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# Infrared Behaviour of Massive Scalar Matter coupled to Gravity

## 1. Introduction

The study of the infrared problem in quantum gravity goes mainly back to the work of Weinberg  who has investigated the infrared behaviour of virtual and real soft graviton emission processes. The transition amplitude for a process in which an emission of a single graviton occurs is logarithmically divergent. In the sum over an infinite number of soft gravitons emitted he claims that infrared divergencies in the transition amplitude cancel to every order of perturbation theory. In his treatment he considers virtual and real bremsstrahlung seperately. For the *virtual* ones he obtained in the sum over an infinte number of bremsstrahlungs processes a transition amplitude which is proportional to some power of the lower cutoff parameter $`\lambda `$. So this rate will vanish in the limit $`\lambda 0`$. For an infinite number of *real* processes he obtained a transition amplitude which is proportional to the same negative power in $`\lambda `$. So the cutoff disappears if virtual and real processes are combined. From our point of view we think that the problem can not be treated in this rather simple way for the following reasons. The structure of the problem is the same as in quantum electrodynamics (QED). Here it is well known that the infrared divergencies cancel in lowest order but in higher orders one has to deal with subdivergences in an arbitrary Feynman diagram. The question of wheather or not these divergencies cancel to every order of perturbation theory is a topic which had long been investigated, see , but is still under discussion . As far as we know the cancellation of these divergencies is not at all clear. So we think that one has to investigate these processes carefully order by order.

In this article we will reinvestigate the infrared problem in quantum gravity in the framework of causal perturbation theory. Especially we consider the emission of a real soft graviton in two particle scattering. We use the method of adiabatic switching with a testfunction from the Schwartz space which cuts off the interaction at large distances in spacetime. This makes all expressions well defined during the calculation and it turns out to be a natural infrared cutoff. We therefore avoid the introduction of a graviton mass. The latter, although widely used in the literature, is less satisfactory on physical grounds because it modifies the interaction at short distances, too. It is not at all clear that the different infrared regularizations give the same result for observable quantities. To study this question we want to calculate the differential cross section for bremsstrahlung from first principles.

Causal perturbation theory goes back to ideas of Bogoliubov  and was carefully developed by Epstein and Glaser  in the seventies. Later Scharf  applied it successfully to QED. The idea is to fix the first order interaction and then to construct higher orders of the scattering-matrix $`S`$ by induction using free fields only. Since the free quantum fields as basic objects are operator valued distributions the scattering-matrix will be constructed as an operator valued functional on some testfunction space. The most important ingredient for the inductive construction is the causality requirement, which roughly states that the scattering-matrix of a sum of two testfunctions factorizes if the supports of the testfunctions can be separated in time. As testfunction space one considers for convenience the Schwartz space of functions of rapid decrease, since this space is invariant under Fourier transformation. Then all expressions are well defined tempered distributions. In doing this we cut off the interaction at large but finite distances which is unphysical in most cases and has to be removed at the end. This is the so called adiabatic limit where we take the limit that the testfunction goes to a constant. In this way we investigate the long range behaviour of the theory.

## 2. Free fields

We consider a symmetric second rank tensor field $`h^{\mu \nu }(x)`$, which is a solution to the wave equation, i.e. $`\mathrm{}h^{\mu \nu }(x)=0`$. All tensor indices are raised and lowered with the Minkowski metric $`\eta _{\mu \nu }`$ with components $`\eta _{00}=+1=\eta _{ii},i=1,2,3`$. We denote by $`kxkx=\eta _{\mu \nu }k^\mu x^\nu `$ the Minkowski scalar product of two four vectors. Throughout the paper equal indizes in one expression are always be properly contracted with the Minkowski metric irrespective of their position. We quantize the graviton field $`h^{\mu \nu }(x)`$ by imposing the Lorentz covariant commutation relations

$$[h^{\alpha \beta }(x),h^{\mu \nu }(y)]=ib^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }D_0(xy)$$
(2.1)
where the tensor $`b^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }`$ is defined by

$$b^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}\left(\eta ^{\alpha \mu }\eta ^{\beta \nu }+\eta ^{\alpha \nu }\eta ^{\beta \mu }\eta ^{\alpha \beta }\eta ^{\mu \nu }\right)$$
(2.2)
and $`D_0(xy)`$ is the massless Pauli-Jordan distribution. We can write down the Fourier-representation of the field $`h^{\mu \nu }`$. It is given by

$$h^{\alpha \beta }(x)=(2\pi )^{3/2}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{\sqrt{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}}\left(a^{\alpha \beta }(\stackrel{}{k})\mathrm{exp}(ikx)+a^{\alpha \beta }(\stackrel{}{k})^{}\mathrm{exp}(+ikx)\right)$$
(2.3)
Here $`\omega (\stackrel{}{k})=|\stackrel{}{k}|`$ and $`a^{\alpha \beta }(\stackrel{}{k})`$, $`a^{\alpha \beta }(\stackrel{}{k})^{}`$ are annihilation and creation operators on a bosonic Fock-space. From (2.1) we find that they have the following commutation relations

$$[a^{\alpha \beta }(\stackrel{}{k}),a^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k}^{})^{}]=b^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{k}^{})$$
(2.4)
It should be emphasized that this quantization procedure is only formal in the sense that we don’t describe physical gravitons, since our $`h^{\mu \nu }`$ contains too many degrees of freedom for a real gravitational field. There must be imposed further conditions like a specific gauge condition, etc. in order to obtain physical gravitons. This was done in . The massive scalar field $`\phi (x)`$ obeys the Klein-Gordan equation $`(\mathrm{}+m^2)\phi (x)=0`$. It has the following representation in terms of annihilation- and creation-operators:

$$\phi (x)=(2\pi )^{3/2}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p}}{\sqrt{2\omega (\stackrel{}{p})}}\left(a(\stackrel{}{p})\mathrm{exp}(ipx)+\stackrel{~}{a}(\stackrel{}{p})^{}\mathrm{exp}(+ipx)\right)$$
(2.5)
The energy $`\omega (\stackrel{}{p})`$ is as usual given by $`\omega (\stackrel{}{p})=\sqrt{\stackrel{}{p}^2+m^2}`$. The operator $`a(\stackrel{}{p})`$ annihilates a particle with momentum $`\stackrel{}{p}`$ whereas $`\stackrel{~}{a}(\stackrel{}{p})^{}`$ creates an antiparticle with momentum $`\stackrel{}{p}`$. These operators obey the following commutation relations

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill [a(\stackrel{}{p}),a(\stackrel{}{p}^{})^{}]& =\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{p}\stackrel{}{p}^{})\hfill \\ \hfill [\stackrel{~}{a}(\stackrel{}{p}),\stackrel{~}{a}(\stackrel{}{p}^{})^{}]& =\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{p}\stackrel{}{p}^{})\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.6)
and all the other commutators vanish.

## 3. Interaction of massive scalar matter with gravitation

The energy-momentum tensor of $`\phi (x)`$ is given by

$$T_m^{\mu \nu }(x)=:(\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\mu }^{}\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\nu }+\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\nu }^{}\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\mu }\eta _{\mu \nu }(\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\xi }^{}\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\xi }m^2\phi (x)^{}\phi (x))):$$
(3.1)
The interaction with the gravitational field will be described through the following first order coupling

$$T_1(x)=\frac{i}{2}\kappa :h^{\alpha \beta }(x)b_{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }T_m^{\mu \nu }(x):$$
(3.2)
where $`\kappa =\sqrt{32\pi G}`$ with Newton’s constant $`G`$. This leads to the following explicit form of the first order interaction

$$T_1(x)=\frac{i}{2}\kappa [2:h^{\alpha \beta }(x)\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }:m^2:h(x)\phi (x)^{}\phi (x):]$$
(3.3)
where we have introduced the trace of the graviton field $`h(x)=h(x)_\alpha ^\alpha `$.

## 4. $`S`$-matrix to third order

For the calculation of the bremsstrahlung process we need to know the explicit form of the $`S`$-matrix up to third order in the coupling constant $`\kappa `$. This means that we have to construct the time-ordered product $`T_3(x_1,x_2,x_3)`$. According to the inductive construction of Epstein and Glaser we proceed by first calculating $`T_2(x_1,x_2)`$ which will be done in the first subsection and after that we calculate the relevant terms, i.e. terms with four external scalar field operators and one graviton field operator, in the next subsection.

### 4.1. Time-ordered product to second order

For the construction of the time-ordered product $`T_2(x_1,x_2)`$ we start with the first order term(3.3) and apply the inductive construction due to Epstein-Glaser as in Scharf’s book . First of all we have to build the two distributions

$$A_2^{}(x_1,x_2)=T_1(x_1)T_1(x_2)$$
(4.1)
and

$$R_2^{}(x_1,x_2)=T_1(x_2)T_1(x_1)$$
(4.2)
Since $`A_2^{}`$ and $`R_2^{}`$ are products of normally ordered field operators we apply Wick’s theorem to obtain a normally ordered expression. We are interested in scattering processes so we have to concentrate on terms with zero or one contraction only. The contraction of the free field operators are defined by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}{\text{}h^{\alpha \beta }(x_1)h^{\mu \nu }}(x_2):=& ib^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }D_0^{(+)}(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ \hfill \stackrel{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}{\text{}\phi (x_1)\phi }(x_2):=& iD_m^{(+)}(x_1x_2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.3)
where $`D_m^{(+)}(x)`$ is the positive frequency part of the massive Pauli-Jordan distribution. For the splitting operation we need the difference

$$D_2(x_1,x_2)=R_2^{}(x_1,x_2)A_2^{}(x_1,x_2)$$
(4.4)
This distribution has causal support and it is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill D_2(x_1,x_2)=& i\frac{\kappa ^2}{4}[4:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}:_\alpha ^{x_2}_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +4:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }:_\beta ^{x_2}_\rho ^{x_1}D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }\phi (x_1)^{}:_\alpha ^{x_2}D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1):_\beta ^{x_2}D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}:_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }:_\rho ^{x_1}D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +m^4:h(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)^{}:D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +m^4:h(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_1):D_m(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +4:\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }:b^{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }D_0(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +2m^2:\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }\phi (x_1)^{}\phi (x_1):D_0(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +2m^2:\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }:D_0(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 4m^4:\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)^{}\phi (x_1):D_0(x_1x_2)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.5)
To obtain the time-ordered product $`T_2`$ we have to split the numerical distribution in $`D_2`$ according to it’s singular order (see the Appendix for the definition of the singular order). The singular order of the Pauli-Jordan distribution is $`\omega =2`$, so the splitting is trivial and we can use the formula

$$D_m(x)=D_m^{ret}(x)D_m^{av}(x).$$
(4.6)
The retarded distribution $`R_2(x_1,x_2)`$ is then given by $`D_2(x_1,x_2)`$ if we replace all Pauli-Jordan distributions by the retarded ones $`D^{ret}`$. Finally the time-ordered distribution $`T_2(x_1,x_2)`$ is given by

$$T_2(x_1,x_2)=R_2(x_1,x_2)R_2^{}(x_1,x_2)$$
(4.7)
For later reference we give here the explicit expression

