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# Vacuum polarization effects in hyperon rich dense matter – a nonperturbative treatment

## I Introduction

The study of hot and dense matter is an interesting and important problem in the strong interaction physics, which has relevance in the context of relativistic heavy ion collision experiments, as well as to study compact stellar objects such as neutron stars. It is thus important to understand the strongly interacting many body systems.

Quantum Hadrodynamics (QHD) is a general formalism for studying nuclear many body problem . This has extensively been used to study nuclear matter at zero and finite temperatures, as well as to describe the properties of finite nuclei. In the Walecka model (QHD-I), the nucleons interact through the scalar ($`\sigma `$) and vector ($`\omega `$) mesons. This was first studied neglecting the Dirac sea, i.e., using a mean field approach, and is known as the ‘no-sea’ approximation. To include the sea effects, one does a self consistent sum of tadpole diagrams for the baryon propagator . There have also been attempts to include corrections up to two-loops . However, the couplings involved here are too large (of the order of 10), thus making the theory unstable against a perturbative loop expansion. This necessitates non-perturbative techniques to be developed to consider nuclear many-body problems.

We had earlier considered  a nonperturbative treatment for studying nuclear matter including vacuum polarization effects. The approximation scheme uses a squeezed coherent type of construction for the ground state, which amounts to an explicit vacuum realignment with baryon-antibaryon condensates. The properties of nuclear matter as arising from such a ground state were examined. Such a vacuum was then generalized to include the quantum effects from meson fields through scalar meson condensates. This gave rise to a softer equation of state with a lower value for the compressibility for nuclear matter. The density dependent sigma meson mass was also calculated including the quantum effects.

It is believed that the formation of hyperons is a dominant mechanism at high densities and temperatures, which contributes to the neutron star matter and influences the equation of state (EOS) . These particles ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\pm ,0}`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{,0}`$) may be excited through strangeness violating weak processes. There have also been attempts to include the contribution of the filled negative sea of hyperons to the energy of nuclear matter at one-loop level through summing over the baryonic tadpole diagrams. This is the relativistic Hartree approximation (RHA). The contribution arising from two-loop diagrams has also been considered , which showed a strong degree of cancellation between one- and two-loop contributions giving a negligible effect. However, this conclusion was strongly dependent on the rather uncertain values of the hyperon coupling constants.

In the present work, the nonperturbative formalism described in ref. , is generalized to include the strange baryons and EOS for dense matter is derived taking into account the vaccum fluctuation effects from the baryon and scalar meson sectors within the QHD model. The effect of such quantum corrections to the EOS on the structure of the neutron stars is studied. We might note here that hyperon stars have been treated recently within the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone theory, including three body nucleon interactions  which gives rise to a softer EOS.

We organize the paper as follows. In section II, we derive the EOS for dense matter including the quantum effects arising from the baryons and $`\sigma `$ mesons in a nonperturbative manner with an explicit construction for the ground state within the QHD model. We also consider the effect of such EOS on neutron star strucure. In section III, we discuss in detail the numerical results obtained in the present work. Finally, in section IV we summarise the results and discuss possible outlook.

## II Quantum vacuum in hyperon matter

We start with the Lagrangian density for QHD model of baryons interacting via exchange of scalar $`\sigma `$, vector $`\omega `$ and isovector vector $`\rho `$ mesons given as

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{B}{}}\overline{\psi }_B(i\gamma ^\mu _\mu M_Bg_{\sigma B}\sigma g_{\omega B}\gamma ^\mu \omega _\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{\rho B}\gamma _\mu 𝝉_B𝝆^\mu )\psi _B+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}^\mu \sigma _\mu \sigma {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\sigma ^2\sigma ^2`$ (1)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\omega ^2\omega ^\mu \omega _\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\omega ^{\mu \nu }\omega _{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\rho ^2𝝆^\mu 𝝆_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}𝝆^{\mu \nu }𝝆_{\mu \nu }.`$ (2)
In the above, $`\psi _B`$, $`\sigma `$, $`\omega _\mu `$ and $`𝝆^\mu `$ are the fields for the baryons including hyperons (B=p, n, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\pm ,0}`$, $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{,0}`$), $`\sigma `$, $`\omega `$ and $`\rho `$ -mesons with masses $`M_B`$, $`m_\sigma `$,$`m_\omega `$ and $`m_\rho `$, respectively.

We shall be using the mean field approximation for the meson fields. This amounts to taking meson fields as classical fields. For an uniform and static matter within this approximation, only the time-like components of the vector fields and the isospin-3 component of the $`\rho `$ meson field have nonvanishing values. The mean meson fields are denoted by $`\sigma _0`$, $`\omega _0`$ and $`\rho _{03}`$. However, we shall treat the fermion fields as quantum fields. The Hamiltonian density can then be written as

$$=_B+_\sigma +_\omega +_\rho $$
(3)
with

$$_B=\underset{B}{}\psi _B^{}(i𝜶\mathbf{}+\beta M_B)\psi _B+\underset{B}{}g_{\sigma B}\sigma _0\overline{\psi }_B\psi _B$$
(5)
$$_\sigma =\frac{1}{2}m_\sigma ^2\sigma _0^2$$
(6)
$$_\omega =\underset{B}{}g_{\omega B}\omega _0\psi _B^{}\psi _B\frac{1}{2}m_\omega ^2\omega _0^2$$
(7)
$$_\rho =\underset{B}{}g_{\rho B}I_{3B}\rho _{03}\psi _B^{}\psi _B\frac{1}{2}m_\rho ^2\rho _{03}^2.$$
(8)
The equal-time quantization condition for the baryons is given as

$$[\psi _{B\alpha }(𝐱,t),\psi _{B^{}\beta }^{}(𝐲,t)]_+=\delta _{BB^{}}\delta _{\alpha \beta }\delta (𝐱𝐲),$$
(9)
where $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ refer to the spin indices. We may now write down the field expansion for the baryon field of type $`B`$, $`\psi _B`$ at time $`t=0`$ as given by

$$\psi _B(𝐱)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}\left[U_{Br}(𝐤)c_{BIr}(𝐤)+V_{Bs}(𝐤)\stackrel{~}{c}_{BIs}(𝐤)\right]e^{i𝐤𝐱}𝑑𝐤,$$
(10)
with $`c_{BIr}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{c}_{BIr}`$ as the particle annihilation and antiparticle creation operators of baryon of type $`B`$, with spin $`r`$.

