text:
# Non-perturbative QCD analysis of near-to-planar three-jet events

## 1 Introduction

Multi-jet ensembles are typical for hard hadron-hadron collisions. Production of large-$`p_t`$ hadrons has mainly the topology of a four-jet event; in $`W^\pm ,Z^0`$ or large-$`p_t`$ photon production there are three hard jets: two formed by the initial state radiation and one from the hard parton recoiling against the electro-weak boson.

As a first step in improving the QCD description of processes involving more than two jets in the final state, we study three-jet hadronic systems in a simpler environment — without hadrons in the initial state. In this paper we continue the QCD analysis  of near-to-planar three-jet events in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation into hadrons in the regime

$$TT_MT_m=\frac{K_{\text{out}}}{Q},$$
(1)
where $`T,T_M`$, and $`T_m`$ are the thrust, the thrust major and the thrust minor, respectively.

We study the distribution in $`K_{\text{out}}`$ in three-jet events and aim to reach the same theoretical accuracy that is available these days for the description of the typical $`e^+e^{}`$ hadronic systems, that is two-jet events. The collinear and infrared safe (CIS) distributions in thrust $`T`$, $`C`$-parameter, jet masses $`M^2`$ and broadenings $`B`$ in the region of two narrow jets ($`1T,C,M^2/Q^2,B1`$) have been intensively studied in recent years. Both the perturbative (PT) contribution and the leading non-perturbative (NP) corrections have been computed at high accuracy. The PT results  involve all-order resummation of double- (DL) and single-logarithmic (SL) contributions and matching of the approximate resummed expressions with the exact second order matrix elements. The leading NP corrections - have been computed at two-loop order to take into account effects of non-inclusiveness of jet observables. The $`1/Q`$–suppressed NP power corrections are needed not only to make quantitative predictions of event shapes but to expand our knowledge of hadronization phenomena and of the interaction in the confinement region in general.

In  we have computed the SL-resummed PT expression for the integrated distribution $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})`$ (the $`K_{\text{out}}`$-spectrum integrated up to a given $`K_{\text{out}}`$) in the three-jet region (1). We considered the cumulative out-of-plane momentum both in the total phase space ($`K_{\text{out}}^T`$) and in the restricted right region ($`K_{\text{out}}^R`$), that is in the narrow-jet hemisphere. The results turned out to be quite interesting and informative. In particular at the SL-level, the PT-distribution was found to be sensitive both to the event geometry (the angles between jets) and the colour structure of the underlying hard event (specific hard parton configuration).

In this paper we study the leading NP corrections to the above PT results. The NP contributions originate from the part of the phase space that corresponds to emission of secondary gluons from “large” distances, where the QCD coupling runs into trouble and the PT treatment becomes questionable. Our present understanding of QCD does not provide a “fundamental” solution to the problem. For a CIS observable, however, this part of the phase space does not lead to divergences (neither collinear nor soft), but gives rise to a genuine NP contribution. The latter cannot be calculated from “first principles”. The only firm information we have is that long-distance contributions bring in corrections to the PT results that are suppressed as an inverse power of the hard scale $`Q`$. The exponent $`p`$ of the suppression factor $`Q^p`$ can be extracted from the analysis of the divergence of the formal PT series (renormalon analysis, for a recent review see ).

To make quantitative predictions and to make it possible to compare NP contributions to different observables, it has been suggested  to assume that the running coupling can still be defined at large distances. This simple assumption allows one to give meaning to PT contributions at any order and to relate the magnitudes of the power corrections with momentum averages of the QCD coupling in the infrared region.

We follow the dispersive method  which extends the notion of the QCD coupling to small momentum scales and helps to extract and quantify the large-distance contribution to a given CIS observable. We show that the leading NP correction to $`K_{\text{out}}`$ distributions and means belongs to the same class as the two-jet shape observables listed above .

The main results, both in PT and NP sectors, were announced and their physical aspects anticipated in a short letter . In this paper we present the derivation of the NP contributions to $`K_{\text{out}}^{T/R}`$-distributions and means.

The results for the $`K_{\text{out}}`$-distributions that are common to the $`1T,M^2/Q^2,C`$ and $`B`$ distributions are:

* the leading NP corrections are of order $`1/Q`$. Since the actual expansion parameter is $`1/K_{\text{out}}`$ rather than $`1/Q`$, they are leading as long as $`K_{\text{out}}`$ is larger than $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$. For $`K_{\text{out}}`$ of the order of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$, higher powers become equally important ;
* the leading NP corrections in the region $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}K_{\text{out}}Q`$ can be embodied in a shift $`\delta K_{\text{out}}`$ of the argument of the PT distributions;
* the shift is a logarithmic function of $`K_{\text{out}}`$ and is determined analytically by perturbative calculations, except for the overall normalization parameter $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$;
* the phenomenological NP parameter $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$ is given by the momentum integral of the QCD coupling in the infrared region. It is the same parameter that determines NP corrections to the two-jet shape observables ($`T,M^2,C,B`$).

Specific features of the $`K_{\text{out}}^{T/R}`$-distributions are the following:

* for the right $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$-distribution, the shift behaves logarithmically as $`\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}`$, which behaviour is similar to that of the single-jet broadening ;
* for the total $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$-distribution, the logarithmic contribution $`\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}`$ is supplemented with a singular constant term proportional to $`1/\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$ which contribution has a weird colour structure and dominates at moderately small $`K_{\text{out}}`$. This behaviour is due to an interplay between PT and NP effects and is reminiscent of the total broadening case ;
* the relevant hard scales $`Q^{\text{NP}}`$ are affected both by the small- and large-angle radiation of secondary partons. For the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution, these scales have a simple geometrical interpretation. As a result, the NP corrections, as well as the PT distributions, depend on geometry and colour structure of the hard event.

A certain similarity between the $`K_{\text{out}}`$ and the broadening distribution is due to the fact that both these observables accumulate contributions from arbitrarily large soft parton rapidities (while $`T,M^2,C`$ are dominated by finite rapidities — large-angle radiation only). As found in , it is this feature that is responsible for the logarithmic behaviour and the singular $`1/\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$ contributions to the shift.

The need to present reproduceable derivations can sometimes be detrimental to readability of a paper. This is especially true for the present topic where the tricky event-plane kinematics and the NLO accuracy lead to technical complications. We have nevertheless tried our best to keep the paper readable.

In section 2 we set up the kinematics, recall the PT results that will be needed for the NP analysis, and describe the NP corrections to the Sudakov exponents (radiators). Sections 3 and 4 contain the new results of this study, namely the NP corrections to the distributions and means of $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ and $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ observables. In section 5 we summarize the results and discuss their physical properties. The detailed calculations are presented in a series of Appendices.

## 2 Distributions and resummation

In the near-to-planar three-jet region (1) the event, at parton level, can be treated as a hard quark-antiquark-gluon system accompanied by an ensemble of secondary partons $`k_i`$. We denote by $`p_a`$ ($`a=1,2,3`$) the three energy-ordered hard parton momenta: $`p_1>p_2>p_3`$.

Defining the event plane as the $`\{yz\}`$-plane (we set the thrust axis and the thrust-major axis equal to the $`z`$\- and $`y`$-axis, respectively), the total out-of-plane momentum variable is defined by

$$K_{\text{out}}^T=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\left|p_{ax}\right|+\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left|k_{ix}\right|.$$
(2)
We consider also the observable restricted to the right region ($`R`$), that is the hemisphere with the lowest broadening:

$$K_{\text{out}}^R=\left|p_{1x}\right|+\underset{iR}{}\left|k_{ix}\right|.$$
(3)
The hardest parton $`p_1`$ lies in the right hemisphere, near the thrust axis.

In this section we first set up the kinematics of partons in the region (1) and define the event plane. We then recall the PT results that are needed for the NP analysis, in particular the factorization of soft emission and the result of SL resummation (details are reported in Appendix A). We finally report and discuss the NP corrections to the Sudakov exponents (radiators) that are evaluated in Appendix B.

### 2.1 Parton kinematics and the observable

At Born level one considers only the hard $`q\overline{q},g`$ system and neglects the soft radiation so that $`K_{\text{out}}=0`$. We denote the three hard massless Born momenta by $`P_a`$, take $`P_1`$ along the thrust axis and $`P_2`$ more energetic than $`P_3`$, see Fig. 1. Given $`T`$ and $`T_M`$ we have222To define the massless momenta $`P_a`$ one requires that $`T`$ and $`T_M`$ are restricted to the region
$$\frac{2(1T)\sqrt{2T1}}{T}<T_M<\sqrt{1T}.$$
In the following we consider $`T,T_M`$ restricted to this region.

$$\begin{array}{cc}& P_1=E(T,0,0,T),P_2=E(x_2,0,T_M,t_2),P_3=E(x_3,0,T_M,t_3),\hfill \\ & x_2=\frac{2T}{2}+\frac{T}{2}\rho ,t_2=\frac{T}{2}+\frac{2T}{2}\rho ,\rho \sqrt{1\frac{T_M^2}{1T}},E=\frac{Q}{2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4)
The fractions $`x_3`$ and $`t_3`$ are obtained from $`2=T+x_2+x_3`$ and $`T=t_2+t_3`$.

There are essentially three underlying configurations for the hard partons according to which is the parton momentum corresponding to the gluon. We denote by $`\delta `$ the configuration in which the momentum of the hard gluon is $`P_\delta `$. In Fig. 1 we represent the three Born configurations.

Beyond the Born level, the three hard parton momenta $`p_a`$ no longer lie in the plane but are displaced from $`P_a`$ by “soft recoils” $`q_a`$:

$$p_a=P_a+q_a.$$
(5)
As we have shown in , finite rescaling of the in-plane momenta $`p_{az}`$, $`p_{2y},p_{3y}`$, due to hard collinear splittings, gets absorbed into the first hard correction to the emission probability of soft gluons, which is then resummed and embodied into the radiator. Bearing this in mind, all recoils $`q_a`$ and the secondary parton momenta $`k_i`$ can be treated as small (soft).

Due to the fact that $`p_{az}P_{az}=𝒪\left(Q\right)`$, $`p_{2y}P_{2y}=𝒪\left(Q\right)`$ and $`p_{3y}P_{3y}=𝒪\left(Q\right)`$, the five soft in-plane recoil components $`q_{az},q_{2y},q_{3y}`$ can be neglected both in the definition of the event plane and in the soft matrix elements. Then, the definition of the event plane involves the remaining four recoil components and results in the following kinematical constraints:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \stackrel{}{q}_{1t}+\underset{R}{}\stackrel{}{k}_{it}=0,\stackrel{}{q}_{1t}(q_{1x},q_{1y}),\stackrel{}{k}_{it}(k_{ix},k_{iy})\hfill \\ & q_{2x}+q_{1x}^++\underset{U}{}k_{ix}=0,q_{3x}+q_{1x}^{}+\underset{D}{}k_{ix}=0,q_{1x}^\pm q_{1x}\vartheta (\pm q_{1y}),\hfill \end{array}$$
(6)
where we denote by $`R,L,U`$ and $`D`$ the right-, left-, up- and down- phase space regions, see Fig. 1. The total and the right-hemisphere $`K_{\text{out}}`$ become

$$\begin{array}{cc}& K_{\text{out}}^T=|q_{1x}|+|q_{2x}|+|q_{3x}|+\underset{i}{}|k_{ix}|,K_{\text{out}}^R=|q_{1x}|+\underset{iR}{}|k_{ix}|.\hfill \end{array}$$
(7)
### 2.2 Resummed distribution for $`K_{\text{out}}Q`$

We study the integrated $`K_{\text{out}}`$-distribution defined as

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \frac{d\sigma ^T(K_{\text{out}})}{dTdT_M}=Q^5\underset{m}{}𝑑\sigma _m\delta ^3(\underset{hR}{}\stackrel{}{p}_h\stackrel{}{P}_1)\delta ^2(\underset{hU}{}\stackrel{}{p}_{ht}\stackrel{}{P}_{2t})\vartheta (K_{\text{out}}\underset{h=1}{\overset{m}{}}|p_{hx}|),\end{array}$$
(8)
where $`m`$ denotes the number of final particles with momenta $`p_h`$. The two delta-functions fix the event plane and the theta-function defines the observable. For the total-$`K_{\text{out}}`$ case ($`K_{\text{out}}^T`$) the sum runs over all particles in the event. Analogously we define the right distribution $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ by restricting the sum over particles in the theta-function of (8) to those belonging to the right hemisphere.

In the near-to-planar “three-jet region” (1), the distributions in $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ or in $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ are factorized in the form

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \frac{d\sigma ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})}{dTdT_M}=c(\alpha _\text{s})\underset{\delta =1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{d\sigma _\delta ^{(0)}}{dTdT_M}\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}}).\end{array}$$
(9)
The factor $`d\sigma _\delta ^{(0)}/dTdT_M`$ is the three-jet differential Born cross section in the configuration $`\delta `$. The factor $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}`$ accounts for the soft radiation emitted by the hard $`q\overline{q},g`$ system. The first factor

$$c(\alpha _\text{s})=1+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right)$$

is the non-logarithmic coefficient function which takes into account corrections due to hard large-angle radiation not included in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})`$. The distribution $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})& =\underset{n}{}\frac{1}{n!}𝑑H_n^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})\underset{i}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{d^3k_i}{\pi \omega _i}M_{n,\delta }^2.\hfill \end{array}$$
(10)
Here $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$ is the distribution for the emission of $`n`$ soft partons from the primary $`q\overline{q},g`$ system in the configuration $`\delta `$ and $`dH_n^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})`$ is (a part of) the phase space, involving the three-jet kinematics (6) and the observable (7).

The procedure used to resum the PT contributions of the $`K_{\text{out}}`$-distribution is described in detail in  and recalled in Appendix A. The essential point which allows resummation of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})`$ is the factorization of the soft distribution $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$ and of the phase space $`dH_n^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})`$. To achieve SL accuracy one needs to consider the soft emission factorization of $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$ at the two-loop level.

Resummation employs the Mellin–Fourier representation of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})`$ and gives rise to the exponential of the radiator. To describe this structure (see , Appendices A and B), we start from the phase space factor $`dH_n^T`$ which is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}& dH_n^T(K_{\text{out}})d^2\stackrel{}{q}_{1t}dq_{2x}dq_{3x}\vartheta (K_{\text{out}}\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\left|q_{ax}\right|\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}|k_{ix}|)\hfill \\ & \times \delta ^2\left(\stackrel{}{q}_{1t}+\underset{R}{}\stackrel{}{k}_{it}\right)\delta \left(q_{2x}+q_{1x}^++\underset{U}{}k_{ix}\right)\delta \left(q_{3x}+q_{1x}^{}+\underset{D}{}k_{ix}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(11)
where the delta functions define the event plane (6). Correspondingly, the phase space factor $`dH_n^R`$ involves only partons emitted in the right region:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill dH_n^R(K_{\text{out}})& dq_{1x}\vartheta (K_{\text{out}}\left|q_{1x}\right|\underset{R}{}|k_{ix}|)\delta \left(q_{1x}+\underset{R}{}k_{ix}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(12)
In the latter case, since the distribution is insensitive to the soft recoil components $`q_{2x},q_{3x}`$ and $`q_{1y}`$, they can be neglected in the matrix element and integrated over.

To factorize the multi-parton emissions in the phase space factors $`dH_n^{T/R}`$ we use the Mellin and Fourier representations for the theta- and delta-functions in (11) and (12). This results in

$$dH_n^{T/R}=\frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2\pi i\nu }𝑑h_n^{T/R},dh_n^{T/R}=𝑑\mu ^{T/R}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}u^{T/R}(k_i),$$
(13)
where the integration elements $`d\mu ^{T/R}`$ and the parton sources $`u^{T/R}(k_i)`$ are described in Appendix A and B. Here we report some essential points concerning the integration and the sources.

##### Integration.

For the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case we need to introduce four Fourier variables $`\gamma ,\beta _a`$ conjugated with $`q_{1y}`$ and $`q_{ax}`$, respectively. For the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case only one Fourier variable $`\beta `$ conjugated with $`q_{1x}`$ is needed. The two integrations are

$$\begin{array}{cc}& 𝑑\mu ^T\frac{\nu ^4}{8}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma dq_{1y}}{2\pi }\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _adq_{ax}}{\pi }V^T(\gamma ,\beta ,q),\hfill \\ & 𝑑\mu ^R\frac{\nu }{2}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta dq_{1x}}{\pi }V^R(\beta ,q_{1x}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(14)
Here we have rescaled the Fourier variables by $`\nu `$, so that they are dimensionless. The functions $`V^{T/R}`$ are given in (114) and (127). They are the Mellin–Fourier factors involving the recoil momenta.

##### Sources.

The soft-parton sources $`u^{T/R}(k_i)`$ contain Mellin – Fourier factors involving the secondary parton momenta. The sources enter as the factors $`[u(k_i)1]`$ integrated with the radiation probability $`dw(k_i)`$, where the subtraction unity corresponds to the virtual contribution. The source function tends to unity, $`u(k_i)1`$, when $`k_i`$ becomes collinear to one of the radiating hard partons $`p_a`$. This ensures cancellation of the singularities in the soft matrix element $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$.

