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# FIAN/TD/01-04 The general form of the ∗–commutator on the Grassman algebra

## 1 Introduction

As is well known, the major hopes for the construction of quantum mechanics on nontrivial manifolds are connected with the so–called geometric or deformation quantizations (). The functions on phase space are put into correspondence with the operators and the product of the operators and their commutator are described by an associative $``$–product and $``$–commutator of functions, which represent deformations of a usual “pointwise” product and the Poisson bracket. On even manifolds, at least locally, the $``$–commutator coincides with usual commutator in algebra with the associative $``$–product. It is interesting to find out, what is the situation in the case, when the phase space is a supermanifold. In present paper we investigate a general form of the deformation of the nonsingular Poisson bracket on the Grassman algebra. We show that on the Grassman algebra in addition to the $``$–commutators which are equivalent to the Moyal commutator , there are also other deformations which are not reduced to the Moyal commutator by a similarity transformation.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we formulate the problem. In Sect. 3 the solution of the Jacobi identity considered as an equation to the $``$–commutator is found in the lowest approximation in deformation parameter. In Sect. 4 the higher deformations are considered and the main result of the paper is formulated. In two Appendices solutions of the equations considered in the main text are presented.

Notations and conventions.

$`\xi ^\alpha `$, $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},n`$ are odd anticommuting generators of the Grassman algebra:

$$\epsilon (\xi ^\alpha )=1,\xi ^\alpha \xi ^\beta +\xi ^\beta \xi ^\alpha =0,_\alpha \frac{}{\xi ^\alpha },$$

$`\epsilon (A)`$ denotes the Grassman parity of $`A`$;

$$[\xi ^\alpha ]^01,[\xi ^\alpha ]^k\xi ^{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\xi ^{\alpha _k},1kn,[\xi ^\alpha ]^k=0,k>n,$$

$$[_\alpha ]^01,[_\alpha ]^k_{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}_{\alpha _k},1kn,[_\alpha ]^k=0,k>n,$$

$$[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^k\stackrel{}{}_{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\stackrel{}{}_{\alpha _k},$$

$$T_{\mathrm{}[\alpha ]_k\mathrm{}}T_{\mathrm{}\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _k\mathrm{}},T_{\mathrm{}\alpha _i\alpha _{i+1}\mathrm{}}=T_{\mathrm{}\alpha _{i+1}\alpha _i\mathrm{}},i=1,\mathrm{},k1.$$

## 2 Formulation of the problem

We consider the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_K`$ over the field $`K`$ $`=`$ $`𝐂`$ or $`𝐑`$, with the generators $`\xi ^\alpha `$, $`\alpha =1,2,\mathrm{},n`$. The generic element $`f`$ of the algebra (a function of the generators) is

$$ff(\xi )=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{k!}f_{[\alpha ]_k}[\xi ^\alpha ]^k,f_{[\alpha ]_0}f_0=const,f_{[\alpha ]_k}K.$$

Let the nonsingular Poisson bracket

$$\{f_1,f_2\}(\xi )[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )c_0(\xi |f_1,f_2)=f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \omega ^{\alpha \beta }(\xi )_\beta f_2(\xi )$$
(1)
be given on the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_K`$ where $`\omega ^{\alpha \beta }(\xi )`$ is the symplectic metric, the even symmetric tensor function satisfying the Jacobi identity:

$$\omega ^{\beta \alpha }=\omega ^{\alpha \beta },\omega ^{\alpha \delta }_\delta \omega ^{\beta \gamma }+\omega ^{\gamma \delta }_\delta \omega ^{\alpha \beta }+\omega ^{\beta \delta }_\delta \omega ^{\gamma \alpha }=0.$$

We are interested in the general form of the $``$–commutator, i.e. the bilinear mapping $`𝒢_K\times 𝒢_K`$ $``$ $`𝒢_K`$:

$$f_3(\xi )[f_1,f_2]_{}(\xi )=C(\xi |f_1,f_2),$$

with the following properties:

i) The mapping is even

$$\epsilon (C(\xi |f_1,f_2))=\epsilon (f_1)+\epsilon (f_2).$$

ii) Antisymmetry

$$C(\xi |f_2,f_1)=(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_2)}C(\xi |f_1,f_2).$$

iii) The Jacobi identity

$$(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}[f_1,[f_2,f_3]_{}]_{}+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)=0,f_1,f_2,f_3,$$
(2)
or, equivalently,

$$(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}C(\xi |f_1,f_{23})+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)=0,f_1,f_2,f_3,$$
(3)
where we denote $`f_{ij}(\xi )C(\xi |f_i,f_j)`$.

iv) It is supposed, that the $``$–commutator is defined in terms of the series in the deformation parameter $`\mathrm{}^2`$,

$$[f_1,f_2]_{}(\xi )=\underset{k=0}{}\mathrm{}^{2k}[f_1,f_2]__k(\xi )=\underset{k=0}{}\mathrm{}^{2k}c_k(\xi |f_1,f_2),$$
(4)
where $`[f_1,f_2]__0=c_0(\xi |f_1,f_2)`$ coincides with the Poisson bracket (1) (the boundary condition or the correspondence principle). Differently, we want to establish the general form of a deformation of the Poisson bracket on the Grassman algebra. The deformation parameter is denoted by $`\mathrm{}^2`$ and, without loss of generality, it is possible to consider $`\mathrm{}`$ as real and positive number.

We treat condition (2) (or, equivalently, (3)) as an equation on possible structure of the $``$–commutator. Note that $`C_T`$ (or, equivalently, the $`_T`$–commutator),

$$C_T(\xi |f_1,f_2)=T^1C(\xi |Tf_1,Tf_2),$$
(5)
$`T`$ is a nonsingular even linear mapping $`𝒢_K𝒢_K`$, satisfies the properties i) - iii), if $`C(\xi |f_1,f_2)`$ satisfies these properties. However, the boundary condition can change. In general, the operator $`T`$ can be represented as

$$T=T^{}(1+\mathrm{}^2t_1+\mathrm{}),T^{}=T|_{\mathrm{}=0}.$$

Let $`T^{}=T_\eta `$ be the operator responsible for the change of generators:

$$T_\eta \xi ^\alpha =\eta ^\alpha (\xi ),T_\eta ^1\xi ^\alpha =T_\zeta \xi ^\alpha =\zeta ^\alpha (\xi ),T_\eta f(\xi )=f(\eta (\xi )),T_\eta ^1f(\xi )=T_\zeta f(\xi )=f(\zeta (\xi )),$$
(6)
where $`\zeta ^\alpha (\xi )`$ is inverse change, $`\eta ^\alpha (\zeta (\xi ))=\xi ^\alpha `$, $`\epsilon (\eta ^\alpha )=\epsilon (\zeta ^\alpha )=1`$. The $`_{T_\eta }`$–commutator obey the property iv) but now with modified Poisson bracket:

$$\omega ^{\alpha \beta }(\xi )\omega _{T_\eta }^{\alpha \beta }(\xi )=\xi ^\alpha \frac{\stackrel{}{}}{\zeta ^\alpha ^{}}\omega ^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}}(\zeta (\xi ))\frac{}{\zeta ^\beta ^{}}\xi ^\beta .$$

We say, that the $`_T`$–commutator and $``$–commutator are related by a similarity transformation, or call them equivalent. The $``$–commutator obtained from the Poisson bracket by a similarity transformation is a trivial deformation of the Poisson bracket.

We assume, that after appropriate similarity transformation the Poisson bracket is of canonical form

$$\{f_1,f_2\}(\xi )[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )c_0(\xi |f_1,f_2)=f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha f_2(\xi ),\lambda _\alpha ^2=1,$$
(7)
where $`\lambda _\alpha =1`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra over complex numbers ($`𝒢_𝐂`$) and $`\lambda _\alpha =\pm 1`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra over real numbers ($`𝒢_𝐑`$).

Eq. (2) (or equivalent eq. (3)) will be solved in terms of expansion in deformation parameter $`\mathrm{}^2`$. It is obviously satisfied in the zeroth approximation. In the first order one gets

$$(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}[f_1,[f_2,f_3]__1]__0+(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}[f_1,[f_2,f_3]__0]__1+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)=0,$$
(8)
or, equivalently,

$$(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}[f_1,c_1(f_2,f_3)]__0(\xi )+(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}c_1(\xi |f_1,[f_2,f_3]__0)+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)=0.$$
(9)
Besides, the conditions i) and ii) should be satisfied, or

$$c_1(\xi |f_2,f_1)=(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_2)}c_1(\xi |f_1,f_2),\epsilon (c_1(\xi |f_1,f_2))=\epsilon (f_1)+\epsilon (f_2).$$

The obvious solution of equation (8) or (9) is a bilinear functional $`c_{1triv}`$, obtained from the Poisson bracket by the similarity transformation $`Tf=T(\xi |f)=(1+\mathrm{}t_1+O(\mathrm{}^2))f(\xi )=f(\xi )+\mathrm{}t_1(\xi |f)+O(\mathrm{}^2)`$, $`\epsilon (Tf)=\epsilon (t_1f)=\epsilon (f)`$:

$$c_{1triv}(\xi |f_1,f_2)=[f_1,t_1f_2]__0(\xi )t_1(\xi |[f_1,f_2]__0)+[t_1f_1,f_2]__0(\xi ).$$
(10)
Consider the algebra $`=\underset{}{}_k`$ of even $`k`$–linear functionals $`\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_1,\mathrm{},f_k)_k`$ ($`k`$–linear mappings $`(𝒢\times )^k𝒢`$), $`\epsilon (\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_1,\mathrm{},f_k))=\epsilon (f_1)+\mathrm{}+\epsilon (f_k)`$ $`(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2})`$, $`k1`$, $`_0=K`$, with the property

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_q,\mathrm{},f_{i1},f_i,f_{i+1},\mathrm{},f_n)=(1)^{\epsilon (f_i)\epsilon (f_{i+1})}\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_q,\mathrm{},f_{i1},f_{i+1},f_i,\mathrm{},f_n).$$

The product ($``$) in this algebra (a mapping $`_k\times _l_{k+l}`$) is defined as follows:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_k\mathrm{\Phi }_l(\xi |f_1,\mathrm{},f_{k+l})=\frac{1}{(k+l)!}\underset{P}{}sign(P)\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_{i_1},\mathrm{},f_{i_k})\mathrm{\Phi }_l(\xi |f_{i_{k+1}},\mathrm{},f_{i_{k+l}}),$$

where the sum is taken over all permutations $`P`$ of numbers $`1,2,\mathrm{},k+l`$; $`sign(P)`$ is the parity of the permutation $`P`$ calculated by the following rule: the permutation of the neighboring indexes $`i_p`$ and $`i_q`$ gives the sign factor $`(1)^{1+\epsilon (f_{i_p})\epsilon (f_{i_q})}`$. In this algebra there is a natural grading $`g`$: $`g(\mathrm{\Phi }_k)=k`$, turning the algebra $``$ into the graded algebra, $`g(_k)=k`$, and the linear operator $`d_S`$, the differential coboundary Chevalley operator $`_k_{k+1}`$, $`g(d_H)=1`$, acting according to the rule:

$$d_S\mathrm{\Phi }_k(f_1,\mathrm{},f_{k+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k+1}{}}(1)^{i+1+\epsilon (f_i)\underset{l=1}{\overset{i1}{}}\epsilon (f_l)}f_i(\xi )_0\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_1,\mathrm{},f_{i1},f_{i+1},\mathrm{},f_{k+1})+$$

$$+\underset{1i<jk+1}{}(1)^{j+1+\epsilon (f_j)(\epsilon (f_{i+1}+\mathrm{}+\epsilon (f_{j1}))}\mathrm{\Phi }_k(\xi |f_1,\mathrm{},f_{i1},f_i_0f_j,f_{i+1},\mathrm{},f_{j1},f_{j+1},\mathrm{},f_{k+1}),$$

$$d_S_0=0.$$

It is easy to prove that

$$d_S^2=0,d_S(\mathrm{\Phi }_k\mathrm{\Phi }_l)=(d_S\mathrm{\Phi }_k)\mathrm{\Phi }_l+(1)^{g(\mathrm{\Phi }_k)}\mathrm{\Phi }_kd_S\mathrm{\Phi }_l.$$

Eqs. (9) and (10) can be rewritten in terms of the Chevalley operator $`d_S`$ as

$$d_Sc_1(\xi |f_1,f_2,f_3)=0,$$

$$c_{1triv}(\xi |f_1,f_2)=d_St_1(\xi |f_1,f_2),$$

i.e. it means that $`c_1`$ belongs to the second Chevalley cogomology group, while the first order trivial deformations of the Poisson bracket are coboundaries, i.e. they belong to the zeroth Chevalley cogomology. Thus, the problem of description of all solutions of eq. (9) can be now formulated as a problem of calculation of the second Chevalley cogomology group $`H^2(d_S,)`$.

