text:
# Vertex operator superalgebra structure for degenerate minimal models: Neveu-Schwarz algebra

## 1 Introduction

This paper is a continuation of \[M1\]. It is also closely related to \[HM\]. For a more detailed introduction see \[M1\].

We introduce the notion of a $`/2`$–graded (even and odd) intertwining operator and use it to study the fusion ring for the “degenerate” ($`p=q`$) minimal models, for the vertex operator superalgebra $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$. As in \[M1\] there are two approaches: one which uses the lattice construction (extended with a suitable fermionic Fock space) and the other which uses the singular vectors and projection formulas. For the future purposes we use the latter approach.

The degenerate minimal models are irreducible modules for the $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator algebra $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$ (cf. \[KW\], \[A\]) that are isomorphic to $`L(\frac{3}{2},\frac{q^2}{2})`$, $`q`$. We prove (see Theorem 7.1 and Corollary 7.1) that the corresponding fusion ring is isomorphic to the Grothendieck ring for $`𝔬sp(1|2)`$, i.e., we formally have:

$$L(\frac{3}{2},\frac{r^2}{2})\times L(\frac{3}{2},\frac{q^2}{2})=$$

$$L(\frac{3}{2},\frac{(r+q)^2}{2})+L(\frac{3}{2},\frac{(r+q1)^2}{2})\mathrm{}+L(\frac{3}{2},\frac{(rq)^2}{2}),$$

for every $`r,q𝐍`$, $`rq`$.

As in the Virasoro algebra case, these fusion coefficients are $`0`$ or $`1`$. However in \[HM\] we showed that for some vertex operator algebras $`L(c,0)`$, fusion coefficients might be $`2`$. In Proposition 8.1 we constructe a non–trivial example when $`c=\frac{15}{2}3\sqrt{5}`$.

At the very end, we constructe an example of a logarithmic intertwining operator (for the definition see \[M2\]) for the $`N=1`$ vertex operator superalgebra $`L(\frac{27}{2},0)`$ (cf. Proposition 8.2).

## 2 Lie superalgebra $`𝔬sp(1|2)`$ and $`ep(𝔬sp(2|1))`$

The Lie superalgebra $`𝔬sp(1|2)`$ is a graded extension of the finite–dimensional Lie algebra $`𝔰l(2,𝐂)`$. It has three even generators $`x,y`$ and $`h`$, and two odd generators $`\phi `$ and $`\chi `$, that satisfy

$$[h,x]=2x,[h,y]=2y,[x,y]=h,$$

$$[x,\chi ]=\chi ,[x,\phi ]=\phi ,[y,\chi ]=\chi ,[y,\phi ]=\phi ,$$

$$[h,\phi ]=\phi ,[h,\chi ]=\chi ,$$

$$\{\chi ,\phi \}=2h,\{\chi ,\chi \}=2x,\{\phi ,\phi \}=2y.$$

Generators $`\{x,y,h\}`$ span a Lie algebra isomorphic to $`𝔰l(2,)`$, and this fact makes the representation theory of $`𝔬sp(1|2)`$ quite simple. All irreducible $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$–modules can be constructed in the following way. Fix a positive half integer $`j`$ ($`2j𝐍`$) and a $`4j+1`$–dimensional vector space $`V(j)`$ spanned by the vectors $`\{v_j,v_{j1/2},\mathrm{},v_j\}`$, with the following actions:

$`x.v_i=\sqrt{[ji][j+i+1]}v_{i+1},`$
$`y.v_i=\sqrt{[j+i][ji+1]}v_{i1},`$
$`h.v_i=2iv_i.`$ (1)
If $`2(ij)𝐙`$ then we define

$`\phi .v_i=\sqrt{j+i}v_{i1/2},`$
$`\chi .v_i=\sqrt{ji}v_{i+1/2},`$ (2)
otherwise

$`\phi .v_i=\sqrt{ji+1/2}v_{i1/2},`$
$`\chi .v_i=\sqrt{j+i+1/2}v_{i+1/2}.`$ (3)
In all these formulas $`v_j=0`$ if $`j\{j,j\frac{1}{2},\mathrm{},j\}`$. It is easy to see that each $`V(j)`$ is an irreducible $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$–module and that every finite dimensional irreducible representation of $`𝔬𝔰𝔭(1|2)`$ is isomorphic to some $`V(j)`$ for $`j𝐍/2`$.

It is a pleasant exercise to decompose tensor product $`V(i)V(j)`$. The following result is well–known (see \[FM\] for instance):

$$V(i)V(j)\underset{k=|ij|,k𝐍/2}{\overset{i+j}{}}V(k).$$
(4)
## 3 $`N=1`$ Neveu-Schwarz superalgebra and its minimal models

The $`N=1`$ Neveu-Schwarz superalgebra is given by

$$𝔫𝔰=\underset{n}{}L_n\underset{n}{}G_{n+1/2}C,$$

together with the following $`N=1`$ Neveu-Schwarz relations:

$`[L_m,L_n]`$ $`=`$ $`(mn)L_{m+n}+{\displaystyle \frac{C}{12}}(m^3m)\delta _{m+n,0},`$
$`[L_m,G_{n+1/2}]`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{m}{2}}\left(n+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)G_{m+n+1/2},`$
$`[G_{m+1/2},G_{n1/2}]`$ $`=`$ $`2L_{m+n}+{\displaystyle \frac{C}{3}}(m^2+m)\delta _{m+n,0},`$
$`[C,L_m]`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$
$`[C,G_{m+1/2}]`$ $`=`$ $`0`$
for $`m,n`$. We have the standard triangular decomposition $`𝔫𝔰=𝔫𝔰_+𝔫𝔰_0𝔫𝔰_{}`$ (cf. \[HM\]). For every $`(h,c)𝐂^2`$, we denote by $`M(c,h)`$ Verma module for $`𝔫𝔰`$ algebra. For each $`(p,q)𝐍^2`$, $`p=q\mathrm{mod}2`$, let us introduce a family of complex ’curves’ $`(h_{p,q}(t),c(t))`$;

$$h_{p,q}(t)=\frac{1p^2}{8}t^1+\frac{1pq}{4}+\frac{1q^2}{8}t,$$

$$c(t)=\frac{15}{2}+3t^1+3t.$$

Then from the determinant formula (see \[KWa\] ) it follows that $`M(c,h)`$ is reducible if and only if there is a $`t𝐂`$ and $`p,q𝐍`$, $`p=q\mathrm{mod}2`$ such that $`c=c(t)`$ and $`h=h_{p,q}(t)`$. In this case $`M(c,h)`$ has a singular vector (i.e., a vector annihilated by $`𝔫𝔰_+`$ ) of the weight $`h+\frac{pq}{2}`$. Any such vector we denote by $`v_{\frac{pq}{2}}`$.

In this paper we are interested in the $`t=1`$. Then $`c(1)=\frac{3}{2}`$ and $`h_{p,q}(1)=\frac{(pq)^2}{8}`$. $`h_{p,q}(1)=h_{1,pq+1}(1)`$, so we consider only the case $`h_{1,q}:=h_{1,q}(1)`$, (here $`q`$ is odd and positive). Hence, each Verma module $`M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})`$ is reducible.

The following result easily follows from \[D\] (or \[AA\]) and \[KWa\]:

###### Proposition 3.1

For every odd $`q`$, $`M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})`$ has the following embedding structure

$$\mathrm{}M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q+4})M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q+2})M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})0.$$
(5)
Moreover, we have the following exact sequence:

$$0M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q+2})M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})0,$$
(6)
where $`L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})`$ is the corresponding irreducible quotient.

Benoit and Saint-Aubin (cf. \[BSA\]) found an explicit expression for the singular vector $`v_{1,q}M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})`$ that generates the maximal submodule:

$$v_{1,q}=\underset{N;k_1,\mathrm{},k_N}{}\underset{\sigma S_N}{}(1)^{\frac{qN}{2}}c(k_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},k_{\sigma (k)})G_{k_1/2}\mathrm{}G_{k_N/2}v,$$
(7)
where $`S_N`$ is a symmetric group on $`N`$ letters and the first summation is over all the partitions of $`q`$ into the odd integers $`k_1,..,k_N`$ and

$$c(k_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},k_{\sigma (k)})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k_i1}{(k_i1)/2}\right)\underset{j=1}{\overset{(N1)/2}{}}\frac{4}{\sigma _{2j}\rho _{2j}},$$

where $`\sigma _j=_{l=1}^jk_l`$ and $`\rho _j=_{l=j}^Nk_l`$.

In the special case: $`q=1`$, $`h_{1,1}=0`$, $`M(\frac{3}{2},0)`$ has a singular vector $`G(1/2)v`$ which generate the maximal submodule. By quotienting we obtain a vacuum module $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)=M(\frac{3}{2},0)/G_{1/2}v_{3/2,0}`$.

## 4 $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator superalgebra and intertwining operators

We use the definition of $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator superalgebra (with and without odd variables) as in \[B\] and \[HM\] (see also \[KW\] and \[KV\]).

Let $`\phi `$ be a Grassman (odd) variable such that $`\phi ^2=0`$. Every $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator superalgebra $`(V,Y,\mathrm{𝟏},\tau )`$ can be equipped with a structure of $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator algebra with odd variables via

$`Y(,(x,\phi )):VV`$ $``$ $`V((x))[\phi ],`$
$`uv`$ $``$ $`Y(u,(x,\phi ))v,`$
where

$$Y(u,(x,\phi ))v=Y(u,x)v+\phi Y(G(1/2)u,x)v$$

for $`u,vV`$.

The same formula can be used in the case of modules for the superconformal vertex operator superalgebra $`(V,Y,\mathrm{𝟏},\tau )`$ (see \[HM\]).

