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# On p-adic Stochastic Dynamics, Supersymmetry and the Riemann Conjecture

## Abstract

We construct ( assuming the quantum inverse scattering problem has a solution ) the operator that yields the zeroes of the Riemman zeta function by defining explicitly the supersymmetric quantum mechanical model ( SUSY QM ) associated with the $`p`$-adic stochastic dynamics of a particle undergoing a Brownian random walk . The zig-zagging occurs after collisions with an infinite array of scattering centers that $`fluctuaterandomly`$. Arguments are given to show that this physical system can be modeled as the scattering of the particle about the infinite locations of the prime numbers positions. We are able then to reformulate such $`p`$-adic stochastic process, that has an underlying hidden Parisi-Sourlas supersymmetry, as the $`effective`$ motion of a particle in a potential which can be expanded in terms of an infinite collection of $`p`$-adic harmonic oscillators with fundamental (Wick-rotated imaginary ) frequencies $`\omega _p=ilogp`$ ($`p`$ is a prime ) and whose harmonics are $`\omega _{p,n}=ilogp^n`$. The $`p`$-adic harmonic oscillator potential allow us to determine a one-to-one correspondence between the amplitudes of oscillations $`a_n`$ ( and phases ) with the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta $`\lambda _n`$ , after solving the inverse scattering problem.

(dedicated to the memory of Michael Conrad)

The Riemann conjecture that the nontrivial zeroes of the zeta function lie on the vertical line $`z=1/2+iy`$ of the complex plane remains one of the most important unsolved problems in pure Mathematics. Hilbert and Polya suggested long ago that the zeroes of zeta could have an spectral interpretation in terms of the eigenvalues of a suitable self adjoint trace class linear differential operator. Finding such operator, if it exists, will be tantamount to proving the Riemann conjecture. There is a related analogy with the Laplace-Beltrami operator in the Hyperbolic plane , a surface of constant negative curvature. The motion of a billiard in such surfaces is a typical example of classical chaotic motion. The Selberg zeta function associated with such Laplace-Beltrami operator admits zeroes which can be related to the energy eigenvalues of such operator. Since the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function are deeply connected with the distribution of primes it has been suggested by many authors that the spectral properties of the zeroes of zeta may be associated with the statistical fluctuations of the energy levels of a quantum system whose underlying classical dynamics are chaotic. Random matrix theory  has numerous physical applications in all branches of science. Connections bewteen the asymptotic distribution of primes $`x/logx`$ and atmospheric turbulence in the cloud formation and the distribution of vortices and eddies in the form of the logarithmic spiral with the golden mean winding number havs been analyzed by Selvam

Montgomery has shown  that the two-level correlation function of the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta is exactly the same expression found by Wigner and Dyson using Random Matrices techniques : the two-level spectral density correlation function of the Brownian-like discrete level statistical dynamics associated with the random matrix model of a Gaussian Unitary Ensemble ( GUE) turned out to be :

$$1[\frac{sin(\pi x)}{\pi x}]^2.$$
$`(1)`$
The function $`\frac{sin(\pi x)}{\pi x}`$ appears very naturally as well in the self similarity of the iterated symbolic dynamics of the binary Fibonacci (rabbit) sequence of numbers . It is the Fourier amplitude spectrum of the iterated binary sequence and the golden mean plays a fundamental role in generating a long range but aperiodic order , a one dimesnional quasi-crystal, see the book by Schroeder  . The golden mean is the $`n=\mathrm{}`$ limit of the ratio of two successive Fibonacci numbers.

