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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

We have recently witnessed a remarkable progress in the treatment of lattice fermions-. The first breakthrough may be traced to the domain-wall fermion , which was followed by the overlap fermion. See also related works in . It is well known that the overlap fermion, which developed independently of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation, satisfies the simplest version of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. The recognition that the fermion operator, which satisfies the simplest version of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation, gives rise to the index theorem on the lattice and thus modified but exact lattice chiral symmetry, was crucial in the recent developments. The locality properties of the Neuberger’s overlap operator have also been established ; the operator is not ultra-local but exponentially local, which is considered to be sufficient to ensure locality in the continuum limit with the lattice spacing $`a0`$.

In the mean time, a new class of lattice Dirac operators $`D`$ have been proposed on the basis of the algebraic relation

$$\gamma _5(\gamma _5D)+(\gamma _5D)\gamma _5=2a^{2k+1}(\gamma _5D)^{2k+2}$$
(1.1)
where $`k`$ stands for a non-negative integer, and $`k=0`$ corresponds to the ordinary Ginsparg-Wilson relation for which an explicit example of the operator free of species doubling is known . It has been shown in  that we can construct the lattice Dirac operator, which is free of species doublers and satisfies a lattice version of index theorem, for any finite $`k`$. An explicit calculation of the chiral anomaly for these operators has also been performed. Here $`\gamma _5`$ is a hermitian chiral Dirac matrix and $`\gamma _5D`$ is hermitian. In a sense, this new class of fermion operators are regarded as the first generation of lattice fermion operators which are directly motivated by the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. In contrast to the most general form of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation , our algebra (1.1) allows an explicit solution which satisfies the index theorem: Our explicit solutions illustrate the features of possible solutions of the general Ginsparg-Wilson relation.

A salient feature of Dirac operators corresponding to larger $`k`$ is that the chiral symmetry breaking term becomes more irrelevant in the sense of Wilsonian renormalization group. For $`H=a\gamma _5D`$ in the near continuum configurations we have, for example,

$`H`$ $``$ $`\gamma _5ai\overline{)}D+\gamma _5(\gamma _5ai\overline{)}D)^2fork=0,`$
$`H`$ $``$ $`\gamma _5ai\overline{)}D+\gamma _5(\gamma _5ai\overline{)}D)^4fork=1`$ (1.2)
respectively. The first terms in these expressions stand for the leading terms in chiral symmetric terms, and the second terms in these expressions stand for the leading terms in chiral symmetry breaking terms, respectively. This shows that one can improve the chiral symmetry for larger $`k`$, though the operator spreads over more lattice points for larger $`k`$. As another manifestation of this property, the spectrum of the operators with $`k>0`$ is closer to that of the continuum operator in the sense that the small eigenvalues of $`D`$ accumulate along the imaginary axis ( which is a result of taking a $`2k+1`$-th root), compared to the standard overlap operator for which the eigenvalues of $`D`$ draw a perfect circle in the complex eigenvalue plane.

In this paper, we analyze the locality properties of this general class of lattice Dirac opeartors. As for the overlap Dirac operator, which corresponds to $`k=0`$, the very detailed analyses of locality properties have been performed by Hernandez, Jansen and Lüscher, and Neuberger. A similar locality analysis of the domain wall fermion has been given by Kikukawa . We establish the locality properties of the general class of operators (1.1) for all finite $`k`$, which are sufficient for the cohomological analyses of chiral gauge theory , for example.

## 2 A Brief Summary of the Model and Notation

The explicit construction of the operator, which satisfies the relation (1.1), proceeds by first defining

$$H_{(2k+1)}(\gamma _5aD)^{2k+1}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _5[1+D_W^{(2k+1)}\frac{1}{\sqrt{(D_W^{(2k+1)})^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}}}].$$
(2.1)
The operator $`D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ is in turn expressed as a generalization of the ordinary Wilson Dirac operator as

$$D_W^{(2k+1)}=i(\overline{)}C)^{2k+1}+(B)^{2k+1}(\frac{m_0}{a})^{2k+1}.$$
(2.2)
The ordinary Wilson Dirac operator $`D_W`$, which corresponds to $`D_W^{(1)}`$, is given by

$`D_W(x,y)`$ $``$ $`i\gamma ^\mu C_\mu (x,y)+B(x,y){\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}m_0\delta _{x,y},`$
$`C_\mu (x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2a}}[\delta _{x+\widehat{\mu }a,y}U_\mu (y)\delta _{x,y+\widehat{\mu }a}U_\mu ^{}(x)],`$
$`B(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2a}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}[2\delta _{x,y}\delta _{y+\widehat{\mu }a,x}U_\mu ^{}(x)\delta _{y,x+\widehat{\mu }a}U_\mu (y)],`$
$`U_\mu (y)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}[iagA_\mu (y)],`$ (2.3)
where we added a constant mass term to $`D_W`$. Our matrix convention is that $`\gamma ^\mu `$ are anti-hermitian, $`(\gamma ^\mu )^{}=\gamma ^\mu `$, and thus $`\overline{)}C\gamma ^\mu C_\mu (n,m)`$ is hermitian

$$\overline{)}C^{}=\overline{)}C.$$
(2.4)
To avoid the appearance of species doublers, we need to satisfy

$$2r>m_0>0$$
(2.5)
and the choice $`2m_0^{2k+1}=1`$ simplifies the normalization of the operaror $`D`$ in the continuum limit as in (1.2).

By defining hermitian $`Ha\gamma _5D`$, the algebra (1.1) is written as

$$\gamma _5H+H\gamma _5=2H^{2k+2}$$
(2.6)
or equivalently as a set of equations

$`\gamma _5H^{2k+1}+H^{2k+1}\gamma _5=2H^{4k+2},`$
$`H^2\gamma _5\gamma _5H^2=0.`$ (2.7)
The first of these relations, when regarded as an equation for $`H^{2k+1}`$, is solved by $`H_{(2k+1)}`$ in (2.1).

The solution of the original algebra (2.6) is then given by

$$H=(H_{(2k+1)})^{1/(2k+1)}$$
(2.8)
in the representation where $`H_{(2k+1)}`$ is diagonal and the value of $`H`$ is chosen as real. This construction means $`detH=(detH_{(2k+1)})^{1/(2k+1)}`$. The case $`k=0`$ is reduced to the overlap Dirac operator.

When one defines

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5\gamma _5H_{(2k+1)}$$
(2.9)
the defining algebra is written as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5H+H\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=0.$$
(2.10)
The (fermionic) index is then given by

$$Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=n_+n_{}$$
(2.11)
where $`n_\pm `$ stand for the the number of zero modes of

$$H\phi _n=0$$
(2.12)
with $`\gamma _5\phi _n=\pm \phi _n`$, respectively. In the smooth continuum limit, one can establish the index theorem

$$n_+n_{}=d^4x\frac{g^2}{32\pi ^2}trϵ^{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }F_{\mu \nu }F_{\alpha \beta }$$
(2.13)
for all (finite) $`k`$. The right-hand side of this relation stands for the Pontryagin (or instanton) number. See Ref. for further details.

To analyze the locality, one thus has to examine both of

$$H_{(2k+1)}=H^{2k+1},$$
(2.14)
which appears in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$, and $`H`$ itself. For the free fermion case, where one can write the operator $`H`$ explicitly, it turns out that the localization length is essentially the same for both of $`H`$ and $`H_{(2k+1)}`$. We later argue that this property holds for operators $`H`$ and $`H_{(2k+1)}`$ with non-trivial gauge fields also.

## 3 Mass Gap for Free Fermion $`H_W^{(2k+1)}`$

For vanishing gauge fields, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}D_W(x,y)e^{iky}`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}\gamma ^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}ak_\mu }{a}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r}{a}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1\mathrm{cos}ak_\mu ){\displaystyle \frac{m_0}{a}}]e^{ikx}`$ (3.1)
$``$ $`D_W(ak_\mu )e^{ikx}`$
and thus

$`D_W(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d^4k}{(2\pi )^4}D_W(ak_\mu )e^{ik(xy)}}`$ (3.2)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^4p}{(2\pi )^4}D_W(p_\mu )e^{ip(xy)/a}}`$
where we defined

$$p_\mu =ak_\mu .$$
(3.3)
Note that we are working in the infinite lattice space, and thus we have a continuous spectrum in the Brillouin zone, which is chosen to be

$$\frac{\pi }{2}p_\mu <\frac{3\pi }{2}$$
(3.4)
for all $`\mu =14`$.

