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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Theories based on Supersymmetry (SUSY)  are widely considered as the theoretically most appealing extension of the Standard Model (SM). They predict the existence of scalar partners $`\stackrel{~}{f}_L,\stackrel{~}{f}_R`$ to each SM chiral fermion, and spin–1/2 partners to the gauge bosons and to the scalar Higgs bosons. So far, the direct search for SUSY particles has not been successful. One can only set lower bounds of $`𝒪(100)`$ GeV on their masses . Contrary to the SM, two Higgs doublets are required in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) resulting in five physical Higgs bosons . The direct search resulted in lower limits of about $`90\mathrm{GeV}`$ for the neutral Higgs bosons .

An alternative way to probe SUSY is to search for the virtual effects of the additional particles via precision observables. The most prominent role in this respect plays the $`\rho `$-parameter . The leading radiative corrections to the $`\rho `$-parameter, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$, constitute the leading process-independent corrections to many electroweak precision observables, such as the $`W`$ boson mass, $`M_W`$, and the effective leptonic weak mixing angle, $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$. Within the MSSM the full one-loop corrections to $`M_W`$ and $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ have been calculated already several years ago . More recently also the leading two-loop corrections of $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ to the quark and scalar quark loops for $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ and $`M_W`$ have been obtained . Contrary to the SM case, these two-loop corrections turned out to increase the one-loop contributions, leading to an enhancement of the latter of up to 35% .

We summarize here the result for the leading two-loop corrections to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ at $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ . For a large SUSY scale, $`M_{SUSY}M_Z`$, the SUSY contributions decouple from physical observables. This has been verified with existing results at the one-loop  and at the two-loop level . Therefore, in the case of large $`M_{SUSY}`$ the leading electroweak two-loop corrections in the MSSM are obtained in the limit where besides the SM particles only the two Higgs doublets needed in the MSSM are active. We derive the result for the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$  corrections in this case and provide a compact analytical formula for it, depending on the $`𝒞𝒫`$-odd Higgs boson mass, $`M_A`$, and the top quark mass, $`m_t`$. Furthermore, we present formulas for the limiting cases $`M_Am_t`$ (i.e. the SM limit) and $`M_Am_t`$. The numerical effect of the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ corrections is compared with the corresponding SM result  and the gluon-exchange correction of $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ in the MSSM.

## 2 Calculation of the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ corrections

### 2.1 $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ and the Higgs sector

The quantity $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\rho =\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_Z(0)}{M_Z^2}\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_W(0)}{M_W^2},$$
(1)
parameterizes the leading universal corrections to the electroweak precision observables induced by the mass splitting between fields in an isospin doublet . $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{Z,W}(0)`$ denote the transverse parts of the unrenormalized $`Z`$ and $`W`$ boson self-energies at zero momentum transfer, respectively. The shifts induced by $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ in the prediction for the $`W`$ boson mass, $`M_W`$, and the effective leptonic weak mixing angle, $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$, are approximately given by

$$\delta M_W\frac{M_W}{2}\frac{c_W^2}{c_W^2s_W^2}\mathrm{\Delta }\rho ,\delta \mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}\frac{c_W^2s_W^2}{c_W^2s_W^2}\mathrm{\Delta }\rho .$$
(2)
Contrary to the SM, in the MSSM two Higgs doublets are required . At the tree-level, the Higgs sector can be described in terms of two independent parameters (besides $`g`$ and $`g^{}`$): the ratio of the two vacuum expectation values, $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =v_2/v_1`$, and $`M_A`$, the mass of the $`𝒞𝒫`$-odd $`A`$ boson. The diagonalization of the bilinear part of the Higgs potential, i.e. the Higgs mass matrices, is performed via orthogonal transformations with the angle $`\alpha `$ for the $`𝒞𝒫`$-even part and with the angle $`\beta `$ for the $`𝒞𝒫`$-odd and the charged part. The mixing angle $`\alpha `$ is determined at lowest order through

$$\mathrm{tan}2\alpha =\mathrm{tan}2\beta \frac{M_A^2+M_Z^2}{M_A^2M_Z^2};\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha <0.$$
(3)
One gets the following Higgs spectrum:

$`\text{2 neutral bosons},𝒞𝒫=+1`$ $`:`$ $`h^0,H^0`$
$`\text{1 neutral boson},𝒞𝒫=1`$ $`:`$ $`A^0`$
2 charged bosons $`:`$ $`H^+,H^{}`$
3 unphysical scalars $`:`$ $`G^0,G^+,G^{}.`$ (4)
The tree-level masses, expressed through $`M_Z,M_W`$ and $`M_A`$, are given by

$`m_h^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[M_A^2+M_Z^2\sqrt{(M_A^2+M_Z^2)^24M_A^2M_Z^2\mathrm{cos}^22\beta }\right]`$
$`m_H^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[M_A^2+M_Z^2+\sqrt{(M_A^2+M_Z^2)^24M_A^2M_Z^2\mathrm{cos}^22\beta }\right]`$
$`m_{H^\pm }^2`$ $`=`$ $`M_A^2+M_W^2`$
$`m_G^2`$ $`=`$ $`M_Z^2`$
$`m_{G^\pm }^2`$ $`=`$ $`M_W^2,`$ (5)
where the last two relations, which assign mass parameters to the unphysical scalars $`G^0`$ and $`G^\pm `$, are to be understood in the Feynman gauge.

### 2.2 Evaluation of the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ contributions

In order to calculate the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ corrections to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ in the approximation that all superpartners are heavy so that their contribution decouples, the Feynman diagrams generically depicted in Fig. 1 have to be evaluated for the $`Z`$ boson ($`V=Z`$) and the $`W`$ boson ($`V=W`$) self-energy. We have taken into account all possible combinations of the $`t/b`$ doublet and the full Higgs sector of the MSSM, see Sect. 2.1.

The two-loop diagrams shown in Fig. 1 have to be supplemented with the corresponding one-loop diagrams with subloop renormalization, depicted generically in Fig. 2. The corresponding insertions for the fermion and Higgs mass counter terms are shown in Fig. 3.

The amplitudes of all Feynman diagrams, shown in Figs. 13, have been created with the program FeynArts2.2 , making use of a recently completed model file for the MSSM111 Only the non-SM like counter terms had to be added. . The algebraic evaluation and reduction to scalar integrals has been performed with the program TwoCalc . (Further details about the evaluations with FeynArts2.2 and TwoCalc can be found in Ref. .) As a result we obtained the analytical expression for $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ depending on the one-loop functions $`A_0`$ and $`B_0`$  and on the two-loop function $`T_{134}`$ . For the further evaluation the analytical expressions for $`A_0`$, $`B_0`$ and $`T_{134}`$ have been inserted. In order to derive the leading contributions of $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ we extracted a prefactor $`h_t^4G_F^2m_t^4`$. Its coefficient can be evaluated in the limit where $`M_W`$ and $`M_Z`$ (and also $`m_b`$) are set to zero. Furthermore we made use of the mass relations in the MSSM Higgs sector, see eq. (5). In the limit $`M_W,M_Z0`$ they reduce to

$`m_h^2`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`m_H^2`$ $`=`$ $`M_A^2`$
$`m_{H^\pm }^2`$ $`=`$ $`M_A^2`$
$`m_G^2`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
$`m_{G^\pm }^2`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (6)
In the limit $`M_Z0`$ the relation between the angles $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$, see eq. (3), becomes very simple, $`\alpha =\beta \pi /2`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{sin}\alpha =\mathrm{cos}\beta `$, $`\mathrm{cos}\alpha =\mathrm{sin}\beta `$. The coefficient of the leading $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ term thus depends only on the top quark mass, $`m_t`$, the $`𝒞𝒫`$-odd Higgs boson mass, $`M_A`$, and $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ (or $`s_\beta =\mathrm{tan}\beta /\sqrt{1+\mathrm{tan}^2\beta }`$).

We explicitly verified the UV-finiteness of our result. As a further consistency check of our method we also recalculated the SM result for the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ corrections with arbitrary values of the Higgs boson mass, as given in Ref. , and found perfect agreement.

## 3 Analytical results

### 3.1 The full result

The analytical result obtained as described in Sect. 2.2 can conveniently be expressed in terms of

$$a\frac{m_t^2}{M_A^2}.$$
(7)
The corresponding two-loop contribution to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ then reads:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}}m_t^4{\displaystyle \frac{1s_\beta ^2}{s_\beta ^2a^2}}\times `$ (8)
$`\{\mathrm{Li}_2((1\sqrt{14a})/2){\displaystyle \frac{8}{\sqrt{14a}}}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$
$`2\mathrm{Li}_2\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{a}}\right)\left[514a+6a^2\right]`$
$`+\mathrm{log}^2(a)\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\sqrt{14a}}}\mathrm{\Lambda }\right]\mathrm{log}(a)\left[220a\right]`$
$`\mathrm{log}^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\sqrt{14a}}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{4}{\sqrt{14a}}}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$
$`+\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\sqrt{14a}}{1+\sqrt{14a}}}\right)\sqrt{14a}(12a)`$
$`\mathrm{log}\left(|1/a1|\right)(a1)^2`$
$`+\pi ^2[{\displaystyle \frac{2\sqrt{14a}}{3+12a}}\mathrm{\Lambda }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}2a^2{\displaystyle \frac{s_\beta ^2}{1s_\beta ^2}}]17a+19{\displaystyle \frac{a^2}{1s_\beta ^2}}\},`$
with

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=313a+11a^2.$$
(9)
In the limit of large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ (i.e. $`(1s_\beta ^2)1`$) one obtains

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}=3\frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}m_t^4\left[\frac{19}{s_\beta ^2}2\pi ^2+𝒪\left(1s_\beta ^2\right)\right].$$
(10)
Thus for large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ the SM limit with $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}0`$  is reached.

### 3.2 The expansion for large $`M_A`$

The result for $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ in eq. (8) can be expanded for small values of $`a`$, i.e. for large values of $`M_A`$:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}}m_t^4\times `$ (11)
$`\{192\pi ^2`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1s_\beta ^2}{s_\beta ^2}}[(\mathrm{log}^2a+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{3}})(8a+32a^2+132a^3+532a^4)`$
$`+\mathrm{log}(a){\displaystyle \frac{1}{30}}\left(560a+2825a^2+11394a^3+45072a^4\right)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1800}}\left(2800a+66025a^2+300438a^3+1265984a^4\right)`$
$`+𝒪\left(a^5\right)]\}.`$
In the limit $`a0`$ one obtains

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}=3\frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}m_t^4\left[192\pi ^2\right]+𝒪(a),$$
(12)
i.e. exactly the SM limit for $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}0`$ is reached. This constitutes an important consistency check: in the limit $`a0`$ the heavy Higgs bosons decouple from the theory. Thus only the lightest $`𝒞𝒫`$-even Higgs boson remains, which has in the $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ approximation the mass $`m_h=0`$, see eq. (6). This decoupling of the non-SM contributions in the limit where the new scale (i.e. in the present case $`M_A`$) is made large is explicitly seen here at the two-loop level.

### 3.3 The expansion for small $`M_A`$

The result for $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ in eq. (8) can also be expanded for large values of $`a`$, i.e. for small values of $`M_A`$ (with $`\widehat{a}=1/a`$):

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}}m_t^4\times `$
$`\{\mathrm{log}^2(\widehat{a})\widehat{a}^2[1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{s_\beta ^2}}]`$
$`+\mathrm{log}(\widehat{a}){\displaystyle \frac{1s_\beta ^2}{210s_\beta ^2}}\left[2100\widehat{a}+350\widehat{a}^2+504\widehat{a}^3+341\widehat{a}^4\right]`$
$`+\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3s_\beta ^2}}\left[3+7\widehat{a}(1s_\beta ^2)2\widehat{a}^2(1s_\beta ^2)\right]`$
$`\pi \sqrt{\widehat{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{1s_\beta ^2}{256s_\beta ^2}}\left[1024640\widehat{a}+56\widehat{a}^2+3\widehat{a}^3\right]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{19}{s_\beta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1s_\beta ^2}{22050s_\beta ^2}}[970200\widehat{a}376075\widehat{a}^2+24843\widehat{a}^3+6912\widehat{a}^4]+𝒪\left(\widehat{a}^5\right)\}.`$
In the limit $`\widehat{a}0`$ or $`a\mathrm{}`$ one obtains

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}=3\frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}m_t^4\frac{1}{s_\beta ^2}\left[192\pi ^2\right]+𝒪(\widehat{a}).$$
(14)
## 4 Numerical analysis

### 4.1 The expansion formula

We first analyze the validity of the two expansion formulas, eqs. (11) and (3.3). In Fig. 4 we show the result for $`\delta _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}`$, defined by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\rho _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}}=3\frac{G_F^2}{128\pi ^4}m_t^4\times \delta _{1,\mathrm{Higgs}}^{\mathrm{SUSY}},$$
(15)
as a function of $`b=M_A/m_t(1/\sqrt{a})`$ for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =3`$. The expansion for $`b1`$ is sufficiently accurate nearly up to $`b=1`$. The other expansion gives accurate results for $`b>2`$. For larger $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ the expansion becomes better, enlarging the validity region for the large $`M_A`$ expansion up to $`b>1`$.