Physically the relation (1) means that there is a ” repulsion” of the energy levels; i.e. the probability of two energy levels being very close becomes very small. For signals of Chaos in M(atrix) theory ( Yang- Mills ) and its deep relation to the holographic properties in string and $`M`$ theory we refer to the important work of Volovich et al . Since string theory has a deep connection to the statistical properties of random surfaces, index theory for fractal $`p`$-branes in Cantorian fractal spacetime was considered by the author and Mahecha  in connection to the Rieman zeta function. The spectrum of drums ( membranes) with fractal boundaries bears deep relations to the zeta function for those fractal strings that are not Minkowski measurable . A random walk based on $`p`$-Adic numbers has been studied by Albeverio and Karkowski

In this letter we will combine all these ideas with the fundamental inclusion of supersymmetry. Parisi and Sourlas  discovered in the late 70’s that there is a hidden supersymmetry in classical stochastic differential equations. The existence of stationary solutions to the Fokker-Planck equation associated with the stochastic Langevin equation can be reformulated in terms of an unbroken supersymmetric (SUSY) Quantum Mechanical Model . More precisely, with an imaginary time Schroedinger equation : a diffusion equation involving a dual diffusion process forward and backward in time. Nagasawa , Chapline  have used these ideas to reformulate QM as information fusion. Ord and Nottale  following the path pioneered by Feynman path’s integral formulation of QM, have shown that the QM equations can be understood from an underlying fractal dynamics of a particle zig-zagging back and forth in spacetime spanning a fractal trajectory ; i.e. a particle undergoing a random walk or Brownian Motion. Armitage  proposed long ago a random walk ( diffusion ) approximation to the Riemann Hypothesis : a random walk approach to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process ( or Fokker-Planck equation) to exhibit a polynomial whose zeroes, under a suitable limiting process, ought to be zeroes of the Riemann zeta. El Naschie \[ 10 \] has suggested also that this dual diffusion process could be the clue to prove the Riemann conjecture.

We will propose here the physical dynamical model that furnishes , in principle, once a solution of the quantum inverse scattering problem exists, the sought-after Hilbert-Polya operator which yields the zeroes of zeta . If a solution to this quantum inverse scattering problem exists this could be instrumental in proving the Riemann Conjecture. We will make use of all of these ideas of random matrix theory , Brownian motion, random walk, fractals, quantum chaos, stochastic dynamics …within the framework of the supersymmetric QM model associated with the Langevin dynamics and the Fokker-Planck equation of a particle moving in a randomly fluctuating medium; i.e. $`noise`$ due to the random fluctuations of the infinite array of particles (atoms ) located along the one dimensional quasi periodic crystal.

By random fluctuations we mean those fluctuations with respect to their equilibrium configurations which, for example, could be assumed to be the locations of the integers numbers. Because the prime numbers distribution is connected to the distribution of the zeroes of zeta, the main idea of this work is to recast this physical problem in terms of the scattering of the particle by scattering centers situated at the prime numbers, and in this fashion we have effectively a random process with an underlying Parisi-Sourlas hidden supersymmetry , and hence , a well defined SUSY QM problem.

Watkins \[11 \] has also suggested that an infinite array of (charged ) particles located at the positions of the prime numbers could be relevant in describing the physical system which provides the evolution dynamics linked to the zeroes of zeta. Pitkanen  has refined Riemann’s conjecture within the language of p-Adic numbers by constraining the imaginary parts of the zeros of zeta to be members of complex rational Pythagorean phases and Berry and Keating \[ 13 \] have proposed that the SUSY QM Hamiltonian :

$$H=xpi=Q^2$$
$`(2)`$
is relevant to generate the imaginary parts of the zeroes.

The imaginary time Schroedinger equation (diffusion equation ) that we propose is :

$$D\frac{}{t}K_\pm (x,t)=H_\pm K_(x,t).$$
$`(3)`$
where $`D`$ is the diffusion constant which can be set to unity , in the same way that one can set $`\mathrm{}=m=1`$ where $`m`$ is the particle’s mass subject to the random walk .