It is known (\[KW\]) that $`V(c,0):=M(c,0)/G_{1/2}v_{c,0}`$ 111We write $`L(c,0)`$ if $`V(c,0)`$ is irreducible. is a $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator superalgebra. Also, every lowest weight $`𝔫𝔰`$–module with the central charge $`c`$, is a $`V(c,0)`$–module. If $`c=\frac{3}{2}`$ then $`V(\frac{3}{2},0)=L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$. Hence

###### Proposition 4.1

Every irreducible $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$–module is isomorphic to $`L(\frac{3}{2},h)`$, for some $`h𝐂`$.

Proof: It is known (cf. \[KW\]) that there is one–to–one correspondence between equivalence clasess of irreducible $`A(L(\frac{3}{2},0))`$–modules (here $`A(L(\frac{3}{2},0))[y]`$ is Zhu’s associative algebra) and irreducible $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$–modules. If $`W`$ is an irreducible $`A(L(\frac{3}{2},0))`$–module, then there is an irreducible $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$–module $`\mathrm{\Omega }(W)`$ (that is $``$–gradable) such that $`\mathrm{\Omega }(W)(0)W`$. Because $`\mathrm{\Omega }(W)`$ is a $`ns`$–irreducible module it is also $``$–gradable. Therefore $`\mathrm{\Omega }(W)L(c,h)`$ for some $`h`$.

Among all irreducible $`L(\frac{3}{2},0)`$–modules we distinguish modules isomorphic to $`L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})`$, $`q2𝐍1`$. These are so called degenerate minimal models.

### 4.1 Intertwining operators and its matrix coefficients

The notation of an intertwining operators for $`N=1`$ superconformal vertex operator algebras is introduced in \[KW\] and \[HM\].

Let $`W_1`$, $`W_2`$ and $`W_3`$ be a triple of $`V`$–modules and $`𝒴`$ an intertwining operator of type $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)`$. Then we consider the corresponding intertwining operator with odd variable (cf. \[HM\]):

$`𝒴(,(x,\phi )):W_1W_2`$ $``$ $`W_3\{x\}[\phi ]`$
$`w_{(1)}w_{(2)}`$ $``$ $`𝒴(w_{(1)},(x,\phi ))w_{(2)},`$
such that

$$𝒴(w_{(1)},(x,\phi ))w_{(2)}=𝒴(w_{(1)},x)w_{(2)}+\phi 𝒴(G(1/2)w_{(1)},x)w_{(2)}.$$

Let $`w_1`$ be a lowest weight vector for the Neveu-Schwarz algebra of the weight $`h`$. From the Jacobi identity we derive the following formulas:

$`[L(n),𝒴(w_1,x_2)]=(x_2^{n+1}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_2}}+(1n)h)𝒴(w_1,x_2),`$
$`[G(n1/2),𝒴(w_1,x_2)]=x_2^n𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x_2),`$
$`[L(n),𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x_2)]=(x_2^{n+1}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_2}}+(1n)(h+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x_2),`$
$`[G(n1/2),𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x_2)]=(x_2^n{\displaystyle \frac{}{x_2}}2nhx_2^{n1})𝒴(w_1,x_2).`$ (8)
In the odd formulation we obtain

$`[L(n),𝒴(w_1,(x_2,\phi ))]`$
$`=(x_2^{n+1}_{x_2}+(1n)x_2^n(h+1/2\phi _\phi ))𝒴(w_1,(x_2,\phi ))`$
$`[G(n1/2),𝒴(w_1,(x_2,\phi ))]`$
$`=(x_2^n(_\phi \phi _{x_2})2nx_2^{n1}(h\phi )𝒴(w_1,(x_2,\phi )),`$ (9)
where $`_\phi `$ is the odd (Grassmann) derivative.

### 4.2 Even and odd intertwining operators

In \[HM\] we proved that every intertwining operator

$$𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(c,h_3)}{L(c,h_1)L(c,h_2)}\right)$$

is uniquely determined by the operators $`𝒴(w_1,x)`$ and $`𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x)`$, where $`w_1`$ is the highest weight vector of $`L(c,h_1)`$. This fact will be used later in connection with the following definition.

###### Definition 4.1

Let $`||`$ denote the parity ($`0`$ or $`1`$). An intertwining operator $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)`$ is:

* even, if

$$\mathrm{Coeff}_{x^s}|𝒴(w_1,x)w_2|=|w_1|+|w_2|,$$
* odd, if

$$\mathrm{Coeff}_{x^s}|𝒴(w_1,x)w_2|=|w_1|+|w_2|+1,$$

for every $`s`$ and every $`/2`$–homogeneous vectors $`w_1`$ and $`w_2`$.

The space of even (odd) intertwining operators of the type $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)`$ we denote by $`I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)_{\mathrm{even}}`$ ($`I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)_{\mathrm{odd}}`$). In general one does not expect a decomposition of $`I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)`$ into the even and the odd subspace.

### 4.3 Frenkel-Zhu’s theorem for vertex operator superalgebras

According to \[KW\] (after \[Z\]), to every vertex operator superalgebra we can associate Zhu’s associative algebra $`A(V)`$. If $`V=L(c,0)`$, $`A(L(c,0))𝐂[y]`$. where $`y=[(L(2)L(1))\mathrm{𝟏}]=[L(2)\mathrm{𝟏}]`$ (because of the calculations that follow it is convenient to use $`y=[(L(2)L(1))\mathrm{𝟏}]`$). Also to every $`V`$–module $`W`$ we associate a $`A(V)`$–bimodule $`A(W)`$ (cf. \[KW\]). In a special case $`W=M(c,h)`$, we have

$$A(M_{𝔫𝔰}(c,h))=M_{𝔫𝔰}(c,h)/O(M_{𝔫𝔰}(c,h)),$$

where

$`O(M_{𝔫𝔰}(c,h))=\{L(n3)2L(n2)+L(1)v,`$
$`G(n1/2)G(n3/2)v,n0,vM(c,h)\}.`$ (10)
It is not hard to see that, as $`[y]`$–bimodule,

$$A(M(c,h))𝐂[x,y]𝐂[x,y]v,$$

where $`v=[G(1/2)v_h]`$ and

$$y=[L(2)L(1)],x=[L(2)2L(1)+L(0)].$$

Let $`W_1`$, $`W_2`$ and $`W_3`$ be three $`/2`$–gradable irreducible $`V`$–modules such that $`\mathrm{Spec}L(0)|_{W_i}h_i+`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ and $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)`$. We define $`o(w_1):=\mathrm{Coeff}_{x^{h_3h_1h_2}}𝒴(w_1,x)`$. Because the fusion rules formula in \[FZ\] needs some modifications (cf. \[L1\]) the same modification is necessary for the main Theorem in \[KW\] (this can be done with a minor super–modifications along the lines of \[L1\]). Nevertheless (cf. \[KW\]):

###### Theorem 4.2

The mapping

$$\pi :I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)\mathrm{Hom}_{A(V)}(A(W_1)_{A(V)}W_2(0),W_3(0)),$$

such that

$$\pi (𝒴)(w_1w_2)=o(w_1)w_2,$$
(11)
is injective.

## 5 Some Lie superalgebra homology

In this section we recall some basic definition from the homology theory of infinite dimensional Lie superalgebras which is in the scope of the monograph \[F\] (in the cohomology setting though).

Let $``$ be an any (possibly infinite dimensional) $`/2`$–graded Lie superalgebra with the $`/2`$–decomposition: $`=_0_1`$. and let $`M=M_0M_1`$ be any $`𝐙_2`$–graded $``$–module, such that the gradings are compatible. Then, we form a chain complex $`(C,d,M)`$ (for details see \[F\]),

$$0\stackrel{d_0}{}C_0(,M)\stackrel{d_1}{}C_1(,M)\stackrel{d}{}\mathrm{},$$

where

$$C_q(,M)=\underset{q_0+q_1=q}{}M\mathrm{\Lambda }^{q_0}_0S^{q_1}_1,$$

$$C_q^p(,M)=\underset{\stackrel{q_0+q_1=q}{q_1+r=p\mathrm{mod2}}}{}M_r\mathrm{\Lambda }^{q_0}_0S^{q_1}_1,$$

for $`p=0,1`$. The mappings $`d`$ are super–differentials. For $`q𝐍`$ and $`p=0,1`$, we define $`q`$–th homology with coefficients in $`M`$ as:

$$H_q^p(,M)=\mathrm{Ker}(d_q(C_q^p(,M)))_p/(d_{r+1}(C_{q+1}^p(,M)))_p.$$
(12)
In a special case $`q=0`$, we have

$$H_0^0(,M)=M_0/(_0M_0+_1M_1),$$

and

$$H_0^1(,M)=M_1/(_1M_0+_0M_1).$$

We want to calculate $`H_q(_s,L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))`$. for the Lie superalgebra

$$_s=\underset{n0}{}_s(n),$$

where $`_s(n)`$ is spanned by the vectors $`L(n3)2L(n2)+L(n1)`$ and $`G(n1/2)G(n3/2)`$ , $`n𝐍`$. From (4.3) we see (cf. \[HM\]) that $`H_0(_s,M(c,h))`$ is a $`[y]`$–bimodule such that:

$$H_0(_s,M(c,h))A(M(c,h))𝐂[x,y]𝐂[x,y]v.$$
(13)
###### Remark 5.1

It is more involved to calculate $`H_0((_s,L(c,h))`$, so we consider only the special case $`c=\frac{3}{2}`$, $`h=h_{1,q}`$, $`q`$ odd. As in the Virasoro case (see \[M1\]) it is easy to show that the space $`H_p(_s,L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))`$ is infinite dimensional for very $`p,q,s𝐍`$, and finitely generated as a $`A(L(3/2,0))`$–module. Moreover,

$$\mathrm{Ext}^1(L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}),L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r}))$$

is one-dimensional if $`r=q+2`$ and $`0`$ otherwise. We will not need these results.

In the minimal models case we expect a substantially different result (cf \[FF1\]).

