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# Subleading Isgur-Wise form factors and 𝒪(1/𝑚_𝑄) corrections to the semileptonic decays 𝐵→𝐷₁ℓ𝜈̄ and 𝐵→𝐷₂^∗ℓ𝜈̄

## I Introduction

In recent years there has been a continuous interest in the investigation of semileptonic decays of $`B`$ meson into excited charmed mesons. This interest arises from several reasons. The current experimental data show that the exclusive $`B`$ transitions to the ground state $`s`$-wave $`D`$ and $`D^{}`$ mesons make up only approximately 60% of the inclusive semileptonic decay rate, thus a sizeable part of semileptonic $`B`$ decays should go to excited $`D`$ meson states. Indeed, these decays have been observed and more experimental data are collected with an increasing accuracy . Theoretically, the semileptonic $`B`$ decays into excited charmed meson states can provide an additional source of information for determining the CKM matrix element $`V_{cb}`$ as well as exploring the internal dynamics of systems containing heavy-light quarks.

The heavy quark symmetry  has important consequences on the spectroscopy and weak decay matrix elements of mesons containing a single heavy quark $`Q`$. In the infinite mass limit, the spin and parity of the heavy quark and that of the light degrees of freedom are separately conserved. This allows that the hadronic states can be classified in degenerate doublets by the total angular momentum $`j`$ and the angular momentum of the light degrees of freedom $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$. In the case of $`\overline{q}Q`$ mesons, coupling $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$ with the spin of heavy quark $`s_Q=1/2`$ yields a doublet with total spin $`j=j_{\mathrm{}}\pm 1/2`$. The ground state mesons with $`j_{\mathrm{}}^P=\frac{1}{2}^{}`$ are the doublet ($`D`$,$`D^{}`$) for $`Q=c`$ and ($`B`$,$`B^{}`$) for $`Q=b`$. The excited heavy mesons with $`j_{\mathrm{}}^P=1/2^+`$ and $`3/2^+`$ can be classified in two doublets of spin symmetry ($`0^+`$,$`1^+`$) and ($`1^+`$,$`2^+`$), which are identified as ($`D_0^{}`$, $`D_1^{}`$) and ($`D_1`$, $`D_2^{}`$) for charmed mesons, respectively. The other important application of heavy quark symmetries has been the study of semileptonic transitions between two heavy hadrons. The hadronic matrix elements of weak currents between members of the doublets identified by $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`j_{\mathrm{}^{}}`$ can be expressed in terms of universal form factors which are functions of the dot-product, $`y=vv^{}`$, of the initial and final hadron four-velocities. A well-known result is that the semileptonic $`B`$ decays to ground state $`D^{()}`$ mesons, in the $`m_Q\mathrm{}`$ limit, can be described in terms of a single universal function, the Isgur-Wise function $`\xi (y)`$. While the decays to $`P`$-wave excited $`D`$ mesons with $`j_{\mathrm{}}^P=1/2^+`$ and $`3/2^+`$ require two independent functions, $`\zeta (y)`$ and $`\tau (y)`$ , respectively, in the limit $`m_Q\mathrm{}`$.

There are $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}CD}/m_Q`$ corrections to the weak matrix elements parameterized by form factors at the $`m_Q\mathrm{}`$ limit. The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}CD}/m_Q`$ corrections to the leading term can be analyzed in a systematic way in heavy quark effective theory (HQET) in terms of a reduced number of universal parameters. The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}/m_Q`$ corrections may play an important role for $`B`$-decay modes into excited charmed states since the corresponding transition matrix elements in the infinite mass limit vanish at zero recoil point because of heavy quark spin symmetry, while $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}/m_Q`$ corrections to these decay matrix elements can give nonzero contributions at zero recoil . The kinematically allowed range for these decays mostly occurs near the zero recoil point, thus the magnitude of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}/m_Q`$ corrections might be comparable with the leading order result.

The universal functions must be estimated in some nonperturbative approaches. A viable approach is the QCD sum rules  formulated in the framework of HQET . This method allows us to relate hadronic observables to QCD parameters via the operator product expansion (OPE) of the correlator. A fruitful application of QCD sum rules has been the determination of the Isgur-Wise functions parameterizing the $`BD^{()}`$ semileptonic transitions up to the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}CD}/m_Q`$ corrections. The QCD sum rule analysis for the semileptonic $`B`$ decays to excited $`D`$ mesons involves the determination of the universal form factors. At leading order in the $`1/m_Q`$ expansion, the two independent universal form factors $`\zeta (y)`$ and $`\tau (y)`$, that parameterize transitions $`BD^{}`$ ($`D^{}`$ being the generic $`L=1`$ charmed state), have been calculated with QCD sum rules. Moreover, perturbative corrections to $`𝒪(\alpha _s)`$ have been included in the QCD sum rule for $`\zeta (y)`$ in . The other approaches include various versions of the constituent quark model  and relativistic Bethe-Salpeter equations . The analysis of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}CD}/m_Q`$ corrections is an important issue for the semileptonic $`B`$ decays to excited $`D`$ mesons. Such corrections have been investigated in terms of meson mass splittings in Ref.  and by employing the relativistic quark model in Ref. . The corrections have also been included by a variant approach in HQEFT in Ref. . At the order $`1/m_Q`$, the corrections for matrix elements of $`BD^{}`$ include contributions from higher-dimensional operators in the effective currents and in the effective Lagrangian. For the semileptonic transitions $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ and $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$, the former give rise to two independent universal functions, denoted by $`\tau _1(y)`$ and $`\tau _2(y)`$. In the framework of QCD sum rules, these two independent form factors have been investigated in our previous work in . Here we shall focus on the second type of corrections, which originate from higher-order HQET effective Lagrangian.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II we review the formulas for the matrix elements of the weak currents including the structure of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}CD}/m_Q`$ corrections in the heavy quark effective theory. The QCD sum rule analysis for the subleading Isgur-Wise functions related to the corrections from the insertions of the kinetic energy and chromomagnetic operators is presented in Sec. III. Section IV is devoted to numerical results. Concluding remarks are given in Sec. V.

## II  The heavy-quark expansion and the subleading Isgur-Wise form factors

The theoretical description of semileptonic decays involves the matrix elements of vector and axial vector currents ($`V^\mu =\overline{c}\gamma ^\mu b`$ and $`A^\mu =\overline{c}\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5b`$) between $`B`$ mesons and excited $`D`$ mesons. For the processes $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ and $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$, these matrix elements can be parameterized as

$`D_1(v^{},ϵ)|V^\mu |B(v)`$ $`=`$ $`f_{V_1}ϵ^\mu +(f_{V_2}v^\mu +f_{V_3}v^\mu )ϵ^{}v,`$ (2)
$`D_1(v^{},ϵ)|A^\mu |B(v)`$ $`=`$ $`if_A\epsilon ^{\mu \alpha \beta \gamma }ϵ_\alpha ^{}v_\beta v_\gamma ^{},`$ (3)
$`D_2^{}(v^{},ϵ)|A^\mu |B(v)`$ $`=`$ $`k_{A_1}ϵ^{\mu \alpha }v_\alpha +(k_{A_2}v^\mu +k_{A_3}v^\mu )ϵ_{\alpha \beta }^{}v^\alpha v^\beta ,`$ (4)
$`D_2^{}(v^{},ϵ)|V^\mu |B(v)`$ $`=`$ $`ik_V\epsilon ^{\mu \alpha \beta \gamma }ϵ_{\alpha \sigma }^{}v^\sigma v_\beta v_\gamma ^{}.`$ (5)
Here form factors $`f_i`$ and $`k_i`$ are dimensionless functions of $`y`$. In the above equations we have used the mass-independent normalization $`M(v^{})|M(v)=(2\pi )^32p^0/m_M\delta ^3(pp^{})`$ for the heavy meson states of momentum $`p=m_Mv`$. Therefore, there is a different factor from the corresponding equations in Ref. . The differential decay rates expressed in terms of the form factors are given by (taking the mass of the final lepton to zero)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{D_1}}{\mathrm{d}y}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2|V_{cb}|^2m_B^5}{48\pi ^3}}r_1^3\sqrt{y^21}\{2(12yr_1+r_1^2)[f_{V_1}^2+(y^21)f_A^2]`$ (7)
$`+[(yr_1)f_{V_1}+(y^21)(f_{V_3}+r_1f_{V_2})]^2\},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{D_2^{}}}{\mathrm{d}y}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2|V_{cb}|^2m_B^5}{144\pi ^3}}r_2^3(y^21)^{3/2}\{3(12yr_2+r_2^2)[k_{A_1}^2+(y^21)k_V^2]`$ (9)
$`+2[(yr_2)k_{A_1}+(y^21)(k_{A_3}+r_2k_{A_2})]^2\}.`$
where $`r_1=m_{D_1}/m_B`$ and $`r_2=m_{D_2^{}}/m_B`$.

The form factors $`f_i`$ and $`k_i`$ can be expressed by a set of Isgur-Wise functions at each order in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_{c,b}`$. This is achieved by evaluating the matrix elements of the effective current operators arising from the HQET expansion of the weak currents. A convenient way to evaluate hadronic matrix elements is by using the trace formalism developed in Ref.  to parameterize the matrix elements in Eqs. (II). Following this method, one introduces the matrix representations

$`H_v={\displaystyle \frac{1+\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}}{2}}\left[P_v^\mu \gamma _\mu P_v\gamma _5\right],`$ (19)
$`F_v^\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{1+\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}}{2}}\{P_v^{\mu \nu }\gamma _\nu \sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}}P_v^\nu \gamma _5\left[g_\nu ^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\gamma _\nu (\gamma ^\mu v^\mu )\right]\},`$ (28)
where $`P_v`$, $`P_v^\mu `$ and $`P_v^\nu `$, $`P_v^{\mu \nu }`$ are annihilation operators for members of the $`j_{\mathrm{}}^P=1/2^{}`$ and $`3/2^+`$ doublets with four-velocity $`v`$ in HQET. The matrices $`H`$ and $`F`$ satisfy $`\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}H_v=H_v=H_v\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}`$$`\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}F_v^\mu =F_v^\mu =F_v^\mu \begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}`$$`F_v^\mu \gamma _\mu =0`$, and $`v_\mu F_v^\mu =0`$.

At the leading order of the heavy quark expansion the hadronic matrix elements of weak current between the states annihilated by the fields in $`H_v`$ and $`F_v^{}^\sigma `$ are written as

$`\overline{h}_v^{}^{(c)}\mathrm{\Gamma }h_v^{(b)}=\tau \mathrm{Tr}\left\{v_\sigma \overline{F}_v^{}^\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }H_v\right\}.`$ (29)
where $`h_v^{(Q)}`$ is the heavy quark field in the effective theory and $`\tau `$ is a universal Isgur-Wise function of $`y`$.