### 4.2 Effects on precision observables

In this section we analyze the numerical effect on the precision observables $`M_W`$ and $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$, see eq. (2), induced by the additional contribution to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$. In Fig. 5 the size of the leading $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ MSSM corrections, eq. (8), is compared for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =3,40`$ with the leading $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contribution in the SM for $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$ , with the leading MSSM corrections arising from the $`\stackrel{~}{t}/\stackrel{~}{b}`$ sector at $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ , and with the corresponding gluon-exchange contributions of $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$  (the $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ gluino-exchange contributions , which go to zero for large $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$, have been omitted here). For illustration, the left plot ($`\mathrm{tan}\beta =3`$) is shown as a function of $`M_A`$, which affects only the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ MSSM contributions, while the right plot ($`\mathrm{tan}\beta =40`$) is given as a function of the common SUSY mass scale in the scalar quark sector, $`M_{SUSY}`$, which affects only the $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ and $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ MSSM contributions. We have furthermore chosen the case of “maximal mixing” in the scalar top sector, which is realized by setting the off-diagonal term in the $`\stackrel{~}{t}`$ mass matrix, $`X_t`$, to $`X_t=2M_{SUSY}`$ and yields the maximal value for $`m_h`$ for a given $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ (see Ref.  for details). In the right plot the case of no mixing, $`X_t=0`$, is also shown. The mixing in the scalar bottom sector has been determined by using a bottom quark mass of $`m_b=4.5\mathrm{GeV}`$, and by setting the trilinear couplings to $`A_b=A_t`$ and the Higgs mixing parameter to $`\mu =200\mathrm{GeV}`$. The $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contributions in the SM and the MSSM are negative and are for comparison shown with reversed sign.

While for small values of $`M_{SUSY}`$ the $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ gluon-exchange contribution in the MSSM is much larger than the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contribution from eq. (8) (note that in this region of parameter space the approximation of neglecting the scalar-quark contributions in the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ result is no longer valid), they are of approximately equal magnitude for $`M_{SUSY}500\mathrm{GeV}`$ (this refers to both the no-mixing and the maximal-mixing case) and compensate each other as they enter with different sign. In this region the two-loop contributions are about one order of magnitude smaller than the $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ MSSM contribution. For $`M_{SUSY}=1000\mathrm{GeV}`$ the leading MSSM $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contribution is about three times bigger than the $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ gluon-exchange contribution in the MSSM.

For small $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ (left plot of Fig. 5) and moderate $`M_A`$ ($`M_A300\mathrm{GeV}`$) the new $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ MSSM corrections are about two times larger than the leading $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contributions in the SM for $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$. For large $`M_A`$ the decoupling of the extra contributions in the MSSM takes place and the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ MSSM correction approaches the value of the leading $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contributions in the SM for $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$, as indicated in eqs. (11), (12). For large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ (right plot of Fig. 5) the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ MSSM correction and the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ contribution in the SM for $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$ are indistinguishable in the plot, in accordance with eq. (10).

It is well known that the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ SM result with $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$ underestimates the result with realistic values of $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}`$ by about one order of magnitude . One can expect a similar effect in the MSSM once higher order corrections to the Higgs boson sector are properly taken into account, which can enhance $`m_h`$ up to $`m_h<130\mathrm{GeV}`$ , see Ref. .

In Fig. 6 the approximation formulas given in eq. (2) have been employed for determining the shift induced in $`M_W`$ and $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ by the new $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ correction to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$. In Fig. 6 the effect for both precision observables is shown as a fuction of $`M_A`$ for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =3,40`$. The effect on $`\delta M_W`$ varies between $`1.5\mathrm{MeV}`$ and $`2\mathrm{MeV}`$ for small $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and is almost constant, $`\delta M_W1.25\mathrm{MeV}`$, for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =40`$. As above, the constant behavior can be explained by the analytical decoupling of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ when $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 1`$, see eq. (10). The induced shift in $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ lies at or below $`1\times 10^5`$ and shows the same qualitative $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ dependence as $`\delta M_W`$.

## 5 Conclusions

We have calculated the leading $`𝒪(G_F^2m_t^4)`$ corrections to $`\mathrm{\Delta }\rho `$ in the MSSM in the limit of heavy squarks. Short analytical formulas have been obtained for the full result as well as for the cases $`M_Am_t`$ and $`M_Am_t`$. As a consistency check we verified that from the MSSM result the corresponding SM result can be obtained in the decoupling limit (i.e. $`M_A\mathrm{}`$).

Numerically we compared the effect of the new contribution with the leading $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ SM contribution with $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$ and with the leading MSSM corrections originating from the $`\stackrel{~}{t}/\stackrel{~}{b}`$ sector of $`𝒪(\alpha )`$ and $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$. The numerical effect of the new contribution exceeds the one of the leading QCD correction of $`𝒪(\alpha \alpha _s)`$ in the scalar quark sector for $`M_{SUSY}>500\mathrm{GeV}`$. It is always larger than the leading $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ SM contribution with $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$, reaching approximately twice its value for small $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and moderate $`M_A`$.

The numerical effect of the new contribution on the precision observables $`M_W`$ and $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is reletively small, up to $`2\mathrm{MeV}`$ for $`M_W`$ and $`+1\times 10^5`$ for $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{\mathrm{eff}}`$. It should be noted, however, that the $`𝒪(\alpha ^2)`$ SM result with $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}=0`$, to which the new result corresponds, underestimates the result with realistic values of $`M_H^{\mathrm{SM}}`$ by about one order of magnitude. A similar behavior can also be expected for the MSSM corrections. An extension of our present result to the case of non-zero values of the lightest $`𝒞𝒫`$-even Higgs boson mass will be undertaken in a forthcoming publication.

Acknowledgments

S.H. thanks the organizers of “RADCOR2000” for the invitation and the inspiring and constructive atmosphere at the workshop.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Integrable models with quantum superalgebra symmetries have been the focus of recent studies  in the context of strongly correlated fermion systems, a subject of high-profile international research activity because of their relevance to high-$`T_c`$ superconductivity. The investigations to these models have largely been carried out within the framework of QISM and Bethe ansatz method. The exception are the works in , where the algebraic analysis method, developed in  and generalized in , was used to diagonalize the supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model and its multi-component version directly on an infinite lattice.

The algebraic analysis method , which we will call the vertex operator method, was formulated with the help of the level-one q-vertex operators  and highest weight representations of quantum affine algebras. The vertex operator method was later extended in  to treat integrable models with boundary interactions . It was shown in  how the space of states of the boundary XXZ spin-$`\frac{1}{2}`$ chain on a semi-infinite lattice can be described in terms of level-one q-vertex operators of $`U_q(\widehat{sl_2})`$, and how the correlation functions can be computed by the vertex operators. Several other models have been analysed by means of this approach .

In this paper, we study the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model with an integrable boundary. We will work directly on a semi-infinite lattice. As is known, the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on an infinite lattice (i.e. without a boundary) has as its symmetry algebra the quantum affine superalgebra $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ . On a finite lattice with diagonal boundary reflection K-matrices this model was solved in  by the Bethe ansatz method. Here we adapt the vertex operator method. We will diagonalize the boundary model Hamiltonian directly on the semi-infinite lattice, and moreover compute the correlation functions of the boundary model.

This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we describe the vertex operator approach to the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on the semi-infinite lattice. In section 3, we study the bosonic realization of the boundary states associated with the level-one highest weight representation of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$. In section 4, we compute the correlation functions of the local operators (including the spin operator $`S_1^z`$ ) and derive the difference equations which they satisfy. In appendix A, we review the bosonization of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ at level-one and the associated vertex operators.

## 2 Boundary q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model

### 2.1 q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on a finite lattice

In this section, we recall some facts about the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on a finite lattice. Throughout this paper, we fix $`q`$ such that $`|q|<1`$.

Let $`V`$ be the 3-dimensional graded vector space and $`E_{ij}`$ be the $`3\times 3`$ matrix whose $`(i,j)`$-element is unity and zero otherwise. The grading of the basis vectors $`v_1`$, $`v_2`$, $`v_3`$ of $`V`$ is chosen to be $`[v_1]=[v_2]=1`$, $`[v_3]=0`$. Let $`V^{}`$ be the dual space and $`\{v_1^{},v_0^{},v_1^{}\}`$ the dual basis vectors. Denote by $`V_z`$ (resp. $`V_z^S`$) the 3-dimensional level-0 representation (resp. dual representation) of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ associated with $`V`$. Let $`R(z)End(VV)`$ be the R-matrix of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ with matrix elements defined by

$`R(z)(v_iv_j)={\displaystyle \underset{k,l}{}}R_{kl}^{ij}(z)v_kv_l,v_i,v_j,v_k,v_lV,`$
where

$`R_{33}^{33}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1q^1z_2q}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{23}^{23}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{23}^{32}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{(qq^1)z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},`$
$`R_{32}^{32}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{32}^{23}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{(qq^1)z_1}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{22}^{22}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})=1,`$
$`R_{13}^{13}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{13}^{31}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{(qq^1)z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{31}^{31}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},`$
$`R_{31}^{13}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{(qq^1)z_1}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{12}^{12}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{12}^{21}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{(qq^1)z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},`$
$`R_{21}^{21}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{21}^{12}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})={\displaystyle \frac{(qq^1)z_1}{z_1qz_2q^1}},R_{11}^{11}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})=1,`$
$`R_{kl}^{ij}=0,\mathrm{otherwise}.`$
The R-matrix satisfies the graded Yang-Baxter equation(YBE) on $`VVV`$

$`R_{12}(z)R_{13}(zw)R_{23}(w)=R_{23}(w)R_{13}(zw)R_{12}(z),`$
and moreover enjoys: (i) initial condition, $`R(1)=P`$ with $`P`$ being the graded permutation operator; (ii) unitarity condition, $`R_{12}(\frac{z}{w})R_{21}(\frac{w}{z})=1`$, where $`R_{21}(z)=PR_{12}(z)P`$; and (iii) crossing-unitarity,

$`R^{1,st_1}(z)\left((M1)R(zq^2)(M1)\right)^{st_1}=11,`$
where

$`Mq^{2\overline{\rho }}\stackrel{def}{=}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}q^{2\rho _1}& & \\ & q^{2\rho _2}& \\ & & q^{2\rho _3}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& & \\ & q^2& \\ & & q^2\end{array}\right).`$ (2.7)
The various supertranspositions of the R-matrix are given by

$`(R^{st_1}(z))_{ij}^{kl}=R(z)_{kj}^{il}(1)^{[i]([i]+[k])},(R^{st_2}(z))_{ij}^{kl}=R(z)_{il}^{kj}(1)^{[j]([j]+[l])},`$
$`(R^{st_{12}}(z))_{ij}^{kl}=R(z)_{kl}^{ij}(1)^{([i]+[j])([i]+[j]+[l]+[k])}=R(z)_{kl}^{ij}.`$
Following Sklyanin , we construct the transfer matrix of an integrable finite chain, with an open boundary condition described by a reflection K-matrix $`K(z)`$. Here $`K(z)`$ is a solution of the graded reflection equation

$`K_2(z_2)R_{21}(z_1z_2)K_1(z_1)R_{12}(z_1/z_2)=R_{21}(z_1/z_2)K_1(z_1)R_{12}(z_1z_2)K_2(z_2).`$ (2.8)
With appropriate normalization, we can show that this $`K(z)`$ obeys the relations

$`\begin{array}{cc}K(1)=1,\hfill & (\mathrm{Boundary}\mathrm{initial}\mathrm{condition}),\hfill \\ K(z)K(z^1)=1,\hfill & (\mathrm{Boundary}\mathrm{unitarity}),\hfill \\ \overline{K}(z)\overline{K}(z^1)=1,\hfill & (\mathrm{Boundary}\mathrm{crossing}\mathrm{unitarity}),\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.12)
where $`\overline{K}(z)`$ is defined by

$`\overline{K}(z)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ,\beta }{}}R(z^2)_{i\beta }^{\alpha j}(1)^{[i]+[j]+[j][\beta ]+[\alpha ][\beta ]}K_\alpha ^\beta (z^1q^1)q^{2\rho _\alpha }.`$ (2.13)
The third relation is the graded extension of the boundary crossing-unitarity .