In the above, $`U_{Br}`$ and $`V_{Bs}`$ are given by

$$U_{Br}(𝐤)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cos}\frac{\chi _B(𝐤)}{2}\\ 𝝈\widehat{k}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\chi _B(𝐤)}{2}\end{array}\right)u_{Ir};V_{Bs}(𝐤)=\left(\begin{array}{c}𝝈\widehat{k}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\chi _B(𝐤)}{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\chi _B(𝐤)}{2}\end{array}\right)v_{Is}.$$
(11)
For free massive fields $`\mathrm{cos}\chi _B(𝐤)=M_B/ϵ_B(𝐤)`$ and $`\mathrm{sin}\chi _B(𝐤)=|𝐤|/ϵ_B(𝐤),`$ with $`ϵ_B(𝐤)=\sqrt{𝐤^2+M_B^2}`$. The perturbative vacuum, say $`vac`$, is defined through $`c_{BIr}(𝐤)vac=0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{c}_{BIr}^{}(𝐤)vac=0`$.

### A Quantum corrections from baryon sector

We first use the mean-field approximation for the meson fields, and retain the quantum nature of the fermion fields . This amounts to taking meson fields as constant classical fields with translational invariance for nuclear matter. To include the vacuum polarization effects from the baryon sector, we shall now consider a trial state with baryon-antibaryon condensates , now generalised to include the hyperons. We thus explicitly take the ansatz for the above state as

$$|vac^{}=\mathrm{exp}[d𝐤\underset{B}{}f_B(𝐤)c_{BIr}^{}(𝐤)a_{rs}\stackrel{~}{c}_{BIs}(𝐤)h.c.]|vacU_F|vac.$$
(12)
Here $`a_{rs}=u_{Ir}^{}(𝝈\widehat{k})v_{Is}`$ and $`f_B(𝐤)`$ is a trial function associated with baryon-antibaryon condensates of type $`B`$. We note that with the above transformation the operators corresponding to $`vac^{}`$ are related to the operators corresponding to $`|vac`$ through a Bogoliubov transformation

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}d_I(𝐤)\\ \stackrel{~}{d}_I(𝐤)\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}f_B(𝐤)& 𝝈\widehat{k}\mathrm{sin}f_B(𝐤)\\ 𝝈\widehat{k}\mathrm{sin}f_B(𝐤)& \mathrm{cos}f_B(𝐤)\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}c_I(𝐤)\\ \stackrel{~}{c}_I(𝐤)\end{array}\right).$$
(13)
We then use the method of thermofield dynamics  developed by Umezawa to construct the ground state for nuclear matter. We generalise the state with baryon-antibaryon condensates as given by (12) to finite temperature and density as

$$|F(\beta )=U(\beta )|vac^{}U(\beta )U_F|vac.$$
(14)
The temperature-dependent unitary operator $`U(\beta )`$ is given as

$$U(\beta )=\mathrm{exp}(A^{}(\beta )A(\beta )),$$
(15)
with

$$A^{}(\beta )=𝑑𝐤\underset{B}{}\left[\theta _B(𝐤,\beta )d_{BIr}^{}(𝐤)\underset{¯}{d}_{BIr}^{}(𝐤)+\theta _{B+}(𝐤,\beta )\stackrel{~}{d}_{BIr}(𝐤)\underset{¯}{\overset{~}{d}}_{BIr}(𝐤)\right].$$
(16)
The underlined operators correspond to the doubling of the Hilbert space that arises in thermofield dynamics method . We shall determine the condensate function $`f_B(𝐤)`$, and the functions $`\theta _B(𝐤,\beta )`$ and $`\theta _{B+}(𝐤,\beta )`$ of the thermal vacuum through minimisation of the thermodynamic potential. The thermodynamic potential is then given as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=ϵ\frac{1}{\beta }𝒮\underset{B}{}\mu _B\rho _B,$$
(17)
with the energy density as $`ϵ_\beta `$, and the the entropy density as

$`𝒮`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{B}{}}\gamma _B(2\pi )^3{\displaystyle }d𝐤[\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _B\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _B)+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _B\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _B)`$ (18)
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{B+}\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _{B+})+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _{B+}\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _{B+})]+𝒮_\sigma +𝒮_\omega +𝒮_\rho .`$ (19)
The baryon density corresponding to baryon $`B`$ is

$$\rho _B=\gamma _B(2\pi )^3𝑑𝐤(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta _{B+}+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _B)$$
(20)
and $`\mu _B`$ is the chemical potential of the corresponding baryon. In the above, $`\gamma _B`$ is the spin degeneracy factor. Further, $`𝒮_\sigma `$, $`𝒮_\omega `$ and $`𝒮_\rho `$ are the contributions to the entropy density from $`\sigma `$, $`\omega `$, and $`\rho `$ mesons, respectively.

