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# Toy model for a two-dimensional accretion disk dominated by Poynting flux

## I Introduction

The Poynting flux model suggested for an accretion disk with the ordered magnetic fields has been considered to be one of the viable models for the astrophysical jets. In contrast to the hydrodynamic jets in which the energy and angular momentum are carried by the kinetic flux of the matter, the Poynting flux is characterized by the outflow of energy and angular momentum carried predominantly by the electromagnetic field.

In the non-relativistic formulation, Blandford suggested an axisymmetric and steady solution for the Poynting outflow assuming a force-free magnetosphere surrounding an accretion disk. The poloidal field configuration for a black hole in a force-free magnetosphere has been discussed recently by Ghosh in the relaticistic formulation, in which the possible forms of the poloidal magnetic fields are suggested. The developments of the ordered magnetic field and the Poynting outflow on the disk have been studied by many authors and recently Ustyugova et al. perform a axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamical simulation to show that the quasi-stationary and approximately force-free Poynting jet from the inner part of the accretion disk is possible.

The Poynting flux in a system of black hole-accretion disk recently has also been studied in connection to the gamma ray bursts. One of the main reasons is that the Poynting flux carries very small baryonic component, which is essential for powering the gamma ray bursts. The evolution of the system is found to be largely depend on the Poynting flux on the disk. The relativistic effects on the accreting flows close to a black hole has been discussed by Lasota, Abramowicz et al. and recently by Gammie and Popham in which the relativistic effects on the slim-disk with the vertical structures averaged are discussed in detail with viscous stresses. However the effect of relativity on the accreting flow dominated by the Poynting flux has not been discussed well in depth so far.

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of the Poynting flux on the accretion flow in the relativistic formulation. In this work, we consider a toy model for a magnetically dominated thin accretion disk, which is assumed to be a two-dimensional disk located on the equatorial plane with a black hole at the center. To see the magnetic effect transparently it is also assumed that there is no viscous stress tensor in the disk and there is no radiative transfer from the disk. We develop a relativistic description of the two-dimensional model for a magnetically dominated thin accretion disk in the background Kerr geometry. It is shown that the energy balance of the accretion disk for a stationary accretion flow can be maintained by the Poynting flux, provided that the poloidal magnetic field is rotating with the same Keplerian angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }_K`$ on the disk.

## II Two-dimensional accretion flow

The stress-energy tensor $`T_m^{\mu \nu }`$ of the matter in the disk can be given in the general form

$`T_m^{\mu \nu }=(\rho _m+p+\mathrm{\Pi })u^\mu u^\nu +pg^{\mu \nu }+S^{\mu \nu }+u^\mu q^\nu +u^\nu q^\mu ,`$ (1)
where $`\rho _m,\mathrm{\Pi },`$ and $`p`$ are the rest-mass density, internal energy and pressure respectively. $`S^{\mu \nu }`$ is the viscous tensor and $`q^\mu `$ is the radiative energy flux.

In this work we simplify the accretion disk to be non-viscous($`S^{\mu \nu }=0`$), cool($`p=0,\mathrm{\Pi }=0`$) and non-radiative($`q^\mu =0`$) disk to investigate the effect of the magnetic field transparently. It is also assumed that there is negligible mass flow in the direction perpendicular to the disk: $`u^\theta =0`$. Then the stress-energy tensor is given simply by

$`T_m^{\mu \nu }=\rho _mu^\mu u^\nu .`$ (2)
The energy flux is obtained by

$`_{(m)}^\mu =\rho _mu_0u^\mu ,`$ (3)
and the angular momentum flux by

$`_{(m)}^\mu =\rho _mu_\varphi u^\mu .`$ (4)
For an idealized thin disk on two-dimensional plane we take

$`\rho _m={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _m}{\rho }}\delta (\theta \pi /2),`$ (5)
where $`\sigma _m`$ is the surface rest-mass density. In this work, the background geometry is assumed to be Kerr metric(see Appendix A) with rotating black hole at the center and we adopt the natural unit $`G=c=1`$.

The rate of the rest-mass flow crossing the circle of radius $`r`$ is given by

$`{\displaystyle _r}\alpha \rho _mu^r{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ^2\varpi }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}𝑑\theta 𝑑\varphi =2\pi \sigma _m\rho u^r,`$ (6)
which defines the mass accretion rate $`\dot{M}_+`$ by

$`\dot{M}_+=2\pi \sigma _m\rho u^r.`$ (7)
This expression is identical to that derived in  and , in which the vertical structures are averaged. The stationary accretion flow implies that $`\dot{M}_+`$ is $`r`$-independent.

Using eq.(3) and (4) the radial flow of the matter energy at $`r`$ can be given by

$`{\displaystyle _r}\alpha _{(m)}^r{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ^2\varpi }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}𝑑\theta 𝑑\varphi =2\pi \sigma _m\rho u^ru_0=u_0\dot{M}_+`$ (8)
and the radial flow of the matter angular momentum by

$`{\displaystyle _r}\alpha _{(m)}^r{\displaystyle \frac{\rho ^2\varpi }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}𝑑\theta 𝑑\varphi =2\pi \sigma _m\rho u^ru_\varphi =u_\varphi \dot{M}_+.`$ (9)
For the magnetosphere outside the accretion disk, there are electromagnetic currents, $`J^\mu `$, which can flow through the central object at the center and also along the magnetic field lines anchored on the disk. In this work we suppose a situation in which the currents flow into the inner edge of the disk through the central object and the currents flows out along the magnetic field lines from the disk as discussed by Blandford and Znajek . The continuity of the currents(current conservation) necessarily requires surface currents in radial direction on the disk. Similar consideration has been applied to the black hole horizon as discussed by Thorne et al..

In general the structure of the electromagnetic field with discontinuity at $`\theta =\pi /2`$ plane can be reproduced by assigning the surface charge and current on the plane in addition to the bulk charge and current distributions which terminate on the disk. The surface charge density $`\sigma _e`$ and surface current density $`K^{\widehat{i}}`$ can be defined systematically using the procedure suggested by Damour (See Appendix B for details):

$`\sigma _e={\displaystyle \frac{E^{\widehat{\theta }}}{4\pi }},`$ (10)
$`K^{\widehat{r}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }},K^{\widehat{\varphi }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}B^{\widehat{r}}.`$ (11)
## III Poynting flux

The energy and angular momentum of the disk can be carried out by Poynting flux along the magnetic field lines anchored on the disk. In our simple model, Poynting flux is the main driving force for the accretion flow. We calculate the Poynting flux on a two-dimensional disk assuming a force-free magnetosphere around the accretion disk.

Using the Killing vector in $`t`$-direction,

$`\xi ^\mu =(1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}),`$ (12)
we can define the energy flux $`^\mu `$ from the energy momentum tensor, $`T^{\mu \nu }`$

$`^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`T^{\mu \nu }\xi _\nu =(\alpha ^2\varpi ^2\beta )T^{\mu 0}\varpi ^2\beta T^{\mu \varphi },`$ (13)
$`_{;\mu }^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (14)
where

$`T^{\mu \nu }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}(F_\rho ^\mu F^{\nu \rho }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}g^{\mu \nu }F_{\rho \sigma }F^{\rho \sigma }).`$ (15)
Since we are interested in $`\theta `$-direction (normal to the disk on the equatorial plane ), we consider $`^\theta `$ for which the second term in eq.(15) vanishes:

$`^\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}(\alpha ^2\varpi ^2\beta )F_\rho ^\theta F^{0\rho }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}\varpi ^2\beta F_\rho ^\theta F^{\varphi \rho }.`$ (16)
Using the identities given in Appendix A, it can be rewritten in terms of electric and magnetic fields as given by

$`^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \rho }}[\alpha \widehat{E}\times \widehat{B}|_\theta +\beta \varpi (E^{\widehat{\theta }}E^{\widehat{\varphi }}+B^{\widehat{\varphi }}B^{\widehat{\theta }})].`$ (17)
The power measured at infinity can be obtained using eq.(17) by

$`P_{energy}^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\theta =\pi /2}}\alpha ^\theta 𝑑\mathrm{\Sigma }_\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{4\pi }[\alpha (\stackrel{}{E}\times \stackrel{}{B})_\theta +\varpi \beta (E^{\widehat{\theta }}E^{\widehat{\varphi }}+B^{\widehat{\varphi }}B^{\widehat{\theta }})]\frac{\rho \varpi }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}𝑑r𝑑\varphi }.`$ (18)
When the tangential components of the electromagnetic field are multiplied by the laps function $`\alpha `$ as in the membrane paradigm, we can hide $`\alpha `$ in the integrand.

For the steady and axisymmetric case which we are interested in , $`E^{\widehat{\varphi }}=0`$, we get

$`^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \rho }}(\alpha E^{\widehat{r}}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}+\beta \varpi B^{\widehat{\varphi }}B^{\widehat{\theta }}).`$ (19)
The first term in the integrand in eq.(18) can be rewritten in terms of the surface current density: Using eq.(73) we get

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}(\stackrel{}{E}\times \stackrel{}{B})_\theta =\stackrel{}{E}\stackrel{}{K}.`$ (20)
For the current in the direction of tangential electric field on the disk there is a energy dissipation into the disk surface. This is what one can expect on the black hole horizon. However for the current in the opposite direction this term corresponds to the electro-motive force and it is the case for the accretion disk on the equatorial plane discussed in Blandford and Znajekas well as in this work.

Similarly the third term in eq.(18)(equivalently the second term in eq.(19)) can be rewritten in terms of the surface current using eq.(73) as given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}\varpi \beta B^{\widehat{\varphi }}B^{\widehat{\theta }}=\varpi \omega K^{\widehat{r}}B^{\widehat{\theta }}.`$ (21)
We can see that this is the magnetic braking power on the rotating body with an angular velocity $`\omega =\beta `$.

Using the Killing vector in $`\varphi `$-direction for the axial symmetric case,

$`\eta ^\mu =(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}),`$ (22)
we can define the angular momentum flux $`^\mu `$ from the energy momentum tensor, $`T^{\mu \nu }`$,

$`^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`T^{\mu \nu }\eta _\nu =\varpi ^2\beta T^{\mu 0}+\varpi ^2T^{\mu \varphi },`$ (23)
$`_{;\mu }^\mu `$ $`=`$ $`0,`$ (24)
Then we get the flux in $`\theta `$-direction (normal to the disk on the equatorial plane ), $`^\theta `$,

$`^\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{\varpi }{4\pi \rho }}B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\rho }}\varpi K^{\widehat{r}}B^{\widehat{\theta }},`$ (25)
which is nothing but a torque applied on the surface current density $`K^r`$. Eq.(17) can be written as

$`^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi \rho }}\alpha \widehat{E}\times \widehat{B}|_\theta \beta ^\theta .`$ (26)
In this work we assume that there is a sufficient ambient plasma around the disk to maintain the force-free magnetosphere. The force-free condition for the magnetosphere with the current density $`J^\mu `$ is given by

$`F_{\mu \nu }J^\mu =0,`$ (27)
The magnetic flux, $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, through a circuit encircling $`\varphi =02\pi `$,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }={\displaystyle A_\varphi 𝑑\varphi }=2\pi A_\varphi ,`$ (28)
defines a magnetic surface on which $`A_\varphi (r,\theta )`$ is constant and therefore is characterized by the magnetic flux $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ contained inside it. From the force-free condition it can be shown that $`A_0`$ is also constant along the magnetic field lines and the electric field is always perpendicular to the magnetic surface. We can define a function $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F(r,\theta )`$,

$`dA_0=\mathrm{\Omega }_FdA_\varphi ,`$ (29)
which is also constant along the magnetic surface. $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ can be identified as an angular velocity of magnetic field line on a magnetic surface.

Then we get from the force-free condition

$`\stackrel{}{E}={\displaystyle \frac{\varpi }{\alpha }}(\mathrm{\Omega }_F+\beta )\widehat{\varphi }\times \stackrel{}{B},`$ (30)
and the Poynting flux perpendicular to the disk can be written as

$`^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_F\varpi }{4\pi \rho }}B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}=\mathrm{\Omega }_F_{(\varphi )}^\theta ,`$ (31)
as in .

## IV Energy and angular momentum conservation

In the idealized thin disk considered in this work, it is assumed that there is no radiative transfer or viscous interaction which balance the radial flow of the energy and angular momentum of the accreting matter. Hence the electromagnetic field anchored on the disk is responsible for the conservation of the total energy and angular momentum. Since we assume the idealized two-dimensional disk, there is no radial flow of electromagnetic energy and angular momentum unless there is any singular structure of electromagnetic field on the disk.

Let us consider a circular strip at $`r`$ with infinitesimally small width $`\delta r`$. Using eq.(25) the angular momentum flux of electromagnetic field into the $`\theta `$-direction is given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }L=2{\displaystyle _r^{r+\delta r}}\alpha ^\theta 𝑑\mathrm{\Sigma }_\theta =B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}\rho \varpi \delta r,`$ (32)
where the factor 2 is introduced to take account of both sides of the disk. It is balanced by the change of the angular momentum of matter given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }L_m=u_\varphi \dot{M}_+|_r^{r+\delta r}{\displaystyle \frac{du_\varphi }{dr}}\dot{M}_+\delta r.`$ (33)
Then we get

$`\dot{M}_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}\rho \varpi }{du_\varphi /dr}}.`$ (34)
In the non-relativistic limit $`u_\varphi `$ can be identified as non-relativistic Keplerian angular momentum: $`\mathrm{\Omega }_K=\sqrt{M/r^3}`$ and we get

$`\dot{M}_+`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}r^2}{r\mathrm{\Omega }_K/2}}=2r{\displaystyle \frac{B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}}{\mathrm{\Omega }_K}},`$ (35)
which is identical to that used in  and .

Similarly the energy flux of electromagnetic field in $`\theta `$-direction is given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }E`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle _r^{r+\delta r}}\alpha ^\theta 𝑑\mathrm{\Sigma }_\theta =\mathrm{\Omega }_FB^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}\rho \varpi \delta r`$ (36)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F\mathrm{\Delta }L,`$ (37)
where factor 2 is introduced for the same reason as in the angular momentum flux. It is balanced by the change of the energy of the matter given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }E_m`$ $`=`$ $`(u_0)\dot{M}_+|_r^{r+dr}{\displaystyle \frac{du_0}{dr}}\dot{M}_+\delta r,`$ (38)
which is possible with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ given by

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_F={\displaystyle \frac{du_0/dr}{du_\varphi /dr}},`$ (39)
where eq.(34) has been used.