Similarly we can define $`D_W^{(2k+1)}(p)`$, or

$`\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p)`$ $``$ $`(a^{2k+1})D_W^{(2k+1)}(p)`$ (3.5)
$`=`$ $`i[i{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{sin}p_\mu ]^{2k+1}+[r{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1\mathrm{cos}p_\mu )]^{2k+1}`$
$`(m_0)^{2k+1}.`$
We then have

$`H_{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )`$ $``$ $`(\gamma _5aD(p_\mu ))^{2k+1}`$ (3.6)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _5[1+\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{(\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu ))^{}\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )}}}].`$
The general operator in the coordinate representation is given by

$$H_{(2k+1)}(x,y)=\frac{1}{a^4}\frac{d^4p}{(2\pi )^4}H_{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )e^{ip(xy)/a}.$$
(3.7)
In the denominator of the general class of Dirac operators $`H_{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )`$ , we thus have

$`F_{(k)}`$ $``$ $`(\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu ))^{}\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )`$ (3.8)
$`=`$ $`[s^2]^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}(m_0)^{2k+1}\}^2`$
$`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}(m_0)^{2k+1}\}^2`$
where we defined the variables

$`p_\mu =ak_\mu ,`$
$`\overline{)}s={\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{sin}p_\mu ,`$
$`s^2={\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(\mathrm{sin}p_\mu )^2,`$
$`s_\mu =\mathrm{sin}p_\mu ,`$
$`c_\mu =\mathrm{cos}p_\mu `$ (3.9)
and we use the value of the Wilson parameter

$$r=1$$
(3.10)
throughout the present paper. We also set

$$m_0^{2k+1}=1.$$
(3.11)
### 3.1 Minimum of $`F_{(k)}`$

To analyze the “mass gap” of $`F_{(k)}`$, we examine

$`F_{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2`$ (3.12)
$`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )^2]^{2k+1}2[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}`$
$`+[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2(2k+1)}[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )^2]^{2k+1}+1.`$
We first observe that

$$[\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu )]^{2(2k+1)}[\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu )^2]^{2k+1}0$$
(3.13)
by noting

$$[\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu )]^2[\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu )^2]0$$
(3.14)
where the equality holds only for $`c_\mu =1`$ for $`d1`$ indices $`\mu `$ in $`d2`$.

We next define

$`B{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )0,`$
$`A+B{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )^2`$ (3.15)
then one can confirm

$$A+B=(A+B)+2B=\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu ^2).$$
(3.16)
We thus have

$`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )^2]^{2k+1}2[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}`$
$`=(A+B)^{2k+1}+(A+B)^{2k+1}2B^{2k+1}`$
$`=2{\displaystyle \underset{l=even,0}{}}\left(\begin{array}{c}2k+1\\ l\end{array}\right)A^lB^{2k+1l}0`$ (3.19)
since $`B0`$. Here the equality sign holds only for $`B=A=0`$ with $`c_\mu =1`$ for all $`\mu `$, or $`A=0`$ but $`B0`$ with $`_\mu c_\mu (1c_\mu )=0`$.

By this way, we have established that for any finite $`k`$

$$F_{(k)}1$$
(3.20)
where the equality holds only for $`c_\mu =1`$ for all $`\mu `$ or one of $`c_\mu =0`$ and the rests of $`c_\mu =1`$ in the space-time dimensions $`d2`$. Namely

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_W^{(2k+1)}\gamma _5\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )1$$
(3.21)
for $`m_0=1`$. If one combines this relation with

$$\frac{\lambda (m_0)}{m_0^{2k+1}}=\frac{}{m_0^{2k+1}}(\varphi ,\stackrel{~}{H}_W^{(2k+1)}\varphi )=(\varphi ,\gamma _5\varphi )$$
(3.22)
where $`\lambda (m_0)`$ is the eigenvalue of the hermitian operator $`\stackrel{~}{H}_W^{(2k+1)}`$, we obtain a “flow inequality”

$$|\frac{\lambda (m_0)}{m_0^{2k+1}}|=|(\varphi ,\gamma _5\varphi )|\varphi \gamma _5\varphi =1.$$
(3.23)
We can then establish the “mass gap” of $`\stackrel{~}{H}_W^{(2k+1)}(m_0)`$ for other choices of $`m_0^{2k+1}`$. Following the analysis in Ref., one can establish, for example111In this case, the equality holds only for $`c_\mu =1`$ for all $`\mu `$.,

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_W^{(2k+1)}\gamma _5\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )\frac{1}{2}$$
(3.24)
for

$$2m_0^{2k+1}=1$$
(3.25)
which simplifies the normalization of the continuum limit as in (1.2).

### 3.2 Maximum of $`F_{(k)}`$

To analyze the maximum of $`F_{(k)}`$, we define

$$F_{(k)}(c)=[1c^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}]^{2k+1}+\{[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k+1}1\}^2$$
(3.26)
where we defined $`c`$ as one of four variables $`c_\mu `$, and

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}={\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu ^2)0,`$
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}={\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu )0.`$ (3.27)
Here, the summation runs over the three indices $`\mu `$ except for the one used for $`c=c_\mu `$. We then obtain

$$F_{(k)}^{}(c)=2(2k+1)\{[1c^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}]^{2k}c+\{[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k+1}1\}[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k}\}.$$
(3.28)
We now examine one special section of species doublers specified by

$$c_\mu 0forall\mu .$$
(3.29)
In this domain, the above formula of $`F_{(k)}^{}(c)`$ gives rise to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(2k+1)}}F_{(k)}^{}(c)`$ (3.30)
$`=`$ $`\{[1c^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}]^{2k}c+\{[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k+1}1\}[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k}\}`$
$``$ $`[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k}\{c+[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k+1}1\}`$
$``$ $`[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k}\{[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k+1}2\}`$
$``$ $`[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]^{2k}\{[4]^{2k+1}2\}>0.`$
Here we used

$`01c^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`(1c)(1+c)+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu )(1+c_\mu )`$ (3.31)
$``$ $`1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}`$
in the above domain, and thus

$$[1c^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}]c[1c+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}]c.$$
(3.32)
This shows that $`F_{(k)}^{}(c)<0`$ for any choice of $`c=c_\mu `$. Thus the maximum of $`F_{(k)}`$ appears at $`c_\mu =1`$ for all $`\mu `$ in this domain.

This value is also the absolute maximum of $`F_{(k)}`$ in the entire Brillouin zone. This is because

$`F_{(k)}(c_1,c_2,c_3,c_4)`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2`$ (3.33)
$``$ $`F_{(k)}(c_1,c_2,c_3,c_4)`$
if all $`c_\mu 0`$: One can in fact confirm that $`F_{(k)}(c_1,c_2,c_3,c_4)`$ is not smaller than the function obtained from it by reversing the signatures of some of $`c_\mu `$. This means that the maximum of $`F_{(k)}`$ in the domain $`c_\mu 0`$ for all $`\mu `$ is in fact the absolute maximum of $`F_{(k)}`$ , which is given by setting all $`c_\mu =1`$

$$F_{(k)}(8^{2k+1}1)^2.$$
(3.34)
The absolute maximum of $`F_{(k)}=(\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu ))^{}\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}(p_\mu )`$ provides the upper bound for the eigenvalue and thus the norm of the operator $`(\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)})^{}\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}`$.

### 3.3 Locality of Free $`H_{(2k+1)}(x,y)`$

Following the analysis of Ref., we can then establish the locality bound for the free operator $`D_{(2k+1)}(x,y)=\gamma _5H_{(2k+1)}(x,y)`$ in (2.1) by

$$|\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)})^{}\stackrel{~}{D}_W^{(2k+1)}}}|\frac{\kappa }{1t}\mathrm{exp}[\frac{\theta xy}{2(2k+1)a}].$$
(3.35)
When one denotes the maximum and minimum of $`F_{(k)}`$ by $`v_{max}`$ and $`v_{min}`$, respectively, the parameters are defined by

$`\mathrm{cosh}\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{v_{max}+v_{min}}{v_{max}v_{min}}},`$
$`t=e^\theta ,`$
$`\kappa =\sqrt{4t/(v_{max}v_{min})}.`$ (3.36)
For $`v_{max}v_{min}`$, we obtain

$$\theta 2\sqrt{\frac{v_{min}}{v_{max}}}$$
(3.37)
and the localization length, which is defined by the exponential decay $`\mathrm{exp}[xy/L]`$, is estimated by

$$L(2k+1)a\sqrt{\frac{v_{max}}{v_{min}}}.$$
(3.38)
In the present case

$$\mathrm{cosh}\theta =\frac{(8^{2k+1}1)^2+1}{(8^{2k+1}1)^21}$$
(3.39)
One thus obtains

$$\mathrm{cosh}\theta 1+2\times 8^{2(2k+1)}$$
(3.40)
or

$$\theta 2\times 8^{(2k+1)}.$$
(3.41)
The localization length $`L`$ is then estimated by

$$L(2k+1)2^{3(2k+1)}a$$
(3.42)
or in 2-dimensional case

$$L(2k+1)2^{2(2k+1)}a.$$
(3.43)
We will later show that this localization length is much bigger than our estimate on the basis of analyticity, which is closer to the numerical estimate.

We here present a suggestive interpretation of the above estimate of $`\mathrm{cosh}\theta `$ (3.34). The above formula is written as

$$\mathrm{cosh}\theta =1+\frac{2v_{min}}{v_{max}v_{min}}.$$
(3.44)
This last relation is re-written as

$$v_{min}+\frac{v_{max}v_{min}}{\mathrm{cos}\pi \mathrm{cos}0}(\mathrm{cos}(0+i\theta )\mathrm{cos}0)=0$$
(3.45)
by noting $`\mathrm{cos}i\theta =\mathrm{cosh}\theta `$. This formula is interpreted that one is estimating the zero of a generic function $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ of a single variable $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$, which has a minimum $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )=v_{min}`$ at $`\mathrm{cos}0=1`$ and a maximum $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )=v_{max}`$ at $`\mathrm{cos}\pi =1`$. As a crude approximation for such a function, one may consider a function

$$f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )=v_{min}+\frac{v_{max}v_{min}}{\mathrm{cos}\pi \mathrm{cos}0}(\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}0)$$
(3.46)
which has an average slope

$$\frac{v_{max}v_{min}}{\mathrm{cos}\pi \mathrm{cos}0}$$
(3.47)
at $`\mathrm{cos}0=1`$. One may then look for the position of the zero of $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )=0`$, which is located closest to the real axis. This equation corresponds to (3.43) above. The zero of $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ gives rise to a singularity in $`\sqrt{f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )}`$, which in turn gives rise to the localization length in an analogous analysis in Section 5 later.

