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# Geometric Phases, Symmetries of Dynamical Invariants, and Exact Solution of the Schrödinger Equation

## 1 Introduction

History of modern physics is full of happy surprises. Among the latest of these is the discovery of Berry’s adiabatic geometric phase . This discovery has led physicists to reconsider a number of fundamental as well as practical aspects of quantum mechanics. The importance of Berry’s findings and their impact on various areas of physics have naturally resulted in the interest in the generalizations of geometric phases. One of the most significant contributions in this direction is the nonadiabatic generalization of Berry’s phase due to Aharonov and Anandan . This generalization employs a geometric picture of quantum dynamics and shows that the nonadiabatic geometric phase can be defined for any closed curve in the space of (pure) quantum states. Moreover, the geometric phase associated with the evolution of a pure state only depends on the path traced by the evolving state in the state space. In other words, different Hamiltonians leading to the same path define the same geometric phase.111This is usually demonstrated by showing that a shift of the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$ by a multiple of the identity operator $`I`$, i.e., $`H(t)H^{}(t)=H(t)+f(t)I`$, leaves the geometric phases invariant .This shift is related to a global phase transformation of the Hilbert space. It is in a sense a trivial kinematic symmetry transformation . The purpose of this article is to address the problem of the characterization of all the quantum systems (with a common Hilbert space) that lead to the same geometric phases for a complete set of initial state vectors. We will term such systems ‘geometrically equivalent,’ and determine the Hamiltonian $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ for a general quantum system that is geometrically equivalent to a given system with Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$.

Our main results are:

* This problem is directly linked with the symmetries of dynamical invariants associated with the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$;
* The evolution operator $`\stackrel{~}{U}(t)`$ for $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ can be obtained from the evolution operator $`U(t)`$ for $`H(t)`$.
* Each class of geometrically equivalent quantum systems includes a system whose dynamical and geometric phases cancel each other, i.e., their total phase is unity.222Here we mean the phases associated with the eigenvectors of the common dynamical invariant. In particular, if the corresponding dynamical invariant is $`T`$-periodic, the class includes a system with a $`T`$-periodic Hamiltonian $`H_{}(t)`$. Moreover, the evolution operator $`U_{}(t)`$ corresponding to $`H_{}(t)`$ satisfies $`U_{}(T)=1`$, i.e., the system has an evolution loop  of period $`T`$.
* For the cranked Hamiltonians, $`H(t)=e^{iKt}H_0e^{iKt}`$, the cranking operator $`K`$ is geometrically equivalent to $`H(t)`$. Therefore, although it is time-independent, it leads to nontrivial cyclic evolutions and geometric phases.
* Any time-independent simple harmonic oscillator admits a periodic dynamical invariant whose period is half the characteristic period of the oscillator. We construct this invariant and the associated exact cyclic states, and show that they acquire nontrivial cyclic geometric phases.

The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we present a brief review of dynamical invariants and their relationship with geometric phases. In Section 3, we address the characterization of the geometrically equivalent quantum systems and develop a new approach to identify a class of exactly solvable quantum systems. In Section 4, we consider the quantum systems which are geometrically equivalent to a cranked Hamiltonian. In Section 5, we apply our general results to study a complete set of nonstationary cyclic states of a time-independent simple harmonic oscillator. In Section 6, we present our concluding remarks.

## 2 Dynamical Invariants and Geometric Phases

Consider a time-dependent Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$ with the following properties.

* $`H(t)`$ is obtained from a Hermitian parametric Hamiltonian $`H[R]`$ as $`H(t)=H[R(t)]`$, where $`R`$ stands for $`(R^1,R^2,\mathrm{},R^d)`$, $`R^i`$ are real parameters denoting the coordinates of points of a parameter manifold $`M`$, and $`R(t)`$ describes a smooth curve lying in $`M`$;
* The spectrum of $`H[R]`$ is discrete for all $`RM`$;
* In local patches of $`M`$, the eigenvalues $`E_n[R]`$ of $`H[R]`$ are smooth functions of $`R`$;
* The curve $`R(t)`$ defining $`H(t)`$ is such that during the evolution of the system, i.e., for all $`t[0,\tau ]`$, $`E_m[R(t)]=E_n[R(t)]`$ if and only if $`m=n`$. In particular, the degree of degeneracy of the energy eigenvalues do not depend on time, and no level-crossings occur.
* In local patches of $`M`$, there is a set of orthonormal basis vectors $`|n,a;R`$ of $`H[R]`$ that are smooth functions of $`R`$.

Here $`a`$ is a degeneracy label taking its values in $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},𝒩\}`$ and $`𝒩`$ denotes the degree of degeneracy of $`E_n(t):=E_n[R(t)]`$.

