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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

BSAURUS is a package for inclusive B reconstruction of $`Z^0`$ decays into b quark-antiquark pairs taken by the DELPHI detector. Due to the large mass of B hadrons there are many thousand decay channels, all with small branching ratio. This is a severe limitation for studying B physics. BSAURUS tries to reconstruct inclusively as many properties of b-jets as possible with high efficiency and yet with good purity also. This is achieved by exploiting the capabilities of the DELPHI detector to their extreme, applying wherever possible physics knowledge about B production and decays and combining different information sources with modern tools- mainly artificial neural networks.

### 1.1 Physics Motivation

High energy b-jets contain $`\mathrm{B}^+`$,$`\overline{\mathrm{B}^0}`$, $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ mesons or B-baryons in an approximate mixture of 40:40:10:10. To measure lifetimes one needs to be able to reconstruct the decay length, i.e. the distance between primary and secondary vertex, as well as the B-hadron energy. The mean lifetime of B-hadrons have been measured with good accuracy and together with the semileptonic branching ratio it can be used to determine the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $`V_{\mathrm{c}b}`$. The lifetimes of the individual B hadrons are predicted by the Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET) to be only marginally different from the mean lifetime. In order to test HQET, one needs to be able to distinguish between the four B hadron species.

The fraction of the available energy that B-hadrons attain after the fragmentation process is not directly calculable in perturbative QCD, and has to be phenomenologically modelled with fragmentation functions. Measuring the b-quark fragmentation function, ideally for the different B-types separately, is fundamental to the accurate simulation of B-physics.

The $`\mathrm{Z}^0`$ decay into b-quarks exhibits a forward-backward asymmetry between the b and $`\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$-jet. A precise measurement of $`A_{FB}^\mathrm{b}`$ constitutes an important test of the Standard Model. For an experimental study one needs to tag the production flavour (i.e. decide whether a given jet is from a b-quark or $`\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$ antiquark). Neutral B mesons can oscillate into their antiparticle (and back) before they decay. The time dependence of $`\mathrm{B}_d`$ oscillations has been observed, whereas the oscillations of the $`\mathrm{B}_s`$ meson are too fast to be experimentally resolved at present . For experimental studies of $`\mathrm{B}^0`$-oscillations one needs to know the production flavour and the decay flavour.

The weakly decaying B hadrons are the lowest mass, i.e. the ground states, of $`b\overline{q}`$ systems with quantum numbers $`J^{PC}=0^+`$. For each of these systems a full spectroscopy of excited states exists, e.g. $`B^{}`$ vector mesons and orbital excitations which are predicted to appear as two doublets for each unit of orbital angular momentum L, one being broad decaying in S-wave, and the other narrow since at least D-waves are necessary in the decay. Signals of $`L=1`$ B-mesons are observed with a relatively large rate (about 20-30%), but the composition of the broad peak observed is still unclear. Radial excitations are also predicted in the quark model. In B-baryon spectroscopy, in addition to the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mathrm{b}`$, the states $`\mathrm{\Xi }_\mathrm{b}^{}`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }_\mathrm{b}^0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{b}`$ are expected to decay via weak interactions with an appreciable lifetime, whereas the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{b}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\mathrm{b}^{}`$ should decay into $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\mathrm{b}\pi `$ via strong interactions. For testing B-spectroscopy one needs the reconstruction of B-hadron four-momenta and the identification of protons, pions and kaons originating from the fragmentation process.

BSAURUS is designed primarily to allow analyses in all these areas. The algorithms used rely on a satisfactory performance from all of the detector components in the DELPHI barrel in conjunction with optimised reconstruction software.

### 1.2 Detector-Specific Reconstruction: The Basis of BSAURUS

Charged particle reconstruction, especially the correct assignment of silicon vertex detector points to tracks reconstructed in the TPC, the Inner Detector and the Outer Detector, has been optimised in the years 1995/1996 by better alignment procedures and adding completely new algorithms including e.g. inside-out tracking, a complete event ambiguity resolution, and a Kalman filter track fit taking into account multiple scattering and energy loss. All LEP I data taken from 1992-1995 have been reprocessed with these new algorithms, and this has led to huge reconstruction improvements, especially in dense jets. As an example, the signal of exclusively reconstructed $`D^{}`$ mesons into $`D^0\pi ^+`$ with $`D^0K\pi \pi \pi `$ was increased by a factor 2.4. In addition, optimised photon conversion algorithms , reconstruction of secondary hadronic interactions in detector material and of $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ decays, and a search for additional low-energy tracks in the vertex detector  help to give a clean reconstruction of complicated events. It should be noted that since BSAURUS has been developed and tuned on these reprocessed data the result of applying it to any other data set cannot be guaranteed.

Particle identification is an important ingredient for many of the algorithms applied. To achieve an optimal performance, electron identification  is performed using a neural network combining spatial and energy information from the HPC calorimeter, tracking information, dE/dx measurements of the TPC, and searches for kinks in the track in known layers of material and for photons radiated tangentially in them. In DELPHI, hadron identification information is gathered from the Ring Imaging Cerenkov Counters(RICH) with both gas and liquid radiator, and from energy loss measurements in the TPC and the silicon vertex detector. To optimise hadron classification at various momenta, detailed information from all of these detectors has been combined using neural networks in the program package MACRIB .

### 1.3 Overview Of BSAURUS Outputs

BSAURUS provides a host of information relating to the properties of B-hadron production, fragmentation and decay within an event hemisphere. This information is available via output variables stored in COMMON blocks, described in Appendix C.

Among the most important outputs for B-physics analysis topics are:

* estimates of the B-hadron energy(see Section 3.3) and decay length(see Section 3.4),
* the TrackNet (see Section 5) that discriminates between tracks originating from the primary and a secondary vertex,
* the BDnet (see Section 7) that discriminates between tracks originating from the B and the cascade B$``$D vertex,
* neural networks (see Section 6) that provide a probability that a particular B-hadron type (i.e. $`\mathrm{B}^+,\mathrm{B}^0,\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ or B-baryon) was present in the hemisphere,
* neural networks (see Section 8) that tag the charge or flavour of the b-quark in the B-hadron type at both the production and decay time.

## 2 BSAURUS Definitions

### 2.1 Multihadronic Events

There is no event selection applied inside BSAURUS i.e. it is left to the user to decide on which events to call BSAURUS. However, for all development and tuning work and for all results presented in this note, events in real data and Monte Carlo had to pass a multihadronic event selection. The criteria used are from the DELPHI pilot record hadron selection bits:

* team 4 selection, $`>5`$ charged particles (bit 1)
* team 4 selection, charged energy $`>0.12E_{LEP}`$ (bit 2)
* $`E_{forward}`$,$`E_{backward}>0.03E_{LEP}`$ (bit 12).

### 2.2 Standard Particle Selection

Charged particles used by the BSAURUS algorithms must pass the following track selection criteria:

* Impact parameter, with respect to the origin, in the $`r\varphi `$ plane $`\left|\delta _{r\varphi }\right|<4.0`$ cm
* Impact parameter, with respect to the origin, in the $`z`$ plane $`\left|\delta _z\right|<6.0`$ cm
* $`\left|\mathrm{cos}\theta \right|<0.94`$
* $`\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E}{E}<1.0`$
* At least 1 $`r\varphi `$ track hit from the silicon vertex detector(VD)
* Tracks must not have been flagged as originating from material interactions (via any of the PXPHOT codes: -124, -123, -75, -85, -84 or -74).

Neutral particles are used that are flagged by the DELPHI mass code as being a photon, $`\pi ^0`$, $`\mathrm{K}_s^0`$ or $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^0`$ (codes 21, 47, 61 and 81 respectively).

### 2.3 Event Jets

Event jets are reconstructed via the routine LUCLUS . All reconstructed particles, that pass the standard selection, are used with a transverse momentum cutoff value of $`d_{join}`$=PARU(44)=5.0.

### 2.4 Event Hemispheres

All reconstructed particles, that pass the standard selection, are used to calculate the event thrust axis via routine LUTHRU . Event hemispheres are then defined by the plane perpendicular to the thrust axis.

Each hemisphere has associated with it two axes: the thrust axis and the reference axis used for the calculation of rapidity (see Section 2.5 below) for tracks in that hemisphere. The reference axis is a jet axis selected in the following way:

* If the event is a two jet event, the reference axis for the hemisphere is the jet axis in that hemisphere.
* If a hemisphere contains 2 or more jets (i.e. an event with 3 or more jets) :

+ if one of the jets is the highest energy jet in the event, that jet axis forms the reference axis.
    + if the highest energy jet is in the opposite hemisphere, the combined probability ($`P_{jet}`$) for the tracks in a jet to have originated from the event primary vertex is formed (via the AABTAG package algorithms).

    The jet that is most ‘B-like’, i.e. with the smallest probability, is then selected if $`P_{jet}<0.05`$.
    + if no jet in the hemisphere satisfies the above criteria, the jet with the highest energy is selected to form the reference axis.

In addition, internally to BSAURUS, the hemispheres are numbered as 1 or 2 with the convention that the jet forming the reference axis for hemisphere 1 is of higher energy than that for hemisphere 2.

### 2.5 Track Rapidity

The rapidity of a track is defined as follows,

$$y=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{E+P_L}{EP_L}\right)$$

for $`E`$ the track energy and $`P_L`$ the longitudinal momentum component along the reference axis for the hemisphere.

The BSAURUS rapidity algorithm also returns an initial estimate of the B-hadron candidate 4-vector. This is defined simply to be the sum of individual track momentum vectors in a hemisphere for tracks with rapidity greater than 1.6. The value of the cut provides a good rejection of tracks originating from the primary vertex while accepting the majority of tracks from the B-decay.

### 2.6 Particle Identification

Unless otherwise stated, particle identification in BSAURUS is based on the following definitions:

* Charged kaons: the kaon network output, or kaon probability, from the MACRIB package  and stored in BSAURUS output `BSPAR(IBP_MACK,IH)`.
* Protons: the proton network output, or proton probability, from the MACRIB package and stored in BSAURUS output `BSPAR(IBP_MACP,IH)`.
* Electrons: the electron network output, or electron probability, returned by the ELEPHANT routine `ELNETID` .
* Muons: the `MUCAL2` definitions of a very loose, loose, standard and tight muon.