Extremising the thermodynamic potential $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ with respect to the condensate function $`f_B(𝐤)`$ and the functions $`\theta _B`$ yields

$$\mathrm{tan}2f_B(𝐤)=\frac{g_{\sigma B}\sigma _0|𝐤|}{ϵ_B(𝐤)^2+M_Bg_{\sigma B}\sigma _0},$$
(21)
and

$$\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _B=\frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(\beta (ϵ_B^{}(k)\mu _B^{}))+1},$$
(22)
with $`ϵ_B^{}(k)=(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}`$ as the effective energy density, defined through an effective baryon mass, $`M_B^{}=M_B+g_{\sigma B}\sigma _0`$. Further, the effective chemical potential, $`\mu _B^{}`$ is given as

$$\mu _B^{}=\mu _Bg_{\omega B}\omega _0g_{\rho B}I_{3B}\rho _{03}.$$
(23)
To obtain the equation of state (EOS) for the nuclear matter at zero temperature, we subtract out the pure vacuum contribution ($`f_B=0`$, $`\theta _B=0`$ part) and renormalise the energy density by adding the counter terms . This yields the expressions for the energy density and pressure, p (=$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$) as

$$ϵ=\underset{B}{}\frac{\gamma _B}{2\pi ^2}_0^{k_{FB}}(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}k^2𝑑k+\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}+\frac{1}{2}m_{\sigma }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\sigma _0^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\omega _0^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\rho }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\rho _{03}^2,$$
(24)
and

$$p=\frac{1}{3}\underset{B}{}\frac{\gamma _B}{2\pi ^2}_0^{k_{FB}}\frac{k^4}{(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}}𝑑k\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}\frac{1}{2}m_{\sigma }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\sigma _0^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\omega _0^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\rho }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\rho _{03}^2.$$
(25)
In the above, $`\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}`$ arises from the filled Dirac sea of baryons and is given as

$`\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{B}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _B}{16\pi ^2}}[M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M_B^{}}{M_B}}\right)+M_B^3(M_BM_B^{}){\displaystyle \frac{7}{2}}M_B^2(M_BM_B^{})^2`$ (26)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{13}{3}}M_B(M_BM_B^{})^3{\displaystyle \frac{25}{12}}(M_BM_B^{})^4].`$ (27)
The energy density and pressure are now finite and given in terms of the meson fields, $`\sigma _0`$, $`\omega _0`$ and $`\rho _{03}`$. These mean fields are obtained through the extremisation of the thermodynamic potential, $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, and satisfy the self consistency conditions

$$m_\sigma ^2\sigma _0=\underset{B}{}g_{\sigma B}\frac{\gamma _B}{2\pi ^2}_0^{k_{FB}}\frac{M_B^{}k^2dk}{(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}}\frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}}{d\sigma _0},$$
(29)
$$m_\omega ^2\omega _0=\underset{B}{}g_{\omega B}\rho _B,$$
(30)
and,

$$m_\rho ^2\rho _{03}=\underset{B}{}g_{\omega B}I_{3B}\rho _B.$$
(31)
The expressions for the energy density and pressure are given in terms of the fermi momenta, $`k_{FB}`$, which are as yet unknown. They are given in terms of the chemical potentials, $`\mu _B`$ as $`k_{FB}=(\mu _{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}`$, for $`\mu _B^{}>M_B^{}`$ and zero otherwise. Hence using (23), the threshold condition for appearance of the baryon of type $`B`$ is given as

$$\mu _B^{}\mu _Bg_{\omega B}\omega _0g_{\rho B}I_{3B}\rho _{03}M_B+g_{\sigma B}\sigma _0.$$
(32)
These, in turn, can be written in terms of the two independent chemical potentials, $`\mu `$ and $`\mu _E`$ (corresponding to the baryon and electric charge conservation) as

$$\mu _B=\mu +q_B\mu _E,$$
(33)
where $`q_B`$ is the electric charge of baryon B.

The quantities $`\mu `$ and $`\mu _E`$ are determined from the baryon charge conservation

$$\rho =\underset{B}{}\rho _B$$
(34)
and the electric charge neutrality condition (since the matter inside the neutron star is electrically charge neutral)

$$\underset{i=B,e,\mu }{}q_i\rho _i=0$$
(35)
where $`\rho _i=\gamma _ik_{Fi}^3/6\pi ^2`$, with $`\gamma _i`$ as the spin degeneracy factor and $`k_{Fi}`$ as the fermi momentum for particle of species $`i`$.

The equations (31) to eqn (35) comprise a coupled set of equations to determine the quantities $`\sigma _0`$, $`\omega _0`$, $`\rho _{03}`$, $`\mu _E`$, $`\mu `$, and, $`k_{Fi}`$’s ($`i`$=e, $`\mu `$, $`B`$).

We note that the self consistency condition for the $`\sigma `$ field as well as the energy density as obtained through an explicit construct of a state with baryon-antibaryon condensates, including the hyperons, are identical to those obtained through summing the tadpole diagrams for the baryon propagator in the relativistic Hartree approximation .

### B Quantum corrections from scalar mesons

We next consider the quantum corrections due to the scalar mesons. It arises from a vacuum realignment with sigma condensates  meaning thereby $`\sigma `$-field is not a classical one, but a quantum field. As will be seen later, a quartic term in the sigma field would favour such condensates. Self-interactions of scalar fields with cubic and quartic terms have been considered earlier  in the no-sea approximation  as well as including the quantum corrections arising from the sigma fields . They may be regarded as mediating three- and four-body interactions between the baryons. The best fits to incompressibility in nuclear matter, single-particle spectra and properties of deformed nuclei are achieved with a negative value for the quartic coupling in the sigma field. However, with such a negative coupling the energy spectrum of the theory becomes unbounded from below  for large $`\sigma `$ and hence it is impossible to study excited spectra or to include vacuum polarization effects .

