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# A coupled microwave-cavity system in the Rydberg-atom cavity detector for dark matter axions

## I Introduction

Disclosing the mystery of dark matter in the Universe is one of the most important and challenging issues in cosmology and particle physics . A pseudo-scaler particle called axion is one of the most promising candidates for the cold dark matter. The axion was originally proposed to solve the so called $`\mathrm{"}`$strong CP problem$`\mathrm{"}`$ in the QCD theory , thus being well motivated from the present particle physics. Astrophysical and cosmological analyses on the contribution of axions to the evolution of stars and also to the matter density of the Universe can constraint the mass of axions and the mass window still open now is from $`10^3`$eV to $`10^6`$eV . From the theoretical analyses of axion productions in the early Universe, the most probable axion mass, assumed to be the dominant component of the dark matter, is suggested to be $``$ 10 $`\mu `$eV.

One of the most efficient way to search for dark matter axions is to convert an axion into a single photon via the Primakoff process in a high quality-factor ($`Q`$) microwave cavity under the strong magnetic field and then to measure the excess microwave power in the cavity as a function of the cavity resonant frequency (corresponding to the mass of axions) . Pioneering experiments along this line were first performed by Rochester-BNL-FNAL group  and then by Florida group  with a cryogenic microwave amplifier and the super-heterodyne method. The extension of the method has been further developed with a large scale superconducting magnet and a cavity system by a USA group .

We have developed a Rydberg-atom single-photon detector  for the dark matter axion search. The experimental principle of the method is schematically shown in Fig. 1. The axion-converted photons in the resonant cavity are absorbed by Rydberg atoms in a beam which are exclusively prepared to a lower state and the transition frequency of which to some upper state is approximately set equal to the cavity resonant frequency. Passed through, and just after exiting the cavity, the Rydberg atoms excited by absorbing photons are selectively ionized with the field ionization method . Since the Rydberg atoms are prepared only to the lower state by the multistep laser excitation with narrow bandwidth single-mode lasers, this detection system is almost free from the inherent noise. Then the noise of this detection system and thus ultimate sensitivity is mainly determined by the background from the thermal blackbody radiations in the cavity which can be reduced by cooling the cavity and detection system as cold as possible with existing methods.

The essential requirements to be fulfilled for the detection system are thus the following: 1) the system should consists of coupled microwave cavities, one component of which is under the strong magnetic field, while the other component is free from the magnetic field in its inside to avoid its strong effect on the properties of the Rydberg atoms to be used. 2) the resonant frequency of the cavity should be continuously tunable over some range of frequency to be able to search for axions covering certain range of its mass. 3) the cavity and the detection system should be cooled enough to reduce the thermal blackbody photons from the cavity wall, possibly down to 10 mK range.

In addition to these fundamental requirements, the quality factor ($`Q`$) should be as high as possible and also the conversion efficiency of axions into photons in the cavity should be as high as possible in order to make the efficiency of axion detection high enough.

A pilot experimental apparatus of this line called CARRACK1 has been developed and is being used to search for dark matter axions at around 2.4 GHz (axion mass of 10 $`\mu `$eV). To realize the above mentioned requirements actually, two single-mode cylindrical TM010 cavities are coupled through a ring-shape hole between them. One component of the coupled cavity is made of copper which is permeated by the strong magnetic field produced with a superconducting magnet and the other component is made of niobium to expel out the external magnetic field with the Meissner effect. Specifically the cavity system is attached to the bottom plate of the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator (DF) and thus the whole cavity and the adjacent detector components are cooled down to 10 mK range in order to reduce the thermal blackbody photons in the cavity. The cavity resonant frequency is tunable over $``$ 15$`\%`$ by moving dielectric rods inserted independently in both cavity components along the cylindrical symmetry axis. In due course of the development, much attention has been especially paid to cool the system down to 10 mK range and also to get high $`Q`$ cavities.

Although the present cavity system was constructed exclusively to be dedicated to search for dark matter axions, we believe that the underlying development of such system will also be useful to other kind of applications in general. In this note, the design principle and the actual apparatus of the present cavity system are described in sections 2 and 3. Then the characteristics and the performance of the system is presented and discussed in sections 4 and 5 with possible improvements in future. Section 6 is devoted to summarize the results of the present investigation.

## II Design principle

### A General

Assuming the dark matter of our own galaxy (dark halo) consisting of axions, the number density of axions is given by

$$\overline{n}_a=3.0\times 10^{13}\left(\frac{\rho _a}{0.3\mathrm{GeVcm}^3}\right)\left(\frac{10^5\mathrm{eV}}{m_a}\right),$$
(1)
where $`m_a`$ is the mass of axion and the energy density of the cosmic axions $`\rho _a`$ is taken to be equal to that of the galactic dark halo $`\rho _{\mathrm{halo}}0.3\mathrm{GeVcm}^3`$.

In the following we will firstly estimate the signal-to-background ratio ($`s/n`$) of axion detection in a very crude approximation without taking into account the quantum nature of the Rydberg-atom cavity detector. The pseudoscaler axion of spin-parity 0- is converted to a photon in the strong magnetic field with the Primakoff process. The conversion rate in a resonant cavity is approximately given by

$$R=\left(\frac{ϵ_0}{\mathrm{}^2}\right)g_{a\gamma \gamma }^2\omega _c^1Q_cB_0^2G^2,$$
(2)
where $`g_{a\gamma \gamma }`$, $`\omega _c`$, $`Q_c`$, $`B_0`$, and $`G`$ are the axion-photon coupling constant, the cavity resonant angular frequency, the cavity quality factor, maximum magnetic flux density and the geometric form factor of the cavity of order unity as described later in detail, respectively.

Taking into account the volume of the cavity, to be of order 103 cm3 for axions with mass of 10 $`\mu `$eV, the number of converted photons produced by the Primakoff process is estimated to be of order 0.1 to 1 from the above equations with conventionally available superconducting magnet. While this number seems to be significant, yet the background thermal photon number is much larger than this number even at 4 K temperature: In fact the mean number of thermal blackbody radiations $`\overline{n}_c`$ present in a resonant single-mode cavity is given by

$$\overline{n}_c=\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{}\omega _c/k_\mathrm{B}T_c}1\right)^1.$$
(3)
From this mean number, the number of background photons detected by a detector with effective $`Q`$ value of $`Q_{det}`$ is given by

$$N_d=\overline{n}_c\gamma _c\left(\frac{Q_{det}}{Q_c+Q_{det}}\right),$$
(4)
where $`\gamma _c`$ is the dumping factor of the cavity given by

$`\gamma _c{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _c}{Q_c}}`$ $`=`$ $`6.6\times 10^5\left({\displaystyle \frac{f_c}{2.4\mathrm{GHz}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{3\times 10^4}{Q_c}}\right).`$ (5)
The $`s/n`$ ratio in a second is thus given approximately by

$`s/n`$ $``$ $`O(1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{10\mu \mathrm{eV}}{m_a}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{Q_c}{3\times 10^4}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_0}{7\mathrm{T}}}\right)^2`$ (6)
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{10^{5\left(\frac{m_a}{10\mu \mathrm{eV}}\right)\left(\frac{10\mathrm{m}\mathrm{K}}{T}\right)}}{10^5}}\right),`$ (7)
where it is assumed that $`k_\mathrm{B}T\mathrm{}\omega _c`$. From this equation, it is clear that the cavity has to be cooled down to 10 mK range if the $`s/n`$ ratio is required to be of order better than one.

### B Quantum treatment of axion - photon - Rydberg-atom interactions in resonant cavities

Although the above analyses are useful for the very crude estimation of the detection efficiency, more rigorous analyses have to be based on the quantum theory of axion-photon-atom interactions as clarified previously  in detail. Theoretical analyses are briefly discussed in the following.

The axion-photon interaction under a strong static magnetic field with flux density $`𝑩_0`$ is described by the Lagrangian density

$$_a=\mathrm{}^{1/2}ϵ_0g_{a\gamma \gamma }\varphi 𝑬𝑩_0,$$
(8)
where $`\mathrm{}^{1/2}`$ and $`ϵ_0`$ (dielectric constant) are explicitly factored out so that the Lagrangian density has the right dimension $`_a\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{m}^3\mathrm{eVm}^3`$ with the axion-photon-photon coupling constant $`g_{a\gamma \gamma }\mathrm{eV}^1`$. The axion-photon-photon coupling constant is calculated  as

$$g_{a\gamma \gamma }=c_{a\gamma \gamma }\frac{\alpha }{2\pi ^2}\frac{m_a}{f_\pi m_\pi }\frac{(1+Z)}{\sqrt{Z}},$$
(9)
where $`Z=m_u/m_d`$, and

$$c_{a\gamma \gamma }=\frac{D}{C}\frac{2(4+Z)}{3(1+Z)}$$
(10)
with

$$D=\mathrm{Tr}Q_{\mathrm{PQ}}Q_{\mathrm{em}}^2,C\delta _{ab}=\mathrm{Tr}Q_{\mathrm{PQ}}\lambda _a\lambda _b.$$
(11)
The parameter $`c_{a\gamma \gamma }`$ represents the variation of the axion-photon-photon coupling depending on the respective Peccei-Quinn models such as the so-called KSVZ and DFSZ .

The electric field operator in the cavity $`𝒱`$ is given by

$$𝑬(𝐱,t)=(\mathrm{}\omega _c/2ϵ_0)^{1/2}[𝜶(𝐱)c(t)+𝜶^{}(𝐱)c^{}(t)]$$
(12)
for the radiation mode with a resonant frequency $`\omega _c`$, where $`ϵ_0`$ is the dielectric constant. The creation and annihilation operators satisfy the usual commutation relation

$$[c,c^{}]=1.$$
(13)
The mode vector field $`𝜶(𝐱)`$ is normalized by the condition

$$_𝒱|𝜶(𝐱)|^2d^3x=1.$$
(14)
The whole cavity $`𝒱`$ may be viewed as a combination of two subcavities, the conversion cavity $`𝒱_1`$ with volume $`V_1`$ and the detection cavity $`𝒱_2`$ with volume $`V_2`$, which are coupled together:

$$𝒱=𝒱_1𝒱_2.$$
(15)
The axion-photon conversion takes place in $`𝒱_1`$ under the strong magnetic field, while the Rydberg atoms are excited by absorbing the photons in $`𝒱_2`$. It is then suitable to divide the mode vector as

$$𝜶(𝐱)=𝜶_1(𝐱)+𝜶_2(𝐱),$$
(16)
where $`𝜶_1(𝐱)=\mathrm{𝟎}`$ for $`𝐱𝒱_2`$ and $`𝜶_2(𝐱)=\mathrm{𝟎}`$ for $`𝐱𝒱_1`$, respectively. The normalization condition of $`𝜶(𝐱)`$ is rewritten as

$$_{𝒱_1}|𝜶_1(𝐱)|^2d^3x+_{𝒱_2}|𝜶_2(𝐱)|^2d^3x=1.$$
(17)
The actual cavity is designed so that neglecting the small joint region the subcavities $`𝒱_1`$ and $`𝒱_2`$ admit the mode vectors $`𝜶_1^0(𝐱)`$ and $`𝜶_2^0(𝐱)`$ (up to the normalization and complex phase), respectively, whose frequencies are tuned to be almost equal to some common value $`\omega _c^0`$. In this situation, as confirmed by numerical calculations and experimental observations, two nearby eigenmodes with the frequencies $`\omega _c,\omega _c^{}\omega _c^0`$ are obtained for the whole cavity $`𝒱`$. Then, the mode vector $`𝜶(𝐱)`$ is constructed approximately of $`𝜶_1(𝐱)𝜶_1^0(𝐱)`$ and $`𝜶_2(𝐱)𝜶_2^0(𝐱)`$ with significant magnitudes in both $`𝒱_1`$ and $`𝒱_2`$. The conversion of the cosmic axions takes place predominantly to the radiation mode which is resonant with the axions satisfying the condition $`|\omega _cm_a/\mathrm{}|\gamma _a`$ (axion width) $``$ small fraction of $`\gamma _c`$ (cavity damping rate). The cavity can be designed so as to give a sufficient separation of $`|\omega _c\omega _c^{}|>\mathrm{several}\gamma _c`$ for the nearby modes with strong coupling between $`𝒱_1`$ and $`𝒱_2`$. Therefore, in the search for the signal from the cosmic axions, the one resonant mode can be extracted solely for the electric field in a good approximation, as given in Eq. (12), whose frequency $`\omega _c`$ is supposed to be close enough to the axion frequency $`\omega _a=m_a/\mathrm{}`$.

