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# Spin Liquid Phase in the Pyrochlore Antiferromagnet

## I Introduction

Motivated by the search and understanding of new quantum or classical disordered ground states in magnetic systems, recent years have seen a renewal of interest in the properties of frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnets. Special attention focused on intrinsically frustrated models, where frustration is mainly coming from the connectivity of the underlying lattice and not only from competing interactions. From this point of view, two lattices distinguished themselves : the kagomé lattice (made of corner sharing triangles) and the pyrochlore lattice (made of corner sharing tetrahedra). Experimental and theoretical studies diep94  related to both lattices have shown that materials as well as models exhibit unconventionnal magnetic properties, involving noncollinear or incommensurate orderings, apparently broken ergodicity without structural disorder and in general, deviations from canonical behaviors. For most geometrically frustrated systems, the absence of ordering at finite temperature or the tendancy to a reduction of the real interactions seems to be a common characteristic. An experimental signature of this property is a persistent paramagnetic state down to low temperature without any sign of ordering ballelfak96  and sometimes a transition to a frozen state at low temperature ginstarajgaugre97  ($`T_F<<|\mathrm{\Theta }_{CW}|`$), with an unconventional slowing down of the dynamics uemura941 ; dunsiger96 ; uemura942 . The theoretical understanding of these properties is in progress but it seems that several properties, expected to be generic, are not systematically reproduced and depend on the material or the model. One point is at least widely shared: due to frustration, short range correlations develop at a temperature much lower than the interactions. This phenomenon has been proven by mean field analysis rei91  and classical monte-carlo simulations rei921 ; rei922 ; moecha98 . On the other hand, there are some properties much more dependent on the studied system. A major theme of study has been the effect of “order by disorder” previously quoted by Villain and co-workers villain80  and also by Shender shender82 . It was noticed that switching on any source of fluctuation (like thermal or quantum fluctuations) has a tendancy to lift the degeneracy between the low lying classical ground states. Indeed, thermal fluctuations give rise to entropic selection in the kagomé case chalker92 ; ritchey93  but this kind of selection was shown to be fluctuation-like dependent doucot98 , and sometimes absent huse92 ; chandra94 . Other types of perturbation have been taken into account, such as anisotropy bra94 , structural disorder shender93 , longer range interactions rei91 ; harris92  and quantum fluctuations canals98 ; sobral97 ; harris91 ; zeng91 ; sachdev92 ; chubukov92 ; leche97 , leading in general to a magnetic mode selection.

The pyrochlore lattice is a three dimensional arrangement of corner sharing tetrahedra as depicted in Fig. 1. According to Lacorre definition of frustration lac87 , it is probably the most frustrated structure. Experimentally, several families of compounds are known to crystallize with this geometry. The first one is an oxide family with the general formula A$`{}_{}{}^{3+}{}_{2}{}^{}`$B$`{}_{}{}^{4+}{}_{2}{}^{}`$O7 (Refs. gardner99, ; greedan91, ; dunsiger96, ) (A is a Rare Earth ion and B a transition metal). The second one concerns spinels of general formula $`AB_2O_4`$ or $`A_2B_2O_4`$ (Refs. wills99, ; greedan98, ; fujiwara98, ) (A is a Rare Earth ion and B a transition metal). The third one concerns fluorides of general formula AB2+C3+F6 (Refs. harris97, ; harzintunwanswa94, ) (A is an alkali metal, B and C are transition metals). The last one is the intermetallic Laves Phases compounds of general formula AB2 (Refs. shiga94, ; shiga88, ) (A is a Rare Earth ion and B is a transition metal). Strictly speaking, the only candidate that can be rigorously described by a localized, uniform lattice model is the first family, as this system is well ordered with a uniform distribution of magnetically localized ions. The second and third sets often possess positional or chemical disorder wills99 ; harris97  that should be taken into account in the model and the last one is better described within an itinerant model ballac96 .

In this paper, we will focus only on the isotropic classical Heisenberg model on the pyrochlore lattice, neglecting all other possible contributions that might be necessary for an understanding of a peculiar material. This choice is supported by our hope to deduce intrinsic properties which come exclusively from geometrical structure. Our goal is to compute correlation functions using an approximation of the Heisenberg model, the infinite component spin-vector model.

## II Lattice structure and model

The “next simplest” approximation for classical spin systems, which follows the Mean Field Approximation (MFA), consists in generalizing the Heisenberg Hamiltonian for the $`D`$-component spin vectors:

$$=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i,j}{}J_{ij}𝐬_i𝐬_j,|𝐬_i|=1$$
(1)
and taking the limit $`D\mathrm{}`$. In this limit, it is possible to take into account exactly the effect of the Goldstone modes or would be Goldstone modes, which are the most important modes in frustrated magnets. We will only give the outline of the calculation here and give in a further article the details of the technique. Nevertheless, readers who are interested in the full derivation can find a description of the method in Ref. garcan99, , where the antiferromagnetic model on the kagome lattice was considered.

The pyrochlore lattice shown in Fig. 1 consists of corner-sharing tetrahedra. Each node of the underlying Bravais lattice (face centered cubic) is numbered by $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ and corresponds to a tetrahedron. Each site of elementary tetrahedra is labeled by the index $`l=1,2,3,4`$.

It is convenient to put the Hamiltonian (1) into a diagonal form. First, one goes to the Fourier representation according to

$$𝐬_𝐪^l=\underset{i}{}𝐬_i^le^{i𝐪r_i^l},𝐬_i^l=\frac{1}{N}\underset{𝐪}{}𝐬_𝐪^le^{i𝐪r_i^l},$$
(2)
where the wave vector $`𝐪`$ belongs to the $`1^{\mathrm{st}}`$ Brillouin zone of the underlying face centered cubic lattice (see Fig. 2). The Fourier-transformed Hamiltonian reads

$$=\frac{1}{2N}\underset{ll^{}𝐪}{}V_𝐪^{ll^{}}𝐬_𝐪^l\mathrm{s}_𝐪^\mathrm{l}^{},$$
(3)
where the interaction matrix is given by

$`\widehat{V}_𝐪=2J\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& b& c& a\\ b& 0& f& d\\ c& f& 0& e\\ a& d& e& 0\end{array}\right),\text{where}`$
(5)
$`a\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_y+q_z}{4}})d\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_xq_y}{4}})`$
$`b\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_x+q_z}{4}})e\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_xq_z}{4}})`$
$`c\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_x+q_y}{4}})f\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_yq_z}{4}})`$
At the second stage, the Hamiltonian (3) is finally diagonalized to the form

$$=\frac{1}{2N}\underset{n𝐪}{}\stackrel{~}{V}_𝐪^n\sigma _𝐪^n\sigma _𝐪^n,$$
(6)
where $`\stackrel{~}{V}_𝐪^n=2J\nu _n(𝐪)`$ are the eigenvalues of the matrix $`V_𝐪^{ll^{}}`$ taken with a negative sign,

$$\nu _{1,2}=1,\nu _{3,4}=1\pm \sqrt{1+Q}.$$
(7)
where

$`Q={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(`$ $`\mathrm{cos}(`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_y+q_z}{2}})+\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_x+q_z}{2}})+`$
$`\mathrm{cos}(`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_x+q_y}{2}})+\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_xq_y}{2}})+`$
$`\mathrm{cos}(`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q_xq_z}{2}})+\mathrm{cos}({\displaystyle \frac{q_yq_z}{2}}))`$
The diagonalizing transformation has the explicit form

$$U_{nl}^1(𝐪)V_𝐪^{ll^{}}U_{l^{}n^{}}(𝐪)=\stackrel{~}{V}_𝐪^n\delta _{nn^{}},$$
(9)
where the summation over the repeated indices is implied and $`\widehat{U}`$ is the real unitary matrix, $`\widehat{U}^1=\widehat{U}^T`$, i.e., $`U_{nl}^1=U_{ln}`$.

The Fourier components of the spins $`𝐬_𝐪^l`$ and the collective spin variables $`\sigma _𝐪^n`$ are related by

$$𝐬_𝐪^l=U_{ln}(𝐪)\sigma _𝐪^n,\sigma _𝐪^n=𝐬_𝐪^lU_{ln}(𝐪).$$
(10)
The largest dispersionless eigenvalues $`\nu _{1,2}`$ of the interaction matrix \[see Eq. (7) and Fig. 3\] are a manifestation of frustration in the system which precludes an extended short-range order even in the limit $`T0`$. Since $`\nu _{1,2}`$ are independent of $`𝐪`$, 1/2 of all spin degrees of freedom are local and can rotate freely. The eigenvalue $`\nu _3`$ which becomes degenerate with $`\nu _{1,2}`$ in the limit $`q0`$ is related, to the usual would be Goldstone mode destroying the long-range order in low-dimensional magnets with a continuous symmetry whereas the eigenvalue $`\nu _4`$ is positioned, in the long-wavelength region, much lower than the first two ones, and it is tempting to call it the “optical” eigenvalue.

## III Results

Following the derivation introduced in Ref. garcan99, , we compute all CF’s at any temperature and in particular, the static magnetic neutron scattering cross section :

$$\frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}\underset{\mathrm{𝐫𝐫}^{}}{}S_𝐫^{}S_𝐫^{}^{}e^{i𝐐(𝐫𝐫^{})},$$
(11)
where Q is a vector of the reciprocal space and $`r`$ and $`r^{^{}}`$ design spin belonging to the pyrochlore lattice, i.e., $`S_𝐫=S_i^l`$ is a spin located on site $`i`$ of the Bravais lattice in the position $`l`$ of the unit cell. Two peculiar planes of the reciprocal space have been investigated as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. The major feature is that there is almost no magnetic signal in the first Brillouin zone, all the weight being recovered in soft cusps outside. In both planes, we observe patterns very similar to the one obtained by Monte Carlo simulations in Ref. zinharzei97,  or by neutron diffraction on $`Y(Sc)Mn_2`$ ballelfak96 . We also note that the cross section in the (\[hh0\],\[00l\]) plane is very close to the one previously calculated in the kagome case by the same method garcan99 . The main implications of these results are that the quantum or classical nature of the spins in the pyrochlore lattice does not seem to be of relevance for understanding the liquid nature in terms of spin-spin correlations. Indeed, different methods and measures, applied to differents spin species (classical or quantum), give the same magnetic responses. Besides, the very strong resemblance between the neutron diffraction pattern in the (\[hh0\],\[00l\]) plane and the one obtained in the kagome antiferromagnet is evidence that these two lattices are very similar. This is not surprising as the kagome lattice is a cut of the pyrochlore lattice perpendicular to the (111) axis. As previously noted in Ref. canals98,  there are two magnetic modes coexisting in this system (see Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). The one related to the (\[hh0\],\[00l\]) plane ($`Q_1=[220]\pm [\frac{3}{4}\frac{3}{4}0]`$ or $`Q_1^{^{}}=[002]\pm [\frac{3}{4}\frac{3}{4}0]`$) would coincide in an ordered phase with a structure where consecutive tetrahedra are in phase, while the one in the (\[h00\],\[0l0\]) plane ($`Q_2=[210]`$) correspond to a $`\pi `$ phase between tetrahedra. Whereas in the quantum approachcanals98  there is a difference of amplitude between these two modes, within our approach both have the same amplitude so that the system is unable to select a particular one. The powder average of the neutron cross section $`d\sigma /d\mathrm{\Omega }`$, i.e., the average of 11 over the directions of $`q`$ is shown in Fig. 6. The continuous line is obtained from the $`D=\mathrm{}`$ component classical antiferromagnet approach while the dots correspond to Monte Carlo simulations performed in Ref.rei92, . There is a good agreement between these two methods and they do not show any sign of magnetic transition. We have calculated the effect of the temperature on the powder average cross section. In Fig. 7 we have plotted the variation of the profiles with reduced temperature ($`\theta =T/T_{\mathrm{MFA}}`$ where $`T_{\mathrm{MFA}}=2J/3`$). One can see that at temperature below $`T_C^{\mathrm{MFA}}`$, i.e., below $`\theta =1`$, these profiles have approximatively the same shape. In order to control that quantity, we have rescaled each profile and plotted them one onto the others. As they almost coincide, it means that at low temperature we can decouple the $`q`$ dependance and the $`\theta `$ dependance so that $`d\sigma /d\mathrm{\Omega }(Q,\theta )d\sigma /d\mathrm{\Omega }(Q,\theta =0)f(\theta )`$. The same type of decoupling was assumed in Ref. canals98,  where the authors proposed that the spatial and the time dependance could be independent at low temperatures ($`\chi (q,\omega )f(q)g(\omega )`$). These properties are original and certainly come from the high frustration of the pyrochlore lattice and its related dynamics. At first approximation, we can state that spatial and time as well as spatial and thermal dependance are decoupled at energy scales lower than the mean field temperature.