The transfer matrix of the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on a finite chain with the open boundary condition is constructed from $`R(z)`$ and $`K(z)`$ via

$`T_B^{\mathrm{fin}}(z)=str_{V_0}(K^+(z)𝒯(z^1)K(z)𝒯(z)),`$ (2.14)
where $`K^+(z)=K(z^1q^3)^{st}M`$ and

$`𝒯(z)=R_{01}(z)\mathrm{}R_{0N}(z)End(V_0V_1\mathrm{}V_N)`$
is the double-row monodromy matrix. The supertrace is defined as $`str(A)=(1)^{[i]}A_{ii}`$.

It can be verified that $`T_B^{\mathrm{fin}}(z)`$ form a commuting family, $`[T_B^{\mathrm{fin}}(z),T_B^{\mathrm{fin}}(w)]=0`$. The Hamiltonian of the boundary q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model is given by

$`H_B^{\mathrm{fin}}={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}T_B^{\mathrm{fin}}(z)|_{z=1}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N1}{}}}h_{j,j+1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}K(z)|_{z=1}+{\displaystyle \frac{str_{V_0}(K^+(1)h_{0,N})}{K^+(1)}},`$ (2.15)
where $`h_{j,j+1}=P_{j,j+1}\frac{d}{dz}R_{j,j+1}(z)|_{z=1}`$.

The transfer matrix (2.14) with diagonal reflection K-matrices was diagonalized by the Bethe ansatz method in .

### 2.2 q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on a semi-infinite lattice

In this paper, we restrict ourselves to the diagonal reflection K-matrix of the form

$`K(z)=f(z)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1rz}{zr}z& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right),f(z)={\displaystyle \frac{\varphi (z|r)}{\varphi (z^1|r)}},\varphi (z|r)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{1rz}},`$ (2.19)
where $`r`$ is an arbitrary parameter which is related with the boundary interaction. One can check that such a K-matrix satisfies the boundary unitarity and crossing-unitarity (2.12).

We now consider Hamiltonian (2.15) in the semi-infinite limit:

$`H_B^{\mathrm{fin}}|_N\mathrm{}={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}h_{j,j+1}+\mathrm{\Delta },`$ (2.20)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dz}f(z)|_{z=1}`$ acts formally on the left-infinite tensor product space

$`\mathrm{}VV.`$ (2.21)
As mentioned in the introduction, the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on an infinite lattice has $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ as its symmetry algebra. Let $`V(\mu _\alpha )`$ be the level-one irreducible highest weight $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$-modules with highest weight $`\mu _\alpha `$, $`\alpha 𝐙`$ (see (A.8) and ). Consider the level-one vertex operators which are intertwining operators between $`V(\mu _\alpha )`$ and $`V(\mu _\beta )`$. It has been shown in  that the following type I vertex operators $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)`$ exist, $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z)`$ which interwine the level-one irreducible highest weight $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$-modules $`V(\mu _\alpha )`$

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(z):V(\mu _\alpha )V(\mu _{\alpha 1})V_z,\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z):V(\mu _\alpha )V(\mu _{\alpha +1})V_z^S.`$ (2.22)
(See Appendix A for more details about $`V(\mu _\alpha )`$ and its associated vertex operators.) Therefore following , we can write the transfer matrix of the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model on the semi-infinite lattice as

$`T_B(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z^1)K_i^j(z)\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z)(1)^{[i]}`$ (2.23)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}q^{2\rho _j}\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z)\overline{K}_i^j(z^1q^1)\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z^1),`$
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_j^{}(z)`$ are the components of the $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ vertex operators of type I (see (A.10)). We have used the exchange relations of vertex operators (A.18) and the definition of $`\overline{K}(z)`$ (2.13) in the above equation.

We remark that the transfer matrix $`T_B(z)`$ given by (2.23) is an operator with the property

$`T(z):V(\mu _\alpha )V(\mu _\alpha ),\alpha Z.`$
The commutativity of the transfer matrix (2.23), $`[T_B(z),T_B(w)]=0`$ , then follows from (A.16) and (2.8). Moreover by (A.16), (A.19) and (A.20), one can show

$`T_B(1)=id,T_B(z)T_B(z^1)=id,`$ (2.24)
$`T_B(z)T_B(z^1q^2)=id.`$ (2.25)
These relations correspond to the boundary initial condition, boundary unitarity and boundary crossing-unitarity (2.12) of the K-matrix, respectively. In terms of the transfer matrix, the q-deformed supersymmetric $`t`$-$`J`$ model Hamiltonian on the semi-infinite lattice is given by

$`H={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}T_B(z)|_{z=1}.`$ (2.26)
Following , we define the local operators acting on the n-th site:

$`E_{i,j}^{(1)}=\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(1)\mathrm{\Phi }_j(1)(1)^{[j]},`$ (2.27)
$`E_{i,j}^{(n)}={\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}(1)^{([i]+[j])[m]+[m]}\mathrm{\Phi }_m^{}(1)E_{i,j}^{(n1)}\mathrm{\Phi }_m(1),n=2,3,\mathrm{}.`$ (2.28)
In particular, we have the spin operator $`S_1^z`$

$`S_1^z={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(E_{11}^{(1)}E_{22}^{(1)})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{\mathrm{\Phi }_1^{}(1)\mathrm{\Phi }_1(1)\mathrm{\Phi }_2^{}(1)\mathrm{\Phi }_2(1)\}.`$
## 3 The boundary states

In this section we construct the bosonic boundary state $`|\alpha ;r>_B`$ and its dual state $`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |`$, which satisfy

$`T_B(z)|\alpha ;r>_B=|\alpha ;r>_B,{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |T_B(z)={}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |.`$ (3.29)
By (A.19) and (2.23), the above eigenvalue problem is equivalent to

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i(z^1)|\alpha ;r>_B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}K_i^j(z)\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z)|\alpha ;r>_B,`$ (3.30)
$`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |\mathrm{\Phi }_j^{}(z)(1)^{[j]}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z^1)K_i^j(z)(1)^{[i]}.`$ (3.31)
### 3.1 The boundary state in $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$

Firstly, we consider the boundary state $`|0>_BV(\mu _0)`$ (or $`V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$). As is shown in Appendix A, $`V(\mu _0)=\eta _0\xi _0F_{(0;\beta )}`$ and the highest weight vector $`|\mathrm{\Lambda }_0>=|\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0>`$ satisfies

$`\eta _0|\mathrm{\Lambda }_0>=0.`$
So we make the following ansatz :

$`|0;r>_B`$ $`=`$ $`e^{F_0(r)}|\mathrm{\Lambda }_0>,`$ (3.32)
$`F_0(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{[m]^2}}\alpha _m\{h_m^1h_m^1+h_m^2h_m^2+c_mc_m\}+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\{\beta _m^1h_m^1`$ (3.33)
$`+\beta _m^2h_m^2+\beta _m^3c_m\},`$
where $`\alpha _m,\beta _m^1,\beta _m^2,\beta _m^3`$ are functions of the boundary parameter $`r`$.

We can check that $`e^{F_0(r)}`$ plays a role of the Bogoliubov transformation

$`e^{F_0(r)}h_m^1e^{F_0(r)}`$ $`=`$ $`h_m^1+\alpha _mh_m^1+{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}}\beta _m^1,`$
$`e^{F_0(r)}h_m^2e^{F_0(r)}`$ $`=`$ $`h_m^2+\alpha _mh_m^2+{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}}\beta _m^2,`$
$`e^{F_0(r)}c_me^{F_0(r)}`$ $`=`$ $`c_m+\alpha _mc_m+{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}}\beta _m^3,`$
$`e^{F_0(r)}h_m^1e^{F_0(r)}`$ $`=`$ $`h_m^1+\alpha _mh_m^1+{\displaystyle \frac{[2m][m]}{m}}\beta _m^1\beta _m^2{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}}.`$
Keeping (3.30) in mind and following , we find that the coefficients $`\alpha _m,\beta _m^1,\beta _m^2,\beta _m^3`$ are

$`\alpha _m`$ $`=`$ $`q^{4m},\beta _m^1=0,`$ (3.34)
$`\beta _m^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r^m}{[m]}}q^{\frac{3}{2}m}+\theta _m{\displaystyle \frac{q^{^{\frac{3}{2}m}}q^{\frac{5}{2}m}}{[m]}},`$ (3.35)
$`\beta _m^3`$ $`=`$ $`\theta _m{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2m}}{[m]}},`$ (3.36)
where the function $`\theta _m`$ is defined by

$`\theta _m=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \mathrm{if}m\mathrm{is}\mathrm{even}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \mathrm{if}m\mathrm{is}\mathrm{odd}\hfill \end{array}.`$ (3.39)
Moreover following  one can check that $`\eta _0|0>_B=0`$, namely, the boundary state $`|0>_B`$ $`V(\mu _0)`$, as required. In the derivation, the following relation are useful

$`e^{h_1^+(\xi ^1q^2;\frac{1}{2})}|0;r>_B`$ $`=`$ $`e^{h_1^{}(\xi q^2;\frac{1}{2})}|0;r>_B,`$
$`e^{h_1^+(\omega q^2;\frac{1}{2})}|0;r>_B`$ $`=`$ $`(1\omega ^2)(1r\omega ^1)e^{h_1^{}(\omega ^1q^2;\frac{1}{2})}|0;r>_B,`$
$`e^{c^+(\omega q^2;0)}|0>_B`$ $`=`$ $`(1\omega ^2)e^{c^{}(\omega ^1q^2;0)}|0;r>_B,`$
$`e^{h_2^+(\xi ^1q^2;\frac{1}{2})}|0>_B`$ $`=`$ $`(1\omega r)^1e^{h_2^{}(\xi q^2;\frac{1}{2})}|0;r>_B.`$
Similarly, the dual state $`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|V^{}(\mu _0)`$ can be constructed

$`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|`$ $`=`$ $`<0|e^{G_0(r)},`$ (3.40)
$`G_0(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}q^{2m}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{[m]^2}}\left\{h_m^1h_m^1+h_m^2h_m^2+c_mc_m\right\}`$ (3.41)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left\{\delta _m^1h_m^1+\delta _m^2h_m^2+\delta _m^3c_m\right\},`$
where

$`\delta _m^1`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$
$`\delta _m^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r^mq^{\frac{m}{2}}}{[m]}}+\theta _m\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{m}{2}}+q^{\frac{3}{2}m}}{[m]}}\right),`$
$`\delta _m^3`$ $`=`$ $`\theta _m\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^m}{[m]}}\right).`$
### 3.2 The general boundary states

Noting that the boundary K-matrix $`K(z)`$ have the following properties

$`K(z)|_{z=r}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1\hfill & & \\ & 0\hfill & \\ & & 0\hfill \end{array}\right),`$ (3.45)
we may define $`|1;r>_B=\mathrm{\Phi }_1(r^1)|0;r>_B|_{rrq^2}`$. One can check that such $`|1;r>_B`$ satisfies (3.30) with $`\alpha =1`$. Recursively, we can construct the general boundary state $`|\alpha ;r>_B`$ from $`|0;r>_B`$ by the following recursive relations,

$`|\alpha ;rq^2>_B=\mathrm{\Phi }_1(r^1)|\alpha +1;r>_B,|\alpha ;r>_B=q^{2\rho _1}\mathrm{\Phi }_1^{}(r^1q^2)|\alpha 1;rq^2>_B.`$ (3.46)
We have used the second invertibility relation (A.20). Similarly, we can obtain the dual boundary states $`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |`$ from $`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|`$ by the recursive relations,

$`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |\mathrm{\Phi }_1^{}(r)={}_{B}{}^{}<rq^2;\alpha 1|,{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |={}_{B}{}^{}<rq^2;\alpha 1|\mathrm{\Phi }_1(rq^2)q^{2\rho _1}.`$ (3.47)
## 4 Correlation functions

The aim of this section is to calculate the one-point functions $`<E_{i,j}^{(1)}>_\alpha `$:

$`<E_{i,j}^{(1)}>_\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |E_{i,j}^{(1)}|\alpha ;r>_B}{{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |\alpha ;r>_B}}.`$
The generalization to the calculation of multi-point functions is straightforward. Thanks to the recursive relations (3.46) and (3.47), it is sufficient to calculate $`<E_{i,j}^{(1)}>_0`$. Thus in the following we restrict ourselves to the calculation of $`<E_{i,j}^{(1)}>_0`$.