This estimate of the zero (3.43) may be a reasonable one if one knows only the values of $`v_{max}`$ and $`v_{min}`$ in the entire domain $`1\mathrm{cos}\theta 1`$ but no more information about the functional form of $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$: But this estimate becomes poor if all the derivatives of $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ at $`\mathrm{cos}\theta =1`$ vanish $`f^{(l)}(\mathrm{cos}\theta =1)=0`$ up to a certain integer $`l`$, for example. More about this interpretation will be commented on later.

## 4 Free Fermion Operator $`H=a\gamma _5D`$

We first define an explicit form of $`H`$ in the free fermion case. We start with an ansatz of the general solution as (see also Ref.)

$$H=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _5[A+B\frac{\overline{)}s}{a}]$$
(4.1)
and evaluate $`2k+1`$-th power. We first note

$$H^2=\frac{1}{4}[AB\frac{\overline{)}s}{a}][A+B\frac{\overline{)}s}{a}]=\frac{1}{4}[A^2+B^2\frac{s^2}{a^2}]$$
(4.2)
which satisfies the necessary condition (2.7)

$$\gamma _5H^2H^2\gamma _5=0.$$
(4.3)
Here, we defined

$`\overline{)}s={\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{sin}ak_\mu ,`$
$`s^2={\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(\mathrm{sin}ak_\mu )^20.`$ (4.4)
Our convention is $`(\gamma ^\mu )^{}=\gamma ^\mu `$. Our ansatz thus gives

$$H^{2k+1}=(\frac{1}{2})^{2k+1}[A^2+B^2\frac{s^2}{a^2}]^k\gamma _5[A+B\frac{\overline{)}s}{a}]$$
(4.5)
On the other hand, our explicit construction uses the building block

$$H_W=\gamma _5\{(\frac{s^2}{a^2})^k\frac{\overline{)}s}{a}+[\underset{\mu }{}\frac{r}{a}(1\mathrm{cos}ak_\mu )]^{2k+1}(\frac{m_0}{a})^{2k+1}\}$$
(4.6)
and

$$H^{2k+1}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _5[1+\gamma _5H_W\frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}].$$
(4.7)
We now define

$`H_W^2`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{a^2}})^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{r}{a}}(1\mathrm{cos}ak_\mu )]^{2k+1}({\displaystyle \frac{m_0}{a}})^{2k+1}\}^2`$
$`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{a^2}})^{2k+1}+M_k^2,`$
$`M_k`$ $``$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{r}{a}}(1\mathrm{cos}ak_\mu )]^{2k+1}({\displaystyle \frac{m_0}{a}})^{2k+1}.`$ (4.8)
Then our construction gives

$$H^{2k+1}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _5\{1+[M_k(\frac{s^2}{a^2})^k\frac{\overline{)}s}{a}]\frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}\}$$
(4.9)
Comparing these two expressions (4.5) and (4.9), we have the relations

$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})^{2k}[A^2+B^2{\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{a^2}}]^kA=1+{\displaystyle \frac{M_k}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}},`$
$`({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})^{2k}[A^2+B^2{\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{a^2}}]^kB={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}}({\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{a^2}})^k.`$ (4.10)
From this we obtain

$$(\frac{1}{2})^{4k}[A^2+B^2\frac{s^2}{a^2}]^{2k+1}=2[1+\frac{M_k}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}]$$
(4.11)
by noting the relation

$$H_W^2M_k^2=(\frac{s^2}{a^2})^{2k+1},$$
(4.12)
and thus

$$[A^2+B^2\frac{s^2}{a^2}]^k=2^{2k}2^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}[1+\frac{M_k}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}]^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}.$$
(4.13)
By this way we obtain

$`A`$ $`=`$ $`2^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}[1+{\displaystyle \frac{M_k}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}}]^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}`$
$`=`$ $`2^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}})^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}(\sqrt{H_W^2}+M_k)^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}},`$
$`B`$ $`=`$ $`2^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}}({\displaystyle \frac{s^2}{a^2}})^k[1+{\displaystyle \frac{M_k}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}}]^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ (4.14)
$`=`$ $`2^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}})^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}(\sqrt{H_W^2}M_k)^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}.`$
Namely

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _5({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{H_W^2}}})^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}\{(\sqrt{H_W^2}+M_k)^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}(\sqrt{H_W^2}M_k)^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{)}s}{a}}\}`$
$`=`$ $`\gamma _5({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{F_{(k)}}}})^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}\{(\sqrt{F_{(k)}}+\stackrel{~}{M}_k)^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}(\sqrt{F_{(k)}}\stackrel{~}{M}_k)^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}\overline{)}s\}`$
where

$`F_{(k)}`$ $`=`$ $`(s^2)^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2,`$
$`\stackrel{~}{M}_k`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1.`$ (4.16)
We have established that $`F_{(k)}1`$ in Section 3. To establish the analyticity of $`H`$ in the entire Brillouin zone, we thus have to examine

$`f_\pm `$ $``$ $`\sqrt{F_{(k)}}\pm \stackrel{~}{M}_k`$
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{(s^2)^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}\pm \{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}.`$
If we find a non-analytic behavior of

$$f_+^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}},orf_{}^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}$$
(4.18)
inside the Brillouin zone, we are in danger to encounter the non-locality of our operators $`H`$ in (4.15).

We first note that we can establish

$$f_{}>\frac{1}{2}$$
(4.19)
in the physical domain by using

$`f_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}`$ (4.20)
$`+1`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{[_\mu (1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}[_\mu (1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}+\frac{3}{4}}{\sqrt{[_\mu (1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[_\mu (1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}+[_\mu (1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}\frac{1}{2}}}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}`$
$`>`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}`$
since $`[_\mu (1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}[_\mu (1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}0`$ in the physical domain. We also used the gap relation $`\sqrt{[_\mu (1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[_\mu (1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}1`$.

We next note the identities with a non-negative integer $`k`$

$`f_{}^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}(s^2)^k/f_+^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}=({\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2))^k/f_+^{\frac{k}{2k+1}},`$
$`f_+^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}(s^2)^{k+1}/f_{}^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}=({\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2))^{k+1}/f_{}^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}.`$ (4.21)
This shows that we can establish the analyticity of $`f_{}^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ in the entire Brillouin zone, if we can show that $`f_+`$ is positive and non-vanishing in the domains of “species doublers”.

In a domain of species doublers, for example, $`c_1<0`$ and other $`c_\mu ^{}>0`$, we have

$`f_+`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{[1c_1^2+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[1c_1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}`$ (4.22)
$`+[1c_1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1`$
$``$ $`\sqrt{[1c_1^2+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu ^2)]^{2k+1}+\{[1c_1+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}`$
$``$ $`1`$
where the equality does not hold simultaneously. Here $`_\mu ^{}`$ stands for the sum over $`\mu =24`$. We thus have

$$f_+>1.$$
(4.23)
By repeating a similar analysis of $`f_+`$ for other domains of the species doublers, we can establish the positivity of $`f_+`$ in all the domains of species doublers and thus the analyticity of $`f_{}^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ in the entire Brillouin zone. Similarly, we can establish the analyticity of $`f_+^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}`$ in the entire Brillouin zone, by using the above identity (4.21) and the positivity of $`f_{}`$ in the physical domain.

We have thus established the analyticity of the free $`H`$ for any finite $`k`$ in the entire Brillouin zone.

## 5 Locality with Exponential Decay

We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the operator $`D`$ by means of the Fourier transform of the momentum representation. We first examine $`f_{}(c_\mu )^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ appearing in $`H`$ with

$`f_{}(c_\mu )`$ $``$ $`\sqrt{({\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu ^2))^{2k+1}+\{[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}`$ (5.1)
$`[{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}+1`$
as a function of complex $`c_\mu `$ by fixing the phase convention in the physical domain. It can be confirmed that $`f_{}`$ vanishes only for $`c_\mu ^2=1`$ for all $`\mu `$ even if one analytically extends $`f_{}`$ as a function of $`c_\mu `$. But at $`c_\mu =1`$ for all $`\mu `$, $`f_{}=20`$ and thus $`f_{}(c_\mu )^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ is regular in the neighborhood of the domain of physical species. One can also establish that $`f_+`$ is non-vanishing in the neighborhood of the domain of species doublers even if one extends analytically in $`c_\mu `$. By recalling the identities (4.21), one can define $`f_{}(c_\mu )^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ in the domain of species doublers by using $`f_+`$. By this way, one can establish that $`f_{}(c_\mu )^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ is analytic in the neighborhood of the entire Brillouin zone. To be more precise, $`f_{}(c_\mu )^{\frac{k}{2k+1}}`$ is analytic in the strip of complex $`p_\mu `$ plane with $`c_\mu =\mathrm{cos}p_\mu `$,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\mathrm{}p_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{3\pi }{2}},`$
$`\mathrm{}<\mathrm{}p_\mu <\mathrm{}`$ (5.2)
except for the singularities appearing in

$$\sqrt{F_k(c_\mu )}=\sqrt{(\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu ^2))^{2k+1}+\{[\underset{\mu }{}(1c_\mu )]^{2k+1}1\}^2}.$$
(5.3)
Similarly, one can show the analyticity of $`f_+(c_\mu )^{\frac{k+1}{2k+1}}`$ in the same domain of complex $`p_\mu `$ except for the singularities of $`\sqrt{F_k(c_\mu )}`$. One thus establishes that the numerator factors of the free fermion operator $`H`$ in (4.15) do not induce singularities other than those of $`\sqrt{F_k(c_\mu )}`$ even in the complex $`c_\mu `$ plane.