###### Conjecture 5.1

Let $`c_{p,q}=\frac{3}{2}\left(12\frac{(pq)^2}{pq}\right)`$ and $`h_{p,q}^{m,n}=\frac{(npmq)^2(pq)^2}{8pq}`$. Then

$$\mathrm{dim}H_q(_s,L(c_{p,q},h_{p,q}^{m,n}))<\mathrm{},$$

for every $`q𝐍`$.

There is strong evidence that Conjecture (5.1) holds based on \[A\] and an example $`c=\frac{11}{14}`$ treated in Appendix of \[HM\].

The main difference between the minimal models and the degenerate models is the fact that the maximal submodule for a minimal model is generated by two singular vectors, compared to $`M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})`$ where the maximal submodule is generated by a single singular vector.

## 6 Benoit-Saint-Aubin’s formula projection formulas

### 6.1 Odd variable formulation

We have seen before how to derive the commutation relation between generators of $`𝔫𝔰`$ superalgebra and $`𝒴(w_1,x)`$ where $`w_1`$ is a lowest weight vector for $`ns`$. We fix $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(\frac{3}{2},h)}{L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})}\right)`$ and consider the following matrix coefficient,

$$w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x,\phi )P_{\mathrm{sing}}w_2,$$
(14)
where $`P_{sing}w_2=v_{1,q}`$ ($`\mathrm{deg}(P_{sing})=q/2`$) and $`w_i`$, $`i=1,2,3`$ are the lowest weight vectors.

Since all modules are irreducible, by using a result from \[HM\] (Proposition 2.2), we get

$$w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x,\phi )w_2=c_1x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}}+c_2\phi x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}1/2},$$

where $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are constants with the property

$`c_1=c_2=0\mathrm{implies}𝒴=0.`$ (15)
From the formulas (4.1)

$$w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x,\phi )P_{\mathrm{sing}}w_2=P(_{x_2},\phi )w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x,\phi )w_2,$$

where $`P(_{x_2},\phi )`$ is a certain super-differential operator such that

$$\mathrm{deg}(P_{\mathrm{sing}})=\mathrm{deg}P(_{x_2},\phi )=q/2.$$

Therefore

$$P(_{x_2},\phi )c_1x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}}=\phi C_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}q/2},$$

and

$$P(_{x_2},\phi )\phi c_2x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}q/2}=C_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}q/2}.$$

Constants $`C_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)`$ and $`C_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)`$ (in slightly different form, but in more general setting) were derived in \[BSA\]. Considering these coefficients was motivated by deriving formulas for singular vectors from already known singular vectors. By slightly modifying result from \[BSA\] we obtain

###### Proposition 6.1

Suppose that $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(\frac{3}{2},h)}{L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q})}\right)`$ and $`P(_x,\phi )`$ are as the above Then, up to a multiplicative constant,

$$C_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)=\underset{jkj}{}(hh_{1,q+4k})$$

and

$$C_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)=\underset{j+1/2kj1/2}{}(h+\frac{1}{2}h_{1,q+4k}),$$

for $`j=(r1)/4`$, $`j>0`$ (when $`j=0`$, $`C_2(h_{1,1},h_{1,r},h)=1`$).

Proof: The superdifferential operator $`P(_x,\phi )`$ is obtained by replacing generators $`L(m)`$ and $`G(n1/2)`$ by the superdifferential operators

$$L(m)(x_2^{m+1}_{x_2}+(1m)x_2^m(h_1+1/2\phi _\phi ))$$
(16)
and

$$G(n1/2)(x_2^n(_\phi \phi _{x_2})2nx_2^{n1}(h_1\phi )),$$
(17)
acting on $`w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x,\phi )w_2`$. This action was calculated in \[BSA\]. Their results (Formula 3.10 in \[BSA\]) implies the statement 222In \[BSA\] a different sign was used in the equation (16). Still, we obtain the same result if we consider an isomorphic algebra with the generators $`\stackrel{~}{L}(n):=L(n)`$. The same generators were used in \[FF2\]..

### 6.2 BSA formula without odd variables

Since Frenkel-Zhu’s formula does not involve odd variables we need a version of Proposition 6.1 without odd variables (which is of course equivalent). Again $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,r})L(3/2,h_{1,q})}\right)`$ is the same as the above. Then

$$w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x)P_{sing}w_2=P_2(_x)w_3^{},𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x)w_2,$$

and

$$w_3^{},𝒴(G(1/2)w_1,x)P_{sing}w_2=P_1(_x)w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x)w_2,$$

where $`P_1`$ and $`P_2`$ are certain differential operators. If

$$P_2(_x)c_2x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}1/2}=c_2K_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}q/2},$$

and

$$P_1(_x)c_1x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}}=c_1K_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}q/2},$$

then, by comparing corresponding coefficients, we obtain

$`K_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)=C_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h),`$
$`K_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h)=C_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h).`$ (18)
Let us mention that the projection formulas from Proposition 6.1 have a simple explanation in the term of super density modules for the Neveu-Schwarz superalgebra.

## 7 Fusion ring for the degenerate minimal models

In order to obtain an upper bound for the fusion coefficients (cf. Theorem 4.2) we first compute

$$A(L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0)}L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})(0).$$

$`_2`$–grading of the $`0`$–th homology group (12) will enable us (see Theorem (7.1) to study odd and even intertwining operators (see Definition 4.1). For that purpose we introduce the following splitting:

$`A^0(L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,q})):=H_0^0(_s,L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,q})){\displaystyle \frac{𝐂[x,y]}{I_1}}`$
$`A^1(L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,q})):=H_0^1(_s,L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,q})){\displaystyle \frac{𝐂[x,y]v}{I_2}},`$ (19)
where $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$ are cyclic submodules (the maximal submodule for $`M(3/2,h_{1,q})`$ is cyclic !). It seems hard to obtain explicitly these polynomials. First we obtain some useful formulas Inside $`A(M(c,h))`$ (cf. \[W\]):

$`[L(n)v]=[((n1)(L(2)L(1))+L(1))v]=`$
$`[(n(L(2)L(1))(L(2)2L(1)+L(0))+L(0))v]=`$
$`(nyx+\mathrm{wt}(v))[v].`$ (20)
for every $`n𝐍`$ and every homogeneous $`vM(c,h)`$. Therefore in

$$A(M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(\frac{3}{2},0))}L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})(0)$$

we have

$`[L(n)v]=(nh_{1,q}x+L(0))[v].`$
$`[G(n1/2)v]=[G(1/2)v].`$ (21)
Also, we have:

$`[G(n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})G(m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})v]=[G(1/2)G(m1/2)v]=`$
$`[(2L(m1)G(m1/2)G(1/2))v]=[(2L(m1)L(1))v]=`$
$`((2m+1)yx+\mathrm{wt}(v))[v].`$ (22)
By using (7) and (7) we obtain

$`[G(m_11/2)\mathrm{}G(m_{2r}1/2)L(n_1)\mathrm{}L(n_s)v_{1,q}]=`$ (23)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}((2m_{2i}+1)h_{1,r}x+{\displaystyle \underset{p=2i+1}{\overset{2r}{}}}(m_p+1/2)+h_{1,q})`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}(n_jh_{1,r}x+{\displaystyle \underset{p=j+1}{\overset{s}{}}}n_p+h_{1,q})[v].`$
inside

$$A(M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(\frac{3}{2},0))}L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})(0).$$

It is easy to obtain a similar formula for the vector

$$[G(m_11/2)\mathrm{}G(m_{2r+1}1/2)L(n_1)\mathrm{}L(n_s)v_{1,q}].$$

###### Lemma 7.1

Let $`[P_{\mathrm{sing}}v_{1,q}]=Q_1(x)[G(1/2)v_{1,q}]`$ and $`[G(1/2)P_{\mathrm{sing}}v_{1,q}]=Q_2(x)[v_{1,q}]`$ be projections inside

$$A(M(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(\frac{3}{2},0)}L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})(0).$$

Then

$`Q_1(h)=K_2(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h),`$
$`Q_2(h)=K_1(h_{1,q},h_{1,r},h),`$ (24)
for every $`h`$.

Proof: We use the notation from the section 6.2, where

$$𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,r})L(3/2,h_{1,q})}\right).$$

By using (4.1), we obtain

$`w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x)G(m_11/2)\mathrm{}G(m_{2r}1/2)L(n_1)\mathrm{}L(n_s)w_2=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}(x^{m_{2i1}m_{2i}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x}}2m_{2i}h_{1,r}x^{m_{2i1}m_{2i}1})`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}(x^{n_j+1}{\displaystyle \frac{}{x}}+(1n_j)h_{1,r}x^{n_j})w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x)w_2=`$
$`c_1{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}((2m_{2i}+1)h_{1,r}h+h_{1,q}+{\displaystyle \underset{p=2i+1}{\overset{2r}{}}}(m_p+1/2))`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{s}{}}}(n_jh_{1,r}h+{\displaystyle \underset{p=j+1}{\overset{s}{}}}n_p+h_{1,q})x^{hh_{1,q}h_{1,r}r{\scriptscriptstyle m_i}_jn_j},`$ (25)
for the constant $`c_1`$ (see Section 6.1 and 6.2) that depends only on $`𝒴`$. There is a similar expression for

$$w_3^{},𝒴(w_1,x)G(m_11/2)\mathrm{}G(m_{2r+1}1/2)L(n_1)\mathrm{}L(n_s)w_2.$$
(26)
If we compare (23) with (7) (and corresponding formulas for (26)) it follows that $`Q_1(h)`$ is, up to a non–zero multiplicative constant, equal to $`K_2(h_{1,r},h_{1,q},h)`$ (singular vector is odd!) and $`Q_2(h)`$ is, up to a multiplicative constant, equal to $`K_1(h_{1,r},h_{1,q},h)`$.