At the order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_Q`$ there are contributions to the decay matrix elements originating from corrections to the HQET Lagrangian of the same order

$`\delta ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_Q}}\left[O_{\mathrm{kin},v}^{(Q)}+O_{\mathrm{mag},v}^{(Q)}\right],`$ (30)
where

$`O_{\mathrm{kin},v}^{(Q)}=\overline{h}_v^{(Q)}(iD)^2h_v^{(Q)},O_{\mathrm{mag},v}^{(Q)}=\overline{h}_v^{(Q)}{\displaystyle \frac{g_s}{2}}\sigma _{\alpha \beta }G^{\alpha \beta }h_v^{(Q)}.`$ (31)
The matrix elements of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_Q`$ corrections from the insertions of the kinetic energy operator $`O_{\mathrm{kin}}`$ and chromomagnetic operator $`O_{\mathrm{mag}}`$ can be parameterized as

$`i{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^4xT\left\{O_{\mathrm{kin},v^{}}^{(c)}(x)\left[\overline{h}_v^{}^{(c)}\mathrm{\Gamma }h_v^{(b)}\right](0)\right\}}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^{(c)}\mathrm{Tr}\left\{v_\sigma \overline{F}_v^{}^\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }H_v\right\},`$ (32)
$`i{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^4xT\left\{O_{\mathrm{kin},v}^{(b)}(x)\left[\overline{h}_v^{}^{(c)}\mathrm{\Gamma }h_v^{(b)}\right](0)\right\}}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^{(b)}\mathrm{Tr}\left\{v_\sigma \overline{F}_v^{}^\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }H_v\right\};`$ (33)
$`i{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^4xT\left\{O_{\mathrm{mag},v^{}}^{(c)}(x)\left[\overline{h}_v^{}^{(c)}\mathrm{\Gamma }h_v^{(b)}\right](0)\right\}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}\left\{_{\sigma \alpha \beta }^{(c)}\overline{F}_v^{}^\sigma i\sigma ^{\alpha \beta }{\displaystyle \frac{1+\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v^{}\hfill \end{array}}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }H_v\right\},`$ (42)
$`i{\displaystyle \mathrm{d}^4xT\left\{O_{\mathrm{mag},v}^{(b)}(x)\left[\overline{h}_v^{}^{(c)}\mathrm{\Gamma }h_v^{(b)}\right](0)\right\}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Tr}\left\{_{\sigma \alpha \beta }^{(b)}\overline{F}_v^{}^\sigma \mathrm{\Gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{1+\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}}{2}}i\sigma ^{\alpha \beta }H_v\right\}.`$ (51)
The functions $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^{(c,b)}(y)`$ have mass dimension and effectively correct the leading order Isgur-Wise function $`\tau (y)`$ since the kinetic energy operator does not violate heavy quark spin symmetry. The most general decomposition for $`^{(c,b)}`$ are

$`_{\sigma \alpha \beta }^{(c)}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _1^{(c)}v_\sigma \gamma _\alpha \gamma _\beta +\eta _2^{(c)}v_\sigma v_\alpha \gamma _\beta +\eta _3^{(c)}g_{\sigma \alpha }v_\beta ,`$ (52)
$`_{\sigma \alpha \beta }^{(b)}`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _1^{(b)}v_\sigma \gamma _\alpha \gamma _\beta +\eta _2^{(b)}v_\sigma v_\alpha ^{}\gamma _\beta +\eta _3^{(b)}g_{\sigma \alpha }v_\beta ^{},`$ (53)
where $`\eta _i`$ are function of $`y`$, and have mass dimension one.

There are also order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_{c,b}`$ corrections originating from the matching of the $`bc`$ flavor changing current onto the effective theory, they can be parameterized in terms of two independent Isgur-Wise functions, $`\tau _1`$ and $`\tau _2`$ .

Summing up all the contributions up to order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_{c,b}`$, it is straightforward to express the form factors $`f_i`$ and $`k_i`$ parameterizing $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ and $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }_e`$ semileptonic decays in terms of Isgur-Wise functions. The explicit expressions for $`f_i`$ and $`k_i`$ are as follows :

$`\sqrt{6}f_A`$ $`=`$ $`(y+1)\tau \epsilon _b\{(y1)[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2]+(y+1)\eta _b\}`$ (55)
$`\epsilon _c[4(y\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau 3(y1)(\tau _1\tau _2)+(y+1)(\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}2\eta _13\eta _3)],`$
$`\sqrt{6}f_{V_1}`$ $`=`$ $`(1y^2)\tau \epsilon _b(y^21)[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2+\eta _b]`$ (57)
$`\epsilon _c[4(y+1)(y\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (y^21)(3\tau _13\tau _2\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}+2\eta _1+3\eta _3)],`$
$`\sqrt{6}f_{V_2}`$ $`=`$ $`3\tau 3\epsilon _b[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2+\eta _b]`$ (59)
$`\epsilon _c[(4y1)\tau _1+5\tau _2+3\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}+10\eta _1+4(y1)\eta _25\eta _3],`$
$`\sqrt{6}f_{V_3}`$ $`=`$ $`(y2)\tau +\epsilon _b\{(2+y)[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2](2y)\eta _b\}`$ (62)
$`+\epsilon _c[4(y\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau +(2+y)\tau _1+(2+3y)\tau _2+(y2)\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}`$
$`2(6+y)\eta _14(y1)\eta _2(3y2)\eta _3]`$
$`k_V`$ $`=`$ $`\tau \epsilon _b[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2+\eta _b]\epsilon _c(\tau _1\tau _2+\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}2\eta _1+\eta _3),`$ (63)
$`k_{A_1}`$ $`=`$ $`(1+y)\tau \epsilon _b\{(y1)[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2]+(1+y)\eta _b\}`$ (65)
$`\epsilon _c[(y1)(\tau _1\tau _2)+(y+1)(\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}2\eta _1+\eta _3)],`$
$`k_{A_2}`$ $`=`$ $`2\epsilon _c(\tau _1+\eta _2),`$ (66)
$`k_{A_3}`$ $`=`$ $`\tau +\epsilon _b[(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (2y+1)\tau _1\tau _2+\eta _b]\epsilon _c(\tau _1+\tau _2\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}+2\eta _12\eta _2\eta _3),`$ (67)
where $`\epsilon _Q=1/(2m_Q)`$, $`\eta _{ke}=\eta _{ke}^c`$ and $`\eta _b=\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^{(b)}+6\eta _1^{(b)}2(y1)\eta _2^{(b)}+\eta _3^{(b)}`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$($`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}`$) is mass parameter of ground state (excited) mesons in HQET and the superscript on $`\tau _i^{(c)}`$ and $`\eta _i^{(c)}`$ are dropped.

The form factors $`\tau `$ and $`\tau _i`$ ($`i=1,2`$) in HQET, that occur in Eq. (55) have been investigated by using QCD sum rules in our previous work . In the following sections we shall extend the QCD sum rule analysis to the calculation of the subleading Isgur-Wise functions, $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ and $`\eta _i(y)`$, associated with the insertions of kinetic energy and chromomagnetic operators of the HQET Lagrangian, $`\delta `$ in Eq. (30).

## III QCD sum rules for Isgur-Wise functions $`\eta _{ke}`$ and $`\eta _i`$

A basic element in the application of QCD sum rules to problems involving excited heavy mesons is to choose a set of appropriate interpolating currents in terms of quark fields each of which creates (annihilates) an excited state of the heavy meson with definite quantum numbers $`j`$, $`P`$, $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$. The proper interpolating current $`J_{j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}`$ for the state with arbitrary quantum number $`j`$, $`P`$, $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$ in HQET was given in . These currents have nice properties. They were proven to satisfy the following conditions

$`0|J_{j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}(0)|j^{},P^{},j_{\mathrm{}}^{^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`f_{Pj_l}\delta _{jj^{}}\delta _{PP^{}}\delta _{j_{\mathrm{}}j_{\mathrm{}}^{^{}}}\eta ^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j},`$ (68)
$`i0|T\left(J_{j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}(x)J_{j^{},P^{},j_{\mathrm{}}^{}}^{\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _j^{}}(0)\right)|0`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{jj^{}}\delta _{PP^{}}\delta _{j_{\mathrm{}}j_{\mathrm{}}^{}}(1)^j𝒮g_t^{\alpha _1\beta _1}\mathrm{}g_t^{\alpha _j\beta _j}`$ (70)
$`\times {\displaystyle }dt\delta (xvt)\mathrm{\Pi }_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}(x)`$
in the $`m_Q\mathrm{}`$ limit, where $`\eta ^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}`$ is the polarization tensor for the spin $`j`$ state, $`v`$ is the velocity of the heavy quark, $`g_t^{\alpha \beta }=g^{\alpha \beta }v^\alpha v^\beta `$ is the transverse metric tensor, $`𝒮`$ denotes symmetrizing the indices and subtracting the trace terms separately in the sets $`(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j)`$ and $`(\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _j)`$, $`f_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}`$ are a constant and a function of $`x`$ respectively which depend only on $`P`$ and $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$. Because of Eqs. (68) and (70), the sum rules in HQET for decay amplitudes derived from a correlator containing such currents receive a contribution only from one of the two states with the same spin-parity $`(j,P)`$ but different $`j_{\mathrm{}}`$ in the $`m_Q\mathrm{}`$. Starting from the calculations in the leading order, the decay amplitudes for finite $`m_Q`$ can be calculated unambiguously order by order in the $`1/m_Q`$ expansion in HQET.

Following  the local interpolating current for creating $`0^{}`$ pseudoscalar $`B`$ meson is taken as

$`J_{0,,1/2}^{}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}}\overline{h}_v\gamma _5q,`$ (71)
and the local interpolating currents for creating $`1^+`$ and $`2^+`$ ($`D_1`$, $`D_2^{}`$) mesons in the doublet ($`D_1`$, $`D_2^{}`$) are taken as

$`J_{1,+,3/2}^\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}}\overline{h}_v\gamma ^5(i)\left(𝒟_t^\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\gamma _t^\alpha \begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ 𝒟\hfill \end{array}_t\right)q,`$ (80)
$`J_{2,+,3/2}^{\alpha _1,\alpha _2}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}}\overline{h}_v{\displaystyle \frac{(i)}{2}}\left(\gamma _t^{\alpha _1}𝒟_t^{\alpha _2}+\gamma _t^{\alpha _2}𝒟_t^{\alpha _1}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}g_t^{\alpha _1\alpha _2}\begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ 𝒟\hfill \end{array}_t\right)q,`$ (89)
where $`𝒟`$ is the covariant derivative and $`\gamma _t^\mu =\gamma ^\mu \begin{array}{c}/\hfill \\ v\hfill \end{array}v^\mu `$. Note that, without the last term in the bracket in (80) the current would couple also to the $`1^+`$ state in the doublet $`(0^+,1^+)`$ even in the limit of infinite $`m_Q`$.

The QCD sum rule calculations for the correlators of two heavy-light currents give:

$`f_{,1/2}^2e^{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}/T}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\omega _{c1}}}\omega ^2e^{\omega /T}𝑑\omega {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{q}q\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_0^2}{4T^2}}\right),`$ (90)
$`f_{+,3/2}^2e^{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}/T}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^6\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\omega _{c2}}}\omega ^4e^{\omega /T}𝑑\omega {\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}m_0^2\overline{q}q{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^5}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}G^2T,`$ (91)
where $`m_0^2\overline{q}q=\overline{q}g\sigma _{\mu \nu }G^{\mu \nu }q`$.