Define

$`{\displaystyle 𝑑zf(z)}=f_1,\mathrm{for}\mathrm{formal}\mathrm{series}\mathrm{function}f(z)={\displaystyle \underset{nZ}{}}f_nz^n.`$
By the bosonic realization of Drinfeld currents of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$, (A.11)-(A.14) and the normal ordering relations in the appendix A, we obtain the integral expression of the vertex operators

$`\varphi _3(z)`$ $`=`$ $`:e^{h_2^{}(q^2z;\frac{1}{2})+c(q^2z;0)}:e^{i\pi a_0^2},`$
$`\varphi _2(z)`$ $`=`$ $`\{{\displaystyle \frac{e^{c(wq;0)}}{wq(1\frac{qz}{w})}}+{\displaystyle \frac{e^{c(wq^1;0)}}{zq^2(1\frac{w}{zq^3})}}\}e^{h_2^{}(q^2z;\frac{1}{2})h_2(w;\frac{1}{2})+c(q^2z;0)}e^{i\pi h_0^1}:,`$
$`\varphi _1(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^21}{w(1\frac{w_1q}{w})(1\frac{wq}{w_1})}}`$
$`\times :\{{\displaystyle \frac{e^{c(wq;0)}}{wq(1\frac{qz}{w})}}+{\displaystyle \frac{e^{c(wq^1;0)}}{zq^2(1\frac{w}{zq^3})}}\}e^{h_2^{}(q^2z;\frac{1}{2})h_2(w;\frac{1}{2})h_1(w_1;\frac{1}{2})+c(q^2z;0)}e^{i\pi a_0^2}:,`$
$`\varphi _1^{}(z)`$ $`=`$ $`:e^{h_1^{}(qz;\frac{1}{2})}:e^{i\pi a_0^2},`$
$`\varphi _2^{}(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑w\frac{1q^2}{z(1\frac{zq^2}{w})(1\frac{w}{z})}}:e^{h_1^{}(qz;\frac{1}{2})h_1(w;\frac{1}{2})}e^{i\pi h_0^1}:,`$
$`\varphi _3^{}(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑w_1𝑑w\frac{1q^2}{z(1\frac{zq^2}{w})(1\frac{w}{z})}}`$
$`\times :{\displaystyle \frac{e^{c(w_1q;0)}e^{c(w_1q^1;0)}}{ww_1(1\frac{wq}{w_1})(1\frac{w_1q}{w})}}e^{h_1^{}(qz;\frac{1}{2})h_1(w;\frac{1}{2})h_2(w_1;\frac{1}{2})}e^{i\pi a_0^2}:`$
Since $`\eta _0|0,r>=0`$, one may set

$`P_{i,j}(z_1,z_2)={\displaystyle \frac{{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z_2)|0;r>_B}{<r;0|0;r>_B}}{\displaystyle \frac{{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|\varphi _i^{}(z_1)\varphi _j(z_2)|0;r>_B}{<r;0|0;r>_B}},`$ (4.1)
then $`<E_{i,j}^{(1)}>_0=(1)^{[j]}P_{i,j}(1,1)`$.

The bosonization formulae (A.11)-(A.14) of the vertex operators immediately imply

$`P_{i,j}(z_1,z_2)=\delta _{ij}F_i(z_1,z_2)\stackrel{def}{=}\delta _{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|\varphi _i^{}(z_1)\varphi _i(z_2)|0;r>_B}{{}_{B}{}^{}<r;0|0;r>_B}}.`$
Using the technique in  (see equation (C.11)), after tedious calculation, we get

$`{}_{B}{}^{}r;0|0;r_{B}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(\alpha _n\gamma _n1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}}`$ (4.2)
$`\mathrm{exp}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}(\gamma _n\left(\beta _n^3\right)^2+2\beta _n^3\delta _n^3+\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2],`$
$`F_1(z_1,z_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{}_{B}{}^{}r;0|0;r_{B}^{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\omega _1𝑑\omega \frac{(q^21)g_1}{q\omega ^2(1\frac{\omega _1q}{\omega })(1\frac{\omega q}{\omega _1})(1\frac{z_2q}{\omega })}}`$ (4.3)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}((\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^1){\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)}}\{(B_1C_1)^2{\displaystyle \frac{[2n]}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}+\gamma _n(B_1C_1)\beta _n^2`$
$`\gamma _n(B_1C_1)A_1+(B_1C_1)\delta _n^2\})`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta _n^3)^2D\gamma _n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\beta _n^3D_1^2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3D_1\gamma _n+\beta _n^3\delta _n^3`$
$`+D_1\delta _n^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2\})`$
$`+{\displaystyle 𝑑\omega _1𝑑\omega \frac{(q^21)g_1^{}}{q^2\omega z_2(1\frac{\omega _1q}{\omega })(1\frac{\omega q}{\omega _1})(1\frac{\omega }{z_2q^3})}}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}((\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^1){\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)}}\{(B_1C_1)^2{\displaystyle \frac{[2n]}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}+\gamma _n(B_1C_1)\beta _n^2`$
$`\gamma _n(B_1C_1)A_1+(B_1C_1)\delta _n^2\})`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}({\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\beta _n^3)^2D_1^{}\gamma _n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\beta _n^3(D_1^{})^2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3D_1^{}\gamma _n+\beta _n^3\delta _n^3`$
$`+D_1^{}\delta _n^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2\}),`$
where

$`g_1`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{3n}z_2^n\omega ^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^nz_2^n\omega ^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^nz_2^n\omega ^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^nz_2^n\omega ^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{5n}\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}z_1^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}\omega _1^{2n}}{n}}\right)`$
$`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nq^{2n}\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right),`$
$`g_1^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^nz_2^n\omega ^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^nz_2^n\omega ^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{5n}\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}z_1^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}\omega _1^{2n}}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nq^{2n}\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right),`$
and

$`A_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{3}{2}n}z_1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}z_1^n}{[n]}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega ^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega ^n}{[n]}},`$
$`B_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{5}{2}n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{3}{2}n}z_2^n}{[n]}},`$
$`D_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n}{[n]}}+\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n}{[n]}},`$
$`C_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`D_1^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n}{[n]}}+\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n}{[n]}},`$
$`F_2(z_1,z_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{}_{B}{}^{}r;0|0;r_{B}^{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\omega 𝑑\omega _1\frac{\left(1q^2\right)g_2}{z_1\left(1\frac{z_1q^2}{\omega }\right)\left(1\frac{\omega }{z_1}\right)\omega _1q\left(1\frac{z_2q}{\omega _1}\right)}}`$ (4.4)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}((\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^1){\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}[(B_2C_2)^2{\displaystyle \frac{[2n]}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}+\gamma _n(B_2C_2)\beta _n^2`$
$`\gamma _n(B_2C_2)A_2+(B_2C_2)\delta _n^2]\}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\beta _n^3\right)^2D_2\gamma _n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\beta _n^3D_2^2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3D_2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3\delta _n^3`$
$`+D_2\delta _n^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2]\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle 𝑑\omega 𝑑\omega _1\frac{\left(1q^2\right)g_2^{^{}}}{z_1\left(1\frac{z_1q^2}{\omega }\right)\left(1\frac{\omega }{z_1}\right)z_2q^2\left(1\frac{\omega _1}{z_2q^3}\right)}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}[(B_2C_2)^2{\displaystyle \frac{[2n]}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}+\gamma _n(B_2C_2)\beta _n^2`$
$`\gamma _n(B_2C_2)A_2+(B_2C_2)\delta _n^2]\}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}((\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^1){\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\beta _n^3\right)^2D_2^{^{}}\gamma _n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\beta _n^3D_2^{}_{}{}^{}2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3D_2^{^{}}\gamma _n+\beta _n^3\delta _n^3`$
$`+D_2^{^{}}\delta _n^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2]\},`$
where

$`g_2`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^{2n}q^{4n}}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nq^{2n}r^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{5n}\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{3n}\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right),`$
$`g_2^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{3n}\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^{2n}q^{4n}}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nq^{2n}r^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{5n}\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right),`$
and

$`A_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{3}{2}n}z_1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}z_1^n}{[n]}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`B_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{5}{2}n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{3}{2}n}z_2^n}{[n]}},`$
$`D_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}}+\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`C_2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`D_2^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}}+\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`F_3(z_1,z_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{}_{B}{}^{}r;0|0;r_{B}^{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\omega 𝑑\omega _1\frac{\left(1q^2\right)g_3}{z_1\left(1\frac{z_1q^2}{\omega }\right)\left(1\frac{\omega }{z_1}\right)\omega _1\omega \left(1\frac{\omega q}{\omega _1}\right)\left(1\frac{\omega _1q}{\omega }\right)}}`$ (4.5)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}((\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^1){\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}[(B_3C_3)^2{\displaystyle \frac{[2n]}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}+\gamma _n(B_3C_3)\beta _n^2`$
$`\gamma _n(B_3C_3)A_3+(B_3C_3)\delta _n^2]\}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\beta _n^3\right)^2D_3\gamma _n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\beta _n^3D_3^2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3D_3\gamma _n+\beta _n^3\delta _n^3`$
$`+D_3\delta _n^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2]\}`$
$`+{\displaystyle 𝑑\omega 𝑑\omega _1\frac{\left(1q^2\right)g_3^{^{}}}{z_1\left(1\frac{z_1q^2}{\omega }\right)\left(1\frac{\omega }{z_1}\right)\omega \omega _1\left(1\frac{\omega q}{\omega _1}\right)\left(1\frac{\omega _1q}{\omega }\right)}}`$
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}((\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^1){\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\alpha _n\gamma _n1)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}[(B_3C_3)^2{\displaystyle \frac{[2n]}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _n}{\alpha _n\gamma _n1}}+\gamma _n(B_3C_3)\beta _n^2`$
$`\gamma _n(B_3C_3)A_3+(B_3C_3)\delta _n^2]\}`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\{{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{[n]^2}{n}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1\alpha _n\gamma _n}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\beta _n^3\right)^2D_3^{^{}}\gamma _n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\beta _n^3D_3^{}_{}{}^{}2\gamma _n+\beta _n^3D_3^{^{}}\gamma _n+\beta _n^3\delta _n^3`$
$`+D_3^{^{}}\delta _n^3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\alpha _n\left(\delta _n^3\right)^2]\},`$
where

$`g_3`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{3n}\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^{2n}q^{4n}}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nq^{2n}r^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{5n}\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{3n}\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right),`$
$`g_3^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_1^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^nz_2^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^{2n}q^{4n}}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^nq^{2n}r^n}{n}}\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^nz_1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{5n}\omega ^n\omega _1^n}{n}}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{q^{4n}\omega ^nz_1^n}{n}}\right),`$
and

$`A_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{3}{2}n}z_1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}z_1^n}{[n]}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`B_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{5}{2}n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{3}{2}n}z_2^n}{[n]}},`$
$`D_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}}+\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`C_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}n}\omega _1^n}{[n]}},`$
$`D_3^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^{2n}z_2^n}{[n]}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}}+\alpha _n{\displaystyle \frac{q^n\omega _1^n}{[n]}}.`$
We now derive the difference equations satisfied by the one-point functions. By (2.23) and (A.19)-(A.20), one obtains

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z^1)|\alpha ;r>_B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}\overline{K}_i^j(zq)\mathrm{\Phi }_j^{}(zq^2)|\alpha ;r>_B,`$ (4.6)
$`{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |\mathrm{\Phi }_i(z)(1)^{[i]}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}{}_{B}{}^{}<r;\alpha |\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z^1q^2)\overline{K}_i^j(zq)(1)^{[j]}.`$ (4.7)
By (A.18), one derives the exchange relations

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z_2)={\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}\stackrel{}{R}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})_{ij}^{kl}\mathrm{\Phi }_l(z_2)\mathrm{\Phi }_k^{}(z_1)(1)^{[k][l]},`$ (4.8)
where $`\stackrel{}{R}(z)=R^{1,st_1,1}(z)`$.