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T_2(x_1,x_2)=& i\frac{\kappa ^2}{4}[4:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}:_\alpha ^{x_2}_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +4:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }:_\beta ^{x_2}_\rho ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }\phi (x_1)^{}:_\alpha ^{x_2}D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1):_\beta ^{x_2}D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}:_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 2m^2:h(x_2)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }:_\rho ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +m^4:h(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)^{}:D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +m^4:h(x_2)h(x_1)\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_1):D_m^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +4:\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }:b^{\alpha \beta \rho \sigma }D_0^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +2m^2:\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }\phi (x_1)^{}\phi (x_1):D_0^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & +2m^2:\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }:D_0^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 4m^4:\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_2)\phi (x_1)^{}\phi (x_1):D_0^F(x_1x_2)\hfill \\ & 4:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_1)\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }h^{\rho \sigma }(x_2)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }:\hfill \\ & +2m^2:h^{\alpha \beta }(x_1)\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }h(x_2)\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_2):\hfill \\ & +2m^2:h(x_1)\phi (x_1)^{}\phi (x_1)h^{\rho \sigma }(x_2)\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }:\hfill \\ & m^4:h(x_1)\phi (x_1)^{}\phi (x_1)h(x_2)\phi (x_2)^{}\phi (x_2):]\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.8)
This result will be needed in the next subsection for the calculation of $`T_3`$.

### 4.2. Time-ordered product to third order

In the previous subsection we have calculated the distribution $`T_2`$(4.8) from the given first order coupling $`T_1`$(3.3). Now to obtain the time-ordered product to third order we proceed in much the same way as in the calculation of $`T_2`$. We calculate the distributions $`R_3^{}(x_1,x_2,x_3)`$ and $`A_3^{}(x_1,x_2,x_3)`$ which are given by

$$R_3^{}(x_1,x_2,x_3)=T_2(x_1,x_3)\stackrel{~}{T}_1(x_2)+T_2(x_2,x_3)\stackrel{~}{T}_1(x_1)+T_1(x_3)\stackrel{~}{T}_2(x_1,x_2)$$
(4.9)
and

$$A_3^{}(x_1,x_2,x_3)=\stackrel{~}{T}_1(x_2)T_2(x_1,x_3)+\stackrel{~}{T}_1(x_1)T_2(x_2,x_3)+\stackrel{~}{T}_2(x_1,x_2)T_1(x_3)$$
(4.10)
where $`\stackrel{~}{T}_1`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{T}_2`$ are defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_1(x_i):=T_1(x_i),i=1,2,3$$
(4.11)
and

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_2(x_i,x_j):=T_2(x_i,x_j)+T_1(x_i)T_1(x_j)+T_1(x_j)T_1(x_i),i,j=1,2,3$$
(4.12)
It should be noticed that we only collect those terms which have two contractions involving all the spacetime points $`x_1,x_2`$ and $`x_3`$, i.e. there is no product of contraction functions with the same argument. After we have built the causal difference $`D_3=R_3^{}A_3^{}`$ we split the numerical part into $`R_3`$ with support in the backward light cone and $`A_3`$ with support in the forward light cone. The time-ordered distribution $`T_3`$ is then given by

$$T_3(x_1,x_2,x_3)=R_3(x_1,x_2,x_3)R_3^{}(x_1,x_2,x_3)$$
(4.13)
Because the calculation is staightforward and not very enlightning we give only the result

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T_3(x_1,x_2,x_3)=& \frac{i\kappa ^3}{8}\underset{\pi S_3}{}[8[:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }:\hfill \\ & +:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\sigma }\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }D_0^F(x_{\pi (2)}x_{\pi (3)})_\beta ^{x_{\pi (3)}}_\rho ^{x_{\pi (1)}}D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +4m^2[:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }:\hfill \\ & +:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\alpha }^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times D_0^F(x_{\pi (2)}x_{\pi (3)})_\alpha ^{x_{\pi (3)}}_\sigma ^{x_{\pi (1)}}D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +4m^2[:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }\phi (x_{\pi (3)}):\hfill \\ & +:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }\phi (x_{\pi (3)})^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times D_0^F(x_{\pi (3)}x_{\pi (2)})_\sigma ^{x_{\pi (1)}}D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +4m^2[:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }:\hfill \\ & +:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }D_0^F(x_{\pi (3)}x_{\pi (2)})_\alpha ^{x_{\pi (3)}}D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +2m^4[:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }\phi (x_{\pi (3)}):\hfill \\ & +:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }\phi (x_{\pi (3)})^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times D_0^F(x_{\pi (3)}x_{\pi (2)})D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +2m^4[:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }:\hfill \\ & +:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times D_0^F(x_{\pi (3)}x_{\pi (2)})_\beta ^{x_{\pi (3)}}D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +8m^4[:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)}):\hfill \\ & +:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)})^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times D_0^F(x_{\pi (3)}x_{\pi (2)})_\sigma ^{x_{\pi (1)}}D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})\hfill \\ & +4m^6[:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)}):\hfill \\ & +:h(x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (1)})\phi (x_{\pi (2)})^{}\phi (x_{\pi (2)})\phi (x_{\pi (3)})^{}:]\hfill \\ & \times D_0^F(x_{\pi (3)}x_{\pi (2)})D_m^F(x_{\pi (1)}x_{\pi (3)})]\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.14)
Due to the sum over all permutations of the indices this expression for $`T_3`$ is obviously symmetric in it’s arguments as it is required by the definition of the time-ordered product. The third order $`S`$-matrix for the bremsstrahlungs processes is then given by

$$S_3(g)=d^4x_1\mathrm{}d^4x_3T_3(x_1,x_2,x_3)g(x_1)g(x_2)g(x_3),g𝒮(^4)$$
(4.15)
## 5. Two particle scattering with Bremsstrahlung

### 5.1. Towards the differential cross section–Step 1: $`S`$-matrix element

In the preceeding section we have shown explicitly the construction of the time-ordered product to second and to third order. The $`S`$-matrix to third order was given by (4.15). Now we consider the scattering process of two massive scalar particles in which a bremsstrahlungs graviton is emited in the final state. That is we want to calculate the expectation value of $`S_3(g)`$ between the following initial and final states

$`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ $`={\displaystyle d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q}_1\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)a(\stackrel{}{p}_1)^{}a(\stackrel{}{q}_1)^{}\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ (5.1)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }_f`$ $`={\displaystyle d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})a^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})^{}a(\stackrel{}{p}_2)^{}a(\stackrel{}{q}_2)^{}\mathrm{\Omega }}`$ (5.2)
These are wave packets in momentum space where $`\widehat{\psi }_i,i=1,2`$ are one particle wave functions from $`L^2(^3)`$, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$ is a two particle wave function from $`L^2(^3^3)`$ and $`\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }`$ is a tensor-valued square integrable wave function on $`^3`$. The vector $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the vacuum vector in the asymptotic Fock-Hilbert space. We want to calculate the following $`S`$-matrix element:

$$S_{fi}=(\mathrm{\Phi }_f,S_3(g)\mathrm{\Phi }_i)$$
(5.3)
To show the details of the calculation we restrict ourself to the following term from the above computed $`T_3`$ (4.14)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T_3^{(1)}(x_1,x_2,x_3):=& i\kappa ^3:h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_3)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }:\hfill \\ & b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }D_0^F(x_2x_3)_\alpha ^{x_3}_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_3)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.4)
where the $`(1)`$ refers to this particular term of $`T_3`$. The $`S`$-matrix element corresponding to this contribution is then given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{fi}^{(1)}=& d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2d^4x_1\mathrm{}d^4x_3\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & \times g(x_1)\mathrm{}g(x_3)(a^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})^{}a(\stackrel{}{p}_2)^{}a(\stackrel{}{q}_2)^{}\mathrm{\Omega },T_3^{(1)}(x_1,x_2,x_3)a(\stackrel{}{p}_1)^{}a(\stackrel{}{q}_1)^{}\mathrm{\Omega })\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.5)
Then we have to compute the vacuum expectation value

$$\left(\mathrm{\Omega },a(\stackrel{}{q_2})a(\stackrel{}{p_2})a^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k}):h^{\rho \sigma }(x_1)\phi (x_3)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\beta }\phi (x_1)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\rho }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\gamma }^{}\phi (x_2)_{{}_{}{}^{,}\epsilon }:a(\stackrel{}{p_1})^{}a(\stackrel{}{q_1})^{}\mathrm{\Omega }\right)$$
(5.6)
This can easily be evaluated by inserting the Fourier representations of the free field operators (2.3) and (2.5) and the use of the commutation relations in momentum space (2.4),(2.6). The result is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Omega })=& (2\pi )^{15/2}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & [\mathrm{exp}[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2q_1x_2)]p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \hfill \\ & +\mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1q_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2p_1x_2)\right]q_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma p_1^\epsilon \hfill \\ & +\mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+p_2x_1+q_2x_2q_1x_2)\right]p_1^\beta p_2^\rho q_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \hfill \\ & +\mathrm{exp}[+i(kx_1q_1x_3+p_2x_1+q_2x_2p_1x_2)]q_1^\beta p_2^\rho q_2^\gamma p_1^\epsilon ]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.7)
The $`S`$-matrix element then reads

