format: text

text:
# Contents

## 1 Introduction

Solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, in particular ones with $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ or $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ symmetry, are used in constructing a number of statistical models  and are applied in analyzing the high-energy Regge  and Bjorken asymptotics  of four -dimensional gauge theories.

In the previous paper  we have studied the $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ symmetric rational solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation. We have obtained the general R-operator acting on the tensor product of two arbitrary representation spaces of lowest weight in terms of the matrix elements in a basis of lowest weight vectors appearing in the tensor product.

The lowest weight representation spaces have been chosen in terms of polynomials in one even variable $`z`$ and two odd variables $`\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$. Then the tensor product representation consists of polynomial two-point functions, i.e. functions of two sets $`(z_i,\theta _i,\overline{\theta }_i)`$. This formulation is the appropriate one for treating arbitrary infinite dimensional lowest weight representations. It is the natural formulation from the viewpoint of applications to the Bjorken limit of four-dimensional field theories like QCD. In the Bjorken asymtotics the interaction reduces in dimension effectively to a line on the light cone, being the range of the even variable $`z`$. The Grassmann variables $`\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$ appear in the Bjorken limit of supersymmetric ($`𝒩=1`$) Yang-Mills theories allowing to unify the gluon and quark fields in terms of superfields. The effective interaction can be formulated in terms of integral operators, the kernels of which are (super)conformal four-point functions.

This physical context provides a motivation to look for a corresponding formulation of the R-operators in terms of integral kernels. Instead of constructing these kernels from the matrix elements derived earlier we present here a direct calculation. We consider the defining relations for the general R-operator now as differential equations on the kernel. The essential observation is that this set of differential equation reduces to simple first order differential equations, one for each variable involved. The resulting kernel is expressed in powers of combinations of the variables having simple $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ transformation properties.

The method proposed here seems to be general enough to become useful in solving the Yang-Baxter equation with other symmetries. In particular the observed reduction of the defining relation to simple first order differential equations is expected to work as a powerful tool in other cases. This reduction relies on the structure of the Lax operator, i.e. the R-operator acting in the tensor product of the fundamental and an arbitrary representation. Its matrix representation decomposes into matrices times derivatives, where these matrices are tensor products of particular vectors. In the case of $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ this structure appeared earlier in calculations by L.N.Lipatov  and has been used in . The kernel of R-operator is finally obtained as the similarity transformation transforming these first order differential operators into the simple derivatives with respect to variables $`z_i,\theta _i,\overline{\theta }_i`$.

Aiming to give a clear presentation of the method we discuss the simplest case of $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ first. Note that the main idea to represent the universal R-matrix as an integral operator originates from the paper . Moreover, the final answer for the kernel of R-operator has been obtained by a straightforward solution of the system of differential equations of the second order in the paper . See this paper for the applications of the integral representation of R-matrix.

The presentation is organized as follows. In Section 2 we collect the standard facts about the algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ and its representations. We represent the lowest weight modules by polynomials in one variable ($`z`$) and the $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-generators as first order differential operators. We derive the defining relation for the general R-matrix, i.e. the solution of the Yang-Baxter equation acting on tensor products of two arbitrary representations, the elements of which are polynomial functions of $`z_1`$ and $`z_2`$. We solve this defining relation in the space of lowest weights. The result is well known  but we represent all calculations in the form which is appropriate for the supersymmetric generalisation. In Section 3 we give the simple method of derivation of the integral operator representation for the R-matrix. The main observation is that the defining system of differential equations of the second order for the kernel of R-matrix is equivalent to the system of the first-order differential equations.

These sections have introductory character and starting from the Section 4 we follow the same strategy for the supersymmetric algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$. We represent the $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ lowest weight modules by polynomials in one even ($`z`$) and two odd variables ($`\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$) and the $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-generators as first order differential operators and derive the defining relation for the general R-matrix, i.e. the solution of the Yang-Baxter equation acting on tensor products of two arbitrary representations, the elements of which are polynomial functions of ($`z_1,\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1`$) and ($`z_2,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_2`$). We solve this defining relation in the space of lowest weights. All this is the short summary of our previous paper  where the reader can find all details.

In Section 5 we reduce the defining system of differential equations of the second order for the kernel of R-matrix to the equivalent system of the first-order differential equations. Next we demonstrate by direct calculation that the obtained integral operator coincides with ones obtained in our previous paper.

Finally, in Section 6 we summarize. Appendix A contains some technical details about the construction of superconformal N-point functions. In Appendix B we give the list of superintegrals which are needed for the calculations of matrix elements.

## 2 $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariant -matrix

### 2.1 Algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ and lowest weight modules

The algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ has three generators $`\stackrel{}{S}=(S^1,S^2,S^3)`$ with standard commutation relations:

$$[S^j,S^k]=iϵ^{jkp}S^p$$

We shall use the generators $`S,S^\pm `$:

$$S^\pm =S^1\pm iS^2,S=S^3;[S,S^\pm ]=\pm S^\pm ,[S^+,S^{}]=2S.$$

which have the following form in the fundamental representation

$$S^i=\frac{1}{2}\sigma ^i;\sigma _1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right);\sigma _2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right);\sigma _3=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),$$

$$S^+=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right);S^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right);S=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

We represent the generators as first order differential operators, acting on the space of polynomials $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)`$:

$$S^{}=;S^+=z^2+2\mathrm{}z;S=z+\mathrm{}.$$
(2.1.1)
Below we shall use the global form of $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-transformations

$$e^{\lambda S^{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=\mathrm{\Phi }(z\lambda );e^{\lambda S^+}\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=\frac{1}{(1\lambda z)^2\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\frac{z}{1\lambda z}\right)$$
(2.1.2)
The lowest weight $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-module $`V_{\mathrm{}}`$ is built on the lowest weight vector $`\psi `$ obeying:

$$S^{}\psi =0;S\psi =\mathrm{}\psi $$

The center of the enveloping algebra of the algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$ is generated by the Casimir operator $`C_2`$ and the module is characterised uniquely by the action of the Casimir operators on its elements:

$$C_2=S^2S+S^+S^{};C_2v=\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}1)v.$$
(2.1.3)
It is a vector space spanned by the following basis $`V_k=(S^+)^k\psi ,k𝒵_+.`$ We shall use the above realization of the $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-generators as the differential operators of first order acting on the infinite-dimensional(for generic $`\mathrm{}`$) space $`V_{\mathrm{}}`$ of polynomials $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)`$ of variable $`z`$. The coherent state $`e^{\lambda S^+}\psi `$ for the lowest weight $`\psi =1`$ is the generating function, the power expansion in $`\lambda `$ of which produces the basis:

$$e^{\lambda S^+}1=(1\lambda z)^2\mathrm{};V_k=(2\mathrm{})_kz^k$$
(2.1.4)
There exist some special values of $`\mathrm{}`$: $`\mathrm{}=n;n\frac{1}{2}𝒵_+`$ , for which the module $`V_{\mathrm{}}`$ becomes a finite-dimensional vector space. Indeed it is evident from (2.1.4) that all basis vectors are equal zero for $`kn+1`$. Let us introduce the special notation for the fundamental $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-module: $`V_{\frac{1}{2}}V_f`$.
The tensor product of two $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-modules has the well known direct sum decomposition:

$$V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n}$$
(2.1.5)
For the proof of (2.1.5) in the generic situation one has to determine all possible lowest weight vectors appearing in the tensor product $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$. In the realization on functions of $`z`$ the space $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$ is isomorphic to the space of polynomials in two variables $`\psi (z_1,z_2)`$. The $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-generators acting on the $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$ are just the sums of corresponding generators acting in $`V_\mathrm{}_i`$. The lowest weight vectors of the irreducible representations in the decomposition of $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$ are defined as the solutions of the equation:

$$S^{}\mathrm{\Psi }=0\mathrm{\Psi }(z_1,z_2)=\mathrm{\Psi }\left(z_1z_2\right)$$
(2.1.6)
Now, the lowest weight vectors in the decomposition of the tensor product are constructed from functions (2.1.6) being eigenfunctions of generator $`S`$. The eigenfunctions of the operator $`S`$ are homogeneous polynomials of degree $`n,n𝒵_+`$ and finally we obtain that all lowest weights in the space $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$ are:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n\left(z_1z_2\right)^n$$
(2.1.7)
### 2.2 Yang-Baxter equation and general operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$

Let $`V_\mathrm{}_i;i=1,2,3`$ be three lowest weight $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-modules. Let us consider the three operators $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_i\mathrm{}_j}(u)`$ which are acting in $`V_\mathrm{}_iV_\mathrm{}_j`$ and obey the Yang-Baxter equation in the space $`V_\mathrm{}_3V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$:

$$\text{}_{\mathrm{}_3\mathrm{}_1}(u)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_3\mathrm{}_2}(v)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(vu)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(vu)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_3\mathrm{}_2}(v)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_3\mathrm{}_1}(u)$$
(2.2.1)
To obtain the defining relation for the general -operator we consider the special case $`\mathrm{}_1=f`$ in (2.2.1)

$$\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}(u)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}(v)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(vu)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(vu)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}(v)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}(u).$$
(2.2.2)
We can choose the matrix realization in $`V_f`$ and use the operator ($`\stackrel{}{S}`$ are generators acting in $`V_{\mathrm{}}`$)

$$\text{}_f\mathrm{}(u)=u+\frac{1}{2}+\stackrel{}{\sigma }\stackrel{}{S}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}u+\frac{1}{2}+S& S^{}\\ S^+& u+\frac{1}{2}S\end{array}\right),$$
(2.2.3)
which is the well known solution of the Yang-Baxter equation:

$$\text{}_{f_1f_2}(uv)\text{}_{f_1\mathrm{}_3}(u)\text{}_{f_2\mathrm{}_3}(v)=\text{}_{f_2\mathrm{}_3}(v)\text{}_{f_1\mathrm{}_3}(u)\text{}_{f_1f_2}(uv);\text{}_{f_1f_2}(u)=1+u\text{}_{12},$$

where $`\text{}_{12}`$ is the permutation. The operators $`\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}`$,$`\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}`$ are linear functions of the spectral parameter $`u`$

$$\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_i}(u)=u+\frac{1}{2}+\text{}_i;\text{}_i=\left(\begin{array}{cc}S_i& S_i^{}\\ S_i^+& S_i\end{array}\right);i=2,3.$$

Now the general R-matrix $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$ acting in the tensor product $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$ of arbitrary modules, is fixed by the condition (2.2.2). After separation of $`v+u`$ and $`vu`$ dependence we obtain two equations($`vuu`$):

$$(\text{}_1+\text{}_2)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)(\text{}_1+\text{}_2)$$
(2.2.4)
$$\left(\frac{u}{2}\left(\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)+\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)\left(\frac{u}{2}\left(\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)+\text{}_2\text{}_1\right)$$
(2.2.5)
The first equation (2.2.4) expresses the fact that $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$ has to be invariant with respect to the action of $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-algebra

$$[\stackrel{}{S},\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)]=0;\stackrel{}{S}=\stackrel{}{S}_1+\stackrel{}{S}_2$$

and the second equation is the wanted defining relation for the operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$. In the matrix form the defining relation reads as follows:

$$K_{AB}\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)\overline{K}_{AB};A,B=1,2$$
(2.2.6)
where:

$$K=\left(\begin{array}{cc}K_{11}& K_{12}\\ K_{21}& K_{22}\end{array}\right)\frac{u}{2}(\text{}_1\text{}_2)+\text{}_1\text{}_2;\overline{K}\frac{u}{2}(\text{}_1\text{}_2)+\text{}_2\text{}_1.$$

Due to $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariance there is only one independent equation so that the system of equations (2.2.4), (2.2.5) for R-matrix is equivalent to the system

$$K_{12}\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)\overline{K}_{12};[\stackrel{}{S},\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)]=0$$
(2.2.7)
Indeed, the operators $`\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}(u)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}(v)`$ and $`\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}(v)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}(u)`$ are $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariant by construction

$$[\stackrel{}{S}+\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{\sigma },\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}(u)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}(v)]=0;[\stackrel{}{S}+\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{\sigma },\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_2}(v)\text{}_{f\mathrm{}_1}(u)]=0$$

so that we obtain the commutation relations between $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-generators and $`K`$-operators

$$[\stackrel{}{S},K]=\frac{1}{2}[\stackrel{}{\sigma },K];[\stackrel{}{S},\overline{K}]=\frac{1}{2}[\stackrel{}{\sigma },\overline{K}].$$

For example

$$[S^+,K_{12}]=K_{11}K_{22},[S^+,K_{11}]=K_{21},[S^+,K_{22}]=K_{21},[S^+,K_{21}]=0$$

and it is possible to obtain the full system of equations (2.2.6) starting from the $`K_{12}`$-equation in (2.2.7).