By definition, a dynamical invariant $`I(t)`$ of the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$ is a nontrivial solution of the Liouville-von-Neumann equation333Here ‘nontrivial’ means that $`I(t)`$ is not a multiple of the identity operator.

$$\frac{d}{dt}I(t)=i[I(t),H(t)].$$
(1)
Consider a Hermitian dynamical invariant $`I(t)`$ with a discrete spectrum and let $`\{|\lambda _n,a;t\}`$ be a complete set of orthonormal eigenvectors of $`I(t)`$, where $`a\{1,2,\mathrm{},d_n\}`$ is a degeneracy label and $`d_n`$ is the degree of degeneracy of the eigenvalue $`\lambda _n`$. Then one can show that :

* The eigenvalues $`\lambda _n`$ of $`I(t)`$ are constant.
* One can express the evolution operator of the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$ according to

$$U(t)=\underset{n}{}\underset{a,b=1}{\overset{d_n}{}}u_{ab}^n(t)|\lambda _n,a;t\lambda _n,b;0|,$$
(2)
where $`u_{ab}^n(t)`$ are the entries of a unitary matrix $`u^n(t)`$ that is determined by the matrix Schrödinger equation:

$$i\frac{d}{dt}u^n(t)=\mathrm{\Delta }^n(t)u^n(t),u^n(0)=1,$$
(3)
with

$`\mathrm{\Delta }^n(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`^n(t)𝒜^n(t),`$ (4)
$`_{ab}^n`$ $`:=`$ $`\lambda _n,a;t|H|\lambda _n,b;t,`$ (5)
$`𝒜_{ab}^n`$ $`:=`$ $`i\lambda _n,a;t|{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}|\lambda _n,b;t.`$ (6)

For a nondegenerate eigenvalue $`\lambda _n`$ of the invariant, $`^n(t)`$, $`𝒜^n(t)`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n(t)`$ are scalar functions, and $`u^n(t)`$ is a phase factor given by

$`u^n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\delta _n(t)}e^{i\gamma _n(t)},`$ (7)
$`\delta _n(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}^n(s)𝑑s={\displaystyle _0^s}\lambda ;s|H(s)|\lambda _n;s𝑑s,`$ (8)
$`\gamma _n(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}𝒜^n(s)𝑑s=i{\displaystyle _0^s}\lambda ;s|{\displaystyle \frac{d}{ds}}|\lambda _n;s𝑑s.`$ (9)
Furthermore, the state vector

$$|\psi (t):=u^n(t)|\lambda _n;t$$
(10)
is an exact solution of the Schrödinger equation:

$$i\frac{d}{dt}|\psi (t)=H(t)|\psi (t).$$
(11)
For a $`T`$-periodic invariant, where $`I(t+T)=I(t)`$, the initial state vectors $`|\psi (0)`$ defined by (10) undergo cyclic evolutions, and the phase factors $`e^{i\delta _n(T)}`$ and $`e^{i\gamma _n(T)}`$ are respectively called the (nonadiabatic) cyclic dynamical and geometric phases .

As shown in Ref. , a similar analysis can be performed for the degenerate eigenvalues $`\lambda _n`$. This yields an expression for the non-Abelian cyclic geometric phase, namely

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }^n(T)=𝒯e^{i_0^T𝒜^n(t)𝑑t},$$
(12)
where $`𝒯`$ stands for the time-ordering operator. Noncyclic Abelian and non-Abelian geometric phases can also be treated in terms of dynamical invariants .

Finally, we note that in view of Eq. (2) any dynamical invariant satisfies

$$I(t)=U(t)I(0)U^{}(t).$$
(13)
## 3 Geometrically Equivalent Quantum Systems

Consider a solution $`|\psi (t)`$ of the Schrödinger equation (11) for the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$. Then the corresponding pure state $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(t)`$ may be described by the projection operator $`|\psi (t)\psi (t)|`$. As time progresses, the state $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(t)`$ traverses a path in the projective Hilbert space $`𝒫()`$. As we mentioned in Section 1, distinct quantum systems may yield the same path $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(t)`$ in $`𝒫()`$ and the same geometric phases .444Note that this is also true for noncyclic geometric phases .

Next, we suppose that $`|\psi (t)`$ is given by Eq. (10), i.e., it is an eigenvector of a dynamical invariant $`I(t)`$ with a nondegenerate eigenvalue $`\lambda _n`$.555Note that this is always possible. That is for any solution $`|\psi (t)`$, one can construct a dynamical invariant $`I(t)`$ with this property. Because, the information about the geometric phase is entirely included in $`I(t)`$, different Hamiltonians admitting $`I(t)`$ as a dynamical invariant would lead to the same set of geometric phases (for the evolution of the eigenstates of $`I(0)`$.) This observation provides the means for a characterization of the geometrically equivalent quantum systems in terms of the symmetries of dynamical invariants.

Specifically, consider another Hamiltonian $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ with the same spectral properties as $`H(t)`$, and suppose that $`I(t)`$ is an arbitrary Hermitian dynamical invariant of both $`H(t)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$, i.e., $`I(t)`$ satisfies Eqs. (1) and

$$\frac{d}{dt}I(t)=i[I(t),\stackrel{~}{H}(t)].$$
(14)
Then $`H(t)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ are geometrically equivalent. Next, introduce $`X(t):=\stackrel{~}{H}(t)H(t)`$. In view of Eqs. (1) and (14),

$$[I(t),X(t)]=0.$$
(15)
In other words, the two Hamiltonians $`H(t)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ are related by a symmetry generator $`X(t)`$ of the invariant $`I(t)`$ according to

$$\stackrel{~}{H}(t)=H(t)+X(t).$$
(16)
Furthermore, it is not difficult to show that the evolution operator $`\stackrel{~}{U}(t)`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ may be written in the form

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(t)=\underset{n}{}\underset{a,b=1}{\overset{d_n}{}}\stackrel{~}{u}_{ab}^n(t)|\lambda _n,a;t\lambda _n,b;0|,$$
(17)
where $`\stackrel{~}{u}^n(t)`$ is defined by

$`i{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\stackrel{~}{u}^n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^n(t)u^n(t),\stackrel{~}{u}(0)=1,`$ (18)
$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^n(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{}^n(t)𝒜^n(t),`$ (19)
$`\stackrel{~}{}_{ab}^n`$ $`:=`$ $`\lambda _n,a;t|\stackrel{~}{H}|\lambda _n,b;t.`$ (20)
Note that the transformation $`H(t)\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ leaves the matrices $`𝒜^n(t)`$ and consequently the geometric phases invariant.