We thus encounter the singularities of the operator $`H`$ only at the singularities of $`\sqrt{F_k(c_\mu )}`$, which appears in the denominator of $`H`$, in the complex $`c_\mu `$ plane. The existence of the mass gap means that those singularities are away from the real axis by a finite distance. It is important to recognize that the possible singularities are located at the same points for both of free $`H`$ and free $`H^{2k+1}=H_{(2k+1)}`$, which are controlled by the behavior of $`\sqrt{F_k(c_\mu )}`$. Since we have shown that free $`H^{2k+1}=H_{(2k+1)}`$ is local for any finite $`k`$ in Section 4, we infer the locality of free $`H`$ for any finite $`k`$.

In the following we establish the locality of free $`H`$ directly by examining

$`D(x^\mu ,0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}{\displaystyle _{\pi /2}^{3\pi /2}}\gamma _5H(p_\mu )\mathrm{exp}[ip_\mu x^\mu /a]d^4p_\mu /a^4`$ (5.4)
for large positive $`x^1`$. Our metric convention is $`g_{\mu \nu }=(1,1,1,1)`$. We replace

$$\overline{)}sia\overline{)}C$$
(5.5)
in the numerator of $`H(p_\mu )`$, and thus this factor does not influence the analysis of locality. We set $`x^\mu =0`$ for $`\mu 1`$.

When one lets $`x^1`$ positive and very large, we shift the integration path of $`p_1`$ to a line parallel to the real axis in the upper half complex plane. We note that the integrand $`\gamma _5H(p)`$ is identical at $`p_1=\pi /2+iy`$ and $`p_1=3\pi /2+iy`$ for a real $`y`$. Also, $`x^1`$ assumes the values only on the lattice points and thus

$$\mathrm{exp}[i(3\pi /2+iy)x^1/a]=\mathrm{exp}[i(\pi /2+iy)x^1/a].$$
(5.6)
The contributions in the line integral along the vertical lines at $`\mathrm{}p_1=3\pi /2`$ and $`\mathrm{}p_1=\pi /2`$ thus cancel.

The leading behavior in $`x^1`$ is thus determined by the integration path which is parallel to the real axis and first touches the singularity (i.e., the singularity closest to the real axis) in the complex $`p_1`$ plane(See Figure 1). See also Ref..

This property is also confirmed directly as follows: We first recall the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma for a regular $`H(p_\mu )`$

$$\underset{x_1\mathrm{}}{lim}D(x^\mu ,0)=\underset{x_1\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{a}_{\pi /2}^{3\pi /2}\gamma _5H(p_\mu )\mathrm{exp}[ip_\mu x^\mu /a]d^4p_\mu /a^4=0$$
(5.7)
and consider the case where the singularity closest to the real axis is written with real $`q_1`$ and positive $`r_1`$ as

$$p_1=q_1+ir_1.$$
(5.8)
We then consider the integration path parallel to the real axis given by

$$p_1=q_1+i(r_1ϵ)$$
(5.9)
where $`ϵ`$ is a small positive number. The above integral is then written as

$`D(x^\mu ,0)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}[(r_1ϵ)x^1/a]`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}{\displaystyle _{\pi /2}^{3\pi /2}}\gamma _5H(p_\mu )\mathrm{exp}[iq_1x^1/a+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{\overset{}{}}}ip_\mu x^\mu /a]𝑑q_1d^3p_\mu /a^4.`$
Since the integrand is still regular, one can apply the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma to this last integral. This means the exponential decay of the operator with (a conservative estimate of) the localization length $`L`$ given by

$$L=a/(r_1ϵ).$$
(5.11)
The existence of the well-defined mass gap thus leads to the exponential decay of the operator for a large spatial separation. If the singularity of $`H(p)`$ in $`p_1`$, which is closest to the real axis, is written as $`p_1=q_1+ir_1`$, the above analysis gives an estimate of the localization length $`L`$ at

$$La/r_1.$$
(5.12)
Moreover, this estimate of the localization length is the same for $`H`$ and for $`H^{2k+1}=H_{(2k+1)}`$, since we have shown that the singularities in the complex $`p_1`$ (or $`c_1`$) plane are identical for these two operators.

In the one-dimensional integral, one has

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑y\mathrm{exp}[|xy|/L]\mathrm{exp}[|yz|/L]=(L+|xz|)\mathrm{exp}[|xz|/L]$$
(5.13)
This shows that a multiplication of two operators, which decay exponentially, produces an operator which decays with the same exponential factor up to a polynomial prefactor. A generalization of this relation suggests that a suitable $`2k+1`$-th root of an exponentially decaying operator gives rise to an operator with an identical localization length for any finite $`k`$. This is what our analysis of the free fermion operator so far indicates. Later, we establish a finite locality domain of background gauge fields for the operator $`H^{2k+1}`$ for any finite $`k`$. Although we cannot explicitly demonstrate the locality domain of $`H`$ in the interacting case, we infer the locality domain of $`H`$ from the above analysis of free fermion operators and a generalization of (5.13).

Incidentally, if the operator $`H(p_\mu )`$ is analytic in the entire strip in the complex plane, i.e., if $`r_1=\mathrm{}`$ in (5.8), the localization length vanishes and the operator becomes an ultra-local one.

### 5.1 Crude Estimate of Localization Parameters

We here present an estimate of the position of singularities in $`H`$, which is closest to the real axis, and illustrate an estimate of the localization length. The purposes of the analysis of a simplified version in this subsection are two-fold; firstly, we illustrate the explicit evaluation of the localization length, and secondly, we show that the localization length can generally be much shorter than the estimate given by the general Legendre expansion in . We examine the position of zeroes in

$`f_k(c_1)`$ $``$ $`[1c_1^2]^{2k+1}+\{[1c_1]^{2k+1}1\}^2`$ (5.14)
$`=`$ $`[1c_1]^{2(2k+1)}+1+[1c_1^2]^{2k+1}2[1c_1]^{2k+1}=0`$
This corresponds to the simplest $`d=1`$ dimensional example, which is obtained from the general formula by setting $`c_\mu ^{}=1`$ ($`\mu 1`$). Since the values of the variables $`c_\mu ^{}=1`$ ($`\mu 1`$) in (5.14) give the stationary point of the integrand of the Fourier transform of our problem with $`x_\mu ^{}=0`$ ($`\mu 1`$), this example may also have some implications on the case $`d>1`$ for $`k1`$: The stationary points have a non-vanishing phase space for the Fourier integral and thus they are expected to give an important contribution.

The singularity in $`c_1`$ closest to the real axis gives a dominant contribution for large $`x_1`$. We thus look for the solution of

$$f_k(z)=z^{2(2k+1)}+1+z^{2k+1}[(2z)^{2k+1}2]=0$$
(5.15)
where we set $`z=1c_1`$.

The simplest case $`k=0`$ gives rise to222If one chooses $`2m_0=1`$, $`f_0(z)=5/4c_1`$ and thus $`v_{max}=9/4,v_{min}=1/4`$. This gives $`\mathrm{cosh}\theta =\frac{(9/4+1/4)}{(9/41/4)}=5/4`$ and thus again agrees with the estimate on the basis of analyticity, $`5/4c_1=0`$. This example shows that an ultra-local operator and an exponentially local operator are located very close to each other.

$$f_0(z)=1$$
(5.16)
and thus no singularity with $`r_1=\mathrm{}`$, namely an ultra-local operator. This estimate agrees with the one on the basis of the Legendre expansion

$$v_{max}=v_{min}=1$$
(5.17)
and thus

$$\mathrm{cosh}\theta =\frac{v_{max}+v_{min}}{v_{max}v_{min}}=\mathrm{}.$$
(5.18)
For $`k1`$, we assume that $`z^{2k+1}`$ is small for the solution. Then

$`1+z^{2k+1}2^{2k+1}0,`$
$`z(1)^{\frac{1}{2k+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}=\mathrm{exp}[\pm {\displaystyle \frac{i\pi }{2k+1}}]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}`$ (5.19)
where we chose the solutions closest to the real axis in terms of $`p_1`$ defined by $`c_1=\mathrm{cos}p_1`$. This value gives

$$|z^{2k+1}||\frac{1}{2^{2k+1}}|1$$
(5.20)
and also a large value for $`(2z)^{2k+1}`$. Thus our estimate of the solution is consistent for large $`k`$.