The QCD sum rule analysis for the subleading form factors proceeds along the same lines as that for the leading order Isgur-Wise function. For the determination of the form factor $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}`$, which relates to the insertion of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_c`$ kinetic operator of the HQET Lagrangian, one studies the analytic properties of the three-point correlators

$`i^2{\displaystyle d^4xd^4x^{}d^4ze^{i(k^{}x^{}kx)}0|T\left(J_{1,+,3/2}^\nu (x^{})O_{\mathrm{kin},v^{}}^{(c)}(z)𝒥_{V,A}^{\mu (v,v^{})}(0)J_{0,,1/2}^{}(x)\right)|0}`$ (93)
$`=\mathrm{\Xi }(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)_{V,A}^{\mu \nu },`$ (94)
$`i^2{\displaystyle d^4xd^4x^{}d^4ze^{i(k^{}x^{}kx)}0|T\left(J_{2,+,3/2}^{\alpha \beta }(x^{})O_{\mathrm{kin},v^{}}^{(c)}(z)𝒥_{V,A}^{\mu (v,v^{})}(0)J_{0,,1/2}^{}(x)\right)|0}`$ (95)
$`=\mathrm{\Xi }(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)_{V,A}^{\mu \alpha \beta },`$ (96)
where $`𝒥_V^{\mu (v,v^{})}=\overline{h}(v^{})\gamma ^\mu h(v)`$, $`𝒥_A^{\mu (v,v^{})}=\overline{h}(v^{})\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5h(v)`$. The variables $`k`$, $`k^{}`$ denote residual “off-shell” momenta which are related to the momenta $`P`$ of the heavy quark in the initial state and $`P^{}`$ in the final state by $`k=Pm_Qv`$, $`k^{}=P^{}m_Q^{}v^{}`$, respectively. For heavy quarks in bound states they are typically of order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$ and remain finite in the heavy quark limit. $`_{V,A}`$ are Lorentz structures associated with the vector and axial vector currents(see Appendix).

The coefficient $`\mathrm{\Xi }(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ in (III) is an analytic function in the “off-shell energies” $`\omega =2vk`$ and $`\omega ^{}=2v^{}k^{}`$ with discontinuities for positive values of these variables. It furthermore depends on the velocity transfer $`y=vv^{}`$, which is fixed in its physical region for the process under consideration. By saturating (III) with physical intermediate states in HQET, one can isolate the contribution of interest as the one having poles at $`\omega =2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}`$, $`\omega ^{}=2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}`$. Notice that the insertions of the kinetic operator not only renormalize the leading Isgur-Wise function, but also the meson coupling constants and the physical masses of the heavy mesons which define the position of the poles. The correct hadronic representation of the correlator is

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_{\mathrm{hadro}}(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}}{(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}\omega iϵ)(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ)}}(\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)+`$ (98)
$`(G_{+,3/2}^K+{\displaystyle \frac{K_{+,3/2}}{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ}})\tau (y))+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{resonance},`$
where $`f_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}`$ are constants defined in (68), $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}=m_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}m_Q`$, and $`K_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}`$ and $`G_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^K`$ are defined by

$`j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}|O_{\mathrm{kin},v}^{(Q)}|j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`K_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}},`$ (100)
$`0|i{\displaystyle d^4xO_{\mathrm{kin},v}^{(Q)}(x)J_{j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}(0)}|j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`f_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}G_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^K\eta ^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}.`$ (101)
Furthermore, as the result of equation (68), only one state with $`j^P=1^+`$ or $`j^P=2^+`$ contributes to (98), the other resonance with the same quantum number $`j^P`$ and different $`j_l`$ does not contribute. This would not be true for $`j^P=1^+`$ if the last term in (80) is absent.

Following the standard QCD sum rule procedure the calculations of $`\mathrm{\Xi }(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ are straightforward. In doing this, for simplicity, the residual momentum $`k`$ is chosen to be parallel to $`v`$ such that $`k_\mu =(kv)v_\mu `$ (and similar for $`k^{}`$). Confining us to the leading order of perturbation and the operators with dimension $`D5`$ in OPE, the relevant Feynman diagrams are shown in Fig 1. The perturbative part of the spectral density is

$`\rho _{\mathrm{pert}}(\stackrel{~}{\omega },\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{},y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2^8\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1+y)(y^21)^{5/2}}}((2y3)\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2+(8y^2+12y1)\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{}_{}{}^{}2`$ (104)
$`+(6y^2+18y3)\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{}(12y^3+18y^2+9)\stackrel{~}{\omega }\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{}_{}{}^{}2)`$
$`\times \mathrm{\Theta }(\stackrel{~}{\omega })\mathrm{\Theta }(\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{})\mathrm{\Theta }(2y\stackrel{~}{\omega }\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{}\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{}_{}{}^{}2).`$
The QCD sum rule is obtained by equating the phenomenological and theoretical expressions for $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$. In doing this the quark-hadron duality needs to be assumed to model the contributions of higher resonance part of Eq. (98). Generally speaking, the duality is to simulate the resonance contribution by the perturbative part above some threshold energies. In the QCD sum rule analysis for $`B`$ semileptonic decays into ground state $`D`$ mesons, it is argued by Neubert, Block and Shifman in  that the perturbative and the hadronic spectral densities can not be locally dual to each other, the necessary way to restore duality is to integrate the spectral densities over the “off-diagonal” variable $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_{}=(\stackrel{~}{\omega }\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{})/2`$, keeping the “diagonal” variable $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+=(\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\stackrel{~}{\omega }^{})/2`$ fixed. It is in $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+`$ that the quark-hadron duality is assumed for the integrated spectral densities. We shall use the same prescription in the case of $`B`$ semileptonic decays into excited state $`D`$ mesons.

The $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ functions in (104) imply that in terms of $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_{}`$ the double discontinuities of the correlator are confined to the region $`\sqrt{y^21}/(1+y)\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+\stackrel{~}{\omega }_{}\sqrt{y^21}/(1+y)\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+0`$. According to our prescription an isosceles triangle with the base $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_+=\stackrel{~}{\omega }_c`$ is retained in the integration domain of the perturbative term in the sum rule.

In view of the asymmetry of the problem at hand with respect to the initial and final states one may attempt to use an asymmetric triangle in the perturbative integral. However, in that case the factor $`(y^21)^{5/2}`$ in the denominator of (104) is not canceled after the integration so that the Isgur-Wise function or it’s derivative will be divergent at $`y=1`$. Similar situation occurs for the sum rule of the Isgur-Wise function for transition between ground states if a different domain is taken in the perturbative integral .

In order to suppress the contributions of higher resonance states a double Borel transformation in $`\omega `$ and $`\omega ^{}`$ is performed to both sides of the sum rule, which introduces two Borel parameters $`T_1`$ and $`T_2`$. For simplicity we shall take the two Borel parameters equal: $`T_1=T_2=2T`$. In the following section we shall estimate the changes in the sum rules in the case of $`T_1T_2`$.

The non-perturbative power corrections to the correlators are computed from the diagrams involving the quark and gluon condensates in Fig. 1(b)-1(k) in the Fock-Schwinger gauge $`x_\mu A^\mu (x)=0`$. We find that the only nonvanishing contribution is the gluon condensate. Note, in particular, the vanishing of the mixed quark-gluon condensate ($`D=5`$) resulting from the explicit calculation of the diagram shown in Fig. 1(b). After adding the non-perturbative part and making the double Borel transformation one obtains the sum rule for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}`$ as follows

$`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}=(G_{+,3/2}^K+{\displaystyle \frac{K_{+,3/2}}{2T}})\tau (y)f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}\times `$ (105)
$`e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{y+2}{(y+1)^4}}{\displaystyle _0^{\omega _c}}𝑑\omega _+\omega _+^4e^{\omega _+/T}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{96}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}GG{\displaystyle \frac{15y1}{(y+1)^3}}T,`$ (106)
in which the sum rule for $`\tau (y)`$ has been derived from the study of the three-point correlator in Ref.  as

$`\tau (y)f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(y+1)^3}}{\displaystyle _0^{\omega _c}}𝑑\omega _+\omega _+^3e^{\omega _+/T}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}m_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{q}q}{T}}`$ (108)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3\times 2^5}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}GG{\displaystyle \frac{y+5}{(y+1)^2}}.`$
From the consideration of symmetry, the sum rule for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^{(b)}`$ that originates from the insertion of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}/m_b`$ kinetic operator of the HQET Lagrangian is of the same form as in (105), but with the HQET parameters $`G_{+,3/2}^K`$ and $`K_{+,3/2}`$ replaced by $`G_{,1/2}^K`$ and $`K_{,1/2}`$, respectively. The definitions of $`G_{,1/2}^K`$ and $`K_{,1/2}`$ can be found in Eq. (III).

It is worth noting that the QCD $`O(\alpha _s)`$ corrections have not been included in the sum rule calculations. However, the Isgur-Wise function obtained from the QCD sum rule actually is a ratio of the three-point correlator to the two-point correlator results. While both of these correlators are subject to large perturbative QCD corrections, it is expected that their ratio is not much affected by these corrections because of cancellation. This has been proved to be true in the analysis of Ref. .

