BK\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ is at the order of the magnitude $`10^7`$ for the SM and model III withouth the NHB effects. However, including the NHB effects and taking large values of the neutral coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, it is possible to enhance the $`Br`$ more than one orders of magnitude compared to the one calculated in the SM.
* It would be possible to predict the upper limit of the coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$, $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D<20GeV`$, respecting the experimental upper limit, $`Br(BKl^+l^{})<0.5\times 10^6`$ , $`(l=e,\mu )`$ .
* Using the complex Yukawa coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D`$ it is possible to get a $`CP`$ violating asymmetry $`A_{CP}`$ at the order of the magnitude $`10^3`$, which is a measurable quantity. With the addition of NHB effects the magnitude of $`A_{CP}`$ decreases.
* $`A_{FB}`$ is another physical quantity which exists when the NHB effects are non-zero. The calculations show that $`A_{FB}`$ is at the order of the magnitude $`10^2`$ and the experimental measurement of this quantity can give strong evidence about the existence of NHB effects and the physics beyond the SM.
* Finally, the $`CP`$ asymmetry in $`A_{FB}`$ can appear also with the NHB effects and it is another physical quantity which can be used for testing the existence of the NHB effects. We calculate this quantity at the order of the magnitude $`10^3`$ and its experimental measurement can give important clues about physics beyond the SM

Therefore, experimental investigations of these physical quantities ensure a crucial test for the new physics beyond the SM.

## 4 Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA/GEBIP).

Appendix

## Appendix A The model III and the inclusive $`bs\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ decay

In the SM and model I and II 2HDM, the flavour changing neutral current at tree level is forbidden. However, such currents are permitted in the general 2HDM, so called model III and it brings new parameters, i.e. Yukawa couplings, into the theory. These couplings are responsible for the interaction of quarks and leptons with gauge bosons, namely, the Yukawa interaction and in this general case it reads as

$`_Y`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{ij}^U\overline{Q}_{iL}\stackrel{~}{\varphi _1}U_{jR}+\eta _{ij}^D\overline{Q}_{iL}\varphi _1D_{jR}+\xi _{ij}^U\overline{Q}_{iL}\stackrel{~}{\varphi _2}U_{jR}+\xi _{ij}^D\overline{Q}_{iL}\varphi _2D_{jR}`$ (13)
$`+`$ $`\eta _{ij}^D\overline{l}_{iL}\varphi _1E_{jR}+\xi _{ij}^D\overline{l}_{iL}\varphi _2E_{jR}+h.c.,`$
where $`L`$ and $`R`$ denote chiral projections $`L(R)=1/2(1\gamma _5)`$, $`\varphi _k`$, for $`k=1,2`$, are the two scalar doublets, $`Q_{iL}`$ ($`l_{iL}`$) are quark (lepton) doublets, $`U_{jR}`$ and $`D_{jR}`$ are quark singlets, $`E_{jR}`$ are lepton singlets, $`\eta _{ij}^{U,D}`$, and $`\xi _{ij}^{U,D}`$ are the matrices of the Yukawa couplings. The Flavor changing (FC) part of the interaction is given by

$`_{Y,FC}=\xi _{ij}^U\overline{Q}_{iL}\stackrel{~}{\varphi _2}U_{jR}+\xi _{ij}^D\overline{Q}_{iL}\varphi _2D_{jR}+\xi _{ij}^D\overline{l}_{iL}\varphi _2E_{jR}+h.c..`$ (14)
With the choice of $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$

$`\varphi _1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left[\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \\ v+H_0& \end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{2}\chi ^+& \\ i\chi ^0& \end{array}\right)\right];\varphi _2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{2}H^+& \\ H_1+iH_2& \end{array}\right).`$ (21)
and the vacuum expectation values,

$`<\varphi _1>={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \\ v& \end{array}\right);<\varphi _2>=0,`$ (24)
the SM and beyond can be decoupled. In eq.(14) the couplings $`\xi ^{U,D}`$ for the FC charged interactions are

$`\xi _{ch}^U`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _{neutral}V_{CKM},`$
$`\xi _{ch}^D`$ $`=`$ $`V_{CKM}\xi _{neutral},`$ (25)
where $`\xi _{neutral}^{U,D}`$ <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1In all next discussion we denote $`\xi _{neutral}^{U,D}`$ as $`\xi _N^{U,D}`$. is defined by the expression

$`\xi _N^{U,D}=(V_L^{U,D})^1\xi ^{U,D}V_R^{U,D}.`$ (26)
Here the charged couplings appear as linear combinations of neutral couplings multiplied by $`V_{CKM}`$ matrix elements (see  for details).

Now, we would like to present the procedure to calculate the matrix element for the inclusive $`bs\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ decay briefly:

* Integrating out the heavy degrees of freedom, namely $`t`$ quark, $`W^\pm `$, charged Higgs boson $`H^\pm `$, and neutral Higgs bosons $`H_0,H_1,H_2`$ bosons in the present case and obtaining the effective theory. Note that $`H_1`$ and $`H_2`$ are the same as the mass eigenstates $`h_0`$ and $`A_0`$ in the model III respectively, due to the choice given by eq. (21).
* Taking into account the QCD corrections through matching the full theory with the effective low energy one at the high scale $`\mu =m_W`$ and evaluating the Wilson coefficients from $`m_W`$ down to the lower scale $`\mu O(m_b)`$.

In the 2HDM, neutral Higgs particles bring new contributions to the matrix element of the process $`bs\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ (see ) since they enter in the expressions with the mass of $`\tau `$ lepton or related Yukawa coupling $`\overline{\xi }_{N,\tau \tau }^D`$. Besides, there exist additional operators which are the flipped chirality partners of the former ones in the model III. However, the effects of the latter are negligible since the corresponding Wilson coefficients are small (see Discussion part). Therefore, the effective Hamiltonian relevant for the process $`bs\tau ^+\tau ^{}`$ is

$`_{eff}=4{\displaystyle \frac{G_F}{\sqrt{2}}}V_{tb}V_{ts}^{}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}C_i(\mu )O_i(\mu )+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}C_{Q_i}(\mu )Q_i(\mu )\right\},`$ (27)
where $`O_i`$ are current-current ($`i=1,2`$), penguin ($`i=3,\mathrm{},6`$), magnetic penguin ($`i=7,8`$) and semileptonic ($`i=9,10`$) operators. Here, $`C_i(\mu )`$ are Wilson coefficients normalized at the scale $`\mu `$. The additional operators $`Q_i(i=1,..,10)`$ are due to the NHB exchange diagrams and $`C_{Q_i}(\mu )`$ are their Wilson coefficients (see  for the existing operators and the corresponding Wilson coefficients).

## Appendix B The form factors and the functions appearing in the expressions

We parametrize the fuctions $`A`$, $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ as

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`A_1+iA_2+\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^DA_3`$
$`F_1`$ $`=`$ $`F_1^{(1)}+\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^DF_1^{(2)}`$
$`F_2`$ $`=`$ $`F_2^{(1)}+\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^DF_2^{(2)}`$ (28)
with

$`A_1`$ $`=`$ $`2Re(C_9^{eff})f^+{\displaystyle \frac{4m_bf_T}{m_B+m_K}}C_7^{eff}|_{\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D0},`$
$`A_2`$ $`=`$ $`2Im(C_9^{eff})f^+,`$
$`A_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4m_bf_T}{m_B+m_K}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_bm_t}}\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U(\eta ^{\frac{16}{23}}K_2(y_t)+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}(\eta ^{\frac{14}{23}}\eta ^{\frac{16}{23}})G_2(y_t)),`$
$`F_1^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{12/23}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_B^2m_K^2)f^++m_B^2sf^{}}{m_b}}{\displaystyle _0^1}dx{\displaystyle _0^{1x}}dy(C_{Q_1}^{H_0}((\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)^2)+C_{Q_1}^{H_0}(\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)`$
$`+`$ $`C_{Q_1}^{H_0}(g^4)+C_{Q_1}^{h_0}((\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)^3)+C_{Q_1}^{h_0}((\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)^2)+C_{Q_1}^{h_0}(\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U),`$
$`F_1^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{12/23}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_B^2m_K^2)f^++m_B^2sf^{}}{m_b\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D}}{\displaystyle _0^1}dx{\displaystyle _0^{1x}}dyC_{Q_1}^{h_0}(\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)),`$
$`F_2^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{12/23}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_B^2m_K^2)f^++m_B^2sf^{}}{m_b}}{\displaystyle _0^1}dx{\displaystyle _0^{1x}}dy(C_{Q_2}^{A_0}((\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)^3)+C_{Q_2}^{A_0}((\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)^2)`$
$`+`$ $`C_{Q_2}^{A_0}(\overline{\xi }_{N,tt}^U)),`$
$`F_2^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{12/23}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_B^2m_K^2)f^++m_B^2sf^{}}{m_b\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D}}{\displaystyle _0^1}dx{\displaystyle _0^{1x}}dyC_{Q_2}^{A_0}(\overline{\xi }_{N,bb}^D)),`$ (29)
where the formfactors $`f^+`$, $`f^{}`$ and $`f_T`$ are calculated in the framework of the light cone QCD sum rules and represented in the pole forms as

