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# Co-Frobenius Hopf algebras and the coradical filtration

## 0. Introduction and Preliminaries

Among the many similarities between the theory of Hopf algebras and the theory of groups, the notion of ”integral” occupies a central place. Here, recall that a ”left integral” over a Hopf algebra $`H`$ is a linear map $`H^{}`$ which is left invariant; that is, $`\alpha =\alpha (1)`$ for all $`\alpha H^{}`$. If $`H`$ is the algebra of regular functions on a compact Lie group $`G`$, this is exactly (the restriction of) a left Haar measure on $`G`$. Several basic results on integrals are known, see \[14, Ch. 4\]. In particular, the space of left integrals has dimension $`1`$. A fundamental problem is to determine the class of Hopf algebras having a non-zero integral. These are called co-Frobenius Hopf algebras, as explained below. Classically, finite dimensional Hopf algebras  and cosemisimple Hopf algebras  are co-Frobenius. The last class of examples contains the ”compact quantum groups” defined by Woronowicz ; an alternative proof of the existence of a non-zero Haar measure on a compact quantum group is provided in loc. cit. It is also known that the algebra of regular functions on an algebraic group $`G`$, in characteristic 0, is co-Frobenius if and only if the group is reductive .

Examples of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras do not abound in the literature. Clearly, the tensor product of two co-Frobenius Hopf algebras also is; more generally, a cleft extension of two co-Frobenius Hopf algebras also is co-Frobenius . Recently, several new examples of quantum groups with non-zero integrals have been discovered, including liftings of finite quantum linear spaces over an abelian group . These are infinite dimensional pointed Hopf algebras which are not cosemisimple. See some more examples in . One of the corollaries of the main results in this paper is the systematic construction of many more new examples of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras.

The experience of the last years shows that an efficient approach to Hopf algebras with non-zero integrals is the one from a comodule theory point of view. For instance an easy conceptual proof for the uniqueness of the integrals was given in this way.

A coalgebra $`C`$ is called left co-Frobenius if there exists a monomorphism of left $`C^{}`$-modules from $`C`$ to $`C^{}`$. This is a generalization of the classical notion of Frobenius algebras. Also, $`C`$ is called left semiperfect if the injective envelope $`E(S)`$ of any simple right $`C`$-comodule $`S`$ is finite dimensional (see ). A left co-Frobenius coalgebra is left semiperfect, while the converse does not hold in general. However, for a Hopf algebra $`H`$, $`H`$ is left (or right) co-Frobenius if and only if it is left (or right) semiperfect, and this is equivalent to $`H`$ having non-zero integrals. This explains why Hopf algebras with non-zero integrals are called co-Frobenius Hopf algebras.

Information about a coalgebra $`C`$ is captured by its coradical filtration $`C_0C_1\mathrm{}`$. Since the coradical filtration is a coalgebra filtration, one can construct the associated graded coalgebra $`\text{gr }C`$. Finiteness properties of the coalgebras $`C`$ and $`\text{gr }C`$ are similar. Our first general result is the following.

###### Theorem 0.1.

Let $`C`$ be a coalgebra and $`\text{gr }C`$ the graded coalgebra associated to the coradical filtration of $`C`$. Then $`C`$ is left semiperfect if and only if so is $`\text{gr }C`$.

Actually, we deduce Theorem 0.1 from a more specific result, relating the injective envelope over $`C`$ of the simple right $`C`$-comodule $`S`$ with the injective envelope over $`\text{gr }C`$ of the simple right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodule $`S`$; see Theorem 1.3.

All the examples we know of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras have a finite coradical filtration. The main theme of this paper is: whether finiteness of the coradical filtration and existence of non-zero integrals, are equivalent conditions on a Hopf algebra. In one direction, a positive answer follows from the following

###### Theorem 0.2.

Let $`C`$ be a coalgebra such that $`C=C_n`$ for some $`n0`$. Then the rational part of the right (or left) $`C^{}`$-module $`C^{}`$ is non-zero.

###### Corollary 0.3.

If $`H`$ is a Hopf algebra such that there exists a non-negative integer $`n`$ with $`H_n=H`$, then $`H`$ is co-Frobenius.

We conjecture that the opposite implication is also true: if $`H`$ is co-Frobenius, then the coradical filtration is finite. It is known that the conjecture is true under the assumption that the coradical is a Hopf subalgebra, as shown by Radford . We present an alternative proof in our main Theorem below. Corollary 0.3 allows to present new examples of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras. As a distinguished example, we prove that algebras of functions on quantum groups at roots of one are co-Frobenius. The proof uses the ”Steinberg-type” decomposition theorem for quantum groups at roots of one, obtained by Lusztig . This material is contained in Section 2.

An interesting particular situation is when the coradical $`H_0`$ of $`H`$ is a Hopf subalgebra.Then the coradical filtration of $`H`$ is a Hopf algebra filtration, $`\text{gr }H`$ is a Hopf algebra and there exists a Hopf algebra projection $`\pi :\text{gr }HH_0`$ which splits the inclusion of $`H_0`$ in $`\text{gr }H`$ as the degree zero component. Then the subalgebra $`R`$ of coinvariants of $`\text{gr }H`$ with respect to the coaction of $`H_0`$ via $`\pi `$ has a structure of a Hopf algebra in the category $`{}_{H_0}{}^{H_0}𝒴D`$ of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over $`H_0`$. Moreover $`R`$, which is called the diagram of $`H`$, is a graded subalgebra of $`\text{gr }H`$, and $`\text{gr }H`$ can be reconstructed from $`R`$ by bosonization, i.e. $`\text{gr }H`$ is isomorphic to the biproduct $`R\mathrm{}H_0`$. This lifting method to study Hopf algebras with the coradical a Hopf subalgebra was invented in , and consists in studying first all possible diagrams $`R`$, then transferring the information to $`\text{gr }H`$ by bosonization, and finally by lifting the information from $`\text{gr }H`$ to $`H`$. The method was essentially used only to study pointed Hopf algebras, where the coradical is a group algebra. In this paper we apply the method to any possible coradical. The main result of this paper is

###### Theorem 0.4.

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra with the coradical $`H_0`$ a Hopf subalgebra. Then the following assertions are equivalent.

1. $`H`$ is co-Frobenius.
2. The associated graded Hopf algebra $`\text{gr }H`$ is co-Frobenius.
3. The diagram $`R`$ of $`H`$ is finite dimensional.
4. The coradical filtration $`H_0,H_1,\mathrm{}`$ of $`H`$ is finite, i.e. there exists $`n`$ such that $`H_n=H`$.

This explains for instance why do we need to start with a necessarily finite dimensional quantum linear space in order to obtain by the lifting method a co-Frobenius Hopf algebra .

The implication (1) $``$ (4) in Theorem 0.4 was proved before in  with different methods. (1) $``$ (2) follows from Theorem 0.1, and (4) $``$ (1) is a particular case of Corollary 0.3.

The coradical of a Hopf algebra is a Hopf subalgebra if and only if the tensor product of two simple comodules is completely reducible. If this holds in a tensor category $`𝒞`$, then it is said that $`𝒞`$ has the Chevalley property. Furthermore, a Hopf algebra has the Chevalley property if the category of its finite dimensional modules has the Chevalley property. This denomination honors a classical result of Chevalley \[12, p. 88\]; it was proposed in , where triangular Hopf algebras with the Chevalley property were considered. See also .

The results we prove in this paper can be used on one hand to construct systematically co-Frobenius Hopf algebras from finite dimensional braided Hopf algebras over a cosemisimple Hopf algebra (the coradical), and eventually to classify classes of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras. We perform a preliminary discussion in Section 5.