It is not a trivial task to find the solution of the full relativistic MHD equations satisfying eq.(7) and (34) which leads to

$`B^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}=2\pi \sigma _m\rho u^r{\displaystyle \frac{du_\varphi }{dr}},`$ (40)
together with eq.(39). Without solving the full MHD equation, the magnetic fields and its angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ can be considered to be unknown parameters as well as $`u_i`$.

As a first trial, we assume $`u_0`$ and $`u_\varphi `$ to be those of the stable orbit of a test particle around a Kerr black hole :

$`u_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r^22Mr+a\sqrt{Mr}}{r\sqrt{r^23Mr+2a\sqrt{Mr}}}},`$ (41)
$`u_\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{Mr}(r^22a\sqrt{Mr}+a^2)}{r\sqrt{r^23Mr+2a\sqrt{Mr}}}},`$ (42)
although it is natural to expect non-negligible effect of the magnetic field on the stable orbit. The straightforward calculation, eq.(39), shows a very interesting result that the angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ of the magnetic field is the same as the Keplerian angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }_K(u^\varphi /u^0)`$

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_F=\mathrm{\Omega }_K,`$ (43)
where

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_K=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{M}{r^3}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+a\sqrt{M/r^3}}}.`$ (44)
In fact one can derive eq.(43) formally without using the explicit form of eq.(42), since it can be shown that

$`u^0{\displaystyle \frac{du_0}{dr}}+u^\varphi {\displaystyle \frac{du_\varphi }{dr}}=0`$ (45)
holds in general for a stable circular orbit on the equatorial plane. This shows that the energy balance can be realized by the magnetic field rotating rigidly with Keplerian angular velocity in this simplified two-dimensional disk model.

It is also possible to show that eq.(4.2) in  can be obtained from eq.(34) in the non-relativistic limit. Hence for a Newtonian limit or for the outer radius of the thin disk, the configuration of the electromagneic field suggested by Blandford is consistent with our result when the the magnetic field angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }_F`$ is given by $`\mathrm{\Omega }_K`$.

## V Power out of a magnetically dominated thin accretion disk

The total power out of the disk, $`P_{disk}`$, can be calculated by integrating eq. (36) from the inner most stable point($`r_{in}`$) to outer most edge of the disk with Poynting flux($`r_{out}`$),

$`P_{disk}={\displaystyle _{r_{in}}^{r_{out}}}(\mathrm{\Omega }_FB^{\widehat{\theta }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }}\rho \varpi )𝑑r,`$ (46)
where $``$ sign is referring the outward direction on the disk.

Using the accretion rate eq.(34), which is independent of $`r`$ for a stationary accretion flow, and the energy balance condition eq.(39), we get

$`P_{disk}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{r_{in}}^{r_{out}}}\mathrm{\Omega }_F\dot{M}_+{\displaystyle \frac{du_\varphi }{dr}}𝑑r=\dot{M}_+{\displaystyle _{r_{in}}^{r_{out}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d(u_0)}{dr}}𝑑r,`$ (47)
$`=`$ $`[u_0(r_{out})]\dot{M}_+[u_0(r_{in})]\dot{M}_+.`$ (48)
The first term corresponds to the energy rate into the disk at the outer most edge of the disk and the second term corresponds to the energy accretion rate at the inner edge of the disk to the central object. This is the expected result from the energy conservation.

Eq.(48) indicates that the power out of the disk in this toy model is not dependent strongly on the details of the electromagnetic field configuration. The power can be calculated once $`\dot{M}_+`$ is known at one point $`r`$ on the disk. For example, suppose that the exact solution of the relativistic equation can be approximated at a large distance $`r_0`$ by the configuration suggested by Blandford, then we can use the relation, for example,

$`B^{\widehat{\varphi }}=2\mathrm{\Omega }_FrB^{\widehat{\theta }},`$ (49)
to get the accretion rate expressed in terms of the magnetic field component perpendicular to the disk,

$`\dot{M}_+=4(B^{\widehat{\theta }}(r_0)r_0)^2.`$ (50)
Then the total power for a disk with Poynting flux extended to $`r_{out}=\mathrm{}`$ can be given by

$`P_{disk}=4(1[u_0(r_{in})])(B^{\widehat{\theta }}(r_0)r_0)^2,`$ (51)
where we take $`u_0(\mathrm{})=1`$.

## VI Discussion

In this work, we discuss a toy model for the magnetically dominated thin accretion disk. Assuming a two-dimensional disk dominated by the Poynting flux where the viscous stress and radiative transfer are ignored, the accretion flow in two-dimension is discussed in the background of Kerr geometry. We have demonstrated that the stationary accretion can be possible with the co-rotating magnetic field with the same Keplerian angular velocity as that of matters in the disk in the stable orbit. Also it is observed that the solution proposed by Blandford is consistent with our result in the non-relativistic limit( or at a large distance $`r`$ from the center with sufficiently small $`a/r`$ and $`a/M`$). It is shown in this toy model that the total Poynting power out of the disk depends on the accretion rate and the energy at the inner most stable orbit but not on the details of the electromagnetic field configuration.

Related issues to be discussed in the future are the possible solutions of magnetic field configuration(not only the poloidal component of the magnetic field discussed by Ghosh but also the toroidal component) analogous to  in the non-relativistic limit and the effect of the magnetic field on the energy($`u_0`$) and angular momentum($`u_\varphi `$) of a particle in the stable orbit which has not been taken into account in this work.

We have thus far discussed only one specific aspect, Poynting flux, of the accretion disk. For this two-dimensional disk model to be realistic and viable one, there are many obstacles to overcome. For example the viscous stress and radiation transfer should be included, which naturally leads to the questions on the steady state and the thin disk approximation assumed in this work. Moreover recent works on the accretion flow toward a black hole as a central object and on the magnetic coupling between the disk and the black hole seem to indicate that the physics is more complex than the simplified two-dimensional model discussed in this work particularly near the inner region of the disk.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Hongsu Kim and Chul H. Lee for valuble discussions on the stable orbit. This work is supported in part by Hanyang University, Korea, made in the program year of 2000.

Appendix A : Kerr geometry

In this Appendix, the useful identities expressed in terms of explicit orthonormal components defined by ZAMO are listed. Using the Boyer-Lindquist coordinates in the natural unit $`G=c=1`$, the metric tensor for Kerr Geometry, $`g_{\mu \nu }`$, is given by

$`(g_{\mu \nu })=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}(\alpha ^2\varpi ^2\beta ^2)& 0& 0& \varpi ^2\beta \\ 0& \frac{\rho ^2}{\mathrm{\Delta }}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& \rho ^2& 0\\ \varpi ^2\beta & 0& 0& \varpi ^2\end{array}\right),`$ (52)
where

$`\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho \sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{\mathrm{\Sigma }}},\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{g_{0\varphi }}{g_{\varphi \varphi }}},\stackrel{~}{\omega }={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }}{\rho }}\mathrm{sin}\theta ,`$ (53)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ $`=`$ $`r^2+a^22Mr,\rho ^2=r^2+a^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta ,\mathrm{\Sigma }^2=(r^2+a^2)^2a^2\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{sin}^2\theta ,`$ (54)
ZAMO’s four velocity(a time-like unit vector orthogonal to the t-constant surface: $`dx^\alpha U_\alpha =0`$) is given by

$`U_\mu =\alpha (1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}).`$ (55)
The electromagnetic field tensor can be expressed by the electric and magnetic fields as given by

$`F_\varphi ^\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\varpi }{\rho }}B^{\widehat{r}},F_r^\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}}B^{\widehat{\varphi }},F_0^\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\rho ^2}}(\alpha \rho E^{\widehat{\theta }}+\beta \rho \varpi B^{\widehat{r}}),`$ (56)
$`F^{0r}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{\alpha \rho }}E^{\widehat{r}},F^{0\varphi }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha \varpi }}E^{\widehat{\varphi }},F^{\varphi r}={\displaystyle \frac{\beta \sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{\alpha \rho }}E^{\widehat{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{\varpi \rho }}B^{\widehat{\theta }}.`$ (57)
Appendix B : Surface current on a two-dimensional accretion Disk

Consider a conserved current $`𝒥^\mu `$ defined by

$`𝒥^\mu =J^\mu Y(\theta \pi /2)+j^\mu ,`$ (58)
where the conserved current $`J^\mu `$ is the bulk current density satisfying the Maxwell equation,

$`F_{;\nu }^{\mu \nu }=4\pi J^\mu ,J_{;\mu }^\mu =0`$ (59)
and $`Y(\theta \pi /2)`$ satisfies

$`Y(\theta \pi /2)_{,\mu }=\delta _{\theta \mu }\delta (\theta \pi /2)`$ (60)
From the conservation of the current,

$`𝒥_{;\mu }^\mu =0,`$ (61)
we get,

$`j_{;\mu }^\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}F_{;\mu }^{\theta \mu }\delta (\theta \pi /2).`$ (62)
Then we can identify

$`j^\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}F^{\theta \mu }\delta (\theta \pi /2),`$ (63)
since $`F^{\theta \theta }`$ vanishes identically. It is an analogous expression as in .

Now the charge density defined by

$`\stackrel{~}{\rho }_e=\alpha j^0=\alpha {\displaystyle \frac{F^{\theta 0}}{4\pi }}\delta (\theta \pi /2),`$ (64)
can be rewritten as surface charge density $`\sigma _e`$:

$`{\displaystyle \stackrel{~}{\rho }_e𝑑V}{\displaystyle \sigma _e\frac{\rho }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}\varpi 𝑑r𝑑\varphi }.`$ (65)
Then we get the surface charge density in terms of the electric field given in Appendix A:

$`\sigma _e={\displaystyle \frac{E^{\widehat{\theta }}}{4\pi }},`$ (66)
It is Gauss’ law on the disk plane:

$`E^{\widehat{\theta }}=4\pi \sigma _e.`$ (67)
Similarly using the current density defined by

$`\stackrel{~}{j}^i=j^ij^0(0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\beta ),i=r,\theta ,\varphi `$ (68)
we get

$`\stackrel{~}{j}^r={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{B^{\widehat{\varphi }}\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}{\rho ^2}}\delta (\theta \pi /2),\stackrel{~}{j}^\varphi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{B^{\widehat{r}}}{\rho \varpi }}\delta (\theta \pi /2),`$ (69)
where $`j^\theta =0`$ by construction. The radial surface current density $`K^{\widehat{r}}`$ and the surface current density in $`\varphi `$ direction $`K^{\widehat{\varphi }}`$ on the disk can be defined by

$`{\displaystyle \alpha \stackrel{~}{j}^r𝑑\mathrm{\Sigma }_r}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \alpha B^{\widehat{\varphi }}\varpi 𝑑\varphi }{\displaystyle \alpha K^{\widehat{r}}\varpi 𝑑\varphi },`$ (70)
$`{\displaystyle \alpha \stackrel{~}{j}^\varphi 𝑑\mathrm{\Sigma }_\varphi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \alpha B^{\widehat{r}}\frac{\rho }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}𝑑r}{\displaystyle \alpha K^{\widehat{\varphi }}\frac{\rho }{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }}}𝑑r},`$ (71)
to get

$`K^{\widehat{r}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}B^{\widehat{\varphi }},K^{\widehat{\varphi }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}B^{\widehat{r}},`$ (72)
where $`d\mathrm{\Sigma }_i`$ is the corresponding surface element.

This result can be summarized by Ampere’s law on the disk surface:

$`\stackrel{}{B}=4\pi \stackrel{}{K}\times \widehat{\theta }.`$ (73)


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# 0 Introduction

## 0 Introduction

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`3`$, $`x_0X`$ a point, and $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+L`$ is a Cartier divisor at $`x_0`$. Assume that $`\sqrt[p]{L^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$ for some fixed real numbers. Then we shall prove the following theorems:

###### Theorem 0.1 (=Theorem 4.1).

Assume $`x_0X`$ is a quotient singular point of type $`(1/r,a/r,b/r)`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$, $`(r,a)=1`$, and $`(r,b)=1`$. Let $`\sigma _13/r`$, $`\sigma _23/\sqrt{r}`$, and $`\sigma _3>3/\sqrt[3]{r}`$. Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

###### Theorem 0.2 (=Theorem 4.4).

Assume $`x_0X`$ is a nonhypersurface and not quotient $``$-factorial terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>1`$. Let $`\sigma _12/r`$, $`\sigma _22\sqrt{2/r}`$, and $`\sigma _3>2\sqrt[3]{2/r}`$. Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

###### Corollary 0.3 (= Corollary 4.5).

Assume $`X`$ have only $``$-factorial terminal singularities and $`x_0X`$ a point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>0`$. Let $`\sigma _13/r`$, $`\sigma _23/\sqrt{r}`$, and $`\sigma _3>3/\sqrt[3]{r}`$. Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

The above results are generalization of the following conjecture by T. Fujita:

###### Conjecture 0.4.

For a smooth projective variety $`X`$ and an ample divisor $`L`$ on $`X`$, the linear system $`|K_X+mL|`$ is free if $`mdimX+1`$.

