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# Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formulae on irreducible symplectic Kähler manifolds

## 1. Some linear algebra

In this section, let $`k`$ denote a field of characteristic zero, $`V`$ a $`k`$-vector space and $`A`$ a $`k`$-algebra.

We identify the exterior algebra $`(V^{})_kA`$ with the space $`_{r=0}^n\mathrm{Alt}^r(V,A)`$ of alternating multilinear forms on $`V`$ with values in $`A`$ as vector spaces by setting

(1.1)
$$((\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _r)a)(v_1,\mathrm{},v_r)=det((\alpha _i(v_j))_{ij})a$$

for $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _rV^{}`$, $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_rV`$ and $`aA`$.

###### Definition 1.

We call an element $`\sigma ^2(V^{})`$ a *symplectic form on $`V`$* and $`V`$ together with $`\sigma `$ a *symplectic $`k`$-vector space* if the map

(1.2)
$$I_\sigma :VV^{},v\sigma (,v)$$

is an isomorphism of vector spaces.

###### Remark.

A symplectic vector space is always of even dimension.

If $`\sigma `$ is a fixed symplectic form on $`V`$, we will identify $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ using the isomorphism $`I_\sigma `$. In particular, we have an induced dual symplectic form $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^2V`$ on $`V^{}`$.

For the rest of this section, let $`\sigma `$ be a fixed symplectic form on a $`2n`$-dimensional vector space $`V`$.

###### Definition 2.

We define a non-singular pairing

(1.3)
$$,:\left(V^{}_kA\right)_k\left(V^{}_kA\right)A$$

by setting

(1.4)
$$(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _r)a,(\beta _1\mathrm{}\beta _s)b=\delta _{rs}det((\sigma ^{}(\alpha _i,\beta _j))_{ij})ab$$

for $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _r,\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _sV^{}`$ and $`a,bA`$, where $`\delta _{rs}`$ is Kronecker’s $`\delta `$.

The following proposition will be used later in the case that $`V`$ is a tangent space of a complex manifold at a point $`p`$ and $`A`$ is the algebra of anti-holomorphic forms at $`p`$.

###### Proposition 1.

Let $`\sigma `$ be a symplectic form on $`V`$ and $`:(V^{})_kA^{2n}(V^{})_kA`$ the canonical projection onto the forms of top degree.

For every $`\alpha (V^{})`$ we have

(1.5)
$$(\alpha \mathrm{exp}\sigma )=(\alpha ,\mathrm{exp}\sigma \mathrm{exp}\sigma ).$$

###### Proof.

We can assume that $`A=k`$ and $`\alpha =\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _{2p}^{2p}(V^{})`$ with $`p_0`$, $`\alpha _iV^{}`$. So we have to prove

$$\alpha ^{2p}\sigma ^{(np)}=\frac{(np)!}{p!n!}\alpha ,\sigma ^p\sigma ^n.$$

Let $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_{2n}`$ be a symplectic basis of $`V`$ and $`\vartheta ^1,\mathrm{},\vartheta ^{2n}`$ the corresponding dual basis of $`V^{}`$, i.e. $`\sigma =_{i=1}^n\vartheta ^{2i1}\vartheta ^{2i}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }=_{i=1}^ne_{2i1}e_{2i}`$. It follows that $`\sigma ^n=n!\vartheta ^1\mathrm{}\vartheta ^{2n}`$. It is

$$\begin{array}{c}\alpha \sigma ^{(np)},\sigma ^n\hfill \\ \hfill =n!(np)!\underset{1i_1<\mathrm{}<i_{np}n}{}\begin{array}{cc}& <\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _{2p}\vartheta ^{2i_11}\vartheta ^{2i_i}\mathrm{}\hfill \\ & \mathrm{}\vartheta ^{2i_{np}1}\vartheta ^{2i_{np}},\vartheta ^1\mathrm{}\vartheta ^{2n}>\hfill \end{array}\\ \hfill =n!(np)!\underset{1j_1<\mathrm{}<j_pn}{}\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _{2p},\vartheta ^{2j_11}\vartheta ^{2j_1}\mathrm{}\vartheta ^{2j_p1}\vartheta ^{2j_p}\\ \hfill =\frac{n!(np)!}{p!}\alpha ,\sigma ^p.\end{array}$$

Since $`\sigma ^n`$ spans $`^{2n}(V^{})`$ and $`\sigma ^n,\sigma ^n=n!^2`$, this proves the proposition. ∎

###### Remark.

Hitchin and Sawon have stated this result for $`\alpha `$ being a two-form in \[hitchin99\], p. 8. Note that they identify the exterior algebra over $`V^{}`$ with the alternating forms on $`V`$ in a different way than we do.

Extending their formula to arbitrary degree of $`\alpha `$ is crucial for this work.

###### Definition 3.

For every set $`S`$, we denote by $`_kS`$ the Graßmann algebra generated by the elements of $`S`$ over $`k`$. If $`S^{}`$ is a subset of $`S`$, we view $`_k(S^{})`$ canonically as a subalgebra of $`_kS`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{Sym}_k^nS`$ the $`n`$-th symmetric product of the $`k`$-vector space spanned by the elements of $`S`$.

## 2. Graph homology

### 2.1. The graph homology space

In this article, *graph* means a collection of vertices connected by edges, i.e. every edge connects two vertices. We want to call a half-edge (i.e. an edge together with an adjacent vertex) of a graph a *flag*. So, every edge consists of exactly two flags. Every flag belongs to exactly one vertex of the graph. On the other hand, a vertex is given by the set of its flags. It is called *univalent*, if there is only one flag belonging to it, and it is called *trivalent*, if there are exactly three flags belonging to it. We shall identify edges and vertices with the set of their flags.

A graph is called *vertex-oriented* if, for every vertex, a cyclic ordering of its flags is fixed.

###### Definition 4.

A *Jacobi diagram* is a vertex-oriented graph with only uni- and trivalent vertices. A *connected Jacobi diagram* is a Jacobi diagram which is connected as a graph. A *trivalent Jacobi diagram* is a Jacobi diagram with no univalent vertices.

We define the *degree of a Jacobi diagram* to be the number of its vertices. It is always an even number.

###### Example.

The empty graph is a Jacobi diagram, denoted by $`1`$. The unique Jacobi diagram consisting of two univalent vertices (which are connected by an edge) is denoted by $`\mathrm{}`$.

We can always draw a Jacobi diagram in a planar drawing so that it looks like a planar graph with vertices of valence $`1`$, $`3`$ or $`4`$. Each $`4`$-valent vertex has to be interpreted as a crossing of two non-connected edges of the drawn graph and not as one of its vertices. Further, we want the counter-clockwise ordering of the flags at each trivalent vertex in the drawing to be the same as the given cyclic ordering.

In drawn Jacobi diagrams, we also use a notation like $`\mathrm{}\stackrel{𝑛}{}\mathrm{}`$ for a part of a graph which looks like a long line with $`n`$ univalent vertices (“legs”) attached to it, for example $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{}`$ for $`n=3`$. The position of $`n`$ indicates the placement of the legs relative to the “long line”.

###### Definition 5.

Let $`S`$ be a totally ordered set with $`n`$ elements. We set

(2.1)
$$\epsilon (S):=s_1\mathrm{}s_n_{}S.$$

Here, $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_n`$ are the elements of $`S`$ in increasing order.

###### Definition 6.

Let $`S`$ be a cyclicly ordered set with an odd number $`n`$ of elements. We set

(2.2)
$$\epsilon (S):=s_1\mathrm{}s_n_{}S.$$

Here, $`s_1,\mathrm{},s_n`$ are the elements of $`S`$ in an order compatible with the given cyclic one. The definition of $`\epsilon (S)`$ does not depend on this order as long as the compatibility condition is fulfilled.

###### Example.

If $`t`$ is a trivalent vertex in a Jacobi diagram, it makes sense to write $`\epsilon (t)`$ because we have said that we identify a vertex with the set of the flags belonging to it.

###### Definition 7.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a Jacobi diagram with $`k`$ trivalent and $`l`$ univalent vertices, so $`m:=\frac{3k+l}{2}`$ is the number of its edges. Let $`F`$ be the set of its flags, $`E`$ the set of its edges, $`T`$ the set of its trivalent vertices and $`U`$ the set of its univalent vertices.

A choice of total orderings of the sets $`T`$, $`U`$ and every set $`eE`$ (recall that an edge is identified with the set of the two flags belonging to it) are said to be *compatible with the orientation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$* if the equality

(2.3)
$$\epsilon (t_1)\mathrm{}\epsilon (t_k)\epsilon (u_1)\mathrm{}\epsilon (u_l)=\epsilon (e_1)\mathrm{}\epsilon (e_m)$$

holds in the Graßmann algebra $`_{}F`$ generated by the elements of $`F`$. Here, $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_k`$ are the elements of $`T`$ in increasing order, $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_l`$ are the elements of $`U`$ in increasing order, and $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_m`$ are all the edges in arbitrary order.

###### Definition 8.

We define $``$ to be the $``$-vector space spanned by all Jacobi diagrams modulo the IHX relation

(2.4)
$$=$$

and the anti-symmetry (AS) relation

(2.5)
$$+=0,$$

which can be applied anywhere within a diagram. (For this definition see also \[barnatan95\] and \[thurston00\].)

Furthermore, let $`^{}`$ be the subspace of $``$ spanned by all Jacobi diagrams not containing $`\mathrm{}`$ as a component, and let $`^\mathrm{t}`$ be the subspace of $`^{}`$ spanned by all trivalent Jacobi diagrams. All these are graded and double-graded. The grading is induced by the degree of the Jacobi diagrams, the double-grading by the number of univalent and trivalent vertices.

The completion of $``$ (resp. $`^{}`$, resp. $`^\mathrm{t}`$) with respect to the grading will be denoted by $`\widehat{}`$ (resp. $`\widehat{}^{}`$, resp. $`\widehat{}^\mathrm{t}`$).

All these spaces are called *graph homology spaces* and their elements are called *graph homology classes* or *graphs* for short.

###### Remarks.

The subspaces $`_k`$ of $`\widehat{}`$ spanned by the Jacobi diagrams of degree $`k`$ are always of finite dimension. The subspace $`_0`$ is one-dimensional and spanned by the graph homology class of the empty diagram $`1`$.

###### Example.

If $`\gamma `$ is a graph which has a part looking like $`\mathrm{}\stackrel{𝑛}{}\mathrm{}`$, it will become $`(1)^n\gamma `$ if we substitute the part $`\mathrm{}\stackrel{𝑛}{}\mathrm{}`$ by $`\mathrm{}\underset{𝑛}{}\mathrm{}`$ due to the anti-symmetry relation.