## 3 The first order deformation

It is convenient to use the momentum representation of the $``$–commutator (any bilinear functional can be represented in such a form)

$$c_1(\xi |f_1,f_2)=f_1(\xi )\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_2(\xi ).$$

The properties i) and ii) give:

$$\epsilon (c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l})=k+l(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}),c_1^{[\beta ]_l|[\alpha ]_k}=(1)^{kl}c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}.$$
(11)
The equation for the coefficient functions $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )`$ follows from eq. (9)

$$\begin{array}{c}f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma \left(f_2(\xi )\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )\right)+\hfill \\ +(1)^{\epsilon (f_2)\epsilon (f_3)}\left(f_1(\xi )\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )\hfill \\ \left(f_1(\xi )\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_2(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )+\hfill \\ +f_1(\xi )\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^l\left(f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )\right)+\hfill \\ +(1)^{\epsilon (f_2)\epsilon (f_3)}\left(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )\right)\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_2(\xi )\hfill \\ \left(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )\right)\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
We also write the similarity transformation in the momentum representation

$$t_1(\xi |f)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf(\xi ),\epsilon (t_1^{[\alpha ]_k})=k(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}),$$

$$\begin{array}{c}c_{1triv}(\xi |f_1,f_2)=f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma \left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_2(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^k\left(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )\right)+\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_1(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(13)
We solve eq. (12) studying the coefficients in front of different degrees of the derivatives of the functions $`f_i`$. From now on it is assumed that $`n2`$.

S t e p 0  Consider the factor in eq. (12) in front of $`f_1(\xi )`$ (without derivatives):

$$(1)^{\epsilon (f_2)\epsilon (f_3)}\left(\underset{l=0}{\overset{n}{}}c_1^{0|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )$$

$$(\underset{l=0}{\overset{n}{}}c_1^{0|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )+\underset{l=0}{\overset{n}{}}c_1^{0|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^l\left(f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )\right)=0.$$

From antisymmetry condition (11) it follows that $`c_1^{0|0}(\xi )=0`$.

$`\mathrm{𝟎}_𝐚`$ The coefficient in front of $`_\alpha f_2(\xi )`$ gives:

$$\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}(1)^lc_1^{0|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha [_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )c_1^{0|\alpha }(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )=0.$$

From these equations it follows (see Appendix 1) that:

$$\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^{0|\beta }(\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c_1^{0|\alpha }(\xi )=0c_1^{0|\alpha }(\xi )=\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_{10}\xi ,\epsilon (c_{10})=0,$$
(14)
$$_\alpha c_1^{0|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )=0c_1^{0|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )=const,l2.$$

$`\mathrm{𝟎}_𝐛`$ The coefficient in front of $`_\alpha _\beta f_2(\xi )`$, $`f_3(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\gamma p_\gamma )`$, $`p_\alpha \xi ^\beta +\xi ^\beta p_\alpha =p_\alpha p_\beta +p_\beta p_\alpha =0`$, provides:

$$\lambda _\alpha c_1^{0|[\gamma ]_{l1}\alpha }[p_\gamma ]^{l1}p_\beta \lambda _\beta c_1^{0|[\gamma ]_{l1}\beta }[p_\gamma ]^{l1}p_\alpha =0,l2.$$
(15)
The general solution of eq. (15) is (see Appendix 1):

$$c_1^{0|[\alpha ]_l}=0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}ln1,c_1^{0|[\alpha ]_n}=c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n},c_{1n}=const,\epsilon (c_{1n})=n(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}).$$

The contribution from the similarity transformation to the factor $`c_1^{0|[\alpha ]_k}`$ arises only from the term $`t_1^0`$ in the expression (13) and is equal to

$$c_{1triv}^{0|\alpha }=\lambda _\alpha _\alpha t_1^0(\xi ),c_{1triv}^{0|[\alpha ]_k}=0,k2.$$

Performing the similarity transformation with $`t_1^0(\xi )=c_{10}(\xi )`$, we obtain the expression for $``$–commutator with $`c_1^{0|[\alpha ]_k}=c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|0}=0`$, $`kn1`$, and

$$c_1^{0|[\alpha ]_n}=c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n},c_1^{[\alpha ]_n|0}=c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n},c_{1n}=const,\epsilon (c_{1n})=n(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}).$$

Note, that in the case of the Grassman algebras over $`𝐂`$ or $`𝐑`$ the coefficient $`c_{1n}`$ can be different from zero only at even $`n`$. Furthermore, if one requires, that the functions $`f(\xi )=const`$ $``$–commute with any function, then $`c_{1n}=0`$.

S t e p 1  The coefficient in eq. (12) in front of $`_\gamma f_1(\xi )`$ gives:

$$\begin{array}{c}\lambda _\gamma f_2(\xi )\underset{k,l=1}{\overset{n}{}}(1)^k[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^k_\gamma c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}_\alpha c_1^{\gamma |[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_2(\xi )\lambda _\alpha _\alpha f_3(\xi )+\hfill \\ +(1)^{\epsilon (f_2)}\lambda _\alpha _\alpha f_2(\xi )\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}_\alpha c_1^{\gamma |[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )2c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )\lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_3(\xi )+\hfill \\ +(1)^{\epsilon (f_2)}2\lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_3(\xi )\underset{l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[c_1^{\gamma |[\beta ]_l}[_\beta ]^l\left(_\alpha f_2(\xi )\lambda _\alpha _\alpha f_3(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ c_1^{\gamma |[\beta ]_l}[_\beta ]^l_\alpha f_2(\xi )\lambda _\alpha _\alpha f_3(\xi )(1)^{l(1+\epsilon (f_2))}c_1^{\gamma |[\beta ]_l}_\alpha f_2(\xi )\lambda _\alpha [_\beta ]^l_\alpha f_3(\xi )]=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(16)
$`\mathrm{𝟏}_𝐚`$ The coefficient in front of $`_\alpha f_2(\xi )`$, $`[_\gamma ]^kf_3(\xi )`$ provides:

$$\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^{\beta |[\gamma ]_k}(\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c_1^{\alpha |[\gamma ]_k}(\xi )+\delta _{1k}\lambda _\gamma _\gamma c_1^{\beta |\alpha }(\xi )+\delta _{kn}2c_{1n}\lambda _\alpha \delta _{\alpha \beta }\epsilon ^{[\gamma ]_n}=0,k=1,\mathrm{},n.$$

$`\mathrm{𝟏}_{\mathrm{𝐚𝟏}}`$ $`k=1`$

$$\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^{\beta |\gamma }(\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c_1^{\alpha |\gamma }(\xi )+\lambda _\gamma _\gamma c_1^{\beta |\alpha }(\xi )=0c_1^{\alpha |\beta }(\xi )=\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^\beta (\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c_1^\alpha (\xi ),$$
(17)
with some function $`c_1^\alpha (\xi )`$ (see Appendix 1); here it was taken into account that from antisymmetry properties (11) of the coefficients $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}`$ it follows that $`c_1^{\alpha |\beta }=c_1^{\beta |\alpha }`$.

$`\mathrm{𝟏}_{\mathrm{𝐚𝟐}}`$ $`2kn1`$

$$\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^{\beta |[\gamma ]_k}(\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c_1^{\alpha |[\gamma ]_k}(\xi )=0,c_1^{\alpha |[\beta ]_k}(\xi )=\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^{[\beta ]_k}(\xi ),k=2,\mathrm{},n1,$$
(18)
with some functions $`c_1^{[\beta ]_k}(\xi )`$ (see Appendix 1).

$`\mathrm{𝟏}_{\mathrm{𝐚𝐧}}`$ $`k=n`$

$$\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_1^{\beta |[\gamma ]_n}(\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c_1^{\alpha |[\gamma ]_n}(\xi )=\lambda _\alpha c_{1n}\delta _{\alpha \beta }\epsilon ^{[\gamma ]_n}$$
(19)
$$c_1^{\alpha |[\beta ]_n}(\xi )=(\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c_{1n}^{}(\xi )\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\alpha c_{1n})\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n},$$

with some function $`c_{1n}^{}(\xi )`$. Perform the similarity transformation with $`t_1^0(\xi )=0`$, $`t_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )=c_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},n1`$, $`t_1^{[\alpha ]_n}=c_{1n}^{}(\xi )\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}`$. It does not change the coefficients $`c^{0|[\alpha ]_k}`$ and reduces $`c_1^{\alpha |[\beta ]_k}`$ to the form

$$c_1^{\alpha |[\beta ]_k}(\xi )=0,kn1,c_1^{\alpha |[\beta ]_n}(\xi )=\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\alpha c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}.$$

$`\mathrm{𝟏}_𝐛`$ The coefficients in front of $`[_\alpha ]^kf_2(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )`$, $`k,l2`$, give:

$$\begin{array}{c}\lambda _\gamma f_2(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^k_\gamma c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_3(\xi )\hfill \\ \delta _{k+l,n+2}(1)^{(l1)\epsilon (f_2)}C_n^{k1}q\xi ^\gamma c_{1n}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_{k1}[\beta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\sigma _\sigma [_\alpha ]^{k1}f_2(\xi )_\sigma [_\beta ]^{l1}f_3(\xi )=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(20)
It is easy to see that second term in eq. (20) is identically equal to zero, so from eq. (20) it follows

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )=c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}=const,k,l2.$$

For $`n=2`$ we have $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_2|[\beta ]_2}=c_1^{(2)}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_2}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_2}`$. Antisymmetry condition (11) gives $`c_1^{(2)}=c_1^{(2)}=0`$. Thus one obtains for $`n=2`$

$$\begin{array}{c}[f_1,f_2]__1(\xi )=d_St_1(\xi |f_1,f_2)+\hfill \\ +c_{12}\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_2}[_\beta ]^2f_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^2\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_2}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(21)
In what follows $`n3`$.

S t e p 2  The coefficients in eq. (12) in front of $`_\alpha _\beta f_1(\xi )`$ and derivatives of $`f_2(\xi )`$ and $`f_3(\xi )`$ of orders $`2`$ give:

$$\begin{array}{c}k\left(\lambda _\alpha f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha [\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\lambda _\beta f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\beta [\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\right)[_\delta ]^lf_3(\xi )+\hfill \\ +lf_2(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^k\left(c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\alpha _\alpha [_\gamma ]^{l1}f_3(\xi )c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\beta _\beta [_\gamma ]^{l1}f_3(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ 2(1)^{k+kl}C_{k+l2}^{k1}\lambda _\sigma f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\sigma [\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\gamma ]_{k1}[\delta ]_{l1}}_\sigma [_\delta ]^{l1}f_3(\xi )=0,k,l2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(22)
$`\mathrm{𝟐}_𝐚`$ $`f_2(\xi )=\xi ^\gamma \xi ^\sigma `$, $`f_3(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\delta p_\delta )`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\delta _{\gamma \beta }\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \sigma |[\delta ]_l}\delta _{\gamma \alpha }\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \sigma |[\delta ]_l}\delta _{\sigma \beta }\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \gamma |[\delta ]_l}+\delta _{\sigma \alpha }\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \gamma |[\delta ]_l}\right)[p_\delta ]^l=\hfill \\ =l\left(\delta _{\alpha \delta }c_1^{\gamma \sigma |\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\beta \delta }c_1^{\gamma \sigma |\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\gamma \delta }c_1^{\alpha \beta |\sigma [\delta ]_{l1}}+\delta _{\sigma \delta }c_1^{\alpha \beta |\gamma [\delta ]_{l1}}\right)\lambda _\delta p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l1}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(23)
The general solution of eq. (23) is (see Appendix 1):

$$c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\delta ]_l}[p_\delta ]^l=(\delta _{\alpha \delta }a_1^{\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\beta \delta }a_1^{\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}})\lambda _\delta p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l1},l2,$$
(24)
where tensor $`a_1^{\alpha _1\mathrm{}\alpha _l}=a_1^{[\alpha ]_l}`$ is totally antisymmetric. Note that according to formula (24), $`c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\delta ]_n}=0`$.

Perform the similarity transformation with $`t_1^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )=(2/k)a_1^{[\alpha ]_k}`$, $`k2`$. According to eq. (13) one gets

$$c_{1triv}(\xi |f_1,f_2)=f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \stackrel{}{}_\beta \underset{l=2}{}(\delta _{\alpha \delta }a_1^{\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\beta \delta }a_1^{\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}})\lambda _\delta _\delta [_\delta ]^{l1}f_2(\xi )+\mathrm{},$$

where dots mean the terms containing the third and higher derivatives of the function $`f_1(\xi )`$. This transformation cancels the contribution to the $``$–commutator containing the terms $`c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\delta ]_l}`$, $`2l<n`$, i.e., one may put

$$c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\delta ]_l}=0,2ln.$$

S t e p 3  Now eq. (22) is simplified because the third term in the left hand side is equal to zero (including the cases $`k+ln+2`$):

$$\begin{array}{c}k\left(\lambda _\alpha f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha [\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\lambda _\beta f_2(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\beta [\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\right)[_\delta ]^lf_3(\xi )+\hfill \\ +lf_2(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^k(c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\alpha _\alpha [_\delta ]^{l1}f_3(\xi )c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\beta _\beta [_\delta ]^{l1}f_3(\xi ))=0,k,l2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(25)
$`\mathrm{𝟑}_𝐚`$ The coefficients in front of $`[_\gamma ]^nf_2(\xi )`$, $`f_3(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\delta p_\delta )`$.