A strong version of Fujita’s freeness conjecture is the following:

###### Conjecture 0.5.

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`n`$, $`x_0X`$ a smooth point, and $`L`$ an ample Cartier divisor. Assume that there exist positive numbers $`\sigma _p`$ for $`p=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`\sqrt[p]{L^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$,
$`(2)`$ $`\sigma _pn`$ for all $`p`$ and $`\sigma _n>n`$.
Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

We list the cases where the conjectures are already proved. For smooth complex algebraic surface, Reider \[Rdr\] proved the strong version of Fujita’s freeness conjecture by applying Bogomolov’s instability theorem to study adjoint series on surfaces. For a projective normal surface, Ein and Lazarsfeld \[EL\], Matsushita \[Mat\], Kawachi \[KM\]\[Kwc\], and Maşek \[Ma\] extended the result of Reider \[Rdr\] to singular cases. Langer \[La1\]\[La2\] obtained the best estimates for a normal surface by applying a rank $`2`$ reflexive sheaf. For Fujita’s freeness conjecture, it is quite hard in dimension three proved by Ein and Lazarsfeld \[EL\]. The lectures of Lazarsfeld \[L\] provided a very good introduction. Kawamata\[Ka5\] proved in dimension four case. For the strong version of Fujita’s freeness conjecture, Fujita \[F\] proved that, if $`\sigma _13`$, $`\sigma _2\sqrt{7}`$, and $`\sigma _3>\sqrt[3]{51}`$, then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$. Kawamata \[Ka5\] proved the following:

###### Theorem 0.6 (\[Ka5, Theorem 3.1\]).

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`3`$, $`x_0X`$ a smooth point, and $`L`$ an ample Cartier divisor. Assume that there exist positive numbers $`\sigma _p`$ for $`p=1,2,3`$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`\sqrt[p]{L^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$,
$`(2)`$ $`\sigma _13`$, $`\sigma _23`$, and $`\sigma _3>3`$.
Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

For a projective variety $`X`$ of dimension $`3`$ with some singularities, Oguiso and Peternell \[OP\] proved that, with only $``$-factorial Gorenstein terminal $`(\text{resp.}\text{ canonical })`$ singularities and an ample divisor $`L`$ on $`X`$, the linear system $`|K_X+mL|`$ is free if $`m5(\text{resp.}m7)`$. Ein, Lazarsfeld and Maşek \[ELM\], and Matsushita \[Mat\] extended some of the results of Ein and Lazarsfeld \[EL\] to projective threefolds with terminal singularities. We \[K1\] extended the result of Kawamata \[Ka5\] to normal projective threefolds with terminal Gorenstein singularities or some quotient singularities. Our freeness conditions in terminal Gorenstein singularities or quotient singular points of type $`1/r(1,1,1)`$ are better than in smooth case. We noticed that our proof \[K1, Theorem 3.8\] of canonical and not terminal singular point case is wrong. Note that Lee \[L1\] \[L2\] also obtained some results on only Gorenstein canonical singularities independently.

The idea of this paper is to define the weighted multiplicities of normal singularities and control the constants $`\sigma _p`$ using this invariants. We calculate the weighted multiplicities of some quotient singularities and non Gorenstein terminal singularities on threefolds.

###### Theorem 0.7 (= Theorem 2.5).

Let $`(X,x_0)^n/_r(1,a_1,\mathrm{}a_{n1})`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$, $`(r,a_1)=1`$, and integers $`a_j`$ $`(0a_j<r)`$ for $`1jn1`$. Let $`l:=\mathrm{min}\{i|a_jii(\text{ mod }r)(1jn1)\text{ for }0<ir\}`$. Let $`\mu :YX`$ be the weighted blow up of $`X`$ at $`x_0`$ such that $`wt(x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1})=(l/r,l/r,\mathrm{},l/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$. Then we have

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=r^{n1}/l^n.$$

###### Theorem 0.8 (=Theorem 2.7).

Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be a $`3`$ folds nonhypersurface and not quotient terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>1`$ over $``$ and $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up with the weights $`\mathrm{wt}(x,y,z,u)=(1,1,1,1)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+E`$. Then

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=2/r.$$

By applying the weighted multiplicities, we improve freeness conditions on threefolds (Theorems 4.1, 4.4). Our freeness conditions are better than in smooth case. We give explicit examples (Examples 4.2, 4.3) which show the estimate in Theorem 4.1 is best. Moreover, we obtain an alternative proof (Theorem 5.1) of a theorem of Langer for log terminal singular points of only $`A`$-type \[La2\]. The method of \[La2\] is to use a reflexive sheaf of rank $`2`$, which is completely different for ours. We also give explicit examples (Example 5.2, 5.3) for Theorem 5.1 which shows the estimate is best.
Our proof of freeness is very similar to the one for the smooth case given in \[Ka5\]. However this involves more careful and detailed analysis of weighted blow up and the weighted multiplicities.
Acknowledgment: The author would like to express his thanks to Professor Yujiro Kawamata for his advice and warm encouragement. He has benefited from discussions with Doctor Masayuki Kawakita, Doctor Daisuke Matsushita, and Doctor Hiroshi Sato. He also would like to express his thanks to Doctor Adrian Langer for his pointing out him his ICTP preprint and his kindly comments.

## 1 Preliminaries

Most of the results of freeness in this paper are the applications of the following vanishing theorem:

###### Theorem 1.1 ( \[Ka1\] \[V\] ).

Let $`X`$ be a smooth projective variety and $`D`$ a $``$-divisor. Assume that $`D`$ is nef and big, and that the support of the difference $`{}_{}{}^{}D{}_{}{}^{}D`$ is a normal crossing divisor. Then $`H^p(X,K_X+{}_{}{}^{}D{}_{}{}^{})=0`$ for $`p>0`$.

We recall notation of \[Ka5\] (cf \[KMM\]).

###### Definition 1.2.

Let $`X`$ be a normal variety and $`D=\mathrm{\Sigma }_id_iD_i`$ an effective $``$-divisor such that $`K_X+D`$ is $``$-Cartier. If $`\mu :YX`$ is an embedded resolution of the pair $`(X,D)`$, then we can write

$$K_Y+F=\mu ^{}(K_X+D)$$

with $`F=\mu _{}^1D+\mathrm{\Sigma }_je_jE_j`$ for the exceptional divisors $`E_j`$.

The pair $`(X,D)`$ is said to have only log canonical singularities $`(LC)(\mathrm{resp}.\mathrm{𝑘𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑎}\mathrm{𝑙𝑜𝑔}\mathrm{𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙}\mathrm{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠}(KLT))`$ if $`d_i1(\mathrm{resp}.<1)`$ for all $`i`$ and $`e_j1(\mathrm{resp}.<1)`$ for all $`j`$.

A subvariety $`W`$ of $`X`$ is said to be a center of log canonical singularities for the pair $`(X,D)`$, if there is a birational morphism from a normal variety $`\mu :YX`$ and a prime divisor $`E`$ on $`Y`$ with the coefficient $`e1`$ such that $`\mu (E)=W`$. The set of all the centers of log canonical singularities is denoted by $`CLC(X,D)`$. For a point $`x_0X`$, we define $`CLC(X,x_0,D)=\{WCLC(X,D);x_0W\}`$.

We shall use the following proved by Kawamata \[Ka5\] \[Ka6\]. Then we can control the singularities of the minimal center of log canonical singularities and can replace the minimal center of log canonical singularities by a smaller subvariety.

###### Proposition 1.3 (\[Ka5 1.5,1.6,1.9\] \[Ka6\]).

Let $`X`$ be a normal variety and $`D`$ an effective $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+D`$ is $``$-Cartier. Assume that $`X`$ is $`KLT`$ and $`(X,D)`$ is $`LC`$. If $`W_1,W_2CLC(X,D)`$ and $`W`$ is an irreducible component of $`W_1W_2`$, then $`WCLC(X,D)`$. If $`(X,D)`$ is not $`KLT`$ at a point $`x_0X`$, then there exists the unique minimal element $`W_0`$ of $`CLC(X,x_0,D)`$. Moreover, $`W_0`$ is normal at $`x_0`$. Then $`W_0`$ has at most a rational singularity at $`x_0`$.

###### Proposition 1.4 (\[Ka5 1.10\]).

Let $`x_0X`$, $`D`$ and $`W_0`$ be as in Proposition $`1.3`$. Let $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ be effective $``$-Cartier divisors on $`X`$ whose supports do not contain $`W_0`$ and which induce the same $``$-Cartier divisor on $`W_0`$. Assume that $`(X,D+D_1)`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$ and there exists an element of $`CLC(X,x_0,D+D_1)`$ which is properly contained in $`W_0`$. Then the similar statement holds for the pair $`(X,D+D_2)`$.

We shall need the following Mori’s classification theorem of terminal singularities in dimension $`3`$.

###### Theorem 1.5 (\[M\]).

Let $`0X`$ be a $`3`$-fold terminal nonhypersurface singular point over $``$. Then $`0X`$ is isomorphic to a singularity described by the following list:
$`(1)cA/r,\{xy+f(z,u^r)=0,f\{z,u^r\},(r,a)=1\}^4/_r(a,ra,r,1)`$,
$`(2)cAx/4,\{x^2+y^2+f(z,u^2)=0,f\{z,u^2\}\}^4/_4(1,3,2,1)`$,
$`(3)cAx/2,\{x^2+y^2+f(z,u)=0,f(z,u)^4\{z,u\}\}^4/_2(1,2,1,1)`$,
$`(4)cD/2,\{u^2+z^3+xyz+f(x,y)=0,f(x,y)^4\},\text{or }\{u^2+xyz+z^n+f(x,y)=0,f(x,y)^4,n4\},\{u^2+y^2z+z^n+f(x,y)=0,f(x,y)^4,n3\}^4/_2(1,1,2,1)`$,
$`(5)cD/3,u^2+x^3+y^3+z^3=0,\text{or }\{u^2+x^3+yz^2+f(x,y,z)=0,f(x,y,z)^4\},\{u^2+x^3+y^3+f(x,y,z)=0,f(x,y,z)^4\}^4/_3(1,2,2,3)`$,
$`(6)cE/2,\{u^2+x^3+g(y,z)x+h(y,z)=0,g,h\{y,z\},g,h(y,z)^4\}^4/_2(2,1,1,1)`$.
The equations have to satisfy $`2`$ obvious conditions: $`1`$. The equations define a terminal hypersurface singularity. $`2`$. The equations are $`_n`$-equivariant. $`(\text{In fact }_n\text{-invariant, except for }cAx/4.)`$

## 2 Definition and Calculation of the weighted multiplicities

We first define the new following notions which we derive from the multiplicity of a point on a normal variety $`X`$ and the multiplicity of an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ on $`X`$ at a point:

###### Definition 2.1.

Let $`X`$ be a normal variety of dimension $`n`$, $`x_0`$ a point of $`X`$, $`\mu :YX`$ a weighted blow up at $`x_0`$ with exceptional divisors $`E`$, $`WX`$ the subvariety of dimension $`p`$ such that $`W`$ is normal at $`x_0`$, $`\overline{W}`$ the strict transform of $`W`$, and $`\overline{D}_{\overline{W}}`$ on $`\overline{W}`$ the strict transform of an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D_W`$ on $`W`$. The weighted multiplicity of $`W`$ at $`x_0`$ for $`\mu `$ $`(\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}W)`$ is that

$$dim\frac{O_{W,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{W}}(hE|_{\overline{W}})}=\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}W\frac{h^p}{p!}+\text{lower term in }h.$$

The weighted order of $`D_W`$ on $`W`$ at $`x_0`$ for $`\mu `$ $`(\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D_W)`$ is that

$$\mu ^{}(D_W)=\overline{D_W}+\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D_WE|_{\overline{W}}.$$

The weighted multiplicity at a nonsingular point for ordinary blow up at the point is the same as usual multiplicity at the point. Also the weighted order of an effective $``$-Cartier divisor at a nonsingular point for ordinary blow up at the point is the same as usual multiplicity of the divisor at the point. We have the following of the weighted multiplicity and the weighted order at a nonsingular point:

###### Example 2.2.

Let $`X=^3`$ and $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up at $`x_0`$ of the weight $`(x,y,z)=(1,a,b)`$ for $`a,b_{>0}`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ and $`D`$ an effective $``$-Cartier divisor on $`X`$. We consider that

$$\frac{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}{\mu _{}O_Y((h+1)E)}\begin{array}{cc}x^sy^t(yz)^l\text{ for }s+ta+l(a+b)=h\text{ or }\hfill & \\ x^s(yz)^lz^u\text{ for }s+l(a+b)+ub=h.\hfill & \end{array}$$

Then we have

$$dim\frac{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}{\mu _{}O_Y((h+1)E)}=\underset{l=0}{\overset{{}_{}{}^{}h/a+b_{}}{}}\{\frac{}{}_{}\frac{hl(a+b)}{a}_{}+\frac{}{}_{}\frac{hl(a+b)}{b}_{}+1\}.$$

Then

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=1/ab.$$

Moreover, let $`F=_{i,j,k}c_{ijk}x^iy^jz^k`$ be an equation of $`D`$. Then

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D=\mathrm{min}\{i+aj+bk;c_{ijk}0\}.$$

###### Example 2.3.

Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be a $`3`$ fold terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>1`$ over $``$ and $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up by Kawamata \[Ka3\] such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+(1/r)E`$. Then,

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}Xr^2/(r1).$$

Moreover, let $`(X,x_0)(^3/_r(a,ra,1),0)`$ or $`(xy+f(z,u^r)=0^4/_r(a,ra,r,1),0)`$ for $`(r,a)=1`$. Then,

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}Xr^2/a(ra).$$

For the weighted order, Kawamata \[Ka4\] or Kollár \[Ko 8. 13\] defined the similar notion:

###### Remark 2.4.

Let $`M`$ be an effective Weil divisor on $`(X,x_0)=^3/_r(a,a,1)`$ with $`0<a<r`$ and $`(r,a)=1`$, and $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up at $`x_0`$ with the weight $`\mathrm{wt}(x,y,z)=(a/r,1a/r,1/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$. The weighted multiplicity of $`M`$ at $`x_0`$ $`(\mathrm{w}\mathrm{mult}_{x_0}M)`$ defined by Kawamata \[Ka4\] is that

$$\mathrm{w}\mathrm{mult}_{x_0}M=r\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}M.$$

Let $`f`$ be a holomorphic function near $`0^n`$. Assign rational weights $`w(x_i)`$ to the variables. The weighted multiplicity of $`f`$ defined by Kollár \[Ko 8.13\] $`(w(f))`$ is the lowest weight of monomials occurring in $`f`$.

We calculate the weighted multiplicities in four cases. First we calculate the weighted multiplicities of some quotient singularities for the weighted blow up at the points.