### 2.7 Performance of Networks

The main tool used to quantify and compare BSAURUS network performance is the purity against efficiency plot. Given some definition of ‘signal’ and ‘background’, purity is defined as,

$$Purity=\frac{correctlyclassifiedsignalevents}{allclassifiedevents},$$
(1)
and the efficiency defined as,

$$ϵ=\frac{correctlyclassifiedsignalevents}{allsignalevents}.$$
(2)
In this note, the efficiency is calculated after all selection cuts, e.g. from Section 2.2 and Section 4, have been applied. When considering network outputs that involve symmetric binary decisions (i.e. the TrackNet and all flavour tagging networks), we use an alternative measure of efficiency termed $`f=`$‘fraction classified’ and defined as,

$$f=\frac{allclassifiedtracks/hemispheres}{allclassifiabletracks/hemispheres}.$$
(3)
For this case, in order to make the purity-efficiency plot, $`f`$ is varied by making successive cuts in a band around the equal probability point for tagging ‘signal’ or ‘background’.

## 3 General BSAURUS Quantities

### 3.1 Secondary Vertex Finding

Per-hemisphere, an attempt is made to fit a secondary vertex to tracks with rapidity $`>1.6`$ that pass the standard track selection criteria of Section 2.2.

From this class of track, additional criteria are applied with the aim of selecting tracks for the vertex fitting stage that are likely to have originated from the decay chain of a weakly decaying B-hadron state. As Figure 1 illustrates, it is important to reject as far as possible tracks from the fragmentation in order to avoid large pulls in the vertex position toward the primary vertex.

There must be a minimum of two tracks for the vertex fit to be attempted and the selection process is as follows:

* The highest energy muon or electron candidate is selected if $`E_{lepton}>3`$ GeV.
* The crossing point of each track with the initial B-candidate direction vector (see Section 2.5) is found and the distance, $`L`$, between primary vertex 111Unless otherwise stated, the primary vertex definition in BSAURUS is the event primary vertex from the AABTAG package. and crossing point is calculated. Tracks are selected if $`L/\sigma _L>2`$ or, for cases where $`L/\sigma _L<2`$, tracks must also satisfy $`y>2.5`$ and $`L>0.1`$cm.

If at this point the number of tracks selected for the fit is less than 2, further attempts are made to add tracks to the fitting procedure. When this happens in $`\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$ events, it is likely that the true decay length of the B-hadron was small.

If only one track was added from stages 1 and 2:

* Add tracks with $`y>3`$.
* If still only one track selected, add the track of highest rapidity from the remaining track list of the hemisphere.

If no track was selected from stages 1) and 2):

* A search is made for the best kaon candidate in the hemisphere based on the kaon probability defined in Section 2.6. If this kaon candidate has $`y>2`$ it is added to that track in the remaining track list of the hemisphere that has the highest rapidity. This track pair alone will then form the starting track list for the vertexing procedure.
* Finally if no kaon candidate exists in the hemisphere, the two tracks of highest rapidity are selected.

Using the track list supplied by this track selection process, a secondary vertex fit is performed in 3-dimensions (using routine DAPLCON from the ELEPHANT package ) constrained to the direction of the B-candidate momentum vector. The event primary vertex is used as a starting point and if the fit did not converge222Here, non-convergence means the fit took more than 20 iterations. A further iteration is deemed necessary if the $`\chi ^2`$ is above 4 standard deviations during the first 10 iterations or above 3 standard deviations during the next 10 iterations., the track making the largest $`\chi ^2`$ contribution is stripped away in an iterative procedure, and the fit repeated.

In addition to returning the secondary vertex position, the procedure also fits the primary vertex position and updates the B-candidate direction according to the vector joining the primary and secondary vertex points. This information is used in forming some of the track net inputs as described in the next section.

Once a convergent fit has been attained, the final stage of the secondary vertex fitting procedure involves an attempt to add into the fit tracks that failed the initial track selection criteria but nevertheless are consistent with originating from the vertex. These tracks are identified on the basis of an intermediate version of the TrackNet. This is a neural network output that discriminates between tracks originating from the primary vertex and those likely to have come from a secondary vertex and is described in Section 5. A version of the TrackNet is constructed, specifically for the purpose of use in this final stage of vertex fitting, based on secondary vertexing information available before this final stage has run. In general, secondary vertex tracks have TrackNet $`1`$ whereas tracks from the primary vertex have TrackNet values close to zero. The track of largest TrackNet in the hemisphere is added to the existing track list and retained if the resulting fit converges. This process continues iteratively for all such tracks with TrackNet $`>0.5`$.

### 3.2 B-Candidate Four-Vectors Available from BSAURUS

BSAURUS provides currently four different definitions of the B-candidate four-vector in a hemisphere:

* The initial estimate from the rapidity algorithm outlined in Section 2.5 and stored in the four BSAURUS output array elements starting at `BSHEM(IBH_BY,IH)` for hemisphere number `IH`.
* The three momentum vector is then transformed to lie along the direction joining primary to secondary vertex as mentioned in Section 3.1. The energy component is the rapidity energy and this vector is stored in location starting at `BSHEM(IBH_BF,IH)`.
* In location starting at `BSHEM(IBH_BT,IH)`, the energy component is then corrected to account for neutral energy losses (see Section 3.3). The momentum vector derives from a TrackNet weighted momentum sum for the case of 2-jet events and is the rapidity vector for $`>2`$-jet events.
* The four-vector starting at location `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IH)` is, in principle, the same as the `BSHEM(IBH_BT,IH)` vector but contains a more detailed energy correction, described in detail in Section 3.3. In addition, the momentum vector derives from the rapidity algorithm for $`>2`$-jet events that also pass $`E_{HEM}/E_{BEAM}>0.6`$ and from the TrackNet weighted sum otherwise.

### 3.3 B-Candidate Energy Correction

We describe here the energy correction procedure that went into making vector `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IH)`. (Note that the `BSHEM(IBH_BT,IH)` vector contains a very similar correction which, although still used internally inside BSAURUS, is older and less optimal.)

Separate correction functions are derived for 2-jet and $`>2`$-jet events. Within these two classes, because of the explicit energy ordering of the hemispheres, we treat hemispheres 1 and 2 completely separately. To be used in the correction procedure, hemispheres must pass the following cuts:

* The initial reconstructed B-candidate energy $`E_{raw}`$ is 20GeV or more.
* The corresponding initial reconstructed B-candidate mass $`m_{raw}`$ lies within two standard deviations of the total data sample median value.
* The ratio, $`x_h`$, of the hemisphere energy $`E_{hem}`$ to beam energy $`E_{beam}`$ lies in the range $`0.6<x_h<1.1`$.

In addition, for the case of hemispheres with larger missing energy, i.e. $`x_h<0.6`$, a further correction is derived separately for hemispheres 1 and 2.

The starting point is the initial estimates of the B energy and mass, $`E_{raw}`$ and $`m_{raw}`$. Following studies, we choose these estimates to be from the rapidity algorithm for events with $`>2`$-jets and where $`E_{HEM}/E_{BEAM}>0.6`$, and to be derived from the sum of ‘B-weighted’ four-vectors otherwise. This involves weighting (via a sigmoid threshold function) the momentum and energy components of charged tracks by the TrackNet output (see section 5) and those of neutrals by their rapidity. In this way the effects of tracks from the B-decay are enhanced and those of tracks from the primary vertex are suppressed.

The correction procedure is motivated by the observation in Monte Carlo of a correlation between the energy residuals $`\mathrm{\Delta }E=E_B^{raw}E_B^{truth}`$ and $`m_{raw}`$ (which is approximately linear in $`m_{raw}`$), and a further correlation between $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ and $`x_h`$ resulting from neutral energy losses and inefficiencies. The correction proceeds in the following way: the data are divided into several samples according to the measured ratio $`x_h`$ and for each of these classes the B-energy residual $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ is plotted as function of $`m_{raw}`$. The median values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ in each bin of $`m_{raw}`$ are calculated and their $`m_{raw}`$ dependence fitted by a third order polynomial

$$\mathrm{\Delta }E(m_{raw};x_h)=a+b(m_{raw}m_{raw})+c(m_{raw}m_{raw})^2+d(m_{raw}m_{raw})^3$$

The four parameters $`a,b,c,d`$ in each $`x_h`$ class are then plotted as a function of $`x_h`$ and their dependence fitted with third and second-order polynomials. Thus one obtains a smooth correction function describing the mean dependence on $`m_{raw}`$ and on the hemisphere energy as determined from the Monte Carlo. Finally, a small bias correction is applied for the remaining mean energy residual as a function of the corrected energy.

Figure 2 shows typical resolutions on the reconstructed B-direction and energy attainable from the four-vector output at location `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IHEM)`.

### 3.4 Decay Length and Decay Time

The B-hadron decay length estimate in the $`r\varphi `$ plane, $`L_{r\varphi }`$, is defined as the (positive) distance between the primary and secondary vertex positions reconstructed from the secondary vertex search described in Section 3.1. The three-dimensional decay length is constructed as $`L=L_{r\varphi }/\mathrm{sin}(\theta )`$, where the B-hadron candidate momentum vector, $`p_B`$ detailed in Section 3.3, defines the direction. The resulting proper decay time estimate is given by $`\tau =Lm_B/p_Bc`$, where the B rest mass is taken to be $`5.2789`$ GeV$`/c^2`$.

### 3.5 Track and Hemisphere Quality

When presenting neural networks with track and hemisphere-based discriminating variables, it is advantageous at the network learning stage to provide the network with additional information relating to the potential quality of the input information. For this reason BSAURUS defines both track and hemisphere quality words that are used extensively in many network definitions.

The track quality word stored in `BSPAR(IBP_QUAL,IT)` for track `IT` is defined as follows:

* 0, means the track is good.
* 1, means the track contains some ambiguous track hit information flagged by the DELPHI track hit ambiguity word.
* 10, means that the track has been flagged as originating from an interaction, defined by PXPHOT code=-120 returned by routine PXGECO.
* 20, means that the track did not pass the internal track quality criteria of the AABTAG package.

The hemisphere quality word, stored in, `BSHEM(IBH_QUAL,IH)` for hemisphere `IH`, has the following definition:

* $`N\times 1`$, where $`N`$ is the number of tracks in the hemisphere rejected by the standard track cuts (described in Section 2.2)
* + $`N\times 100`$, where $`N`$ is the number of tracks in the hemisphere flagged as originating from an interaction in the same way as for the track quality word
* + $`N\times 1000`$, where $`N`$ is the number of tracks in the hemisphere flagged as being ambiguous in the same way as for the track quality word
* + $`N\times 100000`$, where $`N`$ is the number of tracks in the hemisphere flagged as failing the quality cuts of the AABTAG package.

For use in network training, the hemisphere quality is better used in a real, continuous form rather than as an integer. Stored in `BSHEM(IBH_QUAL2,IH)` therefore, is the transformation of the integer word into a continuous variable ranging from 0.0(good quality) to 10.0(bad quality).

