format: text

text:
# Two binary Darboux transformations for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources

## 1 Introduction

The soliton equations with self-consistent sources have important physical applications (see -), for example, the KdV equation with self-consistent source describes the interaction of long and short capillary-gravity waves . There are some ways to derive the integrable nonlinear evolution equations with self-consistent sources . In recent years soliton equations with self-consistent sources (SESCS) were studied based on the constrained flows of soliton equations which are just the stationary equations of SESCSs -. Since the Lax representations for the constrained flows of soliton equations can always be deduced from the adjoint representations of the Lax representations for soliton equations, this approach provides a simple and natural way to derive both the SESCSs and their Lax representations . The SESCS is an infinite-dimensional integrable Hamiltonian system possessing $`t`$type Hamiltonian or bi-Hamiltonian formulation  and can be solved by the inverse scattering method .

The Darboux transformation is a power tool for solving soliton equations (see  for a review). The Darboux transformation for KdV hierarchy was widely studied (see, for example, -). In the present paper we will generalize these results to the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources. We construct one Darboux transformation and two binary (integral type) Darboux transformations for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources. The Darboux transformations usually present auto-Bäcklund transformations for soliton equations. In contrast with the case of soliton equations, one binary Darboux transformation in our case is proved to be a non auto-Bäcklund transformation between two n-th KdV equations with self-consistent sources with different degrees. This provides an interesting example for constructing non auto-Bäcklund transformations by means of Darboux transformations. Furthermore we present the formula for the m-times repeated binary Darboux transformations and construct the N-soliton solution for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources.

The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we recall the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources and briefly describe how to derive their Lax representation from the adjoint representation of the Lax representation for the KdV hierarchy. In section 3, we briefly review Darboux transformations for the KdV hierarchy and present two binary Darboux transformations. Based on these results, in section 4, we propose one Darboux transformation and two binary Darboux transformations for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources and show that the first binary Darboux transformation gives the auto-Bäcklund transformation for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources, and the second binary Darboux transformation leads to a non auto-Bäcklund transformation relating two n-th KdV equations with self-consistent sources with different degrees. Finally in the last section we present the m-times repeated binary Darboux transformations and construct the N-soliton solution for the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources.

## 2 The KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources

To make the paper self-contained, we first recall the high-order constrained flows of the KdV hierarchy and briefly describe how to derive the Lax representation for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources.

Consider the Schrödinger equation

$$\varphi _{xx}+(\lambda +u)\varphi =0.$$
(2.1)
In order to derive the Lax representation for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources, we rewrite the equation (2.1) in the matrix form

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\varphi \\ \varphi _x\end{array}\right)_x=U\left(\begin{array}{c}\varphi \\ \varphi _x\end{array}\right),U=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ \lambda u& 0\end{array}\right).$$
(2.2)
The adjoint representation of (2.2) reads

$$V_x=[U,V]UVVU.$$
(2.3)
Set

$$V=\underset{i=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_i& b_i\\ c_i& a_i\end{array}\right)\lambda ^i.$$
(2.4)
Eq. (2.3) yields

$$a_0=b_0=0,c_0=1,a_1=0,b_1=1,c_1=\frac{1}{2}u,$$

$$a_2=\frac{1}{4}u_x,b_2=\frac{1}{2}u,c_2=\frac{1}{8}(u_{xx}+u^2),\mathrm{},$$

and in general for $`k=1,2,\mathrm{},`$

$$a_k=\frac{1}{2}b_{k,x},b_{k+1}=Lb_k=\frac{1}{2}L^{k1}u,c_k=\frac{1}{2}b_{k,xx}b_{k+1}b_ku,$$
(2.5)
where

$$L=\frac{1}{4}^2u+\frac{1}{2}^1u_x,=\frac{}{x},^1=^1=1.$$

Set

$$V^{(n)}=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n+1}{}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_i& b_i\\ c_i& a_i\end{array}\right)\lambda ^{n+1i}+\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ b_{n+2}& 0\end{array}\right),$$
(2.6)
and take

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\varphi \\ \varphi _x\end{array}\right)_{t_n}=V^{(n)}(u,\lambda )\left(\begin{array}{c}\varphi \\ \varphi _x\end{array}\right),$$
(2.7)
or equivalently

$$\varphi _{t_n}=A^{(n)}(u,\lambda )\varphi ,A^{(n)}(u,\lambda )\underset{i=0}{\overset{n+1}{}}(a_i+b_i)\lambda ^{n+1i}.$$
(2.8)
Then the compatibility condition of Eqs (2.1) and (2.8) or (2.2) and (2.7) gives rise to the KdV hierarchy

$$u_{t_n}=K_n[u]\frac{\delta H_n}{\delta u}2b_{n+2,x},n=0,1,\mathrm{},$$
(2.9)
where $`H_n=\frac{4b_{n+3}}{2n+3}`$. We have

$$\frac{\delta \lambda }{\delta u}=\varphi ^2,L\varphi ^2=\lambda \varphi ^2.$$
(2.10)
The high-order constrained flows of the KdV hierarchy consist of the equations obtained from the spectral problem (2.1) for $`N`$ distinct $`\lambda _j`$ and the restriction of the variational derivatives for the conserved quantities $`H_n`$ and $`\lambda _j`$

$$D\left[\frac{\delta H_n}{\delta u}2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\delta \lambda _j}{\delta u}\right]D\left[2b_{n+2}2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\varphi _{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right]=0,$$
(2.11a)
$$\varphi _{j,xx}+(\lambda _j+u)\varphi _j=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(2.11b)
where $`n=0,1,\mathrm{}.`$ According to Eqs (2.5), (2.10) and (2.11), we may define

$$\stackrel{~}{a}_i=a_i,\stackrel{~}{b}_i=b_i,\stackrel{~}{c}_i=c_i,i=0,1,\mathrm{},n+1,$$

$$\stackrel{~}{b}_{n+2+i}=\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\lambda _j^i\varphi _j^2,\stackrel{~}{a}_{n+2+i}=\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{b}_{n+2+i,x}=\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\lambda _j^i\varphi _j\varphi _{j,x},i=0,1,2,\mathrm{},$$

$$\stackrel{~}{c}_{n+2+i}=\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{b}_{n+2+i,xx}\stackrel{~}{b}_{n+3+i}\stackrel{~}{b}_{n+2+i}u=\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\lambda _j^i\varphi _{j,x}^2.$$

Then the construction of $`\stackrel{~}{a}_i,\stackrel{~}{b}_i,\stackrel{~}{c}_i`$ ensures that

$$N^{(n)}=\lambda ^{n+1}\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{a}_k& \stackrel{~}{b}_k\\ \stackrel{~}{c}_k& \stackrel{~}{a}_k\end{array}\right)\lambda ^k+\left(\begin{array}{cc}\eta & 0\\ 0& \eta \end{array}\right)$$

$$=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n+1}{}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}a_k& b_k\\ c_k& a_k\end{array}\right)\lambda ^{n+1k}+\left(\begin{array}{cc}\eta & 0\\ 0& \eta \end{array}\right)+\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda \lambda _j}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varphi _j\varphi _{j,x}& \varphi _{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\\ \varphi _{j,x}^2& \varphi _j\varphi _{j,x}\end{array}\right),$$

where $`\eta `$ is a constant, also satisfies the adjoint representation (2.3), i.e.

$$N_x^{(n)}=[U,N^{(n)}],$$
(2.12)
which gives rise to the Lax representation of the constrained flow (2.11).

The KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources is given by

$$u_{t_n}=D\left[\frac{\delta H_n}{\delta u}2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\delta \lambda _j}{\delta u}\right]D\left[2b_{n+2}2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\varphi _{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right],$$
(2.13a)
$$\varphi _{j,xx}+(\lambda _j+u)\varphi _j=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N.$$
(2.13b)
Since the high-order constrained flows (2.11) are just the stationary equations of the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources (2.13), it is obvious that the zero-curvature representation for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources (2.13) is given by

$$U_{t_n}N_x^{(n)}+[U,N^{(n)}]=0,$$
(2.14)
with the auxiliary linear problems

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi \\ \psi _x\end{array}\right)_x=U\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi \\ \psi _x\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi \\ \psi _x\end{array}\right)_{t_n}=N^{(n)}\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi \\ \psi _x\end{array}\right),$$
(2.15)
or equivalently

$$\psi _{xx}+(\lambda +u)\psi =0,$$
(2.16a)
$$\psi _{t_n}=A^{(n)}\psi +\eta \psi +\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda \lambda _j}\varphi _j(\varphi _{j,x}\psi \varphi _j\psi _x).$$
(2.16b)
Let assume that all products $`\varphi _j\psi `$ decay at $`x=\mathrm{}`$ and that $`^1=_{\mathrm{}}^xdx.`$ It is easy to find from (2.13b) and (2.16a) that

$$\frac{1}{\lambda \lambda _j}(\varphi _{j,x}\psi \varphi _j\psi _x)=^1\varphi _j\psi .$$
(2.17)
Let denote

$$B_N=\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\varphi _j^1\varphi _j.$$

Then equation (2.16b) can be rewritten as

$$\psi _{t_n}=Q^{(n,N)}\psi A^{(n)}\psi +\eta \psi +B_N\psi .$$
(2.18)
When $`n=1,`$ the equation (2.13) gives the KdV equation with self-consistent sources

$$u_{t_1}=\frac{1}{4}(6uu_x+u_{xxx})2\alpha D\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\varphi _{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},$$
(2.19a)
$$\varphi _{j,xx}+(\lambda _j+u)\varphi _j=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(2.19b)
and the auxiliary linear problem reads

$$\psi _{xx}+(\lambda +u)\psi =0,$$
(2.20a)
$$\psi _{t_1}=(\frac{1}{4}u_x+\eta )\psi +(\lambda \frac{1}{2}u)\psi _x+\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}B_j\psi .$$
(2.20b)
## 3 The Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy

In this section we recall the Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy (see  for a review, ).

(1) The Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy.

Assume that $`u`$ be the solution of the n-th KdV equation (2.9) and denote the fixed solution of (2.1) and (2.8) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ by $`f=f(x,t,\xi )`$. The Darboux transformation (DT) is defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\varphi _x\frac{f_x}{f}\varphi ,$$
(3.1a)
$$\stackrel{~}{u}=u+2^2\text{ln}f.$$
(3.1b)
It is known that the Schrödinger equation (2.1) and (2.8) are covariant with respect to the action of the Darboux transformation (3.1), namely $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{u}`$ satisfy

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{xx}+(\lambda +\stackrel{~}{u})\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=0,$$
(3.2)
$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{t_n}=\stackrel{~}{A}^{(n)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }A^{(n)}(\stackrel{~}{u},\lambda )\stackrel{~}{\varphi },$$
(3.3)
and $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ satisfies the n-th KdV equation (2.9). Eqs. (2.8), (3.1) and (3.3) imply that

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{t_n}=[\varphi _x\frac{f_x}{f}\varphi ]_{t_n}=(A^{(n)}\varphi )_x(\frac{A^{(n)}f}{f})_x\varphi \frac{f_x}{f}A^{(n)}\varphi =\stackrel{~}{A}^{(n)}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }.$$
(3.4)
So the covariance of (2.1) and (2.8) with respect to the action of DT (3.1) leads to the following lemma.

###### Lemma 3.1

If $`u`$ is the solution of the n-th KdV equation (2.9 and $`f`$ is a solution of (2.1) and (2.8) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ and the Darboux transformation is given by (3.1), then the formula (3.4) holds.

We now construct the binary Darboux transformation.

(2) The first binary Darboux transformation.

Also, it is known that the linearly independent solution of (2.1) and (2.8) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ is given by the Liouville formula

$$g=f^1\frac{1}{f^2}.$$
(3.5)
The DT (3.1) implies that

$$\stackrel{~}{g}=g_x\frac{f_x}{f}g=\frac{1}{f}$$
(3.6)
is one of solutions of (3.2) and (3.3) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ and $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ given by (3.1b). The linearly independent solution $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$ of (3.2) and (3.3) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ is once more given by the Liouville formula

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_1=\stackrel{~}{g}^1\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{g}^2}=\frac{1}{f}^1f^2.$$
(3.7)
By using $`f`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$, performing two-times repeated DT of (3.1) (notice that the right side of (3.1a) can be added a constant factor) and using (2.17) give rise to the binary Darboux transformation

$`\overline{\varphi }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\xi \lambda }}[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}_{1x}}{\stackrel{~}{g}_1}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }]`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\xi \lambda }}[\xi \varphi \lambda \varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{f}{^1f^2}}(f_x\varphi f\varphi _x)]=\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{f}{^1f^2}}^1(f\varphi ),`$ (3.8a)
$$\overline{u}=\stackrel{~}{u}+2^2\text{ln}\stackrel{~}{g}_1=u+2^2\text{ln}(^1f^2).$$
(3.8b)
Obviously, the equation (2.1) and (2.8) are covariant with respect to the action of the binary DT (3.8), namely $`\overline{\varphi },\overline{u}`$ satisfy

$$\overline{\varphi }_{xx}+(\lambda +\overline{u})\overline{\varphi }=0,$$
(3.9)
$$\overline{\varphi }_{t_n}=\overline{A}^{(n)}\overline{\varphi }A^{(n)}(\overline{u},\lambda )\overline{\varphi },$$
(3.10)
and this $`\overline{u}`$ satisfies the n-th KdV equation (2.9). It is found from (3.8), (2.8) and (3.10) that

$`\overline{\varphi }_{t_n}=\overline{A}^{(n)}\overline{\varphi }=[\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{f}{^1f^2}}^1(f\varphi )]_{t_n}`$ (3.11)
$`=A^{(n)}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1f^2}}\{[A^{(n)}f{\displaystyle \frac{2f}{^1f^2}}^1(fA^{(n)}f)]^1(f\varphi )+f^1[fA^{(n)}\varphi +\varphi A^{(n)}f]\}.`$
So the covariance of (2.1) and (2.8) with respect to the action of binary DT (3.8) leads to the following lemma.

###### Lemma 3.2

If $`u`$ is the solution of the n-th KdV equation (2.9 and $`f`$ is a solution of (2.1) and (2.8) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ and the binary DT is given by (3.8), then the formula (3.11) holds.

(3) The second binary Darboux transformation.

Also the combination of $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$ gives a solution of (3.2) and (3.3) with $`\lambda =\xi `$

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_2=\stackrel{~}{g}+\stackrel{~}{g}_1=\frac{1}{f}(1+^1f^2).$$
(3.12)
By using $`f`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2`$, performing two-times repeated DT (3.1) leads to second binary Darboux transformation

$`\overline{\varphi }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\xi \lambda }}[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}_{2x}}{\stackrel{~}{g}_2}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }]`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\xi \lambda }}[\xi \varphi \lambda \varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{f}{1+^1f^2}}(f_x\varphi f\varphi _x)]=\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{f}{1+^1f^2}}^1(f\varphi ),`$ (3.13a)
$$\overline{u}=\stackrel{~}{u}+2^2\text{ln}\stackrel{~}{g}_2=u+2^2\text{ln}(1+^1f^2).$$
(3.13b)
Also the equation (2.1) and (2.8) are covariant with respect to the action of the binary DT (3.13), namely $`\overline{\varphi },\overline{u}`$ satisfy (3.9) and (3.10), $`\overline{u}`$ satisfies the n-th KdV equation (2.9). Similarly, the covariance of (2.1) and (2.8) with respect to the action of binary DT (3.13) leads to the following lemma.