## IV Discussion

In this article, we have presented the structure of the neutron diffraction cross sections obtained from the exact solution for the $`D=\mathrm{}`$ component classical antiferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice.

In contrast to conventionnal three dimensional magnets, there is no ordering and even no extended short range order at $`T=0`$. This anomalous behavior is due to the existence of a would be Goldstone mode at low temperature but also to the presence of two dispersionless excitations modes that inhibit any magnetic transition.

The magnetic cross sections are very close to what has been obtained in theoretical approaches (Monte Carlo simulations with Heisenberg spins zinharzei97 , density matrix expansion for spin $`S=1/2`$ canals98 ) and experimental results (Y(Sc)Mn2 ballelfak96 , CsNiCrF6 harris97 ; harzintunwanswa94 ). We have reproduced the existence of two dominant magnetic modes that could explain a first order transition induced by magnetoelastic effects ballelfak96 . It is remarkable that the nature of the spins (classical or quantum) as well as the type of magnetism (localized or itinerant) does not seem to play a crucial role in the pyrochlore system. Even the geometry, three dimensional here, seem to have a very little effect on the struture of the magnetic response. In fact, we obtain results similar to the ones previously observed on the kagome lattice. Even if this point is not solved, it is clear that the close relation between these two lattices, and the short range scale of the geometry are the relevant ingredients in the pyrochlore and the kagome antiferromagnets.

Taking into account assumptions of Ref .canals98,  we can say that spatial and thermal as well as spatial and time dependences of the magnetic cross sections are decoupled at low energy scale (i.e. $`TJ`$) as if $`S(q,T)f(q)h(T)`$ and $`S(q,\omega )f(q)g(\omega )`$. This striking result confirms that this model describes an unconventionnal antiferromagnet and has some similarities with a collective paramagnet.

All these points strongly support that isotropic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg models (quantum or classical) on the pyrochlore lattice are spin liquids.

Although this point is now clearer, it is still an open problem to understand the experimental results that suggest the appearance of a topological spin glass like behavior. There must certainly be other interactions or processes involved in this case as up to now, no sign of glassiness has ever been seen within theoretical approaches concerning the Heisenberg model on the pyrochlore lattice.


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# FUSE Observations of Outflowing OVI in the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 1705

## 1 Introduction

Local starburst galaxies are excellent local laboratories to study the physics of galaxy building (cf. Heckman 1998). It is now clear that the deposition of mechanical and thermal energy by multiple supernovae in starbursts leads to a global outflow of metal-enriched gas. These outflows are called “superbubbles” during their early dynamical evolution, and “superwinds” after they blow out of the galaxy’s ISM (e.g., Heckman 2000 and references therein). Such flows are expected to play an especially important role in the evolution of dwarf galaxies, whose relatively shallow potential wells make them susceptible to wind-driven loss of gas and newly-created metals (e.g., Dekel & Silk 1986; Martin 1999). Since similar outflows appear to be common in high-redshift galaxies as well (Pettini et al. 1998, 2000; Tenorio-Tagle et al. 1999) they are perhaps the most plausible mechanism by which the mass-metallicity relation in galactic spheroids was established (e.g., Lynden-Bell 1992) and the intergalactic medium was heated and chemically-enriched (e.g., Ponman, Cannon, & Navarro 1999; Gibson, Loewenstein, & Mushotzky 1997).

One of the major uncertainties concerning starburst-driven outflows is the importance of radiative cooling: what fraction of the kinetic energy supplied by supernovae is carried out in the flow rather than being radiated away? While the available X-ray data and models establish that radiative losses from hot gas ($`T>10^6`$K) are not severe (see Strickland & Stevens 2000), up until now there has been no direct observational probe of the coronal-phase gas ($`T=10^5`$ to $`10^6`$ K) that could dominate the radiative cooling.

The recent launch of the $`FarUltravioletSpectroscopicExplorer`$ ($`FUSE`$ \- Moos et al. 2000) provides access to the best probe of rapidly-cooling coronal gas in starburst outflows: the OVI$`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$1032,1038 doublet. Accordingly, we have obtained $`FUSE`$ spectra of a small sample of the nearest and brightest starbursts. In this paper, we present the first $`FUSE`$ detection of $`OVI`$ in the galaxy NGC 1705.

NGC 1705 is an ideal test-case for the study of coronal-phase gas. This nearby (D = 6.2 Mpc) dwarf starburst galaxy has the second highest vacuum-ultraviolet flux of any starburst galaxy in the extensive compilation of IUE spectra in Kinney et al. (1993). The detailed investigation by Meurer et al. (1992) established NGC 1705 as a prototypical example of a dwarf starburst undergoing mass-loss. They were able to delineate a kpc-scale fragmented ellipsoidal shell of emission-line gas that was expanding at roughly 50 km s-1 along our line-of-sight. They also showed that the population of supernovae in the young super star cluster (NGC 1705-1) was energetically-sufficient to drive this flow. The expulsive nature of the flow was later confirmed by $`HST`$ observations that showed that the ultraviolet interstellar absorption-lines towards NGC 1705-1 were blueshifted by 70 to 80 km s-1 relative to the galaxy systemic velocity (Heckman & Leitherer 1997; Sahu & Blades 1997; Sahu 1998). Hensler et al. (1998) reported the detection of soft X-ray emission, presumably from hot gas inside the expanding emission-line nebula.

## 2 Observations & Data Reduction

Two $`FUSE`$ observations of NGC 1705 ($`\alpha _{2000}=04^h54^m13.48^s,\delta _{2000}=53^o21^m39.4^s`$; $`l_{II}=261.0788^o,b_{II}=38.7428^o`$) were obtained on 4-5 February 2000. The central super star cluster NGC 1705-1 was centered in the large (LWRS, $`30\mathrm{}\times 30\mathrm{}`$) aperture of the LiF1 (guiding) channel for each observation by the standard guide-star acquisition procedure. The two observations resulted in 13 exposures totaling 21.3 $`ksec`$ of on-target exposure time. Approximately 95% of the observing time occurred during orbital night, which greatly reduced the amount of terrestrial O I and N I airglow entering the FUSE apertures. Flux was recorded through the LWRS apertures in both long wavelength (LiF, $`10001187`$ Å) channels and both short wavelength (SiC, $`9001100`$ Å) channels. The astigmatic heights of the LiF1 spectra near 1030 Å were roughly 1/3 of the aperture width, consistent with the compact photometric structure of NGC 1705. 111 $`HST`$ images at 2200Å show that roughly 40% of the light that would be admitted into the $`FUSE`$ LWRS aperture would come from the single brightest star cluster NGC 1705-1, and 70% of the light would come from the region within a radius of 2.8 arcsec of NGC 1705-1 (Meurer et al 1995). A comparison of the HST $`GHRS`$ (1.7 arcsec aperture) and $`IUE`$ (10 by 20 arcsec aperture) spectra implies that these fractions should not be strongly wavelength dependent. Thus, while the $`FUSE`$ data sample the entire inner region of NGC 1705 (projected size of roughly 900 by 900 pc), the sightlines within about 80 pc of NGC 1705-1 are very strongly weighted. The data are preserved in the $`FUSE`$ archive with observation identifications A0460102 and A0460103.

The raw time-tagged photon event lists for each exposure were processed with the standard $`FUSE`$ calibration software ($`CALFUSEv\mathrm{1.7.5}`$) available at the Johns Hopkins University as of August 2000. The lists were screened for valid data, and corrections for geometric distortions, spectral motions, and Doppler shifts were applied (see Sahnow et al. 2000). The data were not affected by the detector event bursts that plagued many of the early FUSE spectra. The 13 individual calibrated extracted spectra for each channel were cross-correlated, shifted to remove residual velocity offsets due to image motion in the apertures, and combined to a produce composite spectrum for each channel. These composite spectra in the 1000–1070 Å region were then compared, and any remaining velocity offsets were removed by referencing to the LiF1 channel data. The wavelengths were put into the Local Standard of Rest (LSR) reference frame by requiring that the Galactic ISM lines fall at $`+20`$ km s-1, the approximate velocity of the Milky Way lines as observed at longer wavelengths with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on the $`HubbleSpaceTelescope`$. These new STIS data will be presented in future papers (Sembach et al. 2001; Heckman et al 2001). The $`FUSE`$ data have a wavelength uncertainty of $`6`$ km s-1 ($`1\sigma `$). The spectrum of NGC 1705 is shown in Figure 1.

In this article, we do not combine the data from all four channels because the instrumental resolution and sensitivity changes as a function of wavelength. Therefore, when measuring the strengths of absorption features, we compare the individual measurements (Wλ) for the two channels having the highest sensitivity at the wavelengths of the absorption features of interest (usually LiF1 and LiF2 for $`\lambda >1000`$ Å, or SiC1 and SiC2 for $`\lambda <1000`$ Å). The integrated equivalent widths derived from separate channels generally agree very well. Table 1 contains these measurements for selected Milky Way and NGC 1705 absorption features observed along the sight line. The data have a velocity resolution of $`30`$ km s-1 and S/N ratios of 16, 13, 10, and 9 per resolution element at 1032 Å in the LiF1, LiF2, SiC1, and SiC2 channels, respectively.

## 3 Results

We confirm the principal conclusion of Sahu & Blades (1997) and Sahu (1998): there are three separate systems of interstellar absorption-lines along the sight-line to NGC 1705 (Table 1; Figure 2). These arise in the Milky Way, the periphery of the high velocity cloud HVC 487, and the interstellar medium of NGC 1705. In the present paper, we will focus our analysis on NGC 1705, but briefly summarize our results on HVC 487.