But on the other hand, these results also serve as a test to decide that a certain Hopf algebra does not have the Chevalley property by looking to the dimension of the injective envelopes of simple comodules. See Section 4.

We work over a field $`k`$. The category of right (respectively left) comodules over a coalgebra $`C`$ is denoted by $`^C`$ (respectively $`{}_{}{}^{C}`$). If $`M`$ is a right (or left) $`C`$-comodule, the injective envelope of $`M`$ in the category $`^C`$ (or $`{}_{}{}^{C}`$), which exists since the category of comodules is a Grothendieck category, is denoted by $`E(M)`$. We refer to  and  for notation and facts about coalgebras, comodules and Hopf algebras.

## 1. The Loewy series of a comodule and the associated graded comodule

Let $`C`$ be a coalgebra, $`C_0C_1\mathrm{}`$ the coradical filtration of $`C`$, and $`M^C`$ a right $`C`$-comodule with comodule structure map $`\rho :MMC`$. The Loewy series $`M_0,M_1,\mathrm{}`$ of $`M`$ is defined as follows: $`M_0=s(M)`$, the socle of $`M`$, i.e. $`M_0`$ is the sum of all simple subcomodules of $`M`$; hence for any $`n0`$, assume that we have defined $`M_n`$, then $`M_{n+1}`$ is defined by $`M_{n+1}/M_n=s(M/M_n)`$. We obtain in this way a chain $`M_0M_1\mathrm{}`$ of $`C`$-subcomodules of $`M`$. Since $`M`$ is the sum of all its finite dimensional subcomodules we see that $`M`$ is the union of all $`M_n`$’s.

###### Lemma 1.1.

For any $`n0`$ we have that $`M_n=\rho ^1(MC_n)`$.

Proof. Let $`J`$ be the Jacobson radical of the dual algebra $`C^{}`$, then $`J=C_0^{}`$ and $`M_n=ann_M(J^{n+1})`$ for any $`n0`$ (see \[14, Lemma 3.1.9\]). If $`mM`$ such that $`\rho (m)MC_n`$, then since $`C_n=(J^{n+1})^{}`$, we have that $`c^{}m=c^{}(m_1)m_0=0`$ for any $`c^{}(J^{n+1})`$, so then $`mann_M(J^{n+1})=M_n`$. Conversely, let $`mM_n=ann_M(J^{n+1})`$. Let $`(m_i)_i`$ be a basis of $`M`$ and write $`\rho (m)=_im_ic_i`$ for some $`c_iC`$. Then for any $`c^{}J^{n+1}`$ we have $`0=c^{}m=_ic^{}(c_i)m_i`$, so then $`c^{}(c_i)=0`$ for any $`i`$. Thus $`c_i(J^{n+1})^{}=C_n`$ for any $`i`$, showing that $`\rho (m)MC_n`$. $``$

The following result generalizes \[26, Corollary 9.1.7\], which states that the coradical filtration of a coalgebra is a coalgebra filtration.

###### Lemma 1.2.

For any $`n0`$ we have that $`\rho (M_n)_{i=0}^nM_iC_{ni}`$.

Proof. We prove by induction on $`n`$. For $`n=0`$, we have that $`M_0`$ is the socle of the $`C`$-comodule $`M`$, thus it is a sum of simple comodules. Since the subcoalgebra of $`C`$ associated to any simple comodule is a simple subcoalgebra (see \[14, Exercise 3.1.2\]), we have that $`\rho (M_0)M_0C_0`$.

Assume now that the assertion holds for $`jn`$. Let $`(u_{0,i})_i`$ be a basis for $`M_0`$. We complete this basis with a family $`(u_{1,i})_i`$ up to a basis of $`M_1`$, then proceed similarly by taking families $`(u_{2,i})_i,\mathrm{},(u_{n+1,i})_i`$ for obtaining basis of $`M_2,\mathrm{},M_{n+1}`$. Let $`mM_{n+1}`$. Then there exist uniquely determined families $`(c_{0,i})_i,\mathrm{},(c_{n+1,i})_i`$ of elements of $`C`$ such that

$$\rho (m)=\underset{i}{}u_{0,i}c_{0,i}+\mathrm{}+\underset{i}{}u_{n+1,i}c_{n+1,i}$$

Denote by $`\overline{\rho }:M/M_nM/M_nC`$ the comodule structure map of the factor comodule $`M/M_n`$, and by $`\overline{x}`$ the class modulo $`M_n`$ of an element $`xM`$. Then $`\overline{\rho }(\overline{m})=_i\overline{u_{n+1,i}}c_{n+1,i}`$. On the other hand $`M_{n+1}/M_n`$ is a sum of simple comodules, so $`\overline{\rho }(\overline{m})M_{n+1}/M_nC_0`$, which shows that $`c_{n+1,i}C_0`$ for any $`i`$.

On the other hand, since $`(\rho I)\rho =(I\mathrm{\Delta })\rho `$, we have that

$$\underset{i}{}\rho (u_{0,i})c_{0,i}+\mathrm{}+\underset{i}{}\rho (u_{n+1,i})c_{n+1,i}=\underset{i}{}u_{0,i}\mathrm{\Delta }(c_{0,i})+\mathrm{}+\underset{i}{}u_{n+1,i}\mathrm{\Delta }(c_{n+1,i})$$

By the induction hypothesis $`\rho (u_{r,i})_{p=0,r}M_pC_{rp}`$ for any $`rn`$, so then by looking at the terms with the basis element $`u_{r,i}`$ on the first tensor position, where $`rn`$, we see that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(c_{r,i})C_0C+C_1C+\mathrm{}+C_{nr}C+CC_0=C_{nr}C+CC_0$$

This implies that $`c_{r,i}C_{nr}C_0=C_{nr+1}`$, which ends the proof. $``$

Now we construct the graded comodule associated to the Loewy series of a $`C`$-comodule $`M`$. In particular, for $`M=C`$, we obtain the graded coalgebra associated to the coradical filtration of $`C`$. For any $`i1`$ we denote by $`\pi _i:CC/C_{i1}`$ and $`p_i:MM/M_{i1}`$ the natural projections. We consider the spaces $`\text{gr }C=_{i0}C_i/C_{i1}`$ and $`\text{gr }M=_{i0}M_i/M_{i1}`$, where we take $`C_1=0,M_1=0`$. By Lemma 1.2, the map

$$(_{i=0}^np_i\pi _{ni})\rho :M_{i=0}^n(M/M_{i1}C/C_{ni1})$$

induces a linear map

$$\rho _n:M_n_{i=0}^n(M_i/M_{i1}C_{ni}/C_{ni1})$$

Using again Lemma 1.2 we have that $`\rho _n(M_{i1})=0`$, and thus $`\rho _n`$ induces a linear map

$$\overline{\rho }_n:M_n/M_{n1}_{i=0}^n(M_i/M_{i1}C_{ni}/C_{ni1})$$

If we regard $`_{i=0}^n(M_i/M_{i1}C_{ni}/C_{ni1})`$ as a subspace of $`\text{gr }M\text{gr }C`$, the sum of all $`\overline{\rho }_n`$’s define a linear map $`\overline{\rho }:\text{gr }M\text{gr }M\text{gr }C`$. This map can be described as follows. For $`mM_n`$, write $`\rho (m)=_{i=0}^nm_{0,i}m_{1,ni}`$, a Sigma Notation type representation, with the $`m_{0,i}`$’s lying in $`M_i`$ and the $`m_{1,ni}`$’s lying in $`C_{ni}`$. Then we have that $`\overline{\rho }(p_n(m))=p_i(m_{0,i})\pi _{ni}(m_{1,ni})`$; and this does not depend on the chosen representation of $`\rho (m)`$. In the case where $`M=C`$ and $`\rho =\mathrm{\Delta }`$, we obtain the map $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}:\text{gr }C\text{gr }C\text{gr }C`$, defined by $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}(\pi _n(c))=\pi _i(c_{1,i})\pi _{ni}(c_{1,ni})`$ for $`cC_n`$ and any representation $`\mathrm{\Delta }(c)=c_{1,i}c_{2,ni}`$ with the same convention as above. Straightforward computations show that $`\text{gr }C`$ is a graded coalgebra with comultiplication $`\overline{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ and $`\text{gr }M`$ is a graded right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodule via $`\overline{\rho }`$. We denote by $`\text{gr }M(n)=M_n/M_{n1}`$ the homogeneous component of degree $`n`$ of $`\text{gr }M`$.