Using (3.30)-(3.31), (4.6)-(4.8), (A.18) and (A.11)-(A.14), we get the difference equations

$`F_i(z_1q^2,z_2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j,k,l,m,n}{}}(1)^{[k][l]+[i]+[j]+[n]}K_j^i(z_1q^2)\stackrel{}{R}(z_1^1z_2^1q^2)_{ji}^{lk}`$ (4.9)
$`\times \overline{K}_l^m(z_1q^1)\overline{R}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})_{mk}^{nn}F_n(z_1,z_2),`$
$`F_i(z_1,z_2q^2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j,k,l,m,n}{}}(1)^{[k][l]+[l]+[m]+[n]}K_i^j(z_2^1q^2)\stackrel{}{R}(z_1z_2q^2)_{kl}^{ij}`$ (4.10)
$`\times \overline{K}_l^m(z_2^1q^1)\overline{R}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})_{km}^{nn}F_n(z_1,z_2).`$
Acknowledgment

We would like to thank G. von Gehlen for his interest in this problem. This work has been partly supported by the grant of National Natural Science Foundation of China. W.-L. Yang is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Y.-Z. Zhang is supported by Australian Research Council.

## Appendix A Appendix A

### A.1 Bosonization of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$

In this section, we briefly review the bosonization of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ at level-one and the corresponding vertex operators .

The Cartan matrix of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ is

$`(a_{ij})=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 1\\ 1& 2& 1\\ 1& 1& 0\end{array}\right)`$
where $`i,j=0,1,2`$.

In terms of the Drinfeld generators: $`\{d,X_m^{\pm ,i}`$, $`h_n^i`$, $`(K^i)^{\pm 1},\gamma ^{\pm 1/2}|i=1,2,`$ $`m𝐙,n𝐙_0\}`$, the defining relations of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ read

$`\gamma \mathrm{is}\mathrm{central},[K^i,h_m^j]=0,[d,K^i]=0,[d,h_m^j]=mh_m^j,`$
$`[h_m^i,h_n^j]=\delta _{m+n,0}{\displaystyle \frac{[a_{ij}m](\gamma ^m\gamma ^m)}{m(qq^1)}},`$
$`K^iX_m^{\pm ,j}=q^{\pm a_{ij}}X_m^{\pm ,j}K^i,[d,X_m^{\pm ,j}]=mX_m^{\pm ,j},`$
$`[h_m^i,X_n^{\pm ,j}]=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{[a_{ij}m]}{m}}\gamma ^{\pm |m|/2}X_{n+m}^{\pm ,j},`$
$`[X_m^{+,i},X_n^{,j}]={\displaystyle \frac{\delta _{i,j}}{qq^1}}(\gamma ^{(mn)/2}\psi _{m+n}^{+,j}\gamma ^{(mn)/2}\psi _{m+n}^{,j}),`$
$`[X_m^{\pm ,2},X_n^{\pm ,2}]=0,`$
$`[X_{m+1}^{\pm ,i},X_n^{\pm ,j}]_{q^{\pm a_{ij}}}+[X_{n+1}^{\pm ,j},X_m^{\pm ,i}]_{q^{\pm a_{ij}}}=0,\mathrm{for}a_{ij}0,`$
where $`[m]=\frac{q^mq^m}{qq^1}`$, $`[X,Y]_\xi =XY(1)^{[X][Y]}\xi YX`$ and $`[X,Y]_1[X,Y]`$; the $`𝐙_2`$-grading of Drinfeld generators are : $`[X_m^{\pm ,2}]=1`$ for $`m𝐙`$ and zero otherwise.

Introduce the bosonic q-oscillators  $`\{a_n^1,a_n^2,b_n,c_n`$, $`Q_{a^1},Q_{a^2},Q_b,Q_c`$ $`|n𝐙\}`$, which satisfy the commutation relations

$`[a_m^i,a_n^j]=\delta _{i,j}\delta _{m+n,0}{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}},[a_0^i,Q_{a^j}]=\delta _{i,j},`$
$`[b_m,b_n]=\delta _{m+n,0}{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}},[b_0,Q_b]=1,`$
$`[c_m,c_n]=\delta _{m+n,0}{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}},[c_0,Q_c]=1.`$
Define the generating functions for the Drinfeld basis by $`X_i^\pm (z)=_{m𝐙}X_m^{\pm ,i}z^{m1}`$, and introduce $`h_0^i`$ by setting $`K^i=q^{h_0^i}`$. Define $`Q_{h^1}=Q_{a^1}Q_{a^2}`$, $`Q_{h^2}=Q_{a^2}+Q_b`$ and $`h_i(z;\beta )`$ by

$`h_i(z;\beta )={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{h_n^i}{[n]}}q^{\beta |n|}z^n+Q_{h^i}+h_0^i\mathrm{ln}z,`$ (A.2)
where $`\beta `$ is a parameter. Other bosonic fields are defined similarly.

The Drinfeld generators at level-one are realized by the free boson fields as

$`h_m^1=a_m^1q^{|m|/2}a_m^2q^{|m|/2},h_m^2=a_m^2q^{|m|/2}+b_mq^{|m|/2},m𝐙,`$
$`X_1^\pm (z)=\pm :e^{\pm h_1(z;\pm \frac{1}{2})}:e^{\pm i\pi a_0^1},X_2^+(z)=:e^{h_2(z;\frac{1}{2})}e^{c(z;0)}:e^{i\pi a_0^1},`$
$`X_2^{}(z)=:e^{h_2(z;\frac{1}{2})}[_ze^{c(z;0)}]:e^{i\pi a_0^1},\gamma =q,`$
where $`_zf(z)=\frac{f(qz)f(q^1z)}{(qq^1)z}`$ $`:O:`$ stands for the usual normal ordering of $`O`$.

Consider the bosonic Fock spaces $`F_{\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4}`$, generated by $`a_m^i,b_m,c_m`$ $`(m>0)`$ over the vacuum vectors $`|\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4>`$,

$`F_{\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4}=𝐂[a_1^i,a_2^i,\mathrm{};b_1,..;c_1,..]|\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4>,`$ (A.3)
where

$`a_m^i|\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4>=0,b_m|\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4>=0,c_m|\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4>=0,\mathrm{for}m>0,`$
$`|\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\lambda _3,\lambda _4>=e^{\lambda _1Q_{a^1}+\lambda _2Q_{a^2}+\lambda _3Q_b+\lambda _4Q_c}|0,0,0,0>.`$
Introduce the following spaces

$`F_{(\alpha ;\beta )}={\displaystyle \underset{i,j𝐙}{}}F_{\beta +i,\beta i+j,\beta \alpha +j,\alpha +j}.`$ (A.4)
It can be shown that the bosonized action of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ on $`F_{(\alpha ;\beta )}`$ is closed. To obtain the irreducible subspaces in $`F_{(\alpha ;\beta )}`$, it convenient to introduce a pair of fermionic currents

$`\eta (z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}\eta _nz^{n1}=:e^{c(z;0)}:,\xi (z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}\xi _nz^n=:e^{c(z;0)}:,`$
The mode expansion of $`\eta (z),\xi (z)`$ is well defined on $`F_{(\alpha ;\beta )}`$ for $`\alpha 𝐙`$, and it satisfies the following relation

$`\xi _m\xi _n+\xi _n\xi _m=\eta _m\eta _n+\eta _n\eta _m=0,\xi _m\eta _n+\eta _n\xi _m=\delta _{m,n}.`$
Since $`\eta _0`$ commutes (or anticommutes) with $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$, $`\eta _0`$ plays the role of screening charge and $`\eta _0\xi _0`$ qualify as the projector from $`F_{(\alpha ;\beta )}`$ to the Kernel of $`\eta _0`$. Set $`\lambda _\alpha =(1\alpha )\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+\alpha \mathrm{\Lambda }_2,\alpha 𝐙`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i(i=0,1,2)`$ are the fundamental weights of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$, and

$`\mu _\alpha =\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha ,\hfill & \alpha =0,1,2\hfill \\ \lambda _{\alpha 1}\hfill & \mathrm{for}\alpha >2\hfill \\ \lambda _\alpha \hfill & \mathrm{for}\alpha <0\hfill \end{array}.`$ (A.8)
Define $`V(\mu _\alpha )=\eta _0\xi _0F_{(\alpha ,\beta \alpha )}`$. Following , $`V(\mu _\alpha )`$ $`(\alpha 𝐙)`$ are the irreducible highest weight $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$-modules with the highest weight $`\mu _\alpha `$.

### A.2 Level-one Vertex operators

Let $`V(\lambda )`$ be the highest weight $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$-module with the highest weight $`\lambda `$. Consider the following intertwiners of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$-modules:

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_\lambda ^{\mu V}(z):V(\lambda )V(\mu )V_z,\mathrm{\Phi }_\lambda ^{\mu V^{}}(z):V(\lambda )V(\mu )V_z^S.`$
They are intertwiners in the sense that for any $`xU_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$,

$`\mathrm{\Theta }(z)x=\mathrm{\Delta }(x)\mathrm{\Theta }(z),\mathrm{\Theta }(z)=\mathrm{\Phi }(z),\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z),`$ (A.9)
the grading of these operators is :$`[\mathrm{\Theta }(z)]=0`$. $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)`$ is called type I (dual) vertex operator . We expend the vertex operator as

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)={\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2,3}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }(z)_jv_j,\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z)={\displaystyle \underset{j=1,2,3}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z)_jv_j^S.`$ (A.10)
Define the operators $`\varphi _j(z),\varphi _j^{}(z),\psi _j(z)`$ and $`\psi _j^{}(z)`$ $`(j=1,2,3)`$ by

$`\varphi _3(z)=:e^{h_2^{}(q^2z;\frac{1}{2})+c(q^2z;0)}:e^{i\pi a_0^2},`$ (A.11)
$`\varphi _2(z)=[\varphi _3(z),X_0^{,2}]_{q^1},\varphi _1(z)=[\varphi _2(z),X_0^{,1}]_q,`$ (A.12)
$`\varphi _1^{}(z)=:e^{h_1^{}(qz;\frac{1}{2})}:e^{i\pi a_0^2},`$ (A.13)
$`\varphi _2^{}(z)=q^1[\varphi _1^{}(z),X_0^{,1}]_q,\varphi _3^{}(z)=q^1[\varphi _2^{}(z),X_0^{,2}]_q,`$ (A.14)
where $`h_m^1=h_m^2`$, $`h_m^2=h_m^1\frac{[2m]}{[m]}h_m^2`$ and $`Q_{h^1}=Q_{h^2}`$, $`Q_{h^2}=Q_{h^1}2Q_{h^2}`$. Since the operator $`\varphi _i(z)`$, $`\varphi _i^{}(z)`$ commute (or anti-commute) with $`\eta _0`$, we define

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i(z)=\eta _0\xi _0\varphi _i(z)\eta _0\xi _0,\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z)=\eta _0\xi _0\varphi _i^{}(z)\eta _0\xi _0.`$ (A.15)
According , the vertex operators $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z)`$ (A.10) given by (A.15) are the only type I vertex operators of $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$ which intertwine the level-one irreducible highest weight $`U_q[\widehat{sl(2|1)}]`$-modules $`V(\mu _\alpha )`$ $`(\alpha 𝐙)`$

$`\mathrm{\Phi }(z):V(\mu _\alpha )V(\mu _{\alpha 1})V_z,\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(z):V(\mu _\alpha )V(\mu _{\alpha +1})V_z^s.`$
It is shown  that the above vertex operators satisfy the graded Faddeev-Zamolodchikov algebra