$`f^+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{0.29}{1\frac{m_B^2s}{23.7}}},`$
$`f^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{0.21}{1\frac{m_B^2s}{24.3}}},`$
$`f^T`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{0.31}{1\frac{m_B^2s}{23}}}.k`$ (30)
The other functions $`B`$, $`C`$ and $`D`$ appearing in eq. (2) are

$`B`$ $`=`$ $`C_9^{eff}(f^{}+f^+)+C_7^{eff}{\displaystyle \frac{2m_bf_T}{s}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1rs)}{m_B+m_K}},`$
$`C`$ $`=`$ $`2C_{10}f^+,`$
$`D`$ $`=`$ $`C_{10}(f^{}+f^+).`$ (31)


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# Quantum mechanics on Riemannian Manifold in Schwinger’s Quantization Approach I

## 1 Introduction

There are many works - where authors have represented the formulations of quantum mechanics on spaces with a group structure. These investigations have been carried out not only for the sake of academician interest, but also for particular applications. The development of quantum mechanics on curved spaces has been essentially stimulated by fruitful investigations of several non-linear models such as the quantized Skyrme model of simplest baryons  \- , the theory of three dimensional quantum chiral solitons , and supersymmetrical  fermi-solitons. The main interest in these works has been caused by the problem of determination of a so-called “quantum potential” and the gauge structure of quantum mechanics on a curved space (or a surface embedded into the Euclidean space). An operator ordering problem in the starting Lagrangian has not been exhaustively analyzed in these works. Moreover, some assumptions (which seem to be truthful) are used in explicit or hidden form without any rigorous definition.

In this connection we try to examine the complex of problems associated with quantum mechanics on a curved space equipped with a Riemannian metric and to give (as it possible) the rigorous motivation of it. Our version of the formulation of quantum mechanics on a curved space is based on Schwinger’s action principle . Developing a quantization procedure, we show that permissible variations (appearing in the action principle) on such a manifold coincide with Killing vectors which represent the group of isometries for the Riemannian metric. Hence, the quantum-mechanical properties of the theory (an operator algebra and a gauge structure) are determined by this group.

The use of this procedure enable one to construct the quantum Lagrangian by a rigorous way and to treat a “quantum potential” as a correction in the quantum Lagrangian which makes it a quantum scalar under a general coordinate transformation. We also introduce the definition of the scalar norm of momentum and velocity operators which plays an important role in constructing the quantum Lagrangian.

Our results, obtained by means of this procedure, are represented in three papers. In the present work (first of them) we carry out the main principles and extension of Schwinger’s quantization procedure for the case of a Riemannian space which is applicated in order to construct quantum mechanics on a manifold with the simply transitive group of isometries acting on it. Here Killing vectors form the representation of the Lie algebra and its number is equal to the dimension of a manifold. In this case Schwinger’s quantization procedure is realized without any difficulties and obtained results are in accordance with .

In the second paper we will consider the more complicated case of quantum mechanics on a homogeneous Riemannian manifold $`V_n`$. The number of Killing vectors is bigger than the dimension of the manifold and they are not independent in a point $`q_0V_n`$. Some of them form is the representation of the isotropy group of $`q_0V_n`$. It turns out that quantum mechanics on the homogeneous Riemannian manifold has a gauge structure and an isotropy group acts as the group of local gauge transformations. A gauge-fixing condition (which is necessary in this case) requires a configuration space to be extended by adding new coordinates. The quantum Lagrangian has to be modified by introducing new terms (depending on new degrees of freedom) in such a way that local gauge transformations become global ones. Obtained results are in accordance with .

In the third work we will consider the formulation of quantum mechanics on a Riemannian manifold with the intransitive group of isometries. In this case the number of Killing vectors is fewer than the dimension of a manifold. It will be shown that quantum dynamics is completely determined only for degrees of freedom which describe the invariant subspace (associated with Killing vectors). The other equations contain a gauge structure and the scalar “quantum potential” which indicates some arbitrariness in a theory. Formal results of this part need to be reexamined in order to establish physical meaning and to find concrete applications.

In the final (fourth) paper we will expand extended Schwinger’s quantization scheme on the case of superspase (considered as a quotient space $`SP_4/SO(1,3)`$).

The investigations performed in the present serie of works shows that Schwinger’s quantization scheme, extended for the case of manifolds with a group structure (including a superspace), may be viewed as a universal method of quantum theory. This method allow one to solve the quantum mechanical problems in cases, where the canonical quantization method became questionable one, because it requires new additional assumptions.

In our opinion the approach introduced in the present works can be useful for analyses models describing the particle-like solitons in a collective coordinate formalism (, , ).

## 2 Variation principle in quantum mechanics

The variational principle, adapted for the purposes of quantum mechanics, was investigated by Schwinger in 1951 . In these works Schwinger has analyzed the special case of the theory characterized by the Lagrangian with a linear kinetic part on generalized velocities $`\{\dot{q}^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n}\}`$ (here $`\{q^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n}\}`$ are generalized coordinates of the dynamical system). He has showed that the Heisenberg equations of motion and commutation relations consistent with them can be obtained within the framework of a unique scheme.

Schwinger’s quantization approach is based on the assumption about the existence of the hermitan operator of the action functional $`S[q,\dot{q}]`$. Using this functional the variation of the propagator, caused by the infinitesimal unitary transformation of the complete set of commuting observables $`\{\alpha \}`$ can be defined as

$$\delta \alpha _1,t_1|\alpha _2,t_2=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,t_1\left|\delta S[q,\dot{q}]\right|\alpha _2,t_2,$$
(2.1)
where $`|\alpha _{1,2},t_{1,2}`$ are initial and final states of the dynamical system (i.e. eigenvectors of operators of the complete set $`\{\alpha \}`$ for the moments of time $`t_{1,2}`$ ). The variation of the action functional $`S[q,\dot{q}]`$ satisfies the relation

$$\delta S[q,\dot{q}]=G(t_2)G(t_1)$$
(2.2)
where $`G=G(t)`$ is the hermitan generator of a unitary transformation.

As far as the variation of the action functional is completely determined by the variations of generalized coordinates $`\{q^\mu \}`$ and time $`t`$, the condition (2.2) establishes the connection between the infinitesimal unitary transformation in (2.1) and variations $`\delta q`$ and $`\delta t`$. Variations that satisfy the equation (2.2) are called permissible variations.111 Permissible variations are called elementary (or c-number) ones if they commute with all the operators of a model. An elementary variation is equivalent to the unit operator. In  Schwinger has considered the model with elementary variations as permissible ones.

Taking into account (2.1), (2.2) and the unitary nature of permissible variations one can make a conclusion that the variation $`\delta A`$ of an arbitrary operator $`A`$, caused by variations $`\delta q,\delta t`$ is determined by the following expression

$$\delta A=\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[A,G]$$
(2.3)
As far as in (2.3) $`\delta A`$ and $`G`$ contain variations $`\delta q,\delta t`$, this relation can be interpreted by two ways. If the commutation relations of the model are known, one can find the explicit form of the variations $`\delta q`$, $`\delta t`$ from (2.3). On the other hand, if $`\delta q`$ and $`\delta t`$ are given, the relation (2.3) can be viewed as the condition that determines the algebra of the commutation relations of a model. In Schwinger’s quantization scheme one use exactly the second variant of the interpretation of the relation (2.3).

Further we extend Schwinger’s quantization scheme for the case of a non-linear stationary model, in which the kinetic part of the action depends not only on velocities $`\{\dot{q}^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n}\}`$, but also on coordinates $`\{q^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n}\}`$. This fact necessarily causes an operator ordering problem in the Lagrangian which contains non-commutative operators $`q`$ and $`\dot{q}`$. The Lagrangian determines the action as

$$S[q,\dot{q}]=_{t_1}^{t_2}L(q,\dot{q})𝑑t$$
(2.4)
The action functional (2.4) is a starting conception in Schwinger’s scheme. To investigate the physical meaning of the theory based on the action (2.4) with a given Lagrangian one should make some a priori assumptions about the properties of operator variables $`q`$ and $`\dot{q}`$ (see section 4 for further discussion).