### 2.2. Operations with graphs and special graphs

###### Definition 9.

Disjoint union of Jacobi diagrams induces a bilinear map

(2.6)
$$\widehat{}\times \widehat{}\widehat{},(\gamma ,\gamma ^{})\gamma \gamma ^{}.$$

By mapping $`1`$ to $`1\widehat{}`$, the space $`\widehat{}`$ becomes a graded $``$-algebra, which has no components in odd degrees. Often, we omit the product sign “$``$”. $``$, $`^{}`$, $`^\mathrm{t}`$ and so on are subalgebras.

###### Definition 10.

Let $`k`$. We call the graph homology class of the Jacobi diagram $`\stackrel{2k}{}`$ the *$`2k`$-wheel $`w_{2k}`$*, i.e. $`w_2=`$, $`w_4=`$ and so on. It has $`2k`$ univalent and $`2k`$ trivalent vertices. Further, we set $`w_0:=1`$.

For $`k_1,k_2`$, we call the graph homology class of the Jacobi diagram $`\underset{k_2}{\overset{k_1}{}}`$ a *double-wheel*, denoted by $`w_{k_1,k_2}`$. In particular, $`w_{0,0}=`$.

Next, we define a very special element $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ of the graph homology space with very remarkable properties, which have been proven by Bar-Natan, Le and Thurston (see \[thurston00\]).

###### Definition 11.

Let the series $`(b_{2k})_k^_0`$ of the *modified Bernoulli numbers* (c.f. \[thurston00\]) be defined by

(2.7)
$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{2k}x^{2k}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\frac{x}{2}}{\frac{x}{2}}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{}^{}`$ be the image of the element

(2.8)
$$\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{2k}x_{2k}\right)[[(x_{2k})_k]]$$

under the morphism $`[[(x_{2k})]]\widehat{}^{}_{}`$ of $``$-algebras that maps $`x_{2k}`$ to $`w_{2k}`$.

For any $`\mu `$ we set $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ):=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_k\mu ^k`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_k`$ is the homogeneous component of degree $`2k`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. (Note that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_k=0`$ for odd $`k`$.)

The following remark is stated in \[thurston00\].

###### Remark.

The modified Bernoulli numbers are connected to the usual Bernoulli numbers $`B_1,B_2,B_3,\mathrm{}`$ via

(2.9)
$$b_{2k}=\frac{B_{2k}}{4k(2k)!}$$

for all $`k`$. In addition to this, $`b_0=0`$.

The generating function of the (usual) Bernoulli numbers is given by

(2.10)
$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}t^k=\frac{t}{e^t1}.$$

Note that $`B_k=0`$ for $`k>1`$ and $`k`$ odd. Furthermore, $`B_0=1`$ and $`B_1=\frac{1}{2}`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a Jacobi diagram and $`u,u^{}`$ be two different univalent vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. At least one of them should not belong to a component $`\mathrm{}`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Let $`v`$ (resp. $`v^{}`$) be the vertex $`u`$ (resp. $`u^{}`$) is attached to. The process of *glueing the vertices $`u`$ and $`u^{}`$* means to remove $`u`$ and $`u^{}`$ together with the edges connecting them to $`v`$ resp. $`v^{}`$ and to add a new edge between $`v`$ and $`v^{}`$. Thus, we arrive at a new graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/(u,u^{})`$, whose number of trivalent vertices is the numbers of trivalent vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and whose number of univalent vertices is the numbers of univalent vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ minus two. To make it a Jacobi diagram we define the cyclic orientation of the flags at $`v`$ (resp. $`v^{}`$) to be the cyclic orientation of the flags at $`v`$ (resp. $`v^{}`$) in $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with the flag belonging to the edge connecting $`v`$ (resp. $`v^{}`$) with $`u`$ (resp. $`u^{}`$) replaced by the flag belonging to the added edge.

For example, glueing the two univalent vertices of $`w_2`$ leads to the graph .

Of course, the process of glueing to univalent vertices given above does not work if $`u`$ and $`u^{}`$ are the two univalent vertices of $`\mathrm{}`$, thus our assumption on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

###### Definition 12.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be two Jacobi diagrams, at least one of them without $`\mathrm{}`$ as a component and $`U=\{u_1,\mathrm{},u_n\}`$ resp. $`U^{}`$ the sets of their univalent vertices. We define

(2.11)
$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}):=\underset{\begin{array}{c}f:UU^{}\\ \text{injective}\end{array}}{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})/(u_1,f(u_1))/\mathrm{}/(u_n,f(u_n)),$$

viewed as an element in $`\widehat{}`$.

This induces for every $`\gamma \widehat{}`$ a $`\widehat{}^\mathrm{t}`$-linear map

(2.12)
$$\widehat{\gamma }:\widehat{}^{}\widehat{}^{},\gamma ^{}\widehat{\gamma }(\gamma ^{}).$$

###### Example.

Set $`:=\frac{1}{2}\widehat{\mathrm{}}`$. It is is an endomorphismus of $`\widehat{}^{}`$ of degree $`2`$. For example, $`=`$. By setting

(2.13)
$$(\gamma ,\gamma ^{}):=(\gamma \gamma ^{})(\gamma )\gamma ^{}\gamma (\gamma ^{})$$

for $`\gamma ,\gamma ^{}\widehat{}^{}`$, we have the following formula for all $`\gamma \widehat{}^{}`$:

(2.14)
$$(\gamma ^n)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{1}\right)(\gamma )\gamma ^{n1}+\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{2}\right)(\gamma ,\gamma )\gamma ^{n2}.$$

Acting by $``$ on a Jacobi diagram means to glue two of its univalent vertices in all possible ways, acting by $`(,)`$ on two Jacobi diagrams means to connect them by glueing an univalent vertex of the first with an univalent vertex of the second in all possible ways. For example, we have

(2.15)
$$(w_{2k})=k\underset{n=0}{\overset{2k2}{}}w_{n,2k2n}$$

for $`k`$ and, by the IHX relation,

(2.16)
$$(w_{2k_1},w_{2k_2})=8k_1k_2w_{2k_11,2k_21}$$

for $`k_1,k_2`$.

###### Definition 13.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be two Jacobi diagrams, at least one of them without $`\mathrm{}`$ as a component, and $`U=\{u_1,\mathrm{},u_n\}`$ resp. $`U^{}`$ the sets of their univalent vertices. We define

(2.17)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}:=\underset{\begin{array}{c}f:UU^{}\\ \text{bijective}\end{array}}{}(\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})/(u_1,f(u_1))/\mathrm{}/(u_n,f(u_n)),$$

viewed as an element in $`\widehat{}^\mathrm{t}`$.

This induces a $`\widehat{}^\mathrm{t}`$-bilinear map

(2.18)
$$,,\widehat{}^{}\times \widehat{}\widehat{}^\mathrm{t},$$

which is symmetric on $`\widehat{}^{}\times \widehat{}^{}`$.

Note that $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is zero unless $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ have equal numbers of univalent vertices. In this case, the expression is the sum over all possibilities to glue the univalent vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with univalent vertices of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$.

###### Proposition 2.

The map $`1,:\widehat{}\widehat{}^\mathrm{t}`$ is the canonical projection map, i.e. it removes all non-trivalent components from a graph. Furthermore, for $`\gamma \widehat{}^{}`$ and $`\gamma ^{}\widehat{}`$, we have

(2.19)
$$\gamma ,\frac{\mathrm{}}{2}\gamma ^{}=\gamma ,\gamma ^{}.$$

For $`\gamma ,\gamma ^{}\widehat{}`$, we have the following (combinatorial) formula:

(2.20)
$$\mathrm{exp}()(\gamma \gamma ^{}),1=\mathrm{exp}()\gamma ,\mathrm{exp}()\gamma ^{}$$

###### Proof.

The formula (2.19) should be clear from the definitions.

Let us investigate (2.20) a bit more. We can assume that $`\gamma `$ and $`\gamma ^{}`$ are Jacobi diagrams with $`l`$ resp. $`l^{}`$ univalent vertices and $`l+l^{}=2n`$ with $`n_0`$. So we have to prove

$$\frac{^n}{n!}(\gamma \gamma ^{})=\underset{\begin{array}{c}m,m^{}=0\\ lm=l^{}m^{}\end{array}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{^m}{m!}\gamma ,\frac{^m^{}}{m^{}!}\gamma ^{},$$

since $`,1:\widehat{}\widehat{}^\mathrm{t}`$ means to remove the components with at least one univalent vertex. Recalling the meaning of $`,`$, it should be clear that (2.2) follows from the fact that applying $`\frac{^k}{k!}`$ on a Jacobi diagram means to glue $`k`$ pairs of its univalent vertices in all possible ways. ∎

### 2.3. $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ as an eigenvector of the operator $``$

As said above, the element $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ plays a central role in the “Wheeling Theorem” (see \[thurston00\], where Bar-Natan, Le and Thurston have gave a knot theoretical prove of this theorem). Hitchin and Sawon (\[hitchin99\]) discovered that this theorem together with the ideas of Rozansky and Witten (\[rozansky97\]) can be used to deduce some interesting facts about characteristic classes on irreducible symplectic Kähler manifolds.

To prove our Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula on irreducible symplectic Kähler manifolds along the ideas of Hitchin and Sawon, we could make use of the “Wheeling Theorem”. However, it tells us a lot more about $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ than we actually need. In fact, we only need the statement given in theorem 2.1 about $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ to prove our results. Similarly, everything stated in \[hitchin99\] that is based on the “Wheeling Theorem” can also be based on theorem 2.1.

The following theorem is a corollary of lemma 6.2 in \[thurston00\]. Nevertheless, we give another proof here, which does not use any knot theory.

###### Theorem 2.1.

For each $`\mu `$, the graph $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )`$ is an eigenvector of the endomorphismus $`:\widehat{}^{}\widehat{}^{}`$ with the eigenvalue $`\frac{\mu ^2}{48}`$, i.e.

(2.21)
$$\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )=\frac{\mu ^2}{48}\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ).$$

To make the proof of the theorem readable, we first state two lemmata. The first lemma is a combinatorial one, which makes use of the IHX relations. It collects some results of Chmutov, Dasbach and Duzhin Dasbach (see \[chmutov99\] and \[dasbach98\]).

###### Lemma 2.2.

Let $`𝒲`$ be the subspace of $`\widehat{}`$ that is spanned by all graphs $`w_{i,j}`$ with $`i,j_0`$. Let $`P:𝒲\mathrm{Sym}_{}^3((x_n)_{n_0})`$ be the map defined by

(2.22)
$$P(w_{i,j})=\{\begin{array}{cc}2_{l,m=0}^{\mathrm{}}(1)^{l+m}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{l}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{j}{m}\right)x_lx_mx_{i+jlm}\hfill & \text{for }i+j\text{ even}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{for }i+j\text{ odd.}\hfill \end{array}$$

Then $`P`$ is injective.

###### Proof.

First, we show that $`P`$ is well-defined.