## 4 Use of Neural Networks in BSAURUS

Events and event hemispheres used to prepare the training samples for BSAURUS networks must pass the following set of requirements:

* 2-jet events with the jets back-to-back to better than $`10^{}`$,
* $`|cos\theta _{thrust}|<0.65`$,
* combined AABTAG event b-tag $`>0.02`$,
* both gas and liquid parts of the RICH must be functioning,
* defining $`E_{HEM}`$ as the total energy contained in charged and neutral particles in the hemisphere, then a hemisphere must satisfy $`0.6<E_{HEM}/E_{BEAM}<1.1`$,
* a hemisphere must have an initial B-energy estimate from the rapidity algorithm $`>20`$GeV,
* only hemispheres with a fully converged secondary vertex fit are considered.

BSAURUS uses the JETNET neural network package run in a feed-forward mode nearly always with three layers and a sigmoid function as the input-output(or transfer) function. The hidden layer typically contains one more node than the number of inputs.

The network is trained using two statistically independent samples; the training sample and the performance sample. Usually each sample consists of an equal number of ‘signal’ and ‘background’ hemispheres/tracks. The training sample is used to teach the network to separate signal from background, but it is the network output error333Defined as $`\sqrt{_i(NO_iTAR_i)^2}`$, where index $`i`$ labels the network output node, $`NO_i`$ is the network output value at output node $`i`$ and $`TAR_i`$ is the target value for output node $`i`$. based on the performance sample that determines when the end-point of the training procedure has been reached.

Variables used as inputs to the networks are selected based on (a)the discriminating power between signal and background and (b)the agreement between simulation and data. Variables are often also transformed and/or their range truncated so that the network is presented with variables that show, ideally, a linear, continuous variation in the ratio of ‘signal’ to ‘background’ across the full range.

## 5 The B-Track Probability Network(TrackNet)

The aim of the B-track probability network is to discriminate between the class of tracks, in a $`\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$-event hemisphere, originating from the weak decay of a B-hadron from all other tracks.

Only tracks passing the standard quality cuts of Section 2.2 are considered. The discriminating variables that form the inputs to the network per track are:

* The track total momentum.
* The track momentum in the B-candidate rest frame.
* The helicity angle of the track defined as the angle between the track vector in the B-candidate rest frame and the B-candidate momentum vector in the lab frame.
* A flag to identify whether the track was in the secondary vertex fit or not.
* The probability that the track originates from the fitted primary vertex (AABTAG algorithm).
* The probability that the track originates from the secondary vertex (AABTAG algorithm).
* The probability that the track originates from the fitted primary vertex (BSAURUS algorithm).
* The probability that the track originates from the secondary vertex (from the BSAURUS algorithm).
* The track rapidity.

In addition, input variables that gave no inherent discriminating power were included to inform the network of the potential quality of the other input variables:

* The decay length or distance between the primary and secondary vertex in the $`r\varphi `$ plane. This quantity is then scaled by the reconstructed error to form a decay length significance.
* The track quality word from Section 3.5.

Distributions of all discriminating variables are shown in Figure 3.

Two points should be noted. Firstly, to first approximation the track probabilities to originate from the primary or secondary vertex as calculated by the BSAURUS or the AABTAG packages, are calculations of the same quantity. There are differences however in the way track errors are handled in the two cases and, in addition, the AABTAG package returns a probability tuned to the resolution seen in the data. For these reasons, the correlation in these variables between the two methods is not 100% and there is extra information to be gained by including all definitions as input variables to the network. Secondly, the decay length variable (which is the same for all tracks in a given hemisphere) and the track quality word do not a priori distinquish between B-decay products and the background. These variables do however provide the network with information about whether the hemisphere has a well separated secondary vertex and whether the information associated with a particular track is reliable or not. This additional information has been found to be useful during the network training procedure.

The network therefore consists of 11 input nodes, one for each of the variables listed above, 12 nodes in the hidden layer, and a single output node with target value 1 for signal tracks and 0 for background. The training and performance samples are drawn only from $`\mathrm{Z}^0\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$ Monte Carlo where signal tracks are defined as coming from any point along the weak B-decay chain, and background as coming from any source located at the primary vertex e.g. fragmentation and excited B-hadrons. The network training was performed using 30K signal and 30K background tracks in both the training and performance samples. The network output and performance for tagging tracks from B-decay are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

## 6 B-Species Identification(SHBN)

BSAURUS returns in the output variables, `BSHEM(IBH_PRBBP,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_PRBB0,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_PRBBS,IH)` and `BSHEM(IBH_PRBLB,IH)` the probability for the hemisphere `IH` to contain a $`\mathrm{B}^+,\mathrm{B}^0,\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ or B-baryon respectively. 444The charge conjugate states are also implied. The approach employed is to supply all discriminating variables to a neural network with four output nodes, one for each B-hadron type.

The resulting Same Hemisphere B-species enrichment Network or SHBN, consists of 15 input nodes(described below) and 17 nodes in the single hidden layer. Each output node delivers a probability for the hypotheses it is trained on i.e. the first supplies the probability for a $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ meson to be produced in the hemisphere, the second for a $`\mathrm{B}^0`$ meson, the third for charged $`\mathrm{B}^+`$ mesons and the fourth for all species of B-baryons. The following input variables are used:

* Using the TrackNet value as a probability ($`P_B`$) for each track to originate from the B-hadron decay vertex rather than from the primary vertex, the weighted vertex charge is formed

$$\left|Q_v\right|=\underset{i}{\overset{tracks}{}}P_B(i)Q(i)$$
(4)
that distinguishes between charged and neutral B-hadrons and is illustrated in Figure 6.
* The binomial error on the vertex charge, defined as

$$\sigma _{Q_v}=\underset{i}{\overset{tracks}{}}\sqrt{P_B(i)(1P_B(i))}$$
(5)
gives a measure of the reliability of the vertex charge information.
* The number of charged pions in the hemisphere. This is most powerful for the case of B-baryons and $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ mesons, which have a higher content of non-pion particles, i.e. neutrons, protons and kaons in comparison to other B-species.
* The total energy deposited in the hemisphere by charged and neutral particles scaled by the LEP beam energy. This is sensitive to the presence of B-baryons and $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ mesons, due to the fact that associated neutrons and $`K_L^0`$ are often not reconstructed in the detector, with the consequence that the total hemisphere energy tends to be smaller compared to $`\mathrm{B}^0`$ or $`\mathrm{B}^+`$ mesons.
* $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ mesons are normally produced with a charged kaon as leading555The term leading refers to the neighbouring hadron to the B-hadron that emerges from the fragmentation chain. This particle is identified in practice from the fact that it often has the largest rapidity with respect to the B-hadron flight direction. fragmentation particle with a further kaon emerging from the weak decay (the same applies to the associated production of protons with B-baryons). Exploiting this fact, input variables are constructed giving the likelihood for the presence of a leading fragmentation kaon/proton and a kaon/proton weak decay product, for each of the two hypotheses; $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ or B-baryon.

Utilising the Monte Carlo truth information, normalised track rapidity distributions were parameterised with Gaussians separately for the case of leading fragmentation tracks and B-decay products. These were then used to form a weight per reconstructed track which was summed over to give a hemisphere level variable. Cuts were applied for kaon or proton identification (see Section 2.6) and in order to separate the fragmentation tracks from the B-decay tracks via the TrackNet output.
* The leading fragmentation track also can often be neutral e.g. production of a $`\mathrm{K}_s^0`$ associated with $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ meson production or $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^0`$ associated with B-baryon production. An input was therefore constructed based on the presence of a reconstructed $`\mathrm{K}_s^0`$ or $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^0`$ in the hemisphere in the same way as for charged kaons and protons described above. In this case, the rapidity distribution was formed from Monte Carlo truth information for neutral particles originating from the primary vertex. The resulting weights were then summed over for reconstructed neutral particles with DELPHI mass codes 61 or 81 identifying $`\mathrm{K}_s^0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^0`$ candidates.
* The probability for the leading fragmentation particle to be a charged kaon. Specifically, the maximum kaon net output from the three tracks with highest rapidity originating from the primary vertex (via the condition TrackNet$`<0.5`$) was used. The three kaon probabilities can be found in BSAURUS outputs,  `BSHEM(IBH_KRANK1,IH),BSHEM(IBH_KRANK2,IH),BSHEM(IBH_KRANK3,IH)`.
* A charge correlation between the leading fragmentation particle charges provided a flag for the presence of $`\mathrm{B}^+`$ mesons. Specifically, the rapidity-weighted track charge sum over all tracks in the hemisphere is formed, and this is then scaled by the measured vertex charge.

In addition, input variables that gave no inherent separation power between different B species were included to inform the network of the potential quality of the other input variables:

* the invariant mass of the reconstructed vertex,
* the hemisphere quality factor described in Section 3.5,
* the energy of the B-hadron, to provide information on how hard the fragmentation was and therefore inform the network of how the available energy is expected to be shared between B hadron and fragmentation products.

The output of the SHBN in both simulation and data is shown in Figure 7 and the resulting performance of the SHBN is shown in Figure 8.

The performance can be further improved by the combination of charge correlation information from the opposite hemisphere to form the Both Hemispheres B-species enrichment Network or BHBN. This network is described in Section 8.3.1.

## 7 B-D Separation(BDnet)

In selecting tracks for inclusion in the B-secondary vertex fit described in Section 3.1, there is inevitably some background from tracks that originate not from the B-decay vertex directly, but from the subsequent D-cascade decay point. The effect of including such tracks is illustrated in Figure 9 which shows that, on average, the B-decay length estimate reconstructed by BSAURUS lies somewhere between the true B decay point and that of the cascade D.

The BDnet is a neural network designed to discriminate between tracks originating from the weakly decaying B-hadron and those from the subsequent cascade D-meson decay. This information is clearly crucial to any algorithm wishing to eliminate the positive decay length bias just described, and is also used extensively throughout BSAURUS, particularly in the construction of B-flavour tags (e.g. see Section 8.1).

The following discriminating variables are used:

* The angle between the track vector and an estimate of the B flight direction (taken to be `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IH)`).
* The probability that the track originates from the fitted primary vertex (AABTAG algorithm).
* The probability that the track originates from the fitted secondary vertex (AABTAG algorithm).
* The momentum and angle of the track vector in the B rest frame.
* The TrackNet output.
* The kaon network output, described in Section 2.6.
* The lepton identification, see Section 2.6.

The remaining variables carry no implicit discriminating power but are included as gauges of the quality of the other variables:

* The track quality word from Section 3.5.
* The hemisphere quality word from Section 3.5.
* The hemisphere decay length significance, $`L/\sigma _L`$.
* The hemisphere secondary vertex mass.
* The hemisphere rapidity gap between the track of highest rapidity below a TrackNet cut at 0.5 and that of smallest rapidity above the cut at 0.5.