The original Lagrangian density for the axion-photon-photon coupling in Eq. (8) provides the effective interaction Hamiltonian between the coherent axion mode $`a`$ and the resonant radiation mode $`c`$,

$$H_{ac}=\mathrm{}\kappa (a^{}c+ac^{}).$$
(18)
The coherent axion mode can be identified as

$$a(t)=\mathrm{\Sigma }_a^{1/2}__a\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^32\omega _k}a_𝐤(t).$$
(19)
where $`R_a`$ represents the coherent region of axions, and the normalization factor is given by

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_a=__a\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^32\omega _k}\frac{1}{2m_a}\left(\frac{\beta _am_a}{2\pi \mathrm{}}\right)^3,$$
(20)
so that the coherent mode operator satisfies the canonical commutation relation,

$$[a,a^{}]=1.$$
(21)
The axion-photon conversion in the cavity $`𝒱_1`$ is well described with this interaction Hamiltonian. The coupling constant $`\kappa `$ is determined for $`\omega _cm_a/\mathrm{}`$

$`\kappa `$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}^{1/2}g_{a\gamma \gamma }ϵ_0^{1/2}B_{\mathrm{eff}}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta _am_a}{2\pi \mathrm{}}}\right)^3{\displaystyle \frac{V_1}{2}}\right]^{1/2}`$ (22)
$`=`$ $`4\times 10^{26}\mathrm{eV}\mathrm{}^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{g_{a\gamma \gamma }}{1.4\times 10^{15}\mathrm{GeV}^1}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{B_{\mathrm{eff}}}{4\mathrm{T}}}\right)`$ (23)
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta _am_a}{10^3\times 10^5\mathrm{eV}}}\right)^{3/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{V_1}{5000\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^3}}\right)^{1/2},`$ (24)
where

$$B_{\mathrm{eff}}=\zeta _1GB_0,$$
(25)
and $`B_0`$ is the maximal density of the external magnetic flux. The axion-photon-photon coupling constant $`g_{a\gamma \gamma }`$ is taken here to be the value expected from the DFSZ axion model  at $`m_a=10^5\mathrm{eV}`$.

The form factor for the magnetic field is given by

$$G=\zeta _1^1V_1^{1/2}\left|_{𝒱_1}d^3x𝜶_1(𝐱)[𝑩_0(𝐱)/B_0]\right|$$
(26)
with

$$\zeta _1=\left[_{𝒱_1}d^3x|𝜶_1(𝐱)|^2\right]^{1/2}.$$
(27)
This additional factor $`\zeta _1`$ ($`<1`$ as seen from Eq.(17)) represents the effective reduction of the axion-photon conversion which is due to the fact that the magnetic field is applied only in the conversion cavity $`𝒱_1`$. We may obtain, for example, the effective magnetic field strength $`B_{\mathrm{eff}}4\mathrm{T}`$, as taken in Eq.(24), by using typically a magnet of $`B_07\mathrm{T}`$ and the cavity system with $`G=\sqrt{0.7}`$ of $`\mathrm{TM}_{010}`$ mode and $`\zeta _10.7`$ for the conversion cavity. The actual value of $`B_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ was evaluated with the calculated electric field distributions in the cavity as described in detail later.

Now the time evolution of the axion - photon - Rydberg-atom system is governed by the following equations of motion in the Heisenberg picture, when all of the Rydberg atoms are prepared initially in the lower state :

$$\frac{dz_i}{dt}=K_{ij}z_j+F_i,$$
(28)
where $`z_i=(b,c,a)`$, $`F_i=(0,F_c,F_a)`$, and

$$K=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}i\omega _b& i\mathrm{\Omega }_N& 0\\ i\mathrm{\Omega }_N& i\omega _c\frac{1}{2}\gamma _c& i\kappa \\ 0& i\kappa & i\omega _a\frac{1}{2}\gamma _a\end{array}\right)$$
(29)
with $`\gamma _a\beta _a^2m_a`$, the energy dispersion of the cosmic axions. The operators $`a`$,$`b`$, and $`c`$ refer to axion, atom and cavity-mode photon, respectively. The external forces $`F_c`$ and $`F_a`$ are introduced for the Liouvillian relaxations of the photons and axions, respectively .

By solving the equations, the detection efficiency can be numerically calculated as a function of various experimental parameters such as the transit time of the atomic beam in the detection cavity, cavity temperature and the number of Rydberg atoms passed through the cavity. From these results the optimum condition of the experimental parameters like the transit time of the Rydberg atoms, or the velocity of the atoms can be determined. The cavity system was thus designed to meet these requirement.

Along the line of these analyses, further refined treatment of the system has been recently performed by taking into account the spatial distribution of the Rydberg atoms in the cavity and also the actual electric field distribution along the path of the atoms in the cavity. The resulting modifications were also taken into account for the design of the cavity system, although the modifications are not profound .

Specifically the most important ingredient among these parameters is the average number of Rydberg atoms present in the cavity. Due to the collective interactions of the atoms with the cavity mode, the overall coupling strength is proportional to the square of the number of atoms in the cavity so that the most optimum coupling strength can be tuned by adjusting the injecting number of Rydberg atoms, thus with the oven temperature of thermal atomic beam and/or with the power of the second laser.

Typical dependence of the necessary time to search for axions over 10 % region with 3$`\sigma `$ level on the number of the Rydberg atoms are shown in Fig. 2. From this dependence it is found that the optimum number of Rydberg atoms should be around $`5\times 10^5\mathrm{sec}^1`$ for the 10 $`\mu `$eV axions with the mean atomic velocity of 350 m/sec.

### C Rydberg-atom cavity detector

Following the above theoretical analyses of the optimum setup of the experimental system, the whole system of the present axion search apparatus was designed as schematically shown in Fig. 3. Thermal or accelerated atomic beam, produced from a thermal Rb oven placed beneath the cryostat, are injected into the low temperature cavity and stopped at 1K-pot plate of the dilution refrigerator system after passing through the detection cavity. Just in front of the detection cavity the ground state atoms of 85Rb are excited to a Rydberg state with 2- or 3-step laser excitation. Laser beams are introduced from the top into the cryostat and after interacting with atoms are then extracted outside through a glass window.

The Rydberg atoms excited to an upper state are ionized at the field ionization electrode and the electrons thus produced are guided through a series of focussing ring-electrodes to, and detected with, a channeltron electron multiplier placed at the 1K-pot plate. The whole cavity and the field ionization detection system are cooled down to 10 mK range with the DF. For this purpose the top of the detection cavity is attached to the bottom plate of the mixing chamber.

## III Apparatus

The whole coupled-cavity system is shown in Fig. 4.

The cavity system is located in the inner vacuum chamber surrounded by a liquid He bath, a liquid nitrogen bath and a outer vacuum chamber.

Two TM010 single-mode cavities of the same inner diameter are connected to each other through a ring-shape hole. The resonant frequency of the cylindrical TM010 cavity is determined by its diameter $`D`$ as

$$f_c\frac{\omega _c}{2\pi }=2.55\mathrm{GHz}\left(\frac{90\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}{D}\right).$$
(30)
Two cavity components are made of oxygen-free high-conductivity copper OFHC (conversion cavity) and niobium (detection cavity), respectively. The detection cavity is made of superconducting niobium to expel out the external magnetic field with the Meissner effect.

The tuning of the cavity resonant frequency is accomplished by inserting and moving dielectric rods in both the conversion and the detection cavities along the cylindrical symmetry axis. This choice of the tuning method was adopted from its simple mechanism of driving from the outside of the cryostat with stepping motors, although the form factor of the cavity is not the best. The rod for the detection cavity is driven from the top of the cryostat, while that for the conversion cavity is driven from the bottom of the cryostat.

### A coupled cavity

The two cavity components are coupled through a ring-shape hole as shown in Fig. 4. The strength of the coupling can be estimated by the frequency separation of the two eigen modes. This separation is related to how fast the stored power in one component of the cavity is transferred to another component. This frequency separation was estimated with a two-dimensional computer code SUPERFISH for alternating electromagnetic field calculations. The field distribution in the cavity is affected by the inserted rod position, due to the large dielectric constant of the rod material. Although the electric field direction is not always perfectly parallel to the cylindrical axis, the whole field distribution is consistent with the TM010 mode for the full range of the frequency as a function of the rod position.

One of the eigen mode (parallel mode) has an electric field directions in parallel for both components, while in the other eigen mode (anti-parallel mode), the field direction of the conversion cavity is anti-parallel to that of the detection cavity. The electric field in the anti-parallel mode is stronger in the conversion cavity than in the detection cavity, while opposite situation is realized in the parallel mode.

The anti-parallel eigen mode, in which the electric field in the conversion cavity is stronger, was chosen for the actual cavity system in the present case.

### B Frequency tuning

The frequency tuning is accomplished by inserting the dielectric rods to both the detection and conversion cavities along the cylindrical axis. Depending on the size of the inner diameter of the cavity, the diameter of the tuning rod is determined for the resonant frequency to cover the expected frequency regions. Aluminum-oxide rod of 7 mm diameter is used for both cavities.

Since the cavity is cooled down to 10 mK range, heat leak from the higher temperature side is extremely important. For the detection cavity, which is located at the upper part of the cavity system and attached to the bottom plate of the mixing chamber, the rod is inserted to the cavity through a stainless-steel pipe and a TI-polymer pipe  from the top of the cryostat. The rod was anchored to the liquid nitrogen shield plate, liquid He can, and then to the cold plate shield (c/p shield plate) at $``$100 mK temperature with a strand of copper meshes.

Only the c/p shield at 100 mK is available for the rod of the conversion cavity to be anchored so that special care has to be taken to avoid the heat leak from the room temperature side coming into the cavity at 10 mK range. The lower-side rod for the conversion cavity is thus moved via Kevlar strings  with a stepping motor outside the cryostat at room temperature. The driving mechanism is shown schematically in Fig. 5. The Kevlar string has quite low heat conductivity and still has enough strength to drive the rod of weight $``$100 g. It has also quite low extensibility. The heat leak from the room temperature parts is estimated to be less than 50 nW.

### C Magnetic field shielding

Although we need strong magnetic field in the conversion cavity, it is easier to handle the Rydberg-atom single-photon detector in a circumstance without magnetic field to avoid the magnetic field in the detection cavity, because otherwise we have a complicated energy levels of the Rydberg states due to the effect of the Zeeman splitting. To expel out the strong magnetic field from the detection cavity, following method was adopted in the region of the detection cavity:first, the external magnetic field at the detection cavity was reduced to less than 0.09 T with a superconducting coil (cancellation coil) with counter flow of the current against the main magnet coil. Second, the detection cavity and the coupling part are made of Nb metal, which become a superconducting state at the cooled stage, thus the inner field being expelled out due to the Meissner effect.

It is noted here that in order to well realize the field free region in the detection cavity, we have to carefully take into account the effect of the demagnetization field induced by the superconducting Nb metals. With a three-dimensional eddy current program EDDY , the magnetic flux density resulting from the insertion of the superconducting Nb metals was calculated and the proper shape of the Nb cavity were thus designed to expel the flux density out of the detection cavity. The detailed treatment of the magnetic shield will be reported elsewhere.

### D Selective-field-ionization detector

Selective field ionization detector consists of three parts; field ionization electrodes, transport electrodes for the ionized electrons and the electron multiplier for detecting the electrons. The field ionization electrodes are located in the Nb box set at the bottom plate of the mixing chamber and the Rydberg atoms entered into the electrodes after passing through the detection cavity. The ionized electrons are then transported into the electron multiplier located at the 1K-pot plate through the number of ring electrodes for focussing. These transport electrodes are distributed from the vicinity of the ionization electrodes to the 1K-pot region through the cold/plate region to effectively transport the electrons.

