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# Quantum backreaction of massive fields and self-consistent semiclassical extreme black holes and acceleration horizons

## I introduction

Nowadays, the physical relevance and importance of the issue of extreme black holes (EBH) does not need detailed clarification. Let us only mention briefly such issues as the end-point of black hole evaporation, information loss, the black hole entropy, etc. In fact, the background of EBH can serve as a promising testing area of potential predictions of (yet not constructed) quantum gravity in the semiclassical domain. Meanwhile, recently, the very fact of existence of semiclassical black holes became the subject of discussion . In this paper Lowe presented strong arguments confirming the existence of semiclassical EBH. These arguments, however, are of phenomenological nature in that they tacitly assume that the components of the stress-energy tensor (SET) of quantized field and their relevant combinations with the metric functions remain finite on the horizon. Meanwhile, this is not obvious in advance. For example, in the background of the Reissner-Nordström (RN) EBH this fact for massless radiation was established only by virtue of thorough numerical calculations .

In such a situation it looks reasonable to elaborate the general backreaction approach to EBH similar to that  applied to Schwarzschild black holes. However, the attempt of moving in this direction immediately encounters the following difficulty which reveals the crucial difference between the nonextreme and extreme black holes in the given context. In the first case, it was sufficient to choose the fixed background and carry out calculations perturbatively, whereas in the second one the very nature of the background becomes not trivial. Say, for the classical Reissner-Nordström (RN) with charge $`Q`$ and mass $`M`$ minor changes around the extreme relationship $`M=Q`$ can convert EBH to the nonextreme hole or naked singularity. Correspondingly, one should be very careful in examining changes caused by quantum effects at the border of so different kinds of spacetimes. Therefore, the accent in the backreaction program for EBH (at least, on the first step) is to be shifted as compared to the Schwarzschild case: first of all, it is necessary to elucidate, whether or not EBH are compatible with backreaction. It looks natural to take a generic EBH metric, “dressed” by surrounding quantum fields, and elucidate, whether or not backreaction is compatible with the property that the Hawking temperature $`T_H=0`$. In turn, this invokes information about the SET of quantized field spacetime of a generic spherically-symmetrical EBH. For massless fields, this task is extremely difficult. Meanwhile, for massive fields recent progress in deriving general expressions for SET ,  makes the task tractable. As the calculation of SET is the key to the problem of existence of quantum-corrected EBH, let us dwell upon this issue in a more detail.

## II General features of SET of massive fields in curved manifolds

According to a standard viewpoint, the renormalized stress–energy tensor (SET) of quantized fields evaluated in appropriate state encodes all available information of quantum field theory in curved background, and (beside the classical part) it serves as a source term of the semiclassical Einstein field equations. Unfortunately, mathematical complexities prevent exact analytical treatment and in most of physically interesting situations it cannot be expressed in terms of known special functions. Moreover, what is of principal interest in further applications is not the SET itself evaluated in the particular geometry, but rather its functional dependence on a wide class of metrics. Therefore, we are confronted with two serious problems: construction of the SET on the one hand, and studying the effect of the quantized field upon the spacetime geometry on the other. It is natural therefore, that to address these problems, at least partially, one should employ approximate methods.

It seems that for the massive fields in the large mass limit considered in this paper, an approximation based on the DeWitt-Schwinger expansion is of required generality, allowing, in principle, to attack the problem of backreaction prerturbatively. Moreover, in some situations (also considered here), it is even possible to construct exact solutions of the semiclassical field equations, or, what is more common, guided by physical considerations, guess the appropriate form of the line element. Although such a procedure is limited to especially simple geometries with a high degree of symmetries, obtained results are of particular interest and importance.

For the massive fields in a curved spacetime, the renormalized effective action, $`W_R`$, constructed by means of the DeWitt–Schwinger method is given by

$$W_R=\frac{1}{32\pi ^2m^2}d^4xg^{1/2}\underset{n=3}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(n3)!}{\left(m^2\right)^{n2}}\left[a_n\right],$$
(1)
where $`\left[a_n\right]`$ is the coincidence limit of the n-th Hadamard-DeWitt coefficient and $`m`$ is the mass of the field, and the first three terms of the DeWitt-Schwinger expansion have been absorbed by quadratic terms of the generalized classical gravitational action in the process of the renormalization of the bare constants. As the complexity of the Hadamard-DeWitt coefficients rapidly grows with $`n`$, the practical use of (1) is confined to the first order of $`W_R`$, which involves the integrated coincidence limit of fourth Hadamard–DeWitt coefficient $`a_3`$ computed by Gilkey . Being constructed from local, geometrical quantities, the first order effective action does not describe the process of particle creation which is a nonlocal phenomenon, however, for sufficiently massive fields, the contribution of real particles may be neglected and the DeWitt-Schwinger $`W_R`$ satisfactorily approximates the total effective action. It could be shown that for massive scalar, spinor, and vector fields the first-order effective action could be compactly written in a form

$`W_{ren}^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{192\pi ^2m^2}}{\displaystyle }d^4xg^{1/2}(c_1^{(s)}R\mathrm{}R+c_2^{(s)}R_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{}R^{\mu \nu }+c_3^{(s)}R^3+c_4^{(s)}RR_{\mu \nu }R^{\mu \nu }`$ (2)
$`+`$ $`c_5^{(s)}RR_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }R^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }+c_6^{(s)}R_\nu ^\mu R_\rho ^\nu R_\mu ^\rho +c_7^{(s)}R^{\mu \nu }R_{\rho \sigma }R_{\mu \nu }^{\rho \sigma }+c_8^{(s)}R_{\mu \nu }R_{\lambda \rho \sigma }^\mu R^{\nu \lambda \rho \sigma }`$ (3)
$`+`$ $`c_9^{(s)}R_{\rho \sigma }^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu \nu }R_{\mu \nu }^{}{}_{}{}^{\lambda \gamma }R_{\lambda \gamma }^{}{}_{}{}^{\rho \sigma }+c_{10}^{(s)}R_{\mu \nu }^{\rho \sigma }R_{\lambda \gamma }^{\mu \nu }R_{\rho \sigma }^{\lambda \gamma },)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{192\pi ^2m^2}}{\displaystyle }_{i=1}^{10}c_i^{(s)}W_i,`$ (4)
where the numerical coefficients depending on the spin of the field are listed in Table I. As the approximate stress–energy tensor is obtained by functional differentiation of (2) with respect to the metric tensor,

$$T^{\mu \nu (q)}=\frac{1}{96\pi ^2m^2g^{1/2}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{10}{}}c_i^{(s)}\frac{\delta }{\delta g_{\mu \nu }}W_i\text{,}$$
(5)
one concludes that within the framework of the adopted approximation, it is expressed as a linear combination of purely geometrical terms with the numerical coefficients depending on the spin of the field, and consequently is independent of boundary conditions. Since the calculations are carried out for the Euclideanized geometry, the resulting Green functions bear close relations with the temperature Green functions, and in the black hole spacetimes in the absence of the superradiant modes, the thus obtained SET may be interpreted in terms of the thermal state. An alternative approach, consisting in the construction of appropriate Green functions by summing (integrating) WKB approximants of the mode functions of the scalar field equation with arbitrary coupling to a curvature, has been proposed in Ref. . It has been shown that, to obtain the lowest order terms in the DeWitt–Schwinger expansion, one has to employ the results of 6-th order WKB. Moreover, detailed analyses, both analytical and numerical, of the stress–energy tensor of the quantized massive scalar field carried out in the Reissner–Nordström spacetime confirmed that the DeWitt–Schwinger approximation yields reasonable results as long as the mass of the field is sufficiently large. Specifically, it was shown that for quantized scalars in the vicinity of the event horizon of RN black hole, the approximation remains within a few percents of the exact (numerical) value if the condition $`mM2`$ holds.

General expressions for the first nonvanishing order of SET of the massive scalar, spinor, and vector fields, which generalize earlier results of Frolov and Zel’nikov for vacuum type-D geometries  , are constructed in  and . They may be, in principle, used in any spacetime provided the temporal changes of the background are slow and the ratio of the Compton length to the characteristic radii of curvature are small. However, because of computational complexity, their practical use is limited to simple spacetimes. Happily, there are considerable simplifications for the class of metrics considered in this paper: spherically-symmetric geometries with vanishing curvature scalar and the spacetimes with maximally symmetric subspaces. On the other hand, however, in some physically important and computationally tractable cases, as for example Kerr or Kerr–Newman spacetimes, there are superradiant modes, and the SET constructed along the lines of the DeWitt–Schwinger approximation must be interpreted with care. However, in spite of its inherent limitations, the DeWitt-Schwinger method is still the most general one not restricted to any particular type of symmetry.