The network architecture consisted of 14 input nodes with 15 nodes in a hidden layer and with a single output node trained on equal numbers of tracks directly from B-decay as ‘signal’ or from the following D-decay as ‘background’. Figure 10 shows the output of the network for the two classes of track used in training and Figure 11 plots the performance of the tag.

## 8 Optimal Fragmentation, Decay Flavour and Decay Type Tagging

In an attempt to use the information available optimally, the BSAURUS approach to tagging the flavour, i.e. charge of the b-quark, works by first constructing a probability per track and then combining these to give a probability at the hemisphere level.

Separate neural networks are trained to tag the underlying quark charge for the cases when there was a $`\mathrm{B}^+,\mathrm{B}^0,\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ or B-baryon produced in the hemisphere. In addition two sets of such networks are produced, one trained only on tracks originating from the fragmentation process and the other trained only on tracks originating from weak B-hadron decay.

### 8.1 The Basis of Optimal Flavour Tagging

The basis of optimal flavour tagging is to construct, at the track level, the conditional probability for the track to have the same charge as the b-quark in the B-hadron both at the moment of fragmentation (i.e. production) and at the moment of decay. In addition, these probabilities are constructed separately for each of the B-hadron types; $`\mathrm{B}^+,\mathrm{B}^0,\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ and B-baryon.

A neural network is used with a target output value of +1(-1) if the track charge is correlated(anticorrelated) with the b-quark charge. The discriminating input variables used are the following:

* Particle identification variables (see Section 2.6):

+ kaon network output,
    + proton network output,
    + electron network output,
    + muon classification code.
* B-D vertex separation variables:

+ BDnet output,
    + $`\frac{BDBD(min)}{\mathrm{\Delta }BD}`$, where $`BD`$ is the BDnet value, $`BD(min)`$ is the minimum BDnet value for all tracks in the hemisphere above a TrackNet value of 0.5, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }BD`$ is the difference between $`BD(max)`$ and $`BD(min)`$,
    + the momentum of the track in the B-candidate centre of mass frame.
* Track-level quality variables:

+ the helicity angle of the track vector in the B-candidate centre of mass frame,
    + the track quality as defined in Section 3.5,
    + the TrackNet output,
    + the track energy.
* Hemisphere-level quality variables:

+ the hemisphere rapidity gap between the track of highest rapidity below a TrackNet cut at 0.5 and that of smallest rapidity above the cut at 0.5,
    + the hemisphere quality as defined in Section 3.5,
    + the number of tracks in the hemisphere passing the standard cuts (Section 2.2) and with a TrackNet value greater than 0.5,
    + $`\mathrm{\Delta }BD`$ as defined above,
    + the secondary vertex mass,
    + the secondary vertex fit $`\chi ^2`$ probability,
    + the ratio of the B-energy, defined by the `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IH)`, to the LEP beam energy,
    + the error on the vertex charge measurement.

In total, the track decay flavour network used all input variables described above in a network containing two hidden layers with 20 nodes in the first and 3 in the second. The track production flavour network used the same input variables without the lepton identification and B-D vertex separation variables, with 19 nodes in the first hidden layer and 3 in the second.

The resulting track charge correlation conditional probabilities are plotted in Figure 12 for the case of fragmentation flavour and in Figure 13 for the case of decay flavour. Figures 14 and 15 show the corresponding tag performance attained by the fragmentation and decay flavour probabilities respectively. These outputs can be found in BSAURUS variables; `BSPAR(IBP_FFLBS,IT)`,`BSPAR(IBP_FFLB0,IT)`, `BSPAR(IBP_FFLBP,IT)` and `BSPAR(IBP_FFLLB,IT)` for the fragmentation flavour conditional probabilities and in `BSPAR(IBP_DFLBS,IT)`,`BSPAR(IBP_DFLB0,IT)`, `BSPAR(IBP_DFLBP,IT)` and `BSPAR(IBP_DFLLB,IT)` for the decay flavour conditional probabilities.

Finally, to obtain a flavour tag at the hemisphere level, the conditional track probabilities described above, $`P(sameQ|i)^j`$ where $`i=\mathrm{B}^+,\mathrm{B}^0,\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ or B-baryon and $`j=fragmentation`$ or $`decay`$, are combined as the likelihood ratio,

$`F(hem.)_i^j={\displaystyle \underset{tracks}{}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+P(sameQ|i)^j}{1P(sameQ|i)^j}}\right).Q(track)`$
where $`Q(track)`$ is the track charge. Which tracks to sum over depends on the hypothesis considered, i.e. for the fragmentation flavour it is over all tracks with TrackNet$`<0.5`$ whilst for the decay flavour, tracks must satisfy TrackNet$`0.5`$. These hemisphere flavour tags are compared with the data in Figure 16 for the fragmentation tag, and in Figure 17 for the decay tag.

The purity against efficiency performance of the tags are shown in Figure 18 for the fragmentation tag and in Figure 19 for the decay tag. The tags are located in the following BSAURUS variables; `BSHEM(IBH_FFLBS,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_FFLB0,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_FFLBP,IH)` and `BSHEM(IBH_FFLLB,IH)` for the production flavour outputs and in `BSHEM(IBH_DFLBS,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_DFLB0,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_DFLBP,IH)` and `BSHEM{IBH_DFLLB,IH)` for the decay flavour outputs.

### 8.2 Applications to Production Flavour Tagging

#### 8.2.1 The Same Hemisphere Production flavour Network (SHPN)

The hemisphere flavour tags described in Section 8.1 form the major input to a further dedicated network, the Same Hemisphere Production flavour Network or SHPN. This network attempts to find the optimal combination of fragmentation and decay flavour, for each B-species hypothesis, in order to tag the B-hadron quark flavour at production time. The network is constructed independently of any information from the opposite hemisphere, primarily so that the output can be used for a $`A_{FB}(b\overline{b})`$ measurement incorporating double-hemisphere flavour tag methods.

The 9 input variables used are (ignoring some details of variable transformation and re-scaling):

* $`F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Frag.}P_{same}(B_s)`$
* $`(F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Dec.}F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Frag.})P_{same}(B^+)`$
* $`(F(hem.)_{bary.}^{Dec.}F(hem.)_{bary.}^{Frag.})P_{same}(bary.)`$
* $`(F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Dec.}(12\mathrm{sin}^2(0.237\tau ))F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Frag.})P_{same}(B^0)`$, where $`\tau `$ is the reconstructed B-lifetime. Note this construction takes account of the $`\mathrm{B}^0`$ oscillation frequency found in the simulation. This is not possible for the case of $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ where the oscillations are so fast that we have essentially a 50-50 mix of $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}}`$.
* The jet charge defined as,

$$Q_J=\frac{|p_L|_i^\kappa Q_i}{|p_L|_i^\kappa },$$
(6)
where the sum is over all tracks and $`p_L`$ is the longitudinal momentum component to the thrust axis. The optimal choice of the free parameter $`\kappa `$ depends on the type of B-hadron under consideration. For this application we choose a range of values $`\kappa =0.3,0.6,\mathrm{}`$ where the last value corresponds to taking the charge of the stiffest track in the hemisphere.
* Vertex charge defined as in Section 6, equation 4.
* Vertex charge significance.

Note that the $`P_{same}(B^+,B^0,B_s,bary.)`$ factors represent the outputs of the B-species tagging network, SHBN, described in Section 6.

The treatment of quality variables is slightly different for this network compared to other BSAURUS networks. In this case, in order to ensure that the output is inherently symmetric with respect to opposite charges, the quality variables are used to weight the turn-on gradient (or ‘temperature’) of the sigmoid function used as the network node transfer function. This restriction is especially important for analyses such as measurements of $`A_{FB}(b\overline{b})`$ which to first order implicitly assume that the charge tag used is symmetric with respect to quark and anti-quark. The quality variables used were:

* The hemisphere quality word `BSHEM(IBH_QUAL2,IH)` described in Section 3.5.
* The hemisphere rapidity gap between the track of highest rapidity below a TrackNet cut at 0.5 and that of smallest rapidity above the cut at 0.5.
* The error on the vertex charge measurement.
* The ratio of the B-energy, defined by the `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IH)`, to the LEP beam energy.

The SHPN output is stored in BSAURUS variable `BSHEM(ISH_FLAV45,IH)`
and is compared to the data in Figure 20.

The performance of the tag can be seen in Figure 21(full circles).

#### 8.2.2 The Both Hemispheres Production flavour Network (BHPN)

It should be noted that an improved performance for production flavour tagging can be obtained by including the information from the opposite side hemisphere. The Both Hemispheres Production flavour Network or BHPN is defined as the ratio,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{S}HPN(same)(1\mathrm{S}HPN(opp))}{\mathrm{S}HPN(same)(1\mathrm{S}HPN(opp))+(1\mathrm{S}HPN(same))\mathrm{S}HPN(opp)}}`$ (7)
where the labels $`same`$ and $`opp`$ refer to the production tag in this hemisphere and in the opposite hemisphere respectively. Note that if SHPN tags e.g. the charge of the quark, then $`(1\mathrm{S}HPN)`$ tags the charge of the anti-quark. The resulting performance of the BHPN is also shown in Figure 21(open circles) and the output can be found in BSAURUS output `BSHEM(IBH_FLBOTH,IH)`.

### 8.3 Applications to Decay Type and Decay Flavour Tagging

#### 8.3.1 Both Hemispheres B-species enrichment Network (BHBN)

The performance of the SHBN (Section 6) can be further improved by use of the hemisphere flavour tags developed in Section 8 and by the introduction of charge correlation information from the opposite hemisphere to form the Both Hemispheres B-species enrichment Network or BHBN.