To determine the form of the generator $`G=G(t)`$ of a unitary transformation let us consider the special case of the coordinate transformation

$$\overline{q}(t)=q(t)+\delta q(t)$$
(2.5)
According to the properties of canonical transformations, the Lagrangian can be expressed in terms of kinetic and dynamic parts

$$L=L_{kin}H$$
(2.6)
The variation of the kinetic part under the transformation (2.5) $`L_{kin}`$ satisfies the condition

$$\delta L_{kin}=\frac{dK}{dt}$$
(2.7)
where $`K=K(q,\dot{q},\delta q)`$ is some homogeneous function of $`\{\delta q^\mu \}`$. Hence

$$\delta L=\frac{dK}{dt}\delta H$$
(2.8)
Taking into account the operator equation (2.3), we can rewrite (2.6)-(2.8) in the following form

$$\delta L=\frac{dK}{dt}\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[H,G]=\frac{dK}{dt}+\frac{dG}{dt}$$
(2.9)
On the other hand, the variation of $`L`$ under the transformation (2.5) can be expressed by a standard way (by extracting a total time derivative) as

$$\delta L=\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{L}{\dot{q}^\mu }\delta q^\mu \right)+\frac{\delta L}{\delta q^\mu }\delta q^\mu $$
(2.10)
where the objects

$$\frac{L}{\dot{q}^\mu }\delta q^\mu :=𝒫(q,\dot{q},\delta q),\frac{\delta L}{\delta q^\mu }:=(q,\dot{q},\delta q)$$
(2.11)
denote homogeneous of $`\delta q`$ functions. The symbol “$``$” is used for the sake of visuality, in the classical limit $`\mathrm{}0`$ the combinations (2.11) become the product of the classical moment with $`\delta q`$ and contraction of the Euler-Lagrange equations with $`\delta q`$ correspondingly 222 When $`f=f(q)`$ and $`[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]0`$ one cannot write down the variation $`\delta f`$ in the explicit form in a general case. To demonstrate what the symbol “$``$” means, let us consider the simplest case $`f(q)=q^1q^2q^3`$. Then
$$\delta f(x)=\delta q^1q^2q^3+q^1\delta q^2q^3+q^1q^2\delta q^3:=\frac{f}{q^\mu }\delta q^\mu ,$$
where
$$\frac{f}{q^1}=q^2q^3,\frac{f}{q^2}=q^1q^3,\frac{f}{q^3}=q^1q^2.$$
denote “derivatives, obtained by omitting the factors $`q^1`$, $`q^2`$, $`q^3`$ correspondingly. To write down the variation $`\delta f`$ one have to insert $`\delta q^\mu `$ into $`f/q^\mu `$, as we can see from these formulae..

Comparing (2.9) with (2.10) we obtain

$$\frac{dG}{dt}=\frac{d}{dt}\left(K+\frac{L}{\dot{q^\mu }}\delta q^\mu \right)+\frac{\delta L}{\delta q^\mu }\delta q^\mu .$$
(2.12)
Since (2.12) must be agreed with (2.2) we can write

$$G=K+\frac{L}{\dot{q}^\mu }\delta q^\mu ,\frac{\delta L}{\delta q^\mu }\delta q^\mu =0.$$
(2.13)
The first expression in (2.13) gives the definition of a generator $`G`$, the second one is related to dynamical equations for operators $`q^\mu `$ in the Euler-Lagrange form.

Further development of a theory requires the explicit form of the Lagrangian and investigation of the transformation properties of operators.

## 3 Transformation Properties of Operators

The construction of the quantum mechanics for the present model is essentially based on the assumption that the coordinate operators $`\{q^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n}\}`$ form the complete set of commuting observables. If the complete set is replaced to another one consisted with the initial set (i.e. the operators of the new set are the functions of operators from the old one), the physical meaning of a theory does not change. In particular, when the complete set is identified with coordinate operators $`\{q^\mu \}`$, such a change of the complete set is nothing but the coordinate transformation $`q^\mu \overline{q}^\mu :=\overline{q}^\mu (q)`$. All the geometrical objects, which are functions of only $`\{q^\mu \}`$’s commute with them.

In this paper we assume $`[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]`$ to be a function of only $`\{q^\mu \}`$’s. This assumption can be motivated as follows. The model have to be invariant under an arbitrary (smooth) coordinate transformation $`q\overline{q}=\overline{q}(q)`$, which is assosiated with the change of the set of commuting observables. To obtain the Lagrangian $`L(q,\dot{q})`$ in a new coordinate system we have to make a substitution $`q=q(q^{})`$, $`\dot{q}=\dot{q}(q,\dot{\overline{q}})`$, where $`\dot{\overline{q}}=d[\overline{q}(q)]/dt`$. The important expression $`\dot{\overline{q}}^\mu =\dot{q^\mu }_\alpha \overline{q}^\mu (q)`$ holds if and only if $`[q^\mu ,q^\nu ]=0`$ and $`[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]=\{\text{some function of }q\}`$ (see appendix).

Therefore, this assumption provides us to analyze a general situation, where the form of the metric tensor and coordinate transformation is not detalized. Of course, after determinating the commutation relations, one have to verify its correspondence with the basic assumptions.

The transformation rule of a geometrical object under a point coordinate transformation $`q^\mu \overline{q}^\mu :=\overline{q}^\mu (q)`$ depends on its operator properties and inner structure. In this section we extend the classical definitions of a scalar, a vector and a tensor for the case of non-commutative operators.

A quantum scalar we treat as a quantum geometrical object, which doesn’t change its value under the coordinate transformation

$$\overline{f}(\overline{q})=f(q)$$
(3.14)
(here the argument in brackets points to the method of description, not to the functional dependence in general).

A quantum vector is a quantum geometrical object with one index which transforms under the coordinate transformation by one of the following rules:

1. $`A^\mu `$ ($`A_\mu `$) is a left-side vector, if

$$\overline{A^\mu }(\overline{q})=\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu (q)A^\nu (q),\left(\overline{A_\mu }(\overline{q})=a_\mu ^\nu (q)A_\nu (q)\right);$$
(3.15)
2. $`A^\mu `$ ($`A_\mu `$) is a right-side vector, if

$$\overline{A^\mu }(\overline{q})=A^\nu (q)\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu (q),\left(\overline{A_\mu }(\overline{q})=A_\nu (q)a_\mu ^\nu (q)\right);$$
(3.16)
3. $`A^\mu `$ ($`A_\mu `$) is a two-side vector, if it is a left- and right-side vector simultaneously

$$\overline{A}^\mu (\overline{q})=A^\nu (q)\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu (q)=\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu (q)A^\nu (q),\overline{A}_\mu (\overline{q})=A_\nu (q)a_\mu ^\nu (q)=a_\mu ^\nu (q)A_\nu (q)$$
(3.17)
4. $`A^\mu `$ ($`A_\mu `$) is a symmetrized vector, if

$$\overline{A^\mu }(\overline{q})=\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu (q)A^\nu (q),\left(\overline{A_\mu }(\overline{q})=a_\mu ^\nu (q)A_\nu (q)\right)$$
(3.18)
with the following notations

$$\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu =\frac{\overline{q}^\mu }{q^\nu },a_\nu ^\mu =\frac{q^\mu }{\overline{q}^\nu }$$
(3.19)
for transformation matrices. Here the symbol “$``$” denotes the symmetrized Jordan product 333This product is defined as $`ab:=\frac{1}{2}(ab+ba)`$ for arbitrary operators $`a`$ and $`b`$. See appendix for its properties.

The transformation laws described by (3.15) and (3.16) correspond to non-hermitan operators. As a two-side vector we can consider an arbitrary vector which depends on only the coordinate operators $`\{q^\mu \}`$ (and commutes with the transformation matrices (3.19)). At last the transformation laws described by (3.18) correspond to hermitan operators. For example the operator of a generalized velocity $`\dot{q}^\mu `$ transforms as a symmetrized vector

$$\dot{q}^\mu \dot{\overline{q}}^\mu =\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu \dot{q}^\nu $$
(3.20)
(we have taken into account the fact that $`[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]`$ is a function of only $`\{q^\mu \}`$’s). Every symmetrized vector can be expressed as the sum of left and right parts (see section 5).

In the remaining part of this section we summarize some useful properties of quantum geometrical objects. Let us prove that the contraction of symmetrized and two-side tensors is a symmetrized tensor. We define the operator

$$p_\mu :=g_{\mu \nu }\dot{q}^\nu ,$$
(3.21)
where $`g_{\mu \nu }=g_{\nu \mu }`$ is a two-side tensor. In new coordinates this operator receives the form

$`\overline{p}_\mu `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{g}_{\mu \nu }\dot{\overline{q}}^\nu =\overline{g}_{\mu \nu }\left(\overline{a}_\alpha ^\nu \dot{q}^\alpha \right)=\left(\overline{g}_{\mu \nu }\overline{a}_\alpha ^\nu \right)\dot{q}^\alpha `$ (3.22)
$`=`$ $`\left(g_{\alpha \nu }a_\mu ^\nu \right)\dot{q}^\alpha =a_\alpha ^\nu \left(g_{\alpha \nu }\dot{q}^\alpha \right)=a_\mu ^\nu p_\nu .`$
By a similar way one can demonstrate that

$$\dot{q}^\mu =g^{\mu \nu }p_\nu \dot{\overline{q}}^\mu =\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu \dot{q}^\nu .$$
(3.23)
When $`\{g_{\mu \nu }\}`$ and $`\{g^{\mu \nu }\}`$ have the sense of covariant and contravariant metric tensors respectively, (3.21)-(3.23) can be interpreted as a rule for lowering and raising of the index in quantum (symmetrized) tensors.