The $`isospectral`$ partner Hamiltonians, $`H_+,H_{}`$ are respectively :

$$H_\pm =\frac{D^2}{2}\frac{^2}{x^2}+\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }^2\pm \frac{D}{2}\frac{}{x}\mathrm{\Phi }.$$
$`(4)`$
the transition- probability density solution of the Fokker-Plank equation , $`m\pm (x,x_o,t)`$ , for the particle arriving at $`x`$ , in a given time $`t`$ , after having started at $`x_o`$ is :

$$m^\pm (x,x_o,t)=exp[\frac{1}{D}(U_\pm (x)U_\pm (x_o))]K_\pm (x,t).$$
$`(5)`$
The Fokker-Planck equation obeyed by the transition- probability density is :

$$\frac{}{t}m(x,x_o,t)=\frac{D}{2}\frac{^2}{x^2}m(x,x_o,t)+\frac{}{x}\mathrm{\Phi }(x)m(x,x_o,t).$$
$`(6a)`$
and the associated Langevin dynamical equation :

$$\frac{x}{dt}=F(x)+\xi (t).$$
$`(6b)`$
$`F=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is the drift momentum experienced by the particle . The quantity $`\xi (t)`$ is the $`noise`$ term due to the random fluctuations of the medium in which the particle is immersed. The drift potential $`U(x)`$ associated with the stochastic Langevin equation is defined to be :

$$U_\pm (x)=(\pm )_0^x𝑑z\mathrm{\Phi }(z)$$
$`(7)`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is precisely the SUSY QM potential as we shall see below. The two partners $`isospectral`$ ( same eigenvalues ) Hamiltonians can be $`factorized`$ :

$$H_+=\frac{1}{2}(D\frac{}{x}+\mathrm{\Phi }(x))(D\frac{}{x}\mathrm{\Phi }(x))=^{}^+.$$
$`(8)`$
$$H_{}=\frac{1}{2}(D\frac{}{x}\mathrm{\Phi }(x))(D\frac{}{x}+\mathrm{\Phi }(x))=^+^{}$$
$`(9)`$
If SUSY is unbroken there is a $`zero`$ eigenvalue $`\lambda _o=0`$ whose eigenfunction corresponding to the $`H_{}`$ Hamiltonian is the ground state :

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_0^{}(x)=Ce^{\frac{1}{D}_0^x𝑑z\mathrm{\Phi }(z)}.$$
$`(10)`$
$`C`$ is a normalization constant.

Notice that the random ” momentum” term $`\xi (t)`$ appearing in Langevin’s equation can be simply recast in terms of the other quantities as :

$$\frac{x}{dt}=F(x)+\xi (t)\frac{x}{dt}F(x)=\xi (t).$$
$`(11)`$
which in essence means that the random potential term (in units of $`\mathrm{}=m=1`$) is :

$$\xi (t)=pF(x)=p+\mathrm{\Phi }(x).$$
$`(12)`$
which is just the $`^{}`$ operator used to factorize the Hamiltonian $`H_{}`$. One has two random potential terms : $`\xi ^\pm (t)`$ corresponding to the two operators $`^{},^+`$ associated with the two isospectral Hamiltonian partners $`H_\pm `$.

An immediate question soon arises. Since the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta do $`not`$ start at zero , the first zero begins at $`y=14.1347\mathrm{}..`$ , how can we reconcile the fact that the ground state eigenfunction has zero for eigenvalue ( by virtue of SUSY) ? . The answer to this question has been discussed by Pitkanen \[ 12\] using theoretical arguments involving $`p`$-adic numbers. This was based on earlier work by Julia  who constructed the fermionic version of the zeta function and had shown that the bosonic and fermionic zeta function can be recast as partition functions of systems of p-adic bosonic/fermionic oscillators in a thermal bath of temperature $`T`$. The frequencies of those oscillators is $`logp`$, for $`p=2,3,5\mathrm{}`$ a prime number and the inverse temperature $`1/T`$ corresponds to the $`z`$ coordinate present in the $`\zeta (z)`$ where $`realz>1`$. The pole at $`z=1`$ naturally corresponds to the limiting Hagedorn temperature.