In the same way as for the SHBN, the BHBN is a network with four output target nodes, one for each B-type, 16 input nodes and two hidden layers consisting of 20 and 10 nodes respectively. The input variables used, ignoring some details of variable scaling and transformation, are as follows: We define the variable, $`FL_{OPP}`$, which is proportional to the production flavour tag SHPN(see Section 8.2) in the opposite hemisphere, but scaled by a function in $`1\mathrm{cos}(\theta )`$ in an attempt to explicitly account for the b-quark forward-backward asymmetry,

$`FL_{OPP}=\mathrm{ln}\left(SHPN(opp)/(1SHPN(opp))\right)`$
$`\mathrm{ln}\left((0.50.12\mathrm{cos}(\theta ))/(0.5+0.12\mathrm{cos}(\theta ))\right)`$
The discriminating variables used are:

* SHBN probability for $`\mathrm{B}^+`$, $`P_{same}(B^+)`$.
* SHBN probability for $`\mathrm{B}^0`$, $`P_{same}(B^0)`$.
* SHBN probability for $`\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$, $`P_{same}(B_s)`$.
* SHBN probability for B-baryon, $`P_{same}(bary.)`$.
* $`F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Frag.})`$
* $`FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Prod}`$
* $`F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Frag.})`$
* $`F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Frag.})`$
* $`F(hem.)_{bary.}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{bary.}^{Frag.})`$
* $`F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Frag.})P_{same}(B^+)`$
* $`F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Frag.})P_{same}(B_s)`$
* $`F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Frag.})P_{same}(B^0)`$
* $`F(hem.)_{bary.}^{Dec.}(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{bary.}^{Frag.})P_{same}(bary.)`$

Where the $`F(hem.)`$ terms are the hemisphere flavour likelihood ratios described in Section 8.1. The quality variables used are:

* The hemisphere quality word `BSHEM(IBH_QUAL2,IH)` described in Section 3.5.
* The hemisphere rapidity gap between the track of highest rapidity below a TrackNet cut at 0.5 and that of smallest rapidity above the cut at 0.5.
* The ratio of the B-energy, defined by the `BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IH)`, to the LEP beam energy.

The outputs of the BHBN are plotted in Figure 22 and can be found in BSAURUS variables, `BSHEM(IBH_PRBAIBP,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_PRBAIB0,IH)`, `BSHEM(IBH_PRBAIBS,IH)` and `BSHEM(IBH_PRBAILB,IH)`. The resulting performance of the network is shown in figure 23.

#### 8.3.2 The Both Hemispheres Decay Flavour Network(BHDN)

The Both Hemispheres Decay flavour Network or BHDN, utilises similar constructions for the discriminating variables as in the SHPN, the main difference being that opposite side hemisphere information is explicitly used in order to boost the performance.

We define the variable, $`FL_{OPP}`$, which is proportional to the production flavour tag in the opposite hemisphere, $`FL`$, but scaled by a function in $`1\mathrm{cos}(\theta )`$ in an attempt to explicitly account for the b-quark forward-backward asymmetry,

$`FL_{OPP}=\mathrm{ln}\left(SHPN(opp)/(1SHPN(opp))\right)\mathrm{ln}\left(10.4\mathrm{cos}(\theta )\right)`$ (8)
The discriminating variables used are:

* $`F(hem.)_{B_s}^{Dec.}P_{both}(B_s)`$
* $`(F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Dec.}+FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B^+}^{Frag.})P_{both}(B^+)`$
* $`(F(hem.)_{bary}^{Dec.}+FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{bary}^{Frag.})P_{both}(bary)`$
* $`(F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Dec.}+(FL_{OPP}F(hem.)_{B^0}^{Frag.})(12\mathrm{sin}^2(0.237\tau )))P_{both}(B^0)`$, where $`\tau `$ is the reconstructed B-lifetime.

Note that the $`P_{both}(B_s,B^+,bary,B^0)`$ factors represent the outputs of the B-species tagging network, BHBN which includes information from the opposite side hemisphere, and is described in Section 6. The quality variables used were:

* Hemisphere quality (word `BSHEM(IBH_QUAL2,IH)` described in Section 3.5).
* The hemisphere rapidity gap between the track of highest rapidity below a TrackNet cut at 0.5 and that of smallest rapidity above the cut at 0.5.
* $`FL_{OPP}`$.
* $`12\mathrm{sin}^2(0.237\tau )`$.
* `BSHEM(IBH_FLAV45,IH)`, see Section 8.2.

The output of the decay flavour net is stored in BSAURUS word
`BSHEM(ISH_DFLAV45,IH)` and the performance of the tag is also shown in Figure 21(open squares).

BSAURUS routine, `DECFLA`, gives the user the option to recalculate the decay flavour network output based only on a list of tracks that he/she supplies. This can be useful in analyses that need to avoid potential biases in the flavour tag.

## Summary and Outlook

The BSAURUS package reconstructs properties of B-hadron decays inside the jets of $`\mathrm{Z}^0\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$ events in an intrinsically inclusive way in order to ensure high efficiency. Exploiting wherever possible, physics knowledge of b-quark production, the hadronisation process and of the subsequent B decay, this information is combined to tag quantities of importance for B-physics analyses. In order to combine information in an optimal way, i.e. to ensure high purity, neural network techniques are used extensively.

This note has described how this approach is applied to DELPHI data in order to form, most importantly, variables that tag the presence of a $`\mathrm{B}^+,\mathrm{B}^0,\mathrm{B}_\mathrm{s}`$ or B-baryon and variables that tag the charge or flavour of the b-quark in any of the B-hadron types at production and decay time separately. These tags are fundamental inputs to B-physics analyses such as B-spectroscopy, B-species lifetime measurements, $`\mathrm{B}_d^0\overline{}B_d^0`$ and $`\mathrm{B}_s^0\overline{}B_s^0`$ oscillations, the forward-backward asymmetry in $`\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}`$ events, the measurement of B-hadron production fractions and measurements of B-hadron branching ratios. Analyses in all these areas have either already been completed or are currently underway in DELPHI using the BSAURUS framework. In addition, the list is by no means exhaustive and new analyses are currently being planned e.g. measuring the fragmentation function of B-species and studies of radially excited B-meson states.

It should be noted that the package is under constant and on-going development. New features and improvements are still being added and this is likely to continue in the future. All news and new features relating to BSAURUS are documented at the web-site location:
`http://pubxx.home.cern.ch/pubxx/tasks/bcteam/www/inclusive/bsaurus.html.`

## Acknowlegements

The authors would like to acknowlege the contributions of Oliver Podobrin and Christof Kreuter, who were instrumental in developing the origional version of BSAURUS. In addition, Christian Weiser has made some valuable contributions. We would also like to thank Wilbur Venus for his detailed reading of the manuscript.

## Appendix A: Cuts and Weights Applied to BSAURUS performance Plots

Where indicated, the following cuts have been applied to the event sample entering the distribution shown:

* BSAURUS word, `ISAURUS(IH)`, for hemisphere number `IH` must have value 4 or higher indicating that the secondary vertex fit in this hemisphere converged normally.
* Combined event b-tag$`>0.5`$.
* 2-jet events only.
* $`\left|\mathrm{cos}(\theta _{THRUST})\right|<0.75`$.

In addition, to account for known differences between data and Monte Carlo arising from both detector effects and physics modelling, the simulation has been weighted (via BSAURUS routine `SIMWAIT`, stored in output `BSHEM(IBH_WEIGHT,IH)`) to account for:

* The differences between data and Monte Carlo in the hemisphere quality variable `BSHEM(IBH_QUAL,IH)` as a function of the hemisphere track multiplicity, `BSHEM(IBH_NPGOOD,IH)`.
* Latest world average B-species production fractions.
* Latest world average B-species lifetime measurements.
* MARKIII D-topological branching fractions.
* Any remaining difference between data and Monte Carlo in the B-energy estimate i.e. variable `BSHEM(IBH_BTT+3,IH)`.

Note that the current measurements of B-physics quantities used to form weights, are chosen to follow LEP Working Group recommendations.

Figure 24 shows the effect, for example, on the production flavour network output of applying the weight returned by routine `SIMWAIT`. The much improved agreement between data and simulation after the weight is applied illustrates the need for such a correction if the network outputs are used in analyses to estimate e.g. absolute efficiencies.

## Appendix B: How to Access BSAURUS Outputs

A call to routine  `BSAURUS` should be made once per event from the user routine. A list of the BSAURUS outputs at track, hemisphere and event level is given in Appendix C.

BSAURUS uses a modified version of the VECSUB package, called VECTOP, to fill the standard track information array `P(NDIM,*)`. Of the utmost importance to users running the standard VECSUB package e.g. SKELANA users, is the track output word, `BSPAR(IBP_IYB,IT)`. This gives the matching VECSUB track index for BSAURUS (ie VECTOP) track IT. Users failing to do this track matching will certainly obtain the wrong results from BSAURUS.

The BSAURUS-cards file is released periodically to the standard DELPHI areas for library creation. A development version is to be found at:
`/afs/cern.ch/user/b/barker/public/delphi/bsaurus.car`.
Naturally, the results of using this version cannot be guaranteed.

## Appendix C: BSAURUS output array definitions

Quantities calculated in BSAURUS along with other variables, e.g. truth Monte Carlo information, that are useful for analyses are available via COMMON /CSAURUS/ at the event, hemisphere and track level.

1) The event output array:

```
*     Array Element     Number of           Description
*                        values
*    -----------------------------------------------------------------
*     BSEVT(IBE_BTAG)      1     event B-tag
*     BSEVT(IBE_BCONF)     1     event B-confidence (Bill Murray)
*     BSEVT(IBE_BCTAG)     1     event B-tag with charm suppression
*     BSEVT(IBE_BCOMB)     1     event aabtag combined-tag
*     BSEVT(IBE_PV)        3     primary vertex
*     BSEVT(IBE_PC)        6     primary covariance matrix
*     BSEVT(IBE_NJET)      1     number of jets
*     BSEVT(IBE_COST)      1     COS(theta) of event thrust axis
*     BSEVT(IBE_RICH)      1     Barrel RICH status: 3=gas+liq.,2=liq. only
*                                ,1=gas only, 0=no liq. or gas
*     BSEVT(IBEMC_FLAV)    1     MC primary quark flavour (e.g. 12=b)
*     BSEVT(IBEMC_PV)      3     MC primary vertex