Introducing the notation $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_n}=c_1^{[\alpha ]_k}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}`$, $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_n|[\beta ]_l}=(1)^{ln}c_1^{[\beta ]_l}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}`$ and using the relation

$$\stackrel{}{}_\alpha [\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^{n1}\epsilon ^{\beta [\gamma ]_{n1}}=\frac{1}{n}\delta _{\alpha \beta }[\stackrel{}{}_\gamma ]^n\epsilon ^{[\gamma ]_n},$$

we obtain ( the first term in eq. (25) is identically equal to zero)

$$c_1^{\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\beta p_\beta [p_\delta ]^{l1}=c_1^{\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\alpha p_\alpha [p_\delta ]^{l1}.$$
(26)
From eq. (26) it follows that (see Appendix 1) $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k}=0`$, $`k<n`$, i.e.

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_n}=c_1^{[\alpha ]_n|[\beta ]_l}=0,k,l<n.$$

For $`k=l=n`$ one has:

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_n|[\beta ]_n}=\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}c_1^{(n)}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n},\epsilon (c_1^{(n)})=0,c_1^{(n)}=(1)^nc_1^{(n)},$$
(27)
the last equality in (27) follows from antisymmetry condition (11) and that means that the coefficients $`c_1^{(n)}`$ can be nonzero only for odd $`n`$.

It is useful to point out that the operator $`[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}c_1^{(n)}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^n`$ can be also represented as

$$[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}c_1^{(n)}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^n=c_1^{(n)}\left(\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha \right)^n,c_1^{(n)}=(1)^pn!\lambda _1\mathrm{}\lambda _nc_1^{(n)}.$$
(28)
$`\mathrm{𝟑}_𝐛`$ $`k=l=3`$ ($`f_2(\xi )=\xi ^{\alpha _3}\xi ^{\alpha _2}\xi ^{\alpha _1}`$, $`f_3(\xi )=\xi ^{\beta _1}\xi ^{\beta _2}\xi ^{\beta _3}`$).

$$\begin{array}{c}\delta _{\alpha \alpha _1}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha \alpha _2}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \alpha _3\alpha _1|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha \alpha _3}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\hfill \\ \delta _{\beta \alpha _1}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\delta _{\beta \alpha _2}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \alpha _3\alpha _1|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\delta _{\beta \alpha _3}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}+\hfill \\ +\delta _{\alpha \beta _1}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta \beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha \beta _2}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta \beta _3\beta _1}+\delta _{\alpha \beta _3}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta \beta _1\beta _2}\hfill \\ \delta _{\beta \beta _1}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\alpha \beta _2\beta _3}\delta _{\beta \beta _2}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\alpha \beta _3\beta _1}\delta _{\beta \beta _3}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\alpha \beta _1\beta _2}=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(29)
The general solution of eq. (29) is (see Appendix 1)

$$\begin{array}{c}c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=\frac{\lambda _{\alpha _1}\lambda _{\alpha _2}\lambda _{\alpha _3}\mathrm{\Sigma }}{n(n1)(n2)}(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _2}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _1}\hfill \\ \delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _2})\hfill \end{array}$$
(30)
or

$$[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^3c_1^{[\alpha ]_3|[\beta ]_3}[_\beta ]^3=\frac{6\mathrm{\Sigma }}{n(n1)(n2)}\left(\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha \right)^3.$$
(31)
(Compare with expression (28)).

$`\mathrm{𝟑}_𝐜`$ We finally consider the remaining part of eq. (25). Choosing $`f_2(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(q_\gamma \xi ^\gamma )`$, $`f_3(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\delta p_\delta )`$, $`q_\alpha q^\beta +q^\beta q_\alpha =p_\alpha q_\beta +p_\beta q_\alpha =q_\alpha \xi ^\beta +\xi ^\beta q_\alpha =0`$, we have:

$$\begin{array}{c}k\left(\lambda _\alpha q_\alpha [q_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\right)[p_\delta ]^l+\hfill \\ +l[q_\gamma ]^k\left(c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\alpha p_\alpha [p_\delta ]^{l1}c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\beta p_\beta [p_\delta ]^{l1}\right)=0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}3}k,l<n,k+l7.\hfill \end{array}$$
(32)
It follows from eq. (32) that (see Appendix 1):

$$\begin{array}{c}c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}=0,kl,k+ln,\hfill \\ c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_{nk}}=c_1^{(k)}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_k[\beta ]_{nk}},k,nk4,2kn,\hfill \\ \epsilon (c_1^{(k)})=n(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}),c_1^{(k)}=c_1^{(nk)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(33)
Since $`c_1^{(k)}`$ are numbers they can be nonzero only for even $`n`$.

S t e p 4  The coefficients in eq. (12) in front of $`_{\alpha _1}_{\alpha _2}_{\alpha _3}f_1(\xi )`$ and derivatives of $`f_2(\xi )`$ and $`f_3(\xi )`$ of orders $`3`$.

The first three terms in eq. (12) are equal to zero. The other three give an equation of the following general structure:

$$c_1^{[\beta ]_3|[\gamma ]_{k+l2}}[]^kf_2[]^lf_3+c_1^{[\beta ]_k|[\gamma ]_{l+1}}[]^kf_2[]^lf_3+c_1^{[\beta ]_{k+1}|[\gamma ]_l}[]^kf_2[]^lf_3=0.$$
(34)
$`\mathrm{𝟒}_𝐚`$ $`k=l1`$, $`4l<n`$, $`2ln`$, $`f_2(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(q_\beta \xi ^\beta )`$.

In this case, the first two terms in eq. (34) are equal to zero and we obtain:

$$(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta }c_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l}+\delta _{\alpha _2\beta }c_1^{\alpha _3\alpha _1[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l}+\delta _{\alpha _3\beta }c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l})\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\beta ]^{l2}=0.$$
(35)
The general solution of this equation is (see Appendix 1)

$$c_1^{[\beta ]_l|[\gamma ]_l}=0.$$

Thus, the structure of all coefficients $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}`$ is determined for odd $`n`$.

$`\mathrm{𝟒}_𝐛`$ $`n=2m`$ is even, $`k=m1`$, $`l=m`$, $`f_2(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(q_\beta \xi ^\beta )`$, $`f_3(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\gamma p_\gamma )`$.

Eq. (34) gives (with already established structure of the coefficients $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_{2mk}}`$, $`km`$, see formulas (33)):

$$\begin{array}{c}3C_{2m3}^{m2}c_1^{(3)}\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3[\beta ]_{m2}[\gamma ]_{m1}}\lambda _\delta q_\delta [q_\beta ]^{m2}p_\delta [p_\gamma ]^{m1}+\hfill \\ +(1)^mC_{m+1}^2c_1^{(m1)}\left(\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{m1}[\gamma ]_{m1}}\delta _{\alpha _3\gamma }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)[q_\beta ]^{m1}\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^{m1}\hfill \\ C_m^2\left(c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{m2}|[\gamma ]_m}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\beta ]^{m2}[p_\gamma ]^m=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(36)
It follows from eq. (36) (see Appendix 1)

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_m|[\beta ]_m}=c_1^{(m)}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_m[\beta ]_m}.$$

But then we have (compare with (33))

$$c_1^{(m)}=c_1^{(m)}=0,$$

i.e.

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_m|[\beta ]_m}=0.$$

$`\mathrm{𝟒}_𝐜`$ The coefficients in eq. (34) in front of $`[]^kf_2`$, $`[]^lf_3`$, $`k+l=n4`$.

In this case the number of indices for all coefficients $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_{k_1}|[\beta ]_{k_2}}`$ in eq. (12) is equal to $`n`$ ($`k_1+k_2=n`$). All these coefficients have the structure

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_{nk}}=c_1^{(k)}\epsilon [\alpha ]_k[\beta ]_{nk},c_1^{(nk)}=c_1^{(k)},c_1^{(m)}=0.$$

Eq. (34) acquires the form

$$\begin{array}{c}3C_{n3}^{k1}c_1^{(3)}\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3[\beta ]_{k1}[\gamma ]_{l1}}\lambda _\delta q_\delta [q_\beta ]^{k1}p_\delta [p_\gamma ]^{l1}\hfill \\ (1)^kC_{nk}^2c_1^{(k)}\left(\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_k[\gamma ]_{l1}}\delta _{\alpha _3\gamma }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)[q_\beta ]^k\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^{l1}\hfill \\ C_{nl}^2c_1^{(l)}\left(\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{k1}|[\gamma ]_1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\beta ]^{k1}[p_\gamma ]^l=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(37)
It follows from eq. (37) (see Appendix 1)

$$c_1^{(k)}=0,k.$$

Hence, we have established, that the general solution of eq. (12) has the following form for $`n3`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}[f_1,f_2]__1(\xi )=\sigma _1f_1(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )^3f_2(\xi )+c_1^{(n)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )+\hfill \\ +c_{1n}\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right)+\hfill \\ +d_St_1(\xi |f_1,f_2),\hfill \end{array}$$
(38)
Remember that one may put $`c_1^{(3)}=0`$ according to (28) and we shall accept this in what follows. By direct substitution of expression (38) into eq. (12) we see that it is satisfied without any further restrictions on the coefficients.

Now let us check that the first three terms in the r.h.s. of eq. (38) cannot be represented as $`c_{triv}=d_St`$.

To do this we should solve the equation

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma f_1(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )^3f_2(\xi )+c^{(n)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )+\hfill \\ +c_n\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right)=\hfill \\ =d_St(\xi |f_1,f_2).\hfill \end{array}$$
(39)
However, we prefer to solve a more general equation

$$\text{l.h.s. of eq. (}\text{39}\text{)}=T_\eta ^1(d_St(\xi |T_\eta f_1,T_\eta f_2)),$$
(40)
where $`T_\eta `$ is an operator of changing the generators (see eq. (6)). Eq. (40) can be rewritten as:

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma f_1(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )^3f_2(\xi )+c^{(n)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )+\hfill \\ +c_n\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right)=\hfill \\ =\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\zeta (\xi ))[_{\zeta ^\alpha }]^k(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_{\zeta ^\gamma }\lambda _\gamma _{\zeta ^\gamma }f_2(\xi ))f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_{\zeta ^\gamma }\lambda _\gamma _{\zeta ^\gamma }\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\zeta (\xi ))[_{\zeta ^\alpha }]^kf_2(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ \left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\zeta (\xi ))[_{\zeta ^\alpha }]^kf_1(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_{\zeta ^\gamma }\lambda _\gamma _{\zeta ^\gamma }f_2(\xi )\hfill \end{array}$$
(41)
Remember that we consider $`c_1^{(3)}=0`$.

First of all, note that the highest order of the derivatives acting on both functions in the l.h.s. of eq. (41) is $`2n`$, while the highest order of the derivatives in the r.h.s. is $`n+2`$. The equality $`2n=n+2`$ can not be valid for $`n3`$ so it follows that $`c^{(n)}=0`$, $`n2`$. Further, the term in the l.h.s. of eq. (41) containing $`f_1(\xi )`$ without derivatives contains also $`[_\alpha ]^nf_2(\xi )`$. At the same time the term in the r.h.s. of this equation containing $`f_1(\xi )`$ without derivatives contains only the first derivative of the function $`f_2(\xi )`$ from what it follows that $`c_n=0`$, $`n2`$. As a result, eq. (41) for $`n3`$ accepts the form

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma f_1(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )^3f_2(\xi )=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\zeta (\xi ))[_{\zeta ^\alpha }]^k\left(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_{\zeta ^\gamma }\lambda _\gamma _{\zeta ^\gamma }f_2(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_{\zeta ^\gamma }\lambda _\gamma _{\zeta ^\gamma }\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\zeta (\xi ))[_{\zeta ^\alpha }]^kf_2(\xi )\right)(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\zeta (\xi ))[_{\zeta ^\alpha }]^kf_1(\xi ))\stackrel{}{}_{\zeta ^\gamma }\lambda _\gamma _{\zeta ^\gamma }f_2(\xi )\hfill \end{array}$$
(42)
or, in the equivalent form,

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma f_1(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_{\eta ^\alpha }\lambda _\alpha _{\eta ^\alpha })^3f_2(\xi )=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^k\left(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma \left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_2(\xi )\right)\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_1(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(43)
S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟎}^{}`$ The coefficient in eq. (43) in front of $`f_1(\xi )`$ without derivatives gives:

$$_\gamma t^0(\xi )\lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )=0,t^0(\xi )=t_0=const.$$