### 3.1 HVC 487

As pointed out by Sahu & Blades (1997), HVC 487 is located 2 away from the NGC 1705 sight-line. Sahu (1998) proposes that HVC 487 is associated with the Magellanic Stream, so the implied impact parameter would be roughly 2 kpc. The properties of the absorption associated with HVC 487 will be discussed in detail in a future paper which will combine the $`FUSE`$ data with echelle spectra taken with STIS on $`HST`$ (Sembach et al. 2001). Here, we note only that HVC 487 is strongly detected in absorption in the $`OVI\lambda `$1032, $`CIII\lambda `$977, $`CII\lambda `$1036, and Lyman-series lines. Assuming that the $`OVI\lambda `$1032 line is optically-thin, the implied $`OVI`$ column is 2.0$`\pm `$0.3 $`\times `$ 1014 cm-2. This is typical of other HVC sight-lines studied with $`FUSE`$ (Sembach et al. 2000). The Lyman series, CIII$`\lambda `$977, and CII$`\lambda `$1036 absorption-lines from HVC 487 are at $`v_{LSR}`$ = 270$`\pm `$15 km s-1. These are close to the $`HI\lambda `$21cm velocity of HVC 487 of 232$`\pm `$14 km s-1 (Sahu 1998). In contrast, the $`OVI\lambda `$1032 line is centered at $`v_{LSR}`$ = 326$`\pm `$10 km s-1, an offset of 94$`\pm `$17 km s-1 from the $`HI\lambda `$21cm velocity. The $`OVI`$ line is very broad, with an observed FWHM = 100$`\pm `$15 km s-1. This breadth is comparable to the sound speed in coronal gas where $`OVI`$ would be abundant, and is similar to those of other $`OVI`$ HVCs observed with $`FUSE`$ (Sembach et al. 2000).

### 3.2 NGC 1705

We expect our $`FUSE`$ data to probe four phases of interstellar gas in NGC 1705: molecular gas, neutral atomic gas, warm gas photoionized by hot stars, and collisionally-heated coronal gas. The neutral atomic gas is traced by species with ionization potentials of creation $`\chi <`$ 1 Ryd, the warm gas by ions with $`\chi `$ = 1 to 4 Ryd (up to the HeII edge), and the coronal gas by ions with $`\chi >`$4 Ryd.

No molecular hydrogen was detected in any of the first three $`J`$ levels (0-2), and the limit on the total $`H_2`$ column density is $`logN_{H2}<`$ 14.6 (corresponding to a molecular hydrogen fraction of $`f_{H2}=2N_{H2}/(N_{HI}+2N_{H2})<6\times 10^6`$ \- based on the observed HI column given below). Similar results have been reported for the metal-poor dwarf starburst IZw18 (Vidal-Madjar et al. 2000). The intrinsic reddening in NGC 1705 is very small: Heckman et al. (1998) give $`E(BV)<<`$ 0.1. In the particular case of NGC 1705, the low values for $`N_{H2}`$ and $`f_{H2}`$ are quite consistent with Galactic sightlines with similarly-low $`E(BV)`$ and $`N_{HI+H2}`$ (Savage et al. 1977).

Lines tracing the other three phases are well-detected (Table 1; Figures 1 and 3). In particular, the $`OVI\lambda `$1032 line is independently detected at the 10$`\sigma `$ level in both the LiF1 and LiF2 detectors (Figure 2). The weaker member of the doublet ($`OVI\lambda `$1038) is blended with the much stronger Galactic $`OI\lambda `$1039 line and is not convincingly detected.

#### 3.2.1 Kinematics

We begin by considering the kinematic properties of the gas. In what follows, we will adopt an LSR systemic velocity for NGC 1705 of $`v_{sys}`$ = 622 km s-1, which is derived from the HI$`\lambda `$21cm rotation curve (Meurer et al. 1998).

The mean radial velocity of the neutral gas lines listed in Table 1 is 590$`\pm `$11 km s-1 as determined by fitting Gaussian components to the observed absorption features. This implies a blue-shift of 32 km s-1 relative to $`v_{sys}`$, which is significantly larger than the uncertainty 11 km s-1 derived from the standard deviation of the line centroids. In contrast, the coronal gas traced by $`OVI`$ is significantly more blueshifted: $`v_{OVI}`$ = 545$`\pm `$10 km s-1, or $`vv_{sys}`$ = -77 km s-1. The warm photoionized gas appears to have intermediate velocities with the mean line centroid at 569$`\pm `$10 km s-1 ($`vv_{sys}`$ = -53 km s-1)222We exclude the highly saturated and very broad $`CIII\lambda `$977 line, which is discussed separately.

Further evidence for differing dynamics between the neutral and coronal gas comes from the line widths (see Figure 3). The weak (unsaturated) lines from the neutral phase have observed lines widths (FWHM) of roughly 70 km s-1, while the $`OVI\lambda `$1032 line has a broader structure (FWHM $``$ 100$`\pm `$10 km s-1). The lines from the photoionized gas are roughly the same width as the $`OVI`$ line.

The strongly saturated $`CIII\lambda `$977 and $`CII\lambda `$1036 lines allow us to probe the low-column density gas at extreme radial velocities. Relative to $`v_{sys}`$, the centroid of the $`CIII`$ line is blueshifted by 95$`\pm `$20 km s-1. The blueward edge of the line is blended with the HVC feature, but absorption extends to at least -260 km s-1 with respect to $`v_{sys}`$. Relative to $`v_{sys}`$, the $`CII\lambda `$1036 line centroid is blueshifted by 40$`\pm `$20 km s-1 km s-1 and absorption is present from at least -180 km s-1 (where the line is blended with the HVC feature) to roughly +70 km s-1. The HI$`\lambda `$21cm maps of NGC 1705 published by Meurer et al (1998) show emission from -94 to +86 km s-1 relative to $`v_{sys}`$. The velocity range of the redshifted gas seen in $`CII\lambda `$1036 is thus consistent with the kinematics of the normal neutral (turbulent?) ISM, but an additional component of highly blueshifted (outflowing) neutral gas is also present.

#### 3.2.2 Column Densities and Abundances

We have determined column densities by converting the observed absorption profiles into optical depth profiles and integrating over velocity (see Savage & Sembach 1991). We measured only the weaker (and thus, more-optically-thin) metal lines with equivalent widths $`W<`$ 250 mÅ. The results are given in Table 2.

For the lines in the neutral phase, we estimate the following column densities (log$`N`$): $`NI`$ (14.0), $`OI`$ (15.6), $`SiII`$ (14.6), $`ArI`$ (13.5), and $`FeII`$ (14.5). Heckman & Leitherer (1997) estimated that $`N_{HI}`$ = 1.5$`\times `$1020 cm-2 column towards NGC 1705-1 based on fitting the red side of the damped $`Ly\alpha `$ profile in the HST $`GHRS`$ data. We have fit the Ly$`\beta `$ and higher-order Lyman series lines in our $`FUSE`$ spectrum, and find $`N_{HI}`$ = 2$`\pm `$1 $`\times `$1020 cm-2 ($`b=35\pm `$5 km s-1). We adopt the mean of these two estimates: log$`N_{HI}`$ = 20.2$`\pm `$0.2. Since these species above should be the dominant state of their respective element in the neutral gas, we can estimate the following abundances (Anders & Grevesse 1989): \[N/H\]=-2.2, \[O/H\]=-1.5, \[Si/H\]=-1.1, \[Ar/H\]=-1.3, and \[Fe/H\]=-1.2. The absolute abundances are uncertain by 0.3 dex. With the exception of nitrogen, the abundances are marginally consistent with the metallicity of \[O/H\]=-0.9 derived for the nebular emission-line gas (Heckman et al. 1998). This is in agreement with expectations that we see ambient interstellar gas, rather than the much hotter gas that is polluted by recent supernova ejecta.

We confirm Sahu‘s (1998) finding of a low relative $`N`$ abundance, based on the $`NI`$ column density. As Sahu points out, the $`NII`$ ion can also make a significant contribution to the total $`N`$ column in the $`HI`$ phase (see Sofia & Jenkins 1998). We estimate log$`N_{NII}`$ = 14.7. Unless most of this is associated with the $`HI`$ phase, $`N`$ remains selectively underabundant. In fact, most of the observed $`NII`$ must be associated with the warm photoionized gas that dominates the total gas column along our line-of-sight (see below). This is implied by the kinematics of the $`NII\lambda `$1084 line, which has a significantly larger blueshift and FWHM than the lines arising in the neutral phase, but agrees with the other lines arisiing in the warm photoionized gas (Table 1; and see above). A low nitrogen abundance is typical of low-metallicity gas in dwarf galaxies, and is a consequence of a partly secondary nucleosynthetic origin for $`N`$ (e.g. van Zee, Haynes, & Salzer 1997). We do not confirm the low relative $`Fe`$ abundance noted by Sahu & Blades (1997). Finally, we see no evidence for the systematic gas-phase depletion of refractory elements (e.g. compare $`Fe`$ to $`Ar`$). The neutral gas in the outflow thus appears largely dust-free (e.g., Savage & Sembach 1996), consistent with the lack of detectable reddening in the UV spectrum of NGC 1705 (e.g., Meurer, Heckman, & Calzetti 1999).

The total column density in the warm photoionized gas is more uncertain. The weak $`SIII\lambda `$1012 and $`SIV\lambda `$1063 lines imply column densities log$`N_{SIII}`$ = 15.0 and log$`N_{SIV}`$ = 14.4. The $`SII`$ ion can also be adundant in photoionized gas. While the HST $`GHRS`$ spectrum covers a somewhat different sight-line (the 1.7$`\times `$1.7 arcsec Large Science Aperture was centered on NGC 1705-1), the $`SII`$ column density log$`N_{SII}`$ = 15.0 from Sahu & Blades (1997) is a useful additional constraint. The total implied column of ionized $`S`$ is log$`N_S`$ = 15.3. For an assumed value \[S/H\]=-0.9 (based on nebular emission-line metallicity), the total $`HII`$ column in the photoionized gas is log$`N_{HII}`$ = 20.9, or almost an order-of-magnitude greater than the $`HI`$ column.

The observed $`OVI\lambda `$1032 line yields an $`OVI`$ column density log$`N_{OVI}`$ = 14.3. Deriving the total column density of the coronal phase gas requires uncertain assumptions. For gas in collisional ionization equilibrium, $`OVI`$ reaches its peak relative abundance ($``$20% of the total $`O`$ abundance) at $`T`$3$`\times `$105 K (Sutherland & Dopita 1993). If we assume that \[O/H\]=-0.9 in the coronal phase gas (similar to the value in the optical emission-line gas), the implied minimum total $`HII`$ column in the coronal gas is then log$`N_{cor}`$ = 19.0. While uncertain, we note that this is a substantially smaller column than seen in the cooler gas.

### 3.3 Limits on OVI Emission

In addition to the blueshifted $`OVI`$ absorption-line produced by coronal gas on the frontside of the outflow, redshifted $`OVI`$ emission from the backside of the outflow must also be present. We do not detect such emission, but can set an interesting upper limit to its intensity. Combining our LiF1 and LiF2 spectra, we obtain a 3$`\sigma `$ upper limit on the flux of the redshifted $`OVI\lambda `$1032 emission-line of $`7.5\times `$10-15 erg cm-2 s-1. This limit assumes that the line would have a breadth similar to the blueshifted absorption-line ($``$ 100 km s-1).