These configurations are adopted to keep the cavity and the field ionization parts as cool as possible, since the used channel electron multiplier produces heat power as large as 10 mW. Moreover the channeltron multiplier can not be used at such low temperature as 10 mK range, because the amplification gain is strongly reduced a t such low temperature. Therefore the channeltron multiplier has to be always kept at temperature higher than 20 K. In order to fulfill this requirement, the multiplier was heated up with a heating coil surrounding it and separated thermally from the 1K-pot plate by supporting it with a low thermal conductivity dielectric material called TI polymer. The introduced power of the heating coil is about 30 mW and the current flowing between the top and the collector electrodes of the channeltron multiplier is about 5 $`\mu `$A. Detailed description of the SFI detector will be published elsewhere.

### E Associated equipment

In addition to the coupling hole between the two sub-cavities and the holes for the frequency tuning rod, each cavity has also a hole to introduce the Rydberg atomic beam into the cavity and to make the atoms pass through for detecting the excited atoms with the field ionization method. These holes have some effect on the degradation of the loaded Q value of the cavity.

Several associated equipments were also installed to the cavity system. One is the electrodes for inducing the Stark shift of the Rydberg states inserted along the beam path in the cavity. The electrodes are used to tune finely the Rydberg-atom transition frequency to match with the cavity resonant frequency and thus to be able to search for axions over some range of axion mass. The detailed structure of the Stark electrodes will be reported elsewhere.

Since the total length of the whole cavity system is 80 cm, some acoustic vibrational motion may possibly be induced at the lower part of the cavity. In order to avoid this vibration, the lower part of the cavity were connected to the c/p cylindrical shield plate with several small graphite rods. The induced heat leak from the c/p shield to the cavity is negligible due to the low thermal heat conductivity of the graphite used.

## IV Performance

### A frequency tuning and the Q value

The cavity resonant frequency was measured with a tracking analysis system in the ADVANTEST R3261A spectrum analyzer. The coupling antenna in both the cavity components are straight thin wire of about 1 mm length. Semi-rigid UT141 cables made of Be/Cu were used to connect the antenna to the main amplifier outside of the cryostat. In cooled stage, a cryogenic amplifier and a circulator inserted between the cavity and the main amplifier outside the cryostat were used to increase the sensitivity for the calibration. However once the calibration measurement has been finished, these auxiliary equipments were removed, since they induce some noise into the cavity system and thus degrade the performance of the present Rydberg-atom cavity detector.

The tuning of the cavity resonant frequency was controlled by varying the position of the rod in the cavity with a stepping motor through a computer. A data acquisition and control program LabVIEW was used for the whole control of the tuning system. It is noted that the tuning of the CC rod position is mostly effective for the cavity frequency tuning and is not so sensitive to the DC rod position. It is therefore not necessary for the tuning to finely adjust the positions of the two rods relatively to each other.

The measured frequency range covered by the tuning rod is shown in Fig. 6 together with the calculated result for comparison. Although the extensibility of the strings used is quite small, the effect of backlash of the stepping motors has some effect of the reproducibility of the resonant frequencies when back and forth movement has been made. However these backlash effect can be avoided by always moving the rod to the same direction during the course of the experiment.

The loaded Q value observed is $`3.54.5\times 10^4`$ for the whole range of the resonant frequencies tuned. The Q value achieved is quite sensitive to the goodness of the contact between the side cylinder and the upper and the lower plates. In between them we inserted and tightened thin indium wires and/or thin copper rings which have especially sharp edges on both side of the connecting surfaces. Both methods worked well, although the use of copper rings is more flexible in practice.

The stability of the resonant frequency for a long period is one of the important factors for the present purpose of the experiment. We checked the stability of the frequency by fixing the rod position. It was found that the resonant frequency is stable within 3 kHz for more than 3 hours, enough stability for the present purpose.

### B Conversion form-factor

The form factor for the axion conversion is proportional to $`E\dot{B}`$ as described in the previous section. In Fig. 6 shown is the form factor $`G`$ evaluated from the electric field distribution in the cavity with the code SUPERFISH. The magnetic field in the cavity is calculated from the superconducting coil dimensions with the program POISSON.

The distribution of the $`G`$ factor in the cavity is shown in Fig. 7 in three dimensional representation. The distribution along the symmetry z axis is mainly due to that of the magnetic field.

It is noted that from the view point of maximum G-factor attainable, there should be some optimum value for the length of the conversion cavity. However due to the requirement of the effective coupling to the detection cavity, the conversion cavity is inevitably longer than the optimum value. This longer cavity apparently results in smaller effective magnetic field $`B_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ due to the weak magnetic field near the detection cavity region. However actually this does not mean any serious deterioration of the detection sensitivity, since this effect of longer cavity has been taken into account from the first design stage.

The only drawback of this longer cavity is that we have many series of higher TE modes which cross to the fundamental TM mode as we tune the frequency of the cavity, thus loosing many frequency bands due to the avoided crossings. By using another rod with different diameter, however, we can fill these empty space in the frequency sweep, since the different rod brings avoid crossings at different frequencies.

### C Cooling

The temperature at the mixing chamber and the cavity was measured with the anisotropy distribution of gamma rays from an oriented 60Co single crystal source. A thermometer of RuO2 was also used for the temperature measurements at several places on the cavity surface. The weight of the cavity system is about 25 kg and it takes sometime to cool the whole cavity system down enough to 10 mK range. In Fig. 8 shown is the cooling characteristics of the cavity system with time after the pumping of the 3He/4He mixture gas was started. It takes about 5 hours for the whole system to be cooled down to 12 mK.

## V Discussion

The system has fairly satisfactory performance for the present purpose of the axion search experiment. The temperature achieved for the cavity is 12 $``$ 15 mK. This could be further improved by reducing the heat leak from the higher temperature side.

The estimated Q value of the cavity from the surface resistance of the materials used is approximately given by

$$Q_c1.3\times 10^5\left(\frac{f_c}{1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}\right)^{2/3}.$$
(31)
The actual Q achieved in the present system is somewhat lower than the value estimated from this tendency. This lower Q value may be due to many holes drilled and the associated equipment installed in the cavity such as the Stark plate electrodes in the cavity. Detailed analyses on this point, however, have not yet been tried.

The form factor $`G`$ of the present magnet and the cavity system seems to be rather small even at the lower frequency region where the insertion length of the rod is rather small. As discussed already, this lower value is, however, mainly due to the long length of the cavity, in which the magnetic field at the lower section is quite small, because of the effect of the cancellation magnet. If we neglect the contribution of the lower part of the cavity in the evaluation of the effective magnetic field, then the resulting values of $`G`$ are improved as shown also in Fig. 6.

Further improvement on the value of the form factor may be possible by adopting the metal/dielectric post system in replace of the present rods. Unfortunately this improvement is difficult in the present structure of the cryostat, because no useful space is available at the mixing chamber region where we have to install a selective field ionization detector and microwave power input circuitry to the cavity. However in a new large scale apparatus called CARRACK2 , we developed a new cryostat system in which the detection cavity is set at the lower side and the laser and the atomic beam are introduced horizontally through the lower part of the vacuum chamber, thus enabling us to install the post driving system for the tuning of the cavity frequency. This development will be reported elsewhere.

## VI Summary

We have developed the coupled cavity system for the dark matter axion search with the Rydberg-atom cavity detector. In order to fulfill the necessary ingredients of the Rydberg-atom cavity detector, one of the component of the OFHC-copper cavity (conversion cavity) is permeated by the strong magnetic field, while the other component (detection cavity) was arranged to be free from the external magnetic field. The detection cavity is made of superconducting Nb, with which the external magnetic field is expelled out to fulfill the above requirement.

The conversion cavity is attached to the bottom plate of the mixing chamber of the dilution refrigerator and thus the whole system is cooled down to 10 mK range. Great care was taken to reduce the heat load from the higher temperature side through the tuning rods driven from the cryostat outside at room temperature. Especially Kevlar string of low heat conductivity was used to access the tuning rod from the outside. The minimum temperature achieved is 12 mK, and the loaded Q value obtained is $`3.54.5\times 10^4`$ for the whole range of the frequency tuning of about 15 %.

###### Acknowledgements.

The authors would like to thank A. Masaike for his continuous encouragement throughout this work. They are also indebted to S. Takeuchi of JAERI, Tokai for giving us invaluable information on the Nb cavity fabrications. This research was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (No. 09102010) by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture (Monbusho), Japan.


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# Gravitation with superposed Gauss–Bonnet terms in higher dimensions: Black hole metrics and maximal extensions*footnote **footnote *Ecole Polytechnique preprint No. CPHT - S 0005.0101

## I Introduction

Higher order terms in the Riemann tensor appear in the gravitational sector of string theory . Here, we choose to consider only the Gauss-Bonnet (GB) terms of all orders which assure that the Lagrangian contains only quadratic powers of the velocity fields (i.e. the derivatives of the metric or the vielbein). For the second order (in the Riemann curvature) terms, which will be labeled by $`p=2`$ in the following, it was indeed shown  that the corresponding terms arising in the string theoretic context can be reduced to the GB form by suitably redefining the fields. GB extended Einstein equations in higher dimensions have been studied by various authors since a long time in various contexts , namely that of cosmological solutions , gravitational instantons  and black holes . Of these, the work of  is the closest to our present work in that all possible GB terms are taken into account.

Recently we have studied black hole solutions of generalised gravitational systems consisting of single Gauss–Bonnet terms, considered as members of a hierarchy of generalised gravitational systems, each labeled with an integer $`p`$ corresponding to the $`2p`$-form Riemann curvature defining it. Each member is the $`p`$-Ricci scalar $`R_{(p)}`$ formed by the contraction of the indices on the $`2p`$-form Riemann tensor. These described black hole vacuum metrics , and metrics with point charge  generalising the Reissner–Nordstrom solutions. In the present work we present a particularly convenient and systematic formalism for a Lagrangian consisting of the superposition of these individual $`p`$-Ricci scalars, $`R_{(p)}`$ with constant dimensional coefficients $`\kappa _{(p)}`$,

$$=\underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}\frac{1}{2p}\kappa _{(p)}R_{(p)},$$
(1)
The systems considered must be in dimensions $`d5`$, and due to the antisymmetry of the $`2p`$-forms consist of $`P`$ terms such that $`2Pd`$.

For spherical symmetry in $`d1`$ space dimensions with metric

$$ds^2=N(r)dt^2+N(r)^1dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{(d2)}^2,$$
(2)
it is shown in Sections III and IV, that the metric pertaining to the system (1), generalising the standard Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordstrom and deSitter soltions, is obtained by solving the polynomial equation for $`(1N(r))`$

$$\underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}\frac{\kappa _{(p)}}{2^pp!}(d2)(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p)\left(\frac{1N}{r^2}\right)^p=\frac{c}{r^{d1}}\frac{b}{r^{2(d2)}}+\lambda $$
(3)
This is our crucial result. For $`P>2`$, elliptic and hyperelliptic functions (theta functions of suitably higher genus) are needed to construct the solutions explicitly. Relating the parameters characterising these functions to those appearing in (3) is in general a difficult task. However in principle a complete set of solutions can be obtained in each case, the required prescriptions  for which are available. Hence for spherical symmetry, the problem of the construction of the metric pertaining to the system (1) can be considered solved.