For every $`n_0`$, let $`𝒲_n`$ be the subspace of $`𝒲`$ spanned by all $`w_{i,j}`$ with $`i+j=n`$. It is enough to show that for all $`n_0`$ there exists a injective map $`P_n:𝒲_n\mathrm{Sym}_{}^3((x_n)_{n_0})`$ that fulfills (2.22). Further, we can restrict ourselves to the case of even $`n`$ due to lemma 6.2 of \[dasbach98\], which says that $`w_{i,j}`$ is homologous to zero for odd $`n`$. (This follows at once from the anti-symmetry relation.)

For any $`N>n`$, the map $`P_{𝔤𝔩(N)}`$ defined in section 3.1 of \[chmutov99\] can be taken as $`P`$ when restricted to $`𝒲_n`$. This is because of proposition 4.5 of \[chmutov99\], where it is shown that $`P_{𝔤𝔩(N)}`$ evaluated at $`w_{i,j}`$ equals the right hand side of (2.22).

It remains to show that $`P_n`$ is injective. This can be proven by a dimension argument: By lemma 6.2 and lemma 6.8 of \[dasbach98\] the image of $`𝒲_n`$ under $`P_n`$ has at least the dimension of $`𝒲_n`$, so $`P_n`$ is injective. ∎

###### Lemma 2.3.

Let $`B_0,B_1,B_2,`$ denote the Bernoulli numbers. The following formula holds in $`\mathrm{Sym}_{}^3((x_n)_{n_0})`$:

(2.23)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}\underset{n=0}{\overset{k2}{}}\underset{l,m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1)^{l+m}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{l}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k2n}{m}\right)x_lx_mx_{k2lm}\hfill \\ \hfill +\underset{i,j=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_i}{i!}\frac{B_j}{j!}\underset{l,m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1)^{l+m}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{l}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{j1}{m}\right)x_lx_mx_{i+j2lm}=\frac{1}{12}x_0^3.\end{array}$$

###### Proof.

In $`[X_1,X_2,X_3]`$, we calculate

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{\pi 𝔖_3}{}(\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}\underset{n=0}{\overset{k2}{}}\underset{l,m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1)^{l+m}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{l}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k2n}{m}\right)X_{\pi (1)}^lX_{\pi (2)}^mX_{\pi (3)}^{k2lm}\hfill \\ \hfill +\underset{i,j=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_i}{i!}\frac{B_j}{j!}\underset{l,m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1)^{l+m}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i1}{l}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{j1}{m}\right)X_{\pi (1)}^lX_{\pi (2)}^mX_{\pi (3)}^{i+j2lm})\\ \hfill =\underset{\pi 𝔖_3}{}(\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}\underset{n=0}{\overset{k2}{}}(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)})^n(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)})^{k2n}\\ \hfill +\underset{i,j=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_i}{i!}\frac{B_j}{j!}(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)})^{i1}(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)})^{j1})\\ \hfill =\underset{\pi 𝔖_3}{}(\frac{1}{X_{\pi (1)}X_{\pi (2)}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{1}{X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)}}\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}\left(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)}\right)^k\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)}}\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}\left(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)}\right)^k\hfill \end{array}\right)\\ \hfill +\frac{1}{(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)})(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)})}\\ \hfill \left(\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)})^k\right)\left(\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)})^k\right))\\ \hfill =\underset{\pi 𝔖_3}{}(\frac{1}{X_{\pi (1)}X_{\pi (2)}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)}\right)1}\frac{1}{X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)}}\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)}\right)1}+\frac{1}{X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)}}\hfill \end{array}\right)\\ \hfill +\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)}\right)1}\frac{1}{X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (1)}}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \hfill (\frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}\left(X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)}\right)1}\frac{1}{X_{\pi (3)}X_{\pi (2)}}+\frac{1}{2}))=\frac{1}{2}.\end{array}$$

This proves the lemma because there is a well-defined $``$-linear map

$$\mathrm{Sym}_{}^3((x_n)_{n_0})[X_1,X_2,X_3],x_ix_jx_k\underset{\pi 𝔖_3}{}X_{\pi (i)}^iX_{\pi (2)}^jX_{\pi (3)}^k,$$

which is injective. ∎

###### Proof of the theorem..

Since $``$ is a linear operator of degree $`2`$ on $`\widehat{}^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{2k}\mu ^{2k}`$, we can assume that $`\mu =1`$. Set $`\mathrm{\Gamma }:=_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}b_{2k}w_{2k}`$. We have

$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`=\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{\Gamma })={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\mathrm{\Gamma }^n)}{n!}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\mathrm{\Gamma }){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n1}}{(n1)!}}+{\displaystyle \underset{n=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma })}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{n2}}{(n2)!}}`$
$`=\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma })\right)\mathrm{\Omega },`$
so we see that $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is an eigenvector. We just have to calculate the eigenvalue:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}b_{2k}w_{2k}+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}b_{2i}b_{2j}{\displaystyle \frac{(w_{2i},w_{2j})}{2}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}kb_{2k}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{2k2}{}}}w_{n,2k2n}+{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}4ijb_{2i}b_{2j}w_{2i1,2j1}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_{2k}}{(2k)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{2k2}{}}}w_{n,2k2n}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_{2i}}{(2i)!}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_{2j}}{(2j)!}}w_{2i1,2j1}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_k}{k!}}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{k2}{}}}w_{n,k2n}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_i}{i!}}{\displaystyle \frac{B_j}{j!}}w_{i1,j1}.`$
Applying the (injectiv) map $`P`$ of lemma 2.2 and using lemma 2.3 yields

$$\begin{array}{c}P\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }+\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma })\right)=\frac{1}{4}P\left(\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_k}{k!}\underset{n=0}{\overset{k2}{}}w_{n,k2n}+\underset{i,j=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{B_i}{i!}\frac{B_j}{j!}w_{i1,j1}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill =\frac{1}{24}x_0^3=P\left(\frac{1}{48}w_{0,0}\right)=P\left(\frac{1}{48}\right).\end{array}$$

Because of the injectivity of $`P`$, this proves the theorem. ∎

## 3. Rozansky-Witten classes

The idea to associate to every graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and every hyperkähler manifold $`X`$ a cohomology class $`\mathrm{RW}_X(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is due to Rozansky and Witten (c.f. \[rozansky97\]). Kapranov showed in \[kapranov99\] that the metric structure of a hyperkähler manifold is not nessessary to define these classes. It was his idea to build the whole theory upon the Atiyah class and the symplectic structure of a symplectic Kähler manifold. We will use his definition of Rozansky-Witten classes in this section.

### 3.1. Rozansky-Witten classes in general

Let $`k`$ be a field of characteristic zero, $`V`$ a finite-dimensional $`k`$-vector space, $`A=_{i=0}^{\mathrm{}}A_i`$ a $``$-graded (super)commutative $`k`$-algebra and $`\sigma `$ a symplectic form on $`V`$.

We shall use this general setting later in the case that $`V=𝒯_{X,x}`$ is the holomorphic tangent space of a complex manifold $`X`$ at a point $`x`$ and $`A=\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}_{X,x}^{}`$ is the Graßmann algebra of anti-holomorphic forms at $`x`$.

For every Jacobi diagram $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`k`$ trivalent and $`l`$ univalent vertices and every $`\alpha \mathrm{Sym}^3V_kA_1`$, we define an element

(3.1)
$$\mathrm{RW}_{\sigma ,\alpha }(\mathrm{\Gamma })^l(V^{})A_k$$

by the following procedure:

Let $`T`$ denote the set of trivalent vertices, $`U`$ the set of univalent vertices, $`E`$ the set of edges and $`F`$ the set of flags of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. So, $`l=\left|U\right|`$ and $`k=\left|T\right|`$. The Jacobi diagram $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ defines the map

(3.2)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }:(\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T(\mathrm{End}V)^U& \stackrel{\text{(1)}}{}\left(\underset{tT}{}V^t\right)A_1^TV^U(V^{})^U\hfill \\ & \stackrel{\text{(2)}}{}V^F(V^{})^UA_1^T\hfill \\ & \stackrel{\text{(3)}}{}\underset{eE}{}V^e(V^{})^UA_1^T\hfill \\ & \stackrel{\text{(4)}}{}(V^2)^{\frac{3k+l}{2}}(V^{})^l(A_1)^k\hfill \\ & \stackrel{\text{(5)}}{}^l(V^{})A_k,\hfill \end{array}$$

where

1. is induced by the inclusions of the symmetric tensors $`\mathrm{Sym}^3V`$ in the spaces $`V^t`$ with $`tT`$ (note again that $`t`$ is a set of three elements) and the canonical identification $`\mathrm{End}V=VV^{}`$,
2. is induced by the canonical bijection $`U_{tT}tF`$ which is on each $`tT`$ the inclusion of the subset $`t`$ in $`F`$ and which maps each $`uU`$ to the flag belonging to $`u`$,
3. is induced by the associativity of the tensor product (note that $`_{eE}e=F`$),
4. is induced by choosing total orderings of the set $`E`$, the sets $`eE`$, the set $`U`$ and the set $`T`$, which are compatible with the orientation of the graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and
5. is given by $`((v_1v_2)\mathrm{}(v_{3k+l1}v_{3k+l}))(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _l)(a_1\mathrm{}a_k)\sigma (v_1,v_2)\mathrm{}\sigma (v_{3k+l1},v_{3k+l})(\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _l)(a_1\mathrm{}a_k)`$.

The map $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is independent of the specific choice made in (4). One defines

(3.3)
$$\mathrm{RW}_{\sigma ,\alpha }(\mathrm{\Gamma }):=\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^T(\mathrm{id}_V)^U).$$

The following proposition summarizes some of the properties of the maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ we need later on. All of them follow directly from the definitions.

###### Proposition 3.

Identifying the set of the univalent vertices of $`\mathrm{}`$ with the set $`\{1,2\}`$, we have

(3.4)
$$\mathrm{\Phi }^{\mathrm{}}:(\mathrm{End}V)^2^2(V^{}),(v_1\lambda _1)(v_2\lambda _2)\sigma (v_1,v_2)(\lambda _1\lambda _2)$$

for all $`v_1,v_2V`$, $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2V^{}`$.