Eqs. (13), (16) and (17) suggest that given a time-dependent Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$ whose Schrödinger equation is exactly solvable, one can obtain the exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for all the geometrically equivalent Hamiltonians $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$. For example, let $`X(t)`$ be a polynomial in $`I(t)`$, i.e.,

$$X(t)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}f_i(t)[I(t)]^i,$$
(21)
where $`f_i`$ are arbitrary smooth real-valued functions of $`t`$. Then $`X(t)`$ commutes with $`I(t)`$ and one obtains a class of exactly solvable time-dependent Hamiltonians given by

$$\stackrel{~}{H}(t)=H(t)+\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}f_i(t)[I(t)]^i.$$
(22)
Next, consider an arbitrary symmetry generator $`X(t)`$ of $`I(t)`$, and let

$$Y(t):=U^{}(t)X(t)U(t),$$
(23)
where $`U(t)`$ is the evolution operator for the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$, i.e., the solution of

$$i\frac{d}{dt}U(t)=H(t)U(t),U(0)=1.$$
(24)
In view of Eqs. (13), (23), (16), and (24), we have

$`[Y(t),I(0)]`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (25)
$`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`U(t)Y(t)U^{}(t)i\dot{U}(t)U^{}(t).`$ (26)
These equations indicate that the Hamiltonian $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ is related to a symmetry generator of the initial invariant $`I(0)`$ through a (canonical) unitary transformation of the Hilbert space :

$$|\varphi (t)|\stackrel{~}{\psi }(t):=U(t)|\varphi (t),$$
(27)
where $`|\varphi (t)`$ is a solution of the Schrödinger equation with $`Y(t)`$ playing the role of the Hamiltonian, i.e.,

$$|\varphi (t)=V(t)|\varphi (0),V(t)=𝒯e^{i_0^tY(s)𝑑s}.$$
(28)
In view of this observation, the evolution operator $`\stackrel{~}{U}(t)`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ is related to the evolution operator $`V(t)`$ of $`Y(t)`$ according to

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(t)=U(t)V(t).$$
(29)
In particular, if $`Y(t)`$ is a constant operator,

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(t)=U(t)e^{itY}.$$
(30)
Furthermore, if $`X(t)`$ is given by Eq. (21), then in light of Eqs. (13) and (23),

$`Y(t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}}f_i(t)[I(0)]^i,`$ (31)
$`\stackrel{~}{U}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`U(t)e^{i_0^tY(s)𝑑s}=U(t)e^{i_{i=1}^pF_i(t)[I(0)]^i},`$ (32)
where $`F_i(t):=_0^tf_i(s)𝑑s`$.

Eq. (29) provides the desired relationship between the evolution operators of geometrically equivalent Hamiltonians.

In the remainder of this section, we address the question of characterizing the class of all the Hamiltonians that admit a given dynamical invariant $`I(t)`$ with the following properties .

* $`I(t)`$ is obtained from a Hermitian parametric invariant $`I[\overline{R}]`$ as $`I(t)=I[\overline{R}(t)]`$, where $`\overline{R}`$ stands for $`(\overline{R}^1,\overline{R}^2,\mathrm{},\overline{R}^{\overline{d}})`$, $`\overline{R}^i`$ are real parameters denoting the coordinates of points of a parameter manifold $`\overline{M}`$, and $`\overline{R}(t)`$ describes a smooth curve lying in $`\overline{M}`$;
* The spectrum of $`I[\overline{R}]`$ is discrete for all $`\overline{R}\overline{M}`$;
* In local patches of $`\overline{M}`$, there is a set of orthonormal basis vectors $`|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}`$ of $`I[\overline{R}]`$ that are smooth (single-valued) functions of $`\overline{R}`$.

Clearly one can express the parametric invariant $`I[\overline{R}]`$ in the form

$$I[\overline{R}]=\overline{W}[\overline{R}]I_0\overline{W}^{}[\overline{R}],$$
(33)
where $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$ is defined by the condition

$$|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}=\overline{W}[\overline{R}]|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}(0),$$
(34)
and $`I_0:=I[\overline{R}(0)]`$. Now, it is not difficult to check that for any curve $`\overline{R}(t)`$ in $`\overline{M}`$, the invariant $`I(t):=I[\overline{R}(t)]`$ satisfies the Liouville-von-Neumann equation (1) for the Hamiltonian

$$H_{}(t):=i\dot{\overline{W}}[\overline{R}(t)]\overline{W}^{}[\overline{R}(t)],$$
(35)
where a dot denotes a time-derivative. Moreover, any other Hamiltonian that admits the invariant $`I(t)`$ is of the form

$$H(t)=H_{}(t)+X(t),$$
(36)
where $`X(t):=X[\overline{R}(t)]`$ and $`X[\overline{R}]`$ is any Hermitian operator that commutes with $`I[\overline{R}]`$.

