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# Reduced phase-space quantization of constrained systems11footnote 1e-mail: 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑖₋𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑖ℎ@hotmail.com

## 1 Introduction

Recently, the canonical method \[1-4\] has been developed to investigate constrained systems. The equations of motion are obtained as total differential equations in many variables which require the investigation of integrability conditions. If the system is integrable, one can solve the equations of motion without using any gauge fixing conditions.

Now we would like to give a brief discussion of the canonical method. This method gives the set of Hamilton - Jacobi partial differential equations \[HJPDE\] as

$`H_\alpha ^{^{}}(t_\beta ,q_a,{\displaystyle \frac{S}{q_a}},{\displaystyle \frac{S}{t_a}})=0,`$
$`\alpha ,\beta =0,nr+1,\mathrm{},n,a=1,\mathrm{},nr,`$ (1)
where

$$H_\alpha ^{^{}}=H_\alpha (t_\beta ,q_a,p_a)+p_\alpha ,$$
(2)
and $`H_0`$ is defined as

$`H_0=p_aw_a+p_\mu \dot{q_\mu }|_{p_\nu =H_\nu }L(t,q_i,\dot{q_\nu },\dot{q_a}=w_a),`$
$`\mu ,\nu =nr+1,\mathrm{},n.`$ (3)
The equations of motion are obtained as total differential equations in many variables as follows:

$`dq_a={\displaystyle \frac{H_\alpha ^{^{}}}{p_a}}dt_\alpha ,dp_a={\displaystyle \frac{H_\alpha ^{^{}}}{q_a}}dt_\alpha ,dp_\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{H_\alpha ^{^{}}}{t_\beta }}dt_\alpha .`$ (4)
$`dz=(H_\alpha +p_a{\displaystyle \frac{H_\alpha ^{^{}}}{p_a}})dt_\alpha ;`$ (5)
$`\alpha ,\beta =0,nr+1,\mathrm{},n,a=1,\mathrm{},nr`$
where $`z=S(t_\alpha ;q_a)`$. The set of equations (4,5) is integrable  if

$$dH_0^{^{}}=0,dH_\mu ^{^{}}=0,\mu =np+1,\mathrm{},n.$$
(6)
If condition (6) are not satisfied identically, one considers them as new constraints and again testes the consistency conditions. Hence, the canonical formulation leads to obtain the set of canonical phase space coordinates $`q_a`$ and $`p_a`$ as functions of $`t_\alpha `$, besides the canonical action integral is obtained in terms of the canonical coordinates.The Hamiltonians $`H_\alpha ^{^{}}`$ are considered as the infinitesimal generators of canonical transformations given by parameters $`t_\alpha `$ respectively.

## 2 Quantization of constrained systems

For the quantization of constrained systems we can use the Dirac’s method of quantization , or the path integral quantization method .

Now will shall give a brief information about these two methods.

### 2.1 Operator quantization

For the Dirac’s quantization method we have

$$H_\alpha ^{^{}}\mathrm{\Psi }=0,\alpha =0,nr+1,\mathrm{},n,$$
(7)
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is the wave function. The consistency conditions are

$$[H_\mu ^{},H_\nu ^{}]\mathrm{\Psi }=0,\mu ,\nu =1,\mathrm{},r,$$
(8)
where$`[,]`$ is the commutator. The constraints $`H_\alpha ^{}`$ are called first- class constraints if they satisfy

$$[H_\mu ^{},H_\nu ^{}]=C_{\mu \nu }^\gamma H_\gamma ^{}.$$
(9)
In the case when the Hamiltonians $`H_\mu ^{}`$ satisfy

$$[H_\mu ^{},H_\nu ^{}]=C_{\mu \nu },$$
(10)
with $`C_{\mu \nu }`$ do not depend on $`q_i`$ and $`p_i`$, then from (8) there arise naturally Dirac’ brackets and the canonical quantization will be performed taking Dirac’s brackets into commutators.

### 2.2 Path integral quantization method

The path integral quantization is an alternative method to perform the quantization of constrained systems.

Now we shall give a brief review of the canonical path integral formulation of constrained systems .

If the set of equations (4) is integrable then one can solve them to obtain the canonical phase-space coordinates as

$$q_aq_a(t,t_\mu ),p_ap_a(t,t_\mu ),\mu =1,\mathrm{},r,$$
(11)
In this case, the path integral representation may be written as

$`Out|S|In={\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{nr}{}}dq^adp^a\mathrm{exp}[i\{_{t_\alpha }^{t_{}^{}{}_{\alpha }{}^{}}(H_\alpha +p_a\frac{H_\alpha ^{^{}}}{p_a})𝑑t_\alpha \}]},`$
$`a=1,\mathrm{},nr,\alpha =0,nr+1,\mathrm{},n.`$ (12)
One should notice that the integral (12) is an integration over the canonical phase - space coordinates $`(q_a,p_a)`$.

## 3 Examples

As a first example we shall treat the relativistic particle as a constrained system and demonstrate the fact that the gauge fixing problem is solved naturally if the canonical path integral method is used.

Let us consider the action of the a relativistic particle as

$$S=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{\dot{x}^\mu \dot{x}_\mu }{e}em^2)𝑑\tau ,$$
(13)
where $`x^\mu (\tau )`$ and $`e(\tau )`$ are even variables. The canonical momenta are defined as

$$p_\mu =\frac{L}{\dot{x}^\mu }=\frac{1}{e}(\dot{x}_\mu ),\pi _e=\frac{L}{\dot{e}}=0=H_1.$$
(14)
The canonical Hamiltonian $`H_0`$ can be obtained as

$$H_0=p_\mu \dot{x}^\mu \dot{e}H_1L=+\frac{e}{2}(p^2+m^2).$$
(15)
Making use of equations (1,2) and (14, 15), the set of Hamilton- Jacobi partial differential equations reads

$`H_0^{}=`$ $`p^{(\tau )}+H_0=0;p^{(\tau )}={\displaystyle \frac{S}{\tau }},`$ (16)
$`H_1^{}=`$ $`\pi _e=0;;\pi _e={\displaystyle \frac{S}{e}},`$ (17)
This set leads to the total differential equations as

$$dx_\mu =(ep_\mu )d\tau ,dp_\mu =0,d\pi _e=\frac{1}{2}(p^2+m^2)d\tau =0,dp^{(\tau )}=0.$$
(19)
To check whether the set of equations (19) is integrable or not let us consider the total variations of $`H_0^{}`$ and $`H_1^{}`$. In fact

$$dH_1^{}=\frac{1}{2}(p^2+m^2)d\tau =0=H_2^{}d\tau .$$
(20)
The total differentials of $`H_{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}`$ and $`H_{}^{}{}_{2}{}^{}`$ vanish identically, the equations of motion are integrable and the canonical phase space coordinates $`(q_\mu ,p_\mu )`$ are obtained in terms of parameters $`(\tau ,e).`$

To obtain the operator quantization of this system one can follow the procedure discussed in section (2.1). In this case one takes the constraint equation as an operator whose action on the allowed Hilbert space vectors is constrained to $`zero`$, i., e., $`H_2^{}\mathrm{\Psi }=0`$, we obtain

$$[\widehat{p}^\mu \widehat{p}_\mu +m^2]\mathrm{\Psi }=0,$$
(21)
Now to obtain the path integral quantization of this system, we can use equation (5) to obtain the canonical action as

$$S=\frac{e}{2}(p^2m^2)𝑑\tau .$$
(22)
Making use of (22) and (12) the path integral for the system (13) is obtained as

$$q_\mu ,e,\tau ;q_{}^{}{}_{\mu }{}^{},e^{},\tau ^{^{}}=_{q_\mu }^{q_{}^{}{}_{\mu }{}^{}}\underset{\mu }{}dq^\mu dp^\mu \mathrm{exp}[i\{_\tau ^\tau ^{}\frac{e}{2}(p^2m^2)𝑑\tau \}].$$
(23)
This path integral representation is an integration over the canonical phase space coordinates $`q_\mu `$ and $`p^\mu `$.