We now turn to the QCD sum rule calculations of the functions parameterizing the time-ordered products of the chromomagnetic term in the HQET Lagrangian with the leading order currents, $`\eta _i`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$). To obtain QCD sum rules for these universal functions one starts from three-point correlators

$`i^2{\displaystyle d^4xd^4x^{}d^4ze^{i(k^{}x^{}kx)}0|T\left(J_{1,+,3/2}^\nu (x^{})O_{\mathrm{mag},v^{}}^{(c)}(z)𝒥_{V,A}^{\mu (v,v^{})}(0)J_{0,,1/2}^{}(x)\right)|0}`$ (110)
$`=\mathrm{\Xi }_{V,A}^{\mu \nu }(\omega ,\omega ^{},y),`$ (111)
$`i^2{\displaystyle d^4xd^4x^{}d^4ze^{i(k^{}x^{}kx)}0|T\left(J_{2,+,3/2}^{\alpha \beta }(x^{})O_{\mathrm{mag},v^{}}^{(c)}(z)𝒥_{V,A}^{\mu (v,v^{})}(0)J_{0,,1/2}^{}(x)\right)|0}`$ (112)
$`=\mathrm{\Xi }_{V,A}^{\mu \alpha \beta }(\omega ,\omega ^{},y).`$ (113)
By saturating the double dispersion integral for the three-point functions in (III) with hadronic states, one can isolate the contributions from the double pole at $`\omega =2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}`$, $`\omega ^{}=2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}`$. Similarly, the insertions of the chromomagnetic operator result in the corrections to the leading Isgur-Wise function as well as to the couplings of the heavy mesons to the interpolating currents and to the physical meson masses. It follows from Eq. (III) that

$`\mathrm{\Xi }_V^{\mu \nu \mathrm{pole}}(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}}{(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}\omega iϵ)(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ)}}(\xi _1_V^{\mu \nu }+`$ (115)
$`\xi _2_{V\xi }^{\mu \nu }+(G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}}{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ}})d_{1,3/2}\tau (y)_V^{\mu \nu }),`$
$`\mathrm{\Xi }_A^{\mu \nu \mathrm{pole}}(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}}{(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}\omega iϵ)(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ)}}(\xi _1+`$ (117)
$`(G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}}{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ}})d_{1,3/2}\tau (y))^{\mu \nu }_A,`$
$`\mathrm{\Xi }_V^{\mu \alpha \beta \mathrm{pole}}(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}}{(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}\omega iϵ)(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ)}}(\zeta +`$ (119)
$`+(G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}}{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ}})d_{2,3/2}\tau (y))^{\mu \alpha \beta }_V,`$
$`\mathrm{\Xi }_A^{\mu \alpha \beta \mathrm{pole}}(\omega ,\omega ^{},y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}}{(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}\omega iϵ)(2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ)}}(\zeta _A^{\mu \alpha \beta }+\eta _2_{A\eta _2}^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$ (121)
$`(G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}}{2\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2}\omega ^{}iϵ}})d_{2,3/2}\tau (y)_A^{\mu \alpha \beta }),`$
where $`\xi _1=2\eta _1+3\eta _3`$, $`\xi _2=16\eta _14(y1)\eta _24\eta _3`$, $`\zeta =2\eta _1\eta _3`$, the quantities $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{(c)}`$ and $`G_{\mathrm{\Sigma },P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{(Q)}`$ are defined by

$`j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}|O_{\mathrm{mag},v}^{(Q)}|j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`d_m\mathrm{\Sigma }_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}},`$ (123)
$`0|i{\displaystyle d^4xO_{\mathrm{mag},v}^{(Q)}(x)J_{j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j}(0)}|j,P,j_{\mathrm{}}`$ $`=`$ $`d_mf_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}G_{P,j_{\mathrm{}}}^\mathrm{\Sigma }\eta ^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _j},`$ (124)
$`d_m=d_{j,j_{\mathrm{}}},d_{j_{\mathrm{}}1/2,j_{\mathrm{}}}=2j_{\mathrm{}}+2,`$ $`d_{j_{\mathrm{}}+1/2,j_{\mathrm{}}}=2j_{\mathrm{}},`$ (125)
$`_V^{\mu \nu }`$, $`_{V\xi }^{\mu \nu }`$, $`_V^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$, $`_A^{\mu \nu }`$, $`_A^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$ and $`_{A\eta _2}^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$ are defined in Appendix A. The three-point correlators (III) can be expressed in QCD in terms of a perturbative part and nonperturbative contributions, which are related to the theoretical calculation in HQET. When we do not consider radiative corrections, the insertions of the chromomagnetic operator only contribute to diagrams involving gluon condensates and do not contribute to the perturbative diagrams since there is no way to contract the gluon contained in $`O_{\mathrm{mag}}`$. That is, the leading nonperturbative contributions are proportional to the gluon condensates, while the leading perturbative contributions are of order $`\alpha _s`$ and come from the two-loop radiative corrections to the quark loop. In general, the calculation of the two-loop diagrams is rather cumbersome. In this article we shall neglect the perturbative term of order $`\alpha _s`$ and only include the nonperturbative gluon condensates without radiative corrections in the sum rules.

Within this approximation one can perform the calculation conveniently by using the Fock-Schwinger gauge. After making the double Borel transformation, the sum rules for $`\eta _i(y)`$ are obtained as follows

$`f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}\eta _1(y)e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}}{2T}})\tau (y)f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}`$ (128)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{480}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}GG{\displaystyle \frac{3y+2}{(y+1)^2}}T,`$
$`\eta _2(y)`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (129)
$`f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}\eta _3(y)e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}`$ $`=`$ $`2(G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}}{2T}})\tau (y)f_{,1/2}f_{+,3/2}e^{(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{,1/2}+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{+,3/2})/T}`$ (131)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}GG{\displaystyle \frac{14+y}{(y+1)^2}}T.`$
$`\eta _{1,2,3}`$ are expected to be small compared to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}}`$ since the mass splitting between $`D_2^{}`$ and $`D_1`$ is very small. This is supported by the fact that the QCD sum rule calculations indicate that the analogous functions parameterizing the contributons of the chromomagnetic operator for $`BD^{()}e\overline{\nu }_e`$ decays are small . The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}CD}/m_b`$ correction associated with the insertion of chromomagnetic operator of the HQET Lagrangian can be investigated in a similar way.

## IV Numerical results and implications for $`B`$ decays

We now turn to the numerical evaluation of these sum rules and the phenomenological implications. For the QCD parameters entering the theoretical expressions, we take the standard values

$`\overline{q}q`$ $`=`$ $`(0.23\pm 0.02)^3\text{GeV}^3,`$ (132)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{\pi }}GG`$ $`=`$ $`(0.012\pm 0.004)\text{GeV}^4,`$ (133)
$`m_0^2`$ $`=`$ $`(0.8\pm 0.2)\text{GeV}^2.`$ (134)
In order to obtain numerical results for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$, $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(y)`$ and $`\eta _i(y)`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$) from the sum rules which are independent of specific input values of $`f`$’s, $`\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$’s and $`\tau `$, we adopt the strategy to evaluate the sum rules by eliminating the explicit dependence on these quantities by using the sum rules for them. Substituting the sum rules (90) and (91) into the left side and the sum rule (108) into the right side of the sum rules (105) and (III) for the three-point correlators, we obtain expressions for the $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}`$, $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b`$ and $`\eta _i`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$) as functions of the Borel parameter $`T`$ and the continuum thresholds. This procedure may help to reduce the uncertainties in the calculation. For other HQET parameters we use the following values obtained by QCD sum rules :

$`K_{+,3/2}=(2.0\pm 0.4)\mathrm{GeV}^2,G_{+,3/2}^K=(1.0\pm 0.45)\mathrm{GeV}`$ (135)
$`K_{,1/2}=(1.2\pm 0.20)\mathrm{GeV}^2,G_{,1/2}^K=(1.6\pm 0.6)\mathrm{GeV},`$ (136)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{+,3/2}=(0.020\pm 0.003)\mathrm{GeV}^2,G_{+,3/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }=(0.013\pm 0.007)\mathrm{GeV},`$ (137)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{,1/2}=(0.23\pm 0.07)\mathrm{GeV}^2,G_{,1/2}^\mathrm{\Sigma }=(0.042\pm 0.034\pm 0.053)\mathrm{GeV}.`$ (138)
Let us evaluates numerically the sum rule for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ and $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(y)`$ at first. The continuum thresholds $`\omega _{c1}`$ and $`\omega _{c2}`$ in (90) and (91) are determined by requiring stability of these sum rules. One finds that $`1.7\mathrm{GeV}<\omega _{c1}<2.2\mathrm{GeV}`$ and $`2.7\mathrm{GeV}<\omega _{c2}<3.2\mathrm{GeV}`$ . Imposing usual criterion on the ratio of contribution of the higher-order power corrections and that of the continuum, we find that for the central values of the condensates and HQET parameters given in (134) and (138), if the threshold parameter $`\omega _c`$ lies in the range $`1.9<\omega _c<2.5`$ GeV, there is an acceptable “stability window” $`T=0.81.0`$ GeV in which the calculation results do not change appreciably. This window overlaps largely with those of the sum rules (90) and (91). Therefore, our procedure of calculation is justified. For estimating the errors induced by the uncertainties of parameters for the condensates and HQET (134) and (138) we take the maxima deviations from the central values of the condensates and HQET parameters and find that for the existence of stability windows in the two extreme cases the continuum thresholds shift to the range $`2.5<\omega _c<2.9`$ and $`1.5<\omega _c<1.9`$ GeV, respectively. The corresponding windows for Borel parameters are $`1.0<T<1.2`$ and $`0.6<T<0.8`$ GeV, respectively. These are still compatible with the stability windows for the sum rules (90) and (91).

The numerical results of the form factors $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ and $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(y)`$ are shown in Fig. 2, where the curves refer to various choices for the continuum thresholds and to the central values of the condensates and HQET parameters.

The numerical analysis shows that $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ is a slowly varying function in the allowed kinematic range for $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ and $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decays. The resulting curve for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ may be well parameterized by the linear approximation

$`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(1)(1\rho _\eta ^2(y1)),\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(1)=0.38\pm 0.17\mathrm{GeV},\rho _\eta ^2=0.8\pm 0.1,`$ (139)
$`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(y)`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(1)(1\rho _{\eta ^b}^2(y1)),\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(1)=0.48\pm 0.21\mathrm{GeV},\rho _{\eta ^b}^2=1.0\pm 0.1.`$ (140)
The final sum rules for $`\eta _i(y)`$ can be obtained by substituting Eq. (108) into Eq. (128) and (131). The numerical evaluation for these sum rules proceeds along the same lines as that for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$. Note that we have not included the perturbative term of order $`\alpha _s`$, which is the leading perturbative contribution for $`\eta _i(y)`$. The sum rules for $`\eta _i(y)`$ are not quantitatively reliable. Nevertheless, they are of correct order of magnitude. The values of the form factors $`\eta _1(y)`$ and $`\eta _3(y)`$ at zero recoil as functions of the Borel parameter are shown in Fig. 3, for three different values of the continuum threshold $`\omega _c`$. The numerical results for $`\eta _1(y)`$ and $`\eta _3(y)`$ at zero recoil in the working regions read

$`\eta _1(1)=0.95\times 10^2,\eta _3(1)=3.5\times 10^2`$ (141)
This result is in agreement with the expectation based on HQET that the spin-symmetry violating corrections described by $`\eta _i(y)`$ are negligibly small.

Using the forms of linear approximations for $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ together with $`\tau (y)`$ and $`\tau _{1,2}(y)`$ given in Ref.