###### Theorem 2.5.

Let $`(X,x_0)^n/_r(1,a_1,\mathrm{}a_{n1})`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$, $`(a_1,r)=1`$, and integers $`a_j`$ $`(0a_j<r)`$ for $`1jn1`$. Let $`l:=\mathrm{min}\{i|a_jii(\text{ mod }r)(1jn1)\text{ for }0<ir\}`$. Let $`\mu :YX`$ be the weighted blow up of $`X`$ at $`x_0`$ such that $`wt(x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1})=(l/r,l/r,\mathrm{},l/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$. Then we have

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=r^{n1}/l^n.$$

###### Proof.

we consider

$$\frac{O_{X,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}x_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{b_0}x_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{b_1}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{}{}_{}{}^{b_{n1}}$$

for $`h>l(b_0+b_1+\mathrm{}+b_{n1})/r`$ and $`b_0+b_1a_1+b_2a_1+\mathrm{}+b_{n1}a_{n1}r`$.

We fix $`k_j`$ for $`1jn1`$. We consider $`b_{j}^{}{}_{k_j}{}^{}=m_{j}^{}{}_{k_j}{}^{}r+k_j`$ for $`0k_jr1`$ and $`m_{j}^{}{}_{k_j}{}^{}0`$. Then we have $`b_0=mr\overline{a_1k_1+a_2k_2+\mathrm{}+a_{n1}k_{n1}}`$.
Then we have $`l(k_1+k_2+\mathrm{}+k_{n1}\overline{a_1k_1+a_2k_2+\mathrm{}+a_{n1}k_{n1}})/r`$ and $`m+m_{1}^{}{}_{k_1}{}^{}+m_{2}^{}{}_{k_2}{}^{}+\mathrm{}+m_{n1}^{}{}_{k_{n1}}{}^{}+(k_1+k_2+\mathrm{}k_{n1}\overline{a_1k_1+a_2k_2+\mathrm{}+a_{n1}k_{n1}})/r(h1)/l`$. Then we have

$$r<(k_1+k_2+\mathrm{}+k_{n1}\overline{a_1k_1+a_2k_2+\mathrm{}+a_{n1}k_{n1}}r(n1).$$

Then

$$r^{n1}\frac{({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}+2)!}{n!({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}+2n)!}\frac{O_{X,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}r^{n1}\frac{({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}+2+n)!}{n!({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}+2)!}.$$

Hence

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=r^{n1}/l^n.$$

Second we calculate the weighted multiplicities of subvariety of $`^3/_r(1,a,b)`$.

###### Lemma 2.6.

Let $`(X,x_0)^3/_r(1,a,b)`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$, $`(a,r)=1`$, and $`(b,r)=1`$. Let $`l:=\mathrm{min}\{i|iaibi(\text{ mod }r)\text{ for }0<ir\}`$. Let $`\mu :YX`$ be the weighted blow up of $`X`$ at $`x_0`$ such that $`wt(x,y,z)=(l/r,l/r,l/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$. Let $`C=/_r(1)`$, $`S_1=^2/_r(1,a)`$, $`S_2=\{xy+z^n=0^3/_r(1,a,b)\}`$, and $`S_3=\{x^2+f(y,z)=0^3/_r(1,a,b)\}`$. Then we have

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/l,\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S_1=r/l^2,$$

$$\text{ and }\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S_i=2r/l^2\text{ for }i=2\text{ or }3,$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\overline{C}`$ be the strict transform of $`C`$, $`\overline{S_i}`$ the strict transform of $`S_i`$ for $`1i3`$, and $`e`$ such that $`ae1(\text{ mod }r)`$.
In $`C`$ case, we consider that,

$$\frac{O_{C,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{C}}(hE|_{\overline{C}})}x^s\text{ for }h>sl/r\text{ and }sr.$$

As in Theorem 2.5, we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/l`$.
In $`S_1`$ case, we consider that,

$$\frac{O_{S_1,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S_1}}(hE|_{\overline{S_1}})}x^sy^u\text{ for }h>(s+u)l/r\text{ and }s+aur.$$

As in Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S_1=r/l^2`$.
In $`S_2`$ case, we consider that,

$$\frac{O_{S_2,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S_2}}(hE|_{\overline{S_2}})}\begin{array}{cc}x^sz^u\text{ for }h>(s+u)l/r\text{ and }s+bur\text{ or }\hfill & \\ y^tz^u\text{ for }h>(t+u)l/r\text{ and }t+\overline{eb}ur.\hfill & \end{array}$$

As in Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S_2=2r/l^2`$.
In $`S_3`$ case, we consider that

$$\frac{O_{S_3,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S_3}}(hE|_{\overline{S_3}})}\begin{array}{cc}y^tz^u\text{ for }h>(t+u)l/r\text{ and }t+\overline{eb}ur\text{ or }\hfill & \\ xy^tz^u\text{ for }h>(1+t+u)l/r\text{ and }e+t+\overline{eb}ur.\hfill & \end{array}$$

We fix $`j`$ for $`0j<r`$. We consider $`u=mr+j`$.
We have $`t=n_1r\overline{ebj}`$ or $`n_2r\overline{ebj}e`$. Then $`(m+n_1)r+j\overline{ebj}`$ or $`(m+n_2)r+j\overline{ebj}e+1r(h1)/l`$. Then we have $`r<j\overline{ebj}<r`$ and $`2r<j\overline{ebj}e+1<r`$. Then

$$2r\frac{({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{})!}{({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}2)!2!}<\frac{O_{S,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S}}(hE|_{\overline{S}})}<2r\frac{({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}+3)!}{({}_{}{}^{}(h1)/l_{}+1)!2!}.$$

Hence we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2r/l^2`$. ∎

Third we calculate the weighted multiplicities of $`3`$ folds nonhypersurface and not quotient terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>1`$ for a weighted blow up.

###### Theorem 2.7.

Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be a $`3`$ folds nonhypersurface and not quotient terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>0`$ over $``$ and $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up with the weights $`\mathrm{wt}(x,y,z,u)=(1,1,1,1)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+E`$. Then

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=2/r.$$

###### Proof.

Case$`(1)`$ Let $`(X,x_0)(xy+f(z,u^r)=0^4/_r(a,ra,r,1),0)`$ for $`(r,a)=1`$. We consider that, for $`xy=f(z,u^r)(zf(z,w^r))`$,

$$\frac{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}{\mu _{}O_Y((h+1)E)}\begin{array}{cc}x^sz^lu^m\text{ for }s+l+m=h\text{ and }as+lr+mr\text{ or }\hfill & \\ y^tz^lu^m\text{ for }t+l+m=h\text{ and }(ra)t+lr+mr.\hfill & \end{array}$$

Then, as Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=2/r`$.
Case$`(2)`$ $`cAx/4`$. Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be $`(x^2+y^2+f(z,u^2)=0^4/_4(1,3,2,1),0)`$. We consider that, for $`x^2=y^2f(z,u^2)`$,

$$\frac{O_{X,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}\begin{array}{cc}y^tz^lu^m\text{ for }t+l+m<h\text{ and }3t+2l+m4\text{ or }\hfill & \\ xy^tz^lu^m\text{ for }1+t+l+m<h\text{ and }1+3t+2l+m4.\hfill & \end{array}$$

We fixed $`j_1`$ and $`j_2`$ for $`0j_1,j_2<4`$ such that $`t=4n_{j_1}+j_1(n_{j_1}0)`$ and $`l=4n_{j_2}+j_2(n_{j_2}0)`$. Then we have $`m=4n\overline{3j_1+2j_2}`$ or $`m=4n^{}\overline{3j_1+2j_2}1`$ Then $`04(n_{j_1}+n_{j_2}+n)+(j_1+j_2\overline{3j_1+2j_2}),4(n_{j_1}+n_{j_2}+n^{})+(j_1+j_2\overline{3j_1+2j_2})1h1`$. We have $`4<j_1+j_2\overline{3j_1+2j_2}<8`$. Then we have

$$24^2\frac{({}_{}{}^{}(h9)/4_{}+3)!}{({}_{}{}^{}(h9)/4_{})!3!}<dim\frac{O_{X,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}<24^2\frac{({}_{}{}^{}(h+3)/4_{}+3)!}{({}_{}{}^{}(h+3)/4_{})!3!}.$$

Hence, we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=1/2`$.
Case $`(3)`$ $`cAx/2`$. Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be $`(x^2+y^2+f(z,u)=0^4/_2(1,2,1,1),0)`$ where $`\mathrm{ord}(f)2`$ for wt$`(z,u)=(1,1)`$.
Then we consider that, for $`x^2=y^2f(z,u)`$,

$$\frac{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}{\mu _{}O_Y((h+1)E)}\begin{array}{cc}y^tz^lu^m\text{ for }t+l+m=h\text{ and }2t+l+m2\text{ or }\hfill & \\ xy^tz^lu^m\text{ for }1+t+l+m=h\text{ and }1+2t+l+m2.\hfill & \end{array}$$

Then we have

$$dim\frac{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}{\mu _{}O_Y((h+1)E)}=\underset{t=0}{\overset{h}{}}\{(ht)+1\}=h^2/2+3h/2+1.$$

Hence, we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=1`$. The proofs of cases $`(4)`$ and $`(6)`$ are the same as the proof of case $`(3)`$.
Case$`(5)`$ $`cD/3`$. Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be $`u^2+x^3+y^3+z^3=0`$ or $`\{u^2+x^3+yz^2+f(x,y,z)=0`$, $`f(x,y,z)^4`$} or { $`u^2+x^3+y^3+f(x,y,z)=0`$, $`f(x,y,z)^4`$} $`^4/_3(1,2,2,0)`$.
We consider that, for $`u^2=h(x,y,z)`$,

$$\frac{O_{X,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_Y(hE)}\begin{array}{cc}x^ty^sz^m\text{ for }t+s+m<h\text{ and }t+2s+2m3\text{ or }\hfill & \\ x^ty^sz^mu\text{ for }t+s+m+1<h\text{ and }t+2s+2m3.\hfill & \end{array}$$

As in case $`(2)`$, we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=2/3`$. ∎

Fourth we calculate the weighted multiplicities of quotient of rational double points under the action $`_r(1,a,b)`$ for $`(r,a)=1`$ and $`0b<r`$.

###### Lemma 2.8.

Let $`(X,x_0)`$ be a $`3`$ folds nonhypersurface and not quotient terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>0`$ over $``$ and $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up with the weights $`\mathrm{wt}(x,y,z,u)=(1,1,1,1)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+E`$. Let $`C/_r(1)`$ and $`S`$ $`(1)xy+z^n=0^3/_r(1,a,b)`$, or $`(2)xy+z^n=0^3/_r(b,1,a)`$, $`(3)x^2+f(y,z)=0^3/_r(1,a,b)`$, $`(4)x^2+f(y,z)=0^3/_r(b,1,a)`$ for $`(r,a)=1`$ and $`0b<r`$. Then

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/r\text{ and }\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2/r.$$

###### Proof.

Let $`\overline{C}`$ the strict transform of $`C`$, $`\overline{S}`$ the strict transform of $`S`$, and $`e`$ such that $`ae1(\text{ mod }r)`$.
In $`C`$ case, we consider that,

$$\frac{O_{C,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{C}}(hE|_{\overline{C}})}x^s\text{ for }h>s\text{ and }sr.$$

As in Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/r`$.
In the $`(1)`$ case, we consider that,

$$\frac{O_{S,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S}}(hE|_{\overline{S}})}\begin{array}{cc}x^sz^u\text{ for }h>s+u\text{ and }s+bur\text{ or }\hfill & \\ y^tz^u\text{ for }h>t+u\text{ and }t+\overline{eb}ur.\hfill & \end{array}$$

As in Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2/r`$.
In the $`(2)`$ case, we consider that

$$\frac{O_{S,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S}}(hE|_{\overline{S}})}\begin{array}{cc}x^sz^u\text{ for }h>s+u\text{ and }\overline{eb}s+ur\text{ or }\hfill & \\ y^tz^u\text{ for }h>t+u\text{ and }et+ur.\hfill & \end{array}$$

As in Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2/r`$.
In the $`(3)`$ case, we consider that

$$\frac{O_{S,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S}}(hE|_{\overline{S}})}\begin{array}{cc}y^tz^u\text{ for }h>t+u\text{ and }t+\overline{eb}ur\text{ or }\hfill & \\ xy^tz^u\text{ for }h>1+t+u\text{ and }e+t+\overline{eb}ur.\hfill & \end{array}$$

As $`S_3`$ case in Lemma 2.6, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2/r`$.
In the $`(4)`$ case, we consider that,

$$\frac{O_{S,x_0}}{\mu _{}O_{\overline{S}}(hE|_{\overline{S}})}\begin{array}{cc}y^tz^u\text{ for }h>t+u\text{ and }t+aur\text{ or }\hfill & \\ xy^tz^u\text{ for }h>1+t+u\text{ and }b+t+aur\hfill & \end{array}$$

As $`S_3`$ case in Lemma 2.6, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :y_0}S=2/r`$. ∎

## 3 General methods for freeness of adjoint linear systems

We can construct divisors which have high weighted order at a given point from the following:

###### Lemma 3.1.

Let $`X`$ be a normal and complete variety of dimension $`n`$, $`L`$ a nef and big $``$-Cartier divisor, $`x_0X`$ a point, and $`t`$,$`t_0`$ a rational number such that $`t>t_0>0`$. We assume that $`\mu :YX`$ is the weighted blow up of $`X`$ at $`x_0`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$. Let $`WX`$ be a subvariety of dimension $`p`$ such that $`W`$ is normal at $`x_0`$. Then there exists an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D_W`$ such that $`D_W_{}tL|_W`$ and

$$\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D_W(t_0+ϵ)\sqrt[p]{\frac{L^pW}{\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}W}}$$

which is a rational number for $`0ϵ\sqrt[p]{\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}W/L^pW}`$.

###### Proof.

We change the multiplicity of subvariety at the point with the weighted multiplicity of subvariety at the point for $`\mu `$ in \[K1 2.1 ( cf \[Ka5 2.1\])\]. The proof is the same as \[K1 2.1 ( cf \[Ka5 2.1\])\]. ∎

The following proposition is the key of the proofs of our results of freeness:

###### Proposition 3.2 (\[K1, 2.2\] cf \[Ka5, 2.3\]).

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`n`$, $`x_0X`$ a $`KLT`$ point, and $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$. Assume that there exists an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ which satisfies the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`D_{}tL`$ for a rational number $`t<1`$,
$`(2)`$ $`(X,D)`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$,
$`(3)`$ $`\{x_0\}CLC(X,D)`$.
Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

We generalize \[Ka5, 2.2\] in which $``$-divisors have integral order at $`x_0`$. For our purpose, we need to treat $``$-Cartier divisors of fractional weighted orders at $`x_0`$.