### 2.3 Eigenvalues of operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$

The $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariance of the operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$ allows to simplify the eigenvalue problem. Due to $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariance any eigenspace of the operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}`$ is a lowest weight $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-module generated by some lowest weight eigenvector. Therefore without loss of generality we can solve the defining relation (2.2.5) in the space of lowest weights. Let us consider in more details the structure of eigenspace of the $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariant operator acting on the tensor product $`V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$. As we have seen from the direct sum decomposition (2.1.5) for any fixed $`n`$ the space of lowest weight vectors is one-dimensional and therefore the operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}`$ is diagonal on lowest weight vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$:

$$\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_n=R_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n$$
(2.3.1)
The relation (2.2.7) leads to a simple recurrence relation for the eigenvalues $`R_n`$. The operator $`K_{12}`$ commutes with the lowering generator $`S^{}`$ and therefore $`K_{12}`$ maps lowest weight vectors to lowest weight vector and decrease its power by one:

$$K_{12}\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\alpha _n(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1};\alpha _n(u)=n(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n1),$$

where the concrete form of the function $`\alpha _n(u)`$ is derived by the explicit calculation using

$$K_{12}=(z_1z_2)_1_2\left(\frac{u}{2}\mathrm{}_2\right)_1+\left(\frac{u}{2}\mathrm{}_1\right)_2;\mathrm{\Psi }_n=(z_1z_2)^n.$$

Under the permutation:

$$\mathrm{}_1,z_1\mathrm{}_2,z_2;uu,$$

the operators $`K_{AB}`$ and lowest weights transform as follows:

$$K_{AB}\overline{K}_{AB};\mathrm{\Psi }_n(1)^{n+1}\mathrm{\Psi }_n$$

so that the action of operator $`\overline{K}_{12}`$ on lowest weight vectors can be obtained from formulae for $`K_{12}`$ by the formal substitution $`\mathrm{}_1,z_1\mathrm{}_2,z_2`$ and $`uu`$:

$$\overline{K}_{12}\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\alpha _n(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1}.$$

We project the operator equation $`K_{12}\text{}=\text{}\overline{K}_{12}`$ onto the lowest weight vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$:

$$K_{12}\text{}\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\text{}\overline{K}_{12}\mathrm{\Psi }_n\alpha _n(u)R_n\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1}=R_{n1}\alpha _n(u)\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1}$$

which results in the recurrent relation:

$$\alpha _n(u)R_n=\alpha _n(u)R_{n1}$$

with the general solution :

$$R_n(u)=(1)^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2\right)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n\right)}$$
(2.3.2)
where we fixed the overall normalisation of R-operator in such a way that $`\text{}:11`$.

## 3 The operator $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)`$ as integral operator

It is useful to derive the explicit representation of the -matrix as integral operator acting on polynomials $`\psi (z_1,z_2)V_\mathrm{}_1V_\mathrm{}_2`$

$$\left[\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)\psi \right](z_1,z_2)=\text{d}z_3\text{d}z_4(z_1,z_2|z_3,z_4)\psi (z_3,z_4)$$
(3.0.1)
We suppose that it is possible to integrate by parts so that the equations (2.2.4), (2.2.5) result in the set of differential equations for the kernel $`(\stackrel{}{z})=(z_1,z_2|z_3,z_4)`$

$$(\text{}_1+\text{}_2+\text{}_3+\text{}_4)(\stackrel{}{z})=0$$
(3.0.2)
$$\left(\frac{u}{2}\left(\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)+\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)(\stackrel{}{z})=\left(\frac{u}{2}\left(\text{}_4\text{}_3\right)+\text{}_4\text{}_3\right)(\stackrel{}{z})$$
(3.0.3)
where the matrices $`\text{}_i,i=3,4`$ arise after integration by parts

$$\text{}_i=\left(\begin{array}{cc}S_i& S_i^{}\\ S_i^+& S_i\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}z_i_i+\mathrm{}_i& _i\\ z_i^2_i+2\mathrm{}_iz_i& z_i_i\mathrm{}_i\end{array}\right);\mathrm{}_31\mathrm{}_1,\mathrm{}_41\mathrm{}_2$$

First we shall solve this system of differential equations and then specify selfconsistently the contours of integration. The main system of equations can be simplified drastically.

###### Proposition 1

The system of differential equations (3.0.2), (3.0.3) of the second order is equivalent to the system of differential equations of the first order

$$𝒟_1=0,𝒟_2=0,𝒟_3=0,𝒟_4=0.$$
(3.0.4)
where operators $`𝒟_i`$ are defined in a following way

$$𝒟_1_1+\frac{u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}{z_{14}}\frac{u+\mathrm{}_4\mathrm{}_1}{z_{12}};𝒟_2_2+\frac{u+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3}{z_{23}}+\frac{u+\mathrm{}_3\mathrm{}_2}{z_{12}}$$
(3.0.5)
$$𝒟_3_3\frac{u+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3}{z_{23}}\frac{u+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}{z_{34}};𝒟_4_4\frac{u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}{z_{14}}+\frac{u+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}{z_{34}}.$$

The $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-generators are expressed in terms of $`𝒟_i`$ as follows:

$$\text{𝕊}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}𝒟_i;\text{𝕊}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i𝒟_i;\text{𝕊}^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i^2𝒟_i;\stackrel{}{\text{𝕊}}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\stackrel{}{S}_i$$

The common solution of the system (3.0.4) up to overall normalisation is

$$(\stackrel{}{z})z_{12}^{u\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}z_{14}^{u\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}z_{32}^{u\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}z_{34}^{u+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3};\mathrm{}_3=1\mathrm{}_1,\mathrm{}_4=1\mathrm{}_2.$$

### 3.1 Differential equations

There exists the simple and elegant way to derive the equation of the first order for the R-matrix which is especially useful for the supersymmetric generalisation. The similar trick was used in  for the derivation of integrals of motion for $`XXX`$ spin chains. The matrix  has very special structure

$$\text{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& 1\\ z^2& z\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}& 0\\ 2\mathrm{}z& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right);\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& 1\\ z^2& z\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& 1\end{array}\right)$$

so that the matrix

$$\text{}f(z)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& 1\\ z^2& z\end{array}\right)f^{}(z)+\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}& 0\\ 2\mathrm{}z& \mathrm{}\end{array}\right)f(z)$$

has two evident eigenvectors

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& 1\end{array}\right)\text{}f(z)=\mathrm{}\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& 1\end{array}\right)f(z);\text{}f(z)\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z\end{array}\right)=\mathrm{}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z\end{array}\right)f(z)$$

where $`f(z)`$ is an arbitrary function. The derivative $`f^{}(z)`$ disappears from the eigenvalues and we shall use this property to derive the first order differential equation for the kernel $`(\stackrel{}{z})`$. Let us multiply the equations (2.2.4), (2.2.5) to the vector $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}z_4& 1\end{array}\right)`$ from the left and to the vector $`\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z_2\end{array}\right)`$ from the right. Then we obtain the system of two first-order differential equations for the function $`(\stackrel{}{z})`$

$$\text{𝔻}_1+\text{𝔻}_3=(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_4)z_{24};\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_2\right)\text{𝔻}_1+\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_4\right)\text{𝔻}_3=\frac{u}{2}(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_4)z_{24}$$

which is equivalent to the system

$$\text{𝔻}_1=\left(u+\mathrm{}_4\right)z_{24};\text{𝔻}_3=\left(u+\mathrm{}_2\right)z_{24}.$$
(3.1.6)
We use the notation

$$\text{𝔻}_k\left(\begin{array}{cc}z_4& 1\end{array}\right)\text{}_k\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z_2\end{array}\right)=z_{k2}z_{k4}_k\mathrm{}_k(z_{k2}+z_{k4});k=1,3$$

for the arising differential operators. Let us multiply the equations (2.2.4), (2.2.5) to the vector $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}z_1& 1\end{array}\right)`$ from the left and to the vector $`\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z_3\end{array}\right)`$ from the right. In the same manner we obtain the mirror system of equations:

$$\text{𝔻}_2=\left(u+\mathrm{}_3\right)z_{13};\text{𝔻}_4=\left(u+\mathrm{}_1\right)z_{13},$$
(3.1.7)
where

$$\text{𝔻}_k\left(\begin{array}{cc}z_1& 1\end{array}\right)\text{}_k\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ z_3\end{array}\right)=z_{k1}z_{k3}_k\mathrm{}_k(z_{k1}+z_{k3});k=2,4.$$

Finally, as consequence of the main system of differential equations of the second order we obtain the system of differential equations (3.1.6), (3.1.7) of the first order. The eqs. (3.1.6), (3.1.7) are equivalent to

$$𝒟_1=0,𝒟_2=0,𝒟_3=0,𝒟_4=0.$$

where the differential operators $`𝒟_i`$ are defined in (3.0.5).
The next step is to prove the reverse, that the system of equations (3.0.2), (3.0.3) is the consequence of the system (3.0.4). It is easy to rewrite the $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-generators and the equations of $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariance (3.0.2) in terms of the introduced operators $`𝒟_i`$:

$$\text{𝕊}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}S_i^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}𝒟_i;\text{𝕊}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}S_i^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i𝒟_i;\text{𝕊}^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}S_i^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i^2𝒟_i.$$

$$\text{𝕊}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}𝒟_i=0;\text{𝕊}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i𝒟_i=0;\text{𝕊}^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i^2𝒟_i=0$$

As explained above due to $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariance we can restrict to one $`K_{12}`$-equation in (2.2.7). This equation has the explicit form

$$z_{12}_1_2(\stackrel{}{z})+z_{34}_3_4(\stackrel{}{z})=$$

$$=\left(\frac{u}{2}\mathrm{}_2\right)_1(\stackrel{}{z})+\left(\frac{u}{2}\mathrm{}_1\right)_2(\stackrel{}{z})\left(\frac{u}{2}\mathrm{}_4\right)_3(\stackrel{}{z})+\left(\frac{u}{2}\mathrm{}_3\right)_4(\stackrel{}{z})$$

and can be easily rewritten in terms of the operators $`𝒟_i`$

$$z_{12}𝒟_1𝒟_2+z_{34}𝒟_3𝒟_4=$$

$$=\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_3+(u+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3)\frac{z_{12}}{z_{23}}\right)𝒟_1\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_4(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4)\frac{z_{12}}{z_{14}}\right)𝒟_2+$$

$$+\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_1(u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4)\frac{z_{34}}{z_{14}}\right)𝒟_3\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_2+(u+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3)\frac{z_{34}}{z_{23}}\right)𝒟_4.$$

We see that the system of equations (3.0.2), (3.0.3) is the consequence of the system (3.0.4) and finally, the system of the defining equation (2.2.7) is equivalent to the system (3.0.4).
The common solution of the system (3.0.4) up to an overall normalisation is

$$(\stackrel{}{z})z_{12}^{u\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}z_{14}^{u\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}z_{32}^{u\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}z_{34}^{u+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3};\mathrm{}_3=1\mathrm{}_1,\mathrm{}_4=1\mathrm{}_2.$$

The operators $`𝒟_i`$ are obtained by the simple similarity transformation from the derivatives $`_i`$

$$𝒟_1=z_{12}^{u+\mathrm{}_4\mathrm{}_1}z_{14}^{u\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}_1z_{12}^{u\mathrm{}_4+\mathrm{}_1}z_{14}^{u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4},𝒟_2=z_{21}^{u+\mathrm{}_3\mathrm{}_2}z_{23}^{u\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}_2z_{21}^{u\mathrm{}_3+\mathrm{}_2}z_{23}^{u+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3}$$

$$𝒟_3=z_{32}^{u\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}z_{34}^{u+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}_3z_{32}^{u+\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3}z_{34}^{u\mathrm{}_2+\mathrm{}_3},𝒟_4=z_{41}^{u\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}z_{43}^{u+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}_4z_{41}^{u+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}z_{43}^{u\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}.$$

so that by using the ansatz

$$(\stackrel{}{z})z_{12}^{u\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_4}z_{14}^{u\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_4}z_{32}^{u\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}z_{34}^{u+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_3}R(\stackrel{}{z})$$

the system of equations $`𝒟_i(\stackrel{}{z})=0`$ can be reduced to the system $`_iR(\stackrel{}{z})=0`$ with the evident solution $`R(\stackrel{}{z})=const`$.