In this paper we shall use the general results of  and  to evaluate the renormalized SETs of the massive scalar, spinor, and vector field in the spacetime of extremal black holes (EBH). The calculations for a general metric turn out to be extremely complicated and are of little practical use. Fortunately, for the issue of the existence of quantum-corrected EBH and the properties of corresponding self-consistent solutions of the Einstein equations, it is sufficient to expand the metric potentials in the vicinity of the event horizon into the Taylor series and examine SET constructed for this simplified line element. Additionally, we shall construct and examine the SET in the Bertotti - Robinson-like spacetimes obtained by expanding the near–horizon geometry into a whole manifold.

## III semiclassical extreme black holes

### A quantum backreaction and degenerate horizon

The metric under consideration reads

$$ds^2=Udt^2+V^1dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2\text{,}$$
(6)
where the form of $`V(r)`$ can be found from $`00`$ component of the Einstein equations. It is equal to

$`V`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{r_+}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\stackrel{~}{m}(r)}{r}}\text{,}`$ (7)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}(r)`$ $`=`$ $`4\pi {\displaystyle _{r_+}^r}𝑑r^{}r^{}_{}{}^{}2\rho (r^{})\text{;}`$ (8)
where $`\rho =T_0^0`$, the SET $`T_\mu ^\nu =T_\mu ^{\nu (cl)}+T_\mu ^{\nu (q)}`$. Here the first term comes from a classical source, the second one is due to the contribution of quantum fields and is to be understood as a quantum average with respect to the the Hartle-Hawking state, renormalized in a proper way. Let us assume that the role of a classical source is played by an electromagnetic field ($`T_\mu ^{\nu (cl)}T_\mu ^{\nu (em)}`$), so we deal with the quantum-corrected RN black hole. Correspondingly, $`\stackrel{~}{m}(r)=m_{em}+m_q`$, where $`m_{em}=\frac{Q^2}{2}(\frac{1}{r_+}\frac{1}{r})`$, $`m^q=4\pi _{r_+}^r𝑑r^{}r^{}_{}{}^{}2\rho ^q(r^{})`$. Here it is implied that the event horizon is located at $`r=r_+`$. In this sense $`r_+`$ is “exact” value of the horizon radius (to some extent the word “exact” is conditional since $`T_\mu ^{\nu (q)}`$ is known in the one-loop approximation only). The function $`U=Ve^{2\psi }`$, where the concrete form of the function $`\psi (r)`$ can be found from the $`(rr)`$ Einstein equation. Then the Hawking temperature

$$T_H=\frac{V^{^{}}(r_+)}{4\pi }e^{\psi (r_+)}\text{.}$$
(9)
The explicit form of $`V`$ is

$`V`$ $`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{2m(r)}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{r^2}}\text{,}`$ (10)
$`m(r)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}(r)+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{2r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r_+}{2}}=M+m^q(r)\text{.}`$ (11)
It follows from the definitions that $`m^q(r_+)=0`$ (no room for radiation) and $`m(r_+)=M`$. The condition that $`r_+`$ is the root of $`V(r)=0`$ means that

$$g(r)r^2V=r^22m(r)r+Q^2=0\text{.}$$
(12)
If $`\psi (r_+)`$ is bounded on a horizon, the answer to the question whether or not a black hole can reach the extreme state is determined by whether or not $`V^{}(r_+)`$ can turn into zero. In fact, the finiteness of $`\psi (r_+)`$ on the horizon, typical of a nonextreme black hole, becomes a nontrivial issue in the extreme case. It is equivalent to the problem whether or not the energy measured by a freely falling observer remains finite on the horizon (see, cf. ). Thorough numerical calculations showed that $`\psi (r_+)`$ is indeed finite for the RN EBH in the case when quantized fields are massless . The behavior of $`\psi `$ near the horizon is one of key issues examined below in the present paper for the case of massive fields. Let us, however, put for a moment this matter aside and assume that $`\psi (r_+)`$ is indeed finite.

The equation (12) should be satisfied at $`r=r_+`$ independently of whether the horizon is extremal. Here $`m(r)`$ is an unknown function but near $`r_+`$ we can expand it like $`m(r)=M+A(rr_+)+\mathrm{}`$, where $`A=4\pi r_+^2\rho ^q(r_+)`$ has the order $`\epsilon =\mathrm{}/M^2`$. It is more convenient to write:

$$m(r)=M_o+Ar+\mathrm{}\text{,}$$
(13)
where $`M_0=MAr_+`$. Now we get the equation

$$g(r)=r^2(12A)2rM_0+Q^2=0\text{,}$$
(14)
whence the roots are

$$r_\pm =\frac{M_0}{12A}\pm \sqrt{(\frac{M_0}{12A})^2\frac{Q^2}{12A}}\text{.}$$
(15)
If one adjust parameters in such a way that $`M_0^2=Q^2(12A)`$, then

$$r_+=r_{}=Q/\sqrt{12A}=\frac{M}{1A}$$
(16)
is the the double root of the function $`g(r)`$ and $`M=\frac{M_0(1A)}{12A}=\frac{Q(1A)}{\sqrt{12A}}`$.

From physical grounds, it is essential for the existence of EBH that the total energy density on the horizon (including, in the RN case, electromagnetic contribution) be positive (and large enough), so the sign of quantum contribution itself (if it is not too large) is not so crucial.

Let us also describe another, seemingly “obvious” approach that, however, contains a hidden trap. In other (less successfull) notations one can write the identity that follows from substitution $`r=r_+`$ into $`g(r_+)=0`$:

$$r_+^22Mr_++Q^2=0\text{,}$$
(17)
whence

$$r_+=M+\alpha \sqrt{M^2Q^2\text{,}}$$
(18)
$`\alpha =1`$ or $`\alpha =1`$. At the first glance, the choice $`\alpha =1`$ should correspond to the event horizon as it is the case for classical RN black holes. However, when one insert $`r=r_+`$ into the identity $`g(r_+)=0`$, it turns out that, as a matter of fact, one inserts into an equation its own root as a parameter of this very equation (by contrast, $`M_0`$, $`Q`$ and $`A`$ are independent parameters and the roots $`r_\pm `$ are expressed in their terms directly according to (15)). This procedure is not quite safe and can lead to the appearance of “spurious” solutions . Therefore, one should verify its self-consistency to make sure that the root under consideration is a “true” one.

It is instructive to demonstrate this explicitly. Let us compare two different presentation of the same quantity - (15) and (18). Then after some manipulations we have

$$\alpha \sqrt{M^2Q^2}=\sqrt{Z}+\frac{M_0A}{12A}\text{,}$$
(19)
where $`Z=(\frac{M_0}{12A})^2\frac{Q^2}{12A}`$. If $`A>0`$, one should take $`\alpha =1`$ (it is supposed that $`A`$ is not too large; in fact, $`A1`$). However, near the extreme state $`Z0`$ and $`A<0`$, one should choose $`\alpha =1`$.

Thus, quantum backreaction shifts the double root to a new position but does not change its character qualitatively . In so doing, however, in a sharp contrast with the classical case, the horizon for $`A<0`$ lies at $`r_+=M\sqrt{M^2Q^2}`$ .

### B General approach to extreme black holes dressed by quantized massive fields

Meanwhile, as is mentioned above, the fact that backreaction leaves the possibility for the existence of double root of eq. (14) is insufficient in itself for making conclusions about the existence of extreme quantum-corrected black holes. According to $`rr`$ and $`tt`$ components of the Einstein equations,

$$\psi =4\pi _{\mathrm{}}^r𝑑rF(r)\text{}F(r)=r\frac{T_1^1T_0^0}{V}\text{.}$$
(20)
Here the lower limit of integration is set to infinity since it is supposed that spacetime infinity is flat and $`\psi =0`$. Below we will consider the case of massive fields only for which $`T_\mu ^\nu 0`$ as $`r\mathrm{}`$ (for massless fields it is assumed usually that a system is enclosed into a finite cavity, otherwise $`T_\mu ^\nu const0`$).

The key question is whether or not the quantity $`F`$ is finite on the horizon. Further details depend on the possibility of power expansion of the metric near the horizon. As far as massless fields are concerned, the counterpart from two-dimensional black hole physics shows  that (i) for a generic fixed metric the function $`F(r)`$ diverges on the horizon that indicates the qualitative change of the metric of extreme black hole under influence of quantum field, (ii) if, instead of fixing a metric in advance, one chooses it as a self-consistent solution of field equations with backreaction taken into account, the existence of an extreme black hole is compatible with quantum backreaction but (iii) the power expansion of the metric near the horizon fails to be analytic. On the other hand, numerical calculations for the four-dimensional RN background  showed that $`F`$ remains finite on the horizon.