Now for a system with $`n`$ degrees of freedom and $`r`$ first class constraints $`\varphi ^\alpha `$, the matrix element of the $`S`$ \- matrix is given by Faddeev and Popov  as

$$Out|S|In=\underset{t}{}d\mu (q_j,p_j)\mathrm{exp}[i\{_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t(p_j\dot{q_j}H_0)\}],j=1,\mathrm{},n,$$
(24)
where the measure of integration is given as

$$d\mu =det|\{\varphi ^\alpha ,\chi ^\beta \}|\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{r}{}}\delta (\chi ^\alpha )\delta (\varphi ^\alpha )\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}dq^jdp_j,$$
(25)
and $`\chi _a`$ are $`r`$\- gauge constraints.

If we perform now the usual path integral quantization  using (24) for system (13), one must choose two gauge fixing conditions to obtain the path integral quantization over the canonical phase-space coordinates.

As a second example, we consider the Lagrangian

$$L(q_1,q_2,\dot{q_1},\dot{q_2})=\frac{\dot{q_1}^2}{4q_2}q_2(q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\frac{q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{3}R^2),$$
(26)
excluding the line $`q_2=0`$ on the configuration space. The canonically conjugated momenta are obtained as

$`p_1={\displaystyle \frac{\dot{q_1}}{2q_2}},`$ (27)
$`p_2=0.`$ (28)
The canonical Hamiltonian can be obtained as

$$H_0=q_2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_2(q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\frac{q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{3}R^2).$$
(29)
Making use of eqns. (1,2) and (28,29), the set of HJPDE reads

$`H_{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=p_0+H_0=0,`$ (30)
$`H_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}=p_2=0,`$ (31)
where $`p_0=\frac{S}{t}`$, $`p_2=\frac{S}{q_2}`$, here $`S=S(q_1,q_2,t)`$ represents the action.

This set leads to the following total differential equations

$`dq_1=2p_1q_2dt,`$ (32)
$`dp_1=2q_1q_2dt,`$ (33)
$`dp_2=(q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2)dt=0.`$ (34)
According to eqns. (6) and (31,34) the vanishing of the total differential of $`H_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}`$ leads to the constraint

$$H_{}^{}{}_{2}{}^{}=q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2.$$
(35)
Since $`H_{}^{}{}_{2}{}^{}`$ is not identically zero, we consider it as new constraint. Thus for a valid theory, total variation of $`H_{}^{}{}_{2}{}^{}`$ should be zero. Thus one gets

$$dq_2=0,$$
(36)
which has the following solution

$$q_2=c=\pm \sqrt{R^2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}},$$
(37)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary constant.

Now the set of equations (32-34) is integrable and the canonical phase space coordinates $`(q_1,p_1)`$ are obtained as functions of $`(t,q_2=c)`$ and in this case it is disc of radius $`R`$ without the boundary. Choosing $`q_2`$ to be positive, the canonical Hamiltonian can be written as

$$H_0=\frac{2}{3}(R^2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{3/2}.$$
(38)
To proceed the canonical quantization of this system one can follow the procedure discussed in section (2.1) . In this case one takes the constraint equation as an operator whose action on the allowed Hilbert space vectors is constrained to $`zero`$, i., e., $`H_0^{}\mathrm{\Psi }(q_1)=0`$, we obtain

$$[\widehat{p}_0+\frac{2}{3}(R^2\widehat{p}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\widehat{q}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{3/2}]\mathrm{\Psi }(q_1)=0,.$$
(39)
in his case, the Hilbert space $``$ consists of square integrable functions in the interval $`R<q_1<R`$.

Now to obtain the path integral quantization of this system, we can use equation (5) to obtain the canonical action as

$$S=[2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\sqrt{R^2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}\frac{2}{3}(R^2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{3/2}]𝑑t.$$
(40)
Making use of (40) and (12) the path integral for the system (26) is obtained as

$`q_1,t;q_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{},t^{}=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{q_1}^{q_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}}}{\displaystyle }dq_1dp_1\mathrm{exp}[i\{{\displaystyle _t^t^{}}(2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\sqrt{R^2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}`$ (41)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(R^2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})^{3/2})dt\}].`$
Consider next, the third Lagrangian

$$L(q_1,q_2,\dot{q_1},\dot{q_2})=\frac{\dot{q_1}^2}{4q_2}q_2(q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\frac{q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{3}R^2),$$
(42)
The canonical Hamiltonian can be obtained as

$$H_0=q_2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_2(q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\frac{q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{3}R^2).$$
(43)
The set of HJPDE reads

$`H_{}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}=p_0+H_0=0,`$ (44)
$`H_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}=p_2=0.`$ (45)
As for previous system, the equations of motion are integrable and the canonical phase space coordinates $`(q_1,p_1)`$ are obtained as functions of $`(t,q_2=c)`$. Here $`q_2`$ has to branches as

$$q_2=c=\pm \sqrt{p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2},$$
(46)
where $`c`$ is an arbitrary constant. For each choice the canonical phase space is $`2`$-dimensional infinite plane with a hole of radius $`R`$ at the center, where we restricted $`q_2`$ to be positive.

This system can be quantized using the method of section (2.1). The Hilbert space consists of square-integrable functions on real line $`^1`$ excluding the interval $`[R,R]`$. Hence, we obtain

$$[\widehat{p}_0+\frac{2}{3}(\widehat{p}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\widehat{q}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2)^{3/2}]\mathrm{\Psi }(q_1)=0.$$
(47)
The the path integral for the system (42) is obtained as

$`q_1,t;q_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{},t^{}=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{q_1}^{q_{}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}}}{\displaystyle }dq_1dp_1\mathrm{exp}[i\{{\displaystyle _t^t^{}}(2p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\sqrt{p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2}`$ (48)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2)^{3/2})dt\}].`$
One should notice that this path integral is an inegration over the canonical phase space coordinates $`q_1`$ and $`p_1`$.

## 4  Conclusion

In this work we have obtained the quantization for three singular systems. In the relativistic particle problem, (13). The integrability conditions $`dH_0^{}`$ and $`dH_1^{}`$ are satisfied, the system is integrable. Hence the canonical phase space coordinates $`q_\mu `$ and $`p_\mu `$ are obtained in terms of parameters $`\tau `$ and $`e`$. Although $`e`$ is introduced as a coordinate in the Lagrangian the presence of the constraints and the integrability conditions forces as to treat it as a parameter like $`\tau `$. In this case the Hamiltonians $`H_0^{}`$ and $`H_1^{}`$ are considered as infinitesimal generators of canonical transformations given by parameters $`\tau `$ and $`e`$ respectively and the path integral is obtained directly as an integration over the canonical phase space coordinates $`q_\mu `$ and $`p_\mu `$ without using any gauge fixing conditions.

When applying the Faddeev and Popov method to this model one has to choose two gauge fixing of the form and to integrate over the extended phase space coordinates and after integration over the redundant variables one can arrive at the result (23).

For the second and the third Lagrangians, these systems are integrable and leads to obtain $`dq_2=0.`$ Hence, the canonical phase space coordinates $`(q_1,p_1)`$ are obtained as functions of $`(t,q_2=constant)`$. In this case the path integral follows directly as an integration over the canonical phase-space coordinates $`(q_1,p_1)`$. In the usual formulation , one has to integrate over the extended phase space coordinates $`(q_1,p_1,q_2,p_2)`$ and one can get red of redundant variables $`(q_2,p_2)`$ by using delta functions $`(\delta (p_2),\delta (q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}R^2))`$ for the second system and the delta functions $`(\delta (p_2),\delta (q_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+R^2q_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}p_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}))`$ for the third system.

Unlike conventional methods one can perform the path integral quantization of this system using the canonical path integral method to obtain the action directly without considering any Lagrange multipliers and without using delta functions in the measure.


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# Untitled Document

Refined Brill-Noether Locus

and

Non-Abelian Zeta Functions for Elliptic Curves

Lin WENG

Graduate School of Mathematics, Nagoya University, Japan

In this paper, new local and global non-abelian zeta functions for elliptic curves are defined using moduli spaces of semi-stable bundles. To understand them, we also introduce and study certain refined Brill-Noether locus in the moduli spaces. Examples of these new zeta functions and a justification of using only semi-stable bundles are given too. We end this paper with an appendix on the so-called Weierstrass groups for general curves, which is motivated by a construction of Euler systems using torsion points of elliptic curves.