###### Lemma 3.3.

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`n`$, $`x_0^n/_r(1,a_1,\mathrm{}a_{n1})`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$, $`(r,a_1)=1`$, and $`0a_j<r`$ for $`1jn1`$, $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$. Let $`l:=\mathrm{min}\{i|a_jii(\text{ mod r })(1jn1)\text{ for }0<ir\}`$. Let $`\mu :YX`$ be the weighted blow up of $`X`$ at $`x_0`$ such that $`wt(x_0,x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1})=(l/r,l/r,\mathrm{},l/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+(nl/r1)E`$. Let $`W`$ be a prime divisor with $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}W=ld/rl/r`$ for an integer $`d`$, and $`e`$, $`k`$ positive rational numbers such that $`de1`$ and $`(kl/r)^n<L^nl^n/r^{n1}`$. Assume that there exists an effective $``$-divisor $`D`$ such that $`D_{}L`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}Dlk/r`$, and moreover that $`DekW`$ for any such $`D`$. Then there exists a real number $`\lambda `$ with $`0\lambda <1`$ and $`\lambda max\{1de,(den)^{1/(n1)}\}`$ which satisfies the following condition: if $`k^{}`$ is a positive rational number such that $`k^{}>k`$ and

$$(\lambda \frac{k}{r})^n+(\frac{1de\lambda }{1\lambda })^{n1}\{(\frac{k^{}}{r}+\frac{\lambda de}{1de\lambda }\frac{k}{r})^n(\frac{\lambda k}{r}+\frac{\lambda de}{1de\lambda }\frac{k}{r})^n\}<\frac{L^n}{r^{n1}},$$

then there exists an effective $``$-divisor $`D`$ such that $`D_{}L`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}Dlk^{}/r`$. (If $`\lambda =1de`$, then the left hand side of the above inequality should be taken as a limit.)

###### Proof.

(cf \[Ka5, 2.2\]) We have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=r^{n1}/l^n`$ by Theorem 2.5. Let $`\overline{k}`$ = sup {$`q`$; there exists an effective $``$-divisor $`D`$ such that $`D_{}L`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D=ql/r`$ }. Let us define a function $`\varphi (q)`$ for $`q`$ with $`0q<\overline{k}`$ to be the largest real number such that $`D\varphi (q)W`$ whenever $`D0`$, $`D_{}L`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D=ql/r`$. Then $`\varphi `$ is a convex function \[Ka5, 2.2 l25 – l28 \]. Since $`\varphi (k)ek`$, there exists a real number $`\lambda `$ such that $`0\lambda <1`$ and $`\varphi (q)e(q\lambda k)/(1\lambda )`$ for any $`q`$.

Let $`m`$ be a large and sufficiently divisible integer and $`\nu :H^0(X,mL)O_{X,x_0}(mL)O_{X,x_0}`$ the evaluation homomorphism. We consider subspaces $`V_i=\nu ^1(\mu _{}O_Y(iE))`$ of $`H^0(X,mL)`$ for integers $`i`$ such that $`\lambda kml/rik^{}ml/r`$. First, we have

$$\mathrm{dim}V_{\lambda kml/r}\mathrm{dim}H^0(X,mL)\frac{r^{n1}}{l^n}\frac{(\lambda kml/r)^n}{n!}+\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{in}m.$$

Let $`D|mL|`$ be a member corresponding to $`hV_i`$ for some $`i`$. Since we have $`D\varphi (ir/lm)mW`$, the number of conditions in order for $`hV_{i+1}`$ is at most ( the number of homogeneous polynomials of order $`i\varphi (ir/lm)m(dl/r)`$ in $`n`$ variables ) $`\times `$ $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X`$, i.e.,

$$\frac{r^{n1}}{l^n}\frac{(i\varphi (ir/lm)mdl/r)^{n1}}{n1!}+\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{in}m.$$

Therefore, we have $`k^{}<\overline{k}`$ because

$$\frac{r^{n1}}{l^n}\{\frac{(\lambda kml/r)^n}{n!}+\underset{i=\lambda kml/r}{\overset{k^{}ml/r1}{}}\frac{(i\frac{e(ri/lm\lambda k)}{(1\lambda )}mdl/r)^{n1}}{n1!}\}+\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{in}m$$

$$=\frac{r^{n1}}{l^n}\{\frac{(\lambda kml/r)^n}{n!}+\frac{(\frac{1de\lambda }{1\lambda })^2\{(k^{}l/r+\frac{\lambda de}{1de\lambda }kl/r)^n(\lambda kl/r+\frac{\lambda de}{1de\lambda }kl/r)^n\}m^n}{n!}\}$$

$$+\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{in}m<\frac{m^nL^n}{n!}+\mathrm{lower}\mathrm{terms}\mathrm{in}m.$$

By \[Ka5 2.2 last part\], we have that $`\lambda \mathrm{max}\{1de,(nde)^{1/(n1)}\}`$. ∎

## 4 Main Theorem

First we consider some isolated quotient singular points.

###### Theorem 4.1.

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`3`$, $`x_0X`$ a quotient singular point of type $`(1/r,a/r,b/r)`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$, $`(a,r)=1`$ and $`(b,r)=1`$, and $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$. Assume that there are positive numbers $`\sigma _p`$ for $`p=1,2,3`$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`\sqrt[p]{L^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$,
$`(2)`$ $`\sigma _13/r`$, $`\sigma _23/\sqrt{r}`$, and $`\sigma _3>3/\sqrt[3]{r}`$.
Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`l:=\mathrm{min}\{i|aibii(\text{ mod }r)\text{ for }0<ir\}`$. Let $`\mu :YX`$ be the weighted blow up of $`X`$ at $`x_0`$ such that $`wt(x,y,z)=(l/r,l/r,l/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+(3l/r1)E`$. Hence $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=r^2/l^3`$ by Theorem 2.5.
Step 0. Let $`t`$ be a rational number such that $`t>(3/\sqrt[3]{r})/\sqrt[3]{(L^3)}`$. Since $`\sigma _3>3/\sqrt[3]{r}`$, we can take $`t<1`$. Let $`t_0`$ be a rational number such that $`t_0=(3/\sqrt[3]{r})/\sqrt[3]{L^3}ϵ`$ for $`0ϵ\sqrt[3]{r^2/l^3L^3}`$. By Lemma 3.1, there exists an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ such that $`D_{}tL`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D(t_0+ϵ)\sqrt[3]{(L^3)l^3/r^2}`$. Hence $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D=3l/r`$.

Let $`c`$ be the log canonical threshold of $`(X,D)`$ at $`x_0`$:

$$c=sup\{t;\text{ }K_X+tD\text{ is }LC\text{ at }x_0\text{ }\}.$$

Then $`c1`$. Let $`W`$ be the minimal element of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD)`$. If $`W=\{x_0\}`$, then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$ by Proposition 3.2, since $`ct<1`$.
Step 1. We consider the case in which $`W=C`$ is a curve. By Proposition 1.3, $`C`$ is normal at $`x_0`$, i.e., smooth at $`x_0`$. Let $`U`$ be a neighborhood at $`x_0`$. Then $`C|_U/_r(1)`$. Hence we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/l`$ by Lemma 2.6. Since $`\sigma _13/r`$, there exists a rational number $`t^{}`$ with $`ct+(1c)<t^{}<1`$ and an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D_C^{}`$ on $`C`$ such that $`D_C^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L|_C`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D_C^{}=3l(1c)/r`$. As in \[Ka5, 3.1 Step1\], there exists an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$ such that $`D^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L`$ and $`D^{}|_C=D_C^{}`$. Let $`D_1^{}`$ be a general effective $``$-Cartier divisor on an affine neighborhood $`U_1`$ of $`x_0`$ in $`X`$ such that $`D_1^{}|_{CU_1}=D_C^{}|_{CU_1}`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D_1^{}=3l(1c)/r`$. Then we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}(cD+D_1^{})=3l/r`$, hence $`\{x_0\}CLC(U_1,cD+D_1^{})`$. Let

$$c^{}=sup\{t;\text{ }K_X+(cD+tD_1^{})\text{ is }LC\text{ at }x_0\text{ }\}.$$

Since $`D_1^{}`$ is chosen to be general, we have $`c^{}>0`$. We have an element $`W^{}`$ such that $`W^{}CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D_1^{})`$ and $`W^{}C`$. By Proposition 1.3, $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D_1^{})`$ has an element which is properly contained in $`C`$. By Proposition 1.4, we conclude that $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$, and $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ has an element which is properly contained in $`C`$, i.e., $`\{x_0\}`$.
Step 2. We consider the case in which $`W=S`$ is a surface. Let $`U`$ be a neighborhood at $`x_0`$ and $`h:\stackrel{~}{U}U`$ its closure of local universal cover,
i.e., $`U=^3/_r(1,a,b)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}=^3`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ be $`h^{}(S|_U)`$ and $`x_1`$ $`h^1(x_0)`$. Since $`x_0S`$ is a $`KLT`$ point \[Ka5, 1.7\] and $`h`$ is ramified only over $`x_0`$, $`\stackrel{~}{S}^3`$ is also irreducible and $`x_1\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is at most $`KLT`$. Moreover $`\stackrel{~}{S}^3`$ is a hypersurface, $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is also Gorenstein. Therefore, $`x_1\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is a rational Gorenstein point, that is, $`x_1\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is a smooth point or a rational double point. If $`x_1`$ is a smooth point of $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$, then $`S|_U^2/_r(1,a^{})`$ for $`(a^{},r)=1`$. By Lemma 2.6, we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=r/l^2`$. If $`x_1`$ is a rational double point of $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is A type or D type or E type, i.e, $`\stackrel{~}{S}x^2+f(y,z)=0\text{ or }xy+z^{n+1}=0(n>0)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is invariant by the action of $`_r(1,a^{},b^{})`$ for $`(r,a^{})=1`$ and $`(r,b^{})=1`$. We have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2r/l^2`$ by Lemma 2.6. Let $`d:=\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S(l^2/r)=1`$ or $`2`$.
Step 2-1. We assume first that $`d=1`$. As in Step 1, there exists a rational number $`t^{}`$ with $`ct+(1c)<t^{}<1`$. By Lemma 3.1 and $`\sigma _23/\sqrt{r}`$, there exist an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$ and a positive number $`c^{}`$ such that $`D^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L`$, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D^{}|_S=(3l/r)(1c)`$, $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$, and that the minimal element $`W^{}`$ of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is properly contained in $`S`$. Thus we have the theorem when $`W^{}=\{x_0\}`$. We consider the case in which $`W^{}=C`$ is a curve. Since $`t,t^{}<1`$, we have $`ct+c^{}(t^{}ct)+(1c)(1c^{})<1`$. As in Step 1, we take a rational number $`t^{\prime \prime }`$, an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{\prime \prime }`$ on $`X`$, and a positive number $`c^{\prime \prime }`$ such that $`ct+c^{}(t^{}ct)+(1c)(1c^{})<t^{\prime \prime }<1`$, $`D^{\prime \prime }_{}(t^{\prime \prime }ctc^{}(t^{}ct))L`$, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{x_0}D^{\prime \prime }|_C=(3l/r)(1c)(1c^{})`$, $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{}+c^{\prime \prime }D^{\prime \prime })`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$ and that the minimal element $`W^{\prime \prime }`$ of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{}+c^{\prime \prime }D^{\prime \prime })`$ is properly contained in $`C`$, i.e., $`\{x_0\}CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{}+c^{\prime \prime }D^{\prime \prime })`$.
Step 2-2. We assume that $`d=2`$. As in Step 2-1, we take a rational number $`t^{}`$ with $`ct+\sqrt{2}(1c)<t^{}`$ and an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$ with $`D^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D^{}|_S=(3l/r)(1c)`$. Here we need the factor $`\sqrt{2}`$ because $`S`$ has the weighted multiplicity $`2r/l^2`$ at $`x_0`$. Then we take $`0<c^{}1`$ such that $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is $`LC`$ and $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ has an element which is properly contained in $`S`$.

We shall prove that we may assume $`ct+\sqrt{2}(1c)<1`$. Then we can take $`t^{}<1`$ as in Step 2-1, and the rest of the proof is the same. For this purpose, we apply Lemma 3.3. In argument of Steps 0 through 2-1, the number $`t`$ was chosen under the only condition that $`t<1`$. So we can take $`t=1ϵ_1`$, where the $`ϵ_n`$ for $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ will stand for very small positive rational numbers. Then $`kl/r=3l/r(1ϵ_1)=3l/r+ϵ_2`$ and $`e=1/3c`$. This means the following: for any effective $`D_{}tL`$, if $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D3l/r`$, then $`cDS`$. We look for $`k^{}>6/(3\sqrt{2})`$ so that there exists an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D_{}tL`$ with $`t<(3\sqrt{2})/2`$ and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D3l/r`$. The equation for $`k^{}`$ becomes

$$\lambda ^3+(\frac{12e\lambda }{1\lambda })^2\{(\frac{2}{3\sqrt{2}}+\frac{2\lambda e}{12e\lambda })^3(\lambda +\frac{2\lambda e}{12e\lambda })^3\}<1.$$

We have $`\lambda 1/\sqrt{6e}`$, $`1/3e1/2`$, and in particular, $`0\lambda 1/\sqrt{2}`$. By \[Ka5, 3.1 Step2-2\], we obtain a desired $`D`$, and can choose a new $`t`$ such that $`t<(3\sqrt{2})/2`$. Then we repeat the preceding argument from Step 0. If we arrive at Step 2-2 again, then we have $`2/3c1`$ and $`ct+\sqrt{2}(1c)<1`$. ∎

The following shows that the conditions in Theorem 4.1 is best possible.

###### Example 4.2.

Let $`X=(1,1,1,r)`$ and $`x_0=(0:0:0:1)`$. Then $`x_0`$ is a quotient singular point of type $`^3/_r(1,1,1)`$ and $`K_X=𝒪(r3)`$. If $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$ and $`L`$ is effective, we have $`L=𝒪(rk+3)(k,rk+30)`$. If $`L=𝒪(3)`$, $`S=(1,1,r)`$, and $`C=(1,r)`$, then $`|K_X+L|`$ is not free at $`x_0`$ and we have $`L^3=27/r`$, $`L^2S=9/r`$, and $`LC=3/r`$.