Including a quartic scalar self-interaction, eq. (6) is modified to

$$_\sigma =\frac{1}{2}\dot{\sigma }^2+\frac{1}{2}(\mathbf{}\sigma )^2+\frac{1}{2}m_\sigma ^2\sigma ^2+\lambda \sigma ^4,$$
(36)
with $`m_\sigma `$ and $`\lambda `$ being the bare mass and coupling constant respectively. We may expand the $`\sigma `$ field in terms of creation and annihilation operators at time $`t=0`$ as

$$\sigma (𝐱,0)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}\frac{d𝐤}{\sqrt{2\omega (𝐤)}}\left(a(𝐤)+a^{}(𝐤)\right)e^{i𝐤𝐱}.$$
(37)
In the above, $`\omega (𝐤)`$ is an arbitrary function which for free fields is given by $`\omega (𝐤)=\sqrt{𝐤^2+m_\sigma ^2}`$ and the perturbative vacuum is defined corresponding to this basis through $`avac=0`$.

As seen earlier a realignment of the ground state from $`vac`$ to $`vac^{}`$ with baryon condensates amounts to including quantum effects arising from the baryons. We shall adopt a similar procedure now to calculate the quantum corrections arising from the $`\sigma `$-field . We thus modify the ansatz for the trial ground state as given by (12) to include $`\sigma `$ condensates as

$$|\mathrm{\Omega }=U_\sigma U_F|vac,$$
(38)
with $`U_\sigma =U_{II}U_I`$, where $`U_i=\mathrm{exp}(B_i^{}B_i),(i=I,II)`$. Explicitly the $`B_i`$ are given as

$$B_I^{}=𝑑𝐤\sqrt{\frac{\omega (𝐤)}{2}}f_\sigma (𝐤)a^{}(𝐤),B_{II}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=\frac{1}{2}𝑑𝐤g(𝐤)a_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐤)a_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(𝐤).$$
(39)
In the above, $`a^{}(𝐤)=U_Ia(𝐤)U_I^1=a(𝐤)\sqrt{\frac{\omega (𝐤)}{2}}f_\sigma (𝐤)`$ corresponds to a shifted field operator associated with the coherent state . Thus in this construct for the ground state we have two functions $`f_\sigma (𝐤)`$ and $`g(𝐤)`$ which will be determined through minimisation of energy density. Further, since $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ contains an arbitrary number of $`a^{}`$ quanta, $`a^{}\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}`$. However, we can define the basis $`b(𝐤)`$, $`b^{}(𝐤)`$ corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ through the Bogoliubov transformation as

$$b(𝐤)=U_{II}a^{}(𝐤)U_{II}^1=(\mathrm{cosh}g)a^{}(𝐤)(\mathrm{sinh}g)a^{}(𝐤).$$
(40)
It is easy to check that $`b(𝐤)\mathrm{\Omega }=0`$. Further, to preserve translational invariance $`f_\sigma (𝐤)`$ has to be proportional to $`\delta (𝐤)`$ and we take $`f_\sigma (𝐤)=\sigma _0(2\pi )^{3/2}\delta (𝐤)`$. $`\sigma _0`$ will correspond to a classical field of the conventional approach . We next calculate the expectation value of the Hamiltonian density.

Using the transformations (40) it is easy to evaluate that

$$\mathrm{\Omega }\sigma \mathrm{\Omega }=\sigma _0,\mathrm{\Omega }\sigma ^2\mathrm{\Omega }=\sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+I,$$
(41)
where

$$I=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d𝐤}{2\omega (k)}(\mathrm{cosh}2g+\mathrm{sinh}2g).$$
(42)
Using equations (36), (41), the energy density of $`_\sigma `$ with respect to the trial state becomes

$`ϵ_\sigma \mathrm{\Omega }_\sigma \mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝐤}{2\omega (k)}\left[k^2(\mathrm{sinh}2g+\mathrm{cosh}2g)+\omega ^2(k)(\mathrm{cosh}2g\mathrm{sinh}2g)\right]}`$ (43)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\sigma ^2I+6\lambda \sigma _0^2I+3\lambda I^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\sigma ^2\sigma _0^2+\lambda \sigma _0^4.`$ (44)
Extremising the above energy density with respect to the function $`g(k)`$ yields

$$\mathrm{tanh}2g(k)=\frac{6\lambda I+6\lambda \sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{\omega (k)^2+6\lambda I+6\lambda \sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}.$$
(45)
It is clear from the above equation that in the absence of a quartic coupling no such condensates are favoured since the condensate function vanishes for $`\lambda =0`$. Now substituting this value of $`g(k)`$ in the expression for the $`\sigma `$-meson energy density yields

$$ϵ_\sigma =\frac{1}{2}m_\sigma ^2\sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\lambda \sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}𝑑𝐤(k^2+M_\sigma ^2)^{1/2}3\lambda I^2$$
(46)
where

$$M_\sigma ^2=m_\sigma ^2+12\lambda I+12\lambda \sigma _0^2,$$
(47)
with

$$I=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d𝐤}{2}\frac{1}{(𝐤^2+M_\sigma ^2)^{1/2}},$$
(48)
obtained from equation (42) after substituting for the condensate function $`g(k)`$ as in equation (45). The expression for the “effective potential” $`ϵ_\sigma `$ contains divergent integrals. Since our approximation is nonperturbatively self-consistent, the field-dependent effective mass $`M_\sigma `$ is also not well defined because of the infinities in the integral $`I`$ given by equation (48). Therefore we first obtain a well-defined finite expression for $`M_\sigma `$ by renormalisation. We use the renormalisation prescription of ref.  and thus obtain the gap equation for the effective sigma meson mass, $`M_\sigma `$ in terms of the renormalised mass and coupling parameters, $`m_R`$ and $`\lambda _R`$, as