The construction of the graded coalgebra associated to a coalgebra filtration of a coalgebra goes back to Sweedler’s book (see \[26, Section 11.1\]). By \[3, Lemma 2.3\] we have that $`\text{gr }C`$ is coradically graded, i.e. its coradical filtration is given by $`(\text{gr }C)_n=_{in}\text{gr }C(i)`$ for any $`n0`$.

###### Theorem 1.3.

Let $`S`$ be a simple right $`C`$-comodule, $`C`$ any coalgebra. The graded comodule associated to the injective envelope over $`C`$ of $`S`$, is isomorphic to the the injective envelope over $`\text{gr }C`$ of the simple right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodule $`S`$.

Proof. Since the socle of a direct sum of comodules is the sum of the socles of these comodules, we see that for any family $`(M(\lambda ))_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ of right $`C`$-comodules we have $`\text{gr }(_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}M(\lambda ))`$ $`_{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }}\text{gr }M(\lambda )`$ as right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodules. In particular if we write $`C_0=Soc(C)=_{S𝒮}S`$ for some family $`𝒮`$ of simple right $`C`$-subcomodules of $`C`$, then $`C=_{S𝒮}E(S)`$ (see \[14, Theorem 2.4.16\]), so then $`\text{gr }C=_{S𝒮}\text{gr }E(S)`$ as right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodules. In particular $`\text{gr }E(S)`$ is injective as a right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodule. Since $`S=E(S)_0=\text{gr }E(S)(0)\text{gr }E(S)`$, we obtain that $`E_{\text{gr }}(S)\text{gr }E(S)`$, where $`E_{\text{gr }}(S)`$ is an injective envelope of $`S`$ as a right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodule.

On the other hand $`(\text{gr }C)_0=\text{gr }C(0)=C_0=_{S𝒮}S`$ as right $`\text{gr }C`$-comodules, so then $`\text{gr }C=_{S𝒮}E_{\text{gr }}(S)`$, showing that $`E_{\text{gr }}(S)=\text{gr }E(S)`$ for any $`S𝒮`$. $``$

Proof of Theorem 0.1. Given a simple $`S`$, $`E(S)`$ is finite dimensional if and only if so is $`\text{gr }E(S)E_{\text{gr }}(S)`$. $``$

## 2. Coradical filtration of a co-Frobenius Hopf algebra

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra and $`H_0,H_1,\mathrm{}`$ its coradical filtration. We first show that if the coradical filtration is finite, then necessarily $`H`$ is co-Frobenius. This follows from Theorem 0.2, which gives information about coalgebras with finite coradical filtration.

Proof of Theorem 0.2. If $`C=C_0`$, then $`C`$ is cosemisimple, therefore it is left and right co-Frobenius (see \[14, Exercise 3.3.17\]). In particular the rational part of $`C^{}`$ as a right (or left) $`C^{}`$-module is non-zero. If $`C`$ is not cosemisimple, let $`n`$ be such that $`C_{n1}C_n=C`$. Then $`C/C_{n1}`$ is a semisimple right $`C`$-comodule, in particular it contains a maximal subcomodule. This induces a maximal right $`C`$-subcomodule $`X`$ of $`C`$. The proof goes now as in \[14, Proposition 3.2.2\]. The natural projection $`CC/X`$ produces an injective morphism of right $`C^{}`$-modules $`(C/X)^{}C^{}`$. But $`C/X`$ is simple, so it is finite dimensional and rational as a left $`C^{}`$-module, and then $`(C/X)^{}`$ is a rational right $`C^{}`$-module (see \[14, Lemma 2.2.12\]). This shows that the rational part of the right $`C^{}`$-module $`C^{}`$ is non-zero. $``$

Corollary 0.3 follows from Theorem 0.2 and the fact that a Hopf algebra $`H`$ is co-Frobenius if and only if $`H^{rat}0`$ \[14, Ch. 5\]. Note that for a Hopf algebra the left and the right rational parts of $`H^{}`$ are equal, and they are denoted by $`H^{rat}`$.

As said in the Introduction, we conjecture that the converse of Corollary 0.3 is true:

###### Conjecture 2.1.

The coradical filtration of a co-Frobenius Hopf algebra is finite.

We would like to mention the following more precise question, which arose in joint work of Sonia Natale and the first-named author.

###### Question 2.2.

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra and let $`T`$ be a left integral on $`H`$. If $`H_m`$ is different from $`H`$, is it true that $`T`$ vanishes on $`H_m`$?

Note that a positive answer to Question 2.2 implies Conjecture 2.1. For $`m=0`$, the answer is positive by Maschke’s Theorem for Hopf algebras .

We now show how Corollary 0.3 allows to determine that some important Hopf algebras are co-Frobenius. We begin by the following general Lemma.

###### Lemma 2.3.

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra and let $`K`$ be a Hopf subalgebra such that

(2.1) $`KH_0H_0\text{ (in particular, }KH_0\text{).}`$
(2.2) $`H\text{ is of finite type as left module via multiplication over }K.`$
Then the coradical filtration of $`H`$ is finite; and $`H`$ is co-Frobenius.

Proof. By (2.1), each term $`H_n`$ of the coradical filtration is a $`K`$-submodule; by (2.2), the coradical filtration is then finite. The last claim follows from Corollary 0.3. $``$

In representation-theoretic terms, condition (2.1) means the following. If $`V`$ is a simple $`K`$-comodule and $`W`$ is a simple $`H`$-comodule then the $`H`$-comodule $`VW`$ is completely reducible. Indeed, let $`\widehat{H}`$ denote the set of (isomorphism classes of) simple comodules over a Hopf algebra $`H`$; we will confuss a class with a representant without danger. If $`U`$ is any finite dimensional $`H`$-comodule, then let $`C_U`$ denote the space of matrix coefficients of $`U`$; it is a subcoalgebra of $`H`$. We have $`C_{UW}=C_UC_W`$. Also $`K=_{V\widehat{K}}C_V`$, $`H_0=_{W\widehat{H}}C_W`$, thus the claim.

We are led to the following definition.

###### Definition 2.4.

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra with bijective antipode. Let $`\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}`$ be the subset of $`\widehat{H}`$ consisting of all simple comodules $`V`$ such that

(2.3)
$$VW\text{ and }WV\text{ are completely reducible }$$

for all $`W\widehat{H}`$. The Hopf socle of $`H`$ is

$$H_{\text{soc }}=\underset{V\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}}{}C_V.$$

###### Lemma 2.5.

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra with bijective antipode. The Hopf socle of $`H`$ is a cosemisimple Hopf subalgebra of $`H`$.

