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# Mixing-Matrix Renormalization Revisited

## 1 Introduction

In theories with many particle species which mix non-trivially due to interactions, the mixing matrix generally requires renormalization like any other parameters in the Lagrangian. Such renormalization has been considered in  within the context of the Standard Model (SM), and in extensions of the SM with Majorana neutrinos in .

In this paper we consider mixing-matrix renormalization in a more generic setting. Specifically, we study the renormalization of normal mixing matrices (i.e., matrices commuting with their adjoint), which includes hermitian and unitary matrices as particular cases. We give a minimal, multiplicative parametrization of counterterms, and compute the renormalized Lagrangian to one-loop order in several simple models with $`N`$ species of fermions, both in on-shell (OS) and $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ schemes. In on-shell scheme the mass-degenerate case is considered separately. We work in dimensional regularization  throughout this paper.

Mixing-matrix renormalization in the SM, and in its extensions and low-energy effective theories, is usually closely related to other issues such as renormalization of theories with unstable particles, gauge invariance of the renormalization procedure, and CP violation. The latter is out of the scope of this paper. We assume all particles to be stable. If that were not the case, one-loop self-energy parts should be replaced by their dispersive parts in OS renormalization conditions . Gauge invariance of the renormalized CKM matrix in the SM has been considered in . In our case, Abelian gauge invariance plays a role in the discussion of unitary mixing matrices in §4.

In the next section we consider a model with $`N`$ fermion flavors coupled to a scalar particle through a Yukawa interaction, specified by a hermitian coupling matrix. Renormalization of this model, and in particular the structure of its counterterms, is considered in detail and computed at the one-loop level. The results are generalized to normal matrices in §3. The particular case of unitary interaction matrices is treated in §4, where the relation between our parametrization of counterterms and the one commonly in use in the literature is discussed. In §5 we give some final remarks. We gather material relevant to all sections in four appendices. In appendix A, in particular, we give a parametrization for mappings of normal matrices that we find useful in discussing renormalization of mass and mixing matrices.

## 2 Hermitian mixing matrix

The simplest model of fermion mixing consists of $`N`$ Dirac fields $`\psi _a`$, $`a=1,\mathrm{},N`$, which we gather together in a column field $`𝝍`$, interacting with a scalar field $`\varphi `$ through a Yukawa coupling. The Lagrangian is given by,

$$=\frac{1}{2}\varphi _0(\mathrm{}+m_{\varphi }^{}{}_{0}{}^{2})\varphi _0+\overline{𝝍}_0(i\overline{)}𝑴_0)𝝍_0+\overline{𝝍}_0𝑯_0𝝍_0\varphi _0\frac{\xi _0}{3!}\varphi _0^3\frac{\lambda _0}{4!}\varphi _0^4,$$
(1)
the subindex 0 indicating bare fields and parameters. The Yukawa interaction term is specified by a matrix of couplings $`𝑯`$, whose elements are the expansion parameters in perturbation theory. $`𝑴`$ is the fermion mass matrix, which is assumed to be regular (i.e., no two of its eigenvalues are equal). The degenerate case will be considered below in §2.3. If $`[𝑴,𝑯]0`$, the interaction mixes flavors. Clearly, $`𝑴`$ and $`𝑯`$ must be hermitian. The interaction terms in $`\varphi ^3`$ and $`\varphi ^4`$ are needed for renormalizability. If fermions are massless and $`\xi =0`$, $``$ is invariant under the discrete symmetry $`𝝍\gamma _5𝝍`$, $`\varphi \varphi `$ which forbids a $`\varphi ^3`$ term. For massive fermions such a term cannot be avoided. Because of its simplicity and of its lack of symmetries preventing renormalization of its parameters, $``$ is in some sense archetypal, so we consider its renormalization in detail below.

We never use the summation convention for flavor indices $`a,b,c,\mathrm{}`$. Space-time indices are denoted by Greek letters, with summation over repeated indices always understood.

We write $``$ in terms of renormalized fields and couplings by introducing renormalization constants. The field $`\varphi `$ renormalizes multiplicatively $`\varphi _0=Z_\varphi ^{1/2}\varphi =(1+1/2\delta Z_\varphi )\varphi `$. In $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ $`Z_\varphi =Z_\varphi (𝑯,\lambda ,d)`$, whereas in OS $`Z_\varphi =Z_\varphi (𝑯,\lambda ,d;m_\varphi ^2/\mu ^2,𝑴/\mu ,\xi /\mu )`$. We do not expect multiplicative renormalization of $`\lambda `$, which already at one loop receives $`𝒪(𝑯^4)`$ divergent contributions from a box diagram, $`\lambda _0=\mu ^ϵ(\lambda +\delta \lambda )`$. The dependence of $`\delta \lambda `$ on the parameters of the theory is analogous to that of $`Z_\varphi `$. In these expressions $`d=4ϵ`$ is the dimension of space-time and $`\mu `$ the mass scale of dimensional regularization.

The mass $`m_\varphi ^2`$ will mix under renormalization with the other dimensionful parameters in $``$. By dimensional analysis,

$$m_{\varphi }^{}{}_{0}{}^{2}=Z_{m_\varphi }^{(1)}m_\varphi ^2+\underset{abcd}{}\delta Z_{abcd}^{(2)}M_{ab}M_{cd}+\delta Z_{m_\varphi }^{(3)}\xi ^2.$$

In OS renormalized masses are physical, so $`M_{ab}=m_{a}^{}{}_{\mathrm{ph}}{}^{}\delta _{ab}`$ and,

$$m_{\varphi }^{}{}_{0}{}^{2}=Z_{m_\varphi }^{(1)}m_{\varphi }^{}{}_{\mathrm{ph}}{}^{2}+\underset{ab}{}\delta Z_{ab}^{(2)}m_{a}^{}{}_{\mathrm{ph}}{}^{}m_{b}^{}{}_{\mathrm{ph}}{}^{}+\delta Z_{m_\varphi }^{(3)}\xi ^2,$$

the renormalization constants $`\delta Z_{m_\varphi }^{(j)}`$ depending on $`𝑯`$, $`\lambda `$, $`d`$ and ratios of dimensionful parameters. In $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ there is no dependence of $`\delta Z_{m_\varphi }^{(j)}`$ on masses and $`\xi `$ , but $`𝑴`$ is not diagonal. We can choose our flavor basis, however, so that at tree level $`𝑴`$ is diagonal. Off-diagonal elements in $`𝑴`$ are therefore of second order in $`𝑯`$, $`\lambda `$. At one loop we can then write,

$$\delta m_\varphi ^2=\delta Z_{m_\varphi }^{(1)}m_\varphi ^2+\underset{ab}{}\delta Z_{ab}^{(2)}m_am_b+\delta Z_{m_\varphi }^{(3)}\xi ^2$$
(2)
in both schemes, masses being physical in OS and renormalized ones in $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ . Similarly, for the cubic coupling we have,

$$\xi _0=\mu ^{ϵ/2}Z_\xi ^{(1)}\xi +\mu ^{ϵ/2}\underset{ab}{}\delta Z_{\xi ,ab}^{(2)}M_{ab},$$
(3)
where we can set $`M_{ab}=0`$ for $`ab`$ at one loop. At that order, $`\xi `$ mixes with $`𝑴`$ through a triangle diagram that does not depend on $`\xi `$ or $`m_\varphi ^2`$.

The renormalized fermion field can be related to the bare one as $`𝝍_0=𝑨𝝍`$, with $`𝑨`$ a complex $`N\times N`$ matrix. It is more convenient to introduce the polar decomposition of $`𝑨`$ explicitly,

$$𝝍_0=𝑼𝒁^{1/2}𝝍,𝑼=e^{i𝜹𝑼},𝒁^{1/2}=\mathrm{𝟏}+\frac{1}{2}𝜹𝒁.$$
(4)
Both $`𝜹𝑼`$, $`𝜹𝒁`$ are hermitian. It is not difficult to show (see appendix B), however, that we can always parametrize a unitary matrix $`𝑼`$ in a neighborhood of the identity as $`𝑼=e^{i𝜹𝑼^{\mathbf{}}}e^{i𝜹\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑼}}`$, with $`𝜹𝑼^{\mathbf{}}`$ a linear combination of diagonal generators and $`𝜹\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑼}`$ of the remaining ones. The effect of $`𝜹𝑼^{\mathbf{}}`$ is a flavor-dependent phase reparametrization of the fermion fields. Although $``$ is not invariant under such transformations, physical quantities (such as $`S`$-matrix elements) remain unaffected by them. We choose to set $`𝜹𝑼^{\mathbf{}}=0`$. In fact, as we shall see below, in OS renormalization conditions do not determine the diagonal elements of $`𝜹𝑼`$. (Thus, in (4) we have $`𝜹𝒁𝒖(N)`$, whereas $`𝜹𝑼𝒖(N)/𝒂`$, with $`𝒖(N)`$ the Lie algebra of $`N\times N`$ hermitian matrices, and $`𝒂`$ its Cartan subalgebra of diagonal generators.)

The renormalization matrices $`𝑼`$ and $`𝒁^{1/2}`$ have different roles in the theory. If, for instance, we take $`\psi _a`$ to be scalar fields and set $`\lambda =0`$ in $``$, $`𝒁^{1/2}`$ turns out to be finite, as we would expect of wave-function renormalization in a superrenormalizable theory . On the other hand, in OS, mass renormalization contributions make $`𝑼`$ divergent. If, furthermore, the scalar fields are real, $`𝒁`$ must be real symmetric and $`𝑼`$ orthogonal. In this case $`i𝜹𝑼`$ is antisymmetric, with diagonal elements vanishing by definition, which is consistent with the fact that no phase redefinitions are possible for real fields.

The fermion mass matrix mixes under renormalization with $`\xi `$. Following the parametrization given in appendix A, we write,

$$𝑴_0=𝑼_m^{}\left(𝑴+\overline{𝜹}𝑴\right)𝑼_m+𝜹𝒁_m^{(\xi )}\xi ,[\overline{𝜹}𝑴,𝑴]=\mathrm{𝟎},𝑼_m=e^{i𝜹𝑼_m},$$
(5)
with $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴,𝜹𝑼_m,𝜹𝒁_m^{(\xi )}`$ hermitian. Here we have conventionally chosen an additive parametrization for the first term in $`𝑴_0`$. Since we treat $`\xi `$ as a perturbative parameter, we collect all dependence on it in the second term. At one loop $`𝜹𝒁_m^{(\xi )}=0`$, so we can write $`𝑴_0=𝑴+𝜹𝑴`$ with $`𝜹𝑴=\overline{𝜹}𝑴+i[𝜹𝑼_m,𝑴]`$. $`𝜹𝑼_m`$ is only determined up to addition of a matrix commuting with $`𝑴`$.

Finally, the matrix of Yukawa couplings $`𝑯`$ is multiplicatively renormalized. The most general multiplicative transformation that can be applied to $`𝑯`$ preserving hermitianity is of the form (see appendix A),

$$𝑯_0=\mu ^{ϵ/2}𝑾^{}𝒁_H𝑯𝑾,[𝒁_H,𝑯]=0,𝑾=e^{i𝜹𝑾},$$
(6)
with $`𝒁_H`$, $`𝜹𝑾`$ hermitian. In $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ $`𝒁_H`$ and $`𝑾`$ can depend only on $`𝑯`$, $`\lambda `$ and $`d`$, so that $`𝑾`$ commutes with both $`𝒁_H`$ and $`𝑯`$, and drops from eq. (6). This would not be the case, though, if there were another dimensionless matrix in $``$ on which $`𝑾`$ could depend such as, e.g., another mixing matrix for an additional family of fermions.

