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# GENERALIZED LIE BIALGEBRAS AND JACOBI STRUCTURES ON LIE GROUPS

## 1 Introduction

A Jacobi structure on a manifold $`M`$ is a 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and a vector field $`E`$ on $`M`$ such that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`[E,\mathrm{\Lambda }]=0`$, where $`[,]`$ is the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket . If $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold one can define a bracket of functions, the Jacobi bracket, in such a way that the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ endowed with the Jacobi bracket is a local Lie algebra in the sense of Kirillov . Conversely, a local Lie algebra structure on $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ induces a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ . Jacobi manifolds are natural generalizations of Poisson, contact and locally conformal symplectic manifolds.

A category with close relations to Jacobi geometry is that of Lie algebroids. In fact, if $`M`$ is an arbitrary manifold, the vector bundle $`TM\times \text{}M`$ possesses a natural Lie algebroid structure and, moreover, if $`M`$ is a Jacobi manifold then the 1-jet bundle $`T^{}M\times \text{}M`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure . However, as Vaisman proved in , the pair $`(TM\times \text{},T^{}M\times \text{})`$ is not a Lie bialgebroid in the sense of Mackenzie and Xu  (or Kosmann-Schwarzbach ). This is an important difference with the Poisson case. Indeed, if $`M`$ is a Poisson manifold, the vector bundle $`T^{}MM`$ is a Lie algebroid  and, in addition, if on the dual bundle $`TMM`$ we consider the natural Lie algebroid structure then the pair $`(TM,T^{}M)`$ is a Lie bialgebroid .

The above results (about the relation between Jacobi structures and Lie bialgebroids) and some suitable examples of linear Jacobi structures on vector bundles obtained in  motivated the introduction, in , of the definition of a generalized Lie bialgebroid, a generalization of the notion of a Lie bialgebroid. A generalized Lie bialgebroid is a pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$, where $`A`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$, $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle in the Lie algebroid cohomology complex of $`A`$ with trivial coefficients, $`A^{}`$ is the dual bundle to $`A`$ which admits a Lie algebroid structure and $`X_0`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`A^{}`$. Moreover, the Lie algebroids $`A`$ and $`A^{}`$ and the 1-cocycles $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ must satisfy some compatibility conditions. When $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ are zero, we recover the notion of a Lie bialgebroid. In addition, if $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold we proved that the pair $`((TM\times \text{},\varphi _0),(T^{}M\times \text{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid, where $`\varphi _0=(0,1)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{})`$ and $`X_0=(E,0)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})`$. Other relations between generalized Lie bialgebroids and Jacobi structures were discussed in .

A generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra if the base space $`M`$ is a single point or, in other words, if $`A`$ is a real Lie algebra $`g`$ of finite dimension. In , we started the study of generalized Lie bialgebras. In particular, we proved that examples of them can be obtained from algebraic Jacobi structures on a Lie algebra. On the other hand, we remark that a generalized Lie bialgebra $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ such that the 1-cocycles $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ are zero is just a Lie bialgebra in the sense of Drinfeld . We also recall that there is a one-to-one correspondence between Lie bialgebras and connected simply connected Poisson Lie groups (see ).

The aim of this paper is to continue the study of generalized Lie bialgebras and, more precisely, to discuss some relations between them and certain types of Jacobi structures on Lie groups. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall several definitions and results about Jacobi manifolds and generalized Lie bialgebroids which will be used in the sequel. In Section 3, we show that generalized Lie bialgebras are closely related with Jacobi structures. In fact, we prove that the first ones can be considered as the infinitesimal invariants of Lie groups endowed with special Jacobi structures (see Theorems 3.10 and 3.12). In Section 4, we propose a method to obtain generalized Lie bialgebras (it is a generalization of the well-known Yang-Baxter equation method for Lie bialgebras). As a consequence, we deduce that generalized Lie bialgebras can be obtained from algebraic Jacobi structures on a Lie algebra. These results allow us to give, in Section 5, several examples. In particular, using convenient algebraic contact (locally conformal symplectic) structures, we obtain interesting examples of generalized Lie bialgebras. In Section 6, we describe the structure of a generalized Lie bialgebra $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ such that $`g`$ is a compact Lie algebra and $`\varphi _00`$ or $`X_00`$. Finally, the paper closes with two Appendixes. In the first one, we discuss some relations between algebraic Jacobi structures and contact (respectively, locally conformal symplectic) Lie algebras. In the second one, we give a simple proof of the following assertion: if $`h`$ is a compact contact Lie algebra of dimension $`3`$ then $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`su(2)`$. Moreover, we describe all the algebraic contact structures on $`su(2)`$. We use these results in Section 6. We remark that the aforementioned assertion may be deduced as a corollary of a more general theorem (about orthogonal contact Lie algebras) which was proved by Diatta in  (for more details, see Appendix B).

Notation: Throughout this paper, we will use the following notation. If $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold of dimension $`n`$, we will denote by $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ the algebra of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions on $`M`$, by $`\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)`$ the space of $`k`$-forms on $`M`$, by $`X(M)`$ the Lie algebra of vector fields, by $`\delta `$ the usual differential on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(M)=_k\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)`$ and by $`[,]`$ the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket (). On the other hand, if $`G`$ is a Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$, we will denote by $`e`$ the identity element of $`G`$, by $`L_g:GG`$ (respectively, $`R_g:GG`$) the left (respectively, right) translation by $`gG`$, by $`Ad:G\times ^kg^kg`$ the adjoint action of $`G`$ on $`^kg`$ and by $`ad:g\times ^kg^kg`$ the adjoint representation of $`g`$ on $`^kg`$, that is, $`ad=TAd`$. Moreover, if $`s^kg`$ then $`\overline{s}`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{s}`$) is the left (respectively, right) invariant $`k`$-vector on $`G`$ defined by $`\overline{s}(g)=(L_g)_{}(s)`$ (respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{s}(g)=(R_g)_{}(s)`$), for all $`gG`$, and if $`\widehat{P}`$ is a k-vector on $`G`$ then $`\widehat{P}_r:G^kg`$ is the map given by

$$\widehat{P}_r(g)=(R_{g^1})_{}(\widehat{P}(g)),\text{ for all }gG.$$
(1.1)
## 2 Generalized Lie bialgebroids and Jacobi structures

### 2.1 Jacobi structures and Lie algebroids

A Jacobi structure on $`M`$ is a pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a 2-vector and $`E`$ is a vector field on $`M`$ satisfying the following properties:

$$[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda },[E,\mathrm{\Lambda }]=0.$$
(2.1)
The manifold $`M`$ endowed with a Jacobi structure is called a Jacobi manifold. A bracket of functions (the Jacobi bracket) is defined by

$$\{f,g\}=\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta f,\delta g)+fE(g)gE(f),$$
(2.2)
for all $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. In fact, the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ endowed with the Jacobi bracket is a local Lie algebra in the sense of Kirillov (see ). Conversely, a structure of local Lie algebra on $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ defines a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ (see ). If the vector field $`E`$ identically vanishes then $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson manifold. Jacobi and Poisson manifolds were introduced by Lichnerowicz () (see also ).

A Lie algebroid $`A`$ over a manifold $`M`$ is a vector bundle $`A`$ over $`M`$ together with a Lie bracket $`[[,]]`$ on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ of the global cross sections of $`AM`$ and a bundle map $`\rho :ATM`$, called the anchor map, such that if we also denote by $`\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)X(M)`$ the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules induced by the anchor map then:

1. $`\rho :(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])(X(M),[,])`$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism and
2. for all $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, one has

$$[[X,fY]]=f[[X,Y]]+(\rho (X)(f))Y.$$

The triple $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is called a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ (see ).

A real Lie algebra of finite dimension is a Lie algebroid over a point. Another trivial example of a Lie algebroid is the triple $`(TM,[,],Id)`$, where $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold and $`Id:TMTM`$ is the identity map.

If $`A`$ is a Lie algebroid, the Lie bracket on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ can be extended to the so-called Schouten bracket $`[[,]]`$ on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A)=_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ of multi-sections of $`A`$ in such a way that $`(_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA),,[[,]])`$ is a graded Lie algebra.

On the other hand, imitating the usual differential on the space $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(M)`$, we define the differential of the Lie algebroid $`A`$, $`d:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+1}A^{})`$, as follows. For $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ and $`X_0,\mathrm{},X_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d\omega (X_0,\mathrm{},X_k)& =& \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^i\rho (X_i)(\omega (X_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},X_k))\hfill \\ & +& \underset{i<j}{}(1)^{i+j}\omega ([[X_i,X_j]],X_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_j,\mathrm{},X_k).\hfill \end{array}$$

Moreover, since $`d^2=0`$, we have the corresponding cohomology spaces. This cohomology is the Lie algebroid cohomology with trivial coefficients (see ).

Using the above definitions, it follows that a 1-cochain $`\varphi \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle if and only if $`\varphi [[X,Y]]=\rho (X)(\varphi (Y))\rho (Y)(\varphi (X))`$, for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$.

Next, we will consider two examples of Lie algebroids.

1.- The Lie algebroid $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$

If $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold, then the triple $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$, where $`\pi :TM\times \text{}TM`$ is the canonical projection over the first factor and \[ , \] is the bracket given by (see )

$$\text{[}(X,f),(Y,g)\text{]}=([X,Y],X(g)Y(f)),$$
(2.3)
for $`(X,f),(Y,g)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})`$.

2.- The Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ associated with a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$

If $`AM`$ is a vector bundle over $`M`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ is a 2-section of $`A`$, we will denote by $`\mathrm{\#}_P:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules given by $`\beta (\mathrm{\#}_P(\alpha ))=P(\alpha ,\beta )`$, for $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$. We will also denote by $`\mathrm{\#}_P:A^{}A`$ the corresponding bundle map. Then, a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ has an associated Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$, where $`[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ are defined by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[(\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}& =\hfill & (_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )}\beta _{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta )}\alpha \delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha ,\beta ))+f_E\beta g_E\alpha i(E)(\alpha \beta ),\hfill \\ & \hfill & \mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta ,\alpha )+\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )(g)\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta )(f)+fE(g)gE(f)),\hfill \\ & & \\ \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\alpha ,f)& =\hfill & \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )+fE,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.4)
for $`(\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $``$ being the Lie derivative operator (see ).

In the particular case when $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson manifold we recover, by projection, the Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M,[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, where $`[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the bracket of 1-forms defined by $`[[\alpha ,\beta ]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }=_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )}\beta _{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta )}\alpha \delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha ,\beta )),`$ for $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)`$ (see ).

### 2.2 Generalized Lie bialgebroids

In this Section, we will recall the definition of a generalized Lie bialgebroid. First, we will exhibit some results about the differential calculus on Lie algebroids in the presence of a 1-cocycle (for more details, see ).

If $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and, in addition, we have a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ then the usual representation of the Lie algebra $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ can be modified and a new representation is obtained. This representation is given by $`\rho _{\varphi _0}(X)(f)=\rho (X)(f)+\varphi _0(X)f`$, for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. The resultant cohomology operator $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ is called the $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$ and its expression, in terms of the differential $`d`$ of $`A`$, is $`d_{\varphi _0}\omega =d\omega +\varphi _0\omega `$, for $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$. The $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$ allows us to define, in a natural way, the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative by a section $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$, as the commutator of $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ and the contraction by $`X`$, that is, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X=d_{\varphi _0}i(X)+i(X)d_{\varphi _0}`$ (for the general definition of the differential and the Lie derivative associated with a representation of a Lie algebroid on a vector bundle, see ).