Let $`k_0`$. Identifying both the set of the univalent vertices and the set of the trivalent vertices of the wheel $`w_{2k}`$ (viewed as a Jacobi diagram) with the set $`\{1,\mathrm{},2k\}`$, we have

(3.5)
$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }^{w_{2k}}:(\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^{2k}(\mathrm{End}V)^{2k}^{2k}(V^{})A_{2k},\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{i=1}{\overset{2k}{}}(v_i^3a_i)\underset{i=1}{\overset{2k}{}}(w_i\lambda _i)\underset{i/(2k)}{}(\sigma (v_i,v_{i+1})\sigma (v_i,w_i))\underset{i=1}{\overset{2k}{}}\lambda _i\underset{i=1}{\overset{2k}{}}a_i\end{array}$$

for all $`v_i,w_iV`$, $`\lambda _iV^{}`$ and $`a_iA_1`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ be two Jacobi diagrams with univalent vertices $`U`$ and $`U^{}`$ and trivalent vertices $`T`$ and $`T^{}`$. Let the cardinalities of $`T`$, $`T^{}`$, $`U`$, $`U^{}`$ be $`k`$, $`k^{}`$, $`l`$, $`l^{}`$. Then the diagram

(3.6)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\begin{array}{cc}& \left((\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T(\mathrm{End}V)^U\right)\hfill \\ & \left((\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T^{}(\mathrm{End}V)^U^{}\right)\hfill \end{array}& \stackrel{\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}{}& \begin{array}{cc}& \left(^{2l}(V^{})A_{2k}\right)\hfill \\ & \left(^{2l^{}}(V^{})A_{2k^{}}\right)\hfill \end{array}\\ & & & & \\ (\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^{(TT^{})}(\mathrm{End}V)^{(UU^{})}& \underset{\mathrm{\Phi }^{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}}{}& ^{2(l+l^{})}(V^{})A_{2(k+k^{})},\end{array}$$

where the vertical maps are the canonical ones, and the diagram
(3.7)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\begin{array}{cc}& \left((\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T(\mathrm{End}V)^U\right)\hfill \\ & \left((\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T^{}(\mathrm{End}V)^U^{}\right)\hfill \end{array}& \stackrel{\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Phi }^\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}{}& \begin{array}{cc}& \left(^{2l}(V^{})A_{2k}\right)\hfill \\ & \left(^{2l^{}}(V^{})A_{2k^{}}\right)\hfill \end{array}\\ & & & & \\ (\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T(\mathrm{Sym}^3VA_1)^T^{}& \underset{\mathrm{\Phi }^{\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}}}{}& A_{2(k+k^{})},\end{array}$$

where the left vertical map is induced by tensoring with the identity on $`V`$ and the right one is just (1.4), commute.

### 3.2. Rozansky-Witten invariants of symplectic Kähler manifolds

All our Kähler manifolds are assumed to be compact.

Let $`X`$ be a symplectic Kähler manifold, $`\sigma `$ a fixed symplectic form and $`\alpha `$ a Dolbeault representative of the Atiyah class of $`X`$. We can use $`\sigma `$ to identify the tangent bundle $`𝒯_X`$ of $`X`$ with the cotangent bundle $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X`$. Doing this, $`\alpha `$ can be viewed as an element of $`A^1(X,𝒯_X^3)`$. Here, $`A^k(X,E)`$ denotes the space of $`(0,k)`$-forms with values in a holomorphic vector bundle $`E`$. We set $`A^{l,k}(X):=A^k(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^l)`$.

The following proposition was proven by Kapranov in \[kapranov99\].

###### Proposition 4.

The values of $`\alpha `$ are symmetric tensors, i.e. $`\alpha A^1(X,\mathrm{Sym}^3𝒯_X)`$.

###### Definition 14.

For every Jacobi diagram $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`k`$ trivalent and $`l`$ univalent vertices, one defines

(3.8)
$$\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Gamma })\mathrm{H}^k(X,\mathrm{\Omega }^l)$$

to be the Dolbeault cohomology class of the ($`\overline{}`$-)closed $`(l,k)`$-form

(3.9)
$$(x\mathrm{RW}_{\sigma _x,\alpha _x}(\mathrm{\Gamma }))A^{l,k}(X).$$

(That the form defined in (3.9) is $`\overline{}`$-closed follows from the fact that $`\sigma `$ and $`\alpha `$ are $`\overline{}`$-closed.)

For a $``$-linear combination $`\gamma `$ of Jacobi diagrams, $`\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\gamma )`$ is defined by linear extension.

In \[kapranov99\], Kapranov also showed the following proposition, which is crucial for the next definition.

###### Proposition 5.

If $`\gamma `$ is a $``$-linear combination of Jacobi diagrams that is zero modulo the anti-symmetry and IHX relations, then $`\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\gamma )=0`$.

###### Definition 15.

We define a linear map

(3.10)
$$\mathrm{RW}_\sigma :\widehat{}\mathrm{H}^{}(X,\mathrm{\Omega }^{}),$$

which maps $`\widehat{}_{k,l}`$ into $`\mathrm{H}^k(X,\mathrm{\Omega }^l)`$, by mapping a homology class of a Jacobi diagram $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ to $`\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Gamma })`$.

The values of the just defined map $`\mathrm{RW}_\sigma `$ are called *Rozansky-Witten classes of the symplectic Kähler manifold $`X`$*.

### 3.3. Examples of Rozansky-Witten classes

Let $`X`$ and $`\sigma `$ be as before.

###### Example.

The Dolbeault cohomology class $`[\sigma ]\mathrm{H}^{2,0}(X)`$ is a Rozansky-Witten class, more precisely, we have

(3.11)
$$\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{})=2\sigma ,$$

which follows from (3.4).

The following example is due to Hitchin and Sawon \[hitchin99\]. It is of great importance for their and our results.

###### Example.

Let $`\mathrm{ch}(X)=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}s_{2k}/(2k)!`$, $`s_{2k}\mathrm{H}^{2k,2k}(X)`$, be the Chern character of $`X`$. Then

(3.12)
$$\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (w_{2k})=s_{2k}$$

for all $`k_0`$. (Note that for a symplectic manifold $`\mathrm{ch}(X)`$ has no term in degree $`(k,k)`$ for $`k`$ odd.)

Since the algebra of characteristic classes of $`X`$ is spanned by the classes $`s_{2k}`$, every characteristic class is a Rozansky-Witten class due to proposition 6 below.

A proof of (3.12) is given by Hitchin and Sawon in \[hitchin99\], where the Rozansky-Witten invariants are defined by using the Riemann curvature tensor of a hyperkähler metric of $`X`$ instead of the Atiyah class. An idea of the proof in our context is given below.

###### Idea of the proof of (3.12).

As remarked in \[kapranov99\] by Kapranov, a Dolbeault representative of the Atiyah class $`\alpha A^1(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X\mathrm{End}𝒯_X)`$ on every Kähler manifold $`X`$ is related to the characteristic classes $`s_k\mathrm{H}^{k,k}(X)`$ of $`X`$ in the following way: A Dolbeault representative of $`s_k`$ is given by $`\mathrm{Alt}(\mathrm{tr}(\alpha ^k))`$. Here, $`\alpha ^kA^k(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^k\mathrm{End}𝒯_X)`$ means taking the $`k`$-th product of $`\alpha `$ viewed as $`(0,1)`$-form, giving an element of $`A^k(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^k_X(\mathrm{End}𝒯_X)^k)`$, and then using the associative algebra structure of $`\mathrm{End}𝒯_X`$. Further, $`\mathrm{tr}`$ means taking the trace on $`\mathrm{End}𝒯_X`$, and $`\mathrm{Alt}`$ is induced by the canonical projection $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X^k\mathrm{\Omega }_X^k`$.

That this procedure on symplectic Kähler manifolds is essentially the same as taking the Rozansky-Witten class of a wheel follows from (3.5). ∎

###### Example.

The Todd genus of a symplectic complex manifold $`X`$ is given by

(3.13)
$$\mathrm{td}(X)=\mathrm{exp}\left(2\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{2k}s_{2k}\right),$$

with $`b_{2k}`$ being a modified Bernoulli number (see \[hitchin99\] for this statement). Thus,

(3.14)
$$\mathrm{td}(X)=\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }^2).$$

### 3.4. Properties of Rozansky-Witten classes

###### Proposition 6.

The map $`\mathrm{RW}_\sigma :\widehat{}\mathrm{H}^,(X)`$ is a morphism of graded $``$-algebras.

Furthermore, we have

(3.15)
$$\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})=\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Gamma }),\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Gamma }^{})$$

for all $`\mathrm{\Gamma },\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}\widehat{}`$.

###### Proof.

The statements follow from (3.6) and (3.7). ∎

The following proposition is also stated in \[hitchin99\] in a slightly different notation. With the formalism introduced here, we can give a compact proof.

###### Proposition 7.

If $`X`$ is irreducible, we have

(3.16)
$$\mathrm{RW}_\sigma ()=\frac{2_Xc_2(X)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}{n\mathrm{exp}_X(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}[\overline{\sigma }].$$

###### Proof.

Due to the irreducibility of $`X`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{H}^{2k}(X,𝒪_X)=[\overline{\sigma }]`$ for all $`k_0`$, we can write

(3.17)
$$\alpha =\frac{_X\alpha \mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}{n_X\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}[\overline{\sigma }]$$

for all $`\alpha \mathrm{H}^{0,2}(X)`$. Using this, we have

(3.18)
$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{RW}_\sigma ()=\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\frac{1}{2}w_2,\mathrm{}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (w_2),\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{})\hfill \\ \hfill =s_2,\sigma =2c_2(X),\mathrm{exp}\sigma =\frac{2_Xc_2(X),\mathrm{exp}\sigma \mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}{n_X\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}[\overline{\sigma }],\end{array}$$

which proves the proposition because of proposition 1. ∎

## 4. The Euler characteristic of a line bundle in terms of the quadratic form

Let $`X`$ be an irreducible symplectic Kähler manifold with symplectic form $`\sigma `$.

### 4.1. The quadratic form on an irreducible symplectic manifold

Let us assume $`_X(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^n=1`$ for this subsection.

###### Definition 16.

We set

(4.1)
$$\begin{array}{c}f_X:\mathrm{H}^2(X,),\hfill \\ \hfill \alpha \frac{n}{2}_X\alpha ^2(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}+(1n)\left(_X\alpha \overline{\sigma }(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}\right)\left(_X\alpha \sigma (\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}\right).\end{array}$$

###### Remark.

The form $`f_X`$ is a multiple of the Beauville-Bogomolov quadratic form $`q_X`$ on $`X`$. A detailed discussion of $`f_X`$ and $`q_X`$ can be found in \[huybrechts99\]. Note that $`f_X(\alpha )=\frac{n}{2}\alpha ^2(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}`$ if $`\alpha \mathrm{H}^{1,1}(X)`$.

We need a fact about $`f_X`$, which was proved by Huybrechts in \[huybrechts99\].

###### Proposition 8.

Assume that $`\alpha \mathrm{H}^{4j}(X,)`$ is a characteristic class of $`X`$ (it suffices to assume that $`\alpha `$ is of type $`(2j,2j)`$ on all small deformations of $`X`$). Then there is a constant $`c_\alpha `$, depending on $`\alpha `$, with

(4.2)
$$_X\alpha \beta ^{2(nj)}=c_\alpha (f_X(\beta ))^{nj}$$

for all $`\beta \mathrm{H}^2(X,)`$.