Substituting these definitions into (1) we see that, out of the three unitary matrices we have introduced, only two combinations enter $``$, namely, $`𝑼_m𝑼`$ and $`𝑾𝑼`$. We can therefore always choose $`𝑼=\mathrm{𝟏}`$. In OS, however, we parametrize the theory so that $`𝑴_0`$ and $`𝑴`$ are simultaneously diagonal by setting $`𝑼_m=\mathrm{𝟏}`$.

The Lagrangian can then be written in terms of renormalized fields and counterterms as,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & =\frac{1}{2}\varphi (\mathrm{}+m_\varphi ^2)\varphi \frac{1}{2}\delta Z_\varphi \varphi \mathrm{}\varphi \frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Delta }m_\varphi ^2\varphi ^2\hfill \\ & +\overline{𝝍}(i\overline{)}𝑴)𝝍+\overline{𝝍}𝜹𝒁i\overline{)}𝝍\overline{𝝍}𝚫𝑴𝝍\hfill \\ & +\mu ^{ϵ/2}\overline{𝝍}\left(𝑯+𝚫𝑯\right)𝝍\varphi \hfill \\ & \frac{1}{3!}\mu ^{ϵ/2}(\xi +\mathrm{\Delta }\xi )\varphi ^3\frac{1}{4!}\mu ^ϵ(\lambda +\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda )\varphi ^4,\hfill \end{array}$$
(7)
with the one-loop counterterms defined as,

$`\mathrm{\Delta }m_\varphi ^2`$ $`=\delta Z_\varphi m_\varphi ^2+\delta m_\varphi ^2;\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda =\delta \lambda +2\lambda \delta Z_\varphi `$ (8a)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }\xi `$ $`=\delta \xi +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\xi \delta Z_\varphi ;\delta \xi =\delta Z_\xi ^{(1)}\xi +{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}\delta Z_{\xi ,a}^{(2)}m_a`$ (8b)
$`𝚫𝑴`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{𝑴,𝜹𝒁\}+\overline{𝜹}𝑴+i[𝜹𝑼+𝜹𝑼_m,𝑴]`$ (8c)
$`𝚫𝑯`$ $`=𝜹𝒁_H𝑯+i[𝜹𝑼+𝜹𝑾,𝑯]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{𝜹𝒁,𝑯\}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta Z_\varphi 𝑯.`$ (8d)
In order to compute the renormalization parts of the theory we have first to fix a renormalization scheme.

### 2.1 Overspecified counterterm parametrization

In (5) and (6) we have given the relation between bare and renormalized hermitian matrices using the parametrization in appendix A, which is applicable to generic normal matrices. In the particular case of hermitian matrices a more obvious multiplicative parametrization is a congruence transformation $`𝑯_0=𝑨^{}𝑯𝑨`$, with $`𝑨`$ non-singular and dependent on $`𝑯`$. Such parametrization must satisfy constraint relations, since it is overspecified in the following sense.

Let $`𝒇:𝒖(N)𝒖(N)`$ be a map of hermitian matrices, given by $`𝒇(𝑯)=𝑨^{}𝑯𝑨`$, with $`𝑨=𝑨(𝑯)`$ non-singular. Then, we can find a non-singular $`𝑩=𝑩(𝑯)`$ such that, $`𝒇(𝑯)=𝑩^{}𝑯𝑩`$ and,

$$[𝑩𝑩^{},𝑯]=0,[𝑩^{}𝑩,𝒇(𝑯)]=0.$$
(9)
To see this, we notice that according to appendix A there must be a hermitian matrix $`𝒁_H`$ commuting with $`𝑯`$ and a unitary matrix $`𝑼`$ such that $`𝒇(𝑯)=𝑼^{}𝒁_H𝑯𝑼`$. Defining $`𝑩=𝒁_H^{1/2}𝑼`$, we obtain the result. The parametrization given in Appendix A is minimal in the sense that eqs. (9) are satisfied identically.

### 2.2 On-shell scheme

In OS we set $`𝑼_m=\mathrm{𝟏}`$. If $`𝑴`$ is regular and diagonal, and $`[𝑴,\overline{𝜹}𝑴]=0`$, then $`\overline{\delta }𝑴`$ must be diagonal, as well as $`𝑴_0`$.

The renormalization conditions we impose on the scalar field self-energy $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi (p^2)`$ are $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi (m_\varphi ^2)=0=\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi ^{}(m_\varphi ^2)`$, where the prime stands for $`/p^2`$. Defining,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (p^2)=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2}\underset{a,b}{}H_{ab}H_{ba}\left(m_a^2a_0(m_a^2)+m_b^2a_0(m_b^2)+\left((m_a+m_b)^2p^2\right)b_0(p^2,m_a^2,m_b^2)\right),$$
(10)
which is the $`𝒪(ϵ^0)`$ part of the unrenormalized $`\varphi `$ self-energy, we obtain,

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi (p^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (p^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (m_\varphi ^2)(p^2m_\varphi ^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi ^{}(m_\varphi ^2)`$ (11a)
$`\delta Z_\varphi `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi ^2ϵ}}\mathrm{Tr}(𝑯^2)+\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi ^{}(m_\varphi ^2)`$ (11b)
$`\delta m_\varphi ^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^2}{16\pi ^2ϵ}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi ^2ϵ}}\left(2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}(𝑯^2𝑴^2)+\mathrm{Tr}\left((𝑯𝑴)^2\right)\right)\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (m_\varphi ^2)+m_\varphi ^2\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi ^{}(m_\varphi ^2).`$ (11c)
In (10), $`a_0`$ and $`b_0`$ refer to finite parts of loop integrals, defined in appendix D. (All dependence on the renormalization scale $`\mu `$ is through these integrals and, as is easy to check, $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi (p^2)`$ does not depend on $`\mu `$ as it should in OS.) All masses in this section are physical (pole) masses.

For the fermion two-point function, which is a matrix in flavor space, we write,

$`𝚪`$ $`=\overline{)}p\mathbf{\hspace{0.17em}1}𝑴𝚷(p),`$ $`𝚷(p)`$ $`=\overline{)}p𝚺^V(p^2)+𝚺^S(p^2),`$ (12a)
where the form factors are given by,
$`𝚺^𝑽(p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2ϵ}}𝑯^2𝜹𝒁+𝛀^V(p^2),`$ $`𝚺^𝑺(p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}𝑯𝑴𝑯+𝚫𝑴+𝛀^S(p^2),`$ (12b)
with,
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{c}{}}H_{ac}H_{cb}b_{}(p^2,m_\varphi ^2,m_c^2),`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{c}{}}H_{ac}H_{cb}m_cb_0(p^2,m_\varphi ^2,m_c^2).`$ (12c)
Renormalization conditions are expressed in terms of $`𝚺^{V,S}(p^2)`$ as ,

$`m_a\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^V(m_a^2)+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^S(m_a^2)`$ $`=0,`$ $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^V(m_a^2)+2m_a^2\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^V(m_a^2)+2m_a\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^S(m_a^2)`$ $`=0`$ (13a)
$`m_b\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^V(m_b^2)+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^S(m_b^2)`$ $`=0,`$ $`m_a\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^V(m_a^2)+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^S(m_a^2)`$ $`=0,`$ (13b)
where in the second line $`ab`$. With these conditions, we obtain for the diagonal two-point functions,

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^V(p^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^V(p^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^V(m_a^2)2m_a^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^V(m_a^2)2m_a\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^S(m_a^2)`$ (14a)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{aa}^S(p^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^S(p^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^S(m_a^2)+2m_a^3\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^V(m_a^2)+2m_a^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^S(m_a^2),`$ (14b)
and for the off-diagonal ones, ($`ab`$)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^V(p^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(p^2){\displaystyle \frac{m_a\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_a^2)m_b\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_b^2)}{m_am_b}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_a^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_b^2)}{m_am_b}}`$ (14c)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^S(p^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(p^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_am_b}{m_am_b}}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_a^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_b^2)\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_b\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_a^2)m_a\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_b^2)}{m_am_b}}.`$ (14d)
In both cases, diagonal and off-diagonal, renormalization constants can be compactly expressed as,

$$𝜹𝒁=\frac{1}{16\pi ^2ϵ}𝑯^2+𝛀^V(p^2)𝚺^V(p^2);𝚫𝑴=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}𝑯𝑴𝑯𝛀^S(p^2)+𝚺^S(p^2).$$
(15)
It is immediate to check, by substituting the expressions for $`𝚺^{V,S}`$ into these equations, that $`𝜹𝒁`$ and $`𝚫𝑴`$ are hermitian. With this, the fermion propagator is renormalized to one loop. We can, however, compute the mass counterterm $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ and $`𝜹𝑼`$ from the expressions (15) for $`𝚫𝑴`$ and $`𝜹𝒁`$. From (8c) we have,

$$\overline{𝜹}𝑴+i[𝜹𝑼,𝑴]=𝚫𝑴\frac{1}{2}\{𝜹𝒁,𝑴\}.$$
(16)
This equation can always be solved for $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ and $`𝜹𝑼`$, as discussed in appendix C. In this case, in which $`𝑴`$ is diagonal and regular, however, (16) is trivial to solve. $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ is given by the diagonal elements of the rhs of (16) and $`𝜹𝑼`$ by the off-diagonal ones,

$`\overline{\delta }M_{ab}`$ $`=(\mathrm{\Delta }M_{aa}m_a\delta Z_{aa})\delta _{ab}`$ (17a)
$`\delta U_{ab}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{m_am_b}}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }M_{ab}{\displaystyle \frac{m_a+m_b}{2}}\delta Z_{ab}\right);ab.`$ (17b)
The diagonal elements $`\delta U_{aa}`$ are not determined by renormalization conditions. As mentioned above, they only change the phases of fermion fields, and can be chosen to vanish.

We consider next the renormalization of the Yukawa coupling, given by the 1-PI three-point Green’s function $`𝚪(p_1,p_2)`$. (Here $`p_1`$ is the momentum of the incoming scalar and $`p_{2,3}`$ are the momenta of the outgoing fermions.) At tree level $`𝚪=𝑯`$ is a Lorentz scalar. Expanding the one-loop $`𝚪`$ in the usual $`\gamma `$-matrix basis, it is clear that only the scalar form-factor can receive divergent contributions, since the counterterm for $`𝚪`$ in $``$ is a scalar, the other form factors being finite. This is easily seen also from the explicit form of the corresponding loop integrals, since by power counting only those terms containing two powers of loop momentum in the numerator are divergent, and they contribute to the scalar form factor only.