As has been already mentioned, for the sake of the PT-resummation the parton recoil effects can be neglected in the soft matrix element , so that we can take $`u(k_i)1`$ for $`k_i`$ collinear to the skeleton-momenta $`P_a`$ (see (113) and (128)). In the calculation of the NP corrections, however, it is essential to keep the recoil in the soft matrix element, so as described in detail in Appendix B. This makes it necessary to accurately define the sources with account of the recoil as well, as to preserve the real-virtual cancellations in the collinear limit, see (148) and (163).

The $`K_{\text{out}}`$-distributions share this feature with the broadenings . In both cases the observables are uniform in secondary parton rapidities. In our case, accumulation of the NP contribution to $`K_{\text{out}}`$ over large rapidities is bounded by the mismatch between the actual parton momentum $`p_a`$ and the corresponding “Born” momentum $`P_a`$ (which lies in the event plane). Thus, the rapidity integrals turn out to be essentially the logarithm of the angle between the hard parton $`\mathrm{\#}a`$ and the event plane.

From (13) we obtain the Mellin representation of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})`$:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})=\frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2\pi i\nu }\sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu ),$$
(15)
where the contour runs parallel to the imaginary axis with $`Re\nu >0`$. The Mellin moment $`\sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu )`$ is given by the sum, see (10),

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu )=\underset{n}{}\frac{1}{n!}𝑑h_n^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}})\underset{i}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{d^3k_i}{\pi \omega _i}M_{n,\delta }^2\hfill \\ & =𝑑\mu ^{T/R}\left\{\underset{n}{}\frac{1}{n!}\underset{i}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{d^3k_i}{\pi \omega _i}u^{T/R}(k_i)M_{n,\delta }^2\right\}=𝑑\mu ^{T/R}e^{^{T/R}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(16)
where the radiator $`^{T/R}`$ at SL level is obtained by using soft emission factorization of $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$ at two loops. The radiator depends on the hard momenta $`P_a`$, the Mellin and Fourier variables and, in general, on the recoil momenta.

The Mellin moment $`\sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu )`$ is a regular function of $`\nu `$ in the entire complex plane. It decreases for $`Re\nu \mathrm{}`$ so that

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}}<0)=0.$$
(17)
The fact that $`\sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu )e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}^m}`$ for $`Re\nu \mathrm{}`$, where $`K_{\text{out}}^m`$ is the maximum kinematical value of $`K_{\text{out}}^{T/R}`$, ensures that

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K_{\text{out}}>K_{\text{out}}^m)=\sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(0)=1.$$
(18)
The near-to-planar kinematics $`K_{\text{out}}Q`$ corresponds to the region of the Mellin variable $`Q\nu 1`$.

### 2.3 NP correction to the mean

From the Mellin representation (15), we formally get

$$K_{\text{out}}^{T/R}_\delta _0^{\mathrm{}}K𝑑K\frac{d\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}(K)}{dK}=_\nu \sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu )|_{\nu =0},$$
(19)
where, due to (18), the integration over $`K`$ has been extended to infinity. This quantity, at the PT level, is determined by the region $`K_{\text{out}}Q`$ where the soft approximation is invalid. However, the NP correction originates, in any case, from the region of small (transverse) momenta of the order of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$. Therefore the NP correction to the mean $`K_{\text{out}}^{T/R}`$ can be computed within the present formalism based on the soft factorization. The NP correction to the mean is then obtained, according to (19), from the NP contribution to $`\sigma _\delta ^{T/R}(\nu )`$ at $`\nu =0`$. Even though $`Q\nu =𝒪\left(1\right)`$, the NP answer is still dominated by small secondary gluon momenta, that is, by large values of the Fourier variables $`\beta _a`$ and $`\gamma `$: $`Q\nu \beta _aQ\nu \gamma 1`$.

### 2.4 $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case: NP radiator and recollection of PT results

We discuss the structure of the PT and NP components of the radiator for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution. The detailed calculation of the NP corrections are given in Appendix B. We also recall the essential points of the PT results both for the radiator and the distribution (see  and Appendix A), which are needed to derive the NP corrections in the next section. In this subsection we suppress the index $`T`$ and the index $`\delta `$ marking the jet configuration.

#### 2.4.1 $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$-radiator

The radiator for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution has PT and NP components:

$$(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma ,q)=^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma )+\delta (q).$$
(20)
The PT contribution depends on the Fourier variables but is independent of the recoil momenta. (As mentioned, recoil effects at PT level produce corrections that are beyond the SL accuracy, see ). On the contrary, the NP correction depends on the out-of-plane $`x`$-components of the recoil momenta but does not depend on $`\gamma ,\beta _a`$.

We first address the NP contribution to the radiator calculated in detail in Appendix B. We have

$$\delta (q)=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{ax}|}.$$
(21)
We comment on this expression.

* $`C_a`$ is the colour charge of parton $`\mathrm{\#}a`$ in the configuration $`\delta `$ (here implicit). For instance, for the most probable configuration $`\delta =3`$ in which the gluon is the least energetic of the three hard partons, we have $`C_1=C_2=C_F`$ and $`C_3=N_c`$.
* Expression (21) is obtained by linearizing the sources $`u^T(k_i)`$. The NP parameter $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$ defined in (159), has dimension of mass and is responsible for $`1/Q`$ power corrections to jet observables.
* Linearization makes $`\delta `$ proportional to the Mellin variable $`\nu `$ which, in turn, implies that the NP correction emerges essentially as a shift in $`K_{\text{out}}`$.
* The logarithmic behaviour in $`|q_{ax}|`$ comes from the soft gluon rapidity integration which is bounded by the rapidity of the parton $`p_a`$, with rapidities defined with respect to the corresponding Born momenta $`P_a`$. (Radiation at smaller angles corresponds to collinear splitting and does not contribute to the observable due to real-virtual cancellation.)
* The hard NP scale $`Q_a^{\text{NP}}Q`$ associated with hard parton $`\mathrm{\#}a`$ contains two factors:

$$Q_a^{\text{NP}}=Q_a\zeta ^{\text{NP}},\zeta ^{\text{NP}}=2e^2$$
(22)
The rescaling factor $`\zeta ^{\text{NP}}`$ is defined in (156) and originates as a constant leftover after the real-virtual cancellation of collinear singularities in the NP radiation.

The first factor $`Q_a`$ is determined by large-angle soft emissions and is sensitive to the geometry of the event as it depends on the angles between jets. In the configuration $`\delta `$ one has

$$Q_b^2=Q_c^2=2(P_bP_c),Q_\delta ^2=\frac{2(P_bP_\delta )(P_\delta P_c)}{(P_bP_c)},$$
(23)
where $`b,c\delta `$ denote the quark-antiquark indices. The scales for the fermions are equal to the invariant mass of the quark-antiquark dipole. For the gluon, $`Q_\delta `$ is the invariant gluon transverse momentum with respect to the $`q\overline{q}`$ pair. (Notice that when the gluon becomes collinear to the quark or the antiquark, the scale $`Q_\delta `$ decreases and the non-Abelian contribution reduces.)
* The NP radiator does not depend on the Fourier variables $`\beta _a,\gamma `$. As in the case of broadening, see , this is due to the fact that the contributions linear in $`k_x`$ or $`k_y`$ vanish, and the $`\beta _a,\gamma `$–dependence of the radiator emerges only at the $`1/Q^2`$ level.
* Since the NP radiator depends on $`q_{ax}`$, the way it affects the $`K_{\text{out}}`$-distribution depends on the PT distributions in parton recoils.

The NP corrections to the integrated distribution $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})`$ that correspond to the NP radiator $`\delta `$ are analyzed in the next section.

Now we recall the structure of the PT radiator in (20) (for details see Appendix A):

$$\begin{array}{cc}& ^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma )=\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta _{12},\beta _{13},\gamma )+R_2(\rho _2)+R_3(\rho _3),\hfill \\ & \text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta _{12},\beta _{13},\gamma )_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dy}{\pi (1+y^2)}\left\{R_1(\rho _{12})+R_1(\rho _{13})\right\}\hfill \end{array}$$
(24)
with ($`\beta _{1a}=\beta _1+\beta _a`$)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \rho _{12}& \overline{\nu }\sqrt{(1i\gamma y)^2+\beta _{12}^2},\rho _{13}\overline{\nu }\sqrt{(1+i\gamma y)^2+\beta _{13}^2},\hfill \\ \hfill \rho _a& \overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2},a=2,3,\overline{\nu }=e^{\gamma _E}\nu .\hfill \end{array}$$
(25)
The three terms of $`^{\text{PT}}`$ in (24) describe the radiation from partons #1, #2 and #3, respectively. The two pieces of $`\text{R}_1`$ correspond to secondary gluon emission in the Up ($`k_y>0`$) and Down hemispheres ($`k_y<0`$). The function $`R_a(\rho )`$ is the two-loop single-jet radiator given by

$$R_a(\rho )C_ar(\rho ,Q_a^{\text{PT}}),r(\rho ,Q_a^{\text{PT}})=\frac{2}{\pi }_{1/\rho }^{Q_a^{\text{PT}}}\frac{dk_x}{k_x}\alpha _\text{s}(2k_x)\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{PT}}}{k_x},$$
(26)
with the running coupling in the physical (“bremsstrahlung”; CMW) scheme . (The factor $`2`$ in the argument of the running coupling originates after the integration over the in-plane component of the transverse momentum.) The perturbative hard scales are again composed of two factors:

$$Q_a^{\text{PT}}=Q_a\zeta _a^{\text{PT}},\zeta _a^{\text{PT}}=\frac{1}{2}e^{3/4}\text{for}a\delta (q\text{or}\overline{q}),\zeta _a^{\text{PT}}=\frac{1}{2}e^{\beta _0/4N_c}\text{for}a=\delta (g).$$
(27)
The first are the same geometry-dependent factors (23) as in the NP scales, that account for soft large-angle emission. The second factors are hard SL corrections due to collinear quark ($`3C_F`$) and gluon ($`\beta _0`$) splittings. (The factor $`1/2`$ in $`\zeta _a^{\text{PT}}`$, again, comes from the integration over the in-plane components.)

The function $`r`$ contains both DL ($`\alpha _\text{s}^nL^{n+1}`$) and SL ($`\alpha _\text{s}^nL^n`$) contributions, with $`L=\mathrm{ln}\rho Q`$ and $`n1`$. The precise value of the hard scale and, in particular, the geometry of the event, is relevant only at SL level.

The same is true for the dependence of the functions $`\rho `$ in (25) on the Fourier variables $`\beta _a,\gamma `$, provided the latter are finite. This is the situation one encounters when calculating the PT distribution. Here the $`\beta _a,\gamma `$–integrals are well convergent so that $`\beta _a,\gamma =𝒪\left(1\right)`$ and we can simplify the $`\beta _a,\gamma `$–dependence by expanding the logarithmic functions $`R_a`$ in (24) to SL accuracy as

$$r(\rho ,Q_a^{\text{PT}})=r(\overline{\nu },Q_a^{\text{PT}})+\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{\rho }{\overline{\nu }}\right)r^{}(\nu ,Q_a^{\text{PT}})+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right),$$
(28)
where

$$r^{}(\nu ,Q)=\nu _\nu r(\nu ,Q)=\frac{2\alpha _\text{s}(1/\nu )}{\pi }\mathrm{ln}(\nu Q).$$
(29)
Since $`r^{}`$ is a SL function, we do not need to care about the precise expression for the hard scale in (29) and about the difference between $`\nu `$, $`\overline{\nu }`$, $`\nu /2`$ or alike.

Physically, the dominant integration region $`\beta _a,\gamma =𝒪\left(1\right)`$ corresponds to the situation when the hard parton recoils and the secondary parton momenta are of the same order:

$$\left|q_{ax}\right|\left|k_{ix}\right|K_{\text{out}}.$$

Using (28) we derive then, with SL accuracy,

$$^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma )\underset{a}{}R_a(\overline{\nu })+S(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma ).$$
(30)
where $`S`$ is the SL function

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S=R_1^{}(\nu )_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dy}{\pi (1+y^2)}& \mathrm{ln}\sqrt{\left((1i\gamma y)^2+\beta _{12}^2\right)\left((1+i\gamma y)^2+\beta _{13}^2\right)}\hfill \\ & +\underset{a=2,3}{}R_a^{}(\nu )\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2},\hfill \end{array}$$
(31)
and $`R_a^{}(\nu )=C_ar^{}(\nu ,Q)`$. In the expression (30), the geometry of the event enters through the DL radiators $`R_a(\overline{\nu })`$ while the SL function $`S`$ contains the Fourier variable dependence and embodies hard parton recoil effects. Through the colour factors in (31), the recoil effects depend on the specific configuration $`\delta `$.

Let us stress that the approximate expression (30) can be used only if the $`\beta _a,\gamma `$–integrals converge, which is the case of the PT distribution. In the evaluation of the NP correction instead, one encounters poorly convergent (logarithmic) $`\beta _a,\gamma `$–integrals and we cannot use the approximation (30) but have to employ the full expression (24).

#### 2.4.2 Recollection of the PT distribution in $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$

Since the PT radiator is recoil-insensitive, we can freely integrate over $`q_{1y}`$ and $`q_{ax}`$. The integrals in the Fourier variables are convergent, so that we can use the approximation (30) and obtain, to SL accuracy, the final result

$$\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )=𝑑\mu ^Te^{^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\gamma ,\beta )}=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle R_a(\overline{\nu })}}_T(\nu ),_T(\nu )=𝑑\mu ^Te^{S(\nu ,\gamma ,\beta )},$$
(32)
where $`d\mu ^T`$ is the integration introduced in (14). Here $`_T(\nu )`$ depends on $`\nu `$ via the SL function $`r^{}(\nu ,Q)`$ and has been computed in . To first order in $`r^{}`$ one has

$$_T(\nu )=1\mathrm{ln}2r^{}\left(\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}C_1+C_2+C_3\right)+𝒪\left(r_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right)R_a^{}=C_ar^{}(\nu ,Q).$$
(33)
We now recall how to compute the distribution, i.e. how to perform the $`\nu `$–integral in the Mellin representation (15). To this end we use the identity

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})& =\frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2\pi i\nu }\left\{e^{{\scriptscriptstyle R_a(\overline{\nu })}}_T(\nu )\right\}\hfill \\ & =e^{{\scriptscriptstyle R_a(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1e^_z)}}_T(K_{\text{out}}^1e^_z)\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+z)}|_{z=0},\overline{K}_{\text{out}}=e^{\gamma _E}K_{\text{out}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(34)
The action of this differential operator on the function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^1(1+z)`$ reduces, within the adopted accuracy, simply to replacing $`z`$ with $`R_T^{}`$. The PT distribution to SL accuracy takes the form

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})e^{_aR_a\left(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1\right)}\frac{_T(K_{\text{out}}^1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+R_T^{})},R_T^{}C_Tr^{}(K_{\text{out}}^1,Q),\end{array}$$
(35)
with $`C_T=2C_F+N_c`$ the total colour charge. Dependence on the geometry enters through the hard scales in the DL radiators $`R_a(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1)`$, while the hard parton recoils build up the SL correction factor $`_T(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$.

The rôle of recoil effects and the event-plane kinematics can be seen already in the first-order expansion in $`\alpha _\text{s}`$. Using the expansion of $`_T`$ given in (33), for the differential distribution we obtain

$$\frac{d\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})}{d\mathrm{ln}K_{\text{out}}}=\frac{2\alpha _\text{s}}{\pi }\left\{C_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_1^{\text{PT}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+C_2\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_2^{\text{PT}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+C_3\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_3^{\text{PT}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\right\}+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}^2\right).$$
(36)
Gluon emission off the parton $`p_a`$ has its characteristic hard scale $`Q_a^{\text{PT}}`$. The additional factors $`4`$ and $`2`$, that enter the hard scales, originate from the SL function $`_T`$ in (33) and have a simple kinematical origin. The standard definition of the event plane implies that when the secondary gluon is emitted in the right hemisphere (see Fig. 2b), all three hard partons experience equal recoils,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill k_z>0,& k_y>0:p_{1x}=k_x=p_{2x}=p_{3x}\hfill \\ & k_y<0:p_{1x}=k_x=p_{2x}=p_{3x}\hfill \end{array}\}|k_x|=\frac{K_{\text{out}}}{4}.$$
(37)
On the other hand, for the secondary gluon in the left hemisphere (see Fig. 2c and 2d), only one parton recoils against it:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill k_z<0,& k_y>0:p_{2x}=k_x;p_{1x}=p_{3x}=0\hfill \\ & k_y<0:p_{3x}=k_x;p_{1x}=p_{2x}=0\hfill \end{array}\}|k_x|=\frac{K_{\text{out}}}{2}.$$
(38)
These are the factors $`4`$ or $`2`$ entering the scales in (36).

### 2.5 $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case: NP radiator and recollection of PT results

Here we describe how the results of the previous subsection change in the case of the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution. (In this subsection the suppressed indices $`R`$ and $`\delta `$ are implied.)