###### Corollary 4.1.

For all $`\beta \mathrm{H}^2(X,)`$, we have

(4.3)
$$_X\beta ^{2n}=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n}{n}\right)(f_X(\beta ))^n$$

and

(4.4)
$$_Xc_2(X)\beta ^{2n2}=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2n2}{n1}\right)\left(_Xc_2(X)(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}\right)(f_X(\beta ))^{n1}.$$

###### Proof.

Set $`\alpha =1`$ in (4.2). To obtain $`c_1`$, compute both sides with $`\beta =\sigma +\overline{\sigma }`$, which proves the first equation.

Then set $`\alpha =c_2(X)`$ in (4.2). To obtain $`c_{c_2(X)}`$ compute both sides with $`\beta =\sigma +\overline{\sigma }`$, which leads to the second equation. ∎

### 4.2. A Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula

Let us define the number

(4.5)
$$\lambda :=\frac{24n_X\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}{_Xc_2(X)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })}$$

for the pair $`(X,\sigma )`$. It is well-defined (i.e. the denominator does not vanish) because $`_Xc_2(X)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })`$ equals the $`\mathrm{L}^2`$-norm of the Riemann curvature tensor of $`X`$ (having been equipped with a hyperkähler metric compatible with the given symplectic structure) up to a positive constant (see \[hitchin99\]). But if the Riemann curvature tensor vanishes, $`X`$ is a torus, which contradicts the assumption on irreducibility.

We continue to write $`b_{2k}`$ for the modified Bernoulli numbers and $`s_{2k}`$ for the homogeneous components of $`\mathrm{ch}(X)`$ (up to the constant $`(2k)!`$).

###### Proposition 9.

For all $`\mu `$ with $`\mu ^2+\mu ^2=2+\lambda `$, we have

(4.6)
$$_X\mathrm{td}(X)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })=_X\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{2k}s_{2k}(\mu ^{2k}+\mu ^{2k})\right).$$

###### Proof.

Note that $`\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }=(\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ),\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1)`$. Then

$$\begin{array}{c}_X\mathrm{td}(X)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })=_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }^2)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })\hfill \\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }^2),\mathrm{exp}\sigma \mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })=_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{\Omega }^2,\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{}/2)\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}()(\mathrm{\Omega }^2),1\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}()\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{exp}()\mathrm{\Omega }\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma +\overline{\sigma })\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}()\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{exp}()\mathrm{\Omega }\right)\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{\lambda }{48}\right)\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2+\lambda }{48}\right)\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Omega }\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2+\lambda }{48}\right)\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ),\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1)\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}()\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ),\mathrm{exp}()\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1)\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma \left(\mathrm{exp}()(\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1)),1\right)\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1),\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{}/2))\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1)),\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )=_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1))\mathrm{exp}(\sigma )\\ \hfill =_X\mathrm{RW}_\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu )\mathrm{\Omega }(\mu ^1))=_X\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{2k}s_{2k}(\mu ^{2k}+\mu ^{2k})\right).\end{array}$$

###### Remark.

The right hand side of (4.6) is polynomial in $`\lambda `$ since

(4.7)
$$\mu ^n+\mu ^n=2T_n\left(\pm \sqrt{\frac{z}{4}+\frac{1}{2}}\right)$$

for all $`\mu ,z`$ with $`\mu ^2+\mu ^2=z`$ and $`n_0`$. Here, $`T_n`$ denotes the $`n^{\text{th}}`$ Chebychev polynomial. Note that $`T_n`$ is even for $`n`$ even.

###### Proof.

We can assume that $`z[2,2]`$. If follows that $`\mu =\pm e^{\pm ix}`$ with $`x=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{arccos}(\frac{z}{2})=\mathrm{arccos}\left(\sqrt{\frac{z}{4}+\frac{1}{2}}\right)`$. By definition of the Chebychev polynomials, we have

$$\mu ^n+\mu ^n=2\mathrm{cos}\left(n\mathrm{arccos}\left(\pm \sqrt{\frac{z}{4}+\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)=2T_n\left(\pm \sqrt{\frac{z}{4}+\frac{1}{2}}\right).$$

###### Definition 17.

For every line bundle $`L`$ on $`X`$, we call the rational number

(4.8)
$$\lambda (L):=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{24n_X\mathrm{ch}(L)}{{\scriptscriptstyle c_2(X)\mathrm{ch}(L)}}\hfill & \text{if well-defined}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

the *characteristic value of $`L`$*.

We could have defined a characteristic value $`\lambda (\alpha )`$ for every cohomology class $`\alpha \mathrm{H}^2(X,)`$ so that $`\lambda (L)=\lambda (c_1(L))`$. Then the number $`\lambda `$ for the pair $`(X,\sigma )`$ defined above is just $`\lambda (\sigma +\overline{\sigma })`$.

###### Remark.

If $`\lambda (L)=0`$, then

(4.9)
$$\chi (L)=\chi (𝒪_X)=_X\mathrm{td}(X).$$

###### Proof.

If $`\lambda (X)=0`$, then $`_X\mathrm{ch}(L)=0`$ or $`_Xc_2(X)\mathrm{ch}(L)=0`$. In both cases, $`f_X(c_1(L))=0`$ due to the corollaries 4.1 and 4.1. Because of the proposition 8 and the usual Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch formula, the assertion follows. ∎

###### Proposition 10.

For the characteristic value of line bundle $`L`$ on $`X`$,

(4.10)
$$\lambda (L)=\frac{12_Xc_1(L)^2(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}}{c_2(X)(\sigma \overline{\sigma })^{n1}}.$$

Thus, $`\lambda (L)`$ is up to a multiple the value of the quadratic form $`f_X`$ applied to the first Chern class of $`L`$.

###### Proof.

This is an immediate application of corollary 4.1. ∎

###### Theorem 4.2.

Let $`X`$ be an irreducible symplectic Kähler manifold with symplectic form $`\sigma `$.

For every line bundle $`L`$ on $`X`$, the Euler characteristic of $`L`$ can be expressed as

(4.11)
$$\chi (L)=_X\mathrm{exp}\left(2\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_{2k}s_{2k}T_{2k}\left(\sqrt{\lambda (L)/4+1}\right)\right).$$

The right hand side is polynomial in $`\lambda (L)`$ and thus polynomial in the quadratic form of $`c_1(L)`$.

###### Proof.

We can assume that $`\lambda (L)0`$. Since both sides of (4.6) are rational functions in the cohomology class of $`\sigma +\overline{\sigma }`$ and the equality holds for every irreducible symplectic complex manifold, by a standard argument of hyperkähler geometry, (4.6) remains true, if we substitute $`\sigma +\overline{\sigma }`$ by an arbitrary cohomology class in $`\mathrm{H}^2(X)`$. Here, we have to substitute $`\sigma +\overline{\sigma }`$ by $`c_1(L)`$. ∎

###### Example.

Let $`\lambda :=\lambda (L)`$ be the characteristic value of $`L`$. Then

(4.12)
$$\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{td}(𝒯_X(L))=1+\frac{1}{12}\left(c_2+\frac{1}{2}c_2\lambda \right)\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{720}\left(3c_2^2c_4+\left(\frac{7}{2}c_2^22c_4\right)\lambda +\left(\frac{7}{8}c_2^2\frac{1}{2}c_4\right)\lambda ^2\right)\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{30240}\left(\begin{array}{cc}& \left(5c_2^3\frac{9}{2}c_2c_4+c_6\right)+\left(\frac{41}{4}c_2^3\frac{53}{4}c_2c_4+\frac{9}{2}c_6\right)\lambda \hfill \\ & +\left(\frac{93}{16}c_2^3\frac{33}{4}c_2c_4+3c_6\right)\lambda ^2+\left(\frac{31}{32}c_2^3\frac{11}{8}c_2c_4+\frac{1}{2}c_6\right)\lambda ^3\hfill \end{array}\right)\hfill \\ & +\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$

where the $`c_i`$ denote the Chern classes of $`X`$.

There are (at least) two possibilities to write (4.11) in another form. One is to define “deformed Todd classes” $`\mathrm{td}_\epsilon `$, $`\epsilon `$, for arbitrary complex manifolds $`X`$:

###### Definition 18.

Let $`X`$ be an arbitrary complex manifold. We set

(4.13)
$$\mathrm{td}_\epsilon (X)=\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}t_kT_k(\epsilon )\right),$$

where $`t_k\mathrm{H}^{k,k}`$ such that $`\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{td}(X)=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}t_k`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{td}_1(X)=\mathrm{td}(X)`$.

Applying this definition to our irreducible symplectic Kähler manifold $`X`$, the equation (4.11) becomes

(4.14)
$$\chi (L)=_X\mathrm{td}_\epsilon (X)$$

with $`\epsilon =\sqrt{\lambda (L)/4+1}`$.

Let us recall some facts about the Grothendieck ring $`\mathrm{K}^0(X)`$ of complex vector bundles over $`X`$ (see for example \[atiyah67\]). After tensoring with $``$, the Chern character gives us a ring homomorphism $`\mathrm{ch}:\mathrm{K}^0(X,)\mathrm{H}^{}(X,)`$ and taking the Todd class gives us a group homomorphism $`\mathrm{td}:\mathrm{K}^0(X,)1+\mathrm{H}^{>0}(X,)`$. Furthermore, there are the Adams operations $`\psi ^p:\mathrm{K}^0(X,)\mathrm{K}^0(X,)`$, $`p`$, which are ring homomorphisms with $`\psi ^p(L)=L^p`$ for every line bundle $`L`$. The $`\psi ^p`$ commute, and we can write $`\mathrm{K}^0(X,)=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{Gr}^{2k}\mathrm{K}^0(X,)`$ such that $`\mathrm{Gr}^{2k}\mathrm{K}^0(X,)`$ is the eigenspace of $`\psi ^p`$ for $`p2`$ to the eigenvalue $`p^k`$. Using this grading on $`\mathrm{K}^0(X,)`$, the Chern character becomes a homomorphism of graded rings.

If $`M=_{i_0}M_i`$ is a graded $`R`$-module, $`R`$ a commutative ring and $`(\lambda _i)_{i_0}`$ is a sequence in $`R`$, we define a morphism of graded modules $`(\lambda _i)_{i_0}:MM,mM_i\lambda _im`$. This definition will be applied to $`\mathrm{K}^0(X,)`$:

###### Definition 19.

For every complex number $`\epsilon `$ and complex manifold $`X`$, one defines a homomorphism

(4.15)
$$\varphi _\epsilon :\mathrm{K}^0(X,)\mathrm{K}^0(X,),E\left(T_i(\epsilon )\right)_{i_0}E$$

Applying this definition to our irreducible symplectic Kähler manifold $`X`$, the equation (4.11) becomes

(4.16)
$$\chi (L)=_X\mathrm{td}(\varphi _\epsilon (𝒯_X))$$

with $`\epsilon =\sqrt{\lambda (L)/4+1}`$.

## 5. Generalized Kummer Varieties.

### 5.1. Basic Facts

Generalized Kummer varieties were introduced by Beauville in \[beauville83\] as the second series of examples of irreducible symplectic manifolds. We briefly recall their construction and some basic properties of these varieties.