S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟏}^{}`$ The coefficients in eq. (43) at $`_\alpha f_1\xi )`$, $`[_\beta ]^kf_2(\xi )`$, $`k4`$ give:

$$_\alpha t^{[\beta ]_k}(\xi )=0t^{[\beta ]_k}(\xi )=t^{[\beta ]_k}=const,k4.$$
(44)
S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟐}^{}`$ The coefficient in eq. (43) in front of $`_\alpha _\beta f_1(\xi )`$, $`f_2(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\beta p_\beta )`$ provide:

$$\left(t^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}}\delta _{\beta \gamma }t^{\beta [\gamma ]_k}\delta _{\alpha \gamma }\right)\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^k=0,k4.$$
(45)
The general solution of eq. (45) is (see Appendix 1)

$$t^{[\alpha ]_k}=0,4kn1,t^{[\alpha ]_n}=t_n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}.$$
(46)
Eq. (43) now accepts the form

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma f_1(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_{\eta ^\alpha }\lambda _\alpha _{\eta ^\alpha })^3f_2(\xi )=\underset{k=0}{\overset{3}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^k\left(f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )\right)\hfill \\ f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma \left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{3}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_2(\xi )\right)\left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{3}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_1(\xi )\right)\stackrel{}{}_\gamma \lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(47)
S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟑}^{}`$ The coefficient in eq. (47) in front of $`[_\alpha ]^3f_1(\xi )`$, $`[_\beta ]^3f_2(\xi )`$ provides:

$$\sigma A_{\gamma _1\gamma _2\gamma _3}^{[\alpha ]_3}\lambda _{\gamma _1}\lambda _{\gamma _2}\lambda _{\gamma _3}A_{\gamma _1\gamma _2\gamma _3}^{[\beta ]_3}=0,\sigma =0.$$

So, representations (39) and (40) are exist only in the case $`\sigma =c^{(n)}=c_n=0`$, i.e., in particular, the second group of the Chevalley cogomology is described by the parameters $`\sigma `$, $`c^{(n)}`$, $`c_n`$. For completeness, we present the general solution of the equation

$$d_St(\xi |f_1,f_2)=0.$$

It has the form

$$t(\xi |f)=t_0(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\alpha _\alpha )f(\xi )+t(\xi )\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha f(\xi )+t_n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}[_\alpha ]^nf(\xi ).$$

We have shown thus, that the general solution of eq. (12) for $`n3`$ has form (38). Assuming, that the appropriate similarity transformation eliminating the terms of the type $`d_St_1(\xi |f_1,f_2)`$ from the expression for the $``$–commutator is performed, we present the $``$–commutator for $`n3`$ in the form:

$$\begin{array}{c}C(\xi |f_1,f_2)=[f_1,f_2]_{M(\mathrm{}\kappa _1\lambda )}(\xi )+\mathrm{}^2c_1^{(n)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )+\hfill \\ +\mathrm{}^2c_{1n}\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right)+\hfill \\ +\mathrm{}^4c_2(\xi |f_1,f_2)+O(\mathrm{}^6),\hfill \end{array}$$
(48)
$$c_2(\xi |f_1,f_2)=f_1(\xi )\underset{k,l=0}{\overset{n}{}}[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^kc_2^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}(\xi )[_\beta ]^lf_2(\xi ),$$

$$\epsilon (c_2^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l})=k+l(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}),c_2^{[\beta ]_l|[\alpha ]_k}=(1)^{kl}c_2^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l},$$

where the Moyal bracket $`[f_1,f_2]_{M(\mathrm{}\kappa _1\lambda )}(\xi )`$, $`\kappa _1=(6\sigma _1)^{1/2}`$, is defined as follows:

$$[f_1,f_2]_{M(\mathrm{}\kappa _1\lambda )}(\xi )=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}\kappa _1}f_1(\xi )\mathrm{sinh}(\mathrm{}\kappa _1\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )f_2(\xi ).$$
(49)
The Moyal bracket (49) satisfies the Jacobi identity (2), (3). Indeed, consider the associative $``$–product

$$f_1_{G(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}f_2(\xi )=f_1(\xi )\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{}\kappa \stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )f_2(\xi )$$

for any complex $`\kappa `$. It is easy to verify, that it has the property

$$f_2_{G(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}f_1(\xi )=(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_2)}f_1(\xi )\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{}\kappa \stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )f_2(\xi ).$$

Therefore, the following representation is valid

$$2f_1(\xi )\mathrm{sinh}(\mathrm{}\kappa \stackrel{}{}_\alpha \lambda _\alpha _\alpha )f_2(\xi )=f_1_{G(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}f_2(\xi )(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_2)}f_2_{G(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}f_1(\xi ),$$

from which it follows that the Moyal bracket $`[f_1,f_2]_{M(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}(\xi )`$ satisfies the Jacobi identity.

## 4 Higher order deformations

Now it is useful to point out, that in order to construct general solution of eq. (12), one needs equations only for the coefficients in front of

$$[_\alpha ]^kf_1(\xi ),k=0,1,2,$$

and in front of

$$[_\alpha ]^3f_1(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_2(\xi )[_\alpha ]^lf_3,k,l<n(\text{for}n4).$$

Substitute representation (48) into the Jacobi identity (2) which will be satisfied in the zeroth and first orders in $`\mathrm{}^2`$. In the $`\mathrm{}^4`$ order we have:

$$\begin{array}{c}(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}d_Sc_2(\xi |f_1,f_2,f_3)=\hfill \\ =2c_{1n}\sigma _1\left((1)^{\epsilon (f_1)\epsilon (f_3)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}f_2(\xi )(\stackrel{}{}_\beta \lambda _\beta _\beta )^3f_3(\xi )+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(50)
In eq. (50) it was taken into account that $`c_{1n}c_1^{(n)}=0`$, $`n`$, since the factors $`c_1^{(n)}`$ are equal to zero for even $`n`$, and the factors $`c_{1n}`$ are equal to zero for odd $`n`$.

Let $`n3`$.

Consider the equations arising from vanishing of the coefficients in front of $`[_\alpha ]^kf_1(\xi )`$, $`k=0,1,2`$, and in front of $`[_\alpha ]^3f_1(\xi )[_\alpha ]^kf_2(\xi )[_\alpha ]^lf_3(\xi )`$, $`k,l<n`$, in eq. (50). The r.h.s. of eq. (50) does not give the contribution to these equations, i.e., they coincide with the corresponding equations arising from the solution of homogeneous equation (12). As was already noticed, it is enough for complete definition of all coefficients of the functional $`c_2(\xi |f_1,f_2)`$. Furthermore, the following equality will be obviously satisfied

$$d_Sc_2(\xi |f_1,f_2,f_3)=0.$$

Then it follows from eq. (50) that

$$c_{1n}\sigma _1=0\text{either}c_{1n}=0,\text{or}\sigma _1=0.$$

By induction, we obtain that up to a similarity transformation, the satisfying the conditions formulated in Sect. 2 nonsingular deformations of the Poisson bracket on the Grassman algebra for $`n3`$ are given by the following expressions:

i) $`n=2k`$, $`k2`$

$$[f_1,f_2]_{^{(1)}}(\xi )=[f_1,f_2]_{M(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}(\xi ),$$
(51)
$$\begin{array}{c}[f_1,f_2]_{^{(2)}}(\xi )=[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )+\hfill \\ +\mathrm{}^2c_n\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(52)
ii) $`n=2k+1`$, $`k1`$

$$[f_1,f_2]_{^{(1)}}(\xi )=[f_1,f_2]_{M(\mathrm{}\kappa \lambda )}(\xi )+\mathrm{}^2c^{(n)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi ),$$
(53)
$$[f_1,f_2]_{^{(2)}}(\xi )=[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )+\mathrm{}^2c^{(n)}f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_n}[_\beta ]^nf_2(\xi ).$$
(54)
Certainly, $`^{(2)}`$–commutator (54) is a limiting case (for $`\kappa 0`$) of $``$–commutator (53). The parameters $`\kappa `$, $`c_n`$, $`c^{(n)}`$ can depend on $`\mathrm{}`$. If one requires that the functions $`f(\xi )=const`$ $``$–commute with any function, then $`c_n=0`$.

In expressions (51) – (53) one can put $`\kappa =\lambda _\alpha =1`$, $`c_n=0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$ and $`\kappa =1,i`$, $`\lambda _\alpha =\pm 1`$, $`c_n=0,\pm 1`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$. Besides, in eq. (54) we may set $`c^{(n)}=0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$ and $`c^{(n)}=0,\pm 1`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$.

Indeed, after the similarity transformation of $``$–commutators (51) – (53) by the operator $`T=T^{(\mu )}`$,

$$T^{(\mu )}f(\xi )=\frac{1}{\mu ^2}f(\mu \xi ),\mu K,$$
(55)
the transformed $``$–commutators will preserve structure (51) – (53) (in particular, the zeroth approximation in $`\mathrm{}^2`$ does not vary), but with new parameters:

$$\kappa \kappa \mu ^2,c^{(n)}c^{(n)}\mu ^{2(n1)},c_nc_n\mu ^{n2}.$$
(56)
It is possible to fix $`\mu `$ imposing $`\kappa \mu ^2=1`$ in eqs. (51) and (53) and $`c_n\mu ^{n2}=1`$ for $`c_n0`$ in eq. (52) for the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$. In the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$ it is possible to satisfy $`\kappa \mu ^2=1`$ in formulas (51) and (53) for $`\sigma _1>0`$. If $`\sigma _1<0`$, then $`\kappa `$ is pure imaginary and it is possible to fix $`\mu `$ from the condition $`\kappa \mu ^2=i`$. Note that in this case the Moyal bracket cannot be presented as a commutator in the algebra with associative product. The parameter $`c_n`$ in formula (52) can be normalized to $`+1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},1`$ for $`c_n>0,=0,<0`$, respectively. If the parameter $`\kappa `$ is fixed in eq. (53), then we already do not have a possibility to change the parameter $`c^{(n)}`$ and it remains arbitrary. However, in formula (54) parameter $`c^{(n)}`$ can be normalized to $`0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ for $`c^{(n)}=0,0`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$ and to $`+1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},1`$ for $`c^{(n)}>0,=0,<0`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$.

Consider now the remaining cases $`n=1`$ and $`n=2`$.

i) $`n=1`$

$$f=a+b\xi ,$$

$$[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )=\lambda f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}f_1(\xi )=\lambda b_1b_2,\lambda =\pm 1,$$

$$\begin{array}{c}[f_1,f_2]_{}(\xi )=\lambda f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}f_1(\xi )+\hfill \\ +\mathrm{}^2c_1(\xi )(1)^{\epsilon (f_1)}\left(f_1(\xi )f_2(\xi )+f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}f_2(\xi )\right)+\mathrm{}^2c_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}f_1(\xi ),\hfill \end{array}$$

$$\epsilon (c_1(\xi ))=1c_1(\xi )=c_1\xi ,\epsilon (c_2(\xi ))=0c_2(\xi )=c_2,c_1,c_2=const.$$

After the similarity transformation generated by $`\xi \xi ^{}=(1+\mathrm{}^2c_2/\lambda )^{1/2}\xi `$, we obtain the following expression for the $``$–commutator:

$$\begin{array}{c}[f_1,f_2]_{}(\xi )=\lambda f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}f_1(\xi )+\mathrm{}^2c_1\xi (1)^{\epsilon (f_1)}\left(f_1(\xi )f_2(\xi )+f_1(\xi )\stackrel{}{}f_2(\xi )\right)=\hfill \\ =\lambda b_1b_2+\mathrm{}^2c_1\xi (a_1b_2b_1a_2).\hfill \end{array}$$

Take $`f_1(\xi )=a_1`$, $`\epsilon (f_1)=0`$, $`f_{2,3}(\xi )=b_{2,3}\xi `$, $`\epsilon (f_{2,3})=1`$ and consider the Jacobi identity (2) for these functions:

$$0=[f_1,[f_2,f_3]_{}]_{}+[f_2,[f_3,f_1]_{}]_{}[f_3,[f_1,f_2]_{}]_{}=2\mathrm{}^2\lambda c_1a_1b_2b_3,c_1=0.$$

Thus, the nontrivial deformation of the nonsingular Poisson bracket are absent in the case of the Grassman algebra with one generator.

ii) $`n=2`$

Using the previous results (see, in particular, eqs. (50) and (21)), we obtain:

Up to the similarity transformations, the possible deformations of the nonsingular Poisson bracket on the Grassman algebra with two generators are

$$\begin{array}{c}[f_1,f_2]_{}(\xi )=[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )+\hfill \\ +\mathrm{}^2c_2\left(f_1(\xi )(1\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{}_\alpha \xi ^\alpha )\epsilon ^{[\beta ]_2}[_\beta ]^2f_2(\xi )f_1(\xi )[\stackrel{}{}_\alpha ]^2\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_2}(1\frac{1}{2}\xi ^\beta _\beta )f_2(\xi )\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

$`c_2`$ can depend on $`\mathrm{}`$, i.e., are given in fact by expression (52). Note, that formally formulas (51) – (54) are valid for all $`n`$, since the Moyal bracket for $`n=1,2`$ reduces to the Poisson bracket, and the second terms in the r.h.s. of eqs. (53) and (54) are proportional to the Poisson bracket for $`n=1`$.