This completes the characterization of the geometrically equivalent quantum systems.

We conclude this section with the following remarks.

* Substituting Eqs. (34) and (35) in Eqs. (5) and (6), we find that for the Hamiltonian $`H_{}(t)`$,

$$_{ab}^n(t)=𝒜_{ab}^n(t)=i\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}(0)|\overline{W}^{}[\overline{R}(t)]\dot{\overline{W}}[\overline{R}(t)]|\lambda _n,b;\overline{R}(0).$$

Therefore, $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n(t)=0`$ and

$$u^n(t)=1.$$
(37)
In particular, the evolution operator for $`H_{}(t)`$ is given by

$$U_{}(t)=\underset{n}{}\underset{a=1}{\overset{d_n}{}}|\lambda _n,a;t\lambda _n,a;0|=W[\overline{R}(t)].$$
(38)
Moreover, for a nondegenerate eigenvalue $`\lambda _n`$, the geometric and dynamical phases cancel each other.
* Let $`Z[\overline{R}]`$ be any unitary operator commuting with $`I_0`$. Then the transformation

$$\overline{W}[\overline{R}]\overline{W}^{}[\overline{R}]:=\overline{W}[\overline{R}]Z[\overline{R}]$$
(39)
leaves the form of $`I[\overline{R}]`$ unchanged. In other words, the operators $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$ are subject to ‘gauge transformations’ (39). These transformations are essentially the transformations of the basis vectors of the degeneracy subspaces of the invariant,

$$|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}^{}:=\overline{W}^{}[\overline{R}]|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}(0).$$
(40)
The physical quantities are invariant under these transformations. Therefore, they may be calculated after making a choice for the gauge: $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$. The choice of $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$ is only restricted in the sense that it must satisfy Eq. (33) and be a single-valued (differentiable) function of $`\overline{R}`$. Note also that the Hamiltonian (35) and its evolution operator are not invariant under the gauge transformations (39); they transform according to

$$H_{}(t)H_{}^{}(t)=H_{}(t)+i\overline{W}[\overline{R}(T)]\dot{Z}[\overline{R}(t)]Z[\overline{R}(t)]^{}W[\overline{R}(t)]^{},U_{}(t)U_{}^{}(t)=U_{}(t)Z(t),$$
(41)
respectively. However, it is not difficult to show that the relation (37) survives these transformations.
* Suppose that the invariant $`I(t)`$ is periodic. Then one may choose a gauge in which

$$\overline{W}[\overline{R}(T)]=\overline{W}[\overline{R}(0)]=1.$$
(42)
This may be realized by requiring that the curve $`\overline{R}(t)`$ associated with the invariant is closed, i.e., there is $`T\mathrm{IR}^+`$ such that $`\overline{R}(T)=\overline{R}(0)`$. This in turn implies that $`H_{}(T)=H_{}(0)`$. Thus the class of geometrically equivalent quantum systems determined by the $`T`$-periodic invariant includes a system with a $`T`$-periodic Hamiltonian $`H_{}(t)`$. Furthermore, according to Eqs. (42) and (38), $`U_{}(T)=1`$. This means that quantum system described by the $`T`$-periodic Hamiltonian $`H_{}(t)`$ has an evolution loop of period $`T`$, . Note, however, that according to Eqs. (41), in an arbitrary gauge, $`H_{}(t)`$ is not $`T`$-periodic. Yet its evolution operator satisfies $`[U(T),I(0)]=0`$. This is actually a necessary and sufficient condition for the vectors $`|\lambda _n,a;\overline{R}(0)`$ to perform cyclic evolutions, .

## 4 Quantum Systems that Are Geometrically Equivalent to a Cranked System

By definition, a cranked Hamiltonian has the form

$$H(t)=e^{iKt}H_0e^{iKt},$$
(43)
where $`K`$ and $`H_0`$ are constant Hermitian operators. It is not difficult to show that

$$I(t):=H(t)K=e^{iKt}(H_0K)e^{iKt},$$
(44)
is a dynamical invariant for the cranked Hamiltonian (43). Furthermore, one can perform a time-dependent unitary transformation to map the system to a canonically equivalent system with a constant Hamiltonian . This method yields the following expression for the evolution operator of the cranked Hamiltonian (43):666For details see .

$$U(t)=e^{iKt}e^{i(H_0K)t}.$$
(45)
Next, we consider the class of Hamiltonians that are geometrically equivalent to a cranked Hamiltonian. According to Eqs. (16) and (44), these Hamiltonians have the following general form:

$$\stackrel{~}{H}(t)=e^{iKt}[H_0+Y(t)]e^{iKt},$$
(46)
where $`Y(t)`$ is any Hermitian operator commuting with

$$I_0=I(0)=H_0K.$$
(47)
Now, let $`\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)`$ be any operator commuting with $`I(0)`$ and set $`Y(t)=I(0)+\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)=KH_0+\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)`$. Then Eq. (46) yields

$$\stackrel{~}{H}(t)=e^{iKt}[K+\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)]e^{iKt}.$$
(48)
In particular, setting $`\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)=0`$, we find that the cranking operator $`K`$ is also geometrically equivalent to the cranked Hamiltonian (43). Note that although $`K`$ is time-independent, it admits a time-dependent invariant, namely (44). This in turn implies that as the eigenstates of this invariant evolve in time (according to the Schrödinger equation defined by $`K`$), they develop nontrivial (cyclic and noncyclic) geometric phases. Therefore, the above construction provides a simple example of a time-independent Hamiltonian leading to nontrivial geometric phases .