We start with an abelian surface $`A`$. Let $`A^{(n)}:=A^n/𝔖_n`$ be the $`n`$-fold symmetric product, denote by $`A^{[n]}`$ the $`n`$-th Hilbert scheme of points on $`A`$, and let $`\rho :A^{(n)}A^{[n]}`$ be the Hilbert-Chow-morphism. Since summation $`A^nA`$ is symmetric, it factors over $`A^{(n)}`$, and by composing with $`\rho `$ one gets the “summation” morphism $`s:A^{[n]}A`$. Now the $`(n1)`$-th Kummer variety $`K^{n1}A`$ is defined as the fiber over $`0`$ of the summation morphism $`s`$. As was shown by Beauville, $`K^{n1}A`$ is an irreducible symplectic variety of dimension $`2(n1)`$. In order to fix notations, we briefly show that the $`(n1)`$-th Kummer variety is smooth.

This can be seen as follows: Denote the translation operation on $`A^{[n]}`$ by an element $`aA`$ by $`t_a`$. Considering $`A`$ acting on $`A^{[n]}`$ via $`t_a`$ while acting on $`A`$ via $`t_{na}`$, one sees that $`s`$ is an equivariant morphism. Since $`A`$ acts transitively on itself, all fibers are isomorphic. (In particular, the definition of $`K^{n1}A`$ is independent of the choice of $`0A`$.) Since there are smooth fibers, the Kummer variety is smooth.

Actually, the fibration $`A^{[n]}\stackrel{s}{}A`$ is isotrivial, i.e. one has the following Cartesian diagram, where $`n`$ denotes the morphism “multiplication by $`n`$$`A\stackrel{\Delta }{}A^n\stackrel{\Sigma }{}A`$:

(5.1)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}K^{n1}A\times _{}A& \stackrel{\nu }{}& A^{[n]}\\ p_A& & s& & \\ A& \underset{n}{}& A.\end{array}$$

In terms of closed points, the fibre product is $`\{(\xi ,a)A^{[n]}\times A|s(\xi )=na\}`$. This is isomorphic to $`K^{n1}A\times A`$ via $`(\xi ,a)(t_a(\xi ),a)`$. Therefore, on closed points the morphism $`\nu `$ in the above diagram is given by $`(\xi ,a)t_a(\xi )`$.


text:
# Gaussian density fluctuations and Mode Coupling Theory for supercooled liquids

## Abstract

The equations of motion for the density modes of a fluid, derived from Newton’s equations, are written as a linear generalized Langevin equation. The constraint imposed by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is used to derive an exact form for the memory function. The resulting equations, solved under the assumption that the noise, and consequently density fluctuations, of the liquid are gaussian distrib uted, are equivalent to the random-phase-approximation for the static structure factor and to the well known ideal mode coupling theory (MCT) equations for the dynamics. This finding suggests that MCT is the canonical mean-field theory of the fluid dynamics.

The description of the dynamics of supercooled liquids is one of the most intriguing goals in condensed-matter physics. Different approaches have been pursued in the last decades , originating both from the physics of liquids and from the physics of disordered systems. Many of these approaches strongly suggest that two different mechanisms for the decay of fluctuations are active in two different temperature ranges. A cross-over temperature $`T_c`$ separates the region of ’weak’ supercooling from the region of ’strong’ supercooling.

The description of the long-time dynamics and the associated evaluation of the transport coefficient in the strong supercooling region (below $`T_c`$) has proved an extremely difficult task. The thermodynamic description of the liquid state between $`T_c`$ and the calorimetric glass transition has been attempted, but no well defined connection between thermodynamics and dynamics has been achieved as yet. In the weak supercooling regime, detailed predictions for the space and time dependence of the long time decay of density correlations have been formulated using the ideal mode coupling theory (MCT), one of the first approaches to identify the existence of the cross-over temperature. The agreement of MCT predictions with experimental findings and exact correlation functions evaluated from molecular dynamics simulations — both for atomic and molecular models — supports the view that MCT is indeed able to describe the slow dynamics in weak supercooled states.

Despite its remarkable practical success, the presence of apparently uncontrolled approximations in the derivation of the MCT equations makes it difficult to gain insights into possible improvements of the theory. The aim of this Letter is to present a new derivation of the ideal MCT equations, starting from the microscopic equations for the evolution of the density (Newton’s equations) and writing them as a linear generalized Langevin equation. A formally exact expression for the memory kernel is derived and, on making the approximation that the noise in the Langevin equation is Gaussian, the standard MCT equations are obtained. Note that the proposition of Gaussian noise implies that the density fluctuations are also gaussian. The outcome of the present approach offers a route to MCT that involves clear and known approximations for static and dynamics. At the same time it suggests how MCT equations can be developed for more complex systems such as molecules and polymers.

The density of a system composed of $`N`$ particles located at positions $`𝐫_j`$ is $`\rho (𝐫,t)_{j=1}^N\delta (𝐫𝐫_j(t))`$. The Fourier transform of $`\rho (𝐫,t)`$ is $`\rho _𝐤(t)_{j=1}^Ne^{i𝐤𝐫_j(t)}`$. In the case of a pairwise additive potential, the time evolution of $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$ can be written as

$`\ddot{\rho }_𝐤(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(𝐤\dot{𝐫}_j(t))^2e^{i𝐤𝐫_j(t)}`$ (1)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{mV}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}}{}}v_k^{}(𝐤𝐤^{})\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{}}(t)\rho _𝐤^{}(t)`$ (2)
where $`v_k`$ is the Fourier transform of the pair potential. Eq.2 is the Newton equation for the variables $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$.

The equation of motion for the density (Eq. 2) can be rewritten as,

$$\ddot{\rho }_𝐤(t)+\omega _k^2\rho _𝐤(t)=_𝐤(t)$$
(3)
where the linear term in $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$, that represents the elementary excitations of the system, has been explicitly isolated. These excitations can be interpreted as ‘phonons’, that would oscillate with frequencies $`\omega _k^2`$ if no interaction force amongst them were present. Combining Eqs.2 and 3 the residual force $`_𝐤(t)`$ has the formal expression

$`_𝐤(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\omega _k^2\rho _𝐤(t){\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}(𝐤\dot{𝐫}_j(t))^2e^{i𝐤𝐫_j(t)}`$ (4)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{mV}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}}{}}v_k^{}(𝐤𝐤^{})\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{}}(t)\rho _𝐤^{}(t)`$ (5)
The value of $`\omega _k^2`$ that results in the least residual interaction between phonons, i.e. the one for which $`|_𝐤|^2/\omega _k^2=0`$ is

$$\omega _k^2=\frac{k^2}{\beta mS_k}.$$
(6)
This choice for $`\omega _k^2`$ is also imposed by requiring the correct short-time limit of Eq.2. The minimization principle produces an orthogonality condition between the force and the density variables at all times,

$$\rho _𝐤(t)_𝐤(t)=0$$
(7)
Substituting the expression for $`_𝐤(t)`$ (Eq. 5) in this orthogonality condition leads to the exact Yvon-Born-Green (YBG) equation

$$S_k=1\frac{\beta }{Nk^2V}\underset{𝐤^{}}{}v_𝐤^{}(𝐤𝐤^{})\rho _𝐤(t)\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{}}(t)\rho _𝐤^{}(t)$$
(8)
where $`S_k\rho _𝐤\rho _𝐤/N`$ is the static structure factor, $`\beta 1/k_BT`$, $`k_B`$ is the Boltzmann constant, $`T`$ is the temperature and the symbols $`\mathrm{}`$ indicate equilibrium averages.

Following the spirit of the Zwanzig-Mori (ZM) formalism , the residual force can be written as sum of two contributions: (i) a term of dissipative origin, containing a memory function dependent on time. This represents slow deviations of the system from the integrable parts of phase space. (ii) A general random noise term that represents a more ‘chaotic’ behavior for the system. Hence,

$$_𝐤(t)=_0^t\gamma _𝐤(tt^{})_t^{}\rho _𝐤(t^{})dt^{}+f_𝐤(t)$$
(9)
where $`\gamma _𝐤(t)`$ acts as memory function of the system and $`f_𝐤(t)`$ as fluctuating force. Note that the previous choice for the residual force (Eq. 9) satisfies the orthogonality condition, Eq. 7.

The functions $`f_𝐤(t)`$ and $`\gamma _𝐤(t)`$ are not independent. Indeed, they must satisfy the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) to guarantee that the long time evolution of the system is consistent with the correct Boltzmann equilibrium distribution. This requires that the autocorrelation function of $`f_𝐤(t)`$ is proportional to the memory function $`\gamma _𝐤(t)`$. Also, the average over the noise is zero. Thus,

$$f_𝐤(t)=0$$
(10)
$$\frac{f_𝐤(t)f_𝐤(t^{})}{|\dot{\rho }_𝐤|^2}=\gamma _𝐤(tt^{})$$
(11)
As a result of all these formal assignments the Newton’s equations for the density fluctuations are rewritten in a form similar to a linear generalized Langevin equation as,

$$\ddot{\rho }_𝐤(t)+\omega _k^2\rho _𝐤(t)+_0^t\gamma _𝐤(tt^{})_t^{}\rho _𝐤(t^{})dt^{}=f_𝐤(t)$$
(12)
Note that the transition from the Newton’s equations to the generalized Langevin equation is associated with a transition from averages over the initial conditions to averages over the realization of the noise (defined in Eqs. 10\- 12). FDT guarantees that the dynamics generated by this stochastic process leads to thermodynamic equilibrium.

Using Eq. 11, we calculate the explicit exact form for the memory function as,

$`\gamma _𝐤(t)={\displaystyle \frac{\beta m}{Nk^2}}[\left({\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\beta m}}\right)^2(n^2c_k^21)NS_k(t)+`$ (13)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}(𝐤\dot{𝐫}_l(0))^2e^{i𝐤𝐫_l(0)}(𝐤\dot{𝐫}_m(t))^2e^{i𝐤𝐫_m(t)}+`$ (14)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(mV)^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{\prime \prime }}{}}v_k^{}v_{k^{\prime \prime }}(𝐤𝐤^{})(𝐤𝐤^{\prime \prime })`$ (15)
$`\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{\prime \prime }}(0)\rho _{𝐤^{\prime \prime }}(0)\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{}}(t)\rho _𝐤^{}(t)+`$ (16)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{nk^2}{\beta m^2V}}c_k\{{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}}{}}v_k^{}(𝐤𝐤^{})\rho _𝐤(0)\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{}}(t)\rho _𝐤^{}(t)+`$ (17)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{\prime \prime }}{}}v_{k^{\prime \prime }}(𝐤𝐤^{\prime \prime })\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{\prime \prime }}(0)\rho _{𝐤^{\prime \prime }}(0)\rho _𝐤(t)\}`$ (18)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\beta m}}nNc_k{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}\gamma _𝐤(tt^{})_t^{}S_k(t^{}){\displaystyle \frac{1}{mV}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}}{}}v_k^{}`$ (19)
$`(𝐤𝐤^{}){\displaystyle _0^t}dt^{}\gamma _𝐤(tt^{})\rho _{𝐤𝐤^{}}(0)\rho _𝐤^{}(0)\dot{\rho }_𝐤(t^{})].`$ (20)
Eqs. 10-20 constitute an exact definition of the noise process and have been obtained by using only FDT and the causality relation $`\rho _𝐤(0)f_𝐤(t)=0`$. These equations have the same content as the equations derived in the ZM formalism. To explicitly evaluate the $`\gamma _𝐤(t)`$ function, approximations have to be made on the stochastic processes $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$ and $`f_𝐤(t)`$, i.e. the density and the noise .