#### 2.5.1 $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$-radiator

As in the previous case, the radiator for the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution has PT and NP components:

$$(\nu ,\beta ,q_{1x})=^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta )+\delta (q_{1x}).$$
(39)
The PT radiator does not depend on $`q_{1x}`$ while the NP correction does not depend on $`\beta `$.

The NP correction is described in details in Appendix B. Since the observable accumulates only particles emitted in the right hemisphere which contains only one hard parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$, the NP radiator can be written as

$$\delta (q_{1x})=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{1x}|}.$$
(40)
Subleading contributions due to radiation into the $`R`$ hemisphere off the $`L`$-hemisphere partons are embodied in the hard NP scale $`Q_1^{\text{NP}}Q`$. This new scale is not related to the NP hard scale (22) for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case.333Denoting, for the sake of simplicity, the hard scales for $`R`$\- and $`T`$-distributions by the same symbol does not cause confusion. Contrary to the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$–case, the hard scale in (33) does not have a simple geometrical interpretation. This is due to the fact that particle selection in the $`R`$-hemisphere is “unnatural” for the two-parton antenna dipoles that determine the structure of the accompanying soft radiation in the three-jet event. The procedure for computing the $`R`$-scale in (40) is described in Appendix B.5.

To evaluate the effect of the NP radiator upon the distribution we need to know the PT radiator. It has been computed in  (see also Appendix A) and reads

$$^{\text{PT}}(\nu \beta )=R_1(\rho )=C_1r(\rho ,Q_1^{\text{PT}}),\rho =\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2},$$
(41)
with $`r`$ the DL function defined in (26). The hard PT scale $`Q_1^{\text{PT}}Q`$ associated with the soft parton emission in the right region, does not coincide with the hard scale (27) for the PT $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$-radiator and, once again, does not have a simple geometrical meaning.

#### 2.5.2 Recollection of the PT distribution in $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$

The situation here is simpler than before since we have a single Fourier variable $`\beta `$. Neglecting the NP radiator, the $`q_{1x}`$-integral can be freely performed and one obtains

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})=\frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2i\pi \nu }\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu ),\sigma ^{PT}(\nu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta }{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)}.$$
(42)
By using the identity

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})=e^{R_1\left(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1e^_z\right)}\frac{f(z)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+z)},f(z)=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\frac{1+z}{2}\right)}{\sqrt{\pi }\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\frac{1}{2}z)},$$
(43)
we obtain the SL expression of the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})e^{R_1\left(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1\right)}\frac{f(R_1^{})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+R_1^{})},R_1^{}C_1r^{}(K_{\text{out}}^1,Q),\hfill \end{array}$$
(44)
with corrections beyond SL accuracy. In general we introduce the jet $`\mathrm{\#}a`$ function

$$_a(\nu )=e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _ae^{R_a\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}f(R_a^{}(\nu )).R_a^{}(\nu )C_ar^{}(\nu ,Q),$$
(45)
As before, the $`𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right)`$ expansion of the differential distribution shows that the SL corrections have a simple kinematical explanation. From $`f(R_a^{})1\mathrm{ln}2R_a^{}`$ we obtain

$$\frac{d\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})}{d\mathrm{ln}K_{\text{out}}}=\frac{2\alpha _\text{s}}{\pi }C_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_1^{\text{PT}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}^2\right).$$
(46)
The additional factor 2 in the scale has the following interpretation. When a single gluon $`k`$ is emitted in the $`R`$-hemisphere (see Fig. 2b) all four partons, as we already know, experience equal recoils, $`|k_x|`$. Counting only the $`R`$-hemisphere particles we have $`K_{\text{out}}=2|k_x|`$.

## 3 NP correction to the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution and mean

(In this section the suppressed indices $`T`$ and $`\delta `$ are implicit, unless explicitly needed.) Taking into account the NP radiator (21) we obtain, in the linear approximation in $`1/Q`$, (see Appendix B)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma (\nu )& =𝑑\mu ^Te^{(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma ,q)}=𝑑\mu ^Te^{^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma )}\underset{a}{}\left(\frac{|q_{ax}|}{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}\right)^{\nu C_a\lambda ^{\text{NP}}}\hfill \\ & =𝑑\mu ^Te^{^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta ,\gamma )}\left\{1\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\left[\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_a^{\text{NP}})+\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a(\beta ,\gamma )\right]\right\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(47)
The unity in the curly brackets gives the PT contribution, while the second term describes the leading NP correction. The functions $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a`$ are given in Appendix B. They depend only on the Fourier variables and are constructed with use of the function $`\chi (\beta )`$:

$$\chi (\beta )=\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}+\beta \mathrm{tan}^1\beta =\left|\beta \right|\frac{\pi }{2}+\chi ^{}(\beta ),_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta }{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}\chi ^{}(\beta )=0,$$
(48)
with $`\chi ^{}(\beta )=𝒪\left(\mathrm{ln}|\beta |\right)`$ for large $`\beta `$. For $`a=2,3`$ we have $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a=\chi (\beta _a)`$. The function $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1(\beta ,\gamma )`$ contains the combination of $`\chi (\beta _{12})`$ and $`\chi (\beta _{13})`$ and is defined in (169).

Equation (48) shows that the functions $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a`$ linearly grow for large $`\left|\beta _a\right|`$, and this makes the structure of the NP corrections quite different from that of the PT contributions. Indeed, for the PT contribution the Fourier variable integrations in $`d\mu ^T`$ are rapidly convergent, so that all soft momenta are of order $`K_{\text{out}}`$. For the NP corrections, due to the presence of the $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a`$ functions, the Fourier variable integrations in $`d\mu ^T`$ become logarithmic. This implies that the phase space regions with the secondary gluon momenta much smaller than $`K_{\text{out}}`$ become important.

From (32) and (47) we obtain

$$\sigma (\nu )=\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_af_a(\nu ),$$
(49)
where

$$\begin{array}{cc}& f_a(\nu )=\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_a^{\text{NP}})+\stackrel{~}{f}_a(\nu ),\stackrel{~}{f}_a(\nu )=𝑑\mu ^T\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a(\beta ,\gamma )e^{^{\text{PT}}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\gamma )}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(50)
The functions $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$ are analyzed in Appendix C. We show that they are given by an integral similar to the one for the PT contribution to the Mellin moment, except for the presence of the $`\chi `$ functions in the integrand:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )& =_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{d\beta _a}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}𝒮(\nu ,\beta _1,\beta _{23})e^{R_2\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right)R_3\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _3^2}\right)},\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{~}{f}_a(\nu )& =_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{d\beta _a}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}𝒮(\nu ,\beta _1,\beta _{23})e^{R_2\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right)R_3\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _3^2}\right)}\chi (\beta _a),\hfill \end{array}$$
(51)
where $`\beta _{23}=\beta _2+\beta _3`$. The factor $`𝒮`$ is the contribution of the parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ (see Appendix A) and is given by

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})=e^{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,0)}\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }Ime^{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )},\beta _T\beta +\beta _{23},$$
(52)
with $`\text{R}_1`$ defined in (24).

The presence of the function $`\chi (\beta _a)`$, linearly growing with $`|\beta _a|`$, in the integrand of (51), makes the evaluation of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a(\nu )`$ quite involved. The large values of $`\beta _a,\gamma `$, corresponding to the recoil momenta much smaller than $`K_{\text{out}}`$, give the dominant contribution to $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$. In these circumstances we cannot use the SL expansion of the PT radiator (30) which simplified the calculation for finite values of the Fourier variables.

The strategy of the calculation is the following. We split $`\chi (\beta _a)`$ into two pieces (48). The contribution of $`\chi ^{}(\beta _a)`$ is evaluated by the same techniques that we used for the PT case. Indeed, since $`\chi ^{}(\beta _a)`$ is growing only logarithmically, the Fourier variable integrations remain convergent and we can use the SL expansion (30). The linear piece $`\frac{\pi }{2}|\beta _a|`$ which gives the leading contribution to $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a(\nu )`$ will be analyzed separately.

##### Result for $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$.

In this case the $`\beta _1`$–integration is logarithmic while the remaining $`\gamma ,\beta _2,\beta _3`$ integrals remain convergent. To analyze the leading piece we need to study the behaviour of $`𝒮`$ for large $`\beta _1`$ and finite $`\gamma ,\beta _2,\beta _3`$. In this limit the imaginary part of $`\text{R}_1`$ vanishes, and $`𝒮`$ reduces to the first term only, see Appendix C.1,

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta _1,\beta _T)e^{R_1(\rho _1)},\rho _{12},\rho _{13}\rho _1\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _1^2}.$$
(53)
This behaviour can be simply understood by considering the event-plane kinematics (37), (38). For $`\beta _1\mathrm{}`$ we are forcing parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ to stay in the plane by suppressing PT radiation off it. At the same time, radiation off the other two partons is not constrained, since parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ does not recoil when PT emission occurs in the $`L`$-hemisphere. As a result, $`𝒮`$ turns out to be simply the Sudakov suppression factor for not having PT gluon radiation off the parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$.

The leading piece of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$ is obtained by substituting $`\chi (\beta _1)\frac{\pi }{2}|\beta _1|`$ in (51) and using the approximation (53). All $`\beta _a`$ integrals are now factorized and we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )& \underset{a=2,3}{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _ae^{R_a\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho _1}{\rho _1}e^{R_1(\rho _1)}\hfill \\ & =\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}_2(\nu )_3(\nu )E_1(\overline{\nu }),\hfill \end{array}$$
(54)
with $`_a(\nu )`$ the SL functions defined in (45). The function $`E_1(\overline{\nu })`$ given by

$$E_1(\overline{\nu })=_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho }{\rho }e^{R_1(\rho )+R_1(\overline{\nu })}$$
(55)
has been studied in . Its properties are recalled in Appendix D.

Corrections to the leading behaviour of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$ are discussed in Appendix C. The SL result reads

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )=e^{_aR_a(\overline{\nu })}\left\{_2(\nu )_3(\nu )E_1(\overline{\nu })+𝒞_1(\nu )\right\},$$
(56)
with $`𝒞_1(\nu )`$ a SL function which vanishes for $`\nu =0`$ and is proportional to $`r^{}(\nu ,Q)`$.

The function $`E_1(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$ is related to the restricted average of $`\mathrm{ln}Q_1^{\text{NP}}/|q_{1x}|`$, under the condition $`|q_{1x}|K_{\text{out}}`$. To compute this average, we use the Sudakov distribution in the recoil momentum $`q=|q_{1x}|`$ of parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$,

$$𝒟_1(q)=\frac{d}{d\mathrm{ln}q}e^{R_1(q^1)},$$
(57)
and derive

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill L_1(K_{\text{out}})& \mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{1x}|}_{|q_{1x}|K_{\text{out}}}=e^{R_1(K_{\text{out}}^1)}_0^{K_{\text{out}}}\frac{dq}{q}𝒟_1(q)\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{q}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+E_1(K_{\text{out}}^1).\hfill \end{array}$$
(58)
From the behaviour of the function $`E_1`$, see (198) and (199), we obtain the leading terms of $`L_1`$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& L_1(K_{\text{out}})=\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\left(1+𝒪\left(\left(\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2\frac{Q}{K_{\text{out}}}\right)^1\right)\right),\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1,\hfill \\ & L_1(K_{\text{out}})=\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{1x}|}\left(1+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2\frac{Q}{K_{\text{out}}}\right)\right),\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1.\hfill \end{array}$$
(59)
The unrestricted average is given by

$$\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{1x}|}=E_1\left(\frac{1}{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}\right)=\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{C_1\alpha _\text{s}(Q)}}\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{PT}}}{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}\frac{\beta _0}{6C_1}+𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\right).$$
(60)
Up to corrections of order $`\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$ it is independent of the event geometry.

The restricted average $`L_1(K_{\text{out}})`$ is a decreasing function of $`K_{\text{out}}`$. It starts from $`\mathrm{ln}Q_1^{\text{NP}}/K_{\text{out}}`$ for very small $`K_{\text{out}}`$ ($`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$). With $`K_{\text{out}}`$ increasing, it freezes at the value of the unrestricted average $`E_1(1/Q_1^{\text{NP}})`$ at moderately small $`K_{\text{out}}`$ ($`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$), up to corrections of $`𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\right)`$.

##### Result for $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$ with $`a=2,3`$.

Consider for example the case of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$. Here the $`\beta _2`$ integration is logarithmic while the $`\beta _1,\beta _3`$ integrals converge. Evaluation of the leading behaviour of $`𝒮`$ for $`\beta _1,\beta _3\beta _2`$ is subtle. In this $`\beta `$–region the second term of $`𝒮`$ in (52) is not negligible any more since the $`\gamma `$–integration turns out to be logarithmic. As shown in Appendix C, the leading exponential contributions $`\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}R_1)`$ in the two terms of $`𝒮`$ cancel, and one is left with

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right)}.$$
(61)
This behaviour has the following physical explanation. For $`\beta _2\mathrm{}`$ we force $`p_2`$ to stay in the plane. From (37) we see that in this case also $`p_1`$ has to be devoid of PT radiation, since gluon emission off parton #1 would cause parton #2 recoiling. Therefore, the distribution for large $`\beta _2`$ is given by the product of the two Sudakov form factors: one from parton $`\mathrm{\#}2`$, giving $`\mathrm{exp}(R_2(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}))`$ and the other one from the parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ giving (61). Radiation off the parton $`\mathrm{\#}3`$ is not constrained.

The leading piece of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$ is obtained by substituting in (51) $`\chi (\beta _2)\frac{\pi }{2}|\beta _2|`$ and using the approximation (61). All $`\beta _a`$ integrals in (51) are now factorized. The $`\beta _1`$–integral gives $`1`$; the remaining two integrals produce

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{f}_2(\nu )& _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _3e^{R_3\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _3^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _3^2)}_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho }{\rho }e^{R_1(\rho )}e^{R_2(\rho )}\hfill \\ & =\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}_3(\nu )E_2(\overline{\nu }),\hfill \end{array}$$
(62)
where we used $`\rho =\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}`$. The function $`E_2`$ is defined as

$$E_a(\overline{\nu })=_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho }{\rho }e^{R_1(\rho )R_a(\rho )}e^{R_1(\overline{\nu })+R_a(\overline{\nu })}$$
(63)
with $`a=2`$ and is analyzed in Appendix D.2. Corrections to the leading behaviour of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$ are discussed in Appendix C. The answer to SL accuracy reads

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_2(\nu )=e^{{\scriptscriptstyle R_a(\overline{\nu })}}\left\{_3(\nu )E_2(\overline{\nu })+𝒞_2(\nu )\right\},$$
(64)
with $`𝒞_2(\nu )`$ a SL function which vanishes for $`\nu =0`$ and is proportional to $`r^{}(\nu ,Q)`$. The expression for $`\stackrel{~}{f}_3`$ is obtained from (64) by interchanging the labels #2 and #3.

The functions $`E_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$ with $`a=2,3`$ can be related, as above, with the average of $`\mathrm{ln}(Q_a^{\text{NP}}/|q_{ax}|)`$ under the condition $`|q_{ax}|K_{\text{out}}`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill L_a(K_{\text{out}})& \mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{ax}|}_{|q_{ax}|K_{\text{out}}}=e^{R_1(K_{\text{out}}^1)+R_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)}_0^{K_{\text{out}}}\frac{dq}{q}𝒟_a(q)\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{q}\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+E_a(K_{\text{out}}^1),\hfill \end{array}$$
(65)
where the PT distribution over the parton recoil $`|q_{ax}|`$ is given by (the logarithmic derivative of) the product of the Sudakov form factors of partons $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ and $`\mathrm{\#}a`$:

$$𝒟_a(q)=\frac{d}{d\mathrm{ln}q}e^{R_1(q^1)R_a(q^1)}.$$
(66)
From the behaviour of the functions $`E_a`$ (see (201) and (202)) we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}& L_a(K_{\text{out}})=\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\left(1+𝒪\left(\left(\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2\frac{Q}{K_{\text{out}}}\right)^1\right)\right),\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1,\hfill \\ & L_a(K_{\text{out}})=\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{ax}|}\left(1+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2\frac{Q}{K_{\text{out}}}\right)\right),\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1,\hfill \end{array}$$
(67)
where the unrestricted averages now read

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{ax}|}& =E_a(\frac{1}{Q_a^{\text{NP}}})\hfill \\ & \frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{(C_1+C_a)\alpha _\text{s}(Q)}}\frac{1}{C_1+C_a}\{C_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{PT}}}{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}+C_a\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{PT}}}{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}+\frac{\beta _0}{6}\},\hfill \end{array}$$
(68)
where we dropped corrections of absolute order $`\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$ (relative corrections $`𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right)`$). The diagonal ratios $`Q_a^{\text{PT}}/Q_a^{\text{NP}}`$ include only hard corrections to the scales. The non-diagonal ratios $`Q_1^{\text{PT}}/Q_a^{\text{NP}}`$, on the contrary, depend also on the event geometry.