Proof. It is clear that $`H_{\text{soc }}`$ is a subcoalgebra of $`H_0`$. We prove that $`H_{\text{soc }}`$ is a subalgebra of $`H`$. Let $`V,U\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}`$. Then $`VU=_{1jr}W_j`$, where $`W_j`$ are simple comodules. We have to show that $`W_j\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}`$, $`1jr`$. Let $`W\widehat{H}`$. Then $`VUW`$ is completely reducible; since $`W_jW`$ is a subcomodule of $`VUW`$, it is also completely reducible. By an analogous argument, $`WW_j`$ is completely reducible. Therefore, $`W_j\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}`$. We finally prove that $`H_{\text{soc }}`$ is stable under the antipode $`𝒮`$. If $`V`$ is a finite dimensional comodule, we denote by $`V^{}`$ be the comodule structure on the dual defined via $`𝒮`$, and by $`{}_{}{}^{}V`$, the comodule structure on the dual defined via $`𝒮^1`$. We know that $`(VW)^{}W^{}V^{}`$, $`{}_{}{}^{}(VW){}_{}{}^{}W{}_{}{}^{}V`$ for any two finite dimensional comodules $`V`$ and $`W`$. If $`V\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}`$ and $`W\widehat{H}`$, then $`{}_{}{}^{}(V^{}W){}_{}{}^{}WV`$ is completely reducible, therefore $`V^{}W`$ is completely reducible. Similarly, $`WV^{}`$ is completely reducible. Thus, $`V^{}\widehat{H}_{\text{soc }}`$, as needed. $``$

Lemma 2.3 immediately implies:

###### Corollary 2.6.

Let $`H`$ be a Hopf algebra with bijective antipode. If $`H`$ is of finite type as left module via multiplication over $`H_{\text{soc }}`$, then $`H`$ is co-Frobenius. $``$

We ignore if the converse of Corollary 2.6 is true; that is, if any co-Frobenius Hopf algebra is of finite type over $`H_{\text{soc }}`$.

From now on, we assume that $`k`$ is algebraically closed and has characteristic 0. Let $`𝔤`$ be a simple finite dimensional Lie algebra of rank $`n`$, and let $`G`$ be the corresponding simply-connected algebraic group. Let $`qk`$ be a root of 1 of odd order $`\mathrm{}3`$, $`\mathrm{}`$ not divisible by 3 if $`𝔤`$ contains a component of type $`G_2`$; and let $`U_q(𝔤)`$ be the quantized enveloping algebra as defined in . Recall the definition of modules of type 1 . The following facts were proved by Lusztig:

* The set of isomorphism classes of simple $`U_q(𝔤)`$-modules of type 1 is parametrized by $`(_0)^n`$ \[20, Prop. 6.4\]. If $`\lambda (_0)^n`$, the corresponding simple module $`L(\lambda )`$ has highest weight $`\lambda `$.
* If $`\lambda (_0)^n`$, decompose it as $`\lambda =\lambda ^{}+\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$, where $`\lambda ^{},\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(_0)^n`$ with each entry of $`\lambda ^{}`$ living in the interval $`[0,\mathrm{}1]`$. Then $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda ^{})L(\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\prime \prime })`$ (Steinberg-type Theorem, \[20, Th. 7.4\]).
* There is an epimorphism of Hopf algebras $`U_q(𝔤)U(𝔤)`$. If $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(_0)^n`$, the simple $`U_q(𝔤)`$-module $`L(\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\prime \prime })`$ inherits a structure of $`U(𝔤)`$; and as such, it is simple with highest weight $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ \[20, Prop. 7.5\]. Denote this last module by $`\underset{¯}{L}(\lambda ^{\prime \prime })`$.

Let $`k_q[G]U_q(𝔤)^{}`$ be the Hopf algebra of matrix coefficients of modules of type 1. This is the algebra of functions on a quantum group at a root of one, as in . The coradical of $`k_q[G]`$ is the span of the matrix coefficients of the simple modules $`L(\lambda )`$, $`\lambda (_0)^n`$. It is known that it is not a Hopf subalgebra.

The subalgebra of $`k_q[G]`$ spannned by the matrix coefficients of the simple modules $`L(\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\prime \prime })`$, $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(_0)^n`$, is a Hopf subalgebra of $`k_q[G]`$, isomorphic to the algebra $`k[G]`$ of regular functions on $`G`$. It is known that it is central .

###### Theorem 2.7.

$`k_q[G]`$ is co-Frobenius.

Proof. Let $`H=k_q[G]`$, $`K=k[G]`$. (2.2) holds by . Condition (2.1) is a consequence of the ”Steinberg-type” decomposition theorem evoked above. Indeed, let $`V=L(\mathrm{}\mu )`$, $`W=L(\lambda )`$ with $`\mu ,\lambda (_0)^n`$. Decompose $`\lambda `$ as before, so that $`L(\lambda )L(\lambda ^{})L(\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\prime \prime })`$, $`\lambda ^{},\lambda ^{\prime \prime }(_0)^n`$. By Weyl’s Theorem, $`\underset{¯}{L}(\lambda ^{\prime \prime })\underset{¯}{L}(\mu )`$ is completely reducible, say isomorphic to $`_{j=1,\mathrm{},M}\underset{¯}{L}(\sigma _j)`$. Then

$`WV`$ $`L(\lambda ^{})L(\mathrm{}\lambda ^{\prime \prime })L(\mathrm{}\mu )L(\lambda ^{})\left(_{j=1,\mathrm{},M}L(\mathrm{}\sigma _j)\right)`$
$`_{j=1,\mathrm{},M}L(\lambda ^{})L(\mathrm{}\sigma _j)_{j=1,\mathrm{},M}L(\lambda ^{}+\mathrm{}\sigma _j).`$
Therefore, $`KH_0=H_0KH_0`$. The Theorem follows now from Lemma 2.3. $``$

###### Remark 2.8.

It is known that $`k_q[G]`$ is an extension of $`k[G]`$ by a finite Hopf algebra, namely the dual of the corresponding Frobenius-Lusztig kernel. However, we do not known if it is a cleft extension; otherwise we could have deduced Theorem 2.7 from \[8, 5.2\]. It is however known that $`k_q[G]`$ is free over $`k[G]`$ .

## 3. Co-Frobenius Hopf algebras whose coradical is a Hopf subalgebra

In this section we assume that the coradical $`H_0`$ of $`H`$ is a Hopf subalgebra.

Write as in Section 1 $`H_0=_{S𝒮}S`$ for some family $`𝒮`$ of simple left $`H`$-subcomodules of $`H`$. We identify $`\text{gr }H`$ and $`R\mathrm{}H_0`$, then $`\text{gr }H=_{S𝒮}R\mathrm{}S`$.

###### Lemma 3.1.

$`R\mathrm{}S`$ is an injective left $`\text{gr }H`$-subcomodule of $`\text{gr }H`$ for any $`S𝒮`$.

Proof. The comultiplication of the biproduct is $`\mathrm{\Delta }(r\mathrm{}h)=r^1\mathrm{}(r^2)_1h_1(r^2)_0\mathrm{}h_2`$, where $`rr^1r^2`$ is the comultiplication of the braided Hopf algebra $`R`$, and $`rr_1r_0`$ is the left coaction of $`H_0`$ on $`R`$. This implies that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(R\mathrm{}S)\text{gr }H(R\mathrm{}S)`$. The injectivity follows from the fact that $`R\mathrm{}S`$ is a direct summand of the left $`\text{gr }H`$-comodule $`\text{gr }H`$. $``$

###### Corollary 3.2.

Let $`S𝒮`$ and let $`E_{\text{gr }}(S)`$ be the injective envelope of $`S`$ as a left $`\text{gr }H`$-comodule. Then $`E_{\text{gr }}(S)=R\mathrm{}S`$.

Proof. The result follows immediately from the previous lemma if we take into account that $`S`$ is contained in $`R\mathrm{}S`$, and that for any $`S,T𝒮`$, $`ST`$, $`(R\mathrm{}S)(R\mathrm{}T)=0`$. $``$

Proof of Theorem 0.4 $`(1)(2)`$ follows from Theorem 0.1.

$`(2)(3)`$ follows from Corollary 3.2.