Similarly, the Jordan contraction (or a scalar product) of two-side and symmetrized vectors is a quantum scalar. To prove this, let us consider the symmetrized vector $`p_\mu `$ and the two-side vector $`v^\mu `$. Then

$$\overline{p}_\mu \overline{v}^\mu =\overline{v}^\mu \left(a_\mu ^\alpha p_\alpha \right)=p_\alpha \left(v^\mu a_\mu ^\alpha \right)=p_\alpha v^\alpha .$$
(3.24)
As to the Jordan contraction of symmetrized vectors, its properties are more complicated than previously mentioned. Generally, such objects are not quantum tensors and to determine them one has to use the explicit form of commutation relations.

Now we consider the transformation properties of commutation relations:

1. for a commutator between a quantum scalar $`f=:f(q)`$ and a quantum vector $`p_\mu `$ we have

$$[\overline{f},\overline{p}_\mu ]=[f,a_\mu ^np_\nu ]=a_\mu ^n[f,p_\nu ]$$

where $`[f,a_\nu ^\mu ]=0`$ is assumed. According to (3.14)-(3.18), this object is a quantum vector;
2. a commutator between a two-side symmetrized vectors and a quantum vector $`p_\mu `$ reads

$`[\overline{v}^\mu ,\overline{p}_\nu ]`$ $`=`$ $`[\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu v^\alpha ,a_\nu ^\beta p_\beta ]=a_\nu ^\beta [\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu v^\alpha ,p_\beta ]`$
$`=`$ $`a_\nu ^\beta \left(\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu [v^\alpha ,p_\beta ]+v^\alpha [\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu ,p_\beta ]\right)`$
The second term in the right hand side does not have a tensor sense, therefore $`[v^\mu ,p_\nu ]`$ is not a quantum tensor;
3. for a commutator between two symmetrized vectors we write

$`[\overline{A}^\mu ,\overline{B}^\nu ]`$ $`=`$ $`[\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu A^\alpha ,\overline{a}_\beta ^\nu B^\beta ]`$
$`=`$ $`\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu \overline{a}_\beta ^\nu [A^\alpha ,B^\beta ]+\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu \left([A^\alpha ,\overline{a}_\beta ^\nu ]B^\beta \right)+\left(\overline{a}_\beta ^\nu [\overline{a}_\alpha ^\mu ,B^\beta ]\right)A^\alpha `$
Analogously to the previous, $`[A^\mu ,B^\nu ]`$ fails to be a quantum tensor due to the presence of two non-covariant tensor terms in the right hand side.

In connection with the previously considered transformation properties of quantum geometrical objects one can observe that there are some fundamental complications in the formulation of quantum mechanics on a Riemannian manifold.

Namely, the naive definition of the quantum Lagrangian for a free particle in a curved space based on the classical expression

$$L_o=\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu g_{\mu \nu }(q)\dot{q}^\nu $$
(3.25)
leads one to a conclusion that the Lagrangian, being a hermitan operator, fails to be a quantum scalar (in the meaning of the definition (3.14)), i.e. $`\overline{L}_o(\overline{q})L_o(q)`$. In the explicit form we write

$$\overline{L}_o=\frac{1}{2}\dot{\overline{q}}^\mu \overline{g}_{\mu \nu }\dot{\overline{q}}^\nu =L_o+\frac{1}{4}[\dot{q}^\alpha ,g_{\alpha \beta }a_\mu ^\beta b^\mu ]\frac{1}{8}a_\mu ^\alpha a_\nu ^\beta g_{\alpha \beta }b^\mu b^\nu $$
(3.26)
where $`b^\mu :=b^\mu (q):=[a_\alpha ^\mu (q),\dot{q}^\alpha ]`$. Therefore, the main requirement for the Lagrangian (a scalar invariance) is violated. Note that in a classical limit second and third terms in the right hand side of (3.26) vanish, being functions of the second (or higher) order of $`\mathrm{}`$.

## 4 Quantum Lagrangian for Free Particle in Curved Space

Now let us concentrate our attention on the formulation of the quantum mechanics for a free particle in a Riemannian space equipped with the metric $`g_{\mu \nu }(q)`$. The starting step in this formulation consists of construction of the quantum Lagrangian which is invariant under the coordinate transformation $`q\overline{q}=\overline{q}(q)`$. We introduce the following form of the Lagrangian

$$L=\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu g_{\mu \nu }(q)\dot{q}^\nu U_q(q)$$
(4.27)
where $`U_q=U_q(q)`$ is some function which permits the function (4.27) to be a quantum scalar under a point coordinate transformation ($`U_q`$ may be conditionally called as “quantum potential” 444The term “quantum potential” is used in several works in somewhat different meaning . Therefore we use this term in quotation marks.). Its explicit form is unknown at this stage, because to determine it we have to use commutation relations.

For the operators of quantum mechanics described by (4.27) we make the following basic assumptions

1. $`[q^\mu ,q^\nu ]=0`$ and $`\{q^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n}\}`$ form the complete set of commuting observables;
2. $`[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]`$ is a function of only $`\{q^\mu \}`$’s.

These assumptions permit us to conclude that $`U_q`$ is a function of only $`\{q^\mu \}`$’s.

Taking the total time derivative of $`[q^\mu ,q^\nu ]=0`$ we can see that

$$\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]=f^{\mu \nu }(q)=f^{\nu \mu }(q).$$

Note that the ordering of factors in (4.27), which satisfies the hermitan condition is not unique. We con take the expression $`\dot{q}^\mu (g_{\mu \nu }\dot{q}^\nu )`$ instead of $`\dot{q}^\mu g_{\mu \nu }\dot{q}^\nu `$. Such a replacement leads to another function $`U_q(q)`$. The scalar Lagrangian $`L`$ is the same (one can demonstrate this fact after determination the commutation relations).

Now we consider the transformation properties of $`U_q(q)`$ and $`L(q,\dot{q})`$under the infinitesimal coordinate transformation $`q^\mu q^\mu +\delta q^\mu (q)`$. Taking into account the fact that under such a transformation the velocity operator and the metric change as

$$\delta _c\dot{q}^\mu =\dot{q}^\alpha _\alpha \delta q^\mu ,,\delta _cg_{\mu \nu }=g_{\mu \alpha }_\nu \delta q^\alpha g_{\alpha \nu }_\mu \delta q^\alpha ,$$

we can write

$$\delta _cL_o=\frac{1}{4}[[_\alpha \delta q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\alpha ]g_{\mu \nu },\dot{q}^\nu ],$$
(4.28)
where we have used the basic assumptions.

Because the Lagrangian $`L=L_oU_q`$ is a scalar, we have $`\delta _cL=0`$, then

$$\delta _cU_q=\delta _cL_o=\frac{1}{4}[[_\alpha \delta q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\alpha ]g_{\mu \nu },\dot{q}^\nu ],$$
(4.29)
This formula shows, that neither $`L_o`$ nor $`U_q`$ is a quantum scalar, this property has the combination $`L=L_oU_q`$.

Further, let us write down the variation of the operator $`L(q,\dot{q})`$ under the alteration of its arguments:

$$\delta L(q,\dot{q}):=L(q+\delta q,\dot{q}+\delta \dot{q})L(q,\dot{q}).$$
(4.30)
If the variation “$`\delta `$” satisfies

$$\frac{d}{dt}\delta q^\mu =\delta \dot{q^\mu }$$

and

$$\delta g_{\mu \nu }=g_{\mu \nu }(q+\delta q)g_{\mu \nu }(q)=\delta q^\alpha _\alpha g_{\mu \nu },$$

we obtain

$$\delta L(q,\dot{q})=\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu (\delta q^\alpha _\alpha g_{\mu \nu }+g_{\mu \alpha }_\nu \delta q^\alpha +g\mathrm{\_}\alpha \nu _\mu \delta q^\alpha )q^\nu ++\frac{1}{4}[[_\alpha \delta q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\alpha ]g_{\mu \nu },\dot{q}^\nu ]\delta q^\alpha _\alpha U_q(q).$$
(4.31)
The Lie variation of the geometrical object $`F(q)`$ under the transformation $`qq+\delta q`$ is defined as

$$\delta _LF(q)=\delta _cF(q)\delta q^\mu _\mu F(q).$$

In particular, the Lie variation of the non-scalar function $`U_q(q)`$ has the form

$$\delta _LU_q=\frac{1}{4}[[_\alpha \delta q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\alpha ]g_{\mu \nu },\dot{q}^\nu ]\delta q^\alpha _\alpha U_q(q).$$

Hence we can rewrite (4.31) as

$$\delta L=\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu g_{\mu \nu }\dot{q}^\nu +\delta _LU_q.$$
(4.32)
The variation $`\delta (\mathrm{})`$ is permissible, if $`\delta L`$ reduces to the total time derivation of some function (see section (2)). Without loss the generality we can assume that $`\delta L`$.