$`\tau (y)=0.74(10.9(y1)),\tau _1(y)=0.4(11.4(y1)),\tau _2=0.28(10.5(y1))`$ (142)
and neglecting the contribution of chromomagnetic correction, we can calculate the total semileptonic rates and decay branching ratios by integrating Eqs. (7) and (9). We use the physical masses, $`m_B=5.279`$, $`m_{D_1}=2.422`$ and $`m_{D_2^{}}=2.459`$ , for $`B`$, $`D_1`$ and $`D_2^{}`$ mesons. The maximal values of $`y`$ in the present case are $`y_{max}^{D_1}=(1+r_1^2)/2r_11.32`$ and $`y_{max}^{D_2^{}}=(1+r_2^2)/2r_21.31`$. The quark masses are taken to be $`m_b=4.8`$ GeV, $`m_c=1.5`$ GeV. In Table I we present our results for decay rates both in the infinitely heavy quark limit and taking account of the first order $`1/m_Q`$ corrections as well as their ratio

$`R_{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Br}(BD^{}\mathrm{}\nu )_{\mathrm{with}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}/m_Q}}{\mathrm{Br}(BD^{}\mathrm{}\nu )_{m_Q\mathrm{}}}}.`$ (143)
From Table I we see that the $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decay rate receives large $`1/m_Q`$ contributions and gets a sharp increase, while the $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decay rate is only moderately increased by subleading $`1/m_Q`$ corrections. The reason for this is as following. From Eqs. (7), (9) and (55) we see that $`(yr_1)^2f_{V_1}^2`$ term dominates the differential width for decay to $`D_1`$ near $`y=1`$. $`f_{V_1}`$ vanishes at the leading order and receives non-vanishing contributions from first order heavy quark mass corrections:

$`\sqrt{6}f_{V_1}(1)=8\epsilon _c(\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{}\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }})\tau (1).`$ (144)
Since the allowed kinematic ranges for $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ is fairly small, the contribution to the decay rate of the $`1/m_Q`$ corrections is substantially increased. On the other hand, the matrix elements (4) and (5) of the $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decay vanish at zero recoil without using the heavy mass limit. The term $`(yr_2)^2k_{A_1}^2`$ dominates the $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decay rate, but $`k_{A_1}`$ does not vanish at the leading order recoil. Therefore, this process is not much affected by next-to-leading corrections. Note that although the correction to the rate for decay to $`D_1`$ is very large it comes mainly from the effect of the different masses of $`B`$ and $`D_1`$. The values of $`\eta _{ke}`$ and $`\eta _{ke}^b`$ in (23) are of the order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$ and perfectly normal.

In Table I the available experimental data for semileptonic $`B`$ decay to excited $`D^{}`$ mesons are presented. As for the $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ branching ratio there are only upper limits from these experimental groups except the data from OPAL. In comparison with the experimental data our result for the branching ratio of the $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decay with the inclusion of $`1/m_Q`$ corrections is larger than the CLEO and ALEPH measurements but is consistent with OPAL and DELPHI data. On the other hand, our branching ratio for the $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ decay disagrees with the ALEPH data but is consistent with results from other groups.

## V Conclusion

In this work we have presented the investigation for semileptonic $`B`$ decays into excited charmed mesons. Within the framework of HQET we have applied the QCD sum rules to calculate the universal Isgur-Wise functions up to the subleading order of the heavy quark expansion. The Isgur-Wise functions $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}`$ and $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b`$ related to the insertions of kinetic energy operators of the HQET Lagrangian are found of normal values of the order $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$, while the form factors $`\eta _i`$, parameterizing the time-ordered products of the chromomagnetic operator in the HQET Lagrangian with the leading order currents, are negligibly small.These results are in agreement with the HQET-based expectations.

We have computed, for the decays $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ and $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$, the differential decay widths and the branching ratios with the inclusion of the order of $`1/m_Q`$ corrections. Our numerical results show that the first order $`1/m_Q`$ correction is not large for the decay rate of $`BD_2^{}\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ process, but is very large for the $`BD_1\mathrm{}\overline{\nu }`$ process. We have explained the reason for this result.

###### Acknowledgements.

M-Q H would like to thank Chun Liu for helpful discussions. M-Q H’s work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract No. 19975068. Y-B D’s work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.

## A

We list here the lorentz structures used in the paper.

$`_V^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}}\left[(y^21)g_t^{\mu \nu }+(3v^\mu +(2y)v^\mu )v_t^\nu \right],`$ (A1)
$`_A^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}}(1+y)ϵ^{\mu \nu ^{}\alpha \beta }g_t^{\nu \nu ^{}}v_\alpha v_\beta ^{},`$ (A2)
$`_V^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu \sigma \rho }\left(v_t^\alpha g_t^{\beta \nu }+g_t^{\alpha \nu }v_t^\beta \right)v_\sigma v_\rho ^{},`$ (A3)
$`_A^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+y)\left(v_t^\alpha g_t^{\mu \beta }+v_t^\beta g_t^{\mu \alpha }{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}v_t^\mu g_t^{\alpha \beta }\right)`$ (A5)
$`+v^\mu \left(v_t^\alpha v_t^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(1y^2)g_t^{\alpha \beta }\right),`$
$`_{V\xi }^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}}(v^\mu +v^\mu )v_t^\nu ,`$ (A6)
$`_{A\eta _2}^{\mu \alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`(v^\mu +v^\mu )\left(2v_t^\alpha v_t^\beta {\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(1y^2)g_t^{\alpha \beta }\right),`$ (A7)
where $`g_t^{\alpha \beta }=g^{\alpha \beta }v^\alpha v^\beta `$ and $`v_t^\alpha =v^\alpha yv^\alpha `$.

Figure Captions

Fig. 1. Feynman diagrams contributing to the sum rules for the Isgur-Wise form factor in the coordinate gauge. The gray square corresponds to the insertion of the kinetic energy operator at $`𝒪(1/m_Q)`$ in the HQET Lagrangian.

Fig. 2. Results of the numerical evaluation for the sum rules: Isgur-Wise form factors $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}(y)`$ and $`\eta _{\mathrm{ke}}^b(y)`$ with $`T=0.9`$ GeV.

Fig. 3. Dependence of $`\eta _1(1)`$ and $`\eta _2(1)`$ on the Borel parameter $`T`$ for different values of the continuum threshold $`\omega _c`$.


format: text

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# Explicit Derivation of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Relation of the Vacuum Noise in the 𝑁-dimensional de Sitter Spacetime

## I introduction

It is well-known that the vacuum fluctuations of the Minkowski spacetime can be a thermal ambience when viewed by uniformly accelerated observers. This effect, which is called the Unruh effect, has been investigated by many authors. Recently Terashima  has proposed a new method to evaluate the Rindler noise indirectly by using the fluctuation-dissipation (FD) relation (or theorem) formulated by Callen and Welton . He has explicitly shown that the FD relation holds between the Rindler noise and the dissipative coefficient of the De Witt detector which is obtained from classical equations of motion of the detector and the (scalar and Dirac) fields in $`N`$-dimensional Rindler spacetime.

The FD relation is a general relation between the spontaneous fluctuations of generalized forces in thermal equilibrium and dissipation in linear dissipative system. Studies on the FD relation has a long history, and provide a basis of statistical physics for dissipative systems (e.g.,  and references therein). The Callen and Welton’s formula  is one of the general formulations of the FD relation developed in a system of many microscopic degrees of freedom in the thermal equilibrium state and a macroscopic degree of freedom, which are linearly coupled with each other.

Though several authors have investigated the vacuum noise of quantum fields in curved spacetime from a view point of the FD relation , however, Terashima’s approach is slightly different from those previous approaches. Following the Terashima’s prescription, the dissipative coefficient of the detector’s inner motion is explicitly calculated from the classical equations of motion of the detector and the fields. Then the Rindler noise is simply obtained by inserting the dissipative coefficient into the FD relation, which relates the dissipative coefficient to the noise of vacuum fluctuations. He has shown that this method is successful in the system of the De Witt detector coupled to the scalar field in $`N`$-dimensional Rindler spacetime, and he has generalized the method to the Dirac field by using the fermionic FD relation.

In two and four dimensional spacetime, it is well-known that the spectrum of the Rindler noise is completely equivalent to the thermal noise spectrum with the temperature $`T=\alpha /(2\pi )`$, where $`\alpha `$ is the acceleration of the detector. Therefore one might think that the existence of the FD-relation is trivial. In general spacetime dimensions, however, there are differences between the thermal noise and the Rindler noise, which is well recognized by previous investigations. For example, Takagi found the ’statistical inversion’ phenomenon , that is, the Rindler noise spectrum of massless particle in odd dimension becomes the Fermi-Dirac distribution instead of the Plank one, on the contrary to naive expectation.

In the meanwhile, de Sitter spacetime is one of the most famous curved spacetime which has been studied by many theorists, e.g., . The reason of this comes from the fact that de Sitter spacetime is the unique maximally symmetric curved spacetime and also that quantum fluctuations in de Sitter spacetime is considered to be the origin of the cosmic structure in the inflationary universe scenario. In the quantum field theory in the de Sitter spacetime, it is well-known that the vacuum noise exhibits similar character of the Rindler noise including the phenomenon of the statistical inversion. Motivated by the investigation by Terashima, we apply his method to the vacuum noise in the de Sitter spacetime. We will show that the FD relation of Callen and Welton holds for the de Sitter noise of the scalar and the Dirac fields in $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime following the prescription done in the Rindler spacetime by Terashima. This practice is useful not only to understand the reason why Terashima’s method works properly irrespective of the existence of the statistical inversion but also to clarify the relation between the Terashima’s investigation and previous investigations of the FD relation of the vacuum noise in curved spacetime , in which the periodicity of Green functions in imaginary time is attributed to the thermal nature. Our investigation is also instructive to demonstrate the validity of the use of the retarded Green function to evaluate the dissipative coefficient from the classical equations of motion, which gives a principle to avoid singular poles in the Terashima’s prescription.

This paper is organized as follows: In §2 we calculate the dissipative coefficient of the detector from the classical equations of motion of the detector and the fields in $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime. Then we explicitly show that the bosonic and fermionic FD relations exist between the vacuum noise and the dissipative coefficient. In §3 we rephrase the calculations in §2 from a general point of view by summarizing relations that hold between the Green functions, where key conditions so that the prescription of Terashima works properly are made clear. §4 is devoted to summary and discussions. Throughout this paper we use the natural unit $`c=h{}_{}{}^{}=k_B=1`$, and adopt the convention $`(1,1,1,1)`$ for metric signature and curvature tensor and $`\{\gamma ^\mu ,\gamma ^\nu \}=2g^{\mu \nu }`$ for gamma matrices .

