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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

This is the first of two papers on the elliptic Calogero-Sutherland model, providing details and proofs of various results announced in Ref. \[L1\] and culminating in an algorithm to solve this model \[L2\]. The results here are based on loop group techniques: we relate this model to a quantum field theory model of anyons which, as we believe, is interesting also in its own right. We have attempted to keep our discussion reasonably self-contained (and in particular explain all the physics terminology we use) and make it accessible also for mathematicians.

In this Chapter we specify what we mean by finite temperature anyons and second quantization, and we also provide some background to the elliptic Calogero-Sutherland model. We then give the plan for the rest of the paper by summarizing our results.

Background: By anyons we mean quantum fields $`\varphi (x)`$ parametrized by a coordinate $`x`$ on the circle, $`\pi x<\pi `$, obeying exchange relations

$$\varphi (x)\varphi (y)=\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}\pi \lambda }\varphi (y)\varphi (x)$$
(1)
where $`\lambda >0`$ is the so-called statistics parameter. These anyons generalize bosons and fermions which correspond to the special cases where the phase factor $`\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}\pi \lambda }`$ is $`+1`$ and $`1`$, respectively.111The name anyons is due to the fact that this can be any phase in general. Mathematically, these anyons are operator valued distributions on some Hilbert space $``$, and our construction amounts to giving a precise mathematical meaning to these objects and defining and computing anyon correlation functions. The latter are given by a linear functional $`\omega `$ on the $``$-algebra generated by the anyons (the $``$ is the Hilbert space adjoint). We construct a particular representation of the anyons which is such that the anyon correlation functions are given by elliptic functions with the nome

$$q=\mathrm{exp}(\beta /2),\beta >0$$
(2)
where $`\beta `$ can be interpreted as inverse temperature. For example, the simplest non-trivial anyon correlation function which we obtain is

$$\omega (\varphi (x)^{}\varphi (y))=const.\theta (xy)^\lambda $$
(3)
where

$$\theta (r)=\mathrm{sin}(r/2)\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(12q^{2n}\mathrm{cos}(r)+q^{4n})$$
(4)
is equal, up to a multiplicative constant, to the Jacoby Theta function $`\vartheta _1(r/2)`$. This function, or rather its regularized version defined in Eq. (48), will play a prominent role in this paper. We also mention a particular element $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ in the anyon Hilbert space $``$ which can be interpreted as the thermal vacuum since it allows to compute the anyon correlation functions as vacuum expectation value, i.e., $`\omega ()=\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }`$ ($`,`$ is the inner product in the anyon Hilbert space). Our construction provides another example of a quantum field theory model which can be made mathematically precise using the representation theory of loop groups (see e.g. \[PS\]). A main difficulty is what physicists call ultra-violet divergences: the anyons $`\varphi ^{()}(x)`$ are operator valued distributions and thus products of them need to be defined with care. For example, the relation in Eq. (1) becomes problematic for $`x=y`$, and this difficulty also manifests itself in the anyon correlation function in Eq. (3) which is singular for $`xy`$. The approach we use provides a particularly simple solution to this problem (we will describe the main idea in the Summary below).

It is interesting to note that this very same quantum field theory model of anyons, for odd integers $`\lambda `$, has been used in the theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect \[W\]. We also note that different constructions of finite temperature anyons on the real line were recently given in \[IT, LMP\], and (many of) the results there can be (formally) obtained from ours by rescaling variables $`x2\pi x/L`$ and $`\beta 2\pi \beta /L`$ (which changes the circumference of the circle from $`2\pi `$ to an arbitrary length $`L>0`$) and taking the limit $`L\mathrm{}`$.

We now give some background to the elliptic Calogero-Sutherland (eCS) model. The eCS model is defined by the differential operator

$$H_N=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{^2}{x_j^2}+\gamma \underset{1j<kN}{}V(x_jx_k)$$
(5)
with $`\pi x_j\pi `$ coordinates on the circle $`S^1`$, $`N=2,3,\mathrm{}`$, $`\gamma >1/2`$, and

$$V(r)=\frac{^2}{r^2}\mathrm{log}\theta (r),$$
(6)
$`\theta `$ as in Eq. (4). This function $`V(r)`$ is equal, up to an additive constant, to Weierstrass’ elliptic function $`\mathrm{}(r)`$ with periods $`2\pi `$ and $`\mathrm{i}\beta `$ (see Eq. (103) in Appendix A for the precise formula). This differential operator defines a selfadjoint operator on the Hilbert space of square integrable functions on $`[\pi ,\pi ]^N`$ which provides a quantum mechanical model of $`N`$ identical particles moving on a circle of length $`2\pi `$ and interacting with a two body potential proportional to $`V(r)`$ where $`\gamma `$ is the coupling constant.222As will be discussed in more detail in \[L2\], this model corresponds to a particular self-adjoint extension \[KT\] which, for positive $`\gamma `$, is the Friedrich’s extension of $`H_N`$; see e.g. Theorem X.23 in Ref. \[RS\]. This model is a prominent integrable many body system (a standard review is Ref. \[OP\]). In particular the limiting case $`q=0`$ where the interaction potential becomes a trigonometric functions, $`V(r)=(1/4)\mathrm{sin}^2(r/2)`$, is the celebrated Sutherland model whose complete solution was found about 30 years ago \[Su\]. This explicit solution plays a central role in remarkably many different topics in theoretical physics including matrix models, quantum chaos, QCD, and two dimensional quantum gravity (for review see, e.g., Ref. \[G\], Sect. 7). There is also an interesting relation between the Sutherland model and the theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect (see e.g. \[IR, W, YZZ\]) which will be discussed in more detail below. We note that eigenfunctions of the eCS differential operator in Eq. (5) are known only for $`N=2`$ and/or integer values of the coupling parameter333If we write $`\gamma `$ as in Eq. (9) below then the coupling parameter is equal to $`\lambda `$. $`(1+\sqrt{1+2\gamma })/2`$: For $`N=2`$ these are classical results on Lamé’s equation (see e.g. \[WW\]) which recently were generalized \[EK, R\] and extended to $`N>2`$ \[FV1, FV2\].

Of course, the differential operator in Eq. (5) does not define a unique self-adjoint operator, but our approach will automatically specify a particular self-adjoint extension \[L2\] (which for $`q=0`$ is identical with the one solved by Sutherland \[Su\]; we note that some of the known eigenfunctions of the eCS differential operator mentioned are singular and do not correspond to that particular self-adjoint extension).

By a second quantization of the eCS model we mean one operator $`=^{}`$ on the anyon Hilbert space $``$ which accounts for the eCS Hamiltonians $`H_N`$ in Eq. (5) for all particle numbers $`N`$. To be more specific, the commutator of this operator $``$ with a product of $`N`$ anyons

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^N(𝐱):=\varphi (x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi (x_N)$$
(7)
is essentially equal to the eCS Hamiltonian applied to this very product, i.e.,

$$[,\mathrm{\Phi }^N(𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }=H_N\mathrm{\Phi }^N(𝐱)\mathrm{\Omega }$$
(8)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the above-mentioned thermal vacuum, and the coupling constant of the eCS model is determined by the statistics parameter of the anyons as follows,

$$\gamma =2\lambda (\lambda 1).$$
(9)
Such a second quantization was previously known in the trigonometric limit (corresponding to zero temperature) \[MP, AMOS, I, MS, CL\], and in this paper we generalize it to the elliptic case. It is remarkable that this generalization is most natural from a physical point of view: it amounts to going from zero- to finite temperature. In the trigonometric limit (corresponding to zero temperature), this second quantization has provided an interesting direct link between the Sutherland model and the theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect, and we expect that our finite temperature generalization should be interesting in this context, too. However, our main motivation and emphasis is mathematical: In Ref. \[CL\] the second quantization of the Sutherland model was used to derive an algorithm for constructing eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Sutherland model and thus recover the solution of Sutherland \[Su\]. We will use the second quantization to derive a remarkable identity for the anyon correlation function $`F_N(𝐱,𝐲)=\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }^N(𝐱)^{}\mathrm{\Phi }(𝐲)\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (see Proposition 3) which, as we will outline in the conclusions of the paper, is the starting point for a novel algorithm for solving the eCS model \[L2\]. To obtain this identity we will need444$`[a,b]:=abba`$

$$\mathrm{\Omega },[,\mathrm{\Phi }^N(𝐱)^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^N(𝐲)]\mathrm{\Omega }=0$$
(10)
which is the second important property of $``$ and in fact the one which restricts us to interactions $`V(r)`$ which are Weierstrass elliptic functions (Eq. (8) actually holds true in more generality).

Summary of results: In Section 2 we construct anyons, i.e., give a precise mathematical meaning to the quantum fields $`\varphi (x)`$ and compute all anyon correlation functions. The basic idea of our construction is to use vertex operators similar to the ones used in string theory (see e.g. \[P\]) and which we make mathematically precise using the representation theory of the loop group of U(1) (in the spirit of Ref. \[Se\]). We deviate from a similar previous construction of zero temperature anyons \[CL\] in that we use a somewhat unusual class of reducible representation of this loop group which, in special cases of particular interest to us, can be interpreted as finite temperature representations (the precise statement and proof of this is given in Appendix B.3). Technically, we account for the distributional nature of the quantum fields $`\varphi (x)`$ by using a regularization which, roughly speaking, is a generalization of the idea to represent distributions as limits of smooth functions (e.g. the delta distribution on the circle as limit $`\epsilon 0`$ to the smooth function $`\delta _\epsilon (x)=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}/(2\pi )_n\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon )`$). In a similar manner, we will construct regularized anyons $`\varphi _\epsilon (x)`$ which for $`\epsilon >0`$ can be multiplied without ambiguities and obey Eq. (1) only in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$. We perform that latter limit at a later point where it can be taken without difficulty.555One can interpret $`1/\epsilon `$ as ultra violet cut-off. For simplicity, we will regard all quantum fields only as sesquilinear forms (using results in the literature, e.g. from Refs. \[CR, GL\], one can prove that many sesquilinear forms which we construct can be extended to well-defined operators, but since we actually do not need these results we will only mention them in passing). In Section 2.1 representations of the loop group of U(1) are defined, and we also collect some important technical results which we will use throughout the paper (Lemma 1). The definition and main properties of these regularized anyons, and in particular explicit formulas for all anyon correlation functions, are given in Section 2.2 (Proposition 1).