We thus have

$$1c_1\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{cos}\frac{\pi }{2k+1}\pm i\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi }{2k+1}).$$
(5.21)
If one sets $`c_1=\mathrm{cos}(\theta _0+i\delta )`$ with a positive $`\delta `$ and real $`\theta _0`$, we have

$`c_1`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}(\theta _0+i\delta )`$ (5.22)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _0\mathrm{cosh}\delta i\mathrm{sin}\theta _0\mathrm{sinh}\delta `$
$`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2k+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\mathrm{sin}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2k+1}}`$
Since our equation (5.14) has real coefficients, we generally have a pair of solutions

$$(\theta _0,\delta ),(\theta _0,\delta )$$
(5.23)
where $`\theta _0`$ may be chosen to be positive; we thus explicitly solve only the positive solution in the following. For large $`k`$ and small $`\delta `$, we have

$`\mathrm{cos}\theta _01{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2k+1}},`$
$`\mathrm{sin}\theta _0\sqrt{1\{1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2k+1}}\}^2}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}.`$ (5.24)
From the relation

$$\mathrm{sin}\theta _0\mathrm{sinh}\delta \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi }{2k+1}$$
(5.25)
we have

$$\delta \frac{1}{2\mathrm{sin}\theta _0}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi }{2k+1}\frac{\pi }{\sqrt{3}(2k+1)}.$$
(5.26)
From the above analysis of the Fourier transformation in (5.12), the crude estimate of the localization length, which is defined by

$$|D(x_1,0)|\mathrm{exp}[x^1\delta /a]=\mathrm{exp}[x_1/L],$$
(5.27)
is then given by

$`L/a`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{\pi }}(2k+1).`$ (5.28)
Generally, two (or more) solutions of $`c_1=\mathrm{cos}(\theta _0+i\delta )`$ with an equal imaginary part and different real parts super-impose the oscillating behavior on the exponential decay with a period of the order of the lattice spacing. For the case $`k=0`$ (the overlap operator ), the closest singularity generally appears on the imaginary axis and no oscillating behavior occurs.

We also performed a numerical analysis of the values $`\theta _0+i\delta `$ in (5.22) and the localization length by solving the equation (5.14) numerically for $`k=1,3,5,7,9`$. (See Table 1, where only the positive $`\theta _0`$ is shown).

Applying the method of least square fit to these numerical data, we obtain the following relation

$`L/a=2.56k+0.8015.`$ (5.29)
This relation is not inconsistent with our crude analytical estimates (5.28). We reiterate that there exist two solutions with an equal imaginary part and different real parts $`\theta _0`$ and $`\theta _0`$ ,which explains the oscillating behavior super-imposed on the exponential decay in 2-dimensional simulation.

Our estimates of the localization length (both of crude analytical estimate and numerical estimate) are much smaller than the general estimate in Ref., which gives for the present one-dimensional example of $`H_{(2k+1)}`$,

$$\mathrm{cosh}\theta =\frac{(2^{2k+1}1)^2+1}{(2^{2k+1}1)^21}1+22^{2(2k+1)}$$
(5.30)
and thus a much larger localization length for $`k1`$

$$L/a(2k+1)2^{2k}.$$
(5.31)
In the notation of (3.44), our estimate (5.19) is based on

$$f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )=1+2^{2k+1}(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )^{2k+1}0$$
(5.32)
which suggests that

$`v_{min}=1,`$
$`v_{max}=2^{2(2k+1)}`$ (5.33)
for large $`k`$. For $`k1`$, our function $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ in (5.32) has a very small slope near $`\mathrm{cos}\theta 1`$, and thus the linear approximation gives a poor estimate of the solution of $`f(\mathrm{cos}\theta )=0`$. This particular property is not incorporated in the general Legendre expansion. In the general Legendre expansion, the huge maximum which appears in a specific sector of species doublers dominates the estimate of the localization length. We consider that this specific behavior of the integrand is the reason for the large discrepancy of our estimate from that of the general Legendre expansion . The numerical simulation of the localization length in $`d=2`$ appears to support our estimate.

## 6 Lower Bound for Interacting $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$

In this section we evaluate the lower bound for $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ and establish a finite locality domain of background gauge fields for the operator $`H^{2k+1}=H_{(2k+1)}`$ for any finite $`k`$. This analysis is a direct extension of the analyses in Refs..

We first define the directional parallel transporters:

$`T_\mu (\psi )(x)=U_\mu (x)\psi (x+\widehat{\mu }a)={\displaystyle \underset{y}{}}U_\mu (y)\delta _{x+\widehat{\mu }a,y}\psi (y).`$ (6.1)
Note that $`T_\mu `$ are unitary operators, and their norms are $`1`$ due to the unitarity. Using $`T_\mu `$ and its Hermitian conjugate $`T_\mu ^{}`$, $`D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ is written as

$`D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`i\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{})\right\}^{2k+1}+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{r}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_0}{a}}\right)^{2k+1}.`$ (6.2)
We then have

$`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{})\right\}^{2(2k+1)}+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2(2k+1)}`$ (6.3)
$`2\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}+1`$
$`i\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{})\right\}^{2k+1}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}`$
$`+i\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{})\right\}^{2k+1}.`$
Here we set $`m_0=1,r=1`$ and $`a=1`$ . Noting that the third term in the above equation is a non-positive operator, we rewrite the above equation as follows,

$`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`1+[\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2\}^{2k+1}`$ (6.4)
$`+\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(2T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2\right\}^{2k+1}2\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}]`$
$`+[\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu [T_\mu T_\mu ^{},T_\nu T_\nu ^{}]\}^{2k+1}`$
$`\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2\}^{2k+1}]`$
$`+[\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\nu )\}^{2k+1}`$
$`\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}]`$
$`+[i\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{})\right\}^{2k+1}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}`$
$`+i\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{})\right\}^{2k+1}].`$
From now on we refer to the expressions inside the four large square brackets in (6.4) as $`E_1,E_2,E_3,E_4`$, respectively, and evaluate their norms in sequence.

### 6.1 $`E_1`$

We first define $`A_\mu \left((1T_\mu )^2+(1T_\mu ^{})^2\right),B_\mu (1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )`$. Using $`A`$ and $`B`$, $`E_1`$ is written as

$`E_1`$ $``$ $`\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2\right\}^{2k+1}+\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}`$ (6.5)
$`2\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right\}^{2k+1}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)^{2k+1}\left\{(A+2B)^{2k+1}+(A+2B)^{2k+1}\right\}2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)^{2k+1}B^{2k+1}`$
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)^{2k+1}\{2(\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{1}^{}}{\underset{}{2A^{2k}B+\mathrm{}+2BA^{2k}}})+2^3(\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2}^{}}{\underset{}{2A^{2k2}B^3+\mathrm{}+2B^3A^{2k2}}})`$
$`+\mathrm{}+2^{2k1}(\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{1}^{}}{\underset{}{2A^2B^{2k1}+\mathrm{}+2B^{2k1}A^2}})\}.`$
In the last expression of (6.5), the notation such as $`{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{1}^{}`$ shows the number of terms. We also note that only the even power of $`A`$ and the odd power of $`B`$ appear in the last expression of (6.5). From this fact, all operators appearing in the above equation can be rewritten as a sum of non-negative operators such as $`2^{l+2}A^mB^{2l+1}A^m`$ and the terms containing a commutator $`[A,B]`$. To show that $`2^{l+2}A^mB^{2l+1}A^m`$ are non-negative operators, we rewrite them as

$`2^{l+2}A^mB^{2l+1}A^m`$ $`=`$ $`2^{l+2}A^mB^l\left({\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\mu )\right)B^lA^m`$ (6.6)
$`=`$ $`2^{l+2}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}\left((1T_\mu )B^lA^m\right)^{}\left((1T_\mu )B^lA^m\right).`$
by noting $`A^{}=A`$ and $`B^{}=B`$.

Now in each term in the last expression of (6.5) we want to bring all $`B`$ to the center of the powers of $`A`$, but performing this manipulation for all the operators is quite tedious. To cope with this, we first note that the commutators, which appear when all $`B`$ are brought to the center of the powers of $`A`$, are proportional to the field strength and that we only need the upper bound to those terms containing field strength when we finally evaluate the lower bound for $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$. We therefore evaluate $`E_1`$ approximately as the number of terms multiplied to the term which produces the largest number of terms containing the commutator. (By this way, we estimate the coefficient of the right-hand side of (6.7) below at a value larger than the true value. But this is a safe operation in the estimate of the upper bound.) The terms, which produce the largest number of terms containing the commutator, are the terms that include $`B`$ at the right-most side as in $`A^{2k2l}B^{2l+1}`$, and we obtain $`(kl)(2l+1)`$ terms containing the commutator.