```

2) The hemisphere output array where IHEM is the hemisphere number (1 or 2):

```
*     Array Element     Number of           Description
*                        values
*     -----------------------------------------------------------------
*     BSHEM(IBH_HNUM,IHEM)     1   hemisphere number
*     BSHEM(IBH_BTAG,IHEM)     1   hemisphere B-tag
*     BSHEM(IBH_BCONF,IHEM)    1   hemisphere B-confidence (Bill Murray)
*     BSHEM(IBH_BCTAG,IHEM)    1   hemisphere B-tag with charm suppression
*     BSHEM(IBH_BCOMB,IHEM)    1   hemisphere aabtag combined tag
*     BSHEM(IBH_BJET,IHEM)     4   hemisphere B-candidate jet 4-vector
*     BSHEM(IBH_NJET,IHEM)     1   number jets in hemisphere

*     BSHEM(IBH_BF,IHEM)       4   B 4-vector from fit
*     BSHEM(IBH_BT,IHEM)       4   B 4-vector from fit + energy correction
*     BSHEM(IBH_BY,IHEM)       4   B RAW 4-vector: from rapidity algorithm
*                                for 3-jet, net weighted for 2-jet
*     BSHEM(IBH_BTT,IHEM)      4   ’optimal’ B 4-vector
*     BSHEM(IBH_SV,IHEM)       3   secondary vertex coordinates
*     BSHEM(IBH_SC,IHEM)       6   secondary vertex covariance matrix
*     BSHEM(IBH_SIGPHI,IHEM)   1   Error on direction phi from SV fit
*     BSHEM(IBH_SIGTHET,IHEM)  1   Error on direction theta from SV fit
*     BSHEM(IBH_DEC,IHEM)      1   B decay length
*     BSHEM(IBH_DECS,IHEM)     1   B decay length error
*     BSHEM(IBH_PROB,IHEM)     1   secondary vertex fit probability
*     BSHEM(IBH_RET,IHEM)      1   ISAURUS - fit return code
*     BSHEM(IBH_YBFIT,IHEM)    1   YBFIT2  - secondary vertex fit return code
*     BSHEM(IBH_NACC,IHEM)     1   no. of particles at sec. vertex
*     BSHEM(IBH_QJET,IHEM)     1   jet charge, kappa=0.6
*     BSHEM(IBH_QJET2,IHEM)    1   jet charge, kappa=0.3
*     BSHEM(IBH_QJET3,IHEM)    1   jet charge, stiffest track in P_L
*     BSHEM(IBH_QVER,IHEM)     1   Vertex charge NN
*     BSHEM(IBH_QVERS,IHEM)    1   Vertex charge NN error
*     BSHEM(IBH_RAWQ,IHEM)     1   Vertex charge (sum trk. charge)
*     BSHEM(IBH_FLAV,IHEM)     1   Original b flavour NN
*     BSHEM(IBH_FLAV45,IHEM)   1   improved b flavour NN (<0.5->b, >0.5->bbar)
*     BSHEM(IBH_FLBOTH,IHEM)   1   likelihood combination with opp. side info.
*     BSHEM(IBH_MY,IHEM)       1   rapidity mass
*     BSHEM(IBH_SHEM,IHEM)     1   scaled measured hemisphere energy
*     BSHEM(IBH_SHEM2,IHEM)    1   scaled measured hemisphere energy (2-BODY)
*     BSHEM(IBH_QUAL,IHEM)     1   hemisphere quality flag:
*                                  N(rejected trk cuts)+100*N(interactions)+
*                                  1,000N(ambiguous hits)+100,000*N(ISRT=0)
*     BSHEM(IBH_QUAL2,IHEM)    1   Continous hemisphere quality 0-(perfect)10(bad)
*     BSHEM(IBH_MVER,IHEM)     1   Mass on secondary vertex
*     BSHEM(IBH_BPLUS,IHEM)    1   B+ tagging
*     BSHEM(IBH_BZERO,IHEM)    1   B0 tagging
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRPF,IHEM)     1   prim. vertex fragmentation Borisov prob
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRPB,IHEM)     1   prim. vertex B Borisov prob
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRSF,IHEM)     1   sec.  vertex fragmentation Borisov prob
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRSB,IHEM)     1   sec.  vertex B Borisov prob
*     BSHEM(IBH_DIPOL,IHEM)    1   sec.  vertex dipole moment
*     BSHEM(IBH_HKST,IHEM)     1   Q*PMIN of tracks in B CMS
*
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPALL,IHEM)    1   # of particles
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPGOOD,IHEM)   1   # of particles past quality cuts
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPCUT,IHEM)    1   # particles past IBP_NET > PNET_CUT
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPGC,IHEM)     1   # past IBP_NET>PNET_CUT + qual. requirement
*     BSHEM(IBH_NKS,IHEM)      1   # recon. K_s with y>1.6
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWKSD,IHEM)    1   sum of y-prob. funct for decay K_s
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWKSF,IHEM)    1   sum of y-prob. funct for frag. K_s
*     BSHEM(IBH_NLAM0,IHEM)    1   # recon. Lambda(uds) with y>1.6
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWLAMBD,IHEM)  1   sum of y-prob. funct for decay lambdas
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWLAMBF,IHEM)  1   sum of y-prob. functions for frag.lambdas
*     BSHEM(IBH_NNEUT,IHEM)    1   # recon. neutrons with y>1.6
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPION,IHEM)    1   # charged pions
*     BSHEM(IBH_PICHRG,IHEM)   1   # pions charged weighted about SV
*     BSHEM(IBH_NKDECAY,IHEM)  1   Sum of  kaon weights for trknet> 0.5
*     BSHEM(IBH_NKFRAG,IHEM)   1   Sum of  kaon weights for < 0.5
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWKD,IHEM)     1   sum of y-prob. funct for decay K+/-
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWKF,IHEM)     1   sum of y-prob. functions for frag. K+/-
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPDECAY,IHEM)  1   Sum of proton weights for trknet > 0.5
*     BSHEM(IBH_NPFRAG,IHEM)   1   Sum of proton weights for trknet < 0.5
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWPROTD,IHEM)  1   sum of y-prob. functions for decay protons
*     BSHEM(IBH_NWPROTF,IHEM)  1   sum of y-prob. functions for frag. protons
*     BSHEM(IBH_QKAMAX,IHEM)   1   MAX. q*trknet in hemisphere for tight K.
*     BSHEM(IBH_PKAON,IHEM)    1   charge correl. coeff. best kaon cand. in hem
*     BSHEM(IBH_QKAON,IHEM)    1   charge of best kaon cand. in hemisphere
*     BSHEM(IBH_PLEP,IHEM)     1   charge correlation coeff. of best lep
*     BSHEM(IBH_QLEP,IHEM)     1   charge of best lepton cand. in hemisphere
*
*     BSHEM(IBH_DEC3D,IHEM)    1   3 D decay length
*     BSHEM(IBH_DEC3DS,IHEM)   1   error on 3 D decay length
*     BSHEM(IBH_BLIFE,IHEM)    1   B lifetime
*     BSHEM(IBH_BLIFES,IHEM)   1   error on B lifetime
*     BSHEM(IBH_CHRDIP,IHEM)   1   B-D charge dipole moment from GBDIPOLE
*     BSHEM(IBH_SVVAR1,IHEM)   1   Mean deviation of trks about SV point
*     BSHEM(IBH_SVVAR2,IHEM)   1   Mean square deviation
*     BSHEM(IBH_DIPPY,IHEM)    1   A dipole moment from the SVVAR-calc
*
*     BSHEM(IBH_QRANK1,IHEM)   1   Charge of leading frag. track
*     BSHEM(IBH_QRANK2,IHEM)   1   Charge of 2ND rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_QRANK3,IHEM)   1   Charge of 3RD rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_YRANK1,IHEM)   1   Rapidity of leading frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_YRANK2,IHEM)   1   Rapidity of 2ND rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_YRANK3,IHEM)   1   Rapidity of 3RD rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_KRANK1,IHEM)   1   Kaon net for leading rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_KRANK2,IHEM)   1   Kaon net for 2ND rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_KRANK3,IHEM)   1   Kaon net for 3RD rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRANK1,IHEM)   1   Proton net for leading rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRANK2,IHEM)   1   Proton net for 2ND rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRANK3,IHEM)   1   Proton net for 3RD rank frag track
*     BSHEM(IBH_DELTA,IHEM)    1   delta - y-gap above/below trknet=0.5
*     BSHEM(IBH_QFSUM,IHEM)    1   Sum of frag. track charge
*     BSHEM(IBH_DFLBS,IHEM)   1   decay flavour net for B_s
*     BSHEM(IBH_DFLB0,IHEM)   1   decay flavour net for B0
*     BSHEM(IBH_DFLBP,IHEM)   1   decay flavour net for B+
*     BSHEM(IBH_DFLLB,IHEM)   1   decay flavour net for LamB
*     BSHEM(IBH_FFLBS,IHEM)   1   fragmentation flavour net for B_s
*     BSHEM(IBH_FFLB0,IHEM)   1   fragmentation flavour net for B0
*     BSHEM(IBH_FFLBP,IHEM)   1   fragmentation flavour net for B+
*     BSHEM(IBH_FFLLB,IHEM)   1   fragmentation flavour net for LamB
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBBS,IHEM)   1   probability for B_s  from all-flavour net
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBB0,IHEM)   1   probability for B0   from all-flavour net
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBBP,IHEM)   1   probability for B+   from all-flavour net
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBLB,IHEM)   1   probability for LamB from all-flavour net
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBAIBS,IHEM) 1   B_s  prob. from all-flavour net inc. opp. hem. info.
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBAIB0,IHEM) 1   B0   prob. from all-flavour net inc. opp. hem. info.
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBAIBP,IHEM) 1   B+   prob. from all-flavour net inc. opp. hem. info.
*     BSHEM(IBH_PRBAILB,IHEM) 1   LamB prob. from all-flavour net inc. opp. hem. info.
*     BSHEM(IBH_DFLAV45,IHEM) 1   Optimal decay flavour net
*     BSHEM(IBH_LIKBS,IHEM)   1   Likelihood ratio prod. flav. tag for B_s
*     BSHEM(IBH_LIKB0,IHEM)   1   Likelihood ratio prod. flav. tag for B_d
*
*     BSHEM(IBH_WEIGHT,IHEM)  1   SIMWAIT weight for physics/quality differences
*                                 between simulation and data
*
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BDEC2D,IHEM) 1   MC generated 2-d B decay length
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BDEC,IHEM)   1   MC generated 3-d B decay length
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DDEC,IHEM)   1   MC generated 3-d Dbar decay length
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DPDEC,IHEM)  1   MC generated 3-d D decay length
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BV,IHEM)     3   MC generated B vertex
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DV,IHEM)     3   MC generated Dbar vertex
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DPV,IHEM)    3   MC generated D vertex
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DST,IHEM)    1   MC D* in hemisphere
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BP,IHEM)     4   MC B 4-VECTOR
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BKF,IHEM)    1   MC kf code for weakly decaying B
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_ND,IHEM)     1   MC: # of weakly decaying D
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_OSCB,IHEM)   1   MC flag for oscillating B*
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BLIFE,IHEM)  1   MC B lifetime
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BMC,IHEM)1   1   MC B charged decay multiplicity
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_BMTOT,IHEM)  1   MC B charged+neutral decay multiplicity
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_QTYP,IHEM)   1   MC produced quark flavour
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_PBKF,IHEM)   1   MC kf code for primary B
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DRSKF,IHEM)  1   MC kf code for right sign D
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_QCDRS,IHEM)  1   MC charged decay mult. of right sign D
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_QNDRS,IHEM)  1   MC charged+neutral decay mult. of RSD
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_DRSP,IH)     1   MC P of the right sign D in the B CMS
*     BSHEM(IBHMC_SLD,IH)      1   MC 1=weak B has decayed to e or mu, 0=not