On the other hand, imitating the definition of the Schouten bracket of two multilinear first-order differential operators on the space of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions on a manifold $`N`$ (see ), we introduced the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket of a $`k`$-section $`P`$ and a $`k^{}`$-section $`P^{}`$ as the $`k+k^{}1`$-section given by

$$[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]+(1)^{k+1}(k1)P(i(\varphi _0)P^{})(k^{}1)(i(\varphi _0)P)P^{},$$
(2.5)
where $`[[,]]`$ is the usual Schouten bracket of $`A`$. The $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket satisfies the following properties. For $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$, $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)`$ and $`P^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k^{\prime \prime }}A)`$,

$$[[X,f]]_{\varphi _0}=\rho _{\varphi _0}(X)(f),[[X,Y]]_{\varphi _0}=[[X,Y]],[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=(1)^{kk^{}}[[P^{},P]]_{\varphi _0},$$

$$[[P,P^{}P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}P^{\prime \prime }+(1)^{k^{}(k+1)}P^{}[[P,P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}(i(\varphi _0)P)P^{}P^{\prime \prime },$$

$$(1)^{kk^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{k^{}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P^{\prime \prime },P]]_{\varphi _0},P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{kk^{}}[[[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0},P]]_{\varphi _0}=0.$$

Using the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket, we can define the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative of $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ by $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ as $`(_{\varphi _0})_X(P)=[[X,P]]_{\varphi _0}.`$

Now, suppose that $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid and that $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle. Assume also that the dual bundle $`A^{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ and that $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a 1-cocycle. The pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid if

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]_{\varphi _0}[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]_{\varphi _0},(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}P+(_{\varphi _0})_{X_0}P=0,$$
(2.6)
for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$, where $`d_{}_{X_0}`$ (respectively, $`_{}_{X_0}`$) is the $`X_0`$-differential (respectively, the $`X_0`$-Lie derivative) of $`A^{}`$. Note that the second equality in (2.6) holds if and only if $`\varphi _0(X_0)=0`$, $`\rho (X_0)=\rho _{}(\varphi _0)`$ and $`(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}X+[[X_0,X]]=0`$, for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ (for more details, see ). Moreover, in the particular case when $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$, (2.6) is equivalent to the condition $`d_{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}Y]][[Y,d_{}X]].`$ Thus, the pair $`((A,0),(A^{},0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid if and only if the pair $`(A,A^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid (see ).

On the other hand, if $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold, then we proved in  that the pair $`((TM\times \text{},\varphi _0)`$,$`(T^{}M\times \text{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid, where $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ are the 1-cocycles on $`TM\times \text{}`$ and $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$ given by

$$\varphi _0=(0,1)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{}),$$

$$X_0=(E,0)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{}).$$

## 3 Generalized Lie bialgebras and Jacobi structures on connected Lie groups

In this Section, we will deal with generalized Lie bialgebroids over a point.

###### Definition 3.1

 A generalized Lie bialgebra is a generalized Lie bialgebroid over a point, that is, a pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$, where $`(g,[,]^g)`$ is a real Lie algebra of finite dimension such that the dual space $`g^{}`$ is also a Lie algebra with Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$, $`X_0g`$ and $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ are 1-cocycles on $`g^{}`$ and $`g`$, respectively, and

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[X,Y]_{}^{g}=[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]_{\varphi _0}^g[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]_{\varphi _0}^g,$$
(3.1)
$$\varphi _0(X_0)=0,$$
(3.2)
$$i(\varphi _0)(d_{}X)+[X_0,X]^g=0,$$
(3.3)
for all $`X,Yg`$, $`d_{}`$ being the algebraic differential on $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$.

###### Remark 3.2

In the particular case when $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$, we recover the concept of a Lie bialgebra, that is, a dual pair $`(g,g^{})`$ of Lie algebras such that $`d_{}[X,Y]^g=[X,d_{}Y]^g[Y,d_{}X]^g,`$ for $`X,Yg`$ (see ).

We know that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between Lie bialgebras and connected simply connected Poisson Lie groups (see ). So, we will study a connected Lie group $`G`$ with Lie algebra $`g`$ such that the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.

We will use the following well-known results about cocycles on Lie groups and on their Lie algebras.

###### Lemma 3.3

 Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:G\times VV`$ be a representation of $`G`$ on a vector space $`V`$. Let $`T\mathrm{\Phi }:g\times VV`$ be the induced representation of $`g`$ on $`V`$.

* If the map $`\varphi :GV`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`G`$ relative to $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, i.e., if for $`h,gG`$

$$\varphi (hg)=\varphi (h)+\mathrm{\Phi }(h,\varphi (g)),$$

then $`ϵ=:(\delta \varphi )(e):gV`$, the derivative of $`\varphi `$ at $`e`$, is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$ relative to $`T\mathrm{\Phi }`$, i.e., for $`X,Yg`$

$$T\mathrm{\Phi }(X,ϵ(Y))T\mathrm{\Phi }(Y,ϵ(X))=ϵ([X,Y]^g).$$

Moreover, $`\delta \varphi =0`$ implies that $`\varphi =0`$.
* When $`G`$ is simply connected, any 1-cocycle $`ϵ`$ on $`g`$ relative to $`T\mathrm{\Phi }`$ can be integrated to give a unique 1-cocycle $`\varphi `$ on $`G`$ relative to $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ such that $`(\delta \varphi )(e)=ϵ`$.
* When $`g`$ is semisimple, every 1-cocycle $`ϵ:gV`$ on $`g`$ is a coboundary, that is, $`ϵ(X)=T\mathrm{\Phi }(X,v_0)`$, for some $`v_0V`$.

Next, we will introduce the notion of a ($`\sigma ,c`$)-multiplicative $`k`$-vector on a connected Lie group $`G`$, where $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ is a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. This notion will play an important role (in Section 3.2) in the description of the Jacobi structure on a connected simply connected Lie group whose Lie algebra is $`g`$ and such that the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. We recall that a C real-valued function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ is multiplicative if it is a Lie group homomorphism.

### 3.1 ($`\sigma ,c`$)-multiplicative multivectors on a Lie group

We will denote by $`e:\text{}\text{}`$ the real exponential. Then,

###### Proposition 3.4

Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. If $`\widehat{P}`$ is a k-vector on $`G`$, the following properties are equivalent:

* $`\widehat{P}_r(hg)=\widehat{P}_r(h)+e^{(kc)\sigma (h)}Ad_h(\widehat{P}_r(g))`$.
* $`\widehat{P}(hg)=(R_g)_{}(\widehat{P}(h))+e^{(kc)\sigma (h)}(L_h)_{}(\widehat{P}(g))`$.
* $`e^{(kc)\sigma (hg)}\widehat{P}(hg)=e^{(kc)\sigma (g)}(R_g)_{}(e^{(kc)\sigma (h)}\widehat{P}(h))+(L_h)_{}(e^{(kc)\sigma (g)}\widehat{P}(g))`$.
* $`\widehat{P}(e)=0`$ and $`e^{(kc)\sigma }_{\overline{X}}\widehat{P}`$ is left invariant whenever $`\overline{X}`$ is a left invariant vector field on $`G`$.
* $`\widehat{P}(e)=0`$ and $`e^{(kc)\sigma }_{\stackrel{~}{X}}(e^{(kc)\sigma }\widehat{P})`$ is right invariant whenever $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a right invariant vector field on $`G`$.

Proof: The result follows using (1.1), the fact that $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function and proceeding as in the proof of Proposition 10.5 in .         $`QED`$

Now, we introduce the definition of a $`(\sigma ,c)`$-multiplicative $`k`$-vector on $`G`$.

###### Definition 3.5

Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. A k-vector $`\widehat{P}`$ on $`G`$ is said to be ($`\sigma ,c`$)-multiplicative if $`\widehat{P}`$ satisfies any of the properties in Proposition 3.4. In particular, if $`c=1`$, we will say that the k-vector is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative.

It is clear that if $`\widehat{P}`$ is a $`(\sigma ,c`$)-multiplicative k-vector and $`\sigma `$ identically vanishes, then $`\widehat{P}`$ is multiplicative (see ).

Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. We can introduce the representation $`Ad_{(\sigma ,c)}:G\times ^kg^kg`$ of $`G`$ on $`^kg`$ defined by

$$(Ad_{(\sigma ,c)})_g(s)=e^{(kc)\sigma (g)}Ad_gs,$$
(3.4)
for $`gG`$ and $`s^kg`$. If $`\varphi _0=(\delta \sigma )(e)`$ then we will denote by $`ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}`$ the corresponding representation of $`g`$ on $`^kg`$, that is, $`ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}=TAd_{(\sigma ,c)}:g\times ^kg^kg`$. From (3.4), it follows that

$$ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}(X)(s)=[X,s]^g(kc)\varphi _0(X)s=ad(X)(s)(kc)\varphi _0(X)s$$
(3.5)
for $`Xg`$ and $`s^kg`$, where $`[,]^g`$ is the Schouten bracket of the Lie algebroid $`g\{\text{ a single point }\}`$. It is clear that $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the trivial representation of $`g`$ on  and that if $`c=1`$ then (see (2.5))

$$ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}(X)(s)=[X,s]_{\varphi _0}^g.$$
(3.6)
###### Remark 3.6

Note that if $`\widehat{P}`$ is a k-vector on $`G`$ then, from (3.4) and Proposition 3.4, we obtain that $`\widehat{P}`$ is $`(\sigma ,c)`$-multiplicative if and only if $`\widehat{P}_r:G^kg`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the representation $`Ad_{(\sigma ,c)}:G\times ^kg^kg`$.

Now, suppose that $`\widehat{P}`$ is a k-vector on $`G`$ such that $`\widehat{P}(e)=0`$. Then, one can define the intrinsic derivative of $`\widehat{P}`$ at $`e`$ as the linear map $`\delta _e\widehat{P}:g^kg`$ given by (see )

$$(\delta _e\widehat{P})(X)=(\delta \widehat{P}_r)(e)(X)=(_{\widehat{X}}\widehat{P})(e),$$
(3.7)
for $`Xg`$, $`\widehat{X}`$ being an arbitrary vector field on $`G`$ satisfying $`\widehat{X}(e)=X`$. Using (3.7), Lemma 3.3 and Remark 3.6, we deduce

###### Proposition 3.7

Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. Suppose that $`\varphi _0=(\delta \sigma )(e)`$.

* If $`\widehat{P}`$ is a $`(\sigma ,c)`$-multiplicative k-vector then its intrinsic derivative $`\delta _e\widehat{P}:g^kg`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}:g\times ^kg^kg`$.
* If $`G`$ is simply connected and $`ϵ:g^kg`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}:g\times ^kg^kg`$ then there exists a unique $`(\sigma ,c)`$-multiplicative k-vector $`\widehat{P}`$ such that its intrinsic derivative at $`e`$, $`\delta _e\widehat{P}`$, is just $`ϵ`$.

###### Remark 3.8

Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. If $`\widehat{P}`$ is a $`(\sigma ,c)`$-multiplicative $`k`$-vector then, from Proposition 3.4, it follows that

$$(\delta \widehat{P}_r)(h)((L_h)_{}(X))=e^{(kc)\sigma (h)}Ad_h((\delta _e\widehat{P})(X)),$$

for $`hG`$ and $`Xg`$. Thus, $`\delta \widehat{P}_r=0`$ if and only if the intrinsic derivative of $`\widehat{P}`$ at $`e`$ is zero. Therefore, $`\widehat{P}=0`$ if and only if the intrinsic derivative of $`\widehat{P}`$ at $`e`$ is zero (see Lemma 3.3 and Remark 3.6).