We first correct this flux for forground dust extinction. The Galactic $`HI`$ column towards NGC 1705 is 1.3$`\times `$1020 cm-2, based on both the damped $`Ly\alpha `$ profile (Sahu 1998) and radio $`\lambda `$21cm observations (reported in Hensler et al. 1998). Adopting the standard extinction curve of Mathis (1990), the implied extinction at 1032Å is 0.3 magnitudes. The data discussed in section 3.2.2 imply that there is a negligible amount of dust extinction intrinsic to NGC 1705.

In the discussion below, we will be interested in the total $`OVI`$ luminosity of NGC 1705. To derive a global upper limit, we make a simple aperture correction to our observed limit. The portion of the backside of the NGC 1705 outflow included in our $`FUSE`$ aperture represents about 15% of the total surface area of the outflow (front and back sides), as mapped by Meurer et al. (1992). Thus, the global extinction-corrected $`OVI\lambda `$1032 flux from NGC 1705 is $``$ 6.5$`\times `$10-14 erg cm-2 s-1, and the corresponding luminosity is $``$ 3$`\times `$1038 erg s-1.

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 A Simple Model

The simplest physical model that can be compared to our data is an adiabatic expanding superbubble whose expansion is driven by the energy supplied by multiple supernovae (Weaver et al. 1977; Koo & McKee 1992). This is a natural model to use, since it appears to be a good first-order description of the properties of the $`H\alpha `$ emission line nebula in NGC 1705 (Meurer et al. 1992; Marlowe et al. 1995).

In this simple model, there are six concentric zones. From inside-out these are: $`1)`$ An innermost region inside which energy is injected by supernovae (the starburst). $`2)`$ A region of supersonic flow fed by the hot gas created in zone 1. $`3)`$ A region of hot gas (material from zone $`2`$ that has passed through an internal shock). $`4)`$ A conductive interface of intermediate-temperature gas created as the hot gas in zone $`3`$ heats the relatively cool, dense gas in zone $`5`$. $`5)`$ A thin dense shell of ambient gas that has been swept-up (shocked and then radiatively cooled) as the “piston” of hot gas in zone $`3`$ expands into the ISM. Depending on the available flux of ionizing radiation from the starburst, this shell may be partially or fully photoionized. $`6)`$ The undisturbed ambient ISM.

The dynamical evolution of a superbubble in the type of plane-parallel ISM appropriate to a starburst has been extensively discussed (see MacLow & Ferrara 1999 and references therein). Once the radius of the superbubble is several times the vertical scale-height of the ISM, its expansion will accelerate and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities will cause the outer shell (zone $`5`$) to fragment. This will allow the hot gas from the interior to escape from the ruptured superbubble and flow out into the galactic halo. This “blow-out” or “ break-out” stage marks the transition from superbubble to superwind.

### 4.2 Some Simple Inferences

Before considering the superbubble model in more detail, it is worthwhile to make some rough estimates of the mass and kinetic energy in the gas and compare these to expectations. To convert the observed column densities and outflow velocities into masses and kinetic energy, we will assume the following idealized model for the NGC 1705 outflow. Meurer et al. (1992) show that the morphology and kinematics of the emission-line nebula can be described as the expansion of a hollow prolate ellipsoid with a semi-major axis of 1.5 kpc and semi-minor axes of 0.5 kpc. Multiplying the surface area of this ellipsoid by our estimated column densities (see above) implies total gas masses of 5$`\times `$107, 1$`\times `$107, and 6$`\times `$105 $`M_{}`$ respectively in the warm photoionized gas, the neutral gas, and the coronal gas. The outflow speeds then yield corresponding kinetic energies of 1.6$`\times `$1054, 1$`\times `$1053, and 3$`\times `$1052 ergs.

The supernovae in the NGC 1705 starburst will supply kinetic energy at a mean rate of roughly 2$`\times `$1040 erg s-1 (Marlowe, Meurer, & Heckman 1999). The dynamical age of the expanding emission-line nebula is 10 to 15 Myr (Marlowe et al. 1995; Meurer et al. 1992), so the total amount of kinetic energy supplied by the starburst during this time is $`1\times `$1055 ergs. In the standard adiabatic superbubble model, the kinetic energy of the swept-up shell (zone $`5`$) will be about 19% of the total injected energy (e.g. MacLow & McCray 1988). Given the nature of our estimates, the rough agreement between the observed and available/predicted kinetic energies is gratifying.

The amount of mass returned directly by supernovae and stellar winds during the last 10-15 Myr will only be $``$10$`{}_{}{}^{5}M_{}^{}`$ (Leitherer & Heckman 1995). This is tiny compared to shell’s mass (see above), consistent with the basic superbubble model in which the shell is swept-up ambient ISM. In this case, the total gas column density seen by $`FUSE`$ (1021 cm-2) can be no larger than the total column density of the ISM prior to the expansion of the superbubble. The HI$`\lambda `$21cm maps in Meurer et al. (1998) show that the mean column density in the inner part of NGC 1705 is about 2$`\times `$1021 cm-2, consistent with this requirement.

The similarity between the total gas column of outflowing gas measured by $`FUSE`$ and the typical HI column in NGC 1705 implies that the dimensions of the superbubble must be at least comparable to the characteristic thickness of the ISM. This suggests that the superbubble is early in the blow-out stage of it dynamical evolution. Such an inference is also consistent with the patchy, filamentary morphology of the superbubble’s H$`\alpha `$ emission (Meurer et al. 1992; Marlowe et al. 1995), which suggests that the superbubble shell has begun to accelerate and fragment (see above).

The absorbing $`HI`$ column in NGC 1705 (log$`N_{HI}`$ = 20.2$`\pm `$0.2) is roughly an order-of-magnitude smaller than the column observed in emission at $`\lambda `$21cm in the same region (with the $``$30 arcsec $`ACTA`$ beam \- Meurer et al. 1998). This implies that roughly 90% of the $`HI`$ seen in the radio map lies behind the dominant source of far-UV light (the region around the super star cluster NGC 1705-1). That is, we infer that the superbubble is not symmetrically located within the HI disk of NGC 1705, but must be on the near side. Thus, the blow-out is apparently one-sided at present (cf. MacLow, McCray, & Norman 1989).

### 4.3 The Warm Photoionized Gas

The column density of gas along our line-of-sight is dominated by the warm ionized gas. This implies that the shell of swept-up material (zone $`5`$ in the superbubble) has been mostly photoionized by Lyman continuum radiation from the starburst. It is natural to identify the gas seen in absorption in the $`FUSE`$ data with the emission-line nebula studied by Marlowe et al. (1995) and Meurer et al. (1992).

The kinematics are consistent with this identification. Recall that the $`FUSE`$ sight-line is heavily weighted towards material within about 3 arcsec of the bright super star cluster NGC 1705-1. The echelle spectra of this region analyzed by Marlowe et al. (1995) and Meurer et al. (1992) show double-peaked H$`\alpha `$ emission-line profiles, with the blueshifted (redshifted) peak corresponding to emission from the front (back) side of the expanding superbubble. The measured LSR radial velocity of the blueshifted component is 560$`\pm `$20 km s-1 along the different position angles covered by their combined data sets. Within the uncertainties, this agrees with the mean velocity for the corresponding $`FUSE`$ absorption-lines (569$`\pm `$10 km s-1).

Since we now have a mass for the warm photoionized gas (§ 4.2), its H$`\alpha `$ luminosity (Marlowe et al. 1995) can be used to directly determine that the mean electron density in this material is $`n_e`$ 1 cm-3. We emphasize that this makes no assumptions about the volume filling-factor of the gas. Taking $`T`$104 K (typical of photoionized gas), the corresponding thermal pressure is P/k $``$ 2$`\times `$104 K cm-3. Can the starburst in NGC 1705 keep this gas photoionized? Taking $`n_e`$ 1 cm-3, the measured radius of the superbubble ($``$ 500 pc), and the Lyman continuum luminosity of NGC 1705 ($`Q`$ = 1052 s-1), the Stromgren thickness of the photoionized supershell will be $``$1021 cm and the column density of the ionized layer is then $``$1021 cm-2. This is in good agreement with the column density of photoionized gas we infer from the $`FUSE`$ data.

We can compare the basic dynamical properties of the warm ionized gas in NGC 1705 to the predictions of the superbubble model. In convenient units, the radius and expansion speed of the superbubble are given by:

$$r=0.7L_{mech,40}^{1/5}n_0^{1/5}t_7^{3/5}kpc$$
(1)
$$v=41L_{mech,40}^{1/5}n_0^{1/5}t_7^{2/5}km/s$$
(2)
for an adiabatic superbubble inflated by a kinetic energy injection rate $`L_{mech,40}`$ (in units of 1040 erg s-1) into a uniform medium with nucleon density $`n_0`$ for a time $`t_7`$ (in units of 107 years).

The age of the dominant super star cluster (NGC 1705-1) is well-constrained to be about 107 years (de Mello, Leitherer, & Heckman 2000). This agrees with the dynamical age ($`t=0.6r/v`$) of the superbubble (Marlowe et al. 1995; Meurer et al. 1992). The estimated kinetic energy injection rate due to supernovae is $`L_{mech,40}`$ = 2 (Marlowe, Meurer, & Heckman 1999). Finally, the HI column in the center of NGC 1705 implies a mean nucleon density of $`n_0`$1 cm-3 for an ISM thickness of 1 kpc. Our estimate of the swept-up mass of gas in the supershell (5$`\times `$107 $`M_{}`$) divided by volume enclosed by the supershell ($`5\times 10^{64}`$ cm3) likewise implies $`n_0`$1 cm-3. Equations 1) and 2) above then predict a radius of 0.8 kpc and an expansion velocity of 50 km s-1 for the supershell. Given the overly-simplistic model (spherical symmetry, constant density), we regard the agreement with the data as satisfactory.

### 4.4 The Neutral Gas

The neutral gas probed by $`FUSE`$ is significantly less blueshifted than the ionized gas, and must therefore have a different origin. For this gas to remain neutral, it must be optically-thick to the Lyman continuum radiation from the starburst. This condition implies that a slab of gas with a column density log$`N`$ = 20.2 located inside the superbubble (and thus at a distance $`r`$ 500 pc from an ionizing source with a Lyman continuum luminosity of $`Q=10^{52}`$ s-1) must have a density $`n>`$ 8 cm-3. Recall that the mean ISM density in NGC 1705 is roughly 1 cm-3. Moreover, log$`N`$ = 20.2 and $`n>`$ 8 cm-3 implies that the neutral absorbers must be very small (smaller than a few pc).

Thus, only relatively small dense clouds would be neutral. On-average, the clouds are outflowing, so most can not be in any undisturbed ambient medium in front of the superbubble’s outer shell. We therefore identify the outflowing material with clouds in the superbubble’s interior. These were presumably clouds in the ISM of NGC 1705 that were overtaken and engulfed as the superbubble propagated through the more tenuous inter-cloud medium. This would be a natural consequence of a multi-phase ISM (e.g., White & Long 1991).