We will then focus on $`𝑭(p_1,p_2)1/4\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}(𝚪(p_1,p_2))`$. For concreteness, we assume that the physical value of the coupling $`𝑯`$ is fixed by this form factor. $`𝑭`$ is a scalar function of momenta, depending on $`p_1`$, $`p_2`$ only through $`p_1^2`$, $`p_2^2`$, $`(p_1p_2)^2`$. These combinations are fixed if the external momenta are required to be on their mass shell. Calling $`F_{ab}^{(\mathrm{os})}`$ the value of $`F_{ab}(p_1,p_2)`$ at $`p_1^2=m_\varphi ^2`$, $`p_2^2=m_a^2`$, $`(p_1p_2)^2=m_b^2`$, we impose the renormalization condition

$$𝑭^{(\mathrm{os})}=𝑯.$$
(18)
(We notice, furthermore, that the hermitianity of the lhs is guaranteed by CPT invariance, which also requires $`𝑯`$ to be hermitian.) At one loop $`𝑭(p_1,p_2)`$ is given by

$`F_{ab}(p_1,p_2)`$ $`=\mu ^{ϵ/2}(H_{ab}+\mathrm{\Delta }H_{ab})\mu ^{ϵ/2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}\left(𝑯^3\right)_{ab}+\mu ^{ϵ/2}{\displaystyle \underset{c,d}{}}H_{ac}H_{cd}H_{db}h_1(p_1,p_2;m_\varphi ^2,m_c^2,m_d^2)`$
$`\mu ^{ϵ/2}\xi {\displaystyle \underset{c}{}}H_{ac}H_{cb}h_2(p_1,p_2;m_\varphi ^2,m_c^2),`$ (19)
where the loop integrals $`h_{1,2}`$ are defined in appendix D. The renormalization condition (18) then leads to,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }H_{ab}=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}\left(𝑯^3\right)_{ab}\underset{cd}{}H_{ac}H_{cd}H_{db}h_1^{(\mathrm{os})}(m_\varphi ^2,m_c^2,m_d^2)+\xi \underset{c}{}H_{ac}H_{cb}h_2^{(\mathrm{os})}(m_\varphi ^2,m_c^2),$$
(20)
where $`h_{1,2}^{(\mathrm{os})}`$ refer to the on-shell values of those integrals. This counterterm is enough to renormalize the scalar form-factor at one loop. We can, in principle, determine the counterterms to the coupling matrix $`𝑯`$ as defined in (8d) through the equation,

$$𝜹𝒁_H𝑯+i[𝜹𝑾,𝑯]=𝚫𝑯i[𝜹𝑼,𝑯]\frac{1}{2}\{𝜹𝒁,𝑯\}\frac{1}{2}\delta Z_\varphi 𝑯,$$
(21)
where all the quantities on the rhs are already known. Equation (21) always has a solution, since by definition $`[𝜹𝒁_H,𝑯]=0`$, as shown in appendix C. Unlike (16), in this case it is more difficult to find the solution algebraically in closed form, only some of the contributions to each counterterm being obvious,

$$𝜹𝒁_H=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}\left(𝑯^2\right)\frac{1}{2}\delta Z_\varphi +\mathrm{};[𝜹𝑾,𝑯]=[𝜹𝑼,𝑯]+\mathrm{}.$$
(22)
Eq. (21) can be solved by projecting it over an appropriate basis for the algebra $`𝒖(N)`$ (see appendix C), which can be done numerically. It should be clear, however, that counterterms are completely fixed by renormalization conditions. Once those are established, no other choices are involved. We notice that diagonal elements of $`𝜹𝑼`$ contribute to $`𝜹𝑾`$, as expected, since a change of phase of fermion fields leads to a corresponding change in $`𝑯`$.

### 2.3 The mass-degenerate case in on-shell scheme

As discussed in §2.2 in OS we set $`𝑼_m=\mathrm{𝟏}`$, so that $`𝑴_0=𝑴+\overline{𝜹}𝑴,`$ with $`[𝑴,\overline{𝜹}𝑴]=0.`$ $`𝑴_0`$ and $`𝑴`$ can then be simultaneously diagonalized. If $`𝑴`$ is regular, choosing a basis in which it is diagonal immediately implies that $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ is diagonal, and then so is $`𝑴_0`$. If $`𝑴`$ is degenerate, though, $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ need not be diagonal even if $`𝑴`$ is. We notice also that $`𝑯`$ can be diagonalized within each eigenspace of $`𝑴`$ by means of a unitary transformation of $`𝒪(𝑯^0)`$. We assume that such a transformation has been performed and then, in general, $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ will not be diagonal within mass eigenspaces.

For notational simplicity we assume that there is one degenerate mass eigenvalue, say $`m_1`$, with multiplicity $`1<r<N`$ ($`r=N`$ being the trivial case $`𝑴\mathrm{𝟏}`$), all other masses, $`m_{r+1},\mathrm{},m_N,`$ being non-degenerate. The generalization to the case of several degenerate eigenvalues presents no difficulties.

The renormalized fermion two-point Green’s functions, as given by (14) and (15) are unchanged in the mass-degenerate case if $`a=b`$ or if $`ab`$ but $`\mathrm{max}(a,b)>r`$. If $`ab`$ and both $`a,br`$, those results need modification.

Renormalization conditions (13b) reduce to the single equation ($`ab`$, $`a,br`$)

$$m_1\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^V(m_1^2)+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^S(m_1^2)=0,$$
(23)
leading to,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }M_{ab}m_1\delta Z_{ab}=\frac{m_1}{16\pi ^2ϵ}\left(𝑯^2\right)_{ab}+\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}(𝑯𝑴𝑯)_{ab}m_1\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_1^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_1^2).$$
(24)
From definition (8c) we see that in this case, $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{ab}m_1\delta Z_{ab}=\overline{\delta }M_{ab}`$. Thus, the renormalization condition (23) fixes the off-diagonal counterterm $`\overline{\delta }M_{ab}`$ to the value given in (24), and that is all that is required to renormalize the two-point function within the eigenspace of $`m_1`$. $`\overline{\delta }M_{ab}`$, as given by (17a) when $`a=b`$ or $`ab`$, $`\mathrm{max}(a,b)>r`$, and by (24), when $`ab`$ and $`a,br`$, obviously commutes with $`𝑴`$, since it is non-diagonal only within eigenspaces of $`𝑴`$. Furthermore, we set $`\delta U_{ab}=0`$, for $`a,br`$, instead of (17b). Notice that when $`r=N`$, $`𝑯`$ is diagonal and therefore so are $`𝛀^{V,S}`$ and $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$.

If, however, we want to make each form factor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^{V,S}`$ finite separately, we may impose additional renormalization conditions. These are quite arbitrary, as long as they are consistent with (23) (or (24)). We can, for instance, take the limit of degenerate masses in (14) and (15) to get, for $`ab`$, $`a,br`$,

$`\delta Z_{ab}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2ϵ}}(𝑯^2)_{ab}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_1^2)+2m_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_1^2)+2m_1\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_1^2)`$ (25a)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{ab}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}(𝑯𝑴𝑯)_{ab}\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_1^2)+2m_1^3\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_1^2)+2m_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_1^2).`$ (25b)
Requiring instead $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{ab}^{V,S}(m_1^2)=0`$, leads to,

$$\delta Z_{ab}=\frac{1}{16\pi ^2ϵ}(𝑯^2)_{ab}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_1^2);\mathrm{\Delta }M_{ab}=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}(𝑯𝑴𝑯)_{ab}\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_1^2).$$
(26)
Both (25) and (26) are consistent with (23).

### 2.4  $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ scheme

In $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ we set $`𝑼=\mathrm{𝟏}`$. We choose a flavor basis for fermion fields so that at tree level the renormalized mass matrix $`𝑴`$ is diagonal, $`𝑴=𝑴_{\mathrm{phys}}`$. Off-diagonal elements of $`𝑴`$ are then $`𝒪(𝑯^2)`$. We write $`𝑴=𝑴^{}+\widehat{𝑴}`$, with $`𝑴^{\mathbf{}}=\mathrm{diag}(m_1,\mathrm{},m_N)`$ containing the renormalized masses and $`\widehat{𝑴}`$ the off-diagonal elements, and treat $`\widehat{𝑴}`$ as an interaction term. We write the fermion Lagrangian as,

$`_\psi `$ $`=\overline{𝝍}(i\overline{)}𝑴^{})𝝍\overline{𝝍}\widehat{𝑴}𝝍+\overline{𝝍}(𝜹𝒁i\overline{)}𝚫𝑴)𝝍`$
$`𝚫𝑴`$ $`=\overline{𝜹}𝑴+i[𝜹𝑼_m,𝑴]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{𝑴,𝜹𝒁\},`$
instead of the second line of (7). The tree-level fermion propagator is thus flavor diagonal.

We notice, parenthetically, that $`𝑴`$ can be written as $`𝑴=\mathrm{exp}(i𝑬)𝑴^{}\mathrm{exp}(i𝑬)`$, with $`𝑴^{}`$ the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues and $`\mathrm{exp}(i𝑬)`$ the unitary matrix of eigenvectors of $`𝑴`$. Our choice of tree-level flavor basis implies $`𝑬=𝒪(𝑯^2)`$. At one-loop level, then, $`𝑴^{}`$ is given by the diagonal entries of $`𝑴`$ and $`\widehat{𝑴}=i[𝑬,𝑴^{}]`$ contains the off-diagonal ones.

Counterterms for the scalar two-point function, as defined by (7) and (8), are given by the $`ϵ`$-pole terms of (11b) and (11c). The $`\varphi `$ self-energy is then $`\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi (p^2)=\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (p^2)`$, with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi `$ defined in (10). Requiring that the two-point function have a zero at $`p^2=m_{\varphi \mathrm{ph}}^2`$ leads to the relation $`m_\varphi ^2=m_{\varphi \mathrm{ph}}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (m_{\varphi \mathrm{ph}}^2)`$ at one loop.

The fermion two-point function can also be read off the corresponding OS results. Starting from (12), we set $`𝜹𝒁`$ and $`𝚫𝑴`$ to be the $`ϵ`$ poles of (15), to obtain $`𝚺^{V,S}(p^2)=𝛀^{V,S}(p^2)`$. The counterterms $`\overline{𝜹}𝑴`$ and $`𝜹𝑼_m`$ can then be obtained from $`𝜹𝒁`$ and $`𝜹𝑴`$ in the same way as in OS (see (16)). In this case, unlike in OS, they are not needed to renormalize the Yukawa coupling. We define

$$𝜹𝑴=𝚫𝑴\frac{1}{2}\{𝑴,𝜹𝒁\}=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}\left(𝑯𝑴𝑯+\frac{1}{4}\{𝑴,𝑯^2\}\right),$$
(27)
which we will use in the one-loop renormalization group (RG) equation for $`𝑴`$ below.

We require $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{aa}(p)u_a(p)|_{p^2=m_{a\mathrm{ph}}^2}=0`$ in order to obtain renormalized masses in terms of physical ones, leading to the relation

$$m_a=m_{a\mathrm{ph}}\left(m_{a\mathrm{ph}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^V(m_{a\mathrm{ph}}^2)+\mathrm{\Omega }_{aa}^S(m_{a\mathrm{ph}}^2)\right).$$
(28)
Expressing the off-diagonal elements $`\widehat{M}_{ab}`$, $`ab`$, in terms of physical masses and coupling constants involves a choice of parametrization of the theory. In principle, any value of $`\widehat{𝑴}`$ consistent with the renormalization group equations (given below) is admissible. Different choices of $`\widehat{𝑴}`$ at one-loop level will result in different parametrizations of the renormalized masses $`m_a`$ (the eigenvalues of $`𝑴`$), in terms of the physical ones $`m_{a\mathrm{ph}}`$ at two loops. We could give $`\widehat{𝑴}`$ a definite value at a mass scale $`\overline{\mu }_0`$, and evolve it with the RG equations to the desired scale $`\overline{\mu }`$. For concreteness, we quote the expression for $`𝑴`$ obtained by matching the theory in $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ to the OS results,

$$M_{ab}=(𝑴_{\mathrm{ph}})_{ab}\frac{1}{2}\left(m_{a\mathrm{ph}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_{a\mathrm{ph}}^2)+\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_{a\mathrm{ph}}^2)+m_{b\mathrm{ph}}\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^V(m_{b\mathrm{ph}}^2)+\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}^S(m_{b\mathrm{ph}}^2)\right),$$
(29)
where $`𝑴_{\mathrm{ph}}=\mathrm{diag}(m_{1\mathrm{p}\mathrm{h}},\mathrm{},m_{N\mathrm{ph}})`$. When $`a=b`$ this equation reduces to (28).