Thus, we have shown that an arbitrary $``$–commutator (satisfying conditions formulated in Sect. 2) can be reduced to form (51) – (54) with the help of the similarity transformations. Is it also possible to reduce expressions (51) – (54) to the Poisson bracket by the similarity transformation? The answer to this question is in negative. It is enough to consider the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$. Present the operator $`T`$ generating the similarity transformation as

$$T=T^{}(1+\mathrm{}^2t_1+O(\mathrm{}^4)),T^{}=T|_{\mathrm{}=0}$$

($`T^{}`$ is nonsingular operator). Due to boundary condition (4) the similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T^{}`$ should retain the zeroth order in $`\mathrm{}^2`$ approximation to the $``$-commutator to be the Poisson bracket (maybe with a different symplectic metric):

$$T^{}{}_{}{}^{1}\left([T^{}f_1,T^{}f_2]__0\right)(\xi )=[f_1,f_2]__0^{}(\xi )=T_\eta ^{}^1\left([T_\eta ^{}f_1,T_\eta ^{}f_2]__0\right)(\xi ),$$

where $`T_\eta ^{}`$ is an operator of the change of generator, reducing the Poisson bracket $`_0^{}`$ into the canonical form $`_0`$. The operator $`T^{\prime \prime }=T_\eta ^{}^1T^{}`$ satisfies the equation

$$T^{\prime \prime }[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )=[T^{\prime \prime }f_1,T^{\prime \prime }f_2]__0(\xi ).$$
(57)
The general form of such operators is found in Appendix 2:

$$T^{\prime \prime }=T^{(\mu )}T_\eta ^{(c)}T^{(n)},$$

$$T_\eta ^{(c)}f(\xi )=f(\eta (\xi )),T^{(n)}=(1+t_n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}[_\alpha ]^n),t_n=const,\epsilon (t_n)=n(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}),$$

$`\epsilon (\eta ^\alpha )=1`$, the change $`\xi ^\alpha `$ $``$ $`\eta ^\alpha (\xi )`$ is canonical, the operator $`T^{(\mu )}`$ is determined by (55). Then the operator $`T^{}`$ is given by

$$T^{}=T^{(\mu )}T_\zeta T^{(n)},$$

where $`T_\zeta `$ is an operator of some change of the generators.

It is easy to verify that the similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T^{(n)}`$ leaves invariant not only the $`_0`$–commutator (the Poisson bracket), but also the exact $``$–commutator given by formulas (51) – (53). The similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T^{(\mu )}`$ results only in multiplication of parameters in eqs. (51) – (53) by nonzero factors (see eq. (56)). Thus, the possibility of reducing the $``$–commutator to the $`_0`$–commutator in the first $`\mathrm{}^2`$ order depends on the validity of eq. (40), which, as has been shown, has no solutions for the nonzero parameters $`\kappa `$, $`c^{(n)}`$, $`c_n`$.

We have finally shown, that the following theorem is valid

T h e o r e m

Up to similarity transformation, the satisfying the conditions formulated in Sect. 2 deformations of the nonsingular Poisson bracket on the Grassman algebra are given by expressions (51) – (54) and $`\kappa =1`$, $`c_n=0,1`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$ and $`\kappa =1,i`$, $`c_n=0,\pm 1`$ in the case of the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$; $`c^{(n)}`$ is an arbitrary complex number in the case of the algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$ and an arbitrary real number in the case of the algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$ in formula (53), and $`c^{(n)}=0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}`$ in the case of the algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$ and $`c^{(n)}=0,\pm 1`$ in the case of the algebra $`𝒢_𝐑`$ in formula (54). Furthermore note, that $``$–commutators (51) – (54) with different values of the parameter $`\mathrm{}`$ can also be connected by the similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T^{(\mu )}`$ with suitable $`\mu `$.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks I.Tipunin for useful discussions and RFBR, contract 99–01–00980 and school–contract 00–15–96566, for support.

## Appendix 1

In this appendix the solutions of some equations from the main text are presented.

Equations (14), (18) and (17).

Consider equation

$$d\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )=0,d=\xi ^\alpha \lambda _\alpha \frac{}{x^\alpha },d^2=0,$$
(A.1)
where $`x^\alpha `$ are the set of even variables (generators), $`x^\alpha x^\beta x^\beta x^\alpha =x^\alpha \xi ^\beta \xi ^\beta x^\alpha =0`$. Introduce the operators

$$\gamma =x^\alpha \lambda _\alpha \frac{}{\xi ^\alpha },N=x^\alpha \frac{}{x^\alpha }+\xi ^\alpha \frac{}{\xi ^\alpha },$$

generating the algebra

$$\gamma ^2=0,d\gamma +\gamma d=0,[d,N]=[\gamma ,N]=0.$$

It is easy to see, that if the function $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )`$ satisfies the eq. (A.1) and the operator $`N^1`$ is defined on $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )`$ (it is necessary to have $`\mathrm{\Omega }(0,0)=0`$ for this), then the function $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )`$ can be presented as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )=d\mathrm{\Xi }(x,\xi ),\mathrm{\Xi }(x,\xi )=\gamma \frac{1}{N}\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi ),$$

and the general solution of eq. (A.1) is

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )=d\mathrm{\Xi }(x,\xi )+const.$$
(A.2)
Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )=x^\alpha c^\alpha (\xi )`$ also be solution of eq. (A.1). Then it follows from eqs. (A.1) and (A.2) that

$$\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c^\beta (\xi )+\lambda _\beta _\beta c^\alpha (\xi )=0,c^\alpha (\xi )=\lambda _\alpha _\alpha c(\xi ),$$

It gives the solutions of eqs. (14) and (18). Similarly, choosing $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x,\xi )=x^\alpha x^\beta c^{\alpha \beta }(\xi )`$, we obtain the solution of eq. (17).

Equations (15), (26) and (45).

All these equations can be reduced to the form

$$\left(a^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}}(\xi )\delta _{\beta \gamma }a^{\beta [\gamma ]_k}(\xi )\delta _{\alpha \gamma }\right)\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^{k1}=0,k2,$$
(A.3)
where $`a^{[\alpha ]_k}`$ $`=`$ $`c_1^{0|[\alpha ]_k}`$, $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k}`$ or $`t^{[\alpha ]_k}`$. Acting by the operator $`\lambda _\beta /p_\beta `$ on eq. (A.3) one gets:

$$(nk)a^{[\alpha ]_k}=0a^{[\alpha ]_k}=0,2kn1.$$

Note that $`a^{[\alpha ]_n}=a_n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}`$ satisfies eq. (A.3) identically.

Equation (23)

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\delta _{\gamma \beta }\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \sigma |[\delta ]_l}\delta _{\gamma \alpha }\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \sigma |[\delta ]_l}\delta _{\sigma \beta }\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \gamma |[\delta ]_l}+\delta _{\sigma \alpha }\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \gamma |[\delta ]_l}\right)[p_\delta ]^l=\hfill \\ =l\left(\delta _{\alpha \delta }c_1^{\gamma \sigma |\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\beta \delta }c_1^{\gamma \sigma |\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\gamma \delta }c_1^{\alpha \beta |\sigma [\delta ]_{l1}}+\delta _{\sigma \delta }c_1^{\alpha \beta |\gamma [\delta ]_{l1}}\right)\lambda _\delta p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l1}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.4)
Acting by the operator $`\lambda _\alpha /_\alpha `$ on eq. (A.4) we obtain:

$$\begin{array}{c}(nl)c_1^{\gamma \sigma |\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}[p_\delta ]^{l1}=\lambda _\beta \left(\delta _{\beta \sigma }\mathrm{\Delta }^{\gamma |[\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\beta \gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }^{\sigma |[\delta ]_{l1}}\right)[p_\delta ]^{l1}+\hfill \\ +(l1)\left(\delta _{\sigma \delta }\mathrm{\Delta }^{\beta |\gamma [\delta ]_{l2}}\delta _{\gamma \delta }\mathrm{\Delta }^{\beta |\sigma [\delta ]_{l2}}\right)\lambda _\delta p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l2},\mathrm{\Delta }^{\alpha |[\beta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\gamma \delta _{\gamma \sigma }c_1^{\alpha \gamma |\sigma [\beta ]_{l1}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.5)
Now, acting by the operator $`p_\sigma \lambda _\beta /_\beta `$ on eq. (A.5) one gets:

$$(l2)p_\gamma \mathrm{\Delta }^{[p_\delta ]_{l2}}[p_\delta ]^{l2}=0,\mathrm{\Delta }^{[p_\delta ]_{l2}}\lambda _\alpha \delta _{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{\Delta }^{\alpha |\beta [\delta ]_{l2}},$$

from where it follows that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\delta ]_{l2}}`$ can be nonzero only for $`l=2`$ or $`l2=n`$. Since $`ln`$, we get that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\delta ]_{l2}}=0`$ for $`l2`$.

Multiplying eq. (A.5) by $`\lambda _\beta \delta _{\beta \sigma }`$ one obtains:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^{\gamma |[p_\delta ]_{l1}}[p_\delta ]^{l1}+\mathrm{\Delta }^{\delta |\gamma [p_\delta ]_{l2}}p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l2}=\mathrm{\Delta }^{[p_\delta ]_{l2}}\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\delta ]^{l2}.$$
(A.6)
Applying the operator $`\lambda _\gamma /_\gamma `$ to eq. (A.6) we find that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\delta ]_{l2}}=0`$ also if $`l=2`$. Eq. (A.6) acquires the form:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^{\gamma |[p_\delta ]_{l1}}[p_\delta ]^{l1}+\mathrm{\Delta }^{\delta |\gamma [p_\delta ]_{l2}}p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l2}=0.$$
(A.7)
Differentiating eq. (A.7) over $`p_\sigma `$ we obtain

$$l\mathrm{\Delta }^{\gamma |\sigma [\delta ]_{l2}}[p_\delta ]^{l2}=(l2)(\mathrm{\Delta }^{\delta |\gamma \sigma [\delta ]_{l3}}p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l3}+(\mathrm{\Delta }^{\gamma |\sigma [\delta ]_{l2}}\mathrm{\Delta }^{\sigma |\gamma [\delta ]_{l2}})[p_\delta ]^{l2},$$

from where it follows that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\alpha |[\alpha ]_{l1}}`$ are totally antisymmetric in all indices:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^{\alpha |[\alpha ]_{l1}}=\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\alpha ]_l}.$$

Multiplying eq. (A.5) for $`l<n`$ by $`p_\beta `$ we finally find

$$c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\delta ]_l}[p_\delta ]^l=(\delta _{\alpha \delta }a_1^{\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\delta _{\beta \delta }a_1^{\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}})\lambda _\delta p_\delta [p_\delta ]^{l1},a_1^{\alpha [\alpha ]_{l1}}\frac{l}{nl}\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\alpha ]_l},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}l<n.$$
(A.8)
The r.h.s. of eq. (A.4) vanishes for $`l=n`$ (to see this, it is necessary to use the equality $`c_1^{\alpha \beta |[\gamma ]_n}=c_1^{\alpha \beta }\epsilon ^{[\gamma ]_n}`$ and the identity $`\epsilon ^{\beta [\delta ]_{n1}}p_\alpha [p_\delta ]^{n1}=(1/n)\delta _{\alpha \beta }\epsilon ^{[\delta ]_n}[p_\delta ]^n`$). Multiplying eq. (A.4) by $`\lambda _\alpha \delta _{\alpha \gamma }`$:

$$(2n)c_1^{\beta \sigma |[\delta ]_n}[p_\delta ]^n=0,$$

we obtain $`c_1^{\beta \sigma |[\delta ]_n}=0`$. Note that representation (A.8) is valid also for $`l=n`$.

Equation (29)

$$\begin{array}{c}\delta _{\alpha \alpha _1}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha \alpha _2}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \alpha _3\alpha _1|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha \alpha _3}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\beta \alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\hfill \\ \delta _{\beta \alpha _1}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\delta _{\beta \alpha _2}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \alpha _3\alpha _1|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\delta _{\beta \alpha _3}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha \alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}+\hfill \\ +\delta _{\alpha \beta _1}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta \beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha \beta _2}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta \beta _3\beta _1}+\delta _{\alpha \beta _3}\lambda _\alpha c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta \beta _1\beta _2}\hfill \\ \delta _{\beta \beta _1}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\alpha \beta _2\beta _3}\delta _{\beta \beta _2}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\alpha \beta _3\beta _1}\delta _{\beta \beta _3}\lambda _\beta c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\alpha \beta _1\beta _2}=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.9)
Multiply eq. (A.9) by $`\lambda _\alpha \delta _{\alpha \alpha _1}`$ (and then replace $`\beta `$ by $`\alpha _1`$):

$$\begin{array}{c}(n2)c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}[c_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}c_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\beta _1|\beta _2\beta _3\alpha _1}+c_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\beta _2|\beta _3\alpha _1\beta _1}c_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\beta _3|\alpha _1\beta _1\beta _2}]=\hfill \\ =\lambda _{\alpha _1}\left(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _2\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _3\beta _1}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.10)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2}\lambda _\gamma c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\gamma |\gamma \beta _1\beta _2}=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\beta _1\beta _2|\alpha _1\alpha _2}.$$

The symmetry properties of the tensor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2}`$ follow from antisymmetry condition (11).