The dynamical model here is one of dense clouds exposed to the outflowing hot gas in zones $`2`$ and $`3`$ of the superbubble. We would expect to see absorbing material that is injected from quiescent material at or near $`v_{sys}`$, and which is then accelerated up to some terminal velocity as it is transported outward by the hot outflow. Following Heckman et al. (2000), an interstellar cloud with column density $`N`$, originally located a distance $`r_0`$ from a starburst, will be accelerated by a spherically-symmetric outflow that carries an outward momentum flux $`\dot{p}`$ up to a terminal velocity given by:

$$v_{term}=100(\dot{p}/10^{32}dynes)^{1/2}(r_0/10^{21}cm)^{1/2}(N/10^{20}cm^2)^{1/2}km/s$$
(3)
We have chosen values for these parameters that are appropriate to the neutral gas in NGC 1705. The predicted velocity range of absorption relative to $`v_{sys}`$ would be $``$ 0 to -100 km s-1. This agrees tolerably well with the velocities of the blueshifted neutral gas observed in our $`FUSE`$ data.

### 4.5 The Coronal Gas

The detection of the interstellar $`OVI`$ absorption-line (the first in a starburst galaxy) is the most important result in this paper. We will organize our discussion of the coronal gas in NGC 1705 as follows.

We begin by making some simple inferences about the basic physical properties of the gas that are independent of any specific model for the origin of the gas (§ 4.5.1). In particular, in § 4.5.2 we point out that - independent of the detailed thermal/dynamical history of the gas - the observed $`OVI`$ column density and line width imply that we are observing gas that has been heated to $`T3\times 10^5K`$ and which then cools radiatively. These model-independent results can then be used to constrain the radiative cooling rate from the coronal gas and show that it is small compared to the supernova heating rate.

We then turn our attention to specific models for the $`OVI`$. We will not exhaustively consider all the possible alternative models (for example, conduction fronts associated with either the supershell fragments or the HI clouds discussed above). Instead we will describe the shortcomings of the standard superbubble model (§ 4.5.3), and then consider what we regard as an especially plausible alternative model in which the $`OVI`$ arises in a hydrodynamical interaction between hot outrushing gas and the dense, cooler fragments of the superbubble shell during the “blow-out” phase. This idea is considered analytically in §4.5.4 in the context of models of turbulent mixing layers, and then using numerical hydrodynamical models in §4.5.5.

#### 4.5.1 Basic Physical Properties

The combination of a detection of blueshifted $`OVI\lambda `$1032 in absorption and an upper limit to corresponding redshifted emission allows us to place an upper bound on the density and pressure in the coronal gas (since we know the column density, and have an upper limit to the emission-measure). This calculation only assumes reasonable symmetry between the front and back sides of the outflow averaged over the kpc-scale projected $`FUSE`$ aperture.

The $`OVI`$ ion is abundant only over a rather narrow temperature range (e.g. Sutherland & Dopita 1993), so we will assume $`T`$ 3$`\times `$105 K. The upper limit to the extinction-corrected $`OVI\lambda `$1032 flux in the $`FUSE`$ aperture corresponds to an upper limit to the $`OVI`$ intensity of $`I_{1032}2.5\times `$104 photons cm-2 s-1 ster-1. Following Shull & Slavin (1994), our observed $`OVI`$ column density then leads to an upper limit to the electron density in the coronal gas of $`n_e`$ 0.1 cm-3. The corresponding upper limit to the pressure is $`P/k6\times `$104 K cm-3.

We have estimated a pressure in the warm photoionized gas of $`P/k`$ 2$`\times `$104 K cm-3. The pressure in the coronal-phase gas probed by the $`OVI`$ ion should be the same, since zones $`3`$ through $`5`$ in the adiabatic superbubble model are isobaric (MacLow & McCray 1988). We note that the isobaric condition could be invalidated by the presence of a dynamically-significant magnetic field (in which case the thermal pressure in the coronal gas should be higher than in the denser photoionized material). However, our model-independent upper bound of $`P/k6\times `$104 K cm-3 in the coronal gas is only a factor of three higher than the pressure implied by an assumption of isobaric conditions. For $`T`$ 3$`\times `$105 K, our estimated pressure then implies that the characteristic density in the coronal gas is $`n_e`$3$`\times `$10-2 cm-3. For a metal abundance of 1/8 Solar in NGC 1705 (Heckman et al. 1998) the implied radiative cooling time from $`T`$ 3$`\times `$105 K is $`t_{cool}`$ = 1$`\times `$106 years (interpolating between the collisional-ionization-equilibrium models for different metallicities in Sutherland & Dopita 1993). The assumption of collisional-ionization-equilibrium is probably reasonable for $`OVI`$, since the relevant recombination times at our assumed density and temperature (Nahar 1999) are roughly an order-of-magnitude less than the radiative cooling time.

The estimated column density in the coronal gas in NGC 1705 is $``$1019 cm-2, so the above density implies a characteristic thickness for the absorbing material of $``$ 100 pc. If this path length is contributed by $`N`$ total clouds, the sound crossing time of a cloud is $`1.2\times 10^6N^1`$ years. Thus, the ratio of sound-crossing and radiative cooling times in a cloud is $`1.2/N`$ and the assumption that the coronal gas is in rough pressure-balance with its surroundings is therefore plausible.

We have estimated that the total mass of coronal-phase gas is $`6\times 10^5M_{}`$. The above cooling time then implies a cooling rate of $`\dot{M}`$ 0.6 $`M_{}`$ per year. This can be compared to the average rate at which mass has been swept up by the superbubble over its lifetime: $`\dot{M}M/t5\times 10^7M_{}/10^7`$ years $``$ 5 $`M_{}`$ per year. The implied cooling luminosity is $`\dot{E}=3/2kT\dot{M}/\mu m_H10^{39}`$ erg s-1. This is about 5% of the estimated rate at which the starburst supplies mechanical energy.

Thus, radiative cooling associated with the coronal gas should not dominate the dynamical evolution of the outflow. We note that radiative cooling from the hotter gas detected in soft X-rays ($`L_X10^{38}`$ erg s-1 \- Hensler et al. 1998) is significantly smaller than our estimate of $`\dot{E}`$, and is therefore negligible.

#### 4.5.2 The Origin of the Observed Column Density

Edgar & Chevalier (1986) have computed the expected column densities of various ions for the generic situation in which gas is heated to a temperature $`T_010^6`$K and then cools radiatively. The total column density of cooling gas is just given by $`N_{cool}=\dot{N}t_{cool}`$, where $`t_{cool}`$ is the radiative cooling time and $`\dot{N}`$ is the rate of cooling per unit area. For a flow speed $`v`$, mass conservation in the cooling flow implies $`v=\dot{N}/n_0`$. Thus, the cooling column can also be written at $`N_{cool}=n_0t_{cool}v`$.

It is important to note that $`N_{cool}`$ is independent of density, since $`t_{cool}n_0^1`$. Moreover, at coronal temperatures the cooling is dominated by metals, so $`N_{cool}t_{cool}Z^1`$ (where $`Z`$ is the metallicity). Since $`N_{OVI}N_{cool}Z`$, the characteristic $`OVI`$ column density in radiatively cooling coronal gas is essentially independent of density and metallicity and depends only on the value for $`v=\dot{N}/n_0`$. Edgar & Chevalier (1986) calculate that $`N_{OVI,cool}4\times 10^{14}`$ cm-2 ($`v`$/100 km/s). Calculations of $`OVI`$ production in high-speed radiative shocks give similar values (Dopita & Sutherland 1996). This fiducial column density agrees well with our measured values for $`N_{OVI}`$ and $`v`$ in NGC 1705.

This good agreement has two immediate implications. First, independent of the detailed dynamical and thermodynamical history of the $`OVI`$, this gas it is almost certainly the result of the radiative cooling of initially hotter gas. Second, we can now estimate the implied cooling rate.

Using the Edgar & Chevalier (1986) models, our observed value $`logN_{OVI}`$ = 14.3 implies that $`\dot{N}/n_0`$ = 5 $`\times `$ 106 cm s-1. In their models the gas cools from $`T_0=`$ 106 K (and we note that significantly higher values for $`T_0`$ in NGC 1705 are excluded by its low X-ray luminosity). Since we estimate $`P/k`$ = 2$`\times `$104 K cm-3, it follows that $`n_0`$ = 0.01 cm-3 at $`T_0=10^6`$K and thus $`\dot{N}`$ = 5 $`\times `$ 104 cm-2 s-1. To calculate the implied rate at which gas is cooling ($`\dot{M}=\dot{N}Am_H`$), we take a surface area $`A=6\times 10^{43}`$ cm2 for the NGC 1705 superbubble (see above), and find that $`\dot{M}=0.07M_{}`$ per year. As the gas cools from 106 K its cooling luminosity is $`\dot{E}=3/2kT\dot{M}/\mu m_H10^{39}`$ erg s-1. This is about 5% of the estimated rate at which the starburst supplies mechanical energy, which agrees well with the more naive estimate in § 4.5.1 above.

The above estimates of the cooling rate depend upon our assumed pressure. However, the upper limit to the luminosity of $`OVI\lambda `$1032 emission-line (§ 3.2.3) yields a pressure-independent upper limit to the cooling rates of $`\dot{M}`$ 0.3 $`M_{}`$ per year and $`\dot{E}`$ 4$`\times `$1039 erg s-1 (Edgar & Chevalier 1986). These limits are consistent with the above estimates.

#### 4.5.3 The Failure of the Simple Superbubble Model

In the simple superbubble model there are two plausible origins for the coronal gas. First, if the speed of outer shock driven into the ambient ISM is high enough, $`OVI`$ ions will be abundant behind this shock (in zone $`5`$). This does not appear to be feasible in NGC 1705, since the minimum required shock speed (post-shock temperature) is $``$ 150 km s-1 (3$`\times 10^5`$ K) - see Shull & McKee (1979) and Dopita & Sutherland (1996). This is significantly higher than the expansion speed measured in for the shell in NGC 1705: $``$ 53 km s-1, corresponding to a post-shock temperature of only 40,000 K.

Second, thermal conduction will transfer heat from zone $`3`$ to zone $`5`$ and create coronal-phase gas at the interface (zone $`4`$). Weaver et al. (1977) predict an $`OVI`$ column density in this material of

$$N_{OVI}=1\times 10^{14}Z_On_0^{9/35}L_{mech,40}^{1/35}t_7^{8/35}cm^2$$
(4)
where $`Z_O`$ is the oxygen abundance relative to Solar. For $`Z_O`$ = 1/8, the predicted value for $`N_{OVI}`$ is a factor of $``$15 smaller than we measure. In this case, $`N_{OVI}`$ is smaller than the value for radiatively cooled gas (§ 4.5.2) and has a direct dependence on the metallicity. This is because cooling in the conductively heated zone is dominated by adiabatic expansion losses (Weaver et al. 1977).

The relative velocity of $`OVI`$ absorption in NGC 1705 is also inconsistent with the simple superbubble model, which predicts that the outflow velocity in this material (zone $`4`$) will be substantially less than the outflow speed of the superbubble shell (zone $`5`$). Our data instead show that the $`OVI`$ outflow speed is probably even larger than that of the shell (77$`\pm `$10 vs. 53$`\pm `$10 km s-1 \- see above).

We conclude that the simple superbubble model does not account for the observed properties of the $`OVI`$ absorption-line in NGC 1705.

#### 4.5.4 Hydrodynamical Heating During Blow-Out

We have argued in § 4.5.2 that the $`OVI`$ arises in a flow of gas that has been heated to an initial temperature of $`T_03\times 10^5K`$ and which is then cooling radiatively. As discussed in § 4.5.3, this heating/cooling process does not correspond to the outer shock in the superbubble (zone 5) because the observed expansion velocity of the superbubble is too slow to produce $`OVI`$ behind this shock. In this section, we therefore consider a plausible alternative model.