### 3.1 Correction to the mean $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$

The NP correction to the mean is obtained from (19) and (49) by taking formally the limit $`\nu 0`$ of the functions $`f_a(\nu )`$, which actually means $`\nu Q=𝒪\left(1\right)`$. We get

$$K_{\text{out}}^R^{\text{NP}}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_af_a(0),f_a(0)=\underset{\nu 0}{lim}\left\{\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_a^{\text{NP}})+E_a(\overline{\nu })\right\},$$
(69)
where we used the fact that, for $`\nu =𝒪\left(1/Q\right)`$, we have $`R_a(\overline{\nu })0`$, $`_a(\nu )1`$, $`𝒞_a(\nu )0`$ and $`\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )1`$. The quantity in the curly brackets is $`L_a(\overline{\nu }^1)`$. We obtain, up to corrections of order $`\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$,

$$f_a(0)\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{ax}|},$$
(70)
with the average given in (60) and (68). The final result for the mean is then

$$K_{\text{out}}^T^{\text{NP}}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{ax}|}+𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\right).$$
(71)
By using the expansions (60) and (68) we get

$$K_{\text{out}}^T^{\text{NP}}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}(Q)}}\left(\sqrt{C_1}+\frac{C_2}{\sqrt{C_1+C_2}}+\frac{C_3}{\sqrt{C_1+C_3}}\right)+𝒪\left(1\right).$$
(72)
The legitimate constant term here can be restored from (60) and (68); it contains the ratios of hard PT and NP scales and depends on the geometry of the event.

The peculiar colour structure of (72) shows that, due to an interplay between the PT and NP effects, the three jets do not contribute independently to the mean.

### 3.2 The distribution

From the Mellin moment (49) one obtains the NP correction to the integrated distribution

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})+\delta \mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})$$
(73)
where

$$\delta \mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\psi _a(K_{\text{out}}),\psi _a(K_{\text{out}})=_{K_{\text{out}}}\frac{d\nu }{2\pi i\nu }e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}f_a(\nu ),$$
(74)
with $`f_a(\nu )`$ given in (50). To evaluate the Mellin integral we use the operator identity

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \psi _a(K_{\text{out}})=𝑑\mu ^Te^{^{\text{PT}}(e^_z,\beta ,\gamma )}\left\{\mathrm{ln}Q_a^{\text{NP}}_z+\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a(\beta ,\gamma )\right\}\frac{_{K_{\text{out}}}\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^z}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+z)}|_{z=0}\hfill \\ & =𝑑\mu ^Te^{^{\text{PT}}(e^_z,\beta ,\gamma )}\{\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{\overline{K}_{\text{out}}}+\psi (1+z)\frac{1}{z}+\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a(\beta ,\gamma )\}\frac{_{K_{\text{out}}}\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^z}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+z)}|_{z=0},\hfill \end{array}$$
(75)
where in the first line we have replaced $`\mathrm{ln}\nu `$ with $`_z`$.

Consider the two pieces of $`\psi _a`$ given by the first two and the last two terms in the curly brackets on the second line of (75). The first piece can be expressed in terms of the PT distribution as follows:

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \psi _a^{(1)}(K_{\text{out}})\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}}),\end{array}$$
(76)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}=\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{\overline{K}_{\text{out}}}+\psi (1+R_T^{})=\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\left(1+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right)\right).$$
(77)
Here we used the operator identity (34) in the form

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})=𝑑\mu ^Te^{^{\text{PT}}(e^_z,\beta ,\gamma )}\frac{\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^z}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+z)}|_{z=0},$$
(78)
and substituted $`R_T^{}`$ for $`z`$ with corrections of order $`𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right)`$. The contribution (76) to the NP correction $`\delta \mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})`$ clearly has the form of a shift of the PT distribution.

In a similar way we calculate the second contribution to $`\psi _a(K_{\text{out}})`$ given by the last two terms in the curly brackets of (75). Neglecting corrections of order $`\alpha _\text{s}`$ we have444The substitution of $`z`$ with $`R_T^{}`$ is in general correct only for regular functions of $`z`$. Actually here we can apply the substitution for the function $`1/z`$ since the singularity cancels. With more cumbersome algebra one can avoid this intermediate step altogether.

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \psi _a^{(2)}(K_{\text{out}})\frac{1}{R_T^{}}_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})+\frac{_{K_{\text{out}}}\stackrel{~}{f}_a\left(K_{\text{out}}^1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1+R_T^{}\right)}.\end{array}$$
(79)
Let us show that the second term with the derivative of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$ generates a $`1/R_T^{}`$ contribution which cancels the singularity at $`R_T^{}=0`$ of the first term in (79). To verify this cancellation we consider the singular pieces of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$ containing the $`E_a`$ functions (see (54) and (62)).

We start from the leading piece of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$ in (54) and take the derivative to obtain

$$_{K_{\text{out}}}\stackrel{~}{f}_1\left(K_{\text{out}}^1\right)\frac{e^{{\scriptscriptstyle R_a\left(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1\right)}}}{K_{\text{out}}}_2(K_{\text{out}}^1)_3\left(K_{\text{out}}^1\right)\left\{1+(R_2^{}+R_3^{})E_1\left(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1\right)\right\}.$$
(80)
Using (35) and (45), we arrive at

$$\frac{_{K_{\text{out}}}\stackrel{~}{f}_1\left(K_{\text{out}}^1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+R_T^{})}\frac{_2_3}{_T}\left\{\frac{C_2+C_3}{C_T}E_1+\frac{1}{R_T^{}}\right\}\left(_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}\right),$$
(81)
with all functions in the r.h.s. evaluated at $`\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1`$. The second term is singular for $`R_T^{}0`$ and cancels with the $`1/R_T^{}`$ term in (79). (Notice that $`_T`$ and $`_a`$ tend to unity in this limit.)

Similar results are obtained from the leading pieces of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{f}_3`$. Taking the derivative of (62) we obtain

$$\frac{_{K_{\text{out}}}\stackrel{~}{f}_2\left(K_{\text{out}}^1\right)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+R_T^{})}\frac{_3}{_T}\left\{\frac{C_3}{C_T}E_2+\frac{1}{R_T^{}}\right\}\left(_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}\right),$$
(82)
and again the $`1/R_T^{}`$ singularity in (79) cancels.

The derivative of the subleading pieces $`𝒞_a`$ in the expressions (178) and (194) for $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$ is simpler to evaluate. We have

$$_{K_{\text{out}}}\left(\frac{𝒞_ae^{_bR_b}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+R_T^{})}\right)\frac{𝒞_a}{_T}_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}}),$$
(83)
where all functions are evaluated at $`\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1`$ and we used again (35).

In conclusion, the second piece $`\psi _a^{(2)}(K_{\text{out}})`$ of the NP corrections of the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$-distribution can also be written as a shift of the PT distribution. Up to corrections of relative order $`\alpha _\text{s}`$, we have

$$\psi _a^{(2)}(K_{\text{out}})\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(2)}_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}}),$$
(84)
where

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{\Delta }_1^{(2)}\frac{C_2+C_3}{C_T}\frac{_2_3}{_T}E_1+\frac{_2_3_T}{_TR_T^{}}+\frac{𝒞_1}{_T},\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Delta }_2^{(2)}\frac{C_3_3}{C_T_T}E_2+\frac{_3_T}{_TR_T^{}}+\frac{𝒞_2}{_T},\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Delta }_3^{(2)}\frac{C_2_2}{C_T_T}E_3+\frac{_2_T}{_TR_T^{}}+\frac{𝒞_3}{_T},\hfill \end{array}$$
(85)
with all functions evaluated at $`\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1`$. The first terms are the leading pieces. The second terms are SL functions regular for $`R_T^{}0`$ (the numerators vanish when $`r^{}0`$). The last terms are SL corrections which vanish with $`r^{}0`$.

Summing up the two corrections (76) and (84), $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a=\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}+\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(2)}`$, we finally obtain the expression for the NP shift

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})=\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})+\delta K_{\text{out}}_{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}}+\delta K_{\text{out}}),\end{array}$$
(86)
with

$$\delta K_{\text{out}}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\mathrm{\Delta }_a(K_{\text{out}}).$$
(87)
By expanding $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(2)}`$ and using the functions $`L_a(K_{\text{out}})`$ given in (58), (65) and describing the restricted averages, we arrive at

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \mathrm{\Delta }_1(K_{\text{out}})\frac{C_2+C_3}{C_T}\overline{L}_1(K_{\text{out}})+\frac{C_1}{C_T}\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}},\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Delta }_2(K_{\text{out}})\frac{C_3}{C_T}\overline{L}_2(K_{\text{out}})+\frac{C_1}{C_T}\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_2^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+\frac{C_2}{C_T}\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_2^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}},\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Delta }_3(K_{\text{out}})\frac{C_2}{C_T}\overline{L}_3(K_{\text{out}})+\frac{C_1}{C_T}\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_3^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+\frac{C_3}{C_T}\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_3^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(88)
Here we introduced the function $`\overline{L}_a(K_{\text{out}})=L_a(K_{\text{out}})\gamma _E`$ and we neglected corrections of relative order $`r^{}=𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}Q/K_{\text{out}}\right)`$.

To understand the structure of the result we consider two regimes.

##### $`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$.

This regime corresponds to well-developed PT cascades. From (59) and (67) we have $`L_a(K_{\text{out}})\mathrm{ln}(Q/K_{\text{out}})`$, so that the colour factors in (88) cancel and all $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a(K_{\text{out}})\mathrm{ln}(Q/K_{\text{out}})`$. For the shift we then simply have

$$\delta K_{\text{out}}\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\left(\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q}{K_{\text{out}}}+𝒪\left(1\right)\right).$$
(89)
In this regime multiple PT radiation causes all three hard partons to experience comparable recoil $`|q_{ax}|K_{\text{out}}`$. The NP radiation off each of the partons then averages to $`\mathrm{ln}Q_a^{\text{NP}}/|q_{ax}|\mathrm{ln}Q_a^{\text{NP}}/K_{\text{out}}`$ thus producing the above result.

##### $`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$.

In this regime there are only few secondary PT partons. Let us restrict ourselves to the first-order in $`\alpha _\text{s}`$, that is to emission of a single PT gluon:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}\delta K_{\text{out}}\frac{d\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}}{dK_{\text{out}}}\delta K_{\text{out}}\frac{R_T^{}}{K_{\text{out}}}\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}\delta K_{\text{out}}\frac{R_T^{}}{K_{\text{out}}}.$$
(90)
Observing that $`R_T^{}C_T`$, we can represent the characteristic product $`\delta K_{\text{out}}R_T^{}`$ in the following equivalent form:

$$\delta K_{\text{out}}R_T^{}=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}R_a^{}(K_{\text{out}}^1)\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(a)},$$
(91)
where (up to $`\alpha _\text{s}`$ corrections)

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \delta K_{\text{out}}^{(1)}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\left\{C_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+C_2\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_2^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+C_3\mathrm{ln}\frac{4Q_3^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\right\},\hfill \\ & \delta K_{\text{out}}^{(2)}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\left\{C_1\overline{L}_1(K_{\text{out}})+C_2\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_2^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}+C_3\overline{L}_3(K_{\text{out}})\right\},\hfill \\ & \delta K_{\text{out}}^{(3)}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}\left\{C_1\overline{L}_1(K_{\text{out}})+C_2\overline{L}_2(K_{\text{out}})+C_3\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_3^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\right\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(92)
Being accompanied by the factor $`R_a^{}(K_{\text{out}}^1)C_a`$ in (91), the contribution $`\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(a)}`$ to the NP shift corresponds to the PT gluon emission off the parton $`\mathrm{\#}a`$.

Thus, the shift $`\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(1)}`$ given by the first line in (92) arises when the PT gluon is emitted from $`p_1`$. In this case, as we know from (37), all partons undergo equal recoils, so that $`|q_{ax}|K_{\text{out}}/4`$. Each hard parton then contributes with $`C_a\mathrm{ln}Q_a^{\text{NP}}/|q_{ax}|C_a\mathrm{ln}(4Q_a^{\text{NP}})/K_{\text{out}}`$.

The shift $`\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(2)}`$ arises when the PT gluon is emitted from $`p_2`$. In this case only parton $`p_2`$ recoils with $`|q_{2x}|=K_{\text{out}}/2`$ (see (38)). In this situation, the NP gluon emitted from $`p_2`$ contributes to the shift, as before, $`C_2\mathrm{ln}Q_2^{\text{NP}}/|q_{2x}|C_2\mathrm{ln}(2Q_2^{\text{NP}})/K_{\text{out}}`$ (cf. the second term on the second line in (92)). When the NP radiation occurs off #1 and #3 the situation is entirely different. Since the partons #1 and #3 do not recoil against the PT gluon emission in the region #2 (up-left quadrant), the momenta $`p_1`$ and $`p_3`$ stay in the event plane. In these circumstances the NP radiation from #1 and #3 would diverge if not for the high-order Sudakov form factor effects that push the partons off the plane by certain $`q_x0`$. The corresponding averages of $`\mathrm{ln}Q_a^{\text{NP}}/|q_{ax}|`$, $`a=1,3`$ give the singular $`L`$-factors (58) and (65). In a similar way one can interpret various terms in $`\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(3)}`$.

We notice in conclusion that, using (86), the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$-distribution with account of the leading NP correction can be written in the form

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})e^{_aR_a\left(\overline{K}_a^1\right)}\frac{_T(K_{\text{out}}^1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+R_T^{})},\overline{K}_a=e^{\gamma _E}(K_{\text{out}}+\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(a)}).$$
(93)
where, up to correction of order $`r^{}`$, $`\delta K_{\text{out}}^{(a)}`$ are given in (92).

## 4 NP correction for the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution and mean

Here and in the rest of this section the indices $`R`$ and $`\delta `$ are implied. The integration over the recoil $`q_{1x}`$ gives (see (168) and (169))

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma (\nu )& =𝑑\mu ^Re^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)}\left(\frac{|q_{1x}|}{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}\right)^{\nu C_1\lambda ^{\text{NP}}}\hfill \\ & _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}\left\{1\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1\left[\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_1^{\text{NP}})+\chi (\beta )\right]\right\},\hfill \end{array}$$
(94)
with corrections of the second order in $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$. From (16) and (94) we obtain the Mellin moment

$$\sigma (\nu )\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1f_1(\nu ),f_1(\nu )=\sigma ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_1^{\text{NP}})+\stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu ),$$
(95)
where $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta \chi (\beta )}{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)}=e^{R_1(\overline{\nu })}\left\{E_1(\overline{\nu })+𝒞_1(\nu )\right\}.\end{array}$$
(96)
This is obtained by splitting the $`\chi (\beta )`$ function (see (48)). The function $`E_1(\overline{\nu })`$ is given in (55) (with the PT scale $`Q_1^{\text{PT}}`$ of the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case), and $`𝒞_1(\nu )`$ is the SL function

$$𝒞_1(\nu )_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta \chi ^{}(\beta )}{\pi }\left(\frac{1}{1+\beta ^2}\right)^{1+{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}C_1r^{}(\nu ,Q)}.$$
(97)
Here we used the expansion $`R_1(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2})R_1(\overline{\nu })\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}C_1r^{}(\nu ,Q)`$ since the $`\beta `$-integration is fastly convergent. We now analyze the NP corrections to the mean and the distribution.

##### Correction to the mean $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$.

The calculation is similar to that for the previous case. From (19), (95) and (96) we obtain

$$K_{\text{out}}^R_\delta ^{\text{NP}}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1f_1(0)\lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{1x}|},$$
(98)
with corrections of order $`\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$. The average value here is computed over the parton $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ distribution given in (57) (apart from the hard scale being the one for the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case).

##### Correction to the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution.

As before, from the Mellin moment (95) we obtain the NP correction to the distribution

$$\delta \mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_a\psi _1(K_{\text{out}}),\psi _1(K_{\text{out}})=_{K_{\text{out}}}\frac{d\nu }{2\pi i\nu }e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}f_1(\nu ).$$
(99)
To evaluate $`\psi _1`$ we use the operator identity

$$e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)}=e^{R_1\left(e^_z\right)}\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)^z|_{z=0}.$$
(100)
to get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \psi _1=e^{R_1\left(e^_z\right)}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}& \frac{d\beta }{\pi }\left(\frac{1}{1+\beta ^2}\right)^{1+\frac{z}{2}}(\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{\overline{K}_{\text{out}}}+\psi (1+z)\frac{1}{z}+\chi (\beta ))\frac{_{K_{\text{out}}}\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^z}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+z)}|_{z=0}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(101)
The integration over $`\chi (\beta )`$ generates a singular $`1/z`$ term:

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta \chi (\beta )}{\pi }(\frac{1}{1+\beta ^2})^{1+{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}z}=[\frac{1}{z}+\frac{1}{2}\psi (1+\frac{z}{2})\frac{1}{2}\psi \left(\frac{1+z}{2}\right)]_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta }{\pi }\left(\frac{1}{1+\beta ^2}\right)^{1+{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}z}.\end{array}$$
(102)
This means that inside the integrand of (101) we can replace

$$\frac{1}{z}+\chi (\beta )\frac{1}{2}\psi \left(1+\frac{z}{2}\right)\frac{1}{2}\psi \left(\frac{1+z}{2}\right).$$
(103)
We conclude that the singular $`1/z`$ term in (101) is cancelled by the contribution from the integral of the $`\chi (\beta )`$ function in (102).