Multiplying eq. (A.10) by $`\lambda _{\alpha _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}`$ one has:

$$(n1)\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2}[\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2}+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\beta _1|\beta _2\alpha _2}+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\beta _2|\alpha _2\beta _1}]=\lambda _{\alpha _1}\left(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _2|\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _2|\beta _2}\right),$$
(A.11)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha |\beta }\lambda _\gamma \mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha \gamma |\gamma \beta }=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\beta |\alpha }.$$

The multiplication of eq. (A.10) by $`\lambda _{\alpha _1}\delta _{\alpha _1\alpha _2}`$ gives

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha \beta _1|\beta _2\beta _3}+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha \beta _2|\beta _3\beta _1}+\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha \beta _3|\beta _1\beta _2}=0$$
(A.12)
Finally, we multiply eq. (A.11) by $`\lambda _{\alpha _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}`$:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha |\beta }=\frac{1}{n}\lambda _\alpha \delta _{\alpha \beta }\mathrm{\Sigma },$$
(A.13)
$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=\lambda _\gamma \mathrm{\Sigma }^{\gamma |\gamma },\epsilon (\mathrm{\Sigma })=0.$$

Substituting expression (A.13) into eq. (A.11) and using condition (A.12), we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\alpha _1\alpha _2|\beta _1\beta _2}=\frac{1}{n(n1)}\lambda _{\alpha _1}\lambda _{\alpha _2}(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1})\mathrm{\Sigma }.$$
(A.14)
Represent $`c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}`$ as

$$\begin{array}{c}c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=\frac{\lambda _{\alpha _1}\lambda _{\alpha _2}\lambda _{\alpha _3}\mathrm{\Sigma }}{n(n1)(n2)}(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _2}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _1}\hfill \\ \delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _2})+\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Substituting this representation into eq. (A.10) we have

$$(n2)\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\alpha _1|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\beta _1|\beta _2\beta _3\alpha _1}+\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\beta _2|\beta _3\alpha _1\beta _1}\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3\beta _3|\alpha _1\beta _1\beta _2}.$$
(A.15)
The r.h.s. of eq. (A.15) is antisymmetric under the permutation of the indices $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\beta _1`$, therefore, its l.h.s., the tensor $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}`$, changes a sign under the permutation of $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\beta _1`$. Hence the tensor $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}`$ is totally antisymmetric in all indices. In particular,

$$\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3|\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3}.$$

However, from the condition (11) it follows $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3|\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3}`$, i.e. $`\stackrel{~}{c}_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=0`$. Thus, we finally obtain

$$c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3|\beta _1\beta _2\beta _3}=\frac{\lambda _{\alpha _1}\lambda _{\alpha _2}\lambda _{\alpha _3}\mathrm{\Sigma }}{n(n1)(n2)}(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _2}+\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _1}$$

$$\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _2}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _1\beta _1}\delta _{\alpha _2\beta _3}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta _2})$$

Equation (32)

$$\begin{array}{c}k\left(\lambda _\alpha q_\alpha [q_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_l}\right)[p_\delta ]^l+\hfill \\ +l[q_\gamma ]^k\left(c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\alpha p_\alpha [p_\delta ]^{l1}c_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\beta p_\beta [p_\delta ]^{l1}\right)=0,3k,l<n.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.16)
Acting on eq. (A.16) by the operator $`\lambda _\beta /q_\beta `$ we get:

$$(nl)[q_\gamma ]^kc_1^{[\gamma ]_k|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}+kq_\delta [q_\gamma ]^{k1}c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|\delta [\delta ]_{l1}}+(1)^kk\lambda _\alpha q_\alpha [q_\gamma ]^{k1}\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_{l1}},$$
(A.17)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_{l1}}\lambda _\gamma c_1^{[\gamma ]_{k1}\gamma |\gamma [\delta ]_{l1}}.$$

Act on eq. (A.17) by the operator $`\lambda _\alpha /q_\alpha `$ one has:

$$(kl)\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_{l1}}=0,\mathrm{\Delta }^{[\gamma ]_{k1}|[\delta ]_{l1}}=0,kl.$$

Take $`kl`$ in eq. (A.17). Acting on this equation by the operator $`/q_\alpha `$ we obtain:

$$[q_\gamma ]^{k1}[(nl)c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}+c_1^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}]=(k1)q_\delta [q_\delta ]^{k2}c_1^{\beta \alpha [\gamma ]_{k2}|\delta [\delta ]_{l1}}.$$

Combining this expression with the expression with permuted indices $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ one gets:

$$c_1^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}|\beta [\delta ]_{l1}}+c_1^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}|\alpha [\delta ]_{l1}}=0,$$

from where it follows that $`c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}`$ is totally antisymmetric in all indices for $`kl`$. Using this fact in eq. (A.17), we obtain

$$(nkl)c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}=0.$$

Thus, we finally have

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_l}=0,3k,l<n,kl,k+ln,$$

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_{nk}}=c_1^{(k)}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_k|[\beta ]_{nk}},k,nk42kn.$$

Equation (35)

$$(\delta _{\alpha _1\beta }c_1^{\alpha _2\alpha _3[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l}+\delta _{\alpha _2\beta }c_1^{\alpha _3\alpha _1[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l}+\delta _{\alpha _3\beta }c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l})\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\beta ]^{l2}=0.$$
(A.18)
Acting on eq. (A.18) by the operator $`\lambda _{\alpha _3}/q_{\alpha _3}`$ we obtain (after cancelation of $`(n2)`$)

$$c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{l2}|[\gamma ]_l}=0.$$

Equation (36)

$$\begin{array}{c}3C_{2m3}^{m2}c_1^{(3)}\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3[\beta ]_{m2}[\gamma ]_{m1}}\lambda _\delta q_\delta [q_\beta ]^{m2}p_\delta [p_\gamma ]^{m1}+\hfill \\ +(1)^mC_{m+1}^2c_1^{(m1)}\left(\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{m1}[\gamma ]_{m1}}\delta _{\alpha _3\gamma }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)[q_\beta ]^{m1}\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^{m1}\hfill \\ C_m^2\left(c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{m2}|[\gamma ]_m}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\beta ]^{m2}[p_\gamma ]^m=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.19)
Acting on eq. (A.19) by the operator $`\lambda _{\alpha _3}/q_{\alpha _3}`$ one has:

$$\left((1)^m3C_{2m3}^{m2}c_1^{(3)}+(m1)C_{m+1}^2c_1^{(m1)}\right)\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{m2}[\gamma ]_m}[q_\beta ]^{m2}[p_\gamma ]^m$$

$$mC_m^2c_1^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{m2}|[\gamma ]_m}[q_\beta ]^{m2}[p_\gamma ]^m=0,$$

from where it follows

$$c_1^{[\alpha ]_m|[\beta ]_m}=c_1^{(m)}\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_m[\beta ]_m},c_1^{(m)}=\frac{1}{mC_m^2}\left((1)^m3C_{2m3}^{m2}c_1^{(3)}+C_{m+1}^2c_1^{(m1)}\right).$$

Equation (37), $`n=2m`$.

$$\begin{array}{c}3C_{n3}^{k1}c_1^{(3)}\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3[\beta ]_{k1}[\gamma ]_{l1}}\lambda _\delta q_\delta [q_\beta ]^{k1}p_\delta [p_\gamma ]^{l1}\hfill \\ (1)^kC_{nk}^2c_1^{(k)}\left(\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_k[\gamma ]_{l1}}\delta _{\alpha _3\gamma }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)[q_\beta ]^k\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^{l1}\hfill \\ C_{nl}^2c_1^{(l)}\left(\epsilon ^{\alpha _1\alpha _2[\beta ]_{k1}|[\gamma ]_1}\delta _{\alpha _3\beta }+\text{cycle}(1,2,3)\right)\lambda _\beta q_\beta [q_\beta ]^{k1}[p_\gamma ]^l=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.20)
Acting on eq. (A.20) by the operator $`\lambda _{\alpha _3}/q_{\alpha _3}`$ we have:

$$3C_{n3}^{k1}c_1^{(3)}(1)^kkC_{nk}^2c_1^{(k)}+(1)^klC_{nl}^2c_1^{(l)}=0.$$
(A.21)
Eq. (A.21) is simplified, if one rewrites it in terms of $`d_k`$:

$$d_k(1)^kk!(nk)!c_1^{(k)},d_{nk}=d_k,$$

$$d_3+d_kd_{k+1}=0.$$
(A.22)
It follows from eq. (A.22)

$$d_k=(k2)d_3.$$

Remembering that $`0=c_1^{(m)}=d_m`$, we obtain

$$d_3=0c_1^{(k)}=0k.$$

## Appendix 2

In this Appendix we find the general form of the operators $`T^{\prime \prime }`$ generating similarity transformations, which leave invariant the Poisson bracket on the Grassman algebra $`𝒢_𝐂`$. The operators $`T^{\prime \prime }`$ satisfy the condition (see (57))

$$T^{\prime \prime }[f_1,f_2]__0(\xi )=[T^{\prime \prime }f_1,T^{\prime \prime }f_2]__0(\xi ).$$
(A.23)
We use the momentum representation for the operator $`T^{\prime \prime }`$:

$$T^{\prime \prime }=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^k,\epsilon (t^{[\alpha ]_k})=k(mod\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}),$$

In such terms eq. (A.23) reads:

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^k\left(_\gamma f_1(\xi )\lambda _\gamma _\gamma f_2(\xi )\right)=\hfill \\ =(\underset{k_1=0}{\overset{n}{}}_\gamma t^{[\alpha ]_{k_1}}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^{k_1}+\underset{k_1=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\alpha ]_{k_1}}(\xi )[_\alpha ]^{k_1}_\gamma )f_1(\xi )\lambda _\gamma \times \hfill \\ \times \left(\underset{k_2=0}{\overset{n}{}}_\gamma t^{[\beta ]_{k_2}}(\xi )[_\beta ]^{k_2}+\underset{k_2=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\beta ]_{k_2}}(\xi )[_\beta ]^{k_2}_\gamma \right)f_2(\xi ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(A.24)
S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟎}`$ The coefficient in eq. (A.24) in front of $`f_1(\xi )`$ gives:

$$_\gamma t^0(\xi )\lambda _\gamma _\gamma \left(\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}t^{[\beta ]_k}(\xi )[_\beta ]^kf_2(\xi )\right)=0t^0(\xi )=t_0=const.$$

From nonsingularity of the operator $`T^{\prime \prime }`$ it follows that $`t_00`$. Present the operator $`T^{\prime \prime }`$ as

$$T^{\prime \prime }=T^{(\mu )}T^{(1)},$$

$$T^{(\mu )}f(\xi )=\frac{1}{\mu ^2}f(\mu \xi ),$$
(A.25)
where $`\mu =t_0^{1/2}`$. It is easy to verify, that the similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T^{(\mu )}`$ (and by its inverse), leaves the $`_0`$–commutator invariant. Hence, the operator $`T^{(1)}`$ and its coefficients (for which we retain previous notation $`t^{[\alpha ]_k}`$) satisfy eq. (A.23) and eq. (A.24), respectively. Furthermore, the operator $`T^{(1)}`$ has $`t_0=1`$.

S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ The coefficient in (A.24) in front of $`_\alpha f_1(\xi )`$, $`_\beta f_2(\xi )`$ ($`t_0=1`$) gives:

$$\{\eta ^\alpha (\xi ),\eta ^\beta (\xi )\}=\lambda _\alpha \delta _{\alpha \beta }=\{\xi ^\alpha ,\xi ^\beta \},$$

where the notation $`\eta ^\alpha (\xi )t^\alpha (\xi )+\xi ^\alpha `$ is used. Thus, the transformation of generators $`\xi ^\alpha `$ $``$ $`\eta ^\alpha (\xi )`$ is canonical. Let us present the operator $`T^{\prime \prime }`$ as

$$T^{\prime \prime }=T^{(\mu )}T_\eta ^{(c)}T^{(2)},$$

where the operator $`T^{(\mu )}`$ is defined by eq. (A.25) and the operator $`T_\eta ^{(c)}`$ describes a canonical transformation of the generators: $`T_\eta ^{(c)}f(\xi )=f(\eta (\xi ))`$. It is easy to verify, that the similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T_\eta ^{(c)}`$, leaves the $`_0`$–commutator invariant. Hence, the similarity transformation generated by the operator $`T^{(2)}`$ also leaves the $`_0`$–commutator invariant. Besides the operator $`T^{(2)}`$ has $`t^0(\xi )=1`$, $`t^\alpha (\xi )=0`$ (we again retain the previous notation $`t^{[\alpha ]_k}`$ for the coefficients of the operator $`T^{(2)}`$). In what follows we consider eq. (A.24) as an equation for the coefficients of the operator $`T^{(2)}`$.