### 3.2 The integral representation.

It remains to fix the contours of integrations. The -operator acts on the space of polynomials $`\psi (z_1,z_2)`$ which can be of arbitrary large degree. The requirement of convergence allows compact contours only and there remains the one possibility:

$$\left[\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)\psi \right](z_1,z_2)=\rho _{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}z_3_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}z_4z_{21}^{1+u\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}z_{41}^{\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_1u1}z_{23}^{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2u1}z_{34}^{\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+u1}\psi (z_3,z_4)$$
(3.2.8)
where the normalisation factor $`\rho `$ is chosen so that $`\text{}:11`$,

$$\rho =\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2u)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_1u)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2u)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+u)}.$$
(3.2.9)
It is easy to check $`aposteriori`$ that the obtained integral operator is $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariant and has the eigenvalues (2.3.2). The eigenvalues can be calculated by using twice the general formula

$$_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}z_4z_{34}^{a1}z_{41}^{b1}=z_{31}^{a+b1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a+b)}.$$

## 4 The supersymmetric extension: $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-invariant -matrix

### 4.1 The algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ and lowest weights modules

Here we collect the main formulas about algebra $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ (for details see ). We represent the generators as first order differential operators, acting on the space of polynomials $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$:

$$S^{}=;V^{}=_\theta +\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta };W^{}=_{\overline{\theta }}+\frac{1}{2}\theta ,$$
(4.1.1)
$$V^+=\left[z_\theta +\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }z+\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }\theta _\theta \right](\mathrm{}b)\overline{\theta };W^+=\left[z_{\overline{\theta }}+\frac{1}{2}\theta z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }_{\overline{\theta }}\right](\mathrm{}+b)\theta ,$$

$$S^+=z^2+z\theta _\theta +z\overline{\theta }_{\overline{\theta }}+2\mathrm{}zb\theta \overline{\theta },$$
(4.1.2)
$$S=z+\frac{1}{2}\theta _\theta +\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }_{\overline{\theta }}+\mathrm{};B=\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }_{\overline{\theta }}\frac{1}{2}\theta _\theta +b.$$

The lowest weight $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-module $`V_{\mathrm{},b}=V_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}},\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{},b)`$ is built on the lowest weight vector $`\psi `$ obeying:

$$V_{}\psi =0;W^{}\psi =0;S^{}\psi =0;S\psi =\mathrm{}\psi ;B\psi =b\psi $$

The module $`V_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}}`$ is a vector space spanned by the following basis  with the even vectors

$$A_k=(S^+)^k\psi ;B_k=(S^+)^{k1}W^+V^+\psi ,k𝒵_+$$

and the odd vectors

$$V_k=(S^+)^kV^+\psi ;W_k=(S^+)^kW^+\psi ,k𝒵_+$$

We shall use the above realization of the $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-generators as the differential operators of first order acting on the infinite-dimensional(for generic $`\mathrm{}`$) space $`V_{\mathrm{},b}`$ of polynomials $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ of variables $`z,\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$.
The tensor product of two $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-modules has the following direct sum decomposition :

$$V_{\mathrm{}_1,b_1}V_{\mathrm{}_2,b_2}=V_{\mathrm{},b}+2\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_{\mathrm{}+n,b}+\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_{\mathrm{}+n+\frac{1}{2},b\frac{1}{2}}+\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}V_{\mathrm{}+n+\frac{1}{2},b+\frac{1}{2}};\mathrm{}_i\pm b_i$$
(4.1.3)
$$\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2;b=b_1+b_2$$

Note that this formula is applicable in the generic situation $`\mathrm{}_i\pm b_i`$. All possible lowest weight vectors appearing in the tensor product $`V_{\mathrm{}_1,b_1}V_{\mathrm{}_2,b_2}`$ are divided in two sets, the even lowest weights:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm \left(Z_{12}\pm \frac{1}{2}\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}\right)^n;D_1^\pm \mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm =0,S\mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm =(n+\mathrm{})\mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm ,B\mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm =b\mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm $$
(4.1.4)
and the odd lowest weights:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}\theta _{12}Z_{12}^n;\mathrm{\Psi }_n^+\overline{\theta }_{12}Z_{12}^n;S\mathrm{\Psi }_n^\pm =(n+\mathrm{}+\frac{1}{2})\mathrm{\Psi }_n^\pm ,B\mathrm{\Psi }_n^\pm =(b\pm \frac{1}{2})\mathrm{\Psi }_n^\pm $$
(4.1.5)
where

$$Z_{ij}z_iz_j+\frac{1}{2}(\overline{\theta }_i\theta _j+\theta _i\overline{\theta }_j);\theta _{ij}\theta _i\theta _j;\overline{\theta }_{ij}\overline{\theta }_i\overline{\theta }_j.$$

### 4.2 Yang-Baxter equation and general operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)`$

Let $`V_{\mathrm{}_i,b_i};i=1,2,3`$ be three lowest weight $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-modules. We shall use the short-hand notation:

$$\stackrel{}{f}=(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2});\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}=(\mathrm{},b);V_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}}=V_{\mathrm{},b}.$$

Let us consider the three operators $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_i\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_j}(u)`$ which are acting in $`V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_iV_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_j`$ and obey the Yang-Baxter equation in the space $`V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2`$ :

$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}(u)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(v)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(vu)=\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(vu)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(v)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}(u)$$
(4.2.1)
To obtain the defining relation for the general -operator we consider the special case $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3=\stackrel{}{f}`$ in (4.2.1). Then one can choose the matrix realization  in $`V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1`$

$$\text{}_\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}(u)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}u+S+B& W^{}& S^{}\\ V^+& u+2B& V^{}\\ S^+& W^+& u+BS\end{array}\right)$$

and the operators $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}`$,$`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}`$ are linear functions of spectral parameter $`u`$ in this particular case

$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_i}(u)=u+\text{}_i;\text{}_i=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}S_i+B_i& W_i^{}& S_i^{}\\ V_i^+& 2B_i& V_i^{}\\ S_i^+& W_i^+& B_iS_i\end{array}\right);i=1,2$$

Now the general R-matrix $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)`$ acting in the tensor product $`V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2`$ of arbitrary modules, is fixed by the condition

$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}(u)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(v)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(vu)=\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(vu)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(v)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}(u)$$
(4.2.2)
or equivalently:

$$(\text{}_1+\text{}_2)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)(\text{}_1+\text{}_2)$$
(4.2.3)
$$\left(\frac{u}{2}(\text{}_1\text{}_2)+\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)\left(\frac{u}{2}(\text{}_1\text{}_2)+\text{}_2\text{}_1\right)$$
(4.2.4)
The first equation (2.2.4) expresses the fact that $`\text{}(u)`$ has to be invariant with respect to the action of $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-algebra and the second equation is the defining relation for the operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)`$.

### 4.3 Eigenvalues of operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)`$

Due to $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-invariance any eigenspace of the operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}`$ is a lowest weight $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-module generated by some lowest weight eigenvector. As we have seen from direct sum decomposition (4.1.3) for every fixed $`n`$ the space of lowest weight vectors with eigenvalue $`b`$ is two-dimensional and the ones with eigenvalues $`b\pm \frac{1}{2}`$ are one-dimensional. Therefore the operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}`$ is diagonal on odd lowest weight vectors $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n^+`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}`$ but acts non-trivially on the two-dimensional subspace of even lowest weight vectors spanned on $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n^+`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n^{}`$.
In matrix form we have:

$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_n^+\\ \mathrm{\Phi }_n^{}\\ \mathrm{\Psi }_n^+\\ \mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}A_n(u)& B_n(u)& 0& 0\\ C_n(u)& D_n(u)& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& F_n(u)& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& E_n(u)\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_n^+\\ \mathrm{\Phi }_n^{}\\ \mathrm{\Psi }_n^+\\ \mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}\end{array}\right)$$
(4.3.1)
The matrix relation (2.2.5) leads to a set of recurrence relations for the coefficients $`A_n,\mathrm{},E_n`$ with the general solution :

$$A_n(u)=(1)^{n+1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}$$
(4.3.2)
$$\frac{(\mathrm{}_1b_1)(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)\left(\text{u}b_1b_2\right)\left(\text{u}+b_1+b_2\right)\left(\text{u}b_1\mathrm{}_2\right)\left(\text{u}b_1+\mathrm{}_2\right)}{(\mathrm{}_2b_2)(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)}$$

$$B_n(u)=(1)^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n\right)};C_n(u)=(1)^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}\frac{(\mathrm{}_2+b_2)(\mathrm{}_1b_1)}{(\mathrm{}_2b_2)(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)}$$

$$D_n(u)=(1)^{n+1}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n\right)}\frac{\text{u}+b_2b_1}{(\mathrm{}_2b_2)(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)}$$

$$E_n(u)=(1)^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}\frac{(\text{u}+b_2\mathrm{}_1)(\text{u}+b_2+\mathrm{}_1)}{(\mathrm{}_2b_2)(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)}$$

$$F_n(u)=(1)^n\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_n+1\right)}\frac{(\text{u}b_1\mathrm{}_2)(\text{u}b_1+\mathrm{}_2)}{(\mathrm{}_2b_2)(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)}$$

where we used the notations:

$$\mathrm{}_nn+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2;\text{u}u+b_2b_1.$$

As usual the obtained general solution of the Yang-Baxter equation is fixed up to overall normalization. We choose the normalization such that the R-matrix coincides with the permutation operator for $`u=0`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1=\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2`$. Note that the transformation from our basis vectors $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n^\pm `$ to the ones diagonalizing the R-matrix depends on $`n`$ and this does not result in simpler formulae. <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Note that we have admitted some inconsistency in notations in our previous work . We have started from the general Yang-Baxter equation
$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(uv)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3}(u)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3}(v)=\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3}(v)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3}(u)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(uv)$$
have choosen $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3=\stackrel{}{f}`$ and obtained
$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(uv)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{f}}(u)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2\stackrel{}{f}}(v)=\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2\stackrel{}{f}}(v)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{f}}(u)\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(uv)$$
Then we have “automatically” used the ansatz for $`\text{}_\stackrel{}{f}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}`$ instead of $`\text{}_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}\stackrel{}{f}`$. As a consequence the results for the matrix elements formulated there are referring actually to the operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}(u)`$
$$\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1}(u)\text{}\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)\text{}|_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2};\text{}\psi (Z_1,Z_2)\psi (Z_2,Z_1).$$
In the simplest $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-case these matrices coincide $`\text{}_{\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}(u)=\text{}_{\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_1}(u).`$ In the case of superalgebra $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$ the situation is unusual because the flip-operator  acts nontrivially in the lowest weights basis we have used. The correct answer in selfconsistent notations is given in (4.3.2).

## 5 The operator $`\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)`$ as integral operator

Let us go to the derivation of the explicit representation for the -matrix as integral operator acting on polynomials $`\psi (Z_1,Z_2)V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1V_\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2`$

$$\left[\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)\psi \right](Z_1,Z_2)=\text{d}Z_3\text{d}Z_4(Z_1,Z_2|Z_3,Z_4)\psi (Z_3,Z_4)$$
(5.0.1)
where $`Z\{z,\theta ,\overline{\theta }\}`$ and we use the standard superintegration

$$\text{d}Z\text{d}z\text{d}\theta \text{d}\overline{\theta }.$$

We suppose that it is possible to integrate by parts so that the equations (4.2.3), (4.2.4) give the set of differential equations for the kernel $`(\stackrel{}{Z})=(Z_1,Z_2|Z_3,Z_4)`$

$$(\text{}_1+\text{}_2+\text{}_3+\text{}_4)R(\stackrel{}{Z})=0$$
(5.0.2)
$$\left(\frac{u}{2}\left(\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)+\text{}_1\text{}_2\right)R(\stackrel{}{Z})=\left(\frac{u}{2}\left(\text{}_4\text{}_3\right)+\text{}_4\text{}_3\right)R(\stackrel{}{Z})$$
(5.0.3)
where the matrices $`\text{}_i,i=3,4`$ arise after integration by parts

$$\text{}_i(u)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}S_i+B_i& W_i^{}& S_i^{}\\ V_i^+& 2B_i& V_i^{}\\ S_i^+& W_i^+& B_iS_i\end{array}\right);\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1=(\mathrm{}_1,b_1),\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_4\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2=(\mathrm{}_2,b_2)$$

First we shall solve this system of differential equations and then specify selfconsistently the contours of integration.