In Section 3 the second quantization of the eCS model is constructed. We will give an explicit formula for $``$ and prove that it indeed obeys Eqs. (8) and (10), or rather, a generalization of these relation for regularized anyons, i.e., with the parameters $`\epsilon `$ inserted. In particular, we will get, instead of the eCS differential operator $`H_N`$ in Eq. (5), a regularized operator $`H_N^{2\epsilon }`$ which, roughly speaking, is obtained by replacing the singular potential $`V(r)`$ by a potential $`V_{2\epsilon }(r)`$ where the $`1/r^2`$-singularity of the Weierstrass $`\mathrm{}`$-function is regularized to $`1/(r+\mathrm{i}\epsilon )^2`$. We will explicitly give the $`\epsilon `$-corrections to Eq. (8). These results are summarized in Proposition 2. The proof is by explicit, lengthy computations which we divide in Lemmas and partly defer to Appendix C. We note that it is precisely this $`\epsilon `$-regularization which determines the self-adjoint extension of the eCS differential operator for us (however, this will only become important for us in the second paper \[L2\]).

In Section 4 we derive a remarkable identity (Proposition 3) providing the starting point for constructing eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the eCS model. In the conclusions (Section 5) we only state the theorem underlying this algorithm and outline its proof based on Propositon 3 (this algorithm will be elaborated in Ref. \[L2\]).

Identities about (regularized) elliptic functions which we need are collected and proven in Appendix A. Appendix B contains a self-contained discussion of the relation of our quantum field theory techniques. The proofs of various Lemmas are collected in Appendix C.

Notation: All Hilbert spaces considered are separable, and Hilbert space inner products $`,`$ are linear in the second and anti-linear in the first argument. We denote as $``$, $``$, $``$ the complex, real and integer numbers, $``$ are the positive integers, and $`_0=\{0\}`$. We denote as $`\overline{c}`$ the complex conjugate of $`c`$, and $`|c|=\sqrt{c\overline{c}}`$. We identify elements in $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ with phases, i.e., $`c`$ such that $`|c|=1`$.

## 2 Finite temperature anyons on the circle

### 2.1 Reducible representations of the loop group of $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$

In this subsection we set the stage for our construction of anyons.

We consider the $``$-algebra $`𝒜_0`$ with identity $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ generated by elements $`\widehat{\rho }(n)`$, $`n`$ integer, and $`R`$ obeying the following relations,

$$[\widehat{\rho }(m),\widehat{\rho }(n)]=m\delta _{m,n}\mathrm{𝟏},[\widehat{\rho }(n),R]=\delta _{n,0}R$$
(11)
and

$$R^{}=R^1,\widehat{\rho }(n)^{}=\widehat{\rho }(n)$$
(12)
for all integers $`m,n`$. We will also use the notation $`Q=\widehat{\rho }(0)`$. Note that Eq. (11) implies

$$\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha Q}R^w=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha Q}\alpha ,w$$
(13)
which will be useful for us later on.

###### Remark 2.1

As explained in Appendix B, the algebra $`𝒜_0`$ defines essentially a central extension of the loop group of $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$.

We now construct a class of representations of $`𝒜_0`$ using a standard highest weight representation of the auxiliary $``$-algebra $`𝒜=𝒜_0𝒜_0`$ with identity $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ generated by elements $`R_A`$ and $`\widehat{\rho }_A(n)`$, $`A=1,2`$ and $`n`$, defined by the relations

$`[\widehat{\rho }_A(m),\widehat{\rho }_B(n)]=m\delta _{m,n}\delta _{A,B}\mathrm{𝟏},[\widehat{\rho }_A(n),R_B]=\delta _{n,0}\delta _{A,B}R_A`$ (14)
and

$$R_A^{}=R_A^1,\widehat{\rho }_A(n)^{}=\widehat{\rho }_A(n)$$
(15)
for all integers $`m,n`$ and $`A,B=1,2`$. The representation of $`𝒜`$ is on a Hilbert space $``$ with inner product $`,`$ and completely characterized by the following conditions,

$$\widehat{\rho }_A(n)\mathrm{\Omega }=0n0,A=1,2,$$
(16)
and

$$\mathrm{\Omega },R_1^{w_1}R_2^{w_2}\mathrm{\Omega }=\delta _{w_1,0}\delta _{w_2,0}w_{1,2}$$
(17)
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the highest weight vector and $``$ is the Hilbert space adjoint. Indeed, it is easy to check that the rules above imply that the elements

$$\eta =\underset{A=1,2}{}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\widehat{\rho }_A(n)^{m_{A,n}}}{\sqrt{m_{A,n}!n^{m_{A,n}}}}R_1^{w_1}R_2^{w_2}\mathrm{\Omega },m_{A,n}_0,\underset{A=1,2}{}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m_{A,n}<\mathrm{},w_A$$
(18)
are orthonormal, and the set $`𝒟`$ of all finite linear combinations of such elements $`\eta `$ is a pre-Hilbert space carrying a $``$-representation of the algebra $`𝒜`$. The Hilbert space $``$ is defined as the norm completion of $`𝒟`$.

We now observe that

$`\pi (R):=R_1\pi (Q)=\pi (\widehat{\rho }(0)):=\widehat{\rho }_1(0)`$
$`\pi (\widehat{\rho }(n)):=c_n\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+s_n\widehat{\rho }_2(n)n\backslash \{0\}`$ (19)
($`s_n,c_n`$) obviously defines a unitary representation $`\pi `$ of the $``$-algebra $`𝒜_0`$ provided that

$$|c_n|^2|s_n|^2=1$$
(20)
and

$$c_n=\overline{c_n},s_n=\overline{s_n}$$
(21)
for all non-zero integers $`n`$. As explained in Remark 2.4 below, it natural to also require that

$$\underset{n}{}|s_n|^4<\mathrm{}.$$
(22)
One choice of particular interest for us is

$$c_n=\left(\frac{1}{1q^{2|n|}}\right)^{1/2},s_n=\left(\frac{q^{2|n|}}{1q^{2|n|}}\right)^{1/2}n\backslash \{0\}$$
(23)
with $`|q|<1`$ and $`q^2`$ real, even though many of our results hold true more generally.

###### Remark 2.2

It is interesting to note that the representation $`\pi `$ with $`s_n`$ and $`c_n`$ as in Eq. (23) and $`q=\mathrm{exp}(\beta /2)`$ is the finite temperature representation of the $``$-algebra $`𝒜_0`$ with temperature $`1/\beta `$ and the Hamiltonian

$$H=\frac{a}{2}Q^2+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\widehat{\rho }(n)\widehat{\rho }(n)$$
(24)
in the limit $`a\mathrm{}`$. The interested reader can find a precise formulation and proof of this statement in Appendix B.3.

Since there is no danger of confusion we simplify notation and write $`R`$, $`Q`$ and $`\widehat{\rho }(n)`$ short for $`\pi (R)`$, $`\pi (Q)`$ and $`\pi (\widehat{\rho }(n))`$ in the following.

We now collect some (standard) technical results which we will need. We define normal ordering $`\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$ as the linear map on the algebra generated by monomials $`M`$ in the $`\widehat{\rho }_A(n)`$ and $`R_1`$ by the following inductive rules,

$$\stackrel{\times }{\times }R_1^w\stackrel{\times }{\times }:=R_1^ww$$

$`\stackrel{\times }{\times }M\widehat{\rho }_A(n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }_A(n)M\stackrel{\times }{\times }:=\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{\times }{\times }M\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }_A(n)\hfill & \text{ if }n>0\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2}(\stackrel{\times }{\times }M\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }_A(0)+\widehat{\rho }_A(0)\stackrel{\times }{\times }M\stackrel{\times }{\times })\hfill & \text{ if }n=0\hfill \\ \widehat{\rho }_A(n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }M\stackrel{\times }{\times }\hfill & \text{ if }n<0\hfill \end{array}.`$ (28)
Note that these rules and Eqs. (14)–(17) imply that for arbitrary fixed vectors $`\eta ,\eta ^{}𝒟`$, the expression $`\eta ,\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }_{A_1}(n_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{\rho }_{A_k}(n_k)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\eta ^{}`$ is non-zero only for a finite number of different combinations $`n_1,\mathrm{},n_k\backslash \{0\}`$ and $`A_1,\mathrm{},A_k\{1,2\}`$. This implies that for arbitrary complex numbers $`v_k^{A_1,\mathrm{},A_k}(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)`$, the expression

$$𝐕:=v_0\mathrm{𝟏}+\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{A_1,\mathrm{},A_k=1,2}{}\underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k\backslash \{0\}}{}v_k^{A_1,\mathrm{},A_k}(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }_{A_1}(n_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{\rho }_{A_k}(n_k)\stackrel{\times }{\times }$$
(29)
is a well-defined sesquilinear form on $`𝒟`$, i.e., $`\eta ,𝐕\eta ^{}`$ is finite for all $`\eta ,\eta ^{}𝒟`$ (since it is always a finite sum there is never any problem with convergence). Moreover, for all $`w`$ and $`a`$ and $`𝐕=\stackrel{\times }{\times }𝐕\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$ as above,

$$\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w\mathrm{e}^{aQ}𝐕\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{aQ}R^w𝐕\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\mathrm{e}^{aQ/2}R^w\mathrm{e}^{aQ/2}𝐕$$
(30)
is a sesquilinear form on $`𝒟`$. In particular, these rules imply the following

###### Lemma 1

For arbitrary complex $`\alpha _n`$,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:=\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\text{ with }J(\underset{¯}{\alpha }):=\underset{n}{}\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }(n)\text{ and }w$$
(31)
is a well-defined sesquilinear form on $`𝒟`$ equal to

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J^+(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })},J^\pm (\underset{¯}{\alpha })=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\alpha _{\pm n}c_{\pm n}\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+\alpha _ns_n\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\right]$$
(32)
where $`J^+(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ and $`J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ are the creation-and annihilation parts of $`J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, i.e., $`J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })\mathrm{\Omega }=J^+(\underset{¯}{\alpha })^{}\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$. Moreover, the forms $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ with $`\alpha _n`$ such that

$$\underset{n}{}|n||\alpha _n|^2<\mathrm{}$$
(33)
generate a $``$-algebra of forms on $`𝒟`$, with

$$(\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\stackrel{\times }{\times })^{}=\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })^{}}\stackrel{\times }{\times },J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })^{}=\underset{n}{}\overline{\alpha _n}\widehat{\rho }(n)$$
(34)
and the multiplication rule obtained with the Hausdorff formula

$$\mathrm{e}^A\mathrm{e}^B=\mathrm{e}^{c/2}\mathrm{e}^{A+B}=\mathrm{e}^c\mathrm{e}^B\mathrm{e}^A\text{ if }[A,B]=c\mathrm{𝟏}\text{}c$$
(35)
and Eqs. (11)–(13), i.e.,

$`\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w^{}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\beta })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\mathrm{e}^{[J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }),J^+(\underset{¯}{\beta })]+\mathrm{i}(\alpha _0w^{}\beta _0w)/2}\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^{w+w^{}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha }+\underset{¯}{\beta })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$ (36)
where

$$[J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }),J^+(\underset{¯}{\beta })]=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}n\left(|c_n|^2\alpha _n\beta _n+|s_n|^2\alpha _n\beta _n\right).$$
(37)
Moreover,

$$\mathrm{\Omega },\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Omega }=\delta _{w,0}.$$
(38)
###### Remark 2.3

As discussed in Appendix B, for $`\alpha _n`$ obeying the conditions in Eq. (105), the forms $`R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}`$ define unitary operators and provide a unitary representation of the loop group of $`\mathrm{U}(1)`$ on $``$. Note that the Hausdorff formula implies

$$\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\mathrm{e}^{[J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }),J^+(\underset{¯}{\alpha })]/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })},$$
(39)
i.e., the forms $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in this case are proportional to unitary operators. We will not make use of these facts in this paper and will regard such $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$’s only as sesquilinar forms.