###### Lemma 3.3

If $`u`$ is a solution of the n-th KdV equation (2.9 and $`f`$ is a solution of (2.1) and (2.8) with $`\lambda =\xi `$ and the binary DT is given by (3.13), then the following formula holds

$`\overline{\varphi }_{t_n}=\overline{A}^{(n)}\overline{\varphi }=[\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{f}{1+^1f^2}}^1(f\varphi )]_{t_n}`$ (3.14)
$`=A^{(n)}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+^1f^2}}\{[A^{(n)}f{\displaystyle \frac{2f}{1+^1f^2}}^1(fA^{(n)}f)]^1(f\varphi )+f^1[fA^{(n)}\varphi +\varphi A^{(n)}f]\}.`$
## 4 The Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources

Based on the Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy, we now construct Darboux transformation and two binary Darboux transformations for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources. The first binary Darboux transformation is an auto-Bäcklund transformation for the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13). The second one is a Bäcklund transformation relating two n-th KdV equations with self-consistent sources (2.13) with degree $`N`$ and $`N+1`$, respectively.

(1) Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy with sources.

###### Theorem 4.1

Assume that $`u,\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _N`$ be the solution of the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13) and $`f_1`$ satisfies (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\xi _1`$, then the Darboux transformation is defined by

$$\overline{\psi }=\psi _x\frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}\psi ,$$
(4.1a)
$$\overline{u}=u+2^2\text{ln}f_1,$$
(4.1b)
$$\overline{\varphi }_j=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda _j\xi _1}}[\varphi _{j,x}\frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}\varphi _j],j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(4.1c)
the Lax representation (2.16a) and (2.18) are covariant with respect to the Darboux transformation (4.1). Namely $`\overline{u},\overline{\psi },\overline{\varphi }_j,j=1,\mathrm{},N,`$ satisfy

$$\overline{\psi }_{xx}+(\lambda +\overline{u})\overline{\psi }=0,$$
(4.2)
$$\overline{\psi }_{t_n}=\overline{Q}^{(n,N)}\overline{\psi }=\overline{A}^{(n)}\overline{\psi }+\eta \overline{\psi }+\overline{B}_N\overline{\psi }A^{(n)}(\overline{u},\lambda )\overline{\psi }+\eta \overline{\psi }+\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{\varphi }_j^1(\overline{\varphi }_j\overline{\psi }),$$
(4.3)
and $`\overline{u},\overline{\varphi }_1,\mathrm{},\overline{\varphi }_N`$ satisfy the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13)

$$\overline{u}_{t_n}=D\left[2\overline{b}_{n+2}2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\overline{\varphi }_j^2\right],$$
(4.4a)
$$\overline{\varphi }_{j,xx}+(\lambda _j+\overline{u})\overline{\varphi }_j=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N.$$
(4.4b)
Proof Based on the results in the previous section, it is obvious that (4.2) and (4.4b) hold. In order to prove the (4.3) we need to show the following equality

$$\stackrel{~}{\psi }_{t_n}=[\psi _x\frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}\psi ]_{t_n}=(Q^{(n,N)}\psi )_x(\frac{Q^{(n,N)}f_1}{f_1})_x\psi \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}Q^{(n,N)}\psi =\stackrel{~}{Q}^{(n,N)}\stackrel{~}{\psi }.$$
(4.5)
The Lemma 3.1 implies that equality (3.4) with $`\varphi `$ replaced by $`\psi `$ holds. So we only need to check the terms containing $`\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _N`$ in the equality (4.5), i.e., to show the following equality

$`(B_N\psi )_x({\displaystyle \frac{B_Nf_1}{f_1}})_x\psi {\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}}B_N\psi =\overline{B}_N\overline{\psi }.`$ (4.6)
Using (4.1) and (2.17), we have

$`\overline{B}_N\overline{\psi }=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\overline{\varphi }_j^1[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda _j\xi _1}}}(\varphi _{j,x}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}}\varphi _j)(\psi _x{\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}}\psi )]`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda _j\xi _1}}}\overline{\varphi }_j[\varphi _{j,x}\psi ^1(\varphi _{j,xx}\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}}\varphi _j\psi +^1({\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,xx}}{f_1}}\varphi _j\psi )]`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda _j\xi _1}}}\overline{\varphi }_j[\varphi _{j,x}\psi {\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}}\varphi _j\psi +(\lambda _j\xi _1)^1(\varphi _j\psi )],`$ (4.7)
and

$`\text{the left terms in (}\text{4.6}\text{)}=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\varphi _{j,x}^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_1}}\psi \varphi _{j,x}^1(f_1\varphi _j)+{\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1^2}}\psi \varphi _j^1(f_1\varphi _j)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{1,x}}{f_1}}\varphi _j^1(\varphi _j\psi )]=\alpha {\displaystyle }_{j=1}^N\sqrt{\lambda _j\xi _1}\overline{\varphi }_j[^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_1}}\psi ^1(f_1\varphi _j)]`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\sqrt{\lambda _j\xi _1}\overline{\varphi }_j[^1(\varphi _j\psi )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_1(\lambda _j\xi _1)}}\psi (f_1\varphi _{j,x}f_{1,x}\varphi _j)].`$ (4.8)
Comparing (4) with (4), it is immediately found that equality (4.6) holds. The equation (4.2) and (4.3) lead to (4.4a). This completes the proof.

(2) The first binary Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy with sources.

###### Theorem 4.2

Assume that $`u,\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _N`$ be the solution of the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13) and $`f_1`$ satisfies (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\xi _1`$, then the first binary Darboux transformation is defined by

$$\overline{\psi }=\psi \frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}^1(f_1\psi ),$$
(4.9a)
$$\overline{u}=u+2^2\text{ln}(^1f_1^2),$$
(4.9b)
$$\overline{\varphi }_j=\varphi _j\frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}^1(f_1\varphi _j),j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(4.9c)
the Lax representation (2.16a) and (2.18) are covariant with respect to the binary Darboux transformation (4.9). Namely $`\overline{u},\overline{\psi },\overline{\varphi }_j,j=1,\mathrm{},N,`$ satisfy (4.2), (4.3) and the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (4.4).

Proof It is obvious that (4.2) and (4.4b) hold. Similarly, in order to prove the (4.3) we need to show the equality (3.11) with $`\varphi ,A^{(n)}`$ replaced by $`\psi ,Q^{(n,N)}`$. In fact, using Lemma 3.2, we only need to check the terms containing $`\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _N`$ in the equality, i.e., to show the following equality

$`B_N\psi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1f_1^2}}[B_Nf_12{\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1f_1^2}}f_1^1(f_1B_Nf_1)]^1(f_1\psi )`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}}^1[f_1B_N\psi +\psi B_Nf_1]=\overline{B}_N\overline{\psi }.`$ (4.10)
Notice that

$`^1[{\displaystyle \frac{f_1^2}{(^1f_1^2)^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(f_1\psi ))]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1f_1^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(f_1\psi ))`$
$`+^1[{\displaystyle \frac{f_1\varphi _j}{^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\psi )+{\displaystyle \frac{f_1\psi }{^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\varphi _j)].`$ (4.11)
Using (4.9) and (4), we have

$`\overline{B}_N\overline{\psi }=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\overline{\varphi }_j^1(\overline{\varphi }_j\overline{\psi })`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\overline{\varphi }_j^1[(\varphi _j{\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\varphi _j))(\psi {\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\psi ))]`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\overline{\varphi }_j[^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1f_1^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(f_1\psi ))],`$ (4.12)
and

$`\text{the left terms in (}\text{4}\text{)}=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\{\varphi _j^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{^1f_1^2}}[\varphi _j(^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(f_1\psi ))`$
$`2{\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\varphi _j^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(f_1\psi ))+f_1^1(f_1\varphi _j^1(\varphi _j\psi ))+f_1^1(\varphi _j\psi ^1(\varphi _jf_1))]\}`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}[\varphi _j^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _j}{^1f_1^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(f_1\psi ))`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{(^1f_1^2)^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))^2(^1(f_1\psi )){\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{^1f_1^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))(^1(\varphi _j\psi ))].`$ (4.13)
By substituting (4.9c) into (4) and comparing it with (4), it is immediately found that equality (4) holds. The equation (4.2) and (4.3) lead to (4.4a). This completes the proof.