## II Explicit calculation of the FD-relation in de Sitter Spacetime

### A real scalar field

In this section we apply the Terashima’s prescription to the $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime. We first consider a real scalar field $`\varphi `$ with mass $`m`$ and a detector which couples linearly with the field with the action :

$$S=S_0(q)+S_{int}(q,\varphi )+S_0(\varphi ),$$
(1)
where

$`S_0(q)={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau L(q,\dot{q})},`$ (2)
$`S_0(\varphi )={\displaystyle d^nx\sqrt{g}\frac{1}{2}\left\{g^{\mu \nu }_\mu \varphi _\nu \varphi (m^2+\xi R)\varphi ^2\right\}},`$ (3)
$`S_{int}(q,\varphi )={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau d^nxq(\tau )\varphi (x)\delta ^n\left(xx_0(\tau )\right)}={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau q(\tau )\varphi (x_0(\tau ))},`$ (4)
where $`L`$ denotes the Lagrangian of the degree of freedom of the detector $`q(\tau )`$, $`\tau `$ is the proper time, $`x_0(\tau )`$ denotes the world line of the detector, $`R`$ is the Ricci scalar, $`\xi `$ is the non-minimal coupling constant, and $`\delta ^n\left(xy\right)`$ is the $`n`$-dimensional Dirac delta function. From this action we have equations of motion,

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)\left(\tau \right)+{\displaystyle d^nx\delta ^n(xx_0(\tau ))\varphi (x)}=0,`$ (5)
$`\left(^\mu _\mu +m^2+\xi R\right)\varphi (x)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau q(\tau )\delta ^n(xx_0(\tau ))},`$ (6)
where we defined

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)(\tau ){\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\tau }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{q}}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{L}{q}}.`$ (7)
The line element of the $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime can be written as

$`ds^2=dt^2e^{2Ht}{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}(dx^m)^2=(H\eta )^2\eta _{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu ,`$ (8)
where $`H`$ is the Hubble parameter, $`\eta _{\mu \nu }`$ is the metric of the flat spacetime, and we introduced the conformal time $`\eta `$ in the last equality, which is related to the cosmic time $`t`$ as

$$\eta \frac{1}{H}e^{Ht}\text{ },\text{ }\left(\mathrm{}<\eta <0\right).$$
(9)
For simplicity let us consider the massless field with the conformal coupling and the detector at rest of the coordinate $`(t=\tau ,𝐱=𝐱_0)`$, where $`𝐱=(x^1,x^2,\mathrm{},x^{n1})`$. In this case equations of motion $`(\text{5})`$ and $`(\text{6})`$ can be rewritten as

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)\left(\tau \right)+(H\eta (\tau ))^{n/21}\overline{\varphi }(x_0)=0,`$ (10)
$`\eta ^{\mu \nu }_\mu _\nu \overline{\varphi }=(H\eta )^{n/22}\delta ^{n1}(𝐱𝐱_0)q(t(\eta )),`$ (11)
by introducing the conformal field $`\overline{\varphi }`$, which is defined with a conformal weight as

$`\varphi =(H\eta )^{n/21}\overline{\varphi }.`$ (12)
Next we consider equation (11). According to the Terashima’s method, equations for Fourier coefficients are first derived, then the equations are solved. To obtain the dissipative coefficient, he used an $`iϵ`$-prescription. Namely, imaginary part arising from this $`iϵ`$ prescription leads to the dissipative coefficient. To solve equation $`(\text{11})`$, we here adopt the Green function method. It is natural to adopt the retarded Green function when treating classical equations of motion. Terashima’s method is equivalent to adopting this Green function. The retarded Green function satisfies the equation

$$\left(\frac{^2}{\eta ^2}\frac{^2}{𝐱^\mathrm{𝟐}}\right)\overline{G}_R(x,x^{})=\delta ^n(xx^{}),$$
(13)
and the boundary condition $`\overline{G}_R(x,x^{})=0`$ for $`\eta \eta ^{}<0`$. Then equation $`(\text{11})`$ can be solved, and $`\overline{\varphi }(x)`$ can be written,

$`\overline{\varphi }(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}𝑑\eta ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}d^{n1}𝐱^{}\overline{G}_R(x,x^{})\left(H\eta ^{}\right)^{n/22}\delta ^{n1}(𝐱^{}𝐱_0)q(t^{}(\eta ^{}))`$ (14)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}𝑑\eta ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^np}{(2\pi )^n}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{ip^0(\eta \eta ^{})}}{p^2}}\left(H\eta ^{}\right)^{n/22}q(t^{}(\eta ^{})),`$ (15)
where $`p^2=(p^0)^2|𝐩|^2`$, and the contour of the integral of $`p^0`$ is specified in Figure 1 (see e.g., ). We substitute $`(\text{15})`$ into $`(\text{10})`$, then we obtain

$$\left(\frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}\right)\left(\tau \right)(H\eta (\tau ))^{n/21}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑\eta ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d^np}{(2\pi )^n}\frac{e^{ip^0(\eta \eta ^{})}}{p^2}(H\eta ^{})^{n/22}q(\tau ^{}(\eta ^{}))=0.$$
(16)
After inserting the relation

$`q(\tau ^{})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\omega ^{}\text{ }\stackrel{~}{q}(\omega ^{})e^{i\omega ^{}\tau ^{}},`$ (17)
into (16), the Fourier transformation of equation (16) yields

$`\stackrel{~}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)}(\omega ){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}𝑑\eta {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}𝑑\eta ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^np}{(2\pi )^n}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\omega ^{}}{2\pi }}`$ (18)
$`\times (H\eta )^{n/22}(H\eta ^{})^{n/22}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{q}(\omega ^{})}{p^2}}e^{i\left(\omega ^{}\tau ^{}\omega \tau \right)}e^{ip^0\left(\eta \eta ^{}\right)}=0,`$ (19)
where we defined

$`\stackrel{~}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)}(\omega )={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau e^{i\omega \tau }\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)\left(\tau \right).`$ (20)
With the use of the relation

$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑p^0{\displaystyle \frac{e^{ip^0\left(\eta \eta ^{}\right)}}{p^2}}=\theta (\eta \eta ^{}){\displaystyle \frac{i\pi }{|𝐩|}}\left\{e^{i|𝐩|(\eta \eta ^{})}e^{i|𝐩|(\eta \eta ^{})}\right\},`$ (21)
we have

$`\stackrel{~}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)}(\omega )i{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^{(n1)/2}}{(2\pi )^n\mathrm{\Gamma }\left((n1)/2\right)}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}𝑑\eta {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}𝑑\eta ^{}(H\eta )^{n/22}(H\eta ^{})^{n/22}`$ (22)
$`\times {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}d\omega ^{}\stackrel{~}{q}(\omega ^{})e^{i\left(\omega ^{}\tau ^{}\omega \tau \right)}\theta (\eta \eta ^{}){\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}dp\text{ }p^{n3}\{e^{ip(\eta \eta ^{}+iϵ)}e^{ip(\eta \eta ^{}iϵ)}\}=0.`$ (23)
where we inserted $`\pm iϵ`$ for convergence of $`p`$-integration. Integration with respect to $`p`$ yields

$`\stackrel{~}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)}(\omega ){\displaystyle \frac{i\pi ^{(n+1)/2}}{2^n}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n2)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((n1)/2)}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau 𝑑\tau ^{}(H\eta )^{(n2)/2}(H\eta ^{})^{(n2)/2}`$ (24)
$`\times {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}d\omega ^{}\stackrel{~}{q}(\omega ^{})e^{i(\omega ^{}\tau ^{}\omega \tau )}\theta (\eta \eta ^{})\{{\displaystyle \frac{i^{2n}}{\left(\eta +\eta ^{}iϵ\right)^{n2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{i^{2n}}{\left(\eta \eta ^{}+iϵ\right)^{n2}}}\}=0,`$ (25)
where we used the next relations,

$`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}x^ne^{\alpha x}𝑑x={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n1)}{\alpha ^{n+1}}},`$ (26)
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(2z)={\displaystyle \frac{2^{2z}}{2\pi ^{1/2}}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(z)\mathrm{\Gamma }(z+1/2),`$ (27)
and $`d\eta ^{}=(H\eta ^{})d\tau ^{}`$. Then, by using the relation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{(H\eta )^{(n2)/2}(H\eta ^{})^{(n2)/2}}{(\eta \eta ^{}iϵ)^{n2}}}={\displaystyle \frac{H^{n2}}{\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}\left(H(\tau \tau ^{})/2\right)iϵ\right\}^{n2}}},`$ (28)
and by introducing the variables

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau \tau \tau ^{},T{\displaystyle \frac{\tau +\tau ^{}}{2}},`$ (29)
we obtain the following equation after integrations

$$\stackrel{~}{\left(\frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}\right)}(\omega )+\mathrm{K}(\omega )\stackrel{~}{q}(\omega )=0,$$
(30)
where

$`\mathrm{K}(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\mathrm{\Gamma }(n/21)}{4\pi ^{n/2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H}{i}}\right)^{n2}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\text{ }e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }`$ (32)
$`\times \left[\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau iϵ\right\}^{2n}(1)^n\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau +iϵ\right\}^{2n}\right].`$
According to , the dissipative coefficient $`R(\omega )`$ is obtained by

$`R(\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega }}\mathrm{Im}[K(\omega )].`$ (33)
After integration the dissipative coefficient is explicitly obtained from equation (32) as

$`R(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{n1}\pi ^{(n3)/2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^{n4}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((n1)/2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi \omega /H\right)1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi \omega /H\right)(1)^n}}.`$ (34)
On the other hand, following the formula by Callen and Welton , the FD relation for the thermal noise is written as

$`\varphi (x)\varphi (x)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑E\rho (E)f(E)\text{ }E|\varphi (x)\varphi (x)|E`$ (35)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}E(\omega ,T)R(\omega )\text{ }𝑑\omega ,`$ (36)
where $`\rho (E)`$ is the density of states at the energy $`E`$ and $`f(E)`$ is the normalized Boltzmann factor, which satisfies

$`{\displaystyle \frac{f\left(E+\omega \right)}{f\left(E\right)}}=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{T}}\right)`$ (37)
with the temperature $`T`$, and $`E(\omega ,T)`$ is defined by

$`E(\omega ,T)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\omega +{\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{e^{\omega /T}1}}.`$ (38)
Here $`E(\omega ,T)`$ can be regarded as the energy of a Bosonic harmonic oscillator with zero-point oscillation at the temperature $`T`$.

We can easily show that the FD relation (36) is satisfied between the vacuum fluctuations and the dissipative coefficient. The quantum field theory of a real scalar field in de Sitter spacetime has been well investigated . In the case of the massless and conformally coupling, it is well-known that the two-point function is in proportion to that in the Minkowski spacetime. With the use of equation (28), the Wightman function leads to

$$0_c|\varphi (x(\tau ))\varphi (x^{}(\tau ^{}))|0_c=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n/21)}{4\pi ^{n/2}}\left(\frac{H}{i}\right)^{n2}\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}\frac{H}{2}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau iϵ\right\}^{2n},$$
(39)
where $`|0_c`$ denotes the conformal vacuum. With the relation

$`\delta (\tau \tau ^{})={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }}e^{i\omega (\tau \tau ^{})},`$
the fluctuation of the real scalar field is expressed as follows

$`0_c|\varphi (x)^2|0_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }}e^{i\omega (\tau \tau ^{})}0_c|\varphi (x(\tau ))\varphi (x^{}(\tau ^{}))|0_c`$ (40)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}F_n(\omega )\text{ }𝑑\omega ,`$ (41)
where the power spectrum, $`F_n(\omega )`$, is defined by

$$F_n(\omega )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau ^{}e^{i\omega (\tau \tau ^{})}0_c|\varphi (x(\tau ))\varphi (x^{}(\tau ^{}))|0_c.$$
(42)
Inserting equation $`(\text{39})`$ into $`(\text{42})`$ we obtain

$$F_n(\omega )=\frac{1}{2^{n2}\pi ^{(n3)/2}}\frac{\omega ^{n3}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((n1)/2)}\frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(2\pi \omega /H)(1)^n}.$$
(43)
We finally conclude the existence of the FD relation in $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime

$$0_c|\varphi (x(\tau ))^2|0_c=\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}E(\omega ,H/2\pi )R(\omega )𝑑\omega .$$
(44)
From equation $`(\text{43})`$ we can see that the statistical inversion occurs as in the case of the $`N`$-dimensional Rindler spacetime . The FD relation (44) holds irrespective of the statistical inversion.