Comparing the factors corresponding to different powers of $`\dot{q}`$ we can find that

$`\delta _Lg_{\mu \nu }=0`$
$`\delta _LU_q={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[[_\alpha \delta q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\alpha ]g_{\mu \nu },\dot{q}^\nu ]\delta q^\mu _\mu U_q=0.`$ (4.33)
The first equation in (4.33) means that $`\{\delta q^\mu \}`$ is a Killing vector for the metric $`\{g_{\mu \nu }\}`$. Every solution of the Killing equation $`\delta _Lg_{\mu \nu }=0`$ can be decomposed as $`\delta q^\mu =\epsilon ^av_a^\mu `$, where $`\epsilon ^a=const`$ (an infinitesimal $`c`$-numbers) and $`\{v_a^\mu :\mu =\overline{1,n},a=\overline{1,m}\}`$ are $`m`$ independent solutions of this equation.

Comparing (4.32) with the general expression of the variation of the Lagrangian we find that $`\delta H=0`$ (for unknown $`H`$). As a consequence, the generator of permissible variations $`\delta q^\mu =\epsilon ^av_a^\mu `$ takes the form

$`G=p_\mu \delta q^\mu =\left(p_\mu v_a^\mu \right)\epsilon ^a:=\epsilon ^ap_a`$
$`p_a:=p_\mu v_a^\mu ,p_\mu =g_{\mu \nu }\dot{q}^\nu `$ (4.34)
where the permissible variations $`\delta q^\mu =\epsilon ^av_a^\mu `$ are Killing vectors expressed as the linear combination of the independent solutions $`\{v_a\}`$ of the equations $`\delta _Lg_{\mu \nu }=0`$.

Therefore we conclude that the features of quantum mechanics on a curved space $`V_n`$ essentially depend on the properties of its group of isometries. This group appears in a theory in the generator $`G(t)`$. The group properties of $`\{v_a^\mu \}`$ are expressed as

$$v_a^\mu _\mu v_b^\nu v_b^\mu _\mu v_a^\nu =c^c{}_{ab}{}^{}v_{c}^{\nu }$$
(4.35)
where $`c^a_{bc}`$ are the structure constants of a group. The set of vector fields $`\{v_a^\mu _\mu \}`$ forms the representation of the Lie algebra induced by the representation of the Lie group of isometries.

On the other hand, the variation $`\delta L`$ can be rewritten as

$$\delta L=\frac{d}{dt}(G)\dot{p}^\mu \delta q^\mu +\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu (\delta q^\alpha _\alpha g_{\mu \nu })\dot{q}^\nu \delta q^\mu _\mu U_q+\frac{1}{2}[\delta q^\mu ,\dot{g}_\mu ]$$
(4.36)
where

$$g_\mu =\frac{1}{2}[\dot{q}^\nu ,g_{\mu \nu }]$$

When the symbol $`\delta (\mathrm{})`$ corresponds to the permissible variations this equation falls into two equations: the first one, that describes the conservation if the generator

$$\frac{d}{dt}G=0,$$

and the second one, that contains the equations of motion:

$$\dot{p}_\mu \delta q^\mu =\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu (_\alpha g_{\mu \nu }\delta q^\alpha )\dot{q}^\nu \delta q^\mu _\mu U_q+\frac{1}{2}[\delta q^\mu ,\dot{g}_\mu ]$$
(4.37)
In order to eliminate $`\delta q^\mu `$ we have to use the canonical commutation relations (unknown at this stage).

At the end of this section we point out the fact that then for an arbitrary operator $`A`$ we can write

$$\delta \frac{dA}{dt}=\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[\frac{dA}{dt},G]=\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}\frac{d[A,G]}{dt}\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[A,\frac{dG}{dt}]=\frac{d\delta A}{dt}$$
(4.38)
i.e. total time derivation commutes with the operation “$`\delta `$” of permissible variations.

## 5 Commutation Relations in Case of Simply Transitive Group

In the present paper we will consider the simplest case of quantum mechanics on a curved space. Namely, we restrict the group of isometries of $`V_n`$ to be a simply transitive transformation group on $`V_n`$. Such a simplification permits commutation relations to be directly determined from (2.3).

It is important to point out here that due to $`U_q=U_q(q)`$ this function does not make any contribution into the generator. Therefore the explicit form of $`U_q`$ is not required in this section. Moreover, it can be calculated when the commutation relations are given.

In the case of the simply transitive group acting on $`V_n`$ the number of independent Killing vectors equals to the dimension of $`V_n`$, i.e. $`m=n`$ and $`\mathrm{Rg}(v_a^\mu )=n`$. Then we can introduce the inverse of $`\{v_a^\mu \}`$ as

$$e_\mu ^av_a^\nu =\delta _\mu ^\nu ,e_\mu ^\alpha v_b^\mu =\delta _b^a$$

which obeys the Maurer-Cartan equation

$$_\mu e_\nu ^a_\nu e_\mu ^a=c^a{}_{bc}{}^{}e_{\mu }^{b}e_\nu ^c$$

To determine commutation relations we use (2.3). The symbol $`\delta `$ corresponding to the permissible variations in our case means the shift

$$\delta F(q,\dot{q})=F(q+\delta q,\dot{q}+\delta \dot{q})F(q,\dot{q}),$$

for any operator $`F(q,\dot{q})`$. Such a variation corresponds to a unitary transformation that acts on different objects equally.

At first let us employ this relation for coordinate operators:

$$\delta q^\mu =\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[q^\mu ,G]$$
(5.39)
Using the explicit form of the generator of permissible variations (4.34) and $`\delta q^\mu =\epsilon ^av_a^\mu `$ due to the arbitrariness of c-number parameters $`\{\epsilon ^a\}`$ we obtain from (5.39)

$$\left(\delta _\nu ^\mu \frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[q^\mu ,p_\nu ]\right)v_a^\nu =0$$
(5.40)
Multiplying (5.40) on the inverse matrix $`\{e_\alpha ^a\}`$ we obtain the following commutation relation

$$[q^\mu ,p_\nu ]=i\mathrm{}\delta _\nu ^\mu $$
(5.41)
Further let us consider the operator equation

$$\delta p_\mu =\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[p_\mu ,G]$$
(5.42)
Under the transformation $`qq+\delta q(q)`$ the symmetrized vector $`p_\mu `$ changes as

$$\delta p_\mu =\frac{\delta q^\nu }{q^\mu }p_\nu $$

By making use of this relation and (5.42) one easily finds

$$[p_\mu ,p_\nu ]v_a^\nu =0$$
(5.43)
Multiplying (5.43) on the inverse matrix $`\{e_\mu ^a\}`$ we have

$$[p_\mu ,p_\nu ]=0$$
(5.44)
Therefore, the commutation relations (5.41) and (5.44) correspond to canonical commutation relations for the canonical momentum $`p_\mu `$ conjugate to the coordinate $`q^\mu `$. The other commutation relations of the theory can be calculated using (5.41) and (5.44). In particular, (5.42) is equivalent to

$$[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]=i\mathrm{}g^{\mu \nu }.$$
(5.45)
We can observe that the basic assumption about the commutator $`[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]`$ is in accordance with (6.57). For an arbitrary two-side geometrical object $`F=F(q)`$ we have

$$[F,p_\mu ]=i\mathrm{}_\mu F$$
(5.46)
For example let us consider the commutation relation between the current operators $`p_a:=p_\mu v_a^\mu `$ (which are quantum scalars according to (3.24)). A direct calculation using (5.41), (5.44) and (4.35) leads to

$$[p_a,p_b]=i\mathrm{}c^c{}_{ab}{}^{}p_{c}^{}$$
(5.47)
Now we discuss the transformation properties of commutation relations under a coordinate transformation. Obviously, the following commutation relation can be carried out for any two-side geometrical object $`F=F^A(q)`$, where $`A=\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{}\alpha _k\}`$ is a multiindex:

$$[F^A,p_\mu ]=i\mathrm{}_\mu F^A$$
(5.48)
In new coordinates $`F^A`$ and $`p_\mu `$ take the form

$$\overline{p}_\mu =a_\mu ^\nu p_\nu ,\overline{F}^A=\overline{a}_B^AF^B$$
(5.49)
where

$$[F^A,a_\nu ^\mu ]=0,\overline{a}_B^A=\overline{a}_{\beta _1}^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\overline{a}_{\beta _k}^{\alpha _k}$$

Then

$$[\overline{F}^A,\overline{p}_\mu ]=[\overline{a}_B^AF^B,a_\mu ^\nu p_\nu ]=i\mathrm{}a_\mu ^\nu _\nu \left(\overline{a}_B^AF^B\right)=i\mathrm{}\overline{}_\mu \overline{F}^A$$
(5.50)
This result shows that all commutation relations are form invariant under a general coordinate transformation. Therefore, the procedure of determination of the commutation relations is self-consistent.