We will study the properties of some relatively simple cases in the following Sections. We will assume that in general in (3)

$`\kappa _{(1)}\kappa _{(p)},p>1.`$

Hence, having obtained the solution of (3) for the usual Einstein–Hilbert case, with $`\kappa _{(p)}=0`$ for $`p>1`$, one can consider systems consisting of a series of terms with coefficients $`\kappa _{(2)},\kappa _{(3)},\mathrm{}`$, with $`\kappa _{(2)}\kappa _{(3)},\mathrm{}`$. In this sense, such systems could be considered as perturbative series, and successive terms are expected to become appreciable with increasing energies. For a fixed number of $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ our results per se are, in principle, exact. Let us consider an example of interest, namely the horizons, $`r=r_H`$. These are by definition obtained setting $`N(r_H)=0`$ in (3), and then solving for $`r_H`$. In constructing exact solutions of polynomial equations for horizons in Section V, out of the full set of solutions one can select the real positive one by comparing with perturbative (in $`\kappa _{(p)}`$, $`p>1`$) solutions. Consider for simplicity the Schwarzschild–like case, with $`b=0=\lambda `$, with moreover $`\kappa _{(p)}=0`$ for $`p>2`$. One can first, setting $`\kappa _{(2)}=0`$, obtain the real positive horizon $`r_H^{(0)}`$, and then for small nonzero $`\kappa _{(2)}`$ obtain

$`r_H=r_H^{(0)}+o(\kappa _{(2)})+o(\kappa _{(2)}^2).`$

Consistency with this perturabtive series solution will select out the real positive horizon $`r_H`$ from the exact solutions of the relevant polynomials (3). Examples will be given in Section V.

In contrast to our considerations in Section V, where we truncated the values of $`p`$ to lower than the maximum possible value $`P`$ (consistent with $`2P<d`$), we emphasise that our formalism yields some exact results (for systems featuring all $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ up to $`\kappa _{(P)}`$). One such case concerns maximal extensions in Section VI. We assume $`r=r_H`$ to be an exact solution of (3) with $`N(r_H)=0`$ and then for

$`r=r_H+\rho ,\rho 1,`$

we set

$`N(\rho )=2\delta \rho +o(\rho ^2)`$

We obtain an exact solution for $`\delta `$, viz. (52), as a function of $`r_H`$, the space-time dimension $`d`$, and the $`\kappa _{(p)}`$. The parameter $`\delta `$ plays a crucial role concerning the near–horizon geometry, the periodicity of the Euclidean time, and the Hawking temperature. The exact general solution (52) is hence of considerable iterest.

In Section VII we have indicated how our results of Section V can be extended to include metrics pertaining to systems with Maxwell and cosmological terms added to (1), i.e. the construction of Reissner–Nordstrom and deSitter metrics.

Possibilities of generaisations and applications of our present study are discussed in our conclusions in section VIII.

## II Generalised Lagrangian and Einstein tensor

Let $`e^a`$ be the tangent frame vector $`1`$-forms

$$e^a=e_\mu ^a\text{d}x^\mu ,$$
(4)
where as usual $`a,b,\mathrm{}`$ denote frame indices and $`\mu ,\nu ,\mathrm{}`$ space-time ones, and $`\omega ^{ab}`$ the antisymmetric Levi-Civita spin-connection $`1`$-forms

$$\omega ^{ab}=\omega _\mu ^{ab}\text{d}x^\mu =\omega ^{ba},$$
(5)
satisfying

$$\text{d}e^a+\omega ^{ab}e_b=0.$$
(6)
The curvature $`2`$-forms are then

$`R^{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`\text{d}\omega ^{ab}+\omega ^a{}_{c}{}^{}\omega ^{cb}=R^{ba},`$ (7)
$`=`$ $`R_{\mu \nu }^{ab}\text{d}x^\mu \text{d}x^\nu =R_{a^{}b^{}}^{ab}e^a^{}e^b^{}.`$ (8)
We will often use the last form involving only tangent plane indices.

Starting with $`R^{ab}`$ higher order $`p`$-form terms, totally antisymmetrised in the indices $`a,b,c,\mathrm{}`$, are defined iteratively as follows

$`R^{abcd}`$ $`=`$ $`R^{ab}R^{cd}+R^{ad}R^{bc}+R^{ac}R^{db},`$ (9)
$`R^{a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}}`$ $`=`$ $`R^{a_1a_2}R^{a_3a_4\mathrm{}a_{2p}}+\mathrm{cyclic}\mathrm{permutations}\mathrm{of}(a_2,a_3,\mathrm{},a_{2p}),`$ (10)
for the $`p=2`$ and the generic $`p`$ cases, respectively. The antisymmetric $`2p`$-form curvature (10) consists of $`3.5\mathrm{}(2p3)(2p1)`$ terms of the type

$`R^{a_1a_2}R^{a_3a_4}\mathrm{}R^{a_{2p1}a_{2p}}.`$

For $`p=1`$ (10) coincides with (8), the usual curvature, in any dimension $`d`$. For $`d<2p`$, (10) vanishes due to the antisymmetry. For $`d=2p`$, (10) becomes the topological Euler density in those dimensions. For odd dimensions, $`p=\frac{1}{2}(d1)`$ in (10) leads to features analogous to that in $`d=3`$ for (8).

One can express (10) in vielbein basis, generalising (8), as

$$R^{a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}}=R_{b_1b_2\mathrm{}b_{2p}}^{a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}}e^{b_1}e^{b_2}\mathrm{}e^{b_{2p}}.$$
(11)
The $`p`$-Ricci tensor is then defines as

$$R_{(p)}^{}{}_{b_1}{}^{a_1}=\underset{(a_2,\mathrm{},a_{2p})}{}R_{b_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}}^{a_1a_2\mathrm{}a_{2p}},$$
(12)
and the $`p`$-Ricci scalar as

$$R_{(p)}=\underset{a}{}R_{(p)}^{}{}_{a}{}^{a}.$$
(13)
The generalised Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian is now defined to be

$$=\underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}\frac{1}{2p}\kappa _{(p)}R_{(p)},$$
(14)
where $`2P=d`$ and $`d1`$, respectively, for even and odd $`d`$. Each coupling constant $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ is taken to be positive and has dimension (length)2p, rendering the Lagrangian dimensionless. For

$`\kappa _{(2)}=\kappa _{(3)}=\mathrm{}=\kappa _{(P)}=0`$

one recovers the usual Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian in dimension $`d`$. We will always set

$`\kappa _{(1)}>0.`$

Some or all of the others, $`\kappa _{(p)}`$, $`p=2,3,..,P`$, can then be chosen to be non-zero. We will choose at least $`\kappa _{(2)}>0`$ so as to illustrate higher–order effects, and $`\kappa _{(1)}`$ will be taken to be much larger than $`\kappa _{(p)}`$, $`p=2,3,..,P`$, so that the latter terms can be considered to play a perturbative role.

For each $`p`$, the $`p`$-Einstein tensor is defined as

$$G_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}=R_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}\frac{1}{2p}\eta _b^aR_{(p)},$$
(15)
and for the system (14) it is

$$G_b^a=\underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}\frac{1}{2p}\kappa _{(p)}G_{(p)}^{}{}_{b}{}^{a}.$$
(16)
## III Spherical symmetry

We impose spherical symmetry in the $`d1`$ space–dimensions by requiring the diagonal metric, for Lorentz and Euclidean signatures, respectively

$$ds^2=N(r)dt^2+N(r)^1dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{(d2)}^2,$$
(17)
where

$`d\mathrm{\Omega }_{(d2)}^2=d\theta _1^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _1d\theta _2^2+\mathrm{}+\left({\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{d3}{}}}\mathrm{sin}\theta _n\right)^2d\theta _{d2}^2.`$

We shall henceforth use the following notation555We do not distinguish the tangent plane indices from the from the coordinate ones $`(t,r,1,2,\mathrm{},d2)`$, for example by introducing yet another notation $`(\widehat{t},\widehat{r},\widehat{1},\widehat{2},\mathrm{})`$. For diagonal metrics, this simplifying notation does not cause ambiguities. As tangent plane indices they are raised and lowered using $`\eta ^a_b`$ rather than $`g^\mu _\nu `$. for the frame indices

$`x^a=(t,r,\theta _1,\theta _2,\mathrm{},\theta _{d2})=(t,r,1,2,\mathrm{},d2),`$

so that for diagonal metrics one can set (with no summation)

$$e^a=\sqrt{|g_{aa}|}\text{d}x^a.$$
(18)
The consequent simplifying properties  of the spin–connections lead finally to, using labeling with $`i,j=1,2,\mathrm{},d2`$, and the notation

$$N(r)=1L(r),\mathrm{with}L^{}=\frac{dL}{dr},$$
(19)
$`R^{tr}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}L^{\prime \prime }e^te^r,R^{ti}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r}}L^{}e^te^i,`$ (20)
$`R^{ri}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2r}}L^{}e^re^i,R^{ij}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}Le^ie^j.`$ (21)
## IV Metrics

From the results of the previous two Sections, namely by applying (21) to (15), we arrive at the remarkably compact expressions for the non-vanishing components of $`G_b^a`$ below

$`G_t^t`$ $`=`$ $`G_r^r=\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)V(r)`$ (22)
$`G_i^i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{d2}}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d2)\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+(d1)\right)V(r),`$ (23)
with $`i=1,2,..,d2`$, and where

$$V(r)=\underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}\kappa _{(p)}\frac{(d2)(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p)}{2^pp!}\left(\frac{L}{r^2}\right)^p.$$
(24)
It is clear that the term with $`d=2p`$ vanishes, so that the summation in (24) runs up to $`2P<d`$.

All $`p`$ dependence is contained in $`V(r)`$ which is a polynomial in $`\frac{L}{r^2}`$. Hence the constraints on $`V(r)`$ itself, namely the variational equations, are independent of $`p`$ and are the same as for the $`p=1`$ case. Once these dynamical equations are solved, the next step is to solve a polynomial equation in $`\frac{L}{r^2}`$. This result is crucial.

Consistently with spherical symmetry one can set

$$V(r)=\frac{c}{r^{d1}}\frac{b}{r^{2(d2)}}+\lambda $$
(25)
when

$`G_t^t`$ $`=`$ $`G_r^r={\displaystyle \frac{(d3)b}{r^{2(d2)}}}(d1)\lambda `$ (26)
$`G_i^i`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(d3)b}{r^{2(d2)}}}(d1)\lambda .`$ (27)
The first term in (25), namely $`cr^{(d1)}`$, represents a vacuum solution leading to the generalised Schwarzschild type black hole . This is annihilated by the operator $`\left(r\frac{d}{dr}+(d1)\right)`$ present in each $`G_a^a`$ in (22)-(23).

Adding the second term in (25), $`br^{2(d2)}`$, leads to generalised Reissner–Nordstrom type  solutions in the presence of a point charge in $`d`$ dimensions. Finally adding $`\lambda `$ in (25) can include the presence of a cosmological constant.

Note the effect of the extra factor

$$\frac{1}{d2}\left(r\frac{d}{dr}+(d2)\right)$$
(28)
in (23) as compared to its absence in (22). In (27) this induces just a change of sign as compared to (26). This compensates precisely for the corresponding sign of the angular components $`T_i^i`$ of the stress-energy tensor of a point charge $`q`$ in $`d`$ dimensions, namely

$$T_t^t=T_r^r=T_i^i=\frac{(d3)q^2}{2r^{2(d2)}}.$$
(29)
Acting on the third term $`\lambda `$, of (25), the action of the operator (28) yields unity. The constants $`b`$ and $`\lambda `$ are to be fixed, finally, after choosing suitable units, by inserting (26) and (27) in

$$G^a{}_{b}{}^{}=const.T^a{}_{b}{}^{}+\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta ^a{}_{b}{}^{}.$$
(30)
In the following Sections we will give examples of explicit solutions for $`L(r)`$ using (24) and (25). We will start with Schwarzschild type black holes with $`b=\lambda =0`$ and will study their properties.

## V Generalised Schwarzschild–type black holes

In the case of vanishing stress–energy tensor, (26) and (27) are solved by $`V(r)=cr^{(d1)}`$, with $`b=0=\lambda `$, yielding

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{2}}(d2)\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}\right)`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{8}}(d2)(d3)(d4)\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}\right)^2+\mathrm{}`$ (32)
$`\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(P)}}{2^PP!}}(d2)(d3)\mathrm{}(d2P)\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}\right)^P={\displaystyle \frac{c}{r^{d1}}}`$
with $`2P<d`$. With a single nonvanishing $`p`$, the solution of (32) reduces to the function $`L(r)`$ desribing the $`p`$-Schwarzschild metric of , and with $`p=1`$ to the $`d`$-dimensional Schwarzschild metric of .