1. Refined Brill-Noether Locus

1.1. Moduli Space of Semi-Stable Bundles

1.1.1 Indecomposable Bundles

Let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over $`\overline{𝐅_q}`$, an algebraic closure of the finite field $`𝐅_p`$ with $`q`$-elements.

Recall that a vector bundle $`V`$ on $`E`$ is called indecomposable if $`V`$ is not the direct sum of two proper subbundles, and that every vector bundle on $`E`$ may be written as a direct sum of indecomposable bundles, where the summands and their multiplicities are uniquely determined up to isomorphism. Thus to understand vector bundles, it suffices to study the indecomposable ones. To this end, we have the following result of Atiyah \[At\]. In the sequel, for simplicity, we always assume that the characteristic of $`𝐅_q`$ is strictly bigger than the rank of $`V`$.

Theorem. (Atiyah) (a) For any $`r1`$, there is a unique indecomposable vector bundle $`I_r`$ of rank $`r`$ over $`E`$, all of whose Jordan-Hölder constituents are isomorphic to $`𝒪_E`$. Moreover, the bundle $`I_r`$ has a canonical filtration

$$\{0\}F^1\mathrm{}F^r=I_r$$

with $`F^i=I_i`$ and $`F^{i+1}/F^i=𝒪_E`$;

(b) For any $`r1`$ and any integer $`a`$, relative prime to $`r`$ and each line bundle $`\lambda `$ over $`E`$ of degree $`a`$, there exists up to isomorphism a unique indecomposable bundle $`W_r(a;\lambda )`$ over $`E`$ of rank $`r`$ with $`\lambda `$ the determinant;

(c) The bundle $`I_r(W_r^{}(a;\lambda ))=I_rW_r^{}(a;\lambda )`$is indecomposable and every indecomposable bundle is isomorphic to $`I_r(W_r^{}(a;\lambda ))`$ for a suitable choice of $`r,r^{},\lambda `$. Every bundle $`V`$ over $`E`$ is a direct sum of vector bundles of the form $`I_{r_i}(W_{r_i^{}}(a_i;\lambda _i))`$, for suitable choices of $`r_i,r_i^{}`$ and $`\lambda _i`$. Moreover, the triples $`(r_i,r_i^{},\lambda _i)`$ are uniquely specified up to permutation by the isomorphism type of $`V`$.

Here note in particular that $`W_r(0,\lambda )\lambda `$, and that indeed $`I_r(W_r^{}(a;\lambda ))`$ is the unique indecomposable bundle of rank $`rr^{}`$ such that all of whose successive quotients in the Jordan-Hölder filtration are isomorphic to $`W_r^{}(a;\lambda )`$.

1.1.2. Semi-Stable Bundles

As above, let $`V`$ be a vector bundle over $`E`$. Define its slop $`\mu (V)`$ by $`\mu (V):=\mathrm{deg}(V)/\mathrm{rank}(V)`$. Then, following Mumford (\[Mu\]), $`V`$ is called stable (resp. semi-stable), if for any proper subbundle $`W`$ of $`V`$, $`\mu (W)<\mu (V)`$ (resp. $`\mu (W)\mu (V)`$). For example, $`I_r(W_r^{}(a;\lambda ))`$ is semi-stable with $`\mu (I_r(W_r^{}(a;\lambda )))=a/r^{}`$.

Theorem. (Atiyah) (a) Every bundle $`V`$ over $`E`$ is isomorphic to a direct sum $`_iV_i`$ of semi-stable bundles, where $`\mu (V_i)>\mu (V_{i+1})`$;

(b) Let $`V`$ be a semi-stable bundle over $`E`$ with slop $`\mu (V)=a/r^{}`$ where $`r^{}`$ is a positive integer and $`a`$ is an integer relatively prime to $`r^{}`$. Then $`V`$ is a direct sum of bundles of the form $`I_r(W_r^{}(a;\lambda ))`$, where $`\lambda `$ is a line bundle of degree $`a`$.

1.1.3. Moduli Space of Semi-Stable Bundles

Let $`V`$ be a semi-stable vector bundle, then we may associate it a Jordan-Hölder filtration, which is far from being unique. However the associated graded bundle, denoted as $`\mathrm{gr}(V)`$, is unique. Following Seshadri, two semi-stable vector bundles $`V`$ and $`V^{}`$ are called S-equivalent, denoted by $`V_SV^{}`$, if $`\mathrm{gr}(V)\mathrm{gr}(V^{})`$.

Now set

$$_{E,r}(\lambda )=\{V:\mathrm{semi}\mathrm{stable},\mathrm{det}V=\lambda ,\mathrm{rank}(V)=r\}/_S.$$

Then from the above classification we have the following well-known

Theorem. (Atiyah, Mumford-Seshadri) With respect to a fixed pair $`(r,\lambda )`$, there exists a natural projective algebraic variety structure on $`_{E,r}(\lambda )`$. Moreover, if $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$, then $`_{E,r}(\lambda )`$ is simply the projective space $`𝐏_{\overline{𝐅}_q}^{r1}`$.

1.2. Refined Brill-Noether Locus

1.2.1. Rational Points

Now let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field $`𝐅_q`$. Then over $`\overline{E}=E\times _{𝐅_q}\overline{𝐅_q}`$, from 1.1.3, we have the moduli spaces $`_{\overline{E},r}(\lambda )`$ (resp. $`_{\overline{E},r}(d)`$) of semi-stable bundles of rank $`r`$ with determinant $`\lambda `$ (resp. degree $`d`$) over $`\overline{E}`$. As algebraic varieties, we may consider $`𝐅_q`$-rational points of these moduli spaces. Clearly, by definition, these rational points of moduli spaces correspond exactly to these classes of semi-stable bundles which themselves are defined over $`𝐅_q`$. (In the case for $`_{\overline{E},r}(\lambda )`$, $`\lambda `$ is assumed to be rational over $`𝐅_q`$.) Thus for simplicity, we simply write $`_{E,r}(\lambda )`$ or $`_{E,r}(d)`$ for the corresponding subsets of $`𝐅_q`$-rational points. For example, we then simply write $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$ for $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(E)(𝐅_q)`$. And by an abuse of notation, we often call these subsets the moduli spaces of semi-stable bundles too.

1.2.2. Standard Brill-Noether Locus

Note that if $`V`$ is semi-stable with strictly positive degree $`d`$, then $`h^0(E,V)=d`$. Hence the standard Brill-Noether locus is either the whole space or empty. In this way, we are lead to study the case when $`d=0`$.

For this, recall that for $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$,

$$_{E,r}(\lambda )=\{V:\mathrm{semi}\mathrm{stable},\mathrm{rank}(V)=r,\mathrm{det}(V)=\lambda \}/_S$$

is identified with

$$\{V=_{i=1}^rL_i:_iL_i=\lambda ,L_i\mathrm{Pic}^0(E),i=1,\mathrm{},r\}/_{\mathrm{iso}}𝐏^{r1}$$

where $`/_{\mathrm{iso}}`$ means modulo isomorphisms.

Now introduce the standard Brill-Noether locus

$$W_{E,r}^a(\lambda ):=\{[V]_{E,r}(\lambda ):h^0(E,\mathrm{gr}(V))a\}$$

and its ‘stratification’ by

$$W_{E,r}^a(\lambda )^0:=\{[V]W_{E,r}(\lambda ):h^0(E,\mathrm{gr}(V))=a\}=W_{E,r}^a(\lambda )\backslash _{ba+1}W_{E,r}^b(\lambda ).$$

One checks easily that $`W_{E,r}^a(\lambda )𝐏^{(ra)1}`$. Thus in particular, we have the following

Lemma. With the same notation as above,

$$W_{E,r+1}^{a+1}(\lambda )W_{E,r}^a(\lambda ),\mathrm{and}W_{E,r+1}^{a+1}(\lambda )^0W_{E,r}^a(\lambda )^0.$$

1.2.3. Refined Brill-Noether Locus

The Brill-Noether theory is based on the consideration of $`h^0`$. But in the case for elliptic curves, for arithmetic consideration, such a theory is not fine enough: not only $`h^0`$ plays important role, the automorphism groups are important as well. Based on this, we introduce, for a fixed $`(k+1)`$-tuple non-negative integers $`(a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)`$, the subvariety of $`W_{E,r}^{a_0}`$ by setting

$$W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ):=\{[V]W_{E,r}^{a_0}(\lambda ):\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(a_0)}_{i=1}^kL_i^{(a_i)},_iL_i^{a_i}=\lambda ,L_i\mathrm{Pic}^0(E),i=1,\mathrm{},k\}.$$

Moreover, we define the associated ‘stratification’ by setting

$$W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0:=\{[V]W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ),\mathrm{\#}\{𝒪_E,L_1,\mathrm{},L_k\}=k+1\}.$$

From definition, we easily have the following

Lemma. With the same notation as above,

$$W_{E,r+1}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )$$

and

$$W_{E,r+1}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0.$$

Moreover,

$$_{E,r}(\lambda )=_{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0,$$

where the union is a disjoint one.