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{fi}^{(1)}=& i(2\pi )^{15/2}\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2d^4x_1\mathrm{}d^4x_3\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\hfill \\ & \widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})g(x_1)\mathrm{}g(x_3)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }D_0^F(x_2x_3)_\alpha ^{x_3}_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_3)b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2})\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & [\mathrm{exp}[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2q_1x_2)]p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \hfill \\ & +\mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1q_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2p_1x_2)\right]q_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma p_1^\epsilon \hfill \\ & +\mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+p_2x_1+q_2x_2q_1x_2)\right]p_1^\beta p_2^\rho q_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \hfill \\ & +\mathrm{exp}[+i(kx_1q_1x_3+p_2x_1+q_2x_2p_1x_2)]q_1^\beta p_2^\rho q_2^\gamma p_1^\epsilon ]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.8)
We introduce the abbreviations $`I_1\mathrm{}I_4`$ for the four parts of $`S_{fi}^{(1)}`$. Then we consider the spatial integrations in $`I_1`$. They can be carried out by inserting the Fourier transforms of the testfunctions as well as the Feynman propagators:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I_1=& d^4x_1\mathrm{}d^4x_3g(x_1)\mathrm{}g(x_3)D_0^F(x_2x_3)_\alpha ^{x_3}_\sigma ^{x_1}D_m^F(x_1x_3)\hfill \\ & \mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2q_1x_2)\right]\hfill \\ \hfill =& (2\pi )^{10}d^4x_1\mathrm{}d^4x_3d^4l_1\mathrm{}d^4l_5\widehat{g}(l_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{g}(l_3)\mathrm{exp}\left[i(l_1x_1+l_2x_2+l_3x_3)\right]\hfill \\ & \widehat{D}_0^F(l_4)\mathrm{exp}\left[il_4(x_2x_3)\right]_\alpha ^{x_3}_\sigma ^{x_1}\widehat{D}_m^F(l_5)\mathrm{exp}\left[il_5(x_1x_3)\right]\hfill \\ & \mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2q_1x_2)\right]\hfill \\ \hfill =& (2\pi )^{10}d^4x_1\mathrm{}d^4x_3d^4l_1\mathrm{}d^4l_5\widehat{g}(l_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{g}(l_3)\mathrm{exp}\left[i(l_1x_1+l_2x_2+l_3x_3)\right]\hfill \\ & \mathrm{exp}\left[il_4(x_2x_3)\right]l_5^\alpha l_5^\sigma \widehat{D}_m^F(l_5)\mathrm{exp}\left[il_5(x_1x_3)\right]\hfill \\ & \mathrm{exp}\left[+i(kx_1p_1x_3+q_2x_1+p_2x_2q_1x_2)\right]\hfill \\ \hfill =& (2\pi )^2d^4l_1\mathrm{}d^4l_5\widehat{g}(l_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{g}(l_3)\widehat{D}_0^F(l_4)l_5^\alpha l_5^\sigma \widehat{D}_m^F(l_5)\delta ^{(4)}(l_1+l_5kq_2)\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_2+l_4p_2+q_1)\delta ^{(4)}(l_3l_4l_5+p_1)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.9)
We can do the integrations w.r.t. $`l_4`$ and $`l_5`$ immediately and get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I_1=& (2\pi )^2d^4l_1\mathrm{}d^4l_3\widehat{g}(l_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{g}(l_3)\widehat{D}_0^F(l_1+l_3+p_1kq_2)\hfill \\ & [l_1^\alpha p_1^\alpha +k^\alpha +q_2^\alpha ][l_1^\sigma p_1^\sigma +k^\sigma +q_2^\sigma ]\widehat{D}_m^F(l_1+k+q_2)\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+l_2+l_3+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.10)
Then the first term of $`S_{fi}^{(1)}`$ becomes

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}=& (2\pi )^{11/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1\mathrm{}d^4l_3\widehat{g}(l_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{g}(l_3)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\widehat{D}_0^F(l_1+l_3+p_1kq_2)\hfill \\ & [l_1^\alpha p_1^\alpha +k^\alpha +q_2^\alpha ][l_1^\sigma p_1^\sigma +k^\sigma +q_2^\sigma ]\widehat{D}_m^F(l_1+k+q_2)\hfill \\ & b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2})\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+l_2+l_3+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \\ \hfill =& (2\pi )^{15/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1\mathrm{}d^4l_3\widehat{g}(l_1)\mathrm{}\widehat{g}(l_3)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{l_1^\alpha p_1^\alpha +k^\alpha +q_2^\alpha }{(l_1+l_3+p_1kq_2)^2+i0}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & \frac{l_1^\sigma p_1^\sigma +k^\sigma +q_2^\sigma }{m^2(l_1+k+q_2)^2i0}p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2})\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+l_2+l_3+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.11)
where we have inserted the propagators explicitely. In this expression we can carry out the adiabatic limit in the variable $`l_2`$ since it doesn’t appear in the argument of the propagators. We do this in the following way. First of all we choose a fixed testfunction $`g_0𝒮(^4)`$ with the property $`g_0(0)=1`$. Then a new testfunction is defined by

$$g_\epsilon (x):=g_0(\epsilon x)$$
(5.12)
The adiabatic limit $`g_\epsilon 1`$ is then equivalent to the limit $`\epsilon 0`$. The Fourier transform of $`g_\epsilon `$ is given by

$$\widehat{g}_\epsilon (p)=\frac{1}{\epsilon ^4}\widehat{g}_0\left(\frac{p}{\epsilon }\right)$$
(5.13)
Then we have

$$\underset{\epsilon 0}{lim}\frac{1}{\epsilon ^4}\widehat{g}_0\left(\frac{p}{\epsilon }\right)=(2\pi )^2\delta ^{(4)}(p)$$
(5.14)
Using this in (5.11) the integration w.r.t. $`l_2`$ gives just the factor $`(2\pi )^2`$.

We are interested in the $`S`$-matrix element in the limit where only gravitons at low momenta (soft gravitons) are emited. So we omit all small quantities in the numerators, and we take only the leading singularities in the denominators. This is known as the eikonal approximation in the literature, see e.g. . With this approximation we obtain for the argument of the massless propagator

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (p_1q_2k+l_1+l_3)^2=& (p_1q_2)^2+(k+l_1+l_3)^22(p_1q_2)(kl_1l_3)\hfill \\ \hfill =& (p_1q_2)^2+o(\epsilon )\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.15)
where $`\epsilon `$ is the scaling parameter from the adiabatic limit. The argument of the massive propagator becomes

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill m^2(l_1+k+q_2)^2=& m^2q_2^2(l_1+k)^2+2q_2(l_1k)\hfill \\ \hfill =& 2q_2(l_1k)+o(\epsilon ^2)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.16)
since the momentum $`q_2`$ is on the mass shell. Then the $`S`$-matrix element becomes

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}=& (2\pi )^{11/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1d^4l_3\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_3)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(q_2^\alpha p_1^\alpha )}{(p_1q_2)^2}\frac{(q_2^\sigma p_1^\sigma )}{2q_2(l_1k)}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+l_3+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.17)
Now the adiabatic limit in $`l_3`$ can be done as above and we arrive at the result for the $`S`$-matrix element

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}=& (2\pi )^{7/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1\widehat{g}(l_1)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(q_2^\alpha p_1^\alpha )}{(p_1q_2)^2}\frac{(q_2^\sigma p_1^\sigma )}{2q_2(l_1k)}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.18)
There remains to calculate the other three parts $`S_{fi}^{(1,I_2)}\mathrm{}S_{fi}^{(1,I_4)}`$. The calculations are similiar to the one above so we only present the results

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill S_{fi}^{(1,I_2)}=& (2\pi )^{7/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1\widehat{g}(l_1)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(q_2^\alpha q_1^\alpha )}{(q_1q_2)^2}\frac{(q_2^\sigma q_1^\sigma )}{2q_2(l_1k)}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & q_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma p_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+q_1+p_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \\ \hfill S_{fi}^{(1,I_3)}=& (2\pi )^{7/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1\widehat{g}(l_1)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(p_2^\alpha p_1^\alpha )}{(p_1p_2)^2}\frac{(p_2^\sigma p_1^\sigma )}{2p_2(l_1k)}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & p_1^\beta p_2^\rho q_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+q_1+p_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \\ \hfill S_{fi}^{(1,I_4)}=& (2\pi )^{7/2}i\kappa ^3d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q}_1)\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & d^4l_1\widehat{g}(l_1)b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(p_2^\alpha q_1^\alpha )}{(q_1p_2)^2}\frac{(p_2^\sigma q_1^\sigma )}{2p_2(l_1k)}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & q_1^\beta p_2^\rho q_2^\gamma p_1^\epsilon \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+q_1+p_1q_2p_2k)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.19)
Now we are ready to consider the differential cross section. This will be done in detail in the next subsection.

### 5.2. Towards the differential cross section–Step 2: Calculation of $`|S_{fi}|^2`$

We have to calculate the absolute square of the $`S`$-matrix element $`S_{fi}^{(1)}`$. We do this again separately for the four parts $`S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}\mathrm{}S_{fi}^{(1,I_4)}`$. For the first part we start with (5.18) and write

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}\right|^2=& (2\pi )^7\kappa ^6d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q}_1d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2d^3\stackrel{}{p_1}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{k}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{p_2}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{q_2}^{}\hfill \\ & \widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1})\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p}_2,\stackrel{}{q}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})^{}\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p_2}^{},\stackrel{}{q_2}^{})^{}\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}(\stackrel{}{k}^{})^{}\hfill \\ & d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(q_2^\alpha p_1^\alpha )}{(q_2p_1)^2}\frac{(q_2^\sigma p_1^\sigma )}{2q_2(l_1k)}b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }\hfill \\ & p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon b^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}\gamma ^{}\epsilon ^{}}\frac{(q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}}p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}})}{(q_2^{}p_1^{})^2}\frac{(q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma ^{}}p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\sigma ^{}})}{2q_2^{}(l_2k^{})}b^{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}\rho ^{}\sigma ^{}}\hfill \\ & p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta ^{}}q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\rho ^{}}p_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\gamma ^{}}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\epsilon ^{}}\left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k^{}})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_2}^{})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2}^{})\right)^{1/2}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\delta ^{(4)}(l_2+p_1^{}+q_1^{}q_2^{}p_2^{}k^{})\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.20)
where a  indicates complex conjugation. We use the completeness relations of the final states, i.e.

