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# To Phenomenological Theory of Superfluidity. Superfluidity - Viscousless Fflow in Viscous Medium

## I Introduction

In 1932 Keesom and Klausius (see Keesom, 1949) have found out in the region temperatures $`T_C`$ = 2.19 0 a anomalous temperature dependence of the heat capacity. That to emphasize distinction of states of the helium higher and below of the of the phase transition point, the names were entered: ” helium I ” for temperatures $`T>T_C`$ and ” helium II ” for temperatures $`T<T_C.`$

In 1938 (Kapitza, 1938, 1941, 1944) has found out, that the helium has superfluidity - the ability of vicousless of flow through thin cracks and capillaries. He has found out also presence in capillaries the opposite flow of viscous - ”normal” and viscousless - ”superfluid” component liquid helium .

In the Kapitza experiments the viscous flow run out from the small vessel is filled by liquid helium. The flow is caused by the warming up helium in the vessel and it is discovered by a deviation of a target. It is essential, that thus the level of helium in he vessel remain constant. This indicates on the presence of a opposite flow - the flow of the superfluid helium.

To explain this phenomenon he accepts ” two-liquid model ” of helium II, offered in work (Tisza, 1938) and essential developed by (Landau, 1941), but in (Kapitza, 1944) he writes:

” If this theoretical supposition was not so full supported by the experimental proofs, it would sound as idea, which it is very difficult to recognize reasonable. ”

Thus, two-liquid model, even for the physicist of so high level, it is not represented rather clear.

Use of two-liquid model is justified by that on its basis it is possible to describe observable phenomena. In particulars, it gives an explanation the existence of the second sound (Landau, 1944), explains results of the Andronikashvily experiences with rotating helium (Andronokashvily, 1940).

Despite of these doubtless successes, the physical picture of the phenomenon superfluidity remains nevertheless not quite clear. Two basic question remain without the answer:

1. Physical nature of phase transition helium I - helium II.

2. Physical explanation of an opportunity of existence of viscousless flow in viscous medium.

The basic purpose of the present work - to discuss the possible answers on these questions on the following suppositions:

1). Superfluidity the macroscopic phenomenon in a dissipative continuous medium is. The description of superfluidity will be curried out on the basis of the corresponding equations of the mechanics of continuous medium.

2). Helium II is the example of a quantum liquid, as length of de Broglie wave is order of the average distance between atoms. However, in the approximation of continuous medium the de Broglie length is much less of size of a ”point”, in which many particles contain. Due to this condition the description of superfluidity on a basis of the phenomenological kinetic equations for classical distribution function it is possible.

3). The superfluidity by two phenomena is caused .

First, by the phase transition of the second order, as a result of which arise not only fast, but also slow (coherence) relaxation processes. The last provide a spatial coherence on scales cracks or capillaries.

Secondly, there is a reorganization of structure of viscous friction. It is caused by occurrence of flicker noise (”$`1/f`$-noise) of hydrodynamic velocity fluctuations. The appropriate distribution on wave numbers represents an analogue of the ”bose-condensation”, as the dispersion of wave numbers become proportional to frequency for $`\omega 0`$.

## II Phase transition helium I - helium II

A level with the phenomenological theory, the microscopic theory of superfluidity is developed also. The basic work in this direction the Bogolubov paper ”To the theory of superfluidity” is (Bogolubov, 1947). By the object of research in the Bogolubov paper a weak nonideal Bose-gas was served.

### A The condensation of a weakly nonideal gas

In the classic Einstein (1924, 1925) papers is shown, that the continuous Bose-Einstein distribution it is valid only at temperatures $`T>3.14^0K`$. In the appropriate critical point the distribution of particles on momenta breaks up to two parts: continuous distribution with zero value of the chemical potential and the ”condensate” with the distribution $`\delta (p)`$. On a measure downturn of temperature the number of particles with a zero momentum grows and at zero temperature coincides with full number of particles. At the critical temperature the number of particles in a condensate is equal to zero.

Attempts (Tisza, 1938 and London 1954) to explain superfluidity of helium on the basis of the Bose-condensation phenomenon of ideal gas were not successful.

### B Weak nonideal Bose-gas. Bogolubov theory

In the ideal gas the condensate does not form the connected collective and therefore has not property of superfluidity.

In a weak nonideal gas because of interaction of particles, as Bogolubov has shown , the condensate forms collective and at it the motion as the whole only at the birth of collective elementary excitation is possible. At small momenta the energy of excitations is defined by classical expression:

$$\epsilon (p)=v_Sp,v_S=\sqrt{n\frac{\nu (|p=0|)}{m}}p=\sqrt{\frac{4\pi \mathrm{}^2a}{m^2}n}.$$
(1)
which answers to a phonon part of the Landau spectrum. The speed of sound $`v_S`$ via the amplitude $`a`$ of the Born scattering is expressed

The Bogolubov spectra is valid that the pushing away of atoms prevails above their attraction ones. For the liquid helium the quantity $`a`$ is significant less of the mean distance $`r_{av}`$ between atoms, therefore in the theory of superfluidity it is possible introduce the corresponding small density parameter $`\epsilon _S=na^3`$.

At zero temperature the number of particles of nonideal gas in the condensate is less than the complete number of particles. The difference is defined by the small parameter $`\epsilon _S`$. Thus for the weak nonideal gas the basic part of atoms of gas has a zero momentum.

The next years the essential development of the microscopic theory of weakly nonideal Bose-gas at $`T=0`$ has undergone. Among many it is necessary to allocate the followings.

In the paper (Bogolubov, Zubarev, 1955) for Bose-gas the method of collective variables was used. In the paper (Belyaev, 1958) the perturbation theory on small density parameter $`\epsilon _S=na^3`$ was developed. In the series of papers (Kirpatrick and Dorfman, 1985) the kinetic description of collective behavior of Bose-gas was carried out.

At last, in the papers (Tserkovnikov, 1992, 1995) the most detailed description of weakly nonideal Bose-gas at $`T=0`$ is given and the comparative analysis of various method also is spent.

Bogolubov has noticed that the generalization on his theory for a liquid helium it is impossible, therefore the use of a phenomenological equations of continuous medium it is necessary. This remark and to the subsequent works concerns. The essential step in the theory of liquid helium by Feinman was made.

### C Feinman formula - the connection of the elementary excitations energy and the formfactor

Feinman (see in (Feinman, 1974) has established at $`T=0`$ the general connection of the elementary excitation spectrum in liquid helium with the static formfactor $`S(p)`$

$$\epsilon (p)=\frac{p^2}{2mS(p)},p=\mathrm{}k.$$
(2)
The static formfactor is defined via the spatial Fourier component of a two-point correlation function or, that is equivalent, through the spatial density of the number particles density fluctuations. For a liquid helium it can be established on a basis of experiments on the scattering of x-ray or neitrons.

In the paper (Bogolubov, Zubarev, 1955) the Feinman relation on the examle of weakly nonideal Bose gas by the collective variable method was derivated. Thus it is possible simultneously to receive expressions both for a elementary exitation spectra, and for the formfactor.

### D Kinetic derivation of the Feinman relation for the nonideal Bose gas

Being based on the kinetic equation for the Vigner function $`f(r,p,t)`$ with the Langevin source the account of the particles number density fluctuations it is possible to carry out At zero temperature ($`T=0`$) is received the following expression for the required spectral density (Klimontovich and Silin, 1952; Pins and Nozier, 1966; Nozier, Pines, 1980):

$$\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{\omega ,k}=\frac{\mathrm{}}{\nu (k)}\frac{Im\chi (\omega ,k)}{\left|\chi (\omega ,k)\right|^2}$$
(3)
Here $`\chi (\omega ,k)`$ is the dynamic susceptibility. By integration on frequency in the region of a transparency we find the spatial spectral density, which is connected with the static formfactor - the Feinman relation for a weak nonideal Bose gas

$$\frac{\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_k}{n}S(k)=\frac{\mathrm{}^2k^2}{2m\mathrm{}\omega (k)}.$$
(4)
The Feinman relation was established under condition of $`T=0`$ and for this reason it is non sufficient for the description of phase transition in superfluid state, which occurs at non zero temperatures.