(3) The second binary Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy with sources.

###### Theorem 4.3

Assume that $`u,\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _N`$ be the solution of the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13), $`f_1\varphi _{N+1}`$ satisfies (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\lambda _{N+1}`$ and $`\eta =\frac{1}{2}\alpha `$, then the second binary Darboux transformation is defined by

$$\overline{\psi }=\psi \frac{f_1}{1+^1f_1^2}^1(f_1\psi )=\psi \overline{\varphi }_{N+1}^1(f_1\psi ),$$
(4.14a)
$$\overline{u}=u+2^2\text{ln}(1+^1f_1^2),$$
(4.14b)
$$\overline{\varphi }_j=\varphi _j\frac{f_1}{1+^1f_1^2}^1(f_1\varphi _j)=\varphi _j\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}^1(f_1\varphi _j),j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(4.14c)
where
$$\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}=\frac{f_1}{1+^1f_1^2},f_1=\varphi _{N+1},$$
(4.14d)
and the binary Darboux transformation (4.14) transforms the Lax representation (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\eta =\frac{1}{2}\alpha `$ into the following Lax representation

$$\overline{\psi }_{xx}+(\lambda +\overline{u})\overline{\psi }=0,$$
(4.15)
$$\overline{\psi }_{t_n}=\overline{Q}^{(n,N+1)}\overline{\psi }=\overline{A}^{(n)}\overline{\psi }\frac{1}{2}\alpha \overline{\psi }+\overline{B}_{N+1}\overline{\psi }A^{(n)}(\overline{u},\lambda )\overline{\psi }\frac{1}{2}\alpha \overline{\psi }+\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N+1}{}}\overline{\varphi }_j^1(\overline{\varphi }_j\overline{\psi }),$$
(4.16)
and $`\overline{u},\overline{\varphi }_1,\mathrm{},\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}`$ satisfies the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13) with degree $`N+1`$

$$\overline{u}_{t_n}=D\left[2\overline{b}_{n+2}2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N+1}{}}\overline{\varphi }_{j}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right],$$
(4.17a)
$$\overline{\varphi }_{j,xx}+(\lambda _j+\overline{u})\overline{\varphi }_j=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N+1.$$
(4.17b)
Proof It is easy to see that (4.14c) holds for $`j=N+1`$. So, based on the results in previous section, it is obvious that (4.15) and (4.17b) hold. Similarly, in order to prove (4.16), by using Lemma 3.3 one only needs to check the terms containing $`\varphi _1,\mathrm{},\varphi _N,\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}`$ in the equality (3.14) with $`\varphi ,A^{(n)}`$ replaced by $`\psi ,Q^{(n,N)},`$ i.e., to show the following equality

$`B_N\psi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+^1f_1^2}}[B_Nf_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha \overline{\varphi }_{N+1}(1^1f_1^2)2\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}^1(f_1B_Nf_1)]^1(f_1\psi )`$
$`\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}^1[\psi B_Nf_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha f_1\psi +f_1B_N\psi ]=\overline{B}_{N+1}\overline{\psi }.`$ (4.18)
Notice that

$$^1(\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}\overline{\psi })=^1[\frac{f_1}{1+^1f_1^2}\psi (\frac{f_1}{1+^1f_1^2})^2^1(f_1\psi )]=\frac{1}{1+^1f_1^2}^1(f_1\psi ).$$
(4.19)
By means of (4) and (4) with $`^1f_1^2`$ replaced by $`(1+^1f_1^2)`$ one gets

$`\overline{B}_{N+1}\overline{\psi }=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N+1}{}}}\overline{\varphi }_j^1(\overline{\varphi }_j\overline{\psi })`$
$`=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\overline{\varphi }_j[^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+^1f_1^2}}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))^1(f_1\psi )]+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha \overline{\varphi }_{N+1}}{1+^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\psi ).`$ (4.20)
Using (4) with $`^1f_1^2`$ replaced by $`(1+^1f_1^2)`$ it is found

$`\text{the left terms in (}\text{4}\text{)}=\alpha {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\{\varphi _j^1(\varphi _j\psi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+^1f_1^2}}[\varphi _j(^1(f_1\varphi _j))^1(f_1\psi )`$
$`\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))^2^1(f_1\psi )]\overline{\varphi }_{N+1}(^1(f_1\varphi _j))^1(\varphi _j\psi )\}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha \overline{\varphi }_{N+1}}{1+^1f_1^2}}^1(f_1\psi ).`$ (4.21)
By substituting (4.14c) into (4) and comparing it with (4), it is easy to see that equality (4) holds. The equations (4.15) and (4.16) yield (4.17). This completes the proof.

Remark The binary Darboux transformation defined by (4.14) is a non auto-Bäcklund transformation relating the two n-th KdV equations with self-consistent sources (2.13) and (4.17). This Darboux transformation can be used to construct the soliton solution for (2.13).

For example, in order to find one soliton solution for the KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.19) with $`N=1`$, we start from the solution $`u=0`$ for the KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.19) with $`N=0`$. The solution for (2.20) with $`N=0,u=0,\lambda =k^2,k>0,\eta =\frac{1}{2}\alpha `$ reads

$$\varphi _1=ce^{kxk^3t\frac{1}{2}\alpha t}.$$

Then one finds from (4.14) that

$$\overline{u}=2k^2\text{sech}^2(kxk^3t\frac{1}{2}\alpha t+x_0),$$

$$\varphi _1=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2k}\text{sech}(kxk^3t\frac{1}{2}\alpha t+x_0),$$

which is the one soliton solution for the KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.19) with $`N=1`$.

## 5 The m-times repeated binary Darboux transformation for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources

It is evident that the Darboux transformation can be applied to (4.2), (4.3) and (4.15), (4.16) once more to produce some new solutions for the KdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources.

(1) The m-times repeated second binary Darboux transformation.

Assume that $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_m`$ be solution of (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\lambda _{N+1},\mathrm{},\lambda _{N+m},`$ respectively. We use $`u[i],\psi [i],f_j[i],\varphi _j[i]`$ to denote the action of i-times repeated binary Darboux transformation of (4.14) on the initial solution $`u,\psi ,f_j,\varphi _j.`$ We have

$$f_j[i]_{xx}+(\lambda _j+u[i])f_j[i]=0,$$
(5.1)
$$f_{j,t_n}[i]=Q^{(n,N+i)}[i]f_j[i].$$
(5.2)
We define two integral types of the Wronskian determinant of $`k`$ functions $`g_1,\mathrm{},g_k`$ in a similar way as in  by

$$W_1(g_1,\mathrm{},g_k)=detF,W_2(g_1,\mathrm{},g_k)=detG,$$

where

$$F_{ij}=\delta _{ij}+^1(g_ig_j),i,j=1,\mathrm{},k,$$

$$G_{ij}=\delta _{ij}+^1(g_ig_j),i=1,\mathrm{},k1,j=1,\mathrm{},k,G_{kj}=g_j,j=1,\mathrm{},k.$$

###### Lemma 5.1

For arbitrary integers $`l,k(1lm1,1kml),`$ we have

$$W_1(f_{l+1}[l],\mathrm{},f_{l+k}[l])=\frac{W_1(f_l[l1],f_{l+1}[l1],\mathrm{},f_{l+k}[l1])}{1+^1f_l^2[l1]},$$
(5.3)
$$W_2(f_{l+1}[l],\mathrm{},f_{l+k}[l],\psi [l])=\frac{W_1(f_l[l1],f_{l+1}[l1],\mathrm{},f_{l+k}[l1],\psi [l1])}{1+^1f_l^2[l1]}.$$
(5.4)
Proof According to (4.14), we have

$$f_{l+j}[l]=f_{l+j}[l1]\frac{f_l[l1]}{1+^1f_l^2[l1]}^1(f_l[l1]f_{l+j}[l1]),$$
(5.5)
so using (4)