There are the following subtleties in our problem. As, by assumption, quantum field is neutral, it does not screen a charge, so its value $`Q`$ is the same for an original classical and quantum-corrected backgrounds. Then it follows from (15) that $`r_\pm <Q`$, if $`\rho ^q(r_+)<0`$. Had we chosen the classical background with such a relationship between parameters and tried to take into account quantum backreaction by building up the perturbation series, we would have obtained physically meaningless result. Indeed, if the root of the equation $`g(r)=0`$ is less than $`Q`$, it corresponds in a classical language to the Cauchy (not the event) horizon, where the stress-energy tensor of quantum fields is known to blow up. This obstacle testifies clearly that, instead of using an standard scheme (pure classical background plus perturbative quantum corrections) we should start from the self-consistent quantum-corrected background from the very beginning.

Our strategy consists in the following. As the issue of the existence of extreme black holes (EBH) demands knowledge of behavior of the metric near the horizon only, let us consider the vicinity of the horizon of a generic EBH, expand the metric near the horizon into the power series and examine, whether or not the quantity $`F`$ remains finite on the horizon. If $`F`$ is finite (that means the finiteness of SET in the orthonormal reference frame of a free falling observer ), one obtains the power expansion for the SET too, so the full self-consistent solution can be obtained by a direct expansion into the Taylor series with respect to $`rr_+`$.

For EBH the conjectured power expansion in terms of $`rr_+`$ looks like $`V=a(rr_+)^2+b(rr_+)^3+\mathrm{}`$ For concrete calculations it is more convenient, however, to use, instead of $`r`$, the proper distance $`l`$ from some fixed point. Then we have $`\frac{dl}{dr}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{V}}`$. Substituting into this equation the power expansion for $`V`$ near the horizon, we find

$$rr_+=A_1e^{l/\rho }+A_2e^{2l/\rho }+\mathrm{}\text{.,}$$
(21)
where $`\rho =a^{1/2}`$ and the integration constant $`l_0`$ is absorbed by coefficients according to $`A_1=r_+\mathrm{exp}(l_0/\rho )`$, $`A_2=r_+^2b/a\mathrm{exp}(2l_0/\rho )`$.

We can write down

$$ds^2=dt^2U(l)+dl^2+r^2(l)d\mathrm{\Omega }^2\text{.}$$
(22)
In what follows we assume that power expansion of $`U`$ in terms of $`rr_+`$ starts from the terms of $`(rr_+)^2`$, as it is typical for EBH. In term of $`l`$ this function reads

$$U=e^{2l/\rho }f(l)\text{}f=f_0+f_1e^{l/\rho }+f_2e^{2l/\rho }\text{.}$$
(23)
The expressions for SET of massive fields in the metric (23) are very cumbersome. However, what is the most important for us, it is their general structure. It turns out that near the horizon

$$F=F_0+F_1e^{l/\rho }+F_2e^{2l/\rho }+\mathrm{}$$
(24)
with finite coefficients $`F_i`$ ($`i=0,1,2\mathrm{}`$). The expressions for the components of SET read

$$T_\mu ^\nu =t_\mu ^{\nu (0)}+t_\mu ^{\nu (1)}e^{l/\rho }+t_\mu ^{\nu (2)}e^{2l/\rho }+\mathrm{}\text{,}$$
(25)
where explicit expression for the coefficients $`t_\mu ^\nu `$ are listed in Appendix for different kinds of field. It is essential that in all cases it turns out that $`t_0^{0(0)}=t_1^{1(0)}`$ and $`t_0^{0(1)}=t_1^{1(1)}`$ that just leads to the finiteness of $`F`$ on the horizon.

It is worth stressing that the finiteness of $`F`$ for the case of massive fields is shown for any EBH irrespective of whether or not its metric obeys the system of field equations and the type of the theory to which these field equation correspond. Now this general result is applied for the most physically interesting case of RN EBH, dressed by its quantum radiation.

### C quantum-corrected RN extreme black hole

From physical viewpoint, it is natural to fix the total mass measured by a distant observer at infinity (the microcanonical boundary condition). Then we have from (10)

$$M_{tot}=M+m^q\text{}m^q=4\pi _{r_+}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑rr^2T_0^{0(q)}\text{}M=\frac{r_+^2+Q^2}{2r_+}\text{.}$$
(26)
The condition of extremality $`V^{}(r_+)=0`$ entails

$$r_+^2(12A)=Q^2\text{.}$$
(27)
In all cases $`m^q=\alpha _sm^2r_+^3`$, where $`\alpha _0=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\frac{17}{441}`$, $`\alpha _{1/2}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\frac{19}{147}`$, $`\alpha _1=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\frac{107}{441},`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=\frac{1}{720\pi }`$. From (26), (27) it is seen that the correction of the first order in $`M`$ cancel and we obtain

$$M_{tot}=Q+\alpha _sm^2r_+^3\text{.}$$
(28)
In the main approximation $`\rho =r_+=M=Q`$. We see that for all physically relevant cases $`\alpha _s<0`$ and $`M_{tot}<Q`$. Thus, a distant observer measuring by precise devices the total mass and charge of an extreme RN black hole, had he relied on classical notions only and neglect quantum backreaction completely, would have been led to the wrong conclusion that in fact the object under investigation is rather naked singularity than a black hole. In other words, the quantum-corrected solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations under discussion not only acquires some small corrections from backreaction of quantum fields but resides in a pure quantum domain where the existence of classical black holes (both extremal or non-extremal) is strictly forbidden.

One can also find the quantum-corrected position of the horizon in terms of physical parameters. Taking into account (16) and noticing that $`T_0^{0(q)}(r_+)=\eta _sm^2r_+^6`$, $`\eta _s=\frac{\mu _s}{2880\pi ^2}`$, $`\mu _0=\frac{16}{21}4(\xi 1/6)`$, $`\mu _{1/2}=\frac{37}{14}`$, $`\mu _1=\frac{114}{7}`$ , we obtain $`A=4\pi \eta _sm^2r_+^4`$, $`r_+=Q(12A)^{1/2}Q(1+A)`$. Equivalently, in terms of a total mass, $`r_+=M_{tot}(1+\beta _sm^2M_{tot}^4)`$, $`\beta _s=4\pi \eta _s\alpha _s`$. Here $`\beta _0=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\left[\frac{353}{441}4(\xi \frac{1}{6})\right]`$, $`\beta _{1/2}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\frac{815}{294}`$, $`\beta _1=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\frac{7289}{441}`$.

## IV quantum-corrected BR-like spacetimes

### A Self-consistent solutions without cosmological term

It is obvious that it is impossible to find exact solution of backreaction equation for realistic four-dimensional EBH in all space and this is the reason why we were forced to restrict ourselves by the treatment of the vicinity of the horizon only. Meanwhile, there exists another class of objects for which exact solutions (in the one-loop approximation) can indeed be found - metrics with acceleration horizons (Bertotti-Robinson (BR) spacetime and its modifications). Such spacetimes have topology $`(r,t)\times S_2`$, where $`S_2`$ is two-dimensional sphere, so that the coefficient standing at the angular part of a line element is constant. The physical relevance of such spacetimes stems, in particular, from the fact that it can serve as approximation to the true metric of EBH in the vicinity of the horizon. Apart from this, such a kind of a metric appears in the limiting transition from nonextreme black holes to extreme ones , , . SET for the BR spacetime was studied in , . Now, however, we start not from the BR itself, but from its quantum-corrected version.

The general form of metrics under consideration is

$$ds^2=U(l)dt^2+dl^2+r_0^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2\text{,}$$
(29)
where it is assumed that there exists a horizon on which $`U0`$. In the coordinates ($`x^1`$, $`\theta `$, $`\varphi `$, $`t`$) the SET of electromagnetic field is

$$8\pi T_\mu ^{\nu (em)}=\frac{Q^2}{r_0^4}(1\text{}1\text{}1\text{}1)\text{.}$$
(30)
However, the expression for SET of quantized fields in such a background is rather complicated and will not be written here. Fortunately, if we restrict ourselves to the BR-like spacetime and guess its quantum-corrected version, we obtain a very simple answer in a compact form. We found that this procedure is tractable for the following cases:

Metric $`BR1`$:

$$ds^2=dt^2\rho ^2sh^2\frac{l}{\rho }+dl^2+r_0^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2\text{,}$$
(31)
$$G_\mu ^\nu =(\frac{1}{r_0^2}\text{}\frac{1}{\rho ^2}\text{}\frac{1}{\rho ^2}\text{}\frac{1}{r_0^2})\text{,}$$
(32)
Metric $`BR2`$:

$$ds^2=dt^2\mathrm{exp}(2l/\rho )+dl^2+r_0^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
(33)
The Einstein tensor has the same form (32).