###### Example 3.9

Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$, $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function and $`c\text{}`$. Suppose that $`s^kg`$. Then, we consider the k-vector $`\widehat{s}`$ on $`G`$ defined by

$$\widehat{s}(g)=e^{(kc)\sigma (g)}\overline{s}(g)\stackrel{~}{s}(g),\text{ for all }gG.$$

A direct computation shows that $`\widehat{s}`$ is a $`(\sigma ,c)`$-multiplicative k-vector on $`G`$. Moreover, the intrinsic derivative of $`\widehat{s}`$ at $`e`$ is given by

$$(\delta _e\widehat{s})(X)=[X,s]^g(kc)\varphi _0(X)s=ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}(X)(s),$$

for $`Xg`$, where $`\varphi _0=(\delta \sigma )(e)`$. Note that, in this case, $`\delta _e\widehat{s}`$ is a 1-coboundary with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}:g\times ^kg^kg`$. Moreover, using Remark 3.8, we deduce that $`s`$ is $`ad_{(\varphi _0,c)}`$-invariant if and only if $`\stackrel{~}{s}=e^{(kc)\sigma }\overline{s}`$.

### 3.2 Generalized Lie bialgebras and Jacobi structures on connected Lie groups

We will prove that if $`G`$ is a connected simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$ and the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra then $`G`$ admits an special Jacobi structure.

###### Theorem 3.10

Let $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebra and $`G`$ a connected simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$. Then, there exists a unique multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ and a unique $`\sigma `$-multiplicative 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ on $`G`$ such that $`(\delta \sigma )(e)=\varphi _0`$ and the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`e`$ is $`d_{X_0}`$. Moreover, the following relation holds

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{~}{X}_0e^\sigma \overline{X}_0,$$
(3.8)
and the pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`G`$, where $`E=\stackrel{~}{X}_0`$.

Proof: Since $`G`$ is connected and simply connected then, using Lemma 3.3 and the fact that $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the trivial representation of $`G`$ on , we deduce that there exists a unique multiplicative function $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ satisfying $`(\delta \sigma )(e)=\varphi _0`$. Now, take $`ϵ:g^2g`$ given by $`ϵ(X)=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X`$, for $`Xg`$. From (3.1), it follows that $`ϵ`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`g`$ with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}`$. Thus, using Proposition 3.7, we have that there exists a unique $`\sigma `$-multiplicative 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ on $`G`$ such that its intrinsic derivative at $`e`$ is just $`d_{}_{X_0}`$, that is,

$$\delta _e\mathrm{\Lambda }=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}.$$
(3.9)
Next, we will see that (3.8) holds. Let $`\overline{X}X(G)`$ be a left invariant vector field and $`X=\overline{X}(e)`$. Then, $`_{\overline{X}}(\delta \sigma )=\delta (_{\overline{X}}\sigma )=0`$ and

$$[\overline{X},\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )+e^\sigma \overline{X}_0]=i(\delta \sigma )(_{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })e^\sigma \varphi _0(X)\overline{X}_0+e^\sigma \overline{[X,X_0]^g}.$$

The 2-vector $`e^\sigma _{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is left invariant (see Proposition 3.4). Therefore, if $`gG`$ and $`\alpha _gT_g^{}G`$, we obtain that

$`\begin{array}{ccc}\alpha _g\left\{i(\delta \sigma )(_{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })e^\sigma \varphi _0(X)\overline{X}_0+e^\sigma \overline{[X,X_0]^g}\right\}(g)\hfill & =& \\ & =& e^{\sigma (g)}((_{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })_{(e)}(((L_g)_{})^{}((\delta \sigma )(g)),((L_g)_{})^{}\alpha _g)\hfill \\ & & \varphi _0(X)(((L_g)_{})^{}(\alpha _g))(X_0)+(((L_g)_{})^{}(\alpha _g))([X,X_0]^g)),\hfill \end{array}`$

where $`((L_g)_{})^{}:T_g^{}Gg^{}`$ is the adjoint homomorphism of $`(L_g)_{}:gT_gG`$.

Note that the 1-form $`\delta \sigma `$ is left invariant which implies that $`((L_g)_{})^{}(\delta \sigma (g))=\varphi _0`$. Consequently, from (3.2), (3.3), (3.7) and (3.9), we deduce that

$$\alpha _g\left\{i(\delta \sigma )(_{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })e^\sigma \varphi _0(X)\overline{X}_0+e^\sigma \overline{[X,X_0]^g}\right\}(g)=0.$$

Thus, $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )+e^\sigma \overline{X}_0`$ is a right invariant vector field and, since $`\left(\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )+e^\sigma \overline{X}_0\right)(e)=X_0,`$ we conclude that (3.8) holds.

Now, take $`E=\stackrel{~}{X}_0`$. Since $`E`$ is a right invariant vector field and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative, we have that $`e^\sigma _E(e^\sigma \mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is right invariant (see Proposition 3.4). Moreover, from (3.2),

$$e^\sigma _E(e^\sigma \mathrm{\Lambda })=e^\sigma (e^\sigma E(\sigma )\mathrm{\Lambda }+e^\sigma _E\mathrm{\Lambda })=_E\mathrm{\Lambda }.$$

On the other hand, using (3.7), (3.9) and the fact that $`X_0g`$ is a 1-cocycle (that is, $`d_{}X_0=0`$), it follows that $`(_E\mathrm{\Lambda })(e)=0`$. This implies that $`_E\mathrm{\Lambda }=[E,\mathrm{\Lambda }]=0`$.

Finally, we will prove that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$. First, we will show that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative. Since $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(e)=0`$, we have that $`([\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda })(e)=0`$ (see ). Moreover, if $`\overline{X}`$ is a left invariant vector field then $`[\overline{X},E]=0`$ and, using (3.8) and the properties of the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket, we deduce that

$$e^{2\sigma }_{\overline{X}}\left([\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)=2\left(e^\sigma [e^\sigma _{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]+\overline{X}_0(e^\sigma _{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })\right).$$

On the other hand, from Proposition 3.4, it follows that $`e^\sigma _{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`e^\sigma [e^\sigma _{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]`$ are left invariant multivectors. Therefore, $`e^{2\sigma }_{\overline{X}}\left([\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)`$ is also a left invariant multivector. Consequently, $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative, as we wanted to prove.

Next, we will compute the intrinsic derivative at $`e`$ of the 3-vector $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

If $`[,]_\mathrm{\Lambda }:^2g^{}g^{}`$ is the adjoint map of the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`e`$, using (3.9), we obtain that

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]_\mathrm{\Lambda }=[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}i(X_0)(\alpha \beta ),$$
(3.10)
for $`\alpha ,\beta g^{}`$, where $`[,]^g^{}`$ is the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$. This implies that

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]_\mathrm{\Lambda }(X_0)=[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}(X_0)=0.$$
(3.11)
Now, from (3.7), (3.9) and since $`E=\stackrel{~}{X_0}`$, we have that

$$\delta _e([\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda })(X)=_{\overline{X}}([\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda })(e)=\delta _e[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }](X)2X_0d_{}X,$$
(3.12)
for $`Xg`$. Thus, using (3.10), (3.11) and (3.12), we conclude that

$$\left\{\delta _e([\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda })(X)\right\}(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=2\underset{Cycl.(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )}{}\left([\alpha ,[\beta ,\gamma ]^g^{}]^g^{}\right)(X)=0,$$

for $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma g^{}`$, that is, the intrinsic derivative of $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`e`$ is null. Therefore, $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (see Remark 3.8).         $`QED`$

###### Remark 3.11

* Under the same hypotheses as in Theorem 3.10, if $`\varphi _0=0`$ then the multiplicative function $`\sigma `$ will be null, the 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ will be multiplicative and the vector field $`E`$ will be bi-invariant (see (3.8)).
* Under the same hypotheses as in Theorem 3.10, if $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$ then $`\sigma `$ and $`E`$ will be null and $`(G,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ will be a Poisson Lie group.

Now, we discuss a converse of Theorem 3.10.

###### Theorem 3.12

Let $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi structure on a connected Lie group $`G`$ and $`\sigma :G\text{}`$ a multiplicative function such that:

* $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative.
* $`E`$ is a right invariant vector field, $`E(e)=X_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{~}{X}_0e^\sigma \overline{X}_0.`$

If $`[,]_\mathrm{\Lambda }:^2g^{}g^{}`$ is the adjoint map of the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`e`$ and $`[,]^g^{}`$ is the bracket on $`g^{}`$ given by

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}=[\alpha ,\beta ]_\mathrm{\Lambda }+i(X_0)(\alpha \beta ),\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta g^{},$$
(3.13)
then $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$ is a Lie algebra and the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, where $`\varphi _0=(\delta \sigma )(e)`$.

Proof: Since $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function, we have that $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`(g,[,]^g)`$. Now, suppose that $`\alpha ,\beta g^{}`$. We consider two $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions $`f`$ and $`g`$ on $`G`$ such that

$$f(e)=g(e)=0,(\delta f)(e)=\alpha ,(\delta g)(e)=\beta .$$
(3.14)
If $`\{,\}`$ is the Jacobi bracket associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ then, from (2.2), (3.7), (3.13) and (3.14), we deduce that

$$(\delta \{f,g\})(e)=\delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta f,\delta g))(e)+i(X_0)(\alpha \beta )=[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}.$$
(3.15)
Using (3.15) it follows that $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$ is a Lie algebra. Moreover, from (3.13), we obtain that

$$(\delta _e\mathrm{\Lambda })(X)=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X,\text{ for }Xg.$$
(3.16)
Thus, using (2.1), (3.7) and (3.16), we prove that $`d_{}X_0=0`$, that is, $`X_0`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$.

On the other hand, since $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is $`\sigma `$-multiplicative, we conclude that $`ϵ=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}:g^2g`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}:g\times ^2g^2g`$ (see (3.16) and Proposition 3.7). Therefore, (3.1) holds.

Now, the equality $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{~}{X_0}e^\sigma \overline{X}_0`$ implies that $`e^\sigma \overline{X}_0(\sigma )=\stackrel{~}{X}_0(\sigma )`$, i.e., $`e^\sigma X_0(\sigma )=X_0(\sigma )`$ (note that $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function). Consequently,

$$\varphi _0(X_0)=X_0(\sigma )=0.$$
(3.17)
Using again that $`\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{~}{X_0}e^\sigma \overline{X}_0`$ and the fact that $`\sigma `$ is a multiplicative function, we obtain that

$$0=_{\overline{X}}(i(\delta \sigma )(\mathrm{\Lambda })+e^\sigma \overline{X}_0)=i(\delta \sigma )(_{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })e^\sigma \overline{X}(\sigma )\overline{X}_0+e^\sigma [\overline{X},\overline{X}_0]$$

for $`Xg`$. In particular,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}0& =& \left\{i(\delta \sigma )(_{\overline{X}}\mathrm{\Lambda })e^\sigma \overline{X}(\sigma )\overline{X}_0+e^\sigma [\overline{X},\overline{X}_0]\right\}(e)\hfill \\ & =& i(\varphi _0)((\delta _e\mathrm{\Lambda })(X))\varphi _0(X)X_0[X_0,X]^g.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.18)
Thus, from (3.16), (3.17) and (3.18), it follows that $`i(\varphi _0)(d_{}X)+[X_0,X]^g=0`$.         $`QED`$

###### Remark 3.13

If $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on a connected Lie group $`G`$ which satisfies the hypotheses of Theorem 3.12, $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ is the Lie algebroid structure on $`T^{}G\times \text{}`$ given by (2.4) and $`\alpha ,\beta g^{}`$ then, a direct computation shows that,

$$[[(\widehat{\alpha },f),(\widehat{\beta },g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(e)=([\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{},0),$$

for $`(\widehat{\alpha },f),(\widehat{\beta },g)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(G)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(G,\text{})`$ satisfying $`\widehat{\alpha }(e)=\alpha ,\widehat{\beta }(e)=\beta `$ and $`f(e)=g(e)=0`$.