For a horizon, denoted by $`r=r_H`$, by definition

$$N(r_H)=1L(r_H)=0L(r_H)=1.$$
(33)
Hence

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{2}}(d2)\left(r_H\right)^2`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{8}}(d2)(d3)(d4)\left(r_H\right)^4+\mathrm{}`$ (35)
$`\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(P)}}{2^PP!}}(d2)(d3)\mathrm{}(d2P)\left(r_H\right)^{2P}=c(r_H)^{(d1)}.`$
We will look for positive real roots only.

Let us now look at particular cases to better understand the possibilities. In practice we will restrict to the case $`\kappa _{(3)}=\kappa _{(4)}=\mathrm{}=\kappa _{(P)}=0`$, keeping only $`\kappa _{(1)}`$ and $`\kappa _{(2)}`$. One obtains, for $`d>4`$,

$$L(r)=\left(\frac{2\kappa _{(1)}}{(d3)(d4)\kappa _{(2)}}\right)\left[\left(1+\frac{2c(d3)(d4)\kappa _{(2)}}{(d2)\kappa _{(1)}^2r^{(d1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}1\right]r^2.$$
(36)
For $`\kappa _{(2)}>0`$ this is real and positive. For $`\kappa _{(2)}=0`$ it reduces to the usual Schwarzschild solution in $`d`$ dimensions . In all cases one obtains asymptotically flat solutions.

For the horizon, one has

$$\frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{2}(d2)\left(r_H\right)^2+\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{8}(d2)(d3)(d4)\left(r_H\right)^4=c(r_H)^{(d1)}.$$
(37)
(i) For dimension $`d=5`$

$$r_H^2=\frac{2}{3\kappa _{(1)}}\left(c\frac{3}{4}\kappa _{(2)}\right)$$
(38)
Hence for $`c>\frac{3}{4}\kappa _{(2)}`$, there is a single real horizon at

$$r_H=\left(\frac{2}{3\kappa _{(1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(c\frac{3}{4}\kappa _{(2)}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(39)
Compare this with the case $`p=2`$ in  when $`\kappa _{(1)}=0`$.

(ii) For dimension $`d=6`$

$$r_H^3+\frac{3}{2}\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}r_H\frac{c}{2\kappa _{(1)}}=0.$$
(40)
Hence

$$r_H=(\alpha +\beta ),\left(\alpha e^{i\frac{2\pi }{3}}+\beta e^{i\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right),\left(\alpha e^{i\frac{2\pi }{3}}+\beta e^{i\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right)$$
(41)
with

$`\alpha =\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{4\kappa _{(1)}}}+\left(\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{4\kappa _{(1)}}}\right)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{2\kappa _{(1)}}}\right)^3\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}},`$

$`\beta =\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{4\kappa _{(1)}}}\left(\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{4\kappa _{(1)}}}\right)^2+\left({\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{2\kappa _{(1)}}}\right)^3\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}},`$

which are real cube roots. Thus, for sufficiently small $`\kappa _{(2)}\kappa _{(1)}`$, there is only one real horizon at

$$r_H=(\alpha +\beta ),$$
(42)
consistently with

$`r_H=\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{2\kappa _{(1)}}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{2\kappa _{(1)}}}\right)^{\frac{1}{3}}+o\left(\kappa _{(2)}^2\right).`$

(iii) For dimension $`d=7`$

$$r_H^4+3\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}r_H^2\frac{2c}{5\kappa _{(1)}}=0,$$
(43)
giving the real positive value for the horizon

$$r_H=\left(\frac{3\kappa _{(2)}}{2\kappa _{(1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[\left(1+\frac{8c}{45}\frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{\kappa _{(2)}^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}1\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$
(44)
(iv) For dimension $`d=8`$

$$r_H^5+5\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}r_H^3\frac{c}{3\kappa _{(1)}}=0.$$
(45)
This is a quintic equation whose solution  can be expressed in terms of elliptic functions. Setting

$`r_H={\displaystyle \frac{a}{z}}`$

(45) transforms into

$$z^5\left(\frac{5\kappa _{(2)}}{a^2\kappa _{(1)}}\right)\left(\frac{3a^5\kappa _{(1)}}{c}\right)z^2\left(\frac{3a^5\kappa _{(1)}}{c}\right)=0.$$
(46)
(46) is already a principal quintic  with in addition the linear term absent (vanishing coefficient of $`z`$). Moreover by choosing $`a`$ suitably one can obtain a conveniently simple value for one of the two coefficients in (46) or for their ratio. These features simplify the task of explicitly constructing the solutions .

However since considerable more work is needed to realise these explicit solutions, we will not pursue them further here. We just add that the determination of the real positive root must be consistent with

$$r_H=\left(\frac{c}{3\kappa _{(1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{5}}\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}\left(\frac{c}{3\kappa _{(1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{5}}+o\left(\kappa _{(2)}^2\right).$$
(47)
(v) For dimension $`d=11`$

In this case there is a special simplification, namely that (37) reduces to a quartic in $`r_H^2`$, which permits an elementary solution. Thus (37) here is

$$r_H^8+\frac{14\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}r_H^6\frac{2c}{9\kappa _{(1)}}=0.$$
(48)
This can first be solved as a quartic in $`r_H^2`$ and then the positive square root taken consistently with

$$r_H=\left(\frac{2c}{9\kappa _{(1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{8}}\frac{7}{4}\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{\kappa _{(1)}}\left(\frac{2c}{9\kappa _{(1)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{8}}+o\left(\kappa _{(2)}^2\right).$$
(49)
(v) For arbitrary dimension $`d`$

One can solve, in principle, polynomial equations of any degree in terms of theta functions of suitably high genus . This applies both to (32) and (35). Hence, in principle, exact solutions can be constructed though it would be a very complicated task in practice.

One may note certain qualitative features easy to observe. Thus for example, the qualitative features described by (47) and (49) hold more generally. For the conditions concerning $`\kappa _{(p)}`$, stated after (14), the single real positive $`r_H`$ tends to shrink due to $`\kappa _{(2)}`$ and $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ with $`p>2`$, the black hole becoming smaller in radius.

In the preceding examples we have retained only $`\kappa _{(1)}`$ and $`\kappa _{(2)}`$ to illustrate basic features. For $`d7`$ one can include $`\kappa _{(3)}`$, for $`d9`$, $`\kappa _{(4)}`$, and so on. The equations become more difficult to solve but the general features appear already in our examples above.

In the illustrative examples considered in this Section, we were mostly concerned with equation (35) to find the horizon $`r_H`$. Concerning the evaluation of the function $`L(r)`$ on the other hand, one may note that in the equation (32) for $`L`$, up to $`d=10`$ one has a quartic or an equation of lower degree for $`L`$. For $`d=11`$ one has, retaining all possible nonzero contributions, for the first time, a quintic for $`L`$.

## VI Maximal extensions and periodicity for Euclidean signature

We start by deriving a crucial ingredient in this context, determining both the maximal extension and the near–horizon geometry. For details we refer to Secs. 3 and 5 of  and references cited therein.

Set

$$r=r_H+\rho ,\rho 1.$$
(50)
Then, near the horizon, we define $`\delta `$ through

$$N(\rho )=1L(\rho )=2\delta \rho +o(\rho ^2).$$
(51)
It can be shown that

$$2\delta =\left(\frac{d3}{r_H}\right)\left[\frac{\kappa _{(1)}+\frac{1}{4}(d4)(d5)\kappa _{(2)}r_H^2+\mathrm{}+\frac{1}{2^{n1}n!}(d4)\mathrm{}(d2n1)\kappa _{(n)}r_H^{2(n1)}}{\kappa _{(1)}+\frac{1}{2}(d3)(d4)\kappa _{(2)}r_H^2+\mathrm{}+\frac{1}{2^{n1}(n1)!}(d3)\mathrm{}(d2n)\kappa _{(n)}r_H^{2(n1)}}\right]$$
(52)
with $`r_H`$ satisfying (35), where we have assumed that the first $`n`$ $`\kappa _{(p)}`$, $`p=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$ are nonzero. The next step would be to substitute for $`r_H`$ an explicit solution such as (39), (42) and so on. But the general expression (52) is particularly suitable for our present purpose.

If $`\kappa _{(n)}=0`$ for $`n>1`$, one obtains

$$2\delta =\left(\frac{d3}{r_H}\right)=(d3)\left(\frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{2c}\right)^{\frac{1}{d3}},$$
(53)
and usually, for $`d=4`$, $`\left(\frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{2c}\right)`$ is defined as $`(2M)^1`$.

Now we proceed to construct the Kruskal type maximal extension and the periodicity of the Euclidean metric (17) with Euclidean signature, namely

$$ds^2=Ndt^2+N^1dr^2+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_{(d2)}^2.$$
(54)
We follow the standard procedure, which was generalised to one (single) member $`p`$ of the hierarchy in Section 3 of . Using (50) and (51), we set

$$r^{}=\frac{dr}{N}=\frac{1}{2\delta }\mathrm{ln}\rho +h(\rho ),$$
(55)
in which the function $`h(\rho )`$ is not relevant for the singularity at the horizon.

We also introduce the coordinates $`(\eta ,\zeta )`$ by

$$\text{e}^{2\delta r^{}}=\frac{1}{4}(\eta ^2+\zeta ^2),\text{e}^{i\delta t}=\left(\frac{\eta i\zeta }{\eta +\zeta }\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$
(56)
$`\delta `$ being given by (52). Here $`(\eta ,\zeta )`$ provide the generalisation of Kruskal coordinates.

One obtains from (54) and (56)

$$ds^2=(4\delta ^2\text{e}^{2\delta r^{}})^1N(\eta ,\zeta )(d\zeta ^2+d\eta ^2)+r^2(\eta ,\zeta )d\mathrm{\Omega }_{(d2)}^2,$$
(57)
the factor of $`r^2`$ in the last term being implicitly a function of $`(\eta ,\zeta )`$. The factor $`(\text{e}^{2\delta r^{}})^1N`$ tends to unity as $`\rho 0`$, assuring maximal extension, there being neither a divergence nor a zero at the horizon.

One obtains from the second member of (56), for the period of $`t`$,

$$P=\frac{2\pi }{|\delta |}$$
(58)
where $`\delta `$ is given by (52). For $`n=2`$, i.e. only $`\kappa _{(1)}`$ and $`\kappa _{(2)}`$ nonzero, one obtains

$$P=\frac{4\pi r_H}{d3}\left[1+\frac{(d1)(d4)\kappa _{(2)}}{4\pi \kappa _{(1)}r_H^2+(d4)(d5)\kappa _{(2)}}\right].$$
(59)
The period $`P`$ is inversely proportional to the Hawking temperature of the black hole. Substituting for $`r_H`$ in (59) one obtains the full modification due to $`\kappa _{(2)}`$.

## VII Cosmological constant and point charge

So far we restricted our attention to vacuum metrics. Let us now consider the more general case, keeping (29) and (30) in mind, namely (25)

$`V(r)={\displaystyle \frac{c}{r^{d1}}}{\displaystyle \frac{b}{r^{2(d2)}}}+\lambda .`$

We illustrate some basic features by setting

$`\kappa _{(3)}=\kappa _{(4)}=\mathrm{}=\kappa _{(P)}=0`$

in (24), whence (for $`d>4`$)

$$\frac{\kappa _{(1)}}{2}(d2)\left(\frac{L}{r^2}\right)+\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{8}(d2)(d3)(d4)\left(\frac{L}{r^2}\right)^2=\frac{c}{r^{d1}}\frac{b}{r^{2(d2)}}+\lambda .$$
(60)
Setting

$$L=\widehat{L}+\eta r^2$$
(61)
the left hand side of (60) becomes

$$\beta _1\left(\frac{\widehat{L}}{r^2}\right)+\beta _2\left(\frac{\widehat{L}}{r^2}\right)^2+\beta _3$$
(62)
with

$`\beta _1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(d2)\kappa _{(1)}+(d2)(d3)(d4)\eta \kappa _{(2)}`$ (63)
$`\beta _2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d2)(d3)(d4)\kappa _{(2)}`$ (64)
$`\beta _3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(d2)\eta \kappa _{(1)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}(d2)(d3)(d4)\eta ^2\kappa _{(2)}.`$ (65)
Setting

$$\beta _3=\lambda $$
(66)
determines $`\eta `$. Then one solves

$$\beta _2\left(\frac{\widehat{L}}{r^2}\right)^2+\beta _1\left(\frac{\widehat{L}}{r^2}\right)\left(\frac{c}{r^{d1}}\frac{b}{r^{2(d2)}}\right)=0.$$
(67)
One obtains, with sign conventions consistent with (36),

$$\widehat{L}(r)=\left(\frac{\beta _1}{2\beta _2}\right)\left[\left(1+\frac{4\beta _2}{\beta _1^2}\left(\frac{c}{r^{d1}}\frac{b}{r^{2(d2)}}\right)\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}1\right]r^2,$$
(68)
so that $`L(r)`$ is given by (61).