###### Remark 2.4

Eq. (37) explains the condition in Eq. (22) above: recalling that $`|c_n|^2=1+|s_n|^2`$ and Cauchy’s inequality, we see that this is the natural condition ensuring that $`[J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }),J^+(\underset{¯}{\beta })]`$ is well-defined for all $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\beta }`$ obeying the condition in Eq. (33).

Proof of Lemma 1:

The l.h.s. of Eq. (36) equals

$`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J^+(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\beta _0Q/2}R^w^{}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\beta _0Q/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J^+(\underset{¯}{\beta })}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J^{}(\underset{¯}{\beta })}=`$
$`=\mathrm{e}^{[J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }),J^+(\underset{¯}{\beta })]+\mathrm{i}(\alpha _0w^{}\beta _0w)/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(\alpha _0+\beta _0)Q/2}R^{w+w^{}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(\alpha _0+\beta _0)Q/2}`$
$`\times \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(J^+(\underset{¯}{\alpha })+J^+(\underset{¯}{\beta }))}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(J^{}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })+J^{}(\underset{¯}{\beta }))}`$
which obviously is equal to the r.h.s. of Eq. (36). $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.2 Construction of anyons

Definition: The anyons associated with a real, non-zero parameter $`\nu `$ are,

$$\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x):=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu ^2Qx/2}R^\mu \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu ^2Qx/2}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu K_\epsilon (x)}\stackrel{\times }{\times },\mu $$
(40)
with

$$K_\epsilon (x):=\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{i}n}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon }\widehat{\rho }(n)$$
(41)
where $`\pi x\pi `$ is a coordinate on the circle and $`\epsilon >0`$ a regularization parameter. In particular, we define

$$\varphi _\epsilon (x):=\varphi _\epsilon ^1(x).$$
(42)
The main properties of these anyons are summarized in the following

###### Proposition 1

The $`\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)`$ generate a $``$-algebra of sesquilinar forms on $`𝒟`$ and obey

$$\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)^{}=\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)$$
(43)
and the exchange relations

$$\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)\varphi _\epsilon ^{}^\mu ^{}(y)=\mathrm{e}^{i\pi \mu \mu ^{}\nu ^2\mathrm{sgn}_{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}(xy)}\varphi _\epsilon ^{}^\mu ^{}(y)\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)$$
(44)
where

$$\mathrm{sgn}_\epsilon (x):=\frac{1}{\pi }\left(x+\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{i}n}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon }\right)$$
(45)
a regularized sign function on the circle, i.e., it is $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ and converges to $`\mathrm{sgn}(x)`$ in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$. Moreover,

$$\mathrm{\Omega },\varphi _{\epsilon _1}^{\mu _1}(x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _{\epsilon _M}^{\mu _1}(x_M)\mathrm{\Omega }=\delta _{\mu _1+\mathrm{}+\mu _N,0}\underset{1j<kM}{}b_{\epsilon _j+\epsilon _k}(x_jx_k)^{\mu _j\mu _k\nu ^2}$$
(46)
with

$$b_\epsilon (r):=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r/2C_\epsilon (r)},C_\epsilon (r):=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}\left(|c_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }+|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }\right).$$
(47)
In particular, for $`c_n`$ and $`s_n`$ as in Eq. (23),

$$b_\epsilon (x):=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\mathrm{e}^{3\pi \mathrm{i}/2\epsilon /2}\mathrm{sin}\frac{1}{2}(x+i\epsilon )\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(12q^{2n}\mathrm{e}^\epsilon \mathrm{cos}(x)+q^{4n}\mathrm{e}^{2\epsilon }).$$
(48)
###### Remark 2.5

The relations in Eq. (44) show that the $`\varphi _\epsilon (x)`$ are regularized anyons with statistics parameter

$$\lambda =\nu ^2$$
(49)
as described in the Introduction.

###### Remark 2.6

We stress that we introduce the parameter $`\epsilon >0`$ as a convenient technical tool: the $`\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)`$ are regularized quantum fields, i.e., in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$ they become operator valued distributions whereas for $`\epsilon >0`$ they are well-defined operators and, in particular, can be multiplied with each other. Indeed, it follows from Remark 2.3 above that $`\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)`$ is proportional to the unitary operator

$$\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu ^2Qx/2}R^\mu \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu ^2Qx/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu K_\epsilon (x)}$$

with the proportionality constant $`b_{2\epsilon }^{(\mu \nu )^2/2}`$ which diverges in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$. Eventually we are interested in this singular limit $`\epsilon 0`$, but we will be able to take this limit at a later point without difficulty.

Proof: The proof is by straightforward computations using the Lemma 1 above. In particular, Eq. (43) is trivial consequences of Eq. (34), and to prove Eq. (44) it is sufficient to note the following identity,

$$[K_\epsilon (x),K_\epsilon ^{}(y)]=\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\frac{1}{n}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n(xy)|n|(\epsilon +\epsilon ^{})}\mathrm{𝟏},$$

Eq. (13) and the Hausdorff formula Eq. (35). To see that $`\mathrm{sgn}_\epsilon (x)`$ is a regularized sign function one only needs to check that it is an odd function in $`x`$, and its $`x`$-derivative divided by 2 equals

$$\delta _\epsilon (x):=\frac{1}{2\pi }\underset{n}{}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon }$$
(50)
which obviously is a regularized delta function.

To compute the normal ordering of products of anyons we determine the creation- and annihilation parts $`K_\epsilon ^\pm (x)`$ of the form $`K_\epsilon (x)`$,

$$K_\epsilon ^\pm (x)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{i}n}\left(c_{\pm n}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nxn\epsilon }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)s_n\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}nxn\epsilon }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\right)$$
(51)
and compute

$$[K_\epsilon ^{}(x),K_\epsilon ^{}^+(y)]=C_{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}(xy)\mathrm{𝟏}$$
(52)
with $`C_\epsilon (r)`$ given in Eq. (47). The normal ordering of an arbitrary product of anyons is defined as follows,

$`\stackrel{\times }{\times }\varphi _{\epsilon _1}^{\mu _1}(x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _{\epsilon _M}^{\mu _M}(x_M)\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu ^2Q(\mu _1x_1+\mathrm{}+\mu _Mx_M)/2}R^{\mu _1+\mathrm{}+\mu _M}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu ^2Q(\mu _1x_1+\mathrm{}+\mu _Mx_M)/2}`$
$`\times \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu [\mu _1K_{\epsilon _1}^+(x_1)+\mathrm{}+\mu _MK_{\epsilon _M}^+(x_M)]}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu [\mu _1\nu K_{\epsilon _1}^{}(x_1)+\mathrm{}+\mu _MK_{\epsilon _M}^{}(x_M)]},`$
and by repeated application of Eq. (36) we obtain

$`\varphi _{\epsilon _1}^{\mu _1}(x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _{\epsilon _M}^{\mu _M}(x_M)={\displaystyle \underset{1j<kM}{}}b_{\epsilon _j+\epsilon _k}(x_jx_k)^{\mu _j\mu _k\nu ^2}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\varphi _{\epsilon _1}^{\mu _1}(x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _{\epsilon _M}^{\mu _M}(x_M)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$ (53)
with $`b_\epsilon (r)`$ in Eq. (47). This and Eq. (38) prove Eq. (46). Eq. (48) is proven in Appendix A.

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.7

In computations it is sometimes convenient to write

$$\varphi _\epsilon ^\mu (x)=\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu \mu 𝒳_\epsilon (x)}\stackrel{\times }{\times }$$
(54)
with

$$𝒳_\epsilon (x)=q+px+\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{i}n}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon }\widehat{\rho }(n)$$
(55)
with $`q=\nu Q`$ and $`p=\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}(\mathrm{i}/\nu )\mathrm{log}(R)`$” formally obeying

$$[q,p]=\mathrm{i}\mathrm{𝟏},[p,\widehat{\rho }(n)]=[q,\widehat{\rho }(n)]=0n0,$$
(56)
and therefore $`[𝒳_\epsilon (x),𝒳_\epsilon ^{}(y)]=\mathrm{i}\pi \mathrm{sgn}_{\epsilon +\epsilon }(xy)`$. This makes many computations simpler, but it is important to remember that $`p`$ itself is not well-defined but only its exponentials $`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu \nu p}R^\mu `$ and only for integers $`\mu `$. This makes clear that our anyons are essentially vertex operators used, e.g., in string theory (see e.g. \[P\]).

Proposition 1 above summarizes the main properties of anyons. In particular, it gives explicit formulas for all so-called anyon correlation functions which are defined by the l.h.s. of Eq. (46) and which, according to physics folklore, capture the physical properties of the anyon system. For the eCS model the following anyon correlation function will play a central role,

$$F_N^{\epsilon ^{},\epsilon }(𝐱;𝐲):=\mathrm{\Omega },\varphi _\epsilon (x_N)^{}\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)^{}\varphi _\epsilon ^{}(y_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon ^{}(y_N)\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(57)
and with Proposition 1 we obtain the following explicit formula,

$$F_N^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)=\frac{_{1j<kN}b_{2\epsilon }(x_kx_j)^\lambda _{1j<kN}b_{2\epsilon ^{}}(y_jy_k)^\lambda }{_{j,k=1}^Nb_{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}(x_jy_k)^\lambda }$$
(58)
which will be important for us later on.