It is convenient to discuss at this point the effect of a finite, unitary renormalization of fermion fields, with $`𝜹𝑼=𝒪(𝑯^2)`$ and $`d`$-independent. (We exclude from consideration unitary transformations with $`𝜹𝑼=𝒪(𝑯^0)`$, which correspond to transformations of the classical fields.) The effect of such a transformation on the basic Lagrangian is to change $`𝑴𝑼^{}𝑴𝑼`$ and $`𝑯𝑼^{}𝑯𝑼`$. It is clear that $`𝑴`$ remains diagonal at $`𝒪(𝑯^0)`$, so our choice of a tree-level flavor basis is not altered. Also, $`𝑴^{}`$ remains unchanged through $`𝒪(𝑯^2)`$, so (28) still holds. Changes in $`𝑴^{}`$ start at $`𝒪(𝑯^4)`$. On the other hand, $`\widehat{M}`$ changes by a term $`i[𝜹𝑼,𝑴^{}]`$ at $`𝒪(𝑯^2)`$. Counterterms still are of the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ form after the transformation, which is multiplicative and independent of $`ϵ`$. (If, however, $`𝜹𝑼`$ depends on masses, counterterms acquire mass dependence.) We see, then, that this $`U(N)`$ freedom to perform finite unitary renormalizations of $`𝝍`$ is a source of arbitrariness in $`\widehat{𝑴}`$. By choosing a definite value for $`𝑴`$, as in (29), we are reducing the ambiguity in the choice of one-loop flavor basis for $`𝝍`$ to the subgroup of $`U(N)`$ that leaves $`𝑴`$ invariant. If $`𝑴`$ is regular, this is the $`(U(1))^N`$ Abelian subgroup of flavor-dependent phase transformations.

The relation between bare and renormalized Yukawa couplings is given by (6). As discussed in relation to that equation, the unitary renormalization matrix $`𝑾`$ is trivial in $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ in this model. From the value of $`𝚫𝑯`$ in OS, eq. (20), we get

$$𝚫𝑯=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}𝑯^3.$$

Therefore, from definition (8d) we obtain,

$$𝜹𝒁_H=\frac{1}{16\pi ^2ϵ}(3𝑯^2+2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}(𝑯^2)).$$

With this value for $`𝜹𝒁_H`$ we can immediately find the one-loop $`𝜷`$ function for $`𝑯`$,

$$\overline{\mu }\frac{d𝑯}{d\overline{\mu }}=𝜷=\frac{ϵ}{2}𝑯+\frac{1}{16\pi ^2}\left(3𝑯^3+2\mathrm{T}\mathrm{r}(𝑯^2)𝑯\right)+𝒪(𝑯^5).$$
(30)
$`𝜷`$, which does not depend on $`\lambda `$ at one loop, commutes with $`𝑯`$. This need not be the case in more complicated theories where $`𝜷`$ can depend on other dimensionless matrices.

With $`𝜹𝑴`$ and $`𝜷`$, from (27) and (30), we obtain the evolution equation for $`𝑴`$,

$$\overline{\mu }\frac{d𝑴}{d\overline{\mu }}=𝜸_m=\frac{1}{16\pi ^2}\left(2𝑯𝑴𝑯+\frac{1}{2}\{𝑴,𝑯^2\}\right)+𝒪(𝑯^4).$$
(31)
The matrix $`𝜸_m`$ defined by this equation is unconventional in that it has mass dimension one. At one-loop level we can take $`𝑴`$ on the rhs to be diagonal (in fact, we can set $`𝑴=𝑴_{\mathrm{ph}}`$) and set $`𝑯`$ to its tree-level value, neglecting its $`\overline{\mu }`$ dependence. The solution to (31) up to terms of $`𝒪(𝑯^4)`$ is then,

$$𝑴(\overline{\mu })=𝑴(\overline{\mu }_0)𝜸_m\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{\overline{\mu }}{\overline{\mu }_0}\right).$$
(32)
We see that we can diagonalize the one-loop mass matrix at a given scale $`\overline{\mu }_0`$. If $`[𝑴,𝑯]=0`$, then $`𝑴`$ also commutes with $`𝜸_m`$ and we can diagonalize $`𝑴`$ at all scales. This is the case, of course, if $`𝑴\mathrm{𝟏}`$ or $`𝑯\mathrm{𝟏}`$. It is easy to check that the expression (29) for $`𝑴`$ is a solution to (31).

We consider, finally, the anomalous dimensions of fields. From the expressions for $`\delta Z_\varphi `$ and $`𝜹𝒁`$ we find,

$$\overline{\mu }\frac{d\varphi }{d\overline{\mu }}=\frac{1}{8\pi ^2}\mathrm{Tr}\left(𝑯^2\right)\varphi ;\overline{\mu }\frac{d𝝍}{d\overline{\mu }}=\frac{1}{32\pi ^2}𝑯^2𝝍.$$
(33)
Once again, the dependency of $`𝑯`$ on $`\overline{\mu }`$ can be neglected in the rhs of these equations. The evolution of $`𝝍`$ with $`\overline{\mu }`$ is given by an hermitian matrix, which is consistent with $`𝑼`$=$`\mathrm{𝟏}`$.

## 3 Normal mixing matrix

The treatment given in §2 for the case of a hermitian mixing matrix can be readily generalized to normal mixing matrices. Such a generalization is natural, since it comprises all mixing matrices that can be diagonalized by a unitary transformation of fields. Consider, for instance, a Yukawa interaction of the form,

$$=\varphi _0^{}(\mathrm{}+m_{\varphi }^{}{}_{0}{}^{2})\varphi _0+\overline{𝝍}_0(i\overline{)}𝑴_0)𝝍_0+\overline{𝝍}_0𝑵_0𝝍_0\varphi _0+\overline{𝝍}_0𝑵_0^{}𝝍_0\varphi _0^{}V(\varphi ,\varphi ^{}),$$
(34)
where $`V`$ contains cubic and quartic terms and $`[𝑵,𝑵^{}]=0`$. This interaction induces $`\varphi `$-$`\varphi ^{}`$ mixing, which must be taken into account when renormalizing the theory. Besides that extra complication, the renormalization can be carried out along the same lines as in §2, where now,

$$𝑵_0=𝑼_N^{}𝒁_N𝑵𝑼_N,$$
(35)
with $`𝑼_N`$ unitary and $`𝒁_N`$ normal such that $`[𝒁_N,𝑵]=0`$. Unlike the previous case, though, we cannot parametrize $`𝑵_0`$ in the form $`𝑩^{}𝑵𝑩`$, since congruence transformations do not preserve normality.

More generally, we must ask whether the normality of $`𝑵`$ is stable under renormalization. (The hermitianity of $`𝑯`$ in §2 was obviously stable by unitarity.) That this is so can be seen by noticing that the Yukawa interaction in (34) is invariant under a $`(U(1))^N`$ symmetry which, in a flavor basis in which $`𝑵`$ is diagonal, is given by $`\psi _ae^{i\alpha _a}\psi _a`$, $`\varphi \varphi `$. This $`(U(1))^N`$ symmetry will generally be broken by fermion mass terms. In $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ the Yukawa coupling will remain normal after radiative corrections are taken into account, since the fermion wave-function renormalization matrix is diagonal in the interaction basis due to the $`(U(1))^N`$ symmetry (or, in this model, because it must be a polynomial in $`𝑵`$). In OS finite asymmetric counterterms to the Yukawa coupling are needed, which render the renormalized Lagrangian asymmetric. An example of this well-known phenomenon (see, e.g., \[10, Ch.4\] and refs. therein) is considered in the next section in connection with unitary mixing.

## 4 Unitary mixing matrix

The case of a unitary mixing matrix constitutes an important example of non-hermitian, normal mixing. Besides its obvious phenomenological relevance , this case is interesting because mixing matrix unitarity imposes restrictive constraints on the form of counterterms, on top of those stemming from normality.

Furthermore, by considering unitary mixing we can extend our approach to interactions of the general form $`\overline{𝝍}_1𝑽𝝍_2`$, with two different families of fermions. Independent unitary transformations of the fermion fields lead to a biunitary transformation of the mixing matrix $`𝑽`$. In general normality is not preserved by biunitary transformations, so our previous results do not apply to this type of interactions unless $`𝑽`$ is unitary.

In this case, the $`(U(1))^N`$ flavor symmetry of the previous section is replaced by a larger $`SU(N)`$ invariance, since we can choose the phases of fermion fields so that in the interaction basis the mixing matrix is just the identity. For concreteness we consider the simple Lagrangian, written in the interaction basis,

$``$ $`=_\gamma +_\varphi +_\psi +_Y+_{\mathrm{em}}V`$ (36)
$`_\gamma `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_\gamma ^2A_\mu A^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\xi }}\left(_\mu A^\mu \right)^2,`$ $`_\varphi `$ $`=\varphi ^{}(\mathrm{}+m_\varphi ^2)\varphi `$
$`_\psi `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\overline{𝝍}_j\left(i\overline{)}P_+𝑴_jP_{}𝑴_j^{}\right)𝝍_j,`$ $`_Y`$ $`=g\overline{𝝍}_1P_+𝝍_2\varphi +g\overline{𝝍}_2P_{}𝝍_1\varphi ^{}`$
$`_{\mathrm{em}}`$ $`=Q_\varphi ^2e^2\varphi ^{}\varphi A_\mu A^\mu +\left(j_\varphi ^\mu +j_1^\mu +j_2^\mu \right)A_\mu ,`$ $`V`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{6}}\left(\varphi ^{}\varphi \right)^2`$
$`j_\varphi ^\mu `$ $`=Q_\varphi ei\left(^\mu \varphi ^{}\varphi \varphi ^{}^\mu \varphi \right),`$ $`j_j^\mu `$ $`=Q_je\overline{𝝍}_j\gamma ^\mu 𝝍_j.`$
The model consists of two fermion families $`𝝍_{1,2}`$, each containing $`N`$ flavors. These interact with a scalar field $`\varphi `$ trough the Yukawa couplings in $`_Y`$, which are arbitrarily chosen to be chiral, with $`P_\pm =(1\pm \gamma _5)/2`$. We choose $`g`$ to be real and positive, since its phase can always be absorbed in $`\varphi `$. All of these fields are charged, with $`Q_\varphi =Q_1Q_2`$, and minimally coupled to a massive photon field $`A^\mu `$. $`U(1)`$ gauge invariance is broken explicitly by the photon mass and by the covariant gauge fixing terms. One-loop radiative corrections to the Yukawa interaction arise only from the couplings of $`𝝍_j`$ and $`\varphi `$ to the massive photon.

Besides $`U(1)`$ gauge invariance, $``$ has a global $`SU(N)`$ flavor symmetry $`𝝍_je^{i_A\alpha _A𝝀_A}𝝍_j`$, broken by fermion mass differences, with associated current,

$$j_A^\mu =\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\overline{𝝍}_j\gamma ^\mu 𝝀_A𝝍_j,_\mu j_A^\mu =i\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\overline{𝝍}_j\left(P_+[𝑴_j,𝝀_A]+P_{}[𝑴_j^{},𝝀_A]\right)𝝍_j.$$
(37)
Here, $`𝝀_A`$ ($`A=1,\mathrm{},N^21`$) are the generators of $`SU(N)`$ in the fundamental representation. $``$ has also broken global axial $`U(1)_5`$ and $`SU(N)_5`$ symmetries which will not be needed in the sequel.