By virtue of SUSY the zeroes of the fermionic zeta function coincided precisely with the zeroes of the bosonic zeta with the fundamental difference that the fermionic zeta had an additional zero precisely at $`z=1/2=1/2+Oi`$ ; i.e the imaginary part of the first zero of the fermionic partition function is precisely $`zero`$ !.

Therefore, in this SUSY QM model we naturally should expect to have a zero eigenvalue associated with the supersymmetric ground state. Such a ground state does $`not`$ break SUSY and ensures that the associated Fokker-Planck equation has a $`stationary`$ solution in the $`t=\mathrm{}`$ limit ( equilibrium configuration is attained at $`t=\mathrm{}`$ ). Such stationary solution is given precisely by the modulo-squared of the ground state solution to the SUSY QM model :

$$limm_t\mathrm{}^{}(x,x_o=0,t)=P(x)=|\mathrm{\Psi }_0^{}(x)|^2=C^2exp[\frac{2}{D}U_{}(x)].$$
$`(13)`$
Notice that the ground state solution is explicitly given in terms of the potential function$`U_{}(x)`$ given by the integral of the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ ; i.e .$`\frac{}{x}(U_\pm (x))=\pm \mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$.

One should notice that the $`ordinary`$ harmonic oscillator corresponds roughly speaking to the case : $`\mathrm{\Phi }x`$ so the operators $`^+,^{}`$ match the raising and lowering operators in this restricted case. However this is a very special case and $`not`$ the SUSY QM model studied here. The physical model we are studying is $`not`$ an ordinary $`real`$ harmonic oscillator but instead it is a $`p`$-Adic one related to Pitkanen’s original $`p`$-adic bosonic/fermionic harmonic oscillator formulation of the zeta function as $`p`$-adic partition functions.

In principle, if one has the list of the imaginary parts of $`all`$ the zeroes of zeta one can $`equate`$ them to the infinite number of eigenvalues:

$$\lambda _o=0,\lambda _n=\lambda _n^{}=\lambda _n^+n=1,2,3\mathrm{}..$$
$`(14)`$
The main problem then is to find the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ associated with the zeroes of the bosonic/fermionic zeta. This would require solving the inverse quantum scattering method (that gave rise to quantum groups). To do this is a formidable task since it requires to have the list of the $`infinite`$ number of zeroes to begin with and then to solve the inverse scattering method problem. Wavelet analysis is very suitable for solving inverse scattering methods. Not surprisingly, Kozyrev has given convincing arguments that wavelet analysis is nothing but $`p`$-adic harmonic analysis .

What type of SUSY potential do we expect to get ? Is it related to the scattering of the particle by an infinite array of atoms located at the prime numbers ? Is it related to the Coulomb potential felt by the particle due to the infinite array of charges located at the prime numbers ? Is it related to a chaotic one-dimensional billiard ball where the bouncing (scattering ) back and forth from an infinite array of obstacles located at the prime numbers ? Is it just the $`p`$-adic stochastic Brownian motion modeled by Pitkanen’s $`p`$-adic bosonic/fermionic oscillators ? Since the properties of the zeta function are associated with the distribution of primes numbers it is sensible to pose this list of questions. We will try to answer these questions shortly.

The ordinary QM potential associated with the SUSY $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ potential is defined as

$$V_\pm (x)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }^2(x)\pm \frac{D}{2}\frac{}{x}\mathrm{\Phi }(x).$$
$`(15)`$
The potential $`V(x)`$ should be symmetric (to preserve supersymmetry) under the exchange $`xx`$ and this entails that the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ has to be an odd function : $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$.