We have argued above that that the superbubble in NGC 1705 is in the process of breaking out of the ISM of NGC 1705. During this phase, the expansion speed of the superbubble shell accelerates and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities will cause the shell (zone $`5`$) to fragment. This allows the hot X-ray emitting gas in zone $`4`$ to push its way out through the fragmented shell, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are believed to lead to the turbulent mixing of this hot outrushing gas with the cooler shell fragments (e.g. MacLow, McCray, & Norman 1989). Slavin, Shull, & Begelman (1993 hereafter SSB) have investigated the emission and absorption-lines produced by the intermediate-temperature (coronal phase) gas in these “turbulent mixing layers” (TMLs).

We emphasize that the kinematics of the $`OVI`$ absorbers in NGC 1705 are consistent with TMLs. The blueshift of the $`OVI`$ relative to the shell material is expected as the hot gas rushes out through “cracks” in the shell. The magnitude of this blueshift follows from SSB: the velocity of the intermediate temperature gas in the TML relative to the cool gas from which it is created is given by $`v_{tml}v_{hot}(T_{cool}/T_{hot})^{1/2}`$, where $`v_{hot}`$ is the relative flow speed between the gas at $`T_{cool}`$ and the outrushing hot gas at $`T_{hot}`$. For the photoionized shell fragments that dominate the mass in NGC 1705 $`T_{cool}10^4`$ K. Based on X-ray spectroscopy of dwarf starburst galaxies (della Ceca et al. 1996,1997; Hensler et al. 1998), $`T_{hot}=`$ few$`\times `$106 to 107 K. As this hot gas flows past the shell fragments, its maximum relative velocity will be roughly its sound speed (i.e. $`v_{hot}`$ 500 km s-1). Thus, for $`T_{cool}/T_{hot}`$ 10-3, $`v_{tml}=`$16 km s-1 for $`v_{hot}`$ = 500 km s-1. This can be compared with NGC 1705 where the $`OVI`$ absorption line is blueshifted by 24$`\pm `$10 km s-1 relative to the photoionized shell material.

As pointed out by SSB, the ionic column density per TML is independent of the pressure in the gas, but is directly proportional to the relative velocity of the cool and hot gas ($`v_{hot}`$). Also the $`OVI`$ column will be appreciable only if the maximum temperature of the TML exceeds $`3\times 10^5`$ K. Their models only extend up to $`v_{hot}`$ = 100 km s-1 and $`logT_{tml}`$ = 5.5, and these predict $`OVI`$ columns that are of-order 1012 cm-2 per TML. These values could be adjusted upward in TMLs with larger values for $`v_{hot}`$ and $`logT_{tml}`$. In terms of the arguments in § 4.5.2, the low $`OVI`$ columns in the TML models are partly attributable to the small relevant flow velocity in the TML: $`\dot{N}/n_0=v_{tml}=v_{hot}(T_{cool}/T_{hot})^{1/2}`$ 10 km s-1. It appears that of-order 102 TMLs per line-of-sight are needed in NGC 1705 (we see a ‘sea” of shell fragments, each with its own TML). Proportionately fewer TMLs would be needed for larger flow velocities.

### 4.6 Insights from Numerical Hydrodynamics

As an initial attempt to investigate qualitatively the dynamics of gas in the complex transitional stage between superbubble and superwind, we have performed several 2-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of a superbubble blowing out of a dwarf galaxy. We calculate the column densities and velocity structure of simulated lines of sight through these models, in particular the relative velocities of the warm and coronal phases that the $`FUSE`$ observations of NGC 1705 show can not be explained by the classic superbubble model.

The simulations were performed using the hydrodynamical code described in Strickland & Stevens (2000), with the initial conditions altered to roughly correspond to NGC 1705. These simulations were performed in cylindrical coordinates, assuming rotational symmetry around the $`z`$-axis (the minor axis of the galaxy). The hydrodynamical grid covers a region 2.5 kpc in radius by 2.5 kpc high along the $`z`$-axis with 500 by 500 equally sized cells.

The initial ISM was set up in rotating hydrostatic equilibrium. We use a King model for the gravitational potential, producing a rotational velocity at $`r=7`$ kpc of $`65`$ km s-1. The ambient gas was given a temperature of $`1.6\times 10^4`$ K, to approximate turbulent pressure support of the ISM, based on the $`15`$ km s-1 velocity dispersion of the HI gas. The resulting initial ISM density distribution has a peak number density (in the nucleus) of $`2.5`$ cm-3, a total column density through the galaxy along the minor axis of $`N_\mathrm{H}=3.5\times 10^{21}`$ cm-2, a vertical scale height of 0.2 kpc, and a total mass of $`M_{\mathrm{gas}}=8\times 10^7M_{}`$ (within $`r=2.5`$ kpc). These properties are all crudely similar to those observed in NGC 1705 (Meurer et al. 1998).

We modeled the return of mass and mechanical energy into the ISM from starburst event as a single instantaneous burst of star-formation, using the low metallicity models ($`Z=0.25Z_{}`$) of Leitherer & Heckman (1995). Appropriate amounts of mass and thermal energy were added at each computational time step to those cells within our assumed starburst region, a cylindrical region $`150`$ pc in radius and $`60`$ pc thick vertically.

Our fiducial model has a time-average mechanical luminosity of $`L_{mech}=2\times 10^{39}`$ erg s-1, somewhat weaker than the observed starburst NGC 1705, but chosen to give blow-out at $`t13`$ Myr (approximately the observed dynamical age of the superbubble in NGC 1705). At blow-out the radius of superbubble is $`500`$ pc in the plane of the galaxy, and about twice as large along the minor axis.

We assume an ISM metal abundance of 1/10 Solar for the purposes of calculating radiative cooling and column densities. We also performed other simulations to crudely explore parameter space: First, a simulation with a more powerful starburst ($`L_{mech}=7\times 10^{39}`$ erg s-1), which blows out earlier at $`t8`$ Myr but otherwise is very similar to the fiducial model in other properties. Second, a model using Solar abundance to investigate the scaling of column density with metal abundance. Third, a higher resolution model with twice the resolution in every dimension, to investigate the dependence of calculated properties on numerical resolution.

An example of the model is shown in Figure 4, which plots the density and temperature of the gas in our fiducial low-metallicity model at t = 12.5 Myr. The $`OVI`$ absorption seem in these simulations arises primarily in material at the interfaces between cool dense gas, e.g. in the shell of the superbubble or shell fragments after blow-out, and the hot ($`T>10^6`$ K) gas filling the bubble volume (see Figure 4). In almost all cases these interfaces are numerically unresolved.

We calculate the column density as a function of line-of-sight velocity profiles in each model at three different epochs (pre-, during, and post- blow-out, typically at $`t=10,13`$ and $`18`$ Myr respectively), for four different lines of sight from the nuclear starburst (assuming galaxy inclination angles of $`i=0,30,60`$ & $`80\mathrm{°}`$), and for two different ionic species that probe different observed phases in superwinds (warm gas: $`NII`$; coronal gas: $`OVI`$). Fractional ion abundances as a function of temperature were taken from Sutherland & Dopita (1993), which assume collisional ionization equilibrium. This a reasonable assumption in the case of $`OVI`$ (see above). It is also a reasonable mock-up of $`NII`$ (in reality, photoionization by stars in NGC 1705 keeps the gas containing $`NII`$ near $`T`$ 104, close to the temperature floor of 1.6 $`\times `$104 K in the simulations).

Much of the UV light in NGC 1705 comes from the compact central star cluster, but a significant fraction comes from a more diffusely spread component (Meurer et al 1995). The width of $`30\mathrm{}`$ FUSE aperture used corresponds to a projected width of $`900`$ pc at the distance of NGC 1705, so the observed spectrum is a sum over many slightly different lines of sight. To investigate the effect of this on the simulated absorption line profiles we explored two cases, which should bracket the real situation. In the first case we assumed all the light comes from a single point-like source at the center of the galaxy, and in the second case that the light comes from uniform surface brightness disk of radius $`300`$ pc. We found very little difference in the simulated absorption line profiles between the two methods, and so quote only results using the point-like light source.

For any particular model, the column densities and kinematics of the gas vary strongly between different sight lines, due to the structural complexity that arises in 2-D simulations (see Suchkov et al. 1994, Strickland & Stevens 2000). The total column densities (in either $`OVI`$ or $`NII`$) do not change systematically with time in these simulations. We find that the mean and variance in total column density is the same before, during and after blow-out, considering all 12 simulated lines of sight at each specific epoch.

As shown in Figure 5, we find $`OVI`$ column densities in the range $`\mathrm{log}N_{OVI}13\pm 0.5`$ in the low metallicity models ($`Z=0.1Z_{}`$), and $`\mathrm{log}N_{OVI}14\pm 0.5`$ in the Solar metallicity model. Only about 10% of the lines-of-sight in the low metallicity models have $`OVI`$ columns comparable to the observed value in NGC 1705. One reason for the failure of these simulations to reproduce the observed OVI column densities may be that there is insufficient numerical resolution to resolve the cooling zones between hot and cool gas, where the OVI-absorbing gas exists. Evidence to support this idea comes from comparing the predicted column densities in the fiducial model with those in the high resolution model. Although the predicted columns for low ionisation species always agree to within a factor 2, the predicted OVI column densities agree to within a factor 2 in only 50% of the sight lines, with the remaining sight lines differing by a factor of up to 30. The lack of thermal conduction in these models may also be partially responsible for the low OVI columns, although the arguments presented in § 4.5.3 suggest thermal conduction alone can not produce the observed OVI columns. Our simulations do show that the column density of lower ionization material is considerably higher than that of coronal material, and that this phase contains most of the mass in the outflow (consistent with our observations).

The column-weighted mean velocities for the coronal gas along the different sight-lines generally lie in the range $`v_{OVI}100`$ to $`0`$ km s-1, although the full range covers $`v_{OVI}320`$ to $`+50`$ km s-1 (Figure 5). This gas is typically more blue shifted, and has a wider range of outflow velocities, than the cooler gas in our simulations. For example, the typical velocity range for $`NII`$ is $`v_{NII}70`$ to $`0`$ km s-1 and the full range seen only covers $`v_{NII}110`$ to $`0`$ km s-1. The velocity range covered appears very similar in both low and Solar metallicity models, so it appears that the kinematics of the gas in these simulations is independent of the metal abundance. For $`OVI`$, the mean outflow velocity (and range of velocities), does appear to increase with time, moving from pre-blow-out through to post-blow-out. This is not the case for lower ionization species, e.g. the distribution of mean velocity for $`NII`$ is very similar at all three epochs.

In summary, while the numerical models underpredict the $`OVI`$ columns, they can explain one aspect of the observed data on NGC 1705. The mean outflow velocity of high-ionization gas probed by $`OVI`$ is as high as, or higher than, that of low-ionization gas. This is in contrast with the standard superbubble model in which the outflow speed in the coronal gas (zone $`4`$) is less than that of the superbubble shell. This result supports the idea that blow-out is responsible for the kinematics of the coronal phase in NGC 1705.