$`F_{ij}=\delta _{ij}+^1(f_{l+i}[l]f_{l+j}[l])=\delta _{ij}+^1(f_{l+i}[l1]f_{l+j}[l1])`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+^1f_l^2[l1]}}(^1f_{l+i}[l1]f_l[l1])(^1f_l[l1]f_{l+j}[l1])\delta _{ij}+a_{ij}ba_{i0}a_{0j},`$ (5.6)
where

$$a_{ij}=^1(f_{l+i}[l1]f_{l+j}[l1]),b=\frac{1}{1+^1f_l^2[l1]}.$$

Then

$$W_1(f_{l+1}[l],\mathrm{},f_{l+k}[l])=\text{det}(F_{ij})$$

$$=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}1+a_{11}ba_{10}a_{01}& a_{12}ba_{10}a_{02}& a_{13}ba_{10}a_{03}& \mathrm{}& a_{1k}ba_{10}a_{0k}\\ a_{21}ba_{20}a_{01}& 1+a_{22}ba_{20}a_{02}& a_{23}ba_{20}a_{03}& \mathrm{}& a_{2k}ba_{20}a_{0k}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ a_{k1}ba_{k0}a_{01}& a_{k2}ba_{k0}a_{02}& a_{k3}ba_{k0}a_{03}& \mathrm{}& 1+a_{kk}ba_{k0}a_{0k}\end{array}\right)$$

$$=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1+a_{11}& a_{12}& \mathrm{}& a_{1k}\\ a_{21}& 1+a_{22}& \mathrm{}& a_{2k}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ a_{k1}& a_{k2}& \mathrm{}& 1+a_{kk}\end{array}\right)ba_{01}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}a_{10}& a_{12}& a_{13}& \mathrm{}& a_{1k}\\ a_{20}& 1+a_{22}& a_{23}& \mathrm{}& a_{2k}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ a_{k0}& a_{k2}& a_{k3}& \mathrm{}& 1+a_{kk}\end{array}\right)$$

$$ba_{02}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}1+a_{11}& a_{10}& a_{13}& \mathrm{}& a_{1k}\\ a_{21}& a_{20}& a_{23}& \mathrm{}& a_{2k}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ a_{k1}& a_{k0}& a_{k3}& \mathrm{}& 1+a_{kk}\end{array}\right)\mathrm{}$$

$$ba_{0k}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}1+a_{11}& a_{12}& \mathrm{}& a_{1(k1)}& a_{10}\\ a_{21}& 1+a_{22}& \mathrm{}& a_{2(k1)}& a_{20}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ a_{k1}& a_{k2}& \mathrm{}& a_{k(k1)}& a_{k0}\end{array}\right)$$

$$=\frac{1}{1+a_{00}}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}1+a_{00}& a_{01}& a_{02}& \mathrm{}& a_{0k}\\ a_{10}& 1+a_{11}& a_{12}& \mathrm{}& a_{1k}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ a_{k0}& a_{k1}& a_{k2}& \mathrm{}& 1+a_{kk}\end{array}\right)=\frac{W_1(f_l[l1],\mathrm{},f_{l+k}[l1])}{1+^1f_l^2[l1]}.$$

In the similar way the formula (5.4) can be proved. This completes the proof.

###### Theorem 5.1

Assume that $`u,\varphi _1,\mathrm{}\varphi _N`$ is solution of the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13), $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_m`$ be solution of (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\lambda _{N+1},\mathrm{},\lambda _{N+m},`$ respectively, and $`\eta =\frac{1}{2}\alpha `$. Then the m-times repeated binary Darboux transformation of (4.14) is given by

$$\psi [m]=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\psi )}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},$$
(5.7a)
$$u[m]=u+2^2\text{ln}W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m),$$
(5.7b)
$$\varphi _j[m]=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\varphi _j)}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(5.7c)
$$\varphi _{N+j}[m]=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,f_j)}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)}=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_{j1},f_{j+1},\mathrm{},f_m,f_j)}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},j=1,\mathrm{},m,$$
(5.7d)
and $`u[m],\psi [m],\varphi _1[m],\mathrm{},\varphi _{N+m}[m]`$ satisfy

$$\psi _{xx}[m]+(\lambda +u[m])\psi [m]=0,$$
(5.8)
$$\psi _{t_n}[m]=Q^{(n,N+m)}[m]\psi [m]=A^{(n)}(u[m],\lambda )\psi [m]\frac{1}{2}\alpha \psi [m]+\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N+m}{}}\varphi _j[m]^1(\varphi _j[m]\psi [m]),$$
(5.9)
and

$$u_{t_n}[m]=D\left[2b_{n+2}(u[m])2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N+m}{}}\varphi _j^2[m]\right],$$
(5.10a)
$$\varphi _{j,xx}[m]+(\lambda _j+u[m])\varphi _j[m]=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N+m.$$
(5.10b)
proof Using (4.14), (5.3) and (5.4), one obtains

$`\psi [m]=\psi [m1]{\displaystyle \frac{f_m[m1]}{1+^1f_m^2[m1]}}^1(f_m[m1]\psi [m1])`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+^1f_m^2[m1]}}W_2(f_m[m1],\psi [m1])={\displaystyle \frac{W_2(f_m[m1],\psi [m1])}{W_1(f_m[m1])}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{W_2(f_{m1}[m2],f_m[m2],\psi [m2])}{1+^1f_{m1}^2[m2]}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+^1f_{m1}^2[m2]}{W_1(f_{m1}[m2],f_m[m2])}}=\mathrm{}={\displaystyle \frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\psi )}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)}},`$ (5.11)
$`u[m]=u[m1]+2^2\text{ln}(1+^1f_m^2[m1])=u[m1]+2^2\text{ln}W_1(f_m[m1])`$
$`=u[m2]+2^2\text{ln}(1+^1f_{m1}^2[m2])+2^2\text{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{W_1(f_{m1}[m2],f_m[m2])}{1+^1f_{m1}^2[m2]}}`$
$`=u[m2]+2^2\text{ln}W_1(f_{m1}[m2],f_m[m2])=\mathrm{}=u+2^2\text{ln}W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m).`$ (5.12)
Similarly we can prove the (5.7c) and (5.7d). It is easy to find (5.8), (5.9) and (5.10) from the Proposition 4.3.

The m-times repeated binary Darboux transformation (5.8) provides a Bäcklnud transformation relating two n-th KdV equations with self-consistent sources (2.13) with degree $`N`$ and $`N+m`$, respectively. We now use the N-times repeated binary Darboux transformation (5.7) to construct the N-soliton solution for the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13) with $`\lambda _j=k_j^2<0,k_j>0,j=1,\mathrm{},N.`$ We start from (2.13) with $`N=0`$. Taking $`N=0,u=0,\lambda =k_j^2,\eta =\frac{1}{2}\alpha `$, then (2.16a) and (2.18) reduce to

$$\psi _{xx}k_j^2\psi =0,$$

$$\psi _{t_n}=(1)^nk_j^{2n}\psi _x\frac{1}{2}\alpha \psi ,$$

which solution is given by

$$f_j=e^{k_jx+(1)^nk_j^{2n+1}t_n\frac{1}{2}\alpha t_n+x_{0,j}},j=1,\mathrm{},N.$$
(5.13)
Then according to the Proposition 5.1, the N-soliton solution for the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13) with $`\lambda _j=k_j^2<0,k_j>0,j=1,\mathrm{},N,`$ is given by

$$u=2^2\text{ln}W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_N),$$
(5.14)
$$\varphi _j=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_N,f_j)}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_N)}=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_{j1},f_{j+1},\mathrm{},f_N,f_j)}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_N)},j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(5.15)
where $`f_j`$ is given by (5.13).