For $`b=0`$ and $`\lambda 0`$, (68) for $`\widehat{L}`$ has the same structure as for $`L`$ in (36), with the constant coefficients now depending on $`\lambda `$, as given by (63)–(66). It is easy to see that this feature will hold quite generally for all $`\kappa _{(p)}`$ (up to $`p=P`$). Even in the presence of a point charge (with $`b0`$) the effect of $`\lambda `$ can always be taken into account in this way.

When $`b`$ is nonzero, it is seen from (29) to be positive for a real charge $`q`$. Hence for sufficiently small $`r`$, it can be seen from (68) that $`\widehat{L}`$ (and hence $`L`$) becomes complex.

In a previous study  of the gravitational systems characterised by $`\lambda =0=\eta `$, but $`b0`$, and with a single nonvanishing $`\kappa _{(p)}`$, it was shown that such a point of transition from a real to a complex metric was situated inside the horizon(s) $`r_H`$ of the generalised $`p`$–Reissner-Nordstrom type solutions. Hence in the exterior region the metric was always real. Also in , the possibility of a compatible real metric for the interior region was indicated. In the present work we will not undertake a parallel detailed study of (68).

## VIII Discussion

We have studied black hole type solutions to generalised gravity in $`d`$-dimensions ($`d5`$). These systems consist of superpositions of successive higher order Gauss–Bonnet terms labeled by $`p`$ ($`2pd`$) which occur, amongst other gravitational terms, in the superstring inspired  gravitional system. In the present work, we have omitted the effects of all other fields, e.g. the dilaton, which also occur in superstring inspired systems . So far, apart from introducing a cosmological constant and the Maxwell system (i.e. a point charge) in section VII, we have studied only the gravitational field with higher order terms. The scope can be broadened by including other fields relevant to string theory, and, by pursuing certain applications.

In the context of string theory, the fields to be added on to the gravitational systems are the dilaton, the Yang–Mills and the (Abelian) antisymmetric tensor fields.

Exact solutions including dilatons in this context were studied in  and were , but without higher order gravitational terms. The application of the efficient formalism given in the present work would enable the extension of these results  to the case of gravitational systems including higher GB terms.

Concerning the interaction of (the usual) Yang–Mills fields interacting with Einstein–Hilbert gravity in $`4`$-dimensions, this has been intensely studied recently, and extensive references to it can be found in the review . The extension of these considerations (with and without dilaton), involving generalised Yang–Mills systems interacting with generalised Einstein–Hilberts fields in higher (than $`4`$)-dimensions, would be a very natural and efficient use our present results. Indeed, we have already considered generalised Yang–Mills fields on fixed generalised gravitational backgrounds in higher dimensions .

As to the introduction of antisymmetric tensor fields (in addition to the dilaton) to the usual gravity in the context of the low energy effective action of supergravity, this system supports solitonic solutions of supergravity . As another application of our results, it would be very interesting to find out what the effect of adding higher-order gravitational terms would have on these solutions.

Finally, we mention some further possible applications of our results in the wake of earlier work in the literature where gravitational Lagrangians with higher terms were studied. These include applications to the elimination of ghosts , to the vanishing of the cosmological constant as a stable fixed point , and to the construction of gravitational instantons , as well as to cosmological solutions . More recent work involving the first GB term , pertain to cosmological solutions  and to theories with noncompact extra diemsions  of gravity. The extension of these results  to include several higher-order GB terms, with and without the inclusion of the dilaton field, would constitute natural applications of our results.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge some interesting correspondence with R.B. King. It is a pleasure to thank John Rizos for illuminating discussions. This work was carried out in the framework of the Enterprise-Ireland/CNRS programme, under project FR/00/018.

Note added: After completion of this manuscript, many previous sources have been brought to our notice. To take account of these, we add the following supplementary references and explanations.

Most helpful is the extensive list of references in the review of Myers . Without trying to be complete, we mention the following pioneering sources quoted there . String generated cubic terms are studied in . Maximal extensions have been studied systematically in . Our results pertaining to maximal extensions are specifically concerned with the consequences of the supplementary $`(d2)`$ dimensions and the higher curvature GB terms implemented through (52) in the standard Kruskal prescription in the $`rt`$ plane.

Particularly relevant for us is . The metric function (36) and the period (59) obtained by us as particular cases by setting $`\kappa _{(p)}=0`$ for $`p>2`$, match with eqns. (3) and (9) of , respectively for

$$\widehat{\lambda }=\frac{\kappa _{(2)}}{2\kappa _{(1)}}(d3)(d4).$$
(69)
For comparison with the total Euclidean action, eqn. (12) in , we briefly present the corresponding general result for our case

Total Euclidean Action: = Period $`\times `$ Area of unit sphere in $`(d2)`$ dimensions $`\times `$ Radial Integral.

Period $`=\frac{2\pi }{|\delta |}`$ ; Area of unit sphere in $`(d2)`$ dimensions, $`A_{(d2)}=\frac{2\pi ^{\frac{d1}{2}}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{d1}{2})}`$;

$`\mathrm{Radial}\mathrm{Integral}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{p}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa _{(p)}}{2p}}{\displaystyle _{r_H}^{\mathrm{}}}R_{(p)}𝑑r`$ (70)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{p=1}{\overset{P}{}}}\kappa _{(p)}{\displaystyle \frac{(d2)(d3)\mathrm{}(d2p+1)}{2^pp!}}{\displaystyle _{r_H}^{\mathrm{}}}I_{(p)}𝑑r`$ (71)
where

$`{\displaystyle _{r_H}^{\mathrm{}}}I_{(p)}𝑑r`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{r_H}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑rr^{d2}\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+2\right)\left(r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}+1\right)\left(r^{d2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}\right)^p\right)`$ (72)
$`=`$ $`\left[{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}\left(r^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}\right)^p\right)\right]_{r_H}^{\mathrm{}}`$ (73)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2c}{(d2)\kappa _{(1)}}}\delta _{p,1}+\left((2\delta )p{\displaystyle \frac{(d2p)}{r_H}}\right)r_H^{d2p}.`$ (74)
with

$`I_{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2c}{(d2)\kappa _{(1)}}}+2\delta r_H^{d2}(d2)r_H^{d3}`$ (76)
$`I_{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4\delta r_H^{d4}(d4)r_H^{d5}`$ (77)
and so forth.

Note that the term independent of $`r_H`$ in (76) comes from

$`\underset{r\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}\left(r^d\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{r^2}}\right)\right)=\underset{r\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}({\displaystyle \frac{2c}{(d2)\kappa _{(1)}r^{d1}}}.r^d)={\displaystyle \frac{2c}{(d2)\kappa _{(1)}}}.`$


text:
# A proof of a multivariable elliptic summation formula conjectured by Warnaar

## 1. Introduction

Elliptic hypergeometric series form a natural generalization of hypergeometric and basic hypergeometric (or $`q`$-) series. It is surprising that they were introduced only very recently, by Frenkel and Turaev \[FT\], who expressed the $`6j`$-symbols corresponding to certain elliptic solutions of the Yang–Baxter equation, cf. \[DJ\], in terms of the $`{}_{10}{}^{}\omega _{9}^{}`$-sums defined below. It is expected that elliptic hypergeometric series play a fundamental role in the representation theory of elliptic quantum groups, though so far there has been little work in this direction.

Recall that a series $`_na_n`$ is called hypergeometric if $`f\left(n\right)=a_{n+1}/a_n`$ is a rational function of $`n`$ and basic hypergeometric if $`f`$ is a rational function of $`q^n`$ for some $`q`$. This can be compared with Weierstrass’ theorem, stating that a meromorphic function of $`z`$ which satisfies an algebraic addition theorem is either a rational function, a rational function of $`q^z`$, or, in the most general case, an elliptic function. This suggests that an elliptic hypergeometric series should be a series $`_na_n`$ with $`a_{n+1}/a_n`$ an elliptic function of $`n`$. Actually, the series introduced by Frenkel and Turaev only fit this description if one interprets the term “elliptic” somewhat loosely. Nevertheless, their properties stem from addition theorems for elliptic functions (it is worth noting that the Yang–Baxter equation is an algebraic addition theorem for matrix-valued functions).

Let us write $`\left[x\right]`$ for the “elliptic number” (a Jacobi theta function, normalized so that $`\left[1\right]=1`$)

$$\left[x\right]=\frac{q^{\frac{x}{2}}_{j=0}^{\mathrm{}}\left(1q^xp^j\right)\left(1q^xp^{j+1}\right)}{q^{\frac{1}{2}}_{j=0}^{\mathrm{}}\left(1qp^j\right)\left(1q^1p^{j+1}\right)},$$

where $`p`$ and $`q`$ are fixed parameters with $`\left|p\right|<1`$. When $`p=0`$, $`q=e^{2ih}`$, we have the trigonometric number

$$\left[x\right]=\frac{q^{\frac{x}{2}}q^{\frac{x}{2}}}{q^{\frac{1}{2}}q^{\frac{1}{2}}}=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(hx\right)}{\mathrm{sin}\left(h\right)},$$

which tends to the rational number $`\left[x\right]=x`$ as $`q`$ tends to $`1`$. Returning to the general case, we write

$$\left[x\right]_n=\left[x\right]\left[x+1\right]\mathrm{}\left[x+n1\right]$$

for the elliptic Pochhammer symbols. The elliptic, or modular, hypergeometric series occurring in \[FT\] are finite sums of the form

$$\begin{array}{cc}& {}_{r+1}{}^{}\omega _{r}^{}(a;n,b_1,\mathrm{},b_{r3})\hfill \\ & =\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{\left[a+2k\right]}{\left[a\right]}\frac{\left[a\right]_k\left[n\right]_k\left[b_1\right]_k\mathrm{}\left[b_{r3}\right]_k}{\left[1\right]_k\left[1+a+n\right]_k\left[1+ab_1\right]_k\mathrm{}\left[1+ab_{r3}\right]_k},\hfill \end{array}$$

where

(1)
$$\left(r3\right)\left(a+1\right)=2\left(1n+_ib_i\right).$$

When $`p=0`$, this is a terminating very-well-poised balanced basic hypergeometric series \[GR\], which tends to the corresponding hypergeometric series as $`q`$ tends to $`1`$. As was pointed out in \[FT\], the series $`{}_{r+1}{}^{}\omega _{r}^{}`$ has remarkable invariance properties under the standard action of $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ on $`p`$ and $`q`$.