S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟏}^{}`$ The coefficients in (A.24) in front of $`_\alpha f_1(\xi )`$, $`[_\beta ]^kf_2(\xi )`$, $`k2`$, give:

$$_\alpha t^{[\beta ]_k}(\xi )=0t^{[\alpha ]_k}(\xi )=t^{[\alpha ]_k}=const.$$

S t e p $`\mathrm{𝟐}`$ The coefficient in (A.24) in front of $`_\alpha _\beta f_1(\xi )`$, $`f_2(\xi )=\mathrm{exp}(\xi ^\alpha p_\alpha )`$, gives:

$$(\delta _{\alpha \gamma }t^{\beta [\gamma ]_{k1}}\delta _{\beta \gamma }t^{\alpha [\gamma ]_{k1}})\lambda _\gamma p_\gamma [p_\gamma ]^{k1}=0.$$

The general solution of this equation (see the solution of eq. (A.3)) is

$$t^{[\alpha ]_k}=0,2kn1,t^{[\alpha ]_n}=t_n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n},$$

$`t_n0`$ only at even $`n`$, from where it follows

$$T^{(2)}T^{(n)}=1+t_n\epsilon ^{[\alpha ]_n}[_\alpha ]^n.$$

Thus, the general form of the operators $`T^{\prime \prime }`$ is:

$$T^{\prime \prime }=T^{(\mu )}T_\eta ^{(c)}T^{(n)}.$$


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# The Density Perturbation Power Spectrum to Second-Order Corrections in the Slow-Roll Expansion

## 1 Introduction

Curvature perturbations produced during inflation are thought to be the origin of the inhomogeneities necessary for galaxy formation and other large-scale structure. It will soon be possible to measure the power spectrum of these inhomogeneities very accurately by means of the MAP  and Planck  satellites and the SDSS program . For example, Planck is supposed to be able to measure the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation with an error of a few percent , and the spectral index with an error of less than one percent . Thus, it is very important to calculate the power spectrum precisely in order to get the maximum benefit from these observations.

The power spectrum and spectral index of the curvature perturbations produced during inflation have been calculated up to next-to-leading order, or first-order corrections, in the slow-roll approximation . Given the current observational constraints on the spectral index, these results for the power spectrum and spectral index are expected to have errors of order a few percent or less and a few tenths of a percent or less, respectively. These errors are comparable with the expected errors in the planned observations discussed above. It is thus desirable to improve the accuracy of these calculations to ensure that the calculational errors are small compared with the observational errors. See Refs.  for further discussion of the accuracy of, and previous efforts to go beyond, these results.

In this paper, we set up a formalism that can be used to calculate the power spectrum of the curvature perturbations produced during inflation up to arbitrary order in the slow-roll expansion, and explicitly calculate the power spectrum and spectral index up to second-order corrections. To check our result, we compare it with the two known exact solutions , power-law inflation and inflation near a maximum. Our results are only valid for a single component inflaton, but will be generalized to a multi-component inflaton  in a forthcoming paper.

## 2 The Calculation

### 2.1 Preliminaries

The scalar linear perturbation to the homogeneous, isotropic background metric is generally expressed as

$$ds^2=a^2(\eta )\left\{(1+2A)d\eta ^22_iBdx^id\eta \left[(1+2)\delta _{ij}+2_i_jH_T\right]dx^idx^j\right\}.$$
(1)
It is convenient to express the density perturbation in terms of the intrinsic curvature perturbation of comoving hypersurfaces $`_\mathrm{c}`$ , given by

$$_\mathrm{c}=\frac{H}{\dot{\varphi }}\delta \varphi $$
(2)
during inflation, where $`\delta \varphi `$ is the perturbation in the inflaton field. The power spectrum $`𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ is given by

$$_\mathrm{c}(𝐱,\eta ),_\mathrm{c}(𝐲,\eta )=\frac{dk}{k}\frac{\mathrm{sin}(k|𝐱𝐲|)}{k|𝐱𝐲|}𝒫__\mathrm{c}.$$
(3)
The standard result for the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation to leading order in the slow-roll approximation is

$$𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)=\left(\frac{H}{2\pi }\right)^2\left(\frac{H}{\dot{\varphi }}\right)^2|_{aH=k}$$
(4)
and to first-order corrections is

$$𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)=\left[1+(4\alpha 2)ϵ_1+2\alpha \delta _1\right]\left(\frac{H}{2\pi }\right)^2\left(\frac{H}{\dot{\varphi }}\right)^2|_{aH=k},$$
(5)
where

$$ϵ_1=\frac{\dot{H}}{H^2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\dot{\varphi }}{H}\right)^2,\delta _1=\frac{\ddot{\varphi }}{H\dot{\varphi }},$$
(6)
$$\alpha 2\mathrm{ln}2\gamma 0.729637$$
(7)
and $`\gamma `$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant, $`\gamma 0.577216`$.

Our starting point is the effective action during inflation,

$$S=\left[\frac{1}{2}R+\frac{1}{2}(_\mu \varphi )^2V(\varphi )\right]\sqrt{g}d^4x.$$
(8)
Defining

$$z\frac{a\dot{\varphi }}{H}\text{and}\phi a\left(\delta \varphi \frac{\dot{\varphi }}{H}\right)=z_\mathrm{c},$$
(9)
the action for scalar perturbations is

$$S=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\frac{\phi }{\eta }\right)^2\left(\phi \right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{z}\frac{d^2z}{d\eta ^2}\right)\phi ^2\right]𝑑\eta 𝑑x^3,$$
(10)
where the conformal time $`\eta `$ is given by $`d\eta =dt/a`$. Using the Fourier transform of $`\phi `$, the equation of motion becomes

$$\frac{d^2\phi _k}{d\eta ^2}+\left(k^2\frac{1}{z}\frac{d^2z}{d\eta ^2}\right)\phi _k=0,$$
(11)
and $`\phi _k`$ satisfies

$$\phi _k\{\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k}}e^{ik\eta }\hfill & \text{as}\hfill & k\eta \mathrm{}\hfill \\ A_kz\hfill & \text{as}\hfill & k\eta 0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
The first asymptotic solution corresponds to the usual flat space vacuum on scales much smaller than the Hubble distance, and the second is the growing mode on scales much larger than the Hubble distance. The power spectrum is given by

$$𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)=\left(\frac{k^3}{2\pi ^2}\right)\underset{k\eta 0}{lim}\left|\frac{\phi _k}{z}\right|^2=\frac{k^3}{2\pi ^2}|A_k|^2.$$
(13)
### 2.2 The Formalism of the Calculation

Our task is to solve Eq. (11) with the boundary conditions Eq. (12) to eventually calculate $`A_k`$. We define $`y=\sqrt{2k}\phi _k`$ and $`x=k\eta `$. Then, the equation of motion for $`y`$ and the asymptotic solutions are

$$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\left(1\frac{1}{z}\frac{d^2z}{dx^2}\right)y=0$$
(14)
and

$$y\{\begin{array}{ccc}e^{ix}\hfill & \text{as}\hfill & x\mathrm{}\hfill \\ \sqrt{2k}A_kz\hfill & \text{as}\hfill & x0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(15)
Now, we can choose the ansatz that $`z`$ takes the form

$$z=\frac{1}{x}f(\mathrm{ln}x).$$
(16)
Then we have

$$\frac{1}{z}\frac{d^2z}{dx^2}=\frac{2}{x^2}+\frac{1}{x^2}g(\mathrm{ln}x),$$
(17)
where

$$g=\frac{3f^{}+f^{\prime \prime }}{f},$$
(18)
and the equation of motion is

$$\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+\left(1\frac{2}{x^2}\right)y=\frac{1}{x^2}g(\mathrm{ln}x)y.$$
(19)
The homogeneous solution with the correct asymptotic behaviour at $`x\mathrm{}`$ is

$$y_0(x)=\left(1+\frac{i}{x}\right)e^{ix}.$$
(20)
Therefore, using Green’s function, Eq. (19) with the boundary condition Eq. (15) can be written as the integral equation

$$y(x)=y_0(x)+\frac{i}{2}_x^{\mathrm{}}𝑑u\frac{1}{u^2}g(\mathrm{ln}u)y(u)\left[y_0^{}(u)y_0(x)y_0^{}(x)y_0(u)\right].$$
(21)
### 2.3 The Slow-Roll Expansion

We will solve Eq. (21) perturbatively. Our small parameters will be the slow-roll  parameters $`ϵ_1`$ and $`\delta _1`$ of Eq. (6) and

$$\delta _n\frac{1}{H^n\dot{\varphi }}\frac{d^{n+1}\varphi }{dt^{n+1}}$$
(22)
evaluated at horizon crossing ($`aH=k`$), which we assume to satisfy $`ϵ_1<\xi `$ and $`|\delta _n|<\xi ^n`$ for some small perturbation parameter $`\xi `$. Note that the subscript denotes the order in the slow-roll expansion.

We can expand

$$xz=f(\mathrm{ln}x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{f_n}{n!}(\mathrm{ln}x)^n,$$
(23)
where, as we will see, $`f_n/f_0`$ is of order $`n`$ in the slow-roll expansion. This expansion is useful for $`\mathrm{exp}(1/\xi )x\mathrm{exp}(1/\xi )`$.

Using

$$x=k\eta =k\frac{dt}{a}\frac{k}{aH}\left(1+ϵ_1+3ϵ_1^2+2ϵ_1\delta _1\right),$$
(24)
we can express the $`f_n`$’s in terms of $`ϵ_1`$ and the $`\delta _n`$ evaluated at $`aH=k`$. To leading order in the slow-roll expansion

$$f_2=\frac{d^2xz}{(d\mathrm{ln}x)^2}|_{x=1}\frac{k\dot{\varphi }}{H^2}\left(8ϵ_1^2+9ϵ_1\delta _1+\delta _2\right)|_{aH=k}.$$
(25)
Similarly, we can obtain

$`f_1`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k\dot{\varphi }}{H^2}}\left(2ϵ_1\delta _16ϵ_1^24ϵ_1\delta _1\right)|_{aH=k}`$ (26)
$`f_0`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{k\dot{\varphi }}{H^2}}\left(1+ϵ_1+5ϵ_1^2+3ϵ_1\delta _1\right)|_{aH=k},`$ (27)
so we get, up to the appropriate orders for this paper,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_0}}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{H^2}{k\dot{\varphi }}}\left(1ϵ_14ϵ_1^23ϵ_1\delta _1\right)|_{aH=k}`$ (28)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{f_0}}`$ $``$ $`2ϵ_1\delta _14ϵ_1^23ϵ_1\delta _1|_{aH=k}`$ (29)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_2}{f_0}}`$ $``$ $`8ϵ_1^2+9ϵ_1\delta _1+\delta _2|_{aH=k}.`$ (30)
Eqs. (18) and (23) give

$$g(\mathrm{ln}x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{g_{n+1}}{n!}(\mathrm{ln}x)^n,$$
(31)
where $`g_n`$ is of order $`n`$ in the slow-roll expansion and, up to the appropriate orders,

$`g_1`$ $``$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{f_0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f_2}{f_0}}`$ (32)
$`g_2`$ $``$ $`3\left({\displaystyle \frac{f_1}{f_0}}\right)^23{\displaystyle \frac{f_2}{f_0}}.`$ (33)
We can expand $`y`$ as

$$y(x)=\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}y_n,$$
(34)
where $`y_0(x)`$ is the homogeneous solution, Eq. (20), and $`y_n(x)`$ is of order $`n`$ in the slow-roll expansion.

We can now solve Eq. (21) perturbatively by substituting Eqs. (31) and (34) and equating terms of the same order.