$$M_\sigma ^2=m_R^2+12\lambda _R\sigma _0^2+12\lambda _RI_f(M_\sigma ),$$
(49)
where

$$I_f(M_\sigma )=\frac{M_\sigma ^2}{16\pi ^2}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{M_\sigma ^2}{m_R^2}\right).$$
(50)
After renormalisation  and subtracting out the pure vacuum contributions, the expressions for the energy density and pressure can be written as

$$ϵ=\underset{B}{}\frac{\gamma _B}{2\pi ^2}_0^{k_{FB}}(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}k^2𝑑k+\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}+\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\sigma +\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\omega _0^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\rho }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\rho _{03}^2,$$
(51)
and

$$p=\frac{1}{3}\underset{B}{}\frac{\gamma _B}{2\pi ^2}_0^{k_{FB}}\frac{k^4}{(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}}𝑑k\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\sigma +\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\omega _0^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\rho }^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\rho _{03}^2.$$
(52)
In the above, $`\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\sigma `$ includes the quantum effects from the scalar sigma meson and is given as

$`\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_R^2\sigma _0^2+3\lambda _R\sigma _0^4+{\displaystyle \frac{M_\sigma ^4}{64\pi ^2}}\left(\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M_\sigma ^2}{m_R^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)3\lambda _RI_f^2`$ (53)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{M_{\sigma ,0}^4}{64\pi ^2}}\left(\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{M_{\sigma ,0}^2}{m_R^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)+3\lambda _RI_{f0}^2,`$ (54)
where $`M_{\sigma ,0}`$ and $`I_{f0}`$ are the expressions as given by eqs. (49) and (50) with $`\sigma _0=0`$.

The self consistency condition satisfied by $`\sigma _0`$, is now modified due to quantum effects from sigma field, from (29), to

$$\frac{d(\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\sigma )}{d\sigma _0}=\underset{B}{}g_{\sigma B}\frac{\gamma _B}{2\pi ^2}_0^{k_{FB}}\frac{k^2dkM_B^{}}{(k^2+M_{B}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{1/2}}\frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_{ren}}{d\sigma _0}$$
(55)
Explicitly, the left hand side of equation (55) is given as,

$$\frac{d(\mathrm{\Delta }ϵ_\sigma )}{d\sigma }=m_R^2\sigma _0+12\lambda _R\sigma _0^3+\frac{M_\sigma ^2}{32\pi ^2}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{M_\sigma ^2}{m_R^2}\right)\left(\frac{dM_\sigma ^2}{d\sigma _0}\right)6\lambda _RI_fC_F\left(\frac{dM_\sigma ^2}{d\sigma _0}\right),$$
(56)
where,

$$\left(\frac{dM_\sigma ^2}{d\sigma _0}\right)=\frac{24\lambda _R\sigma _0}{112\lambda _RC_F},C_F=\frac{1}{16\pi ^2}(1+\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{M_\sigma ^2}{m_R^2}\right).)$$

We might note here that apart from $`\sigma _0`$ satisfying the selfconsistency condition (55), the in-medium scalar meson mass, $`M_\sigma `$ also satisfies the selfconsistency condition given by equations (49) and (50). As earlier, the fermi momenta $`k_{Fi}`$’s are fixed from the baryon and electric charge conservations given through (34) and (35) along with the selfconsistency conditions for the meson fields given by (31). This then gives us the equation of state for hyperonic matter, including the quantum correction effects from the baryons and scalar mesons. We shall next consider the effects of such an EOS on the neutron star structure.

### C Neutron star structure

The equations for the structure of a relativistic spherical and static star composed of a perfect fluid were derived from Einstein’s equations by Oppenheimer and Volkoff . They are

$$\frac{dp}{dr}=\frac{G}{r}\frac{\left[ϵ+p\right]\left[M+4\pi r^3p\right]}{(r2GM)},$$
(58)
$$\frac{dM}{dr}=4\pi r^2ϵ,$$
(59)
with $`G`$ as the gravitational constant and $`M(r)`$ as the enclosed gravitational mass. We have used $`c=1`$. Given an EOS, these equations can be integrated from the origin as an initial value problem for a given choice of central energy density, $`(ϵ_c)`$. The value of r (=R), where the pressure vanishes defines the surface of the star.

We solve the above equations to study the structural properties of the neutron star, using the EOS derived for the electrically charge neutral hyperon rich dense matter including the quantum correction effects from the baryons and scalar mesons. In an earlier study , the effect of vacuum strucure on neutron stars was considered without inclusion of strange baryon sector.

## III Results and Discussions

We now proceed with the numerical calculations of deriving the equation of state for hyperon rich dense matter including the quantum correction effects from the baryon and scalar meson sectors. The nucleon meson couplings $`C_s^2=g_{\sigma N}^2M_N^2/m_\sigma ^2`$ and $`C_v^2=g_{\omega N}^2M_N^2/m_\omega ^2`$ are obtained from the nuclear matter saturation properties of binding energy $`15.75`$ MeV and equilibrium nuclear matter density, $`\rho _0`$ of $`0.193\text{f}m^3`$. The values of $`C_s^2`$ = 114.7, 167.5, 137.9 and $`C_v^2`$ = 183.3, 96.45, 63.7, for RHA and for $`\lambda _R`$=1.8 and 5 respectively The compressibility of nuclear matter turns out to be 401 MeV for $`\lambda _R`$ = 1.8, and 329 MeV for $`\lambda _R`$ = 5 , which are smaller than that of RHA. A similar lowering of nuclear matter compressibilty was also observed in the modified RHA, where the renormalization scale was chosen to be different from the free nucleon mass .