Furthermore, we can use an argument similar to the one leading to Eq. (29) to express the evolution operator $`\stackrel{~}{U}(t)`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{H}(t)`$ in terms of the evolution operator $`e^{iKt}`$ of $`K`$. This yields

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(t)=e^{iKt}𝒯e^{i_0^t\stackrel{~}{Y}(s)𝑑s}.$$
(49)
Next, we compute geometric phases associated with the eigenstates of the invariant (44). This requires the computation of the eigenvectors $`|\lambda _n,a;t`$ or alternatively the unitary operators $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]`$. We wish to emphasize that one must refrain from identifying the operator $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]`$ of Eq. (33) with $`e^{iKt}`$. In order to obtain $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]`$, one must first determine the parameter space of the invariant and the single-valued functions $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$. In general, the choice $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]=e^{iKt}`$ violates the requirement that $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$ must be single-valued. In view of Eqs. (33) and (44), we can however write

$$\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]=e^{iKt}Z(t),$$
(50)
where $`Z(t)`$ is a unitary operator commuting with $`I(0)`$.

Inserting Eq. (50) in Eqs. (35) and (34), we obtain

$`H_{}(t)`$ $`=`$ $`K+ie^{iKt}\dot{Z}(t)Z^{}(t)e^{iKt}.`$ (51)
$`|\lambda _n,a;t`$ $`=`$ $`e^{iKt}Z(t)|\lambda _n,a;0.`$ (52)
Because $`Z(t)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)`$ commute with $`I(0)`$, there exist scalar complex-valued functions $`z_n^{ab}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{y}_n^{ab}`$ satisfying

$$Z(t)|\lambda _n,a;0=\underset{b=1}{\overset{d_n}{}}z_n^{ba}(t)|\lambda _n,b;0,\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)|\lambda _n,a;0=\underset{b=1}{\overset{d_n}{}}\stackrel{~}{y}_n^{ba}(t)|\lambda _n,b;0.$$
(53)
Now, we are in a position to compute the matrices $`^n`$, $`𝒜^n`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n`$ for the Hamiltonian (48). The result is

$`^n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`Z_n^{}(t)K_nZ_n(t)+Z_n^{}(t)\stackrel{~}{Y}_n(t)Z_n(t),`$ (54)
$`𝒜^n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`Z_n^{}(t)K_nZ_n(t)+iZ_n^{}(t)\dot{Z}_n(t),`$ (55)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }^n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`Z_n^{}(t)\stackrel{~}{Y}_n(t)Z_n(t)iZ_n^{}(t)\dot{Z}_n(t),`$ (56)
where $`Z_n,K_n,`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Y}_n`$ are $`d_n\times d_n`$ matrices with entries $`z_n^{ab},\lambda _n,a;0|K|\lambda _n,b;0`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{y}_n^{ab}`$, respectively.

Note that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^n`$ is related to $`\stackrel{~}{Y}_n`$ by a time-dependent (canonical) unitary transformation. This, in particular, implies

$$u^n(t)=Z_n^{}(t)𝒯e^{i_0^t\stackrel{~}{Y}_n(s)𝑑s}.$$
(57)
Substituting Eqs. (52) and (57) in Eq. (2), we recover Eq. (49).

For a nondegenerate eigenvalue $`\lambda _n`$, we have $`Z_n(t)=e^{i\zeta _n(t)}`$ where $`\zeta _n(t)\mathrm{IR}`$ and

$$^n(t)=K_n+\stackrel{~}{Y}_n(t),𝒜^n(t)=K_n+\zeta _n(t),u^n(t)=e^{i\zeta _n(t)}e^{i_0^t\stackrel{~}{Y}_n(s)𝑑s}.$$

In particular, if $`I(t)`$ is $`T`$-periodic, the cyclic geometric and dynamical phase angles are given by

$$\gamma _n(T)=K_nT+\zeta _n(T),\delta _n(T)=K_nT_0^T\stackrel{~}{Y}_n(t)𝑑t.$$

## 5 Cyclic States and Geometric Phases for a Time-Independent Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Consider the cranked Hamiltonian (43) defined by the initial Hamiltonian

$$H_0:=\frac{p^2}{2M}+\frac{M\mathrm{\Omega }^2}{2}x^2,$$
(58)
and the cranking operator

$$K:=\frac{p^2}{2m}+\frac{m\omega ^2}{2}x^2,$$
(59)
where $`M,\mathrm{\Omega },m,\omega `$ are positive real numbers satisfying

$$m>M\mathrm{and}M\mathrm{\Omega }^2>m\omega ^2.$$
(60)
It is not difficult to compute the cranked Hamiltonian (43). First we use the Backer-Campbell-Hausdorff formula to establish the identities

$`e^{iKt}xe^{iKt}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)x(m\omega )^1\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)p,`$ (61)
$`e^{iKt}pe^{iKt}`$ $`=`$ $`m\omega \mathrm{sin}(\omega t)x+\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)p.`$ (62)
Substituting Eqs. (58) and (59) in Eq. (43) and making use of Eqs. (61) and (62), we have

$$H(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left\{[a+b\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t)]p^2+[c\mathrm{sin}(2\omega t)](xp+px)+[d+e\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t)]x^2\right\},$$
(63)
where