In fact, the structures of $`W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )`$ can be given explicitly: They are products of (copies of) projective bundles over $`E`$ and (copies of) projective spaces.

Proposition. With the same notation as above, regroup $`(a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k)`$ as $`(a_0;b_1^{(s_1)},\mathrm{},b_l^{(s_l)})`$ with the condition that $`b_1>b_2>\mathrm{}>b_l`$ and $`s_1,s_2,\mathrm{},s_l𝐙_{>0}`$, then

(1) if $`b_l=1`$,

$$W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )\underset{i=1}{\overset{l1}{}}𝐏_E^{s_i1}\times 𝐏^{s_l};$$

(2) if $`b_l>1`$,

$$W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )\underset{i=1}{\overset{l}{}}𝐏_E^{s_i}.$$

Proof. This is because we have the following two facts about the quitient of t products of elliptic curves:

(1) The quotient space $`E^{(n)}/S_n`$ is isomorphic to the $`𝐏^{n1}`$-bundle over $`E`$; and

(2) The quotient of $`E^{(n1)}/S_n`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐏^{(n1)}`$. Here we embed $`E^{(n1)}`$ as a subspace of $`E^{(n)}`$ under the map:

$$(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n1},x_n)$$

with $`x_n=\lambda (x_1+x_2+\mathrm{}+x_{n1}).`$

We end this subsection with the following intersection theoretical discussion. Fro simplicity, let $`\lambda =𝒪_E`$. Then from above, we have the refined Brill-Noether loci $`W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(𝒪_E)`$ which are isomorphic to products of (copies of) projective bundles over $`E`$ and (copies of) projective spaces. Thus it would be very interesting to see the intersections of these special subvarieties in $`_{E,r}(𝒪_E)=𝐏^{r1}`$. For this purpose, define the so-called Brill-Noether tautological ring $`\mathrm{𝐁𝐍}_{E,r}(𝒪_E)`$ to be the subring generated by all the associated refined Brill-Noether loci. For examples,

(1) If $`r=2`$, then this ring contains two elements: 1-dimensional one $`W_{E,2}^{2;0}(𝒪_E)=\{[𝒪_E𝒪_E]\}`$ and the whole $`𝐏^1`$;

(2) If $`r=3`$, then (generators of) this ring contains five elements: 2 of 0-dimensional objects: $`W_{E,3}^{3;0}(𝒪_E)=\{[𝒪_E^{(3)}]\}`$ and $`W_{E,3}^{1;2}(𝒪_E)=\{[𝒪_ET_2^{(2)}]:T_2E_2\}`$ containing 4 elements; 2 of 1-dimensional objects: $`W_{E,3}^{1;1,1}=\{[𝒪_ELL^1]:L\mathrm{Pic}^0(E)\}𝐏^1`$, a degree 2 projective line contained in $`𝐏^2=_{E,3}(𝒪_E);`$ and $`W_{E,3}^{0;2,1}=\{[L^{(2)}L^2]:L\mathrm{Pic}^0(E)\}`$ a degree 3 curve which is isomorphic to $`E`$; and finally the whole space. Moreover, the intersection of $`W_{E,3}^{1;1,1}=𝐏^1`$ and $`W_{E,3}^{0;2,1}=E`$ are supported on 0-dimensional locus $`W_{E,3}^{1;1,1}`$, with the multiplicity 3 on the single point locus $`W_{E,3}^{3;0}(𝒪_E)`$ and 1 on the completement of the points in $`W_{E,3}^{1;1,1}`$.

2. Invariants $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$

2.1. Measure Refined Brill-Noether Locus Arithmetically

2.1.1. Invariant $`\alpha `$

In the rest of this section, we use the same notation as in 1.2.

To measure the Brill-Noether locus, we introduce the following arithmetic invariant $`\alpha _{E,r}(\lambda )`$ by setting

$$\alpha _{E,r}(\lambda ):=\underset{V[V]_{E,r}(\lambda )}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}.$$

Also set

$$\alpha _{E,r}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ):=\underset{V[V]W_{E,r}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}.$$

Before going further, we remark that above, we write $`V[V]`$ in the summation. This is because in each $`S`$-equivalence class $`[V]`$, there are usually more than one vector bundles $`V`$. For example, $`[𝒪_E^{(4)}]`$ consists of $`𝒪_E^{(4)}`$, $`𝒪_E^{(2)}I_2`$, $`I_2I_2`$, $`𝒪_EI_3`$, and $`I_4`$ by the result of Atiyah cited in 1.1.

Thus, by Lemma 1.2.3, we have the following

Lemma. With the same notation as above,

$$\alpha _{E,r}(\lambda )=\underset{(a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k);k}{}\alpha _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ).$$

We end this section with the following

Conjecture. For all $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$,

$$\alpha _{E,r}(\lambda )=\alpha _{E,r}(𝒪_E).$$

2.1.2. Invariants $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$

Due to the importance of automorphism groups, following Harder-Narasimhan, and Desale-Ramanan, we introduce the following $`\beta `$-series invariants $`\beta _{E,r}(d)`$, $`\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )`$ and $`\beta _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )`$ by setting

$$\beta _{E,r}(d):=\underset{V[V]_{E,r}(d)}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)},$$

$$\beta _{E,r}(\lambda ):=\underset{V[V]_{E,r}(\lambda )}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)},$$

and

$$\beta _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ):=\underset{V[V]W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}.$$

Corresponding to the Conjecture 2.1.1 for $`\alpha `$, for $`\beta `$, we have the following deep

Theorem. (\[HN\] & \[DR\]) For all $`\lambda ,\lambda ^{}\mathrm{Pic}^d(E)`$,

$$\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )=\beta _{E,r}(\lambda ^{}).$$

Moreover,

$$N_1\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )=\frac{N_1}{q1}\underset{i=2}{\overset{r}{}}\zeta _E(i)\underset{\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^kr_i=r,\mathrm{\Sigma }_id_i=d,\frac{d_1}{r_1}>\mathrm{}>\frac{d_k}{r_k},k2}{}\underset{i}{}\beta _{E,r_i}(d_i)\frac{1}{q^{\mathrm{\Sigma }_{i<j}(r_jd_ir_id_j)}}.$$

Here $`N_1`$ denotes $`\mathrm{\#}E(:=\mathrm{\#}E(𝐅_q))`$ and $`\zeta _E(s)`$ denotes the Artin zeta function for elliptic curve $`E/𝐅_q`$.

Thus, we are lead to introduce the $`\gamma `$-series invariants $`\gamma _{E,r}(\lambda )`$ and $`\gamma _{E,r}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )`$ by setting

$$\gamma :=\alpha \beta .$$

That is to say,

$$\gamma _{E,r}(\lambda ):=\underset{V[V]_{E,r}(\lambda )}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)},$$

and

$$\gamma _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ):=\underset{V[V]W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}.$$

Clearly, by the above Theorem, the Conjecture 2.1.2 for $`\alpha `$ is equivalent to the following

Conjecture. For all $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$,

$$\gamma _{E,r}(\lambda )=\gamma _{E,r}(𝒪_E).$$

The advantage of this Conjecture is that now the support of the summation is over $`W_{E,r}^1(\lambda )`$, a codimension 1 projective subspace.