Thus, Proposition 6.1 and Theorem 7.1 gives us

###### Theorem 7.1

* As a $`A(L(3/2,0))`$–module

$`A(L(3/2,h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L(3/2,h_{1,r})(0)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝐂[x]}{<_{jkj}(xh_{1,q+4k})>}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐂[x]}{<_{j+1/2kj+1/2}(h+1/2h_{1,q+4k})>}}.`$ (27)
* The space

$$I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})M(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right),$$

is non–trivial if and only if $`h=h_{1,s}`$ for some $`s\{q+r1,q+r3,\mathrm{},qr+1\}`$.
* The space

$$I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right),$$

is one–dimensional if and only if $`h=h_{1,s}`$, $`s\{q+r1,q+r3,\mathrm{},|qr|+1\}.`$

Proof (a): From Lemma 7.1 it follows that

$`A(L(3/2,h_{1,r}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L(3/2,h_{1,q}){\displaystyle \frac{[x]}{Q_1(x)}}{\displaystyle \frac{[x]}{Q_2(x)}}.`$ (28)
Now we apply (6.2) and Proposition 6.1.
Proof (b): As in \[M1\], by examining carefully the main construction of intertwining operators in \[L1\] with a minor super–modifications, for every $`A(L(3/2,0))`$–morphism from $`A(L(3/2,h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L(3/2,h_{1,r})`$ to $`L(3/2,h)(0)`$ we can construct a non–trivial intertwining operator of the form $`I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})M(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right).`$
Proof (c): In order to project $`𝒴I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})M(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right)`$ to a non–trivial intertwining operator of the type $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h)}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right)`$ (as in \[M1\]) $`h=h_{1,s}`$ for $`s\{q+r1,q+r3,\mathrm{},qr+1\}\{r+q1,r+q3,\mathrm{},rq+1\}`$, i.e., $`s\{q+r1,q+r3,\mathrm{},|qr|+1\}`$.

###### Theorem 7.2

Suppose that $`qr`$ 333$`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_1W_2}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_3}{W_2W_1}\right)`$.

$$\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h_{1,s})}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right)_{\mathrm{even}}=1,$$
(29)
if and only if

$$s\{q+r1,q+r5,\mathrm{},qr+1\}$$

$$\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h_{1,s})}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right)_{\mathrm{odd}}=1$$
(30)
if and only if

$$s\{q+r3,q+r7,\mathrm{},qr+3\}.$$

Proof: By using ((a)) we obtain the following decomposition:

$`A^0(L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,r})(0)`$ (31)
$`v_{q+r1}v_{q+r5}\mathrm{}v_{qr+1}`$
$`A^1L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},h_{1,r})(0)`$
$`v_{q+r3}v_{q+r7}\mathrm{}v_{qr+3},`$
where $`v_i`$ is a $`[y]`$–module such that $`y.v_i=\frac{(i1)^2}{8}v_i`$.
Claim: Let

$$\psi \mathrm{Hom}_{A(L(c,0))}(A^0(L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})(0),L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,s})(0)),$$

then the corresponding intertwining operator is even. Similarly if we start from

$$\psi \mathrm{Hom}_{A(L(c,0))}(A^1(L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,q}))_{A(L(3/2,0))}L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,r})(0),L(\frac{3}{2},h_{1,s})(0)),$$

the corresponding intertwining operator is odd.
Proof (Claim): Let us elaborate the proof when $`\psi `$ is “even”. From the construction in \[FZ\] and \[L2\] $`𝒴`$ is obtained by lifting $`\psi `$ to a mapping from $`L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})(0)`$ to $`L(3/2,h_{1,s})(0)`$, such that

$$L(3/2,h_{1,q})_{\mathrm{odd}}L(3/2,h_{1,r})(0)0.$$

To extend this map to a mapping from $`L(3/2,h_{1,q})M(3/2,h_{1,r})`$ to $`L(3/2,h_{1,s})`$ one uses generators and PBW so the sign is preserved. The last step (projection to $`L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})`$) is possible (because of the condition $`qr`$) so the proof follows (when $`\psi `$ is odd a similar argument works).

Let us summarize everything.

###### Corollary 7.1

Let $`𝒜_s`$ be a free abelian group with generators $`b(m),m2𝐍+1`$. Define a binary operation $`\times :𝒜_s\times 𝒜_s𝒜_s`$,

$$b(q)\times b(r)=\underset{j𝐍}{}\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(3/2,h_{1,j})}{L(3/2,h_{1,q})L(3/2,h_{1,r})}\right)b(j).$$

Then $`𝒜_s`$ is a commutative associative ring, and the mapping $`b(m)V(\frac{m1}{4})`$ gives an isomorphism to the Grothendieck ring $`ep(𝔬sp(1|2))`$.

Proof: The proof follows from Theorem 7.1(c) and (4).

## 8 Multiplicity–$`2`$ fusion rules and super logarithmic intertwiners

### 8.1 Multiplicity–$`2`$

We have seen that in the $`c=\frac{3}{2}`$ case all fusion coefficients are $`0`$ or $`1`$. Still, we expect (according to \[HM\]) that for some vertex operator superalgebras $`L(c,0)`$, fusion coefficients are $`2`$.

Here is one example. If $`c=0`$, as in the case of the Virasoro algebra, the super vertex operator algebra $`L(0,0)=\frac{M(0,0)}{G(1/2)v_0,G(3/2)v_0}`$ is trivial. Still we can consider a vertex operator superalgebra $`V(0,0):=\frac{M(0,0)}{G(1/2)v}`$ Clearly, for every $`h`$, we have (all modules are considered to be $`V(0,0)`$–modules):

$$\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(0,0)}{L(0,h)L(0,h)}\right)=2.$$
(32)
The previous example is little bit awkward. Here is a nice example with “irrational” central charge:

###### Proposition 8.1

$$\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(\frac{15}{2}3\sqrt{5},\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}1)}{L(\frac{15}{2}3\sqrt{5},\frac{3}{4}(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}1))L(\frac{15}{2}3\sqrt{5},\frac{3}{4}(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}1))}\right)=2.$$
(33)
Proof: It is not hard to see (by using a result form \[AA\] or \[D\]) that $`M(\frac{15}{2}3\sqrt{5},\frac{3}{4}(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}1))`$ has the unique submodule that is irreducible (the case $`II_+`$ in \[AA\]). If we analyze the determinant formula \[KWa\], singular vectors, and then use Theorem 6.1, after some calculation we obtain (33).

### 8.2 Logarithmic intertwiners

In \[M2\] we introduced and constructed several examples of logarithmic intertwining operators. Roughly, logarithmic intertwiners exist if matrix coefficients yield some logarithmic solutions.

By straightforward super–extension we obtain the following result:

###### Proposition 8.2

$$\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{W_2(\frac{27}{2},\frac{3}{2})}{L(\frac{27}{2},\frac{3}{2})L(\frac{27}{2},\frac{3}{2})}\right)=2$$
(34)
Proof: Again, the result follows by combining techniques from this paper and \[M2\]

## 9 Future work and open problems

* For which triples $`L(c,h_1)`$, $`L(c,h_2)`$ and $`L(c,h_3)`$ do we have

$$\mathrm{dim}I\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L(c,h_3)}{L(c,h_1)L(c,h_2)}\right)=2\mathrm{?}$$
* Determine the fusion ring for degenerate minimal models for $`N=2`$ superconformal algebra (cf. \[M3\]).
* Construct an analogue of the vertex tensor categories constructed in \[HM\] (by using the main result in \[A\]), for the models studied in this paper.

Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University, 110 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019

E-mail address: amilas@math.rutgers.edu


format: text

text:
# Matter Collineations of Some Well Known Spacetimes

## I Introduction

There has been a recent literature \[1-5, and references therein\] which shows a significant interest in the study of various symmetries. These symmetries arise in the exact solutions of Einstein field equations given by

$$G_{ab}=R_{ab}\frac{1}{2}Rg_{ab}=\kappa T_{ab},$$
(1)
where $`G_{ab}`$ represents the components of Einstein tensor, $`R_{ab}`$ are the components of Ricci tensor and $`T_{ab}`$ are the components of matter (or energy-momentum) tensor, $`R`$ is the Ricci scalar and $`\kappa `$ is the gravitational constant. The geometrical nature of a spacetime is expressed by the metric tensor through Einstein field equations. The well known connection between Killing vectors (KVs) and constants of the motion  has encouraged the search for general relations between collineations and conservation laws .

Curvature and the Ricci tensors are the important quantities which play a vital role in understanding the geometric structure of spacetime. A basic work on curvature collineations (CCs) and Ricci collineations (RCs) has been carried out by Katzin et al.  and a complete classification of CCs and RCs for spherical and plane symmetric spacetimes has been obtained by Qadir et al. .

The energy-momentum tensor represents the matter part of the Einstein field equations and gives the matter field symmetries. Thus the study of matter collineations (MCs) seems more relevant from the physical point of view. Carot et al.  have studied MCs, as a symmetry property of the energy-momentum tensor $`T_{ab}`$ and have discussed the possible MCs for the case of a degenerate $`T_{ab}`$. Hall et al.  have presented a discussion of RCs and MCs in spacetime and have suggested for the evaluation of matter symmetries to see the similarities between RCs and MCs of the spacetime. Recently, Yavuz et al. have discussed the RCs for the Bianchi types II, VIII and IX  and for the Bianchi types I and III, and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes . In this paper, we address the problem of calculating MCs for these spacetimes and establish the relation between KVs, RCs and MCs. We shall present the complete procedure for solving the MC equations for the Bianchi types I and III, and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes. As the same methods apply for the Bianchi types II, VIII and IX spacetimes, we do not solve them explicitly and only give the results.

The break of the paper follows. In the next section we shall write down the set of MC equations for the Bianchi types I and III, and Kantowski-Sachs metrics and in section three we shall solve them. In section four, we shall solve MC equations for the Bianchi types II, VIII and IX metrics. Finally, a summary of the results obtained will be presented.