### E Feinman relation in a classical limit

Let’s address to the Feinman relation. Let’s rewrite it as

$$\omega (k)=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\frac{\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_k}{n}.$$
(5)
The transition in the right part to the classical limit is impossible. It is connected to that in the formula (3) only a zero oscillations were taken into account. In the classical limit , instead of (3), we have the following expression (Klimontovich, Silin, 1960; Pines, Nozier, 1966):

$$\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{\omega ,k}=\frac{2}{\omega \nu (k)}\frac{Im\chi (\omega ,k)}{\left|\chi (\omega ,k)\right|^2}k_BT$$
(6)
By integration on $`\omega `$, we shall receive expression for the connection of the spectral density of fluctuations and the component Fourier for potential of atoms interaction:

$$\frac{\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_k}{n}=\frac{1}{1+\frac{n\nu (\left|k\right|)}{k_BT}}.$$
(7)
Using the definition of the isothermal compressity coefficient $`\beta _T`$ we shall obtain at $`k=0`$ the following relations:

$$\frac{\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{k=0}}{n}nk_BT\beta _T=\frac{1}{1+\frac{n\nu (0)}{k_BT}}.$$
(8)
Let’s compare this expression with the appropriate the Ornstain - Zernike expression, containing a component Fourier of the ”direct correlation function $`C(k)`$ (Klimontovich, 1982; Martynov, 1992)

$$\frac{\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{k=0}}{n}nk_BT\beta _T=\frac{1}{1C(k=0)}\frac{1}{1+\frac{n\nu _{eff}(0)}{k_BT}}.$$
(9)
Here, a level with a direct correlation function $`C(k=0),`$ the definition for the effective potential $`\nu _{eff}(0)`$ of interaction of atoms in a liquid helium is given.

Last equalities for dense gases and liquids are used. For this purpose it is necessary to have the additional equations for definition of a direct correlation function $`C(k=0)`$, or the corresponding effective potential $`\nu _{eff}(0)`$ (Klimontovich, 1982; Martynov, 1992).

For the critical region at the phase transitions the effective potential with the critical temperature will be connected by the equality: $`n\left|\nu _{eff}(0)\right|=k_BT_C.`$

From the condition of positivity of the function $`\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{k=0},`$ $`nk_BT\beta _T`$ follows the restrictions

$$C(k=0)<1,\frac{n\left|\nu _{eff}(0)\right|}{k_BT}<1.$$
(10)
At presence of the phase transition (it physical sense will be explained below) at the approach to the critical point from the side of high temperature the isothermal compressity $`\beta _T`$ on the Curi law grows. At the critical region the functions $`1C(k=0),`$ $`1+n\nu _{eff}(0)/k_BT`$ are proportional to the difference of temperature $`TT_C.`$ From this follow that for temperature $`T<T_C`$ the instability appears.

As well as in the chapters of the second volume, to the second order phase transitions are devoted, the restriction of instability occurs for due to nonlinearity. This is provided by the replacement:

$$\frac{TT_C}{T_C}\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{\left|\psi \right|^2}{n}.$$
(11)
The unknown function $`\left|\psi \right|^2`$ will be found below by the solution of the corresponding kinetic equations.

In result for the critical region are received the following expressions for correlator $`\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{k=0}`$ and the isothermal compressibility coefficient $`nk_BT\beta _T`$:

$$\frac{\left(\delta n\delta n\right)_{k=0}}{n}nk_BT\beta _T=\frac{1}{\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{\left|\psi \right|^2}{n}},\left|\psi \right|^2=n_S.$$
(12)
From stated follows that the prevailing role plays the attractive between molecules.

We can remark, that on the existence of the second order phase transition in a liquid helium shows an anomalous temperature dependence of heat capacity - ”$`\lambda `$-curve” (Keesom, 1949).

### F Physical definition of constants in the Ginsburg - Landau (GL) equation

Follow to Ginsburg-Landau (GL) theory, we introduce the complex local effective wave function:

$$\psi (R,t)=|\psi |e^{i\phi },|\psi |^2=\frac{N_S}{V}=n_S.$$
(13)
$`n_S`$ \- the density of number of particles in a condensate. In the stationary state the effective wave function to the GL equation satisfies (GL, 1950; Ginsburg, Sobyanin, 1976).

One of opportunities of the description of temporary evolution in the GL theory - the transition to the reversible Hartree equation. To reveal the physical sense of coefficients in the GL equation we can compare two ways of account of the susceptibility: on the GL equation, and on the quantum kinetic equation in the self-consistent approximation for a nonideal Bose gas (Klimontovich and Silin, 1952). In result is received relations:

$$bn=\alpha _L=n\left|\nu _{eff}(0)\right|=k_BT_C.$$
(14)
It specifies analogy of the phase transition in a liquid helium and the phase transition in Van der Waals system (Klimontovich, 1998).

At transition in a superfluid state varies not only thermodynamics, but and hydrodynamics - there are ” two-liquid flows ” normal and superfluid components of helium. It puts a question on a physical nature of the occurrence ”two-liquid” state. For the answer it is necessary to use the evolutionary equations with the account of dissipation. For the answer on it the dissipative kinetic equations will be used.

The temporary dependence can be entered in the stationary GL equation by two extreme ways.

### G Nonlinear Schroedinger equation

With $`\alpha _L=k_BT_C`$ we have the following nonlinear Schroedinger equation - the Hartree equation:

$$i\mathrm{}\frac{\psi }{t}=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\frac{^2\psi }{R^2}+k_BT_C\left[\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{\left|\psi \right|^2}{n}\right]\psi .$$
(15)
### H Relaxation G-L equation (RGLE)

Let’s carry out in the Hartree equation formal replacement $`t`$ by imaginary time $`it`$. In result we come to the relaxation GL equation (RGLE):

$$\frac{\psi }{t}=\text{ }\gamma \left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{\left|\psi \right|^2}{n}\right)\psi +D\frac{^2\psi }{R^2}.$$
(16)
This is an example of the reaction diffusion equation. The coefficients $`D`$ and $`\gamma `$ are determined by the formulas:

$$D=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2m},\gamma =\frac{\alpha _L}{\mathrm{}},\alpha _L=n\left|\nu _{eff}(0)\right|=k_BT_C.$$
(17)
Let’s consider an opportunity of other derscription of temporary evolution on a basis of the kinetic equation for the kinetic equation for the local distribution function $`f(n_S,R,t)`$:

$$\frac{f}{t}=2\frac{}{n_S}\left[\gamma D_{n_S}n_S\frac{f}{n_S}\right]+\frac{}{n_S}\left[2\gamma \left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{n_S}{n}\right)n_Sf\right]+D\frac{^2f}{R^2}.$$
(18)
The diffusion coefficient $`D_{n_S}=n/N_{ph}`$ is defined by number of particles in a point of continuous medium. In an equilibrium state:

$$f_0(n_S)=C\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{h_{eff}}{D_{n_S}}\right),h_{eff}=\gamma \left[\frac{TT_C}{T_C}n_S+\frac{n_S^2}{2n}\right].$$
(19)
Here the designation for the effective Hamilton function in account on one particle is entered. In the first moment approximation the distribution function

$$f(n_S,t)=\delta \left(n_Sn_S_{R,t}\right).$$
(20)
and we have the following equation for the first moment:

$$\frac{dn_S}{dt}=2\left[\gamma D_{n_S}\gamma \left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{n_S}{n}\right)n_S\right]+D\frac{^2n_S_{R,t}}{R^2}.$$
(21)
It is an another example of the reaction diffusion equation. For stationary and homogeneous state it is reduced to the algebraic equation for $`n_S`$:

$$D_{n_S}\left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{n_S}{n}\right)n_S=0,D_{n_S}=\frac{n}{N_{ph}},\gamma =\frac{k_BT_C}{\mathrm{}}.$$
(22)
Its solution allows to find average value of number of superfluid atoms $`n_S`$ at all value of temperature. In particular, in the critical point:

$$n_S_{st}^{(2)}=\sqrt{nD_{n_S}}=n\sqrt{\frac{1}{N_{ph}}}n.$$
(23)
In the thermodynamic limit the average density of superfluid atoms is equal to zero. Below the critical point:

$$n_S_{st}^{(3)}=n\frac{T_CT}{T_C}.$$
(24)
### I Distribution function of amplitudes and phases