As an example, we evaluate the norm of the term containing the $`(2l+1)`$th power of $`B`$. Using the triangle inequality and $`ABAB`$, we obtain

$`2^{2l+2}(\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}}{\underset{}{A^{2k2l}B^{2l+1}+\mathrm{}+B^{2l+1}A^{2k2l}}})(\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{2^{2l+2}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}}})`$
$`2^{2l+2}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}(kl)(2l+1)A^{2k2l1}B^{2l}[A,B],l=0,1,\mathrm{}k1.`$ (6.7)
Now we impose the constraint on the commutators of $`T_\mu `$ and $`T_\mu ^{}`$ as follows

$`[T_\mu ,T_\nu ]=[T_\mu ,T_\nu ^{}]=[T_\mu ^{},T_\nu ^{}]=1U_{\mu \nu }<ϵ,\mu \nu .`$ (6.8)
Then the norms of $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`[A,B]`$ are evaluated by using triangle inequality as

$`A32,B16,[A,B]<96ϵ.`$ (6.9)
We thus have

$`E_1\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)^{2k+1}\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k1}{}}}(2^{2l+2}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl})}}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)^{2k+1}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k1}{}}}2^{2l+2}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}(kl)(2l+1)A^{2k2l1}B^{2l}[A,B]`$
$`<3{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}(kl)(2l+1)64^kϵ.`$ (6.10)
### 6.2 $`E_2`$

Here we define $`A_\mu \frac{1}{4}(T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2,B\frac{1}{8}_{\mu \nu }\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu [T_\mu T_\mu ^{},T_\nu T_\nu ^{}]`$. Since all the terms in

$$E_2(A+B)^{2k+1}A^{2k+1}$$
(6.11)
contain $`B`$ and the norm of $`B`$ is bounded by a value proportional to $`ϵ`$, we can evaluate the upper bound to the norm of $`E_2`$. As in the previous subsection, noting that $`A4`$ and $`B6ϵ`$, we evaluate

$`E_2(A+B)^{2k+1}A^{2k+1}`$ $``$ $`\left(A+B\right)^{2k+1}A^{2k+1}`$ (6.12)
$`<`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{l}^{}4^{2k+1l}(6ϵ)^l.`$
### 6.3 $`E_3`$

We first rewrite $`E_3`$ as follows,

$`E_3`$ $``$ $`\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(2T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}((1T_\mu )(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\mu ^{})`$ (6.13)
$`+(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\nu )(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\mu )){\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(T_\mu [T_\mu ^{},T_\nu +T_\nu ^{}]+T_\mu ^{}[T_\mu ,T_\nu +T_\nu ^{}])\}^{2k+1}`$
$`\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(2T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2\right\}^{2k+1}`$
$`=`$ $`(A+B+C)^{2k+1}A^{2k+1}`$
$`=`$ $`\left\{\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{1}^{}}{\underset{}{A^{2k}(B+C)+\mathrm{}+(B+C)A^{2k}}}\right\}+\left\{\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2}^{}}{\underset{}{A^{2k1}(B+C)^2+\mathrm{}+(B+C)^2A^{2k1}}}\right\}`$
$`+\mathrm{}+\left\{\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{1}^{}}{\underset{}{A(B+C)^{2k}+\mathrm{}+(B+C)^{2k}A}}\right\}+(B+C)^{2k+1},`$
where

$`A`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(2T_\mu T_\mu ^{})^2,`$ (6.14)
$`B`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\{(1T_\mu )(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\mu ^{})`$ (6.15)
$`+(1T_\mu ^{})(1T_\nu )(1T_\nu ^{})(1T_\mu )\},`$
$`C`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}\left(T_\mu [T_\mu ^{},T_\nu +T_\nu ^{}]+T_\mu ^{}[T_\mu ,T_\nu +T_\nu ^{}]\right).`$ (6.16)
Here we note that $`A`$ and $`B`$ are non-negative and hermitian operators and that the norm of $`C`$ is bounded by a value proportional to $`ϵ`$. We split $`E_3`$ into the terms containing $`C`$ and the terms not containing $`C`$, and evaluate their norms in sequence.

#### 6.3.1 Terms Not Containing $`C`$

We further split those terms, which do not contain $`C`$, into the terms with an even power of $`A`$ and the terms with an odd power of $`A`$. We first evaluate the terms with an even power of $`A`$. We then examine

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}(\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}}{\underset{}{A^{2k2l}B^{2l+1}+\mathrm{}+B^{2l+1}A^{2k2l}}}).`$ (6.17)
Since $`A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}`$ is a non-negative operator, we want to write all the terms as a sum of those non-negative operators and the terms containing $`[A,B]`$. Here we adopt the same procedure as used in $`E_1`$ above. The terms, which produce the largest number of terms containing the commutator, are the terms that contain $`B`$ at the right-most side as in $`A^{2k2l}B^{2l+1}`$. All the terms in (6.17) put together produce $`(kl)(2l+1)`$ terms which contain the commutator. We thus have

$`A^{2k2l}B^{2l+1}+\mathrm{}+B^{2l+1}A^{2k2l}\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}}}`$
$`<{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}(kl)(2l+1)A^{2k2l1}B^{2l}[A,B].`$ (6.18)
Noting that the norms of $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`[A,B]`$ are bounded as $`A16,B48,[A,B]192ϵ`$, respectively, we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}(A^{2k2l}B^{2l+1}+\mathrm{}+B^{2l+1}A^{2k2l}){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}}}`$
$`<{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}(kl)(2l+1)16^{2k2l1}48^{2l}192ϵ.`$ (6.19)
Next we examine the terms with an odd power of $`A`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(\underset{{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}}{\underset{}{A^{2k2l+1}B^{2l}+\mathrm{}+B^{2l}A^{2k2l+1}}}).`$ (6.20)
We use the same procedure as above. Since $`B^lA^{2k2l+1}B^l`$ is a non-negative operator and the terms, which produce the largest number of terms with the commutator, are the ones that contain $`B`$ at the right-most side, we obtain after counting all the terms in (6.20)

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}(A^{2k2l+1}B^{2l}+\mathrm{}+B^{2l}A^{2k2l+1}){\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}B^lA^{2k2l+1}B^l`$
$`<{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}l(2k2l+1)A^{2k2l}B^{2l1}[A,B]`$
$`<{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}l(2k2l+1)16^{2k2l}48^{2l1}192ϵ.`$ (6.21)
#### 6.3.2 Terms Containing $`C`$

Noting that the norm of $`C`$ is bounded as $`C6ϵ`$, one can confirm that the norm of the terms containing $`C`$ is bounded from above by

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{m}^{}A^{2k+1m}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{}_{m}{}^{}C_{l}^{}B^lC^{ml}`$
$`<{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{m}^{}{}_{m}{}^{}C_{l}^{}16^{2k+1m}48^l(6ϵ)^{ml}.`$ (6.22)
#### 6.3.3 Final Result of $`E_3`$

Collecting all the caluculations in this subsection, we have

$`E_3\left(\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}B^lA^{2k2l+1}B^l}}\right)`$
$`<2{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{l}^{}l(2k+1l)16^{2kl}48^lϵ`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{m}^{}{}_{m}{}^{}C_{l}^{}16^{2k+1m}48^l(6ϵ)^{ml}.`$ (6.23)
### 6.4 $`E_4`$

We write $`E_4`$ as

$`E_4`$ $``$ $`iA^{2k+1}B^{2k+1}+iB^{2k+1}A^{2k+1},`$ (6.24)
where

$`A`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{}),`$
$`B`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(2T_\mu T_\mu ^{}).`$ (6.25)
The commutator $`[A^{2k+1},B^{2k+1}]`$ is written as a sum of $`(2k+1)^2`$ terms containing the commutator $`[A,B]`$. We then have

$`iA^{2k+1}B^{2k+1}+iB^{2k+1}A^{2k+1}(2k+1)^2A^{2k}B^{2k}[A,B].`$ (6.26)
Noting that the norms of $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`[A,B]`$ are bounded as $`A4,B8,[A,B]<6\sqrt{2}ϵ`$, respectively333Note that $`[A,B]`$ can be rewritten as    $`[A,B]`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _\mu (T_\mu T_\mu ^{}),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu }{}}(2T_\mu T_\mu ^{})]`$     $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mu \nu }{}}\left\{(\gamma _\mu \gamma _\nu )([T_\mu ,T_\nu ][T_\mu ^{},T_\nu ^{}])+(\gamma _\mu +\gamma _\nu )([T_\mu ,T_\nu ^{}][T_\mu ^{},T_\nu ])\right\},`$   and that $`(\gamma _\mu \pm \gamma _\nu )(\gamma _\mu \pm \gamma _\nu )^{}=2`$ for $`\mu \nu `$., we obtain

$`E_4<6\sqrt{2}(2k+1)^216^k64^kϵ.`$ (6.27)
### 6.5 Lower Bound for Interacting $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$

Finally, we combine all the caluculations in this section and obtain the lower bound for interacting $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ as

$`D_{w}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_w^{(2k+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`1+E_1+E_2+E_3+E_4`$ (6.28)
$``$ $`1+\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)^{2k+1}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k1}{}}}(2^{2l+2}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl})}}`$
$`+\underset{nonnegativeoperators}{\underset{}{{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}B^lA^{2k2l+1}B^l}}`$
$`E_1\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\right)^{2k+1}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k1}{}}}(2^{2l+2}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl})`$
$`E_2`$
$`E_3\left({\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}A^{kl}B^{2l+1}A^{kl}+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l}^{}B^lA^{2k2l+1}B^l\right)`$
$`E_4`$
$`>`$ $`1[3{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{k1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{2l+1}^{}(kl)(2l+1)64^kϵ`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{l}^{}4^{2k+1l}(6ϵ)^l`$
$`+2{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{l}^{}l(2k+1l)16^{2kl}48^lϵ`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{2k+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{m1}{}}}{}_{2k+1}{}^{}C_{m}^{}{}_{m}{}^{}C_{l}^{}16^{2k+1m}48^l(6ϵ)^{ml}`$
$`+6\sqrt{2}(2k+1)^216^k64^kϵ].`$
By taking $`k=0`$, for example, in the above inequality, we have

$`D_{W}^{}{}_{}{}^{}D_W`$ $`>`$ $`16(2+\sqrt{2})ϵ.`$ (6.29)
This inequality naturaly agrees with that derived by Neuberger for the Wilson-Dirac operator, which corresponds to $`k=0`$. The original result of Hernandez, Jansen and Lüscher gives a lower bound $`130ϵ`$.