Performing the $`\beta `$-integral in (101) we obtain the PT distribution ($`z`$ is substituted with $`R_1^{}`$). As for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case, the NP correction can be expressed as a shift

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}}+\delta K_{\text{out}}),\delta K_{\text{out}}=\lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1\mathrm{\Delta }_1(K_{\text{out}}),\end{array}$$
(104)
where

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Delta }_1(K_{\text{out}})& =\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{\overline{K}_{\text{out}}}+\psi (1+R_1^{})+\frac{1}{2}\psi \left(1+\frac{R_1^{}}{2}\right)\frac{1}{2}\psi \left(\frac{1+R_1^{}}{2}\right)\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{ln}\frac{2Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{K_{\text{out}}}\left(1+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right)\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(105)
We see that in this case we do not have any contribution from the singular $`E_1`$-function. This is due to the fact that in (103) the $`1/z`$ singularity was exactly cancelled by the integration over $`\chi `$-function. In the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case the corresponding cancellation was only partial.

The physical reason for this cancellation can be understood as follows. For the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution we are considering emissions only in the right hemisphere. In this case the parton #1 always recoils with $`|q_{1x}|K_{\text{out}}`$, be it the regime of well-developed PT cascades, $`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$, or the regime with few secondary partons, $`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$. (In this latter case even the finite factor $`2`$ in the scale can be explained from the event plane kinematics (37) and Fig. 2.)

## 5 Summary of relevant formulae and discussion

In this paper we have computed the leading NP correction to the out-of-plane momentum distribution defined in (8) in the kinematical region (1). We have studied the distributions in the variables $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ (see (2)) and $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ (see (3)). The NP results obtained here, together with the SL-resummed PT calculations carried out in , extend the accuracy of QCD description of CIS jet observables in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation processes beyond two-jet physics.

In spite of the relative complexity of three-jet ensembles, both PT and NP expressions have a clear physical interpretation based on simple QCD considerations and kinematical relations. One should expect that the present methods can be extended to other processes and CIS distributions in multi-jet environment.

We have analysed the NP corrections to the logarithmic “soft factor” $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})`$ in the general QCD expression (9) based on the QCD factorization of soft radiation. The corresponding non-logarithmic coefficient function is computed in .

The NP corrections have been obtained by using the dispersive method of Ref.  for defining the running coupling and triggering the NP effects in CIS observables. The characteristic NP parameter $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$ defined in (159) can be related, after merging of PT and NP contributions, with the integral of the running coupling over the infrared region. It is the same parameter that enters the NP corrections to distributions and means of two-jet observables such as thrust $`T`$, invariant jet masses $`M^2`$, the $`C`$-parameter and jet broadenings $`B_T,B_W`$. In (161) $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$ is related to the well-known NP shift in the $`1T`$ distribution, see .

The previous sections are full of formulae, so it may be helpful to single out the important ones and to list their main physical properties. Before turning to the NP corrections, we recall, for the sake of completeness, the key features of SL-resummed PT distribution $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})`$.

### 5.1 PT results

We discuss first the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case and then $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$.

##### $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case.

The PT result is given in (35) with the following structures:

* the three radiators $`R_a(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1)`$ in (26) collect all DL ($`\alpha _\text{s}^n\mathrm{ln}^{n+1}Q/K_{\text{out}}`$) contributions and essential SL corrections ($`\alpha _\text{s}^n\mathrm{ln}^nQ/K_{\text{out}}`$). $`R_a`$ is the standard radiator that one encounters in the two-jet physics , slightly modified here by the factor 2 in the running coupling scale, which is due to the fact that the relative transverse momentum in the argument of the coupling is integrated over one (in-plane) component;
* the hard scales $`Q_a^{\text{PT}}`$ are given in (23) and (27). Their precise expressions are essential only in the arguments of the DL terms (the SL correction terms do not distinguish between $`Q`$ and $`Q_a^{\text{PT}}`$). It is important that these scales depend on the geometry of the event (the angles between jets);
* the additional “recoil” factor $`_T(K_{\text{out}})`$ is a SL function (a function of $`r^{}\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}(Q/K_{\text{out}})`$) given in  as a multiple integral over Fourier variables. This function depends on the configuration $`\delta `$ of the underlying hard process (Born parton system), as can be seen from its first-order expansion (33). The latter expression has a simple physical interpretation and can be easily reconstructed from event-plane kinematics with a single secondary gluon (see the discussion in subsection 2.4.2).

##### $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case.

The PT result is given in (43) and (44). Here only one radiator contributes, $`R_1(\overline{K}_{\text{out}}^1)`$ of the most energetic parton in the right hemisphere, so that the distribution in $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ is sensitive to the Born configuration already at DL level. Radiation from the other two hard parton contributes only at SL level and can therefore be included in the hard momentum scale $`Q_1^{\text{PT}}`$, which has been computed in  and does not have a simple geometrical interpretation (see the argument given in subsection 2.5.1). As in the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case, the first-order expression for the distribution can be reconstructed by simply examining event-plane kinematics.

### 5.2 NP result

We have studied the NP contribution leading in $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$. This approximation is valid in the region $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}K_{\text{out}}Q`$. For values of $`K_{\text{out}}`$ of the order of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}`$ the simple shift approximation fails, see .

We start again from the case of the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution.

##### $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case.

The distribution $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})`$ with account of the leading NP correction, is given in (86). The NP correction enters as a shift of the argument of the PT distribution, $`\delta K_{\text{out}}`$ given in (87). The NP gluon emitted by the hard parton $`\mathrm{\#}a`$ contributes to the shift with two terms $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}(K_{\text{out}})`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(2)}(K_{\text{out}})`$ given in (77) and (85) respectively. Corrections to these expressions are of the relative order $`\alpha _\text{s}`$ and are beyond our accuracy.

The first term $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}(K_{\text{out}})`$ is additive (independent emission) since its contribution to $`\delta K_{\text{out}}`$ is proportional to the colour charge $`C_a`$ of the emitter. The functions $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}(K_{\text{out}})`$ behave logarithmically in $`K_{\text{out}}`$, with the hard NP scales $`Q_a^{\text{NP}}`$ given in (22) and (23). These scales differ from the corresponding PT scales (27) only by constant factors ($`\zeta ^{\text{NP}}`$ versus $`\zeta _a^{\text{PT}}`$), which are due to small-angle radiation effects.

The second term $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(2)}(K_{\text{out}})`$ is expressed in terms of the PT functions $`_T(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$, $`_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$ and $`𝒞_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$, and the NP function $`E_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$. In particular, $`_T(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$ and $`_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$ are the SL functions encountered in the PT analysis. The first is given in  and the second in (45). The SL functions $`𝒞_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$ are defined in Appendix C. Finally, the NP functions $`E_a(K_{\text{out}}^1)`$, defined in (55) and (63), are typical for observables that are uniform in the rapidity of the emitted particles. They have first emerged in the study on the NP correction to the total broadening distributions in .

One has the following two regimes for the shift:

* for very small $`K_{\text{out}}`$ ($`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$), when the QCD cascade is well-developed and there are many secondary partons around, the shift $`\delta K_{\text{out}}`$ is dominated by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(1)}`$, is logarithmic in $`K_{\text{out}}`$ and proportional to the total colour charge $`C_T=2C_F+N_c`$ of the three-parton system:

$$\delta K_{\text{out}}\lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_T\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q}{K_{\text{out}}}.$$
(106)
In this region the NP radiation effects are additive;
* in the opposite region with moderately small $`K_{\text{out}}`$ ($`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2Q/K_{\text{out}}1`$), when there are few secondary partons, the shift is dominated by the contributions $`\mathrm{\Delta }_a^{(2)}`$ that are singular in $`\alpha _\text{s}`$, and the dependence on the colour charges becomes rather odd:

$$\delta K_{\text{out}}\frac{\pi \lambda ^{\text{NP}}}{2C_T\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}}\left(\frac{C_1(C_2+C_3)}{\sqrt{C_1}}+\frac{C_2C_3}{\sqrt{C_1+C_2}}+\frac{C_2C_3}{\sqrt{C_1+C_3}}\right).$$
(107)

This peculiar colour structure results from an interplay between the NP and PT radiation effects. Its physical origin is discussed in detail in subsection 3.2, below (88).

##### $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case.

The $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution, with account of the leading NP correction, is given in (104) with the NP shift given in (105). The procedure for computing the hard NP scale $`Q_1^{\text{NP}}`$ is presented in Appendix B. This scale does not have a simple geometrical meaning. In agreement with the usual argument based on the event plane kinematics (see (37) and the discussion after (105)), the shift in the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution is purely logarithmic in $`K_{\text{out}}`$. Unlike the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case, it does not contain singular $`1/\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}`$ contributions. This feature is similar to that of the single-jet broadening distribution .

##### NP corrections to the $`K_{\text{out}}`$ means.

The results are given in (71) and (98) for the total and the right-hemisphere observables, respectively. They are expressed in terms of the unrestricted averages (60) and (68). Again, the peculiar colour-charge dependence is due to the PT–NP interplay.

### 5.3 Final considerations

To demonstrate the structure of $`K_{\text{out}}`$ spectra under study we show in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 distributions generated by Herwig  for the three Born configurations. Notice that the difference between the distributions for each configuration is much more evident in the right case since it appears already at DL level. The corresponding numerical predictions following from the present theoretical analysis, including the relative weight of PT and NP components, will be presented elsewhere .

We are intended to explore whether the approach we have developed here for the analysis of the PT and NP contributions to the $`K_{\text{out}}`$ distributions and means can be extended to more complicated processes and other multi-jet observables. What makes one hopeful is the observation that, in spite of technical complications, the final results, both in the PT and NP sectors, do possess a simple physical interpretation.

In particular, we plan to analyze the case with one or two jets in the initial state (lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron collisions, respectively). The resulting distribution should be sensitive to the structure of the underlying hard matrix element, as it is the case for the distributions considered in this paper. Carrying out such a programme, and comparing the QCD predictions with experiment, should provide a deeper understanding of the hadronization physics.

##### Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Gavin Salam for helpful discussions and suggestions.

## Appendix A Soft radiation resummation and PT distributions

The resummation of the PT contributions to the distribution $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_\delta ^{T/R}`$ to SL accuracy has been performed in . To achieve such an accuracy one needs $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$ at two-loop level. The recoil momenta $`q_a`$ need to be taken into account in the kinematics, but they can be neglected in $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$. The essential point for the resummation of the soft radiation is the factorization of $`M_{n,\delta }^2`$ and of $`dH_n^{R/T}`$, the soft multi-parton distributions and the phase spaces (11) and (12). In this Appendix we recall the PT relevant points needed to analyze the NP corrections in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(K_{\text{out}})`$ which emerge as an interplay between PT and PT contributions.

Before turning to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}(K_{\text{out}})`$ we recall the structure of the soft matrix element factorization at two-loop level. We start with the one loop expression, without virtual corrections, given by

$$M_{n,\delta }^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}W_\delta (k_i),$$
(108)
where $`W_\delta `$ is the distribution of soft gluon radiation off the hard three-parton antenna in the configuration $`\delta `$. For instance for $`\delta =3`$ one has

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill W_3(k)& =\frac{N_c}{2}\left(w_{13}+w_{23}\frac{1}{N_c^2}w_{12}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill w_{ab}(k)& =\frac{\alpha _\text{s}}{\pi k_{ab,t}^2},k_{ab,t}^2=\frac{2(p_ak)(kp_b)}{p_ap_b},\hfill \end{array}$$
(109)
with $`k_{ab,t}`$ the invariant transverse momentum of $`k`$ with respect to the $`ab`$-dipole. In general we can write

$$W_\delta (k)=\underset{a<b}{}C_{ab}^{(\delta )}w_{ab}(k),C_{ab}^{(a)}=C_{ab}^{(b)}=\frac{N_c}{2},C_{ab}^{(c)}=\frac{1}{2N_c},ca,b.$$
(110)
This expression can be generalized at two-loop by considering the emission of a pair of soft partons from the three-jet configuration . The two-soft emission distribution has the same form as (109) and this justifies the exponentiation of the two-loop soft emission distribution. As shown in , the two loop corrections to the soft matrix element enter at PT level simply by properly setting the argument of the running coupling in (109) at the dipole invariant transverse momentum. Since for the PT analysis at SL accuracy we can neglect the recoil in the soft matrix element, we set $`p_a=P_a`$ in $`w_{ab}`$.

The factorization of the phase space $`dH_n^{T/R}`$ is achieved by using the Fourier and Mellin representations for the delta and theta functions in (11) or (12). Each soft parton $`k_i`$ enters with a source $`u(k_i)`$ which, at PT level, must satisfy the condition $`u(k_i)1`$ for $`k_i`$ collinear to $`P_a`$. In the next two sections we recall the form of the sources, the radiators and the PT distributions for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ and $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ cases in succession.

### A.1 $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case: source and PT radiator

We use

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \vartheta (K_{\text{out}}\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\left|q_{ax}\right|\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}|k_{ix}|)=& \frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2\pi i\nu }\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{\nu |q_{ax}|}\underset{i}{}e^{\nu |k_{ix}|},\hfill \\ \hfill \delta ^2\left(\stackrel{}{q}_1+\underset{R}{}\stackrel{}{k}_{it}\right)=& \frac{\nu ^2d^2b_1e^{i\nu \stackrel{}{b_1}\stackrel{}{q}_1}}{(2\pi )^2}\underset{R}{}e^{i\nu \stackrel{}{b_1}\stackrel{}{k}_{it}},\hfill \\ \hfill \delta \left(q_{2x}+q_{1x}^++\underset{U}{}k_{ix}\right)=& \frac{\nu d\beta _2e^{i\nu \beta _2\left(q_{2x}+q_{1x}^+\right)}}{2\pi }\underset{U}{}e^{i\nu \beta _2k_{ix}},\hfill \\ \hfill \delta \left(q_{3x}+q_{1x}^{}+\underset{D}{}k_{ix}\right)=& \frac{\nu d\beta _3e^{i\nu \beta _3\left(q_{3x}+q_{1x}^{}\right)}}{2\pi }\underset{D}{}e^{i\nu \beta _3k_{ix}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(111)
with $`q_{1x}^\pm q_{1x}\vartheta (\pm q_{1y})`$. We recall that $`R=C_1+C_4`$, $`U=C_1+C_2`$ and $`D=C_3+C_4`$ represent the right-, up- and down-regions of the phase space with $`C_{\mathrm{}}`$ the regions in the four quadrants. Each emitted soft parton contributes with the source (for the PT case)

$$u_T^{(0)}(k)=\underset{\mathrm{}=1}{\overset{4}{}}\mathrm{\Theta }_{\mathrm{}}(k)u_{\mathrm{}}^{(0)}(k),$$
(112)
where $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{\mathrm{}}(k)`$ is the support function for $`kC_{\mathrm{}}`$ and

$$\begin{array}{cc}& u_1^{(0)}(k)=e^{\nu \left\{|k_x|i\beta _{12}k_xi\gamma k_y\right\}},u_4^{(0)}(k)=e^{\nu \left\{|k_x|i\beta _{13}k_xi\gamma k_y\right\}},\hfill \\ & u_2^{(0)}(k)=e^{\nu \left\{|k_x|i\beta _2k_x\right\}},u_3^{(0)}(k)=e^{\nu \left\{|k_x|i\beta _3k_x\right\}},\hfill \\ & \beta _1=b_{1x},\gamma =b_{1y},\beta _{12}\beta _1+\beta _2,\beta _{13}\beta _1+\beta _3.\hfill \end{array}$$
(113)
The source $`u_T^{(0)}(k)`$ depends on $`k_x`$ and $`k_y`$ for $`kC_1`$ or $`C_4`$, and only on $`k_x`$ for $`kC_2`$ or $`C_3`$. We obtain (13) and (14), where

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill V^T(\gamma \beta q)=& e^{\nu (|q_{2x}|i\beta _2q_{2x})}e^{\nu (|q_{3x}|i\beta _3q_{3x})}e^{i\nu \gamma q_{1y}}\hfill \\ & \times \left[\vartheta (q_{1y})e^{\nu (|q_{1x}|i\beta _{12}q_{1x})}+\vartheta (q_{1y})e^{\nu (|q_{1x}|i\beta _{13}q_{1x})}\right].\hfill \end{array}$$
(114)
The source (112) satisfies the condition $`u_T^{(0)}(0)=1`$ and therefore constitutes a suitable source for the PT analysis at SL accuracy where recoil can be neglected.

By using the factorization of soft gluon emission (108) and of the phase space (13) we can resum (10) and obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{n}{}\frac{1}{n!}𝑑H_n^T\underset{i}{\overset{n}{}}[dk_i]M_{n,\delta }^2& \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n!}\underset{i}{}[dk_i]W_\delta (k_i)u_T^{(0)}(k_i)\hfill \\ & =\mathrm{exp}\left\{[dk]W_\delta (k)u_T^{(0)}(k)\right\},[dk]=\frac{d^3k}{\pi \omega }\hfill \end{array}$$
(115)
where, in the r.h.s we removed the integration $`d\mu ^T`$, see (14).