The nucleon $`\rho `$ coupling, $`g_{\rho N}`$ is determined from the symmetry energy coefficient, $`a_{sym}`$, given as

$$a_{sym}=(\frac{g_{\rho N}}{m_\rho })^2\frac{k_{F0}^3}{12\pi ^2}+\frac{k_{F0}^2}{6(k_{F0}^2+M_{N}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})}$$

where $`k_{F0}`$ is the Fermi momentum of nuclear matter at saturation density, $`\rho _0`$. In our calculations, we choose $`a_{sym}=32.5`$ MeV, which gives the value for the nucleon-rho meson coupling as $`g_{\rho N}`$ = 6.82, 7.0 and 7.25, for RHA and $`\lambda _R`$ = 1.8 and 5, respectively.

The composition of the charge neutral dense matter depends very sensitively on the hyperon-meson coupling parameters, which are, however, very poorly known . On general quark counting arguments we shall take the vector couplings from the $`SU(6)`$ theory, as $`\frac{1}{3}g_{\omega N}=\frac{1}{2}g_{\omega \mathrm{\Lambda }}=\frac{1}{2}g_{\omega \mathrm{\Sigma }}=g_{\omega \mathrm{\Xi }}`$ and, $`g_{\rho N}=\frac{1}{2}g_{\rho \mathrm{\Sigma }}=g_{\rho \mathrm{\Xi }}`$, $`g_{\rho \mathrm{\Lambda }}=0`$  and fix the scalar couplings from the potential depth of the hyperon in nuclear matter as, $`U_\mathrm{\Lambda }^N=U_\mathrm{\Sigma }^N=30`$ MeV and $`U_\mathrm{\Xi }^N=28`$ MeV .

In Fig.1, we plot the equation of state, for RHA (equivalent to considering the vacuum polarization effects from baryon sector) and with quantum corrections from both baryon and scalar meson sectors, for couplings $`\lambda _R=1.8`$ and $`\lambda _R=5`$. Inclusion of hyperons softens the EOS  of the charge neutral dense matter. This is seen from the change in slope of Fig. 1 for energy densities greater than $``$ 350 -500 MeV/fm<sup>3</sup> when hyperons start to appear. It is also observed that quantum effects arising from scalar meson sector soften the equation of state as compared to RHA and the softening increases for higher values of the self coupling $`\lambda _R`$.

In Fig. 2, the effective masses for the baryons are plotted as functions of the baryon number density. All the in-medium baryon masses $`M_B^{}=M_B+g_{\sigma B}\sigma _0`$ decrease with density. The variation for hyperon masses is slower as compared to nucleon masses. This a reflection of a smaller coupling of hyperons to the sigma field. Further, we note that the decrease in the effective mass, $`M_B^{}`$ with density, is slower when quantum corrections from the sigma mesons through condensates are taken into account. The value of $`M_B^{}`$ increases with $`\lambda _R`$ which is a reflection of diminishing baryon sigma coupling strength for larger value of quartic self-interaction.

The meson field strengths are plotted in Fig. 3. The potentials can be obtained by multiplying the corresponding meson couplings to the baryons. The vector potential initially rises linearly and then the rise is slowed down for densities $`2\rho _0`$, when the hyperons start to appear . The magnitude as well as the rate of rise is decreased with inclusion of quantum corrections from the $`\sigma `$ mesons. Such a decrease is also observed for the scalar potential, which leads to a smaller value for the anti-baryon potential, $`(g_{\omega B}\omega _0g_{\sigma B}\sigma _0)`$, due to the $`\sigma `$ meson quantum correction effects. The scalar field tends to saturate at high densities. The magnitude of isovector vector field, $`\rho _{03}`$ remains small (reaching a maximum of $``$ 15-20 MeV) throughout the density regime.

Inclusion of quantum corrections from the sigma meson leads to a self-consistent calculation of the in-medium sigma mass, given by equation (49) which we plot in figure 4. There is an increase in the scalar meson mass with density, since the quartic coupling $`\lambda _R`$ is positive. The increase is sharper for higher value of the quartic coupling .

In figures 5, 6 and 7, the fractional particle densities, $`\rho _i/\rho `$ are plotted for the situations with and without the quantum corrections from scalar mesons. At $`\rho /\rho _02`$, first $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, the lightest hyperon appears in all these situations. It is noticed that for little higher value for the density, the negatively charged hyperon $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ appears, which competes with the leptons in maintaining charge neutrality. Because of the larger coupling to the vector meson as compared to that of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$-hyperon, the effective chemical potential for $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ becomes large enough to have the threshold for occurrence of $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ earlier than $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. We might note here that, this is in line with the extrapolated $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ atomic data , which suggest that $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ may feel repulsion at high density, which would mitigate against its appearance in dense matter , although this remains inconclusive. The appearance of $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ leads to a depletion of the lepton concentrations consistent with charge neutrality condition. Such a depletion is also seen, for example in the magnitude of the electron chemical potential, $`\mu _e=\mu _E`$, plotted in figure 8. The $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$-hyperon becomes more populous than $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ almost immediately after it starts appearing. The proton concentration increases and saturates at higher densities, and the appearance of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ maintains charge neutrality condition. We might note here that the threshold condition for a given species to appear, is given by the equation (32). Thus the order in which they appear is rather sensitive to the hyperon-meson coupling constants. With the couplings chosen in the present paper, the threshold density for $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ is smaller than $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. This is due to the fact that first of all $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ has a lower mass and its coupling to the iso-vector vector, $`\rho `$\- meson decided by isospin leads to a higher effective chemical potential, compared to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^0`$ or $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$. We also notice that after an initial rise of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^+`$ partial density, it starts decreasing at a higher density when $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}`$ saturates, to maintain charge neutrality as electron density keeps decreasing in this density regime. Inclusion of quantum effects from scalar meson shifts the threshold densities for the hyperons to higher values. This is due to the fact that such quantum corrections lead to a higher effective mass as illustrated in Fig. 2, and hence the threshold condition (32) is met at a higher density.