## 6 Determination of Quantum Correction

To derive the quantum Lagrangian of a free particle in a curved space it is necessary to find the quantum correction $`U_q`$. Our procedure of its determination is based on the construction of the invariant norm of a quantum vector.

In the case of a two-side vector $`\{A^\mu \}`$ a norm has the following form

$$(A,A)=A^2:=A_\mu g^{\mu \nu }A_\nu =A^\mu g_{\mu \nu }A^\nu .$$
(6.51)
If the quantum vector $`\{A^\mu \}`$ does not commute with $`q^\mu `$, the expression (6.51) fails to be a quantum scalar according to section 4.

To extend the expression (6.51) for the case of a symmetrized vector let us consider the transformation law of $`p_\mu `$ under a general coordinate transformation:

$$\overline{p}_\mu =a_\mu ^\nu p_\nu =a_\mu ^\nu p_\nu \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}_\nu a_\mu ^\nu $$
(6.52)
or

$$\overline{p}_\mu =a_\mu ^\nu p_\nu =p_\nu a_\mu ^\nu +\frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}_\nu a_\mu ^\nu $$
(6.53)
The contracted Christoffel symbol $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu :=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu \alpha }^\alpha `$ transforms as

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\mu =a_\mu ^\nu \mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu +_\nu a_\mu ^\nu $$
(6.54)
We define two non-hermitan operators

$$\pi _\mu :=p_\mu +\frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu ,\pi _\mu ^{}:=p_\mu \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu $$
(6.55)
with the following properties:

$$(\pi _\mu )^{}=\pi _\mu ^{},(\pi _\mu ^{})^{}=\pi _\mu ,p_\mu =\frac{1}{2}(\pi _\mu +\pi _\mu ^{})$$

$$[\pi _\mu ,\pi _\nu ]=0,[\pi _\mu ^{},\pi _\nu ^{}]=0,[\pi _\mu ,\pi _\nu ^{}]=i\mathrm{}_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu =i\mathrm{}_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu $$
(6.56)
Using (6.54)-(6.56) one can observe that $`\pi _\mu `$ and $`\pi _\mu ^{}`$ behave under the coordinate transformation as left-side and right-side quantum vectors correspondingly:

$$\overline{\pi }_\mu =a_\mu ^\nu \pi _\nu ,\overline{\pi }_\mu ^{}=\pi _\mu ^{}a_\mu ^\nu .$$
(6.57)
Taking into account the transformation laws of $`\pi _\mu `$ and $`\pi _\mu ^{}`$ we introduce the quantum norm of the symmetrized vector $`p_\mu `$ as

$$(p,p)=p^2:=\pi _\mu ^{}g^{\mu \nu }\pi _\nu $$
(6.58)
Similarly, one can define two non-hermitan operators connected with $`\dot{q}^\mu `$:

$$V^\mu :=\dot{q}^\mu \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu ,V^\mu :=\dot{q}^\mu +\frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu $$
(6.59)
with the following transformation properties

$$\overline{V}^\mu =\overline{a}_\nu ^\mu V^\nu ,\overline{V}^\mu =V^\nu \overline{a}_\nu ^\mu ,$$
(6.60)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu :=g^{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu _{\alpha \beta }`$.

Due to (6.60) we introduce the quantum norm of the symmetrized vector $`\dot{q}^\mu `$ as

$$(\dot{q},\dot{q})=\dot{q}^2=V^\mu g_{\mu \nu }V^\nu .$$
(6.61)
Further, taking into account the connection $`p_\mu =g_{\mu \nu }\dot{q}^\nu `$ one can directly prove

$$(p,p)=(\dot{q},\dot{q})$$
(6.62)
i.e. introduced above quantum norms of velocity and the momentum operators have the same value, as it must be.

These properties lead the Lagrangian to be written in the following form

$$L=\frac{1}{2}(\dot{q},\dot{q})$$
(6.63)
Rewriting this relation using (6.59) and (6.60) we find the explicit form of $`U_q`$

$$U_q=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}\left(_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu \right)\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}\left(_\mu \mathrm{\Theta }^\mu \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Theta }_\mu \mathrm{\Theta }^\mu \right)$$
(6.64)
where

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu =g^{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Gamma }_\nu ,\mathrm{\Theta }^\mu :=_\nu g^{\mu \nu },\mathrm{\Theta }_\mu =g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Theta }^\nu $$
(6.65)
and

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu +\mathrm{\Theta }^\mu +\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu =0.$$

We also can write (6.64) as

$$U_q=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}\left(_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^\mu +\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Phi }^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^\nu +\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^\mu \right).$$
(6.66)
Using commutation relations it is easy to derive the useful identity

$$p_\mu g^{\mu \nu }p_\nu =\dot{q}^\alpha g_{\alpha \beta }\dot{q}^\beta +\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2}\left(_\mu \mathrm{\Theta }^\mu \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Theta }_\mu \mathrm{\Theta }^\mu \right)$$
(6.67)
Taking into account (6.67) one can rewrite (6.63) as

$$L=\frac{1}{2}p_\mu g^{\mu \nu }p_\nu +\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}\left(_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu \right).$$
(6.68)
The form of the Lagrangian (6.68) as far as the expression for the norm of the quantum vector $`\dot{q}`$ is fixed by the commutation relations. The choice of the definitions (6.61) and (6.68) is motivated by their similarity to classical expressions that contain geometrical objects, derived from the metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ and operators $`q`$, $`\dot{q}`$.

In order to construct the Hamiltonian of a free particle in a curved space we consider the quantum version of the Legendre transformation

$$H=p_\mu \dot{q}^\mu L$$
(6.69)
where

$$p_\mu \dot{q}^\mu :=\frac{1}{2}\left(\pi _\mu ^{}V^\mu +V^\mu \pi _\mu \right)=(p,p)$$
(6.70)
is a scalar.

From (6.69) and (6.70) we directly obtain

$$H=(p,p)L=\frac{1}{2}(p,p)=L$$
(6.71)
So, our Lagrangian is purely kinematic.

The Hamiltonian can be rewritten in another form which is similar to a classical one:

$$H=p_\mu \dot{q}^\mu LZ$$
(6.72)
where $`Z`$ is an auxiliary variable has been introduced by Sugano

$$Z=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}R+\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}g^{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu {}_{\nu \alpha }{}^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{}^{\nu }{}_{\mu \beta }{}^{}.$$
(6.73)
Here $`R`$ is the scalar curvature of $`V_n`$.

As a result, we have defined all the objects appearing in quantum mechanics with the simply transitive transformation group of isometries.

## 7 Equations of Motion

Now we rewrite the form of the Euler-Lagrange equations obtained in section 5 (see (4.37)) as the following variational equation

$$\delta L=\frac{d}{dt}(p_\mu \delta q^\mu )\dot{p}^\mu \delta q^\mu +\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu (\delta q^\alpha _\alpha g_{\mu \nu })\dot{q}^\nu \delta q^\mu _\mu U_q+\frac{1}{2}[\delta q^\mu ,\dot{g}_\mu ]$$
(7.74)
where

$$g_\mu =\frac{1}{2}[\dot{q}^\nu ,g_{\mu \nu }]$$

From (7.74) one can draw a conclusion that the generator of canonical variations is $`G=p_\mu \delta q^\mu `$ and the equations of motion are contained in the relation

$$\dot{p}_\mu \delta q^\mu =\frac{1}{2}\dot{q}^\mu (_\alpha g_{\mu \nu }\delta q^\alpha )\dot{q}^\nu \delta q^\mu _\mu U_q+\frac{1}{2}[\delta q^\mu ,\dot{g}_\mu ]$$
(7.75)
Using the set of commutation relations obtained above one can transform (7.75) to the form

$$\dot{p}_\mu \delta q^\mu =f_\mu \delta q^\mu +T^{\mu \nu }\delta _Lg_{\mu \nu }$$
(7.76)
where

$$f_\mu =\frac{1}{2}p_\alpha _\mu g^{\alpha \beta }p_\beta \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}_\mu \left(_\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^\alpha +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^\alpha \right),$$
(7.77)
where $`T^{\mu \nu }=T^{\mu \nu }(q)\mathrm{}^2`$ is some tensor of second rank. The variation $`\delta q^\mu `$ is a Killing vector, therefore the second term in (7.76) vanishes due to the condition $`\delta _Lg_{\mu \nu }=0`$. Using the decomposition $`\delta q^\mu =\epsilon ^av_a^\mu `$ we can write (7.76) as

$$(\dot{p}_\mu f_\mu )v_a^\mu =0.$$
(7.78)
As far as the matrix $`\{v_a^\mu \}`$ is invertible and describes a two-side vector, we can eliminate it from (7.78) by multiplication on its inverse $`\{e_\mu ^a\}`$. Finally, we obtain the equation of motion in the following form

$$\dot{p}_\mu =\frac{1}{2}p_\alpha _\mu g^{\alpha \beta }p_\beta \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{4}_\mu \left(_\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^\alpha +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }^\alpha \right)$$
(7.79)
The equation of this type was considered in  from the view of canonical quantization approach.