The renormalization of this model proceeds much in the same way as in §2. We introduce renormalization constants $`Z_\varphi `$, $`\delta m_\varphi ^2`$ for the $`\varphi `$ field and its mass. For the Yukawa coupling we write $`g_0=\mu ^{ϵ/2}Z_gg`$ , and for the scalar self-coupling, $`\lambda =\mu ^ϵ(\lambda +\delta \lambda `$). By gauge invariance, only wave-function renormalization is needed for the gauge sector ,

$$A_0^\mu =Z_\gamma ^{1/2}A^\mu ,m_{\gamma 0}^2=Z_\gamma m_\gamma ^2,\xi _0=Z_\gamma \xi ,e_0=\mu ^{ϵ/2}Z_\gamma ^{1/2}e.$$

Henceforth, we work in a flavor basis such that at tree level mass matrices are diagonal. We can always find unitary matrices $`𝑽_j`$, $`𝑾_j`$, ($`j=1,2`$), so that the mass matrices are written as $`𝑴_j=𝑽_j𝑴_j^{}𝑾_j^{}`$, with $`𝑴_j^{}`$ diagonal, with positive entries \[12, §21.3\]. The corresponding transformation of fermion fields is $`𝝍_j=(𝑾_jP_++𝑽_jP_{})𝝍_j^{}`$. Writing the Lagrangian in terms of primed quantities, and dropping the primes, at tree level we get,

$$_\psi =\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\overline{𝝍}_j\left(i\overline{)}𝑴\right)𝝍_j,_Y=g\overline{𝝍}_1P_+𝑽𝝍_2\varphi +g\overline{𝝍}_2P_{}𝑽^{}𝝍_1\varphi ^{},$$
(38)
with $`𝑽=𝑽_1^{}𝑾_2`$ the unitary mixing matrix. In this basis, the $`SU(N)`$ global flavor symmetry is given by,

$`𝝍_1`$ $`e^{i_A\alpha _A𝝀_A}𝝍_1,`$ $`𝝍_2𝑽^{}e^{i_A\alpha _A𝝀_A}𝑽𝝍_2`$ (39a)
$`j_A^\mu `$ $`=\overline{𝝍}_1\gamma ^\mu 𝝀_A𝝍_1+\overline{𝝍}_2\gamma ^\mu 𝑽^{}𝝀_A𝑽𝝍_2,`$ $`_\mu j_A^\mu =i\overline{𝝍}_1[𝑴_1,𝝀_A]𝝍_1+i\overline{𝝍}_2[𝑴_2,𝑽^{}𝝀_A𝑽]𝝍_2.`$ (39b)
Notice that we can parametrize this flavor symmetry, and its associated currents, in an infinite number of different ways. We could have written, for example, $`𝝍_j(P_+𝑽^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}(i_A\alpha _A𝝀_A)𝑽^{1/2}+P_{}𝑽^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}(i_A\alpha _A𝝀_A)𝑽^{1/2})𝝍_𝒋`$.

Using the same argument as above, we can apply a finite unitary renormalization of fermion fields so that $`𝑴_1`$ and $`𝑴_2`$ are hermitian in each order of perturbation theory. Assuming this has been done, we can use (A.3) to write,

$$𝑴_{j0}=𝑼_{mjL}^{}(𝑴_j+\overline{𝜹}𝑴_j)𝑼_{mjR},$$
(40)
so that in $`_\psi `$

$$(P_+𝑴_{j0}+P_{}𝑴_{j0}^{})=\overline{𝓤}_{mj}(𝑴_j+\overline{𝜹}𝑴_j)𝓤_{mj},\text{with}$$
(41)
$$𝓤_{mj}=P_+𝑼_{mjR}+P_{}𝑼_{mjL},\overline{𝓤}_{mj}=\gamma ^0𝓤_{mj}^{}\gamma ^0,𝓤_{mj}𝓤_{mj}^{}=\mathrm{𝟏}=𝓤_{mj}^{}𝓤_{mj}.$$

In OS these expressions are always valid since $`𝑴_j`$ are real diagonal to all orders, therefore hermitian. In $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ we can use (40) at one loop, because the tree-level $`𝑴_j`$ have been chosen hermitian. The resulting one-loop renormalized mass matrices will not be hermitian. As mentioned above, we can restore hermitianity at one loop, at a given renormalization scale, by means of a finite unitary renormalization of fermion fields. This is analogous to the choice of one-loop off-diagonal entries of the mass matrix in §2.4.

The bare fermion fields are given in terms of renormalized ones by expressions similar to (4),

$$𝝍_{j0}=𝓤_j𝓩_j^{1/2}𝝍_j$$
(42)
$$𝓩_j^{1/2}=(P_+𝒁_{jR}^{1/2}+P_{}𝒁_{jL}^{1/2}),𝓤_j=\left(P_+𝑼_{jR}+P_{}𝑼_{jL}\right),𝓤_j𝓤_j^{}=\mathrm{𝟏}.$$
(43)
The mixing matrix $`𝑽`$ introduced in (38) is renormalized according to (A.1),

$$𝑽_0=𝑾^{}𝒁_V𝑽𝑾,[𝒁_V,𝑽]=0,𝑾=e^{i𝜹𝑾}.$$
(44)
Since $`𝒁_V`$ is unitary, we can write $`𝒁_V=\mathrm{exp}(i𝜹𝒁_V)`$, with $`𝜹𝒁_V`$ hermitian, $`[𝜹𝒁_V,𝑽]=0`$. Other parametrizations for the mixing matrix counterterms are discussed in the next section.

Substituting these expressions for bare quantities in $``$, we obtain its expression in terms of renormalized parameters and fields. The fermion and Yukawa Lagrangians, in particular, read

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _\psi +_Y& =\underset{j}{}\overline{𝝍}_j\overline{𝓩}_j^{1/2}i\overline{)}𝓩_j^{1/2}𝝍_j\underset{j}{}\overline{𝝍}_j\overline{𝓩}_j^{1/2}\overline{𝓤}_j\overline{𝓤}_{mj}(𝑴+\overline{𝜹}𝑴_j)𝓤_{mj}𝓤_j𝓩_j^{1/2}𝝍_j\hfill \\ & +\mu ^{ϵ/2}Z_gZ_\varphi ^{1/2}g\overline{𝝍}_1P_+𝒁_{1L}^{1/2}𝑼_{1L}^{}𝑾^{}𝒁_V𝑽𝑾𝑼_{2R}𝒁_{2R}^{1/2}𝝍_2\varphi +\text{H.c.}\hfill \end{array}$$
(45)
Just as in §2, out of the unitary matrices $`𝓤_j`$, $`𝓤_{mj}`$, $`𝑾`$ that we have introduced, only the combinations $`𝓤_{mj}𝓤_j`$, $`𝑾𝑼_{1L}`$ and $`𝑾𝑼_{2R}`$ enter $``$. Clearly, we can always choose $`𝓤_j=1`$. In OS, however, it is convenient to set $`𝓤_{mj}=\mathrm{𝟏}`$ instead, so that bare mass matrices are diagonal in the mass basis.

We see from (45) that for the interaction term to retain its form, with a unitary mixing matrix, we need $`𝒁_{1L},𝒁_{2R}\mathrm{𝟏}.`$ This is the case in $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ , due to $`SU(N)`$ flavor symmetry. In OS finite asymmetric counterterms to the Yukawa coupling are needed, so the form of the Lagrangian is not preserved.

### 4.1 Other parametrizations for the mixing matrix

The parametrization of counterterms given in (44) conforms to the general form for normal matrices given in (A.1). Since $`𝑽_0`$ and $`𝑽`$ are both unitary, however, we can write the relation between them in other ways. Clearly, $`𝑽_0=𝑾𝑽`$ or $`𝑽_0=𝑽𝑾`$ are admissible since we can reach any unitary matrix in a neighborhood of $`𝑽`$ by varying $`𝑾`$ over a neighborhood of the identity in $`SU(N)`$. Another usual way of writing the renormalization constants for $`𝑽`$ is $`𝑽_0=𝑾_1𝑽𝑾_2`$, with $`𝑾_{1,2}`$ unitary . This parametrization is convenient from the calculational point of view. Here we point out that it is overspecified, it must satisfy constraint relations analogous to those considered in §2.1, as we show next.

Given a map $`𝑭:SU(N)SU(N)`$ of the form $`𝑭(𝑽)=𝑾_1𝑽𝑾_2`$, $`𝑾_j(𝑽)SU(N)`$, we can always find $`\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_{1,2}`$ such that,

$$𝑭(𝑽)=\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_1𝑽\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_2,\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_j=\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_j(𝑽)SU(N),[\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_2\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_1,𝑽]=0=[\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_1\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_2,𝑭(𝑽)].$$
(46)
To see this we notice that, given $`𝑾_{1,2}`$, we can use Lemma 1 of appendix A to write $`𝑭(𝑽)`$ as in (44) (or (A.1)). With the same notation as in eq. (44), setting $`\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_1=𝑾^{}𝒁_V`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{𝑾}_2=𝑾`$ we get (46).

### 4.2 On-shell scheme

We consider only the case of regular mass matrices $`𝑴_j`$. The extension to degenerate $`𝑴_j`$ can be carried out as in §2.3. Renormalization conditions in this scheme break flavor symmetry, so counterterms are not symmetric, their finite parts being tuned so the field basis is such that $`𝑴_j`$ are diagonal to all orders. Setting $`𝓤_{mj}=\mathrm{𝟏}`$ in (41) we have $`𝑴_{j0}=𝑴_j+\overline{\delta }𝑴_j`$, with $`\overline{\delta }𝑴_j`$ diagonal. To one-loop order we then have,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _\psi & =\underset{j}{}\overline{𝝍}_ji\overline{)}𝝍_j+\underset{j}{}\overline{𝝍}_ji\overline{)}\left(P_+\delta 𝒁_{jR}+P_{}\delta 𝒁_{jL}\right)𝝍_j\hfill \\ & \underset{j}{}\overline{𝝍}_j𝑴_j𝝍_j\underset{j}{}\overline{𝝍}_j\left(P_+𝚫𝑴_j+P_{}𝚫𝑴_j^{}\right)𝝍_j\hfill \\ \hfill _Y& =\mu ^{ϵ/2}g\overline{𝝍}_1P_+\left(𝑽+𝚫𝑽+𝑽\mathrm{\Delta }g+𝚫𝚪\right)𝝍_2\varphi +\text{H.c.}\hfill \\ \hfill _{\mathrm{em}}& =Q_\varphi ^2\mu ^ϵe^2\left(1+\text{Re}(\delta Z_\varphi )\right)\varphi ^{}\varphi A_\mu A^\mu \mu ^{ϵ/2}j_\varphi ^\mu \left(1+\text{Re}(\delta Z_\varphi )\right)A_\mu \hfill \\ & +\underset{j}{}\mu ^{ϵ/2}j_j^\mu A_\mu +\underset{j}{}Q_j\mu ^{ϵ/2}e\overline{𝝍}_j\gamma ^\mu \left(P_{}𝜹𝒁_{jL}+P_+𝜹𝒁_{jR}\right)𝝍_jA_\mu ,\hfill \end{array}$$
(47)
where the counterterms are defined as,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝚫𝑴_j& =\overline{𝜹}𝑴_j+i𝜹𝑼_{jL}𝑴_ji𝑴_j𝜹𝑼_{jR}+\frac{1}{2}𝜹𝒁_{jL}𝑴_j+\frac{1}{2}𝑴_j𝜹𝒁_{jR}\hfill \\ \hfill 𝚫𝑽& =i[𝜹𝑾,𝑽]i𝜹𝒁_V𝑽+i𝜹𝑼_{1L}𝑽i𝑽𝜹𝑼_{2R}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Delta }g& =\delta Z_g+\frac{1}{2}\delta Z_\varphi ;𝚫𝚪=\frac{1}{2}𝜹𝒁_{1L}𝑽+\frac{1}{2}𝑽𝜹𝒁_{2R}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(48)
The flavor-asymmetric counterterms must be finite, divergent terms being flavor symmetric. In particular, the divergent parts of wave-function renormalization $`(𝜹𝒁_{jL,R})_{\mathrm{div}}\mathrm{𝟏}`$. The phase of $`\delta Z_\varphi `$ appears only in $`\mathrm{\Delta }g`$, so it can be adjusted to keep $`\mathrm{\Delta }g`$ real. We defined $`𝚫𝑽`$ so that it is perturbatively unitary. In a flavor-symmetric, mass-independent scheme such as  $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ , fermion wave-function renormalization constants are flavor scalars that can be absorbed in $`\mathrm{\Delta }g`$, no other counterterms to the Yukawa coupling being needed. In particular, there are no flavor-breaking dimension 4 operators in $``$. In OS, however, we also need $`𝚫𝚪`$, whose finite part can be viewed as either breaking the unitarity of $`𝑽`$ or the scalar nature of $`g`$.