Metric $`dS_2\times S_2`$:

$$ds^2=dt^2\sigma ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{l}{\sigma }+dl^2+r_0^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2\text{,}$$
(34)
$$G_\mu ^\nu =(\frac{1}{r_0^2}\text{}\frac{1}{\sigma ^2}\text{,}\text{ }\frac{1}{\sigma ^2}\text{}\frac{1}{r_0^2})$$
(35)
Metric $`Rindler_2\times S_2`$:

$$ds^2=dt^2l^2+dl^2+r_0^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2\text{.}$$
(36)
$$G_\mu ^\nu =(\frac{1}{r_0^2}\text{}0\text{}0\text{ }\frac{1}{r_0^2})$$
(37)
In all cases indicated above SET of quantum fields can be written as

$$8\pi T_\mu ^{\nu (q)}=C(f_1\text{}f_2\text{}f_2\text{}f_1)\text{,}$$
(38)
where $`f_1`$ , $`f_2`$ are simple constants depending on curvatures of the two dimensional maximally-symmetric subspaces, $`C=\frac{1}{12\pi ^2m^2}`$, and $`m`$ is a mass of a field. The form of (38) follows from the fact that for (31), (33), (34), and (36) the covariant derivatives of the Riemann tensor and its contractions vanish that considerable simplifies the SET given by (5).

The fact that $`T_2^{2(q)}=T_3^{3(q)}`$ is a simple consequence of symmetry of the metric with respect to rotations. The equality $`T_0^{0(q)}=T_1^{1(q)}`$ can be understood as follows: the metrics of the type (29) can be obtained as a result of certain limiting transition from black holes ones, in the process of which the near-horizon geometry expands into a whole manifold ; then SET pick up their values from the horizon where the regularity condition demands just the validity of this equality.

It turns out that for all cases the function $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$ share the common general structure. In $`BR1`$ and $`BR2`$ $`f_1=\rho ^6r_0^6(a_1r_0^6+b_1r_0^4\rho ^2+c_1\rho ^6)`$, $`f_2=\rho ^6r_0^6(a_2\rho ^6+b_2\rho ^4r_0^2+c_2r_0^6)`$, where the coefficients $`a_i`$, $`b_i`$ and $`c_i`$ ($`i=1`$, $`2`$) are the same for both metrics.

For all values of the spin $`a_2=a_1`$, $`b_2=b_1`$, $`c_2=c_1`$.

In the scalar case ($`s=0`$):

$`a_1=\frac{1}{105}(884\xi +420\xi ^2840\xi ^3)`$, $`b_1=\frac{1}{105}(7112\xi +630\xi ^21260\xi ^3)`$,

$`c_1=\frac{1}{105}(442\xi +210\xi ^2420\xi ^3)`$;

$`s=1/2`$: $`a_1=\frac{20}{420}`$, $`b_1=\frac{7}{420}`$, $`c_1=\frac{10}{420}`$;

$`s=1`$: $`a_1=\frac{8}{35}`$, $`b_1=\frac{7}{35}`$, $`c_1=\frac{4}{35}`$.

Metric $`dS_2\times S_2`$ (now $`f_1=\sigma ^6r_0^6(a_1r_0^6+b_1r_0^4\sigma ^2+c_1\sigma ^6)`$ and $`f_2=\sigma ^6r_0^6(a_2\sigma ^6+b_2\sigma ^4r_0^2+c_2r_0^6)`$):

$`a_2=a_1`$, $`b_2=b_1`$, $`c_2=c_1`$.

$`s=0`$: $`a_1=\frac{1}{105}(8+84\xi 420\xi ^2+840\xi ^3)`$, $`b_1=\frac{1}{105}(7+112\xi 630\xi ^2+1260\xi ^3)`$, $`c_1=\frac{1}{105}(442\xi +210\xi ^2420\xi ^3)`$;

$`s=1/2`$: $`a_1=\frac{20}{420}`$, $`b_1=\frac{7}{420}`$, $`c_1=\frac{10}{420}`$;

$`s=1`$: $`a_1=\frac{8}{35}`$, $`b_1=\frac{7}{35}`$, $`c_1=\frac{4}{35}`$.

Metric $`Rindler_2\times S_2`$:

$`f_1=ar_0^6`$, $`f_2=2ar_0^6`$, $`a_0=\frac{863\eta 3780\eta ^3}{945}`$ ($`\eta =\xi 1/6`$), $`a_{1/2}=\frac{1}{42}`$, $`a_1=\frac{4}{35}`$.

In the limits $`\rho \mathrm{}`$ and $`\sigma \mathrm{}`$ the metrics $`BR1`$and $`dS_2\times S_2`$ turn into $`Rindler_2\times S_2`$. One can check that in these limits the function $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$ go smoothly to their values for the metric $`Rindler_2\times S_2`$.

Let the classical background be of the $`BR1`$ or $`BR2`$ type metrics (The metric (34) cannot appear on the pure classical level without a cosmological constant). Then we obtain two independent equations from the Einstein ones:

$$\frac{1}{r_0^2}=\frac{Q^2}{r_0^4}+Cf_1$$
(39)
$$\frac{1}{\rho ^2}=\frac{Q^2}{r_0^4}+Cf_2$$
(40)
Taking the sum of (39) and (40) and noticing that $`f_1+f_2=\frac{(r_0^2\rho ^2)}{r_0^6\rho ^6}\chi `$, where $`\chi `$ has the structure $`\chi =\alpha _1r_0^4+\alpha _2\rho ^4+\alpha _3\rho ^2r_0^2`$ ($`\alpha _i`$ are pure numbers), we obtain

$$(r_0^2\rho ^2)(1\frac{C\chi }{r_0^4\rho ^4})=0\text{.}$$
(41)
Now take into account that $`C\lambda _{PL}^2\lambda ^2`$, where $`\lambda =m^1`$ is the Compton length and $`\lambda _{PL}`$ is the Planckian length. Then a simple estimate shows that the second factor in (41) can turn into zero (provided the proper signs appear in it) for $`r_0\lambda `$ only, so far beyond the region of validity of WKB approximation. Therefore, we will not discuss such a possibility further and assume that there is only one root of eq. (41): $`r_0=\rho `$. This means that BR spacetime remains exact solution of semiclassical equations (cf. , , ). Making use of eq. (39) and writing $`f_1(r_0=\rho )=\gamma r_0^6`$, where $`\gamma =a_1+b_1+c_1`$, we find that $`r_0^2=Q^2C\gamma r_0^2`$, whence, in the same approximation,

$$r_0^2=Q^2(1C\gamma Q^4)\text{,}$$
(42)
In (42) the second term in parenthesis represents only a small correction but account for this correction can be crucial in the following sense. Let $`\gamma >0`$. Then we have $`Q>r_0`$. Let us proceed, for definiteness, in the canonical ensemble approach in which a charge (rather, than a potential on the boundary) should be fixed. First, if $`Qr_0`$, the classical metric with an acceleration horizon of the type (39) or (33) is impossible at all. Instead of it, we would have a geometry of a RN black hole. Second, for $`Q>r_0`$ with $`r_0`$ being the horizon radius, we would have, moreover, a naked singularity. It is clear that the procedure in which the ground state is chosen as a classical geometry with a naked singularity with quantum corrections, calculated on such a background perturbatively, is physically unacceptable. Instead of it, we should from the very beginning use the quantum-corrected geometry and check the condition of self-consistency for the corresponding parameters. In our case it is possible due to a relative simplicity of the BR geometry that enables us to find SET just not only for a classical BR itself but also for quantum-corrected version of it (below we will see that it is also the case even if the quantum-corrected metrics changes its form - for example, due to the cosmological term).

The value of $`\gamma `$ for different values of field spin (subscript indicates the value of a spin $`s`$): $`\gamma _0=\frac{514\xi }{105}`$, $`\gamma _1=\frac{19}{35}`$, $`\gamma _{1/2}=\frac{37}{420}`$. Thus, for a spinor and vector field $`\gamma >0`$ as well as for the scalar case with the minimal and conformal coupling.