###### Proposition 2

The system of differential equations (5.0.2), (5.0.3) of second order is equivalent to the system of differential equations of first order

$$𝒟_i=0,𝒟_i^\pm =0;i=1,2,3,4.$$
(5.0.4)
where the operators $`𝒟_i,𝒟_i^\pm `$ are defined in a following way

$$𝒟_1_1\frac{\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}D_1^{}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}D_1^++\frac{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{14}^+}\frac{\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{12}^{}}+(\text{u}\mathrm{}_2b_1)\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{14}Z_{12}}$$

$$𝒟_1^{}D_1^{}(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2)\frac{\theta _{12}}{Z_{12}}+(\text{u}\mathrm{}_2b_1)\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}$$
(5.0.5)
$$𝒟_1^+D_1^++(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}+(\text{u}+b_2b_1)\frac{Z_{43}^{}}{Z_{41}^{}}\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{43}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_2_2\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}D_2^{}\frac{\theta _{21}}{Z_{21}}D_2^+\frac{\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{21}^+}+\frac{\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{23}^{}}(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+b_2)\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{21}Z_{23}}$$

$$𝒟_2^+D_2^+(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{21}}{Z_{21}}+(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+b_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}$$
(5.0.6)
$$𝒟_2^{}D_2^{}+(\mathrm{}_2b_2)\frac{\theta _{23}}{Z_{23}}+(\text{u}+b_2b_1)\frac{Z_{34}^+}{Z_{32}^+}\left(\frac{\theta _{43}}{Z_{43}}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_3_3\frac{\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}D_3^{}\frac{\theta _{34}}{Z_{34}}D_3^+\frac{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{34}^+}+\frac{\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{32}^{}}(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_2b_1)\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{34}Z_{32}}$$

$$𝒟_3^+D_3^+(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}+(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_2b_1)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}$$
(5.0.7)
$$𝒟_3^{}D_3^{}(\mathrm{}_1b_1)\frac{\theta _{23}}{Z_{23}}+(\text{u}+b_2b_1)\frac{Z_{21}^+}{Z_{23}^+}\left(\frac{\theta _{12}}{Z_{12}}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_4_4\frac{\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{43}}D_4^{}\frac{\theta _{41}}{Z_{41}}D_4^++\frac{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{41}^+}\frac{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}{Z_{43}^{}}+(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+b_2)\frac{\theta _{41}\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{41}Z_{43}}$$

$$𝒟_4^{}D_4^{}(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2)\frac{\theta _{43}}{Z_{43}}+(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+b_2)\frac{\theta _{41}}{Z_{41}}$$
(5.0.8)
$$𝒟_4^+D_4^+(\mathrm{}_2+b_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{41}}{Z_{41}}+(\text{u}+b_2b_1)\frac{Z_{12}^{}}{Z_{14}^{}}\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)$$

where

$$D_i^+=_{\theta _i}+\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }_i_i;D_i^{}=_{\overline{\theta }_i}+\frac{1}{2}\theta _i_i$$

$$Z_{ik}^\pm =Z_{ik}\pm \frac{1}{2}\theta _{ik}\overline{\theta }_{ik};D_i^\pm Z_{ik}^\pm =0;D_k^{}Z_{ik}^\pm =0.$$

This system of twelve equations is invariant with respect the following discrete symmetry transformations:

$$14,23;(\mathrm{}_1,b_1)(\mathrm{}_2,b_2),$$

$$12,34;\theta \overline{\theta },D^+D^{};(\mathrm{}_1,b_1)(\mathrm{}_2,b_2).$$

### 5.1 Differential equations

We use the same trick as in the $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-case and derive the simple first order differential equations for the kernel of R-operator. The matrix  has a very special structure

$$\text{}=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }\\ z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& \theta & 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }\\ z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{\theta }& 1& 0\end{array}\right)D^{}$$

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ \theta \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& \theta & 1\end{array}\right)D^++(\mathrm{}+b)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ z\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& \theta & 0\end{array}\right)+(\mathrm{}b)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 0\\ \overline{\theta }& 1& 0\\ z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$

where

$$D^+=_\theta +\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta };D^{}=_{\overline{\theta }}+\frac{1}{2}\theta ,$$

so that the matrix $`\text{}f(Z)`$, where $`f(Z)`$ is an even function, has two evident eigenvectors

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& \theta & 1\end{array}\right)\text{}f=(\mathrm{}b)f\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& \theta & 1\end{array}\right)$$

$$\text{}f\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }\\ z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }\end{array}\right)=(\mathrm{}+b)f\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }\\ z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }\end{array}\right)$$

and all derivatives $`f,D^+f,D^{}f`$ disappear from the relations. Moreover, there are two other vectors with the properties

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\theta & 1& 0\end{array}\right)\text{}f=2bf\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\theta & 1& 0\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }& \theta & 1\end{array}\right)D^+f$$

$$\text{}f\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ \theta \end{array}\right)=2bf\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ \theta \end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }\\ z+\frac{1}{2}\theta \overline{\theta }\end{array}\right)D^{}f.$$

We shall derive the first order differential equations for the kernel $`(\stackrel{}{Z})`$ by multiplying the equations (4.2.3), (4.2.4) by the appropriate vectors from the left and from the right. Let us start from the three variants for the choose of the such vectors. First we obtain the system of two first-order differential equations for the function $`(\stackrel{}{Z})`$

$$\text{𝔻}_1+\text{𝔻}_3=(\mathrm{}_2b_2\mathrm{}_4+b_4)Z_{24}^+$$

$$\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_2+b_2\right)\text{𝔻}_1+\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_4b_4\right)\text{𝔻}_3=\frac{u}{2}(\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_4+b_2+b_4)Z_{24}^+$$

which is equivalent to the system

$$\text{𝔻}_1=\left(u+\mathrm{}_4b_4\right)Z_{24}^+;\text{𝔻}_3=\left(u+\mathrm{}_2+b_2\right)Z_{24}^+.$$
(5.1.9)
We use the notation

$$\text{𝔻}_k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z_4\frac{1}{2}\theta _4\overline{\theta }_4& \theta _4& 1\end{array}\right)\text{}_k\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }_2\\ z_2+\frac{1}{2}\theta _2\overline{\theta }_2\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=Z_{k2}^{}Z_{k4}^+_k+Z_{k4}^+\overline{\theta }_{k2}D_k^{}+Z_{k2}^{}\theta _{k4}D_k^+(\mathrm{}_k+b_k)Z_{k4}^+(\mathrm{}_kb_k)Z_{k2}^{}+2b_k\theta _{k4}\overline{\theta }_{k2};k=1,3$$

for the arising differential operators. Secondly we obtain the system of differential equations

$$\text{𝔹}_1+\text{𝔹}_3=(\mathrm{}_4b_42b_2)\theta _{24}+Z_{24}^+D_2^{}$$

$$\left(\frac{u}{2}+2b_2\right)\text{𝔹}_1+\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_4b_4\right)\text{𝔹}_3=\frac{u}{2}(\mathrm{}_4b_42b_2)\theta _{24}\frac{u}{2}Z_{24}^+D_2^{}\text{𝔻}_1D_2^{}$$

which is equivalent to the system

$$\text{𝔹}_1=\left(u+\mathrm{}_4b_4\right)\theta _{24};\text{𝔹}_3=\left(u+2b_2\right)\theta _{24}+Z_{24}^+D_2^{},$$
(5.1.10)
by conditions (5.1.9) and where

$$\text{𝔹}_k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}z_4\frac{1}{2}\theta _4\overline{\theta }_4& \theta _4& 1\end{array}\right)\text{}_k\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ \theta _2\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=Z_{k4}^+\theta _{k2}_kZ_{k4}^+D_k^{}\theta _{k2}\theta _{k4}D_k^++(\mathrm{}_k+b_k)\theta _{k2}(\mathrm{}_kb_k)\theta _{24};k=1,3.$$

The last system is analogous to the previous ones:

$$\text{}_1+\text{}_3=(\mathrm{}_2+b_2+2b_4)\overline{\theta }_{24}+Z_{24}^+D_4^+$$

$$\left(\frac{u}{2}+\mathrm{}_2+b_2\right)\text{}_1+\left(\frac{u}{2}+12b_4\right)\text{}_3=\frac{u}{2}(\mathrm{}_2+b_2+2b_4)\overline{\theta }_{24}\frac{u}{2}Z_{24}^+D_4^++D_4^+\text{𝔻}_3$$

and is equivalent to the system

$$\text{}_3=\left(u+\mathrm{}_2+b_2\right)\overline{\theta }_{24};\text{}_1=\left(u2b_4\right)\overline{\theta }_{24}+Z_{24}^+D_4^+,$$
(5.1.11)
by conditions (5.1.9). The operators $`\text{}_k`$ are

$$\text{}_k\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{\theta }_4& 1& 0\end{array}\right)\text{}_k\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ \overline{\theta }_2\\ z_2+\frac{1}{2}\theta _2\overline{\theta }_2\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=Z_{k2}^{}\overline{\theta }_{k4}_k+\overline{\theta }_{k4}\overline{\theta }_{k2}D_k^{}+Z_{k2}^{}D_k^+(\mathrm{}_k+b_k)\overline{\theta }_{24}(\mathrm{}_kb_k)\overline{\theta }_{k2};k=1,3.$$

The obtained system of the six equations can be transformed to the equivalent form. The $`\text{𝔻}_{1,3}`$-equations (5.1.9) are equivalent to the equations $`𝒟_1=0,𝒟_3=0`$. The $`\text{𝔹}_1`$-equation from (5.1.10) can be transformed to the equation $`𝒟_1^{}=0`$ by the condition $`𝒟_1=0`$. The $`\text{}_3`$-equation from (5.1.11) can be transformed to the equation $`𝒟_3^+=0`$ by the condition $`𝒟_3=0`$. The remaining $`\text{𝔹}_3,\text{}_1`$-equations are equivalent to the more involved equations

$$Z_{34}^+\left(1\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)\left(D_3^{}+(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_1)\frac{\theta _{32}}{Z_{32}}(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_2b_1)\frac{\theta _{34}}{Z_{34}}\right)=Z_{24}^+D_2^{}+(\mathrm{}_2b_2)\theta _{24}$$

$$Z_{12}^{}\left(1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)\left(D_1^++(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}(\text{u}\mathrm{}_2b_1)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\right)=Z_{24}^+D_4^+(\mathrm{}_2+b_2)\overline{\theta }_{24}$$

by the conditions $`𝒟_1=0,𝒟_3=0`$.

It is possible to derive the mirror system of six equations in the same manner by choosing appropriate vectors for multiplication from the left and from the right. In fact, the resulting equations can be obtained from the present ones by the symmetry transformation

$$14,23;(\mathrm{}_1,b_1)(\mathrm{}_4,b_4)=(\mathrm{}_2,b_2),(\mathrm{}_2,b_2)(\mathrm{}_3,b_3)=(\mathrm{}_1,b_1)$$

In this way we obtain the equations $`𝒟_4=0,𝒟_2=0`$ and $`𝒟_4^{}=0,𝒟_3^+=0`$ and the mirror partners of the more involved equations:

$$Z_{21}^+\left(1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)\left(D_2^{}+(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_2\mathrm{}_1)\frac{\theta _{32}}{Z_{32}}(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+b_2)\frac{\theta _{21}}{Z_{21}}\right)=Z_{31}^+D_3^{}(\mathrm{}_1b_1)\theta _{31}$$

$$Z_{43}^{}\left(1\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)\left(D_4^++(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+b_2)\frac{\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{43}}\right)=Z_{31}^+D_1^++(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)\overline{\theta }_{31}.$$

The system of four involved equations decomposes into two independent systems of two equations. It can be shown that the system which involves the covariant derivatives $`D_1^+`$ and $`D_4^+`$ is equivalent to the system of the equations $`𝒟_1^+=0,𝒟_4^+=0`$ and the system which involves the covariant derivatives $`D_2^{}`$ and $`D_3^{}`$ is equivalent to the system of the equations $`𝒟_2^{}=0,𝒟_3^{}=0`$.