###### Example 3.14

Let $`G`$ be a connected simply connected abelian Lie group of dimension $`n`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi structure on $`G`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a multiplicative 2-vector and $`E`$ is a bi-invariant vector field. Then, $`G`$ is isomorphic, as a Lie group, to the dual space $`g^{}`$ of a real vector space $`g`$ of dimension $`n`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a linear 2-vector on $`g^{}`$ and there exists $`\phi g^{}`$ satisfying that $`E=C_\phi `$, $`C_\phi `$ being the constant vector field on $`g^{}`$ induced by $`\phi `$. Thus, from (2.2), one can deduce that the Jacobi bracket of two linear functions on $`g^{}`$ is again linear and that the Jacobi bracket of a linear function and the constant function 1 is a constant function. Therefore, using the results in  (see Theorem 2 and Example 1 in ) we conclude that $`g`$ is a Lie algebra with Lie bracket $`[,]^g`$ and that

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_g^{}+RC_\phi ,E=C_\phi ,$$
(3.19)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_g^{}`$ is the Lie-Poisson structure on $`g^{}`$, $`R`$ is the radial vector field on $`g^{}`$ and $`\phi g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`(g,[,]^g)`$. The generalized Lie bialgebra associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ on $`g^{}`$ is $`((g^{},0),(g,\phi ))`$ and the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ is trivial.

Conversely, if $`(g,[,]^g)`$ is a real Lie algebra of dimension $`n`$, $`\phi g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`(g,[,]^g)`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is the pair given by (3.19) then $`g^{}`$ is a connected simply connected abelian Lie group and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`g^{}`$ (see Theorem 1 in ). Moreover, it is clear that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is multiplicative (linear) and that $`E`$ is bi-invariant (constant).

## 4 Generalized Lie bialgebras and a generalization of the Yang-Baxter equation method

From (3.1) and (3.6) we deduce that if $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra then $`d_{X_0}`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$ with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}:g\times ^2g^2g`$. In this Section, we will propose a method to obtain generalized Lie bialgebras such that $`d_{X_0}`$ is a 1-coboundary (i.e., there exists $`r^2g`$ satisfying that $`d_{X_0}X=ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}(X)(r),\text{ for }Xg`$). It is a generalization of the well-known Yang-Baxter equation method to obtain Lie bialgebras (see, for instance, ). It is clear that our method will allow us to obtain connected Lie groups such that their corresponding Lie algebras are generalized Lie bialgebras.

###### Theorem 4.1

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of finite dimension. Suppose that $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle and that $`r^2g`$ and $`X_0g`$ are such that

$$[r,r]^g2X_0r\text{ is }ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}\text{-invariant,}[X_0,r]^g=0,$$

$$i(\varphi _0)(r)X_0\text{ is }ad_{(\varphi _0,0)}\text{-invariant.}$$

If $`[,]^g^{}`$ is the bracket on $`g^{}`$ given by

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}=coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )}\alpha coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )}\beta +r(\alpha ,\beta )\varphi _0+i(X_0)(\alpha \beta ),$$
(4.1)
for $`\alpha ,\beta g^{}`$, where $`coad:g\times g^{}g^{}`$ is the coadjoint representation of $`g`$ over $`g^{}`$, that is, $`(coad(X)(\alpha ))(Y)=\alpha [X,Y]^g`$, for $`X,Yg`$, then $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$ is a Lie algebra and the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.

Proof: Let $`G`$ be a connected simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$.

We define a 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and a vector field $`E`$ on $`G`$ by

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=\stackrel{~}{r}e^\sigma \overline{r},E=\stackrel{~}{X_0},$$
(4.2)
where $`\sigma `$ is the unique multiplicative function satisfying that $`(\delta \sigma )(e)=\varphi _0`$.

From Example 3.9, we have that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a $`\sigma `$-multiplicative 2-vector. On the other hand,

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )\stackrel{~}{X}_0+e^\sigma \overline{X}_0=\left(\stackrel{~}{i(\varphi _0)(r)X_0}\right)e^\sigma \left(\overline{i(\varphi _0)(r)X_0}\right).$$

Therefore, since $`i(\varphi _0)(r)X_0`$ is $`ad_{(\varphi _0,0)}`$-invariant, we obtain that

$$\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta \sigma )=\stackrel{~}{X}_0e^\sigma \overline{X}_0$$
(4.3)
(see Example 3.9). Note that, from this equality, we deduce that $`\stackrel{~}{X}_0(\sigma )=\overline{X}_0(\sigma )=\varphi _0(X_0)=0`$ (see the proof of Theorem 3.12).

On the other hand, using (4.2), (4.3) and the properties of the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket, it follows that

$$[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]2E\mathrm{\Lambda }=\left\{\left(\stackrel{~}{[r,r]^g2X_0r}\right)e^{2\sigma }\left(\overline{[r,r]^g2X_0r}\right)\right\}.$$

Thus, since $`[r,r]^g2X_0r`$ is $`ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}`$-invariant, $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Moreover,

$$_E\mathrm{\Lambda }=_{\stackrel{~}{X}_0}\stackrel{~}{r}e^\sigma \stackrel{~}{X_0}(\sigma )\overline{r}+e^\sigma _{\stackrel{~}{X}_0}\overline{r}=0.$$

Consequently, the pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi structure. Furthermore, from (3.7) and (4.2), we deduce that the intrinsic derivative of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ at $`e`$ is given by

$$(\delta _e\mathrm{\Lambda })(X)=ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}(X)(r)=[X,r]^g+\varphi _0(X)r,$$
(4.4)
for $`Xg`$. Using this fact and Theorem 3.12, we conclude that the bracket on $`g^{}`$ given by (4.1) is a Lie bracket and that the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.         $`QED`$

###### Remark 4.2

* Since $`d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X=(\delta _e\mathrm{\Lambda })(X)`$, for all $`Xg`$, we obtain that (see (4.4)), $`d_{}s=[s,r]^g2X_0si(\varphi _0)(s)r`$, for all $`s^2g`$. In particular,

$$d_{}r=[r,r]^g2X_0ri(\varphi _0)rr.$$
(4.5)
* If $`Xg`$, it follows that (see (4.1))

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}(X)=[X,r]^g(\alpha ,\beta )+r(\alpha ,\beta )\varphi _0(X)+\alpha (X_0)\beta (X)\beta (X_0)\alpha (X).$$
(4.6)

Now, using Theorem 4.1, we have

###### Corollary 4.3

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of finite dimension. Suppose that $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle and that $`r^2g`$ and $`X_0g`$ are such that $`i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0`$ and $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$. If $`[,]^g^{}`$ is the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ given by (4.1), then $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$ is a Lie algebra and the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),`$ $`(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Moreover, the linear map $`\mathrm{\#}_r:g^{}g`$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism.

Proof: From Theorem 4.1 and Definition A.1 (see Appendix A), we deduce that the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. On the other hand, if $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma g^{}`$ then the equality $`[r,r]^g(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=2(X_0r)(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ implies that $`\gamma [\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha ),\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )]^g=[\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{}(\mathrm{\#}_r(\gamma ))`$ and therefore

$$\mathrm{\#}_r([\alpha ,\beta ]^g^{})=[\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha ),\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )]^g.$$

$`QED`$

###### Remark 4.4

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of finite dimension. Assume that $`(\mathrm{\Omega },\omega )`$ is an algebraic locally conformal symplectic (l.c.s.) structure on $`g`$ and denote by $`(r,X_0)`$ the corresponding algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ (see Appendix A). Then, using Corollary 4.3 and the fact that $`X_0=\mathrm{\#}_r(\omega )`$, we deduce that the pair $`((g,\omega ),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Furthermore, since $`\mathrm{\#}_r:g^{}g`$ is a linear isomorphism (see Appendix A), it follows that $`g^{}`$ is isomorphic, as a Lie algebra, to $`g`$.

## 5 Examples of generalized Lie bialgebras

First, we will give some examples of generalized Lie bialgebras which are obtained using Theorem 4.1 and Corollary 4.3.

### 5.1 Generalized Lie bialgebras from contact Lie algebras

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a Lie algebra endowed with an algebraic contact 1-form $`\eta `$ and let $`X_0`$ be the Reeb vector of $`g`$ (see Appendix A). If $`𝒵(g)`$ is the center of $`g`$ and $`X𝒵(g)`$ then it is clear that $`i(X)(d\eta )=0`$. This implies that $`X<X_0>`$. Thus, $`𝒵(g)<X_0>`$ (see ). Therefore, we have two possibilities: $`𝒵(g)=\{0\}`$ or $`𝒵(g)=<X_0>`$.

If $`𝒵(g)=<X_0>`$ then Diatta  proved that $`g`$ is the central extension of a symplectic Lie algebra $`(h,[,]^h)`$ by  via the 2-cocycle $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ being the algebraic symplectic structure on $`h`$. Conversely, if $`(h,[,]^h)`$ is a symplectic Lie algebra, with algebraic symplectic 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, and on the direct product $`g=h\text{}`$ we consider the Lie bracket $`[,]^g`$ given by

$$[(X,\lambda ),(Y,\mu )]^g=([X,Y]^h,\mathrm{\Omega }(X,Y)),\text{ for }(X,\lambda ),(Y,\mu )g,$$
(5.1)
then $`\eta =(0,1)h^{}\text{}g^{}`$ is an algebraic contact 1-form on $`g`$. Moreover, since $`X_0=(0,1)h\text{}=g`$, we deduce that $`𝒵(g)=<X_0>`$ (see ).

Now, suppose that $`r`$ is the algebraic Poisson 2-vector on $`h`$ associated with the algebraic symplectic structure $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Then, the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ is the algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ associated with the contact 1-form $`\eta `$ (see (A.1), (A.2), (A.4) and (A.5) in Appendix A). Thus, using Theorem 4.1 and the fact that $`X_0𝒵(g)`$, we can define a Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$ on $`g^{}`$ in such a way that the pair $`((g,0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.

On the other hand, from Corollary 4.3 and since $`r`$ is a solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation on $`h`$, it follows that there exists a Lie bracket $`[,]^h^{}`$ on $`h^{}`$ in such a way that the pair $`(h,h^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra. In fact, the Lie algebras $`(h,[,]^h)`$ and $`(h^{},[,]^h^{})`$ are isomorphic and, using (4.1), we get that $`[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]^g^{}=([\alpha ,\beta ]^h^{},0),`$ for $`(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )h^{}\text{}g^{}`$. Consequently, $`g^{}`$ is isomorphic, as a Lie algebra, to the direct product $`h\text{}`$.

We illustrate the precedent construction with two simple examples.

1.- Let $`(h,[,]^h)`$ be the abelian Lie algebra of dimension $`2n`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ the usual symplectic 2-form. Then, $`h\text{}`$ endowed with the Lie bracket given by (5.1) is just the Lie algebra $`h(1,n)`$ of the generalized Heisenberg group $`\text{}(1,n)`$ of the real matrices of the form

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}1& x_1& \mathrm{}& x_n& z\\ 0& 1& \mathrm{}& 0& x_{n+1}\\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 1& x_{2n}\\ 0& 0& \mathrm{}& 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

Moreover, the 1-form $`\eta `$ is just the usual algebraic contact 1-form on $`h(1,n)`$. In this case, the Lie algebra $`h(1,n)^{}`$ is abelian.