## 3 Second quantization of the eCS model

In this Section we construct the second quantization of the eCS model, i.e., find a self-adjoint form $``$ on $``$ such that the commutator of $``$ with a product of anyons,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱):=\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_N),$$
(59)
$`\varphi _\epsilon (x)`$ defined in Eqs. (41)–(42), is essentially equal to the eCS Hamiltonian applied to this product. To be precise

###### Proposition 2

Let $`\widehat{\rho }(n)`$ be as in Eqs. (2.1)–(21) and

$`:=\nu W^3+(1\nu ^2)𝒞+2\nu (\nu 1)W^2Q+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\nu (\nu 1)^2(2+\nu )Q^3\nu ^4c_\epsilon Q`$ (60)
with

$`W^2`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }(n)\widehat{\rho }(n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
$`W^3`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }(m)\widehat{\rho }(n)\widehat{\rho }(m+n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
$`𝒞`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}n\left[\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\right]`$ (61)
and the constant

$$c_\epsilon =\frac{1}{12}2\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}n|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{2|n|\epsilon }\underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}2|s_m|^2|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{(m+n)\epsilon }\left(\mathrm{e}^{|mn|\epsilon }\mathrm{e}^{|m+n|\epsilon }\right).$$
(62)
Then

$$[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }=H_N^{2\epsilon }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\mathrm{\Omega }+\epsilon \nu \mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\mathrm{\Omega }$$
(63)
where

$$H_N^\epsilon :=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{^2}{x_j^2}+\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}\nu ^2(\nu ^21)\underset{1j<kN}{}V_\epsilon (x_jx_k)$$
(64)
with

$$V_\epsilon (r):=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}n\left(|c_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }+|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }\right)$$
(65)
is a regularized many particle Hamiltonian, and

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱):=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_{j1})\stackrel{\times }{\times }\varphi _\epsilon (x_j)_\epsilon (x_j)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\varphi _\epsilon (x_{j+1})\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_N)$$
(66)
with

$`_\epsilon (x):={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2\nu [\nu |s_m|^2(\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx}\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx})\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }(m)\widehat{\rho }(n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }]`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\epsilon }}\left(\mathrm{e}^{|mn|\epsilon }\mathrm{e}^{|m+n|\epsilon }\right)\mathrm{e}^{|m|\epsilon }.`$ (67)
In particular, if $`c_n`$ and $`s_n`$ are as in Eq. (23) then

$$V_\epsilon (r)=\frac{^2}{r^2}\mathrm{log}\left(\mathrm{sin}\frac{1}{2}(r+\mathrm{i}\epsilon )\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[12q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^\epsilon \mathrm{cos}(r)+q^{4m}\mathrm{e}^{2\epsilon }\right]\right),$$
(68)
i.e., $`H_N^\epsilon `$ is a regularized version of the eCS differential operator in Eq. (5) with $`\lambda =\nu ^2`$. Moreover, if $`c_n`$ and $`s_n`$ are as in Eq. (23) then also the following identity holds true,

$$\mathrm{\Omega },[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)]\mathrm{\Omega }=0.$$
(69)
###### Remark 3.1

Note that the sesquilinear form $`_\epsilon (x)`$ in Eq. (2) is non-singular in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$, hence the second term on the r.h.s. of Eq. (63) vanishes in this limit. It is therefore natural to write Eq. (63) in the following suggestive form

$$[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }H_N^{2\epsilon }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\mathrm{\Omega }$$
(70)
where the symbol ‘$``$’ means ‘equal in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$’.

###### Remark 3.2

As we will see, this proposition implies a remarkable identity (Proposition 3 in the next section) which is the starting point of our solution algorithm for the eCS model. We note that Eq. (63) comes for free in the Sutherland case $`q=0`$ where $`\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$, but this is no longer holds true in general. It is also interesting to note that a form $``$ obeying the relations in Eq. (63) exists for a much larger class of models: in the first part of this proposition we do not need to assume Eq. (23). However, to prove Eq. (69) we need Eq. (23): it is this relation which restricts this proposition to interaction potentials which are equal to Weierstrass’ $`\mathrm{}`$-function.

###### Remark 3.3

We note that only the first two terms on the r.h.s. of Eq. (60) are really important, and dropping the other terms can be compensated by adding trivial terms to the eCS differential operator: simpler variants of our proof of Lemma 2 yield

$`[Q,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]`$ $`=`$ $`N\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)`$
$`[W^2+\frac{1}{2}(\nu 1)(\nu 3)Q^2,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_j}}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱).`$ (71)
This shows that we have a relation

$$[\nu W^3+(1\nu ^2)𝒞,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{~}{H}_N^{2\epsilon }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\mathrm{\Omega }$$
(72)
where $`\stackrel{~}{H}_N^{2\epsilon }`$ equals $`H_N^{2\epsilon }`$ up to a constant and a multiple of the total momentum operator $`P_N:=_{j=1}^N\mathrm{i}/x_j`$. Note also that the change $`\nu W^3+(1\nu ^2)𝒞`$ does not affect the identity in Eq. (69) since $`Q\mathrm{\Omega }=W^2\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$.

Proof of Proposition 1: We prove this proposition in several steps. We start by stating two Lemmas which provide the essential properties of the building blocks of $``$. The proofs of these Lemmas are by straightforward but tedious computations which we defer to Appendix C.

###### Lemma 2

The sesquilinear form

$$\stackrel{~}{W}^3:=\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\frac{1}{6\pi }_\pi ^\pi 𝑑x\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^3\stackrel{\times }{\times }\nu ^3c_\epsilon Q$$
(73)
with

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)=\nu Q+\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon }$$
(74)
and $`c_\epsilon `$ defined in Eq. (62), obeys the following relations

$`[\stackrel{~}{W}^3,\varphi _\epsilon (x)]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu }}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x^2}}\varphi _\epsilon (x)+\mathrm{i}(\nu ^21)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+\epsilon \stackrel{\times }{\times }_\epsilon (x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$ (75)
with $`_\epsilon (x)`$ defined in Eq. (2) and $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x)=\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)/x`$.

(Proof in Appendix C.1)

###### Remark 3.4

It is useful to note that $`\stackrel{~}{W}^3`$ accounts for all but one term of $``$: the forms $`W^s`$ ($`s=2,3`$) defined in Eq. (2) can also be computed as follows, $`W^s=lim_{\epsilon 0}_\pi ^\pi dx\stackrel{\times }{\times }\rho _\epsilon (x)^s\stackrel{\times }{\times }/(2\pi s)`$, with $`\rho _\epsilon (x)=_n\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon }`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)=\rho _\epsilon (x)+(\nu 1)Q`$, this implies

$`\stackrel{~}{W}^3`$ $`=`$ $`W^3+2(\nu 1)W^2Q+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(\nu 1)^2(\nu +2)Q^3\nu ^3c_\epsilon Q,`$ (76)
which shows that $``$ in Eq. (60) is identical with

$$=\nu \stackrel{~}{W}^3+(1\nu ^2)𝒞.$$
(77)
###### Lemma 3

For all sesquilinear forms $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ as in Eq. (31), the sesquilinear form $`𝒞`$ defined in Eq. (2) obeys

$$𝒞\mathrm{\Phi }+\mathrm{\Phi }𝒞=2\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{i}\stackrel{\times }{\times }J(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{\Phi }\stackrel{\times }{\times },\text{ with }J(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{\prime \prime }):=\underset{n}{}n^2\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }(n).$$
(78)
(Proof in Appendix C.2)

In particular, this Lemma implies

$`𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times }𝒞=2\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{i}\nu \stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times }.`$ (79)
To see that, recall that $`\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\stackrel{\times }{\times }R^N\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$ with

$$J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })=\nu \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(\nu x_jQ+\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{i}n}\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx_j|n|\epsilon }\right),$$

and therefore in this case

$$J(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{\prime \prime })=\nu \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\mathrm{i}n\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx_j|n|\epsilon }\nu \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j).$$

We now show how Lemmas 2 and Eq. (79) imply Eq. (63). From the definition in Eqs. (59) we get by a simple computation, using repeatedly Eq. (75),

$`[\stackrel{~}{W}^3,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)\mathrm{}[\stackrel{~}{W}^3,\varphi _\epsilon (x_j)]\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_N)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu }}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x_j^2}}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon (𝐱)`$
$`+\mathrm{i}(\nu ^21){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)\mathrm{}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)\varphi _\epsilon (x_j)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_N)+\epsilon \mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)`$
with $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)`$ given in Eq. (66). Moreover, Eq. (79) together with

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon (𝐱)=\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon (𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times },\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐱):=\underset{1j<kN}{}b_{2\epsilon }(x_jx_k)^{\nu ^2}$$
(80)
(which is a special case of Eq. (53)) and the definition of normal ordering imply

$`[𝒞,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon (𝐱)]=2\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)𝒞+\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐱)(2\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{i}\nu \stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times })`$
$`=2\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)𝒞+2\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐱)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\mathrm{i}\nu \left[(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{})^{}(x_j)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)+\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{})^{}(x_j)\right]`$
with $`(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^\pm (y)=\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^\pm (y)/y=^2K_\epsilon ^\pm (y)/y^2`$ the creation- and annihilation parts of $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)`$. We thus get

$`[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }=\nu [\stackrel{~}{W}^3,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }+(1\nu ^2)[𝒞,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon (𝐱)]\mathrm{\Omega }`$
$`=\left[{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x_j^2}}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon (𝐱)+\mathrm{i}\nu (\nu ^21)()+\epsilon \nu \mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\right]\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (81)
with

$$():=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left[\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)\mathrm{}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)\varphi _\epsilon (x_j)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_N)(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{})^{}(x_j)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)(\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{})^{}(x_j)\right]$$

where we used $`𝒞\mathrm{\Omega }=\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$. We now recall Eq. (52) which implies

$$[(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^{}(y),K_\epsilon ^{}^\pm (x)]=\frac{^2}{y^2}[K_\epsilon ^{}(y),K_\epsilon ^{}^\pm (x)]=\pm \frac{^2}{y^2}C_{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}((xy))\mathrm{𝟏},$$

and with Eqs. (47) and (65),

$$[(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^{}(y),K_\epsilon ^{}^\pm (x)]=\pm V_{2\epsilon }((xy))\mathrm{𝟏}.$$

With that we obtain

$$[(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^{}(y),\varphi _\epsilon (x)]=\mathrm{i}\nu [(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^{}(y),K_\epsilon ^\pm (x)]\varphi _\epsilon (x)=\mathrm{i}\nu V_{2\epsilon }((xy))\varphi _\epsilon (x),$$

and with $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)=(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^+(x_j)+(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)`$ and repeated application of these latter identities we get

$`\varphi _\epsilon (x_1)\mathrm{}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)\varphi _\epsilon (x_j)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{}\varphi _\epsilon (x_N)=(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^+(x_j)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)+\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)(\stackrel{~}{\rho }^{})_\epsilon ^{}(x_j)`$
$`\mathrm{i}\nu \left[{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{j1}{}}}V_{2\epsilon }(x_kx_j)+{\displaystyle \underset{k=j+1}{\overset{N}{}}}V_{2\epsilon }(x_jx_k)\right]\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱),`$
and thus

$`()=\mathrm{i}\nu {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{j1}{}}}V_{2\epsilon }(x_kx_j)+{\displaystyle \underset{k=j+1}{\overset{N}{}}}V_{2\epsilon }(x_jx_k)\right]\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)`$
$`2\mathrm{i}\nu {\displaystyle \underset{1j<kN}{}}V_{2\epsilon }(x_jx_k)\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱).`$
If we insert this in Eq. (3) we obtain Eqs. (63)–(64).