The next step is to prove the reverse, that the system of equations (5.0.2), (5.0.3) is the consequence of the system (5.0.4). It is easy to rewrite the $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-generators and therefore the equations of $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-invariance (5.0.2) in terms of introduced operators $`𝒟_i,𝒟_i^\pm `$:

$$\text{𝕊}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}𝒟_i;\text{𝕍}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\overline{\theta }_i𝒟_i𝒟_i^+;\text{𝕎}^{}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\theta _i𝒟_i𝒟_i^{}$$

$$\text{𝕊}^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i^2𝒟_iz_i\theta _i𝒟_i^+z_i\overline{\theta }_i𝒟_i^{};\text{𝕍}^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i\overline{\theta }_i𝒟_i+\left(z_i\frac{1}{2}\theta _i\overline{\theta }_i\right)𝒟_i^+$$

$$\text{𝕎}^+=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i\theta _i𝒟_i+\left(z_i+\frac{1}{2}\theta _i\overline{\theta }_i\right)𝒟_i^{}$$

$$\text{𝕊}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}z_i𝒟_i\frac{1}{2}\overline{\theta }_i𝒟_i^{}\frac{1}{2}\theta _i𝒟_i^+;\text{𝔹}=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i=1}{\overset{4}{}}\theta _i\overline{\theta }_i𝒟_i+\overline{\theta }_i𝒟_i^{}\theta _i𝒟_i^+$$

The last step is absolutely analogous to the $`s\mathrm{}(2)`$-case. Due to $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-invariance we can use one $`K_{13}`$-equation in (5.0.3) and rewrite it in terms of operators $`𝒟_i,𝒟_i^\pm `$. We omit these formulae for simplicity.

### 5.2 Solution of the system of differential equations

It is useful to transform the main system of equations (5.0.5)-(5.0.8) to a simpler homogeneous form. We shall use the following ansatz for this purpose

$$(\stackrel{}{Z})=Z_{12}^aZ_{14}^bZ_{32}^cZ_{34}^d\left(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\right)^\alpha \left(1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)^\beta \left(1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)^\gamma \left(1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}\right)^\delta R(\stackrel{}{Z})$$

$$a\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2;b\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2;c\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2;d\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2$$

$$\beta =b_1\alpha ;\gamma =b_2\alpha ;\delta =b_2b_1+\alpha .$$

###### Proposition 3

The system of differential equations (5.0.5)-(5.0.8) for the function $`(\stackrel{}{Z})`$ is transformed to the simpler system of differential equations for the function $`R(\stackrel{}{Z})`$

$$𝒟_iR(\stackrel{}{Z})=0,𝒟_i^\pm R(\stackrel{}{Z})=0;i=1,2,3,4.$$
(5.2.12)
where operators $`𝒟_i,𝒟_i^\pm `$ are defined in a following way

$$𝒟_1_1\frac{\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}D_1^{}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}D_1^+;𝒟_1^{}D_1^{}A\left(\frac{\theta _{12}}{Z_{12}}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)$$
(5.2.13)
$$𝒟_1^+D_1^++A\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)+(A+B)\frac{Z_{43}^{}}{Z_{41}^{}}\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{43}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_2_2\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}D_2^{}\frac{\theta _{21}}{Z_{21}}D_2^+;𝒟_2^+D_2^+A\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{21}}{Z_{21}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_2^{}D_2^{}+A\left(\frac{\theta _{21}}{Z_{21}}\frac{\theta _{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)+(A+B)\frac{Z_{34}^+}{Z_{32}^+}\left(\frac{\theta _{43}}{Z_{43}}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_3_3\frac{\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}D_3^{}\frac{\theta _{34}}{Z_{34}}D_3^+;𝒟_3^+D_3^+B\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_3^{}D_3^{}+B\left(\frac{\theta _{34}}{Z_{34}}\frac{\theta _{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)+(A+B)\frac{Z_{21}^+}{Z_{23}^+}\left(\frac{\theta _{12}}{Z_{12}}\frac{\theta _{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_4_4\frac{\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{43}}D_4^{}\frac{\theta _{41}}{Z_{41}}D_4^+;𝒟_4^{}D_4^{}B\left(\frac{\theta _{43}}{Z_{43}}\frac{\theta _{41}}{Z_{41}}\right)$$

$$𝒟_4^+D_4^++B\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{43}}{Z_{43}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{41}}{Z_{41}}\right)+(A+B)\frac{Z_{12}^{}}{Z_{14}^{}}\left(\frac{\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)$$

where

$$A\frac{\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2}{2}\alpha ;B\frac{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}{2}+b_2b_1+\alpha ;A+B=\text{u}+b_2b_1$$

The common solution of these twelve equations $`𝒟_i=0,𝒟_i^\pm =0i=1,2,3,4`$ is the manifestly superconformal-invariant function (see Appendix A):

$$R(\stackrel{}{Z})=\left(1+A\frac{\theta _{12}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{12}^3}\right)\left(1+B\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right)(A+B)\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{14}^3}=$$
(5.2.14)
$$=\left(1+\frac{\theta _{12}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{12}^3}\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right)^A\left(1+\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right)^B$$

where

$$Z_{ij}^k\frac{Z_{ij}}{Z_{ik}Z_{jk}},\theta _{ij}^k\frac{\theta _{ik}}{Z_{ik}}\frac{\theta _{jk}}{Z_{jk}},\overline{\theta }_{ij}^k\frac{\overline{\theta }_{ik}}{Z_{ik}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{jk}}{Z_{jk}}$$

This proposition can be proved by direct calculations. It is remarkable that all involved operators $`𝒟_i,𝒟_i^\pm `$ can be obtained by the similarity transformation from the simplest derivatives $`_i,D_i^\pm `$

$$𝒟_i=R_iR^1;𝒟_i^\pm =RD_i^\pm R^1;R=R(\stackrel{}{Z}).$$

### 5.3 The integral representation.

It remains to fix the contours of integrations. The -operator acts on the space of polynomials $`\psi (Z_1,Z_2)`$ which can be of arbitrary large degree. The requirement of convergence allows the compact contours only. The final representation for the R-matrix is:

$$\left[\text{}_{\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1,\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2}(u)\psi \right](Z_1,Z_2)=\rho _{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4(Z_1,Z_2|Z_3,Z_4)\psi (Z_3,Z_4)$$
(5.3.15)
where $`Z\{z,\theta ,\overline{\theta }\}`$

$$_{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3_{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}z_3\text{d}\theta _3\text{d}\overline{\theta }_3.;_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}z_4\text{d}\theta _4\text{d}\overline{\theta }_4$$

and

$$(\stackrel{}{Z})=Z_{12}^aZ_{14}^bZ_{32}^cZ_{34}^d(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}})^\alpha (1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}})^\beta (1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}})^\gamma (1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}})^\delta $$

$$\left\{\left(1+A\frac{\theta _{12}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{12}^3}\right)\left(1+B\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right)(A+B)\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right\}$$
(5.3.16)
$$a\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2;b\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2;c\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2;d\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2$$

$$\beta =b_1\alpha ;\gamma =b_2\alpha ;\delta =b_2b_1+\alpha .$$

The normalisation factor $`\rho `$ is chosen so that $`\text{}:11`$

$$\rho =\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d)}\frac{(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+b_2)(\text{u}\mathrm{}_2b_1)(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2)}{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}$$
(5.3.17)
It is possible to check $`aposteriori`$ that the obtained integral operator has the matrix elements (4.3.1). Using the formulae from Appendix B we derive the formulae for the even basis vectors:

$$_{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4(Z_1,Z_2|Z_3,Z_4)\left(Z_{34}+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{2}\right)^n=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n)}\left\{_{++}\left(Z_{21}+\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{21}}{2}\right)^n+_+\left(Z_{21}\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{21}}{2}\right)^n\right\}$$

where

$$_{++}=(\mathrm{}_1+b_1)(\mathrm{}_2b_2);_+=\frac{\text{u}^3+\text{u}^2(b_2b_1)\text{u}(\mathrm{}_1^2+\mathrm{}_2^2+2b_1b_2)+(b_1+b_2)(\mathrm{}_1^2\mathrm{}_2^2)}{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n}$$

and

$$_{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4(Z_1,Z_2|Z_3,Z_4)\left(Z_{34}\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{2}\right)^n=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n)}\left\{_+\left(Z_{21}+\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{21}}{2}\right)^n+_{}\left(Z_{21}\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{21}}{2}\right)^n\right\}$$

where

$$_+=(\text{u}+b_2b_1)(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n);_{}=\frac{(\mathrm{}_1b_1)(\mathrm{}_2+b_2)(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n)}{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2+n}$$

$$_{++}+_+|_{n=0}=_++_{}|_{n=0}=\frac{\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2}{(\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+b_2)(\text{u}\mathrm{}_2b_1)(\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2)}$$

The analogous formulae for the odd vectors are much simpler:

$$_{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4(Z_1,Z_2|Z_3,Z_4)Z_{34}^n\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{34}\\ \overline{\theta }_{34}\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n+1)}Z_{21}^n\left(\begin{array}{c}(\text{u}+b_2+\mathrm{}_1)(\text{u}+b_2\mathrm{}_1)\theta _{21}\\ (\text{u}b_1\mathrm{}_2)(\text{u}b_1+\mathrm{}_2)\overline{\theta }_{21}\end{array}\right)$$

These formulae for the action of the R-matrix on the basis vectors coincide up to overall normalisation with the ones (4.3.1) obtained in our previous paper .

## 6 Conclusions

We have derived the integral operator form of the rational $`sl(2|1)`$ symmetric solution of the Yang-Baxter equation acting on the tensor product of two general lowest weight representations $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1=(\mathrm{}_1,b_1)`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2=(\mathrm{}_2,b_2)`$. The lowest weight representations space is identified with the space of polynomials in one even $`(z)`$ and two odd $`(\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$. The kernel of the R-operator is a superconformal four-point function of primary fields with weights $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1,\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_3=\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_1,\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_4=\stackrel{}{\mathrm{}}_2`$. This function of the supercoordinates of four points arises as a simple sum of terms in powers of $`Z_{ij},\theta _{ij},\overline{\theta }_{ij}`$. The simplicity of the result makes this integral operator form useful in applications and further investigations.

Following the well known procedure, the general R-operator is derived from the Yang-Baxter equation involving the latter and the known R-operator $`R_{f,\mathrm{}}`$ acting in the tensor product of the fundamental representation (in matrix form) and an arbitrary representation. We have formulated the conditions involved in this Yang-Baxter relation as differential equations on the kernel.

There is a remarkable reductions of these equations, being an overdetermined system of second order equations, to a simple set of first order equations. In this way the obtained kernel expresses the similarity transformation relating this consistent system of first order equations to the trivial one being the condition for a function to be constant in all variables $`z_i,\theta _i,\overline{\theta }_i`$. We have obtained this reduction by observing that the Lax matrix representing $`R_{f,\mathrm{}}`$ has a peculiar structure implying that appropriate projections reduce the number of derivatives.

We have calculated the matrix elements of the obtained R-operator. The result is consistent with the one obtained earlier from recurrence relations in the framework of the matrix formulation. We have quoted the formulae to be used for calculating the action of the integral operator.

The method of calculation relying on this reduction seems to be general enough to become useful for solving the Yang-Baxter equations with other symmetries. The structure on which the reduction relies deserves further study.

## 7 Acknowledgments

We thank G.Korchemsky and A.Manashov for the stimulating discussion and critical remarks. This work has been supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant No KI 623/1-2 and by INTAS,grant No 96-524. One of us (D.K.) is grateful to the German Ministry BMBF for support. The work of S.D. was partially supported by RFFI-grant No 00-01-005000.