It is easy to prove that the equation (7.79) obtained from the action principle is equivalent to the Heisenberg equations

$$\dot{p}_\mu =\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[p_\mu ,H],H=\frac{1}{2}(p,p)=\frac{1}{2}(\dot{q},\dot{q})=L.$$
(7.80)
The generator $`G=p_\mu \delta q^\mu `$ conserves due to (7.79), i.e. $`\dot{G}=0`$. This fact confirms that our quantization scheme is self-consistent.

## 8 Hamiltonian as Generator of Time Shifts

Let us consider the coordinate transformation $`qq+\delta q`$ caused by the infinitesimal time shift $`tt+\delta t(t)`$.

$`\delta q^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`\dot{q}^\mu \delta t`$
$`\delta \dot{q}^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\delta q^\mu \dot{q}^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\delta t.`$ (8.81)
Using the commutation relations for the dynamical variables $`\{q^\mu \}`$ and $`\{\dot{q}^\mu \}`$, we obtain the following operator properties of the variations (8.81)

$$[\dot{q}^\mu ,\delta q^\nu ]=[\dot{q}^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]\delta t=[\delta q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ];$$
(8.82)
$$[q^\mu ,\delta q^\nu ]=[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]\delta t=i\mathrm{}g^{\mu \nu }\delta t.$$
(8.83)
The variation of the Lagrangian $`L`$ caused by these variations equals to

$$\delta _tL=\delta L+L\delta t.$$
(8.84)
It is easy to rewrite (8.84) as a total time derivative without any referring to equations of motion (i.e. by a purely algebraic way with the use of (8.81)):

$$\delta _tL=\frac{d}{dt}(L\delta t).$$
(8.85)
This fact leads the variations (8.81) to be permissible ones.

Further we transformate (8.84) using explicitly the dynamical equations obtained above. By extracting a total time derivative we can write

$$\delta _tL=\frac{d}{dt}(L\delta t)+\frac{dL}{dt}\delta t(\dot{p}_\mu f_\mu )\delta q^\mu .$$
(8.86)
The last term in (8.86) contains the dynamical equations (7.79). Comparing (8.85) with (8.86) we can observe that

$$\frac{dH}{dt}\delta t=0,H=L.$$
(8.87)
Therefore the Hamiltonian of our model is the conserved generator of time shifts.

## 9 Hilbert Space of States

Let the coordinate operators $`\{q^\mu \}`$ form the complete set of commutative observables. We define it’s spectrum by the equation

$$\widehat{q}^\mu |q=q^\mu |q$$
(9.88)
(to avoid a confusion we write an operator with the hat and c-number without it in this formula and in similar cases below).

The eigenvectors of $`\{q^\mu \}`$ are normalized by the following condition

$$q^{\prime \prime }|q^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{g(q^{\prime \prime })}}\delta (q^{\prime \prime }q^{}):=\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{}).$$
(9.89)
Here $`\mathrm{\Delta }(q)`$ is the $`\delta `$-function on $`V_n`$ conformed to the volume element $`dV=\sqrt{g(q)}dq`$, $`dq=dq^1\mathrm{}dq^n`$. This function has the following properties

$`{\displaystyle F(q^{})\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)𝑑q}`$ $`=`$ $`F(q)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)}{q^\mu }}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q^{})\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)}{q^\mu }}`$ (9.90)
$`(F(q^{})F(q))\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`(F(q^{})F(q)){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)}{q^\mu }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{F(q^{})}{q^\mu }}\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{}q)`$ (9.91)
for an arbitrary smooth function $`F(q)`$ on $`V_n`$.

To construct a coordinate representation associated with the complete set $`\{q^\mu \}`$ we need the matrix elements of acting operators. For the coordinate operator $`q^\mu `$ we easily find

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|q^\mu \right|q^{}=q^\mu q^{\prime \prime }|q^{}.$$
(9.92)
In order to calculate the matrix element of the momentum operator let us consider the matrix element of the commutator $`[q^\mu ,p_\nu ]=i\mathrm{}\delta _\nu ^\mu `$:

$$q^{\prime \prime }|q^\mu p_\nu p_\nu q^\mu |q^{}=i\mathrm{}\delta _\nu ^\mu \mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{}.)$$
(9.93)
The left hand side of the equality (9.93) can be rewritten as

$`q^{\prime \prime }\left|[q^\mu ,p_\nu ]\right|q^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑V^{\prime \prime \prime }\left(q^{\prime \prime }\left|q^\mu \right|q^{\prime \prime \prime }q^{\prime \prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{}q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{\prime \prime \prime }q^{\prime \prime \prime }\left|q^\mu \right|q^{}\right)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑V^{\prime \prime \prime }\left(q^{\prime \prime \prime \mu }\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{\prime \prime \prime })q^{\prime \prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{}q^\mu \mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime \prime }q^{})q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{\prime \prime \prime }\right)}`$
$`=`$ $`\left(q^{\prime \prime \mu }q^\mu \right)q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{}.`$
So that (9.93) is equivalent to

$$(q^{\prime \prime \mu }q^\mu )q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{}=i\mathrm{}\delta _\nu ^\mu \mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{}).$$
(9.94)
The formula (9.94) can be viewed as the equation for unknown $`q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\nu \right|q^{}`$. Using the properties of the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$-function we obtain the solution of (9.94) in the form

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\mu \right|q^{}=i\mathrm{}\frac{}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})+F_\mu (q^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})$$
(9.95)
where $`F_\mu (q)`$ is some smooth function on $`V_n`$ which will be determined later. Its appearance in (9.95) does not lead to any inner contradictions. To observe it let us calculate the matrix element of the commutator $`[f,p_\mu ]`$ for some operator $`f`$ using (9.92), (9.95) and (9.90)-(9.91). We find:

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|[f,p_\mu ]\right|q^{}=\left(F_\mu (q^{})F_\mu (q^{\prime \prime })\right)q^{\prime \prime }\left|f\right|q^{}+i\mathrm{}\left(\frac{}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}+\frac{}{q^\mu }+\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q^{})\right)q^{\prime \prime }\left|f\right|q^{}.$$
(9.96)
For the case $`[q^\mu ,f]=0`$ we have

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|f(q)\right|q^{}=f(q^{})\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{}).$$
(9.97)
So that (9.96) can be reduced to

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|[f(q),p_\mu ]\right|q^{}=i\mathrm{}\frac{f(q^{})}{q^\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})$$
(9.98)
(using (9.90)-(9.91) and (9.97)). This result is completely agreed with the commutator

$$[f(q),p_\mu ]=i\mathrm{}\frac{f(q)}{q^\mu }.$$

Now we turn to the explicit form of the function $`F_\mu (q)`$. To determine it we need the matrix element of the commutator $`[p_\mu ,p_\nu ]=0`$ which can be obtained by replacing $`f(q)`$ by $`p_\nu `$ in (9.96):

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|[p_\mu ,p_\nu ]\right|q^{}=i\mathrm{}\left(\frac{F_\nu (q^{})}{q^\mu }\frac{F_\mu (q^{})}{q^\nu }\right)\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})=0.$$

From this equation we find

$$F_\mu =\frac{F(q)}{q^\mu }$$
(9.99)
where $`F(q)`$ is some scalar function. Due to (9.99) we rewrite (9.95) as

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\mu \right|q^{}=i\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}+\frac{F(q^{\prime \prime })}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{}).$$
(9.100)
The Hermitan conjugation of (9.100) due to (9.90)-(9.91) can be expressed as

$$q^{}\left|p_\mu \right|q^{\prime \prime }^{}=i\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}i\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})+\frac{F^{}}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})$$
(9.101)
The Hermitan property of $`p_\mu `$ leads to

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\mu \right|q^{}=q^{}\left|p_\mu \right|q^{\prime \prime }^{}$$

then

$$\mathrm{Im}\left(\frac{F}{q^\mu }\right)=\frac{1}{2i}\frac{}{q^\mu }(FF^{})=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mu .}$$
(9.102)
From the definition of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu `$ we find

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu =\frac{1}{2}_\mu \mathrm{ln}g$$

Therefore we can decompose $`F(q)`$ into real and imagine parts

$$F=\phi \frac{i\mathrm{}}{4}\mathrm{ln}g$$
(9.103)
where $`\phi `$ is some real-valued scalar function on $`V_n`$.