### B Nonzero cosmological constant

Now for the $`BR1`$ and $`BR2`$ metrics field equations read

$$\frac{1}{r_0^2}=\frac{Q^2}{r_0^4}\mathrm{\Lambda }Cf_1$$
(43)
and

$$\frac{1}{\rho ^2}=\frac{Q^2}{r_0^4}+\mathrm{\Lambda }+Cf_2$$
(44)
For the $`BR3`$ case we have, instead of (44),

$$\frac{1}{\sigma ^2}=\frac{Q^2}{r_0^4}\mathrm{\Lambda }Cf_2\text{.}$$
(45)
Then it follows from eq. (43) that

$$\frac{1}{r_0^2}=\frac{1}{2Q^2}\pm \frac{1}{Q}\sqrt{\frac{1}{4Q^2}+\mathrm{\Lambda }+Cf_1}\text{.}$$
(46)
The term with $`Cf_1`$ represents a small correction to classical quantities, so that in the expression for $`f_1`$ one can replace $`r_0`$ and $`\rho `$ by the classical values obtained for $`C=0`$ . If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>0`$, only the solution with the $`+`$ sign should be taken. We will discuss the more interesting for us case $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\left|\mathrm{\Lambda }\right|<0`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ be very close to the value $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=\frac{1}{4}Q^2`$ for which the radical in (46) turns into zero. In $`f_1`$we can put in the main approximation $`r_0=2^{1/2}Q`$, $`\rho =\mathrm{}`$, neglecting corrections of the order $`C.`$ Classically, we would have the product of two-dimensional Rindler and sphere (36), for which, according to the above results, $`f_1`$ $`=\overline{a}Q^6`$, $`f_2=2f_1`$ with $`\overline{a}=\frac{1}{8}a>0`$ for spinor and vector fields as well as for the scalar case both for the conformal and minimal coupling. If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0<0`$, the classical constant curvature solutions of the type (39) do not exist at all. However, if the difference $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ is very small and such that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+C\overline{a}Q^6>0`$, the solutions (46) do exist. Let us substitute the expression for $`r_0^2`$ into eq. (44) for $`\rho `$. Then

$$\frac{1}{\rho ^2}=\frac{1}{r_0^2}+2\mathrm{\Lambda }+C(f_1+f_2)=2(\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)+C(f_1+f_2)\pm \frac{1}{Q}\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0+Cf_1}\text{.}$$
(47)
Consider two cases.

a) $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$. Then we obtain two solutions. The first one is

$$\rho ^2=\frac{Q^4}{\sqrt{C\overline{a}}}\text{,}$$
(48)
where the term $`\overline{a}Q^6`$ has been dropped. Thus, quantum corrections force the geometry to switch from (36) to (31) or (33). The second solution is formally complex. In fact, this means that instead of (31) we have the geometry (34). Now $`\sigma ^2=\frac{Q^4}{\sqrt{C\overline{a}}}`$.

2) $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0Cf_1=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0C\overline{a}Q^6`$. Then we have the metric (34) with parameters

$$r_0^2=2Q^2\text{}\sigma ^2=\frac{1}{C(f_1f_2)}=\frac{Q^6}{3C\overline{a}}\text{,}$$
(49)
where we took into account the expressions for the metric $`Rindler_2\times S_2.`$

## V concluding remarks

We have considered EBH in equilibrium with quantized massive fields and demonstrated that for any EBH the components of SET, measured by a free-falling observer, remain finite. If a metric obeys the Eisntein equations, this entails that semiclassical EBH do exist as their self-consistent solutions. The key point of our treatment consisted in restricting to the analysis of the near-horizon geometry that enabled us to avoid the complexity connected with obvious impossibility to find explicit self-consistent solutions in the whole domain.

We considered also BR-like spacetime, closely connected to the issue of EBH, and have shown that quantum-corrected BR remain to be the exact solutions of one-loop field equations. In so doing, the relationship between parameters of solutions can be such that classically they are absent at all and only quantum effects make their existence (for fixed values of these parameters) possible. Apart from this, near some critical points in the space of solutions tiny quantum corrections can lead to the change of the type of the BR spacetime, the scale of curvature remaining pure classical. Thus, quantum corrections not only shift slightly the values of relevant physical quantities but lead to qualitative changes in the geometry and topology.

The questions about near-horizon behavior of SET and self-consistent EBH for massless fields as well as properties of self-consistent BR spacetimes deserve separate treatment.

## VI Acknowledgment

O. Z. thanks Claus Kiefer, Paul Anderson and David Lowe for stimulating discussions and correspondence on quantum-corrected extreme black holes. O. Z. also thanks for hospitality Department of Physics of Freiburg University (where the preliminary stage of this work was started due to kind support of DAAD) and Institute of Physics of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, where the most part of this work has been done.

The authors are grateful to Sergey Sushkov for useful correspondence on BR spacetimes.

## A Power expansion for T$`{}_{}{}^{\nu (q)}{}_{\mu }{}^{}`$ of massive fields near the horizon of a generic ebh

In this Appendix we collect a number of formulas for the components of SET of the massive scalar, spinor, and vector fields in the vicinity of the event horizon of a generic eternal black hole, which are used in this paper. Functionally differentiating $`W_i`$ with respect to the metric tensor, performing the necessary symmetrizations and simplifications, and inserting thus obtained results into (5) one obtains the general form of the renormalized SET of the quantized massive fields. As the resulting formulas are rather complicated, we shall not display them here, and a reader is referred to  and  for further details. Subsequently, constructing the components of Riemann tensor, its contractions and necessary covariant derivatives for the line element (22), inserting thus obtained results into the general expressions of SET , combining them with the appropriate spin-dependent numerical coefficients $`c_i^{(s)}`$, and finally making use of the explicit form of $`U(l)`$ and $`r(l)`$ as given by (23) and (21), and collecting the terms with the like powers of $`z=`$ $`e^{l/\rho }`$, one has

$$T_\mu ^{\nu (q)}=\underset{i=0}{}t_\nu ^{\nu (i)}z^i=\frac{1}{96\pi ^2m^2}\underset{i=0}{}\stackrel{~}{t}_\nu ^{\nu (i)}z^i\text{.}$$
(A1)
Although the near-horizon power expansions of the line element (22) look rather simple, the complexity of the SET rapidly increases with the order of expansion, practically invalidating calculations of $`t_\nu ^{\nu (i)}`$ for $`i3`$. Below the results for $`i=0,1`$ are listed.

Closer analysis of the coefficients $`c_i^{(0)}`$ given in Table I indicates that the general SET is a third-order polynomial in $`\eta =\xi 1/6`$, with coefficients given by a purely local, geometrical terms.

$$\stackrel{~}{t}_0^{0(0)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_1^{1(0)}=\frac{8}{945}\frac{2r_+^6+\rho ^6}{\rho ^6r_+^6}\frac{\eta \left(\rho ^6\rho r_+^4+2r_+^6\right)}{15\rho ^6r_+^6}4\frac{\eta ^3(2r_+^63\rho ^2r_+^4+\rho ^6)}{\rho ^6r_+^6}\text{,}$$
(A2)
$`\stackrel{~}{t}_0^{0(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{t}_1^{1(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{16}{315}}{\displaystyle \frac{A_1(r_+^6+\rho ^6)}{r_+^7\rho ^6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{15}}{\displaystyle \frac{\eta A_1\left(3\rho ^6\rho ^4r_+^2\rho ^2r_+^4+3r_+^6\right)}{\rho ^6r_+^7}}`$ (A4)
$`+24{\displaystyle \frac{\eta ^3A_1(\rho ^6+r_+^6\rho ^2r_+^4r_+^2\rho ^4)}{r_+^7\rho ^6}}\text{,}`$
$$\stackrel{~}{t}_2^{2(0)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_3^{3(0)}=\frac{4\eta ^3(r_+^6+2\rho ^63r_+^2\rho ^4)}{r_+^6\rho ^6}+\frac{\eta \left(\rho ^6\rho ^4r_+^2+r_+^6\right)}{15\rho ^6r_+^6}\frac{2}{945}\frac{(8\rho ^6+4r_+^6)}{r_+^6\rho ^6}\text{,}$$
(A5)
$`\stackrel{~}{t}_2^{2(1)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_3^{3(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{2A_1}{315}}{\displaystyle \frac{16\rho ^6+17r_+^6+7r_+^2\rho ^4}{r_+^7\rho ^6}}`$ (A11)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{30f_0\rho ^6r_+^7}}(24A_1f_0\rho ^6+20A_1f_0\rho ^4r_+^2+3f_1\rho ^4r_+^3+40A_1f_0\rho ^2r_+^4`$
$`+100A_1f_0r_+^6+15f_1r_+^7)+{\displaystyle \frac{2\eta ^2}{f_0r_+^5\rho ^6}}(4A_1f_0\rho ^4+3f_1r_+^3\rho ^2`$
$`+16A_1r_+^4f_0+16A_1r_+^2f_0\rho ^2+6f_1r_+^5){\displaystyle \frac{6\eta ^3}{f_0r_+^7\rho ^6}}(20A_1r_+^2f_0\rho ^4`$
$`+8\rho ^6A_1f_0+8A_1r_+^4f_0\rho ^236A_1r_+^6f_0+3f_1r_+^3\rho ^4`$
$`+12f_1r_+^5\rho ^215f_1r_+^7)\text{,}`$
Repeating the calculations with the coefficients $`c_i^{(1/2)}`$ one obtains