### B Dirac field

Following the investigation by Terashima , we next consider the system of a Dirac field $`\psi `$ and a detector of a spinor $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ which is linearly coupled with the field. The action of the system is

$`S=S_0(\mathrm{\Theta },\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})+S_{int}(\mathrm{\Theta },\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }},\psi ,\overline{\psi })+S_0(\psi ,\overline{\psi }),`$
where we defined

$$S_0(\mathrm{\Theta },\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})=𝑑\tau L(\mathrm{\Theta },\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }},\dot{\mathrm{\Theta }},\dot{\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}),$$
(45)
$$S_0(\psi ,\overline{\psi })=d^nx(detV)\left[\frac{i}{2}\left\{\overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu _\mu \psi (_\mu \overline{\psi })\gamma ^\mu \psi \right\}m\overline{\psi }\psi \right],$$
(46)
$`S_{int}(\mathrm{\Theta },\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }},\psi ,\overline{\psi })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left\{\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\tau )\psi (x(\tau ))+\overline{\psi }(x(\tau ))\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau )\right\}}`$ (47)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau d^nx\left(\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\tau )\psi (x)+\overline{\psi }(x)\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau )\right)\delta ^n(xx_0(\tau ))},`$ (48)
where $`\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau )`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\tau )(=\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau )^{}\gamma ^0)`$ are Grassmann numbers, and $`_\mu `$ is defined by

$$_\mu _\mu +\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu ,\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu =\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha \beta }V_{\alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\nu }(x)(_\mu V_{\beta \nu }),$$
(49)
with the vierbein $`V_\alpha ^\nu `$ and the generator of Lorentz transformation $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha \beta }`$ . Equations of the motion are written

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)(\tau )+{\displaystyle d^nx\psi (x)\delta ^n(xx_0(\tau ))}=0,`$ (50)
$`(i\overline{)}m)\psi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{detV}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \mathrm{\Theta }(\tau )\delta ^n(xx(\tau ))},`$ (51)
where, as in the case of the scalar field, we defined

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)(\tau ){\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\tau }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}.`$
For simplicity we restrict $`\psi `$ is the massless field in this section. Similar to the case of the scalar field, we introduce the conformal field $`\psi _c`$ defined with a conformal weight as

$$\psi (x)=\left(H\eta \right)^{(n1)/2}\psi _c(x).$$
(52)
In terms of $`\psi _c`$, equations (50) and (51) reduce to

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)(\tau )+(H\eta (\tau ))^{(n1)/2}\psi _c(x_0(\tau ))=0,`$ (53)
and

$`i\overline{)}\psi _c(x)=(H\eta )^{(n3)/2}\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau (\eta ))\delta ^{n1}(𝐱𝐱_0),`$ (54)
respectively, where we defined $`\overline{)}\gamma ^0_\eta +\gamma ^i_i`$ with $`(i=1,2,\mathrm{},n1)`$, and assumed the detector at rest of the spatial coordinate $`𝐱=𝐱_0`$. As is done in the previous subsection, equation (54) can be solved by using the retarded Green function, which we denote by $`\overline{S}_R(x,x^{})`$, as follows,

$$\psi _c(x)=_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑\eta ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}d^{n1}x^{}\overline{S}_R(x,x^{})\left(H\eta ^{}\right)^{(n3)/2}\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau ^{}(\eta ^{}))\delta ^{n1}(𝐱^{}𝐱_0),$$
(55)
where we assume that the retarded Green function satisfies

$$i\overline{)}_x\overline{S}_R(x,x^{})=\delta ^n(xx^{}),$$
(56)
and the boundary condition $`\overline{S}_R(x,x^{})=0`$ for $`\eta \eta ^{}<0`$. Substituting equation (55) into $`(\text{53})`$, we have

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)(\tau )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau ^{}\overline{S}_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0(\tau ^{}))\left(H\eta ^{}(\tau ^{})\right)^{(n1)/2}\left(H\eta (\tau )\right)^{(n1)/2}\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau ^{}).`$ (57)
The Fourier transformation of equation (57) yields

$`\stackrel{~}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)}(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\omega ^{}}{2\pi }}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\omega ^{})e^{i(\omega ^{}\tau ^{}\omega \tau )}`$ (59)
$`\times \overline{S}_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0(\tau ^{}))\left(H\eta ^{}(\tau ^{})\right)^{(n1)/2}\left(H\eta (\tau )\right)^{(n1)/2},`$
where the Fourier coefficients $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\omega ^{})`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{\delta S_0}/\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }})(\omega )`$ are defined in similar ways to (17) and (20), respectively. The massless Green function on the flat spacetime is well-known, and we can write down $`\overline{S}_R(x,x^{})`$ in an explicit form. With the use of the relation (28), we can write

$`\overline{S}_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0(\tau ^{}))\left(H\eta (\tau )\right)^{(n1)/2}\left(H\eta ^{}(\tau ^{})\right)^{(n1)/2}=i\gamma ^0{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n/2)}{2\pi ^{n/2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H}{i}}\right)^{n1}`$ (60)
$`\times \theta (\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\left[\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau iϵ\right\}^{1n}(1)^n\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau +iϵ\right\}^{1n}\right].`$ (61)
Keeping this relation in mind, after integration using the variables $`T`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau `$ defined by equation $`(\text{29})`$, equation (59) yields

$`\stackrel{~}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)}(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\overline{S}_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0(\tau ^{}))\left(H\eta ^{}\right)^{(n1)/2}\left(H\eta \right)^{(n1)/2}e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\omega )}.`$ (62)
Then we obtain the effective equation of motion for the Fourier coefficient

$$\stackrel{~}{\left(\frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}\right)}(\omega )+\mathrm{K}_{1/2}(\omega )\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Theta }}(\omega )=0,$$
(63)
where

$`\mathrm{K}_{1/2}(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`i\gamma ^0{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n/2)}{2\pi ^{n/2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{H}{i}}\right)^{n1}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }`$ (65)
$`\times \left[\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau iϵ\right\}^{1n}(1)^n\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau +iϵ\right\}^{1n}\right].`$
In the similar way to equation (33), the dissipative coefficient is defined (c.f., refs.),

$`R_{1/2}(\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega }}\mathrm{Im}[\mathrm{K}_{1/2}(\omega )].`$ (66)
After integration, we obtain

$$R_{1/2}(\omega )=\gamma ^0\frac{\omega ^{n3}}{2^{n1}\pi ^{(n3)/2}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((n1)/2)}\frac{\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi \omega /H\right)+1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi \omega /H\right)+(1)^n}.$$
(67)
A fermionic version of the FD relation is presented in , which is applied to the system of the Dirac field and the detector in the Rindler spacetime in . The fermionic FD relation is written

$$\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x)\right]=\frac{1}{\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \text{ }\frac{\omega }{e^{\omega /T}+1}\text{ }\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0R_{1/2}(\omega )\right].$$
(68)
If the dissipative coefficient satisfies $`R_{1/2}(\omega )=R_{1/2}(\omega )`$, equation $`(\text{68})`$ can be rewritten

$$\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x)\right]=\frac{1}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\omega \mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0R_{1/2}(\omega )\right]𝑑\omega .$$
(69)
On the other hand, quantum field theory of the Dirac field in de Sitter spacetime is well understood. In the case of the massless field, the Wightman function in the $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime is written

$$0|\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x^{})|0=\gamma ^0\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n/2)}{2\pi ^{n/2}}\left(\frac{H}{i}\right)^{n1}\left\{2\mathrm{sinh}\frac{H}{2}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau iϵ\right\}^{1n}.$$
(70)
Similar to the case of the scalar field, we write the fluctuation of the Dirac field as

$`\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _00|\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x)|0\right]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }}\text{ }e^{i\omega (\tau \tau ^{})}\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _00|\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x^{})|0\right]`$ (71)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}F_{1/2}(\omega )\text{ }𝑑\omega ,`$ (72)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ is the dimensions of the $`\gamma `$-matrices, and the power spectrum is defined as a scalar quantity by

$$F_{1/2}(\omega )\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau ^{}e^{i\omega (\tau \tau ^{})}\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _00|\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x^{})|0\right].$$
(73)
Inserting equation $`(\text{70})`$ into $`(\text{73})`$, we obtain

$$F_{1/2}(\omega )=\frac{\omega ^{n2}}{2^{n2}\pi ^{(n1)/2}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }((n1)/2)}\frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi \omega /H\right)+(1)^n}.$$
(74)
This means the existence of the FD relation (68) or (69) with the dissipative coefficient (67). From equation $`(\text{74})`$ we can see that the statistical inversion occurs in the fermionic case too, however, the FD-relation exists irrespective of the statistical inversion.

## III Essential conditions for the FD relation

### A real scalar field

In the previous section we have derived the FD relation in an explicit manner, according to the method proposed by Terashima . In the previous section, however, we have considered the simple cases of massless fields in de Sitter spacetime. In this section we summarize the calculations in the previous section from a general point of view, which clarifies why the Terashima’s prescription works properly. Let us start from considering the classical equations of motion of the scalar field and the detector (5) and (6). As we have done in the previous section, the field equation (6) is formally solved by introducing the retarded Green function, which satisfies

$$\left(_x^\mu _\mu +m^2+\xi R\right)G_R(x,x^{})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}\text{ }\delta ^n(xx^{}),$$
(75)
to give

$$\varphi (x)=d^nx^{}G_R(x,x^{})𝑑\tau q(\tau )\delta ^n(x^{}x_0(\tau )).$$
(76)
Inserting this into equation (5), we have

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta q}}\right)\left(\tau \right)+{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau ^{}G_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0^{}(\tau ^{}))q(\tau ^{})}=0.`$ (77)
Fourier transformation of this equation (77) yields the same expression as (30) but with

$`\mathrm{K}(\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\tau ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑\omega ^{}\text{ }G_R(x(\tau ),x^{}(\tau ^{}))e^{i(\omega \tau \omega ^{}\tau ^{})},`$ (78)
where the Fourier coefficients $`\stackrel{~}{q}(\omega ^{})`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{\delta S_0}/\delta q)(\omega )`$ are defined by (17) and (20), respectively. In the case that the retarded Green function is the function of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau (=\tau \tau ^{})`$, i.e., $`G_R(x(\tau ),x^{}(\tau ^{}))=G_R(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )`$, equation (78) reduces to

$`\mathrm{K}(\omega )={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\mathrm{d}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\text{ }\mathrm{G}_\mathrm{R}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }.`$ (79)
The dissipative coefficient defined by (33) becomes

$`R(\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega }}\mathrm{Im}\left[{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )G_R(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\text{ }e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }\text{ }\right].`$ (80)
In the meanwhile, it is well-known that, in the thermal field theory, the Wightman functions satisfy a periodicity condition in the direction of imaginary time, which is called the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition . In the quantum field theory in curved spacetime, we assume that the Wightman functions, which are defined by

$`G^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )0|\varphi (x(\tau ))\varphi (x^{}(\tau ^{}))|0,`$ (81)
$`G^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )0|\varphi (x^{}(\tau ^{}))\varphi (x(\tau ))|0,`$ (82)
satisfy the KMS condition on the complex plane of the detector’s proper time,

$$G^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau i\beta )=G^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau ),$$
(83)
where $`\beta `$ is a period of the periodicity in the direction of imaginary time. In the thermal field theory, $`\beta =1/T`$. For the massless (conformally coupled) scalar field, assuming a detector at rest in de Sitter spacetime, the Wightman functions are

$`G^\pm (\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n/21)}{4\pi ^{n/2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{H^{n2}}{(\pm i)^{n2}}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mathrm{sinh}(H\mathrm{\Delta }\tau /2)iϵ}}\right]^{n2},`$ (84)
hence we can easily check that the Wightman functions of the conformal vacuum state satisfy the KMS condition with $`\beta =2\pi /H`$.