## Appendix A

In this Appendix we shall construct the superconformal invariant N-point function with zero global U(1)-charge. The requirement of $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-invariance (5.0.2) results in the equations:

$$V^{}(\stackrel{}{Z})=0;W^{}(\stackrel{}{Z})=0;V^+(\stackrel{}{Z})=0;W^+(\stackrel{}{Z})=0$$

where $`V^{}=_{i=1}^4V_i^{}`$ and so on. Note we show the independent equations only. The others follow from the commutation relations

$$\{V^\pm ,W^\pm \}=\pm S^\pm ;\{V^\pm ,W^{}\}=S\pm B,$$

Let us consider the general case of N-point functions with zero total $`U(1)`$-charge: $`\stackrel{}{Z}=(Z_1,\mathrm{},Z_N);_ib_i=0`$. It is convenient to use the global $`s\mathrm{}(2|1)`$-transformations which are generated by the lowering operators $`V^{},W^{}`$

$$e^{ϵV^{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z;\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\mathrm{\Phi }(z+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }}{2};\theta +ϵ,\overline{\theta });e^{ϵW^{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z;\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\mathrm{\Phi }(z+\frac{ϵ\theta }{2};\theta ,\overline{\theta }+ϵ).$$

and the rising operators $`V^+,W^+`$

$$e^{ϵV^+}\mathrm{\Phi }(z;\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\frac{1}{(1+ϵ\overline{\theta })^\mathrm{}b}\mathrm{\Phi }(\frac{z}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }}{2}};\frac{\theta ϵz}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }}{2}},\overline{\theta }),$$

$$e^{ϵW^+}\mathrm{\Phi }(z;\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\frac{1}{(1+ϵ\theta )^{\mathrm{}+b}}\mathrm{\Phi }(\frac{z}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta }{2}};\theta ,\frac{\overline{\theta }ϵz}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta }{2}}),$$

so that the requirement of superconformal invariance results in the system of equations:

$$V^{}:(Z_1\mathrm{}Z_N)=(z_1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_1}{2},\theta _1+ϵ,\overline{\theta }_1\mathrm{}z_N+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_N}{2},\theta _N+ϵ,\overline{\theta }_N)$$

$$W^{}:(Z_1\mathrm{}Z_N)=(z_1+\frac{ϵ\theta _1}{2},\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1+ϵ\mathrm{}z_N+\frac{ϵ\theta _N}{2},\theta _N,\overline{\theta }_N+ϵ)$$

$$V^+:(Z_1\mathrm{}Z_N)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{(1+ϵ\overline{\theta }_i)^{\mathrm{}_ib_i}}(\frac{z_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_1}{2}},\frac{\theta _1ϵz_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_1}{2}},\overline{\theta }_1\mathrm{}\frac{z_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_N}{2}},\frac{\theta _Nϵz_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_N}{2}},\overline{\theta }_N),$$

$$W^+:(Z_1\mathrm{}Z_N)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{(1+ϵ\theta _i)^{\mathrm{}_i+b_i}}(\frac{z_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _1}{2}},\theta _1,\frac{\overline{\theta }_1ϵz_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _1}{2}}\mathrm{}\frac{z_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _N}{2}},\theta _N,\frac{\overline{\theta }_Nϵz_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _N}{2}}).$$

Solutions of $`V^{}`$\- and $`W^{}`$-equations are shift-invariant functions which depend on the superdifferences only

$$(\stackrel{}{Z})=R(Z_{ij},\theta _{ij},\overline{\theta }_{ij}),$$

$$Z_{ij}z_iz_j+\frac{1}{2}(\overline{\theta }_i\theta _j+\theta _i\overline{\theta }_j);\theta _{ij}\theta _i\theta _j;\overline{\theta }_{ij}\overline{\theta }_i\overline{\theta }_j.$$

Let us fix some point $`k`$. There are $`N1`$ independent even differences $`Z_{ik},ik`$ for fixed $`k`$ and $`2(N1)`$ independent odd differences $`\theta _{ik},\overline{\theta }_{ik},ik`$ that transform with respect of the remaining transformations as follows

$$V^+:Z_{ij}\frac{Z_{ij}}{(1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_i}{2})(1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_j}{2})};\theta _{ij}\frac{\theta _{ij}ϵZ_{ij}}{(1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_i}{2})(1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_j}{2})};\overline{\theta }_{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}$$

$$W^+:Z_{ij}\frac{Z_{ij}}{(1+\frac{ϵ\theta _i}{2})(1+\frac{ϵ\theta _j}{2})};\overline{\theta }_{ij}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{ij}ϵZ_{ij}}{(1+\frac{ϵ\theta _i}{2})(1+\frac{ϵ\theta _j}{2})};\theta _{ij}\theta _{ij}.$$

It is useful to extract the representation dependent part from the function $`(\stackrel{}{Z})`$

$$(\stackrel{}{Z})=\underset{i<j}{}Z_{ij}^{a_{ij}}\left(1+\frac{\theta _{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}}\right)^{b_{ij}}R(\stackrel{}{Z}).$$

Using the formulae

$$V^+:\frac{\theta _{ij}}{Z_{ij}}\frac{\theta _{ij}}{Z_{ij}}ϵ;1+\frac{\theta _{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}}(1+\frac{\theta _{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}})(1ϵ\overline{\theta }_{ij})$$

$$W^+:\frac{\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}}ϵ;1+\frac{\theta _{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}}(1+\frac{\theta _{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}})(1+ϵ\theta _{ij})$$

it is easily to check that under the conditions

$$\underset{ij}{}a_{ij}=2\mathrm{}_j,a_{ij}=a_{ji};\underset{ij}{}b_{ij}=b_j,b_{ij}=b_{ji}$$

the equations for the function $`R(\stackrel{}{Z})`$ reads as follows

$$V^+:R(Z_1\mathrm{}Z_N)=R(\frac{z_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_1}{2}},\frac{\theta _1ϵz_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_1}{2}},\overline{\theta }_1\mathrm{}\frac{z_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_N}{2}},\frac{\theta _Nϵz_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\overline{\theta }_N}{2}},\overline{\theta }_N),$$

$$W^+:R(Z_1\mathrm{}Z_N)=R(\frac{z_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _1}{2}},\theta _1,\frac{\overline{\theta }_1ϵz_1}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _1}{2}}\mathrm{}\frac{z_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _N}{2}},\theta _N,\frac{\overline{\theta }_Nϵz_N}{1+\frac{ϵ\theta _N}{2}}),$$

i.e. the function $`R(\stackrel{}{Z})`$ is the general function of all possible superconformal invariants. Let us go to the construction of the superconformal invariants. For this purpose we fix the two points $`Z_j,Z_k`$ and choose the new variables ($`j`$ and $`k`$ are fixed)

$$Z_{ij}^k\frac{Z_{ji}}{Z_{ik}Z_{jk}},\theta _{ij}^k\frac{\theta _{ik}}{Z_{ik}}\frac{\theta _{jk}}{Z_{jk}},\overline{\theta }_{ij}^k\frac{\overline{\theta }_{ik}}{Z_{ik}}\frac{\overline{\theta }_{jk}}{Z_{jk}}$$

with the simple transformation properties

$$V^+:Z_{ij}^kZ_{ij}^k(1+ϵ\overline{\theta }_k);\theta _{ij}^k\theta _{ij}^k;\overline{\theta }_{ij}^k\overline{\theta }_{ij}^k(1+ϵ\overline{\theta }_k)$$

$$W^+:Z_{ij}^kZ_{ij}^k(1+ϵ\theta _k);\theta _{ij}^k\theta _{ij}^k(1+ϵ\theta _k);\overline{\theta }_{ij}^k\overline{\theta }_{ij}^k.$$

It is easy to construct the superconformal invariants using these variables. Let us fix the three points $`Z_j,Z_k,Z_p`$. Then the set of invariants is the following:

$$\frac{Z_{ij}^k}{Z_{pj}^k}=\frac{Z_{ij}Z_{pk}}{Z_{ik}Z_{pj}};\frac{\theta _{ij}^k\overline{\theta }_{nm}^k}{Z_{pj}^k}$$

Finally we obtain the general solution of conformal constraints

$$(\stackrel{}{z})=\underset{i<j}{}z_{ij}^{a_{ij}}\left(1+\frac{\theta _{ij}\overline{\theta }_{ij}}{Z_{ij}}\right)^{b_{ij}}R(\frac{Z_{ij}Z_{pk}}{Z_{ik}Z_{pj}};\frac{\theta _{ij}^k\overline{\theta }_{nm}^k}{Z_{pj}^k})$$
(7.0.18)
$$\underset{ij}{}a_{ij}=2\mathrm{}_j,a_{ij}=a_{ji};\underset{ij}{}b_{ij}=b_j,b_{ij}=b_{ji}$$

where $`j,k,p`$ are fixed. In the case of four-point function we can choose the superconformal invariant ansatz in the form

$$(\stackrel{}{Z})=Z_{12}^aZ_{14}^bZ_{32}^cZ_{34}^d(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}})^\alpha (1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}})^\beta (1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}})^\gamma (1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}})^\delta $$

$$R(\frac{Z_{12}Z_{34}}{Z_{13}Z_{24}};\frac{\theta _{12}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{12}^3},\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3},\frac{\theta _{12}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3},\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{12}^3})$$

where

$$a\text{u}\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2;b\text{u}\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2;c\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1\mathrm{}_2;d\text{u}+\mathrm{}_1+\mathrm{}_2$$

$$\beta =b_1\alpha ;\gamma =b_2\alpha ;\delta =b_2b_1+\alpha .$$

## Appendix B

In this Appendix we collect all needed integration formulae.
General formulae of integration

$$_{z_4}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^AZ_{34}^B\left(1+\frac{\theta _{23}\overline{\theta }_{23}}{Z_{23}}\right)^a\left(1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}\right)^b=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(B)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(A+B)}\left[\frac{Ab+Ba}{A+B}+\left(ab+\frac{AB}{4}\right)\frac{\theta _{24}\overline{\theta }_{24}}{Z_{24}}\right]Z_{24}^{A+B}$$

$$_{z_4}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^AZ_{34}^B\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{34}\\ \overline{\theta }_{34}\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(A+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(B+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(A+B+1)}Z_{24}^{A+B}\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{24}\\ \overline{\theta }_{24}\end{array}\right)$$

$$_{z_4}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^AZ_{34}^B\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{23}\\ \overline{\theta }_{23}\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(A+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(B+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(A+B+1)}Z_{24}^{A+B}\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{24}\\ \overline{\theta }_{24}\end{array}\right)$$

Formulae of integration for even vectors

* $$_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4Z_{34}^dZ_{41}^b\left(1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)^\beta \left(1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}\right)^\delta \left\{1+B\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right\}Z_{34}^n\left(1+J\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}\right)=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n)}Z_{31}^{b+d+n}\left\{C_1+C_2\frac{\theta _{31}\overline{\theta }_{31}}{Z_{31}}\right\}$$

$$C_1=B+\frac{\beta (d+n)b(\delta +J)}{b+d+n};C_2=\beta (\delta +J)\frac{b(d+n)}{4}+B\left(\delta \beta +J+\frac{\beta (d+n)b(\delta +J)}{b+d+n}\right)$$
* $$Z_{21}^a\left(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\right)^\alpha _{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^c\left(1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)^\gamma \left\{1+A\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right\}Z_{31}^{b+d+n}\left(1+J\frac{\theta _{31}\overline{\theta }_{31}}{Z_{31}}\right)=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n)}Z_{21}^{a+b+c+d+n}\left\{C_1+C_2\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{21}}{Z_{21}}\right\}$$

$$C_1=A+\frac{cJ\gamma (b+d+n)}{b+c+d+n},$$

$$C_2=\gamma J+\frac{c(b+d+n)}{4}\alpha \frac{cJ\gamma (b+d+n)}{b+c+d+n}+A\left(J\gamma \alpha \frac{cJ\gamma (b+d+n)}{b+c+d+n}\right)$$
* $$Z_{21}^a(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}})^\alpha _{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^c(1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}})^\gamma $$

$$_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4Z_{34}^dZ_{41}^b(1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}})^\beta (1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}})^\delta \frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{14}^3}Z_{34}^n(1+J\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}})=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n)}Z_{21}^{a+b+c+d+n}C_1\left\{1+C_2\frac{\theta _{21}\overline{\theta }_{21}}{Z_{21}}\right\}$$