In figure 9, we plot the mass of the neutron star as a function of the central energy densities for the situations of with and without the quantum correction effects from scalar mesons. For subnuclear densities, we use the results of Negele and Vautherin  for the energy density regime 0.025 MeV/fm$`{}_{}{}^{3}<ϵ<`$ 50 MeV/fm<sup>3</sup>, the EOS of Baym, Pethick and Sutherland  for 5$`\times `$ 10<sup>-10</sup> MeV/fm$`{}_{}{}^{3}<ϵ<`$ 0.025 MeV/fm<sup>3</sup>, and the EOS of Feynman et al  below 10<sup>-10</sup> MeV/fm<sup>3</sup>. The value of the maximum mass of the neutron star in solar mass units is found to be 1.717, 1.6 and 1.42 for RHA, $`\lambda _R`$ = 1.8 and 5 respectively, along with the corresponding radii as 12.0, 11.62 and 11.1 kilometers. Thus it is seen that inclusion of quantum effects reduces the maximum mass of stable neutron stars, which reflects the fact that the EOS becomes softer due to quantum effects, as illustrated in figure 1. Such a decrease of maximum mass for the neutron star due to quantum effects was also seen in Ref. . In fig. 10, the radius of the neutron star versus its mass is plotted for the different situations. The quantum effects are seen to reduce the radius of the maximum mass of the neutron star.

## IV summary

To summarize, in the present work, we have derived the EOS of charge neutral hyperonic matter including the quantum effects in a nonperturbative manner. The method consists of having an explicit ansatz for the ground state of dense matter with baryon-antibaryon condensates as well as scalar meson condensates. Extremisation of the thermodynamic potential leads to determination of the condensate functions in a self consistent manner. This gave rise to a softer EOS. The vacuum polarization effects through baryon-antibaryon condensates give rise to the Relativistic Hartree approximation of summing over the tadpole diagrams for the baryon propagator. Inclusion of quartic self interaction with a positive coupling for the $`\sigma `$ meson enabled us to include the quantum effects arising from the $`\sigma `$ field. However, we have not considered here the quantum effects arising from the $`\omega `$ and $`\rho `$ mesons. The composition of the charge neutral dense matter is known to be rather sensitive to the hyperon meson coupling parameters, which involve large uncertainties. In particular, the uncertainty of the coupling of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}`$ in dense matter raises the question of the behaviour of the electrochemical potential in the neutron star matter, which is crucial in the possible presence of the kaon condensed phase in the core of the neutron stars. With inclusion of quantum effects from $`\sigma `$ meson, one notices that the threshold densities for the onset of appearance of the hyperons increase, due to the larger values of the respective effective masses. We have also considered the neutron star structural properties using such an equation of state, which leads to a smaller value for the maximum mass as compared to when quantum effects from scalar mesons are not taken into account. The approximation here lies in the specific ansatz for the ground state structure. However, it would be interesting to investigate with a more general ground state including $`\omega `$ and $`\rho `$ mesons than what has been considered here. Work in this and related fields are in progress.

## V Acknowledgement

One of the authors (P. K. P.) would like to acknowledge FAPESP (Processo-99/08544-0) for financial support and the IFT, São Paulo, for kind hospitality.


text:
# A superspace embedding of the Wess-Zumino model

## A

In this Appendix, we present the notation, convention and the main identities used throughout the paper. The gamma matrices satisfy the usual relations $`\{\gamma ^\mu ,\gamma ^\nu \}=2\eta ^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`\gamma ^\mu =\gamma ^0\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^0`$. We adopt the metric convention $`\eta ^{\mu \nu }=\mathrm{diag}.(1,1,1,1)`$. We take the completely antisymmetric tensor $`ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda }`$ given by $`ϵ^{0123}=1`$. The matrices $`\gamma _5`$ and $`\sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$ are defined as

$`\gamma _5`$ $`=`$ $`i\gamma ^0\gamma ^1\gamma ^2\gamma ^3,`$ (A.1)
$`\sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}[\gamma ^\mu ,\gamma ^\nu ].`$ (A.2)
Let us list below some useful identities involving gamma matrices

$`\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\rho `$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\rho \eta ^{\mu \rho }\gamma ^\mu +\eta ^{\nu \rho }\gamma ^\mu iϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda }\gamma _5\gamma _\lambda ,`$ (A.3)
$`\gamma _5\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu `$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\mu \nu }\gamma _5+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda }\sigma _{\rho \lambda },`$ (A.4)
$`\gamma _5\sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda }\sigma _{\rho \lambda },`$ (A.5)
$`\gamma ^\mu \sigma ^{\rho \lambda }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(\eta ^{\mu \rho }\gamma ^\lambda \eta ^{\mu \lambda }\gamma ^\rho )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{\mu \rho \lambda \nu }\gamma _5\gamma _\nu ,`$ (A.6)
$`\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\rho `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(\eta ^{\nu \rho }\gamma ^\mu \eta ^{\mu \rho }\gamma ^\nu )+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda }\gamma _5\gamma _\lambda ,`$ (A.7)
$`\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\sigma ^{\rho \lambda }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda }\gamma _5+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\eta ^{\mu \rho }\eta ^{\nu \lambda }\eta ^{\mu \lambda }\eta ^{\nu \rho })`$ (A.9)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(\eta ^{\mu \rho }\eta ^{\nu \alpha }\eta ^{\lambda \beta }+\eta ^{\nu \lambda }\eta ^{\mu \alpha }\eta ^{\rho \beta }\rho \lambda ).`$
Further