Taking $`k=1`$,for example, we obtain approximately

$`D_{W}^{(3)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(3)}`$ $`>`$ $`12\times 10^5ϵ.`$ (6.30)
It is observed that the present estimate of the locality domain of gauge field strength for $`H_{(2k+1)}`$ gives a very small value. However, we have set all the non-negative operators in $`D_{W}^{(3)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(3)}`$ at $`0`$ in our estimate, as in (6.28), and those terms could be just as large as the coefficients of $`ϵ`$, which are estimated by conservative huge upper bounds. We thus expect that the actual locality domain of gauge field strength could be much larger.

### 6.6 Upper Bound for $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$

We next evaluate the upper bound for $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$. Using the triangle inequality and $`ABAB`$, we can evaluate the upper bound for $`D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ as,

$`D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ $``$ $`1+4^{2k+1}+8^{2k+1},`$ (6.31)
and then the upper bound for $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ is evaluated as

$`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ $``$ $`\left(1+4^{2k+1}+8^{2k+1}\right)^2.`$ (6.32)
### 6.7 Locality of Interacting $`H=a\gamma _5D`$

Our analysis of $`D_{W}^{(2k+1)}{}_{}{}^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}`$ establishes the locality domain of the operator

$$H_{(2k+1)}(\gamma _5aD)^{2k+1}=\frac{1}{2}\gamma _5[1+D_W^{(2k+1)}\frac{1}{\sqrt{(D_W^{(2k+1)})^{}D_W^{(2k+1)}}}].$$
(6.33)
for any finite $`k`$. Since this operator appears in the generalized chiral operator

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=\gamma _5H_{(2k+1)}$$
(6.34)
our analysis provides a basis for the cohomological analyses of chiral gauge theory such as in . Note that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_5`$ defines the index $`Tr\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=n_+n_{}`$. Our analysis in this section, which is regarded as an extension of chiral anomaly calculation, is naturally consistent with the analysis of anomaly in .

We have not established the locality domain of gauge fields for the operator

$$H=a\gamma _5D=(H_{(2k+1)})^{1/(2k+1)}$$
(6.35)
explicitly in the interacting case. We however believe that $`H`$ is local with approximately the same locality domain of gauge fields as for $`H_{(2k+1)}`$. The reasons for this expectation are two-fold: The first is that we have established the locality of free $`H`$ with a well-defined mass gap, which agrees with the mass gap for $`H_{(2k+1)}`$. The second reason is a generalization of (5.13). A multiplication of exponentially decaying operators also produces an exponentially decaying operator with the same localization length up to a possible polynomial prefactor. This suggests that the operation (6.35) also preserves the property of exponential decay for any finite $`k`$ in the interacting case also.

## 7 Discussion and Conclusion

We have discussed the locality properties of the general class of lattice Dirac operators defined by (1.1), which satisfy the index theorem for any finite $`k`$. We first established the locality of all these operators at the free fermion level. We also presented a crude estimate of the localization length for these operators: The localization length approximately increases as $`2k+1`$, which is much shorter than the estimate on the basis of general Legendre expansion. It is clear that the operator, which is local at the free fermion level with a well-defined “mass gap”, is also local for sufficiently small and smooth background gauge fields. We in fact established a finite locality domain of gauge fields for $`H_{(2k+1)}`$ for any finite $`k`$ by extending the analyses in . This locality is sufficient for the cohomological analyses of non-Abelian chiral gauge theory, for example; note that our operators satisfy the exact index theorem on the lattice. We also argued that the locality domain of gauge fields for $`H`$ itself is approximately the same as for $`H_{(2k+1)}`$. From a view point of the regularization of continuum gauge theory, our operators with any finite $`k`$ provide a satisfactory lattice regularization. However, our (conservative) estimate of the locality domain (6.28) is quite small. From a view point of numerical simulation, we thus need to perform a detailed numerical study of the locality domain and see if the actual locality domain is much larger, as we naively expect. Once a larger locality domain is established by numerical analyses, our general operators may be used for an explicit construction of chiral theories -, for example.

The present analysis of locality properties is also closely related to the perturbative evaluation of chiral $`U(1)`$ anomaly for $`|agA_\mu |1`$ with a fixed lattice spacing, and the independence of anomaly coefficient for a small variation of the parameters $`r`$ and $`m_0`$. See the similar analyses of anomaly for the overlap operator, which corresponds to $`k=0`$.

As for the practical implications of our general operators, these operators exhibit properties somewhat analogous to those of the “perfect action” of Hasenfratz et al.; both of these operators exhibit better chiral properties closer to those of the continuum operator. Also the spectrum of the opeators with $`k>0`$ is closer to that of the continuum operator in the sense that the small eigenvalues of $`D`$ accumulate along the imaginary axis compared to the standard overlap operator, for which the eigenvalues of $`D`$ draw a circle in the complex eigenvalue plane. Contrary to an approximate solution to the perfect action, the explicit construction of our operators satisfies the index theorem exactly for all finite $`k`$. It may be interesting to apply our general operator with $`k=1`$, for example, to practical QCD simulations, since our operators preserve all the good chiral properties of the overlap operator.

One of us (K.F.) thanks T-W. Chiu for helpful correspodences about the numerical analyses, which were essential for the present study, and Y. Matsuo for a clarifying comment on the Fourier transform of an analytic function.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The number of solutions of Einstein’s field equations for the interior of a uniformly rotating stationary axisymmetric perfect fluid is very limited contrary to what happens in the stationary axisymmetric vacuum case .This is mainly due to the fact that the equations we have to solve in the first case are complicated , while in the second case they have been reduced to the equivalent and much simpler Ernst’s equation .Reduction of the ”interior” problem is known for Einstein-Mawxell field  and dust .Also Einstein’s field equations for the interior of a uniformly rotating stationary axisymmetric perfect fluid have been reduced to a system of two second order partial differential equations for two unknown functions, which however are very complicated .

In this work the six Einstein’s field equations for the interior of a uniformly rotating stationary axisymmetric perfect fluid, which depend on the pressure $`p`$ the energy density $`\mu `$ of the fluid and on four dependent variables, will be divided into a set of four equations which depend on the four dependent variables but not on $`p`$ and $`\mu `$ and a set of two equations which give m$`p`$ and $`\mu `$ as functions of the four dependent variables. Therefore solving the first system of equations we can determine $`p`$ and $`\mu `$ algebraically using the second set. Introducing a potential and redefining variables we write the first system in a relatively simple form, which is very convenient for finding the Bäcklund transformations the equations of the system may posses. Also we eliminate one of the dependent variables of the system increasing however the complexity of the problem.

## 2 The Field Equations

The line element of stationary axisymmetric fields admitting 2-spaces orthogonal to the Killing vectors $`\stackrel{}{\xi }=_t`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\eta }=_\varphi `$ can be written in the form ,

$$ds^2=e^{2U}\{e^{2K}(d\rho ^2+dz^2)+F^2d\varphi ^2\}e^{2U}(dt+Ad\varphi )^2$$
(1)
where $`U=U(\rho ,z)`$, $`K=K(\rho ,z)`$, $`F=F(\rho ,z)`$ and $`A=A(\rho ,z)`$. The decomposition of the metric into orthogonal 2-spaces whose points are labeled by $`\rho `$ and z is possible for perfect fluid solutions provided that the 4-velocity of the fluid satisfies the circularity condition $`u_{[a}\xi _b\eta _{c]}=0`$ .

For a perfect fluid source we have the energy-momentum tensor

$$T_{ab}=(\mu +p)u_au_b+pg_{ab}$$
(2)
where $`u_a`$ are the components of the 4-velocity and $`\mu `$ and $`p`$ are the mass density and the pressure of the fluid respectively. We shall introduce the notation

$$_\rho =\frac{}{_\rho }\text{}_z=\frac{}{_z}\text{}=\frac{1}{2}(_\rho i_z)\text{}\overline{}=\frac{1}{2}(_\rho +i_z).$$
(3)
Then Einstein’s field equations for a uniformly rotating axisymmetric perfect fluid can be written in the form

$`2\overline{}F=pFe^{2K2U}`$ (4)
$`2\overline{}U+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}(U\overline{}F+\overline{}UF)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F^2}}e^{4U}A\overline{}A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\mu +3p)e^{2K2U}`$ (5)
$`2\overline{}A{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}(A\overline{}F+\overline{}AF)+4(A\overline{}U+\overline{}AU)=0`$ (6)
$`2\overline{}F\overline{}K\overline{}\overline{}F2F\overline{}U\overline{}U+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2F}}e^{4U}\overline{}A\overline{}A=0`$ (7)
$`\overline{}K+U\overline{}U+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4F^2}}e^{4U}A\overline{}A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}pe^{2K2U}`$ (8)
Also from the conservation relation $`T_{;b}^{ab}=0`$ we get equations

$$p+(\mu +p)U=0$$
(9)
which are obtained from Eq. (4) - (8) and will be omitted in the following.

Eqs (4), (5) and (8) are equivalent to the system

$`p={\displaystyle \frac{2}{F}}\overline{}Fe^{2U2K}`$ (10)
$`\mu =e^{2U2K}\{8\overline{}U+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{F}}(U\overline{}F+\overline{}UF)+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{F^2}}e^{4U}A\overline{}A`$
$`12\overline{}K12U\overline{}U{\displaystyle \frac{3}{F^2}}e^{4U}A\overline{}A\}`$ (11)
$`4\overline{}K+4U\overline{}U+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F^2}}e^{4U}A\overline{}A{\displaystyle \frac{2}{F}}\overline{}F=0`$ (12)
We shall replace Eqs (4), (5) and (8) by Eqs (10) - (12).