Following the investigations by Takagi  and Ooguri , let us introduce the Fourier coefficients, which are defined by

$`F^\pm (\omega ){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}G^\pm (\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }\text{ }d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau ).`$ (85)
Because of the definition, the Wightman functions are related to each other as $`G^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )=G^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )`$. This relation is equivalent to $`F^+(\omega )=F^{}(\omega )`$. On the other hand, the result of the KMS condition (83) for the Fourier coefficients is derived as follows: By extending $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau `$-integration in (85) to the complex plane, we can deform the path of the integration from $`C_1`$ on the real axis to $`C_2`$ on the complex plane (see Figure 2),

$`F^+(\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{C_2}}G^+(z)e^{i\omega z}𝑑z.`$ (86)
This can be done unless a singular pole appears in the region between the paths $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ in Figure 2. Then, using the KMS condition, (86) is written as ,

$`F^+(\omega )=e^{\beta \omega }{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}G^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )=e^{\beta \omega }F^{}(\omega ).`$ (87)
The retarded Green function is related with the Wightman functions (e.g., ),

$`G_R(x,x^{})=i\theta (tt^{})\left(G^+(x,x^{})G^{}(x,x^{})\right).`$ (88)
Inserting this relation into equation (80), we obtain the dissipative coefficient

$$R(\omega )=\frac{e^{\beta \omega }1}{2\omega }F^+(\omega ),$$
(89)
where we used (87) and $`G^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )=G^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )`$, which is equivalent to $`F^+(\omega )=F^{}(\omega )`$. Finally by using equation (89) the FD relation is derived as an identity

$`0|\varphi (x)^2|0{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}F^+(\omega )\text{ }𝑑\omega ={\displaystyle \frac{2}{\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}E(\omega ,1/\beta )R(\omega )\text{ }𝑑\omega .`$ (90)
### B Massive scalar field

Following the above argument, the derivation of the FD relation can be generalized to the real scalar field with any mass $`m`$ in de Sitter spacetime. The Wightman functions for the massive field in $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime is

$`G^\pm (x,x^{})={\displaystyle \frac{H^{n2}}{(4\pi )^{n/2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(a_+)\mathrm{\Gamma }(a_{})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(c)}}{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}(a_+,a_{},c;1+z_\pm ),`$ (91)
where

$`a_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(n1\pm \sqrt{(n1)^24m^2/H^2}\right),c={\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}},`$ (92)
and $`z_\pm `$ is in proportion to the geodesic distance between the two-points $`x`$ and $`x^{}`$, which is written using the coordinate of the spatially flat chart

$`z_\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{(\eta \eta ^{}iϵ)^2|𝐱𝐱^{}|^2}{4\eta \eta ^{}}}.`$ (93)
For the two-points on a geodesics of the detector, $`x(\tau )`$ and $`x^{}(\tau ^{})`$, we have

$`z_\pm =\left(\mathrm{sinh}{\displaystyle \frac{H}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }\tau iϵ\right)^2.`$ (94)
Hence it is apparent that the Wightman functions satisfy the periodicity condition (83).

A delicate condition in deriving the FD relation might be the structure of singular poles of the Wightman functions on the complex plane of the imaginary time. If $`G^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )`$ has additional singular poles on the region between the contours $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ (see Fig. 2), equation (87 or 105) can not be satisfied. For a physical situation, it would be expected that the singular pole of $`G^+(x,x^{})`$ appears only at $`x=x^{}`$. Hence the condition for the singular poles of the Wightman functions would be satisfied. Actually in the case of the de Sitter spacetime, the Wightman functions satisfy this condition because of a property of the hypergeometric function in (91). Thus the FD relation holds between the dissipative coefficient of the detector’s motion and the vacuum noise of the field with any mass as long as the detector moves along a geodesics.

### C Dirac field

We next consider the case of the Dirac field. We show that the argument similar to the case of the scalar field holds. Let us start with equations of motion (50) and (51). Equation (50) is solved by introducing the retarded Green function, which satisfies equation

$`\left(i\overline{)}_xm\right)S_R(x,x^{})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{detV}}\delta ^n(xx^{}),`$ (95)
as

$`\psi (x)={\displaystyle d^nx^{}S_R(x,x^{})𝑑\tau \mathrm{\Theta }(\tau )\delta ^n(x^{}x_0(\tau ))}.`$ (96)
Inserting this expression into equation (50), we have

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\delta S_0}{\delta \overline{\mathrm{\Theta }}}}\right)(\tau )+{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau ^{}S_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0^{}(\tau ^{}))\mathrm{\Theta }(\tau ^{})}=0.`$ (97)
In the similar way to the case of the scalar field, we assume that the retarded Green function is a function of only $`\mathrm{\Delta }\tau `$, i.e., $`S_R(x_0(\tau ),x_0^{}(\tau ^{}))=S_R(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )`$. In this case the Fourier transformation of this equation yields the same expression as (63) with

$`\mathrm{K}_{1/2}(\omega )={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\text{ }S_R(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }.`$ (98)
Hence the dissipative coefficient defined by (66) is

$`R_{1/2}(\omega )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega }}\mathrm{Im}\left[{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\text{ }S_R(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }\right].`$ (99)
For the Dirac field we define

$`S^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )0|\psi (x(\tau ))\overline{\psi }(x^{}(\tau ^{}))|0,`$ (100)
$`S^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )0|\overline{\psi }(x^{}(\tau ^{}))\psi (x(\tau ))|0,`$ (101)
and assume that these functions satisfy the KMS condition,

$$S^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau i\beta )=S^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau ).$$
(102)
By the definition of the functions $`S^\pm (\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )`$, we have

$$S^{}(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )=S^+(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )|_{mm},$$
(103)
where we used the relation $`S^\pm (x,x^{})=\pm \left(i\overline{)}_x+m\right)G^\pm (x,x^{})`$ and the assumption of the detector being at rest. The Fourier coefficients are defined by

$$F_{1/2}^\pm (\omega )=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}S^\pm (\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )e^{i\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\tau }d(\mathrm{\Delta }\tau )\right].$$
(104)
Then we have $`F_{1/2}^+(\omega )=F_{1/2}^{}(\omega )`$ from (103). We repeat the argument to derive (87), and obtain

$$F_{1/2}^+(\omega )=e^{\omega \beta }F_{1/2}^{}(\omega ).$$
(105)
For the Dirac field the retarded Green function should be related with $`S^\pm `$ as

$`S_R(x,x^{})=i\theta (tt^{})\left\{S^+(x,x^{})+S^{}(x,x^{})\right\}.`$ (106)
Inserting this relation into (99), we have the dissipative coefficient

$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0R_{1/2}(\omega )\right]=\frac{1+e^{\beta \omega }}{2\omega }F_{1/2}^+(\omega ).$$
(107)
This implies the existence of the FD relation,

$`\mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _00|\psi (x)\overline{\psi }(x)|0\right]={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_n}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}F_{1/2}^+(\omega )\text{ }𝑑\omega ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}\omega \mathrm{Tr}\left[\gamma _0R_{1/2}(\omega )\right]\text{ }𝑑\omega .`$ (108)
## IV Summary and Discussions

In summary we have investigated the FD relation between the dissipative coefficients of a detector and the vacuum noise of the scalar and the Dirac fields which are linearly coupled to each other in the $`N`$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime. We have derived the dissipative coefficient from the classical equations of motion, then the existence of the FD relation has been shown in an explicit manner by inserting the dissipative coefficient into the FD relation of Callen and Welton . Though our result might depend on the model of the couplings between the detector and fields, this investigation is interesting because information of quantum fluctuations can be obtained by observing the classical motion of the detector in principle. As is shown in $`\mathrm{\S }`$ 3, the periodicity in the Wightman functions (the KMS condition) is essential for the existence of the FD relation. Hence the FD relation exists irrelevant to the statistical inversion on the contrary to naive expectation associated with the inversion phenomenon.

Some equations in the present paper are well-recognized so far. One is the fact that the FD relation of the vacuum noise in de Sitter spacetime has been well-known in connection with the the KMS condition of the Wightman functions (see e.g.,  and references therein). However, our explicit derivation of the FD relation according to the Terashima prescription is instructive to understand why the Terashima’s method works properly and might give a hint as to the origin of the statistical inversion phenomenon in odd dimensions of de Sitter spacetime. Our investigation is useful to show the key conditions so that the Terashima’s prescription works properly in general curved spacetime. Our calculation also demonstrates the validity of the use of the retarded Green function to obtain a dissipative coefficient from classical equations of motion.

It is apparent that the vacuum state of the field in curved spacetime and the boundary condition of the retarded Green function should be carefully chosen for the FD relation existing. For example if we adopt a vacuum state in de Sitter spacetime other than the Bunch-Davies vacuum, the existence of the FD relation is not guaranteed. Furthermore it should be noted that we assumed that the retarded Green function is related with the Wightman functions by equation (88) or (106) that depend on the choice of the vacuum state.

Finally we mention a connection of the FD relation with the Euclidean path integral approach. It has been pointed out that the thermal property of the Hawking radiation is traced back to the periodicity in time of the Euclidean section of the black hole spacetime . That is, if a curved spacetime possesses the periodicity in its Euclidean section, then the thermal property of a field on the Lorentzian spacetime can be expected. The Bunch-Davies vacuum corresponds to the Euclidean vacuum of the de Sitter spacetime, hence the periodicity of the Wightman functions can be regarded as the result of the periodicity of Euclidean section of the de Sitter spacetime. As long as the retarded Green function relevant to the Euclidean vacuum is adopted, the prescription proposed by Terashima is supposed to work properly in the black hole spacetime.

###### Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank Misao Sasaki, Takahiro Tanaka, Masafumi Seriu, and Yasufumi Kojima for useful conversations on this topics. This research was supported by the Inamori Foundation and by the Grants-in-Aid by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (11640280).