Finally, we note that validity of Eq. (69) under the condition Eq. (23) is obviously a special case of the following more general result:

###### Lemma 4

For all sesquilinear forms $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ as in Eq. (31) and for the form $``$ defined in Eqs. (60)–(2), the relation

$$\mathrm{\Omega },[,\mathrm{\Phi }]\mathrm{\Omega }=0$$
(82)
holds true provided that

$$|c_m|^2|c_n|^2|s_{m+n}|^2=|s_m|^2|s_n|^2|c_{m+n}|^2m,n.$$
(83)
(Proof in Appendix C.3)

###### Remark 3.5

Eq. (82) is non-trivial only for $`w=0`$.

This completes the proof of Proposition 2. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.6

It is obvious that $`c_n`$ and $`s_n`$ as in Eq. (23) fulfill the condition in Eq. (83). It is interesting to note that Eq. (23) actually accounts for all possibilities: simple computations shows that the conditions in Eqs. (20) and (83) are equivalent to:

$$Q_n:=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\frac{1}{|c_n|^2}\text{ obey }Q_{m+n}=Q_mQ_nm,n,$$

and all solutions of the latter are of the form $`Q_n=q^{2n}`$ for some complex $`q`$. If we also require Eq. (21) then $`q^2`$ must be real, and Eq. (22) further restricts to $`|q^2|<1`$.

## 4 A remarkable identity

From the results in the previous Section we now obtain the following

###### Proposition 3

The anyon correlation function in Eq. (58) obeys the following identity,

$$\left[\overline{H_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐱)}H_N^{2\epsilon ^{}}(𝐲)\right]F_N^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)=R^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)$$
(84)
where the regularized eCS differential operators are defined in Eqs. (64)–(65) and act on different arguments as indicated, and

$$R^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)=\epsilon ^{}\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)\mathrm{\Omega }+\epsilon \mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(85)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)`$ defined in Eqs. (66)–(2), are correction terms vanishing pointwise in the limit $`\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}0`$.

###### Remark 4.1

Note that the complex conjugation in Eq. (84) is important as it affects the regularization: since $`\overline{V_\epsilon (r)}=V_\epsilon (r)`$ it amounts to replacing the regularized singularity $`1/(r+\mathrm{i}\epsilon )^2`$ by $`1/(r\mathrm{i}\epsilon )^2`$.

###### Remark 4.2

One can express this result as follows,

$$\overline{H_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐱)}F_N^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)H_N^{2\epsilon ^{}}(𝐲)F_N^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲).$$
(86)
###### Remark 4.3

In the limits $`\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}0`$ the function $`F_N^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)`$ becomes equal, up to a constant, to the function

$$F_N(𝐱;𝐲)=\frac{_{1j<kN}\theta (x_kx_j)^\lambda _{1j<kN}\theta (y_jy_k)^\lambda }{_{j,k=1}^N\theta (x_jy_k)^\lambda }$$
(87)
with $`\theta (r)`$ in Eq. (4), and we obtain the following identity,

$$\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(\frac{^2}{x_j^2}\frac{^2}{y_j^2}\right)F_N(𝐱;𝐲)=2\lambda (\lambda 1)\underset{1j<kN}{}\left(V(x_kx_j)V(y_jy_k)\right)F_N(𝐱;𝐲)$$
(88)
with $`V(r)`$ in Eq. (6). Recalling that $`\theta (r)=const.\vartheta _1(r/2)`$ and $`V(r)=\mathrm{}(r)+const.`$ we see that this is a remarkable identity for elliptic functions.

Proof of Proposition 3: We start with the following (trivial) identity

$`[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)]=\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)^{}[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)][,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)`$
(where we used $`=^{}`$) and compute its vacuum expectation value using Eq. (69),

$`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)^{}[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)]\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega },[,\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^N(𝐱)]^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\epsilon ^{}^N(𝐲)\mathrm{\Omega }=0.`$
Inserting now Eqs. (69) and recalling Eqs. (57)–(58) we obtain the result. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Conclusion

As stated in the beginning of Section 1, the results of this paper provide the starting point for an algorithm to construct eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the eCS model, and this algorithm will be elaborated in \[L2\]. It is interesting to note that in the limiting case $`q=0`$ this algorithm is different from the one of Sutherland, even though it is equivalent to it in the sense that it yields the same solutions and is equally simple (a detailed comparison of these algorithms is given in \[L3\]).

For the convenience of the reader we outline here how Proposition 3 is used to obtain this algorithm. The idea is to take the Fourier transform of the identity in Eq. (84) with respect to the variables $`𝐲`$, and then take the limits $`\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}0`$. One thus obtains the following

Theorem \[L2\]: Let

$$\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧)=𝒫(𝐧;𝐱)\mathrm{\Delta }(𝐱),𝐧^N$$
(89)
with

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(𝐱)=\underset{1j<kN}{}\theta (x_kx_j)^\lambda $$
(90)
and

$$𝒫(𝐧;𝐱)=\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}_\pi ^\pi \frac{dy_1}{2\pi }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_1y_1}\mathrm{}_\pi ^\pi \frac{dy_N}{2\pi }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_Ny_N}\frac{_{1j<kN}\stackrel{ˇ}{b}_{2\epsilon }(y_jy_k)^\lambda }{_{j,k=1}^N\stackrel{ˇ}{b}_\epsilon (y_jx_k)^\lambda }$$
(91)
where

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{b}_\epsilon (r)=\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[\left(1q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)\left(1q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)\right].$$
(92)
Then the eCS differential operator defined in Eqs. (5), (6), (4) and (9) obeys

$`H_N\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧)=_0(𝐧)\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧)\gamma {\displaystyle \underset{1j<kN}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\nu ({\displaystyle \frac{1}{1q^{2n}}}\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧+n𝐄_{jk})+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}}{1q^{2n}}}\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧n𝐄_{jk}))`$ (93)
where

$$_0(𝐧)=\left[n_j+\frac{1}{2}\lambda (N12j)\right]^2$$
(94)
and $`(𝐄_{jk})_{\mathrm{}}=\delta _j\mathrm{}\delta _k\mathrm{}`$ for $`j,k,\mathrm{}=1,\mathrm{},N`$.

Outline of Proof: We use Eq. (58) and insert $`b_\epsilon (r)=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r/2}\stackrel{ˇ}{b}_\epsilon (r)`$ which yields

$$F^{0,\epsilon }(𝐱;𝐲)=const.\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}N\lambda _{j=1}^N(x_jy_j)/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda _{1j<kN}(y_jy_k)/2}\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒫}^\epsilon (𝐱;𝐲)\mathrm{\Delta }(𝐱)$$

where

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒫}^\epsilon (𝐱;𝐲)=\frac{_{1j<kN}\stackrel{ˇ}{b}_{2\epsilon }(y_jy_k)^\lambda }{_{j,k=1}^N\stackrel{ˇ}{b}_\epsilon (x_jy_k)^\lambda }$$
(95)
is periodic in the $`y_j`$. It is not difficult to show that Eq. (86) implies

$$\left[H_N(𝐱)H_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐲)\right]\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}N\lambda _{j=1}^Ny_j(N+12j)/2}\stackrel{ˇ}{𝒫}^\epsilon (𝐱;𝐲)\mathrm{\Delta }(𝐱)0$$
(96)
where we dropped the phase factor describing a center-of-mass motion which is the same in $`𝐱`$ and $`𝐲`$ and thus does not contribute,666See Ref. \[L2\] for the (trivial) details. and we used $`_{j<k}(y_jy_k)=_j(N+12j)y_j.`$ We now can take the Fourier transform of Eq. (96), i.e., apply to it $`(2\pi )^Nd^N𝐲\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}𝐏𝐲}`$ where the Fourier variables need to be chosen as

$$P_j=n_j+\frac{1}{2}\lambda (N+12j),n_j$$
(97)
so as to compensate the non-periodicity in the $`y_j`$. With that we obtain Eq. (5): the term on the l.h.s. is obvious, the first term on the r.h.s. comes from the derivative terms in $`H_N^{2\epsilon }(𝐲)`$ and partial integration (note that $`_0=_jP_j^2`$), and the other terms come from the potentials $`V_{2\epsilon }(y_jy_k)`$ where we used Eq. (100). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.1

To complete this proof one needs to show that the correction term $`R^{\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}}(𝐱;𝐲)`$ in Eq. (84) does not contribute, i.e., that for this term the limits $`\epsilon ,\epsilon ^{}0`$ commute with Fourier transformation. This is plausible, and from our explicit formulas one can prove this by straightforward computations which, however, is somewhat tedious. In Ref. \[L2\] we will give an alternative proof avoiding this technicality.

This Theorem yields a recursive procedure to construct eigenfunctions as linear combinations of the functions $`\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧)`$ \[L2\].

###### Remark 5.2

The functions $`\widehat{F}(𝐱;𝐧)`$ in Ref. \[L1\] differ from the ones here by the phase factor $`\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{i}N\lambda _jx_j/2)`$ describing a center-of-mass motion. It is easy to see that this (trivial) change accounts for the different formulas for $`_0(𝐧)`$ (the formula given here agrees with the eigenvalues of the Sutherland model given in Ref. \[Su\]).

Acknowledgements: I thank Alan Carey and Alexios Polychronakos for their interest and helpful discussions. This work was supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (NFR).

## Appendix A: Regularized elliptic functions

In this Appendix we derive various identities related to the functions defined in Eqs. (47) and (23), i.e.,

$$C_\epsilon (r)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n}\left(\frac{1}{1q^{2n}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }+\frac{q^{2n}}{1q^{2n}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }\right)$$
(98)
and $`b_\epsilon (r)=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r/2C_\epsilon (r)}`$. In particular we prove Eq. (48) and derive three different representations for the function

$$V_\epsilon (r)=\frac{^2}{r^2}\mathrm{log}b_\epsilon (r)=\frac{^2}{r^2}C_\epsilon (r)$$
(99)
which also prove that it is a regularization of the interaction potential defined in Eq. (6), $`V_0(r)=V(r)`$. We also make precise the relation of $`V(r)`$ to Weierstrass’ $`\mathrm{}`$ function.