We have the following that $`K_X+L`$ is not free at a quotient terminal singular point for $`L^3>27/r`$ but $`LC<3/r`$.

###### Example 4.3.

Let $`X=(1,a,ra,r)`$ for $`r>2a`$ and $`x_0=(0:0:0:1)`$. Then $`x_0`$ is a quotient singular point of type $`^3/_r(1,a,ra)`$ and $`K_X=𝒪(2r1)`$. If $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$ and $`L`$ is effective, we have $`L=𝒪(rk+1)(k,rk+10)`$. If $`L=𝒪(r+1)`$ and $`C=(ra,r)`$, then $`|K_X+L|`$ is not free at $`x_0`$ and $`L^3=(r+1)^3/ra(ra)>27/r`$ but $`LC=(r+1)/r(ra)<3/r`$.

We obtain estimates for nonhypersurface and not quotient $``$-factorial terminal singularities.

###### Theorem 4.4.

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`3`$, $`x_0X`$ a nonhypersurface and not quotient $``$-factorial terminal singular point of $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>1`$, and $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$. Assume that there are positive numbers $`\sigma _p`$ for $`p=1,2,3`$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`\sqrt[p]{L^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$,
$`(2)`$ $`\sigma _12/r`$, $`\sigma _22\sqrt{2/r}`$, and $`\sigma _3>2\sqrt[3]{2/r}`$.
Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\mu :YX`$ the weighted blow up with the weights $`\mathrm{wt}(x,y,z,u)=(1,1,1,1)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_Y=\mu ^{}K_X+E`$. Then $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}X=2/r`$ by Theorem 2.7.
Step 0. Since $`\sigma _3>2\sqrt[3]{2/r}`$ and Lemma 3.1, as in Step 0 of the proof of Theorem 4.1, there exist a rational number $`t`$ and an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ such that $`0<t<1`$, $`D_{}tL`$, and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D=2`$.

Let $`c`$ be the log canonical threshold of $`(X,D)`$ at $`x_0`$:

$$c=sup\{t;\text{ }K_X+tD\text{ is }LC\text{ at }x_0\text{ }\}.$$

Then $`c1`$. Let $`W`$ be the minimal element of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD)`$. If $`W=\{x_0\}`$, then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$ by Proposition 3.2, since $`ct<1`$.
Let $`U`$ be a neighborhood at $`x_0`$, and $`h:\stackrel{~}{U}U`$ its closure of local universal cover, i.e.,
$`U_1=\stackrel{~}{U_1}/_r(a,ra,r,1)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U_1}=\{xy+f(z,u^r)=0\}^4`$,
$`U_2=\stackrel{~}{U_2}/_4(1,3,2,1)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U_2}=\{x^2+y^2+f(z,u^2)=0\}^4`$,
$`U_3=\stackrel{~}{U_3}/_2(1,2,1,1)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U_3}=\{x^2+y^2+f(z,u)=0,f(z,u)^4\{z,u\}\}^4`$,
$`U_4=\stackrel{~}{U_4}/_2(1,1,2,1)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U_4}=\{u^2+z^3+xyz+f(x,y)=0,f(x,y)^4\},\text{or }\{u^2+xyz+z^n+f(x,y)=0,f(x,y)^4,n4\},\{u^2+y^2z+z^n+f(x,y)=0,f(x,y)^4,n3\}^4`$,
$`U_5=\stackrel{~}{U_5}/_3(1,2,2,3)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U_5}=u^2+x^3+y^3+z^3=0,\text{or }\{u^2+x^3+yz^2+f(x,y,z)=0,f(x,y,z)^4\},\{u^2+x^3+y^3+f(x,y,z)=0,f(x,y,z)^4\}^4`$,
$`U_6=\stackrel{~}{U_6}/_2(2,1,1,1)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U_6}=\{u^2+x^3+g(y,z)x+h(y,z)=0,g,h\{y,z\},g,h(y,z)^4\}^4`$.
Step 1. We consider the case in which $`W=C`$ is a curve. By Proposition 1.3, $`C`$ is smooth at $`x_0`$. Since $`\{x=y=u=0U_1\}`$, $`\{x=y=u=0U_2\}`$, $`\{x=z=u=0U_3\}`$, $`\{x=y=u=0U_4\}`$, $`\{x=y=z=0U_5\}`$, and $`\{x=y=z=0U_6\}`$ are points, then $`C|_U/_r(1)`$. Hence by Lemma 2.8, we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/r`$. Since $`\sigma _12/r`$, as in Step 1 of the proof of Theorem 4.1, we take a rational number $`t^{}`$ such that $`ct+(1c)<t^{}<1`$, and an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$ and a positive number $`c^{}`$ such that $`D^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L`$, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{x_0}D^{}|_C=2(1c)`$, $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$, and the minimal element $`W^{}`$ of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is properly contained in $`C`$, i.e., $`\{x_0\}`$.
Step 2. We consider the case in which $`W=S`$ is a surface. Let $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ be $`h^{}(S|_U)`$, and $`x_1`$ be $`h^1(x_0)`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ is $``$-factorial Gorenstein terminal at $`x_1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ is factorial at $`x_1`$(\[Ka2, Lemma 5.1\]). In particular, $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is a Cartier divisor at $`x_1`$. Therefore, $`x_1\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is a rational double point. Then $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is A type or D type or E type, i.e, $`\stackrel{~}{S}x^2+f(y,z)=0\text{ or }xy+z^{n+1}=0(n>0)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is invariant by the action of $`_r(a^{},1,b^{})`$ for $`(r,a^{})=1`$ or $`(r,b^{})=1`$. By Lemma 2.8, We have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=2/r`$.
Step 2-1. As in Step 1 of the proof of Theorem 4.1 , there exists a rational number $`t^{}`$ with $`ct+(1c)<t^{}<1`$. By Lemma 3.1 and $`\sigma _22/\sqrt{r}`$, there exist an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$ and a positive number $`c^{}`$ such that $`D^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L`$, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D^{}|_S=2(1c)`$, $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$, and that the minimal element $`W^{}`$ of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is properly contained in $`S`$. Thus we have the theorem when $`W^{}=\{x_0\}`$. We consider the case in which $`W^{}=C`$ is a curve. Since $`t,t^{}<1`$, we have $`ct+c^{}(t^{}ct)+(1c)(1c^{})<1`$. As in Step 1, we take a rational number $`t^{\prime \prime }`$, an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D^{\prime \prime }`$ on $`X`$ and a positive number $`c^{\prime \prime }`$ such that $`ct+c^{}(t^{}ct)+(1c)(1c^{})<t^{\prime \prime }<1`$, $`D^{\prime \prime }_{}(t^{\prime \prime }ctc^{}(t^{}ct))L`$, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{x_0}D^{\prime \prime }|_C=2(1c)(1c^{})`$, $`(X,cD+c^{}D^{}+c^{\prime \prime }D^{\prime \prime })`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$ and that the minimal element $`W^{\prime \prime }`$ of $`CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{}+c^{\prime \prime }D^{\prime \prime })`$ is properly contained in $`C`$, i.e., $`\{x_0\}CLC(X,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{}+c^{\prime \prime }D^{\prime \prime })`$. ∎

The results for smooth case \[Ka5 Theorem 3.1\] and for Gorenstein $``$-factorial terminal case \[K1 Theorem 3.3\] and Theorem 4.1, 4.4 imply the following corollary for $``$-factorial terminal singularities on threefolds:

###### Corollary 4.5.

Let $`X`$ be a normal projective variety of dimension $`3`$ with only $``$-factorial terminal singularities, $`x_0X`$ a terminal singular point such that $`\mathrm{ind}_{x_0}X=r>0`$, and $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_X+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$. Assume that there are positive numbers $`\sigma _p`$ for $`p=1,2,3`$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`\sqrt[p]{(L)^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$,
$`(2)`$ $`\sigma _13/r`$, $`\sigma _23/\sqrt{r}`$, and $`\sigma _3>3/\sqrt[3]{r}`$.
Then $`|K_X+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

## 5 Effective freeness conditions on surfaces at log terminal singularities of A type

We know that, for effective freeness condition, the weighted blow up and the weighted multiplicities are more important than the fundamental cycle and Kawachi invariant introduced by Sakai \[S\] and more powerful Kawachi invariant. We give an alternative proof of a theorem of Langer for log terminal singular points of only A type \[La2\]. The method of \[La2\] is to use a reflexive sheaf of rank $`2`$, which is completely different for ours.

###### Theorem 5.1 (\[La2, Theorem 0.2’s application\]).

Let $`S`$ be a normal projective surface, $`x_0S`$ log terminal singularities of $`A`$ type, i.e., $`^2/_r(a,1)`$ such that an integer $`r>0`$ and $`(r,a)=1`$, and $`L`$ an ample $``$-Cartier divisor such that $`K_S+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$. Assume that there are positive numbers $`\sigma _p`$ for $`p=1,2`$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$`(1)`$ $`\sqrt[p]{L^pW}\sigma _p`$ for any subvariety $`W`$ of dimension $`p`$ which contains $`x_0`$,
$`(2)`$ $`\sigma _12/r`$ and $`\sigma _2>2/\sqrt{r}`$.
Then $`|K_S+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`l:=\mathrm{min}\{i|aii(\text{ mod }r)\text{ for }0<ir\}`$ and $`\mu :\overline{S}S`$ be the weighted blow up of $`S`$ at $`x_0`$ such that $`wt(x,y)=(l/r,l/r)`$ with the exceptional divisor $`E`$ of $`\mu `$ such that $`K_{\overline{S}}=\mu ^{}K_S+(2l/r1)E`$. By Theorem 2.5, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}S=r/l^2`$.
Step 0. Since $`\sigma _2>2/\sqrt{r}`$ and Lemma 3.1, as in Step 0 of the proof of Theorem 4.1, there exists a rational number $`t`$ and an effective $``$-Cartier divisor $`D`$ such that $`0<t<1`$, $`D_{}tL`$, and $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{\mu :x_0}D=2l/r`$.

Let $`c`$ be the log canonical threshold of $`(S,D)`$ at $`x_0`$:

$$c=sup\{t;\text{ }K_S+tD\text{ is }LC\text{ at }x_0\text{ }\}.$$

Then $`c1`$. Let $`W`$ be the minimal element of $`CLC(S,x_0,cD)`$. If $`W=\{x_0\}`$, then $`|K_S+L|`$ is free at $`x_0`$ by Proposition 3.2, since $`ct<1`$.
Step 1. We consider the case in which $`W=C`$ is a curve. By Proposition 1.3, $`C`$ is smooth at $`x_0`$. Let $`U`$ be a neighborhood at $`x_0`$. Then $`C|_U/_r(1)`$. Hence we have $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{mult}_{\mu :x_0}C=1/l`$. Since $`\sigma _12/r`$, as in Step 1 of Theorem 4.1, we take a rational number $`t^{}`$, an effective $``$-Cartier $`D^{}`$ on $`X`$, and a positive number $`c^{}`$ such that $`ct+(1c)<t^{}<1`$, $`D^{}_{}(t^{}ct)L`$, $`\mathrm{w}\text{-}\mathrm{ord}_{x_0}D^{}|_C=(2l/r)(1c)`$, $`(S,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is $`LC`$ at $`x_0`$, and that the minimal element $`W^{}`$ of $`CLC(S,x_0,cD+c^{}D^{})`$ is properly contained in $`C`$, i.e., $`\{x_0\}`$. ∎

The following shows the conditions in Theorem 5.1 is best possible.

###### Example 5.2.

Let $`S=(1,1,r)`$ for an integer $`r>0`$ and $`x_0=(0:0:1)`$. Then $`x_0`$ is a quotient singular point of type $`^2/_r(1,1)`$ and $`K_S=𝒪(r2)`$. If $`K_S+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$ and $`L`$ is effective, we have $`L=𝒪(rk+2)(k,rk+20)`$. If $`L=𝒪(2)`$ and $`C=(1,r)`$, then $`|K_S+L|`$ is not free at $`x_0`$ and $`L^2=4/r`$ and $`LC=2/r`$.

We have the following that $`K_S+L`$ is not free at log terminal singularities of A type for $`L^2>4/r`$ and $`LC<2/r`$.

###### Example 5.3.

Let $`S=(1,a,r)`$ such that $`1<a<r`$ and $`x_0=(0:0:1)`$. Then $`x_0`$ is a quotient singular point of type $`^2/_r(1,a)`$ and $`K_S=𝒪(ra1)`$. If $`K_S+L`$ is Cartier at $`x_0`$ and $`L`$ is effective, we have $`L=𝒪(rk+a+1)(k,rk+a+10)`$. If $`L=𝒪(a+1)`$ and $`C=(a,r)`$, then $`|K_S+L|`$ is not free at $`x_0`$ and $`L^2=(a+1)^2/ar>4/r`$ and $`LC=2/ar<2/r`$.


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# Untitled Document

C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 331, Série I, p. 423-428, 2000

Théorie des Nombres/Number Theory

(Analyse Harmonique/Harmonic Analysis)

Sur les Formules Explicites I: analyse invariante   Note présentée par Jean–Pierre KAHANE.