2.- Let $`(h,[,]^h)`$ be the nonabelian solvable Lie algebra of dimension 2. We can find a basis $`\{e_1,e_2\}`$ of $`h`$ such that $`[e_1,e_2]^h=e_1`$. If $`\{e^1,e^2\}`$ is the dual basis of $`h^{}`$ then $`\mathrm{\Omega }=e^2e^1`$ is an algebraic symplectic 2-form on $`h`$. The corresponding Lie algebra $`g`$ admits a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ satisfying $`[e_1,e_2]^g=e_1+e_3,[e_1,e_3]^g=[e_2,e_3]^g=0.`$ Thus, it is easy to prove that $`g`$ is isomorphic to the direct product of the Lie algebras $`h`$ and . Therefore, in this case, the Lie algebras $`g`$ and $`g^{}`$ are isomorphic.

###### Remark 5.1

* $`h\text{}`$ is the Lie algebra of the group of linear automorphisms of $`\text{}^2`$ which preserve a line. A. Diatta proved in  that, in general, the group of linear automorphisms of $`\text{}^n`$ which preserve a hyperplane is a contact Lie group, that is, its Lie algebra admits an algebraic contact 1-form.
* A complete description of symplectic Lie algebras of dimension 4 was obtained in  (for a detailed study of symplectic Lie algebras, see also ). Thus, one can determine all contact Lie algebras of dimension 5 with center of dimension 1 and from there, using Theorem 4.1, to obtain different examples of generalized Lie bialgebras.

Now, we will give two examples of generalized Lie bialgebras $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ which come from an algebraic contact structure on $`g`$ but in both cases $`\varphi _00`$. In the first example, $`X_0𝒵(g)`$. However, $`X_0𝒵(g)`$ in the second one.

1.- Let $`(h,[,]^h)`$ be a symplectic Lie algebra with symplectic 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Moreover, suppose that $`\varphi _0h^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`h`$ such that $`i(\varphi _0)r`$ is $`ad_{(\varphi _0,0)}^h`$-invariant, that is,

$$[X,i(\varphi _0)r]^h=\varphi _0(X)i(\varphi _0)r,$$
(5.2)
for $`Xh`$, where $`r`$ is the algebraic Poisson 2-vector associated with the symplectic 2-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. If we consider on $`g=h\text{}`$ the Lie bracket given by (5.1), it is easy to prove that $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$. We also have that $`\eta =(0,1)h^{}\text{}g^{}`$ is an algebraic contact 1-form on $`g`$ and that $`(r,X_0)`$ is the corresponding Jacobi structure, where $`X_0=(0,1)h\text{}=g`$. On the other hand, if $`(X,\lambda )g`$ then, using (5.1) and (5.2), we deduce that

$$[(X,\lambda ),i(\varphi _0)rX_0]^g=\varphi _0(X,\lambda )(i(\varphi _0)rX_0).$$

Therefore, $`i(\varphi _0)rX_0`$ is $`ad_{(\varphi _0,0)}^g`$-invariant. Thus, from Theorem 4.1, $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.

A simple example of the precedent construction is the following one. Let $`(h,[,]^h)`$ be the nonabelian solvable Lie algebra of dimension 2. We can find a basis $`\{e_1,e_2\}`$ of $`h`$ such that $`[e_1,e_2]^h=e_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }=e^2e^1`$ is an algebraic symplectic 2-form on $`h`$, where $`\{e^1,e^2\}`$ is the dual basis of $`h^{}`$. Then, $`\varphi _0=e^2`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`h`$ and it is easy to prove that (5.2) holds. As we know, the Lie algebra $`(g=h\text{},[,]^g)`$ is isomorphic to the direct product $`h\text{}`$. Moreover, from (4.1), we deduce that, in this case, $`g^{}`$ is the abelian Lie algebra of dimension 3.

2.- Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be the solvable Lie algebra of dimension 3 with basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ such that

$$[e_1,e_2]^g=0,[e_1,e_3]^g=e_1,[e_2,e_3]^g=e_2.$$

Take $`r=e_3(e_1e_2)`$ and $`X_0=e_1+e_2`$. It is easy to prove that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ which comes from an algebraic contact structure. Moreover, if $`\{e^1,e^2,e^3\}`$ is the dual basis of $`g^{}`$ then $`\varphi _0=e^3`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`g`$ and $`i(\varphi _0)rX_0`$ is $`ad_{(\varphi _0,0)}^g`$-invariant. Therefore, from Theorem 4.1, we deduce that $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. The Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ is characterized by

$$[e^1,e^2]^g^{}=0,[e^1,e^3]^g^{}=e^3,[e^2,e^3]^g^{}=e^3.$$

### 5.2 Generalized Lie bialgebras from locally conformal symplectic Lie algebras

Suppose that $`(r_h,X_0)`$ is an algebraic contact structure on a Lie algebra $`(h,[,]^h)`$. If we consider on the direct product of Lie algebras $`g=h\text{}`$ the 2-vector

$$r=r_h+e_0X_0,$$
(5.3)
where $`e_0=(0,1)h\text{}=g`$, then $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic l.c.s. structure and, using Remark 4.4, $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, with $`\varphi _0=(0,1)h^{}\text{}g^{}`$. In addition, the Lie algebras $`g`$ and $`g^{}`$ are isomorphic (see Remark 4.4).

###### Remark 5.2

If $`H`$ is a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`h`$ then the pair $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$ defines, on the direct product $`G=H\times \text{}`$, a left invariant l.c.s. structure of the first kind in the sense of Vaisman .

In the case when $`𝒵(h)=<X_0>`$ we have that the pair $`((h,0),(h^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra (see Section 5.1). Moreover, from (4.1) and (5.3), we deduce that the Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$ on $`g^{}`$ can be described, in terms of the Lie bracket $`[,]^h^{}`$ of $`h^{}`$, as follows

$$[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]^g^{}=([\alpha ,\beta ]^h^{},r_h(\alpha ,\beta )),$$

for $`(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )h^{}\text{}g^{}`$. Thus, since $`r_h`$ is a 2-cocycle of the Lie algebra $`(h^{},[,]^h^{})`$ (see (4.5)), it follows that $`g^{}`$ is the central extension of $`h^{}`$ by  via the 2-cocycle $`r_h`$.

On the other hand, in , Diatta proved that if $`(h^{},[,]^h^{})`$ is an exact symplectic Lie algebra then one can define on the direct product $`h=h^{}\text{}`$ a Lie bracket in such a way that $`h`$ is a contact Lie algebra, with trivial center, and $`h^{}`$ is a Lie subalgebra of $`h`$. Using this construction we can also obtain different examples of generalized Lie bialgebras. Next, we will show an explicit example.

Let $`sl(2,\text{})`$ be the Lie algebra of the special linear group $`SL(2,\text{})`$. Then, there exists a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ of $`sl(2,\text{})`$ such that

$$[e_1,e_2]^{sl(2,\text{})}=2e_2,[e_1,e_3]^{sl(2,\text{})}=2e_3,[e_2,e_3]^{sl(2,\text{})}=e_1.$$

It is clear that $`sl(2,\text{})`$ admits exact symplectic Lie subalgebras and, therefore, we can apply Diatta’s method in order to obtain algebraic contact structures on $`sl(2,\text{})`$. In fact, if $`\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2`$ and $`\lambda ^3`$ are real numbers satisfying the relation $`(\lambda ^1)^2+4\lambda ^2\lambda ^30`$ then the pair $`(r_{sl(2,\text{})},X_0)`$ given by

$$r_{sl(2,\text{})}=\lambda ^1e_2e_3+\lambda ^2e_1e_2\lambda ^3e_1e_3,X_0=(\lambda ^1e_1+2\lambda ^2e_2+2\lambda ^3e_3),$$

defines an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`sl(2,\text{})`$ which comes from an algebraic contact structure. Consequently, since $`gl(2,\text{})`$ (the Lie algebra of the general linear group $`GL(2,\text{})`$) is isomorphic to the direct product $`sl(2,\text{})\text{}`$, we conclude that the pair $`((gl(2,\text{}),\varphi _0),(gl(2,\text{})^{},`$ $`X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, where $`\varphi _0=(0,1)sl(2,\text{})^{}\text{}gl(2,\text{})^{}`$.

Finally, we remark that there exist examples of contact Lie algebras with trivial center which do not admit symplectic Lie subalgebras. An interesting case is $`su(2)`$, the Lie algebra of the special unitary group $`SU(2)`$. We can consider a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ of $`su(2)`$ such that

$$[e_1,e_2]^{su(2)}=e_3,[e_1,e_3]^{su(2)}=e_2,[e_2,e_3]^{su(2)}=e_1.$$

Then, if $`\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2`$ and $`\lambda ^3`$ are real numbers, $`(\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2,\lambda ^3)(0,0,0)`$, we have that the pair $`(r_{su(2)},X_0)`$ given by

$$r_{su(2)}=\lambda ^1e_2e_3\lambda ^2e_1e_3+\lambda ^3e_1e_2,X_0=(\lambda ^1e_1+\lambda ^2e_2+\lambda ^3e_3),$$

defines an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`su(2)`$ which comes from an algebraic contact structure. Thus, since $`u(2)`$ (the Lie algebra of the unitary group $`U(2)`$) is isomorphic to the direct product $`su(2)\text{}`$, we deduce that the pair $`((u(2),\varphi _0),(u(2)^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, where $`\varphi _0=(0,1)su(2)^{}\text{}u(2)^{}`$.

We will treat again this example in Section 6.

### 5.3 Other examples of generalized Lie bialgebras

All the examples of generalized Lie bialgebras $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ considered in Sections 5.1 and 5.2 have been obtained from an algebraic Jacobi structure $`(r,X_0)`$ on $`g`$. However, the hypotheses of Theorem 4.1 do not necessarily imply that the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$, as it is shown in the following simple examples.

1.- Let $`h(1,1)`$ be the Lie algebra of the Heisenberg group $`\text{}(1,1)`$. We have a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ of $`h(1,1)`$ such that

$$[e_1,e_2]^{h(1,1)}=e_3,[e_1,e_3]^{h(1,1)}=[e_2,e_3]^{h(1,1)}=0.$$

Take an arbitrary $`r=_{i<j}\lambda ^{ij}e_ie_j^2h(1,1)`$ and $`X_0=e_3`$. Then, $`[r,r]^{h(1,1)}2X_0r`$ is $`ad`$-invariant and $`X_0𝒵(h(1,1))`$. Therefore, the pair $`((h(1,1),0),(h(1,1)^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. However, $`(r,X_0)`$ is not, in general, an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`h(1,1)`$. If $`\{e^1,e^2,e^3\}`$ is the dual basis of $`h(1,1)^{}`$ we deduce that

$$[e^1,e^2]^{h(1,1)^{}}=0,[e^1,e^3]^{h(1,1)^{}}=(1+\lambda ^{12})e^1,[e^2,e^3]^{h(1,1)^{}}=(1+\lambda ^{12})e^2.$$

2.- Let $`h`$ be the abelian Lie algebra of dimension 3. Take $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ a basis of $`h`$ and let $`\{e^1,e^2,e^3\}`$ be the dual basis of $`h^{}`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ the endomorphism of $`h`$ given by $`\mathrm{\Psi }=\frac{1}{2}e_1e^1+\frac{1}{2}e_2e^2+e_3e^3`$. $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a 1-cocycle with respect to the adjoint representation of $`h`$. Thus, we can consider the representation of  on $`h`$ given by $`\text{}\times hh`$, $`(\lambda ,X)\lambda \mathrm{\Psi }(X)`$, and the corresponding semi-direct product $`g=h\times _\mathrm{\Psi }\text{}`$. We can choose a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3,e_4\}`$ of $`g`$ such that

$$[e_4,e_1]^g=\frac{1}{2}e_1,[e_4,e_2]^g=\frac{1}{2}e_2,[e_4,e_3]^g=e_3,$$

and the other brackets are zero. Suppose that $`\{e^1,e^2,e^3,e^4\}`$ is the dual basis of $`g^{}`$. If $`r^2g`$, $`X_0g`$ and $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ are defined by

$$r=e_1e_22e_3e_4,X_0=e_3,\varphi _0=e^4,$$

then $`r`$, $`X_0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem 4.1. However, $`[r,r]^g2X_0r=2e_1e_2e_30`$ and $`i(\varphi _0)rX_0=e_30`$. Moreover, a direct computation shows that,

$$[e^3,e^4]^g^{}=e^4,[e^i,e^j]^g^{}=0,$$

for $`1i<j4`$, $`(i,j)(3,4)`$.