## II Matter Collineation Equations

A vector $`\xi `$ is called a MC if the Lie derivative of the energy-momentum tensor along that vector is zero. That is,

$$_\xi T=0,$$
(2)
where $`T`$ is the energy-momentum tensor and $`_\xi `$ denotes the Lie derivative along $`\xi `$ of the energy-momentum tensor $`T`$. This equation, in a torsion-free space in a coordinate basis, reduces to a simple partial differential equation (PDE),

$$T_{ab,c}\xi ^c+T_{ac}\xi _{,b}^c+T_{bc}\xi _{,a}^c=0,a,b,c=0,1,2,3.$$
(3)
where , denotes partial derivative with respect to the respective coordinate. These are ten coupled PDEs for four unknown functions $`(\xi ^a)`$ which are functions of all spacetime coordinates.

The metric for the Bianchi types I ($`\delta =0`$) and III ($`\delta =1`$), and Kantowski-Sachs ($`\delta =+1`$) cosmological models is given by -.

$$ds^2=dt^2A^2(t)dr^2B^2(t)(d\theta ^2+f^2(\theta )d\varphi ^2),$$
(4)
where $`f(\theta )`$ is $`\theta ,\mathrm{sinh}\theta `$ or $`\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ according as $`\delta =\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}=0,1`$ or $`+1`$ respectively and prime denotes differentiation with respect to $`\theta `$. Notice that $`f^2(\frac{f^{}}{f})^{}=1(ff^{})^{}=2f^21`$. The non-vanishing components of the energy-momentum tensor for the above metric are the following

$$T_{00}=2\frac{\dot{A}\dot{B}}{AB}+\frac{\dot{B}^2}{B^2}+\frac{\delta }{B^2},$$
(5)
$$T_{11}=A^2(\frac{2\ddot{B}}{B}+\frac{\dot{B}^2}{B^2}+\frac{\delta }{B^2}),$$
(6)
$$T_{22}=B^2(\frac{\ddot{A}}{A}+\frac{\ddot{B}}{B}+\frac{\dot{A}\dot{B}}{AB}),$$
(7)
$$T_{33}=f^2T_{22},$$
(8)
where dot denotes differentiation with respect to the time coordinate $`t`$. It is to be noted that we have taken $`\kappa =1`$ for simplicity. Using Eqs.(3) and (5)-(8), the MC equations will become

$$(M_{00}):T_{00,0}\xi ^0+2T_{00}\xi _{,0}^0=0,$$
(9)
$$(M_{11}):T_{11,0}\xi ^0+2T_{11}\xi _{,1}^1=0,$$
(10)
$$(M_{22}):T_{22,0}\xi ^0+2T_{22}\xi _{,2}^2=0,$$
(11)
$$(M_{33}):fT_{22,0}\xi ^0+2f^{}T_{22}\xi ^2+2fT_{22}\xi _{,3}^3=0,$$
(12)
$$(M_{01}):T_{00}\xi _{,1}^0+T_{11}\xi _{,0}^1=0,$$
(13)
$$(M_{02}):T_{00}\xi _{,2}^0+T_{22}\xi _{,0}^2=0,$$
(14)
$$(M_{03}):T_{00}\xi _{,3}^0+f^2T_{22}\xi _{,0}^3=0,$$
(15)
$$(M_{12}):T_{11}\xi _{,2}^1+T_{22}\xi _{,1}^2=0,$$
(16)
$$(M_{13}):T_{11}\xi _{,3}^1+f^2T_{22}\xi _{,1}^3=0,$$
(17)
$$(M_{23}):\xi _{,3}^2+f^2\xi _{,2}^3=0.$$
(18)
## III Solution of the MC Equations

We solve the MC equations (9)-(18) for the following three cases:
(1) One component of $`\xi ^a(x^b)`$ is different from zero;
(2) Two components of $`\xi ^a(x^b)`$ are different from zero;
(3) Three components of $`\xi ^a(x^b)`$ are different from zero.

### A One Component of $`\xi ^a(x^b)`$ is Different from Zero

This case has the following four possibilities:
(1a) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,0,0)`$;
(1b) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),0,0)`$;
(1c) $`\xi ^a=(0,0,\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$;
(1d) $`\xi ^a=(0,0,0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$.

In the case (1a), we have $`\xi ^0=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, where $`c_0`$ is an arbitrary constant. Using Eqs.(10) and (11), it follows that $`T_{11}=constant=T_{22}`$. Thus, in this case, we have one MC, i.e., $`\xi _{(1)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\frac{}{t}`$. In the cases (1b) and (1d), $`\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ respectively become $`constants`$. For the case (1c), using Eq.(12) we have $`f^{}T_{22}=0`$ which implies that either $`f`$ is constant or $`T_{22}=0`$. If $`f`$ is constant then $`\xi ^2`$ also becomes $`constant`$ and if $`T_{22}=0`$ then $`\xi ^2`$ becomes an arbitrary function of $`x^a`$. It follows that in each case (1a-d), MC will be one.

### B Two Components of $`\xi ^a(x^b)`$ are Different from Zero

In this case, we have six different possibilities:
(2a) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),\xi ^1(x^b),0,0)`$;
(2b) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$;
(2c) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$;
(2d) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$;
(2e) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$;
(2f) $`\xi ^a=(0,0,\xi ^2(x^b),\xi ^3(x^b)).`$
Case (2a) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),\xi ^1(x^b),0,0)`$:

In this case, from Eqs.(14)-(17) we see that $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^1`$ become functions of $`t,r`$ and from Eq.(9) we have $`\xi ^0=\frac{A(r)}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, where $`A(r)`$ is an integration function. Using Eq.(11) or (12), we obtain $`T_{22,0}\xi ^0=0`$ which implies that either (i) $`T_{22,0}=0`$ or (ii) $`\xi ^0=0`$. In the subcase (i), after replacing the value of $`\xi ^0`$ in Eq.(10), it follows that

$$\xi ^1(t,r)=\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}A(r)𝑑r+B(t),$$
(19)
where $`B(t)`$ is an integration function. Substituting this value of $`\xi ^1`$ together with $`\xi ^0`$ in Eq.(13), we obtain

$$\frac{A_{,11}}{A}=\frac{T_{11}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\dot{)}=\alpha ^2,$$
(20)
where $`\alpha ^2`$ is a separation constant which may be positive, negative or zero.
When $`\alpha ^2>0`$, we have

$`\xi ^0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{cos}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{sin}\alpha r),`$ (21)
$`\xi ^1={\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2\alpha T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{sin}\alpha rc_1\mathrm{cos}\alpha r)+c_2,`$ (22)
where $`c_0,c_1,c_2`$ are arbitrary constants. It follows that MCs can be written as

$`\xi _{(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{cos}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2\alpha T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{sin}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}},`$ (23)
$`\xi _{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{sin}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2\alpha T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{cos}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}},\xi _{(3)}={\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}.`$ (24)
When $`\alpha ^2<0`$, $`\alpha ^2`$ is replaced by $`\alpha ^2`$ in Eq.(20) and we obtain the following solution

$`\xi ^0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{cosh}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{sinh}\alpha r),`$ (25)
$`\xi ^1={\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2\alpha T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{sinh}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{cosh}\alpha r)+c_2.`$ (26)
For $`\alpha ^2=0`$, we obtain $`\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}=\beta `$, where $`\beta `$ is an arbitrary constant. This implies that either $`\beta `$ is non-zero or zero. For $`\beta 0`$, it follows that

$$\xi ^0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(c_0r+c_1),\xi ^1=\beta (c_0\frac{r^2}{2}+c_1r)+c_0\frac{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}{T_{11}}𝑑t+c_2.$$
(27)
For $`\beta =0`$, we have

$$\xi ^0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(c_0r+c_1),\xi ^1=\frac{c_0}{T_{11}}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}𝑑t+c_2,T_{11}=constant.$$
(28)
Thus, in the subcase (2ai), MCs turn out to be three in all the possibilities. If Eq.(20) is not satisfied by $`T_{00}`$ and $`T_{11}`$ then $`A=0`$ and this reduces to the case (1b). For the subcase (ii) when $`\xi ^0=0`$, it also reduces to the case (1b).
Case (2b) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$:

In this case, we see from Eqs.(13),(15),(16) and (18) that $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ become functions of $`t,\theta `$ and from Eq.(9) we have $`\xi ^0=\frac{A(\theta )}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, where $`A(\theta )`$ is an integration function. It follows from Eq.(10) that either (i) $`T_{11,0}=0`$ or (ii) $`\xi ^0=0`$. In the subcase (i), subtracting Eqs.(11) and (12), we have

$$\xi ^2(t,\theta )=fB(t),$$
(29)
where $`B(t)`$ is an integration function. Plugging the values of $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ in Eq.(11) we obtain

$$\frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\frac{1}{B}=\frac{f^{}}{A}=\alpha ^2,$$
(30)
where $`\alpha ^2`$ is a separation constant which is not zero. We can choose $`\alpha ^2=1`$ without loss of generality then the values of $`A`$ and $`B`$ can be found from Eq.(27). Using these values of $`A`$ and $`B`$, $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^1`$ will take the form

$$\xi ^0=\frac{f^{}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}},\xi ^2=\frac{fT_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}.$$
(31)
If we make use of Eq.(28) in Eq.(14), we obtain

$$\frac{T_{22}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(\frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\dot{)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}=\delta ,$$
(32)
where $`\delta `$ can take values of $`0,1`$ or $`+1`$ according as Bianchi types I, III or Kantowski-Sachs metrics respectively. For $`\delta =0`$, we have $`\frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}=\beta `$, where $`\beta `$ is an integration constant. This gives rise to two different possibilities either $`\beta 0`$ or $`\beta =0`$. In the first subcase we have

$$\xi ^0=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}},\xi ^2=c_1\beta \theta .$$
(33)
Thus the MCs will be two which are $`\xi _{(1)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\frac{}{t},\xi _{(2)}=\beta \theta \frac{}{\theta }`$. For the second subcase, we have the results of (1a). The subcase (ii), when $`\xi ^0=0`$, reduces to the case (1b).
Case (2c) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$:

In this case, using Eqs.(13),(14),(17) and (18), it turns out that $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ are functions of $`t,\varphi `$ and from Eq.(9), it follows that $`\xi ^0=\frac{A(\varphi )}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, where $`A(\varphi )`$ is an integration function. From Eq.(10) or (11) we see that either $`T_{11,0}=0=T_{22,0}`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. In the first subcase , we have

$$\xi ^0=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}},\xi ^3=c_1.$$
(34)
It follows that the MCs turn out to be two, i.e., $`\xi _{(1)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\frac{}{t},\xi _{(2)}=\frac{}{\varphi }`$. The second subcase reduces to (1c).
Case (2d) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$:

In this case, we see from Eqs.(10), (11), (13), (14), (17) and (18) that $`\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ become functions of $`\theta `$ and $`r`$ respectively. Eq.(12) implies that either $`T_{22}=0`$ or $`\xi ^2=0`$. If $`T_{22}=0`$, we have $`\xi ^1=c_0,\xi ^2=\xi (x^a)`$. Thus MCs are $`\xi =\frac{}{r}+\xi ^2(x^a)\frac{}{\theta }`$ which shows that MCs are arbitrary in the $`\theta `$ direction. When $`T_{11}=0`$ then both $`\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ become arbitrary functions of four vector $`x^a`$. It follows that $`\xi =\xi ^1(x^a)\frac{}{r}+\xi ^2(x^a)\frac{}{\theta }`$ which gives arbitrary MCs in both radial and $`\theta `$ directions. In the second subcase, when $`\xi ^2=0`$, it reduces to (1b) if $`T_{11}0`$ and for $`T_{11}=0`$, $`\xi ^1`$ become arbitrary function of $`x^a`$ which gives $`\xi =\xi ^1(x^a)\frac{}{r}`$.

When $`T_{11}=0=T_{22}`$, using Eqs.(6) and (7), it follows that

$$\frac{2\ddot{B}}{B}+\frac{\dot{B}^2}{B^2}+\frac{\delta }{B^2}=0.$$
(35)
$$\frac{\ddot{A}}{A}+\frac{\ddot{B}}{B}+\frac{\dot{A}\dot{B}}{AB}=0.$$
(36)
Plugging the value of $`\frac{\ddot{B}}{B}`$ from Eq.(33) in Eq.(32), we obtain

$$2\frac{\ddot{A}}{A}+2\frac{\dot{A}\dot{B}}{AB}\frac{\dot{B}^2}{B^2}\frac{\delta }{B^2}=0.$$
(37)
This is a second order non-linear differential equation in $`A`$ and $`B`$ and can only be solved by assuming some relation between these two functions. If we choose $`B=cA`$, where $`c`$ is an arbitrary constant, then Eq.(34) will become

$$2A\ddot{A}+\dot{A}^2=\frac{\delta }{c^2}.$$
(38)
Now assume that $`A=(at+b)^m`$, where $`a,b`$ and $`m`$ are arbitrary constants, then using Eq.(35), it follows that only possible solutions for $`\delta =0,+1`$ and $`1`$ are $`m=\frac{2}{3},m=1(a^2c^2=1)`$ and $`m=1(a^2c^2=1)`$ respectively. Thus for the Bianchi type I $`(\delta =0)`$ metric, we have

$$ds^2=dt^2(at+b)^{\frac{2}{3}}dr^2c(at+b)^{\frac{2}{3}}(d\theta ^2+\theta ^2d\varphi ^2).$$
(39)
For the Bianchi type III $`(\delta =1)`$ metric, it follows that

$$ds^2=dt^2(at+b)dr^2c(at+b)(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\theta d\varphi ^2),$$
(40)
where $`a^2c^2=1`$. For the Kantowski-Sachs $`(\delta =+1)`$ metric, we obtain

$$ds^2=dt^2(at+b)dr^2c(at+b)(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\varphi ^2),$$
(41)
where $`a^2c^2=+1`$. It can easily be verified that all these spacetimes represent perfect fluid dust solutions. The energy density for each of the above metrics are given as

$$\rho _0=\frac{4a^2}{3(at+b)^2},\rho _1=\frac{4+3(at+b)^{\frac{2}{3}}}{3(at+b)^2},\rho _{+1}=\frac{4+3(at+b)^{\frac{2}{3}}}{3(at+b)^2}.$$
(42)
It is interesting to note that the energy density is positive for the Bianchi types I and III metrics.
Case (2e) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$:

It follows from Eqs.(10),(12),(13),(15),(16) and (18) that $`\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ are functions of $`\varphi `$ and $`r`$ respectively. Using Eq.(17), it turns out that $`\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ become $`constants`$. Thus the two MCs will be $`\xi _{(1)}=\frac{}{r},\xi _{(2)}=\frac{}{\varphi }`$.
Case (2f) $`\xi ^a=(0,0,\xi ^2(x^b),\xi ^3(x^b))`$:

In this case, using Eqs.(11), (12), (14)-(17) we find that there arise two possible situations either $`T_{22}=0`$ or $`T_{22}0`$. For the first option, $`\xi ^2`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ become arbitrary functions of $`x^a`$. For the second option, it follows from Eqs.(11), (14)-(17) that $`\xi ^2=\xi ^2(\varphi )`$ and $`\xi ^3=\xi ^3(\theta ,\varphi )`$. Using Eqs.(12) and (18), it can be shown, after some algebra, that

$$\xi ^2=c_0\mathrm{cos}\varphi +c_1\mathrm{sin}\varphi ,\xi ^3=\frac{f^{}}{f}(c_0\mathrm{sin}\varphi c_1\mathrm{cos}\varphi )+c_2.$$
(43)
Thus the MCs are given as

$$\xi =c_0(\mathrm{cos}\varphi \frac{}{\theta }\frac{f^{}}{f}\mathrm{sin}\varphi \frac{}{\varphi })+c_1(\mathrm{sin}\varphi \frac{}{\theta }+\frac{f^{}}{f}\mathrm{cos}\varphi )\frac{}{\varphi }+c_2\frac{}{\varphi }.$$
(44)
It follows that the MCs are three given by

$$\xi _{(1)}=\mathrm{cos}\varphi \frac{}{\theta }\frac{f^{}}{f}\mathrm{sin}\varphi \frac{}{\varphi },\xi _{(2)}=\mathrm{sin}\varphi \frac{}{\theta }+\frac{f^{}}{f}\mathrm{cos}\varphi \frac{}{\varphi },\xi _{(3)}=\frac{}{\varphi }.$$
(45)
which also represent the generators of a group $`G_3`$. These are just the KVs associated with spherical symmetry of the Bianchi types I and III, and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes for $`\delta =0,1,+1`$ respectively .

### C Three Components of $`\xi ^a(x^b)`$ are Different from Zero

It has four different possibilities:
(3a) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),\xi ^1(x^b),\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$;
(3b) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),\xi ^1(x^b),0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$;
(3c) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,\xi ^2(x^b),\xi ^3(x^b))`$;
(3d) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),\xi ^2(x^b),\xi ^3(x^b))`$;
Case (3a) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),\xi ^1(x^b),\xi ^2(x^b),0)`$:

In this case, using Eqs.(15), (17) and (18) we find that $`\xi ^0,\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ are functions of $`t,r,\theta `$ and from Eq.(9) we have $`\xi ^0=\frac{A(r,\theta )}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, where $`A(r,\theta )`$ is an integration function. If we make use of this value of $`\xi ^0`$ in Eq.(12), we obtain $`\xi ^2=\frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\frac{Af}{f^{}}`$. Substituting this value of $`\xi ^2`$ together with $`\xi ^0`$ in Eq.(11), we obtain the value of $`A`$ as follows

$$A(r,\theta )=A_1(r)f^{},$$
(46)
where $`A_1(r)`$ is an integration function. From Eq.(10), it follows that

$$\xi ^1=\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}f^{}A_1𝑑r+B(t,\theta ),$$
(47)
where $`B(t,\theta )`$ is an integration function. Using values of $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ in Eq.(14), we have

$$\frac{T_{22}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(\frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\dot{)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}=\delta .$$
(48)
Now plugging the values of $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^1`$ in Eq.(13), we obtain

$$\frac{T_{11}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}\dot{)}=\frac{A_{1,11}}{A_1}=\alpha ^2,$$
(49)
where $`\alpha ^2`$ is a separation constant which may be positive, negative or zero. Thus there arise six different possibilities. (i) $`\alpha ^2>0,\delta 0`$; (ii) $`\alpha ^2<0,\delta 0`$; (iii) $`\alpha ^2=0,\delta 0`$; (iv) $`\alpha ^2>0,\delta =0`$; (v) $`\alpha ^2<0,\delta =0`$; (vi) $`\alpha ^2=0,\delta =0`$.
For the subcase (i), after some algebraic manipulation, it is shown that

$`\xi ^0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{cos}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{sin}\alpha r)f^{},`$ (50)
$`\xi ^1={\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{sin}\alpha rc_1\mathrm{cos}\alpha r)+c_2,`$ (51)
$`\xi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{cos}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{sin}\alpha r)f,T_{22}={\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\alpha ^2}}T_{11}+c,`$ (52)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary constants and $`\delta `$ can take values $`\pm 1`$. It follows that MCs are three which can be written as

$`\xi _{(1)}={\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{cos}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{sin}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{fT_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{cos}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }},`$ (53)
$`\xi _{(2)}={\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{sin}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{cos}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{fT_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}\mathrm{sin}\alpha r{\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }},\xi _{(3)}={\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}.`$ (54)
In the subcase (ii), $`\alpha ^2`$ is replaced by $`\alpha ^2`$ in Eq.(38) and it follows that

$`\xi ^0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{cosh}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{sinh}\alpha r)f^{},`$ (55)
$`\xi ^1={\displaystyle \frac{f^{}}{\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{sinh}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{cosh}\alpha r)+c_2,`$ (56)
$`\xi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0\mathrm{cosh}\alpha r+c_1\mathrm{sinh}\alpha r)f,T_{22}={\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{\alpha ^2}}T_{11}+c.`$ (57)
For the third subcase, we have $`A_1=c_0r+c_1`$ and $`\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}=\beta `$, where $`\beta `$ is an arbitrary constant. This implies that either $`\beta `$ is non-zero or zero. If $`\beta 0`$, it reduces to the case (1b). For $`\beta =0`$, we have $`T_{11}=constant`$. Using these values in Eq.(13) and (16) we obtain

$`\xi ^0={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0r+c_1)f^{},\xi ^1={\displaystyle \frac{c_0f^{}T_{22,0}}{2\delta T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}+c_2,\xi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{T_{22,0}f}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}}(c_0r+c_1),`$ (58)
$`T_{11}=constant,T_{22,0}=2\delta \sqrt{|T_{00}|}{\displaystyle \sqrt{|T_{00}|}𝑑t}.`$ (59)
The fourth and fifth subcases reduce to (1b).