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z_2)\mathrm{\Phi }_i(z_1)={\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}R({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})_{ij}^{kl}\mathrm{\Phi }_k(z_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_l(z_2)(1)^{[i][j]},`$ (A.16)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_j^{}(z_2)\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z_1)={\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}R({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})_{kl}^{ij}\mathrm{\Phi }_k^{}(z_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_l^{}(z_2)(1)^{[i][j]},`$ (A.17)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z_2)\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(z_1)={\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}\overline{R}({\displaystyle \frac{z_1}{z_2}})_{ij}^{kl}\mathrm{\Phi }_k^{}(z_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_l(z_2)(1)^{[k][l]},`$ (A.18)
where $`\overline{R}(z)=R^{1,st_1}(z)`$. Moreover, the vertex operators having the following invertibility relations

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i(z)\mathrm{\Phi }_j^{}|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )}=(1)^{[j]}\delta _{ij}id_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )},`$ (A.19)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}(1)^{[k]}\mathrm{\Phi }_k^{}(z)\mathrm{\Phi }_k(z)|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )}=id|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\alpha )}},`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i^{}(zq^2)\mathrm{\Phi }_j(z)|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )}=\delta _{ij}q^{2\rho _i}id|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )},`$ (A.20)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}q^{2\rho _k}\mathrm{\Phi }_k(z)\mathrm{\Phi }_k^{}(zq^2)|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )}=id|_{V(\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha )}.`$
## Appendix B Appendix B

In this appendix, we give the normal ordering relations of fundamental bosonic fields:

$`e^{h_1(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1(z_2;\beta _2)}=(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)+1}z_2)(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)1}z_2):e^{h_1(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_1(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2(z_2;\beta _2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2}}:e^{h_1(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_2(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1(z_2;\beta _2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2}}:e^{h_2(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_2(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2(z_2;\beta _2)}=:e^{h_2(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_i(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_j^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}=(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2)^{\delta _{ij}}:e^{h_i(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_j^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_i^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_j(z_2;\beta _2)}=(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2)^{\delta _{ij}}:e^{h_i^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_j(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_1^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}=:e^{h_1^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_1^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2}}:e^{h_1^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_2^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2}}:e^{h_2^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_1^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{h_2^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)+1}z_2)(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)1}z_2)}}:e^{h_2^{}(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{h_2^{}(z_2;\beta _2)}:,`$
$`e^{c(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{c(z_2;\beta _2)}=(z_1q^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}z_2):e^{c(z_1;\beta _1)}e^{c(z_2;\beta _2)}:.`$
## Appendix C Appendix C

We here summarize the formulas concerning coherent states of bosons which have been used in section 5.

The coherent states $`|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>`$ and $`<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|`$ in the Fock space $`F_{(0;\beta )}`$ and its dual space $`F_{(0;\beta )}^{}`$ are defined by

$`|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>=exp\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{[m]^2}}\zeta _m^ih_m^i+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{[m]^2}}\zeta _m^3c_m\right\}|\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0>,`$ (C.1)
$`<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|=<\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0|exp\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{[m]^2}}\overline{\zeta }_m^ih_m^i+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{m}{[m]^2}}\overline{\zeta }^3c_m\right\}`$ (C.2)
where $`\zeta _m^l`$ and $`\overline{\zeta }_m^l`$ $`(l=1,2,3,m=1,2,\mathrm{})`$ are complex conjugate parameters.

Noting that

$`h_m^i|\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0>=0,<\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0|h_m^i=0,i=1,2,m1,`$
$`c_m|\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0>=0,<\beta ,\beta ,\beta ,0|c_m=0,m1,`$
one can easily verify

$`h_m^i|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>=\zeta _m^i|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>,<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|h_m^i=\overline{\zeta }_m^i<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|,i=1,2,`$
$`c_m|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>=\zeta _m^3|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>,<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|c_m=\overline{\zeta }_m^3<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|.`$
One can also show that the coherent states $`\{|\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3>\}`$ (resp. $`<\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|\}`$) form a complete basis in Fock space $`F_{(0;\beta )})`$ (resp. $`F_{(0;\beta )}^{}`$). Namely, one can verify the completeness relation

$`id_{F_{(0;\beta )}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{d\zeta _m^1d\overline{\zeta }_m^1d\zeta _m^2d\overline{\zeta }_m^2d\zeta _m^3d\overline{\zeta }_m^3}{\frac{[m]^2}{m}det(\frac{[a_{ij}m][m]}{m})}exp\left\{\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\frac{K_{ij}(m)m}{[m]}\zeta _m^i\overline{\zeta }_m^j\right\}}`$ (C.3)
$`\times |\zeta ^1,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3><\overline{\zeta }^1,\overline{\zeta }^2,\overline{\zeta }^3|,`$
where $`K_{ij}(n)`$ is a $`2\times 2`$ matrix satisfying

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{2}{}}}K_{il}(n)[a_{lj}n]=\delta _{ij}.`$
One may also derive the following identity

$`{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\zeta _m^1d\overline{\zeta }_m^1d\zeta _m^2d\overline{\zeta }_m^2d\zeta _m^3d\overline{\zeta }_m^3}{\frac{[m]^2}{m}det(\frac{[a_{ij}m][m]}{m})}}exp\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\lambda _m(\overline{\zeta }_m^1,\overline{\zeta }_m^2,\overline{\zeta }_m^3,\zeta _m^1,\zeta _m^2,\zeta _m^3)𝒜_m\left(\begin{array}{c}\overline{\zeta }_m^1\hfill \\ \overline{\zeta }_m^2\hfill \\ \overline{\zeta }_m^3\hfill \\ \zeta _m^1\hfill \\ \zeta _m^2\hfill \\ \zeta _m^3\hfill \end{array}\right)`$ (C.10)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\overline{\zeta }_m^1,\overline{\zeta }_m^2,\overline{\zeta }_m^3,\zeta _m^1,\zeta _m^2,\zeta _m^3)_m\}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(det𝒜_m)^{\frac{1}{2}}exp\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{[m]^2}{m}}det\left({\displaystyle \frac{[a_{ij}m][m]}{m}}\right)_m^t𝒜_m^1_m\right\},`$ (C.11)
where $`𝒜_m`$ are invertible constant $`6\times 6`$ matrices and $`_m`$ are constant $`6`$ component vectors.


text:
# Electronic properties of single and coupled anisotropic quantum dots in a magnetic field, spin interactions and switching.

## I Introduction.

The last decade has seen a great interest in quantum dots, i.e. little islands of electron gas confined by an artificial potential (see Ref. ). One of the most challenging proposals concerning QD is the idea of using the electron spin in quantum dots as the basic information carrier (the qubit) in a quantum computer (see, for example, Ref. ). Quantum logic gates between these qubits are effected by allowing the electrons to tunnel between two coupled quantum dots. For the application of coupled quantum dots as a quantum gate, it is important that the coupling between the spins can be switched on and off via externally controlled parameters such as magnetic field and interdot distance. In the recent paper of G.Burcard et al.2 the spin interaction for two laterally coupled isotropic QD defined in a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) was calculated as a function of these external parameters and it was shown that the interaction $`J`$ can be switched on and off with exponential sensivity to that parameters. In the present paper, we consider a different setup consisting of two laterally coupled anisotropic quantum dots with a magnetic field applied perpendicular to that 2DES (see Fig.1). We especially interested in calculation of interaction $`J`$ as a function of anisotropy of the QD since our proposal is to switch on and off the interaction $`J`$ by changing shape of the QD, e.g. by applying gate voltage to each quantum dot. We note that in the setup being proposed in Ref.  it was assumed that the interdot distance is controlled by varying the barrier height between the QD. In real experimental setup varying the barrier height might lead to changing shape of the QD from circular to elliptic. Also, probably in future quantum computers based on large integrated circuts of QD it will be simplier to change shape of the QD (and, in case of neceserrity, interdot distance), than change interdot distance alone, preserving circular shape of the QD. This is one of the reasons which motivated our study.

In order to study coupled anisotropic quantum dots, one needs to find firstly the eigenstates of a single electron in a single anisotropic quantum dot in a magnetic field. The latter problem is of fundamental interest in mesoscopic physics. Surprisingly, it seems that this important problem was not solved so far.

The eigenstates of a single two-dimensional electron confined by a radial potential of the form $`\frac{1}{2}m_e\omega ^2r^2`$ with a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the system are called Fock-Darwin states. That system was investigated by Fock3 and Darwin4 a long time ago. The system where an electron is confined by an anisotropic potential of the form $`\frac{1}{2}m_e(\omega _x^2x^2+\omega _y^2y^2)`$ was studied only recently by A.V. Madhav and Tapash Chakraborty.5 Their studies were motivated, in particular, by the experiments on anisotropic quantum dots (see Ref. ). They obtained energy eigenvalues of the system, but not the eigenfunctions of it. In their paper, the transformation of coordinates and momenta of the system was performed. In the new Hamiltonian, variables are separated and one can easily obtain both the energy eigenvalues and the eigenstates of the system. However, in order to obtain the eigenstates of the system in old (initial) coordinates, one needs to transform the eigenfunctions of the new Hamiltonian. It was not done in Ref. . In the section II of the present paper, we performed such a transformation and obtained exact analytical expressions for the eigenstates of that system. Note that the system of an anisotropic quantum dot in a magnetic field was considered also in Ref. , where only approximate solution for the ground state of the system was obtained (see Appendix D in that paper). In the section III we study coupled anisotropic QD using expressions obtained in section II. Following Ref. , we employ Heitler-London approximation and Hund-Mulliken approach. In section IV we give brief conclusion.

## II Single anisotropic quantum dot.

Let us consider a single electron in a lateral anisotropic parabolic confinement potential in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. The Hamiltonian is

$$=\frac{1}{2m_e}\left[p\frac{e}{c}A\right]^2+V_{conf}(x,y),$$
(1)
where $`m_e`$ is the effective mass of the electron and the confinement potential is

$$V_{conf}(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}m_e(\omega _x^2x^2+\omega _y^2y^2).$$
(2)
Choosing the symmetric gauge vector potential $`A=\frac{1}{2}B(y,x,0)`$, we get

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_e}}[p_x^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2x^2+p_y^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2y^2+m_e\omega _c(yp_xxp_y)],`$ (3)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{1,2}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_e^2(\omega _{x,y}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\omega _c^2),`$ (4)
$`\omega _c`$ $`=`$ $`eB/m_ec.`$ (5)
Following Ref. , we make the following transformations:

$`x`$ $`=`$ $`\mu q_1+\eta p_2,`$ (6)
$`y`$ $`=`$ $`\mu q_2+\eta p_1,`$ (7)
$`p_x`$ $`=`$ $`\mu p_1\zeta q_2,`$ (8)
$`p_y`$ $`=`$ $`\mu p_2\zeta q_1,`$ (9)
where

$`\mu `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2}}{\mathrm{\Omega }_3\sqrt{2}}},\eta ={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2}}{\mathrm{\Omega }_3\sqrt{\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2}}},`$ (10)
$`\zeta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{(\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2)(\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)}}{2\mathrm{\Omega }_3}},`$ (11)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2`$ $`=`$ $`[(\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)^2+2m_e^2\omega _c^2(\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)]^{1/2}.`$ (12)
The transformations (7) are consistent with the commutation relations $`[p_i,q_j]=i\mathrm{}\delta _{ij},[q_i,q_j]=0`$ and the resulting Hamiltonian is diagonal (see also Ref. ) :

$$H=\frac{1}{2m}(\alpha _1^2p_1^2+\alpha _2^2p_2^2+\beta _1^2q_1^2+\beta _2^2q_2^2),$$
(13)
where

$`\alpha _1^2={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+3\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2}{2(\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)}},\beta _1^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(3\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2),`$ (14)
$`\alpha _2^2={\displaystyle \frac{3\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2}{2(\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2)}},\beta _2^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\mathrm{\Omega }_1^2+3\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2).`$ (15)
One can easily obtain eigenvalues and eigenstates of the Hamiltonian:

$`E_{m,n}`$ $`=`$ $`(m+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})\mathrm{}\omega _1+(n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})\mathrm{}\omega _2,`$ (17)
$`\psi _{m,n}(q_1,q_2)`$ $`=`$ $`c_{m,n}e^{\frac{\gamma _1^2q_1^2}{2}}e^{\frac{\gamma _2^2q_2^2}{2}}\mathrm{H}_m(\gamma _1q_1)\mathrm{H}_n(\gamma _2q_2),`$ (18)
where $`c_{m,n}=\left(\frac{\gamma _1\gamma _2}{\pi 2^{m+n}m!n!}\right)^{1/2}`$, $`\omega _i=\alpha _i\beta _i/m_e`$, $`\gamma _i^2=\beta _i/(\alpha _i\mathrm{})`$, $`\mathrm{H}_\mathrm{k}`$ is the Hermit polynomial. The question is how one can return back to coordinates (x,y), i.e. how to obtain eigenstates $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{m,n}(x,y)`$ of the Hamiltonian (4).