Next we include the virtual corrections by subtracting unity to the source and obtain the PT radiator for the total distribution

$$[dk]W_\delta (k)u_T^{(0)}(k)[dk]W_\delta (k)[1u_T^{(0)}(k)]=_\delta ^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta _a,\gamma ).$$
(116)
This expression for the PT radiator of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\text{PT}}`$

$$_\delta ^{\text{PT}}(\nu ,\beta _a,\gamma )=\underset{a<b}{}C_{ab}^{(\delta )}r_{ab},r_{ab}=\frac{d^3k}{\pi \omega }w_{ab}(k)[1u_T^{(0)}(k_x)],$$
(117)
is valid at two-loop accuracy provided one uses the correct argument of $`\alpha _\text{s}`$. One has

$$w_{ab}(k)=\frac{\alpha _\text{s}(k_{t,ab}^2)}{\pi k_{t,ab}^2},$$
(118)
with the coupling defined in the physical scheme . This radiator has been evaluated in  and is given in (24).

The Mellin moment $`\sigma _\delta ^{\text{PT}}(\nu )`$ is given by the $`d\mu ^T`$ integral over the three “Sudakov form factors” associated to the three hard partons. Since the PT radiator does not depend on the recoil, we can freely integrate the function $`V^T`$ over $`q_{1y}`$ and $`q_{ax}`$ and get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I(\gamma ,\beta )& =\frac{\nu ^4}{8}𝑑q_{1y}\underset{a}{}dq_{ax}V^T(\gamma \beta q)\hfill \\ & =\frac{1}{(1+\beta _2^2)(1+\beta _3^2)}\left(\frac{1}{(1+\beta _{12}^2)(i\gamma +ϵ)}+\frac{1}{(1+\beta _{13}^2)(i\gamma +ϵ)}\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(119)
To obtain the Mellin moment we need to integrate over the Fourier variables. Consider the integral

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill Z(\nu ,\beta _{23})_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _1}{\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{2\pi }e^{\text{R}_1}\left(\frac{1}{(1+\beta _{12}^2)(i\gamma +ϵ)}+\frac{1}{(1+\beta _{13}^2)(i\gamma +ϵ)}\right),\end{array}$$
(120)
with $`\text{R}_1=\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta _{12},\beta _{13},\gamma )`$ given in (24). The symmetry of the $`\beta _a,\gamma `$-integrations implies that $`Z`$ is a function of the sum $`\beta _{23}=\beta _2+\beta _3`$. The radiator $`\text{R}_1`$ has an imaginary part; however, due to the symmetry

$$\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta _{12},\beta _{13},\gamma )=\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta _{13},\beta _{12},\gamma )=\left\{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta _{13},\beta _{12},\gamma )\right\}^{},$$
(121)
and to the properties of the $`\beta _2,\beta _3`$-integrations, the final result is real and reads

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill Z(\nu ,\beta _{23})=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta }{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23}),\end{array}$$
(122)
with $`𝒮`$ given in (52). The real and imaginary parts of $`\text{R}_1`$ are given, respectively, by

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \text{R}_1^{(r)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta ^{},\gamma )=\frac{1}{2}R_1(\overline{\mu })+\frac{1}{2}R_1(\overline{\mu }^{}),\hfill \\ & \text{R}_1^{(i)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta ^{},\gamma )=R_1^{}(\overline{\mu })B(\beta ,\gamma )R_1^{}(\overline{\mu }^{})B(\beta ^{},\gamma ),\hfill \end{array}$$
(123)
where

$$\overline{\mu }\overline{\nu }\sqrt{(1+\gamma )^2+\beta ^2},\overline{\mu }^{}\overline{\nu }\sqrt{(1+\gamma )^2+\beta _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}},$$
(124)
and where the function $`B(\beta ,\gamma )`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill B(\beta ,\gamma )& _0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dx}{2\pi (1x^2)}\mathrm{ln}\frac{(1+x\gamma )^2+\beta ^2}{(1+\gamma )^2+\beta ^2}\hfill \\ & =_0^1\frac{dx}{2\pi (1x^2)}\mathrm{ln}x^2\frac{(1+x\gamma )^2+\beta ^2}{(x+\gamma )^2+x^2\beta ^2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(125)
This function has the following limits

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill B(\beta ,\gamma )\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}0}\text{for}\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}\hspace{0.25em}1},\gamma \beta ,B(\beta ,\gamma )\frac{\pi }{4}\text{for}\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}\hspace{0.25em}1},\beta \gamma .\end{array}$$
(126)
### A.2 $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case: source and PT radiator

We factorize the phase space by using Mellin and Fourier representation and we obtain (13) and (14) with

$$V^R(\beta ,q_{1x})=e^{\nu (|q_{1x}|iq_{1x}\beta )},$$
(127)
and the source for the soft parton emission

$$u_R^{(0)}(k_x)=u^{(0)}(k)\mathrm{\Theta }_R(k)+\mathrm{\Theta }_L(k),u^{(0)}(k)e^{\nu (|k_x|i\beta k_x)},$$
(128)
where $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{R/L}(k)`$ is the support function for $`kR/L`$. This source satisfies the condition $`u^{(0)}(0)=1`$ and therefore is a suitable source for the PT analysis at SL accuracy.

Proceeding as before, to SL accuracy, the PT radiator for the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution is given by

$$_\delta ^{\text{PT}}=\underset{a<b}{}C_{ab}^{(\delta )}r_{ab},r_{ab}=\frac{d^3k}{\pi \omega }w_{ab}(k)[1u_R^{(0)}(k)],$$
(129)
$`w_{ab}(k)`$ given in (118). To SL accuracy the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$-radiator is given by (41) with $`Q_1^{\text{PT}}`$ computed in 555This scale depends on the configuration index $`\delta `$. In this reference we denote this scale for the configuration $`\delta `$ as $`Q_\delta ^{\text{PT}}`$.

## Appendix B NP correction to the radiators

In this appendix we compute the NP correction to the radiators for the $`K_{\text{out}}^{R/T}`$ distributions. We follow the method used in  to compute NP corrections to various collinear and infrared safe observables in two-jet events.

We start by recalling the relevant points in the calculation of the NP corrections to the radiators for the two-jet CIS observables which we need to generalize to the present analysis. We focus our attention on the broadening observable  which takes contributions from the transverse momentum of the emitted particles.

### B.1 Recollection of two-jet case

##### Kinematics.

One introduces two opposite Sudakov momenta $`P`$ and $`\overline{P}`$, with $`P`$ along the thrust axis. For a (secondary) parton $`k`$ of mass $`m`$ the Sudakov variables are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}& P=\frac{Q}{2}(1,0,0,1),\overline{P}=\frac{Q}{2}(1,0,0,1),k=\alpha P+\beta \overline{P}+k_t,\alpha \beta =\frac{k_t^2+m^2}{Q^2},\hfill \end{array}$$
(130)
with $`k_t`$ orthogonal to $`P`$ and $`\overline{P}`$. The right region $`R`$ is defined as

$$kR:\alpha >\beta \alpha >\frac{\sqrt{k_t^2+m^2}}{Q}.$$
(131)
To compute NP corrections to the broadening one needs to take into account the recoil of the primary quark and antiquark momenta for which we have a similar Sudakov decomposition.

##### Splitting of the radiator in three pieces.

The full radiator is a CIS quantity. One rearranges  the two-loop radiator as a sum of three CIS terms which have been called naive, inclusive and non-inclusive pieces. The naive piece is the contribution for the emission of a single massive gluon together with the corresponding virtual corrections. Its form is given by

$$R_{\text{naive}}^{2\text{jet}}=\frac{C_F}{\pi }_0^Q𝑑m^2\alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)\frac{d}{dm^2}_0^{Q^2}\frac{d^2\kappa }{\pi (\kappa ^2+m^2)}_{\frac{\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}}{Q}}^1\frac{d\alpha }{\alpha }[1u(k)],$$
(132)
where $`\alpha `$ is the Sudakov variable, $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }`$ the transverse momentum of the soft massive gluon with respect to the hard emitting parton (including the hard parton recoil). The integration is over the right hemisphere (131) for the massive gluon. The effective coupling $`\alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)`$ is given in terms of the physical coupling in  through a dispersive representation.

##### Massive source.

As already stated, the source $`u(k)`$ takes into account the recoil of the two hard partons and is then given in term of the relative transverse momentum $`\kappa `$ of the massive gluon. One is free to chose any prescription to implement the mass dependence in the source, provided that $`u(k)`$ reduces to the massless case for $`m0`$. Following , we assume that the massive gluon source is given by the expression of the massless gluon source in which we make the replacement

$$\kappa \sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}.$$
(133)
##### Milan factor and universality.

Using this prescription for the massive source, one has that the naive piece is the only one that needs to be computed since the remaining pieces (the inclusive and the non-inclusive pieces) contribute in a universal way simply by rescaling the naive piece by a universal Milan factor.

##### Linearization of the sources.

The leading NP correction coming from (132) is obtained by taking the linear contribution in $`m`$ and $`\kappa `$ of the integrand, that is the first term in the expansion of $`[1u(k)]`$. This fact has important implications on which are the relevant kinematical and Fourier variables affecting the leading NP corrections. They are the variables which enter the expression of the linearization of $`[1u(k)]`$ and do not vanish upon the integration over the azimuthal angle of $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }`$ in (132). In the case of broadening  the Fourier variable $`\stackrel{}{b}`$, conjugated to the momentum $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }`$ does not enter the leading NP correction to the radiator. Its linear contribution to $`[1u(k)]`$ is proportional to $`\stackrel{}{b}\stackrel{}{\kappa }`$ which vanishes upon azimuthal integration.

### B.2 Sudakov variables and soft distribution for the $`ab`$-dipole

We now return to our three-jet case and we start to discuss the kinematical variables. The radiator is given by the sum of three dipole contributions $`r_{ab}`$ (for the PT case see for instance (117)). To treat each dipole contribution $`r_{ab}`$ by the same method used in the two-jet case for (132) one needs to perform a Lorentz transformation. Consider the $`e^+e^{}`$ laboratory system defined by the Sudakov variables introduced in (130) with $`P`$ along the thrust axis. In this system the two massless partons $`P_a,P_b`$ initiating the $`ab`$-dipole emission are not in opposite directions. In order to follow the method of , we use the fact that the distribution $`w_{ab}`$ is Lorentz invariant and we analyze $`r_{ab}`$ in the $`ab`$-dipole center of mass (c.m.). There are three dipoles and then there are three different c.m. systems. Given a dipole $`ab`$, we introduce the $`ab`$-dipole c.m. and express the distribution $`w_{ab}(k)`$ in these variables. We then apply the two-jet case analysis to our case. We describe the new variables.

##### Dipole $`ab`$ center of mass frame.

Consider the laboratory frame in which the Born momenta $`P_a,P_b`$ of the $`ab`$-dipole are given in (4). We go from this frame to the $`ab`$-dipole c.m. frame by a rotation in the $`yz`$-plane, a $`z`$-boost and again a rotation in the $`yz`$-plane which takes $`P_a^{}`$ and $`P_b^{}`$ along the $`z`$-axis. We denote by $`P_a^{},P_b^{},p_a^{},p_b^{}`$ and $`k_i^{}`$ the parton momenta in this frame with Sudakov components

$$\begin{array}{cc}& P_a^{}=\frac{Q_{ab}}{2}(1,0,0,1),P_b^{}=\frac{Q_{ab}}{2}(1,0,0,1),Q_{ab}^2=2P_aP_b,\hfill \\ & p_a^{}=A_{ab}^{}P_a^{}+b_{ab}^{}P_b^{}+q_{at}^{},A_{ab}^{}1\hfill \\ & p_b^{}=a_{ba}^{}P_a^{}+B_{ba}^{}P_b^{}+q_{bt}^{},B_{ba}^{}1\hfill \\ & k_i^{}=\alpha _i^{}P_a^{}+\beta _i^{}P_b^{}+k_{it}^{},\alpha _i^{}\beta _i^{}=\frac{k_{}^{}{}_{it}{}^{2}}{Q_{ab}^2}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(134)
The transverse components are orthogonal to $`P_a^{}`$ and $`P_b^{}`$. All Sudakov variables are soft except for $`A_{ab}^{}`$ and $`B_{ba}^{}`$ which are close to one. The $`x`$-components are not affected by the Lorentz transformation which is in the $`yz`$-plane, so that the components entering our observable $`K_{\text{out}}`$ are the same in both frames

$$q_{ax}^{}=q_{ax},q_{bx}^{}=q_{bx},k_{ix}^{}=k_{ix}.$$
(135)
We denote by $`F_{ab}`$ the forward region of secondary parton $`\mathrm{\#}i`$ in the $`ab`$-dipole c.m.

$$k_iF_{ab}:\alpha _i^{}>\beta _i^{}\alpha _i^{}>\frac{k_{it}^{}}{Q_{ab}}.$$
(136)
The Sudakov variables (134) are different for different dipoles. We do not need to add an index to specify the dipole since these variables will be used only in the calculation of the specific $`ab`$-radiator.

##### Soft distribution in the $`ab`$-dipole c.m.

The (Lorentz invariant) $`ab`$-dipole soft distribution $`w_{ab}`$ is given in terms of $`k_{ab,t}`$, the “relative transverse momentum in the $`ab`$-dipole frame”. By using the Sudakov variables (134) in the $`ab`$-dipole c.m. frame we have

$$\frac{1}{k_{ab,t}^2}\frac{k_{}^{}{}_{t}{}^{2}}{\left(\stackrel{}{k}_t^{}\alpha ^{}\stackrel{}{q}_{at}^{}\right)^2\left(\stackrel{}{k}_t^{}\beta ^{}\stackrel{}{q}_{bt}^{}\right)^2},$$
(137)
where we have neglected the large components $`A_{ab}^{}B_{ba}^{}1`$.

We split the dipole distribution $`w_{ab}`$ into two pieces:

$$w_{ab}=w_{ab}^a+w_{ab}^b,$$
(138)
where $`w_{ab}^a`$ has support only in the forward region $`F_{ab}`$,

$$w_{ab}^a(k)w_{ab}(k)\theta (\alpha ^{}\beta ^{})\frac{\alpha _\text{s}(\kappa ^2)\theta (\alpha ^{}\beta ^{})}{\pi \kappa ^2},\stackrel{}{\kappa }\stackrel{}{k}_t^{}\alpha ^{}\stackrel{}{q}_{at}^{}.$$
(139)
The “backward” piece $`w_{ab}^b`$ is similarly defined. Notice that $`w_{ab}(k)`$ is invariant, but the splitting in the two regions is performed in the $`ab`$-dipole c.m.

In three-jet events the soft distribution $`W^{(\delta )}(k)`$ is given by a sum of dipole soft distributions $`w_{ab}(k)`$, see (110). We decompose $`w_{ab}`$ into the two contributions $`w_{ab}^a`$ and $`w_{ab}^b`$ as given in (138) and we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill W^{(\delta )}(k)=\underset{(ab)}{}C_{ab}^{(\delta )}w_{ab}^a(k),\end{array}$$
(140)
where the sum is extended to the six ordered pair $`(ab)`$, i.e. $`ab=12,13,21,23,31,32`$. Each term contributes only in the region $`F_{ab}`$ (recall that $`w_{ab}^a`$ has a support only in the forward region (136)).

### B.3 Source with recoil for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution

As discussed above, the leading NP corrections to the radiator are obtained from the first order expansion of $`[1u_T(k)]`$ in the momentum components. This implies that, as in the broadening case, the leading NP radiator does not depend on the four Fourier variables $`\beta _a`$ and $`\gamma `$. Their first order contributions in the expansion of $`[1u_T(k)]`$ are linear in the momentum components and then vanish upon the symmetric phase space and Fourier variable integration. We have that only the Mellin variable enters the leading NP radiator in the form $`\nu |k_{ix}|`$. The conclusion is that in the phase space $`dH_n^{T/R}`$ in (11) and (12) we should take into account the NP gluon only in the theta function giving the upper bound $`K_{\text{out}}^{T/R}`$. On the contrary, the NP soft gluon does not contribute to the determination of the event plane. The delta functions which fix the event plane should be taken into account only in the PT contribution.