Clearly since we do not have at hand the algorithm to generate all the zeros of zeta ( nor the prime numbers ) one cannot write explicitly the ansatz for the potential nor solve the inverse scattering problem (which would yield the form of the potential). Nevertheless , Euler was confronted with a similar problem of finding out all the prime numbers when he wrote the adelic product formula of the Riemann zeta which relates an infinite summation over the integers to an infinite product over the primes :

$$ForRealz>1\zeta (z)\stackrel{\mathrm{}}{}\frac{1}{n^z}=\underset{p}{}(1p^z)^1.$$
$`(16)`$
Euler’s formula can be derived simply by writing any integer as a product of powers of primes and using the summation formula for a geometric series with growth parameter $`p^z`$. Euler’s formula is a simple proof of why the number of primes is infinite. The product is an infinite product over $`all`$ primes. Despite the fact that we do not have the list of $`all`$ the prime numbers nor an algorithm to generate them this does nor prevent us from evaluating such an infinite product; i.e in computing the value of the zeta function by performing the sum of the Dirichlet series over all integers!

This will provide us with the fundamental clue for writing an ansatz for the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ and its associated potentials $`V_\pm (x)`$ giving us the SUSY QM model which yields all the imaginary parts of the zeroes of the zeta function as the eigenvalues of such SUSY QM model. The reader could ask why should we go to all this trouble and take a tortuous route of writing down the SUSY QM model instead of solving directly the ordinary QM inverse scattering problem ; i.e . finding the ordinary potential $`V_\pm (x)`$ of an ordinary QM problem ?

If one followed such procedure one would lose the deep underlying stochastic dynamics of the problem. One would have not discovered the underlying hidden supersymmetry associated with the stochastic Langevin dynamics; nor its associated Fokker-Planck equation; nor be able to notice that the ground state is supersymmetric and its eigenvalue is precise $`zero`$ ; nor to construct the ground state solution explicitly in terms of the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ as shown in Eq.(13 ). Also one would fail to notice the crucial $`factorization`$ properties of the Hamiltonian, and that the potential $`V_\pm (x)`$ must be symmetric with respect to the origin while the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ is antisymmetric,…..etc. The SUSY QM is very restricted that narrows down the inverse scattering problem. The simplest analogy one can give is that of a person who fails to recognize the sine function because instead there is the infinite Taylor expansion of the sine function.

The crux of this work is to write down the form of the potential associated with the SUSY QM model. The only assumption of this work is based in writing the sought-after SUSY potential in terms of an infinite product, similar to the Euler Adelic product form of the zeta and to well known relation between the $`sums`$ of gamma functions in terms of $`products`$ of zeta functions present in the scattering formulae of $`p`$-adic open strings \[4, 14 \]. We proceed as follows.

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x)\underset{n}{}V(|xx_n|)=\underset{p}{}W(x_p)$$
$`(17)`$
where $`x_pp^x`$ and $`W=W(x_p)`$ is a function to be determined. This is our ansatz for the form of the SUSY potential. We shall call this ansatz for the potential the adelic potential condition since the product is taken over all the primes. All we are assuming is that a potential of this form can be found.

The zeta function has a similar form ( although it is not symmetric with respect to the origin ): one has an infinite summation over all the integers of the series $`n^z`$ ( playing the role of the potential) expressed as an infinite product over all the primes of functions of $`p^z`$. We are just recasting the potential felt by the particle due to the infinite interactions with the objects situated at $`x_n`$ , an infinite sum of terms, in terms of the infinite product over all the primes of functions of $`x_pp^x`$. We emphasize that what is equal to the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta are the $`eigenvalues`$ $`\lambda _n`$ of the SUSY QM model. We have just recast the infinite numerical input parameters $`x_n`$ of the potential in terms of the location of the infinite number of primes .

For example, based on the Euler adelic formula for the zeta function, one could have chosen the potential to have precisely the zeta function form :

$$Forx>0.\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\underset{p}{}W(x_p)=\underset{p}{}(1x_p)^1.$$
$`(18)`$
$`x_pp^x,\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$

where $`x`$ is the location of the particle executing the $`p`$-adic stochastic Brownian motion . For applications of $`p`$-adic numbers in physics we refer to . Due to the antisymmetry requirement of $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ , the SUSY potential for $`x<0`$ must be taken to be an exact mirror copy of the $`x>0`$ region to ensure that supersymmetry is unbroken. As a result, the partner potentials $`V_\pm `$ are <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1To ensure that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ one must add a constant such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0`$:

$$V_\pm (x)=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Phi }^2\pm \frac{D}{2}\frac{}{x}\mathrm{\Phi }(x).$$
$`(19)`$
But how can we be so sure that the eigenvalues will be precisely equal to the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta ? This would have been an $`amazing`$ coincidence ! For this reason we must have an unknown function $`W=W(x_p)`$ to be $`determined`$ by solving the quantum inverse scattering method. Assuming that the eigenvalues are precisely the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta , in principle , we have defined the quantum inverse scattering problem . Using wavelet analysis or $`p`$-adic harmonic analysis one could find the SUSY potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=_pW(x_p)`$ where $`x_pp^x`$ , where $`x`$ is the location of the particle. How does one achieve such a numerical feat ? One could expand the function $`W(x_p)`$ in Taylor series assuming that the potential is analytic, except at some points representing the location of the infinite array of particles, obstacles of the chaotic one-dimensional billiard, or the atoms ( scattering centers ) of the one dimensional quasi periodic crystal . The adelic condition for the SUSY potential becomes then :

$$\begin{array}{cc}Forx>0\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=_pW(x_p)=_p_na_n(x_p)^n\hfill & \\ & \\ =_p_na_n[p^x]^n=_p_na_np^{nx}.\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`(20a)`$
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x)`$ must also be imposed. To ensure that $`\mathrm{\Phi }(0)=0`$ one must add a suitable constant if necessary .

Recasting the Taylor series as a Dirichlet series by simply rewriting :

$$\begin{array}{cc}p^{nx}=e^{xnlogp}=e^{i^2xnlogp}\hfill & \\ \mathrm{\Phi }(x)=_p_na_ncos[ix(logp^n)]+ia_nsin[ix(logp^n)].\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`(20b)`$
(where once again $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=\mathrm{\Phi }(x))`$ allows us to expand the adelic potential in terms of an $`infinite`$ collection of $`p`$-adic harmonic oscillators with fundamental imaginary frequencies $`\omega _p=ilogp`$ and whose harmonics are suitable $`powers`$ of the fundamental frequencies : $`\omega _{p,n}=ilogp^n=inlogp`$. One can recast the imaginary argument trigonometric functions in terms of hyperbolic functions if one wishes. Hyperbolic functions ( potentials ) are very natural in SUSY QM models. A whole class of solvable potentials, like the shape-invariant partner potentials, have been discussed amply in the book by G. Junker \[ 5 \].

We have then recast the quantum inverse scattering problem ( solving for the SUSY potential) as the problem of solving for the amplitudes $`a_n`$ (and phases ) of the (imaginary frequencies ) $`p`$-adic harmonic oscillators by simply writing the adelic condition on the SUSY potential in terms of a $`p`$-adic Fourier expansion ($`p`$-adic harmonic analysis ) . This is attained by means of performing the usual Wick rotation in Euclidean QFT : $`\omega i\omega `$. One could Wick rotate the imaginary time Schroedinger equation (a diffusion equation ) to an ordinary Schroedinger equation by the usual Wick rotation trick $`tit`$ . Our $`p`$-Adic Fourier expansion condition on the SUSY potential coincides with Pitkanen’s ideas about the zeta function being the partition function of the adelic ensemble of an infinite system of $`p`$-adic oscillators with fundamental frequencies $`\omega _p=logp`$, with the only difference that in our case we are performing the Wick rotation of those frequencies.

The infinite unknown amplitude coefficients $`a_n`$ will be determined numerically by solving the inverse quantum scattering problem in terms of the eigenvalues of the SUSY QM model = imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta. A. Odlyzko  has computed the first $`10^{20}`$ (or more) zeroes of zeta. Having a list of $`10^{20}`$ zeroes should be enough data points to find the first $`10^{20}`$ numerical coefficients $`a_n`$ appearing in the Taylor expansion of the potential function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x)=_pW(x_p)`$ that is being determined via inverse quantum scattering methods associated with this SUSY QM model that links stochastic dynamics , supersymmetry, chaos, ….etc. to the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function.