Finally, we will exhibit an example of a generalized Lie bialgebra $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ such that $`\varphi _00`$ and $`d_{X_0}`$ is not a 1-coboundary with respect to the representation $`ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}:g\times ^2g^2g`$. Note that in Section 3.2 (see Example 3.14), we obtained an example which satisfies this last condition but, in that case, $`\varphi _0=0`$. On the other hand, all the examples of generalized Lie bialgebras that we have given in Section 5 are such that $`d_{X_0}`$ is a 1-coboundary.

Let $`g`$ be the Lie algebra of dimension 4 with basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3,e_4\}`$ satisfying

$$[e_4,e_1]^g=e_1,[e_4,e_2]^g=e_2,[e_4,e_3]^g=e_3$$

and the other brackets being zero. If $`\{e^1,e^2,e^3,e^4\}`$ is the dual basis of $`g^{}`$, we consider on $`g^{}`$ the Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$ characterized by

$$[e^1,e^2]^g^{}=e^3,[e^1,e^4]^g^{}=e^4,[e^i,e^j]^g^{}=0,$$

for $`1i<j4`$, $`(i,j)(1,2),(1,4)`$. Then, the pair $`((g,e^4),(g^{},e_1))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Moreover, it is easy to prove that there does not exist $`r^2g`$ such that $`d_{X_0}X=ad_{(\varphi _0,1)}(X)(r)`$, for all $`Xg`$.

## 6 Compact generalized Lie bialgebras

Several authors have devoted special attention to the study of compact Lie bialgebras and an important result in this direction is the following one  (see also ): every connected compact semisimple Lie group has a nontrivial Poisson Lie group structure.

In this Section, we will describe the structure of a generalized Lie bialgebra $`((g,\varphi _0),`$ $`(g^{},X_0))`$, $`g`$ being a compact Lie algebra (that is, $`g`$ is the Lie algebra of a compact connected Lie group).

If $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$, the pair $`(g,g^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra. Thus, we will suppose that $`\varphi _00`$ or $`X_00`$. Note that if $`\varphi _0=0`$ then $`X_0𝒵(g)`$ (see (3.3)). On the other hand, if $`\varphi _00`$ then we can consider and $`ad`$-invariant scalar product $`<,>:g\times g\text{}`$ and the vector $`\overline{Y}_0g`$ characterized by the relation $`\varphi _0(X)=<X,\overline{Y}_0>`$, for $`Xg`$. It is clear that $`\overline{Y}_00`$ and, moreover, using that $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle and the fact that $`<,>`$ is and $`ad`$-invariant scalar product, we obtain that $`\overline{Y}_0𝒵(g)`$ (we remark that $`\varphi _0(Y_0)=1`$ with $`Y_0=\frac{\overline{Y}_0}{\varphi _0(\overline{Y}_0)}𝒵(g)`$).

Therefore, if $`\varphi _00`$ or $`X_00`$, we have that $`dim𝒵(g)1`$. This implies that a compact connected Lie group $`G`$ with Lie algebra $`g`$ cannot be semisimple.

Next, we will distinguish two cases:

a) The case $`\varphi _00`$

Let $`g`$ be a compact Lie algebra and $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ a 1-cocycle, $`\varphi _00`$. If $`h`$ is a Lie subalgebra of $`g`$ and $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`h`$ such that $`i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0`$ then, from Corollary 4.3, we deduce that the pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, where the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ is given by (4.1).

Using the above construction, we can obtain some examples of generalized Lie bialgebras $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$, with $`\varphi _00`$ and $`g`$ a compact Lie algebra.

###### Examples 6.1

i) Compact generalized Lie bialgebras of the first kind. Let $`g`$ be a compact Lie algebra and $`h`$ an abelian Lie subalgebra of even dimension. Furthermore, assume that $`r^2h`$ is a nondegenerate 2-vector on $`h`$ (that is, $`r`$ comes from an algebraic symplectic structure on $`h`$) and that $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$ such that $`\varphi _00`$ and $`\varphi _0h^{}`$, $`h^{}`$ being the annihilator of $`h`$. Then, $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. The pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},0))`$ is said to be a compact generalized Lie bialgebra of the first kind.

ii) Compact generalized Lie bialgebras of the second kind. Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a compact real Lie algebra. Suppose that $`e_1,e_2g`$ are linearly independent and that $`[e_1,e_2]^g=0`$. We consider the 2-vector $`r`$ and the vector $`X_0`$ on $`g`$ defined by

$$r=\lambda e_1e_2,X_0=\lambda ^1e_1+\lambda ^2e_2,$$

with $`\lambda \text{}\{0\}`$ and $`(\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2)\text{}^2\{(0,0)\}`$. It is clear that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ which comes from an algebraic l.c.s. structure on the Lie subalgebra $`h=<e_1,e_2>`$. Therefore, if $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`g`$ such that $`i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0`$ (that is, $`\varphi _0(e_1)=\frac{\lambda ^2}{\lambda }`$ and $`\varphi _0(e_2)=\frac{\lambda ^1}{\lambda }`$) then $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. The pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is said to be a compact generalized Lie bialgebra of the second kind.

iii) Compact generalized Lie bialgebras of the third kind. Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a nonabelian compact real Lie algebra. Using the root space decomposition theorem (see, for instance, ) we have that there exist $`e_1,e_2,e_3g`$ satisfying

$$[e_1,e_2]^g=e_3,[e_1,e_3]^g=e_2,[e_2,e_3]^g=e_1.$$
(6.1)
Now, suppose that $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$ and that $`e_4`$ is a vector of $`g`$ such that $`\varphi _0(e_4)=1`$, and $`[e_4,e_i]^g=0`$, for $`i=1,2,3`$. Then, we consider the 2-vector $`r`$ and the vector $`X_0`$ on $`g`$ defined by

$$r=\lambda ^1(e_2e_3e_4e_1)\lambda ^2(e_1e_3+e_4e_2)+\lambda ^3(e_1e_2e_4e_3),$$

$$X_0=(\lambda ^1e_1+\lambda ^2e_2+\lambda ^3e_3),$$

with $`(\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2,\lambda ^3)\text{}^3\{(0,0,0)\}`$. A direct computation proves that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic l.c.s. structure on the Lie subalgebra $`h=<e_1,e_2,e_3,e_4>`$ (see Section 5.2). Moreover, $`i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0`$. Thus, $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. The pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is said to be a compact generalized Lie bialgebra of the third kind.

###### Remark 6.2

* In the third example the Lie algebra $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`u(2)`$, $`u(2)`$ being the Lie algebra of the unitary group $`U(2)`$.
* Let $`g`$ be a nonabelian compact Lie algebra such that $`𝒵(g)\{0\}`$. Assume that $`e_1,e_2,e_3g`$ satisfy (6.1) and that $`e_4`$ is an element of $`𝒵(g)`$, $`e_40`$. If $`<,>:g\times g\text{}`$ is an $`ad`$-invariant scalar product on $`g`$ and $`\overline{\varphi }_0g^{}`$ is the 1-form given by $`\overline{\varphi }_0(X)=<X,e_4>`$, for $`Xg`$, then $`\varphi _0=\frac{\overline{\varphi }_0}{<e_4,e_4>}`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$ and $`\varphi _0(e_4)=1`$.

Next, we will show that Examples 6.1 i), ii) and iii) are the only examples of generalized Lie bialgebras $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$, with $`\varphi _00`$ and $`g`$ a compact Lie algebra.

First, we will prove some results.

###### Theorem 6.3

Let $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebra. Suppose that $`\varphi _0(Y_0)=1`$, with $`Y_0𝒵(g)`$. Then, there exists a Lie subalgebra $`h`$ of $`g`$ and a 2-vector $`r^2h^2g`$ such that $`X_0h`$ and:

* The pair $`(r,X_0)`$ defines an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ which comes from an algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`h`$. Moreover, $`i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0`$.
* The Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$ on $`g^{}`$ is given by (4.1).

Proof: Denote by $`r`$ the 2-vector on $`g`$ given by

$$r=d_{X_0}Y_0.$$
(6.2)
Using (3.2), (3.3), (6.2) and the fact that $`Y_0𝒵(g)`$, we have that

$$i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0.$$
(6.3)
Now, we will show that the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$.

From (3.1), (6.2) and since $`Y_0𝒵(g)`$, it follows that

$$0=d_{X_0}[X,Y_0]^g=[X,r]^g+\varphi _0(X)r+d_{X_0}X,$$
(6.4)
for all $`Xg`$. Therefore, using (3.2), (6.4) and that $`X_0`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`(g^{},[,]^g^{})`$, we deduce that

$$[X_0,r]^g=0.$$
(6.5)
On the other hand, using again (6.4) and the properties of the algebraic Schouten bracket $`[,]^g`$, we conclude that $`[r^{},r]^g=d_{}r^{}+2X_0r^{}+ri(\varphi _0)(r^{})`$, for $`r^{}^2g`$. Consequently (see (6.3)),

$$[r,r]^g2X_0r=d_{}r+rX_0.$$
(6.6)
But, from (6.2) and since $`d_{X_0}`$ is a cohomology operator, we have that $`d_{}r+rX_0=d_{X_0}r=0`$, which implies that (see (6.6))

$$[r,r]^g2X_0r=0.$$
(6.7)
Thus, the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ and the rank of $`(r,X_0)`$ is even (see (6.3), (6.5) and (6.7)). Therefore, using Proposition A.4 (see Appendix A), it follows that there exists a Lie subalgebra $`h`$ of $`g`$ such that $`r^2h`$, $`X_0h`$ and the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ comes from an algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`h`$.

Finally, from (4.6) and (6.4), we deduce that the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ is given by (4.1).         $`QED`$

Now, we will describe the algebraic l.c.s. structures on a compact Lie algebra.

###### Theorem 6.4

Let $`h`$ be a compact Lie algebra of dimension $`2k`$, with $`k1`$. Suppose that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`h`$ which comes from an algebraic l.c.s. structure.