From the formulas given above we get immediately our first representation,

$$V_\epsilon (r)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}n\left[\frac{1}{1q^{2n}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nr}+\frac{q^{2n}}{1q^{2n}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nr}\right]\mathrm{e}^{n\epsilon }.$$
(100)
By expanding $`1/(1q^{2n})`$ in geometric series we obtain

$`C_\epsilon (r)={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}\left[\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}q^{2nm}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }+\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }\right)\right],`$
and interchanging the summation we can do the $`n`$-sum and obtain

$`C_\epsilon (r)=\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right){\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left[\mathrm{log}\left(1q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)+\mathrm{log}\left(1q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)\right],`$
i.e.,

$$C_\epsilon (r)=\mathrm{log}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r/2}b_\epsilon (r)\right)$$
(101)
with

$`b_\epsilon (r)=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r/2}\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right){\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left[\left(1q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)\left(1q^{2m}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}r\epsilon }\right)\right]`$
identical with $`b_\epsilon (r)`$ in Eq. (48). This also yields our second representation Eq. (68), which proves that $`V_0(r)`$ is identical with $`V(r)`$ defined in Eq. (6).

Inserting $`q=\mathrm{exp}(\beta /2)`$ we can also write

$`C_\epsilon (r)={\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(r+\mathrm{i}\beta m+\mathrm{i}\epsilon )}\right){\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(r\mathrm{i}\beta m\mathrm{i}\epsilon )}\right),`$
and using

$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{r^2}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\beta m\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{^2}{r^2}}\mathrm{log}\left(\mathrm{sin}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\beta m\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\beta m\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )}}`$
we obtain

$$V_\epsilon (r)=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{4\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{1}{2}(r+\mathrm{i}\beta m+\mathrm{i}\epsilon )}+\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{4\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{1}{2}(r\mathrm{i}\beta m\mathrm{i}\epsilon )}.$$
(102)
From this representation it is obvious that the function $`V(z)V_0(z)`$, $`z`$, is doubly periodic with periods $`2\pi `$ and $`\mathrm{i}\beta `$, it has a single pole of order 2 in each period-parallelogram, $`V(z)z^2`$ is analytic in some neighborhood of $`z=0`$ and equal to $`1/12_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}(1/2)\mathrm{sinh}^2(\beta m/2)`$ in $`z=0`$. These facts imply (see e.g. \[EMOT\], Sect. 13.12)

$$V(r)=\mathrm{}(r|\pi ,\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{i}\beta )+\frac{1}{12}\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{2\mathrm{sinh}^2\frac{1}{2}(\beta m)}.$$
(103)
## Appendix B: On the loop group of U(1)

In this Appendix we clarify the relation of our construction of the quantum field theory model of anyons and the representation theory of loop groups. We also explain and prove the physical interpretation of the representations which we are using.

### B.1 Loop group of U(1)

Let $`𝒢=`$Map($`S^1`$,U(1)) be the set of all $`C^{1/2}`$ functions $`S^1\mathrm{U}(1)`$, i.e., it contains all functions of the form $`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f}`$ with

$$f(x)=wx+\underset{n}{}\alpha _n\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx},$$
(104)
$`\pi x\pi `$, $`w`$ an integer called winding number, and complex $`\alpha _n`$ such that

$$\alpha _n=\overline{\alpha _n},\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}n|\alpha _n|^2<\mathrm{}.$$
(105)
This set has an obvious group structure, i.e., the product is by point-wise multiplication and the inverse by point-wise complex conjugation. The group $`𝒢`$ has an interesting central extension $`\widehat{𝒢}:=\mathrm{U}(1)\times 𝒢=\{(c,\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})|c\mathrm{U}(1),\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f}𝒢\}`$ with the group structure given by $`(c,\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})^1:=(\overline{c},\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})`$ and

$`(c,\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})(c^{},\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f^{}}):=(cc^{}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}S(f,f^{})/2},\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(f+f^{})}),`$ (106)
where

$`S(f,f^{})`$ $`:=`$ $`w\alpha _0^{}w^{}\alpha _0\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}n\alpha _n\alpha _n^{}`$ (107)
is a 2-cocycle of the group $`𝒢`$, i.e., it obeys relations such that Eq. (106) indeed defines a group structure on $`\widehat{𝒢}`$. Note that the conditions in Eq. (105) and Cauchy’s inequality ensure that $`S(f,f^{})`$ is always well-defined.

### B.2 Representations of the loop group of U(1)

Given a representation of the algebra $`𝒜_0`$ defined in Eqs. (11) and Eq. (12), one has, at least formally, also a unitary representation of the group $`\widehat{𝒢}`$. This can be seen as follows: Defining

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f}):=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}J(\alpha )}$$
(108)
with

$$J(\alpha ):=\underset{n\backslash \{0\}}{}\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }(n),$$
(109)
a simple computation using the Hausdorff formula Eq. (35) together with

$$[J(\alpha ),J(\alpha ^{})]=\underset{n}{}n\alpha _n\alpha _n^{}\mathrm{𝟏}$$

(which follows from Eq. (11)) and Eq. (13) yields

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f^{}})=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}S(f,f^{})/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(f+f^{})}).$$
(110)
Moreover, it is easy to see that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})^{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})`$. Thus $`(c,\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})c\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}f})`$ is a unitary representation of $`\widehat{𝒢}`$.

### B.3 Zero- and finite temperature representations

The standard representation $`\pi _0`$ of the algebra $`𝒜_0`$ is on a Hilbert space $`_0`$ and completely characterized by the following conditions,

$$\widehat{\rho }_0(n)\mathrm{\Omega }_0=0n0,\mathrm{\Omega }_0,R_0^w\mathrm{\Omega }_0=\delta _{w,0}w$$
(111)
where we write $`\widehat{\rho }_0(n)\pi _0(\widehat{\rho }(n))`$ and similarly for $`R`$ and $`Q`$, and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0_0`$ is the highest weight state. These conditions imply that the states

$$\eta _w(\underset{¯}{m})=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\widehat{\rho }_0(n)^{m_n}}{\sqrt{m_n!n^{m_n}}}R_0^w\mathrm{\Omega },m_n_0,\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m_n<\mathrm{},w$$
(112)
provide a complete orthonormal basis in $`_0`$, and it is easy to check that these states all are eigenstates of the Hamiltonian

$$H_0=\frac{a}{2}Q_0^2+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\widehat{\rho }_0(n)\widehat{\rho }_0(n)$$
(113)
with corresponding eigenvalues

$$_w(\underset{¯}{m})=\frac{a}{2}w^2+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}m_nn.$$
(114)
This also shows that $`H_0`$ defines a self-adjoint operator. Moreover, for $`a>0`$ the Hamiltonian $`H_0`$ is non-negative and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ is the ground-state, i.e., the unique eigenstate of $`H_0`$ with minimum eigenvalue. The representation $`\pi _0`$ is therefore interpreted as zero temperature representation, and for elements $`A`$ in $`𝒜_0`$, $`<A>_{\mathrm{}}:=\mathrm{\Omega }_0,A_0\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ is interpreted as the ground state expectation value of $`A`$ ($`A_0\pi _0(A)`$). More generally, the finite temperature expectation value is defined as

$$_\beta :=\frac{1}{𝒵}\mathrm{Tr}__0(\mathrm{e}^{\beta H_0}A_0),𝒵:=\mathrm{Tr}__0(\mathrm{e}^{\beta H_0})$$
(115)
with a normalization constant $`𝒵`$ called partition function and $`\mathrm{Tr}__0`$ the Hilbert space trace in $`_0`$. The parameter $`\beta >0`$ is interpreted as the inverse temperature.

The representation discussed in the main text are on the Hilbert space $`=_0_0`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }_0\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ and

$$\widehat{\rho }_1(n)=\widehat{\rho }_0(n)\mathrm{𝟏},\widehat{\rho }_2(n)=\mathrm{𝟏}\widehat{\rho }_0(n)$$
(116)
and similarly for $`R_{1,2}`$. We now can formulate the precise meaning of the statement in Remark 2.2 in the main text:

###### Proposition 4

Let $`𝒜_0^{}`$ be the dense set in $`𝒜_0`$ containing all finite linear combinations of elements

$$A=R^uQ^v\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\widehat{\rho }(n)^{k_n}\widehat{\rho }(n)^\mathrm{}_n$$
(117)
where $`u`$ and $`v,k_n,\mathrm{}_n_0`$ and such that $`_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}(k_n+\mathrm{}_n)<\mathrm{}`$. For the representation $`\pi `$ defined in Eqs. (2.1) and (23) and for all $`A𝒜_0^{}`$, the following holds true

$$\mathrm{\Omega },\pi (A)\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=_\beta $$
(118)
if $`q=\mathrm{exp}(\beta /2)`$ and $`a\mathrm{}`$.

Proof: It is obviously enough to prove Eq. (118) for all $`A`$ in Eq. (117). We do this by explicit computations. We first compute

$`\mathrm{Tr}__0(\mathrm{e}^{\beta H_0}A_0)={\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_2,\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\eta _w(\underset{¯}{m}),\mathrm{e}^{\beta H_0}A_0\eta _w(\underset{¯}{m})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m_1,m_2,\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{e}^{\beta _w(\underset{¯}{m})}\delta _{u,0}w^v{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\delta _{k_n,\mathrm{}_n}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_n+k_n)!n^{m_n+k_n}}{m_n!n^{m_n}}}`$
$`=\delta _{u,0}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\mathrm{e}^{\beta aw^2/2}w^v{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\delta _{k_n,\mathrm{}_n}n^{k_n}{\displaystyle \underset{m_n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_n+k_n)!}{m_n!}}\mathrm{e}^{\beta m_nn},`$
and with

$$\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(m+k)!}{m!}x^m=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d^k}{dx^k}x^{m+k}=\frac{d^k}{dx^k}\frac{1}{1x}=k!\frac{1}{(1x)^{k+1}}$$

for $`x=\mathrm{e}^{\beta n}`$, we get

$`\mathrm{Tr}__0(\mathrm{e}^{\beta H_0}A_0)=\delta _{u,0}{\displaystyle \underset{w}{}}\mathrm{e}^{\beta aw^2/2}w^v{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\delta _{k_n,\mathrm{}_n}n^{k_n}k_n!{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1\mathrm{e}^{\beta n})^{k_n+1}}}.`$
In particular,

$$𝒵=\underset{w}{}\mathrm{e}^{\beta aw^2/2}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{(1\mathrm{e}^{\beta n})}$$
(119)
and

$$_\beta =\delta _{u,0}\frac{_w\mathrm{e}^{\beta aw^2/2}w^v}{_w\mathrm{e}^{\beta aw^2/2}}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\delta _{k_n,\mathrm{}_n}n^{k_n}k_n!\frac{1}{(1\mathrm{e}^{\beta n})^{k_n}}.$$
(120)
We now compute the l.h.s. of Eq. (118) using Eqs. (2.1) and (14)–(17),