Instead the effective wave function we shall enter two real functions $`X(R,t),Y(R.t)`$:

$$\psi (R,t)=X(R,t)+iY(R.t),n_S(R.t)=X^2(R,t)+Y^2(R.t).$$
(25)
The appropriate kinetic equation for the distribution function $`f(X,Y,R,t)`$ with is taking into account the spatial diffusion, has the following form (see Klimontovich, 1995):

$`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{t}}=\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{}{X}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma D_{n_S}{\displaystyle \frac{f}{X}}\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma D_{n_S}{\displaystyle \frac{f}{Y}}\right]\right\}+`$

$`\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{}{X}}\left[\gamma \left({\displaystyle \frac{TT_C}{T_C}}+{\displaystyle \frac{X^2+Y^2)}{n}}\right)Xf\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y}}\left[\gamma \left({\displaystyle \frac{TT_C}{T_C}}+{\displaystyle \frac{X^2+Y^2)}{n}}\right)Yf\right]\right\}+`$

$$D\frac{^2f}{R^2},D_{n_S}=\frac{n}{N_{ph}},\gamma =\frac{k_BT_C}{\mathrm{}}.$$
(26)
We can find now the equation for the distribution function of values $`n_S`$:

$$f(n_S,R,t)=\delta (n_S(X^2+Y^2))f(X,Y,R,t)𝑑X𝑑Y$$
(27)
In the self-consistent approximation for $`n_S`$ follows equation which coincides with the equation (18).

The relaxation processes below the critical point it is possible to divide into two parts: on fast - for density of number of particles or amplitude, and slow - for a phase or appropriate combination variable $`X,`$ $`Y.`$

For the description of the slow relaxation in the equation (26) the following replacement is introduced (see in Klimontovich, 1999):

$$\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{X^2+Y^2)}{n}\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{n_S}{n}.$$
(28)
In result is received the kinetic equation:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{t}}=\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{}{X}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma D_{n_S}{\displaystyle \frac{f}{X}}\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}D_{n_S}\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{f}{Y}}\right]\right\}+`$

$$\left\{\frac{}{X}\left(\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}Xf\right)+\frac{}{Y}\left(\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}Yf\right)\right\}+D\frac{^2f}{R^2},D_{n_S}=\frac{n}{N_{ph}},\gamma =\frac{k_BT_C}{\mathrm{}}.$$
(29)
The equilibrium decision of this equation - the Gauss distribution on two variables:

$$f_0(X,Y)=C\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{X^2+Y^2)}{n_S_{st}}\right),f_0(X,Y)𝑑X𝑑Y=1.$$
(30)
The average values $`X,Y`$ are equal to zero. The information on phase transition contains in the expression for the dispersion $`n_S_{st}`$ . It at all values of temperature is defined by the solution of the equations (22).

## III Fast and slow fluctuations at phase transitions

At phenomenological description of phase transitions the linear part of the friction coefficient changes its sing.

In this respect there is an analogy with transition through the critical point in Van der Waals system and with a second order phase transition in segnetoelectrics We shall show that at transition via the critical point changes radically and the character of relaxation and fluctuating processes. The states at temperature $`T>T_C`$ will be characterized by fast processes. At phase transition to states with temperature $`T_C>T`$ , on a level with fast fluctuations appears and slow ones. We shall show that slow fluctuations provide the coherence flow of helium in the Kapitza experiments.

### A Relaxation of fast processes at phase transitions

Let’s returne to the evolutionary equation (21) and consider a small a deviation from the stationary and the spatial homogeneous solution $`n_S_{st}.`$ The appropriate time relaxation and half-width of a spectral line are defined by expressions:

$$\frac{1}{\tau _{n_S}}\left(k\right)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_S}=2\gamma \left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+2\frac{n_S}{n}\right)+Dk^2,\gamma =\frac{n\left|\nu _{eff}(0)\right|}{\mathrm{}}.$$
(31)
At zero value of wave number the relaxation time grows at approach to the critical point under the Curi law. In the critical point it has the maximal finite value $`\sqrt{N_{ph}}/2\gamma `$.

The complex response $`n_S^{(1)}`$ on the external action:

$$\chi _{(n_S)}(\omega ,k)=\frac{1}{i\omega +\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_S}(k)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_S}(k)=2\frac{k_BT_C}{\mathrm{}}\left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+2\frac{n_S_{st}}{n}\right)+Dk^2.$$
(32)
We shall use connection of function $`\chi _{(n_S)}(0,0)`$ and the isothermal compressibility:

$$\chi _{(n_S)}(0,0)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Delta }_{n_S}(0)}=2\frac{k_BT_C}{\mathrm{}}nk_BT_C\beta _T.nk_BT_C\beta _T=\frac{1}{\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+2\frac{n_S_{st}}{n}}.$$
(33)
For the Landau region at approach to the critical point $`\beta _T`$ and the relaxation time $`\tau _{n_S}`$ grow under the Curi law. In the critical point $`k=0`$ the compressibility is finite

$$nk_BT_C\beta _{T_C}=\sqrt{N_{ph}}.$$
(34)
### B Relaxation of slow processes

From the kinetic equation (29) we find the equations for average values $`X_{R,t},`$ $`Y_{R,t}`$ and with their help - the expressions for correlation time and the width of spectral lines:

$$\frac{1}{\tau _{(X,Y)}}\left(k\right)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{(X,Y)}\left(k\right)=\gamma \left(\frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}\right)+Dk^2,D_{n_S}=\frac{n}{N_{ph}}.$$
(35)
The $`n_S_{st}`$ \- the solution of the equation (22) at all temperatures. The expression for a complex susceptibility has the form:

$$\chi _{(X)}(\omega ,k)=\chi _{(Y)}(\omega ,k)=\frac{1}{i\omega +\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}\left(1+r_C^2k^2\right)},r_C^2=D\frac{n_S_{st}}{\gamma D_{n_S}}.$$
(36)
The designation for a square of the correlation radius here is entered. The isothermal comressibility is defined now by expression:

$$nk_BT_C\beta _T=\frac{n_S_{st}}{D_{n_S}}.$$
(37)
For the region of applicability of the Landau theory at approach to the critical point from the side of high temperatures the isothermal compressibility grows under the Curi law. In the critical point it is finite also and is defined by expression:

$$nk_BT_C\beta _{T_C}=\frac{k_BT_\mathrm{?}}{n\left|\nu _{eff}(0)\right|}\sqrt{N_{ph}},T=T_C.$$
(38)
However, for the region of temperatures, below the critical one

$$nk_BT_C\beta _T=N_{ph}\frac{T_CT}{T_C},T<T_C,$$
(39)
the isothermal compressibility continues grow at a measure of downturn of temperature.

From received formulas follows that at temperature enough below critical one the ration of fast and slow correlation times is proportional to $`1/N_{ph}.`$

### C Fast and slow fluctuations

The task of an account of fluctuations at phase transition in a superfluid state is similar, solved in Ch.24 (Klimontovich, 1999) ” Kinetic fluctuations in the critical point ”.

#### 1 Fast fluctuations

The account is similar, carried out in the section (19.6) (Klimontovich, 1999).

We enter in the equation (21) for the function $`n_S_{R,t}`$ the Langevin source, which reflects the atomic structure of a liquid helium. The relaxation time of the parameter of order coincides with expression (31).