* If $`X_0=0`$ then $`h`$ is the abelian Lie algebra and $`r^2h`$ is a nondegenerate 2-vector on $`h`$.
* If $`X_00`$ and $`k=1`$ then $`h`$ is the abelian Lie algebra and $`r^2h`$ is an arbitrary 2-vector on $`h`$, $`r0`$.
* If $`X_00`$ and $`k2`$ then $`k=2`$, $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`u(2)`$ and

$$\begin{array}{c}r=\lambda ^1(e_2e_3e_4e_1)\lambda ^2(e_1e_3+e_4e_2)+\lambda ^3(e_1e_2e_4e_3),\\ X_0=(\lambda ^1e_1+\lambda ^2e_2+\lambda ^3e_3),\end{array}$$
(6.8)
where $`(\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2,\lambda ^3)\text{}^3\{(0,0,0)\}`$ and $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3,e_4\}`$ is a basis of $`h`$ such that $`e_4𝒵(h)`$ and

$$[e_1,e_2]^h=e_3,[e_1,e_3]^h=e_2,[e_2,e_3]^h=e_1.$$
(6.9)

Proof: Denote by $`(\mathrm{\Omega },\omega )`$ the algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`h`$ associated with the pair $`(r,X_0)`$. Then, if $`d`$ is the algebraic differential of $`h`$, we have that (see Appendix A)

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^k=\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{(k}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }0,d\mathrm{\Omega }=\omega \mathrm{\Omega },d\omega =0.$$
(6.10)
i) If $`X_0=0`$, we obtain that $`\omega =0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is an algebraic symplectic structure on $`h`$. Thus, since $`h`$ is a compact Lie algebra, i) follows using the results in  (see also ).

ii) It is trivial.

iii) Suppose that $`X_00`$ and that $`k2`$. Then, $`\omega 0`$. Moreover, we can consider an $`ad`$-invariant scalar product $`<,>:h\times h\text{}`$ and the vector $`\overline{Y}_0`$ of $`h`$ characterized by the relation

$$\omega (X)=<X,\overline{Y}_0>,\text{ for }Xh.$$
(6.11)
Using (6.11) and the fact that $`\omega `$ is a 1-cocycle, we deduce that $`\overline{Y}_0𝒵(h)`$. Consequently,

$$\omega (Y_0)=1,$$
(6.12)
with $`Y_0=\frac{\overline{Y}_0}{\omega (\overline{Y}_0)}𝒵(h)`$.

On the other hand, if $`h^{}h`$ is the annihilator of the subspace generated by $`\omega `$, it is clear that $`h^{}`$ is a Lie subalgebra of $`h`$. In fact, using (6.12) and since $`Y_0𝒵(h)`$ and $`\omega `$ is a 1-cocycle, it follows that the linear map

$$hh^{}\text{},X(X\omega (X)Y_0,\omega (X)),$$

is a Lie algebra isomorphism. In addition, we will show that $`h^{}`$ admits an algebraic contact structure. For this purpose, we define the 1-form $`\overline{\eta }`$ on $`h`$ given by

$$\overline{\eta }=i(Y_0)(\mathrm{\Omega }).$$
(6.13)
Using the equality $`\omega =i(X_0)(\mathrm{\Omega })`$, we have that

$$\overline{\eta }(X_0)=1.$$
(6.14)
Moreover, from (6.10), (6.12), (6.13) and since $`Y_0𝒵(h)`$, we deduce that

$$0=_{Y_0}\mathrm{\Omega }=i(Y_0)(d\mathrm{\Omega })+d(i(Y_0)(\mathrm{\Omega }))=\mathrm{\Omega }+\omega \overline{\eta }d\overline{\eta }.$$
(6.15)
In particular (see (6.12), (6.13) and (6.14))

$$i(X_0)(d\overline{\eta })=i(Y_0)(d\overline{\eta })=0.$$
(6.16)
Thus, the condition $`\mathrm{\Omega }^k=\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{(k}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }0`$ implies that $`\omega \overline{\eta }(d\overline{\eta })^{k1}0.`$ Therefore, the restriction $`\eta `$ of $`\overline{\eta }`$ to $`h^{}`$ is an algebraic contact 1-form on $`h^{}`$. Furthermore, if $`(r^{},X_0^{})`$ is the algebraic Jacobi structure on $`h^{}`$ associated with the contact 1-form then, from relations (6.12)-(6.16) and the results in Appendix A, we obtain that $`r^{}=r+Y_0X_0`$ and $`X_0^{}=X_0`$. Consequently, taking $`e_4=Y_0`$ and using Proposition B.1 (see Appendix B), we prove iii).         $`QED`$

Now, suppose that $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, with $`\varphi _00`$ and $`g`$ a compact Lie algebra. Under these conditions we showed, at the beginning of this Section, that there exists $`Y_0𝒵(g)`$ satisfying that $`\varphi _0(Y_0)=1`$. Thus, using Theorem 6.3, we deduce that there exists a Lie subalgebra $`h`$ of $`g`$ and a 2-vector $`r^2h^2g`$ such that $`X_0h`$, $`(r,X_0)`$ defines an algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`h`$,

$$i(\varphi _0)(r)=X_0$$
(6.17)
and the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ is given by (4.1).

If $`X_0=0`$ then, from (6.17) and Theorem 6.4, we have that $`h`$ is an abelian Lie algebra and $`\varphi _0h^{}`$. If $`X_00`$ and $`dimh=2`$, $`h`$ is the abelian Lie algebra. On the other hand, if $`X_00`$ and $`dimh4`$, using again Theorem 6.4, we obtain that $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`u(2)`$, that there exists a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3,e_4\}`$ of $`h`$ such that $`e_4𝒵(h)`$ and $`e_1,e_2`$ and $`e_3`$ satisfy (6.9) and that the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ is given by (6.8). This implies that $`\varphi _0(e_4)=1`$ (see (6.17)).

Thus, we have proved that Examples 6.1 i), ii) and iii) are the only examples of generalized Lie bialgebras $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$, with $`\varphi _00`$ and $`g`$ a compact Lie algebra. In other words,

###### Theorem 6.5

Let $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebra, with $`\varphi _00`$ and $`g`$ a compact Lie algebra. If $`X_0=0`$ (respectively, $`X_00`$) then it is of the first kind (respectively, the second or third kind).

b) The case $`\varphi _0=0`$

We will describe the structure of a generalized Lie bialgebra $`((g,0),(g^{},X_0))`$, $`g`$ being a compact Lie algebra and $`X_00`$. First, we will examine a suitable example.

Let $`(h,h^{})`$ be a Lie bialgebra and $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be an endomorphism of $`h`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }:hh`$. Assume that $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`h`$ with respect to the adjoint representation $`ad^h:h\times hh`$ and that $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`h^{}`$ with respect to the adjoint representation $`ad^h^{}:h^{}\times h^{}h^{}`$. Here, $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}:h^{}h^{}`$ is the adjoint homomorphism of $`\mathrm{\Psi }:hh`$. Denote by $`g=h\text{}`$ the direct product of the Lie algebras $`h`$ and  and consider on $`g^{}h^{}\text{}`$ the Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$ defined by

$$[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]^g^{}=([\alpha ,\beta ]^h^{}\lambda (\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id)(\beta )+\mu (\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id)(\alpha ),0),$$
(6.18)
for $`(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )h^{}\text{}g^{}`$. Using (6.18), that $`(h,h^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra and the fact that $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a 1-cocycle, we deduce that (3.1) holds. Thus, the pair $`((g,0),(g^{},(0,1)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Moreover, it is clear that if $`h`$ is a compact Lie algebra then $`g`$ is also compact.

Next, suppose that $`h`$ is compact and semisimple and denote by $`d_h^{}`$ the algebraic differential of $`h^{}`$. Then, from Lemma 3.3, it follows that there exist $`r^2h`$ and $`Zh`$ such that

$$d_h^{}X=[X,r]^h,\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=[X,Z]^h,\mathrm{\Psi }^{}(\alpha )=coad_Z^h\alpha ,$$
(6.19)
for $`Xh`$ and $`\alpha h^{}`$, where $`coad^h:h\times h^{}h^{}`$ is the coadjoint representation. Using (6.19), we obtain that

$$[[X,Z]^h,r]^h(\alpha ,\beta )=(\mathrm{\Psi }^{}[\alpha ,\beta ]^h^{})(X),$$

$$[Z,[X,r]^h]^h(\alpha ,\beta )=([\mathrm{\Psi }^{}(\alpha ),\beta ]^h^{}[\alpha ,\mathrm{\Psi }^{}(\beta )]^h^{})(X),$$

for $`\alpha ,\beta h^{}`$. Therefore, since $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id`$ is an adjoint 1-cocycle of $`h^{}`$, we deduce that

$$[[X,Z]^h,r]^h+[Z,[X,r]^h]^h=d_h^{}X=[X,r]^h.$$

Consequently, the equality $`[[X,Z]^h,r]^h+[Z,[X,r]^h]^h=[X,[Z,r]^h]^h`$ implies that

$$[X,[Z,r]^h]^h=[X,r]^h,\text{ for all }Xh.$$
(6.20)
The compact character of $`h`$ allows us to choose an $`ad^h`$-invariant scalar product $`<,>`$ on $`h`$. We will also denote by $`<,>`$ the natural extension of $`<,>`$ to $`^2h`$. This extension is a scalar product on $`^2h`$ and, in addition, it is easy to prove that $`<[X,s]^h,t>=`$ $`<s,[X,t]^h>`$, for $`Xh`$ and $`s,t^2h`$. Thus (see (6.20)),

$$<[Z,r]^h,[Z,r]^h>=<r,[Z,[Z,r]^h]^h>=<r,[Z,r]^h>=0,$$

i.e.,

$$[Z,r]^h=0.$$
(6.21)
Then, from (6.19), (6.20) and (6.21), we conclude that the Lie bracket $`[,]^h^{}`$ is trivial which implies that

$$[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]^g^{}=(\mu (coad_Z^h\alpha \alpha )\lambda (coad_Z^h\beta \beta ),0).$$
(6.22)
###### Remark 6.6

If $`h`$ is not semisimple then the Lie bracket $`[,]^h^{}`$ is not, in general, trivial. In fact, suppose that $`𝒵(h)\{0\}`$. We know that $`h`$ is isomorphic, as a Lie algebra, to the direct product $`h^{}𝒵(h)`$, where $`h^{}`$ is a compact semisimple Lie subalgebra of $`h`$. Therefore, if $`\mathrm{\Psi }:hh^{}𝒵(h)hh^{}𝒵(h)`$ is the projection on the subspace $`𝒵(h)`$, it follows that $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is an adjoint 1-cocycle of $`h`$. Furthermore, if on $`(h^{})^{}`$ we consider the trivial Lie bracket and on $`𝒵(h)^{}`$ an arbitrary (nontrivial) Lie bracket then the direct product $`(h^{})^{}𝒵(h)^{}h^{}`$ is a Lie algebra, the pair $`(h,h^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra and the endomorphism $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id`$ is an adjoint 1-cocycle of $`h^{}`$.

Now, we prove

###### Theorem 6.7

Let $`((g,0),(g^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebra with $`X_00`$ and $`g`$ a compact Lie algebra. Then:

* There exists a Lie subalgebra $`h`$ of $`g`$ such that $`g`$ is isomorphic, as a Lie algebra, to the direct product $`h\text{}`$. Moreover, under the above isomorphism, $`h^{}`$ is a Lie subalgebra of $`g^{}`$, the pair $`(h,h^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra, $`X_0=(0,1)h\text{}g`$ and the Lie bracket $`[,]^g^{}`$ on $`g^{}`$ is given by

$$[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]^g^{}=([\alpha ,\beta ]^h^{}\lambda (\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id)(\beta )+\mu (\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id)(\alpha ),0),$$
(6.23)
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }End(h)`$ is an adjoint 1-cocycle of $`h`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }^{}Id`$ is an adjoint 1-cocycle of $`h^{}`$.
* If $`dim𝒵(g)=1`$ then the Lie bracket $`[,]^h^{}`$ is trivial and there exists $`Zh`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=[X,Z]^h`$, for all $`Xh`$.

Proof: i) From (3.3) it follows that $`X_0𝒵(g)`$. We consider an $`ad^g`$-invariant scalar product $`<,>`$ on $`g`$ and the 1-form $`\theta _0g^{}`$ defined by $`\theta _0(X)=<X,X_0>`$, for all $`Xg`$. We have that $`\theta _0`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`g`$ and we can assume, without the loss of generality, that $`\theta _0(X_0)=1`$. Then, using (3.1) and the fact that $`X_0`$ is a 1-cocycle of $`g^{}`$, we deduce that the Lie subalgebra $`h`$ is the annihilator of the subspace generated by $`\theta _0`$ and that the endomorphism $`\mathrm{\Psi }:hh`$ is given by $`\mathrm{\Psi }(X)=Xi(\theta _0)(d_{}X)`$, where $`d_{}`$ is the algebraic differential of $`g^{}`$.

ii) If $`dim𝒵(g)=1`$ then $`h`$ is compact and semisimple and the result follows.         $`QED`$

Appendixes

## Appendix A Algebraic Jacobi structures

In this Appendix, we will deal with an algebraic version of the concept of Jacobi structure.