For the computation of Feynman graphs involving fermion loops with $`\gamma _5`$ vertices we use ’t Hooft and Veltman’s prescription, with $`\gamma _5`$ anticommuting with $`\gamma ^\mu `$ for $`\mu =0,\mathrm{},3`$ and commuting otherwise. We henceforth set $`Q_\varphi =0`$ for the sake of simplicity. For the scalar field self-energy, with OS renormalization conditions, we find,

$`\mathrm{\Pi }_\varphi (p^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (p^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (m_\varphi ^2)(p^2m_\varphi ^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi ^{}(m_\varphi ^2)`$ (49)
$`\text{Re}(\delta Z_\varphi )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^2N}{16\pi ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{ϵ}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\right)+\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi ^{}(m_\varphi ^2)`$
$`\delta m_\varphi ^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4}{ϵ}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{ja}{}}m_{ja}^2{\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}m_\varphi ^2\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{N}{3}}m_\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \underset{ja}{}}m_{ja}^2(1+a_0(m_{ja}^2))\right)+\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (m_\varphi ^2)`$
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_\varphi (p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{a,b}{}}𝑽_{ab}𝑽_{ba}^{}(p^2m_{1a}^2m_{2b}^2)b_0(p^2,m_{1a}^2,m_{2b}^2).`$
The fermion two-point function for each family can be expressed in terms of form factors as,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝚪_j(p^2)& =\overline{)}p𝑴_j𝚷_j(p^2),\hfill \\ \hfill 𝚷_j(p)& =(\overline{)}p𝚺_j^L(p^2)+𝚫𝑴_j^{})P_{}+(\overline{)}p𝚺_j^R(p^2)+𝚫𝑴_j)P_++𝚺_j^S(p^2).\hfill \end{array}$$
(50)
The form factors for the first family are given by,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{1ab}^L(p^2)& =\delta Z_{1ab}^L\frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2ϵ}\delta _{ab}Q_1^2e^2\frac{1+\xi }{8\pi ^2ϵ}\delta _{ab}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{1ab}^Y(p^2)+Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^V(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)\delta _{ab}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{1ab}^R(p^2)& =\delta Z_{1ab}^RQ_1^2e^2\frac{1+\xi }{8\pi ^2ϵ}\delta _{ab}+Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^V(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)\delta _{ab}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_{1ab}^S(p^2)& =m_{1a}Q_1^2e^2\frac{3+\xi }{8\pi ^2ϵ}\delta _{ab}+m_{1a}Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^S(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)\delta _{ab}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(51)
It is not difficult to check that the dependence on $`\xi `$ in the scalar and fermion propagators satisfies $`U(1)_{\mathrm{e}.\mathrm{m}.}`$ Ward identities to one-loop level \[11, §18.7\]. Notice the flavor dependence of e.m. corrections in (51). This flavor structure is also apparent in the counterterms to the e.m. current in (47). In equation (51) we have introduced the quantities,

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{1ab}^Y(p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{c}{}}V_{ac}V_{cb}^{}b_{}(p^2,m_\varphi ^2,m_{2c}^2)`$ (52a)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^V(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{16\pi ^2}}(\text{}1+2b_{}(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)b_0(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)+\xi b_0(p^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)`$ (52b)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{p^2m_c^2}{m_\gamma ^2}}(b_1(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)b_1(p^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)))`$ (52c)
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^S(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{16\pi ^2}}\left(2+3b_0(p^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)+\xi b_0(p^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_c^2)\right).`$ (52d)
The corresponding expressions for the second family are obtained by changing the family index 1$``$2 and L$``$R, with,
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{2ab}^Y(p^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{c}{}}V_{ac}^{}V_{cb}b_{}(p^2,m_\varphi ^2,m_{1c}^2).`$ (52e)
The renormalization conditions are

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jaa}^L(m_{ja}^2)+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jaa}^R(m_{ja}^2)+2m_{ja}\frac{}{p^2}\left[m_{ja}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jaa}^L(p^2)+m_{ja}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jaa}^R(p^2)+2\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jaa}^S(p^2)\text{}\right]_{p^2=m_{ja}^2}=0,$$
(53a)
for diagonal functions and
$$m_{jb}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jab}^{L,R}(m_{1b}^2)+\mathrm{\Delta }M_{jab}^{R,L}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jab}^S(m_{jb}^2)=0,m_{ja}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jab}^{L,R}(m_{1a}^2)+\mathrm{\Delta }M_{jab}^{L,R}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{jab}^S(m_{ja}^2)=0,$$
(53b)
for both diagonal and off-diagonal ones . Here we have used the notation $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{jab}^R\mathrm{\Delta }M_{jab}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{jab}^L\mathrm{\Delta }M_{jab}^{}`$ for brevity. The renormalization constants are then, in the flavor-diagonal case,

$`\delta Z_{1aa}^R`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{Q_1^2e^2\xi }{8\pi ^2ϵ}}+Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^V(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)+m_{1a}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{1aa}^Y^{}(m_{1a}^2)`$
$`+2m_{1a}^2Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^V^{}(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)+2m_{1a}^2Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^S^{}(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)`$ (54a)
$`\delta Z_{1aa}^L`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2ϵ}}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{1aa}^Y(m_{1a}^2)+\delta Z_{1aa}^R`$ (54b)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{1aa}`$ $`=m_{1a}Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^S(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)m_{1a}Q_1^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{\mathrm{em}}^V(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)+m_{1a}\delta Z_{1aa}^R.`$ (54c)
In the off-diagonal case e.m. contributions vanish and we obtain the simpler expressions,
$`\delta Z_{1ab}^R`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}m_{1b}}{m_{1a}^2m_{1b}^2}}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_{1ab}^Y(m_{1a}^2)\mathrm{\Omega }_{1ab}^Y(m_{1b}^2)\right)`$ (54d)
$`\delta Z_{1ab}^L`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{1ab}^Y(m_{1a}^2)m_{1b}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{1ab}^Y(m_{1b}^2)}{m_{1a}^2m_{1b}^2}}`$ (54e)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{1ab}`$ $`=m_{1a}\delta Z_{1ab}^R.`$ (54f)
We also obtain $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_{1ab}^L=m_{1b}\delta Z_{1ab}^R`$, which is consistent with the above definitions. Notice that off-diagonal counterterms are finite, as required by flavor symmetry. Substituting these results back into (51) we obtain the renormalized fermion self-energy for the first family.

In order to compute $`𝜹𝑼_1^{L,R}`$ we proceed as in §2. It is convenient to split $`𝚫𝑴`$ into its hermitian and anti-hermitian parts and, using (48), write an equation analogous to (16) for each part. Proceeding in that way we get,

$`\overline{\delta }M_{1ab}`$ $`=\delta _{ab}{\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}}{2}}\left(\delta Z_{1aa}^R\delta Z_{1aa}^L\right)`$ (55a)
$`\delta U_{1ab}^R`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}^2+m_{1b}^2}{m_{1a}^2m_{1b}^2}}\delta Z_{1ab}^Ri{\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}m_{1b}}{m_{1a}^2m_{1b}^2}}\delta Z_{1ab}^L`$ (55b)
$`\delta U_{1ab}^L`$ $`=i{\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}m_{1b}}{m_{1a}^2m_{1b}^2}}\delta Z_{1ab}^R{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_{1a}^2+m_{1b}^2}{m_{1a}^2m_{1b}^2}}\delta Z_{1ab}^L,`$ (55c)
where in the last two lines $`ab`$. Diagonal elements of $`𝜹𝑼_1^{L,R}`$ are not determined by renormalization conditions, and are set to vanish. Renormalization constants for the second family are given by similar expressions, after changing the family index and exchanging $`L`$ and $`R`$ labels.

We denote the three-point 1-PI function corresponding to the Yukawa vertex as $`𝚪_3(p_1,p_2)`$. External momenta are assumed to be on their mass shell, $`p_1^2=m_{1a}^2`$, $`p_2^2=m_{2b}^2`$, and $`p_\varphi ^2=(p_1+p_2)^2=m_\varphi ^2`$. $`𝚪_3`$ can be decomposed in form factors as $`𝚪_3=𝚪^+P_++𝚪^{}P_{}+𝚪_{3\mu }^V\gamma ^\mu +𝚪_{3\mu }^A\gamma ^\mu \gamma _5+𝚪_{3\mu \nu }^T\sigma ^{\mu \nu }`$. Only $`𝚪_3^+`$ receives divergent contributions at one loop,

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{3,ab}^+=g(𝑽+𝑽\mathrm{\Delta }g+𝚫𝑽+𝚫𝚪)_{ab}+ge^2Q^2V_{ab}(p_1,p_2;m_{1a},m_{2b}),$$
(56)
where the loop integral $``$ is defined in appendix D. We separate in $`𝚫𝚪`$ the contributions coming from flavor-diagonal fermion wave-function renormalization constants, which are divergent and gauge-dependent, from the finite, $`\xi `$-independent off-diagonal ones. Thus,

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{3,ab}^+`$ $`=g(𝑽+𝑽\mathrm{\Delta }g+𝚫𝑽)_{ab}+g\left(\widehat{𝚫}𝚪\right)_{ab}+gV_{ab}𝒢_{ab}`$ (57a)
$`\left(\widehat{𝚫}𝚪\right)_{ab}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{ca}{}}\delta Z_{1ac}^LV_{cb}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{cb}{}}V_{ac}\delta Z_{2cb}^R`$ (57b)
$`𝒢_{ab}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta Z_{1aa}^L+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\delta Z_{2bb}^R+e^2Q^2(p_1,p_2;m_{1a},m_{2b}).`$ (57c)
An explicit expression for $`𝒢_{ab}`$ is as follows,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝒢_{ab}& =\frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2ϵ}+\frac{3Q^2e^2}{8\pi ^2ϵ}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }_{1aa}^Y(m_{1a}^2)+m_{1a}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{1aa}^Y^{}(m_{1a}^2)+(m_{1a}^2m_{2b}^2)\right)\hfill \\ & +\frac{Q^2e^2}{16\pi ^2}\left(\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Lambda }(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2)\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Lambda }(m_{2b}^2,m_\gamma ^2)+\mathrm{\Lambda }_\xi (m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2)+\mathrm{\Lambda }_\xi (m_{2b}^2,m_\gamma ^2)\right)\hfill \\ & +3Q^2e^2p_1p_2C_0(p_\varphi ,p_1;m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2,m_{2b}^2)+Q^2e^2p_1p_2\xi C_0(p_\varphi ,p_1;\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2,m_{2b}^2),\hfill \end{array}$$
(58)
where,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Lambda }(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2)& =1+b_1(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)+2b_0(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)+4m_{1a}^2b_0^{}(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)\hfill \\ & +4m_{1a}^2b_1^{}(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2),\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Lambda }_\xi (m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2)& =\frac{m_{1a}^2}{m_\gamma ^2}\left(b_1(m_{1a}^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)b_1(m_{1a}^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(59)
and $`p_1p_2=1/2(m_\varphi ^2m_{1a}^2m_{2b}^2)`$. Some comments regarding $`𝒢_{ab}`$ are in order. The ultraviolet divergent terms in (58) are $`\xi `$-independent, as expected since they must be cancelled by $`\mathrm{\Delta }g`$. All the remaining gauge dependence in $`𝒢_{ab}`$ is contained in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\xi `$ and $`C_0`$. As is well-known, and is clear from its definition in appendix D, the triangle integral $`C_0`$ with on-shell external momenta diverges logarithmically as $`m_\gamma ^20`$. So does $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\xi `$ as well, since we can write,

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_\xi (m^2,m_\gamma ^2)=\frac{1}{2}\left(b_0(m^2,m_\gamma ^2,m^2)a_0(m_\gamma ^2)\right)\frac{\xi }{2}\left(b_0(m^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m^2)a_0(\xi m_\gamma ^2)\right),$$

with

$$b_0(m^2,m_\gamma ^2,m^2)a_0(m_\gamma ^2)=_0^1𝑑x\mathrm{log}\left(1x+\frac{m^2}{m_\gamma ^2}x^2\right)+1.$$

These infrared divergences must be cancelled in the computation of transition rates by the contribution from real-photon emission diagrams. We conclude that the infrared divergent terms must appear explicitly in the amplitude, and should not be absorbed in the finite part of counterterms. In fact, the requirements of infrared and ultraviolet finiteness, that $`g`$ and $`g_0`$ should be flavor-independent and $`𝑽`$ and $`𝑽_\mathrm{𝟎}`$ unitary, and of gauge invariance, lead us to set,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }g=(𝒢_{ab})_{\mathrm{div}}=\frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2ϵ}\frac{3Q^2e^2}{8\pi ^2ϵ},\text{and}𝚫𝑽=0.$$
(60)
These equations determine the renormalization constants $`\delta Z_g`$, $`𝜹𝑾`$ and $`𝜹𝒁_V`$ through (48) and the above results for wave-function renormalization constants. Our choice is not unique, though, since the above requirements still allow the finite part of $`\delta Z_g`$ to be redefined by adding gauge- and flavor-independent arbitrary constants. We could, for instance, define $`g`$ through the total $`\varphi `$ decay width, or some other inclusive process. We will not pursue such phenomenological analysis further here.