$`(3)(4)`$. Since $`R`$ is finite dimensional there exists a positive

integer $`n`$ such that $`R=R(0)+\mathrm{}+R(n)`$. Then $`\text{gr }H=\text{gr }H(0)+\mathrm{}+\text{gr }H(n)`$, implying that $`H_n=H`$.

$`(4)(1)`$ follows from Corollary 0.3. $``$

Here is an alternative proof of $`(4)(1)`$. If the coradical filtration is finite, then the graded braided Hopf algebra $`R`$ has a finite grading, i.e. $`R=_{0nN}R(n)`$, with $`R(N)0`$. Since $`R(0)=k`$, any element $`tR(N)`$, $`t0`$ is an integral in $`R`$, see for instance \[2, Prop. 3.2.2\]. Hence $`R`$ is finite dimensional by .

We state another consequence of Corollary 3.2. Let $`E`$ be the injective envelope of the trivial $`H`$-comodule $`k1`$.

###### Corollary 3.3.

Let $`S𝒮`$ and let $`E(S)`$ be the injective envelope of $`S`$ as a left $`H`$-comodule. Then $`E(S)ES`$.

Proof. Observe first that the claim is true for $`\text{gr }H`$, by Corollary 3.2. Since $`ES`$ is a direct summand of $`HSH^{dimS}`$, it is injective. Thus there exists a monomorphism of $`H`$-comodules $`\phi :E(S)ES`$. As $`H_0`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of $`H`$, the Loewy series of $`ES`$ is $`(ES)_n=E_nS`$. Therefore, $`\text{gr }\phi :\text{gr }E(S)\text{gr }(ES)(\text{gr }E)S`$ is an isomorphism. By a standard argument, $`\phi `$ is an isomorphism. $``$

## 4. Some applications

We give now some numerical criteria for the Chevalley property. All of them follow from Lemma 3.1.

###### Proposition 4.1.

Let $`H`$ be a finite dimensional Hopf algebra with a simple right (or left) $`H`$-comodule $`S`$ such that the dimension of $`S`$ does not divide the dimension of $`E(S)`$. Then the category of finite dimensional $`H`$-comodules does not have the Chevalley property. $``$

If the coradical of a Hopf algebra $`H`$ is a Hopf subalgebra, then the diagram $`R`$ is isomorphic to the injective envelope of the trivial $`\text{gr }H`$-comodule. Then:

###### Proposition 4.2.

Let $`H`$ be a finite dimensional Hopf algebra such that the dimension of the injective envelope of the trivial $`H`$-comodule does not divide the dimension of $`H`$. Then the category of finite dimensional $`H`$-comodules does not have the Chevalley property. $``$

Dualizing, we have:

###### Proposition 4.3.

Let $`H`$ be a finite dimensional Hopf algebra with a simple right (or left) $`H`$-module $`S`$ such that the dimension of $`S`$ does not divide the dimension of the projective cover $`P(S)`$. Then $`H`$ does not have the Chevalley property. $``$

###### Proposition 4.4.

Let $`H`$ be a finite dimensional Hopf algebra such that the dimension of the projective cover of the trivial $`H`$-module does not divide the dimension of $`H`$. Then $`H`$ does not have the Chevalley property. $``$

If $`C`$ is a coalgebra and $`M^C`$ a right $`C`$-comodule, we can consider the Poincaré series of $`M`$, namely

$$\mathrm{}(M)=\underset{n0}{}\mathrm{}_n(M)X^n[[X]],\text{where}\mathrm{}_n(M)=dimM_n/M_{n1}.$$

Clearly, $`\mathrm{}(M)=\mathrm{}(\text{gr }M)`$.

###### Proposition 4.5.

Let $`H`$ be a co-Frobenius Hopf algebra with the coradical a Hopf subalgebra. If $`S`$ is a simple right comodule, then the Poincaré polynomial of the injective envelope $`E(S)`$ satisfies a ”Poincaré duality”: $`\mathrm{}_n(E(S))=\mathrm{}_{\text{top}n}(E(S))`$, for all $`n`$, $`0n\text{top}`$. Here ”top” means the degree of the Poincaré polynomial.

Proof. By Corollary 3.2, we have

$$\mathrm{}(E(S))=\mathrm{}(\text{gr }E(S))=\mathrm{}(R\mathrm{\#}S)=\mathrm{}(R)dimS.$$

Then the claim follows from the analogous claim for $`R`$, which is well-known . $``$

## 5. Examples from the Lifting Method

We now explain how to obtain new examples, and eventually classification results, of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras via Theorem 0.4. We rely on the Lifting method ; a detailed exposition is . We fix a cosemisimple Hopf algebra $`K`$ and seek for co-Frobenius Hopf algebras $`H`$ with $`H_0K`$.

Recall that a braided vector space is a pair $`(V,c)`$, where $`V`$ is a vector space (which we assume finite dimensional) and $`c:VVVV`$ is an isomorphism satisfying the braid equation. Given a braided vector space $`(V,c)`$, there is a remarkable graded braided Hopf algebra $`𝔅(V)`$ called the Nichols algebra of $`(V,c)`$. The Lifting method in the present setting consists of the following steps.

(a). Determine when $`𝔅(V)`$ is finite dimensional, for all braided vector spaces $`(V,c)`$ arising as Yetter-Drinfeld modules over some cosemisimple Hopf algebra.

(b). For those $`V`$ as in (a), find in how many ways, if any, they can be actually realized as Yetter-Drinfeld modules over our fixed $`K`$.

(c). For $`𝔅(V)`$ as in (a), compute all Hopf algebras $`H`$ such that $`\text{gr }H𝔅(V)\mathrm{\#}K`$ (”lifting”).

(d). Investigate whether any finite dimensional graded braided Hopf algebra $`R=_{n0}R(n)`$ in $`{}_{K}{}^{K}𝒴D`$ satisfying $`R(0)=k1`$ and $`P(R)=R(1)`$, is generated by its primitive elements, i. e. is a Nichols algebra.

For the discussions of the different steps, we can profit previous investigations in the setting of finite dimensional Hopf algebras .

Let us first discuss step (a). Actually, we have an ample supply of finite dimensional Nichols algebras $`𝔅(V)`$. Let us recall some definitions from .

* A braided vector space $`(V,c)`$ is of diagonal type if $`V`$ has a basis $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_\theta `$ such that $`c(x_ix_j)=q_{ij}x_jx_i`$, for all $`1i,j\theta `$, where $`q_{ij}`$ are some scalars.

Since we are interested in finite dimensional Nichols algebras, we can (and shall) assume that $`q_{ii}1`$, for all $`i`$.

* A braided vector space of diagonal type is of Cartan type if $`q_{ij}q_{ji}=q_{ii}^{a_{ij}}`$, for all $`1ij\theta `$, where $`a_{ij}`$ are some non-positive integers . Set $`a_{ii}=2`$ for all $`i`$.

The integers $`a_{ij}`$ can be chosen so that the matrix $`(a_{ij})`$ is a generalized Cartan matrix. The following Theorem was proved in , from results of Lusztig and using the twisting operation.

* If $`(a_{ij})`$ is actually a finite Cartan matrix and the orders of the $`q_{ij}`$’s are odd and not divisible by 3, when the matrix $`(a_{ij})`$ has a component of type $`G_2`$, then $`𝔅(V)`$ has finite dimension (which can be explicitly computed).

The simplest example is when $`q_{ij}q_{ji}=1`$ for all $`ij`$. Then $`𝔅(V)`$ is called a finite quantum linear space; the examples in  are exactly liftings of quantum linear spaces over an arbitrary abelian group.