If we put

$`A=\omega \text{}e^{2U}=T`$ (13)
Eq (6) takes the form

$$(\frac{T^2}{F}\overline{}\omega )+\overline{}(\frac{T^2}{F}\omega )=0\text{ or }_\rho (\frac{T^2}{F}\omega _\rho )+_z(\frac{T^2}{F}\omega _z)=0$$
(14)
where a letter as an index in a function means differentiation with respect to the corresponding variable e.g. $`\omega _\rho =\frac{\omega }{\rho }`$. The solution of the above equation is

$$\frac{T^2}{F}\omega =i\varphi $$
(15)
or

$`\omega _\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{F}{T^2}}\varphi _z\text{ and }\omega _z={\displaystyle \frac{F}{T^2}}\varphi _\rho `$ (16)
where $`\varphi `$ is an arbitrary function. Also we have

$`T\{\varphi _{\rho \rho }+\varphi _{zz}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}(F_\rho \varphi _\rho +F_z\varphi _z)\}2(T_\rho \varphi _\rho +T_z\varphi _z)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{T^3}{F}}\{_\rho ({\displaystyle \frac{F}{T^2}}\varphi _\rho )+_z({\displaystyle \frac{F}{T^2}}\varphi _z)\}`$ (17)
But if Eqs (16) are satisfied the above relation vanish. Therefore we can substitute Eq (14) by the relation

$$T\{\varphi _{\rho \rho }+\varphi _{zz}+\frac{1}{F}(F_\rho \varphi _\rho +F_z\varphi _z)\}2(T_\rho \varphi _\rho +T_z\varphi _z)=0$$
(18)
and Eqs (16) which define $`\omega `$.Then using Eqs (16) to eliminate $`\omega `$ and introducing the Ernst’s potential

$$E=T+i\varphi $$
(19)
Eqs (7), (10) - (12) and (18) become

$`Im\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(E+\overline{E})(^2E+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}\stackrel{}{}F\stackrel{}{}E)\stackrel{}{}E\stackrel{}{}E\}=Im\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$ (20)
$`2\overline{}F\overline{}K\overline{}\overline{}F{\displaystyle \frac{2F}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}\overline{}E\overline{}\overline{E}=0`$ (21)
$`2\overline{}K{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}\overline{}F+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}(E\overline{}\overline{E}+\overline{}E\overline{E})=0`$ (22)
$`p={\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}(E+\overline{E})e^{2K}\overline{}F`$ (23)
$`\mu =e^{2K}({\displaystyle \frac{2}{E+\overline{E}}}Re\mathrm{\Lambda }N)=3p+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{E+\overline{E}}}e^{2K}Re\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (24)
where

$`^2=_{\rho \rho }^2+_{zz}^2\text{}\stackrel{}{}=\widehat{\rho }_\rho +\widehat{z}_z`$ (25)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(E+\overline{E})(^2E+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}\stackrel{}{}F\stackrel{}{}E)\stackrel{}{}E\stackrel{}{}E`$ (26)
$`N=6(E+\overline{E})\overline{}K+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{E+\overline{E}}}(E\overline{}\overline{E}+\overline{}E\overline{E})=3pe^{2K}`$ (27)
The expressions $`Im\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`Re\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are the imaginary part and the real part of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ respectively, and $`\widehat{\rho }`$ and $`\widehat{z}`$ are the unit vectors in the direction of the $`\rho `$ and z axis respectively. Also in deriving Eq (27) we have used Eqs (22) and (23). Thus we have reduced the solution of the problem to the solution of Eqs (20) - (22), which form a system of four equations for the four unknowns $`F`$, $`K`$, and $`E=T+i\varphi `$. Having solved this system we can use Eqs (23) and (24) to calculate $`p`$ and $`\mu `$.

Our system of equations (20) - (24) is simplified considerably in the vacuum case. In this case we have $`p=\mu =0`$ and we can introduced Weyl’s canonical coordinates with $`F=\rho `$ . Then Eq (23) is satisfied and Eq (24) implies the relation $`Re\mathrm{\Lambda }`$=0. This combined with Eq (20) gives

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{1}{2}(E+\overline{E})(^2E+\frac{1}{\rho }E_\rho )\stackrel{}{}E\stackrel{}{}E=0$$
(28)
which is Ernst’s equation. Also Eqs (21) imply the relations

$$K_\rho =\frac{\rho }{4T^2}(T_\rho ^2+\varphi _\rho ^2T_z^2\varphi _z^2)\text{}K_z=\frac{\rho }{2T^2}(T_\rho T_z+\varphi _\rho \varphi _z)$$
(29)
which are consistent (i.e. $`K_{\rho z}=K_{z\rho }`$ ) if $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$. Finally Eq (22) is a consequence of Eqs (28) and (29). Therefore in the vacuum case we have to solve Eqs (28) and (29) only.

If we put

$$lnF=G$$
(30)
we get

$$\frac{1}{F}_a_bF=_a_bG+_aG_bG$$
(31)
Then Eqs (21) and (22) become

$`\overline{}\overline{}G+\overline{}G\overline{}G2\overline{}G\overline{}K+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}\overline{}E\overline{}E=0`$ (32)
$`2\overline{}K\overline{}GG\overline{}G+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}(E\overline{}\overline{E}+\overline{}E\overline{E})=0`$ (33)
To simplify the notation we shall introduce the variables $`\xi `$ and $`\eta `$ by the relations

$`\xi =\rho +iz\text{ and }\eta =\rho iz`$ (34)
and we shall put

$$2KG=M$$
(35)
Then Eqs (20), ( 32) and (33) become

$`G_{\eta \eta }M_\eta G_\eta +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2T^2}}(T_\eta ^2+\varphi _\eta ^2)=0`$ (36)
$`M_{\eta \xi }G_\eta G_\xi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2T^2}}(T_\eta T_\xi +\varphi _\eta \varphi _\xi )=0`$ (37)
$`\varphi _{\eta \xi }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(G_\eta \varphi _\xi +G_\xi \varphi _\eta ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{T}}(T_\eta \varphi _\xi +T_\xi \varphi _\eta )=0`$ (38)
Also we can easily write Eqs (23) and (24) in the variables introduced above.

One way of finding solutions is to solve the system of four Eqs (36) - (38) with four unknowns and then use Eqs (23) and (24) to get $`p`$ and $`\mu `$. This form of the system of equations i.e. four equations without $`p`$ and $`\mu `$ and two giving $`p`$ and $`\mu `$ in term of the four dependent variables is very convenient in the search for Bäcklund transformations . Of course one can approach the problem in a different way.

## 3 Another Form of the System

We shall write now the system we want to solve in a different way. Eqs (32) and (33) become in the variables $`\xi `$ and $`\eta `$ of Eqs (34)

$`G_{\eta \eta }+G_\eta ^22G_\eta K_\eta +{\displaystyle \frac{2}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}E_\eta \overline{E}_\eta =0`$ (39)
$`2K_{\eta \xi }G_{\eta \xi }G_\eta G_\xi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}(E_\eta \overline{E}_\xi +E_\xi \overline{E}_\eta )=0`$ (40)
Let us put

$$G_\eta =N$$
(41)
which implies the relation $`G_\xi =\overline{N}`$ since G is real. Then solving Eq (39) for $`K_\eta `$ and using the resulting expression to eliminate $`K_\eta `$ from Eq (40) we get

$`K_\eta ={\displaystyle \frac{N_\eta }{2N}}+{\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E+\overline{E})^2N}}E_\eta \overline{E}_\eta `$ (42)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\xi }}\{{\displaystyle \frac{N_\eta }{N}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{(E+\overline{E})^2N}}E_\eta \overline{E}_\eta \}=N\overline{N}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}(E_\xi \overline{E}_\eta +E_\eta \overline{E}_\xi )`$ (43)
Also Eq (20) becomes

$$Im\mathrm{\Lambda }=Im\{E_{\xi \eta }+\frac{1}{2}(NE_\xi +\overline{N}E_\eta )\frac{2}{E+\overline{E}}E_\xi E_\eta \}=0$$
(44)
The $`N`$ we get by solving Eqs (43) and (44) must be of the form of Eq (41). But then we get

$$ImN_\xi =ImG_{\eta \xi }=0$$
(45)
since $`G`$ is real.We can show that any complex number $`N`$ which satisfies the first of Eqs (45) is of the form of Eq (41) with $`G`$ real. Also Eq (43) implies the relation

$$ImK_{\eta \xi }=0$$
(46)
which means that $`K_\rho `$ and $`K_z`$ coming from Eqs (42) satisfy the integrability condition $`K_{\rho z}=K_{z\rho }`$. Using Eq (44) we can write Eq (43) in the form

$`({\displaystyle \frac{N_\eta }{N}})_\xi N\overline{N}+{\displaystyle \frac{2(E_n+\overline{E}_n)}{N(E+\overline{E})^2}}\{E_{\xi \eta }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(NE_\xi +\overline{N}E_\eta )`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{E+\overline{E}}}E_\xi E_\eta \}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{(E+\overline{E})^2}}({\displaystyle \frac{N_\xi }{N^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{N}}{N}})E_\eta \overline{E}_\eta =0`$ (47)
Therefore we can get $`N`$ and $`E`$ by solving Eqs (43) or (47), (44) and the first of (45) and $`K`$ from (42).