$`\mathrm{\Omega },\pi (A)\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=<\mathrm{\Omega },R_1^uQ_1^v{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(c_n\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+s_n\widehat{\rho }_2(n))^{k_n}`$
$`\times (c_n\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+s_n\widehat{\rho }_2(n))^\mathrm{}_n\mathrm{\Omega }>_{}=\delta _{u,0}\delta _{v,0}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\delta _{k_n,\mathrm{}_n}|c_n|^{k_n}n^{k_n}k_n!,`$
and with Eq. (23),

$$\mathrm{\Omega },\pi (A)\mathrm{\Omega }_{}=\delta _{u,0}\delta _{v,0}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\delta _{k_n,\mathrm{}_n}n^{k_n}k_n!\left(\frac{1}{1q^{2n}}\right)^{k_n}.$$
(121)
This obviously coincides with Eq. (120) for $`q=\mathrm{exp}(\beta /2)`$ and $`a\mathrm{}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.3

From a physics point of view, the more natural Hamiltonian for the anyon system would be $`H_0`$ as in Eq. (113) with $`a=1/2`$ (and not $`a\mathrm{}`$). It is therefore interesting to note that the finite temperature state for this Hamiltonian and arbitrary $`a>0`$ is

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^{}=\frac{1}{z^{1/2}}\underset{w}{}(R_1R_2)^w\mathrm{e}^{aw^2/2}\mathrm{\Omega },z:=\underset{w}{}\mathrm{e}^{aw^2/2}$$
(122)
which is easily proven by generalizing our argument above. It is also easy to compute the anyon correlation functions with that state. However, we find that this state is useful for the eCS system only if we choose $`a\mathrm{}`$.

## Appendix C: Proofs

### C.1 Proof of Lemma 2

We will prove this Lemma by direct computation. For that we will need several identities which we derive first. We will need

$$[Q,\varphi _\epsilon (x)]=\varphi _\epsilon (x)$$
(123)
which follows trivially from the relations in Eq. (11) and the definition of $`\varphi _\epsilon (x)\varphi _\epsilon ^1(x)`$ in Eqs. (41)–(40). It is useful to write $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)=\nu Q+\rho _\epsilon ^+(x)+\rho _\epsilon ^{}(x)`$ with the creation- and annihilation parts

$$\rho _\epsilon ^\pm (x):=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(c_{\pm n}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nxn\epsilon }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+s_n\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}nxn\epsilon }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\right).$$
(124)
We note that $`\rho _\epsilon ^\pm (x)=K_\epsilon ^\pm (x)/x`$, and it follows therefore from Eq. (47) that

$$\frac{}{x}\varphi _\epsilon (x)=\mathrm{i}\stackrel{\times }{\times }[\nu ^2Q+\nu \rho _\epsilon ^+(x)+\nu \rho _\epsilon ^{}(x)]\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{i}\nu \stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }$$
(125)
which implies

$`{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x^2}}\varphi _\epsilon (x)=\mathrm{i}\nu {\displaystyle \frac{}{x}}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\mathrm{i}\nu \stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\nu ^2\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }.`$ (126)
Moreover, a simple computation using Eqs. (51), (14), (20) and (21) yields

$$[\rho ^{}(y)_\epsilon ^{},K_\epsilon ^\pm (x)]=\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{i}\left[(1+|s_n|^2)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }\right]2\pi \mathrm{i}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)\pm j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)$$

where

$$\delta _\epsilon ^\pm (r):=\frac{1}{2\pi }\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}nrn\epsilon }$$
(127)
and

$$j_\epsilon (r):=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|s_n|^2\mathrm{sin}(nr)\mathrm{e}^{n\epsilon }.$$
(128)
Using that we compute ($`t`$)

$`\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\varphi _\epsilon (x)=\mathrm{e}^{t\nu Q}\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}^+(y)}\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}^{}(y)}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu ^2Qx/2}R\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu ^2Qx/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu K_\epsilon ^+(x)}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu K_\epsilon ^{}(x)}`$
$`=\mathrm{e}^{t\nu /2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}t\nu [\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}^{}(y),K_\epsilon ^+(x)]}\mathrm{e}^{(\mathrm{i}\nu ^2x+\nu t)Q/2}R\mathrm{e}^{(\mathrm{i}\nu ^2x+\nu t)Q/2}\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}^+(y)}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu K_\epsilon ^+(x)}\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}^{}(y)}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\nu K_\epsilon ^{}(x)}`$
$`\mathrm{e}^{t\nu \mathrm{\Delta }_{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}^{}(xy)}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^{}(r)=1/2+2\pi \delta _\epsilon ^{}(r)\mathrm{i}j_\epsilon (r)`$. Similarly,

$`\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\mathrm{e}^{t\nu /2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}t\nu [K_\epsilon ^{}(x),\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}^+(y)]}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
$`\mathrm{e}^{t\nu \mathrm{\Delta }_{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}^+(xy)}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^+(r)=1/2+2\pi \delta _\epsilon ^+(r)+\mathrm{i}j_\epsilon (r)`$. Thus

$$[\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\stackrel{\times }{\times },\varphi _\epsilon (x)]=(\mathrm{e}^{t\nu \mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)}\mathrm{e}^{t\nu \mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^+(r)})\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{t\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)}\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }$$
(129)
with $`\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }=\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}`$, $`r=xy`$, and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^\pm (r)=\frac{1}{2}+2\pi \delta _\epsilon ^\pm (r)\pm \mathrm{i}j_\epsilon (r).$$
(130)
We will also need the following three identities,

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^{}(r)+\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^+(r)`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi \delta _\epsilon (r)`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^{}(r)^2\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^+(r)^2`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi \mathrm{i}\delta _\epsilon ^{}(r)4\pi \mathrm{i}j_\epsilon (r)\delta _\epsilon (r)`$ (131)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^{}(r)^3+\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^+(r)^3`$ $`=`$ $`\pi \delta _\epsilon ^{\prime \prime }(r)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\pi \delta _\epsilon (r)+6\pi j_\epsilon (r)i\delta _\epsilon ^{}(r)6\pi j_\epsilon (r)^2\delta _\epsilon (r)`$
where $`\delta _\epsilon (r)`$ is the regularized $`\delta `$-function defined in Eq. (50) and the prime indicates differentiation with respect to the argument $`r`$. The first of these identities is obvious, and the second and third identities can be proven by straightforward computations using

$$\frac{1}{2}+2\pi \delta _\epsilon ^\pm (r)=\frac{1+\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}r\epsilon }}{2(1\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}r\epsilon })}=\pm \frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )$$

and

$$\mathrm{cot}^2(\frac{1}{2}z)=2\frac{d}{dz}\mathrm{cot}(\frac{1}{2}z)1,\mathrm{cot}^3(\frac{1}{2}z)=2\frac{d^2}{dz^2}\mathrm{cot}(\frac{1}{2}z)\mathrm{cot}(\frac{1}{2}z).$$

For the convenience of the reader we give some details of these computations,

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_\epsilon ^\pm (r)^2=(\pm \mathrm{i})^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )+j_\epsilon (r)\right]^2=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{cot}^2\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )j_\epsilon (r)\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )j_\epsilon (r)^2=`$
$`=\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}j_\epsilon (r)\right)\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}j_\epsilon (r)^2`$
which together with

$$\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\mathrm{i}\epsilon )\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r+\mathrm{i}\epsilon )=4\pi \mathrm{i}\delta _\epsilon (r)$$

proves the second identity in (C.1 Proof of Lemma 2), and similarly

$`\pm \mathrm{i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^\pm (r)^3=(\pm \mathrm{i})^4\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )+j_\epsilon (r)\right]^3=`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\mathrm{cot}^3\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}j_\epsilon (r)\mathrm{cot}^2\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}j_\epsilon (r)^2\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon )+j_\epsilon (r)^3=`$
$`=\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{r^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}j_\epsilon (r){\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}j_\epsilon (r)^2\right)\mathrm{cot}\frac{1}{2}(r\pm \mathrm{i}\epsilon ){\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}j_\epsilon (r)j_\epsilon (r)^3`$
implies the third identity.

Differentiating Eq. (129) three times with respect to $`t`$ and setting $`t=0`$ yields

$`[\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^3\stackrel{\times }{\times },\varphi _\epsilon (x)]=\nu ^3[\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)^3+\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^+(r)^3]\varphi _\epsilon (x)+3\nu ^2[\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)^2\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^+(r)^2]`$
$`\times \stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+3\nu [\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)+\mathrm{\Delta }_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^+(r)]\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^2\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times },`$
and by inserting the identities in Eq. (C.1 Proof of Lemma 2) we obtain

$`[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6\pi }}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^3\stackrel{\times }{\times },\varphi _\epsilon (x)]=\nu ^3[\frac{1}{6}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{\prime \prime }(r)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)+j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)^2\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)]\varphi _\epsilon (x)+`$
$`+\nu ^2\left[\mathrm{i}\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(r)2\mathrm{i}j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)\right]\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+\nu \delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^2\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }.`$
With that we compute

$`[\stackrel{~}{W}^3,\varphi _\epsilon (x)]=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6\pi }}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^3\stackrel{\times }{\times },\varphi _\epsilon (x)]\nu ^3c_\epsilon [Q,\varphi _\epsilon (x)]`$
$`=\nu ^3a_\epsilon \varphi _\epsilon (x)+\mathrm{i}\nu ^2\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+\nu \stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+\stackrel{\times }{\times }rest_\epsilon (x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
with

$$a_\epsilon :=\frac{1}{12}j_{2\epsilon }^{}(0)\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}_\pi ^\pi 𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)^2c_\epsilon $$

where we used Eq. (123) and the following relations,

$`{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{\prime \prime }(xy)=0`$
$`{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(xy)=1`$
$`{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑yj_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(xy)\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(xy)=j_{2\epsilon +2\epsilon ^{}}^{}(0)`$
$`{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}^{}(xy)\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)=\stackrel{~}{\rho }_{\epsilon +2\epsilon ^{}}^{}(x)`$
(note the sign in the last relation!) which all are simple consequences of the definitions, and a rest term

$$rest_\epsilon (x):=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}_\pi ^\pi 𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(xy)[2\mathrm{i}\nu ^2j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(xy)\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)+\nu \stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^2]\nu \stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2$$
(132)
which we expect to vanish in the limit $`\epsilon 0`$ (recall that $`j_\epsilon (0)=0`$). For the following computations we find it convenient to write (cf. Eq. (128))

$$j_\epsilon (r)=\underset{n}{}\widehat{j}(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx|n|\epsilon },\widehat{j}(|n|)=\mathrm{i}|s_n^2|=\widehat{j}(|n|).$$
(133)
With that,