$`a:={\displaystyle \frac{1+\nu ^2}{2M}},b:={\displaystyle \frac{1\nu ^2}{2M}},c:={\displaystyle \frac{m\omega (1\nu ^2)}{2M}},`$
$`d:={\displaystyle \frac{(m\omega )^2(1+\nu ^2)}{2M}},e:={\displaystyle \frac{(m\omega )^2(1\nu ^2)}{2M}},\nu :={\displaystyle \frac{M\mathrm{\Omega }}{m\omega }}.`$
As seen from Eq. (63), $`H(t)`$ is the Hamiltonian for a periodic time-dependent generalized harmonic oscillator of period $`T=\tau /2`$ where $`\tau :=2\pi /\omega `$ is the characteristic period of the harmonic oscillator described by the Hamiltonian (59). According to Eq. (44), the Hamiltonian (63) admits a dynamical invariant of the form

$$I(t)=H(t)K=\frac{1}{2}\left\{[am^1+b\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t)]p^2+[c\mathrm{sin}(2\omega t)](xp+px)+[dm\omega ^2+e\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t)]x^2\right\},$$
(64)
which is also $`T`$-period. Furthermore, in view of the results of the preceding section, $`I(t)`$ is also a dynamical invariant for the Hamiltonian $`K`$. In other words, we have constructed a nontrivial $`T`$-periodic dynamical invariant (64) for a time-independent simple harmonic oscillator with arbitrary mass $`m`$ and frequency $`\omega `$.

By construction, the eigenstates of the initial invariant $`I(0)=H_0K`$ perform exact cyclic evolutions of period $`T=\tau /2`$. Note that by virtue of conditions (60), we can identify $`I(0)`$ with the Hamiltonian of a simple Harmonic oscillator of mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}:=(M^1m^1)^1`$ and frequency $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }:=\sqrt{(M^1m^1)(M\mathrm{\Omega }^2m\omega ^2)}`$. Therefore, we can easily obtain the expression for its eigenvectors :

$$|\lambda _n;0=(n!)^{1/2}\stackrel{~}{a}^n|0,$$
(65)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{a}:=\sqrt{\frac{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}{2}}\left(x+\frac{ip}{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}\right),x|0=\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}{\pi }\right)^{1/4}e^{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }x^2/2}.$$

Note that $`|\lambda _n;0`$ are not eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian $`K`$. Because $`K`$ does not depend on time, the corresponding evolution operator is given by $`𝒰(t)=e^{iKt}`$. Therefore, the initial eigenvectors $`|\lambda _n;0`$ evolve according to

$$|\psi _n(t)=e^{iKt}|\lambda _n;0.$$
(66)
Because $`|\lambda _n;0`$ are eigenvectors of $`I(0)`$, the corresponding pure states perform cyclic evolutions of period $`T`$;

$$|\lambda _n;T\lambda _n;T|=|\lambda _n;0\lambda _n;0|.$$

Hence $`|\lambda _n;0`$ form a complete orthonormal set of basis vectors of the Hilbert space that undergo (nonstationary) cyclic evolutions of period $`T=\tau /2=\pi /\omega `$.

In order to compute the cyclic geometric and dynamical phases associated with these cyclic states, we need to determine a complete set of orthonormal basis vectors $`|\lambda _n;t`$ of $`I(t)`$. We first note that the harmonic oscillator (59) does not have an evolution loop of period $`T`$. The period of the evolution loops of a time-independent simple harmonic oscillator is an integer multiple $`n\tau `$ of its characteristic period $`\tau `$, where $`n`$ is a positive integer and $`U(n\tau )=(1)^n`$, . In particular, $`e^{iKT}=e^{iK\tau /2}`$ is not a multiple of the identity operator, and $`e^{itK}`$ is not $`T`$-periodic. This is an indication that the operator $`Z(t)`$ of Eq. (50) is different from the identity operator. In order to determine $`Z(t)`$ or alternatively the single-valued unitary operators $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$, we need to investigate the parameter space of the corresponding parametric invariant.

We first introduce

$$I[\overline{R}]=\overline{b}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\overline{R}^iK_i,$$
(67)
where $`\overline{b}`$ is a constant, $`\overline{R}=(\overline{R}^1,\overline{R}^2,\overline{R}^3)`$ are parameters of the invariant, and

$`K_1`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(X^2P^2),`$ (68)
$`K_2`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(XP+PX)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(xp+px),`$ (69)
$`K_3`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(X^2+P^2),`$ (70)
$`X`$ $`:=`$ $`\sqrt{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}x,P:={\displaystyle \frac{p}{\sqrt{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}}}.`$ (71)
Note that $`K_i`$ are the generators of the group $`SU(1,1)`$, i.e., they satisfy

$$[K_1,K_2]=iK_3,[K_2,K_3]=iK_1,[K_3,K_1]=iK_2.$$
(72)
The parameter space of the invariant (67) is the unit hyperboloid:777For a detailed treatment of the parameterization of the quadratic invariants of harmonic oscillators and related issues, see Ref. .

$$\left\{\overline{R}\mathrm{IR}^3\right|(\overline{R}^1)^2(\overline{R}^2)^2+(\overline{R}^3)^2=1,\overline{R}^3>0\}.$$