In the subcase (vi), we obtain $`A_1=c_0r+c_1,\frac{T_{11,0}}{2T_{11}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}=\beta `$ and $`\frac{T_{22,0}}{2T_{22}\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}=\gamma `$, where $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are arbitrary constants. We see from Eq.(16) that $`\gamma T_{22}=0`$ which implies that either $`\gamma =0`$ or $`T_{22}=0`$. This gives rise to three possibilities that $`()\gamma 0\beta ,T_{22}=0`$, $`()\gamma =0,\beta 0T_{22}`$ and $`()\gamma =0=\beta ,T_{22}0`$. In the subcase (vi$``$), for the Bianchi type I spacetime, we have

$$\xi ^0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}(c_0r+c_1),\xi ^1=\beta (c_0\frac{r^2}{2}+c_1r)c_0\frac{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}{T_{11}}𝑑t+c_2,\xi ^2=\gamma \theta (c_0r+c_1).$$
(60)
For the Bianchi type II and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes $`c_0=0`$. The subcases (vi$``$) and (vi$``$) reduce to the case (2a). In the former subcase $`T_{11}`$ becomes $`constant`$ while in the latter subcase both $`T_{11}`$ and $`T_{22}`$ become $`constants`$.
Case (3b) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),\xi ^1(x^b),0,\xi ^3(x^b))`$:

In this case, using Eqs.(14), (16) and (18), it follows that $`\xi ^0,\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ are functions of $`t,r,\varphi `$. Using Eqs.(15) and (17), it can be seen that $`\xi ^0`$ and $`\xi ^1`$ become functions of $`t,r`$ while $`\xi ^3`$ becomes only a function of $`\varphi `$. Further from Eq.(12), it follows that $`\xi ^3`$ becomes $`constant`$ and $`T_{22,0}\xi ^0=0`$ which implies that either $`T_{22,0}=0`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. If $`\xi ^0=0`$, this reduces to the case (2e). However, for $`\xi ^00`$ $`(T_{22,0}=0)`$, it follows that it gives the results of (2a) together with $`\xi ^3=constant`$.
Case (3c) $`\xi ^a=(\xi ^0(x^b),0,\xi ^2(x^b),\xi ^3(x^b))`$:

In this case, we see from Eqs.(13), (16) and (17) that $`\xi ^0,\xi ^2`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ are functions of $`t,\theta ,\varphi `$. Further from Eq.(10) we have either $`T_{11,0}=0`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. After some algebra, it can be shown that both cases reduce to the case (2f).
Case (3d) $`\xi ^a=(0,\xi ^1(x^b),\xi ^2(x^b),\xi ^3(x^b))`$:

In this case, using Eqs.(10), (11), (13)-(15) we find that $`\xi ^1,\xi ^2`$ and $`\xi ^3`$ are functions of $`(\theta ,\varphi ),(r,\varphi )`$ and $`r,\theta ,\varphi `$ respectively. Eq.(16) gives

$$\xi ^1=A_1(\varphi )\theta +A_2(\varphi ),\xi ^2=arA_1(\varphi )+A_3(\varphi ),T_{11}=aT_{22},$$
(61)
where $`A_1(\varphi )`$ is an integration function and $`a`$ is an arbitrary constant. Using Eq.(17), it follows that

$$\xi ^3=\frac{ar}{f}(A_{,3}\theta +A_{2,3})+B_1(\theta ,\varphi ),$$
(62)
where $`B_1(\theta ,\varphi )`$ is an integration function. If $`a=0`$, then $`T_{11}=0`$ and it follows that $`\xi ^1`$ is an arbitrary function of four vector $`x^a`$ and $`\xi ^2,\xi ^3`$ will remain the same as in the case (2f).
If $`a0`$ and $`\delta =0`$, for the Bianchi type I metric, we have from Eq.(12)

$$A_1=c_0\mathrm{cos}\varphi +c_1\mathrm{sin}\varphi ,A_2=c_2\varphi +c_3,B_1=\frac{1}{\theta }A_3𝑑\varphi +A_4(\theta ),$$
(63)
where $`A_4(\theta )`$ is an integration function. Using Eq.(18), we have

$`\xi ^1=(c_0\mathrm{cos}\varphi +c_1\mathrm{sin}\varphi )\theta +c_2,`$ (64)
$`\xi ^2=ar(c_0\mathrm{cos}\varphi +c_1\mathrm{sin}\varphi )+c_3\mathrm{cos}\varphi +c_4\mathrm{sin}\varphi ,`$ (65)
$`\xi ^3={\displaystyle \frac{ar}{\theta }}(c_0\mathrm{sin}\varphi c_1\mathrm{cos}\varphi ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\theta }}(c_3\mathrm{sin}\varphi c_4\mathrm{cos}\varphi )+c_5,`$ (66)
where $`c_i(i=0,1,2,3,4,5)`$ are arbitrary constants. Thus the Lie algebra of MCs are spanned by

$`\xi _{(1)}=\mathrm{cos}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\theta }}\mathrm{sin}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }},\xi _{(2)}=\mathrm{sin}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\theta }}\mathrm{cos}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }},\xi _{(3)}={\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }},`$ (67)
$`\xi _{(4)}=\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}ar\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(5)}=\theta \mathrm{sin}\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}ar\xi _{(2)},\xi _{(6)}={\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}.`$ (68)
Notice that MCs $`\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(2)}`$ and $`\xi _{(3)}`$ correspond to KVs associated with spherical symmetry of the Bianchi type I spacetime while $`\xi _{(4)},\xi _{(5)}`$ and $`\xi _{(6)}`$ are the proper MCs of the Bianchi type I spacetime. The non-vanishing commutators are given as

$`[\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(3)}]=\xi _{(2)},[\xi _{(2)},\xi _{(3)}]=\xi _{(1)},[\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(4)}]=[\xi _{(2)},\xi _{(5)}]=\xi _{(6)},`$ (69)
$`[\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(6)}]=[\xi _{(3)},\xi _{(5)}]=\xi _{(4)},[\xi _{(3)},\xi _{(4)}]=\xi _{(5)},[\xi _{(4)},\xi _{(6)}]=a\xi _{(1)},`$ (70)
$`[\xi _{(4)},\xi _{(5)}]=a\xi _{(3)},[\xi _{(5)},\xi _{(6)}]=a\xi _{(2)}.`$ (71)
If $`a0\delta `$, for the Bianchi type III and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes, then from Eq.(12) we have $`A_1=0,A_2=c_0\varphi +c_1`$ and $`B_1=\frac{f^{}}{f}A_3𝑑\varphi +A_4(\theta )`$. Using Eq.(18), it follows that

$$\xi ^1=c_0,\xi ^2=c_1\mathrm{cos}\varphi +c_2\mathrm{sin}\varphi ,\xi ^3=\frac{f^{}}{f}(c_1\mathrm{sin}\varphi c_2\mathrm{cos}\varphi )+c_3.$$
(73)
The MCs will, therefore, become

$$\xi _{(1)}=\mathrm{cos}\varphi \frac{}{\theta }\frac{f^{}}{f}\mathrm{sin}\varphi \frac{}{\varphi },\xi _{(2)}=\mathrm{sin}\varphi \frac{}{\theta }+\frac{f^{}}{f}\mathrm{cos}\varphi \frac{}{\varphi },\xi _{(3)}=\frac{}{\varphi },\xi _{(4)}=\frac{}{r}.$$
(74)
which are also the generators of a group $`G_4`$. We see that $`\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(2)}`$ and $`\xi _{(3)}`$ are the same as in (2f). Thus the MCs $`\xi _{(1)},\xi _{(2)},\xi _{(3)}`$ and $`\xi _{(4)}`$ are non-proper.