$`{\displaystyle \underset{f}{}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p_2},\stackrel{}{q_2})\widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}(\stackrel{}{p_2}^{},\stackrel{}{q_2}^{})^{}`$ $`=\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{p_2}\stackrel{}{p_2}^{})\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{q_2}\stackrel{}{q_2}^{})`$ (5.21)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{f}{}}\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu \nu }(\stackrel{}{k})\widehat{\varphi }^{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}(\stackrel{}{k}^{})^{}`$ $`=\eta ^{\mu \nu }\eta ^{\mu ^{}\nu ^{}}\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{k}^{})`$ (5.22)
where the sum is taken over all final states. Then we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{f}{}\left|S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}\right|^2=& (2\pi )^7\kappa ^6d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q}_1d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2d^3\stackrel{}{q}_2d^3\stackrel{}{p_1}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}^{}\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1})\hfill \\ & \widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})^{}\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})^{}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(q_2^\alpha p_1^\alpha )}{(q_2p_1)^2}\frac{(q_2^\rho p_1^\rho )}{2q_2(l_1k)}\hfill \\ & p_1^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_1^\epsilon b^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}\gamma ^{}\epsilon ^{}}\frac{(q_2^\alpha ^{}p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha ^{}})}{(q_2p_1^{})^2}\frac{(q_2^\rho ^{}p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\rho ^{}})}{2q_2(l_2k)}p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta ^{}}q_2^\rho ^{}p_2^\gamma ^{}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\epsilon ^{}}\hfill \\ & \frac{\delta ^{(4)}(l_1+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\delta ^{(4)}(l_2+p_1^{}+q_1^{}q_2p_2k)}{\sqrt{\left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{p}_2)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_1)\omega (\stackrel{}{q}_2)\right)\left(32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_2})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2})\right)}}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.23)
Now we assume that the wavefunctions $`\widehat{\psi }_1`$ and $`\widehat{\psi }_2`$ are sharply concentrated around the initial momenta $`p_i`$ and $`q_i`$, so that we can replace the momenta in the propagators by these initial momenta. Then the expression can be simplified to

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{f}{}\left|S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}\right|^2=& (2\pi )^7\kappa ^6d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p_2}d^3\stackrel{}{q_2}b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\hfill \\ & \frac{(q_2^\alpha p_i^\alpha )}{(q_2p_i)^2}\frac{(q_2^\rho p_i^\rho )}{2q_2(l_1k)}p_i^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_i^\epsilon b^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}\gamma ^{}\epsilon ^{}}\frac{(q_2^\alpha ^{}p_i^\alpha ^{})}{(q_2p_i)^2}\frac{(q_2^\rho ^{}p_i^\rho ^{})}{2q_2(l_2k)}\hfill \\ & p_i^\beta ^{}q_2^\rho ^{}p_2^\gamma ^{}q_i^\epsilon ^{}\left[32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_2})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2})\right]^1\hfill \\ & d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q}_1d^3\stackrel{}{p_1}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}^{}\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1})\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})^{}\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})^{}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\delta ^{(4)}(l_2+p_1^{}+q_1^{}q_2p_2k)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.24)
We observe that the last integral herein depends on the initial state only. We denote it by $`F(P,l_1,l_2)`$, where we have introduced $`P=p_2+q_2+k`$. We have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill F(P,l_1,l_2)=& d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1d^3\stackrel{}{q}_1d^3\stackrel{}{p_1}^{}d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}^{}\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1})\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})^{}\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})^{}\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(l_1+p_1+q_1q_2p_2k)\delta ^{(4)}(l_2+p_1^{}+q_1^{}q_2p_2k)\hfill \\ \hfill =& (2\pi )^8d^4y_1d^4y_2d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1\mathrm{}d^3\stackrel{}{q_1}^{}\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p}_1)\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1})\widehat{\psi }_1(\stackrel{}{p_1}^{})^{}\widehat{\psi }_2(\stackrel{}{q_1}^{})^{}\hfill \\ & \mathrm{exp}\left[i(l_1+p_1+q_1P)y_1\right]\mathrm{exp}\left[+i(l_2+p_1^{}+q_1^{}P)y_2\right]\hfill \\ \hfill =& d^4y_1d^4y_2\psi _1(y_1)\psi _2(y_1)\psi _1(y_2)^{}\psi _2(y_2)^{}\mathrm{exp}[il_1y_1]\mathrm{exp}[+il_2y_2]\hfill \\ & \mathrm{exp}\left[i(y_1y_2)P\right]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.25)
The function $`F`$ is normalized according to

$$F(P,l_1,l_2)d^4P=(2\pi )^2d^4y|\psi _1(y)|^2|\psi _2(y)|^2\mathrm{exp}\left[i(l_1l_2)y\right]$$
(5.26)
and it is concentrated around $`P=p_2+q_2+kp_i+q_i`$. In the limit of infintely sharp wave packets we may represent it by

$$F(P,l_1,l_2)=(2\pi )^2\delta ^{(4)}(Pp_iq_i)d^4y|\psi _1(y)|^2|\psi _2(y)|^2\mathrm{exp}\left[i(l_1l_2)y\right]$$
(5.27)
This will be inserted in (5.24) and we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{f}{}\left|S_{fi}^{(1,I_1)}\right|^2=& (2\pi )^5\kappa ^6d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}d^3\stackrel{}{k}d^3\stackrel{}{p_2}d^3\stackrel{}{q_2}b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\hfill \\ & \frac{(q_2^\alpha p_i^\alpha )}{(q_2p_i)^2}\frac{(q_2^\rho p_i^\rho )}{2q_2(l_1k)}p_i^\beta q_2^\rho p_2^\gamma q_i^\epsilon b^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}\gamma ^{}\epsilon ^{}}\frac{(q_2^\alpha ^{}p_i^\alpha ^{})}{(q_2p_i)^2}\frac{(q_2^\rho ^{}p_i^\rho ^{})}{2q_2(l_2k)}\hfill \\ & p_i^\beta ^{}q_2^\rho ^{}p_2^\gamma ^{}q_i^\epsilon ^{}\left[32\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_2})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_2})\right]^1\hfill \\ & \delta ^{(4)}(p_2+q_2+kp_iq_i)d^4y|\psi _1(y)|^2|\psi _2(y)|^2\mathrm{exp}\left[i(l_1l_2)y\right]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.28)
For the definition of the cross section we follow sect. 3.4 of . We can set $`l_1=l_2`$ in the last integral because we neglect all contributions $`o(\epsilon )`$ in the numerator, see the remarks after (5.11). With the notation as in  we define the cross section as

$$\sigma =\underset{R\mathrm{}}{lim}\pi R^2\underset{f}{}|S_{fi}(R)|^2$$
(5.29)
where $`R`$ is the radius of the beam of incoming particles. Then we restrict ourself again to (5.4) of $`T_3`$ and furthermore to the first integral $`I_1`$ (5.9) of $`S_{fi}`$. If we denote the integration variables $`p_2`$ and $`q_2`$ by $`p_f`$ and $`q_f`$, respectively, then we obtain for the cross section

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma =& (2\pi )^5\kappa ^6\left[4\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\right]^1\frac{\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\hfill \\ & \frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{q_f}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p_f}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})}b^{\alpha \beta \gamma \epsilon }\frac{(q_f^\alpha p_i^\alpha )}{(q_fp_i)^2}\frac{(q_f^\rho p_i^\rho )}{2q_f(l_1k)}p_i^\beta q_f^\rho p_f^\gamma q_i^\epsilon b^{\alpha ^{}\beta ^{}\gamma ^{}\epsilon ^{}}\hfill \\ & \frac{(q_f^\alpha ^{}p_i^\alpha ^{})}{(q_fp_i)^2}\frac{(q_f^\rho ^{}p_i^\rho ^{})}{2q_f(l_2k)}p_i^\beta ^{}q_f^\rho ^{}p_f^\gamma ^{}q_i^\epsilon ^{}\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{p_f}+\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{q_i})\hfill \\ & \delta (\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})+\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})+\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i}))\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.30)
To carry out the remainig integrations we have to know the integrand explicitely. So at this point of the calculation the tensor structure of the integrand becomes important and we have to write down the various contractions between the four-vectors $`p_i,q_i,p_f,q_f`$. With the tensor $`b^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }`$ (2.2) we get for the cross section

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma =& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{q_f}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p_f}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})}\hfill \\ & [[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_f})(p_iq_i)+(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{p_f})\hfill \\ & \left(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i}\right)\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{p_f}\stackrel{}{q_i}\right)\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{p_f}\right)(p_iq_i)\hfill \\ & (p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{p_f})+p_i^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{p_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})\left]\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})^2\stackrel{}{q_f}^2)\hfill \\ & [(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_f})(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{p_f})\hfill \\ & +\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i}\right)\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{p_f}\stackrel{}{q_i}\right)+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{p_f}\right)(p_iq_i)\hfill \\ & +(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{p_f})p_i^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{p_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})](\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})]^2\hfill \\ & \frac{\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{p_f}+\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{p_i}\stackrel{}{q_i})\delta (\omega (\stackrel{}{p_f})+\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})+\omega (\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i}))}{(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_1k)(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_2k)}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.31)
It is convenient to choose the center-of-mass system, defined by $`\stackrel{}{p_i}+\stackrel{}{q_i}=0`$. We can easily do the integration w.r.t. $`\stackrel{}{p_f}`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma =& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{q_f}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})}\frac{1}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})}\hfill \\ & [[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{q_f}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)+(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i}\left)\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})\hfill \\ & \left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\right)(p_iq_i)(p_iq_i)\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\right)\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{p_i}^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})\left]\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})^2\stackrel{}{q_f}^2)[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{q_f}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i}\left)\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))\hfill \\ & +(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)+(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))\hfill \\ & p_i^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})](\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})]^2\hfill \\ & \frac{\delta (\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})+\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\omega (\stackrel{}{k})2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i}))}{(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_1k)(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_2k)}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.32)
Now we are left with the integration w.r.t. $`\stackrel{}{q_f}`$. In order to be able to do this we have to rewrite the argument of the delta distribution showing the dependence on $`|\stackrel{}{q_f}|`$ explicitely. We want to use the formula

$$\delta (f(x))=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{|f^{}(x_i)|}\delta (xx_i)$$
(5.33)
where the $`x_i`$ are simple zeros of the function $`f`$. For that purpose we define