(2) The m-times repeated first binary Darboux transformation.

We define

$$W_1(g_1,\mathrm{},g_k)=detF,W_2(g_1,\mathrm{},g_k)=detG,$$
(5.16)
where

$$F_{ij}=^1(g_ig_j),i,j=1,\mathrm{},k,$$

$$G_{ij}=^1(g_ig_j),i=1,\mathrm{},k1,j=1,\mathrm{},k,G_{kj}=g_j,j=1,\mathrm{},k.$$

In the exactly same way we can prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 5.2

Assume that $`u,\varphi _1,\mathrm{}\varphi _N`$ is solution of the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13), $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_m`$ be the solutions of (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _m,`$ respectively. Then the m-times repeated binary Darboux transformation of (4.9) is given by

$$\psi [m]=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\psi )}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},$$
(5.17a)
$$u[m]=u+2^2\text{ln}W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m),$$
(5.17b)
$$\varphi _j[m]=\frac{W_2(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\varphi _j)}{W_1(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(5.17c)
and $`u[m],\psi [m],\varphi _1[m],\mathrm{},\varphi _N[m]`$ satisfy

$$\psi _{xx}[m]+(\lambda +u[m])\psi [m]=0,$$
(5.18)
$$\psi _{t_n}[m]=Q^{(n,N)}[m]\psi [m],$$
(5.19)
and

$$u_{t_n}[m]=D\left[2b_{n+2}(u[m])2\alpha \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}\varphi _j^2[m]\right],$$
(5.20a)
$$\varphi _{j,xx}[m]+(\lambda _j+u[m])\varphi _j[m]=0,j=1,\mathrm{},N.$$
(5.20b)
(3) The m-times repeated Darboux transformation of (4.1).

We define the Wronskian determinant $`W`$ by

$$W_1(g_1,\mathrm{},g_k)=detF,F_{ij}=\frac{^{i1}g_j}{x^{i1}},i,j=1,\mathrm{},k.$$
(5.21)
In the exactly same way we can prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 5.3

Assume that $`u,\varphi _1,\mathrm{}\varphi _N`$ is solution of the n-th KdV equation with self-consistent sources (2.13), $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_m`$ be the solutions of (2.16a) and (2.18) with $`\lambda =\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _m,`$ respectively. Then the m-times repeated Darboux transformation of (4.1) is given by

$$\psi [m]=\frac{W(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\psi )}{W(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},$$
(5.22a)
$$u[m]=u+2^2\text{ln}W(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m),$$
(5.22b)
$$\varphi _j[m]=\frac{W(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m,\varphi _j)}{W(f_1,\mathrm{},f_m)},j=1,\mathrm{},N,$$
(5.22c)
and $`u[m],\psi [m],\varphi _1[m],\mathrm{},\varphi _N[m]`$ satisfy (5.18), (5.19) and (5.20).

## Acknowledgment

This work was in part supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project no. 9040466) , and a grant from the City University of Hong Kong (Project no. 7001041), as well as by the Special Funds for Chinese Major Basic Research Project ”Nonlinear Science” .


text:
# Brane World in Generalized Gravity 11footnote 1Talk given at “International Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe”, COSMO2000, Cheju Island, Korea, September 2000

## 1 Introduction

Why the gravitational interaction is so weak compared to other gauge interactions is the main question that made people to consider the extension of the Standard Model(SM). For several decades weak scale supersymmetry was believed to be the most popular explanation for the gauge hierarchy. Recently the presence of D-brane opened new way of thinking that gravitational excitations propagate through the full spacetime while gauge interactions and matter fields are confined on the hypersurface, so called branes.

The ‘brane world’ scenario changes many conventional viewpoints toward the problems. First, the weakness of gravity at low energy is understood by the largeness of the volume of the extra dimensions . This model needs a mechanism of radion stabilization at large values for its completion which is not easy without introducing large parameters.

Recently, Randall and Sundrum (RS)  proposed a new idea which can explain the gauge hierarchy by localizing gravity on a ‘Planck brane’ and assuming we are living in a tail (‘TeV brane’) of those localized gravity. From now on this will be called RS I (two brane) model to distinguish it with the single brane setup RS II  which has been proposed as an alternative to the compactification. The localization of gravity yields the physical mass scale on the TeV brane suppressed by an exponentially small warp factor. This scenario can be realized with one extra dimension where $`AdS_5`$ ends at two boundary 3 branes (Planck and TeV branes). The 4-D Minkowski solution on the TeV brane can be achieved only through two exact fine tunings among bulk cosmological constant and the brane tensions. If the exact relations among the parameters are not satisfied, we obtain unstable configurations generically in which the extra dimension collapses or inflates in addition to the inflation along the 3 spaces parallel to the branes  The solution including black holes has been obtained in , and the completion of  has been done in . The brane inflationary solution with fixed extra dimension  has been obtained first. See also .

In this paper we investigate the properties of RS model that remain unchanged when we modify the original simple setup. Generally quantum corrections alter the simple picture and it is essential to check whether all nice properties are valid even after full consideration of quantum corrections which arise naturally.

## 2 Framework

In this section, we review the general solution generating technique in the context of scalar coupled gravity mainly following  though the numerical coefficients appearing in the equations are not the same as in  due to the difference in the metric sign convention or normalization of the Ricci scalar (or 5-D Planck scale).

Our starting point is the action on $`M^4\times S^1/Z_2`$ 4with the metric convention $`g_{MN}=(1,1,1,1,1)`$ and $`S=S_{bulk}+S_1+S_2`$, whose bulk action is given by

$`S_{bulk}={\displaystyle d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}_A\varphi _B\varphi 𝒱(\varphi )\}},`$ (1)
where $`\varphi `$ is a scalar field 222Single scalar field is enough for our purpose since we are interested in the bulk scalar or dilaton. The generalization including many scalar fields can be done without any difficulty . and $`𝒱(\varphi )`$ represents generalized bulk potential including the bulk cosmological constant and other bulk scalar potentials. The brane action is

$`S_i={\displaystyle d^4x\sqrt{g_{wall}}\{V_i(\varphi )+_i\}}.`$ (2)
Here $`V_i(\varphi )`$ denotes the brane tension of the $`i`$-th brane ($`i=1,2`$) and $`_i`$ stands for the other part of the brane Lagrangian including SM matters which is assumed to give negligible effects on the spacetime geometry.

The Einstein equation and the equation of motion of $`\varphi (y)`$ are

$`_{AB}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{AB}=T_{AB},^2\varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{𝒱}{\varphi }},`$
where the energy momentum tensors are

$`T_{aa}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi ^2𝒱(\varphi ){\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}V_i(\varphi )\delta (yy_i),`$ (3)
$`T_{55}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi ^2𝒱(\varphi ),`$ (4)
where $`A,B,\mathrm{}`$ denote 4+1 dimensional indices, and $`a=1,\mathrm{},3`$ denotes the spatial index.

The main interest of this paper is to look at the scaling behaviors of different theories, and we assume that the radion has been stabilized. From now on, we focus on the solutions which keep the 4-D Poincare invariance ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{eff}}=0`$). This can be achieved by tuning the parameter which corresponds to the cosmological constant problem in 4 dimensional theory. To keep 4-D Poincare invariance, we set $`\varphi =\varphi (y)`$. From the above conditions, the metric is expressed in a simple form $`ds^2=e^{2A(y)}\eta _{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu +dy^2`$, and we can write the equation of motion in terms of $`\varphi (y)`$ and $`A(y)`$. The integration over $`y`$ goes from 0 to $`L`$ since we fixed the scale factor $`g_{55}=1`$.