Using (9.103) in (9.95) we finally write the matrix element of $`p_\mu `$:

$$q^{\prime \prime }\left|p_\mu \right|q^{}=i\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}\left(\frac{\phi }{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}+\frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q^{\prime \prime })\right)\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})$$
(9.104)
depending on an arbitrary real-valued function $`\phi (q)`$. Its appearance in (9.104) does not affect on physical states because we can eliminate $`\phi (q)`$ by the unitary transformation

$`|q`$ $``$ $`U(q)|q`$
$`p_\mu `$ $``$ $`Up_\mu U^{}=p_\mu _\mu \phi `$ (9.105)
$`q^\mu `$ $``$ $`Uq^\mu U^{}=q^\mu `$ (9.106)
where

$$U(q)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}\phi (q)\right)$$

(see ). Therefore, without loss of generality we assume $`\phi (q)=0`$.

Now we construct the coordinate representation for our model. In order to do it we represent the wave function

$$\psi (q)=q|\psi $$
(9.107)
for an arbitrary state $`|\psi `$.

The coordinate representation of the operator $`f`$ is defined by the following formula

$$\widehat{f}\psi (q):=q\left|f\right|\psi =𝑑q^{}\sqrt{g(q^{})}q\left|f\right|q^{}q^{}|\psi $$
(9.108)
Substituting $`f=q^\mu `$ we can obtain

$$\widehat{q}^\mu \psi (q)=𝑑q^{}\sqrt{g(q^{})}q\left|q^\mu \right|q^{}q^{}|\psi =q^\mu \psi (q).$$
(9.109)
Similarly, making the substitution $`f=p_\mu `$ in (9.108) we write

$`\widehat{p_\mu }\psi (q)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑q^{}\sqrt{g(q^{})}q\left|p_\mu \right|q^{}q^{}|\psi }`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑q^{}\sqrt{g(q^{})}\left(F_\mu (q^{})\mathrm{\Delta }(qq^{})i\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(qq^{})}{q^\mu }\right)\psi (q)}`$
$`=`$ $`i\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{\psi (q)}{q^\mu }}{\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{}}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q)\psi (q){\displaystyle \frac{\phi (q)}{q^\mu }}\psi (q).`$
Taking $`\phi (q)=0`$ we finally have

$$\widehat{p}_\mu \psi (q)=i\mathrm{}\left(\frac{}{q^\mu }+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q)\right)\psi (q)$$
(9.110)
This representation coincides with . Under a general coordinate transformation the object (9.110) transforms as a vector.

Hence we have found the coordinate representation for coordinate and momentum operators

$$\widehat{q}^\mu =q^\mu ,\widehat{p}_\mu =i\mathrm{}\left(\frac{}{q^\mu }+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu \right).$$
(9.111)
The coordinate representation for the operators $`\pi _\mu `$ and $`\pi _\mu ^{}`$ can be constructed by a similar way. Their matrix elements have the form:

$`q^{\prime \prime }\left|\pi _\mu \right|q^{}`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}}\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})`$
$`q^{\prime \prime }\left|\pi _\mu ^{}\right|q^{}`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \frac{}{q^{\prime \prime \mu }}}\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{})i\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu (q^{})\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{\prime \prime }q^{}).`$ (9.112)
Therefore,

$$\widehat{\pi }_\mu =i\mathrm{}\frac{}{q^\mu },\widehat{\pi }_\mu ^{}=i\mathrm{}\frac{}{q^\mu }i\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu .$$
(9.113)
In order to find the coordinate representation of the Hamiltonian, we use the formula

$`\widehat{A}(\widehat{B}\psi )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑V^{}𝑑V^{\prime \prime }q\left|A\right|q^{}q^{}\left|B\right|q^{\prime \prime }q^{\prime \prime }|\psi }`$ (9.114)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑V^{\prime \prime }q\left|AB\right|q^{\prime \prime }q^{\prime \prime }|\psi }=\widehat{AB}\psi .`$
Putting $`\widehat{A}=\widehat{\pi }_\mu ^{}`$, $`\widehat{B}=g^{\mu \nu }\pi _\mu `$ into (9.114) we have

$`2\widehat{H}\psi `$ $`=`$ $`(\pi _\mu ^{}g^{\mu \nu }\pi _\nu )^{}\psi =\widehat{\pi }_\mu ^{}\left(g^{\mu \nu }\widehat{\pi }_\nu \psi \right)=\mathrm{}^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{}{q^\mu }}\left(g^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{\psi }{q^\nu }}\right)+\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu \left(g^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{\psi }{q^\nu }}\right)\right]`$ (9.115)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{q^\mu }}\left(g^{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{}{q^\nu }}\right)\psi =\mathrm{}^2_\mu g^{\mu \nu }_\nu \psi .`$
Here $`_\mu `$ is covariant derivative in the metric $`\{g_{\mu \nu }\}`$.

Hence, the coordinate representation of the Hamiltonian

$$\widehat{H}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}^2_\mu g^{\mu \nu }_\nu \psi $$
(9.116)
is nothing but the Laplace operator on $`V_n`$.

The Schrödinger equation for a free particle on $`V_n`$ reads

$$\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2}\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}\frac{}{q^\mu }\left(g^{\mu \nu }\frac{\psi }{q^\nu }\right)=E\psi .$$
(9.117)
In the end of this section we add a remark on the form of the generator $`G`$. Using (9.114) we directly calculate

$$\widehat{G}=\widehat{v}^\mu \widehat{p}_\mu =i\mathrm{}v^\mu \frac{}{q^\mu },$$
(9.118)
where $`\{v^\mu \}`$ is a Killing vector (note that we need the particular form of the Killing equation, namely $`_\mu v^\mu =0`$).

## 10 Conclusions

Observing obtained results, we can conclude that our extension of Schwinger’s quantization procedure allow one to solve the problem of the formulation of quantum mechanics on the manifold with a group structure without assuming non-strictly motivated assumptions.

The main features of the present work, which have a general character, are:

1. the logical motivation of the use of Killing vectors as permissible variations in quantum mechanics on the Riemannian space in Schwinger’s approach;
2. the method of construction of the Lagrangian which is invariant under a general coordinate transformation;
3. the definition of the quantum norm of velocity and momentum operators which is invariant under a general coordinate transformation.

Applying them, we have rigorously defined quantum mechanics on the manifold with the simply transitive group of isometries. The theory includes commutative relations, Lagrangian and Heisenberg equations of motion and seems to be self-consistent.

These results, obtained within the framework of a unified quantization approach, are in accordance with  and , where the quantum theory was developed by means of canonical quantization methods based on some special assumptions.

In forthcoming papers we will apply our quantization procedure to construct a quantum theory on Riemannian manifolds with a more complicated group structure.

## Appendix. Summetrrized Jordan Product

When $`a`$, $`b`$ are hermitan operators, its product $`ab`$ is non-hermitan in a general case. The Hermitan condition holds for the Jordan product

$$ab=\frac{1}{2}(ab+ba).$$
(A.1)
From this definition one can immediately obtain

1. $`ab=ba`$;
2. $`(a+b)c=ac+bc`$;
3. $`(\alpha a)b=a(\alpha b)=\alpha (ab)`$, $`\alpha C`$;
4. $`[a,bc]=[a,b]c+b[a,c]`$;

The Jordan product is non-associative:

$$a(bc)=(ab)c\frac{1}{4}[b,[a,c]]$$
(A.2)
Let us concentrate our attention on the combinations appearing in our model. The basic assumptions have the form (see section (4)):

1. $`\mu ,\nu =\overline{1,n}`$, $`[q^\mu ,q^\nu ]=0`$,
2. $`\frac{1}{i\mathrm{}}[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]=f^{\mu \nu }(q)`$.

Taking the time derivative

$$\frac{d}{dt}[q^\mu ,q^\nu ]=[\dot{q}^\mu ,q^\nu ]+[q^\mu ,\dot{q}^\nu ]+0,$$

we find:

$$f^{\mu \nu }(q)=f^{\nu \mu }(q).$$
(A.3)
Due to these properties, the time derivative of the operator $`F(q)`$ can be written as

$$\frac{d}{dt}F(q)=\dot{q}^\mu \frac{F(q)}{q^\mu }$$
(A.4)
(if $`F(q)`$ is a polynomial, the proof is elementary).

It is important to note that in some cases, that are determined by the operator properties of multipliers, the Jordan product is associative. Looking at the formula (A.2) we see, that $`a(bc)=(ab)c`$ if $`[a,b]=0`$ or $`[b,[a,c]]=0`$. Taking into account the basic assumptions we can write

$$f_1(q)(\dot{q}^\mu f_2(q))=(f_1(q)\dot{q}^\mu )f_2(q),$$
(A.5)
$`f_1(q)(\dot{q}^\mu f_2(q))=f_1(q)(f_2(q)\dot{q}^\mu )`$
$`=(f_1(q)f_2(q))\dot{q}^\mu `$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}[f_2(q),\text{some function of }q\text{’s}]=(f_1(q)f_2(q))\dot{q}^\mu .`$ (A.6)