```

3) The track output array where IPART is the track number:

```
*     Array Element     Number of           Description
*                        values
*     -----------------------------------------------------------------
*     BSPAR(IBP_HEM,IPART)   1   hemisphere (or jet) number
*     BSPAR(IBP_IYB,IPART)   1   index of the matching VECSUB track
*     BSPAR(IBP_QUAL,IPART)  1   track quality: 20(if isrt=0) + 10(if from
*                                interaction) + 1(if has ambiguous hits)
*     BSPAR(IBP_Y,IPART)     1   rapidity with respect to jet
*     BSPAR(IBP_PRP,IPART)   1   probability to fit primary vertex
*     BSPAR(IBP_PRS,IPART)   1   probability to fit secondary vertex
*     BSPAR(IBP_BRP,IPART)   1   Borisov probability in rphi
*     BSPAR(IBP_BZ,IPART)    1   Borisov probability in z
*     BSPAR(IBP_B3D,IPART)   1   Borisov probability in 3D
*     BSPAR(IBP_BSRP,IPART)  1   Borisov probability in rphi w/r secondary vtx
*     BSPAR(IBP_BSZ,IPART)   1   Borisov probability in z  w/r secodary vtx
*     BSPAR(IBP_BS3D,IPART)  1   Borisov probability in 3D w/r secodary vtx
*     BSPAR(IBP_NET,IPART)   1   net output (-->0 for good fragmentation,
*                                            -->1 for good B decay product)
*     BSPAR(IBP_DNET,IPART)  1   cascade D track net output
*     BSPAR(IBP_NRP,IPART)   1   number of rphi VD hits
*     BSPAR(IBP_NZ,IPART)    1   number of z VD hits
*     BSPAR(IBP_KST,IPART)   1   momentum of track in B CMS
*     BSPAR(IBP_THETST,IPART)1   helicity angle of the track
*     BSPAR(IBP_BSAU,IPART)  1   pointer to BSAURUS internal particle array
*     BSPAR(IBP_SV,IPART)    1   1--> trk in sec. vertex 0--> trk not in SV
*     BSPAR(IBP_TRKE,IPART)  1   Track energy
*     BSPAR(IBP_TRKM,IPART)  1   Track mass
*     BSPAR(IBP_TRKP,IPART)  1   Track momentum
*     BSPAR(IBP_TRKQ,IPART)  1   Track charge
*     BSPAR(IBP_TRKL,IPART)  1   Track length
*     BSPAR(IBP_ERRE,IPART)  1   Error on track energy
*     BSPAR(IBP_DELPP,IPART) 1   Delta(P)/P
*     BSPAR(IBP_DFLBS,IPART) 1   charge/decay flavour correlation net for B_s
*     BSPAR(IBP_DFLB0,IPART) 1   charge/decay flavour correlation net for B0
*     BSPAR(IBP_DFLBP,IPART) 1   charge/decay flavour correlation net for B+
*     BSPAR(IBP_DFLLB,IPART) 1   charge/decay flavour correlation net for LamB
*     BSPAR(IBP_FFLBS,IPART) 1   charge/fragm. flavour correlation net for B_s
*     BSPAR(IBP_FFLB0,IPART) 1   charge/fragm. flavour correlation net for B0
*     BSPAR(IBP_FFLBP,IPART) 1   charge/fragm. flavour correlation net for B+
*     BSPAR(IBP_FFLLB,IPART) 1   charge/fragm. flavour correlation net for LamB
*     BSPAR(IBP_MACK,IPART)  1   MACRIB kaon net output
*     BSPAR(IBP_MACP,IPART)  1   MACRIB proton net output
*
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_KF,IPART)  1   MC Lund KF code
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_KFP,IPART) 1   MC Lund KF parent code
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_TYP,IPART) 1   MC code
*                                0 : unidentified
*                                1 : ordinary fragmentation
*                                2 : fragmentation partner of B-hadron
*                                3 : decay of primary (not weak) C
*                                4 : decay of D*
*                                5 : decay of weak B
*                                6 : decay of excited B
*                                7 : decay of weak C
*                                1x : same as for x but decay of
*                                     long living particles (e.g. K_l)
*                                2x : same as for x but from
*                                     hadronic interaction or photo conv.
*                                -/+ : b/bbar quark
*                                      6       : content of primary B
*                                      3,4,5,7 : content of weak B
*
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_KST,IPART)     1 MC momentum of track in MC B CMS
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_THETST,IPART)  1 MC helicity angle of the track
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_TRKP,IPART)    1 truth track momentum
*     BSPAR(IBPMC_TRKE,IPART)    1 truth track energy

```

4) Other:

```
*     Array Element     Number of           Description
*                        values
*     -----------------------------------------------------------------
*     NTOT= total number of particles
*     NCH= number of charged tracks
*
*     Hemisphere status word ISAURUS
*     ==============================
*     ISAURUS(IHEM) = 0  ! event not processed
*     ISAURUS(IHEM) = 1  ! event accepted by user routine FORUSE
*     ISAURUS(IHEM) = 2  ! rapidity algorithm successful
*     ISAURUS(IHEM) = 3  ! rapidity energy > EYMIN (10 GeV)
*     ISAURUS(IHEM) = 4  ! sec. vertex fit successful
*     ISAURUS(IHEM) = 5  ! sec. vertex fit with convergence

```


format: text

text:
# Radiative proton capture on 6He

## Abstract

Radiative capture of protons is investigated as a probe of clustering in nuclei far from stability. The first such measurement on a halo nucleus is reported here for the reaction 6He(p,$`\gamma `$) at 40 MeV. Capture into 7Li is observed as the strongest channel. In addition, events have been recorded that may be described by quasi-free capture on a halo neutron, the $`\alpha `$ core and 5He. The possibility of describing such events by capture into the continuum of 7Li is also discussed.

PACS number(s): 25.40.Lw, 25.10.+s, 21.45.+v

In the vicinity of the neutron drip-line, the weak binding of valence neutrons may lead to the formation of spatially extended nuclei . The most exotic of these are the core-n-n halo systems, 6He, 11Li and 14Be, which exhibit Borromean characteristics whereby the two-body subsystems are unbound . Owing to the large cross sections, of the order of barns, dissociation reactions have been the most widely exploited method to study the internal correlations . The task, however, in such an approach is complicated by the interplay of the reaction mechanism and final-state interactions (FSI) with the intrinsic structure . The possibility of using the interference between 2n transfer and elastic scattering with 6He has also been considered .

Recently, an investigation of coherent bremsstrahlung production in the reaction $`\alpha `$(p,$`\gamma `$) at 50 MeV has demonstrated that the high-energy photon spectrum is dominated by capture to form 5Li . Such results have motivated the extension of this technique to study 6He. Given a proton wavelength of $`\mathrm{\lambda ̄}=0.7`$ fm at 40 MeV, it may be possible to observe direct capture, as a quasi-free process, on the constituents of 6He in addition to capture into 7Li. Moreover, the different quasi-free capture (QFC) processes would lead to different $`E_\gamma `$ in the range 20–40 MeV. In this Letter the first experimental results for capture on a halo nucleus are reported. Evidence for QFC on 4,5He and n is presented; capture, however, on a di-neutron does not appear to occur. These observations suggest that radiative capture may provide a new probe for the study of clustering in the ground state (g.s.) of nuclei far from stability.

The 6He beam (5$`\times `$105 pps, $`\mathrm{\Delta }E/E1\%`$) was produced by fragmentation of a 13C primary beam using the GANIL coupled cyclotron facility, and bombarded a solid Hydrogen target  with a thickness of 95 mg/cm2; the mean beam energy at the target midpoint was 40 MeV/N. The different charged reaction products emitted in the forward direction ($`\pm 2^{}`$) were identified, and momentum analysed, using the SPEG spectrometer , which covered a rigidity range of 1.45–1.85 Tm in three overlapping settings. The photons were detected in coincidence with the charged fragments using the “Château de Cristal” array, with the 74 BaF2 crystals placed around the target at a distance of 30 cm in two domes , the total efficiency being close to 70%. The energy calibration, in the range 1–100 MeV, was determined from the energy deposited by cosmic-ray muons  and the 4.43 MeV $`\gamma `$-rays from an Am-Be source. The energy and angle of the photons were reconstructed using a clustering algorithm , with average energy and angular resolutions of 17% and $`10^{}`$, respectively. The event trigger required an energy deposition of at least 3 MeV in one crystal in coincidence with a fragment in SPEG. Owing to the compact geometry of the Château and the energy spread in the beam ($`\mathrm{\Delta }t6`$ ns at the target position), event-by-event $`\gamma `$-n discrimination was not possible. However, for each class of events the mean flight time between the BaF2 crystals and the accelerator RF signal $`t_{\mathrm{BaF}}`$ could be determined. A Monte-Carlo simulation was developed, in which the response of the Château and the conversion of photons in the target frame were simulated using GEANT ; the characteristics of the secondary beam and the spectrometer acceptances were also included .

Turning to the experimental observations, the capture reaction 6He(p,$`\gamma `$)7Li is unambiguously identified by the $`\gamma `$-rays in coincidence with 7Li (Fig. 1). In particular, the photon energy spectrum, as well as the 7Li momentum , is well described assuming a $`\gamma `$-ray line at 42 MeV and is free of background at higher energies. The two particle-stable states of 7Li, the g.s. and the first excited state at 0.48 MeV, were too close together in energy to be distinguished in this experiment. In addition, the lowest threshold on any of the BaF2 crystals, 1 MeV, prevented observation of the 0.48 MeV $`\gamma `$-ray. The photon angular distribution (Fig. 1b) is slightly backward peaked, as expected from classical electrodynamics  due to the charge asymmetry of the entrance channel. A fit with a Legendre polynomial  leads to $`a_{i=1,4}=0.57\pm 0.10`$, $`0.28\pm 0.13`$, $`0.37\pm 0.10`$, $`0.21\pm 0.12`$, respectively. The total efficiency for the detection of 7Li-$`\gamma `$ coincidences was estimated to be $`37\pm 2\%`$, and the deduced cross section was $`\sigma =35\pm 2\mu `$b. As only photons are liberated in this reaction, the measured time spectrum served as a reference, $`t_\gamma `$, for other channels in which neutrons were also emitted.