The Einstein equations can be rewritten in terms of $`A(y)`$ and $`\varphi (y)`$ as

$`3A^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}V_i(\varphi )\delta (yy_i),`$ (5)
$`6A^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi ^2𝒱(\varphi ),`$ (6)
$`\varphi ^{\prime \prime }+4A^{}\varphi ^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{𝒱}{\varphi }}+{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{V_i(\varphi )}{\varphi }}\delta (yy_i).`$ (7)
Though there are three equations, only two of them are independent. The third equation is derived from the first two equations. The second equation reminds us of the relation between the superpotential $`W`$ and the potential $`𝒱`$. If we introduce $`W`$ and set $`\varphi ^{}=\frac{W}{\varphi }`$ and $`A^{}=\gamma W`$, then from the first equation $`\gamma =\frac{1}{3}`$ is determined. Once we obtain $`W(\varphi )`$ for given $`𝒱(\varphi )`$ from the relation

$`𝒱(\varphi )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}({\displaystyle \frac{W}{\varphi }})^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}W^2,`$ (8)
the Einstein equations become two first order equations

$`\varphi ^{}={\displaystyle \frac{W}{\varphi }},A^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}W`$ (9)
provided the boundary jump conditions

$`A^{}|_{y_iϵ}^{y_i+ϵ}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}V_i(\varphi (y_i)),\varphi ^{}|_{y_iϵ}^{y_i+ϵ}={\displaystyle \frac{V_i(\varphi (y_i))}{\varphi }}`$ (10)
are satisfied. Since we are interested in the scaling behavior of the metric in the bulk along the extra dimension $`y`$, we choose $`V_i`$ such that the previous jump conditions are always satisfied.

This technique can be applied only if we can find $`W(\varphi )`$ satisfying the relation (8) and is independent of supersymmetry. ‘Superpotential’ like function $`W`$ allows us to get an analytic solution even for some nontrivial potentials.

One of the interesting aspects of RS I model (two brane) is the radion phenomenology. The Goldberger-Wise(GW) stabilization mechanism  could generate an exponentially small warp factor $`e^{2kL}M_W/M_{Pl}10^{16}`$ without introducing any large (or small) numbers in the model.

Csaki et. al., as well as Goldberger and Wise, noted that the radion kinetic term arising from the Ricci scalar $``$ is exponentially small ($`e^{4kL}`$) as a result of nontrivial cancellations between various terms of order one. Compared to the case of order one kinetic term, this gives dramatically different radion phenomenology. Radion mass is essentially of the order of weak scale and radion couplings to the standard model fields are of the order of weak interaction strength. If the kinetic term were of order one, one would have radion mass $`m_b^2(M_W^2/M_{Pl}^2)M_W^2`$ and radion couplings of gravitational strength.

However, this peculiar phenomenon is due to the choice of unnatural gauge and disappears when we choose more natural gauge . The actual wave function of radion is concentrated on TeV brane, and it is very reasonable to have a weak scale radion mass since the mass is not suppressed by large volume factor.

In the following sections, we see how the radion potential changes when the quantum corrections are added.

## 3 Conformal transformation

Now we have a tool which is very useful for the system with Einstein-Hilbert action and general kinds of scalar potential. However, we need more than this to consider $`\varphi `$ correction. It is well known  that generalized action of the following form can be transformed to the Einstein frame by conformal transformation

$$S_{bulk}=d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}f(\varphi )\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}_A\varphi _B\varphi 𝒱(\varphi )\}.$$
(11)
The conformal transformation

$`\widehat{g}_{MN}=e^{2\omega }g_{MN}`$ (12)
with $`\omega =\frac{1}{3}\mathrm{log}(f(\varphi ))`$ brings us to the Einstein-Hilbert action

$$S_{bulk}=d^5x\sqrt{\widehat{g}}\{\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{g})\frac{1}{2}\widehat{g}^{AB}_A\varphi _B\mathrm{\Phi }𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })\}$$
(13)
where the potential in Einstein frame is

$`𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })=(f(\varphi ))^{\frac{5}{3}}𝒱(\varphi ).`$ (14)
and the canonically normalized field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ which has a relation with $`\varphi `$ is

$`\mathrm{\Phi }={\displaystyle 𝑑\varphi (\frac{f(\varphi )+\frac{8}{3}(\frac{df(\varphi )}{d\varphi })^2}{f^2(\varphi )})^{\frac{1}{2}}}.`$ (15)
All the cases appearing in the following are analyzed in two steps based on these tools. First, take a conformal transformation to Einstein frame. Second, find $`W`$ and solve the first order differential equations.

### 3.1 Small $`\varphi `$ correction

Let’s consider $`\varphi `$ correction first. When scalar fields are present, the effective action is expected to contain $`\varphi `$ term which is induced by quantum corrections

$$S_{bulk}=d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}(1+\epsilon \varphi ^2)\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}_A\varphi _B\varphi 𝒱(\varphi )\}.$$
(16)
It is reasonable to assume that the coefficient of the induced term is small $`\epsilon 1`$ (e. g. $`\epsilon 1/100)`$ since it usually contains a loop suppression factor. We can take the conformal transformations such that

$$S_{bulk}=d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}_A\mathrm{\Phi }_B\mathrm{\Phi }𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })\},$$
(17)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ are determined by (15), (14) as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }=\varphi \epsilon \varphi ^3+𝒪(\epsilon ^2),𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`(1{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}\epsilon \varphi ^2)𝒱(\varphi )+𝒪(\epsilon ^2).`$ (18)
The action on the brane has not been specified, and we assume that the correction on the brane is such that the relation (10) is satisfied to keep the brane configuration static.

Before considering quantum correction, let’s review the back reaction of GW scalar field. When there was no potential for the scalar $`\varphi `$ and $`𝒱=\mathrm{\Lambda }=24k^2`$, we recover the RS model with $`W=6k`$ and $`A=2ky`$. To check whether $`\varphi `$ correction destabilize the GW mechanism, we should consider massive bulk scalar at first. Massive bulk scalar changes the potential and now $`𝒱=\mathrm{\Lambda }+m_\varphi ^2\varphi ^2=24k^2(1+\eta \varphi ^2)`$ in which we introduce new parameters, $`k`$ representing the bulk cosmological constant and $`\eta `$, the ratio of the scalar mass to the bulk cosmological constant. Now $`W=6k(1+\frac{1}{2}\eta \varphi ^2)+𝒪(\eta ^2)`$ where $`\eta 1`$ when the mass is small compared to the bulk cosmological constant which is the case for stabilizing the radion at order 10 value ($`kL37`$). The bulk geometry is not pure $`AdS_5`$ due to the back reaction of the bulk scalar , and we obtain the metric $`g_{\mu \nu }=e^{2A}\eta _{\mu \nu }`$ from eq. (9) as

$`A=2k(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta \varphi _0^2)y+𝒪(\eta ^2),`$ (19)
where $`\varphi _0`$ is the value of $`\varphi `$ at $`y=0`$. Though there is a nontrivial(not linear) $`y`$ dependence due to the back reaction appearing at $`𝒪(\eta ^2)`$, we neglect it in this section since first order approximation is enough if $`\eta `$ is small enough ($`\eta 1`$).

Let’s back to the quantum correction $`\varphi `$. The above eq. (18) then become after conformal transformation

$`𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`24k^2(1+(\eta {\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}\epsilon )\varphi ^2)+𝒪(\epsilon ^2,\eta ^2,\epsilon \eta ),`$ (20)
$`𝒲(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`6k(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\eta {\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}\epsilon )\varphi ^2)+𝒪(\epsilon ^2,\eta ^2,\epsilon \eta ).`$ (21)
These equations give us very simple interpretations of the $`\varphi `$ correction as the correction of the bulk scalar masses. The change in the geometry is given as the same way as in eq. (19) with the effective mass by replacing $`\eta (\eta \frac{5}{3}\epsilon )`$. This opens new possibility of generating bulk scalar masses through quantum gravity corrections. Scalar mass can be obtained from this quantum correction even though we started from the setup with a massless bulk scalar.