Most (or possibly all) known identities involving terminating $`q`$-series may be proved by induction, using the trigonometric addition formula

(2)
$$\left[x+z\right]_{p=0}\left[xz\right]_{p=0}=\left[x+y\right]_{p=0}\left[xy\right]_{p=0}+\left[y+z\right]_{p=0}\left[yz\right]_{p=0}.$$

However, only a tiny subset of these identities may be obtained from the elliptic addition formula

$$\left[x+z\right]\left[xz\right]\left[y+w\right]\left[yw\right]=\left[x+y\right]\left[xy\right]\left[z+w\right]\left[zw\right]+\left[x+w\right]\left[xw\right]\left[y+z\right]\left[yz\right]$$

satisfied by the elliptic numbers. At least as a rule of thumb, these are the identities involving series which are both well-poised and balanced, and thus only these admit elliptic analogues. In particular, Frenkel and Turaev obtained the elliptic Jackson–Dougall summation formula

(3)
$${}_{8}{}^{}\omega _{7}^{}(a;n,b,c,d,e)=\frac{\left[a+1\right]_n\left[a+1bc\right]_n\left[a+1bd\right]_n\left[a+1cd\right]_n}{\left[a+1b\right]_n\left[a+1c\right]_n\left[a+1d\right]_n\left[a+1bcd\right]_n}$$

and (more generally) the elliptic Bailey transformation formula

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {}_{10}{}^{}\omega _{9}^{}(a;n,b,c,d,e,f,g)& =\frac{\left[a+1\right]_n\left[a+1ef\right]_n\left[\lambda +1e\right]_n\left[\lambda +1f\right]_n}{\left[a+1e\right]_n\left[a+1f\right]_n\left[\lambda +1ef\right]_n\left[\lambda +1\right]_n}\hfill \\ & \times {}_{10}{}^{}\omega _{9}^{}(\lambda ;n,\lambda +ba,\lambda +ca,\lambda +da,e,f,g),\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\lambda =2a+1bcd`$; note that the balanced condition (1) is assumed.

If one wants to further develop the theory of elliptic hypergeometric series, there are two natural directions: quadratic (or higher) transformation formulas and multivariable series. In \[W\], Warnaar initiated the investigation of both topics. We will be concerned with the multivariable theory. As Warnaar pointed out, progress in this direction requires essentially new ideas, since the known proofs in the trigonometric and rational case usually depend on “lower level” identities, corresponding to the degenerate addition theorem (2).

The purpose of this paper is to prove an identity conjectured by Warnaar in \[W\], cf. Theorem 2.1, which is a generalization of (3) connected with the root system $`C_n`$. Our main tool will be a different generalization of (3), obtained by Warnaar \[W\] from a determinant evaluation.

We mention that one degenerate case of Theorem 2.1 is the terminating case of a multivariable $`{}_{6}{}^{}\psi _{6}^{}`$ sum due to van Diejen \[D\]. It generalizes various Macdonald–Morris-type identities for root systems, cf. \[D\] for a detailed discussion. Moreover, van Diejen’s sum gives the norm evaluation for the multivariable $`q`$-Racah polynomials studied by van Diejen and Stokman \[DSt\].

When \[W\] was published, Theorem 2.1 was new even in the trigonometric case ($`p=0`$). This case of the conjecture was settled by van Diejen and Spiridonov \[DS\], who deduced it from a certain multiple integral due to Gustafson \[G\], which reduces to the Nassrallah–Rahman integral \[NR\] in the one-variable case. The multiple $`q`$-series in question appears as a sum of residues of the integrand. Moreover, it was demonstrated that both sides of the equality in Theorem 2.1 are invariant under the action of $`\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$. Using the theory of modular forms, it was then proved that for $`q=e^{2ih}`$, the two sides are equal at least up to order $`h^{10}`$ around $`h=0`$; a strong indication that Warnaar’s conjecture is true. Finally, van Diejen and Spiridonov conjectured an elliptic generalization of Gustafson’s integral, involving the elliptic gamma function introduced by Ruijsenaars \[R\]. A proof of this identity would yield another proof of Theorem 2.1, completely different from the one given here. The one-variable case of the integral is treated in \[Sp\].

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Jan Felipe van Diejen and Vyacheslav Spiridonov for illuminating correspondence.

## 2. Notation and statement of results

In the rest of the paper we will use the “multiplicative” notation of \[W\] rather than the “additive” notation of \[FT\] used in the introduction. Since the elliptic modulus $`p`$ is fixed we suppress it from the notation. Thus we write

$$E\left(x\right)=\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(1xp^j\right)\left(1p^{j+1}/x\right),$$

$$E(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)=E\left(x_1\right)\mathrm{}E\left(x_m\right),$$

$$(a;q)_k=\underset{j=0}{\overset{k1}{}}E\left(aq^j\right),k_0,$$

$$(a;q)_k=\frac{1}{(aq^k;q)_k},k_{<0},$$

$$(a_1,\mathrm{},a_m;q)_k=(a_1;q)_k\mathrm{}(a_m;q)_k,$$

$$(a;q,x)_\lambda =\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}(ax^{1j};q)_{\lambda _j},\lambda ^n,$$

$$(a_1,\mathrm{},a_m;q,x)_\lambda =(a_1;q,x)_\lambda \mathrm{}(a_m;q,x)_\lambda .$$

We will use without comment standard identities such as $`(a;q)_n(aq^n;q)_k=(a;q)_{n+k}`$. We also mention the easily verified identity

(4)
$$(aq;q)_n\underset{1i<jn}{}E\left(aq^{i+j}\right)=(aq;q^2)_n\underset{1i<jn}{}E\left(aq^{i+j1}\right).$$

We can now state the main result of the paper, conjectured by Warnaar \[W\].

###### Theorem 2.1.

In the notation above,

(5)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{\lambda }{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\frac{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}\right)}q^{\lambda _i}x^{2\left(i1\right)\lambda _i}\right)\underset{1i<jn}{}(\frac{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}\right)}\hfill \\ \hfill \times \frac{(ax^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(aqx^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}})\frac{(ax^{1n},b,c,d,e,q^N;q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1},aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/e,aq^{N+1};q,x)_\lambda }\\ \hfill =\frac{(aq,aq/bc,aq/bd,aq/cd;q,x)_{N^n}}{(aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/bcd;q,x)_{N^n}},\end{array}$$

where the sum is over the partitions

$$\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_{nN}=\left\{\lambda ^n;N\lambda _1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _n0\right\}$$

and where $`bcdex^{n1}=a^2q^{N+1}`$.

Here $`N^n`$ denotes the partition with $`\lambda _i=N`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Our main tool will be the following identity, again due to Warnaar.

###### Lemma 2.2.

In the notation above,

(6)
$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{k_1,\mathrm{},k_n=0}{\overset{1}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(bx_i,cx_i,dx_i,ex_i;q)_{k_i}}{(aqx_i/b,aqx_i/c,aqx_i/d,aqx_i/e;q)_{k_i}}\left(1\right)^{k_i}q^{\left(i1\right)k_i}\hfill \\ & \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{E\left(q^{k_ik_j}x_i/x_j\right)}{E\left(x_i/x_j\right)}\frac{E\left(ax_ix_jq^{k_i+k_j}\right)}{E\left(ax_ix_jq\right)}\hfill \\ & =(aq/bc,aq/bd,aq/cd;q^1)_n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E\left(aqx_i^2\right)}{E(aq^{2n}/bcdx_i,aqx_i/b,aqx_i/c,aqx_i/d)},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`a^2q^{3n}=bcde`$.

In fact, Warnaar proved the more general identity \[W, Theorem 5.1\]

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{k_1,\mathrm{},k_n=0}{\overset{N}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E\left(ax_i^2q^{2k_i}\right)}{E\left(ax_i^2\right)}\frac{(ax_i^2,bx_i,cx_i,dx_i,ex_i,q^N;q)_{k_i}}{(q,aqx_i/b,aqx_i/c,aqx_i/d,aqx_i/e,aq^{N+1}x_i^2;q)_{k_i}}q^{ik_i}\hfill \\ & \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{E\left(q^{k_ik_j}x_i/x_j\right)}{E\left(x_i/x_j\right)}\frac{E\left(ax_ix_jq^{k_i+k_j}\right)}{E\left(ax_ix_jq^N\right)}\hfill \\ & =\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(aqx_i^2,aq^{2i}/bc,aq^{2i}/bd,aq^{2i}/cd;q)_N}{(aq^{2n}/bcdx_i,aqx_i/b,aqx_i/c,aqx_i/d;q)_N},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`a^2q^{N+2n}=bcde`$. For $`n=1`$, this is equivalent to (3) and for $`N=1`$ it reduces to (6). The case $`p=0`$ is due to Schlosser \[S\].

We will prove Theorem 2.1 by induction on the “terminator” $`N`$. However, because of a duality property for the sums in question, cf. Proposition 4.1, we can alternatively formulate the proof as an induction on the number $`n`$ of variables. In this context we remark that, for $`p=0`$, (6) is a special case not only of Schlosser’s identity but also of yet another multivariable Jackson–Dougall formula due to Denis and Gustafson \[DG\] and Milne and Lilly \[ML\]. The degeneration of the latter to the $`{}_{6}{}^{}\psi _{6}^{}`$-level, together with induction on the number of variables, was used by van Diejen \[D\] to prove the trigonometric $`{}_{6}{}^{}\psi _{6}^{}`$-version of Theorem 2.1. Nevertheless, our proof is essentially different from the one in \[D\], since we only need a very special case of the (as yet unproved) elliptic Denis–Gustafson–Milne–Lilly identity.

## 3. Proof of Theorem 2.1

We will prove Theorem 2.1 by induction on $`N`$. The argument allows us to deduce the case $`N=1`$, equivalent to (3), from the trivial case $`N=0`$, so we obtain in particular a direct proof of the one-variable elliptic Jackson–Dougall formula.

Assume that Theorem 2.1 holds for a fixed value of $`N`$. Let us fix parameters with

(7)
$$bcdex^{n1}=a^2q^{N+2}.$$

We write the right-hand side of (5) with $`N`$ replaced by $`N+1`$ as

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R& =\frac{(aq,aq/bc,aq/bd,aq/cd;q,x)_{\left(N+1\right)^n}}{(aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/bcd;q,x)_{\left(N+1\right)^n}}\hfill \\ & =\frac{(aq,aq/bc,aq/bd,aq/cd;x^1)_n}{(aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/bcd;x^1)_n}\frac{(aq^2,aq^2/bc,aq^2/bd,aq^2/cd;q,x)_{N^n}}{(aq^2/b,aq^2/c,aq^2/d,aq^2/bcd;q,x)_{N^n}},\hfill \end{array}$$

where the second factor is the right-hand side of (5) with $`a`$ replaced by $`aq`$ and $`e`$ by $`eq`$. Using our induction hypothesis, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}R=\frac{(aq,aq/bc,aq/bd,aq/cd;x^1)_n}{(aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/bcd;x^1)_n}\underset{\lambda }{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\frac{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i+1}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q\right)}q^{\lambda _i}x^{2\left(i1\right)\lambda _i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \begin{array}{cc}& \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\left(\frac{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j+1}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}q\right)}\frac{(aqx^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(aq^2x^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \frac{(aqx^{1n},b,c,d,eq,q^N;q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1},aq^2/b,aq^2/c,aq^2/d,aq/e,aq^{N+2};q,x)_\lambda }.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

We now apply (6) with

$$(a,b,c,d,e,x_i,q)(aq/x,b,c,d,eq^N,x^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},x),$$

which allows us to write

$$\begin{array}{cc}& (aq/bc,aq/bd,aq/cd;x^1)_n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i+1}\right)\hfill \\ & =\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}E(ax^{in}q^{1\lambda _i}/bcd,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+1}/b,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+1}/c,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+1}/d)\hfill \\ & \times \underset{k_1,\mathrm{},k_n=0}{\overset{1}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(bx^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},cx^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},dx^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _iN};x)_{k_i}\left(1\right)^{k_i}x^{\left(i1\right)k_i}}{(ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+1}/b,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+1}/c,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+1}/d,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+N+1}/e;x)_{k_i}}\hfill \\ & \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{E\left(x^{ji+k_ik_j}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{1ij+k_i+k_j}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j+1}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j+1}\right)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Plugging this into the previous identity and then replacing $`\lambda `$ by $`\lambda k`$ in the summation yields

$$\begin{array}{c}R=\frac{(aq;x^1)_n}{(aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/bcd;x^1)_n}\hfill \\ \times \underset{\lambda ,k}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(\frac{E(ax^{in}q^{k_i\lambda _i+1}/bcd,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/b,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/c,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/d)}{E\left(aqx^{2\left(1i\right)}\right)}\\ \times \frac{(bx^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i},cx^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i},dx^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i},ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_iN};x)_{k_i}\left(1\right)^{k_i}q^{\lambda _ik_i}x^{\left(i1\right)\left(2\lambda _ik_i\right)}}{(ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/b,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/c,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/d,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+N+1}/e;x)_{k_i}})\\ \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\{\frac{E\left(x^{ji+k_ik_j}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _jk_i+k_j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{1ij+k_i+k_j}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _jk_ik_j+1}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}q\right)}\\ \times \frac{(aqx^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _jk_ik_j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _jk_i+k_j}}{(aq^2x^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _jk_ik_j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _jk_i+k_j}}\}\\ \hfill \times \frac{(aqx^{1n},b,c,d,eq,q^N;q,x)_{\lambda k}}{(qx^{n1},aq^2/b,aq^2/c,aq^2/d,aq/e,aq^{N+2};q,x)_{\lambda k}}.\end{array}$$