The 6He(p,$`\gamma `$)7Li cross section has been calculated using a microscopic cluster model . The 7Li and 6He+p wave functions were defined by antisymmetric products of cluster wave functions, including 6He+p, 6Li+n and $`\alpha `$+t structures. Excited states of 6He and 6Li were included in the basis. The Minnesota interaction was used to specify the N-N force , with an exchange parameter $`u=0.935`$ and a zero-range spin-orbit force with amplitude $`S_0=38`$ MeVfm5. This model provides a good description of the cross sections at low energy for t($`\alpha `$,$`\gamma `$)7Li, 6Li(p,$`\gamma `$)7Be and 6Li(p,$`\alpha `$)3He. At 40 MeV, a cross section for 6He(p,$`\gamma )^7`$Li of $`\sigma =59\mu `$b is calculated, with 15 $`\mu `$b going to the g.s. and 44 $`\mu `$b to the first excited state. At high energy, the microscopic model is expected to provide an upper limit to the cross section as some open channels, such as three-body ones, are not included. The relative population $`\sigma _{0.48}/\sigma _{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.}=2.9`$ should, however, be more reliable. The calculation was restricted to the dominant E1 multipolarity, thus leading to an angular distribution symmetric about $`90^{}`$ (Fig. 1b). The cross section to the g.s. can be obtained from photodisintegration  via detailed balance considerations and is $`9.6\pm 0.4\mu `$b. Given the predicted relative populations of the ground and first excited state, a total capture cross section of $`\sigma 38\mu `$b is obtained, in agreement with the value measured here.

QFC has been investigated by searching for $`\gamma `$-rays in coincidence with fragments lighter than 7Li. The corresponding energy spectra (Fig. 2a,c,e) do indeed exhibit peaks below 42 MeV. In order to establish the origin of these fragment-$`\gamma `$ coincidences, QFC processes on the subsystems of 6He have been modelled as follows. The 6He projectile is considered as a cluster ($`A`$) plus spectator ($`a`$) system in which each component has an intrinsic momentum distribution, the corresponding energy $`E_A+E_am_{{}_{}{}^{6}\mathrm{He}}`$ being taken into account in the total available energy. The reaction may be denoted as $`a`$+$`A`$(p,$`\gamma `$)$`B`$+$`a`$, and the $`\gamma `$-ray angular distribution is assumed to be that given by the charge asymmetry of the entrance channel ($`A`$+p) . The intrinsic momentum distribution of all the clusters was taken to be Gaussian in form with $`\mathrm{FWHM}=80`$ MeV/$`c`$ ; the resolution in the measured photon energy is such that the results are relatively insensitive to the exact value.

In order to explore the possibility that FSI may occur in the exit channel between the spectator, $`a`$, and the capture fragment, $`B`$, an extended version of the QFC calculation was developed. Here the energy available in the system $`B`$+$`a`$ is treated as an excitation in the continuum of 7Li, which is allowed to decay in flight.

In the case of 6Li-$`\gamma `$ coincidences, two lines were observed (Fig. 2a) at 30 and 3.5 MeV. These are clearly associated with the formation of 6Li and the decay of the second excited state, at 3.56 MeV . Taking into account the detection efficiencies, we find that the 6Li is formed almost exclusively ($`96_{24}^{+4}\%`$) in the 3.56 MeV excited state. The estimated cross section was $`\sigma =3.5\pm 1.3\mu `$b. The lines in Fig. 2a,b represent the results of QFC on 5He into 6Li(3.56 MeV). The $`\gamma `$-ray energy spectrum is well described, while reproducing the 6Li momentum distribution requires inclusion of 6Li-n FSI as described above. The QFC with fragment FSI approach is thus the one employed in the following discussions.

The apparently exclusive population of the 6Li(3.56 MeV) indicates the importance of this state as the $`T=1`$ analogue of 6Heg.s.. It has been shown that the configuration of the 3.56 MeV state is likely to be “a spatially extended halolike structure formed by the neutron and proton outside the $`\alpha `$ particle” , possibly even more extended than 6He. In terms of the QFC process the population of this state is greatly favoured owing to the overlap of the initial and final wave functions. In the case of capture on 6He into the 7Li continuum, the reaction can proceed via the $`T=3/2`$ state at 11.24 MeV  (the $`T_>`$ state of 7Lig.s.), which can only decay by neutron emission to a $`T=1`$ state in 6Li. Note, however, that the 11.24 MeV state in 7Li can also be formed in the exit channel following QFC on 5He, as the distribution of 6Li-n relative energy (Fig. 3) is centered at $`12`$ MeV.

We have also searched for evidence of QFC on the $`\alpha `$ core, whereby the two halo neutrons would behave as spectators. The photon spectrum should resemble that observed for the $`\alpha `$+p reaction . Indeed such a $`\gamma `$-ray energy spectrum (Fig. 2c) has been observed in coincidence with $`\alpha `$ particles. The background, however, arising from 6He breakup, in which the $`\alpha `$ particle is detected in SPEG and the halo neutrons interact with the forward-angle detectors of the Château, is significant. In order to minimise this background, only the backward-angle detectors ($`\theta >110^{}`$) of the Château have been used in the analysis. The $`\gamma `$-ray spectrum under this condition exhibits two components: a peak at $`E_\gamma =27`$ MeV and a $`1/E_\gamma `$ continuum similar to coherent $`\alpha `$+p bremsstrahlung .

Simulations indicate, however, that some back-scattered neutrons remain from breakup ($`t_{\mathrm{BaF}}t_\gamma =0.8\pm 0.1`$ ns), which would also lead to a continuous component with a $`1/E`$ type spectrum in the Château . This would explain why the peak-to-continuum ratio is smaller here than that found in Ref. . Therefore, we have added a single background component with a $`1/E`$ form (dotted line in Fig. 2c) to the QFC process $`\alpha `$(p,$`\gamma `$)5Li. The photon energy spectrum is thus well described, as is the momentum distribution of the $`\alpha `$ particle. The cross section is estimated to be $`\sigma =4\pm 1\mu `$b. Additional support may be found in $`\alpha `$-$`\gamma `$-n coincidences, for which some 30 events are observed. Here, the neutron was associated with events in the forward-angle detectors ($`\theta <60^{}`$, $`t_{\mathrm{BaF}}t_\gamma =5\pm 4`$ ns) and the photon with events observed in coincidence at backward angles ($`\theta >110^{}`$, $`t_{\mathrm{BaF}}t_\gamma =1.6\pm 1.4`$ ns). The resulting spectra exhibit the $`1/E`$ form for neutrons (open squares) and, more importantly, a higher peak-to-continuum signal at 27 MeV for the photons (open circles) which is closer to that measured previously for the $`\alpha `$(p,$`\gamma `$)5Li reaction .

Finally, d-$`\gamma `$ coincidences presenting a peak in the $`\gamma `$-ray energy spectrum, at $`E_\gamma =20`$–22 MeV, were also observed (Fig. 2e). For this channel the analysis was also restricted to the backward-angle detectors ($`\theta >110^{}`$) of the Château. The relatively low statistics arise from the limited acceptances of the spectrometer for deuterons (Fig. 2f). We have verified with an empty-target run that no background events are present in the energy range in question, and that the events observed correspond to photons ($`t_{\mathrm{BaF}}t_\gamma =0.0\pm 0.3`$ ns). The predictions for n(p,$`\gamma `$)d QFC on one halo neutron present a peak at 19 MeV (Fig. 2f). The small shift may be attributable to the strong kinematic correlation between the deuteron momentum and the photon energy, as the detection of a very small fraction of the deuterons (depending on the neutron momentum distribution used) is predicted . Given these uncertainties, no reliable estimate of the cross section for this channel was possible.

There are additional QFC channels, 2n(p,$`\gamma `$)t and t(p,$`\gamma `$)$`\alpha `$, that could have been observed with finite efficiency in this experiment but were not . Perhaps the most interesting is QFC on the two halo neutrons. In the case of 6He, several theoretical models predict the coexistence of two configurations in the g.s. wave function: the so-called “di-neutron” and “cigar” configurations . Here one might expect that the different admixtures of these could be probed by the relative strength of the n,2n(p,$`\gamma `$)d,t QFC processes, whereby the corresponding free cross sections at 40 MeV, obtained from detailed balance considerations, are comparable: 9.6 $`\mu `$b  and 9.8 $`\mu `$b , respectively. However, events registered in the Château in coincidence with tritons in SPEG have energies below 10 MeV, whereas the 2n(p,$`\gamma `$)t reaction should produce photons with $`E_\gamma 32`$ MeV. In addition, the flight time $`t_{\mathrm{BaF}}t_\gamma =4.7\pm 0.2`$ ns clearly corresponded to neutrons.

We have seen that the QFC with fragment FSI model describes well the monoenergetic $`\gamma `$-rays observed, as well as the momentum distribution of the capture fragment ($`B`$). The $`\gamma `$-ray lines are associated with specific energy distributions for the fragments in the exit channel (Fig. 3), depending on the intrinsic momenta of the clusters. Therefore, such a process will exhibit the same kinematics as capture into continuum states above the corresponding threshold, 6He(p,$`\gamma `$)7Li$``$$`B`$+$`a`$, provided that the equivalent region of the continuum (Fig. 3) is populated. If, however, all the final states observed here were the result of radiative capture into 7Li, capture via the non-resonant continuum in 7Li might well be expected to occur . This would lead to a continuous component to the $`\gamma `$-ray energy spectra. Moreover, events corresponding to $`E_{{}_{}{}^{7}\mathrm{Li}_{}^{}}=0.5`$–10 MeV have not been observed in either t-$`\gamma `$ coincidences or $`\alpha `$-$`\gamma `$ coincidences with $`E_\gamma =32`$–42 MeV, nor has the decay into $`\alpha `$+t for $`E_{{}_{}{}^{7}\mathrm{Li}_{}^{}}>10`$ MeV. Within the picture of QFC on clusters, this is simply explained by the absence of the 2n(p,$`\gamma `$)t and t(p,$`\gamma `$)$`\alpha `$ QFC processes for the 4He-2n  and t-t  configurations, respectively, indicating that 4He-n-n is the dominant configuration in 6He. This in agreement with the relatively large n-n distance found in Ref. .

In summary, radiative capture of protons on a halo nucleus, 6He, has been measured for the first time. In addition to the 6He(p,$`\gamma `$)7Li reaction, evidence for QFC on subsystems (5He, $`\alpha `$ and n) of 6He has been found. Of particular importance is the observation of events which correspond to the previously measured $`\alpha `$(p,$`\gamma `$) reaction, as well as the non-observation of capture on a di-neutron. Theoretically, microscopic models need to be developed in order to describe capture on the constituent clusters of exotic nuclei and, for comparison, capture on the projectile into unbound final states. In this context, better knowledge of the high-lying continuum of 7Li would be very helpful. Finally, it would be of interest to study the evolution with beam energy of the contribution of QFC on clusters.

The support provided by the technical and operations staff of GANIL and LPC-Caen is gratefully acknowledged. Additional support from the Human Capital and Mobility Programme of the European Community (contract n CHGE-CT94-0056) and the GDR Noyaux Exotiques (CNRS-CEA) is also acknowledged.