It is convenient to express $`I[\overline{R}]`$ in the hyperbolic coordinates

$$\overline{\theta }=\mathrm{cosh}^1(\overline{R}^3)\mathrm{IR},\overline{\phi }=\mathrm{tan}^1(\overline{R}^2/\overline{R}^1)[0,2\pi ).$$
(73)
This yields

$$I[\overline{R}]=I[\overline{\theta },\overline{\phi }]=b(\mathrm{sinh}\overline{\theta }\mathrm{cos}\overline{\phi }K_1+\mathrm{sinh}\overline{\theta }\mathrm{sin}\overline{\phi }K_2+\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta }K_3).$$
(74)
Next, we introduce

$$\phi (t):=2\omega t.$$
(75)
and write the invariant (64) in the form $`I[\overline{R}(t)]`$, where

$`\overline{b}`$ $`=`$ $`2\stackrel{~}{\omega },\overline{R}^1(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\stackrel{~}{m}b{\displaystyle \frac{e}{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2}}\right)[1\mathrm{cos}\phi (t)],`$ (76)
$`\overline{R}^2(t)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{\stackrel{~}{\omega }}}\right)\mathrm{sin}\phi (t),\overline{R}^3(t)=1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\stackrel{~}{m}b+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2}}\right)[1\mathrm{cos}\phi (t)],`$ (77)
In view of Eqs. (73), (76) and (77), we have

$$\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta }(t)=1+\zeta [1\mathrm{cos}\phi (t)],\mathrm{tan}\overline{\phi }(t)=\frac{\xi \mathrm{sin}\phi (t)}{1\mathrm{cos}\phi (t)},$$
(78)
where

$`\zeta `$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(\stackrel{~}{m}b+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }^2}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{(1\nu ^2)(1\mu ^2)}{4(1\frac{M}{m})}},`$
$`\xi `$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2c}{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }b\frac{e}{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}}}={\displaystyle \frac{2\mu }{1+\mu ^2}},`$
$`\mu `$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m\omega }{\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }}}.`$
Now, following the same method used in Refs.  to compute the eigenvectors of the dipole Hamiltonian and the generalized harmonic oscillator, we use the commutation relations (72) to express the invariant (74) in the form (33) with

$$\overline{W}[\overline{R}]=e^{i\overline{\phi }K_3}e^{i\overline{\theta }K_2}e^{i\overline{\phi }K_3}.$$
(79)
One can easily check the validity of Eq. (33) for this choice of $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$ by noting that

$$\overline{W}[\overline{R}]K_3\overline{W}[\overline{R}]^{}=\mathrm{sinh}\overline{\theta }\mathrm{cos}\overline{\phi }K_1+\mathrm{sinh}\overline{\theta }\mathrm{sin}\overline{\phi }K_2+\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta }K_3.$$

This equation follows from the Backer-Campbell-Hausdorff formula and Eqs. (72).

Having obtained the unitary operator $`\overline{W}[\overline{R}]`$, we may compute $`|\lambda _n;t=\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]|\lambda _n;0`$ and the corresponding phase angles $`\delta _n(t)`$ and $`\gamma _n(t)`$.

First, we note that by construction

$$|\psi _n(t)=e^{i\delta _n(t)}e^{i\gamma _n(t)}|\lambda _n;t.$$
(80)
This implies that

$$^n(t)=\lambda _n;t|K|\lambda _n;t=\psi _n(t)|K|\psi _n(t)=\lambda _n;0|K|\lambda _n;0,$$
(81)
where we have also made use of Eq. (66). We can easily compute the write hand side of Eq. (81) using the well-known identities :

$$\lambda _n;0|x^2|\lambda _n;0=(\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega })^1(n+\frac{1}{2})\lambda _n;0|p^2|\lambda _n;0=\stackrel{~}{m}\stackrel{~}{\omega }(n+\frac{1}{2}).$$

Substituting these equations in (81) and using Eq. (8), we obtain

$$\delta _n(t)=\delta _0(t)(2n+1),\delta _0(t)=\frac{1}{4}(\mu +\mu ^1)\omega t.$$
(82)
In particular, the dynamical phase angle is given by

$$\delta _n(T)=\frac{\pi }{4}(\mu +\mu ^1)(2n+1).$$

Next, we compute

$`𝒜^n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`i\lambda _n;t|{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}|\lambda _n;t=i\lambda _n;0|\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]^{}\dot{\overline{W}}[\overline{R}(t)]|\lambda _n;0`$ (83)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(2n+1)[\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta }(t)1]\dot{\overline{\phi }}(t).`$
In the derivation of Eq. (83), we have employed the identities:

$`\overline{W}[\overline{R}(t)]^{}\dot{\overline{W}}[\overline{R}(t)]`$ $`=`$ $`i[\mathrm{sinh}\overline{\theta }(\mathrm{cos}\overline{\phi }K_1+\mathrm{sin}\overline{\phi }K_2)(1\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta })K_3]\dot{\overline{\phi }}+`$
$`i(\mathrm{sin}\overline{\phi }K_1\mathrm{cos}\overline{\phi }K_2)\dot{\overline{\theta }},`$
$`\lambda _n;0|K_1|\lambda _n;0`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda _n;0|K_2|\lambda _n;0=0,`$
$`\lambda _n;0|K_3|\lambda _n;0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(2n+1).`$
Inserting Eq. (83) in Eq. (9) and making use of Eq. (75), we find

$$\gamma _n(t)=\frac{1}{4}(2n+1)_0^t[\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta }(t)1]\dot{\overline{\phi }}(t)𝑑t=\frac{1}{4}(2n+1)_0^{\phi (t)}[\mathrm{cosh}\overline{\theta }(\phi )1]\frac{d\overline{\phi }(\phi )}{d\phi }𝑑\phi .$$
(84)
Now, we use the second equation in (78) to calculate

$$\frac{d\overline{\phi }(\phi )}{d\phi }=\frac{\xi }{(\xi ^2+1)+(\xi ^21)\mathrm{cos}\phi }.$$