To summarize, if one can find a solution of the inverse scattering problem that determines the (symmetric) potential $`V_\pm (x)`$ then one can

1) propose the candidate for the Hilbert-Polya operator in the following form:

$$=1/2(H_{}H_++H_+H_{})+1/4.$$
$`(21)`$
and

2) postulate that the eigenfunctions $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ of the Hamiltonian containing quartic derivative $``$ is the $`fusion`$ ( or convolution) of two eigenfunctions $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1}^+`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{}`$. The $`ordinary`$ product will not be suitable, as can be verified by simple inspection. The fusion rules of this type have been widely used in conformal field theories and in string theory.

The fused quartic derivative Hamiltonian operator is automatically self-adjoint as a result of the $`fusion`$ of the $`selfadjoint`$ isospectral Hamiltonians $`H_+,H_{}`$ which characterize the two ” dual ” Nagasawa’s diffusion equations  and its $`real`$ eigenvalues are the product of the nontrivial zeroes of the Riemann zeta function and their complex conjugates :

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n=(1/4+\lambda _n^2)\mathrm{\Psi }_n=(1/2+i\lambda _n)(1/2i\lambda _n)\mathrm{\Psi }_n.$$
$`(22)`$
. Notice that the value $`n=0`$ is not included since $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^+`$ is $`not`$ defined and the operator $``$ is $`quartic`$ in derivatives. Could this candidate for the Hilbert-Polya operator be instrumental in proving the Riemann conjecture ? The Eguchi-Schild action for the string is the square of the Poisson bracket of the string embedding coordinates with respect to the worldsheet variables. The momentum conjugate to the Eguchi-Schild holographic area variables is called the area-momentum. The square of the area-momentum is in this sense quartic in derivatives.

The fusion or convolution product of the two eigenfunctions of $`H_\pm `$ can be found by referring to the Fourier transform: the Fourier transform of an ordinary product equals the convolution product of their Fourier transforms . Hence the eigenfunctions of $``$ can be written, by denoting $`F,F^1`$ the Fourier transform and its inverse :

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n(x)=F^1[F(\mathrm{\Psi }_{n1}^+)F(\mathrm{\Psi }_n^{})].n=1,2,3,\mathrm{}$$
$`(23)`$
As expected, the eigenfunction of the fused Hamiltonian is $`not`$ the naive product of the eigenfunctions of their constituents.

The $`1/4`$ coefficient present in the eigenvalues of the fused-Hamiltonian operator is intrinsically related to the real part of the zeroes of zeta $`(1/2+i\lambda _n)(1/2+i\lambda _n).`$ The interpretation of the $`1/4`$ coefficient appearing in the fused-Hamiltonan is as an $`additive`$ constant due to normal ordering ambiguities in QFT , like a zero point energy of the ordinary Harmonic oscillator. ¿From the conformal field theory and string theory point of view one constructs unitary irreducible highest-weight representations of the Virasoro algebra for suitable values of the central charges and weights associated with the ground states , $`c`$ and $`h`$ respectively. It is very plausible that supersymmetry, superconformal invariance and representation theory may select and fix uniquely the value of $`1/4`$ which then would be an elegant proof of the Riemman conjecture.