All the pictures in RS I (with two branes) , e.g., the generation of huge hierarchy between Planck brane and TeV brane, Goldberger-Wise stabilization mechanism, remain the same as long as $`ϵ`$ is small enough, for instance, $`ϵ10^2`$. The effects of $`\varphi `$ is to modify the scalar mass. Though it is possible to imagine that scalar mass is originated from quantum gravity correction, we have kept in mind that the small scalar mass is based on the symmetry which is slightly broken, e.g., bulk supersymmetry. In that case the quantum correction to the scalar mass is proportional to the tree level scalar mass itself and is loop suppressed, $`\epsilon \frac{1}{100}\eta \eta `$. Therefore $`\varphi `$ correction is not harmful to the radion potential, and the RS solution to the gauge hierarchy can be kept stable against small $`\varphi `$ correction.

### 3.2 Brans-Dicke Theory

In this section, we consider different types of theories which have entirely different properties than RS model. String theory has a dilaton which couples directly with scalar curvature and give Brans-Dicke (BD) type theory as its low energy effective theory This kind of theory shows very different behavior than the RS model. Already it has been shown that exponential and power law hierarchy are obtained in the usual supergravity and the gauged supergravity respectively in the framework of strongly coupled heterotic string .

Now all the features of RS scenario change if we consider BD type interactions between scalar fields and gravity. To see the qualitative features, we consider the following action

$`S_{bulk}={\displaystyle d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}\epsilon \varphi ^2\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}_A\varphi _B\varphi 𝒱(\varphi )\}}.`$ (22)
Actually typical form of BD theory is

$`S_{bulk}={\displaystyle d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}\frac{\omega }{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}_A\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_B\stackrel{~}{\varphi }𝒱(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })\}},`$ (23)
but this is equivalent to the previous one with the relation $`\epsilon =\frac{1}{4\omega }`$. The equivalence relation can be easily checked by changing the BD kinetic term to the canonical form.

Conformal transformation brings the action into

$$S_{bulk}=d^5x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{2}g^{AB}_A\mathrm{\Phi }_B\mathrm{\Phi }𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })\},$$
(24)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ are determined from $`\varphi `$ and $`𝒱(\varphi )`$ using eq. (15) and (14). Now the situation is entirely different from the previous case. $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\varphi `$ are not related linearly,

$`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1+\frac{32}{3}\epsilon }{\epsilon }}}\mathrm{log}(\varphi /\varphi _0)=a\mathrm{log}(\varphi /\varphi _0),`$ (25)
and the potential has exponential dependence

$`𝒰(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`\epsilon ^{\frac{5}{3}}\varphi _0^{\frac{10}{3}}e^{\frac{10}{5a}\mathrm{\Phi }}𝒱(\varphi (\mathrm{\Phi })).`$ (26)
When the bulk cosmological constant is dominant,

$`W(\varphi )=6k,𝒱(\varphi )=24k^2,`$ (27)
we get

$`𝒲(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ $`=`$ $`6k\epsilon ^{\frac{5}{6}}\varphi _0^{\frac{5}{3}}e^{\frac{5}{3a}\mathrm{\Phi }}=ce^{\frac{5}{3a}\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ (28)
and can solve the differential equation

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3a^2}{25}}\mathrm{log}(1{\displaystyle \frac{25}{9a^2}}cy)={\displaystyle \frac{3+32\epsilon }{25\epsilon }}\mathrm{log}(1{\displaystyle \frac{25\epsilon }{9+96\epsilon }}cy)`$ (29)
where $`c=𝒲(y=0)`$ is the integration constant. Now the metric is

$`g_{\mu \nu }=e^{2A}\eta _{\mu \nu }=(1{\displaystyle \frac{25\epsilon }{9+96\epsilon }}cy)^{\frac{6+94\epsilon }{25\epsilon }}\eta _{\mu \nu },`$ (30)
and it shows the power law dependence along $`y`$ which becomes singular at finite $`y`$ ($`y_c=\frac{9+96\epsilon }{25\epsilon c}`$). Consideration of exponential potential rather than power law potential gives the same result, and this corresponds to the self-tuning brane models having singularity when we cut off the bulk at the singularity . Cutting the bulk before the singularity occurs gives the usual string settings like Horava-Witten . The potential generating power law hierarchy has been studied in  independently.

By taking the limit $`\epsilon 0`$ with $`\epsilon \varphi ^2`$ fixed, we can recover the RS model as $`g_{\mu \nu }=\epsilon ^{2A}\eta _{\mu \nu }=\epsilon ^{4cy}\eta _{\mu \nu }`$. In this limit $`\varphi `$ is frozen since the kinetic term becomes huge, and the system recovers Einstein-Hilbert action. Even for a tiny but nonzero $`\epsilon `$ ($`\epsilon 1`$), the metric (30) shows the presence of singularity at $`y_c\frac{9}{25c\epsilon }`$. At any rate, we can generate the hierarchy $`10^{32}`$ with $`\epsilon 1/120`$ and putting TeV brane at $`y=0.9y_c40c40`$ for order one $`c`$. If we put TeV brane at $`y=0.99y_c`$, we need $`\epsilon 1/50`$ and $`y20c20`$.

## 4 Randall-Sundrum vs. Inflation

Understanding of RS geometry can be easily done by thinking $`y`$ as time of the inflation models. RS model itself corresponds to the usual inflation models in which the expansion is exponential, and scalar(dilaton) coupled theory gives rise to the power law hierarchy as in the case of extended inflation model in which BD theory gives power law inflation. More concrete relations can be found in the recent paper  with a table summarizing it. This analogy shows that singularities away from the brane is inevitable since this corresponds to the initial singularity in inflation models. RS II (single brane) model has AdS geometry even far away from the brane with decreasing warp factor. However, an analogy with inflation models shows that asymptotically AdS geometry with decreasing warp factor is not an attractor of the system. This is the opposite case to the inflation in which asymptotically dS is an attractor. The difference is due to the fact that the direction we are considering is opposite with each other. If we consider time reversal direction, asymptotically dS is not an attractor and generally singularity is developed since the connection term in the scalar field equation of motion acts like an anti-friction. This singularity has already been observed in the study of 5-D supergravity inspired by AdS/CFT correspondence. The paper  addresses the question of which types of singularities are harmless. In other words the criterion on which types of the singularities are expected to be resolved is suggested.

## 5 Conclusion

We have studied general features of RS model by considering several quantum corrections and checked that RS model is robust against small quantum corrections. Though exponentially suppressed potential looks suspicious to be stable against possible dangerous corrections, it turned out that nothing is harmful as far as we are concerned on a theory whose systematic expansion is possible. We considered $`\varphi `$ term and showed that it acts like changing the bulk scalar mass. Therefore, once the mass is small, the correction is further suppressed and the radion potential remains stable. Also we obtained the power law $`y`$ dependence of the metric for the BD type generalization of RS model. Exponential law $`y`$ dependence of the warp factor which is important to localize the gravity can be realized by freezing the dilaton such that there is no scalar that couples directly to $``$. Otherwise, the singularity appears and we can not have RS II (single brane model) as an alternative of compactification. Finally we stated several correspondences between RS model and inflation model and checked that asymptotically $`AdS`$ do not come as an attractor of the system which is necessary for the localization of gravity. This is opposite to the slow roll condition of the inflation models where the condition is guaranteed by appearing as an attractor. The singularity entering in general setup with scalar fields is inevitable in RS II (single brane setup). Nonetheless, RS I model (two brane) remains as very robust one at least within our consideration since the consideration of quantum effects does not alter its characteristic features.

## Acknowledgements

HK thanks to theory group of Univ. of California at Santa Cruz including T. Banks, M. Dine, M. Graesser, H. Haber and L. Motl for the hospitality during the visit. HK also indebted to K. Choi for many valuable comments and discussions.