Let us comment on step (b) in the setting of the examples just discussed. Let us fix a braided vector space $`(V,c)`$ of finite Cartan type, with the restrictions above. To realize $`(V,c)`$ in $`{}_{K}{}^{K}𝒴D`$, for our fixed cosemisimple Hopf algebra $`K`$, we need:

* a family of characters $`\chi _1,\mathrm{},\chi _\theta `$ of $`K`$,
* and a family of central group-likes $`g_1,\mathrm{},g_\theta G(K)Z(K)`$ such that

$$\chi _j(g_i)=q_{ij},1i,j\theta .$$

For instance, $`(V,c)`$ can be realized as a Yetter-Drinfeld module over the group algebra of $`^s`$, if $`s\theta `$. To determine whether it can be realized as a Yetter-Drinfeld module over the group algebra of $`^s`$, for $`s<\theta `$ is an interesting arithmetical problem.

###### Example 5.1.

Let $`s=1`$. If all the orders of the entries $`q_{ij}`$ divide a fixed odd prime number $`p>3`$, then necessarily $`\theta 2`$ and the following restrictions on $`p`$ are in force:

* If the Cartan matrix is of type $`A_2`$, then $`p1mod3`$.
* If the Cartan matrix is of type $`B_2`$, then $`p1mod4`$.
* If the Cartan matrix is of type $`G_2`$, then $`p1mod3`$.

Indeed, the image of $``$ in Aut $`V`$ is a cyclic group of order $`p`$, and we can apply \[4, Th. 1.3\]. A similar discussion is also valid for $`p=3`$, see loc. cit. We obtain in this way many new examples of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras, namely $`𝔅(V)\mathrm{\#}k`$. The situation is somewhat different for $`p=2`$ ; the examples arising here are particular cases of those in .

The computation of the liftings of the Hopf algebras $`𝔅(V)\mathrm{\#}K`$, step (c) of the method, requires the knowledge of a presentation by generators and relations of $`𝔅(V)`$. This was obtained in  for braidings of finite Cartan type. It is likely that the techniques of the finite dimensional case are also useful here, see . Finally, let us mention concerning step (d), that a positive result in this direction is given in .

Let us come back to the case $`K=k`$. It is natural to ask whether there are Yetter-Drinfeld modules $`V`$ over $`K`$ which are not of finite Cartan type but such that $`𝔅(V)`$ is finite dimensional. First, it can be shown that such $`V`$ is necessarily of diagonal type. Second, a small quantity of examples of such $`V`$ are known .

Are there examples of Yetter-Drinfeld modules $`V`$ over some cosemisimple Hopf algebra $`K`$ which are not of diagonal type, but such that $`𝔅(V)`$ is finite dimensional? Yes, a few ones; see . They can be realized over suitable group algebras.

On another direction, let $`K`$ be the algebra of regular functions on a simple algebraic group. Then we do not know any example of Yetter-Drinfeld module $`V`$ over $`K`$ with $`𝔅(V)`$ finite dimensional.


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# Electroweak Theory and Noncommutative Geometry

## 1 Introduction

The standard electroweak theory is one of the most remarkable achievements of physics. In spite of its many successes it still cannot be considered complete because the fundamental scalar field whose existence is essential to the theory hasn’t been observed. The elusive Higgs particle is a direct consequence of the mass generation mechanism that is induced by a quartic scalar self-interaction potential with arbitrary coupling parameters. Neither the strength of these couplings, nor the mass of the Higgs boson can be determined within the standard model. Therefore it is still worthwhile to look for a deeper understanding of the related phenomena. A popular approach to this problem involves introducing higher dimensional space-times with product topology so that the compact extra dimensions may be related to the internal symmetries of constituent particles. In this picture the microstructure of spacetime itself at the Planck scales becomes a subject of speculations. Several years ago a program based on noncommutative geometries was started by A. Connes . The Connes-Lott noncommutative electroweak model  and its later elaborations  assume essentially a four dimensional, two-sheeted space-time and the Higgs scalars that are governed by a discrete $`𝐙_2`$ symmetry relate different space-time sheets. A little later Connes himself  introduced a notion of reality that helps to eliminate most but not all unpleasant features of the original model. There is a recent book  that may be consulted for further literature.

The electroweak model based on a noncommutative geometry we study here has a somewhat different structure as the space-time degrees of freedom are extended by matrices, which are supposed to describe the internal symmetries of elementary particles. It was introduced about ten years ago by Balakrishna, Gürsey and Wali . In this scheme, the Higgs scalars arise naturally with the correct weak charge assignments along with the gauge potentials as part of the connection and give rise in the Yang-Mills action functional to a quartic Higgs potential that appears already shifted to a spontaneously broken symmetric phase. This built-in mass generation mechanism involves a single dimensionless coupling strength and two largely separated mass scales. The subsequent renormalization group flow from beyond Planck scales down to the electroweak scale provides realistic values for the Weinberg mixing angle, the masses of the weak intermediate bosons as well as the mass of a light Higgs boson. The Higgs boson mass prediction of approximately $`130GeV/c^2`$ comes remarkably close to the energy range that generated much recent excitement among the Higgs searchers at CERN . We give below a short survey of the noncommutative structure of the model and provide an analysis of the bosonic mass spectrum. More details are found in our previous paper .

## 2 Generalities on Matrix Geometries

The basic data needed in noncommutative geometry is the spectral triple or the K-cycle ($`𝒜,,𝒟`$) were $`𝒜`$ is an involutive algebra of operators in Hilbert space $``$ and $`𝒟`$ is a self-adjoint, unbounded operator in $``$. In the commutative case the spectral triple corresponds to the usual arena of doing quantum field theory, namely, $`𝒜=C^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$ the algebra of smooth functions on the space-time manifold $`V`$, $`=L^2(V,S)`$ the Hilbert space of $`L^2`$-spinors, and $`𝒟`$ the Dirac operator of the Levi-Civita spin connection. Then a differential algebra from this spectral data is constructed so that generalized connections and curvatures can be defined. We should be able to follow a similar strategy in the noncommutative case. To do that we first of all notice that the group $`Aut(𝒜)`$ of automorphisms of $`𝒜`$ is isomorphic to the group $`Diff(V)`$ of diffeomorphisms of $`V`$ in the usual Riemannian case. The algebra describing the manifold is invariant under automorphisms. Since the algebra is noncommutative, the group $`Aut(𝒜)`$ has a natural subgroup $`Inn(𝒜)`$. An automorphism $`f`$ is inner if and only if it acts as conjugation of the elements of the algebra by some unitary element $`u𝒜`$, that is $`f(a)=uau^{},a𝒜`$. All the other automorphisms are called outer automorphisms and we can write $`Aut(𝒜)=Inn(𝒜)Out(𝒜)`$. In the noncommutative formulation of the standard model inner and outer automorphisms appear as the transformations on the space-time and the internal space, respectively. Hence the coordinate transformations on space-time get unified with gauge transformations. We will extend the space-time degrees of freedom by matrices in which case the underlying $`C^{}`$-algebra would be $`𝒜=C^{\mathrm{}}(V)M_n(𝐂)`$ where $`M_n(𝐂)`$ is the algebra of $`n\times n`$ matrices. This simple tensor product space is sufficient for our purpose of studying the bosonic sector of the electroweak theory. The formalism developed here should be considered as a particular case of a general theory and in this sense, it is more appropriate to call it “matrix geometry”, rather than “noncommutative geometry” ( see e.g. ).