$$\stackrel{~}{t}_0^{0(0)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_1^{1(0)}=\frac{1}{420}\frac{7r_+^4\rho ^2+10\rho ^6+20r_+^6}{r_+^6\rho ^6}\text{,}$$
(A12)
$$\stackrel{~}{t}_0^{0(1)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_1^{1(1)}=\frac{1}{210}\frac{A_1(30\rho ^6+7r_+^2\rho ^4+7r_+^4\rho ^2+30r_+^6)}{r_+^7\rho ^6}\text{,}$$
(A13)
$$\stackrel{~}{t}_2^{2(0)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_3^{3(0)}=\frac{1}{420}\frac{20\rho ^6+7r_+^2\rho ^4+10r_+^6}{r_+^6\rho ^6}$$
(A14)
$$\stackrel{~}{t}_2^{2(1)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_3^{3(1)}=\frac{1}{840}\frac{21f{}_{1}{}^{}r_{+}^{3}\rho ^4136A_1r_+^6f_0240\rho ^6A_1f_0140A_1r_+^2f_0\rho ^4}{f_0r_+^7\rho ^6}\text{,}$$
(A15)
Finally, for the massive vector fields

$$\stackrel{~}{t}_0^{0(0)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_1^{1(0)}=\frac{1}{35}\frac{8r_+^6+7\rho ^2r_+^4+4\rho ^6}{\rho ^6r_+^6}\text{,}$$
(A16)
$$\stackrel{~}{t}_0^{0(1)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_1^{1(1)}=\frac{2}{35}\frac{A_1(12r_+^6+7\rho ^2r_+^4+12\rho ^6+7r_+^2\rho ^4)}{r_+^7\rho ^6}\text{,}$$
(A17)
$$\stackrel{~}{t}_2^{2(0)}=\stackrel{~}{t}_3^{3(0)}=\frac{1}{35}\frac{7r_+^2\rho ^4+8\rho ^6+4r_+^6}{\rho ^6r_+^6}\text{,}$$
(A18)
$`\stackrel{~}{t}_2^{2(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{t}_3^{3(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{210f_0r_+^7\rho ^6}}(280A_1r_+^4f_0\rho ^2+63f_1r_+^3\rho ^4420A_1r_+^2f_0\rho ^4`$ (A20)
$`124A_1r_+^6f_0288\rho ^6A_1f_0+105f_1r_+^5\rho ^2)\text{.}`$
The third-order coefficients of the expansion (A1), $`\stackrel{~}{t}_\mu ^{\nu (2)}`$, are too lengthty to be presented here. On the other hand, however, of principal importance in the analyses of the regularity of $`F`$ is the difference between $`(tt)`$ and $`(rr)`$ components of the stress-energy tensor rather than the components themselves. The calculations give

$$T_t^{t(q)}T_r^{r(q)}=\frac{1}{96\pi ^2m^2}\beta z^2+𝒪\left(z^3\right)\text{,}$$
(A21)
where

$`\beta ^{(0)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2520f_0^2\rho ^6r_+^6}}(112A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^4+464A_1^2f_0^2r_+^4704A_2f_0^2r_+^5`$ (A22)
$`+200A_1f_0f_1r_+^5+209f_1^2r_+^5+64f_0f_2r_+^6)+{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{30f_0^2\rho ^6r_+^6}}(40A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^4`$ (A23)
$`8A_2f_0^2\rho ^4r_++2A_1f_0f_1\rho ^4r_++80A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^2r_+^2+168A_1^2f_0^2r_+^4`$ (A24)
$`+17f_1^2\rho ^2r_+^432f_0f_2\rho ^2r_+^4552A_2f_0^2r_+^5+42A_1f_0f_1r_+^5`$ (A25)
$`+69f_1^2r_+^696f_0f_2r_+^6){\displaystyle \frac{\eta ^2}{2f_0^2\rho ^6r_+^6}}(16A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^4+176A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^2r_+^2`$ (A26)
$`96A_2f_0^2\rho ^2r_+^3+24A_1f_0f_1\rho ^2r_+^3+144A_1^2f_0^2r_+^4576A_2f_0^2r_+^524A_1f_0f_1r_+^5`$ (A27)
$`+93f_1^2r_+^6192f_0f_2r_+^6)+{\displaystyle \frac{6\eta ^3}{f_0^2\rho ^6r_+^6}}(40A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^48A_2f_0^2\rho ^4r_++2A_1f_0f_1\rho ^4r_+`$ (A28)
$`+64A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^2r_+^296A_2f_0^2\rho ^2r_+^3+24A_1f_0f_1\rho ^2r_+^3+40A_1^2f_0r_+^4+17f_1\rho ^2r_+^4`$ (A29)
$`32f_0f_2\rho ^2r_+^4+104A_2f_0^2r_+^5+46A_1f_0f_1r_+^58f_1^2r_+^6+32f_0f_2r_+^6)\text{,}`$ (A30)
$`\beta ^{(1/2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{840f_0^2\rho ^6r_+^5}}(56A_2f_0^2\rho ^414A_1f_0f_1\rho ^4+288A_1^2f_0^2r_+^3`$ (A33)
$`119f_1^2\rho ^2r_+^3+224f_0f_2\rho ^2r_+^3+96A_2f_0^2r_+^496A_1f_0f_1r_+^4`$
$`+318f_1^2r_+^5192f_0f_2r_+^5)\text{,}`$
and

$`\beta ^{(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{420f_0^2\rho ^6r_+^5}}(336A_2f_0^2\rho ^484A_1f_0f_1\rho ^4+280A_1^2f_0^2\rho ^2r_++1680A_2f_0^2\rho ^2r_+^2`$ (A34)
$`420A_1f_0f_1\rho ^2r_+^2+1296A_1^2f_0^2r_+^3714f_1^2\rho ^2r_+^3+1344f_0f_2\rho ^2r_+^3+1440A_2f_0^2r_+^4`$ (A35)
$`1440A_1f_0f_1r_+^4+1935f_1^2r_+^52880f_0f_2r_+^5)\text{,}`$ (A36)
for the quantized massive scalar, neutral spinor, and vector field, respectively.

## B T$`{}_{}{}^{\nu (q)}{}_{\mu }{}^{}`$of massive fields in the spacetime of extremal Reissner-Nordström black hole

Although the stress-energy tensor of the massive fields in the spacetime of the extremal Reissner-Nordström black hole may be easily constructed taking extremality limits in the results of Refs.  and , below we collect the formulas that have been used in the backreaction calculations. For the quantized massive scalar field with an arbitrary curvature coupling one has

$`T_0^{0(q)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2\eta }{30240\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}}(34398M^4113904rM^3+139944M^2r^275600r^3M+15120r^4)`$ (B2)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{30240\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}}(1248M^445r^4+3084rM^32509M^2r^2+726r^3M)\text{,}`$
$`T_1^{1(q)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2\eta }{30240\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}}(4914M^421168rM^3+33432M^2r^223184r^3M+6048r^4)`$ (B5)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{30240\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}}(444M^4477r^4+1932rM^32969M^2r^2+1950r^3M)\text{,}`$
and

$`T_2^{2(q)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2\eta }{30240\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}}(44226M^4143136rM^3+172536M^2r^291728r^3M+18144r^4)`$ (B8)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{M^2}{30240\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}}(3066M^410356rM^3+12953M^2r^27086r^3M+1431r^4)\text{,}`$
wheras for the massive spinor field one obtains

$$T_0^{0(q)}=\frac{M^2}{40320\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}(4917M^421496rM^3+32376r^2M^220080Mr^3+4320r^4)\text{,}$$
(B10)
$$T_1^{1(q)}=\frac{M^2}{40320\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}(2253M^48680rM^3+12000r^2M^27120Mr^3+1584r^4)\text{,}$$
(B11)
and

$$T_2^{2(q)}=\frac{M^2}{40320\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}(9933M^423552Mr^3+42888r^2M^233984rM^3+4752r^4)\text{.}$$
(B12)
Finally for the massive vector field in the extremality limit one has

$$T_0^{0(q)}=\frac{M^2}{10080\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}(31057M^4107516rM^3+135391M^2r^272690r^3M+13815r^4)\text{,}$$
(B13)
$$T_1^{1(q)}=\frac{M^2}{10080\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}(5365M^416996rM^3+19349M^2r^29398r^3M+1737r^4)\text{,}$$
(B14)
and

$$T_2^{2(q)}=\frac{M^2}{10080\pi ^2m^2r^{12}}(13979M^4+5211r^426854r^3M+51789M^2r^244068rM^3)\text{.}$$
(B15)


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# 3D input-output relations of quantized light at dispersing and absorbing multilayer dielectric plates

## I Introduction

Dielectric bodies such as beam splitters are vital ingredients in quantum-optical experiments. Their properties are of utmost importance for experiments with nonclassical light. For example, losses due to absorption are known to degrade entanglement . The action on light of macroscopic bodies is commonly described in terms of input-output relations. Recently, the 1D input-output relations of the quantized electromagnetic field at a multilayer dielectric plate  have been used for constructing CP maps for light interacting with a dispersing and absorbing beam splitter .