$$C_1=\delta +\beta +J\frac{b+d+n}{2};C_2=\frac{b+d+n}{2}\alpha \gamma $$

Formulae of integration for odd vectors

* $$_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4Z_{34}^dZ_{41}^b\left(1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}}\right)^\beta \left(1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}}\right)^\delta \left\{1+B\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right\}Z_{34}^n\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{34}\\ \overline{\theta }_{34}\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n+1)}Z_{31}^{b+d+n}\left(\begin{array}{c}\left(\beta \frac{b}{2}+B\right)\theta _{31}\\ \left(\beta +\frac{b}{2}+B\right)\overline{\theta }_{31}\end{array}\right)$$
* $$Z_{21}^a\left(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}}\right)^\alpha _{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^c\left(1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}}\right)^\gamma \left\{1+A\frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{14}^3}{Z_{14}^3}\right\}Z_{31}^{b+d+n}\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{31}\\ \overline{\theta }_{31}\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n+1)}Z_{21}^{a+b+c+d+n}\left(\begin{array}{c}\left(\gamma +\frac{c}{2}A\right)\theta _{21}\\ \left(\gamma \frac{c}{2}A\right)\overline{\theta }_{21}\end{array}\right)$$
* $$Z_{21}^a(1+\frac{\theta _{12}\overline{\theta }_{12}}{Z_{12}})^\alpha _{z_1}^{z_2}\text{d}Z_3Z_{23}^c(1+\frac{\theta _{32}\overline{\theta }_{32}}{Z_{32}})^\gamma $$

$$_{z_1}^{z_3}\text{d}Z_4Z_{34}^dZ_{41}^b(1+\frac{\theta _{14}\overline{\theta }_{14}}{Z_{14}})^\beta (1+\frac{\theta _{34}\overline{\theta }_{34}}{Z_{34}})^\delta \frac{\theta _{14}^3\overline{\theta }_{12}^3}{Z_{14}^3}Z_{34}^n\left(\begin{array}{c}\theta _{34}\\ \overline{\theta }_{34}\end{array}\right)=$$

$$=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b)\mathrm{\Gamma }(d+n+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n+1)}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)\mathrm{\Gamma }(b+d+n+1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c+b+d+n+1)}Z_{21}^{a+b+c+d+n}\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ \left(\gamma \beta \frac{b+c}{2}\right)\overline{\theta }_{21}\end{array}\right)$$


text:
# Latent Heat Calculation of the 3D q=3, 4, and 5 Potts models by Tensor Product Variational Approach

## I Introduction

The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), which was invented by White in 1992 DMRG1 ; DMRG2 , has been applied to a wide class of one-dimensional (1D) quantum systems including quantum spin ladders DMR . DMRG is also efficient for obtaining thermodynamic functions of two-dimensional (2D) classical systems Nishi ; DMR . Now a technical interest in DMRG is to extend its applicability to higher dimensional systems Liang ; Xiang ; Peschel .

It is worth looking at the variational background in DMRG in order to obtain a rough image of DMRG in higher dimension. In 1995 Ostlund and Rommer showed that DMRG assumes so called ‘the matrix product wave function’, and that a very small numbers of parameters are sufficient to obtain a good variational energy Ostlund . It is a small surprise that such a construction of variational state has been known for long years in the field of statistical mechanics of 2D classical lattice models. In 1945 Kramers and Wannier introduced a very simple matrix product as a variational state for the transfer matrix of the 2D Ising model KWA . Later, the idea of constructing variational state from local elements was extended by Kikuchi Kikuchi  (the cluster approximation), Baxter Bax1 ; Bax2 , and Villani Villani  (the correlation length equality approach). All these approaches calculate the lower bounds of the free energies of a 2D system. They use a variational state that corresponds to an effective 1D statistical system with several adjustable parameters.

Simply increasing the space dimension by one, we can extend such variational formula to 3 dimensions. The simplest example is the Kramers-Wannier approximation applied to the 3D Ising model by Okunishi and Nishino KW\_ON , where the 2D Ising model under the external magnetic field is treated as variational state, which has only two adjustable parameters. The calculated spontaneous magnetization and transition temperature are more precise than those obtained from a former attempt to extend DMRG to 3D classical systems CTTRG . A major problem in the Kramers-Wannier approximation is that one can not always find out a good functional form of variational state intuitively, esp. for models other than the 3D Ising model. In order to overcome this problem, a numerical self-consistent approach has been introduced, which we call ‘the tensor product variational approach (TPVA)’ in the following TPVA1 ; TPVA2 . In TPVA the variational state is determined automatically, with no reference to a priori information on systems. In this paper we briefly review the variational principle and the numerical algorithm of TPVA, and discuss the applicability of this method via trial calculations for $`q=3,4,5`$ Potts models.

In Sec. II we introduce main features of the new algorithm from the variational point of view. We focus on the self-consistent improvement of the variational state. A specific way how to apply the variational method to the Potts model is presented in Sec. III. We also provide the way how to calculate the internal energy and the magnetization. The numerical results are presented in Sec. IV. In Sec. V we conclude the main results.

## II Variational approach in two dimensions

For a tutorial purpose we first explain the way how to apply TPVA to the square lattice Potts model. (Later in the next section we treat the cubic lattice.)

Let us consider an infinitely long stripe of the width $`2N`$ on the square lattice, which is nothing but the $`2N`$-leg ladder, and consider the $`q`$-state Potts model in this finite width region. Fig. 1 shows the transfer matrix $`𝒯[\overline{\sigma }|\sigma ]`$ of this system when $`2N=6`$, where

$$[\sigma ]=(\sigma _1^{},\sigma _2^{},\mathrm{},\sigma _{2N}^{})\text{and}[\overline{\sigma }]=(\overline{\sigma }_1^{},\overline{\sigma }_2^{},\mathrm{},\overline{\sigma }_{2N}^{})$$
(1)
represent adjacent rows of $`q`$-state spin variables. Here we interpret the Potts model as a special case of so called ‘the interaction round a face’ (IRF) model Baxter , and construct $`𝒯[\overline{\sigma }|\sigma ]`$ as a product of plaquette Boltzmann weights

$$𝒯[\overline{\sigma }|\sigma ]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}W_\mathrm{B}(\overline{\sigma }_i^{}\overline{\sigma }_{i+1}^{}|\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^{})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}W_\mathrm{B}^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \},$$
(2)
where we have written the nearest neighbor spin pairs $`(\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^{})`$ and $`(\overline{\sigma }_i^{}\overline{\sigma }_{i+1}^{})`$, respectively, as $`\{\sigma \}`$ and $`\{\overline{\sigma }\}`$ for the book keeping purpose. Following this index rule, the local Boltzmann weight is written as follows

$`W_\mathrm{B}^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}=W_\mathrm{B}^{}(\overline{\sigma }_i\overline{\sigma }_{i+1}|\sigma _i\sigma _{i+1})`$ (3)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{J}{2k_\mathrm{B}T}}\left(\delta _{\sigma _i\sigma _{i+1}}+\delta _{\overline{\sigma }_i\overline{\sigma }_{i+1}}+\delta _{\sigma _i\overline{\sigma }_i}+\delta _{\sigma _{i+1}\overline{\sigma }_{i+1}}\right)\right],`$
where we consider the ferromagnetic case ($`J<0`$) throughout this paper.

The variational lower bound for the partition function per row is the maximum of the Rayleigh ratio

$$\lambda =\frac{\underset{[\overline{\sigma }],[\sigma ]}{}\mathrm{\Phi }[\overline{\sigma }]𝒯[\overline{\sigma }|\sigma ]\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]}{\underset{[\overline{\sigma }],[\sigma ]}{}\mathrm{\Phi }[\overline{\sigma }]\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }|𝒯|\mathrm{\Psi }}{\mathrm{\Phi }|\mathrm{\Psi }},$$
(4)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }[\overline{\sigma }]`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]`$ are arbitrary variational states. Since the transfer matrix $`𝒯`$ in Eq. (2) is symmetric, we assume $`\mathrm{\Phi }[\sigma ]=\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]`$ in the following.

TPVA consists of local approximations TPVA1 ; TPVA2  which restrict the form of the variational state $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]`$ into a uniform product of local factors

$$\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}V^{(i)}\{\sigma \}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}V(\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^{}),$$
(5)
where there are only $`q_{}^2`$ variational parameters. Figure 2 graphically represents $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]`$ when $`2N=6`$.

A profit of writing the variational state in the product form is that the norm of the variational state also has the local product structure

$`\mathrm{\Psi }|\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{[\sigma ]}{\overset{}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}}\left(V_{}^{(i)}\{\sigma \}\right)_{}^2`$ (6)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{[\sigma ]}{\overset{}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}}\left(V(\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^{})\right)_{}^2,`$
which is nothing but a partition function of a 1D lattice model whose local Boltzmann weight is $`\left(V(\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^{})\right)_{}^2`$. In the same manner, the numerator of Eq. (4) is written as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }|𝒯|\mathrm{\Psi }=\underset{[\overline{\sigma }][\sigma ]}{\overset{}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N1}{}}V_{}^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}W_\mathrm{B}^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}V_{}^{(i)}\{\sigma \},$$
(7)
which is also a partition function of an effective 2-leg ladder. As we have graphically represented the variational state $`\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]`$ in Fig. 2, let us also express $`\mathrm{\Psi }|𝒯|\mathrm{\Psi }`$ graphically in Fig. 3.

With the use of the variational state thus defined, the variational problem in Eq. (4) is the same as those used by Villani Villani ; BAXbook . Our aim is to obtain the best local factor $`V\{\sigma \}`$ numerically. There are several ways to maximize $`\lambda _{\mathrm{var}}^{}`$ in Eq. (4), under the condition that the lattice size $`2N`$ is sufficiently large TPVA1 ; TPVA2 . Keeping the extension to three dimensions in our mind, what we consider here is to take the variations of $`\lambda _{\mathrm{var}}^{}`$ with respect to each local factor

$$\frac{\delta \lambda _{\mathrm{var}}^{}}{\delta \mathrm{\Psi }}\underset{i}{}\frac{\delta \lambda _{\mathrm{var}}^{}}{\delta V_{}^{(i)}}.$$
(8)
When the system size $`2N`$ is large enough, it is sufficient to consider the variation with respect to the local change

$$V_{}^{(N)}V_{}^{(N)}+\delta V_{}^{(N)}$$
(9)
at the center of the spin row, since we have treated the uniform variational state and since the boundary effect is negligible. After a short calculation from the (local) extremal condition TPVA1 ; TPVA2

$$\frac{\delta \lambda }{\delta V_{}^{(N)}}=0,$$
(10)
we obtain an eigenvalue problem

$$\underset{\{\sigma \}}{}\frac{B_{}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}}{A_{}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}}V_{}^{(N)}\{\sigma \}=\lambda V_{}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}$$
(11)
for the local factor $`V^{(N)}`$. The new factor $`A_{}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}`$ is constructed as

$`A_{}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}`$ $`=`$ $`A\{\overline{\sigma }_N^{}\overline{\sigma }_{N+1}^{}\}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\overline{\sigma }_1^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\sigma }_{N1}^{}\overline{\sigma }_{N+2}^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\sigma }_{2N}^{}}{\overset{}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{iN}{\overset{}{}}}\left(V^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}\right)_{}^2,`$
whose graphical representation is shown in Fig. 4.

The matrix $`B_{}^{(N)}`$ is defined in the same manner

$`B_{}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}=W_\mathrm{B}^{(N)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}{\displaystyle \underset{[\overline{\sigma }][\sigma ]}{\overset{iN,N+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{iN}{\overset{}{}}}`$ $`V^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}`$
$`\times W_\mathrm{B}^{(i)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}`$ $`V^{(i)}\{\sigma \}`$ $`,`$ (13)
where the spin configuration sum is taken over all black circles in Fig. 5.

Since both $`A_{}^{(N)}`$ and $`B_{}^{(N)}`$ are constructed from the local factor $`V`$, the eigenvalue relation Eq. (11) should be solved self-consistently. Thus Eq. (11) is a kind of the self-consistent equation. A realistic outline how to solve the self-consistent equation is as follows.

* Start the calculation by setting (arbitrary) $`q_{}^2`$ numbers of initial values for the local factor $`V(\sigma ,\sigma ^{})`$.
* Calculate $`A_{}^{(N)}`$ and $`B_{}^{(N)}`$ from Eqs. (II) and (13), respectively, for sufficient large system size $`2N`$.
* Substitute $`A_{}^{(N)}`$, $`B_{}^{(N)}`$, and $`V_{}^{(N)}`$ to the left hand side of Eq. (11). Obtain the right hand side by

$$V^{}\{\overline{\sigma }\}=\underset{\{\sigma \}}{}\frac{B_{}^N\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}}{A_{}^N\{\overline{\sigma }\}}V_{}^N\{\sigma \}$$
(14)
and normalize it

$$V^{\prime \prime }\{\sigma \}=\frac{V^{}\{\sigma \}}{\sqrt{\underset{\{\sigma ^{}\}}{}\left(V^{}\{\sigma ^{}\}\right)^2}}.$$
(15)
* Create a linear combination $`V_{\mathrm{new}}^{}=V+\epsilon V^{\prime \prime }`$ where $`\epsilon `$ is a small parameter of the order of $`0.1`$, and regard it as an improved local factor. After normalizing $`V_{\mathrm{new}}^{}`$ go to the second step and repeat the calculation till $`V`$ reaches its (local) fixed point.