The complex response to a random source is defined above mentioned, expressions at all values of temperature. The quantity $`n_S`$ is defined by the solution of the equations (22). At sufficient distance from the critical point the response $`\chi _{(n_S)}(\omega =0,k=0)`$ varies under the Curi law. In the critical point the isothermal comressibility has finite value (34). A square of correlation radius at approach to the critical point in the region field of the Landau theory varies under the Curi law, but it is finite in the critical point.

#### 2 Slow fluctuations

Let’s show, that the existence of superfluidity is possible due to slow fluctuations.

For this let’s address to the kinetic equation (29). Let’s enter into it the Langevin source, which intensity is determined by two dissipative characteristics (” by integrals of collisions ”). In self-consistent approximation the equation for the first moments - functions $`X(R,t),`$ $`Y(R,t)`$ have the following form:

$$\frac{X}{t}+\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}X=D\frac{^2X}{R^2}+y_{(X)}(R,T),\frac{Y}{t}+\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}Y=D\frac{^2Y}{R^2}+y_{(Y)}(R,T).$$
(40)
The width of spectral lines and the dynamic susceptibility are defined by former expressions (35) - (36).

For the region of the Landau theory at approach to the critical point from the side of high temperatures the square of correlation radius grows on the Curi law:

$$r_C^2=\frac{D}{\gamma }\frac{T_C}{TT_C},T>T_C.$$
(41)
In the critical point the square of radius of correlation is finite:

$$r_C^2=\sqrt{N_{ph}}\frac{D}{\gamma },T=T_C.$$
(42)
At downturn of temperature from critical

$$r_C^2=N_{ph}\frac{D}{\gamma }\frac{T_CT}{T_C}N_{ph}\lambda _S^2\frac{T_CT}{T_C},T<T_C.$$
(43)
The following estimation of parameter $`D/\gamma `$ here is used:

$$\frac{D}{\gamma }\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{mk_BT_C}\lambda _S^2.$$
(44)
$`v_S`$ \- speed of the sound, $`\lambda _S`$ is the appropriate length of de Broglie.

Thus, value of the isothermal compressibility and the square of correlation radius for slow fluctuations at temperatures lower of the critical temperature ($`T<T_C`$) are defined by number of atoms in a point of continuous medium $`N_{ph}`$. Thus $`r_C^2`$ at $`T<T_C`$ is macroscopic characteristic.

Now we can give an estimation of $`N_{ph}`$ for the hydrodynamic description.

### D Physically infinitesimal scales

As the description of superfluidity is carried out on hydrodynamical level, it is necessary to use and appropriate definition of physically infinitesimal scales (Klimontovich, 1982,1995, 1999). Thus the required scales depend from external parameter of length $`L`$ \- one of the characteristic sizes of a vessel with a liquid helium.

According (Klimontovich, 1995) the formula for $`r_C^2`$ at low temperatures it is possible to rewrite as:

$$r_C^2=\left(nL^3\right)^{2/.5}\lambda _S^2\frac{T_CT}{T_C}\left(nL^3\right)^{2/.5}\lambda _S^2,T<T_C.$$
(45)
To ensure the spatial coherence of the superfluid flow on capillary of a diameter $`d`$, it is necessary to limit size $`d`$ to a condition:

$$d<r_C=\left(nL^3\right)^{1/5}\lambda _S.$$
(46)
This inequality is carried out for the Kapitza experiments

### E Spectral density of slow fluctuations

The account is similar carried out in Chs.19, 24 (Klimontovich, 1999), devoted the kinetic theory of fluctuations at phase transitions in segnetoelectrics and in the Van der Waals system. The structure of Langevin sources in the equations for the first moments:

$$\text{ }\left(y_{(X,Y)}y_{(X,Y)}\right)_{\omega ,k}=2\mathrm{\Delta }_{(X,Y)}\left(k\right)\frac{1}{2}\frac{n_S_{st}}{n}.$$
(47)
The appropriate expressions for spectral density of slow fluctuations look like:

$`\left(\delta X\delta X\right)_{\omega ,k}={\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Delta }_{(X)}\left(k\right)}{\omega ^2+\mathrm{\Delta }_{(X)}^2\left(k\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\delta X\right)^2}{n}},\left(\delta X\right)^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}n_S_{st}.`$

(48)
$`\left(\delta Y\delta Y\right)_{\omega ,k}={\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{\Delta }_{(Y)}\left(k\right)}{\omega ^2+\mathrm{\Delta }_{(Y)}^2\left(k\right)}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\delta Y\right)^2}{n}},\left(\delta Y\right)^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}n_S_{st}.`$

The spatial spectral density does not depend from wave numbers - ” spatial white noise ”, therefore the spatial correlators:

$$\delta X\delta X_{RR^{}}=\delta Y\delta Y_{RR^{}}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{n_S_{st}}{n}\delta (RR^{}).$$
(49)
Thus, the spatial correlations are different from zero only in limits of a point of continuous medium (in physically infinitesimal volume $`V_{ph}`$), as function $`\delta (RR^{})_{R=R^{}}=V_{ph}^1.`$ In result for the one-dot correlator slow (large-scale) fluctuation $`\delta X\delta X_{R=R^{}}`$ we have the following expression:

$$\delta X\delta X_{R=R^{}}=\delta Y\delta Y_{R=R^{}}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{n_S}{N_{ph}},N_{ph}=nV_{ph}.$$
(50)
The dispersion of fluctuations, smoothed on volume of point of continuous medium, in $`N_{ph}`$ of times there is less fluctuations of one-dot distribution - the Boltzmann distribution.

### F Intermediate conclusion

Was shown, that at temperatures below critical in a liquid helium are available two fluctuation process - ”fast” and ”slow”. Behavior of fast fluctuations is similar what is offered by the theory of phase transitions, advanced by Landau. The thermodynamic and the fluctuation characteristic of fast processes demonstrate anomalous dependences on temperature - the Curi law for the isothermal compressibility, the static susceptibility and the square of radius of correlation.

The basic difference in behavior of fast fluctuations from the prediction of the Landau theory and the more general ” the fluctuation theory of phase transitions ” (Patashinskii, Pokrovskii, 1982) consists in absence of ” the problems of infinity ”. Just in difference from the traditional theory here the isothermal cpmpressibility, the static susceptibility and the square of radius of correlation have finite value in the critical point!

More over, in the Landau theory at removal from the a critical point (in the region of high temperatures and in the region of low temperatures) the values of these characteristics decrease under the Curi up to their ”normal” values . In a ”normal” state the correlation radius of is the order of the average distance between atoms. On this reason fast correlations can not ensure the spatial and temporary coherence of more ordered asymmetrical state, which exists at temperatures $`T<T_C`$.

On the contrary, behavior of slow fluctuations at temperatures $`T<T_C`$ is essentially other. In process of removal downwards from the critical temperature the value of correlation radius continues to increase and aspires to macroscopic value. In a thermodynamic limit this value, formally, is equal to infinity. However, such limiting transition contradict to the model of continuous medium. It is enough, that radius of correlation was macroscopic, in particular, would exceed a diameter of a capillary in the Kapitza installations.

The basic features of the phenomenon of superfluidity are shown not in the thermodynamics only, but also in hydrodynamics. It is emphasized also by term, which has entered by Kapitza - ”superfluidity”. So, the basic task of the theory is reduced here to two questions:

1.Why the viscousless flow can exists a dissipative medium?

2.What physical distinction of superfluid and normal component in hydrodynamics of helium?

Let’s try to give the answer to these basic questions.

## IV The viscousless flow in the viscous medium

### A Dynamic-reaction-diffusion equation in the theory of Superfluidity

Above it was supposed, that the distribution of helium is the spatially homogeneous. However, a liquid helium is viscous medium , therefore at the spatially non-uniform state the viscous enters in the game. It is necessary to show, that the carried out (at $`k=0)`$ the division on ” normal ” and ” superfluid ” components at the account of the viscous is valid.