We now analyze how one can take into account in the sources the recoil coming from the observable $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$. As in (115) we start from the sum

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \underset{n}{}\frac{1}{n!}𝑑H_n^T\underset{i}{}[dk_i]M_{n,\delta }^2=\frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2\pi i\nu }𝑑\mu ^T\mathrm{exp}\left\{[dk]W_\delta (k)u_T^{(0)}(k)\right\}.\end{array}$$
(141)
Using the expression in (140) for the soft gluon distribution we can write

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{exp}\left\{[dk]W_\delta (k)u_T^{(0)}(k)\right\}=\underset{(ab)}{}\mathrm{exp}\left\{C_{ab}^{(\delta )}[dk]w_{ab}^a(k)u_T^{(0)}(k)\right\}.\end{array}$$
(142)
From (139) one has that $`w_{ab}^a(k)`$ is collinear singular for

$$\stackrel{}{\kappa }=\stackrel{}{k}_t^{}\alpha ^{}\stackrel{}{q}_{at}^{}0,k_x\alpha ^{}q_{ax}0,$$
(143)
(with the prime variables defined in (134), the $`ab`$-dipole c.m.). From the form (112) of these source we have $`u_T^{(0)}(k)1`$ in the limit (143). We then need to construct a new source $`u_T(k)`$ which, in this limit, satisfies the condition $`[1u_T(k)]0`$. This new source must include the hard parton recoils. Actually we need to consider the recoil only for the contribution to the source associated to the theta function fixing the observable $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$. To do this we start by expanding the functional in (142)

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{exp}\left\{[dk]W_\delta (k)u_T^{(0)}(k)\right\}=\underset{(ab)}{}\underset{n_{ab}}{}\frac{1}{n_{ab}!}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n_{ab}}{}}C_{ab}^{(\delta )}[dk_i]w_{ab}^a(k_i)u_T^{(0)}(k_i).\end{array}$$
(144)
Consider a given term in this expansion. For any given ordered pair $`(ab)`$ there are $`n_{ab}`$ soft gluons which are associated to the distribution $`w_{ab}^a`$ and are then emitted in the region $`F_{ab}`$. For this term in the expansion (144), the corresponding theta function fixing the observable $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ gives

$$K_{\text{out}}=\underset{a}{}|q_{ax}|+\underset{i}{}|k_{ix}|=\underset{a}{}|q_{ax}|+\underset{(ab)}{}\left\{\underset{iF_{ab}}{}|k_{ix}|\right\}.$$
(145)
Recall that the $`x`$-components are the same in both the laboratory and the $`ab`$-dipole c.m. frames. We then introduce the subtractions

$$\begin{array}{cc}& K_{\text{out}}\underset{a}{}|\overline{q}_{ax}|+\underset{(ab)}{}\left\{\underset{iF_{ab}}{}\left(|k_{ix}|\alpha _i^{}|\overline{q}_{ax}|\right)\right\},\hfill \\ & \overline{q}_{ax}\left(1+\underset{ba}{}\underset{iF_{ab}}{}\alpha _i^{}\right)q_{ax},\hfill \end{array}$$
(146)
($`\alpha _i^{}`$ is defined in the $`ab`$-dipole c.m.). Here we have neglected corrections of second order in the soft parameters.

Now we reconstruct the expansion (144) by using (146) instead of (145). While (145) gives (141), using (146) we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{n}{}\frac{1}{n!}𝑑H_n^T\underset{i}{}[dk_i]M_{n,\delta }^2=& \frac{d\nu e^{\nu K_{\text{out}}}}{2\pi i\nu }\left\{\nu ^4\frac{d\gamma dq_{1y}}{2\pi }\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{d\beta _ad\overline{q}_{ax}}{2\pi }V(\overline{q})\right\}\hfill \\ & \underset{(ab)}{}\mathrm{exp}\{C_{ab}^{(\delta )}[dk]w_{ab}^a(k)u_{ab}(k)\},\hfill \end{array}$$
(147)
where $`u_{ab}(k)`$ is a source associated to the ordered pair $`(ab)`$ given by

$$u_{ab}(k)=u_T^{(0)}(k)e^{\nu \alpha ^{}|\overline{q}_{ax}|}=e^{\nu (|k_x|\alpha ^{}|\overline{q}_{ax}|)}\widehat{u}_T(k),$$
(148)
where $`\widehat{u}_T(k)`$ is the part of the source depending on the Fourier variables $`\beta _a,\gamma `$ (see (113)). The factor $`e^{\nu (|k_x|\alpha ^{}|\overline{q}_{ax}|)}`$ , which is the only one relevant for the NP corrections, is equal to one at the singular point (143). We have then that (148) is the form of the source we are searching for.

The Jacobian for changing integration variables from $`q_{ax}`$ to $`\overline{q}_{ax}`$ is given by

$$J(\alpha )=\underset{a}{}\left(1+\underset{ba}{}\underset{iF_{ab}}{}\alpha _i^{}\right)^1\underset{(ab)}{}\underset{iF_{ab}}{}(1\alpha _i^{}).$$
(149)
This can be taken into account as a correction to the soft distribution $`w_{ab}^a(k)(1\alpha ^{})w_{ab}^a(k)`$. This correction corresponds to including the hard part of the splitting function, see . Since in (147) the rescaled momentum $`\overline{q}_{ax}`$ is just an integration variable, in the following we shall rename it $`q_{ax}`$.

### B.4 NP radiator for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ distribution

The radiator for the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$-distribution, given in terms of the dipole components (138), reads

$$_\delta =\underset{a<b}{}C_{ab}^{(\delta )}r_{ab},r_{ab}=r_{ab}^a+r_{ba}^b,r_{ab}^a\frac{d^3k}{\pi \omega }w_{ab}^a(k)[1u_{ab}(k)],$$
(150)
where the integration region is restricted to the $`F_{ab}`$ region.

The distribution for the emission of two soft partons in the three-jet event (see  and ) can be represented as the sum of the two soft parton emission from the three dipoles. This fact can be used to obtain the two-loop PT radiator as sum of the two-loop radiator for each dipole. At this point we can use all the results of the two-jet analysis. At PT level this gives rise simply to the identification of the running coupling scale for each dipole radiator, the invariant dipole transverse momentum, and the scheme. For the analysis of the NP corrections we follow the two-jet case method recalled above. Introducing the coupling according to the dispersive method  we write the two-loop dipole radiator as a sum of three pieces, the naive, the inclusive and the non-inclusive pieces. The naive piece of the $`ab`$-dipole is given, as in (132), by

$$r_{ab}^a=𝑑m^2\alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)\frac{d}{dm^2}\frac{d^2\kappa }{\pi (\kappa ^2+m^2)}_{\frac{\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}}{Q_{ab}}}^1\frac{d\alpha ^{}}{\alpha ^{}}[1u_{ab}(k)],$$
(151)
with $`\alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)`$ the effective coupling discussed in . The integration region is restricted to the forward region $`F_{ab}`$ defined by $`\alpha ^{}>k_t^{}/Q_{ab}`$. This has been replaced by $`\alpha ^{}>\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}/Q_{ab}`$, since, at the lower limit of $`\alpha ^{}`$ (large angle emission) the correction is of second order in the NP-parameter (see ).

As discussed in the Appendix B.1, the leading NP correction coming from (151) is obtained as follows:

* in the integrand we take the linear contribution in $`\kappa ,m\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\text{QCD}}|q_{ax}|`$. Therefore, for the massless gluon source (148), we take the first term in the expansion

$$[1u_{ab}(k)]=\nu (|k_x|\alpha ^{}|q_{ax}|)+\mathrm{}k_x=\kappa \mathrm{cos}\varphi +\alpha ^{}q_{ax},$$
(152)
where $`\varphi `$ is the azimuthal angle of $`\stackrel{}{\kappa }`$. The neglected terms contribute to the higher order power corrections;
* for a gluon with mass $`m`$ we make the replacement (133). This ensures a simple treatment of the other (inclusive and non-inclusive) pieces of the two-loop radiator;
* we take the NP piece $`\delta \alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)`$ of the effective coupling.

The leading NP correction to the naive piece is then given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \delta r_{ab}^a=𝑑m^2\frac{\delta \alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)}{\pi }\frac{d}{dm^2}\frac{d\kappa ^2}{\kappa ^2+m^2}\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}(\kappa ^2+m^2),\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}(\kappa ^2+m^2)=\nu _\pi ^\pi \frac{d\varphi }{2\pi }_{\frac{\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}}{Q_{ab}}}^1\frac{d\alpha ^{}}{\alpha ^{}}\left(|\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}\mathrm{cos}\varphi +\alpha ^{}q_{ax}|\alpha ^{}|q_{ax}|\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(153)
To evaluate this integral we introduce the rescaled variable

$$v=\frac{\alpha ^{}|q_{ax}|}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}}$$

and find

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}(\kappa ^2+m^2)=\nu \sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}_\pi ^\pi \frac{d\varphi }{2\pi }_{\frac{|q_{ax}|}{Q_{ab}}}^1\frac{dv}{v}\left(|\mathrm{cos}\varphi v|v\right).$$
(154)
Notice that at the upper limit $`\alpha ^{}=1`$ one has $`v=\frac{|q_{ax}|}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}}`$ which tends to infinity in the limit we are considering. On the other hand the contribution with $`v>1`$ vanishes due to symmetry of $`\varphi `$-integration. Setting $`q_{1x}0`$ at the $`v`$-lower limit, we find

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{ab}(\kappa ^2+m^2)=\nu c_{K_{\text{out}}}\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{ab}}{|q_{ax}|},c_{K_{\text{out}}}=\frac{2}{\pi },$$
(155)
with $`c_{K_{\text{out}}}`$ the characteristic number for the $`K_{\text{out}}`$ observable and $`\zeta `$, which takes into account the small-angle contribution, is given by

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \mathrm{ln}\zeta =\frac{\pi }{2}_\pi ^\pi \frac{d\varphi }{2\pi }_0^1\frac{dv}{v}\left\{|\mathrm{cos}\varphi v|v|cos\varphi |\right\}=\mathrm{ln}22.\end{array}$$
(156)
We get

$$\delta r_{ab}^a(q_{ax})=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{ab}}{|q_{ax}|},\lambda ^{\text{NP}}=c_{K_{\text{out}}}\frac{dm^2}{m^2}\frac{\delta \alpha _{\text{eff}}(m)}{\pi }m.$$
(157)
For the “inclusive” and ”non-inclusive” pieces the analysis is the standard one and we have that the full NP correction is given by (157) by rescaling the NP-parameter by the Milan factor $``$.

The NP parameter $`\lambda ^{\text{NP}}`$ has dimension of a mass, and this implies that the NP correction is proportional to $`1/Q`$. It can be expressed in terms of the integral of the running coupling over the infrared region

$$\alpha _0(\mu _I)=_0^{\mu _I}\frac{dk}{\mu _I}\alpha _\text{s}(k).$$
(158)
This parameter $`\alpha _0(\mu _I)`$ is the same entering the two-jet shape variables $`1T`$, $`C`$, $`B`$ and $`M^2/Q^2`$. After merging PT and NP contributions to the observable in a renormalon free manner, one has that the distribution is independent of $`\mu _I`$ and one obtains

$$\lambda ^{\text{NP}}c_{K_{\text{out}}}\frac{4}{\pi ^2}\mu _I\left\{\alpha _0(\mu _I)\overline{\alpha _\text{s}}\beta _0\frac{\overline{\alpha _\text{s}}^2}{2\pi }\left(\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q}{\mu _I}+\frac{K}{\beta _0}+1\right)\right\},\overline{\alpha _\text{s}}\alpha _{\overline{\text{MS}}}(Q).$$
(159)
The term proportional to $`K`$ accounts for mismatch between the $`\overline{\text{MS}}`$ and the physical scheme  and is given by

$$KC_A\left(\frac{67}{18}\frac{\pi ^2}{6}\right)\frac{5}{9}n_f,\beta _0=\frac{11N_c}{3}\frac{2n_f}{3}.$$
(160)
It may be useful to connect this parameter entering the shift of the $`K_{\text{out}}`$ distributions to the analogous one for the thrust distribution. Defining $`\tau =1T`$, we have

$$\frac{d\sigma }{d\tau }(\tau )=\frac{d\sigma ^{\text{PT}}}{d\tau }(\tau \mathrm{\Delta }_\tau ),\mathrm{\Delta }_\tau =C_F\frac{c_\tau \lambda ^{\text{NP}}}{c_{K_{\text{out}}}},$$
(161)
where $`C_F`$ enters due to the fact that the two-jet system is made of a quark-antiquark pair, $`c_\tau =2`$ and $`c_{K_{\text{out}}}=2/\pi `$ are the characteristic numbers associated to the phase space integration of the relative observables.

We can now reconstruct the NP correction to the full radiator in (150) and we find

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \delta _3(q)=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\left(C_F\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{12}}{|q_{1x}|}+C_F\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{12}}{|q_{2x}|}+C_A\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{23}Q_{13}}{Q_{12}|q_{3x}|}\right),\hfill \\ & \delta _2(q)=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\left(C_F\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{13}}{|q_{1x}|}+C_F\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{13}}{|q_{3x}|}+C_A\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{23}Q_{12}}{Q_{13}|q_{2x}|}\right),\hfill \\ & \delta _1(q)=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\left(C_F\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{23}}{|q_{3x}|}+C_F\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{23}}{|q_{2x}|}+C_A\mathrm{ln}\frac{\zeta Q_{12}Q_{13}}{Q_{23}|q_{1x}|}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(162)
We find then that the NP scales are given by the hard scales $`Q_a`$ in (23) rescaled by a factor $`\zeta ^{\text{NP}}=\zeta `$ (see (22)).

### B.5 NP corrections to the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ distribution

We proceed as in the previous case. Here the simplification is that we should be careful only with the collinear singularity with respect to $`p_1`$ which is contained only in the distributions $`w_{1b}^1(k)`$.

First we consider the modification of the sources. We must include the recoil only in the source $`u_{1b}(k)`$ associated to the distribution $`w_{1b}^1(k)`$. We have

$$u_{1b}(k)=\mathrm{\Theta }_L(k)+\mathrm{\Theta }_R(k)e^{\nu (|k_x|\alpha ^{}|q_{1x}|)}e^{i\beta k_x}.$$
(163)
For the other sources $`u_{ab}(k)`$, associated to the distribution $`w_{ab}^a(k)`$ with $`a1`$, we do not need modifications: $`u_{ab}(k)=u_R^{(0)}(k)`$. The modification in (163) is accompanied by a change of variable from $`q_{1x}`$ to $`\overline{q}_{1x}`$ obtained by a rescaling factor similar to (146). However since $`\overline{q}_{1x}`$ is an integration variable we shall rename it $`q_{1x}`$.

Then we take the linear contribution for the massive gluon source

$$\begin{array}{cc}& [1u_{1b}(k)]\nu \left(|\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}\mathrm{cos}\varphi +\alpha ^{}q_{1x}|\alpha ^{}|q_{1x}|\right)\mathrm{\Theta }_R(k),\hfill \\ & [1u_{ab}(k)]\nu \sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}|\mathrm{cos}\varphi |\mathrm{\Theta }_R(k),a1.\hfill \end{array}$$
(164)
Since the distribution has a singularity for the soft gluon collinear to $`p_1`$, the NP radiator has a logarithmic behaviour in $`q_{1x}`$. We have

$$\delta _\delta (q)=\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1^{(\delta )}\mathrm{ln}\frac{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}{|q_{1x}|}.$$
(165)
The $`\mathrm{ln}|q_{1x}|`$ part is contained in $`r_{12}^1`$ and $`r_{13}^1`$ since the corresponding distributions are collinear singular in the integration region. The remaining pieces contribute only to set the NP scale. To obtain the NP hard scale $`Q_1^{\text{NP}}`$ we need to analyze the individual pieces.

To see the singular behaviour in (165) consider the NP correction to $`r_{1b}^1`$. At two loop, the naive term of $`r_{1b}^1`$ is given in terms of the effective coupling as follows

$$r_{1b}^1=𝑑m^2\alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)\frac{d}{dm^2}\frac{d^2\kappa }{\pi (\kappa ^2+m^2)}_{\frac{\sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}}{Q_{1b}}}^1\frac{d\alpha ^{}}{\alpha ^{}}[1u_{1b}(k)].$$
(166)
Taking the linear part of the source and NP part of the effective coupling, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \delta r_{1b}^1=𝑑m^2\delta \alpha _{\text{eff}}(m^2)\frac{d}{dm^2}\frac{d\kappa ^2}{\kappa ^2+m^2}\mathrm{\Omega }_{1b}(\kappa ^2+m^2),\hfill \\ & \mathrm{\Omega }_{1b}(\kappa ^2+m^2)=\nu \sqrt{\kappa ^2+m^2}_\pi ^\pi \frac{d\varphi }{2\pi }_{\frac{|q_{ax}|}{Q_{1a}}}^1\frac{dv}{v}\left(|\mathrm{cos}\varphi v|v\right)\mathrm{\Theta }_R(k),\hfill \end{array}$$
(167)
where we need to express the condition in $`\mathrm{\Theta }_R`$ in terms of the variables in the $`1b`$-dipole c.m. system (see (134)).