In this Letter, a simple approximation is considered. We assume that $`f_𝐤(t)`$ is an additive gaussian process. This is the major approximation, since the assumption of a gaussian process and the linearity of Eq. 12 imply that $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$ is also a gaussian process. As shown in Eqs. 5 and 9 the true $`f_𝐤(t)`$ is a non linear function of $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$. This indicates that in an exact theory both quantities can not be simultaneously gaussian distributed .

A less significant approximation consists in averaging over the velocities neglecting the fluctuations in the single particle kinetic energy, i.e. assuming

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{m}{}}(𝐤\dot{𝐫}_l(0))^2e^{i𝐤𝐫_l(0)}(𝐤\dot{𝐫}_m(t))^2e^{i𝐤𝐫_m(t)}`$ (21)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{k^4}{\beta ^2m^2}}NS_k(t)`$ (22)
The gaussian nature of the noise ensures certain simplifications in the properties of $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$ and this allows to calculate the multiple averages in Eq. 20. Together with the approximation in Eq. 22, this allows to derive an expression for $`\gamma _𝐤(t)`$ which requires as input the density-density correlation functions. As a result, the gaussian approximation in the density gives,

$`\gamma _𝐤(t)={\displaystyle \frac{n\beta }{mVk^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}𝐤}{}}\{v_k^{}^2(𝐤𝐤^{})^2+v_k^{}v_{kk^{}}(𝐤𝐤^{})`$ (23)
$`(𝐤(𝐤𝐤^{}))\}S_{|𝐤𝐤^{}|}(t)S_k^{}(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{k^2n^2}{\beta m}}(c_k+\beta v_k)^2S_k(t)`$ (24)
$`n(c_k+\beta v_k){\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}\gamma _𝐤(tt^{})_t^{}S_k(t^{})`$ (25)
The previous expression still contains the Fourier transform of the pair potential $`v_k`$. As is well known, once the gaussian approximation for the density has been made, the YBG equation (Eq. 8) can be consistently solved, providing the so-called Random-Phase-Approximation (RPA), $`c_k=\beta v_k`$, between the direct correlation function $`c_k(11/S(k))/n`$ and the potential $`v_k`$. Eliminating in Eq.25 $`v_k`$ in favor of $`c_k`$ one obtains,

$`\gamma _𝐤(t)^{^{MCT}}={\displaystyle \frac{n}{\beta mk^2V}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{}𝐤}{}}\{(𝐤𝐤^{})^2c_𝐤^{}^2+`$ (26)
$`+`$ $`(𝐤𝐤^{})(𝐤(𝐤𝐤^{}))c_𝐤^{}c_{𝐤𝐤^{}}\}S(|𝐤𝐤^{}|,t)S(k^{},t).`$ (27)
$`\gamma _𝐤(t)^{^{MCT}}`$ coincides with the memory function that has been originally calculated in Ref.  within the ideal MCT framework.

The reader may note that the choice of a gaussian process for $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$, if used directly in Eq.3-5, implies that the time evolution of the density-density correlation function is described by undamped harmonic modes with frequency $`\omega _k`$. In this approximation there is no interaction between the modes and hence strictly speaking $`\gamma _𝐤(t)=0`$. In the present derivation, the memory kernel is not zero, since the assumption that the noise is gaussian is introduced only after the residual interactions are constrained to be a noise and dissipation and a formally correct expression for $`\gamma _𝐤(t)`$ (Eq. 20) is derived. This apparent contradiction is a consequence of the fact that the same approximations made before constraining phase space to have the Mori-type properties are not equivalent to those made after this fundamental constraint is forced upon the system. Therefore, the division of the residual forces between density waves into a dissipative and noise term is fundamental. This step, whilst not always acceptable, is a conventional approach to dealing with complex many body forces, and the fact that the integrable motions have been clearly removed from the interactions prior to this division is quite satisfying.

The present calculations show the following.

(i) The assumption of gaussian properties for $`\rho _𝐤(t)`$ and $`f_𝐤(t)`$ allows to derive MCT. All approximations used in the conventional MCT are exact in this limit. Hence MCT can be seen, as a minimum, as an exact theory in the RPA limit and a fully consistent mean-field approximation to the dynamics of a complex system. Thus, the MCT dynamics is in the same class of universality as mean-field dynamics. This possibility was suggested some time ago on the basis of the analogies between the equations describing the schematic MCT models and the the dynamics of the order parameter in disordered $`p`$-spin models, solved under strict mean-field approximation.

(ii) The present approach offers a more direct interpretation to the uncontrolled approximation intrinsic in the conventional MCT. Indeed, as clearly stated in Ref., a priori estimation of the quality of the conventional MCT are not known. The derivation of the basic equations does not include any systematic expansion scheme. In the present approach, the more transparent approximations suggest that improvement over the MCT predictions is feasible. In particular, it is possible to eliminate $`v_k`$ in Eq.20 by implementing higher order approximations for the triplet correlation function. For example, it is possible to implement in the present scheme the Singwi-Sjölander (STLS) closure, which introduces controlled corrections to the gaussian statistics. Work is in progress on this topic.

(iii) In the RPA, the equation for the memory kernel, Eq. 20, simplifies and the integral contributions cancel out. This simplification does not occur in general. It may be shown that these terms provide a better description of the short time dynamics as well as a renormalization of the memory at infinite time. It can also be shown that these terms are dropped in the conventional MCT, when projecting onto the density pair subspace. In the present approach, these terms can be added to the conventional MCT result. This will provide a consistent expression for the short time memory function.

(iv) An interesting aspect of the Götze MCT derivation is that it does not enforce the consistency conditions between static and dynamics and therefore the input structure factors do not have to be RPA in origin (and indeed, “exact” direct correlation functions calculated from simulation data are often used as input in the theoretical calculations). In the conventional MCT approach, $`v_k`$ disappears because of the gaussian approximation in calculating the normalization matrix of the projection. If consistency between statics and dynamics were enforced, the RPA would have followed, as discussed above. Moreover, Kawasaki has recently presented a derivation of MCT based on the (quadratic) density functional Ramakrishnan-Yussouf free energy of a liquid, where the effective interaction between the density pairs is exactly $`c(k)/\beta `$, suggesting that it is possible to correct the theory, without fundamentally affecting the universality class of its dynamics. Perhaps the answer to the intriguing question of why this is successful lies in formulating higher corrections to the YBG and memory kernel equations.

(v) Finally, we stress that the present calculation will open new possibilities for an improved MCT description of the dynamics of deep supercooled liquids as well as extensions in order to deal with more complex systems, like molecules and polymers. This is a strategy actively pursued, and it will be most interesting to see the outcome.

We thank A. Crisanti, S. Ciuchi, W. Götze, K. Kawasaki for discussions and suggestions. F.S. and P.T. are supported by INFM-PRA-HOP and MURST PRIN98, E.Z., G.F. and K.D. by COST P1.


text:
# Hidden BL Lacertae Objects Near and Far

## 1. Introduction

The unusual evolutionary trend seen in the number and/or luminosity of BL Lac Objects (a.k.a. “negative” evolution) has been the subject of many recent papers and of several talks at this conference. But two things remain frustrating (for me at least) involving these evolutionary studies:

1. Unlike quasars (or other AGN classes for that matter), the identification of a complete BL Lac sample is fraught with difficulty and uncertainty because BL Lac Objects are defined in “negative” terms (e.g., they lack the strong emission lines of quasars). Other defining qualities may also eliminate true BL Lacs from samples under study, making them incomplete in a systematic way.

2. But like the quasars (and other AGN classes as well), there is no physical model to which the evolutionary trends are compared; i.e., functions are fit and argued over (e.g., pure luminosity evolution vs. luminosity-dependent density evolution) but these are algebraic functions without much physical basis.

In this brief account I will address both of these issues with respect to current samples as well as what has been or will be seen in deep CHANDRA images.

## 2. Incompleteness in Current Samples

In this Section I will describe three ways in which true BL Lacs can be “hidden” in X-ray and radio-selected samples, potentially causing incompleteness:

1. Despite many X-ray selected BL Lacs (XBLs) having spectral energy distributions (SEDs) which peak in the optical/UV (so-called “high energy peaked BL Lacs”: HBLs), their optical spectra often have a significant contribution from host galaxy starlight. Browne & Marchã (1993) and Marchã & Browne (1995) pointed out that such objects could be confused with FR-1 radio galaxies in clusters so that the X-ray emission would be assigned incorrectly to the cluster. Thus, some XBLs, particularly those with modest optical non-thermal luminosity, could be misidentified as clusters of galaxies.

2. Investigators of radio surveys used to identify radio selected BL Lac (RBL) samples have set a radio spectral index cutoff to eliminate the large number of radio galaxies in these samples (e.g., the 1 Jy sample uses $`\alpha `$-0.5; Stickel et al. 1991). However, some XBLs have radio spectral indices steeper than this, suggesting that a flat radio spectral index is not required for all BL Lacs. By this spectral index fiat RBLs would be misidentified as radio galaxies.

3. Both RBLs and XBLs could be “hiding” in rich clusters of galaxies where the radio emission would be ascribed to a brightest cluster galaxy (BCGs like NGC 1275=3C84=Perseus A) and the X-ray emission ascribed to dense, cooling gas (i.e., a “cooling flow”). These BL Lacs would be misidentifed as FR1 radio galaxies in “cooling flow” clusters.