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f(𝗊_𝖿)=& \sqrt{\stackrel{}{q_f}^2+m^2}+\sqrt{(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})^2+m^2}+\omega (\stackrel{}{k})2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\hfill \\ \hfill =& \sqrt{𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+m^2}+\sqrt{𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+𝗄^2+2𝗊_𝖿𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta +m^2}+𝗄2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.34)
where $`\theta =\mathrm{}(\stackrel{}{q_f},\stackrel{}{k})`$ and we have used the notation $`𝗄=|\stackrel{}{k}|,𝗊_𝖿=|\stackrel{}{q_f}|`$. In order to simplify the notation in the following formulas we write $`\omega =2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})`$. The zeros of the function $`f`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)}(𝗄,\theta )=& A(𝗄,\theta )+B(𝗄,\theta )\hfill \\ \hfill 𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(2)}(𝗄,\theta )=& A(𝗄,\theta )B(𝗄,\theta )\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.35)
where we have introduced

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A(𝗄,\theta )=& \frac{\omega (2𝗄\omega )𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta }{2(\omega 𝗄)^22𝗄^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }\hfill \\ \hfill B(𝗄,\theta )=& \frac{(\omega 𝗄)\sqrt{\omega ^44\omega ^3𝗄+8\omega 𝗄m^22𝗄^2m^2+4\omega ^2(𝗄^2m^2)+2𝗄^2m^2\mathrm{cos}2\theta }}{2(\omega 𝗄)^22𝗄^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.36)
Clearly these solutions are itself functions of the momentum $`𝗄`$ and the angle $`\theta `$. If we consider the limit of these functions (5.35) as $`𝗄`$ goes to zero we obtain

$$\underset{𝗄0}{lim}𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}=\pm 𝗉_𝗂,j=1,2$$
(5.37)
where $`𝗉_𝗂=|\stackrel{}{p_i}|`$. The derivative of $`f`$ with respect to $`𝗊_𝖿`$ is given by

$$\frac{df}{d𝗊_𝖿}=\frac{𝗊_𝖿}{\sqrt{m^2+𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}+\frac{𝗊_𝖿+𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta }{\sqrt{𝗄^2+m^2+𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+2\mathrm{𝗄𝗊}_𝖿\mathrm{cos}\theta }}$$
(5.38)
By inserting the two zeros of $`f`$ into (5.38) we observe that, by taking the limit $`𝗄0`$, we get a finite result, namely

$$\underset{𝗄0}{lim}\frac{df(𝗊_𝖿)}{d𝗊_𝖿}|_{𝗊_𝖿=𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}}=\pm \frac{2𝗉_𝗂}{\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})},j=1,2$$
(5.39)
Now we can rewrite the cross section as

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma =& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}d𝗊_𝖿d\mathrm{\Omega }}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})}\frac{1}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})}\hfill \\ & [[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{q_f}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)+(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i}\left)\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})\hfill \\ & \left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\right)(p_iq_i)(p_iq_i)\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\right)\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{p_i}^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})\left]\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})^2\stackrel{}{q_f}^2)[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{q_f}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i}\left)\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))\hfill \\ & +(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & +\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)+(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))\hfill \\ & p_i^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})](\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})]^2\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_1k)(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_2k)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\frac{1}{|f^{}(𝗊_𝖿)|_{𝗊_𝖿=𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}}|}\delta (𝗊_𝖿𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.40)
Before we do the integration w.r.t. $`𝗊_𝖿`$ let us denote by $`F_1(𝗊_𝖿,𝗄,𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$ the expression which comes from the tensor part in the numerator, i.e.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill F_1(𝗊_𝖿,𝗄,𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )=& [[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{q_f}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)+(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i})\hfill \\ & (\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & \omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)(p_iq_i)\hfill \\ & (\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))+\stackrel{}{p_i}^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})]\hfill \\ & (\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})^2\stackrel{}{q_f}^2)[(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{q_f}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\hfill \\ & \omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{q_i}\left)\right(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))+(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})\hfill \\ & \left(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i}\right)+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\right)\hfill \\ & (p_iq_i)+(p_iq_i)(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})+\stackrel{}{p_i}(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k}))p_i^2(\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\hfill \\ & \omega (\stackrel{}{q_i})+(\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})\stackrel{}{q_i})](\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\stackrel{}{q_f}\stackrel{}{p_i})]^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.41)
Then the expression for the cross section is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \sigma =& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}d𝗊_𝖿d\mathrm{\Omega }}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f})}\frac{1}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{q_f}+\stackrel{}{k})}\hfill \\ & \frac{F_1(𝗊_𝖿,𝗄,𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )}{(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_1k)(q_fp_i)^22q_f(l_2k)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\frac{1}{|f^{}(𝗊_𝖿)|_{𝗊_𝖿=𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}}|}\delta (𝗊_𝖿𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.42)
From this expression we can identify the differential cross section $`\frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}`$. We do the $`𝗊_𝖿`$-integration and obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\frac{1}{|f^{}(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})|}\hfill \\ & \frac{(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2}{2\sqrt{\left((𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+m^2\right)}}\frac{F_1(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)},𝗄,𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )}{2\sqrt{\left((𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+𝗄^2+\mathrm{𝗄𝗊}_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}\mathrm{cos}\theta +m^2\right)}}\hfill \\ & \left(\frac{1}{m^22\sqrt{(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+m^2}\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})+2𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}𝗉_𝗂\mathrm{cos}\alpha +p_i^2}\right)^2\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2\left[\sqrt{(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+m^2}l_1^0𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \sqrt{(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+m^2}𝗄+𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta \right]}\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2\left[\sqrt{(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+m^2}l_2^0𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \sqrt{(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)})^2+m^2}𝗄+𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta \right]}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.43)
where we have introduced

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \alpha =& \mathrm{}(\stackrel{}{q_f},\stackrel{}{p_i})\hfill \\ \hfill \beta =& \mathrm{}(\stackrel{}{q_f},\stackrel{}{l_1})\hfill \\ \hfill \gamma =& \mathrm{}(\stackrel{}{q_f},\stackrel{}{l_2})\hfill \\ \hfill 𝗅_𝗂=& |\stackrel{}{l_i}|,i=1,2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.44)
In the next step we omit all small quantities in the numerator, and we set $`𝗄=0`$ in the denominators if there occur no singularities. Then the expression can be simplified to

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}\frac{\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})}{2𝗉_𝗂}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\hfill \\ & \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\frac{𝗉_{𝗂}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{4\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})^2}F_1(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0},0,0)\left(\frac{1}{m^22\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})^2+2𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}𝗉_𝗂\mathrm{cos}\alpha +p_i^2}\right)^2\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})𝗄+𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta \right]}\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})𝗄+𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta \right]}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.45)
Now one observes that the function $`F_1`$ is independent of $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and depends only on the initial momenta $`p_i`$ and $`q_i`$ so we can take it outside the integral. Then we get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=& \frac{1}{4}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}F_2(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0})d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\hfill \\ & \frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{1}{2\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_1^0𝗄)𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]}\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{2\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_2^0𝗄)𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.46)
where the function $`F_2`$ is given by

$$F_2(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0})=\frac{𝗉_𝗂}{8\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})}F_1(𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0},0,0)\left(\frac{1}{m^22\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})^2+2𝗊_{𝖿}^{}{}_{}{}^{(j)}|_{𝗄=0}𝗉_𝗂\mathrm{cos}\alpha +p_i^2}\right)^2$$
(5.47)
If we use (5.37) we can write the differential cross section in the form

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=& \frac{1}{16}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}[F_2(+𝗉_𝗂)\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_1^0𝗄)𝗉_𝗂(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_2^0𝗄)𝗉_𝗂(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]}\hfill \\ & +F_2(𝗉_𝗂)\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\hfill \\ & \frac{1}{\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_1^0𝗄)+𝗉_𝗂(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_2^0𝗄)+𝗉_𝗂(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]}]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.48)
In order to do the integration w.r.t. $`\stackrel{}{k}`$ we use an identity due to Feynman

$$\frac{1}{ab}=_0^1\frac{dx}{[ax+b(1x)]^2},a,b$$
(5.49)
We consider the first term in (5.48). Then we define the functions $`a`$ and $`b`$ by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill a=& \left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_1^0𝗄)𝗉_𝗂(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]\hfill \\ \hfill b=& \left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})(l_2^0𝗄)𝗉_𝗂(𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma 𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta )\right]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.50)
The integral becomes

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}}{2\omega (\stackrel{}{k})}\frac{1}{ab}=& \frac{1}{2}𝗄𝑑𝗄𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }_𝗄_0^1\frac{dx}{\left[ax+b(1x)\right]^2}\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{2\pi }{2}𝗄𝑑𝗄_0^1𝑑x_1^{+1}\frac{d\mathrm{cos}\theta }{\left[ax+b(1x)\right]^2}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.51)
We insert $`a`$ and $`b`$ and obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill =& \pi 𝗄𝑑𝗄_0^1𝑑x_1^{+1}\hfill \\ & \frac{d\mathrm{cos}\theta }{\left[\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})𝗄+𝗉_𝗂𝗄\mathrm{cos}\theta +(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta )x+(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma )(1x)\right]^2}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.52)
We set $`\mathrm{cos}\theta =z`$ and we observe that the integral w.r.t. $`z`$ is of the form

$$_1^{+1}\frac{dz}{(cz+d)^2}=\frac{2}{d^2c^2}$$
(5.53)
see , where we’ve set

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c=& 𝗉_𝗂𝗄\hfill \\ \hfill d=& \omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})𝗄+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.54)
Then we obtain for (5.52)

$$=2\pi 𝗄𝑑𝗄_0^1𝑑x\frac{1}{p_i^2𝗄^2+A(l_1,l_2,x)𝗄+B(l_1,l_2,x)}$$
(5.55)
where $`A(l_1,l_2,x)`$ and $`B(l_1,l_2,x)`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A(l_1,l_2,x)=& 2\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\left[\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right]\hfill \\ \hfill B(l_1,l_2,x)=& \left[\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right]^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.56)
Then this integral w.r.t. $`𝗄`$ is of the form

$$\frac{ydy}{c_1y^2+c_2y+c_3}=\frac{1}{2c_1}\mathrm{ln}\left(c_1y^2+c_2y+c_3\right)\frac{c_2}{2c_1}\frac{dy}{c_1y^2+c_2y+c_3}$$
(5.57)
where the constants $`c_i,i=1,2,3`$ are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill c_1=& p_i^2=m^2\hfill \\ \hfill c_2=& A(l_1,l_2,x)\hfill \\ \hfill c_3=& B(l_1,l_2,x)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.58)
In our case the discriminant $`\mathrm{\Delta }:=4c_1c_3c_2^2`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Delta }=& +4p_i^2\left[\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right]^2\hfill \\ & 4\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})^2\left[\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right]^2\hfill \\ \hfill =& 4𝗉_{𝗂}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\left[\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right]^2\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.59)
so we see that $`\mathrm{\Delta }0`$. Then the integral (5.57) is given by

$$\frac{ydy}{c_1y^2+c_2y+c_3}=\frac{1}{2c_1}\mathrm{ln}(c_1y^2+c_2y+c_3)\frac{c_2}{2c_1\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{2c_1y+c_2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{2c_1y+c_2+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\right]$$
(5.60)
Here we consider gravitons up to an energy $`\omega _0`$ which is much smaller than the energy of the incident particles. Since every real detector has a finite energy resolution below which he cannot detect any particles we have to integrate over all these contributions up to the value $`\omega _0`$. Then the final result of the $`𝗄`$-integration is given by the following expression