In liquid helium the wave length of de Broglie $`\lambda _B^{(T)}`$ is of the order of the average distance between atoms $`r_{av}`$. However, in continuous medium both these sizes it is a lot of less of physically infinitesimal scale $`l_{ph},`$ as in a point of continuous medium there are many atoms. On this reason the contributions determined by the Planck constant, in many cases are not essential. The appropriate dissipative kinetic equation for local distribution functions $`f(X,Y,R,v,t)`$ of values of real and imaginary parts of the effective wave function has the following structure:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{f}{t}}+V{\displaystyle \frac{f}{R}}+F(R,t){\displaystyle \frac{f}{v}}=I_{(v)}+\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{}{X}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma D_{n_S}{\displaystyle \frac{f}{X}}\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{}{Y}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}D_{n_S}\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{f}{Y}}\right]\right\}+`$

$$\left\{\frac{}{X}\left(\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}Xf\right)+\frac{}{Y}\left(\gamma \frac{D_{n_S}}{n_S_{st}}Yf\right)\right\}+D\frac{^2f}{R^2}.$$
(51)
The diffusion and friction coefficient are defined by former expressions:

$$D=\frac{\mathrm{}}{2m},D_{n_S}=\frac{n}{N_{ph}},\gamma =k_BT.$$
(52)
### B Transition to the hydrodynamical equations

The equation of a continuity now has the following form:

$$\frac{}{t}n_S_{R,t}+\frac{}{R}j_S(R,t)=2\left[D_{n_S}\gamma \left(\frac{TT_C}{T_C}+\frac{n_S_{R,t}}{n}\right)n_S_{R,t}\right].$$
(53)
The designation for a flow of matter with the account as the convective, so and spatial diffusion flows, here is used:

$$j_S(R,t)=n_S_{R,t}u_S(R,t)D\frac{n_S_{R,t}}{R}.$$
(54)
The right part of the equation of a continuity describes ” the chemical reaction ” - a birth and a destruction of average density of the superfluid component. In the stationary state the equation of a continuity can be reduced to the two equations. The first :

$$\frac{u_S(R,t)}{R}=0.$$
(55)
allows to express the quantity of a velocity in capillary through difference of helium density on the ends of a capillary.

Let’s take into account, that the relaxation of the function $`n_S_{R,t}`$ is fast. In the stationsry state $`n_S_t`$ for all values of temperature by the solution of the equation (22) can be defined.

In result the Navier-Stokes equation for the velocity of the superfluid component is received:

$$\frac{u_S}{t}+\left(u_S\frac{}{R}\right)u_S=\frac{F}{m}+\nu \frac{^2u_{Si}}{R^2},j_S(R,t)=n_S_tu_S(R,t).$$
(56)
The equation of motion is not include the dependence on temperature. The flow of superfluid helium through density $`n_S_t`$ depends on temperature. Here $`D\nu .`$

At values of speed $`u_S`$ much smaller of the critical one $`u_C`$, it is possible to neglect by the nonlinear terms. In result at $`F=0`$ we come for the velocity $`u_S`$ to the diffusion equation:

$$\frac{u_S}{t}=\nu \frac{^2u_S}{R^2}j_S(R,t)=n_S_{R,t}u_S(R,t).$$
(57)
Thus the quetion arises: Why the viscousless flow can exists a viscous medium?

## V Flicker noise and Viscousless flow in viscous medium

### A Flicker noise

Let’s result only minimum of the necessary information from the theory Flicker noise (Klimontovich, 1982; Kogan, 1985).

Flicker noise from the side of high frequencies is limited by diffusion time $`\tau _\nu =L^2/\nu ,`$ $`L`$ a minimal characteristic scale of a sample. Here it will be a diameter of a capillary $`d`$. The region of the existence of the flicker noise on frequencies is defined by inequalities:

$$\frac{1}{\tau _{life}}\omega \frac{1}{\tau _\nu }=\frac{\nu }{d^2}.$$
(58)
$`\tau _{life}`$ \- time of life of installation. In the region of flicker noise there is a new scale and appropriate volume:

$$L_\omega =\sqrt{\frac{\nu }{\omega }}L,V_\omega =L_\omega ^3V.$$
(59)
Let’s result the appropriate chain of inequalities for volumes:

$$VV_\omega V_{life}.$$
(60)
The equilibrium (natural) flicker noise arises at the diffusion in limited volume. Here it the diffusion of velocity $`u_S`$.

The expression for the spatial - temporary spectrum fluvtuations of velocity $`U_S`$ follows from the appropriate Langevin equation and has the form (Klimontovich, 1982,1990):

$$\left(\delta u_S\delta u_S\right)_{\omega ,k}=\frac{\left(yy\right)_{\omega ,k}}{\omega ^2+\left(\nu k^2\right)^2},\left(yy\right)_{\omega ,k}=2\nu k^2AV_\omega \delta u_S\delta u_S_V\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu k^2}{2\omega }\right).$$
(61)
Here $`\delta u_S\delta u_S_V`$ \- the correlator fluctuations, average on volume of a sample. The $`A`$ will be determined below from the normalization condition. From the last formula follows, that has a place strong dependence on frequency and on wave number. Thus dispersion of wave numbers is proportional to frequency $`\omega `$

$$\left(\delta k\right)^2\frac{1}{L_\omega ^2}=\frac{\omega }{\nu }.$$
(62)
Thus in the region of flicker noise has a place ” the original Bose condensation ”. This shows the presence of the spatial coherence.

In expression for spatially temporary spectral density

$$\left(\delta u_S\delta u_S\right)_{\omega ,k}=\frac{2\nu k^2}{\omega ^2+\left(\nu k^2\right)^2}AV_\omega \delta u_S\delta u_S_V\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\nu k^2}{2\omega }\right).$$
(63)
it is possible to execute the integration on $`k.`$ In result is received expression for the appropriate temporary spectral density:

$$\left(\delta u_S\delta u_S\right)_\omega =\frac{\pi \delta u_S\delta u_S_V}{\mathrm{ln}\left(\tau _{life}/\tau _\nu \right)}\frac{1}{\omega },\frac{1}{\tau _{life}}\omega \frac{1}{\tau _\nu }.$$
(64)
$`A`$ is determined from the normalization condition:

$$_{1/\tau _{life}}^{1/\tau _\nu }\left(\delta u_S\delta u_S\right)_\omega \frac{d\omega }{\pi }=\delta u_S\delta u_S_V.$$
(65)
It is supposed, thus, that the basic contribution to the correlator $`\delta u_S\delta u_S_V`$ has to the region of flicker noise.

### B Temporary correlation

The temporary correlation is connected to temporary spectral density by relation:

$$\delta u_S\delta u_S_\tau =_{1/\tau _{life}}^{1/\tau _\nu }\left(\delta u_S\delta u_S\right)_\omega \frac{d\omega }{\pi }.$$
(66)
From here follows that

$`\delta u_S\delta u_S_\tau =\left(C{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{ln}\left(\tau /\tau _\nu \right)}{\mathrm{ln}\left(\tau _{life}/\tau _\nu \right)}}\right)\delta u_S\delta u_S_V,\text{ }\tau _\nu \tau \tau _{life},`$

(67)
$`C=1{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{ln}\left(\tau _{life}/\tau _\nu \right)}},\text{ }\gamma =0.577.`$

Here are used the Euler constant.

In the region of flicker noise the dependence from $`\tau `$ is logarithmic at the large value of argument. It gives the basis to speak about presence of the residual correlations.

The characteristic time of the correlations is defined by expression:

$$\tau _{cor}=_{\tau _D}^{\tau _{life}}\delta u_S\delta u_S_\tau 𝑑\tau /\delta u_S\delta u_S_\tau .$$
(68)
In result we find, that

$$\tau _{cor}\tau _{life}/\mathrm{ln}\frac{\tau _{life}}{\tau _\nu }.$$
(69)
The time of correlation at the unlimited time $`\tau _{life}`$ tends to infinity.

The stated in the present section shows, that in the region of flicker noise has a place as the spatial, and also the temporary coherence. It also gives the basis for to establish connection of two coherent phenomena: flicker noise and superfluidity.