## IV MCs of the Bianchi types II, VIII, IX Spacetimes

The locally rotationally symmetric metric for the spatially homogeneous Bianchi types II ($`\delta =0`$), VIII ($`\delta =1`$) and IX ($`\delta =+1`$) cosmological models can generally be written in the form

$$ds^2=dt^2S^2(t)(dxh(y)dz)^2R^2(t)(dy^2+f^2(y)dz^2),$$
(75)
where $`f(y)`$ is $`y,\mathrm{sin}y`$ or $`\mathrm{sinh}y`$ according as $`\delta =\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}=0,+1`$ or $`1`$ respectively and $`h(y)`$ is $`\frac{y}{2},\mathrm{cos}y`$ or $`\mathrm{cosh}y`$ for $`\delta =0,+1`$ or $`1`$ respectively. Here prime denotes differentiation with respect to $`y`$. The non-vanishing components of energy-momentum tensor are given as follows

$$T_{00}=2\frac{\dot{R}\dot{S}}{RS}+\frac{\dot{R}^2}{R^2}\frac{S^2}{4R^4}\frac{\delta }{R^2},$$
(76)
$$T_{11}=2\frac{\ddot{R}S^2}{R}\frac{\dot{R}^2S^2}{R^2}+3\frac{S^4}{4R^4}\delta \frac{S^2}{R^2},$$
(77)
$$T_{22}=R\ddot{R}\frac{R^2\ddot{S}}{S}\frac{R\dot{R}\dot{S}}{S}\frac{S^2}{4R^2},$$
(78)
$$T_{33}=h^2T_{11}+f^2T_{22},$$
(79)
$$T_{13}=hT_{11}.$$
(80)
The MC equations will become

$$(M_{00}):T_{00,0}\xi ^0+2T_{00}\xi _{,0}^0=0,$$
(81)
$$(M_{11}):T_{11,0}\xi ^0+2(T_{11}\xi _{,1}^1hT_{11}\xi _{,1}^3)=0,$$
(82)
$$(M_{22}):T_{22,0}\xi ^0+2T_{22}\xi _{,2}^2=0,$$
(83)
$$(M_{33}):T_{33,0}\xi ^0+T_{33,2}\xi ^2+2(hT_{11}\xi _{,3}^1+T_{33}\xi _{,3}^3)=0,$$
(84)
$$(M_{01}):T_{00}\xi _{,1}^0+T_{11}\xi _{,0}^1hT_{11}\xi _{,0}^3=0,$$
(85)
$$(M_{02}):T_{00}\xi _{,2}^0+T_{22}\xi _{,0}^2=0,$$
(86)
$$(M_{03}):T_{00}\xi _{,3}^0hT_{11}\xi _{,0}^1+T_{33}\xi _{,0}^3=0,$$
(87)
$$(M_{12}):T_{11}\xi _{,2}^1hT_{11}\xi _{,2}^3+T_{22}\xi _{,1}^2=0,$$
(88)
$$(M_{13}):hT_{11,0}\xi ^0+h^{}T_{11}\xi ^2T_{11}\xi _{,3}^1+hT_{11}\xi _{,3}^3+hT_{11}\xi _{,1}^1T_{33}\xi _{,1}^3=0,$$
(89)
$$(M_{23}):T_{22}\xi _{,3}^2hT_{11}\xi _{,2}^1+T_{33}\xi _{,2}^3=0.$$
(90)
We solve the above equations for the cases (1), (2), (3b) and (3d) given in the last section.

In all the possibilities of the case (1), we have the similar results as in the previous section for the Bianchi types I, III and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes.

In the case (2a), using Eq.(68), it follows that either $`T_{22,0}=0`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. For $`T_{22,0}=0`$, after some algebra, we obtain $`\xi ^0=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, $`\xi ^1=c_1`$ and $`T_{11}=constant`$. The subcase $`\xi ^0=0`$ reduces to the case (1b). In the case (2b), using Eq.(67), we see that either $`T_{11,0}=0`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. When we take $`T_{11,0}=0`$, it gives $`\xi ^2=0`$ and so reduces to the case (1a) while $`\xi ^0=0`$ reduces to (1c). In the case (2c), Eq.(68) yields that either $`T_{22,0}=0`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. If $`T_{22,0}=0`$, after some algebraic manipulation, it follows that $`\xi ^0=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, $`\xi ^3=c_1`$ and $`T_{11}=constant`$ while the subcase $`\xi ^0=0`$ reduces to the case (1d). In the case (2d), we employ Eqs.(69) and (74) which show that either $`T_{11}=0=T_{22}`$ or $`\xi ^2=0`$. For the former subcase, we obtain $`\xi ^1`$ and $`\xi ^2`$ as an arbitrary functions of four vector $`x^a`$ while for the latter subcase, we have the result of (1b). In the case (2e), after some algebra, we obtain $`\xi ^1=c_0`$, $`\xi ^3=c_1`$. The case (2f) gives the similar results as the case (1d).

In the case (3b), it follows from Eq.(68) that either $`T_{22,0}=0`$ or $`\xi ^0=0`$. For $`T_{22,0}=0`$, we obtain $`\xi ^0=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{|T_{00}|}}`$, $`\xi ^1=c_1`$, $`\xi ^3=c_2`$ and $`T_{11}=constant`$ while the subcase $`\xi ^0=0`$ reduces to the case (2e). In the case (3d), if we choose $`T_{11}=aT_{22}`$, where $`a`$ is an arbitrary constant then we have two possibilities either $`a=0`$ or $`a0`$. For $`a=0`$, after some algebraic manipulation, we obtain

$$\xi ^1=\xi ^1(y,z),\xi ^2=c_0\mathrm{cos}z+c_1\mathrm{sin}z,\xi ^3=\frac{f^{}}{f}(c_0\mathrm{sin}zc_1\mathrm{cos}z)+c_2$$
(91)
and for $`a0`$, this reduces to the case (2e).

## V Conclusion

We have evaluated the MCs for the Bianchi types I, II, III, VIII and IX, and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes. First we discuss the MCs for the Bianchi types I and III, and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes. We see that in the cases (1b-d), the MCs are identical to the KVs. Further we note that in the case (1b), the MC represents a translation along the radial direction $`r`$ while in the cases (1c) and (1d), the MC represents rotations in $`\theta `$ and $`\varphi `$ directions respectively.

We know that every KV is an MC, but the converse is not always true. As given by Carot et al. , if $`T_{ab}`$ is non-degenerate, $`det(T_{ab})0`$, the Lie algebra of the MCs is finite dimensional. If $`T_{ab}`$ is degenerate, i.e., $`det(T_{ab})=0`$, we cannot guarantee the finite dimensionality of the MCs. Thus for the Bianchi types I and III, and Kantowski-Sachs cosmological models, the Lie algebra of MCs is finite dimensional if $`T_{ab}`$ is non-degenerate and may be infinite dimensional if $`T_{ab}`$ is degenerate. Now $`T_{ab}`$ is degenerate if any of $`T_{00},T_{11}`$ and $`T_{22}`$ vanishes. Since in case (2d) $`T_{22}\xi ^0=0`$, that Lie algebra of MCs is infinite dimensional. Further, in this case, it should be noted that we have obtained MCs identical to KVs for the non-degenerate $`T_{ab}`$. We observe that the cases (1a), (2a-c), (3a-c), which contain the component $`\xi ^0`$, have proper MCs and the cases (2e) and (2f), which do not contain $`\xi ^0`$, have non-proper MCs. Also, it follows from the case (3d) that for the Bianchi type I spacetime, some of the MCs are proper but for the Bianchi type III and Kantowski-Sachs metrics, MCs are non-proper.

For the Bianchi types II, VIII and IX, spacetimes, we have one MC in the case (1). Here $`\xi ^i(i=1,2,3)`$ gives a translation along $`x,y`$ and $`z`$ directions respectively. The cases (2a) and (2c) either give two or one MC according to the constraint while the cases (2b) and (2f) yield one. In the case (2d), we have either arbitrary MCs or one according to the constraint whereas in the case (2e), we get two. Similarly, the case (3b) either give three or two MCs and the case (3d) either yield $`3+\xi ^1(y,z)`$ or two. For these cosmological models, it should be noted that the cases (1a), (2a-c), (3b), types of symmetry vectors are proper MCs while the cases (1b), (1c), (2d-f) and (3d) give to non-proper MCs.

We remark that RCs obtained by Yavuz et al.  are similar to MCs. However, the constraint equations are different. If we solve these constraint equations, we may have a family of spacetimes. We have obtained three cosmological models which turn out to perfect fluid dust solutions. It would be interesting to look for further solutions from these constraint equations.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Prof. Chul H. Lee for his hospitality at the Department of Physics and Korea Scientific and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) for postdoc fellowship at Hanyang University Seoul, KOREA. I am also grateful to Prof. Asghar Qadir for his useful comments during its write up.

References

 Melfo, A., Nunez, L. Percoco, U. and Villapba, J. Math. Phys. 33(1992)2258.

 Bokhari, A.H. and Qadir, A. J. Math. Phys. 34(1993)3543; J. Math. Phys. 31(1990)1463.

 Bokhari, A.H., Amir, M.J. and Qadir, A. J. Math. Phys. 35(1994)3005;
Bokhari, A.H., Qadir, A., Ahmad, M.S. and Asghar, M. J. Math. Phys. 38(1997)3639;
Qadir, A. and Ziad, M. Nuovo Cimento B 113(1998)773;
Bokhari, A.H., Kashif, A.R. and Qadir, A. J. Math. Phys. 41(2000)2167.

 Carot, J., da Costa, J. and Vaz, E.G.L.R. J. Math. Phys. 35(1994)4832.

 Carot, J., Numez, L.A. and Percoco, U. Gen. Rel and Grav. 29(1997)1223.

 Noether, E. Nachr, Akad. Wiss. Gottingen, II, Math. Phys. Kl2(1918)235.

 Davis, W.R. and Katzin, G.H. Am. J. Phys. 30(1962)750.

 Katzin, G.H., Levine, J. and Davis, H.R. J. Math. Phys.10(1969)617.

 Carot, J. and da Costa, J. Proc. of the 6th Canadian Conf. on General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics Fields Inst. Commun. 15, Amer. Math. Soc. WC Providence, RI(1997)179.

 Hall, G.S., Roy, I. and Vaz, L.R. Gen. Rel and Grav. 28(1996)299.

 Yavuz, $`\dot{I}`$. and Camci, U. Gen. Rel and Grav. 28(1996)691.

 Camci, U., Yavuz, $`\dot{I}`$. Baysal, H., Tarhan, $`\dot{I}`$. and Yilmaz, $`\dot{I}`$. Int. J. of Mod Phys. D (to appear 2000).

 MacCallum, M.A.H., In General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, eds. Hawking, S. and Israel, W.(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1979)533.

 Baofa, H. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 30(1991)1121.

 Lorenz, D. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.15(1982)2809.

 Banerjee, A.K. and Santos, N.O. Gen. Rel and Grav. 16(1984)217.

 Sing, T. and Agrawal, A.K. Astrophysics and Space Science 191(1991)61.