### 4.3  $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ scheme

Renormalization in $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ scheme turns out, as expected, to be much simpler than in OS. The renormalized Lagrangian at one-loop level takes essentially the same form as in (47), (48). The main differences being that now $`𝜹𝑼_j^{L,R}=\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`𝜹𝒁_j^{L,R}=\delta Z_j^{L,R}\mathrm{𝟏}`$, and $`𝜹𝑼_{mj}^{L,R}\mathrm{𝟎}`$. The mass matrices $`𝑴_j`$ are diagonal at tree level but not necessarily diagonal, or even hermitian, at one loop. We are then led to separate diagonal elements (which are real, given our choice of tree-level flavor basis) from off-diagonal ones (which are $`𝒪(g^2)`$ or $`𝒪(e^2)`$), as discussed in §2.4.

We define $`\mathrm{\Delta }g=\delta Z_g+1/2\delta Z_\varphi +1/2\delta Z_1^L+1/2\delta Z_2^R`$, and set $`𝚫𝚪=\mathrm{𝟎}`$, since obviously no asymmetric counterterms are needed in this scheme. Furthermore, $`𝜹𝑾=0`$ for the same reasons as in §2.4. Renormalization constants can then be read off the corresponding expressions in §4.2. In particular,

$$\delta Z_1^L=\frac{Q^2e^2\xi }{8\pi ^2ϵ}\frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2ϵ}=\delta Z_2^R,\delta Z_g=\frac{g^2(N+1)}{16\pi ^2ϵ}\frac{3Q^2e^2}{8\pi ^2ϵ}.$$
(61)
Divergent contributions from the triangle diagram correcting the Yukawa vertex, which are flavor symmetric, have been absorbed in $`\delta Z_g`$. There are no further infinities to cancel, so that $`𝜹𝒁_V=\mathrm{𝟎}`$, *i.e.,* $`𝑽`$ is not renormalized.

We can easily derive renormalization group equations for renormalized parameters and Green’s functions. However, $`𝑽`$ obviously does not run at one loop in this model.

## 5 Concluding Remarks

Unitary transformations play a distinguished role in quantum theories, as is well known. In QFT, unitary transformations in some internal “flavor” space preserve the normalization of kinetic terms and currents, in particular electromagnetic ones. It is then natural to consider the class of mixing matrices that can be diagonalized by a unitary transformation, namely, normal mixing matrices, and their renormalization properties. This is the subject of the foregoing.

We point out in §2 and §4 that the usual parametrizations for mixing matrix counterterms  are overspecified. This fact, of course, does not make them less useful in any way, but had not been pointed out in the previous literature. We explicitly exhibit the constraints those parametrizations must satisfy, and their solution. Furthermore, the minimal parametrization given in appendix A can be applied also to the case of normal mixing matrices, which we do in §3.

In principle, the general case of non-singular, not necessarily normal mixing matrices, although not discussed in this paper, can also be studied in the framework proposed here for normal matrices. This is so because any complex matrix $`𝑨`$ can be decomposed as $`𝑨`$ = $`𝑵`$ \+ $`𝑻`$, with $`𝑵`$ normal and $`𝑻`$ nilpotent such that they can be simultaneously brought to diagonal and strictly triangular form, respectively, by a unitary transformation.

Writing field-strength renormalization matrices in polar components is useful in OS scheme, as discussed in §2 and §4. At one-loop level this is the same as decomposing those matrices into their hermitian and anti-hermitian parts, as done in . As remarked in §2, the unitary and hermitian components play different roles in the theory. Furthermore, the contribution to higher orders in perturbation theory from powers of the one-loop $`𝜹𝑼`$ is apparent in this way due to the exponential form of the unitary matrix $`𝑼=\mathrm{exp}(i𝜹𝑼)`$.

### Acknowledgements

Discussions with L. Chan Palomo are gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank C. García Canal, V. Gupta and A. Zepeda for reading the manuscript and for their helpful comments. This work was partially supported by SNI and by Conacyt Research Project 32598-E.

## Appendix A Mappings of normal matrices

A matrix $`𝑵^{N\times N}`$ is called normal if $`[𝑵,𝑵^{}]=0`$ . It can be shown  that a complex matrix can be diagonalized by a unitary transformation if and only if it is normal. We denote by $`𝒏(N)`$ the set of $`N\times N`$ normal matrices. The Lie algebra $`𝒖(N)`$ of hermitian matrices, the group $`U(N)`$ of unitary matrices, and the Abelian algebra of diagonal matrices are all contained in $`𝒏(N)`$.

###### Lemma 1.

Let $`𝑭:𝒏(N)𝒏(N)`$ be a mapping of normal matrices such that $`\mathrm{rank}(𝑭(𝑿))\mathrm{rank}(𝑿)`$ for every $`𝑿`$ in $`𝒏(N)`$. Then, we can write,

$$𝑭(𝑿)=𝑼^{}𝒁𝑿𝑼,\text{with}[𝒁,𝑿]=0,𝒁=𝒁(𝑿)𝒏(N),𝑼=𝑼(𝑿)U(N).$$
(A.1)
###### Proof.

We first consider the case of $`𝑿`$ non-singular. In fact, in this case there is an open neighborhood of $`𝑿`$ in $`𝒏(N)`$ where all matrices are non-singular. We can apply the parametrization (A.1) to every matrix in that neighborhood. Using the normality of $`𝑭`$($`𝑿`$) and $`𝑿`$, we can write (dropping the argument $`𝑿`$ for brevity) $`𝑭=𝑽^{}𝑭^{}𝑽`$ and $`𝑿=𝑾^{}𝑿^{}𝑾`$, with $`𝑽`$, $`𝑾`$ unitary and $`𝑭^{}`$, $`𝑿^{}`$ diagonal. Define $`𝒁^{}`$ diagonal by $`𝑭^{}=𝒁^{}𝑿^{}`$. Then $`𝑼=𝑾^{}𝑽U(N)`$ and $`𝒁=𝑾^{}𝒁^{}𝑾𝒏(N)`$ satisfy (A.1).

Assume now $`𝑿`$ has a null eigenvalue with multiplicity $`r`$. We can choose $`𝑾`$ so that $`𝑿^{}=\mathrm{diag}(0,\mathrm{},0,x_{r+1},\mathrm{},x_n)`$ with $`x_j0`$. Similarly, we can choose $`𝑽`$ so that $`𝑭^{}=\mathrm{diag}(0,\mathrm{},0,f_{q+1},`$ $`\mathrm{},f_n)`$, with $`f_j0`$ and $`qr`$. We then define $`𝒁^{}=\mathrm{diag}(1,\mathrm{},1,f_{r+1}/x_{r+1},\mathrm{},f_n/x_n)`$ and proceed as above. ∎

A transformation $`𝑭`$ satisfying the rank hypothesis of the Lemma may be called “multiplicative,” in the sense that $`𝑭(\mathrm{𝟎})=\mathrm{𝟎}`$. The same argument as in the multiplicative case, with obvious changes, proves the following.

###### Lemma 2.

Let $`𝑭:𝒏(N)𝒏(N)`$ be a mapping of normal matrices. Then, for any $`𝑿𝒏(N)`$ we can write,

$$𝑭(𝑿)=𝑼^{}(𝑿+𝑵)𝑼,\text{with}[𝑵,𝑿]=0,𝑵=𝑵(𝑿)𝒏(N),𝑼=𝑼(𝑿)U(N).$$
(A.2)
We remark that both (A.1) and (A.2) hold for mappings of hermitian matrices, $`𝑭:𝒖(N)𝒖(N)`$, with $`𝒁`$ and $`𝑵`$ hermitian, and (A.1) also holds for mappings of unitary matrices, $`𝑭:U(N)U(N)`$, with $`𝒁`$ unitary.

Consider, finally, a general matrix function of a hermitian matrix $`𝑭:𝒖(N)^{N\times N}`$. Using the polar decomposition $`𝑭(𝑿)=𝑹(𝑿)𝑼_F(𝑿)`$ with $`𝑼_F`$ unitary and $`𝑹`$ hermitian, and applying eqs. (A.1) and (A.2) to $`𝑹`$, we obtain the parametrizations,

$`𝑭(𝑿)`$ $`=𝑼𝒁𝑿𝑽,𝑼=𝑼(𝑿)\text{ and }𝑽=𝑽(𝑿)U(N),𝒁=𝒁(𝑿)𝒖(N),[𝒁,𝑿]=0.`$ (A.3a)
$`𝑭(𝑿)`$ $`=𝑼(𝑿+𝜹𝑿)𝑽,𝜹𝑿=𝜹𝑿(𝑿)𝒖(N),[𝜹𝑿,𝑿]=0.`$ (A.3b)
Substituting (A.3) into the hermitian matrices $`𝑭𝑭^{}`$ and $`𝑭^{}𝑭`$, we recover (A.1) and (A.2).

## Appendix B Perturbative factorization of $`SU(N)`$ matrices

In §2 we make use of the fact that a unitary matrix $`𝑼`$ which is close to the identity can always be factorized as $`𝑼=\mathrm{exp}(i𝜹𝑼^{})\mathrm{exp}(i𝜹\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑼})`$, where $`𝜹𝑼^{}`$ is hermitian and diagonal and $`𝜹\stackrel{\mathbf{~}}{𝑼}`$ is hermitian and has zeros on the diagonal. A sketch of the proof follows (see  for a globally valid factorization).