### C Flicker noise and superfluidity

Let’s return to the equation (57) for velocity of the speed superfluid helium. The account of fluvctuations of velocity in the region of the flicker noise leads to the formula (64) for the temporary spectrum fluctuations of the superfluid components of velocity of liquid helium.

For the dissipative term we shall use the simplest approximation of kind $`\mathrm{"}1/\tau _{rel}\mathrm{"}`$. In result for the velocity of superfluid component is received the following relaxation equation:

$$\frac{u_S}{t}=\text{ }\frac{1}{\tau _{rel}}u_S.$$
(70)
In zero approximation on dimensionless parameter

$$\frac{\tau _{obs}}{\tau _{life}},\text{ }\tau _{life}\tau _{obs}\tau _D$$
(71)
in the equation (70) it is possible to neglect by dissipation. Thus we come, to the equation

$$\frac{u_S}{t}=0,u_S=const.$$
(72)
The value of constant velocity is defined by boundary conditions on the ends of capillary.

Let’s estimate the diffusion time $`\tau _\nu .`$ It defines the high boundary of the flicker noise region: $`\omega _{\mathrm{max}}1/\tau _\nu .`$ The diameter of a capillary in the Kapitza experiences of the order 10 $`^{\text{-4}}`$ -10 $`^{\text{-5}cm}`$. The diffusion coefficient can be estimated on one of two formulas: $`D\mathrm{}/2m^{};`$ $`v_Tl`$. ($`l`$-effective length of free paths.) Thus the list value of the time observation of superfluidity

$$\left(\tau _{obs}\right)_{\mathrm{min}}\tau _\nu =d^2/\nu 10^510^6sec.$$
(73)
### D Superfluidity is viscousless flow in viscous medium

Let’s address to definition of concept ”superfluidity” - viscousless flow in viscous medium.

One of the definitions of this concept is ”the measuring”. It is connected with the observation time $`\tau _{obs}`$.

However, as in process of increase of the observation time it fails to find out the reduction of velocity, it is natural to assume, that the constancy of velocity has a place within the limits of greatest temporary interval $`\tau _{life},`$ i.e. ” of the time life of installation

## VI Conclusion

The results can be presented as two parts:

1. Thermodynamics of helium-II.

On the basis of the corresponding kinetic equations was shown, that for the spatially homogeneous state ($`k=0`$), when the diffusion processes drop out, at temperatures $`T<T_C`$ there are two kinds relaxation and fluctuation processes: the fast and the slow.

For the fast processes the radius of correlation and the isothermal compressibility at approach to a critical point grow under by the Curi law, but in the critical point they have finite values! At removal from the critical point ”downwards” the radius of correlation again becomes about average distances between atoms. For this reason the fast fluctuations can not to ensure the coherence of an asymmetrical phase on macroscopic scales.

On the contrary, the slow fluctuations at $`T<T_C`$ become macroscopic. The appropriate radius of correlation are more than a diameter of capillary. Is provided, thus, spatial coherence of superfluid components in the Kapitza experiences.

2. Hydrodynamics of helium -II.

Was shown, that the existence of superfluidity in viscous medium is possible due to occurence of the natural fliccker noise. Thus there is ”the Bose-condansation” in the space of wave vectors. The dispersion of distribution on wave numbers is proportional to frequency. In results in the equations for the Fourier component of velocity it is possible the following replacement of hydrodynamical friction: $`\nu k^2\omega .`$ Accordingly to this arise ”residual” temporary correlations are limited on duration by time life of installation $`\tau _{life}`$ only. This time defines and the relaxation time for the velocity of superfluid component.

The new opportunity of physical treatment of two-liquid model of Tisza and Landau is opened. The independent existence of two motions it is possible only in linear approximation. The superfluid flow is broken, when it begins the change vortical motion of normal component. The appropriate critical velocity: $`u_C\mathrm{}/md.`$ It corresponds to known estimation of critical speed (see in Lifshitz and Pitaevskii, 1978).

The physical treatment, submitted in these chapters, is possible to hope, allows better to understand the essence of the phenomenon of superfluidity, opened by Kapitza and detailed investigated by him in a number of remarkable papers.

## VII References

1.Andronikashvily E.L. (JETP, 18 (1940) 424).

2.Belyaev S.T. (JETP 34 (1958) 417).

3. Bogolubov N.N. To theory of superfluidity. (Izv. AN, FIZ. v.11 (1047) 77).

4. Bogolubov N.N., Zubarev D.N. (JETP 28 (1955) 129).

5 Ginsburg V.L., Landau L.D. (JETF 20 (1950) 106).

6. Ginsburg V.L., Sobyanin A.A. ( Uspehi Fiz. Nauk 120 (1976) 153).

7. Einstein A. Quantentheorie der einatomogen idealen Gases.(Berl.Ber. 22 (1924) 261; 23 (1925) 3, 18).

8. Kapitza P.L. (DAN U.S.S.R. 18 (1938) 21; Nature 141 (1938) 74).

9. Kapitza P.L. (JETP 11 (1941) 1).

10. Kapitza P.L. (JETP 11 (1941) 581).

11. Kapitza P.L. (JETF 20 (1944) 2).

12. Keesom V. Helium (”International Literature”, Moscow, 1949).

13.Kirpatrick T.R. and Dorfman J.R. (J. Low Temp. Phys. 58 (1955) 301; 58. (1955) 399; 59 (1955) 1).

14 Klimontovich Yu.L., Silin V.P. (JETP 23 (1952) 151; Uspehi Fiz. Nauk 70 (1960) 247).

15. Klimontovich Yu.L. Statistical Physics (”Nauka” , Moscow, 1982; Harwood, New York, 1986).

16. Klimontovich Y.L. (Pis’ma v JTP 9 (1983) 406; Sov. Techn. Phys. Let. 9 (1983) 174).

17. Klimontovich Y.L. (Pis’ma v JETP 51 (1990) 43; Physica A 167 (1990) 782).

18. Klimontovich Yu.L. Turbulent Motion and the Structure of chaos. (”Nauka”, Moscow, 1990; Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991).

19. Klimontovich Yu.L. (TMP 115 (1998) 437).

20. Klimontovich Yu.L. Statistical Theory of Open Systems. (V.I ”Yanus” Moscow, 1995; Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995); V.II ”Yanus”, Moscow, 1999; V.III, 2001).

21. Kogan Sh.M. (Uspehi Fiz. Nauk 145 (1985) 286).

22. Landau L.D. (JETP 11 (1941), 592).

23. Landau L.D. (JETP 14 (1944) 112).

24. Lifshitz E.M., Pitaevskii L.P. Statistical Physics. Part 2 (”Nauka” Moscow, 1978).

25. London F. Superfluids, Vol.I Superconductivity. (Wiley New York, 1954).

26. Martynov G.A. Fundamental Theory of Liquids. (Adam Hilger, Bristol, New York, 1992).

27. Nozieres Ph., Pines D. Theory of quantum liquids. V.II. Superfluid Bose Liquids (Addison New York, 1980).

28. Patashinskii A.Z., Pokrovskii V.L. Fluctuation Theory of Phase Transitions. (”Nauka” Moscow, 1982).

29. Pines D. and Nosier P. The Theory of Quantum Liquids (Benjamin, New York, 1966).

301. Ticza L. Nature 171 (1938) 913; Journ.Phys.Rad (8) 1 (1940) 913).

31. Feinman P. Statistical Mechanics (”Mir” Moscow, 1974).

32. Tserkovnikov Y.A. (TMP 93 (1992) 412; TMP 105 (1955) 77).


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# 1 Tagging summary. CP modes, number of candidates, estimated background, number of candidates with flavor tags.