Substituting this equation in (84) and performing the integral, we finally obtain

$`\gamma _n(t)`$ $`=`$ $`(2n+1)\gamma _0(t),\gamma _0(t)={\displaystyle \frac{\zeta \xi \sigma (t)}{4(1\xi ^2)}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu (1+\mu ^2)(1\nu ^2)\sigma (t)}{8(1\frac{M}{m})(1\mu ^2)}},`$
$`\sigma (t)`$ $`:=`$ $`\phi (t)+2|\xi |\mathrm{tan}^1\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}\frac{\phi (t)}{2}}{|\xi |}}\right]=2\omega t+2|\xi |\mathrm{tan}^1\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}(\omega t)}{|\xi |}}\right].`$
In particular, the cyclic geometric phase angle associated with the initial state vector $`|\lambda _n;0`$ has the form

$$\gamma _n(T)=\frac{\pi \zeta \xi (2n+1)}{2(\xi ^21)}=\frac{\pi \mu (1+\mu ^2)(1\nu ^2)(2n+1)}{4(1\frac{M}{m})(\mu ^21)}.$$
(85)
Next, we return to the class of geometrically equivalent quantum systems that include the simple harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian (59). The Hamiltonian for such a system is given by Eq. (48). If we set $`\stackrel{~}{Y}(t)=f(t)[H_0K]`$ in this equation, where $`f`$ is an arbitrary smooth positive real-valued function of time, we find a class of time-dependent generalized harmonic oscillator Hamiltonians of the form

$$H_{\mathrm{GHO}}(t)=f(t)H(t)+[1f(t)]K$$
(86)
with $`H(t)`$ given by Eq. (63). Note that the Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$ involves four parameters, namely $`m,M,\omega `$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, that must obey conditions (60). Therefore, Eq. (86) determines a five-parameter family of time-dependent generalized harmonic oscillators, where four of the parameter are real numbers and the fifth parameter is a function $`f(t)`$. In view of Eq. (49), the evolution operator for the Hamiltonian (86) is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{U}(t)=e^{iKt}e^{iF(t)(H_0K)]},$$

where $`F(t):=_0^tf(s)𝑑s`$. Note that, in general, $`H_{\mathrm{GHO}}(t)`$ is not $`T`$-periodic. Yet it admits a $`T`$-periodic invariant, namely (64).

## 6 Conclusion

We have investigated the quantum systems that give rise to the same set of geometric phases for a complete set of initial state vectors. We termed these systems geometrically equivalent. We argued that these systems admit a common dynamical invariant and used this observation to yield a complete characterization of these systems. Furthermore, we showed how the evolution operators of the geometrically equivalent systems are related. In particular, we investigated the class of cranked Hamiltonians and applied our general results to simple harmonic oscillators.

We addressed the characterization problem for the systems that are geometrically equivalent to a time-independent simple harmonic oscillator. Our solution showed that this simple system admits periodic dynamical invariants. We used such an invariant to construct a complete orthonormal set of initial state vectors that undergo nonstationary cyclic evolutions. These states involve nontrivial geometric and dynamical phases.

The invariant (64) that we constructed for the simple harmonic oscillator (59) may be put in the form

$$I(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left[(\rho pm\dot{\rho }x)^2+\rho ^2x^2\right],$$

where

$$\rho :=\sqrt{\stackrel{~}{m}^1b[1\mathrm{cos}(2\omega t)]}$$
(87)
satisfies the Ermakov equation

$$\ddot{\rho }+\omega ^2\rho =\frac{\eta }{\rho ^3},$$
(88)
with $`\eta :=\stackrel{~}{m}^1(\stackrel{~}{m}^12b)\omega ^2`$. This is indeed to be expected for the general solution of Eq. (88) may be written  in the form $`\rho =\sqrt{c_1x_1^2(t)+c_2x_2^2(t)}`$ where $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are constants and $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$ are two linearly independent solutions of the classical equation of motion $`\ddot{x}+\omega ^2x=0`$. Clearly, $`\rho `$ as given by Eq. (87) may be expressed in this form with $`c_1=\stackrel{~}{m}^12b`$, $`c_2=\stackrel{~}{m}^1`$, $`x_1=\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)`$ and $`x_2=\mathrm{cos}(\omega t)`$.

We conclude this article with the following remarks.

* Our results on cranked Hamiltonian can be easily generalized to the Hamiltonians of the form

$$H(t)=h(t)e^{ig(t)K}H_0e^{ig(t)K},$$
(89)
where $`g`$ and $`h`$ are real-valued functions and $`K`$ and $`H_0`$ are Hermitian operators.
* The analogy between the generalized harmonic oscillator and the interaction of a spinning particle with a changing magnetic field  suggest that we can repeat our analysis for the latter system and construct nonstationary cyclic states even for the case of constant magnetic fields.