To construct the action we need four ingredients: differential forms on $`𝒜`$, a Lie group G of “internal symmetries”, a scalar product on the space of differential forms $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(𝒜)`$ and an invariant scalar product on the Lie algebra $`𝒢`$ of the group G. The scalar product we introduce on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(𝒜)`$ will be the substitute of the Dixmier trace. In fact a manifold $`V`$ can be completely characterized by the commutative $`C^{}`$-algebra of continuous, complex-valued functions on it, $`C^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$. In this matrix geometry version of noncommutative geometry, our noncommutative manifold can be completely characterized by replacing $`C^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$ by the algebra $`M_n(𝐂)`$ which is again a $`C^{}`$algebra. The Lie algebra of complex vector fields coincides with the Lie algebra of derivations $`Der(C^{\mathrm{}}(V))`$. Similarly one can construct the differential algebra of $`M_n`$ from the vector space $`Der(M_n)`$, space of all derivations of $`M_n`$.

## 3 Balakrishna-Gürsey-Wali Model

A choice of derivations determines the model and the choice we make is dictated by which symmetries we want unbroken at the end. We use the Lie subalgebra $`Der_2(M_3)`$ generated by a three dimensional representation of su(2) rather than the Lie algebra $`Der(M_3)`$ of all derivations of $`M_3`$. We have this extra freedom because $`Der(M_n)`$ is not a module over $`M_n`$. All derivations of $`M_n`$ are inner. This means that every element X of Der($`M_n`$) is of the form $`X=adf`$ for some $`f`$ in $`M_n`$. In electroweak theory electromagnetic $`U_{em}(1)`$ whose generator is $`\tau _0+\tau _3`$ will remain unbroken. Here $`\tau _0`$ is identified with $`Y+\frac{2}{3}`$, where $`Y`$ is the hypercharge $`\frac{\tau _8}{\sqrt{3}}`$, and $`\tau _3`$ and $`\tau _8`$ are the usual Gell-Mann matrices. Among the above generators of $`M_3`$ only the generators of the U-spin subalgebra commute with $`\tau _0+\tau _3`$ so we define our derivations as

$$e_a(f)=m_a[\lambda _a,f],fM_3$$
(1)
where a runs through the indices (+, -, 3) and

$`\lambda _\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{U_\pm }{\sqrt{2}}},\lambda _3=U_3`$ (2)
with

$`m_\pm `$ $`=`$ $`m,m_3={\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{M}}.`$ (3)
Here m and M are two mass scales that have to be introduced into the theory to keep the dimensions correct. The vector space $`Der_2(M_n`$) has a Lie algebra structure given by

$$[e_a,e_b]=\underset{c}{}\frac{m_am_b}{m_c}C_{ab}^ce_c$$
(4)
and hence forms a Lie subalgebra of $`Der(M_3)`$. The structure constants $`C_{ab}^c`$ are

$$C_+^3=C_+^3=1,C_{3+}^{}=C_{+3}^{}=1,C_3^+=C_3^+=1,$$
(5)
with all others equal to zero.

To define the algebra of forms $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2^{}(M_n)`$ over $`M_n`$ we first set $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2^0(M_n)`$ equal to $`M_n`$. Here the subindex 2 refers to the fact that we are using the derivation algebra Der$`{}_{2}{}^{}(M_3)`$. Then we define $`df`$ for $`f`$ $`M_n`$ by the equation

$$df(e_a)=e_a(f).$$
(6)
The indices are going to be lowered and raised by the metric

$$g_{ab}=Tr(\lambda _a\lambda _b).$$
(7)
Then we define the set of one forms $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1(M_3)`$ to be the set of all elements of the form $`fdg`$ or $`dgf`$ with $`f`$ and $`g`$ in $`𝒜`$ subject to the relations $`d(fg)=dfg+fdg`$. Because of the noncommutativity $`\lambda ^ad\lambda ^bd\lambda ^b\lambda ^a`$, the set $`d\lambda ^a`$ is not a convenient system of generators for $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2^1(M_n)`$. There is a better set of generators completely characterized by the equations

$`\theta _\pm (e_{})`$ $`=`$ $`1,\theta _\pm (e_3)=0,`$ (8)
$`\theta _3(e_{})`$ $`=`$ $`0,\theta _3(e_3)=1.`$
These provide the matrix analogue of the dual basis of 1-forms and satisfy the structure equations

$$d\theta ^a=\underset{b,c}{}C_{bc}^a\frac{m_bm_c}{m_a}\theta ^b\theta ^c.$$
(9)
Note that all $`\theta ^a`$’s commute with the elements of $`M_3`$. From the generators $`\theta ^a`$, we construct the 1-form

$$\theta =m_a\lambda _a\theta ^a$$
(10)
which is going to play an important role in the definition of covariant derivatives and in the study of gauge fields. It satisfies the zero-curvature condition

$$d\theta +\theta ^2=0.$$
(11)
We can generalize the above formalism to the case where the algebra $`𝒜`$ is the tensor product over the complex numbers of a matrix algebras $`M_n`$ and the commutative algebra $`C^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$, $`𝒜=M_n(𝐂)C^{\mathrm{}}(V).`$ This will be the underlying algebra in our study of the bosonic sector of the electroweak theory. Let us choose a basis $`\theta _\beta ^\alpha dx^\beta `$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(V)`$ over V and let $`e_a`$ be the Pfaffian derivations dual to $`\theta ^\alpha `$. Set $`i=(\alpha ,a),1i4+3=7`$ and introduce $`\theta ^i=(\theta ^\alpha ,\theta ^a)`$ as generators of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(𝒜)`$ as a left or right $`𝒜`$-module and $`e_i=(e_\alpha ,e_a)`$ as a basis of Der$`{}_{2}{}^{}(𝒜)`$ as a direct sum

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^1(𝒜)=\mathrm{\Omega }_h^1\mathrm{\Omega }_v^1$$
(12)
where

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_h^1=\mathrm{\Omega }^1(V)M_n,\mathrm{\Omega }_v^1=𝒞^{\mathrm{}}(V)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M_n).$$
(13)
The exterior derivative $`df`$ of an element $`f`$ of $`𝒜`$ is can be written as the sum horizontal and vertical parts as

$$df=d_hf+d_vf.$$
(14)
In what follows we will work in Cartesian coordinates, that is we take $`e_\alpha =_\alpha `$ and $`\theta ^\alpha =dx^\alpha `$. Hence we have

$$d_h=dx^\alpha _\alpha .$$
(15)
The gauge potential, which is an element of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(V)`$ for a trivial U(1)-bundle can be generalised to the noncommutative case as an anti-Hermitian element of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(𝒜)`$. Let $`\omega `$ be such an element of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(𝒜)`$. We can write it then as

$$\omega =A+\theta +\mathrm{\Phi }$$
(16)
where

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`igA_\alpha \theta ^\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }_h^1(𝒜)`$ (17)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`g\varphi _a\theta _a\mathrm{\Omega }_v^1(𝒜)`$
and $`\theta `$ is as given by (10). Note that $`\omega `$ is an anti-Hermitian element of $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(𝒜)`$, that is, $`\omega +\omega ^{}=0`$ as it should be. $`g`$ is the coupling constant of the theory. $`\varphi _a`$ are interpreted as the Higgs fields. The gauge transformations of the trivial U(1)-bundle over V are the unitary elements of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$. In analogy, we will choose the group of local gauge transformations as the group of unitary elements $`𝒰`$ of $`𝒜`$, that is the group of invertible elements of $`u𝒜`$ satisfying $`uu^{}=1`$. Here * is the \*-product induced in $`𝒜`$ and $`𝒜`$ is considered as the set of functions on V with values in $`GL_n`$. The curvature 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and the field strength $`F`$ are defined as usual:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=d\omega +\omega ^2,F=d_hA+A^2.$$
(18)
In terms of components and with

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Omega }_{ij}\theta ^i\theta ^j,F=\frac{1}{2}F_{\alpha \beta }\theta ^\alpha \theta ^\beta $$
(19)
we find