### 2.1. Hidden XBLs

A large gallery of XBL spectra can be found in the recent compilation paper of the EMSS XBL sample by Rector et al. (2000). These spectra show that, unlike RBLs which often have weak (low equivalent width and low luminosity) emission lines in their optical spectra, XBLs only very rarely have emission lines but often have significant contributions from host galaxy starlight. In my first examination of XBLs (Stocke et al. 1991), I suggested a BL Lac classification criteria to separate BL Lacs from FR 1 radio galaxies using the strength of CaII H & K break at $``$4000Å rest. A Ca II “break strength” of $``$25% was required for BL Lacs, whereas 50% is typical of current epoch ellipticals (e.g., Dressler & Shectman 1987). It is important to understand that, like the radio spectral index limit, the Ca II break limit is arbitrary, and so Maria Marchã in her thesis correctly pointed out that this criteria could prevent us from correctly identifying low luminosity BL Lac Objects in X-ray selected samples (Browne & Marchã 1993; Marchã & Browne 1995). Other, more imaginative, but still arbitrary, criteria have been proposed since then (e.g., Marchã et al. 1996). These investigations led us (Rector, Stocke & Perlman 1999) to use the ROSAT HRI to image some poor clusters in the EMSS which might actually be BL Lac Objects alá Marchã. She was correct! We found that some of these EMSS sources were pointlike at radio galaxy locations: new EMSS BL Lacs misidentified as clusters and thus “hiding” in these clusters. However, some of these new BL Lacs had optical spectra whose Ca II breaks violated both the old Stocke et al. (1991) and the newer Marchã et al. (1996) criteria. Two are nearly indistinguishable from FR 1 radio galaxies or normal elliptical galaxies in their Ca II breaks, and yet they are still quite luminous X-ray point sources (L$`{}_{x}{}^{}`$1044 ergs s-1). Optical spectra of these new BL Lacs can be found in Rector, Stocke & Perlman (1999). An important result, however, is that even with these new BL Lacs included, the $`<V/V_{max}>`$ is still significantly less than 0.5, especially for extreme XBLs which have $`<V/V_{max}>`$=0.27$`\pm `$0.08 (Rector et al. 2000), solidifying “negative” evolution for XBLs.

Are there other “hidden” BL Lacs of this sort? I suspect, yes! Here I mention only two interesting cases:

(1) The Owen et al. (1996) optical spectroscopy of rich cluster radio galaxies which failed to find many BL Lac candidates (3C264 and IC310 in Perseus being two of the four possibilities). Given the above, I suspect that CHANDRA X-ray cluster imaging will find new examples of luminous point X-ray sources associated with cluster radio galaxies without obvious non-thermal continua optically (see Section 2.3).

(2) Numerous investigators have been bewildered to find faint X-ray sources (some with quite hard X-ray spectra) associated with “passive” elliptical galaxies. By “passive” these investigators have meant that they fail to find obvious AGN signatures optically (e.g., non-thermal continuum + strong emission lines). By way of example, I direct the reader to the Nature article by Mushotzky, Cowie, Barger & Arnaud (2000) on optical identifications in a CHANDRA deep field, in which three relatively bright, “passive” ellipticals have been found. The optical characteristics of these galaxies are quite similar to the low-luminosity BL Lacs in Rector, Stocke & Perlman (1999). So, I predict that these sources will have SEDs similar to other BL Lac Objects (i.e., radio detections at sub-mJy levels). And one only has to redshift the SEDs displayed in Sambruna, Maraschi & Urry (1996) to realize that extremely hard soft X-ray spectra are possible for BL Lacs without requiring any internal absorption (as has been proposed for other potential hard-spectrum X-ray background contributors like obscured Seyferts).

### 2.2. Hidden RBLs

Radio continuum images of XBLs in Perlman & Stocke (1993) and Rector, Stocke & Perlman (1999) show that many have luminous extended structure, which is likely to be steep in radio spectral index. Single epoch radio spectral indices have been obtained for only 8 XBLs (Stocke et al. 1985), for which only half would pass the -0.5 spectral index cutoff used to define a BL Lac candidate list in the 1 Jy sample (Stickel et al. 1991). Spectral index observations of the entire EMSS sample are now being obtained to see how important the arbitrary spectral index cut imposed upon RBL samples is (Wolter, Rector & Stocke, in progress). But, given the current data, I suspect that there could be many BL Lacs “hidden” amongst the large number of radio galaxies in the 1 Jy. Some of these could have optical spectra similar to the low-luminosity XBLs in Rector, Stocke & Perlman (1999), further complicating their identification (e.g., 3C264). Unfortunately, optical polarimetry blueward of the Ca break may be the only viable observation useful in testing this prediction. But, if enough of these new BL Lacs are found in the 1 Jy, their presence could alter the $`<V/V_{max}>`$ statistic for that sample.

### 2.3. Other Hidden BL Lacs

A detailed imaging survey of BL Lacs conducted at the Canada-France-Hawaii 3.6m several years ago (Wurtz et al. 1996, 1997) presented a confusing result: BL Lacs were not found in the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) or in the richest clusters (Abell richness classes $`>`$ 1) in the current epoch. How can this be if the parent population of BL Lacs are FR1s, which are abundant in nearby rich clusters (e.g., Owen et al. 1996 and references therein)? A possibility, not yet fully explored, but now possible with CHANDRA, is that cluster X-ray emission “hides” some BL Lac Objects. This is especially true in the case of “cooling flow” clusters, whose central X-ray excesses are thought to be due to a dense, cooling ICM. However, if some BCGs in these rich clusters are unrecognized BL Lac Objects, their X-ray emission could contribute to the excess thought to be a “cooling flow”. Because the soft X-ray spectra of XBLs are similar to ICM emission (see e.g., the Beppo-SAX spectra in Wolter et al. 1998), these XBLs could “masquerade” as “cooling flows”. But, one might argue that the optical spectra of BCGs in “cooling flow” clusters rules these objects out as BL Lacs, since strong emission lines are present (particularly \[OII\] and H$`\alpha `$). But these emission lines arise in spatially very extended gas (tens to hundreds of kpc) and so are not the nuclear emission lines of an AGN. I predict that CHANDRA ACIS imaging of nearby “cooling flow” clusters will discover luminous point X-ray sources associated with many BCGs (BCGs in “cooling flow” clusters are very often radio galaxies!; Burns 1990). The presence of these point sources will indicate previously unknown BL Lac Objects and will reduce substantially the required mass inflow for the “cooling flow”. We have searched the EMSS clusters for such circumstances using ROSAT HRI images and have found only one cluster which could contain a BL Lac in its BCG: MS1455.0+2232. While CHANDRA images will test this suggestion, this one “hidden” BL Lac will not alter the statistics of the EMSS sample.

## 3. Models for AGN Evolution ?

So, despite the substantial concerns about completeness described above, the EMSS XBL sample has been very thoroughly scrutinized for “hidden” BL Lacs and continues to exhibit “negative” evolution. Further, recent work on other AGN samples (e.g., Urry & Padovani 1995) find that BL Lac and FR1 evolution can be characterized as L(z)/L(z=0)= (1+z)Γ, with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$=-4.0, while FR2 samples have $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$=+3.8. These results suggest that FR2s evolve (i.e., fade to become) FR1s. Other indications that this is the case comes from the investigations into the environment of quasars (Ellingson, Yee & Green 1991), FR2 radio galaxies (Harvanek et al. 2000) and FR1 radio galaxies (e.g., Longair & Seldner 1979; Yee & Lopez-Cruz 1999). Briefly, from these works: quasars are found in clusters only at $`z`$0.45, FR2s are found in clusters only at $`z`$0.2 and FR1s are found in clusters at all redshifts out to 0.8 (e.g., Stocke et al. 1999).

What can we make of these results? Is a physical model suggested or is any suggestion premature? To me these results suggest two things: (1) the orientation unification advocated by Bartel (1989) is ruled out since some FR2 radio galaxies are found in clusters at lower redshifts than any quasars are found in clusters; and (2) an evolutionary scheme by which quasars fade to become FR2 radio galaxies which fade to become FR1 radio galaxies on an e-folding timescale of 0.9 Gyrs (Harvanek et al. 2000) is quite plausible for cluster AGN. After all, what has become of the quasars which inhabited rich clusters at z$``$0.5? This hypothesis is also consistent with the evolutionary trends for BL Lacs/FR1s and FR2s mentioned above.

The interesting question is: what physical phenomenon drives this rapid fading of cluster AGN (and perhaps AGN in general)? Ellingson, Yee & Green (1991) list two possibilities: (1) the evolution of the cluster potential well greatly reduces the number of interactions and mergers between gas rich galaxies which could “feed” an AGN (e.g., Roos 1981); and (2) the rapidly increasing ICM density prevents, in some as yet not understood way, the “feeding” of the AGN (Stocke & Perrenod, 1981). Both of these hypotheses are supported by the direct X-ray observations of clusters which show that: (1) in the richest clusters of galaxies a dense ICM is already in place at $`z`$1 (e.g., Donahue et al. 1999) and (2) in poorer clusters at $`z`$0.5 (wherein quasars are found) there is no evidence for a dense ICM (e.g., Rector, Stocke & Ellingson 1995; Hall et al. 1997; Harvanek et al. 2000), but similar richness clusters at $`z`$0 have dense ICMs as well as FR1 radio galaxies. In fact, there is little to distinguish these two hypotheses at low-z, since they both prevent further feeding of the AGN as the ICM thickens and heats due to the deepening of the potential well.

However, at the highest redshifts these two hypotheses predict opposite outcomes. Extrapolating to $`z`$4, before the epoch of quasars, the Roos (1981) interaction hypothesis would predict even greater numbers of interactions (because the Universe was smaller and the number of galaxies could only have been larger than today). Thus, by this hypothesis, the highest observed quasars are the first AGN, whose highest observed redshifts are due to supermassive black hole formation timescales. However, by the Stocke & Perrenod (1981) hypothesis, the Universal ICM is denser at high-z, so that an AGN evolution opposite in sense to what we observe at $`z`$0.5 is possible; i.e., in this case, the Black Holes are already formed at even higher redshifts as FR1s. Then these BL Lac/FR1s brighten to become FR2s, which brighten to become quasars with cosmic time. This idea was first presented at the Como Conference on BL Lac Objects (Stocke 1987). If this idea is correct, then very high-z BL Lac Objects should be extremely numerous but hard to discover. Using the observed SEDs of typical XBLs redshifted to $`z`$4, the Sloan digital sky survey (SDSS) would be the most sensitive search mechanism. And, indeed, one strange AGN at $`z`$=4.7, which in many ways resembles a BL Lac Object, has been found in the SDSS commissioning data (Fan et al. 2000)! If this radical hypothesis for quasar evolution at high-$`z`$ is correct, the SDSS should discover other examples of this new class of high-z BL Lacs, which could contribute significantly to the very faint X-ray source count (and to the X-ray Background). Using the observed SEDs and luminosity functions of low-z BL Lacs, and assuming that all quasars were once BL Lacs at higher redshifts ($`z`$4), this new class could contribute up to $``$1000 X-ray sources deg-2 at fluxes of 10-15 ergs cm-2 s-1. And, if these objects have SEDs similar to low-$`z`$ BL Lacs, they would be spectrally very hard.

## 4. Acknowledgments

JTS would like to thank Drs. R. Wurtz, E. Perlman & T. Rector for their past work, which contributes so importantly to this presentation, and their current interest in these strange objects. Anything of note and veracity herein is due to them; all misconceptions are the exclusive property of their ex-thesis advisor.

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