We will identify the sum with respect to $`k`$ as a case of (6) with $`q`$ replaced by $`x^1`$. Since $`k_i\{0,1\}`$, we can write

$$(ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_iN};x)_{k_i}=(ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _i1N};x^1)_{k_i},$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{(aqx^{1n},eq,q^N;q,x)_{\lambda k}}{(qx^{n1},aq/e,aq^{N+2};q,x)_{\lambda k}}\hfill \\ & =\frac{(aqx^{1n},eq,q^N;q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1},aq/e,aq^{N+2};q,x)_\lambda }\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(x^{ni}q^{\lambda _i},ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i}/e,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+N+1};x^1)_{k_i}}{(ax^{2ni}q^{\lambda _i},ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},x^{1i}q^{\lambda _iN1};x^1)_{k_i}},\hfill \end{array}$$

$$(b;q,x)_{\lambda k}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(bx^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i};x)_{k_i}=(b;q,x)_\lambda ,$$

$$\frac{1}{(aq/b;x^1)_n(aq^2/b;q,x)_{\lambda k}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E\left(ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/b\right)}{(ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+1}/b;x)_{k_i}}=\frac{1}{(aq/b;q,x)_\lambda }$$

and similarly with $`b`$ replaced by $`c`$ and $`d`$. Using the reflection formula $`E\left(x\right)=xE\left(1/x\right)`$ and recalling (7), we have

$$\frac{E\left(ax^{in}q^{k_i\lambda _i+1}/bcd\right)}{(ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _ik_i+N+1}/e;x)_{k_i}}=q^{k_i}\frac{E\left(ex^{i1}q^{\lambda _iN1}/a\right)}{(ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+N+1}/e;x^1)_{k_i}}.$$

Considering the four cases $`k_i`$, $`k_j=0,1`$ separately, we find that the factor in curly brackets may be written as

$$\frac{E(x^{ji+k_jk_i}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j},ax^{3ijk_ik_j}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j},aqx^{1ij})}{E(x^{ji},ax^{3ij},aqx^{2ij})}\frac{(ax^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(aqx^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}.$$

Finally, by (4), we have

$$(aq;x^1)_n\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{E\left(aqx^{2\left(1i\right)}\right)}\underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{E\left(aqx^{1ij}\right)}{E\left(aqx^{2ij}\right)}=1.$$

These simplifications lead to

$$\begin{array}{c}R=\frac{1}{(aq/bcd;x^1)_n}\underset{\lambda }{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(E\left(ex^{i1}q^{\lambda _iN1}/a\right)q^{\lambda _i}x^{2\left(i1\right)\lambda _i}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \begin{array}{cc}& \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\left(\frac{E(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j},ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j})}{E(x^{ji},ax^{3ij})}\frac{(ax^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(aqx^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \frac{(b,c,d,aqx^{1n},eq,q^N;q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1},aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/e,aq^{N+2};q,x)_\lambda }\hfill \\ & \times \underset{k}{}\underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{E\left(x^{ji+k_jk_i}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{3ijk_ik_j}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}\right)}\hfill \\ & \times \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(x^{ni}q^{\lambda _i},ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i}/e,ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+N+1},ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _iN1};x^1)_{k_i}\left(1\right)^{k_i}x^{\left(i1\right)k_i}}{(ax^{2ni}q^{\lambda _i},ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},x^{1i}q^{\lambda _iN1},ax^{1i}q^{\lambda _i+N+1}/e;x^1)_{k_i}}.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

The sum in $`k`$ is the left-hand side of (6) with

$$(a,b,c,d,e,x_i,q)(ax,x^{n1},a/e,aq^{N+1},eq^{N1},x^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},x^1),$$

and thus equals

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i},ex^{in},x^{in}q^{N1},ex^{i1}q^{N1}/a)}{E(ax^{2in}q^{\lambda _i},ex^{1i}q^{\lambda _i},x^{1i}q^{\lambda _iN1},ex^{i1}q^{\lambda _iN1}/a)}\hfill \\ & =\frac{(aq/bcd;x^1)_n(e,q^{N1};q,x)_\lambda }{(eq,q^N;q,x)_\lambda }\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i}\right)}{E(ax^{2in}q^{\lambda _i},ex^{i1}q^{\lambda _iN1}/a)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Finally, we use (4) to write

$$\begin{array}{cc}& (aqx^{1n};q,x)_\lambda \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{E\left(ax^{2in}q^{\lambda _i}\right)}\underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{1}{E\left(ax^{3ij}\right)}\hfill \\ & =(ax^{1n};q,x)_\lambda \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}\right)}\underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{1}{E\left(ax^{2ij}\right)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Putting all this together we find that $`R`$ equals

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{\lambda }{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\frac{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}\right)}q^{\lambda _i}x^{2\left(i1\right)\lambda _i}\right)\frac{(b,c,d,ax^{1n},e,q^{N1};q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1},aq/b,aq/c,aq/d,aq/e,aq^{N+2};q,x)_\lambda }\hfill \\ \hfill \times \underset{1i<jn}{}\left(\frac{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}\right)}\frac{(ax^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(aqx^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}\right),\end{array}$$

which is indeed the left-hand side of (5) with $`N`$ replaced by $`N+1`$. This completes the proof of Theorem 2.1.

## 4. Duality

In this section we prove a duality property for sums of the type occurring in Theorem 2.1. To state the result, we use the notation

$$\begin{array}{c}{}_{r+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{r}^{\left(n\right)}(a;b_1,\mathrm{},b_{r3},q^N;q,x)\hfill \\ \hfill =\underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_{nN}}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\frac{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}q^{2\lambda _i}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2\left(1i\right)}\right)}q^{\lambda _i}x^{2\left(i1\right)\lambda _i}\right)\underset{1i<jn}{}(\frac{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}\right)}\frac{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}\right)}\\ \hfill \times \frac{(ax^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(aqx^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}})\frac{(ax^{1n},b_1,\mathrm{},b_{r3},q^N;q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1},aq/b_1,\mathrm{},aq/b_{r3},aq^{N+1};q,x)_\lambda }.\end{array}$$

It is natural to assume the balanced condition $`\left(aq\right)^{r3}=\left(x^{n1}q^{1N}_ib_i\right)^2`$, though we do not need it to prove the following proposition.

###### Proposition 4.1.

One has

$${}_{r+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{r}^{\left(n\right)}(a;b_1,\mathrm{},b_{r3},q^N;q,x)={}_{r+1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{r}^{\left(N\right)}(aqx;b_1,\mathrm{},b_{r3},x^n;x^1,q^1).$$

In fact, this holds as a termwise symmetry between the two sums, the change of summation variable $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{nN}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{Nn}`$ being conjugation of partitions. Let us write $`\lambda ^{}`$ for the conjugate of a partition $`\lambda `$. Note that, since we consider partitions into non-negative parts, $`\lambda ^{}`$ depends not only on the Young diagram of $`\lambda `$ but also on the choice of $`n`$ and $`N`$. For instance, $`(3,2,0)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{33}`$ and $`(3,2,0)\mathrm{\Lambda }_{34}`$ has conjugate $`(2,2,1)`$ and $`(2,2,1,0)`$, respectively.

To prove Proposition 4.1, we observe that since clearly $`(b;q,x)_\lambda =(b;x^1,q^1)_\lambda ^{}`$, it is enough to show that, for $`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_{nN}`$, the two quantities

$$A_\lambda =\underset{1ijn}{}\frac{E\left(ax^{2ij}q^{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(ax^{2ij}\right)}\underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{(ax^{3ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}}{(aqx^{1ij};q)_{\lambda _i+\lambda _j}}\frac{(ax^{1n};q,x)_\lambda }{(aq^{N+1};q,x)_\lambda }$$

and

$$B_\lambda =\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}q^{\lambda _i}x^{2\left(i1\right)\lambda _i}\underset{1i<jn}{}\frac{E\left(x^{ji}q^{\lambda _i\lambda _j}\right)}{E\left(x^{ji}\right)}\frac{(x^{ji+1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}{(qx^{ji1};q)_{\lambda _i\lambda _j}}\frac{(q^N;q,x)_\lambda }{(qx^{n1};q,x)_\lambda }$$

are invariant under the transformation $`(a,q,x,n,N,\lambda )(aqx,x^1,q^1,N,n,\lambda ^{})`$.

We prove the invariance of $`A_\lambda `$, the case of $`B_\lambda `$ being similar. We fix $`n`$ and $`N`$ and proceed by induction on the number of boxes in the Young diagram of $`\lambda `$, starting from the trivial case of zero boxes. Suppose that the invariance holds for a fixed partition $`\lambda `$. We will show that it also holds for any partition $`\lambda ^+`$ obtained by adding a box to the Young diagram of $`\lambda `$. There exist $`k`$ and $`l`$ with $`1kn`$, $`1lN`$ such that $`\lambda _j^+=\lambda _j`$ for $`jk`$, $`\lambda _k=l1`$ and $`\lambda _k^+=l`$. After straight-forward simplifications, we may write

$$\frac{A_{\lambda ^+}}{A_\lambda }=\frac{E(ax^{22k}q^{2l},ax^{12k}q^{2l1},ax^{2nk}q^{l1})}{E(ax^{22k}q^{2l1},ax^{32k}q^{2l2},ax^{1k}q^{l+N})}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E(ax^{2ik}q^{\lambda _i+l},ax^{3ik}q^{\lambda _i+l1})}{E(ax^{2ik}q^{\lambda _i+l1},ax^{1ik}q^{\lambda _i+l})}.$$

Next we observe that

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E\left(bx^{1i}q^{\lambda _i}\right)}{E\left(bx^iq^{\lambda _i}\right)}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{\lambda _N^{}}{}}\frac{E\left(bx^{1i}q^N\right)}{E\left(bx^iq^N\right)}\underset{i=\lambda _N^{}+1}{\overset{\lambda _{N1}^{}}{}}\frac{E\left(bx^{1i}q^{N1}\right)}{E\left(bx^iq^{N1}\right)}\times \mathrm{}\times \underset{i=\lambda _1^{}+1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{E\left(bx^{1i}\right)}{E\left(bx^i\right)}\hfill \\ & =\frac{E\left(bq^N\right)}{E\left(bx^{\lambda _N^{}}q^N\right)}\frac{E\left(bx^{\lambda _N^{}}q^{N1}\right)}{E\left(bx^{\lambda _{N1}^{}}q^{N1}\right)}\mathrm{}\frac{E\left(bx^{\lambda _1^{}}\right)}{E\left(bx^n\right)}=\frac{E\left(bq^N\right)}{E\left(bx^n\right)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{E\left(bx^{\lambda _i^{}}q^{i1}\right)}{E\left(bx^{\lambda _i^{}}q^i\right)},\hfill \end{array}$$

which gives

$$\frac{A_{\lambda ^+}}{A_\lambda }=\frac{E(ax^{22k}q^{2l},ax^{12k}q^{2l1},ax^{2k}q^{l+N1})}{E(ax^{22k}q^{2l1},ax^{32k}q^{2l2},ax^{1kn}q^l)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{E(ax^{1k\lambda _i^{}}q^{l+i1},ax^{2k\lambda _i^{}}q^{l+i2})}{E(ax^{1k\lambda _i^{}}q^{l+i},ax^{2k\lambda _i^{}}q^{l+i1})}.$$

This agrees with the expression obtained from the previous one by substituting $`(a,q,x,n,N,\lambda ,k,l)(aqx,x^1,q^1,N,n,\lambda ^{},l,k)`$. Thus the invariance of $`A_\lambda `$ implies that of $`A_{\lambda ^+}`$.