In the present article we generalize the formalism given in  and derive the 3D input-output relations of the quantized electromagnetic field at a dispersing and absorbing multilayer dielectric plate. The theory is essentially based on the quantization of the macroscopic Maxwell field in dispersing and absorbing dielectrics (for a review on this topic, see Ref. ) where absorption is taken into account by introducing (for each frequency $`\omega `$) a bosonic operator noise current density which in turn is related to some fundamental (collective) bosonic excitations of the electromagnetic field and the dielectric matter as

$$\widehat{𝐣}(𝐫,\omega )=\omega \sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{}ϵ_0}{\pi }ϵ^{\prime \prime }(𝐫,\omega )}\widehat{𝐟}(𝐫,\omega ),$$
(1)
with $`ϵ^{\prime \prime }(𝐫,\omega )`$ being the imaginary part of the complex permittivity function $`ϵ(𝐫,\omega )`$\]. Solving the corresponding inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation for the electric-field operator in terms of the classical Green tensor $`𝖦(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$, one obtains

$$\widehat{𝐄}(𝐫,\omega )=i\omega \mu _0d^3𝐬𝖦(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )$$
(2)
as the representation of the (Schrödinger-) operator of the electric-field strength in the frequency domain.

Let us assume that the (classical) Green tensor of the electromagnetic field in the presence of the dielectric body under study is known. The input-output relations can then be derived by identifying the contributions to the electromagnetic field in the two half spaces with the input and output fields and the (noise) field produced by the absorbing body. In Section II we give the general recipe, which we specify in Section III for a multilayer dielectric plate.

## II Identification of field parts

Let us assume that the space $`^3`$ can be subdivided into three separated regions I, II, and III, where the region II represents a dielectric body. Although we shall restrict our attention to an infinitely extended plate of thickness $`L`$, the general results of this section remain also valid for other shapes of the body. Note that the assumption of infinite extension of the plate can be justified by the observation that, typically, the cross-sectional area of an impinging light beam does not exceed the surface area of the plate. For the sake of definiteness, let us denote the regions outside the body with I ($`z`$ $`<`$ $`L/2`$) and III ($`z`$ $`>`$ $`L/2`$) (see Fig. 1).

The electric-field operator (2) in region I is given by

$$\widehat{𝐄}^{(\mathrm{I})}(𝐫,\omega )=i\omega \mu _0_^3d^3𝐬𝖦^{(\mathrm{I})}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega ),$$
(3)
where the Green tensor can be split into four parts :

$`𝖦^{(\mathrm{I})}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`𝖦^{(10)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )(𝐬\mathrm{I})`$ (7)
$`+𝖦^{(11)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )(𝐬\mathrm{I})`$
$`+𝖦^{(12)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )(𝐬\mathrm{II})`$
$`+𝖦^{(13)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )(𝐬\mathrm{III}).`$
Here, $`𝖦^{(10)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ is the solution of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation (for the case where region I extends the whole space to infinity), and the $`𝖦^{(1i)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ are solutions of the homogeneous Helmholtz equation which insure the correct boundary conditions at the surfaces of discontinuity. The electric-field operator $`\widehat{𝐄}^{(\mathrm{III})}(𝐫,\omega )`$ in region III is given accordingly.

Let us consider the left surface. The identification of the contributions of input and output fields in Eq. (3) \[together with Eq. (7)\] is unique. The term determined by the free Green tensor $`𝖦^{(10)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ represents the input field. The term determined by $`𝖦^{(11)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ is the contribution of the field which is reflected at the surface, whereas the term determined by $`𝖦^{(13)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ describes the transmitted field through the dielectric body from the right (region III). The reflected and transmitted fields can then be combined to the output field. It is worth noting that, since the Green tensor contains the full information about the allowed electromagnetic-field structure, the output field may also contain surface-guided waves that propagate along the surface. In particular, surface-guided waves can appear if the permittivity of the material satisfies the conditions $`ϵ^{}(𝐬,\omega )`$ $`<`$ $`0`$ and $`|ϵ^{}(𝐬,\omega )|`$ $``$ $`|ϵ^{\prime \prime }(𝐬,\omega )|`$.

From the above, we can subdivide the field at the left surface (notation $`𝐫|_{z=L/2}`$ $``$ $`𝐫_{}^{}`$) into the input field and the output field as

$$\widehat{𝐄}_\mathrm{I}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )=\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )+\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{out})}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega ),$$
(8)
with

$$\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )=i\omega \mu _0_\mathrm{I}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(10)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega ),$$
(9)
$`\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{out})}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )=i\omega \mu _0{\displaystyle _\mathrm{I}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(11)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )`$ (12)
$`+i\omega \mu _0{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{II}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(12)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )`$
$`+i\omega \mu _0{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{III}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(13)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega ).`$
Analogously, for the field at the right surface (notation $`𝐫|_{z=L/2}`$ $``$ $`𝐫_{}^+`$) we have

$$\widehat{𝐄}_{\mathrm{III}}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )=\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )+\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{out})}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega ),$$
(13)
with

$$\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )=i\omega \mu _0_{\mathrm{III}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(30)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega ),$$
(14)
$`\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{out})}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )=i\omega \mu _0{\displaystyle _\mathrm{I}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(31)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )`$ (17)
$`+i\omega \mu _0{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{II}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(32)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )`$
$`+i\omega \mu _0{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{III}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(33)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega ).`$
The arrows indicate the propagation direction of the respective field parts to larger ($``$) or smaller ($``$) values of $`z`$. Recall that the output fields may also contain surface-guided waves whose extensions in the directions indicated by the arrows are small.

The first terms in Eqs. (12) and (17) are the reflected fields in the respective regions, the last terms are the transmitted fields from the opposite sides of the body, whereas the second terms arise from sources inside the body. In order to derive the input-output relations, we have to rewrite Eqs. (12) and (17) in terms of the input fields at both sides of the body and noise sources from inside the body. This is always possible in a linear theory considered here, because the superposition principle holds. Thus, we can (formally) write

$`\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{out})}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )={\displaystyle d^2𝐬_{}^{}𝖱_\mathrm{I}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^{},\omega )\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐬_{}^{},\omega )}`$ (20)
$`+{\displaystyle d^2𝐬_{}^+𝖳_{\mathrm{I},\mathrm{III}}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^+,\omega )\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐬_{}^+,\omega )}`$
$`+\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{I},1}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )+\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{I},2}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega ),`$
$`\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{out})}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )={\displaystyle d^2𝐬_{}^+𝖱_{\mathrm{III}}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬_{}^+,\omega )\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_{\mathrm{III}}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐬_{}^+,\omega )}`$ (23)
$`+{\displaystyle d^2𝐬_{}^{}𝖳_{\mathrm{III},\mathrm{I}}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬_{}^{},\omega )\underset{}{\overset{^}{𝐄}}_\mathrm{I}^{(\mathrm{in})}(𝐬_{}^{},\omega )}`$
$`+\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{III},1}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )+\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{III},2}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega ),`$
with reflection coefficients $`𝖱`$ and transmission coefficients $`𝖳`$ (actually second-rank tensors). The integrations run over the respective surfaces of the body. For example, the field at a point $`𝐫_{}^{}`$ is created by the input field from the left hitting the surface at points $`𝐬_{}^{}`$ leading to the first term in Eq. (20), and by the input field from the right hitting the surface at points $`𝐬_{}^+`$ thus producing the second term in Eq. (20). As already mentioned, surface-guided modes are generically included in the formalism. The operators $`\widehat{𝐆}_{(\mathrm{I},\mathrm{III}),(1,2)}`$ are related to the left and right propagating noise excitations inside the body.