## 5 Implications

As summarized in § 1, probably the greatest uncertainty in assessing the impact of starburst-driven outflows on the evolution of dwarf galaxies is the importance of radiative cooling (which will directly determine the outflow’s dynamical evolution). In the absence of severe radiative cooling, both analytic arguments and hydrodynamical simulations imply that outflows like the one in NGC 1705 will easily blow-out of their galaxy’s ISM (e.g., MacLow & McCray 1988; Marlowe et al. 1995; Martin 1998,1999; MacLow & Ferrara 1999; Strickland & Stevens 2000). The hot gas that blows out of the superbubble will then be able to heat and chemically enrich the inter-galactic medium (e.g., Ponman et al. 1999; Tozzi, Scharf, & Norman 2000) and/or an extended gaseous halo surrounding the dwarf galaxy (Silich & Tenorio-Tagle 1998).

We will not repeat these arguments here, but simply note that within the context of the standard McKee & Ostriker (1977) formalism, the lack of radiative cooling would be a result of the exceedingly high supernova rate per unit volume, which leads to a porosity near unity in the ISM (i.e., the ISM within which the supernovae detonate is filled almost entirely with hot, diffuse gas). This is especially pertinent to NGC 1705, in which nearly half of the supernovae will detonate inside the pc-scale super-star-cluster NGC 1705-1.

Existing X-ray data establish that radiative cooling from hot ($`T10^6`$K) gas is energetically insignificant in NGC 1705 (Hensler et al. 1998) and other starburst galaxies (cf. Heckman 2000 and references therein). The new data from $`FUSE`$ are very instructive, since they directly probe for the coronal-phase ($`T10^510^6`$ K) gas near the peak of the cooling curve where hitherto-unobserved radiative cooling might be severe. As we showed in § 4.5.2 above, the observed $`OVI`$ column density ($`1.8\times 10^{14}`$ cm-2) and flow speed ($`10^2`$ km s-1) implies that we are seeing gas in the outflow that has been heated to $`T3\times 10^5`$ K and then radiatively cooled. We have estimated that the implied rate of radiative cooling is only $``$6% of the rate of supernova heating (§ 4.5.2). Thus, there is no place left to hide the radiation necessary to quench the supernova-driven outflow in NGC 1705.

What then is the fate of the outflowing gas? For an isothermal gravitational potential that extends to a maximum radius $`r_{max}`$, and has a virial velocity $`v_{rot}`$, the escape velocity at a radius $`r`$ is given by:

$$v_{esc}=v_{rot}[2(1+ln(r_{max}/r))]^{1/2}$$
(5)
The rotation curve for NGC 1705 implies $`v_{rot}`$ = 62 km s-1 (Meurer et al. 1998), and the rotation curve remains relatively flat out to the last measured point at $`r`$ = 7 kpc. Thus, the minimum escape velocity at the present location of the superbubble wall ($`r`$ 0.5 kpc) will be roughly 170 km s-1. This is significantly higher than the velocities of most of the outflowing gas that we observe in-absorption in NGC 1705. Thus, there is no direct evidence that most of this material will escape NGC 1705. Maps of the HI in NGC 1705 (Meurer et al. 1998) show that the large-scale ISM in NGC 1705 will not be strongly affected by the outflow (which will only puncture a few-kpc-scale hole in the central region of the HI disk).

On the other hand, the bulk of kinetic energy and most of the newly-created metals will reside in the hotter gas that is driving the superbubble’s expansion. The temperature of this gas will be $`>10^6`$ K (della Ceca et al. 1996,1997; Hensler et al. 1998) . We have argued that we are witnessing the blow-out phase in NGC 1705 in which this gas is vented through the fragmented superbubble wall. Following blow-out, in the absence of significant radiative cooling this hot gas will feed a galactic wind with a terminal velocity of at least 300 km s-1 (Chevalier & Clegg 1985). This is comfortably above $`v_{esc}`$ for any plausible value for $`r_{max}`$. Once the hot gas vents out of the ruptured superbubble, there is no known external medium to impede the resulting high-speed wind.

We conclude that NGC 1705 can eject most of the newly-created metals and kinetic energy returned by the central starburst over the past $``$ 107 years. If typical of dwarf starbursts, this process could help create the low metal abundances in dwarf galaxies (e.g., Dekel & Silk 1986; Lyden-Bell 1992) and contribute to the heating and chemical enrichment of the intergalactic medium (Ponman et al. 1999; Gibson et al. 1997; Ellison et al. 2000).

## 6 Conclusions

We have presented new $`FUSE`$ far-UV spectroscopy of the prototypical dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 1705. Previous optical and UV spectroscopy has established that the starburst in this galaxy is driving a large-scale outflow (Meurer et al. 1992; Marlowe et al. 1995). The $`FUSE`$ data are especially important because they probe the coronal-phase ($`T`$ 105 to 106 K) gas that may dominate the radiative cooling of the outflow, and thereby largely determine its dynamical evolution. The high quality of the data (spectral resolution of $``$ 30 km s-1 and a $`S/N`$ 16) gives us important new insight into all the phases in the ISM of this galaxy.

Firstly, we do not detect any $`H_2`$, with an upper limit of $`logN_{H2}`$ 14.6. This is similar to the results obtained by Vidal-Madjar et al. (2000) for the dwarf starburst IZw18. In the specific case of NGC 1705 the low $`H_2`$ abundance is consistent with Galactic sight-lines with similarly low $`E(BV)`$ (Savage et al. 1977).

We do detect absorption from three other phases of the ISM: neutral gas, warm photoionized gas, and coronal-phase gas (probed with the $`OVI\lambda `$1032 line). The total column densities (cm-2) in the three phases are $`logN`$ = 20.2, 20.9, and $``$19.0 respectively. The first is directly measured from Lyman series, while the latter two are estimated from the measured ionic columns assuming a metal abundance of 12% solar (as measured in the optical emission-line gas).

All the interstellar absorption-lines associated with NGC 1705 are broad ($``$ 102 km s-1) and blueshifted. Thus, gas is flowing out of NGC 1705 with $`(vv_{sys})`$ = -32, -53, and -77 km s-1 for the neutral, photoionized, and coronal gas respectively.

The mass and kinetic energy in the outflowing gas probed by $`FUSE`$ is dominated by the warm photoionized gas, which is also seen via its optical line-emission. The size, morphology, outflow speed, mass, kinetic energy, and dynamical age of this structure are all consistent with a simple model of an adiabatic superbubble whose expansion is driven by a piston of hot gas created by the cumulative effect of the supernovae in the starburst (e.g., Weaver et al. 1977).

In contrast, we have shown that the neutral gas must reside in relatively small dense clumps in order to be optically-thick in the Lyman continuum. We attribute the outflowing material to clouds in the ISM that have been overtaken by the superbubble and accelerated by the outflowing hot gas.

The properties of the coronal gas probed with $`OVI\lambda `$1032 are inconsistent with the predictions of the simple superbubble model. The observed expansion speed of the superbubble (53$`\pm `$10 km s-1) is too small to produce $`OVI`$ behind its shock-front. The blueshift of the $`OVI`$ line is larger than that of superbubble shell (while the model predict that it should be substantially smaller). Finally, the observed $`OVI`$ column ($`logN_{OVI}`$ = 14.3) is a factor of $``$15 too large compared to the superbubble model (in which such gas arises in a conductively-heated and adiabatically-cooled interface between hot gas and the cool outer superbubble shell).

We therefore proposed the following origin for the $`OVI`$ absorber, and have investigated its plausibility via numerical hydrodynamical models. The morphology and relative size-scale of the superbubble implies that it has begun to “break out” or “blow out” of the ISM in the disk of this galaxy. During the blow-out phase, the superbubble shell will accelerate and then fragment (e.g., MacLow & McCray 1988). As it fragments, the piston of hot gas inside the superbubble will flow out through the “cracks”, and the resulting hydrodynamical interaction between this outrushing gas and the shell fragments will create intermediate-temperature coronal gas that can produce the observed $`OVI`$ absorption (e.g., Slavin et al. 1993). This process accounts nicely for the observed kinematics of the $`OVI`$ absorption. We also emphasized that for the observed flow speed of $`10^2`$ km s-1, the observed $`OVI`$ column density is just what is expected for gas that has been collisionally-ionized and then radiatively-cooled, independent of its density or metallicity and independent of any specific hydrodynamical model (Edgar & Chevalier 1986).

We have argued that the coronal gas should be in rough pressure-balance with the warm photoionized gas (whose pressure we determined to be $`P/k=2\times 10^4`$ K cm-3). This allowed us to estimate cooling rates of $``$0.07 $`M_{}`$ per year and $``$1039 erg s-1 in the coronal gas, based on the $`OVI`$ absorption-line. Independent of the gas pressure, the lack of redshifted $`OVI`$ emission from the backside of the outflow implies upper limits to the cooling rates of $``$0.3 $`M_{}`$ per year and $`4\times 10^{39}`$ erg s-1. The rate of radiative cooling due to hotter ($`T10^6`$ K) gas is negligible in comparison (Hensler et al. 1998). Since the rate of supernova-heating in NGC 1705 is $`2\times 10^{40}`$ erg s-1 (Marlowe et al. 1999), we have argued that radiative cooling is not dynamically important in the NGC 1705 outflow.

In the absence of significant radiative cooling, the superbubble in NGC 1705 should be able to blow out of the ISM. Based on the relatively low outflow velocities, it is unlikely that the absorption-line gas we observe with $`FUSE`$ will escape from the galaxy. Likewise, the bulk of the global ISM ($`HI`$) in NGC 1705 will be retained (cf. De Young & Heckman 1994; MacLow & Ferrara 1999). However, we have argued that the hotter gas that drives the outflow (and which is now being vented out of the ruptured superbubble) can escape and thereby carry away most of the kinetic energy and newly-created metals supplied by the starburst. This process has potentially important implications for the evolution of both dwarf galaxies and the IGM.

We thank the members of the $`FUSE`$ team for providing this superb facility to the astronomical community. We thank Colin Norman and Robin Shelton for enlightening discussions, and an anonymous referee for a detailed and thoughtful report that improved the paper. This work was supported in part by NASA grants NAG5-6400 and NAG5-9012. DKS is supported by NASA through Chandra Postdoctoral Fellowship Award Number PF0-10012, issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of NASA under contract NAS8-39073.


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# A New SX Phe Star in the Globular Cluster M15

## 1 Introduction

SX Phoenicis stars are short-period ($`<0^d.1`$) pulsating variable stars. They have low metallicities and high spatial motions typical of Population II (Rodríguez & Lopéz-González, 2000). They are located in a blue straggler region in the HR diagram and within the lowest section of the classical Cepheid instability strip. The characteristics of these stars are not yet fully explained by current stellar theories.

Only a few field SX Phe stars are known at present, and most of the known SX Phe stars were discovered in galactic globular clusters and in two dwarf spheroidal galaxies, Carina and Sagittarius. Recently, Rodríguez & Lopéz-González (2000) published a catalogue of SX Phe stars in galactic globular clusters including those in the two dwarf spheroidal galaxies. They listed a total of 122 SX Phe stars belong to 18 globular clusters and 27 belonging to 2 galaxies, covering information published until January, 2000. Since the initial discovery of SX Phe stars in the globular cluster $`\omega `$ Cen (Niss, 1981), the identification rate of these stars in globular clusters has increased rapidly in the last decade (see Figure 1 in Rodríguez & Lopéz-González (2000)).