$`\mathrm{tr}\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu `$ $`=`$ $`4\eta ^{\mu \nu },`$ (A.10)
$`\mathrm{tr}\gamma _5`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.11)
$`\mathrm{tr}\gamma _5\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu `$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.12)
$`\mathrm{tr}\gamma _5\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\rho \gamma ^\lambda `$ $`=`$ $`4iϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \lambda },`$ (A.13)
$`\mathrm{tr}\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\sigma ^{\rho \lambda }`$ $`=`$ $`4(\eta ^{\mu \rho }\eta ^{\nu \lambda }\eta ^{\mu \lambda }\eta ^{\nu \rho }).`$ (A.14)
Considering $`\psi `$ and $`\chi `$ as Majorana spinors, we also have

$`\overline{\psi }\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\psi ,`$ (A.15)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma _5\psi ,`$ (A.16)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\psi ,`$ (A.17)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu \chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma ^\mu \psi ,`$ (A.18)
$`\overline{\psi }\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\psi ,`$ (A.19)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu \chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\mu \psi .`$ (A.20)
Using the relations (A.3)-(A.20), we obtain additional relations

$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma _5\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\psi ,`$ (A.21)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu \chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\mu \psi ,`$ (A.22)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\rho \chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma ^\rho \gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\mu \psi ,`$ (A.23)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\mu \gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\rho \chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\rho \gamma ^\nu \gamma ^\mu \psi ,`$ (A.24)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\gamma ^\rho \sigma ^{\mu \nu }\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma _5\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\rho \psi ,`$ (A.25)
$`\overline{\psi }\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\rho \gamma ^\lambda \chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma ^\lambda \gamma ^\rho \sigma ^{\mu \nu }\psi ,`$ (A.26)
$`\overline{\psi }\gamma _5\sigma ^{\mu \nu }\gamma ^\alpha \sigma ^{\rho \lambda }\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\chi }\gamma _5\sigma ^{\rho \lambda }\gamma ^\alpha \sigma ^{\mu \nu }\psi .`$ (A.27)
The Fierz identity reads

$$\frac{1}{4}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^A)_{\alpha \beta }(\mathrm{\Gamma }_A)_{\sigma \rho }=\delta _{\alpha \rho }\delta _{\beta \sigma },$$
(A.28)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^A`$ is generically representing the independent matrices: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^1=1`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^2`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^5=\gamma ^\mu `$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^6=\gamma _5`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^7`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{10}=\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{11}`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{16}=\sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$. Concerning to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_A`$, the corresponding relations are almost trivial, we just have to notice the inverse order between $`\gamma _5`$ and $`\gamma _\mu `$ from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_7`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{10}=\gamma _5\gamma _\mu `$. Using the Fierz identity, we obtain

$`\theta _\alpha \overline{\theta }_\beta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\delta _{\alpha \beta }\overline{\theta }\theta {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\gamma _{5\alpha \beta }\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta `$ (A.30)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5)_{\alpha \beta }\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\gamma _\mu \theta ,`$
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta \overline{\theta }_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\theta }\theta (\overline{\theta }\gamma _5)_\alpha ,`$ (A.31)
$`\theta _\alpha \overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta `$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma _5\theta )_\alpha \overline{\theta }\theta ,`$ (A.32)
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\gamma _\mu \theta \overline{\theta }_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`\overline{\theta }\theta (\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\gamma _\mu )_\alpha ,`$ (A.33)
$`\theta _\alpha \overline{\theta }\gamma _5\gamma _\mu \theta `$ $`=`$ $`(\gamma _5\gamma _\mu \theta )_\alpha \overline{\theta }\theta ,`$ (A.34)
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta \overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta `$ $`=`$ $`(\overline{\theta }\theta )^2,`$ (A.35)
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\theta \overline{\theta }\gamma ^\nu \gamma _5\theta `$ $`=`$ $`\eta ^{\mu \nu }(\overline{\theta }\theta )^2,`$ (A.36)
$`\overline{\theta }\theta \overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.37)
$`\overline{\theta }\theta \overline{\theta }\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.38)
$`\overline{\theta }\gamma _5\theta \overline{\theta }\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5\theta `$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (A.39)
The supersymmetry charge and derivative operators are defined by

$`Q_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_\alpha }}+i(\gamma ^\mu \theta )_\alpha _\mu ,`$ (A.40)
$`\overline{Q}_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _\alpha }}i(\overline{\theta }\gamma ^\mu )_\alpha _\mu ,`$ (A.41)
$`D_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_\alpha }}i(\gamma ^\mu \theta )_\alpha _\mu ,`$ (A.42)
$`\overline{D}_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _\alpha }}+i(\overline{\theta }\gamma ^\mu )_\alpha _\mu .`$ (A.43)
Positive and negative chiralities are defined as

$$\theta _\pm =\frac{1}{2}(1\pm \gamma _5)\theta ,$$
(A.44)
consequently,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _\pm }}\theta _\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\pm \gamma _5),`$ (A.45)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_\pm }}\overline{\theta }_\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\gamma _5),`$ (A.46)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _\pm }}\overline{\theta }_\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\pm \gamma _5)\gamma ^0,`$ (A.47)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_\pm }}\theta _\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1\gamma _5)\gamma ^0,`$ (A.48)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _\pm }}\theta _{}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.49)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_\pm }}\overline{\theta }_{}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.50)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta _\pm }}\overline{\theta }_{}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (A.51)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\overline{\theta }_\pm }}\theta _{}`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$ (A.52)
The positive and negative chiral superfields satisfy

$$D_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_\pm =0.$$
(A.53)