$`\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(r)^2=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,n_2,n_3}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑r\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_1r|n_1|\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}\widehat{j}(n_2)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_2r|n_2|\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}\widehat{j}(n_3)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_3r|n_3|\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\widehat{j}(m)\widehat{j}(n)\mathrm{e}^{(|m|+|n|+|m+n|)\epsilon }={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}2|s_m|^2|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{(m+n)\epsilon }\left(\mathrm{e}^{|mn|\epsilon }\mathrm{e}^{|m+n|\epsilon }\right),`$
and with $`j_{2\epsilon }^{}(0)=2_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}n|s_n|^2\mathrm{e}^{2|n|\epsilon }`$ (cf. (128)) and Eq. (62) we get $`a_\epsilon 0`$. Using then Eq. (126) to eliminate the term with $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2`$ we obtain

$`[\stackrel{~}{W}^3,\varphi _\epsilon (x)]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu }}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x^2}}\varphi _\epsilon (x)+\mathrm{i}(\nu ^21)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(x)\varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }+\stackrel{\times }{\times }rest_\epsilon \varphi _\epsilon (x)\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
which coincides with Eq. (75) provided that

$$rest_\epsilon (x)=\epsilon _\epsilon (x)$$
(134)
with $`_\epsilon (x)`$ defined in Eq. (2). We thus are left to prove Eq. (134). For that we compute the rest term explicitly. Firstly, recalling Eqs. (133) and (74) and writing $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(0)=\nu Q`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n)=\widehat{\rho }(n)`$ for $`n0`$,

$`()_1:=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\delta _{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(xy)j_{\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }}(xy)\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)`$
$`=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,n_2,n_3}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_1(xy)|n_1|(\epsilon +\epsilon ^{})}\widehat{j}(n_2)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_2(xy)|n_2|(\epsilon +\epsilon ^{})}\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n_3)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_3y|n_3|\epsilon ^{}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\widehat{j}(m)\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx}\mathrm{e}^{(|m|+|m+n|)\epsilon }`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{i}|s_m|^2\left(\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx}\widehat{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}nx}\right)\left(\mathrm{e}^{|mn|\epsilon }\mathrm{e}^{|m+n|\epsilon }\right)\mathrm{e}^{|m|\epsilon }.`$
Secondly,

$`()_2:=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\delta _{\epsilon +\epsilon ^{}}(xy)\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon ^{}(y)^2`$
$`=\underset{\epsilon ^{}0}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,n_2,n_3}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _\pi ^\pi }𝑑y\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_1(xy)|n_1|(\epsilon +\epsilon ^{})}\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n_2)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_2y\epsilon ^{}|n_2|}\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n_3)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_3y\epsilon ^{}|n_3|}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\stackrel{~}{\rho }(m)\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(m+n)x\epsilon |m+n|},`$
and recalling $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2=_{m,n}\stackrel{~}{\rho }(m)\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(m+n)x\epsilon (|m|+|n|)}`$ we obtain

$`\stackrel{\times }{\times }[()_2\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2]\stackrel{\times }{\times }={\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\stackrel{~}{\rho }(m)\stackrel{~}{\rho }(n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(m+n)x}(\mathrm{e}^{\epsilon (|m+n|)}\mathrm{e}^{(|m|+|n|)\epsilon })`$
$`=2{\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\stackrel{\times }{\times }\widehat{\rho }(m)\widehat{\rho }(n)\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(mn)x}\left(\mathrm{e}^{|m+n|\epsilon }\mathrm{e}^{|mn|\epsilon }\right).`$
We therefore obtain (cf. Eq. (2))

$$rest_\epsilon (x)=2\mathrm{i}\nu ^2()_1+\nu \stackrel{\times }{\times }[()_2\stackrel{~}{\rho }_\epsilon (x)^2]\stackrel{\times }{\times }\epsilon _\epsilon (r)$$

which completes the proof of Lemma 2. $`\mathrm{}`$

### C.2 Proof of Lemma 3

We write $`J(\underset{¯}{\alpha })=\alpha _0Q+A^{}+A^+`$ where $`A^\pm =J^\pm (\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ and recall from the definition of normal ordering that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}R^w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha _0Q/2}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}A^+}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}A^{}}$$

and

$`\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}n[\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)].`$
To compute the l.h.s. of Eq. (78) we use

$`[\widehat{\rho }_1(\pm n),A^\pm ]`$ $`=`$ $`\pm nc_n\alpha _{\pm n}\mathrm{𝟏}`$
$`[\widehat{\rho }_2(\pm n),A^\pm ]`$ $`=`$ $`\pm ns_{\pm n}\alpha _n\mathrm{𝟏}n0`$
following from Eqs. (2.1) and (14). Moreover, we get for $`n>0`$,

$`\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\mathrm{\Phi }={\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}\mathrm{e}^{t\widehat{\rho }_1(n)}\mathrm{\Phi }|_{t=0}={\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}t[\widehat{\rho }_1(n),A^+]}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{e}^{t\widehat{\rho }_1(n)}|_{t=0}`$
$`=\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+\mathrm{i}[\widehat{\rho }_1(n),A^+]=\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+\mathrm{i}nc_n\alpha _n\mathrm{𝟏},`$ (135)
and similarly,

$`\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)=\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{i}[\widehat{\rho }_1(n),A^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\mathrm{\Phi }+\mathrm{i}nc_n\alpha _n\mathrm{𝟏}`$
$`\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\mathrm{i}+\mathrm{i}[\widehat{\rho }_2(n),A^+]`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)+\mathrm{i}ns_n\alpha _n\mathrm{𝟏}`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)=\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{i}[\widehat{\rho }_2(n),A^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\mathrm{\Phi }+\mathrm{i}ns_n\alpha _n\mathrm{𝟏}.`$ (136)
With that we obtain

$`𝒞\mathrm{\Phi }+\mathrm{\Phi }𝒞2\stackrel{\times }{\times }\mathrm{\Phi }𝒞\stackrel{\times }{\times }={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}n\stackrel{\times }{\times }[\mathrm{i}nc_n\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+\mathrm{i}nc_n\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }_1(n)`$
$`+\mathrm{i}ns_n\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }_2(n)+\mathrm{i}ns_n\alpha _n\widehat{\rho }_2(n)]\mathrm{\Phi }\stackrel{\times }{\times }=\stackrel{\times }{\times }{\displaystyle }_n\mathrm{i}n^2\alpha _n[c_n\widehat{\rho }_1(n)+s_n\widehat{\rho }_2(n)]\mathrm{\Phi }\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$
equal to $`\stackrel{\times }{\times }J(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{\prime \prime })\mathrm{\Phi }\stackrel{\times }{\times }`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### C.3 Proof of Lemma 4

We introduce the notations

$$W_\pm ^3:=\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\frac{1}{6\pi }_0^{2\pi }𝑑y\rho _\epsilon ^\pm (y)^3$$

with $`\rho _\epsilon ^\pm `$ given in Eq. (124), and a simple computation yields

$`W_\pm ^3=\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{2\pi }}𝑑y{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,n_2,n_3=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(c_{n_1}\widehat{\rho }_1(n_1)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}n_1y}+s_{\pm n_1}\widehat{\rho }_2(n_1)\mathrm{e}^{\pm \mathrm{i}n_1y}\right)`$
$`\times (n_1n_2)(n_2n_3)\mathrm{e}^{(n_1+n_2+n_3)\epsilon }=`$ (137)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(c_mc_ns_{\pm (m+n)}\widehat{\rho }_1(m)\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\widehat{\rho }_2(mn)`$
$`+s_{\pm m}s_{\pm n}c_{(m+n)}\widehat{\rho }_2(m)\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\widehat{\rho }_1(mn))`$ (138)
where ‘$`(n_1n_2)`$’ means the same term as the previous one but with $`n_2`$ instead of $`n_1`$. We observe that $`𝒞\mathrm{\Omega }=Q\mathrm{\Omega }=\rho _\epsilon ^{}(x)\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$ and thus

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=\nu W_+^3\mathrm{\Omega },(W_+^3)^{}=W_{}^3$$

which implies that (82) is true if and only if

$$()_+()_{}:=\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }W_+^3\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega },W_{}^3\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega }$$

vanishes. We now compute $`()_{}`$ using Eqs. (C.2 Proof of Lemma 3)–(C.2 Proof of Lemma 3) which imply (for $`n>0`$)

$$\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{i}nc_n\alpha _n\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega },\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{i}ns_n\alpha _n\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega },$$

and therefore

$`()_{}={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}<\mathrm{\Omega },[c_mc_ns_{(m+n)}\widehat{\rho }_1(m)\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\widehat{\rho }_2(m+n)+`$
$`+s_ms_nc_{m+n}\widehat{\rho }_2(m)\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\widehat{\rho }_1(m+n)]\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega }>=\delta _{w,0}{\displaystyle }_{m,n=1}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{i})^3mn(m+n)`$
$`\times \left(|c_m|^2|c_n|^2|s_{m+n}|^2\alpha _m\alpha _n\alpha _{(m+n)}+|s_m|^2|s_n|^2|c_{m+n}|^2\alpha _m\alpha _n\alpha _{m+n}\right)`$
where we used $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Omega }=\delta _{w,0}`$. The equations in (C.2 Proof of Lemma 3) also imply (for $`n>0`$)

$$<\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_1(n)=\mathrm{i}nc_n\alpha _n<\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi },<\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }\widehat{\rho }_2(n)=\mathrm{i}ns_n\alpha _n<\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi },$$

and thus

$`()_+={\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}<\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }[c_mc_ns_{m+n}\widehat{\rho }_1(m)\widehat{\rho }_1(n)\widehat{\rho }_2(mn)+`$
$`+s_ms_nc_{(m+n)}\widehat{\rho }_2(m)\widehat{\rho }_2(n)\widehat{\rho }_1(mn)]\mathrm{\Omega }>=\delta _{w,0}{\displaystyle }_{m,n=1}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{i})^3mn(m+n)`$
$`\times \left(|c_m|^2|c_n|^2|s_{m+n}|^2\alpha _m\alpha _n\alpha _{m+n}+|s_m|^2|s_n|^2|c_{m+n}|^2\alpha _m\alpha _n\alpha _{(m+n)}\right).`$
We thus obtain

$`()_+()_{}=\delta _{w,0}{\displaystyle \underset{m,n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\mathrm{i})^3mn(m+n)`$
$`\times \left(|c_m|^2|c_n|^2|s_{m+n}|^2|s_m|^2|s_n|^2|c_{m+n}|^2\right)\left(\alpha _m\alpha _n\alpha _{m+n}+\alpha _m\alpha _n\alpha _{(m+n)}\right)`$ (139)
which shows explicitly that the relations in Eq. (83) imply $`()_+()_{}=0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$