In this paper we report the first discovery of an SX Phe star (hereafter referred to as SXP1) in the globular cluster M15 (RA = 21h 29m 58$`\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{.}}`$3, DEC = +12$`\mathrm{°}`$ 10$`\mathrm{}`$ 01$`\mathrm{}`$, J2000; Harris (1996)). M15 has an extremely low metallicity \[Fe/H\] $`=2.25`$, an interstellar reddening $`E(BV)=0.10`$, and a distance modulus $`(mM)_V=15.37`$ (Harris, 1996). There are 126 known variable stars in M15 but no SX Phe star had yet been discovered in this cluster (Clement, 2000). Preliminary results from this study were presented by Jeon et al. (2000).

## 2 Observations and Data reduction

### 2.1 Observations

We have obtained $`UBVI`$ CCD images of M15 on the photometric night of September 13, 1998, and a series of $`BV`$ CCD images of M15 on four nights from August 12th to 16th, 1999 and over 2 nights from September 25th to 26th, 2000. A total of 194 (over $``$29.7 hours), and 232 (over $``$32.1 hours) frames were obtained for $`B`$\- and $`V`$-bands, respectively. The observation log is listed in Table 1.

The CCD images were obtained with a thinned SITe 2k CCD ($`2048\times 2048`$ pixels) camera attached to the 1.8m telescope at the Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory (BOAO). The size of the field of view of a CCD image is $`11\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}6\times 11\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}6`$ at the f/8 Cassegrain focus of the telescope. The readout noise and gain of the CCD are 7.0$`e^{}`$ and 1.8e$`{}_{}{}^{}/`$ADU, respectively. We used the $`2\times 2`$ binning mode, resulting in a pixel scale of $`0.6876`$ arcsec per pixel. A greyscale map of a $`V`$ CCD image of M15 is shown in Figure 1.

### 2.2 Data Reduction

Using the IRAF/CCDRED package, we processed the CCD images to correct overscan regions, trim unreliable subsections, subtract bias frames and correct flat field images. Instrumental magnitudes were obtained using the point spread function fitting photometry routine in the IRAF/DAOPHOT package (Massey & Davis, 1992).

The instrumental magnitudes of the stars in M15 observed on September 13, 1998 were transformed to the standard system using photometry of the Landolt standard stars obtained on the same night as M15 (Landolt, 1992). Then the time-series $`BV`$ data were calibrated using these data. Detailed analysis and results of the $`UBVI`$ photometry of M15 will be presented elsewhere (Jeon et al., 2001a).

We applied the ensemble normalization technique (Gilliland & Brown, 1988; Kim et al., 1999) to normalize instrumental magnitudes between time-series CCD frames. We used about a hundred normalizing stars ranging from 14$`\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$0 to 17$`\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$5 for the $`V`$-band and from 13$`\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$5 to 17$`\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$3 for the $`B`$-band except for variable stars and central stars within r $`<`$ 1$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$5. The normalization equation is

$$BorV=m+c_1+c_2(BV)+c_3P_x+c_4P_y$$
(1)
where $`B,V`$, and $`m`$ are the standard and instrumental magnitudes of the normalizing stars, respectively. $`c_1`$ is the zero point and $`c_2`$ is the color coefficient. $`c_3`$ and $`c_4`$ are used to correct position dependent terms such as atmospheric differential extinction and variable PSF.

## 3 Light Curves of the First SX Phe Star in M15 and Frequency Analysis

After photometric reduction of the time-series frames, we inspected luminosity variations for about 21,000 stars to search for variable stars. We confirmed 86 previously known RR Lyrae stars and one Cepheid variable, and discovered 16 new variable stars in the cluster: two faint eclipsing binaries, two long-period variable stars, three RR Lyrae stars, eight variable candidates, and one SX Phe star (SXP1). Here we report only the results on the SX Phe star, and detailed results on the other variable stars will be published elsewhere (Jeon et al., 2001b).

There had been hitherto no previously known eclipsing binaries or SX Phe stars in M15 (Rodríguez & Lopéz-González, 2000; Clement, 2000). SXP1 is the first SX Phe star discovered in M15. SXP1 is located 102$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$8 north and 285$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$6 west of the center of M15, as marked by the V in Figure 1. The coordinates of SXP1 are RA(2000) = 21h 29m 39$`\stackrel{\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{.}}`$4 and DEC(2000) = $`+12\mathrm{°}`$ 11$`\mathrm{}`$ 43$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$4.

$`BV`$ light curves (dots) of SXP1 we obtained are displayed in Figure 2. The curves are sinusoidal with short periods and low amplitudes showing that SXP1 is a pulsating variable star. The maximum amplitudes of SXP1 in the $`B`$\- and $`V`$-bands are estimated to be $`0\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}17`$ and $`0\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}15`$, respectively. It should be noted that there are amplitude-modulating features in the light curves of SXP1, implying the excitation of closely\[ \]separated pulsating frequencies.

We have performed multiple-frequency analysis to find the pulsating frequencies of SXP1 using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method and linear least-squares fitting method (Kim & Lee, 1996). Figure 3 displays the power spectra of SXP1 for the $`B`$\- and $`V`$-bands. The top panel in Figure 3 shows the spectral window, and the other panels represent the pre-whitening processes. A primary frequency at $`f_1=24.630`$ c/d for both bands is evident. After the primary frequency $`f_1`$ is prewhitened (the third panels from the top in Figure 3), the secondary frequency is detected at $`f_2=24.338`$ c/d for the $`B`$-band and 24.343 c/d for the $`V`$-band. Since the amplitude signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) are larger than 4 (Breger et al., 1993), the secondary frequencies can be accepted as intrinsic frequencies. After removing synthetic curves with the two frequencies from the data, the residual light curves indicate that there are no more frequencies detectable in the data (see the bottom panels in Figure 3). The results of the multiple-frequency analysis for SXP1 are summarized in Table 2. Synthetic light curves obtained from this analysis are superimposed on the data in Figure 2, and show good agreement.

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 SXP1: an SX Phe star or a $`\delta `$ Sct star?

In Figure 4, we show the position of SXP1 in the color-magnitude diagram (hereafter CMD) of M15. SXP1 is found to be located in the blue straggler region along an extension of the main sequence, in a region brighter and bluer than the main sequence turnoff point. The mean magnitudes of SXP1 are $`<`$$`B`$$`>`$ = $`18\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}671`$ and $`<`$$`V`$$`>`$ = $`18\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}445`$. Based on the position of SXP1 in the CMD in conjunction with its pulsation period and amplitude, it could either be an SX Phe star in the globular cluster or a field $`\delta `$ Scuti star. In order to define the pulsating type of SXP1 more clearly, we examined the $`V`$-amplitude versus period diagram for SX Phe stars and $`\delta `$ Scuti stars in Figure 5. The sources of the data are Rodríguez et al. (2000) for field SX Phe stars and $`\delta `$ Scuti stars, and Rodríguez & Lopéz-González (2000) for SX Phe stars in galactic globular clusters. Figure 5 shows that the $`V`$-amplitude and period of SXP1 is consistent with those for other SX Phe stars in globular clusters and that the $`V`$-amplitude of SXP1 is much larger than those of $`\delta `$ Scuti stars with the same period. This shows that SXP1 is an SX Phe star, not a $`\delta `$ Scuti star.

### 4.2 Membership of SXP1

Following the suggestion of McNamara (1997) that SX Phe stars with $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$$`V`$ $`0\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}20`$ can be classified as first-overtone pulsators, we can assume that SXP1 is a first-overtone pulsator. After fundamentalizing the dominant frequency $`f_1`$ by assuming a fundamental to first overtone period ratio $`P_1/P_0=0.778`$, we obtain the absolute magnitude of SXP1, $`M_V=2\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}84`$ and the distance modulus, $`(mM)_V=15\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$61 using the period-luminosity ($`PL`$) relation given by McNamara (1997; his Eq.(4), $`M_V=3.725\mathrm{log}P_01.930`$ ).

Recently, McNamara (2001) established the equations for the magnitudes of the horizontal branch and the main-sequence turnoff: $`M_V(HB)=0.30[Fe/H]+0.92`$ and $`M_V(TO)=0.34[Fe/H]4.48`$. Using these equations we obtain $`M_V(HB)`$ = 0.24 and $`M_V(TO)`$ = 3.71 for \[Fe/H\] = –2.25, the metallicity of M15. From the color magnitude diagram of M15 (see Fig. 4), the magnitudes of the horizontal branch and the main-sequence turnoff are, respectively, $`V(HB)`$ = 15.80 and $`V(TO)`$ = 19.30. Therefore, the corresponding absolute magnitudes of SXP1 are $`M_V`$ = 2$`\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$88 from $`M_V(HB)`$ and 2$`\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$85 from $`M_V(TO)`$. These are in good agreement with the absolute magnitude of SXP1, $`M_V`$ = 2.84 derived from the P-L relation.

If we use the period-luminosity-metallicity ($`PL`$ \[Fe/H\]) relation given by Nemec et al. (1994), $`M_V=2.56\mathrm{log}P_0+0.32`$\[Fe/H\] $`+0.36`$ , we obtain the distance modulus of $`(mM)_V=15\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$49, adopting the cluster metallicity \[Fe/H\] $`=2.25`$ (Harris, 1996). These two results are consistent within 2$`\sigma `$ (for $`PL`$ relation) or 1$`\sigma `$ (for $`PL`$ \[Fe/H\] relation) error with the distance modulus of M15, $`(mM)_V=15\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}`$37 $`\pm 0\stackrel{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{.}}15`$ (Harris, 1996). The fundamentalized $`f_1`$ period and \[Fe/H\] relation of SXP1 is also consistent with the metallicity-period relation of other SX Phe stars in the galactic globular clusters (Rodríguez & Lopéz-González, 2000), as shown in Figure 6. All of these facts support the contention that SXP1 is a member of M15, and also an SX Phe star in the cluster.

### 4.3 Two close frequencies of SXP1

It should be noted that the two detected frequencies of SXP1 are very closely separated (frequency ratio = 0.988). This is often seen in the case of low-amplitude $`\delta `$ Scuti stars, but it is very rare for SX Phe stars. Up to now, only one SX Phe star, BL Cam (Zhou et al., 1999), among the known SX Phe stars is known to have very closely separated frequencies (frequency ratio $``$ 0.95). These frequencies can be explained by excitation of a nonradial mode (Zhou et al., 1999). However, the excitation of nonradial modes has not yet been physically understood in the case of SX Phe stars with relatively high amplitudes. Recently, nonradial pulsation components were also detected from the frequency analysis of first overtone RR Lyrae stars (Alcock et al., 2000). To identify the pulsation mode of SXP1, we tried to obtain the phase differences between the color index ($`BV`$) and the $`V`$ magnitude (Garrido, 2000), but failed because our data are not of sufficient quality to obtain the variation of color index. Better data are needed to identify the pulsation mode of SXP1.

## 5 Summary

We have discovered the first SX Phe star (SXP1) in the globular cluster M15 from $`BV`$ CCD photometry. Table 3 summarizes physical parameters of SXP1 derived in this study. Two very closely separated frequencies are detected in the light curves of SXP1, which could be explained by excitation of a nonradial mode.

We are grateful to the referee, D. H. McNamara for useful comments.