We decompose the Lie algebra of hermitian matrices as $`𝒖(N)=𝒂𝒃`$, where $`𝒂`$ is the Cartan subalgebra of diagonal matrices of $`𝒖(N)`$ and $`𝒃`$ its complementary subspace. Let $`𝑼=\mathrm{exp}(iϵ𝑯)`$, with $`ϵ`$ small and $`𝑯𝒖(N)`$. We want to show that we can always find $`𝑨=𝑨(ϵ)𝒂`$ and $`𝑩=𝑩(ϵ)𝒃`$ such that

$$e^{iϵ𝑨}e^{iϵ𝑩}=\underset{n=0}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{(iϵ)^n}{n!}𝑯^n+𝒪(ϵ^{N+1}).$$
(B.1)
To this end, we write $`𝑨=_{n=0}^N\frac{ϵ^n}{n!}𝑨_n`$ with $`𝑨_n𝒂`$, and analogously for $`𝑩`$, and consider the equation $`\mathrm{exp}(iϵ𝑯)=\mathrm{exp}(iϵ𝑨)\mathrm{exp}(iϵ𝑩)`$ which, using the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff formula (see  and references therein) can be written as,

$$𝑯=(𝑨+𝑩)+\frac{iϵ}{2}[𝑨,𝑩]+\frac{(iϵ)^2}{12}\left([[𝑨,𝑩],𝑩]+[[𝑩,𝑨],𝑨]\right)+\mathrm{}$$
(B.2)
Expanding the rhs in powers of $`ϵ`$, we are led to a set of recursive equations,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝑨_0+𝑩_0& =𝑯\hfill \\ \hfill 𝑨_1+𝑩_1& =\frac{1}{2}[𝑩_0,𝑨_0]\hfill \\ \hfill 𝑨_2+𝑩_2& =[𝑩_1,𝑨_0]+[𝑩_0,𝑨_1]\frac{1}{6}[[𝑨_0,𝑩_0],𝑩_0]\frac{1}{6}[[𝑩_0,𝑨_0],𝑨_0],\mathrm{etc}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(B.3)
which can be solved iteratively up to the desired order. (Notice that in (B.3) we have used the Abelianity of $`𝒂`$ to eliminate some commutators.) Thus, $`𝑨_0=\mathrm{diag}(H_{11},\mathrm{},H_{NN})`$ and $`𝑩_0=𝑯𝑨_0`$, $`𝑨_1=\mathrm{𝟎}`$ and $`𝑩_1=1/2[𝑩_0,𝑨_0]`$, and so on. More generally, the equation for the coefficients of order $`N+1`$ obtained from (B.2) is of the form,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& =\frac{1}{(N+1)!}(𝑨_{N+1}+𝑩_{N+1})+\frac{1}{2}\underset{\begin{array}{c}m,n=0\\ m+n=N\end{array}}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{m!n!}[𝑨_m,𝑩_n]\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{12}\underset{\begin{array}{c}k,m,n=0\\ k+m+n=N1\end{array}}{\overset{N1}{}}\frac{1}{k!m!n!}\left([[𝑨_k,𝑩_m],𝑩_n][[𝑨_k,𝑩_m],𝑨_n]\right)+\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

where the ellipsis refers to higher-order commutators. Terms with $`K`$-order commutators involve $`𝑨_j`$, $`𝑩_j`$ with $`j=0,\mathrm{},N+1K`$, which are already known. Thus, by projecting $`(𝑨_{N+1}+𝑩_{N+1})`$ as given by this equation over $`𝒂`$ and $`𝒃`$ we find $`𝑨_{N+1}`$ and $`𝑩_{N+1}`$.

To summarize, let $`D`$ be a neighborhood of the identity in $`U(N)`$, determining a corresponding neighborhood $`𝒅`$ of $`\mathrm{𝟎}`$ in $`𝒖(N)`$, where the CBH formula holds. Then, the elements of the form $`e^𝑨e^𝑩`$ with $`𝑨𝒂`$ and $`𝑩𝒃`$ are dense in $`D`$.

## Appendix C Kernel and image of the adjoint map of a normal matrix

Consider a fixed $`N\times N`$ normal matrix $`𝑵`$. Then, any matrix $`𝑨^{N\times N}`$ can be written as

$$𝑨=𝑩+[𝑵,𝑫]\text{with}[𝑵,𝑩]=0.$$
(C.1)
Equations (16) and (21) are of this type. Given $`𝑨`$ and $`𝑵`$, (C.1) can always be solved for $`𝑩`$ and $`𝑫`$, as we now show (see also \[9, §3.3\]).

Since $`𝑵`$ is normal, it can be diagonalized by a unitary matrix. Let $`\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _r`$ ($`rN`$) be its eigenvalues and $`d_j(j=1,\mathrm{},r)`$ their multiplicities. The associated orthonormal basis of $`^N`$ of eigenvectors of $`𝑵`$ is denoted by $`\{|\lambda _j,\alpha _j\}`$ ($`j=1,\mathrm{},r`$, $`\alpha _j=1,\mathrm{},d_j`$). Then we have $`𝑵=_{i\alpha }\lambda _i|\lambda _i,\alpha \lambda _i,\alpha |`$, and for any $`𝑨^{N\times N}`$,

$$𝑨=\underset{i,\alpha ,j,\beta }{}A_{j\beta }^{i\alpha }|\lambda _i,\alpha \lambda _j,\beta |.$$
(C.2)
We define the adjoint map associated to $`𝑵`$ as $`\mathrm{ad}_N:^{N\times N}^{N\times N}`$, $`\mathrm{ad}_N(𝑨)=[𝑵,𝑨]`$. Then the set of orthogonal projectors $`\{|\lambda _i,\alpha _i\lambda _j,\beta _j|\}`$ is a basis of $`^{N\times N}`$ of eigenvectors of $`\mathrm{ad}_N`$, since, $`[𝑵,|\lambda _i,\alpha _i\lambda _j,\beta _j|]=(\lambda _i\lambda _j)|\lambda _i,\alpha _i\lambda _j,\beta _j|.`$ Therefore, we can rewrite (C.2) as

$$𝑨=\underset{i,\alpha ,\beta }{}A_{i\beta }^{i\alpha }|\lambda _i,\alpha \lambda _i,\beta |+[𝑵,\underset{\begin{array}{c}i,\alpha ,j,\beta \\ ij\end{array}}{}A_{j\beta }^{i\alpha }\frac{1}{\lambda _i\lambda _j}|\lambda _i,\alpha \lambda _j,\beta |],$$
(C.3)
where the first term on the rhs obviously commutes with $`𝑵`$. This is the decomposition (C.1).

Whereas (C.3) provides an explicit solution to (C.1), a slightly broader point of view can be adopted. Consider the inner product $`(𝑨,𝑩)=\mathrm{Tr}(𝑨^{}𝑩)`$ in $`^{N\times N}`$. By the cyclic property of the trace, $`(𝑨,\mathrm{ad}_N(𝑩))=(𝑨,[𝑵,𝑩])=\mathrm{Tr}(𝑨^{}[𝑵,𝑩])=\mathrm{Tr}([𝑵^{},𝑨]^{}𝑩)=([𝑵^{},𝑨],𝑩)=(\mathrm{ad}_N^{}(𝑨),𝑩)`$, so $`(\mathrm{ad}_N)^{}=\mathrm{ad}_N^{}`$. With this, using the Jacobi identity and the normality of $`𝑵`$, it is immediate that $`[(\mathrm{ad}_N)^{},\mathrm{ad}_N]=0`$ and thus $`\mathrm{ad}_N`$ is a normal transformation of $`^{N\times N}`$. Therefore the spectral theorem  holds for $`\mathrm{ad}_N`$. In particular, $`^{N\times N}=\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{ad}_N)\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{ad}_N)`$. This orthogonal decomposition shows that solutions to (C.1) exist and are unique up to addition to $`𝑫`$ of a matrix commuting with $`𝑵`$.

## Appendix D Loop integrals

In this appendix we give a list of loop integrals used in the foregoing. More complete calculations can be found, e.g., in . Divergent integrals are separated in a dimensional-regularization pole term and a finite remainder. $`\overline{\mu }=\mu \sqrt{4\pi e^{\gamma _E}}`$.

$`A_0(m^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon }}={\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{16\pi ^2}}a_0(m^2)`$
$`a_0(m^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}\right)1`$
$`A_1^\mu (m^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu }{\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon }}=0`$
$`A_2^{\mu \nu }(m^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu \mathrm{}^\nu }{\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon }}={\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{32\pi ^2ϵ}}g^{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{m^4}{64\pi ^2}}g^{\mu \nu }a_2(m^2)`$
$`a_2(m^2)`$ $`=a_0(m^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}`$
$`A_2(m^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{\mathrm{}^2m^2+i\epsilon }}=m^2A_0(m^2)`$
$`B_0(p^\mu ,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\left(\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+p)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon \right)}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi ^2}}b_0(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$
$`b_0(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑x\mathrm{log}\left((1x){\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}+x{\displaystyle \frac{m_2^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}i\epsilon \right)`$
$`B_1^\mu (p^\mu ,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{\mathrm{}^\mu }{\left(\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+p)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon \right)}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{p^\mu }{16\pi ^2ϵ}}{\displaystyle \frac{p^\mu }{16\pi ^2}}b_1(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$
$`b_1(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx\mathrm{log}\left((1x){\displaystyle \frac{m_1^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}+x{\displaystyle \frac{m_2^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{\overline{\mu }^2}}i\epsilon \right)`$
which can also be written,
$`B_1^\mu (p^\mu ,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`=p^\mu B_1(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$
$`p^2B_1(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(A_0(m_1^2)A_0(m_2^2)(p^2+m_1^2m_2^2)B_0(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)\right)`$
We also use the combination $`b_{}(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)=b_0(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)b_1(p^2,m_1^2,m_2^2)`$.
$`C_0(p_1,p_2,m_1^2,m_2^2,m_3^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\left(\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}+p_2)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}p_1+p_2)^2m_3^2+i\epsilon \right)}}`$
$`C_0`$ is ultraviolet finite. In §2.2 we use the following triangle integrals,
$`H_1(p_1,p_2;m_1^2,m_2^2,m_3^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2m_1^2+i\epsilon }\frac{\overline{)}\mathrm{}+\overline{)}p_2+m_2}{(\mathrm{}+p_2)^2m_2^2+i\epsilon }\frac{\overline{)}\mathrm{}\overline{)}p_1+\overline{)}p_2+m_3}{(\mathrm{}p_1+p_2)^2m_3^2+i\epsilon }}`$
$`\mathrm{Tr}(H_1(p_1,p_2;m_1^2,m_2^2,m_3^2))`$ $`=\mathrm{Tr}(1)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2ϵ}}+h_1(p_1,p_2;m_1^2,m_2^2,m_3^2)\right)`$
$`h_1(p_1,p_2;m_1^2,m_2^2,m_3^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}b_0((p_1p_2)^2;m_1^2,m_3^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}b_0(p_2^2;m_1^2,m_2^2)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left((m_2+m_3)^2p_1^2\right)C_0(p_1,p_2;m_1^2,m_2^2,m_3^2)`$
$`h_2(p_1,p_2;m_1^2,m_2^2)`$ $`=\mathrm{Tr}(1)m_2C_0(p_1,p_2;m_2^2,m_1^2,m_1^2)`$
with $`\mathrm{Tr}(1)=4`$. Finally, in §4.2 we define,
$`(p_1,p_2;m_{1a}^2,m_{2b}^2,m_\gamma ^2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^ϵ}{(2\pi )^d}}{\displaystyle d^d\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }(\mathrm{})\frac{\mathrm{Tr}\left(P_+\gamma ^\mu (\overline{)}\mathrm{}+\overline{)}p_1+m_{1a})P_+(\overline{)}\mathrm{}\overline{)}p_2+m_{2b})\gamma ^\nu \right)}{\left((\mathrm{}+p_1)^2m_{1a}^2+i\epsilon \right)\left((\mathrm{}p_2)^2m_{2b}^2+i\epsilon \right)}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{3+\xi }{8\pi ^2ϵ}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32\pi ^2}}(3b_0(p_1^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)+3b_0(p_2^2,m_\gamma ^2,m_{2b}^2)+\xi b_0(p_1^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2)`$
$`+\xi b_0(p_2^2,\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_{2b}^2))`$ $`+p_1p_2\left(3C_0(p_\varphi ,p_1;m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2,m_{2b}^2)+\xi C_0(p_\varphi ,p_1;\xi m_\gamma ^2,m_{1a}^2,m_{2b}^2)\right)`$