Similarly, we have the following

Lemma. With the same notation as above, for $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$,

$$\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )=\underset{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}{}\beta _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )$$

and

$$\gamma _{E,r}(\lambda )=\underset{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}{}\gamma _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ).$$

2.2. Relations Between $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$

2.2.1. Bundles with Trivial Graded Bundles

After certain painful calculations, by an accident, we are lead to the following

Conjecture. For all $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$,

$$\gamma _{E,r+1}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )=\beta _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda ).$$

Note that by Lemma 1.2.3,

$$W_{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0W_{E,r+1}^{a_0+1;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )^0.$$

Hence, from the definition, to verify the latest Conjecture, it suffices to show that for any fixed $`(L_1,\mathrm{},L_k)\left(\mathrm{Pic}^0(E)\right)^{(k)}`$ such that $`\mathrm{\#}\{𝒪_E,L_1,\mathrm{},L_k\}=k+1`$, we have

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(a_0)}_{i=1}^kL_i^{(a_i)}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(a_0+1)}_{i=1}^kL_i^{(a_i)}}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}.$$

Thus by looking at the structure of the automorphism groups carefully from the condition that $`𝒪_E,L_1,\mathrm{},L_k`$ are all different, we see that this latest conjecture is equivalent to the following Main Conjecture (in Algebraic Theory of Non-Abelian Zeta Functions for Elliptic Curves.) For any $`r𝐙_{>0}`$,

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(r)}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\underset{W:\mathrm{gr}(W)=𝒪_E^{(r+1)}}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,W)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(W)}.$$

Clearly, the advantage of the Main Conjecture is that only trivial bundle and its extensions are involved.

Before going further, to convince the reader, we check the example with $`r=3`$. In this case, there are three possibilities for $`V`$. That is, $`𝒪_E^{(3)}`$, $`𝒪_EI_2`$ and $`I_3`$. One checks the cardinal numbers of the corresponding automorphism groups are $`(q^31)(q^3q)(q^3q^2)`$, $`(q1)^2q^3`$ and $`(q1)q^2`$ respectively. Similarly, there are five possibilities for $`W`$. That is, $`𝒪_E^{(4)}`$, $`𝒪_E^{(2)}I_2`$, $`I_2^{(2)}`$, $`𝒪_EI_3`$ and $`I_4`$. The cardinal numbers of the corresponding automorphism groups are $`(q^41)(q^4q)(q^4q^2)(q^4q^3)`$, $`(q1)q^3(q^3q)(q^3q^2)`$, $`q^4(q^21)(q^2q)`$, $`(q1)^2q^4`$ and $`(q1)q^3`$, and their $`h^0`$ are given by $`4,3,2,2,1`$ respectively. Therefore, the Main Conjecture is equivalent to, in case $`r=3`$, the following relation:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{1}{(q^31)(q^3q)(q^3q^2)}& +\frac{1}{(q1)^2q^3}+\frac{1}{(q1)q^2}\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{q^41}{(q^41)(q^4q)(q^4q^2)(q^4q^3)}+\frac{q^31}{(q1)q^3(q^3q)(q^3q^2)}\hfill \\ & +\frac{q^21}{q^4(q^21)(q^2q)}+\frac{q^21}{(q1)^2q^4}+\frac{q1}{(q1)q^3}.\hfill \end{array}$$

We leave the routine check of this latest identity to the reader, who may certainly be amused if doing correctly.

2.2.2. Main Conjecture Implies All Conjectures

It suffices to imply Conjecture 2.1.2 from the Main Conjecture. For this, by Lemma 2.1.2, we need to show that

$$\underset{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}{}\gamma _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )=\underset{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}{}\gamma _{E,r}^{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(𝒪_E).$$

Now by the Main Conjecture, which is equivalent to Conjecture 2.2.1, the left hand side becomes

$$\underset{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}{}\beta _{E,r1}^{a_01;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )$$

while the right hand side is simply

$$\underset{a_0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}{}\beta _{E,r1}^{a_01;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(𝒪_E).$$

Note also that $`\gamma _{E,r}^{0;a_1,\mathrm{},a_k}(\lambda )=0`$. Therefore the left hand side is simply $`\beta _{E,r1}(\lambda )`$ while the right hand side becomes $`\beta _{E,r1}(𝒪_E)`$. Thus by Theorem 2.1.2, we complete the proof of the following

Theorem. Assume that for any $`1r^{}r`$,

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(r^{})}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\underset{W:\mathrm{gr}(W)=𝒪_E^{(r^{}+1)}}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,W)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(W)}.$$

Then

$$\alpha _{E,r}(\lambda )=\beta _{E,r1}(𝒪_E)$$

for all $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$. In particular,

$$\alpha _{E,r}(0)=N_1\alpha _{E,r}(𝒪_E),\beta _{E,r}(0)=N_1\beta _{E,r}(𝒪_E),\mathrm{and}\gamma _{E,r}(0)=N_1\gamma _{E,r}(𝒪_E).$$

Thus, theoretically, with the relation $`\alpha \beta =\gamma `$, we then can determine all invariants $`\alpha _{E,r},\beta _{E,r}`$ and $`\gamma _{E,r}`$. (We reminder the reader that in practice the precise formula in Theorem 2.1.2 is hardly useful as there are too many infinite summations involved.)

3. New Non-Abelian Zeta Functions for Elliptic Curves

3.1. Non-Abelian Local Zeta Functions

3.1.1. Definition

Let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over $`𝐅_q`$, the finite field with $`q`$ elements. Then we have the associated ($`𝐅_q`$-rational points of) moduli spaces $`_{E,r}(d)`$. By definition, the rank $`r`$ non-abelian zeta function $`\zeta _{E,r,𝐅_q}(s)`$ of $`E`$ is defined by setting

$$\zeta _{E,r,𝐅_q}(s):=\underset{V[V]_{E,r}(d),d0}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}q^{sd(V)},\mathrm{Re}(s)>1.$$

Here $`d(V)`$ denotes the degree of $`V`$.

Remark. We call the above infinite sum the rank $`r`$ non-abelian zeta function because when $`r=1`$ the above summation $`\zeta _{E,1}(s)`$ coincides with the classical Artin zeta function for the elliptic curve $`E`$ over $`𝐅_q`$. In other words, the classical Artin zeta function $`\zeta _E(s)`$ may be written as

$$\zeta _E(s)=\underset{L\mathrm{Pic}^d(E),d0}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,L)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(L)}q^{sd(L)},\mathrm{Re}(s)>1,$$

where $`d(L)`$ denotes the degree of $`L`$.

3.1.2. Basic Properties

With the above definition, by a direct yet long calculation, we have, by setting $`t=q^s`$ and $`Z_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t):=\zeta _{E,r,𝐅_q}(s)`$, the following

Fundamental Identity. Let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over $`𝐅_q`$. Then for any $`r𝐙_{>0}`$,

$$Z_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t):=\gamma _{E,r}(0)\frac{P_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t)}{(1t^r)(1q^rt^r)}.$$

Here

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill .& P_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t)\hfill \\ \hfill =& 1+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r1}{}}(q^i1)\frac{\beta _{E,r}(i)}{\gamma _{E,r}(0)}t^i+\left((q^r1)\frac{\beta (0)}{\gamma _{E,r}(0)}(q^r+1)\right)t^r+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r1}{}}(q^i1)\frac{\beta _{E,r}(i)}{\gamma _{E,r}(0)}q^{ri}t^{2ri}+q^rt^{2r}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Remark. We in this paper choose not to write down the detailed elementary calculations, despite the fact that some of them are very long and sometimes a bit complicated.

As a direct consequence of this Fundamental Identity, we have the following

Theorem. Let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over $`𝐅_q`$, the finite field with $`q`$ elements. Then the associated rank $`r`$ non-abelian zeta function $`\zeta _{E,r,𝐅_q}(s)`$ satisfies the following basic properties:

(1) (Rationality) $`Z_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t)`$ may be written as the quotient of two polynomials;

(2) (Functional Equation) $`\zeta _{E,r,𝐅_q}(s)=\zeta _{E,r,𝐅_q}(1s).`$

From here we may conclude that after suitable arrangement, the product of two reciprocal roots of $`P_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t)`$, a degree $`2r`$ polynomial, are always equal to $`q`$, the cardinal number of the base field. Moreover, we know that up to the term $`\gamma _{E,r}(0)`$, from Theorem 2.1.2, the coefficients of these local non-abelian zeta functions can be computed. Thus if the Main Conjecture is assumed, then all terms of our non-abelian zeta functions can be given precisely.