The reflection and the transmission coefficients in general depend on the observation point where the field is computed. For example, $`𝖱_\mathrm{I}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^{},\omega )`$ obeys the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind

$$d^2𝐬_{}^{}𝖱_\mathrm{I}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^{},\omega )𝖦^{(10)}(𝐬_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )=𝖦^{(11)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega ),$$
(24)
which has to be inverted to find $`𝖱_\mathrm{I}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^{},\omega )`$. Post-multiplying Eq. (24) by $`[𝖦^{(10)}(𝐬,𝐱_{}^{},\omega )]^1`$, integrating over $`𝐬`$, using the relation

$$_\mathrm{I}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(10)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\left[𝖦^{(10)}(𝐬,𝐱_{}^{},\omega )\right]^1=\delta (𝐫_{}^{}𝐱_{}^{}),$$
(25)
and renaming $`𝐱_{}^{}`$ as $`𝐬_{}^{}`$, we obtain the reflection coefficient as

$`𝖱_\mathrm{I}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^{},\omega )`$ (27)
$`={\displaystyle _\mathrm{I}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(11)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\left[𝖦^{(10)}(𝐬,𝐬_{}^{},\omega )\right]^1.`$
Similarly, the transmission coefficient reads

$`𝖳_{\mathrm{I},\mathrm{III}}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬_{}^+,\omega )`$ (29)
$`={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{III}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(13)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )\left[𝖦^{(30)}(𝐬,𝐬_{}^+,\omega )\right]^1.`$
Analogously, the reflection and transmission coefficients for region III are derived to be

$`𝖱_{\mathrm{III}}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬_{}^+,\omega )`$ (31)
$`={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{III}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(33)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )\left[𝖦^{(30)}(𝐬,𝐬_{}^+,\omega )\right]^1,`$
$`𝖳_{\mathrm{III},\mathrm{I}}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬_{}^{},\omega )`$ (33)
$`={\displaystyle _\mathrm{I}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(31)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )\left[𝖦^{(30)}(𝐬,𝐬_{}^{},\omega )\right]^1.`$
Note, that the reflection and transmission coefficients are polarization-dependent. The remaining task is to invert the free Green tensors $`𝖦^{(10)}(𝐬,𝐬_{}^\pm ,\omega )`$ and $`𝖦^{(30)}(𝐬,𝐬_{}^\pm ,\omega )`$. This can be done by expanding the inverse Green tensors in terms of a complete set of orthogonal solutions of the Helmholtz equation, i.e. the TE and TM vector potentials, and using their respective orthogonality relations.

## III Multilayer dielectric plates

Beam splitters and related (passive) optical elements typically consist of layers with different dielectric properties (for example, anti-reflection coatings). Let us apply the formalism developed in Section II to the calculation of the input-output relations of light at a multilayer dielectric plate. To do so, we have to specify the Green tensor. The Green tensor for planar multilayers can be found in  and is presented in the Appendix. All terms contributing to the Green tensor can be given in terms of TE and TM vector potentials thus making the distinction between different polarizations very easy.

Suppose the plate consists of $`N`$ dielectric layers (hence, region II is subdivided into $`N`$ subregions II$`i`$, $`i`$ $`=`$ $`1\mathrm{}N`$). Then, the input fields are given by Eqs. (9) and (14), and the output fields are given by (12) and (17) with the identifications

$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{II}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(12)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega )`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{II}i}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(12i)}(𝐫_{}^{},𝐬,\omega ),`$ (34)
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{II}}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(32)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega )`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{II}i}}d^3𝐬𝖦^{(32i)}(𝐫_{}^+,𝐬,\omega ),`$ (35)
leading to the reflection and transmission coefficients according to Eqs. (27) – (33), with the Green tensor being specified in the Appendix. Note, that for planar multilayers different polarizations do not mix, as it can be seen from the structure of the Green tensor, which contains only dyadic products of vector functions of one type. This behaviour is typical of planar layers.

From the Green tensor as given in the Appendix, it is not difficult to identify the noise terms in Eqs. (20) and (23). For propagating waves it is the subdivision into left and right moving waves in the slab. We derive

$`\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{I},1}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{\omega \mu _0}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{II}i}{}}d^3𝐬{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{2\delta _{0n}}{\lambda h_{2i}}}`$ (38)
$`\times [A_M^{12i}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^{},h_1)𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})`$
$`+A_N^{12i}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^{},h_1)𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})]\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )\},`$
$`\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{I},2}(𝐫_{}^{},\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{\omega \mu _0}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{II}i}{}}d^3𝐬{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{2\delta _{0n}}{\lambda h_{2i}}}`$ (41)
$`\times [B_M^{12i}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^{},h_1)𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})`$
$`+B_N^{12i}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^{},h_1)𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})]\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )\},`$
$`\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{III},1}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{\omega \mu _0}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{II}i}{}}d^3𝐬{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{2\delta _{0n}}{\lambda h_{2i}}}`$ (44)
$`\times [C_M^{32i}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^+,h_3)𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})`$
$`+C_N^{32i}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^+,h_3)𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})]\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )\},`$
$`\widehat{𝐆}_{\mathrm{III},2}(𝐫_{}^+,\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{\omega \mu _0}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{II}i}{}}d^3𝐬{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{2\delta _{0n}}{\lambda h_{2i}}}`$ (47)
$`\times [D_M^{32i}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^+,h_3)𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})`$
$`+D_N^{32i}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫_{}^+,h_3)𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_{2i})]\widehat{𝐣}(𝐬,\omega )\}.`$
Let us briefly compare the 3D input-output relations derived here with 1D input-output relations given in . Because of translational invariance along the ($`x,y`$)-directions and the assumed horizontal incident (propagation along the $`z`$-axis), the reflection and transmission coefficients in  do not depend on spatial coordinates and reduce to scalar functions (of frequency and material parameters). Translational invariance along the ($`x,y`$)-directions is also assumed in the 3D treatment of the problem, but here the reflection and transmission coefficients must be regarded as space-dependent second-rank tensors in general. Further, the output fields do not only contain volume waves but also surface-guided waves.

## IV Conclusions

In this article we have developed a general concept for deriving the 3D input-output relations of optical fields at dispersing and absorbing bodies, and we have applied it to a multilayer dielectric plate. Since the theory is based on the quantization of the electromagnetic field in absorbing media which relies on a source-quantity representation of the field in terms of the (classical) Green tensor, the task reduces to the determination of the Green tensor and its respective contributions to the input and output fields. In this way, the output fields can be related to the input fields via transmission and reflection and to some noise excitation associated with material absorption. Both volume waves and surface-guided waves are included in the input-output relations.

## A Green tensor for a dielectric layer

We briefly repeat some basic formulas for the Green tensor in the spectral representation (for details, see ). The cylindrical TE and TM vector wave functions for even and odd waves which are frequently used throughout are defined as

$`𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫,h)=[{\displaystyle \frac{nJ_n(\lambda r)}{r}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{sin}}{\mathrm{cos}}}\right)n\psi 𝐞_r`$ (A2)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dJ_n(\lambda r)}{dr}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{cos}}{\mathrm{sin}}}\right)n\psi 𝐞_\psi ]e^{ihz},`$
$`𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫,h)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{k}}[ih{\displaystyle \frac{dJ_n(\lambda r)}{dr}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{cos}}{\mathrm{sin}}}\right)n\psi 𝐞_r`$ (A4)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ihJ_n(\lambda r)}{r}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{sin}}{\mathrm{cos}}}\right)n\psi 𝐞_\psi +\lambda ^2J_n(\lambda r)\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\mathrm{cos}}{\mathrm{sin}}}\right)n\psi 𝐞_z]e^{ihz},`$
where $`h`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{k^2\lambda ^2}`$, $`k^2`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ(\omega )(\omega /c)^2`$, with $`ϵ(\omega )`$ being the complex permittivity in the respective region of space.

The Green tensor at source point $`𝐬`$ and field point $`𝐫`$ can always be decomposed into a sum of an (unbounded) free Green tensor $`𝖦^{(f0)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ and the scattering Green tensor $`𝖦^{(fs)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ as

$$𝖦^{(fs)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )=𝖦^{(f0)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )\delta _{fs}+𝖦^{(fs)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega ).$$
(A6)
Standard representations of the free Green tensor $`𝖦^{(f0)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )`$ can be found, e.g., in . The scattering Green tensor is given in  in the compact form of

$`𝖦^{(fs)}(𝐫,𝐬,\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d\lambda {\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{2\delta _{0n}}{\lambda h_s}}`$ (A19)
$`\times [(1\delta _{f3})𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫,h_f)`$
$`\times [(1\delta _{s1})A_M^{fs}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)`$
$`+(1\delta _{s3})B_M^{fs}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)]`$
$`+(1\delta _{f3})𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫,h_f)`$
$`\times [(1\delta _{s1})A_N^{fs}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)`$
$`+(1\delta _{s3})B_N^{fs}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)]`$
$`+(1\delta _{f1})𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫,h_f)`$
$`\times [(1\delta _{s1})C_M^{fs}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)`$
$`+(1\delta _{s3})D_M^{fs}𝐌_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)]`$
$`+(1\delta _{f1})𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐫,h_f)`$
$`\times [(1\delta _{s1})C_N^{fs}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)`$
$`+(1\delta _{s3})D_N^{fs}𝐍_{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{e}{o}n\lambda }(𝐬,h_s)]]\},`$
where the scattering coefficients $`A_{M,N}^{fs}`$, $`B_{M,N}^{fs}`$, $`C_{M,N}^{fs}`$, and $`D_{M,N}^{fs}`$ are determined by the boundary conditions at the interfaces between the layers. The notation used here is such that the indices of the field and source points cover the range ($`1,2i,3`$), $`i`$ $`=`$ $`1\mathrm{}N`$, distinguishing between region I (index $`1`$), region III (index $`3`$), and $`N`$ layers II$`i`$ (indices $`2i`$) that build up region II.