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`F_{\alpha \beta },`$ (20)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\alpha a}`$ $`=`$ $`g𝒟_\alpha \varphi _a=g(_\alpha \varphi _aig[A_\alpha ,\varphi _a]),`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`g^2[\varphi _a,\varphi _b]g{\displaystyle \underset{c}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_am_b}{m_c}}C_{ab}^c\varphi _c.`$
We can now write down the usual gauge invariant Yang-Mills Lagrangian density 4-form

$$=\frac{1}{2g^2}Tr(\mathrm{\Omega }_{ij}\mathrm{\Omega }^{ij}).$$
(21)
In terms of the components of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ it becomes

$$=\frac{1}{2g^2}Tr(F_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta })+Tr(𝒟_\alpha \varphi _a𝒟^\alpha \varphi ^a)V(\varphi )$$
(22)
where the Higgs potential

$$V(\varphi )=\frac{1}{2}Tr(\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}\mathrm{\Omega }^{ab}).$$
(23)
From the form of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}`$ in $`(\text{20})`$ we see that $`V(\varphi )`$ vanishes for values

$$\varphi _a=0,\varphi _a=\frac{m_a}{g}\lambda _a.$$
(24)
The first choice corresponds to a symmetric vacuum, while the spontaneously broken symmetric phase obtains for the second vacuum configuration above. In the latter case, the second term on the right hand side of $`(\text{22})`$ becomes

$$\frac{1}{g^2}Tr([A_\alpha ,m_a\lambda _a][A^\alpha ,m_a\lambda ^a])$$
(25)
which is quadratic in gauge potentials and hence it gives mass to vector bosons. This means we have a naturally built-in Higgs mechanism.

## 4 Bosonic Mass Spectrum

To study the scalar masses it is convenient to write the three independent Higgs fields as follows:

$$\varphi _+=\frac{H^{}}{\sqrt{2}},\varphi _{}=\frac{H}{\sqrt{2}},\varphi _3=\mathrm{}+\frac{m^2}{2Mg}(2\tau _01)$$
(26)
By using the metric components $`(\text{7})`$ we see

$$\varphi ^+=2\varphi _{},\varphi ^{}=2\varphi _+,\varphi ^3=2\varphi _3$$
(27)
where

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`H_+V_++H_0U_+,`$ (28)
$`\mathrm{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{}_0\lambda _0+\mathrm{}_a\lambda _a).`$
For the gauge potentials we write

$$A=igA_\mu dx^\mu =ig\frac{1}{2}(B_\mu \lambda _0+W_{\mu a}\lambda _a)dx^\mu $$
(29)
$`B`$ and $`W`$’s are going describe the gauge bosons, while $`H`$’s and $`\mathrm{}`$’s the scalar Higgs bosons. Using the field components above we can write the connection 1-form explicitly:

$`\omega `$ $`=`$ $`A+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}}H\theta _{}+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}}H^{}\theta _++g\mathrm{}\theta _3`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}}U_+\theta _{}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}}U_{}\theta _++{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{4M}}(\lambda _0+\lambda _3)\theta _3.`$
The next step is to construct the corresponding curvature 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ with components

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`F_{\mu \nu },`$ (31)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mu +}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}}𝒟_\mu H,\mathrm{\Omega }_\mu =\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mu +}^{},`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mu 3}`$ $`=`$ $`g𝒟_\mu \mathrm{}`$
where

$$𝒟_\mu =d_hig[A_\mu ,]$$
(32)
and the remaining three terms are

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{2}}[H,H^{}]gM\mathrm{}m^2\lambda _0+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{2}},`$ (33)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{+3}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{\sqrt{2}}}\mathrm{}H\mathrm{\Omega }_3=\mathrm{\Omega }_{+3}^{}`$
We write out the Lagrangian density and read the Higgs potential

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g^2}}V(H,\mathrm{})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left[H^{}H{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{g^2}}\right]^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}H^{}H{\displaystyle \frac{M}{g}}\mathrm{}_0{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{g^2}}\right]^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}H^{}\sigma _aH{\displaystyle \frac{M}{g}}\mathrm{}_a\right]^2`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}H^{}(\mathrm{}_0+\mathrm{}_a\sigma _a)^2H.`$
Here H is written as a two-column vector with entries $`H_+`$ and $`H_0`$ and $`\sigma _a`$ are the Pauli spin matrices. The vacuum configuration can be found either directly from the minimum of the above potential (which is a sum of squares) or from $`(\text{24})`$ to be

$$H_0=\frac{m}{g}H_+=0\mathrm{}_0=\mathrm{}_3=\frac{m^2}{2Mg}\mathrm{}_{1,2}=0$$
(35)
where only the electromagnetism survives symmetry breaking.

The mass spectrum of the model is as follows: The $`W`$ and $`Z`$ bosons have masses $`\frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{1+\frac{m^2}{2M^2}}`$ and $`m`$ respectively as can be calculated from (25). To determine the mass spectrum of the Higgs sector we first write down the linearized field equations for the Higgs fields and then diagonalize the mass matrix . What we have is five heavy scalars with masses converging to $`\sqrt{2}M`$ in the limit $`Mm`$, three zero-mass scalars referring to Goldstone modes which would be absorbed by weak intermediate bosons to become massive, and one light Higgs boson with mass $`\sqrt{2}m`$.

These mass relations are valid at the mass scale M, but we must predict the mass values at the electroweak scale $`E_Zm`$. This is done by considering the renormalization group flow of the coupling constants $`g,g^{^{}}`$ and the Higgs self-coupling constant $`\lambda `$ down from the scale $`M`$ to scale $`m`$. The relations $`\lambda =\frac{g^2}{4}`$ and $`g=g^{^{}}`$ imposed at the mass scale $`M`$ will let us predict the Higgs masses. The relevant renormalisation group equations are

$$16\pi ^2\frac{dg}{dt}=\frac{19}{6}g^3$$
(36)
$$16\pi ^2\frac{dg^{}}{dt}=\frac{41}{6}g^3$$
(37)
$$16\pi ^2\frac{d\lambda }{dt}=24\lambda ^23\lambda (3g^2+g^2)+\frac{3}{8}[2g^4+(g^2+g^2)^2]$$
(38)
We first solve (36) and (37) at arbitrary scales $`\mu `$ subject to the above constraints at the mass scale $`M`$. Then we fix the measured values of $`g`$ and $`g^{}`$ at the electroweak scale $`\mu =E_Z=91GeV`$ which are $`g(E_Z)=0.4234`$ and $`g^{}(E_Z)=0.1278`$. This requires $`M5\times 10^{20}GeV`$. The remaining equation (38) can now be solved numerically by feeding in the solutions of equations (36) and (37), leading to the result $`\lambda (E_Z)=0.14`$. Finally we use the standard model relation

$$\frac{m_H^2(\mu )}{m_Z^2(\mu )}=\frac{8\lambda (\mu )}{g^2(\mu )+g^2(\mu )}$$
(39)
and noting that at scales $`M`$, $`m_H=m_Z=\sqrt{2}m`$ and $`g^2(M)=g^2(M)=4\lambda (M)=0.49`$ determine the Higgs boson mass at the electroweak scales. To the extent that radiative corrections can be neglected , we find

$$m_H(E_Z)130GeV.$$
(40)
## 5 Concluding Comments

The noncommutative electroweak model of Balakrishna, Gürsey and Wali is minimal in its construction and the bosonic mass spectrum it predicts is realistic. The model could be generalised in several directions. One line of development would concern coupling of spinorial matter and to seek supersymmetrization . On the other hand it is emphasised very often in the literature  that approaches based on noncommutative geometries not only yield promising reformulations of the standard model but would also be relevant to gravitation. The invariant tensor formulation of the model given here is especially well suited for both of these lines of investigation.

## 6 Acknowledgement

We are grateful to Professor K. C. Wali for encouragement and discussions.