In the Standard Model, CP nonconservation occurs naturally in the charged current weak interactions of quarks and is manifested by the irreducibly complex character of the unitary $`3\times 3`$ matrix known as the CKM matrix. Essential to the model is the unitarity of the matrix, which reduces the nine complex couplings to just four real parameters, often represented explicitly in the Wolfenstein parametrization:

$`\left(\begin{array}{ccc}V_{ud}& V_{us}& V_{ub}\\ V_{cd}& V_{cs}& V_{cb}\\ V_{td}& V_{ts}& V_{tb}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1\lambda ^2/2& \lambda & \lambda ^3A(\rho i\eta )\\ \lambda & 1\lambda ^2/2& \lambda ^2A\\ \lambda ^3A(1\rho i\eta )& \lambda ^2A& 1\end{array}\right).`$ (1)
A condition of unitarity, that the scalar product of any column with the complex conjugate of any other be zero, may be applied to the first and third columns to obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{V_{td}V_{tb}^{}}{V_{cd}V_{cb}^{}}}+1+{\displaystyle \frac{V_{ud}V_{ub}^{}}{V_{cd}V_{cb}^{}}}=0.`$
This may be represented as a closed triangle in the complex plane with a base of unit length on the real axis and apex coordinates ($`\rho ,\eta `$) (Fig. 1). The angles of this “unitarity triangle” may be probed directly through CP asymmetries in $`B`$ meson decay.

The principal goal of the B factory experiments is to test the validity of the CKM picture through the observation and measurement of these asymmetries. Among the anticipated measurements, that of sin$`2\varphi _1`$ is considered to be the most statistically straightforward. A nonzero value of $`\varphi _1`$ would be manifested as an “indirect” CP asymmetry, a difference between the decays of $`B^0`$ and $`\overline{B}^0`$ to a common final state of definite CP symmetry. The rate to final states $`f_{CP}`$ that are two-body modes with a charmonium and neutral K or $`\pi ^0`$ is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dN}{dt}}(Bf_{CP})={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Gamma }e^{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }t}[1+\eta _b\eta _{CP}\mathrm{sin2}\varphi _1\mathrm{sin}(\mathrm{\Delta }m\mathrm{\Delta }t)],`$
where $`\eta _b=+1(1)`$ for a $`B^0(\overline{B}^0)`$, $`\eta _{CP}=+1(1)`$ if CP is even (odd), and $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ is the time interval from creation to the CP eigenstate decay. The asymmetry displays an oscillation as a function of the time between creation and decay but vanishes upon integration over time. “Direct” CP violation results in an asymmetry in integrated rate between a decay channel and its charge conjugate and is predicted for several modes which are sensitive to other CKM angles: B$`D^0K^{}`$ {$`D^0K^+K^{}`$} ($`\varphi _3`$), B$``$K$`\pi `$, $`\pi \pi `$, KK ($`\varphi _2`$,$`\varphi _3`$). Most of these modes are CKM-suppressed so that they are not only rare, they must contend with specific backgrounds from their CKM-favored counterparts. Many of them have yet to be observed.

The Belle experiment at the KEKB ring is designed to measure both types of asymmetry. At KEKB, 8.0 GeV electrons and 3.5 GeV positrons annihilate to produce the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$(4S) resonance in motion with $`\beta \gamma =0.425`$, and the experiment relies on this motion to measure the time-dependent asymmetry. The $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$(4S) is CP-odd and decays exclusively to $`B\overline{B}`$ pairs. The CP symmetry is conserved until the instant of the first $`B`$ decay, which may thus be considered the instant of creation for the remaining $`B`$. The initial flavor of this $`B`$ may be known through inspection of the first decay, a process known as “flavor tagging.” The second decay is reconstructed in CP-eigenstate channels, and is termed the “CP tag.” Because the two $`B`$’s move slowly in the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$(4S) center-of-mass (CM) frame ($`\beta \gamma =0.06`$), their lab velocities are nearly equal, so that the displacement between their decay vertices is proportional to $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$.

For all CP measurements the experiment will need a large sample of events. KEKB has achieved a luminosity of $`2.0\times 10^{33}`$cm-2s-1, and hopes to reach the design luminosity of $`1\times 10^{34}`$cm-2s-1 in the next year. Between June 1999 and July 2000 the Belle experiment logged 6.2 fb-1 of integrated luminosity on the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$(4S) resonance, plus 0.6 fb-1 at an energy just below the resonance. The preliminary estimate of the number of $`B\overline{B}`$ events in this sample is $`6.34\times 10^6`$.

To measure sin2$`\varphi _1`$, we first reconstruct CP tags in two-body decays to charmonium and $`K_S`$, $`K_L`$, or $`\pi ^0`$. Charmonia are reconstructed in the modes $`J/\psi \mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$, $`\psi (2S)\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$, $`\psi (2S)J/\psi \pi ^+\pi ^{}`$, and $`\chi _cJ/\psi \gamma `$. Each event is then passed through a flavor tagging algorithm to determine the flavor of the other $`B`$ decay. In each tagged event the two vertices are measured to obtain $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$. An unbinned maximum likelihood fit to sin2$`\varphi _1`$ is then performed on the distribution in $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$, accounting for the CP and flavor of each event. To make this measurement one must account for the backgrounds to the CP tag, the fraction of incorrect flavor tags, and various sources of uncertainty on the measurement of $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$.

For fully reconstructed modes, criteria for charged particle identification and invariant mass are unrestrictive, designed to maximize efficiency while achieving good signal/background in the final sample. The signal is observed through the distributions of candidates in $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ and $`M_B`$; $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$, the difference between the candidate’s reconstructed energy and the CM beam energy, centers at zero for signal with a width that is dominated by detector resolution (10-50 MeV), and $`M_B=\sqrt{E_{beam}^2p_{cand}^2}`$, known as the beam-constrained mass, has a width determined by detector momentum resolution and accelerator beam energy spread. Figure 2 shows the distribution in $`M_B`$ of all fully reconstructed CP tag mode candidates that pass mode-dependent requirements on $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$.

To reconstruct $`J/\psi K_L`$ decays, we impose tighter constraints on the $`J/\psi `$ candidates and require that the CM momentum fall within the range 1.42-2.00 GeV/c. The observed CM momentum of the $`J/\psi `$ determines the average 4-momentum of the recoiling $`K_L`$. A $`J/\psi K_L`$ candidate is constructed if a $`K_L`$ candidate is found within 45 of the expected direction in the lab frame. The CM momentum of the candidate, $`p_{cand}^{}`$, may then be evaluated by assuming that its mass is that of the $`B`$. The distribution in $`p_{cand}^{}`$ is fitted to a sum of expected distributions from signal and backgrounds, as shown in Fig. 2. The shapes are estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. True $`J/\psi K_L`$ decays accumulate near the known $`B`$ momentum, around 0.3 GeV/c. Most of the background can be accounted for from known higher multiplicity $`B`$ decays that include $`\psi `$ and $`K_L`$ in the final state, such as $`B\psi K^{}`$.

For each event containing a CP tag, the remainder of the event is examined to determine the original flavor of the other $`B`$. The highest efficiencies for flavor tagging have been obtained through identification of single tracks, where the sign of the charge is correlated with flavor; high-momentum ($`p^{}>1.1`$ GeV/c) electrons or muons from $`bc\mathrm{}^{}\overline{\nu }`$, $`K^{}`$ from $`bcX\{csY`$}, lower momentum leptons from $`bcX\{c\mathrm{}^+Y`$}, and soft pions from $`bD^+X\{D^+D^0\pi ^+`$}. Only the first two of these methods are used for the results presented here. The numbers of reconstructed decays without and with flavor tags are summarized in Table 1.

To determine the decay time difference, we measure the decay vertices of both $`B`$ decays in each tagged event. For the CP decay, only the $`J/\psi \mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ candidate is used to reconstruct the vertex. The resolution of this vertex in the beam $`(z)`$ direction is around 40$`\mu `$m. The vertex of the flavor-tagged $`B`$ is estimated by examining the tracks not associated with the CP decay, excluding tracks from identified $`K_S`$. The tracks are fitted to a single vertex, using an iterative procedure to exclude tracks that fit poorly. The resolution of this measurement is limited not only by detector resolution but also by the event itself, which may contain secondary charm particles and thus not have a unique vertex. The resolution is found via Monte Carlo simulation to be about 85$`\mu `$m. The net resolution on the difference, $`\mathrm{\Delta }z`$, is 100$`\mu `$m.