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill _0^{\omega _0}\frac{𝗄d𝗄}{p_i^2𝗄^2+A𝗄+B}=& \frac{1}{2c_1}[\mathrm{ln}(c_1\omega _0^2+c_2\omega _0+c_3)\hfill \\ & \frac{c_2}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{2c_1\omega _0+c_2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{2c_1\omega _0+c_2+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\right)\hfill \\ & \mathrm{ln}(c_3)+\frac{c_2}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{ln}\left(\left|\frac{c_2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{c_2+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\right|\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.61)
The second term in (5.48) can be treated in the same way. The only difference is the sign of $`𝗉_𝗂`$ in the definition of the functions $`a`$ and $`b`$, see (5.50), which has no consequences for the calculation of the integrals (5.53) and (5.57).

### 5.3. Adiabatic limit

In the preceeding subsection we’ve found the differential cross section for bremsstrahlung in a scattering process of two massive scalar particles. Now we want to discuss the adiabatic limit. For the differential cross section we’ve found

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=& \frac{1}{16}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}F_2(+𝗉_𝗂)\hfill \\ & 2\pi _0^1dx\frac{1}{2c_1}[\mathrm{ln}(c_1\omega _0^2+c_2\omega _0+c_3)\hfill \\ & \frac{c_2}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{2c_1\omega _0+c_2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{2c_1\omega _0+c_2+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\right)\hfill \\ & \mathrm{ln}(c_3)+\frac{c_2}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\mathrm{ln}\left(\left|\frac{c_2\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{c_2+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\right|\right)]\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.62)
where $`c_1=m^2`$ and $`c_i=c_i(l_1,l_2,x),i=2,3`$. This expression, as it stands, is well defined and finite due to the presence of the testfunctions. To obtain a physically relevant result we have to remove this cutoff and therefore test the infrared behaviour of (5.62). We will show below that part of this expression becomes singular in the adiabatic limit. In the adiabatic limit in momentum space we let the testfunctions tend to a delta distribution in it’s argument. This will be done in the same way as in subsection 5.1, see (5.14). We scale the argument of the testfunctions with a parameter $`\epsilon `$ in the integrals of (5.62) and consider the limit $`\epsilon 0`$. The functions $`c_3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ are homogeneous of degree 2 in the variables $`l_1`$ and $`l_2`$, i.e.

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill c_3(\epsilon l_1,\epsilon l_2,x)=\epsilon ^2c_3(l_1,l_2,x)\\ \hfill \mathrm{\Delta }(\epsilon l_1,\epsilon l_2,x)=\epsilon ^2\mathrm{\Delta }(l_1,l_2,x)\end{array}$$
(5.63)
while the function $`c_2`$ is homogeneous of degree 1, i.e. $`c_2(\epsilon l_1,\epsilon l_2,x)=\epsilon c_2(l_1,l_2,x)`$. With this in mind let us now look at the various logarithms in (5.62). The argument of the first logarithm contains the constant $`m^2\omega _0^2`$ so it stays finite if $`\epsilon `$ goes to zero. The constant in front of the second and the fourth logarithm has equal powers of $`\epsilon `$ in the numerator as well as in the denominator so it tends to a constant. The argument of the second logarithm goes to one, so the logarithm itself goes to zero and the fourth goes to another constant. It remains to consider the third logarithm. This one becomes singular in the adiabatic limit. This can be seen as follows:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\sigma }{d\mathrm{\Omega }}=& \frac{\pi }{8}\frac{(2\pi )^5\kappa ^6}{\sqrt{\left((p_iq_i)^2m^4\right)}}d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}F_2(+𝗉_𝗂)\frac{1}{2c_1}_0^1𝑑x\hfill \\ & \mathrm{ln}\left(\left[\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right]^2\right)\hfill \\ & +\text{finite terms}\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.64)
If we concentrate on the singular part only we obtain by inserting the scaled testfunctions

$$\begin{array}{cc}& d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}(l_1)\widehat{g}(l_2)^{}\mathrm{ln}\left|\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right|\hfill \\ \hfill =& d^4l_1d^4l_2\widehat{g}_\epsilon (l_1)\widehat{g}_\epsilon (l_2)^{}\mathrm{ln}\left|\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta \right)x+\left(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma \right)(1x)\right|\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{\epsilon ^8}d^4l_1d^3l_2\widehat{g}_0(\frac{l_1}{\epsilon })\widehat{g}_0(\frac{l_2}{\epsilon })^{}\mathrm{ln}|(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_1^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta )x+(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})l_2^0𝗉_𝗂𝗅_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma )\hfill \\ & \times (1x)|\hfill \\ \hfill =& d^4k_1d^4k_2\widehat{g}_0(k_1)\widehat{g}_0(k_2)^{}\mathrm{ln}|(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\epsilon k_1^0𝗉_𝗂\epsilon 𝗄_\mathrm{𝟣}\mathrm{cos}\beta )x+(\omega (\stackrel{}{p_i})\epsilon k_2^0𝗉_𝗂\epsilon 𝗄_\mathrm{𝟤}\mathrm{cos}\gamma )\hfill \\ & \times (1x)|\hfill \\ \hfill =& (2\pi )^4\mathrm{ln}|\epsilon |+o(1)\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.65)
where we’ve introduced $`k_i=\frac{l_i}{\epsilon }`$. So we get a logarithmic divergence if $`\epsilon `$ tends to zero. The origin of this singularity is the massless graviton propagator as can be clearly seen from the above calculation. Since all the other terms in (4.14) have the same structure of propagators we would get the same logarihmic divergence as in our example. Furthermore there can be no cancellation between these terms since they all have a positive sign. So we can omit the discussion of the other terms.

This result is similar to the case of quantum electrodynamics  where a logarithmic divergence in the differential cross section was obtained as well in the bremsstrahlung contribution to the scattering of an electron due to an external classical source. As is well known from QED, the infrared divergence in the bremsstrahlung must cancel against contributions from radiative corrections, otherwise scattering theory would break down.

## Appendix

In this appendix we give the definition of the singular order $`\omega `$ of a numerical distribution $`t𝒮(𝐑^4)`$. The singular order measures the singularity of the distribution $`t`$ at the origin . Let $`t𝒮(𝐑^4)`$ be given. Then the distribution $`t`$ has scaling degree $`s`$ at $`x=0`$, if

$$s=inf\{s^{}|\lambda ^s^{}t(\lambda x)\stackrel{\lambda 0}{}0\text{in the sense of distributions}\}$$

The singular order is then defined by $`\omega :=[s]4`$, where $`[s]`$ is the greatest integer less or equal to $`s`$. It’s an easy excercise to see that differentiation increases the singular order of a distribution, i.e.

$$\omega (D^at)=\omega (t)+|a|$$

where $`D^a=_{x^0}^{a_1}\mathrm{}_{x^3}^{a_4}`$ for every multi-index $`a=(a_1,\mathrm{}a_4)`$ with $`|a|=a_1+\mathrm{}+a_4`$.


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# Rigorous approach to the problem of ultraviolet divergencies in dilute Bose gases

## Abstract

In this Letter we consider a system of $`N`$ pairwise finite-range interacting atoms and prove rigorously that in the zero-range interaction limit all the eigenstates and eigenenergies of the Hamiltonian converge to those corresponding to $`N`$ atoms interacting via the Fermi-Huang regularized pseudo-potential. Next, we show that the latter eigensystem (if treated exactly) is invariant under a nontrivial transformation of the interaction potential. Finally, we realize that most of the approximate schemes of many-body physics do not exhibit this invariance: we use this property to resolve all inconsistencies of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov variational formalism known so far.

The realization of Bose Einstein Condensate  has brought an enormous interest in developing new theoretical approaches and refining the existing ones. The mean-field formalism with contact interactions has been shown to provide a powerful tool for analyzing the properties of trapped Bose gases . Unfortunately, the most general variational mean field approach: the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation (HFB), is not yet quite satisfactory if used with contact interactions: it exhibits UV-divergencies, inconsistencies with the Hugenholtz-Pines theorem , many-body $`T`$-matrix calculations , and even with the very existence of atomic condensates themselves . Several heuristic modifications of the theory were suggested , showing a good agreement with the experimental data . In this Letter, we propose a novel, quite straightforward way to cure these inconsistencies.

First, we prove rigorously that the regularized Fermi-Huang pseudo-potential  is not just an ansatz, but provides the exact zero-range limit of the many-body observables along with a cancellation of all the UV-divergencies. Second, we introduce a new family of pseudo-potentials parametrized by a free parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (so-called $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potentials): no exact (after the zero-range approximation has been made) observable depends on it, while some approximate treatments differ for different $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The above conclusions are general and they do not rely on any particular approximation. Finally, as an application of this new potential, we find a particular value for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ such that HFB equations are entirely free of all inconsistencies known so far.