### B.6 Recoil integration over the NP radiator

For the $`K_{\text{out}}^T`$ case we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{\nu ^4}{8}𝑑q_{1y}\underset{a}{}dq_{ax}V^T(\gamma \beta q)\underset{a}{}\left(\frac{|q_{ax}|}{Q_a^{\text{NP}}}\right)^{\nu C_a\lambda ^{\text{NP}}}\hfill \\ & I(\beta ,\gamma )\left\{1\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}\underset{a}{}C_a\left[\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_a^{\text{NP}})+\stackrel{~}{\chi }_a(\beta ,\gamma )\right]\right\},\hfill \end{array}$$
(168)
with $`V^T`$ and $`I(\beta ,\gamma )`$ given in (114) and (119) respectively, $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_2\chi (\beta _2)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_3\chi (\beta _3)`$ (see (48)) and

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill I(\beta ,\gamma )\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1\frac{1}{(1+\beta _2^2)(1+\beta _3^2)}\left(\frac{\chi (\beta _{12})}{(1+\beta _{12}^2)(i\gamma +ϵ)}+\frac{\chi (\beta _{13})}{(1+\beta _{13}^2)(i\gamma +ϵ)}\right).\end{array}$$
(169)
For the $`K_{\text{out}}^R`$ case we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \frac{\nu }{2}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑q_{1x}V^R(\beta ,q_{1x})\left(\frac{|q_{1x}|}{Q_1^{\text{NP}}}\right)^{\nu C_1\lambda ^{\text{NP}}}\frac{1\nu \lambda ^{\text{NP}}C_1\left[\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_1^{\text{NP}})+\chi (\beta )\right]}{1+\beta ^2},\end{array}$$
(170)
where $`V^R`$ is given in (127). Both in (168) and (170), corrections are of order $`(\lambda ^{\text{NP}})^2`$.

## Appendix C The NP functions $`\stackrel{~}{f}_a`$

### C.1 $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$

To compute $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$ we first split the function $`\chi (\beta )`$ in the two pieces in (48) and evaluate the two contributions separately. We have $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )=\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}(\nu )+\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{\prime \prime }(\nu )`$ where

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}(\nu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\underset{a=2,3}{}\frac{d\beta _ae^{R_a\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta \chi ^{}(\beta )}{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23}),\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{f}_1^{\prime \prime }(\nu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\underset{a=2,3}{}\frac{d\beta _ae^{R_a\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\beta d\beta }{1+\beta ^2}𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(171)
The evaluation $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}`$ is straightforward since all three $`\beta `$-integrals are rapidly convergent. For large $`\nu `$ we can factorize the three radiators and the remaining piece is a function of the SL variable $`r^{}(\nu ,Q)`$

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}(\nu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}𝒞_1^{}(\nu ),𝒞_1^{}(\nu )=R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })A_1\left(\{R_a^{}(\overline{\nu })\}\right).$$
(172)
For $`\nu =0`$, we set to zero the radiator and, due to the integration property of $`\chi ^{}`$ in (48), we have $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}(0)=0`$.

To evaluate $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{\prime \prime }`$ we observe that the $`\beta _2`$\- and $`\beta _3`$-integrals are rapidly convergent, so that the characteristic values of these two variables are $`\beta _2,\beta _3=𝒪\left(1\right)`$. On the contrary the $`\beta `$-integral is logarithmic so that the characteristic values of $`\beta `$ are large. From (123), (124) and (126), in the region

$$\beta _2,\beta _3\beta \beta _T,$$
(173)
we have

$$\text{R}_1^{(r)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,0)R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta )\text{R}_1^{(i)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )0,$$
(174)
(see (123) and (126)). Therefore, in $`𝒮`$ one can factorize the $`\mathrm{\#}1`$ radiator and the remaining factor is a SL function

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})=e^{R_1(\rho )}\left\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}+R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })B_1(\beta ,\beta _{23},R_1^{}(\overline{\nu }))\right\},\rho \overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2},$$
(175)
with $`B_1`$ vanishing in region (173). The first contribution gives the leading contribution to $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1`$. We can factorize the $`\beta _2`$\- and $`\beta _3`$-integrals and, changing variable from $`\beta `$ to $`\rho `$ we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )\underset{a=2,3}{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _ae^{R_a\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho e^{R_1(\rho )}}{\rho }=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}_2(\nu )_3(\nu )E_1(\overline{\nu }),$$
(176)
where we have factorized the three radiators, the functions $`_a`$ are the single jet functions defined in (45) and the function $`E_1`$ is introduced in (55) and discussed in detail in Appendix D.1.

Consider the second term contribution in (175) to $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{\prime \prime }`$. It will be denoted by $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{\prime \prime \prime }`$. Since $`B_1`$ vanishes for large $`\beta `$, all three $`\beta `$-integrals are rapidly convergent. As for $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}`$, we can factorize the three radiators and the remaining integrals give a SL function

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{\prime \prime \prime }(\nu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}𝒞_1^{\prime \prime }(\nu ),𝒞_1^{\prime \prime }(\nu )=R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })A_1^{}\left(\{R_a^{}(\overline{\nu })\}\right).$$
(177)
Here again we have that $`𝒞_1^{\prime \prime }`$ vanishes for $`R_1^{}0`$ and $`\nu 0`$. Assembling all pieces (172), (176), and (177), the function $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )`$ is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_1(\nu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}\left\{_2(\nu )_3(\nu )E_1(\overline{\nu })+𝒞_1(\nu )\right\}.$$
(178)
Here $`𝒞_1(\nu )=𝒞_1^{}(\nu )+𝒞_1^{\prime \prime }(\nu )`$ is a SL function, which vanishes for $`R_1^{}0`$ and for $`\nu 0`$. .

To conclude we compute the first loop contribution proportional to $`R_1^{}`$ to $`𝒮`$. We have

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})e^{R_1(\rho )}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}1}+\frac{1}{2}R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{\frac{1+\beta ^2}{1+\beta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}+\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }Im\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )+\mathrm{}$$
(179)
The first two terms are the $`\gamma =0`$ contribution. The last term has been evaluated in  and one finds

$$\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }Im\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )=\frac{R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })}{2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}}{\sqrt{1+\beta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}.$$
(180)
Thus the one loop contribution is given by twice the second term. It vanishes for $`\beta \mathrm{}`$.

### C.2 $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$

As before, to evaluate $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$ we first split the function $`\chi (\beta _2)`$ in the two pieces in (48) and compute the two contributions. We have $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2(\nu )=\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{}(\nu )+\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{\prime \prime }(\nu )`$, where

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \stackrel{~}{f}_2^{}(\nu )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\underset{a=2,3}{}\frac{d\beta _ae^{R_a\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _a^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _a^2)}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta 𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})}{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}\chi ^{}(\beta _2),\hfill \\ & \stackrel{~}{f}_2^{\prime \prime }(\nu )=_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\beta _2d\beta _2e^{R_2\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right)}}{1+\beta _2^2}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta _3e^{R_3\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _3^2}\right)}}{\pi (1+\beta _3^2)}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\beta 𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})}{\pi (1+\beta ^2)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(181)
The analysis of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{}`$ is similar to the one of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_1^{}`$ performed before and we get

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{}(\nu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}𝒞_2^{}(\nu ),𝒞_2^{}(\nu )=R_2^{}(\overline{\nu })A_2\left(\{R_a^{}(\overline{\nu })\}\right),$$
(182)
where $`𝒞_2^{}(\nu )`$ is a SL function vanishing for $`R_2^{}0`$ and $`\nu 0`$.

To evaluate $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{\prime \prime }`$ we observe that the $`\beta _3`$\- and $`\beta `$-integrals are rapidly convergent, so that the characteristic values of these two variables are $`\beta ,\beta _3=𝒪\left(1\right)`$. On the contrary the $`\beta _2`$-integral is logarithmic so that the characteristic values of $`\beta _2`$ are large. Therefore, to evaluate $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{\prime \prime }`$ we need to obtain $`𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})`$ in the region

$$\beta ,\beta _3\beta _2.$$
(183)
We show that here one has

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})=e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right)}\left\{1+R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })B_2(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})\right\},$$
(184)
where $`B_2`$ is a SL function of $`\nu `$ and rapidly vanishes in the region (183).

To obtain this result we observe that in this region we must consider also the second term of $`𝒮`$ in (52) with the $`\gamma `$-integral and the imaginary part of $`\text{R}_1`$. This integral is logarithmic, as the $`\beta _2`$-integral, so that the characteristic values of $`\gamma `$ are large compared to $`\beta ,\beta _3`$. On the other hand, from (123), (124) and (126), we have $`\text{R}_1^{(i)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )0`$ for $`\beta _T\gamma `$. We conclude that the region

$$\beta ,\beta _3\gamma \beta _T\beta _2\beta _{23},$$
(185)
gives the leading logarithmic approximation of $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{\prime \prime }`$. We start from this approximation which we shall later improve to account for the first subleading correction $`𝒪\left(R_1^{}\right)`$. In this region, from (123), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \text{R}^{(r)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )\frac{1}{2}R_1(\overline{\nu }\gamma )+\frac{1}{2}R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2),\hfill \\ & \text{R}^{(i)}(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )\frac{\pi }{4}R_1^{}(\overline{\nu }\gamma ),\hfill \end{array}$$
(186)
and, for the two terms of $`𝒮`$ in (52), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill e^{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,0)}& e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2)}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)},\hfill \\ \hfill _0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }Ime^{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )}& e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2)}_{\gamma _m}^{\gamma _M}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\gamma )}\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}R_1^{}(\overline{\nu }\gamma )\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(187)
where $`\gamma _M=𝒪\left(\beta _2\right)`$ and $`\gamma _m=𝒪\left(\beta \right)`$. To evaluate the contribution from the imaginary part we first consider

$$\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}R_1^{}(\overline{\nu }\gamma )\right)=\frac{\pi }{4}R_1^{}(\overline{\nu }\gamma )+\mathrm{}$$
(188)
The terms in the dots can be neglected since they contribute to the integral with terms of order $`\alpha _\text{s}`$. To show this consider the contribution to the $`\gamma `$-integral from the first term which is of order $`(\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}\gamma )^3`$ for large $`\gamma `$. Since the $`\gamma `$ integration is logarithmic and the radiator is of order $`\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2\gamma `$, the result of the integral is of order $`\alpha _\text{s}`$.

Taking the first term in (188), we find the leading logarithmic contribution

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }Ime^{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )}& e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2)}_{\gamma _m}^{\gamma _M}𝑑\gamma \frac{d}{d\gamma }\left\{e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\gamma )}\right\}\hfill \\ & e^{R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2)}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2){\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\gamma _m)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(189)
Here we used $`\gamma _M\beta _2`$.

In order to keep under control the subleading $`𝒪\left(r^{}\right)`$ correction we need to fix precisely the lower integration limit $`\gamma _m`$ in (189). To do this it suffices to calculate the exact $`\gamma `$-integral in the first order in $`r^{}`$ given in (180). Combining (189) and (180) we have the result

$$\frac{2}{\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\gamma }{\gamma }Ime^{\text{R}_1(\overline{\nu },\beta ,\beta _T,\gamma )}e^{R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right)}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}\right){\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1\left(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2}\right)}.$$
(190)
Summing this with the real part contribution in (187) we have the cancellation of the leading term $`e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\beta _2)}e^{{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{1}{2}}R_1(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta ^2})}`$ and we obtain

$$𝒮(\nu ,\beta ,\beta _{23})e^{R_1(\rho )},\rho \overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _2^2}.$$
(191)
This result shows that if one factorizes in $`𝒮`$ the radiator $`e^{R_1(\rho )}`$, the remaining piece is a SL function and one obtains the final result in (61).

The leading piece to $`\stackrel{~}{f}_2`$ is obtained from (191) and is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_2(\nu )\frac{d\beta _3e^{R_3(\overline{\nu }\sqrt{1+\beta _3^2})}}{\pi (1+\beta _3^2)}_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho }{\rho }e^{R_1(\rho )R_2(\rho )}=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}_3(\nu )E_2(\overline{\nu }),$$
(192)
with $`E_2`$ given in (63) and $`_3`$ given by (45).

The second term in (184) (with $`B_2`$) gives, after factorizing the radiators, a SL function since all three $`\beta `$-integrals are rapidly convergent. One gets

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_2^{\prime \prime \prime }(\nu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}𝒞_2^{\prime \prime }(\nu ),𝒞_2^{\prime \prime }(\nu )=R_1^{}(\nu )A_2^{}(\nu ),$$
(193)
with $`A_2^{}`$ a SL function.

Putting together the various pieces, (182), (192) and (193), we get the final result

$$\stackrel{~}{f}_2(\nu )=\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}e^{R_a(\overline{\nu })}\left\{_3(\nu )E_2(\nu )+𝒞_2(\nu )\right\},$$
(194)
where $`𝒞_2(\nu )=R_2^{}(\overline{\nu })A_2(\nu )+R_1^{}(\overline{\nu })A_2^{}(\nu )`$ is a SL function which vanishes for $`r^{}0`$ and $`\nu 0`$.

## Appendix D The $`E`$ functions

For completeness we recall here the results of an Appendix of Ref.  and extend them to the present case.

### D.1 $`E_1`$

We consider first the function $`E_1(\overline{\nu })`$. For the function $`E_1(\overline{\nu })`$ we have the expansion

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E_1(\overline{\nu })& _{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho }{\rho }e^{(R_1(\rho )R_1(\overline{\nu }))}\hfill \\ & =\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{2R_1^{\prime \prime }}}N(t)\frac{R_1^{\prime \prime \prime }}{3(R_1^{\prime \prime })^2}X(t)+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right),t\frac{R_1^{}}{\sqrt{2R_1^{\prime \prime }}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(195)
with $`R_1^{},R_1^{\prime \prime },R_1^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ the first, second and third logarithmic derivatives of $`R_1`$ evaluated at $`\overline{\nu }`$ and

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill N(t)\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi }}_t^{\mathrm{}}𝑑xe^{x^2+t^2},X(t)\frac{\sqrt{\pi }}{8}\frac{d^3N(t)}{dt^3}=_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑zze^{z2t\sqrt{z}},\end{array}$$
(196)
with the following behaviours

$$\begin{array}{cc}& t1:N(t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi }t}(1\frac{1}{2t^2}+\frac{3}{t^4}+\mathrm{}),X(t)=\frac{3}{4t^4}+𝒪\left(t^6\right),\hfill \\ & t1:N(t)=1\frac{2t}{\sqrt{\pi }}+t^2\frac{4t^3}{3\sqrt{\pi }}+\mathrm{},X(t)=1\frac{3\sqrt{\pi }}{2}t+4t^2+𝒪\left(t^3\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(197)
In the region $`t=R_1^{}/\sqrt{2R_1^{\prime \prime }}\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\mathrm{ln}(\nu Q)1`$, we obtain

$$E_1(\overline{\nu })=\frac{1}{R_1^{}(\nu )}\left\{1+𝒪\left(\frac{1}{\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2(\nu Q)}\right)\right\}.$$
(198)
On the contrary, for $`t=R_1^{}/\sqrt{2R_1^{\prime \prime }}\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\mathrm{ln}(\nu Q)1`$, we find

$$E_1(\overline{\nu })=\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{C_1\alpha _\text{s}(Q)}}\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_1^{\text{PT}})\frac{\beta _0}{6C_1}+𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\right).$$
(199)
Notice that the term $`𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\right)`$ implicitly includes all corrections $`𝒪(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}})`$, $`𝒪(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\mathrm{ln}\overline{\nu })`$ and $`𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\mathrm{ln}\overline{\nu }^2\right)`$.

### D.2 $`E_a`$ for $`a=2,3`$

For the function $`E_a(\overline{\nu })`$ we obtain the following result:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& E_a(\overline{\nu })_{\overline{\nu }}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\rho }{\rho }e^{(R_1(\rho )+R_a(\rho )R_1(\overline{\nu })R_a(\overline{\nu }))}\hfill \\ & =\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{2(R_1^{\prime \prime }+R_a^{\prime \prime })}}N(t)\frac{R_1^{\prime \prime \prime }+R_a^{\prime \prime \prime }}{3(R_1^{\prime \prime }+R_a^{\prime \prime })^2}X(t)+𝒪\left(\alpha _\text{s}\right),t\frac{R_1^{}+R_a^{}}{\sqrt{2(R_1^{\prime \prime }+R_a^{\prime \prime })}}\hfill \end{array}$$
(200)
where again $`R_a^{},R_a^{\prime \prime },R_a^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ are the first three derivatives of $`R_a`$ evaluated at $`\overline{\nu }`$ and the functions $`N`$ and $`X`$ are defined in (196).

As in the previous case, in the region $`(R_1^{}+R_a^{})/\sqrt{2(R_1^{\prime \prime }+R_a^{\prime \prime })}1`$, using the expansions in (197), we get

$$E_a(\overline{\nu })=\frac{1}{R_1^{}(\nu )+R_a^{}(\nu )}\left\{1+𝒪\left(\frac{1}{\alpha _\text{s}\mathrm{ln}^2(\nu Q)}\right)\right\}.$$
(201)
On the contrary, for $`(R_1^{}+R_a^{})/\sqrt{2(R_1^{\prime \prime }+R_a^{\prime \prime })}1`$, we obtain, up to contributions $`𝒪\left(\sqrt{\alpha _\text{s}}\right)`$,

$$E_a(\overline{\nu })\frac{\pi }{2\sqrt{(C_1+C_a)\alpha _\text{s}(Q)}}\frac{1}{C_1+C_a}\left(C_1\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_1^{\text{PT}})+C_a\mathrm{ln}(\overline{\nu }Q_a^{\text{PT}})+\frac{\beta _0}{6}\right).$$
(202)