Moreover, note that the moduli spaces $`_{E,r}(d)`$ are indeed projective bundles over $`E`$. Thus if the main conjecture holds, in the study of non-abelian zeta functions for elliptic curves, we are lead to study only the vertical direction, i.e., the Brill-Noether loci appeared a single fiber (and hence all fibers). So, the horizontal direction, i.e., the Picard group, plays no role. This is why we call the elegant conjectural relation

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(r)}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\underset{W:\mathrm{gr}(W)=𝒪_E^{(r+1)}}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,W)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(W)}$$

the Main Conjecture in algebraic theory of non-abelian zeta functions for elliptic curves.

3.2. Non-Abelian Global Zeta Functions

3.2.1. Definition.

Now let $`𝐄`$ be an elliptic curve defined over a number field $`F`$. For a fixed positive integer $`r`$, set $`S_{\mathrm{bad}}`$ to be the union of all infinite places (of $`F`$), all finite places where $`𝐄`$ have bad reductions, or where the characteristics of the residue fields are less than $`r`$. By definition, a (finite) places $`v`$ of $`F`$ is good, if $`v`$ is not in $`S_{\mathrm{bad}}`$.

Thus, in particular, for good places $`v`$, by taking reduction of $`𝐄`$ at $`v`$, we have the associated regular elliptic curve $`𝐄_v`$ defined over $`F(v)𝐅_{q_v}`$, the residue field of $`F`$ at $`v`$, where $`q_v`$ denotes cardinal number of $`F(v)`$. Then by applying the construction of 3.1, we get the rank $`r`$ local non-abelian zeta functions $`\zeta _{𝐄_v,r,𝐅_{q_v}}(s)`$. In particular, we further obtain, by the rationality, the corresponding polynomials $`P_{𝐄_v,r,𝐅_q}(t)`$ of degree $`2r`$ (with 1 as constant terms).

Definition. Let $`𝐄`$ be an elliptic curve defined over a number field $`F`$. Then for any positive integer $`r`$, define its associated rank $`r`$ global non-abelian zeta function $`\zeta _{𝐄,r,F}(s)`$ by setting

$$\zeta _{𝐄,r,F}(s):=\underset{v:\mathrm{good}}{}P_{𝐄_v,r,𝐅_{q_v}}(q_v^s)^1.$$

Here $`q_v`$ denotes the cardinal number of the residue field of $`F`$ at $`v`$.

Clearly, if $`r=1`$, this then recovers the famous Hasse-Weil zeta function for elliptic curves, for which we have the celebrated BSD conjecture. Thus it seems to be quite natural for us to call the above Euler product a global non-abelian zeta function for elliptic curve.

Surely the biggest problem we are now facing in this algebraic part of our non-abelian zeta function is to give the precise region over which the Euler product in the definition converges. For this we have to use our refined Brill-Noether theory discussed in Section 1.

3.2.2. Estimations for $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$

We now want to give estimations for invariants $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$. So let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field $`𝐅_q`$ as before.

First we study $`\beta _{E,r}`$. For this, following Harder-Narasimhan, we interpret the Tamagawa number of $`\mathrm{SL}(n)`$ is 1 as follows:

Proposition. (=\[DR Proposition 1.1\]) Let $`\zeta _E(s)`$ be the Artin zeta function of $`E`$. Then for any fixed $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^d(E)`$,

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{rank}(V)=r,\mathrm{det}(V)=\lambda }{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\frac{1}{q1}\underset{k=2}{\overset{r}{}}\zeta _E(k).$$

Therefore, for a fixed $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^d(E)`$,

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{rank}(V)=r,\mathrm{det}(V)=\lambda }{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=O(q^1).$$

This implies in particular that

$$\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )=O(q^1).$$

Thus, by Hasse’s result (\[Ha\]) on $`N_1=\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Pic}^d(E)`$, we know $`N_1=O(q)`$. Therefore we complete the following

Proposition I. With the same notation as above, $`\beta _{E,r}(d)=O(1)`$, as $`q\mathrm{}`$.

Next we study $`\gamma _{E,r}(0)`$. As our final purpose is to give a good estimation for the coefficients of $`P_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t)`$, hence by the Fundamental Identity in 3.1.2, it suffices to give a lower bound for $`\gamma _{E,r}(0)`$. For this, we consider semi-stable vector bundles $`V`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E_{i=1}^{r1}L_i`$ with $`L_i\mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$ and $`\mathrm{\#}\{𝒪_E,L_1,\mathrm{},L_r\}=r`$. Clearly then $`V=\mathrm{gr}(V)`$ and there are totally $`O(N_1^{r1})`$ or better $`O(q^{r1})`$ of them, as $`q\mathrm{}`$ by the above mentioned result of Hasse. On the other hand, easily, we have $`h^0(V)=1`$ and $`\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)=(q1)^r`$. Therefore

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E_{i=1}^{r1},L_i\mathrm{Pic}^0(E),\mathrm{\#}\{𝒪_E,L_1,\mathrm{},L_r\}=r+1}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=O(1).$$

This then implies the following

Proposition II. With the same notation as above, $`\gamma _{E,r}(d)=O(1)`$, as $`q\mathrm{}`$.

Remark. In fact if we assume the Main Conjecture in 2.2.1, i.e.,

$$\underset{V:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(r)}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\underset{W:\mathrm{gr}(W)=𝒪_E^{(r+1)}}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,W)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(W)},$$

then by Theorem 2.2.2, $`\gamma _{E,r}(0)=\beta _{E,r1}(0)`$. Hence Proposition II is a direct consequence of Proposition I.

3.2.3. Convergence of Global Non-Abelian Zeta Functions

As above, let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over $`𝐅_q`$. Then by the Fundamental Identity and the Functional Equation for local non-abelian zeta functions of elliptic curves,

$$P_{E,r,𝐅_q}(t)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(1+A_it+qt^2)$$

with $`A_i𝐑.`$ Therefore, we have

$$\underset{i}{}A_i=(q1)\frac{\beta _{E,r}(1)}{\gamma _{E,r}(0)};\underset{i<j}{}A_iA_j=(q^21)\frac{\beta _{E,r}(2)}{\gamma _{E,r}(0)};$$

$$\mathrm{},\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}A_i=(q^r1)\frac{\beta _{E,r}(0)}{\gamma _{E,r}(0)}(q^r+1).$$

So, as $`q\mathrm{}`$, by Proposition I and II in 3.2.1,

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{i}{}A_i=& O(q);\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{i<j}{}A_iA_j=& O(q^2);\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{}\mathrm{}& \mathrm{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{}\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}A_i=& O(q^r).\hfill \end{array}$$

So, $`A_i=O(q),i=1,\mathrm{},r`$. As a direct consequence, we then have the following Theorem. Let $`𝐄`$ be an elliptic curve defined over a number field $`F`$. Then all rank $`r`$ global non-abelian zeta function $`\zeta _{𝐄,r,F}(s)`$, defined by (infinite) Euler products converge when $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>2`$.

Remark. When $`r=1`$, by the above mentioned result of Hasse, the Hasse-Weil zeta functions, i.e., $`\zeta _{𝐄,1,F}(s)`$ in our notation, converge when $`\mathrm{Re}(s)>\frac{3}{2}`$. While this result is better than ours in the case when $`r=1`$, we are also quite satisfied with our one as our Theorem is the best possible for general $`r`$ at this stage. (See e.g. 4.1.1 below.)

Now, a natural question is whether our rank $`r`$ global non-abelian zeta functions have meromorphic extensions and satisfy the functional equation. We believe that it should be the case. In fact we have the following

Working Hypothesis. By introducing also factors for bad places, the completed rank $`r`$ non-abelian zeta functions $`\xi _{𝐄,r,F}(s)`$ for elliptic curves have meromorphic continuation to the whole complex plane and satisfy the functional equation

$$\xi _{𝐄,r,F}(s)=\xi _{𝐄,r,F}(1+\frac{1}{r}s).$$

Clearly, we then would also hope for certain type of such zeta functions, the inverse Mellin transform would lead to modular forms of fractional weight $`1+\frac{1}{r}`$. Unfortunately, we have not yet obtained any examples to support this speculation. But if it holds, we then have a systematical way to construct fractional weight modular forms, for which, except in the case of half integers we know very little.