###### Definition A.1

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of finite dimension. An algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ is a pair $`(r,X_0)`$, with $`r^2g`$ and $`X_0g`$ satisfying

$$[r,r]^g=2X_0r,[X_0,r]^g=0,$$

where $`[,]^g`$ is the algebraic Schouten bracket.

Note that the algebraic Poisson structures on $`g`$ or, in other words, the solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation on $`g`$ are just the algebraic Jacobi structures $`(r,X_0)`$ such that $`X_0`$ is zero.

On the other hand, let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of finite dimension and let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$. As we know $`[\overline{s},\overline{t}]=\overline{[s,t]^g}`$, for $`s,t^{}g`$. Thus, if $`r^2g`$ and $`X_0g`$ then $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ if and only if the pair $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$ is a left invariant Jacobi structure on $`G`$.

###### Examples A.2

i) Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of odd dimension $`2k+1`$. We say that $`\eta g^{}`$ is an algebraic contact 1-form on $`g`$ if $`\eta (d\eta )^k=\eta d\eta \stackrel{(k}{\mathrm{}}d\eta 0,`$ where $`d`$ is the algebraic differential on $`g`$ (see ). In such a case, $`(g,\eta )`$ is termed a contact Lie algebra. If $`(g,\eta )`$ is a contact Lie algebra, we define $`r^2g`$ and $`X_0g`$ as follows

$$r(\alpha ,\beta )=d\eta (\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\alpha ),\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\beta )),X_0=\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\eta ),$$
(A.1)
for $`\alpha ,\beta g^{}`$, where $`\mathrm{}_\eta :gg^{}`$ is the isomorphism of vector spaces given by

$$\mathrm{}_\eta (X)=i(X)(d\eta )+\eta (X)\eta ,$$
(A.2)
for $`Xg`$. The vector $`X_0`$ is the Reeb vector of $`g`$ and it is characterized by the relations

$$i(X_0)(d\eta )=0,\eta (X_0)=1.$$
(A.3)
If $`G`$ is a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$ then it is clear that the left invariant 1-form $`\overline{\eta }`$ on $`G`$ satisfying $`\overline{\eta }(e)=\eta `$ is a contact 1-form. Moreover, the pair $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$ is just the Jacobi structure on $`G`$ associated with $`\overline{\eta }`$ (see, for instance, ). Therefore, we deduce that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$.

Using (A.1), (A.2) and (A.3), we have that $`\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )=\mathrm{}_\eta ^1(\alpha )+\alpha (X_0)X_0,`$ for $`\alpha g^{}`$.

ii) Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of even dimension $`2k`$. An algebraic locally conformal symplectic (l.c.s.) structure on $`g`$ is a pair $`(\mathrm{\Omega },\omega )`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2g^{}`$ is nondegenerate (that is, $`\mathrm{\Omega }^k=\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{(k}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }0`$), $`\omega g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle on $`g`$ and $`d\mathrm{\Omega }=\omega \mathrm{\Omega }`$. The 1-form $`\omega `$ is the Lee 1-form of the l.c.s. structure.

If $`(\mathrm{\Omega },\omega )`$ is an algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`g`$, one can define $`r^2g`$ and $`X_0g`$ by

$$r(\alpha ,\beta )=\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\alpha ),\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\beta )),X_0=\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\omega ),$$
(A.4)
for $`\alpha ,\beta g^{}`$, $`\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Omega }:gg^{}`$ being the isomorphism of vector spaces given by

$$\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Omega }(X)=i(X)\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(A.5)
for $`Xg`$. If $`G`$ is a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$ then it is clear that the left invariant 2-form $`\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ defines a locally conformal symplectic structure on $`G`$. Furthermore, the pair $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$ is just the Jacobi structure on $`G`$ associated with $`\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ (see, for instance, ). Consequently, we obtain that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$.

In this case, using (A.4) and (A.5), it follows that $`\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )=\mathrm{}_\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\alpha )`$, for $`\alpha g^{}`$. In particular, $`\mathrm{\#}_r:g^{}g`$ is a linear isomorphism.

It is clear that a real Lie algebra $`g`$ is symplectic in the sense of  if and only if $`g`$ is l.c.s. and the Lee 1-form is zero. Moreover, if $`g`$ is a symplectic Lie algebra then the 2-vector $`r^2g`$ given by (A.4) is a solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation on $`g`$.

Now, we introduce the following definition.

###### Definition A.3

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of dimension $`n`$ and $`(r,X_0)`$ be an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$. The rank of $`(r,X_0)`$ is the dimension of the subspace $`\mathrm{\#}_r(g^{})+`$ $`<X_0>g`$. Equivalently, the rank of $`(r,X_0)`$ is $`2kn`$ (respectively, $`2k+1n`$) if the rank of $`r`$ is $`2k`$ and $`X_0r^k=X_0r\stackrel{(k}{\mathrm{}}r=0`$ (respectively, $`X_0r^k=X_0r\stackrel{(k}{\mathrm{}}r`$ $`0`$).

If $`G`$ is a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$ then it is clear that the rank of an algebraic Jacobi structure $`(r,X_0)`$ on $`g`$ is just the rank of the Jacobi structure $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$ on $`G`$. Thus, the rank of a contact Lie algebra (respectively, l.c.s. Lie algebra) of dimension $`2k+1`$ (respectively, $`2k`$) is $`2k+1`$ (respectively, $`2k`$). Conversely, using some well-known results about transitive Jacobi manifolds (see ), one may prove that if $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure of rank $`2k+1`$ (respectively, of rank $`2k`$) on a Lie algebra $`g`$ of dimension $`2k+1`$ (respectively, of dimension $`2k`$) then the structure $`(r,X_0)`$ comes from an algebraic contact structure (respectively, an algebraic l.c.s. structure) on $`g`$. Moreover,

###### Proposition A.4

Let $`(g,[,]^g)`$ be a real Lie algebra of dimension $`n`$ and $`(r,X_0)`$ be an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`g`$ of rank $`mn`$. Then, there exists an $`m`$-dimensional Lie subalgebra $`h`$ of $`g`$ such that $`r^2h`$, $`X_0h`$, the pair $`(r,X_0)`$ defines an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`h`$ and:

* If $`m`$ is odd, the structure $`(r,X_0)`$ comes from an algebraic contact structure on $`h`$.
* If $`m`$ is even, the structure $`(r,X_0)`$ comes from an algebraic l.c.s. structure on $`h`$.

Proof: Let $`G`$ be a connected Lie group with Lie algebra $`g`$ and $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$ be the corresponding left invariant Jacobi structure on $`G`$. Denote by $``$ the characteristic foliation on $`G`$ associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\overline{r},\overline{X}_0)`$, that is (see ), for every $`gG`$, $`_g`$ is the subspace of $`T_gG`$ defined by $`_g=(\mathrm{\#}_{\overline{r}})_g(T_g^{}G)+<\overline{X}_0(g)>`$. It is clear that

$$\overline{r}(g)^2_g,_g=(L_g)_{}(_e),dim_g=dim_e=m,$$
(A.6)
for all $`gG`$. Thus, using (A.6), we deduce that $`h=_e`$.         $`QED`$

## Appendix B Compact contact Lie algebras

In , Diatta proved that if $`G`$ is a Lie group which admits a left invariant contact structure and a bi-invariant semi-Riemannian metric then $`G`$ is semisimple and thus, from Theorem 5 in , he deduced that G is locally isomorphic to $`SL(2,\text{})`$ or to $`SU(2)`$. Therefore, using this result, we have that if $`h`$ is a compact Lie algebra endowed with an algebraic contact structure then $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`su(2)`$. Next, we will give a simple proof of this last assertion. Moreover, we will describe all the algebraic contact structures on $`su(2)`$.

###### Proposition B.1

Let $`h`$ be a compact Lie algebra of dimension $`2k+1`$, with $`k1`$. Suppose that $`(r,X_0)`$ is an algebraic Jacobi structure on $`h`$ which comes from an algebraic contact structure. Then, $`k=1`$, $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`su(2)`$ and

$$r=\lambda ^1e_2e_3\lambda ^2e_1e_3+\lambda ^3e_1e_2,X_0=(\lambda ^1e_1+\lambda ^2e_2+\lambda ^3e_3),$$

where $`(\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2,\lambda ^3)\text{}^3\{(0,0,0)\}`$ and $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ is a basis of $`h`$ such that

$$[e_1,e_2]^h=e_3,[e_1,e_3]^h=e_2,[e_2,e_3]^h=e_1.$$
(B.1)
Proof: Let $`\eta `$ be the algebraic contact 1-form on $`h`$ associated with the algebraic Jacobi structure $`(r,X_0)`$ (see Appendix A). We can consider an $`ad`$-invariant scalar product $`<,>:h\times h\text{}`$ on $`h`$ and the vector $`\overline{X}_0h`$ characterized by the relation

$$\eta (X)=<X,\overline{X}_0>,\text{ for }Xh.$$
(B.2)
If $`d`$ is the algebraic differential on $`h`$ then, using (B.2) and the fact that $`<,>`$ is an $`ad`$-invariant scalar product, we have that $`i(\overline{X}_0)(d\eta )=0`$. This implies that

$$Ker(d\eta )=<X_0>=<\overline{X}_0>.$$
(B.3)
Next, we will see that the rank of $`h`$ is 1. Assume that there exists $`\xi h`$ such that $`[\overline{X}_0,\xi ]^h=0`$. From (B.2), we obtain that $`(i(\xi )d\eta )(X)=<\overline{X}_0,[\xi ,X]^h>=0`$, for all $`Xg`$. Thus, using (B.3), we deduce that $`\overline{X}_0`$ and $`\xi `$ are linearly dependent.

Therefore, since every abelian subset of $`h`$ must be contained in a maximal abelian subspace of $`h`$, we conclude that $`<\overline{X}_0>`$ is a maximal abelian subspace of $`h`$. This implies that the rank of $`h`$ is 1 and $`h`$ is isomorphic to $`su(2)`$ (see , p. 168).

Consequently, we can consider a basis $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$ of $`h`$ which satisfies (B.1). Then, it is easy to prove that an arbitrary 1-form $`\eta `$ on $`h`$, $`\eta 0`$ and $`\eta =\mu _1e^1+\mu _2e^2+\mu _3e^3`$ is an algebraic contact 1-form. Here, $`\{e^1,e^2,e^3\}`$ denotes the dual basis of $`\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}`$. The algebraic Jacobi structure $`(r,X_0)`$ associated with $`\eta `$ is given by (see Appendix A)

$$r=\lambda ^1e_2e_3\lambda ^2e_1e_3+\lambda ^3e_1e_2,X_0=(\lambda ^1e_1+\lambda ^2e_2+\lambda ^3e_3)$$

with $`\lambda ^i=\frac{\mu _i}{(\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2+\mu _3^2)}`$, for $`i\{1,2,3\}`$. This ends the proof of the result.         $`QED`$

Acknowledgments. Research partially supported by DGICYT grant BFM 2000-0808. The authors wish to thank J.H. Lu for sending her thesis to us and R. Ibáñez for calling our attention to the thesis of A. Diatta. D. Iglesias wishes to thank Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture for an FPU grant.