Pitkanen  has used conformal field theory arguments to refine the Riemman conjecture : the imaginary parts of the zeroes correspond to complex rational Pythagorean phases : $`p^{iy}`$ . Another way of rephrasing this is by saying that the Pythagorean phases correspond to the rational points solutions of the phase space energy surface of a harmonic oscillator $`P^2+X^2=1`$. Just recently he has proposed a non-Hermitean Hilbert-Polya operator of the type $`L_o+V`$ whose eigenvalues are $`1/2+iy`$ using superconformal field arguments. The inner product of two eigenfunctions was re-expressed in terms of the zeta function and the orthogonality of states amounted to the vanishing of zeta. $`L_0`$ is the zero mode of the Virasoro scaling generator in the complex plane and $`V`$ is a suitable potential. A coherent states interpretation may allow to express the inner product of states in terms of a non-trivial metric with varying scalar curvature. A constant negative scalar curvature belongs to a hyperbolic geometry, like the Poincare disc in the complex plane. The Selberg zeta function allows to count the primitive periodic orbits ( geodesics ) of a chaotic billiard on a hyperbolic plane. The proyect will be in finding out whether or not the Riemann zeta function can be extracted in this physical model using conherent states methods. The location of the zeroes of zeta will amount to a destructive interference between the holomorphic modes ( right-moving ) and the anti-holomorphic modes ( left moving ) associated with the coherent states.

Fractal $`p`$-branes in Cantorian-fractal spacetime and its relation to the zeta function were considered by the author and Mahecha \[ 16\]. The role of fractal strings and the zeroes of zeta has appeared in the book by Lapidus and van Frankenhuysen \[ 18\] . Combining $`p`$-adic numbers and fractals we arrive at the notion of $`p`$-adic fractal strings. The fundamental question to ask would be how to establish a one-to-one correspondence between the zeroes of zeta and the spectrum of $`p`$-adic fractal strings. This would mean an establishment of a relation between the exact location of the $`poles`$ of the scattering amplitudes of $`p`$-adic fractal strings (a generalization of the Veneziano formula in terms of Euler gamma functions) to the exact location of the zeroes of zeta, i.e. a one -to-one correspondence between the Regge trajectories in the complex angular momentum plane and the spectrum of the $`p`$-adic fractal strings with the zeroes of zeta .

Since $`p`$-adic topology is the topology of Cantorian-fractal spacetime it is not surprising that the Golden Mean will play a fundamental role . $`p`$-adic fractals have been discussed in full detail by Pitkannen . $`p`$-Adic Fractals are roughly speaking just $`fuzzy`$ fractals , as they should be, since Cantorian-fractal spacetime involves a von Neumann’s noncommutative $`pointless`$ geometry . Wavelet analysis = $`p`$-adic Harmonic analysis must play a fundamental role  in the classification of such spectrum. After all, the scattering of a particle off a $`p`$-adic fractal string should be another way to look at the $`p`$-adic stochastic motion discussed in this work.

Conclusion

We have been able to construct (assuming the quantum inverse scattering problem has a solution ) the operator that yields the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function by defining explicitly the SUSY QM model associated with the $`p`$-adic stochastic dynamics of a particle undergoing a Brownian random walk . The zig-zagging occurs after collisions with an infinite array of scattering centers that fluctuate $`randomly`$ . We argued why this physical system can be $`reformulated`$ as the scatterings of the particle about the infinite locations of the prime numbers positions. Assuming that the SUSY potential admits a $`p`$-adic Fourier decomposition, we have reformulated such $`p`$-adic stochastic process which has an underlying hidden Parisi-Sourlas supersymmetry as the effective Brownian motion of a test particle moving in a background of a thermal gas of photons ; i.e the quanta excitations of an infinite collection of $`p`$-adic harmonic oscillators with fundamental imaginary frequencies given by $`\omega _p=ilogp`$ and whose harmonics are $`\omega _{p,n}=ilogp^n`$. This is what we called the adelic ansatz condition for the SUSY potential and that allowed us to determine a one-to-one correspondence between the amplitudes of oscillations $`a_n`$ ( and phases ) with the imaginary parts of the zeroes of zeta $`\lambda _n`$ , after solving the inverse scattering problem. $`p`$-adic fractal strings and their spectrum may establish a one-to-one correspondence between the poles of their scattering amplitudes and the zeroes of zeta.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to A. Granik for his help in preparing this manuscript and for many discussions. We also wish to thank M. Pitkannen, M. S. El Naschie, J. Mahecha for their correspondence. Special thanks to M. Watkins for critical reading of the manuscript and for corrections and references and to J. A. Boedo for assistance.

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