Since $`\psi (q_1,q_2)q_1,q_2|\mathrm{\Psi }`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }(x,y)x,y|\mathrm{\Psi }`$, and $`|\mathrm{\Psi }=_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}𝑑q_1𝑑q_2|q_1,q_2\psi (q_1,q_2),`$ we have the following formula for the eigenstates $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{m,n}(x,y)`$:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{m,n}(x,y)=_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}𝑑q_1𝑑q_2x,y|q_1,q_2\psi _{m,n}(q_1,q_2)$$
(19)
Let us denote $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2)=x,y|q_1,q_2`$. Function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2)`$ is the eigenstate of operators $`\widehat{q}_1,\widehat{q}_2`$ in the (x,y) representation and should obey the following relations:

$`\widehat{q}_1\mathrm{\Phi }=[\mu \widehat{x}\eta \widehat{p}_y]\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`q_1\mathrm{\Phi },`$ (20)
$`\widehat{q}_2\mathrm{\Phi }=[\mu \widehat{y}\eta \widehat{p}_x]\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`=`$ $`q_2\mathrm{\Phi }.`$ (21)
On the other hand, $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(x,y,q_1,q_2)=q_1,q_2|x,y`$ (’\*’ denotes complex conjugating) and therefore it should obey the following relations:

$`\widehat{x}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=[\mu \widehat{q}_1+\eta \widehat{p}_2]\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`x\mathrm{\Phi }^{},`$ (22)
$`\widehat{y}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=[\mu \widehat{q}_2+\eta \widehat{p}_2]\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ $`=`$ $`y\mathrm{\Phi }^{}.`$ (23)
Therefore, we finally have the following system of differential equations defining $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2)`$:

$$\{\begin{array}{ccc}(i\mathrm{}\eta \frac{}{y}+\mu x)\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2)\hfill & =& q_1\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2),\hfill \\ (i\mathrm{}\eta \frac{}{x}+\mu y)\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2)\hfill & =& q_2\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2),\hfill \\ (i\mathrm{}\eta \frac{}{q_2}+\mu q_1)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(x,y,q_1,q_2)\hfill & =& x\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(x,y,q_1,q_2),\hfill \\ (i\mathrm{}\eta \frac{}{q_1}+\mu q_2)\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(x,y,q_1,q_2)\hfill & =& y\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(x,y,q_1,q_2).\hfill \end{array}$$

One can find that solution of this system has the following form:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y,q_1,q_2)=C\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{i}{\eta \mathrm{}}(\mu xy+\mu q_1q_2q_1yq_2x)\right\},$$
(24)
where C is a constant. From (24,19,18) we have

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{m,n}(x,y)=\widehat{c}_{m,n}e^{\frac{i\mu xy}{\eta \mathrm{}}}I_{m,n}(\gamma _1\nu x,\gamma _2\nu y),$$
(25)
where $`\widehat{c}_{m,n}=Cc_{m,n}/\gamma _1\gamma _2`$, $`\nu =(\mu ^2+\eta ^2\mathrm{}^2\gamma _1^2\gamma _2^2)^{1/2},and`$

$`I_{m,n}(z_1,z_2)`$ $`=`$ (26)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\psi _{m,n}({\displaystyle \frac{q_1}{\gamma _1}},{\displaystyle \frac{q_2}{\gamma _2}})`$ $`e`$ $`{}_{}{}^{i(\sigma q_1q_2q_2z_1dq_1z_2d)}dq_1dq_2,`$ (27)
where $`\sigma =\mu /(\eta \mathrm{}\gamma _1\gamma _2)`$, $`d=\sqrt{1+\sigma ^2}`$. Let us firstly find the ground state of our system $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{00}(x,y).`$ Diffirentiating expression for $`I_{00}(z_1,z_2)`$ over $`z_1`$ and $`z_2`$ and solving obtained diffirential equations, one can find that

$$I_{00}(z_1,z_2)=\widehat{C}_{00}e^{\frac{z_1^2}{2}\frac{z_2^2}{2}}e^{i\sigma z_1z_2},$$
(28)
where $`\widehat{C}_{00}`$ is a constant. Therefore, the ground state of the system is

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{00}(x,y)=C_{00}e^{\frac{i\mu xy}{\eta \mathrm{}}(1\nu ^2)}e^{\frac{\kappa _x^2x^2}{2}}e^{\frac{\kappa _y^2y^2}{2}},$$
(29)
where normalization constant is $`C_{00}=\sqrt{\frac{\kappa _x\kappa _y}{\pi }}`$, $`\kappa _x=\nu \gamma _1`$, $`\kappa _y=\nu \gamma _2`$. One can see that $`C\widehat{C}_{00}=\kappa _x\kappa _y/\nu `$. Let us now note that $`\mathrm{H}_n(q)=(2q)^n\frac{n(n1)}{1}(2q)^{n2}+\frac{n(n1)(n2)(n3)}{12}(2q)^{n4}..`$

Let $`L_k(z_1,z_2)=_{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}(2q_2)^kF(q_1,q_2,z_2)e^{iq_2z_1d}𝑑q_1𝑑q_2`$ , where $`F`$ is some function. One can see that

$$L_k(z_1,z_2)=\frac{2i}{d}\frac{L_{k1}}{z_1}=\mathrm{}=\left(\frac{2i}{d}\right)^k\frac{^kL_0}{z_1^k}.$$
(30)
A similar procedure for the coordinate $`z_2`$ can be executed. Now one can easily find the following expression for $`I_{m,n}(z_1,z_2):`$

$$I_{m,n}(z_1,z_2)=\widehat{D}_{z_2}^m\widehat{D}_{z_1}^nI_{00}(z_1,z_2),$$
(31)
where operators $`\widehat{D}_\alpha ^k`$ are defined as

$`\widehat{D}_\alpha ^k`$ $`=\mathrm{H}_k\left({\displaystyle \frac{i}{d}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\alpha }}\right)=`$ (32)
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{2i}{d}}\right)^k{\displaystyle \frac{^k}{\alpha ^k}}{\displaystyle \frac{k(k1)}{1}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2i}{d}}\right)^{k2}{\displaystyle \frac{^{k2}}{\alpha ^{k2}}}+\mathrm{}`$ (33)
So, we finally have the following expression for the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian (4):

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{m,n}(x,y)=\sqrt{\frac{\kappa _x\kappa _y}{\pi 2^{m+n}m!n!}}e^{\frac{i\mu xy}{\eta \mathrm{}}}\widehat{D}_{\kappa _yy}^m\widehat{D}_{\kappa _xx}^nI(x,y),$$
(34)
where $`I(x,y)=\mathrm{exp}\{\frac{\kappa _x^2x^2}{2}\frac{\kappa _y^2y^2}{2}i\sigma \kappa _x\kappa _yxy\}`$. The lowest excited states of the system are

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{01}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2\kappa _x\kappa _y}{\pi }}}(\sigma \kappa _yyi\kappa _xx)F_{00}(x,y),`$ (35)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{10}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2\kappa _x\kappa _y}{\pi }}}(\sigma \kappa _xxi\kappa _yy)F_{00}(x,y),`$ (36)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{11}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{d^2}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _x\kappa _y}{\pi }}}[\kappa _x\kappa _yxy(1\sigma ^2)+`$ (37)
$`+`$ $`i\sigma (\kappa _x^2x^2+\kappa _y^2y^2)i\sigma ]F_{00}(x,y),`$ (38)
where $`F_{00}(x,y)=e^{\frac{i\mu xy}{\eta \mathrm{}}(1\nu ^2)}e^{\frac{\kappa _x^2x^2}{2}\frac{\kappa _y^2y^2}{2}}=C_{00}^1\mathrm{\Psi }_{00}(x,y)`$. Note that in degenerate case of isotropic dot we have $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1=\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$, $`\nu =\sigma =1`$, and the eigenstates (36,29) coincide with the corresponding Fock-Darwin states.

## III Coupled anisotropic quantum dots.

### A Model.

The Hamiltonian which we use for the description of two laterally coupled quantum dots is

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,2}{}}h(𝐫_i,𝐩_i)+C,`$ (39)
$`h(𝐫,𝐩)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_e}}\left(𝐩{\displaystyle \frac{e}{c}}𝐀(𝐫)\right)^2+V(𝐫),`$ (40)
$`C`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{\kappa \left|𝐫_1𝐫_2\right|}},`$ (41)
where $`C`$ is the Coulomb interaction and $`h`$ is the single-particle Hamiltonian. The dielectric constant $`\kappa `$ and the effective mass $`m_e`$ are material parameters. For the lateral confinement V we choose the quartic potential

$$V(x,y)=\frac{m_e\omega _x^2}{8a^2}\left(x^2a^2\right)^2+\frac{m_e\omega _y^2}{2}y^2,$$
(42)
which separates (for $`x`$ around $`\pm a`$) into two anisotropic harmonic wells in the limit of large inter-dot distance, i.e. for $`2a2a_{Bx,y}`$ , where $`a`$ is half the distance between the centers of the dots, and the lateral effective Bohr radii $`a_{Bx,y}=\sqrt{\mathrm{}/m_e\omega _{x,y}}`$ are a measure for the lateral extension of the electron wave function in the dots (see Fig. 1). In Ref.  the potential similar to (42) was considered, but there $`\omega _x=\omega _y=\omega _0`$. It was also shown in Ref.  that spin-orbit contribution and Zeeman splitting can be neglected in relevant cases. For material parameters, we choose that of GaAs ($`\kappa =13.1`$, $`m_e=0.067m`$, where m is the mass of the electron).

### B Heitler-London approach.

Here we consider firstly the Heitler-London approximation, and than refine this approach by including (see subsection C) double occupancy in a Hund-Mulliken approach. In the Heitler-London approach, one starts from single-dot ground-state coordinate wavefunctions $`\phi (𝐫)`$ and combines them into the (anti-) symmetric two-particle state vector

$$|\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm =\frac{|12\pm |21}{\sqrt{2(1\pm S^2)}},$$
(43)
the positive (negative) sign corresponding to the spin singlet (triplet) state, and $`S=d^2r\phi _{+a}^{}(𝐫)\phi _𝐚(𝐫)=\mathrm{𝟐}|\mathrm{𝟏}`$ denoting the overlap of the right and left orbitals. A non-vanishing overlap implies that the electrons tunnel between the dots (see also Ref. ). Here, $`\phi _a(𝐫)=𝐫|\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`\phi _{+a}(𝐫)=𝐫|\mathrm{𝟐}`$ denote the one-particle orbitals centered at $`𝐫=(𝐚,\mathrm{𝟎})`$, and $`|ij=|i|j`$ are two-particle product states. The exchange energy is then obtained as $`J=ϵ_\mathrm{t}ϵ_\mathrm{s}=\mathrm{\Psi }_{}|H|\mathrm{\Psi }_{}\mathrm{\Psi }_+|H|\mathrm{\Psi }_+`$. The single-dot orbital for anisotropic harmonic confinement in two dimensions in a perpendicular magnetic field is the ground state being obtained in section II. The ground state centered at the origin is

$$\phi (x,y)=\sqrt{\frac{\kappa _x\kappa _y}{\pi }}e^{i\gamma xy}e^{\kappa _x^2x^2/2}e^{\kappa _y^2y^2/2},$$
(44)
where $`\gamma =\mu (1\nu ^2)/\eta \mathrm{}`$, $`\kappa _x`$ and $`\kappa _y`$ were introduced in section II.