Jean–François BURNOL

Laboratoire J. A. Dieudonné, Mathématiques, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, F–06108 Nice cedex 02, France

Courriel : burnol@math.unice.fr

(Reçu le 21 juillet 2000, accepté le 17 août 2000)

Résumé. Weil a montré que les formules explicites qui relient les idéaux premiers d’un corps de nombres $`K`$ aux zéros et pôles des séries $`L`$ de Dirichlet–Hecke font intervenir les complétions $`K_\nu `$ de $`K`$. Nous montrons que l’analyse de Fourier (multiplicative) de la transformation de Fourier (additive) permet d’obtenir ce résultat, en traitant identiquement chaque place, finie ou infinie, ramifiée ou non. Par ailleurs nous vérifions le critère de positivité de Weil sous une condition de support. © 2000 Académie des Sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS

On the Explicit Formulae I: invariant analysis

Abstract. Weil has generalized the Riemann--von Mangoldt explicit formula linking the prime numbers with the zeros of the zeta function to the set--up of a general algebraic number field $`K`$ and Dirichlet--Hecke $`L`$--function, revealing in the process the rôle played by the completions (finite and infinite) of $`K`$. We show how the local terms of these explicit formulae are explained by the dilation invariant ‘‘conductor operator’’ $`\mathrm{log}\left(\left|x\right|_\nu \right)+\mathrm{log}\left(\left|y\right|_\nu \right)`$. We also check Weil’s positivity criterion under a support condition.  © 2000 Académie des Sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS

Abridged English Version

Let $`K`$ be a number field and $`\chi `$ a Hecke character of the idele group $`\mathrm{𝔸}^\times `$ with local component $`\chi _\nu `$ at the place $`\nu `$. Haar measures $`dx`$ on $`K_\nu `$ and $`d^{}t`$ on $`K_\nu ^\times `$ are normalized as in . The Hilbert spaces $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$ and $`L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ are canonically isometric. We write $`q_\nu `$ for the cardinality of the residue field at a finite place. The dual $`X_\nu `$ of $`K_\nu ^\times `$ is a collection of circles (or lines if $`\nu `$ is archimedian). We parametrize the component $`X_\nu ^\chi `$ containing $`\chi _\nu ^1`$ with the help of $`D=\{Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}\}`$, sending $`s`$ to $`\chi _\nu ^1(t)|t|_\nu ^{(s\frac{1}{2})}`$. Let $``$ be the additive Fourier transform on $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$ and $`I`$ the inversion $`\phi (x)\frac{1}{|x|_\nu }\phi (\frac{1}{x})`$. The composite $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=I`$ commutes with $`K_\nu ^\times `$, hence is given by a spectral multiplier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )`$ on $`X_\nu ^\chi `$. Clearly these are the Tate Gamma functions occuring in $`(\chi _\nu (x)|x|_\nu ^{s1})=\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(x)|x|_\nu ^s`$ (for $`0<Re(s)<1`$). Let $`g`$ be a smooth compactly supported function on $`(0,\mathrm{})`$ with Mellin transform $`\widehat{g}(s)=_0^{\mathrm{}}g(u)u^{s1}𝑑u`$. Let $`W(g;\chi )`$ be the sum with multiplicities of $`\widehat{g}(s\frac{1}{2})`$ over the zeros and poles of the complete $`L`$– function $`L(s,\chi )`$ (poles being counted negatively).

Lemma. –

$$W(g;\chi )=\underset{\nu }{}_{s=\frac{1}{2}+i\tau }\widehat{g}(i\tau )\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s,\chi _\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )}\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }$$

The contribution due to the discriminant of $`K`$ is distributed among the finite places. When $`\nu `$ is finite the integrand is periodic except for $`\widehat{g}(i\tau )`$. Using Poisson summation

$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{log}(q_\nu )}\underset{j\mathrm{}}{}\widehat{g}(j\frac{2\pi i}{\mathrm{log}(q_\nu )}+i\tau )=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{}g(q_\nu ^k)q_\nu ^{ki\tau }=_{K_\nu ^\times }g(|t|_\nu )|t|_\nu ^{i\tau }d^{}t$$

and this integral gives the spectral decomposition of $`g(|t|_\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(t)L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ on the characters $`\chi _\nu ^1(t)|t|_\nu ^{i\tau }`$ in $`X_\nu ^\chi `$. Let $`A=\mathrm{log}(|x|_\nu )`$ acting on $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$ as $`\phi (x)\mathrm{log}(|x|_\nu )\phi (x)`$ and $`B=A^1=\mathrm{log}(|y|_\nu )`$. On $`L^2(X_\nu )`$ one has $`A=\frac{1}{i}\frac{}{\tau }=\frac{}{s}`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }A\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ acts as $`\alpha (s)\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )\frac{}{s}\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )^1\alpha (s)\right)=\frac{}{s}\alpha (s)\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s,\chi _\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )}\alpha (s)`$. So the invariant operator $`A\mathrm{\Gamma }A\mathrm{\Gamma }^1=A+B`$ has spectral multipliers $`+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s,\chi _\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )}`$. We conclude:

Theorem. –  Let $`g_{\nu ;\chi }(t)=g(|t|_\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(t)L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$. Then

$$W(g;\chi )=\underset{\nu }{}H_\nu (g_{\nu ;\chi })(1)$$

where the conductor operator $`H_\nu `$ acts as $`\mathrm{log}(|x|_\nu )+\mathrm{log}(|y|_\nu )`$ on $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$.

Note.–  As $`H_\nu `$ commutes with $``$ and with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ it also commutes with $`I`$ (which on $`L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ is $`f(t)f(\frac{1}{t}))`$. This is a local manifestation of the global functional equation.

The theorem explains Weil’s discovery  of a $`\nu `$–adic origin of the local terms of the Explicit Formula. Weil’s formulae for the local terms as well as Haran’s  (in the case of the Riemann zeta function) are consequences. More details and background are given in the french–language section and in .

Let $`Z(g)=_\rho \widehat{g}(\rho )`$ be the sum over the critical zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Let $`g^\tau (u)=\overline{\frac{1}{u}g(\frac{1}{u})}`$ and $`k=gg^\tau `$. Then $`Z(k)=_\rho \widehat{g}(\rho )\overline{\widehat{g}(\overline{1\rho })}`$ and it is elementary that the Riemann Hypothesis is equivalent to: $`Z(k)0`$ for all smooth compactly supported $`g`$’s (Weil , for a wider class of $`g`$’s).

Theorem. –  There is a $`c>1`$ such that $`Z(k)0`$ for all smooth $`g`$’s with support in $`[\frac{1}{c},c]`$.

Proof. –  For $`c\sqrt{2}`$ the support of $`k`$ is contained in $`[\frac{1}{2},2]`$ and

$$Z(k)=2Re(\widehat{k}(0))+_{s=\frac{1}{2}+i\tau }h_+(\tau )|\widehat{g}(s)|^2\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }$$

with $`h_+(\tau )=\mathrm{log}(\pi )+Re(\lambda (\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}i\tau ))`$ (and $`\lambda (s)=\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s)/\mathrm{\Gamma }(s)`$). As $`\widehat{k}(0)=_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{}}k(u)\frac{du}{u}=_D\widehat{k}(s)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^s\frac{1}{s}\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }`$ and $`0=_D\widehat{k}(s)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}^{1s}\frac{1}{s}\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }`$, we have $`2Re(\widehat{k}(0))=_D\frac{8\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{log}(2)\tau )}{1+4\tau ^2}|\widehat{g}(s)|^2\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }`$.

$$Z(k)=_{s=\frac{1}{2}+i\tau }\left(\frac{8\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{log}(2)\tau )}{1+4\tau ^2}+h_+(\tau )\right)|\widehat{g}(s)|^2\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }$$

The continuous (real-valued) function $`\alpha (\tau )=\frac{8\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}(\mathrm{log}(2)\tau )}{1+4\tau ^2}+h_+(\tau )`$ satisfies $`lim_{\tau \pm \mathrm{}}\alpha (\tau )=+\mathrm{}`$ hence for all sufficiently small $`\epsilon >0`$ and suitable $`A_\epsilon >0`$ : $`\tau A_\epsilon \mathrm{cos}(\epsilon \tau )+\alpha (\tau )0`$. Now $`\mathrm{cos}(\epsilon \tau )|\widehat{g}(s)|^2\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }=Re\left(e^{i\epsilon \tau }\widehat{k}(\frac{1}{2}+i\tau )\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }\right)=Re(e^{\epsilon /2}k(e^\epsilon ))`$. For $`c=e^{\epsilon /2}`$ one then has $`\mathrm{cos}(\epsilon \tau )|\widehat{g}(s)|^2\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }=0`$ for $`g`$ with support in $`[\frac{1}{c},c]`$, hence $`Z(k)0`$. Computer calculations help being more precise about the allowable $`c`$’s but anyhow a further idea seems necessary to reach $`c=\sqrt{2}`$.

1. Opérateurs invariants

Il est bien connu que tout opérateur borné sur $`L^2(\mathrm{},dx)`$ qui commute avec les translations est diagonalisé par la transformation de Fourier mais il nous est utile d’autoriser des multiplicateurs non bornés (et des groupes plus généraux). Nous regroupons ici quelques lemmes dans ce sens à défaut de connaître une référence adaptée (voir  pour les démonstrations). Soient $`G`$ un groupe topologique séparé, localement compact et abélien (voir Rudin ) et $`\widehat{G}`$ son dual. Il existe sur $`G`$ une mesure de Haar $`dx`$ et sur $`\widehat{G}`$ la mesure duale $`dy`$ pour lesquelles la transformation $`F(\phi )(y)=\phi (x)\overline{y(x)}𝑑x`$ est une isométrie de $`L^2(G,dx)`$ sur $`L^2(\widehat{G},dy)`$. Nous supposerons que $`dy`$ est une mesure $`\sigma `$-finie. Pour $`\phi L^2(G,dx)`$ et $`gG`$ on note $`g\phi `$ la fonction $`x\phi (xg)`$. Un opérateur $`M`$ de domaine $`DL^2(G,dx)`$ commute avec $`G`$ si $`g\phi :\phi D\left(g\phi D\text{et}M(g\phi )=gM(\phi )\right)`$. Soit $`a(y)`$ mesurable (finie presque partout), $`D_a=\{\phi L^2(G,dx)|aF(\phi )L^2(\widehat{G},dy)\}`$, et $`M_a`$ de domaine $`D_a`$ agissant selon $`M_a(\phi )=F^1(aF(\phi ))`$. On considère que $`a=b`$ si $`a(y)=b(y)p.p`$.

Lemme 1.1. – Le domaine $`D_a`$ est dense dans $`L^2(G,dx)`$, l’opérateur $`(M_a,D_a)`$ est fermé et commute avec $`G`$. Tout opérateur de domaine dense dans $`L^2(G,dx)`$, qui commute avec $`G`$, et qui est fermé, est (uniquement) de la forme $`(M_a,D_a)`$.

Corollaire 1.2. – Soit $`(M,D)`$ un opérateur de domaine $`D`$ dense dans $`L^2(G,dx)`$, qui commute avec $`G`$, et qui est symétrique: $`\phi ,\psi D\overline{\phi (x)}M(\psi )(x)𝑑x=\overline{M(\phi )(x)}\psi (x)𝑑x`$. Alors $`(M,D)`$ est essentiellement auto-adjoint, et sa clôture auto-adjointe est l’unique $`(M_a,D_a)`$ vérifiant $`(M_a,D_a)(M,D)`$.

Lemme 1.3. – Soit $`L`$ un espace de Hilbert et $`G`$ un groupe d’opérateurs unitaires sur $`L`$ (non nécessairement abélien). Soit $`M`$ un opérateur de domaine $`D`$ dense dans $`L`$, symétrique, et commutant avec $`G`$. Si l’algèbre de von Neumann des opérateurs bornés qui commutent avec $`G`$ est abélienne alors $`(M,D)`$ est essentiellement auto-adjoint.

2. Formules de Weil

Nous exposons certains points du travail de Weil , pour une série $`L(s,\chi )`$ de Dirichlet. Notons $`\rho `$ les zéros (avec multiplicités) de $`L(s,\chi )`$ avec $`0Re(s)1`$. Soit $`\nu `$ une place de $`\mathrm{}`$, donc $`\nu =p`$ (correspondant à $`\mathrm{}_p`$) ou $`\nu =r`$ correspondant à $`\mathrm{}`$. Soit $`\mathrm{𝔸}`$ l’anneau des adèles et $`\mathrm{𝔸}^\times `$ le groupe des idèles. Notons $`U_p\mathrm{}_p^\times `$ le sous-groupe des unités. On a $`\mathrm{𝔸}^\times \mathrm{}^\times \times \mathrm{}^{\times +}\times _pU_p`$ où chaque terme de droite est identifié à son plongement dans $`\mathrm{𝔸}^\times `$. Ainsi un caractère de Hecke $`\chi _H:\mathrm{𝔸}^\times U(1)`$ (continu, trivial sur $`\mathrm{}^\times `$), est la donnée d’un caractère $`uu^{i\tau }`$ de $`\mathrm{}^{\times +}`$, et d’un nombre fini de caractères non triviaux des $`U_p`$. Ceux-ci équivalent à la donnée d’un caractère $`\chi `$ primitif de $`(\mathrm{}/q\mathrm{})^\times `$ (pour $`q=1`$ lire $`\{1\}`$) pour un certain conducteur $`q`$. Notons $`\pi _p`$ l’idèle de composantes $`1`$ pour $`\nu p`$ et $`p`$ pour $`\nu =p`$. On aura $`pq\chi _H(\pi _p)=\chi (p)^1p^{i\tau }`$. On associe donc au caractère de Dirichlet $`\chi `$ un caractère de Hecke, encore noté $`\chi `$, qui sera $`\chi _H^1`$ (avec $`\tau =0`$). Soit $`\chi _\nu `$ la composante locale obtenue par $`\mathrm{}_\nu ^\times \mathrm{𝔸}^\times \stackrel{\chi }{}U(1)`$. Alors $`\chi _p(p)=\chi (p)`$ lorsque $`p`$ est premier avec $`q`$. Par ailleurs $`\chi _r(t)=1`$ pour $`t>0`$, $`\chi _r(t)=\chi (1)`$ pour $`t<0`$. Soit $`g(u)`$ une fonction à support compact sur $`(0,\mathrm{})`$, de classe $`𝒞^{\mathrm{}}`$. Notons $`\widehat{g}(s)`$ sa transformée de Mellin $`_0^{\mathrm{}}g(u)u^{s1}𝑑u`$. Posons $`\delta _\chi =1`$ si $`\chi `$ est le caractère principal, $`=0`$ sinon.