The decay time difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ is calculated as the measured difference in the reconstructed z-coordinates, $`\mathrm{\Delta }z`$, divided by $`\beta \gamma c`$ ($`\beta \gamma =0.425`$). The fitting function takes into account the root distribution of the signal (an analytic function), the fraction of incorrect flavor tags (assumed to be constant), background to reconstructed CP decays (both correctly and incorrectly tagged), and the resolution of $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$, parametrized and assigned event-by-event.

It is important that the rate and distribution of incorrect flavor tags be evaluated accurately. The wrong tag fraction is measured using the same fitting method and data sample as the CP fit, but where a flavor-specific decay replaces the CP decay. Two flavor-specific modes, $`BD^{}\mathrm{}^+\nu `$ and $`BD^{}\mathrm{}^+\nu `$ (and the charge conjugate modes), are reconstructed. The events are separated into same- and opposite-flavor samples. The asymmetry in the $`\mathrm{\Delta }t`$ distributions contains an oscillation due to mixing: $`A_{mix}=\frac{N_{opp}(\mathrm{\Delta }t)N_{same}(\mathrm{\Delta }t)}{N_{opp}(\mathrm{\Delta }t)+N_{same}(\mathrm{\Delta }t)}=(12w)\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{\Delta }m_d\mathrm{\Delta }t)`$. The parameters of the fit include the wrong tag fractions for neutral ($`w`$) and charged ($`w^+`$) $`B`$ events, the mixing parameter $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_d`$, and the detector response function. A fit for $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_d`$ yields a clear mixing oscillation (Figure 3, left), with $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_d=0.49\pm 0.026`$ ps-1.

Our measurement of sin$`2\varphi _1`$ includes contributions from a variety of CP modes and flavor tag methods with varying efficiencies, backgrounds, and wrong tag rates. The contribution of each flavor tag is quantified by the “effective tagging efficiency”, $`ϵ_{eff}=(12w)^2ϵ_{tag}`$. To obtain the wrong tag fractions, each tag is evaluated separately. Efficiencies and effective efficiencies are summarized in Table 2.

The response function must account accurately for detector resolution and physics effects in data. Based on Monte Carlo studies, we use a response function that is a parametrized sum of two Gaussians and takes into account the detector resolution, the effect of mismeasured tracks, biases from finite lifetimes of charm particles, and the approximation $`\mathrm{\Delta }t=\mathrm{\Delta }z/\beta \gamma c`$. The parameters are determined event-by-event, based on the quality of track fitting.

The response function may be tested by measuring known lifetimes. The charged and neutral $`B`$ lifetimes were measured with the technique used for the CP asymmetry: $`B`$ reconstruction on one side and a flavor tag on the other. The $`B`$’s were reconstructed in exclusive hadronic and semileptonic modes. We obtain $`\tau _{B^0}=1.50\pm 0.05\pm 0.07`$ ps and $`\tau _B^{}=1.70\pm 0.06\pm 0.11`$ ps, which are consistent with the most recent world averages, $`1.548\pm 0.032`$ ps and $`1.653\pm 0.028`$ ps. We also measure the neutral B mass difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_d=0.456\pm 0.008\pm 0.030`$ ps-1 in a dilepton analysis. Figure 3(right) shows a clear mixing oscillation in the net opposite/same-sign dilepton asymmetry as a function of $`\mathrm{\Delta }z`$.

Figure 4 shows the distribution in data and the result of the fit for sin$`\varphi _1`$ with all tags combined, as well as the log-likelihood distributions for the CP$`=1`$, CP$`=+1`$, and combined tags. We find

$`\mathrm{sin2}\varphi _1=0.45_{0.440.09}^{+0.43+0.07}.`$
This is not yet sufficiently precise to contribute significantly to current constraints on the CKM matrix. Continuing work includes the addition of CP modes, development of flavor tags, and accumulation of more data.

The mode $`B^0J/\psi K_1^0(1270)\{K_1(1270)K_S\rho ^0\}`$, is a CP eigenstate. We have made the first observations of decays $`BJ/\psi K_1(1270)`$ using $`J/\psi `$ reconstructed in the dilepton modes and $`K_1(1270)K\rho `$ reconstructed in $`K^+\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$, $`K^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$, and $`K^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$. The $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ distributions for all analyzed modes are combined and fitted to obtain the net signal, $`45.0_{8.3}^{+8.7}`$ candidates in 5.3 fb-1 of data. The branching fractions are obtained by first taking the ratios of the observed modes with $`B^+J/\psi K^+`$, then multiplying by the branching fraction $`(B^+J/\psi K^+)=(9.9\pm 1.0)\times 10^4`$. We obtain

$`(B^0J/\psi K_1^0(1270))=(1.4\pm 0.4\pm 0.4)\times 10^3`$
$`\mathrm{and}`$ $`(B^+J/\psi K_1^+(1270))=(1.5\pm 0.4\pm 0.4)\times 10^3.`$
The CP eigenvalue of the mode $`B^0J/\psi K^0(K^0K_S\pi ^0)`$ depends on the helicity of the $`K^{}`$. This mode could be useful for CP studies if its polarization favors one eigenstate. We reconstruct $`BJ/\psi K^{}`$ through $`J/\psi \mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$ and K\*$`K^+\pi ^{}`$, $`K_S\pi ^+`$, $`K^+\pi ^0`$ and find 176 candidates in 5.1 fb-1 of data. Their distributions in helicity and transversity are fitted to obtain

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L/\mathrm{\Gamma }=0.52\pm 0.06\pm 0.04`$
$`\mathrm{and}`$ $`|A_{}|^2=0.27\pm 0.11\pm 0.05.`$
These values indicate that $`CP`$-even states dominate in $`B^0J/\psi K^0`$.

The decay rates for $`BD^{()}`$K and $`BD^0K^{}`$ {$`D^0f_{CP}`$} are sensitive to $`\varphi _3`$. Good separation of $`K`$ from $`\pi `$ is required to distinguish this decay from the much larger signal of the kinematically similar Cabibbo-favored decay $`BD^{()}\pi `$. Based on information from the aerogel Čerenkov counter, $`dE/dx`$ in the drift chamber, and time-of-flight, our Kaon identification parameter (KID) is a likelihood ratio that equals 1 (0) for strongly identified Kaons (pions). Clear evidence for the DK mode may be seen in the two-dimensional distribution of $`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ vs. KID (Figure 5). We measure the ratios $`(B^{}D^{()}K^{})/(B^{}D^{()}\pi ^{}`$). As the reconstructions of these decays are nearly identical, the systematic uncertainties other than those from identification of the $`\pi `$ or $`K`$ cancel in taking the ratio. We obtain

$`(B^{}D^0K^{})/(B^{}D^0\pi ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`0.081\pm 0.014\pm 0.011,`$
$`(B^{}D^0K^{})/(B^{}D^0\pi ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`0.134+0.045\pm 0.015,`$
$`\mathrm{and}(B^{}D^+K^{})/(B^{}D^+\pi ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`0.062\pm 0.030\pm 0.013.`$
We have reconstructed many $`K\pi `$, $`\pi \pi `$, and $`KK`$ final states . The results are summarized in Table 3.

To summarize, the Belle experiment collected 6.2 fb-1 of data at the $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}`$(4S) resonance between June 1999 and July 2000. Preliminary results based on these data include a measurement with 98 tagged events of sin2$`\varphi _1=0.45_{0.440.09}^{+0.43+0.07}`$, the first observation of $`B\psi K_1`$(1270), a measurement of $`\psi K^{}`$ polarization, and measurements of other $`B`$ decay modes expected to be used in CP measurements: $`D^{()}K`$, $`K\pi `$, $`\pi \pi `$, $`KK`$.

In the near future we expect to apply additional modes and flavor tags toward the measurement of sin2$`\varphi _1`$. KEKB will resume operations on October 1, 2000 and is expected to run with higher currents.

FIGURES