### 2.4 The Calculation up to Second-Order Corrections

Substituting $`g=g_1`$ and $`y=y_0`$ into the right hand side of Eq. (21), we can easily find the first order corrections to $`y`$ as

$`y_1(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}g_1{\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u^2}}y_0(u)\left[y_0^{}(u)y_0(x)y_0^{}(x)y_0(u)\right]`$ (35)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}g_1\left[2ix^1e^{ix}+y_0^{}(x){\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑uu^1e^{2iu}\right].`$
Now considering up to second-order corrections, substituting $`g=g_1+g_2\mathrm{ln}x`$ and $`y=y_0+y_1`$ into Eq. (21) gives two terms of the same order, due to the product of $`g_1`$ with $`y_1`$ and $`g_2`$ with $`y_0`$. Let us call them $`y_{21}(x)`$ and $`y_{22}(x)`$, respectively. Explicitly,

$`y_{21}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}g_1{\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u^2}}y_1(u)\left[y_0^{}(u)y_0(x)y_0^{}(x)y_0(u)\right]`$ (36)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{9}}g_1^2[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}x^1e^{ix}+({\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}}x^1+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{3}})e^{ix}{\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}duu^1e^{2iu}`$
$`+iy_0(x){\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}duu^1e^{2iu}{\displaystyle _u^{\mathrm{}}}dvv^1e^{2iv}]`$
and

$`y_{22}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}g_2{\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑u{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u^2}}\mathrm{ln}uy_0(u)\left[y_0^{}(u)y_0(x)y_0^{}(x)y_0(u)\right]`$ (37)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{3}}g_2[x^1({\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}+2\mathrm{ln}x)e^{ix}+{\displaystyle \frac{4i}{3}}y_0^{}(x){\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}duu^1e^{2iu}`$
$`+iy_0^{}(x){\displaystyle _x^{\mathrm{}}}duu^1\mathrm{ln}ue^{2iu}].`$
Adding together Eqs. (20), (35), (36) and (37) gives the perturbative solution of Eq. (21) for small $`\xi |\mathrm{ln}x|`$ up to second-order corrections. It should be accurate for $`\mathrm{exp}(1/\xi )x\mathrm{exp}(1/\xi )`$. Taking the limit $`x0`$ with $`\xi \mathrm{ln}(1/x)`$ fixed and small, we obtain, after some calculation, the asymptotic form for $`y`$ up to second-order corrections

$`y(x)`$ $``$ $`i\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{g_1}{3}}[\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{i\pi }{2}}]+{\displaystyle \frac{g_1^2}{18}}[\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha 4+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{4}}+i\pi (\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})]`$ (38)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{g_2}{6}}[\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}+i\pi (\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})]\}x^1`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{3}}\left\{g_1+{\displaystyle \frac{g_1^2}{3}}\left[\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}+i{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{g_2}{3}}\right\}x^1\mathrm{ln}x`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{6}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{g_1^2}{3}}g_2\right\}x^1(\mathrm{ln}x)^2.`$
The exact asymptotic form for $`y`$ in the limit $`x0`$ is given by Eq. (15). Expanding this perturbatively as in Eq. (23) for small $`\xi \mathrm{ln}(1/x)`$, i.e. for x in the range $`1x\mathrm{exp}(1/\xi )`$, gives the asymptotic form for $`y`$ up to second-order corrections

$$y(x)\sqrt{2k}A_kf_0x^1+\sqrt{2k}A_kf_1x^1\mathrm{ln}x+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2k}A_kf_2x^1(\mathrm{ln}x)^2.$$
(39)
Comparing this with Eq. (38), the coefficient of $`x^1`$ is the desired result because it will give $`A_k`$ up to second-order corrections. The coefficients of $`x^1\mathrm{ln}x`$ and $`x^1(\mathrm{ln}x)^2`$ simply give the consistent asymptotic behaviour, that is, proportional to $`z`$. Therefore, substituting Eqs. (32) and (33) into Eq. (38), matching the coefficient of $`x^1`$ with that in Eq.(39), and using Eq. (13), the power spectrum is

$$𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)=\frac{k^2}{(2\pi )^2}\frac{1}{f_0^2}\left[12\alpha \frac{f_1}{f_0}+\left(3\alpha ^24+\frac{5\pi ^2}{12}\right)\left(\frac{f_1}{f_0}\right)^2+\left(\alpha ^2+\frac{\pi ^2}{12}\right)\frac{f_2}{f_0}\right].$$
(40)
Therefore, substituting Eqs. (28), (29) and (30)

$`𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{H^4}{(2\pi )^2\dot{\varphi }^2}}\{1+(4\alpha 2)ϵ_1+2\alpha \delta _1+(4\alpha ^223+{\displaystyle \frac{7\pi ^2}{3}})ϵ_1^2`$
$`+(3\alpha ^2+2\alpha 22+{\displaystyle \frac{29\pi ^2}{12}})ϵ_1\delta _1+(3\alpha ^24+{\displaystyle \frac{5\pi ^2}{12}})\delta _1^2+(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}})\delta _2\},`$
where the right hand side should be evaluated at $`aH=k`$. The numerical values of the coefficients in this equation are $`0.918549`$, $`1.459274`$, $`2.158558`$, $`4.907929`$, $`1.709446`$, $`0.290097`$, respectively. Note the curious cancellations ensuring that the coefficients are of order one.

The spectral index

$$n__\mathrm{c}(k)=1+\frac{d\mathrm{ln}P__\mathrm{c}}{d\mathrm{ln}k}$$
(42)
can be easily calculated, and we obtain the result

$`n__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`14ϵ_12\delta _1+(8\alpha 8)ϵ_1^2+(10\alpha 6)ϵ_1\delta _12\alpha \delta _1^2+2\alpha \delta _2`$
$`+\left(16\alpha ^2+40\alpha 108+{\displaystyle \frac{28\pi ^2}{3}}\right)ϵ_1^3+\left(31\alpha ^2+60\alpha 172+{\displaystyle \frac{199\pi ^2}{12}}\right)ϵ_1^2\delta _1`$
$`+\left(3\alpha ^2+4\alpha 30+{\displaystyle \frac{13\pi ^2}{4}}\right)ϵ_1\delta _1^2+\left(2\alpha ^2+8{\displaystyle \frac{5\pi ^2}{6}}\right)\delta _1^3`$
$`+\left(7\alpha ^2+8\alpha 22+{\displaystyle \frac{31\pi ^2}{12}}\right)ϵ_1\delta _2+\left(3\alpha ^28+{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi ^2}{4}}\right)\delta _1\delta _2+\left(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)\delta _3.`$
where again the right hand side should be evaluated at $`aH=k`$. The numerical values of the coefficients in this equation are $`2.162903`$, $`1.296372`$, $`1.459274`$, $`1.459274`$, $`4.783868`$, $`18.945687`$, $`3.397652`$, $`1.289411`$, $`5.606983`$, $`0.999314`$, $`0.290097`$, respectively.

### 2.5 Checking against the Exact Solutions

To check this result, we use the two exact solutions, power-law inflation  and inflation near a maximum . Note that these two solutions can be derived from the Hankel function solution  which corresponds to all orders in $`g_1`$ with $`g_n=0`$ for $`n>1`$.

#### 2.5.1 Power-law inflation

In power-law inflation, the potential is

$$V(\varphi )=V_0\mathrm{exp}\left(\sqrt{\frac{2}{p}}\varphi \right).$$
(44)
From this,

$$ϵ_1=\frac{1}{p},\delta _1=\frac{1}{p},\delta _2=2\delta _1^2,\delta _3=6\delta _1^3$$
(45)
and the power spectrum and the spectral index are

$`𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{pH^2}{8\pi ^2}}\left[2^{\frac{1}{p1}}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{p}}\right)^{\frac{p}{p1}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{3}{2}+\frac{1}{p1})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{3}{2})}}\right]^2`$ (46)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{H^4}{(2\pi )^2\dot{\varphi }^2}}\left[1+(2\alpha 2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p}}+\left(2\alpha ^22\alpha 5+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2}}\right]`$
and

$$n__\mathrm{c}=1\frac{2}{p1}1\frac{2}{p}\frac{2}{p^2}\frac{2}{p^3},$$
(47)
which agree with Eqs. (2.4) and (2.4).

#### 2.5.2 Inflation near a maximum

The potential sufficiently near a maximum can be written

$$V(\varphi )=V_0\left(1\frac{1}{2}\mu ^2\varphi ^2\right).$$
(48)
Therefore, for small $`\varphi `$,

$$ϵ_1=0,\delta _1=\frac{3}{2}\left(\sqrt{1+\frac{4}{3}\mu ^2}1\right),\delta _2=\delta _1^2,\delta _3=\delta _1^3$$
(49)
and the power spectrum and spectral index are

$`𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{V_0}{12\pi ^2\varphi ^2\delta _1^2}}\left[2^{\delta _1}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{3}{2}+\delta _1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{3}{2})}}\right]^2`$ (50)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{H^4}{(2\pi )^2\dot{\varphi }^2}}\left[1+2\alpha \delta _1+\left(2\alpha ^24+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}}\right)\delta _1^2\right],`$
and

$$n__\mathrm{c}=12\delta _1,$$
(51)
which again agree with Eqs. (2.4) and (2.4).

### 2.6 The Spectrum and Spectral Index in terms of the Inflaton Potential

Now we express every quantity in terms of the potential $`V(\varphi )`$. Using $`3H^2=V+\frac{1}{2}\dot{\varphi }^2`$, its derivatives and $`\dot{H}=\dot{\varphi }^2/2`$, and defining

$$𝒰_1\left(\frac{V^{}}{V}\right)^2,𝒱_1\frac{V^{\prime \prime }}{V},𝒱_2\frac{V^{}V^{\prime \prime \prime }}{V^2}\text{and}𝒱_3\frac{(V^{})^2V^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}{V^3},$$
(52)
we have

$`H^2`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{V}{3}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}𝒰_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}𝒰_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}𝒰_1𝒱_1\right]`$ (53)
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{H}{\dot{\varphi }}}\right)^2`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{𝒰_1}}\left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒰_1{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒱_1{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}}𝒰_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{7}{9}}𝒰_1𝒱_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}𝒱_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}𝒱_2\right]`$ (54)
$`ϵ_1`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒰_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒰_1𝒱_1+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}}𝒰_1^3{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}𝒰_1^2𝒱_1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{18}}𝒰_1𝒱_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}𝒰_1𝒱_2`$ (55)
$`\delta _1`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒰_1𝒱_1{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒰_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}𝒰_1𝒱_1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒱_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒱_2`$ (56)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}𝒰_1^34𝒰_1^2𝒱_1+{\displaystyle \frac{23}{9}}𝒰_1𝒱_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}𝒱_1^3+{\displaystyle \frac{17}{18}}𝒰_1𝒱_2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒱_1𝒱_2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{9}}𝒱_3`$
$`\delta _2`$ $``$ $`𝒰_1^2{\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}}𝒰_1𝒱_1+𝒱_1^2+𝒱_2`$ (57)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{19}{6}}𝒰_1^3+{\displaystyle \frac{55}{6}}𝒰_1^2𝒱_1{\displaystyle \frac{13}{2}}𝒰_1𝒱_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒱_1^3{\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}}𝒰_1𝒱_2+2𝒱_1𝒱_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}𝒱_3`$
$`\delta _3`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{7}{2}}𝒰_1^3{\displaystyle \frac{45}{4}}𝒰_1^2𝒱_1+9𝒰_1𝒱_1^2𝒱_1^3+4𝒰_1𝒱_24𝒱_1𝒱_2𝒱_3.`$ (58)
Substituting into Eq. (2.4) gives

$`𝒫__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{V}{12\pi ^2𝒰_1}}[1+(3\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}})𝒰_1+(2\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}})𝒱_1`$ (59)
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{77}{6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{11\pi ^2}{8}}\right)𝒰_1^2+\left(2\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{142}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{11\pi ^2}{6}}\right)𝒰_1𝒱_1`$
$`+(2\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{37}{9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}})𝒱_1^2+(\alpha ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}})𝒱_2].`$
The numerical values of the coefficients in this equation are $`2.022245`$, $`2.125941`$, $`1.779141`$, $`3.867662`$, $`2.374857`$, $`0.418550`$, respectively.

Using

$$\frac{dX|_{aH=k}}{d\mathrm{ln}k}\left(1+\frac{1}{6}𝒰_1+\frac{1}{3}𝒱_1+\frac{5}{36}𝒰_1^2\frac{2}{9}𝒰_1𝒱_1+\frac{2}{9}𝒱_1^2+\frac{1}{9}𝒱_2\right)\frac{V^{}}{V}\frac{dX}{d\varphi }|_{aH=k}$$
(60)
or substituting into Eq. (2.4) gives

$`n__\mathrm{c}(k)`$ $`=`$ $`13𝒰_1+2𝒱_1+\left(6\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}}\right)𝒰_1^2+(8\alpha 1)𝒰_1𝒱_1+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}𝒱_1^2+\left(2\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\right)𝒱_2`$ (61)
$`+\left(12\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{13}{3}}\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{1867}{36}}+{\displaystyle \frac{11\pi ^2}{2}}\right)𝒰_1^3+\left(24\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{595}{6}}11\pi ^2\right)𝒰_1^2𝒱_1`$
$`+\left(8\alpha ^26\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{371}{9}}+{\displaystyle \frac{14\pi ^2}{3}}\right)𝒰_1𝒱_1^2+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}}𝒱_1^3+\left(6\alpha ^22\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{49}{3}}+2\pi ^2\right)𝒰_1𝒱_2`$
$`+\left(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{28}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{13\pi ^2}{12}}\right)𝒱_1𝒱_2+\left(\alpha ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\alpha +{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)𝒱_3.`$
The numerical values of the coefficients in this equation are $`3.544490`$, $`6.837097`$, $`2.125941`$, $`0.804970`$, $`3.621120`$, $`3.800854`$, $`1.247621`$, $`1.119331`$, $`0.418550`$, respectively.

### Acknowledgements

We thank Jai-chan Hwang for encouraging us to complete and publish this work, and Jai-chan Hwang, Kiwoon Choi and Pyungwon Ko for helpful comments. This work was supported in part by Brain Korea 21 and KRF grant 2000-015-DP0080.