Théorème 2.1. (Weil )–

$$\underset{\rho }{}\widehat{g}(\rho \frac{1}{2})\delta _\chi \left(\widehat{g}(\frac{1}{2})+\widehat{g}(\frac{1}{2})\right)=\underset{\nu }{}PF{}_{\nu }{}^{}_{\mathrm{}_\nu ^\times }^{}\frac{g(\frac{1}{|t|_\nu })\sqrt{|t|_\nu }\chi _\nu (t)}{|1t|_\nu }d^\times t$$

Dans cette formule $`d^\times t`$ est la mesure de Haar sur $`\mathrm{}_p^\times `$ qui donne une masse de $`\mathrm{log}(p)`$ à $`U_p`$. Pour $`\mathrm{}^\times `$ il s’agit de $`\frac{dt}{2|t|}`$. La partie finie $`PF_\nu `$ désigne une certaine régularisation en $`t=1`$. La somme sur les zéros (et les pôles) s’obtient par une intégrale de contour sur des rectangles et fait donc intervenir la dérivée logarithmique de $`\xi (s,\chi )=\pi ^{s/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{s}{2})L(s,\chi )`$ (nous supposerons que $`\chi `$ est pair: $`\chi (1)=1`$). Par transformation de Mellin inverse on obtient une somme $`_\nu w_\nu (g;\chi )`$ où les $`w_\nu (;\chi )`$ sont a priori des distributions sur $`(0,\mathrm{})`$. Pour la place archimédienne le bord droit du rectangle donne $`g(1)(\mathrm{log}(\pi )+\gamma )/2_1^{\mathrm{}}g(u)u^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{du}{u}_1^{\mathrm{}}\frac{g(u)u^{\frac{1}{2}}g(1)}{u^21}\frac{du}{u}`$. Avec la contribution du bord gauche cela donne mystérieusement (et la formule vaut aussi pour $`\chi (1)=1`$):

$$w_r(g;\chi )=(\mathrm{log}(2\pi )+\gamma )g(1)_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{g(\frac{1}{t})\sqrt{t}g(1)}{|1t|}d^\times t_0^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{g(\frac{1}{t})\sqrt{t}}{|1t|}d^\times t_{\mathrm{}}^0\frac{g(\frac{1}{|t|})\sqrt{|t|}\chi (1)}{|1t|}d^\times t$$
(2.2.)
Pour $`pq`$ on obtient $`\mathrm{log}(p)_{j1}\left(\chi (p)^jp^{\frac{j}{2}}g(p^j)+\chi (p)^jp^{\frac{j}{2}}g(p^j)\right)`$ et dans le cas ramifié $`p|q`$ on obtient par l’équation fonctionnelle $`w_p(g;\chi )=+f_p(\chi )\mathrm{log}(p)g(1)`$$`f_p(\chi )`$ est l’exposant de $`p`$ dans $`q`$. Or un calcul explicite élémentaire donne:

Théorème 2.3. (Weil )–

$$f_p(\chi )\mathrm{log}(p)=_{|t|_p=1}\frac{1\chi _p(t)}{|1t|_p}d^\times t$$

ce qui permet à Weil d’écrire d’une manière générale pour une place finie

$$w_p(g;\chi )=_{|t|_p1}\frac{g(\frac{1}{|t|_p})\sqrt{|t|_p}\chi _p(t)}{|1t|_p}d^\times t_{|t|_p=1}\frac{g(1)\chi _p(t)g(1)}{|1t|_p}d^\times t$$
(2.4.)
Haran  a montré (pour la fonction $`\zeta (s)`$ de Riemann) que l’on pouvait reformuler les $`w_\nu (g;\chi )`$ comme des convolutions additives. Soit $`R_s^\nu `$ le noyau de convolution additive sur $`\mathrm{}_\nu `$ dont la transformation de Fourier est $`|y|_\nu ^s`$.

Théorème 2.5. (Haran  pour $`\chi =\text{1}`$)– Posons $`\phi _{\nu ;\chi }(x)=g(|x|_\nu )|x|_\nu ^{\frac{1}{2}}\chi _\nu ^1(x)`$ pour $`x\mathrm{}_\nu `$, $`x0`$ et $`\phi _{\nu ;\chi }(0)=0`$. Alors $`w_\nu (g;\chi )=\frac{}{s}|_{s=0}(R_s^\nu \phi _{\nu ;\chi })(1)`$.

Nous mettrons moins en avant le “semi–groupe de Riesz” $`R_s^\nu `$ que Haran, au profit de la transformée de Fourier $`G_\nu (x)`$ de la distribution $`\mathrm{log}(|y|_\nu )`$. En effet (2.5.) équivaut à:

$$w_\nu (g;\chi )=+(G_\nu \phi _{\nu ;\chi })(1)$$
(2.6.)
Il est important que (2.6.) soit également valable pour $`q>1`$ et $`\nu =p`$, $`p|q`$ (cas ramifié). On peut calculer $`G_\nu (x)`$ en utilisant $`(|x|_\nu ^{s1})=\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\text{1})|x|_\nu ^s`$ pour $`s=1\epsilon ,\epsilon 0`$ (avec $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\text{1})`$ la fonction Gamma de Tate ). On vérifie alors que (2.6.) est identique avec (2.2.) et (2.4.).

3. L’opérateur conducteur

Nous obtenons (2.6.) simultanément pour les places réelles, complexes, finies et non-ramifiés, finies et ramifiées (voir  pour un exposé plus détaillé et des références supplémentaires). Il serait intéressant d’étendre notre interprétation de (2.3.) aux caractères non-abéliens de Artin (, ).

Soit $`K`$ un corps de nombres et $`\chi `$ un caractère de Hecke du groupe des idèles $`\mathrm{𝔸}^\times `$ de $`K`$. Soit $`\nu `$ une place de $`K`$. Si $`\nu `$ est finie on note $`q_\nu `$ la cardinalité du corps résiduel. Soit $`dx`$ la mesure de Haar sur $`K_\nu `$, normalisée comme dans la thèse de Tate . Soit $`d^{}t`$ la mesure de Haar sur $`K_\nu ^\times `$, pour laquelle les unités ont volume $`1`$ (place finie) ou qui est $`\frac{dt}{2|t|}`$ (place réelle) ou encore $`\frac{drd\theta }{\pi r}`$ (place complexe). Les espaces $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$ et $`L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ sont isométriques. Le dual $`X_\nu `$ de $`K_\nu ^\times `$ est une collection de cercles (ou de droites dans le cas archimédien) indexés par les caractères du sous-groupe des unités. Nous paramétrons la composante $`X_\nu ^\chi `$ contenant $`\chi _\nu ^1`$ par la droite critique $`D=\{Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}\}`$ en associant à $`s`$ le caractère $`\chi _\nu ^1(t)|t|_\nu ^{(s\frac{1}{2})}`$. Soit $``$ la transformation de Fourier additive qui est donc une isométrie de $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$, et $`I`$ l’inversion $`\phi (x)\frac{1}{|x|_\nu }\phi (\frac{1}{x})`$. Le composé $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=I`$ commute avec l’action de $`K_\nu ^\times `$, il lui correspond donc des multiplicateurs spectraux $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )`$. On vérifie aisément qu’il s’agit là des fonctions Gamma de Tate qui apparaissent dans l’identité de distributions sur $`K_\nu `$: $`(\chi _\nu (x)|x|_\nu ^{s1})=\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(x)|x|_\nu ^s`$ (pour $`0<Re(s)<1`$). Soit $`g(u)`$ une fonction à support compact sur $`(0,\mathrm{})`$, de classe $`𝒞^{\mathrm{}}`$. Notons $`W(g;\chi )`$ la somme avec multiplicités de $`\widehat{g}(s\frac{1}{2})`$ sur les zéros et pôles de la fonction $`L`$ complète $`L(s,\chi )`$ (les pôles étant comptés négativement).

Lemme 3.1. –

$$W(g;\chi )=\underset{\nu }{}_{s=\frac{1}{2}+i\tau }\widehat{g}(i\tau )\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s,\chi _\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )}\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }$$

Dans cette expression la contribution due au discriminant de $`K`$ est ventilée sur les places finies. Lorsque $`\nu `$ est finie l’intégrand est périodique à l’exception de $`\widehat{g}(i\tau )`$. Par sommation de Poisson

$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{log}(q_\nu )}\underset{j\mathrm{}}{}\widehat{g}(j\frac{2\pi i}{\mathrm{log}(q_\nu )}+i\tau )=\underset{k\mathrm{}}{}g(q_\nu ^k)q_\nu ^{ki\tau }=_{K_\nu ^\times }g(|t|_\nu )|t|_\nu ^{i\tau }d^{}t$$

On notera que la mesure sur $`X_\nu ^\chi `$ duale à $`d^{}t`$ est $`\mathrm{log}(q_\nu )\frac{d\tau }{2\pi }`$ (sur une période de longueur $`\frac{2\pi }{\mathrm{log}(q_\nu )}`$) et que la dernière intégrale donne la décomposition spectrale de $`g(|t|_\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(t)L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ par les caractères $`\chi _\nu ^1(t)|t|_\nu ^{i\tau }`$ dans $`X_\nu ^\chi `$.

Lemme 3.2. –  Soit $`g_{\nu ;\chi }(t)=g(|t|_\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(t)L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ et $`H_\nu `$ l’opérateur sur $`L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$ de multiplicateurs spectraux $`\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s,\chi _\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )}`$ sur les $`X_\nu ^\chi `$. Alors $`W(g;\chi )=_\nu H_\nu (g_{\nu ;\chi })(1)`$

Soit $`A=\mathrm{log}(|x|_\nu )`$ l’opérateur (non-borné) sur $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$ qui agit selon $`\phi (x)\mathrm{log}(|x|_\nu )\phi (x)`$ et soit $`B=A^1`$ l’opérateur conjugué. On écrira: $`B=\mathrm{log}(|y|_\nu )`$. Sur $`L^2(X_\nu )`$ on a $`A_\nu =\frac{1}{i}\frac{}{\tau }`$, plus brièvement $`A=\frac{}{s}`$. L’opérateur $`\mathrm{\Gamma }A\mathrm{\Gamma }^1`$ agit selon $`\alpha (s)\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )\frac{}{s}\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )^1\alpha (s)\right)=\frac{}{s}\alpha (s)\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(s,\chi _\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(s,\chi _\nu )}\alpha (s)`$. Ainsi $`H_\nu =A\mathrm{\Gamma }A\mathrm{\Gamma }^1=A+B`$. En conclusion:

Théorème 3.3. ()–  Soit $`g_{\nu ;\chi }(t)=g(|t|_\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(t)L^2(K_\nu ^\times ,d^{}t)`$. On a

$$W(g;\chi )=\underset{\nu }{}H_\nu (g_{\nu ;\chi })(1)$$

$`H_\nu `$ est l’opérateur conducteur qui s’écrit

$$H_\nu =\mathrm{log}(|x|_\nu )+\mathrm{log}(|y|_\nu )$$

sur $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$.

Note 3.4. –  On peut évaluer $`H_\nu (g_{\nu ;\chi })(t)`$ en $`1`$ sans ambiguïté car elle admet un représentant lisse ($`𝒞^{\mathrm{}}`$ pour $`\nu `$ archimédienne, localement constant pour $`\nu `$ finie).

Note 3.5. –  Soit $`\phi _{\nu ;\chi }L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$ défini par $`\phi _{\nu ;\chi }(x)=g(|x|_\nu )\chi _\nu ^1(x)`$ pour $`x0`$ (et $`\phi _{\nu ;\chi }(0)=0`$). Considérons $`H_\nu `$ comme un opérateur sur $`L^2(K_\nu ,dx)`$. Alors $`_\nu H_\nu (\phi _{\nu ;\chi })(1)`$ est la somme de $`\widehat{g}(s)`$ sur les zéros et pôles de $`L(s,\chi )`$.

Note 3.6. –  $`H_\nu `$ commute avec $`I`$: en effet il commute avec $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ et avec $``$. On obtient là une manifestation locale de l’équation fonctionnelle globale des séries $`L`$.

Revenons au corps $`\mathrm{}`$ et notons $`Z(g)=_\rho \widehat{g}(\rho )`$ la somme sur les zéros (non-triviaux) de $`\zeta (s)`$ . Soit $`g^\tau (u)=\overline{\frac{1}{u}g(\frac{1}{u})}`$ de sorte que $`\widehat{g^\tau }(s)=\overline{\widehat{g}(\overline{1s})}`$. Soit $`k=gg^\tau `$ la convolution multiplicative. Alors $`Z(k)=_\rho \widehat{g}(\rho )\overline{\widehat{g}(\overline{1\rho })}`$ et il est élémentaire que l’Hypothèse de Riemann équivaut à: $`Z(k)0`$ pour toute fonction $`g`$ de classe $`𝒞^{\mathrm{}}`$ à support compact (Weil , pour une classe plus large de fonctions $`g`$).

Théorème 3.7. –  Il existe $`c>1`$ tel que $`Z(k)0`$ pour toute fonction $`g`$ de classe $`𝒞^{\mathrm{}}`$ à support dans $`[\frac{1}{c},c]`$.

La démonstration est donnée dans la partie en langue anglaise de cette Note.

Remerciements. Je remercie la “Société de secours des amis des sciences” (SSAS) pour l’aide qu’elle m’a apportée en 1999.

Références bibliographiques

 Burnol J.-F., math/9902080. En préparation. Une version préliminaire, intitulée “The Explicit Formula and the conductor operator” (février 1999) 28 pp., est disponible à l’adresse http://arXiv.org/abs/math/9902080

 Burnol J.-F., math/9907013. Addendum to “Quaternionic gamma functions” (juillet 1999) 6 pp., manuscrit électronique disponible à l’adresse http://arXiv.org/abs/math/9907013

 Haran S., Riesz potentials and explicit sums in arithmetic, Invent. Math. 101 (1990) 697–703.

 Rudin W., Fourier analysis on groups, Interscience Publishers, 1962.

 Tate J., “Fourier analysis in number fields and Hecke’s zeta-function” (Princeton 1950) dans Algebraic Number Theory, Proc. Instructional Conf. Brighton, Academic Press, 1967, 305–347.

 Weil A., Sur les “formules explicites” de la théorie des nombres premiers, Comm. Sém. Math. Univ. Lund, volume dédié à Marcel Riesz (1952) 252–265. Oeuvres, Vol. II.

 Weil A., Sur les formules explicites de la théorie des nombres, Izv. Mat. Nauk. (Ser. Mat.) 36 (1972) 3–18. Oeuvres, Vol. III.

 Weil A., Basic Number Theory, 3$`^{\mathrm{i}\stackrel{`}{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{me}}`$ éd., Springer Verlag New York, 1974.