The small parameter $`\epsilon `$ is introduced in order to stabilize the convergence of the iterative calculation. For statistical models that exhibit a phase transition, the self-consistent equation has several stable solutions near the transition temperature. They correspond to the disordered state and to each ordered state. In such a case, one can ‘target’ a desired phase just by imposing a very small symmetry-breaking field or by setting the initial local factor $`V(\sigma ,\sigma ^{})`$ appropriately.

The main advantage of the above algorithm is that no a priori ansatz is necessary for setting up the variational parameters.

## III Extension to three dimensions

It is easy to generalize both the variational relation (Eq. (4)) and the construction of the variational state in the product form (Eq. (5)) to 3D models. We can increase the space dimension by replacing the row-spin $`[\sigma ]`$ in Eq. (1) to a ‘layer spin’

$$[\sigma ]=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}\sigma _{1\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{1N}^{}& \sigma _{1N+1}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{1\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}N}^{}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \sigma _{N\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{NN}^{}& \sigma _{NN+1}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{N\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}N}^{}\\ \sigma _{N+\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{N+1N}^{}& \sigma _{N+1N+1}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{N+\mathrm{1\hspace{0.17em}2}N}^{}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ \sigma _{2N\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{2NN}^{}& \sigma _{2NN+1}^{}& \mathrm{}& \sigma _{2N\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}N}^{}\end{array}\right).$$
(16)
Now the system we are considering is an infinitely large 3D object of size $`2N\times 2N\times \mathrm{}`$. As before, we assume that the system size $`2N`$ is sufficiently large to investigate the bulk limit. The 3D generalization of the row-to-row transfer matrix in Eq. (2) is a layer-to-layer transfer matrix. For the 3D $`q`$-state Potts model, the layer-to-layer transfer matrix is given by

$$𝒯[\overline{\sigma }|\sigma ]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}W_\mathrm{B}^{(ij)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \},$$
(17)
where the IRF-type local Boltzmann weight is written as

$`W_\mathrm{B}^{(ij)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}=W_\mathrm{B}^{}\left\{{\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\overline{\sigma }_{ij}\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j}\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j^{}}\overline{\sigma }_{ij^{}}}{\sigma _{ij}\sigma _{i^{}j}\sigma _{i^{}j^{}}\sigma _{ij^{}}}}\right\}`$ (18)
$`=\mathrm{exp}`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{J}{4k_\mathrm{B}T}}`$ $`(\delta _{\sigma _{ij}\sigma _{i^{}j}}+\delta _{\sigma _{i^{}j}\sigma _{i^{}j^{}}}+\delta _{\sigma _{i^{}j^{}}\sigma _{ij^{}}}+\delta _{\sigma _{ij^{}}\sigma _{ij}}`$
$`+\delta _{\overline{\sigma }_{ij}\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j}}+\delta _{\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j}\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j^{}}}+\delta _{\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j^{}}\overline{\sigma }_{ij^{}}}+\delta _{\overline{\sigma }_{ij^{}}\overline{\sigma }_{ij}}`$
$`+\delta _{\sigma _{ij}\overline{\sigma }_{ij}}+\delta _{\sigma _{i^{}j}\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j}}+\delta _{\sigma _{i^{}j^{}}\overline{\sigma }_{i^{}j^{}}}+\delta _{\sigma _{ij^{}}\overline{\sigma }_{ij^{}}})].`$
We have used the notation $`i^{}=i+1`$ and $`j^{}=j+1`$, and have represented the plaquette spins as $`\{\sigma \}`$. (See Fig. 6.)

The 2D generalization of the variational state in Eq. (5) can be obtained in the same manner

$`\mathrm{\Psi }[\sigma ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}}V_{}^{(ij)}\left\{\sigma \right\}`$ (19)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}}V(\sigma _{ij}\sigma _{i^{}j}\sigma _{i^{}j^{}}\sigma _{ij^{}}).`$
There are $`q^4`$ variational parameters in the local factor $`V_{}^{(ij)}`$. We assume that the factor $`V_{}^{(ij)}`$ is positionally independent and the variational state is uniform. The local factor at the center of the system is $`V_{}^{(NN)}`$.

The way how to optimize the local factor $`V_{}^{(ij)}`$, so that it maximizes the Rayleigh ratio $`\lambda _{\mathrm{var}}^{}`$ in Eq. (4), is in principle the same as that for 2D systems. The denominator

$$\mathrm{\Psi }|\mathrm{\Psi }=\underset{[\sigma ]}{\overset{}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}\left(V_{}^{(ij)}\{\sigma \}\right)_{}^2$$
(20)
is nothing but a partition function of a 2D lattice model whose local Boltzmann weight is equal to $`\left(V_{}^{(ij)}\right)_{}^2`$, and the numerator $`\mathrm{\Psi }|𝒯|\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is that of a two-layer 2D lattice model

$$\underset{[\overline{\sigma }][\sigma ]}{\overset{}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{(2N1)}{}}V_{}^{(ij)}\{\overline{\sigma }\}W_\mathrm{B}^{(ij)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}V_{}^{(ij)}\{\sigma \}.$$
(21)
Since the numerator and the denominator are the partition functions of effective 2D lattice models one can calculate both of them using the corner transfer matrix renormalization group (CTMRG), which is a variant of DMRG applied to 2D lattice models CTMRG . As a byproduct of CTMRG, the factor $`A_{}^{(NN)}\{\sigma \}`$ and the matrix $`B_{}^{(NN)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}`$ can be calculated abctmrg . Also, the variational free energy per site $`F`$ can be obtained from CTMRG. (Numerical details are reported in Ref. KW\_ON ; TPVA1 ; TPVA2 .)

After we obtain the optimized variational factor $`V_{}^{(NN)}\{\sigma \}`$, the internal energy $`E`$ and the magnetization $`M`$ can be calculated from $`A_{}^{(NN)}\{\sigma \}`$ and $`B_{}^{(NN)}\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}`$ that are created from the optimized variational factor $`V^{(NN)}`$. The internal energy $`E`$ per site is equivalent to

$`E=`$ $``$ $`J\delta (\sigma _{NN}^{},\sigma _{N+1N}^{})J\delta (\sigma _{NN}^{},\sigma _{NN+1}^{})`$ (22)
$``$ $`J\delta (\sigma _{NN}^{},\overline{\sigma }_{NN}^{})`$
and its statistical average is obtained as follows

$$E=\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{\{\overline{\sigma }\}\{\sigma \}}{\overset{}{}}}EV\{\overline{\sigma }\}B\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}V\{\sigma \}}{{\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma \}}{\overset{}{}}}V\{\sigma \}A\{\sigma \}V\{\sigma \}},$$
(23)
where we have dropped the superscript $`(NN)`$ from $`V`$, $`A`$, and $`B`$ just for simplicity. The magnetization $`M`$ of the $`q`$-state Potts model can be calculated from the spin expectation value

$$\delta (\sigma ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0})=\frac{{\displaystyle \underset{\{\overline{\sigma }\}\{\sigma \}}{\overset{}{}}}\delta (\sigma _{NN}^{},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0})V\{\overline{\sigma }\}B\{\overline{\sigma }|\sigma \}V\{\sigma \}}{{\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma \}}{\overset{}{}}}V\{\sigma \}A\{\sigma \}V\{\sigma \}}$$
(24)
together with the definition of the order parameter

$$M=\frac{q\delta (\sigma ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0})1}{q1}.$$
(25)
## IV Numerical results

We calculate the latent heat of the 3D $`q=3`$, $`4`$, and $`5`$ Potts models, using the internal energy expectation values $`E`$ for both ordered and disordered phases. Hereafter we set $`k_\mathrm{B}^{}=\mu _\mathrm{B}^{}=1`$ and only treat the ferromagnetic case $`J=1`$. The convergence control parameter in the self-consistent calculation is chosen as $`\epsilon =0.1`$. When we obtain the variational state for the ordered phase, we impose a small symmetry breaking field ($``$ magnetic field) to the system during first several iterations, and after that we switch it off. For the CTMRG calculations, we kept block spin states $`m`$ up to the value of 20 mvar , which is sufficiently large to obtain the thermodynamic functions shown bellow. All thermodynamic functions converged after 500 iterations at most even in the close vicinity of the transition point.

First we determined the transition temperature from the calculated free energy per site $`F`$ with respect to the inverse temperature $`K1/T`$. Since the $`q=35`$ Potts models exhibit the first-order phase transitions, in a close vicinity of the transition point $`K_\mathrm{t}`$ there are two minima in the free energy $`F`$; one corresponds to the disordered phase and the other to the ordered one. It is possible to detect both of them by way of solving the self-consistent equation starting from different initial conditions for local factors. (When the barrier between the minima is low, one of the two phases is often accidentally chosen by numerical round-off errors.) Figs. 7, 8 and 9, respectively, show the calculated free energy per site $`F`$ for $`q=3`$, $`4`$, and $`5`$ cases. The black squares and the white circles represent $`F`$ for disordered and ordered phases, respectively, where the point of intersection of these two curves results the transition point $`K_\mathrm{t}^{}`$. The free energy curves were drawn by the least-square fitting of plotted data to polynomials. The results are, $`K_\mathrm{t}^{[q=3]}=0.5496`$ for $`q=3`$, $`K_\mathrm{t}^{[q=4]}=0.6283`$ for $`q=4`$, and $`K_\mathrm{t}^{[q=5]}=0.672`$ for $`q=5`$. For the case $`q=3`$ the most reliable Monte Carlo result (as far as we know) is $`K_\mathrm{t}^{\mathrm{MC}}=0.550565\pm 0.000010`$ MC , and thus $`K_\mathrm{t}^{[q=3]}`$ calculated by TPVA is only 0.18% lower than $`K_\mathrm{t}^{\mathrm{MC}}`$.

In Figs. 10, 11, and 12, we have plotted the internal energies per site $`E`$ as functions of $`K1/T`$. The latent heat is the energy difference

$$Q=E_{}^+E_{}^{}$$
(26)
between the ordered and disordered phases. As before, we have applied the least-square fittings to interpolate (or extrapolate) the calculated data towards $`E_{}^+`$ and $`E_{}^{}`$ at the determined transition point $`K_\mathrm{t}^{[q=3,4,5]}`$. These energies $`E_{}^+`$ and $`E_{}^{}`$, respectively, are denoted by the cross symbols inside the squares and the circles in Figs. 10, 11, and 12. The results are $`Q_{}^{[q=3]}=0.228`$, $`Q_{}^{[q=4]}=0.619`$, and $`Q_{}^{[q=5]}=0.693`$. For the case $`q=3`$, $`Q_{}^{[q=3]}`$ is 41% larger than a Monte Carlo result $`Q_{\mathrm{MC}}^{[q=3]}=0.16160\pm 0.00047`$MC

We finally show the calculated spontaneous magnetization $`M`$ in Figs. 13, 14, and 15. All numerical results thus obtained are summarized in Table I.

## V Conclusions

Recently proposed self-consistent method for 3D classical systems, the TPVA, has been applied to $`q`$=3, 4, and 5 state Potts models on the simple cubic lattice. Thermodynamic functions such as the free energy, the internal energy, and the spontaneous magnetizations are calculated. The numerical algorithm for solving the self-consistent equation is stable at any temperature, if the convergence control parameter $`\epsilon `$ is chosen to be equal or smaller than $`0.1`$.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors thank to Y. Hieida, K. Okunishi, N. Maeshima, and Y. Akutsu for discussions about variational formulations. This work has been partially supported by the Slovak Grant Agencies, VEGA No. 2/7201/21 and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (No. 09640462 and No. 11640376). A.G. is supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (P01192). The numerical calculations were performed by Compaq Fortran on the HPC-Alpha UP21264 Linux workstation.