An explicit expression for the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potential reads

$$\widehat{V}^\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{}{r})=g_\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta (\stackrel{}{r})[_r+\mathrm{\Lambda }](r)\text{with}g_\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{g_0}{1a\mathrm{\Lambda }},$$
(1)
where $`\stackrel{}{r}=\stackrel{}{r}_1\stackrel{}{r}_2`$ is the relative coordinate of two atoms, $`a`$ is the $`s`$-wave scattering length, $`g_0=2\pi \mathrm{}^2a/\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ is the usual effective coupling constant and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=m/2`$ is the reduced mass. When $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$, $`\widehat{V}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }=0}`$ coincides with the Fermi-Huang pseudo-potential. For a $`1/r`$-divergent wave-function $`\psi (\stackrel{}{r})=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }/r+\eta (\stackrel{}{r})`$, the action of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potential is

$`\widehat{V}^\mathrm{\Lambda }\psi (\stackrel{}{r})`$ $`=`$ $`g_\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta (\stackrel{}{r})\left[\eta (\stackrel{}{0})+\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{\alpha }\right]`$ (2)
For a low-energy two-body body scattering process, the eigenstates of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potential coincide with the asymptotic form of the $`s`$-wave eigenstates of any other interaction potential of a scattering length $`a`$. However, for energies of the order $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{ma^2}}`$ or higher, the actual finite size structure of the potentials comes into play, and the range of the applicability of the zero-range approximation reduces to the particular case of a zero-energy resonance.

Now, we consider a system of $`N`$ atoms of mass $`m`$ and coordinates $`\left\{𝐫\right\}\{\stackrel{}{r}_1,\stackrel{}{r}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{}{r}_N\}`$ interacting via $`\widehat{V}^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The Hamiltonian reads

$$\widehat{}^{p.p.}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{p_i^2}{2m}+\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{\alpha _{max}}{}}\widehat{V}^\mathrm{\Lambda }(r_\alpha ),$$
(3)
where $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{max}N(N1)/2`$ labels ordered pairs of atoms $`(i_\alpha ,j_\alpha )`$, and $`\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha =\stackrel{}{r}_{i_\alpha }\stackrel{}{r}_{j_\alpha }`$ is the relative position of the members of the $`\alpha `$-th pair. As a direct consequence of Eq.(2), any eigenstate $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\left\{𝐫\right\})`$ of (3) is a solution of an interaction-free Schrödinger equation subject to the following contact conditions for all pair $`\alpha `$:

$$\underset{r_\alpha 0}{lim}\frac{}{r_\alpha }|_{\left\{𝓡_\alpha \right\}}\mathrm{ln}[r_\alpha \mathrm{\Psi }]=\frac{1}{a},$$
(4)
where $`\left\{𝓡_\alpha \right\}\{\stackrel{}{R}_\alpha ,\{\stackrel{}{r}_i|ii_\alpha ,j_\alpha \}\}`$ is a set composed of the coordinate of the center of mass $`\stackrel{}{R}_\alpha =(\stackrel{}{r}_{i_\alpha }+\stackrel{}{r}_{j_\alpha })/2`$ of the $`\alpha `$-th pair and all other coordinates not belonging to this pair. Indeed, it is easy to show that the $`\delta `$-singularities in the action of the Hamiltonian (3) on a many-body state $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\{\stackrel{}{r}\})`$ cancel each other if and only if $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ satisfies the contact conditions (4). Notice that these contact conditions do not depend on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, and thus no exact (after the zero-range approximation has been made) eigenstate does.

Now, we are going to show how regularized pseudo-potentials arise in the limit of zero-range interactions. For this purpose, we consider $`N`$ particles of mass $`m`$, interacting via a potential which belongs to a one-parameter family of square-well potentials: $`v^R(r)=v_0^R\mathrm{\Theta }(Rr)`$. The depth of the potential $`v_0^R>0`$ is chosen in such a way that the scattering length $`a`$ is the same for all members of the family, and each of them supports the same number of $`s`$-wave bound states, either one or none depending on the sign of the scattering length . The Hamiltonian of the system reads

$`\widehat{}^R={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{p_i^2}{2m}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{\alpha _{max}}{}}}v^R(r_\alpha ).`$ (5)
We wish to prove the following
STATEMENT.- In the limit of infinitely small potential range, the Green’s function of the finite-range-interaction Hamiltonian (5) converges to the Green’s function of the pseudo-potential Hamiltonian (3):

$$\underset{R0}{lim}(E\widehat{}^R)^1=(E\widehat{}^{p.p.})^1.$$
(6)
Proof. As we saw above (see (4)), all the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potentials lead to the same eigenstates (and thus the same Green’s function): hence, without loss of generality, we can limit our proof to the case of the Fermi-Huang pseudo-potential $`\widehat{V}^0`$.

Let us define two operator-valued functions:

$$\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}}^E=(E+iϵ\widehat{a})^1,\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{a},\widehat{b}}^E=(1\widehat{b}\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}}^E)^1\widehat{b}.$$
(7)
The former is the retarded Green’s function at energy $`E`$ for a Hamiltonian $`\widehat{a}`$. The latter is the $`T`$-matrix of a perturbation $`\widehat{b}`$ in presence of the background Hamiltonian $`\widehat{a}`$. Two relations will be heavily used in what follows. First is the Lippman-Schwinger relation between the Green’s function of the “full Hamiltonian” $`\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}`$ and the one of the background:

$$\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}+\widehat{b}}^E=\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}}^E+\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}}^E\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{a},\widehat{b}}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}}^E.$$
(8)
The second is the Lupu-Sax formula  relating the $`T`$-matrices of the same perturbation but in two different background Hamiltonians $`\widehat{a}_1`$ and $`\widehat{a}_2`$:

$$\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{a}_2,\widehat{b}}^E=[1\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{a}_1,\widehat{b}}^E(\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}_2}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{a}_1}^E)]^1\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{a}_1,\widehat{b}}^E.$$
(9)
Introduce also a family of “reduced Hamiltonians” $`\widehat{}_{\{\alpha \}}^R`$ and a family of reference Hamiltonians $`\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E`$

$`\widehat{}_{\{\alpha \}}^R={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{p_i^2}{2m}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =1}{\overset{\alpha }{}}}v^R(r_\beta )\text{and}\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E={\displaystyle \frac{p_\alpha ^2}{2\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}+E,`$ (10)
where $`\stackrel{}{p}_\alpha =(\stackrel{}{p}_{i_\alpha }\stackrel{}{p}_{j_\alpha })/2`$ is the relative momentum for the $`\alpha `$-th pair. Each reference Hamiltonian is just a sum of the relative kinetic energy for the corresponding pair and the energy $`E`$ at which the Green’s functions (6) are compared. The Green’s function of the $`\alpha `$-th reference Hamiltonian is proportional to the zero-energy Green’s function for the relative motion of two particles:

$$\left\{𝐫\right\}|\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E}^E|\left\{𝐫^{}\right\}=\frac{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2|\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha \stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ^{}|}\delta (\left\{𝓡_\alpha 𝓡_\alpha ^{}\right\}).$$
(11)
In turn the $`T`$-matrix of the interaction potential $`\widehat{v}_\alpha ^Rv^R(r_\alpha )`$ in presence of $`\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E`$ can be expressed through the zero-energy two-body $`T`$-matrix of it:

$$\left\{𝐫\right\}|\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E|\left\{𝐫^{}\right\}=g_0D^R(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ,\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ^{})\delta (\left\{𝓡_\alpha 𝓡_\alpha ^{}\right\}).$$
(12)
The kernel $`D^R`$ is zero when $`r_\alpha >R`$ or $`r_\alpha ^{}>R`$ and is normalized to unity as $`d^3\stackrel{}{r}d^3\stackrel{}{r}^{}D^R(\stackrel{}{r},\stackrel{}{r}^{})=1`$. An explicit expression for it can be found in Ref.. In the limit of zero-range interaction, the kernel obviously converges to a product of delta-functions, and hence the $`T`$-matrix converges to:

$`\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E\stackrel{R0}{}g_0\delta (\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ).`$ (13)
Notice that by construction of the reference Hamiltonian $`\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E`$ neither the Green’s function $`\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E}^E`$ nor the $`T`$-matrix $`\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E`$ depend on energy $`E`$.

Using relations (8, 9), the full many-body Green’s function of the system can be rigorously expressed through the zero-energy two-body $`T`$-matrices (12) of the interaction potential $`v^R(r)`$. Removing from the Hamiltonian (5) one pair interaction after another, we obtain the following chain relation:

$`(E\widehat{}^R)^1\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}^R}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha _{max}\}}^R}^E`$ (14)
$``$ $`\mathrm{}`$ (18)
$`\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha \}}^R}^E=\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E`$
$`+\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E[1\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E(\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E}^E)]^1`$
$`\times \widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E`$
$``$ $`\mathrm{}`$ (20)
$`\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{0\}}}^E(E{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{p_i^2}{2m}})^1.`$
This relation is the cornerstone of the proof.

Imagine now that the full Green’s function $`\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}^R}^E`$ acts on a state $`|\mathrm{\Psi }`$ whose wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\left\{𝐫\right\})`$ is regular everywhere. Computation of the result of this action $`\left\{𝐫\right\}|\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}^R}^E|\mathrm{\Psi }`$ involves expressions of a form $`\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E(\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E}^E)\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E\mathrm{\Xi }`$ where $`\mathrm{\Xi }(\left\{𝐫\right\})`$ is a regular function, and in the limit $`R0`$, leads to the expressions of the following type:

$`g_0\delta (\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha )\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ){\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}{r_\alpha }}\right].`$ (21)
(In Eq.(21), both $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha )`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ depend also on $`\left\{𝓡_\alpha \right\}`$.) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is given by

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha )={\displaystyle d^{3N}\left\{𝐫^{}\right\}\left\{𝐫\right\}|\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^{R0}}^E|\left\{𝐫^{}\right\}g_0\delta (\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ^{})\mathrm{\Xi }(\left\{𝐫^{}\right\})},`$ (22)
and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=g_0(\stackrel{~}{\mu }/2\pi \mathrm{}^2)\mathrm{\Xi }(\left\{𝐫\right\})|_{\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha =0}`$. Now using the definition of the Green’s function $`\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E`$, we find that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha )`$ has an UV singularity of form $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }/r_\alpha `$ (the same as the second term in the expression (21) has) (see ). This leads to

$`g_0\delta (\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha )\left[\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ){\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\alpha }}{r_\alpha }}\right]=\widehat{V}_\alpha ^0\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{}{r}_\alpha ),`$ (23)
i.e. the expression (21) involves the Fermi-Huang pseudo-potential $`\widehat{V}_\alpha ^0\widehat{V}^0(r_\alpha )`$ (c.f. (2) at $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$). This justifies the following limit:

$$\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E(\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^R}^E\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E}^E)\stackrel{R0}{}\widehat{V}_\alpha ^0\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}_{\{\alpha 1\}}^{R0}}^E.$$
(24)
Inserting the above substitution at every level of the chain procedure (18) and collecting all the terms  one finally arrives at $`\underset{R0}{lim}\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}^R}^E=\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{}^{p.p.}}^E`$, Q.E.D..