Shifting the single particle orbitals to $`(\pm a,0)`$ in the presence of a magnetic field we obtain $`\phi _{\pm a}(x,y)=\mathrm{exp}(\pm iya/2l_B^2)\phi (xa,y)`$. The phase factor involving the magnetic length $`l_B=\sqrt{\mathrm{}c/eB}`$ is due to the gauge transformation $`𝐀_{\pm a}=B(y,xa,0)/2𝐀=B(y,x,0)/2`$ (see also Ref. ). We rewrite the Hamiltonian, adding and subtracting the potential of the single left (right) dot for electron 1(2) in $`H`$. The Hamiltonian then takes the form $`H=h_a^0(𝐫_1)+h_{+a}^0(𝐫_2)+W+C`$, where $`h_{\pm a}^0(𝐫_i)=(𝐩_ie𝐀(𝐫_i)/c)^2/2m_e+m_e\omega _x^2(x_ia)^2/2+m_e\omega _y^2y_i^2/2`$, and $`W(𝐫_\mathrm{𝟏},𝐫_\mathrm{𝟐})=_{i=1,2}V(x_i,y_i)m_e\omega _x^2((x_1+a)^2+(x_2a)^2)/2m_e\omega _y^2(y_1^2+y_2^2)/2`$. The formal expression for $`J`$ is now

$$J=\frac{2S^2}{1S^4}\left(12|C+W|12\frac{\mathrm{Re}12|C+W|21}{S^2}\right),$$
(45)
where the overlap becomes $`S=\mathrm{exp}(\kappa _x^2a^2\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2)`$. Here we denoted $`l_\gamma =(a\gamma a/2l_B^2)^1`$. Evaluation of the matrix elements of $`C`$ and $`W`$ provides us with the result,

$`J`$ $`=`$ $`[c\kappa _ye^{\kappa _x^2a^2}\mathrm{K}(1\kappa _y^2\kappa _x^2)\mathrm{I}_0(\kappa _x^2a^2)`$ (46)
$``$ $`c\kappa _xe^{\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2}\mathrm{K}\left(1\kappa _x^2\kappa _y^2\right)\mathrm{I}_0(\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2)`$ (47)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_e\omega _x^2}{\kappa _x^2}}(\kappa _x^2a^2+1)]/\mathrm{sinh}(2\kappa _x^2a^2+2\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2),`$ (48)
where $`c=\sqrt{2/\pi }e^2/\kappa `$, $`\mathrm{K}`$ is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind, and $`\mathrm{I}_0`$ is the zeroth order Bessel function. The first and second term in Eq.(48) are due to Coulomb interaction $`C`$, where the exchange term enters with a minus sign. The last term comes from the confinement potential $`W`$. Note that in the degenerate case of isotropic QD our result coincide with that being obtained in Ref. .

We plotted $`J`$ as a function of $`\omega _y`$ and $`\omega _x`$ at different values of magnetic field $`B`$ in Fig. 2. Note singlet-triplet crossing ($`J=0`$) at certain parameters of the system.

### C Hund-Mulliken approach.

Following Ref. , we now apply the Hund-Mulliken approach to calculate the exchange energy of the double-dot system. We introduce the orthonormalized one-particle wave functions $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a}=(\phi _\pm g\phi _a)/\sqrt{12Sg+g^2}`$, where $`S`$ again denotes the overlap of $`\phi _a`$ with $`\phi _{+a}`$ and $`g=(1\sqrt{1S^2})/S`$. Using $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a}`$, we generate four basis functions to which we diagonalize the two-particle Hamiltonian $`H`$: the states with double occupation, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\pm a}^\mathrm{d}(𝐫_\mathrm{𝟏},𝐫_\mathrm{𝟐})=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a}(𝐫_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a}(𝐫_2)`$ and the states with single occupation, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\pm ^\mathrm{s}(𝐫_1,𝐫_2)=[\mathrm{\Phi }_{+a}(𝐫_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_a(𝐫_2)\pm \mathrm{\Phi }_a(𝐫_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_{+a}(𝐫_2)]/\sqrt{2}`$. Diagonalization of

$$H=2ϵ+\left(\begin{array}{cccc}U& X& \sqrt{2}t_\mathrm{H}& 0\\ X& U& \sqrt{2}t_\mathrm{H}& 0\\ \sqrt{2}t_\mathrm{H}& \sqrt{2}t_\mathrm{H}& V_+& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& V_{}\end{array}\right)$$
(49)
yields the eigenvalues $`ϵ_{\mathrm{s}\pm }=2ϵ+U_\mathrm{H}/2+V_+\pm \sqrt{U_\mathrm{H}^2/4+4t_\mathrm{H}^2}`$, $`ϵ_{\mathrm{s0}}=2ϵ+U_\mathrm{H}2X+V_+`$ (singlet), and $`ϵ_\mathrm{t}=2ϵ+V_{}`$ (triplet), where the following quantities were introduced :

$`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a}|h|\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a},`$ (50)
$`t_\mathrm{H}`$ $`=`$ $`tw=\mathrm{\Phi }_{\pm a}|h|\mathrm{\Phi }_a\mathrm{\Psi }_+^\mathrm{s}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_{\pm a}^\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{2},`$ (51)
$`V`$ $`=`$ $`V_{}V_+=\mathrm{\Psi }_{}^\mathrm{s}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_{}^\mathrm{s}\mathrm{\Psi }_+^\mathrm{s}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_+^\mathrm{s},`$ (52)
$`X`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\pm a}^\mathrm{d}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_a^\mathrm{d},`$ (53)
$`U_\mathrm{H}`$ $`=`$ $`UV_++X`$ (54)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\pm a}^\mathrm{d}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_{\pm a}^\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Psi }_+^\mathrm{s}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_+^\mathrm{s}+\mathrm{\Psi }_{\pm a}^\mathrm{d}|C|\mathrm{\Psi }_a^\mathrm{d},`$ (55)
The exchange energy is the gap between the lowest singlet and the triplet state

$$J=ϵ_\mathrm{t}ϵ_\mathrm{s}=V\frac{U_\mathrm{H}}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{U_\mathrm{H}^2+16t_\mathrm{H}^2}.$$
(56)
The results of evaluation of matrix elements are given in Appendix. We plotted resulted $`J`$ as a function of $`\omega _y`$ and $`\omega _x`$ at different values of magnetic field $`B`$ in Fig. 3.

## IV Concluding remarks.

In summary, we obtained the eigenstates of two-dimensional anisotropic oscillator in a magnetic field (Eq. (34)) which in degenerate isotropic case become the well-known Fock-Darwin states. We used obtained analytical expressions to study a system of two coupled elliptic QD in a magnetic field. We have calculated the exchange energy $`J(B,a,\omega _x,\omega _y)`$ between spins of coupled QD as a function of magnetic field, interdot distance and parameters $`\omega _x,\omega _y`$ defining shape of a single quantum dot. We have shown that by varying $`\omega _x`$ or $`\omega _y`$ the exchange coupling $`J`$ can be switched on and off. This opens up the alternative way (compared to that being investigated in Ref. ) of performing quantum computing operations using coupled QD as quantum gates. In the present paper, we didn’t consider spin-orbit contribution, Zeeman splitting and interplay between nonadiabaticity of varying the system parameters and excitation of higher energy levels. We consider these questions in a separate paper (see Ref. ). We emphasize that our results can easily be applied to the system of two vertically coupled three-dimensional QD with in-plane magnetic field $`B`$ being studied in Ref. , since the Hamiltonian of that problem separates on $`B`$-independent part, which is merely a harmonic oscillator, and $`B`$-dependent part which actually coincides with the Hamiltonian of two laterally coupled anisotropic QD being studied in the present paper.

To conclude, we believe that our results bring closer the day the first quantum computer9-20 will begin to work.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Marat Khalili for illuminating discussions. This work was supported in part by grant RFBR 00-01-00538.

## A Hund-Mulliken matrix elements

Here, we give the explicit expressions for the matrix elements defined in Eqs. (49) and (52). The single-particle matrix elements are given by

$`ϵ={\displaystyle \frac{3}{32}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_e\omega _x^2}{\kappa _x^4a^2}}`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{S^2}{1S^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_e\omega _x^2}{\kappa _x^2}}\left(1+\kappa _x^2a^2\right)+`$ (A1)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}\alpha _1\beta _1}{2m_e}}`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}\alpha _2\beta _2}{2m_e}},`$ (A2)
$`t`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{S}{1S^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_e\omega _x^2}{\kappa _x^2}}\left(1+\kappa _x^2a^2\right),`$ (A3)
where $`S=\mathrm{exp}(\kappa _x^2a^2\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2)`$.

The (two-particle) Coulomb matrix elements are formally equal to that given in Ref. , where only $`F_i`$ have to be changed. We give here the complete set of expressions for convenience:

$`V_+`$ $`=`$ $`cN^4(4g^2(1+S^2)F_1+(1+g^2)^2F_2`$ (A4)
$`+`$ $`4g^2F_316g^2F_4),`$ (A5)
$`V_{}`$ $`=`$ $`cN^4(1g^2)^2(F_2S^2F_3),`$ (A6)
$`U`$ $`=`$ $`cN^4((1+g^4+2g^2S^2)F_1+2g^2F_2`$ (A7)
$`+`$ $`2g^2S^2F_38g^2F_4),`$ (A8)
$`X`$ $`=`$ $`cN^4[((1+g^4)S^2+2g^2)F_1+2g^2F_2`$ (A9)
$`+`$ $`2g^2S^2F_38g^2F_4],`$ (A10)
$`w`$ $`=`$ $`cN^4(g(1+g^2)(1+S^2)F_1g(1+g^2)F_2`$ (A11)
$``$ $`g(1+g^2)S^2F_3+(1+6g^2+g^4)SF_4),`$ (A12)
with $`N=1/\sqrt{12Sg+g^2}`$, $`c=\frac{e^2}{\kappa }\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }}`$, and $`g=(1\sqrt{1S^2})/S`$. Here, we make use of the functions

$`F_1`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _x\mathrm{K}\left(1\kappa _x^2\kappa _y^2\right),`$ (A13)
$`F_2`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _y\mathrm{K}\left(1\kappa _y^2\kappa _x^2\right)e^{\kappa _x^2a^2}\mathrm{I}_0\left(\kappa _x^2a^2\right),`$ (A14)
$`F_3`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _x\mathrm{K}\left(1\kappa _x^2\kappa _y^2\right)e^{\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2}\mathrm{I}_0\left(\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2\right),`$ (A15)
$`F_4`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _x\mathrm{K}(1\kappa _x^2\kappa _y^2)e^{\frac{\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2\kappa _x^2a^2}{4}}\times `$ (A16)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1)^k\mathrm{I}_{2k}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _x^2a^2+\kappa _y^2l_\gamma ^2}{4}}\right)\mathrm{I}_{2k}\left(i{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _xa}{2\kappa _yl_\gamma }}\right),`$ (A17)
where $`\mathrm{I}_n`$ denotes the Bessel function of $`n`$-th order.

Figure captions.

Figure 1. Two coupled anisotropic QD with one valence electron per dot. Each electron is confined to the xy plane. The magnetic field $`B`$ is perpendicular to the plane, i.e. along the z axis. The quartic potential $`V(x,y)`$ is given in Eq. (42) and is used to model the coupling of two anisotropic harmonic wells centered at $`(\pm a,0,0)`$.

Figure 2. Exchange energy $`J`$ in units of meV plotted against anisotropy $`\omega _y/\omega _x`$, as obtained from Heitler-London approximation. Upper graph: $`\omega _x`$ was fixed ($`\mathrm{}\omega _x=3`$ meV), $`\omega _y`$ was varied; interdot distance $`a`$=0.7 $`a_{Bx}`$. Bottom graph: $`\omega _y`$ was fixed ($`\mathrm{}\omega _y=3`$ meV), $`\omega _x`$ was varied; interdot distance a is the same as in the upper graph. For both graphs, solid line: magnetic field $`B`$=0.8T; dashed-dot line: $`B`$=1.2T; dotted line: $`B`$=4T.

Figure 3. Exchange energy $`J`$ in units of meV plotted against anisotropy $`\omega _y/\omega _x`$, as obtained from Hund-Mulliken approach. Upper graph: $`\omega _x`$ was fixed ($`\mathrm{}\omega _x=3`$ meV), $`\omega _y`$ was varied; interdot distance $`a`$=0.7 $`a_{Bx}`$. Bottom graph: $`\omega _y`$ was fixed ($`\mathrm{}\omega _y=3`$ meV), $`\omega _x`$ was varied; interdot distance a is the same as in the upper graph. Solid line: $`B`$=0.8 T; dashed-dot line: $`B`$=1.2 T; dotted line: $`B`$=4 T.