4. Examples and Justifications

4.1. Lower Rank Non-Abelian Zeta Functions

4.1.1. Rank Two

Let $`E`$ be an elliptic curve defined over the finite field $`𝐅_q`$. If rank $`r`$ is two, we need then only to calculate $`\beta _{E,2}(0),\beta _{E,2}(1)`$ and $`\gamma _{E,r}(0)`$.

We first consider $`\beta _{E,2}(0)`$. Then by our discussion on Brill-Noether locus, it suffices to calculate $`\beta _{E,2}(𝒪_E)`$. Now

$$_{E,2}(𝒪_E)=W_{E,2}^{2;0}(𝒪_E)^0W_{E,2}^{0;2}(𝒪_E)^0W_{E,2}^{0;1,1}(𝒪_E)^0.$$

Clearly,

$$W_{E,2}^{2;0}(𝒪_E)^0=\{[V]:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(2)}\}$$

consisting of just 1 element;

$$W_{E,2}^{0;2}(𝒪_E)^0=\{[V]:\mathrm{gr}(V)=T_2^{(2)},T_2E_2,T_2𝒪_E\}$$

consisting of 3 elements coming from non-trivial $`T_2E_2`$, 2-torsion subgroup of $`E`$; while

$$W_{E,2}^{0;1,1}(𝒪_E)^0=\{[V]:\mathrm{gr}(V)=LL^1,L\mathrm{Pic}^0(E),LL^1\}$$

is simply the complement of the above 4 points in $`𝐏^1`$. With this, one checks that

$$\beta _{E,2}(0)=\left(\frac{1}{(q^21)(q^2q)}+\frac{1}{(q1)q}\right)+3\left(\frac{1}{(q^21)(q^2q)}+\frac{1}{(q1)q}\right)+\left(q+1(3+1)\right)\frac{1}{(q1)^2}=\frac{q+3}{q^21}.$$

And hence

$$\beta _{E,2}(0)=N_1\frac{q+3}{q^21}.$$

As for $`\beta _{E,2}(1)`$, it is very simple: Any degree one rank two semi-stable bundle is stable. Moreover, by the result of Atiyah cited in 1.1, there is exactly one stable rank two bundle whose determinant is the fixed line bundle. Thus

$$\beta _{E,2}(1)=N_1\frac{1}{q1}.$$

Finally, we study $`\gamma _{E,2}(0)`$. We want to check Conjecture 2.1.2. Clearly if $`\lambda 𝒪_E`$, then $`\gamma _{E,2}(\lambda )`$ is supported on

$$W_{E,2}^{1;1}(\lambda )=\{[V]:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E\lambda \}$$

consisting only one element with $`V=\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E\lambda .`$ So

$$\gamma _{E,2}(\lambda )=\frac{q1}{(q1)^2}=\frac{1}{q1}.$$

On the other hand, $`\gamma _{E,2}(𝒪_E)`$ is supported on

$$W_{E,2}^{2;0}(𝒪_E)=\{[V]:\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(2)}\}$$

consisting only one element too. However, now in the single class $`[V]`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(2)}`$, there are two elements, i.e., $`𝒪_E^{(2)}`$ and $`I_2`$. So

$$\gamma _{E,2}(𝒪_E)=\frac{q^21}{(q^21)(q^2q)}+\frac{q1}{(q1)q}=\frac{1}{q1}=\beta _{E,1}(𝒪_E).$$

Thus we have checked all conjectures in the case $`r=2`$.

Proposition. With the same notation as above, in the case $`r=2`$, all conjectures in this paper are confirmed. In particular,

$$Z_{E,2,𝐅_q}(t)=\frac{N_1}{q1}\frac{1+(q1)t+(2q4)t^2+(q^2q)t^3+q^2t^4}{(1t^2)(1q^2t^2)}.$$

We reminder the reader that in this case, $`P_{E,2,𝐅_q}(t)`$ is independent of $`E`$ and with integer coefficients. Thus for global rank two non-abelian zeta function, we obtain an absolute Euler product, say in the case when the base field is Q,

$$E_2(s)=\underset{p3,\mathrm{prime}}{}\frac{1}{1+(p1)p^s+(2p4)p^{2s}+(p^2p)p^{3s}+p^2p^{4s}},\mathrm{Re}(s)>2.$$

Clearly we expect more from such a beautiful Euler product.

4.1.2. Rank Three

First, we check whether the Main Conjecture in 2.1.2 holds. That is to say, we should show

$$\underset{V,\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(2)}}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=\underset{W,\mathrm{gr}(W)=𝒪_E^{(3)}}{}\frac{q^{h^0(E,V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}.$$

By the fact that $`\mathrm{Aut}(𝒪_EI_2)=(q1)^2q^3`$, the above identity is equivalent to

$$\frac{1}{(q^21)(q^2q)}+\frac{1}{(q1)q}=\frac{q^31}{(q^31)(q^3q)(q^3q^2)}+\frac{q^21}{(q1)^2q^3}+\frac{q1}{(q1)q^2},$$

which may be directly checked. This together with the similar relation for $`r=1`$ discussed in 4.1.1 leads to

$$\gamma _{E,3}(0)=N_1\gamma _{E,3}(𝒪_E)=N_1\beta _{E,2}(𝒪_E)=N_1\frac{q+3}{q^21}.$$

So we are left to study $`\beta _{E,3}(d)`$, $`d=0,1,2`$. Easily, we have

$$\beta _{E,3}(1)=\beta _{E,3}(2)=N_1\frac{1}{q1}$$

since here all semi-stable bundles become stable. Thus we are lead to consider only $`\beta _{E,3}(0)`$. So it suffices to give $`\beta _{E,3}(\lambda )`$ for any $`\lambda 𝒪_E`$. (Despite the fact that $`\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )=\beta _{E,r}(𝒪_E)`$ for any $`\lambda \mathrm{Pic}^0(E)`$, in practice, the calculation of $`\beta _{E,r}(\lambda )`$ with $`\lambda 𝒪_E`$ is easier than that for $`\beta _{E,r}(𝒪_E)`$.)

Now

$$_{E,3}(\lambda )=\left((W_{E,3}^{2;1}(\lambda )^0)W_{E,3}^{1;2}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{1;1,1}(\lambda )^0\right)W_{E,3}^{0;3}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{0;2,1}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{0;1,1,1}(\lambda )^0.$$

Moreover, we have

(1) $`W_{E,3}^{2;1}(\lambda )^0`$ consists a single class \[V\], i.e., the one with $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^2\lambda `$, which contains two vector bundles, i.e., $`𝒪_E^2\lambda `$ and $`I_2\lambda `$;

(2) $`W_{E,3}^{2;1}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{1;2}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{1;1,1}(\lambda )^0𝐏^1`$ with $`W^{1;2}(\lambda )^0`$ consists of 4 classes $`[V]`$, i.e., these such that $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E\left(\lambda ^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^{(2)}`$, where $`\lambda ^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ denotes any of the four square roots of $`\lambda `$. Clearly then in each class $`[V]`$, there are also two vector bundles $`𝒪_E\left(\lambda ^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^{(2)}`$ and $`𝒪_EI_2\lambda ^{\frac{1}{2}}`$;

(3) $`W_{E,3}^{0;3}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{0;2,1}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{0;1,1,1}(\lambda )^0=𝐏^2\backslash 𝐏^1`$.

(3.a) $`W_{E,3}^{0;3}(\lambda )^0`$ consists of 9 classes $`[V]`$, i.e., these $`[V]`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=\left(\lambda ^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)^{(3)}`$ where $`\lambda ^{\frac{1}{3}}`$ denotes any of the 9 triple roots of $`\lambda `$. Moreover, in each $`[V]`$, there are three bundles, i.e., $`\left(\lambda ^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)^{(3)}`$, $`\lambda ^{\frac{1}{3}}I_2\lambda ^{\frac{1}{3}}`$ and $`I_3\lambda ^{\frac{1}{3}}`$.