Notice that the relation (24) clearly shows that the role of the regularizing operator in the pseudo-potential expression (1) is to subtract the free propagators $`\widehat{𝒢}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E}^E`$ already taken into account by the two-body $`T`$-matrix $`\widehat{𝒯}_{\widehat{h}_\alpha ^E,\widehat{v}_\alpha ^R}^E`$. As a result, UV divergencies disappear at each level of the chain recursion (18).

As an application of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potential, we consider now the HFB theory for N bosons interacting via $`V^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ with $`a>0`$, in a box of a size $`L`$. As we will see, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-freedom in choosing the effective Hamiltonian (3) offers the following advantages: (a) Unlike for the conventional HFB formalism ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$), there exists a range of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ such that the atomic condensate constitutes the minimum of the HFB functional in the low density regime ; (b) For a particular value, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$, HFB equations are consistent with the results of the ladder approximation for the many-body $`T`$-matrix  and the Hugenholtz-Pines theorem is satisfied; (c) In the vicinity of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ the ground state energy of the system is consistent with Bogoliubov’s predictions.

The HFB approximation is twofold. First, it breaks the $`U(1)`$ symmetry: the atomic field $`\widehat{\psi }`$ is split into a classical field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and a quantum fluctuation $`\widehat{\varphi }=\widehat{\psi }\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Second, the exact density operator is replaced by a Gaussian variational ansatz: $`\widehat{D}\mathrm{exp}(\widehat{K}/k_\mathrm{B}T)/Z`$, where $`Z`$ is the partition function and the quadratic variational Hamiltonian is

$`\widehat{K}[h,\mathrm{\Delta },\mathrm{\Phi }]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle }d^3\stackrel{}{r_1}d^3\stackrel{}{r_2}[\widehat{\varphi }^{}(\stackrel{}{r}_1)h(\stackrel{}{r_1},\stackrel{}{r_2})\widehat{\varphi }(\stackrel{}{r}_2)`$ (26)
$`+\widehat{\varphi }^{}(\stackrel{}{r}_1)\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{r}_1,\stackrel{}{r}_2)\widehat{\varphi }^{}(\stackrel{}{r}_2)+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.].`$
For what follows, we introduce the coordinates $`\stackrel{}{R}=(\stackrel{}{r}_1+\stackrel{}{r}_2)/2`$ and $`\stackrel{}{r}=\stackrel{}{r}_1\stackrel{}{r}_2`$. The second-quantized form of the full Hamiltonian (3) reads

$`\widehat{}^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }d^3\stackrel{}{R}\{\widehat{\psi }^{}({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}}\mathrm{\Delta })\widehat{\psi }+{\displaystyle \frac{g_\mathrm{\Lambda }}{2}}\widehat{\psi }^{}\widehat{\psi }^{}\stackrel{\stackrel{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\text{}}}{\widehat{\psi }\widehat{\psi }}\},`$ (27)
where

$`F(\stackrel{\stackrel{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\text{}}}{\stackrel{}{R},\stackrel{}{R}})=\underset{r0}{lim}\left\{_r+\mathrm{\Lambda }\right\}\left[rF(\stackrel{}{R}+\stackrel{}{r}/2,\stackrel{}{R}\stackrel{}{r}/2)\right].`$ (28)
is a shortened notation for the action of the regularizing operator (see (1)). Using Wick’s theorem, we obtain an approximate grand canonical potential $`JE^\mathrm{\Lambda }\mu NTS`$, where $`E^\mathrm{\Lambda }=\text{Tr}[\widehat{}^\mathrm{\Lambda }\widehat{D}]`$ is the energy, $`N`$ is the number of particles, and $`S=k_\mathrm{B}\text{Tr}[\mathrm{ln}(\widehat{D})\widehat{D}]`$ is the entropy. Minimization of $`J`$ with respect to the three variational fields $`h,\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ leads to the following implicit equations for these fields:

$`h(\stackrel{}{r_1},\stackrel{}{r_2})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}}(\stackrel{}{}^2\delta )(\stackrel{}{r})+\left[\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{11}^\mathrm{\Lambda }\mu \right]\delta (\stackrel{}{r})`$ (29)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }(\stackrel{}{r}_1,\stackrel{}{r}_2)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{12}^\mathrm{\Lambda }\delta (\stackrel{}{r})`$ (30)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}}\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Phi }`$ $`+`$ $`\left[g_\mathrm{\Lambda }(2\stackrel{~}{n}+|\mathrm{\Phi }|^2)\mu \right]\mathrm{\Phi }+g_\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Phi }^{}=0,`$ (31)
where $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{11}^\mathrm{\Lambda }=2ng_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{12}^\mathrm{\Lambda }=g_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\mathrm{\Phi }^2+\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ are the self-energies, $`\stackrel{~}{n}=\text{Tr}[\widehat{\varphi }^{}(\stackrel{}{R})\widehat{\varphi }(\stackrel{}{R})\widehat{D}]`$ is the non-condensed density, $`n=|\mathrm{\Phi }|^2+\stackrel{~}{n}`$ is the total density, and $`\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=\stackrel{~}{\kappa }(\stackrel{\stackrel{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\text{}}}{\stackrel{}{R},\stackrel{}{R}})`$ results from the action of the regularizing operator (28) on the anomalous density $`\stackrel{~}{\kappa }(\stackrel{}{r}_1,\stackrel{}{r}_2)=\text{Tr}[\widehat{\varphi }(\stackrel{}{r}_1)\widehat{\varphi }(\stackrel{}{r}_2)\widehat{D}]`$.

The diagonalization of the variational Hamiltonian $`\widehat{K}`$ leads to the following quasi-particle spectrum:

$`\mathrm{}\omega _k=\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2k^2}{2m}}+2g_\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Phi }^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2k^2}{2m}}2g_\mathrm{\Lambda }\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.`$ (32)
Eqs.(30,32) clearly show that HFB is $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-dependent. As it has been shown in Ref., this approach is only able to provide a Born approximation for the diagonal self-energy $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{11}`$, hence its explicit $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-dependence. However, this is not the case for $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{12}`$; indeed, the total pairing field reproduces the contact conditions (4) of a two-body wave function

$$\widehat{\psi }(\stackrel{}{r}_1)\widehat{\psi }(\stackrel{}{r}_2)=(\mathrm{\Phi }^2+\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_0)\left(1\frac{a}{r}\right)+𝒪(r),$$
(33)
and as a result $`\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{12}^\mathrm{\Lambda }=g_0(\mathrm{\Phi }^2+\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_0)`$ for all $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

Requiring that all the eigen-energies (32) are real, we find that for zero temperature and densities below a value of $`n_{\mathrm{crit}}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{192a^3}}`$ the existence of an atomic condensate ($`\mathrm{\Phi }0`$) implies the following constraint on $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$:

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}a\mathrm{\Lambda }a<1\text{with}\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}a=\frac{\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_0}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2+\stackrel{~}{\kappa _0}}.$$
(34)
At the lower limit $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$, the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-regularized anomalous density disappears, and the theory become fully consistent with the results of the many-body $`T`$-matrix calculations in the ladder diagrams approximation

$`\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}=0;\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{11}^\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}=2ng_\mathrm{\Lambda }^{};\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{12}^\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}=g_\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\mathrm{\Phi }^2`$ (35)
$`g_\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}=g_0[1+{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_0}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}}]=T^{\mathrm{MB}}(\stackrel{}{0},\stackrel{}{0},\stackrel{}{0};\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}),`$ (36)
yielding a gapless spectrum .

Consider now the zero-temperature low-density limit of our equations. Assuming $`\mathrm{\Lambda }a`$ to be of the order of $`\sqrt{na^3}`$ and neglecting all the terms of order $`na^3`$ or higher, the energy $`E^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is independent of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and coincides with the well known Bogoliubov’s result

$$E^\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{g_0}{2}nN\left(1+\frac{128}{15\sqrt{\pi }}\sqrt{na^3}+\mathrm{}\right).$$
(37)
The $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potential based variational HFB model is therefore consistent with the perturbative Bogoliubov’s approach. As the density increases the parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}`$ increases as well, and at a critical density $`n_{\mathrm{crit}}={\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{192a^3}}`$ we find $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}a=1`$: the energy diverges and the mean field treatment breaks down.

Note in conclusion that the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-invariance described in our Letter holds even if the constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is replaced by an arbitrary field $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{}{R})`$. The generalization of our HFB theory to the case of the trapped gases is thus straightforward: One has simply to fix $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{}{R})=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}(\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_0(\stackrel{}{R}),\mathrm{\Phi }^2(\stackrel{}{R}))`$ according to (34) at every point $`\stackrel{}{R}`$ of the trap.

As a extension of this work, we mention that using a procedure similar to the 3D case, it is possible to obtain the low-dimensional analogs of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$-potential:

$`V_{2\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{\Lambda }(\stackrel{}{\rho })={\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mathrm{}^2}{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{log}(q\mathrm{\Lambda }R)}}\delta (\stackrel{}{\rho })\left\{1\mathrm{log}(q\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho )\rho {\displaystyle \frac{}{\rho }}\right\}`$ (38)
$`V_{1\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{\Lambda }(z)={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}^2}{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\mathrm{\Lambda }a_{1\mathrm{D}}1}}\delta (z)\{1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{z}}(|_{0+}|_0)\},`$ (39)
where $`q=e^C/2`$, $`C`$ is the Euler’s constant, $`R`$ is the 2D effective hard disk radius and $`a_{1\mathrm{D}}`$ is the 1D scattering length .

Acknowledgments. Authors are grateful to A. Lupu-Sax, R. Shakeshaft, R. Thompson, and especially to Y. Castin for enlightening discussions on the subject. This work was supported by the NSF grant PHY-0070333.