(3.b) $`\left(W_{E,3}^{2;1}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{1;2}(\lambda )^0\right)\left(W_{E,3}^{0;3}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{0;2,1}(\lambda )^0\right)`$ is isomorphic to $`E`$. Moreover, each class $`[V]`$ in $`W^{0;2,1}(\lambda )^0`$ consists of two bundles, i.e., $`L^{(2)}\lambda L^2`$ and $`I_2L\lambda L^2`$ when $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=L^{(2)}\lambda L^2`$.

(One checks that in fact the refined Brill-Noether loci $`𝐏^1`$ and $`E`$ appeared above are embedded in $`𝐏^2`$ as degree 2 and 3 regular curves. And hence the intersection should be 6: The intersection points are at $`[V]`$ with $`\mathrm{gr}(V)=𝒪_E^{(2)}\lambda `$ with multiplicity 2, and $`𝒪_E\left(\lambda ^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)^{(2)}`$ corresponding to four square roots of $`\lambda `$ with multiplicity one. That is to say, the intersection actually are supported on $`W_{E,3}^{2;1}(\lambda )^0W_{E,3}^{1;2}(\lambda )^0`$. So it would be very interesting in general to study the intersections of the refined Brill-Noether loci as well.)

From this analysis, we conclude that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \beta _{E,3}(\lambda )=& \left(\frac{1}{(q^21)(q^2q)(q1)}+\frac{1}{(q1)q(q1)}\right)\hfill \\ & +4\left(\frac{1}{(q^21)(q^2q)(q1)}+\frac{1}{(q1)q(q1)}\right)+(q4)\left(\frac{1}{(q1)^3}\right)\hfill \\ & +9\left(\frac{1}{(q^31)(q^3q)(q^3q^2)}+\frac{1}{(q1)^2q^3}+\frac{1}{(q1)q^2}\right)\hfill \\ & +\left(N_1(9+4+1)\right)\left(\frac{1}{(q1)(q^21)(q^2q)}+\frac{1}{(q1)(q1)q}\right)\hfill \\ & +\left(q^2(N_141)\right)\frac{1}{(q1)^3}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Clearly, it is not of our best interests to write down the associated zeta function very precisely. Still, in this case, all conjectures in this paper have been confirmed. In particular, we conclude that $`r=2`$ is the only case that the global zeta functions are independent of elliptic curves and that the polynomials are with integral coefficients instead of rational coefficients in general.

Also we would reminder the reader that here in fact 2- and 3- torsion points are involved naturally in the calculation. 4.2. Why Use only Semi-Stable Bundles

4.2.1. Degree 0

At the first glance, Theorem 2.1.2 and Proposition 3.2.2 suggest that in the definition of non-abelian zeta functions we should consider all vector bundles, just as what happens in the theory of automorphic $`L`$-functions. However, we here use an example with $`r=2`$ to indicate the opposite.

Thus we frist introduce a new zeta function $`\zeta _{E,r}^{\mathrm{all}}(s)`$ by

$$\zeta _{E,r}^{\mathrm{all}}(s):=\underset{V:\mathrm{rank}(V)=2}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}q^{sd(V)}.$$

Then by our discussion on the non-abelian zeta functions associated to semi-stable bundle, we only need to consider the contribution of rank 2 bundles which are not semi-stable.

We start with a discussion on extension of bundles. Assume that $`V`$ is not semi-stable of rank 2. Let $`L_2`$ be the line subbundle of $`V`$ with maximal degree, then $`V`$ is obtained from the extension of $`L_2:=V/L_1`$ by $`L_1`$

$$0L_1VL_20.$$

But $`V`$ is not semi-stable implies that all such extensions are trivial. Thus $`V=L_1L_2`$. For later use, set $`d_i`$ to be the degree of $`L_i,i=1,2`$. Then $`d_1+d_2=d`$ the degree of $`V`$, and

$$\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)=(q1)^2q^{h^0(E,L_1L_2^1)}=(q1)^2q^{d_1d_2}.$$

Next we study the the contribution of degree 0 vector bundles of rank 2 which are not semi-stable. Note that the support of the summation should have non-vanishing $`h^0`$. Thus $`V=L_1L_2`$ where $`L_1\mathrm{Pic}^{d_1}(E)`$ with $`d_1>0`$. So the contributions of these bundles are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \zeta _{E,2}^{=0}(s)=& Z_{E,2}^{=0}(t)\hfill \\ \hfill =& \underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{L_1\mathrm{Pic}^d(E),L_2\mathrm{Pic}^d(E)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(L_1)}1}{(q1)^2q^{h^0(L_1L_2^1)}}=\frac{N_1^2}{(q1)^2}\underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^d1}{q^{2d}}\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{qN_1^2}{(q^21)(q1)^2}.\hfill \end{array}$$

4.2.2. Degree $`>0`$

Now we consider all degree strictly positive rank 2 vector bundles which are not semi-stable. From above we see that $`V=L_1L_2`$ with $`d_1>d_2`$. Thus for $`h^0(E,V)`$, there are three cases:

(i) $`d_2>0`$, clearly then $`h^0(E,V)=d`$;

(ii) $`d_2=0`$. Here there are two subcases, namely, (a) if $`L_2=𝒪_E`$, then $`h^0(E,V)=d_1+1`$; (b) If $`L_2𝒪_E`$, then $`h^0(E,V)=d_1`$;

(iii) $`d_2<0`$. Then $`h^0(E,V)=d_1`$.

Therefore, all in all the contribution of strictly positive degree rank 2 bundles which are not semi-stable to the zeta function $`\zeta _{E,r}^{\mathrm{all}}(s)`$ is given by

$$\zeta _{E,2}^{>0}(s)=Z_{E,2}^{>0}(t)=\left(\underset{(i)}{}+\underset{(ii.a)}{}+\underset{(ii.b)}{}+\underset{(iii)}{}\right)\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}t^d$$

where $`_{()}`$ means the summation is taken for all vector bundles in case (\*).

Hence, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{(i)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& N_1^2\underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{d_1+d_2=d,d_1>d_2>0}{}\frac{q^d1}{(q1)^2q^{d_1d_2}}t^d,\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{(ii.a)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& N_1\underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^{d+1}1}{(q1)^2q^d}t^d,\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{(ii.a)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& N_1(N_11)\underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^d1}{(q1)^2q^d}t^d,\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{(iii)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& N_1^2\underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{d_1+d_2=d,d_1>0>d_2}{}\frac{q^{d_1}1}{(q1)^2q^{d_1d_2}}t^d.\hfill \end{array}$$

By a direct calculation, we find that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \underset{(i)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& \frac{N_1^2t^3}{q1}\frac{q^2+q+1+q^2t}{(1t^2)(1q^2t^2)(qt)},\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{(ii.a)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& \frac{N_1t}{q1}\frac{q+1t}{(qt)(1t)},\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{(ii.a)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& \frac{N_1(N_11)}{q1}\frac{t}{(qt)(1t)},\hfill \\ \hfill \underset{(iii)}{}\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}=& \frac{N_1^2t}{(q1)^2(q^21)}\frac{q^2+q1qt}{(1t)(qt)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

4.2.3. Degree $`<0`$

Finally we consider the contribution of bundles with strictly negative degree. First we have the following classification according to $`h^0(E,V)`$.

(i) $`d_1>0>d_2`$. Then $`h^0(E,V)=d_1`$;

(ii) $`d_1=0>d_2`$. Here two subcases. (a) $`L_1=𝒪_E`$, then $`h^0(E,V)=1`$; (b) $`L_1𝒪_E`$, then $`h^0(V)=0`$;

(iii) $`0>d_1>d_2`$. Here $`h^0(V)=0`$.

Thus note that the support of $`h^0(E,V)`$ is only on the cases (i) and (ii.a), we see that similarly as before, the contribution of strictly positive degree rank 2 bundles which are not semi-stable to the zeta function is given by

$$\zeta _{E,2}^{<0}(s)=Z_{E,2}^{<0}(t)=\left(\underset{(i)}{}+\underset{(ii.a)}{}\right)\frac{q^{h^0(V)}1}{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{Aut}(V)}t^d.$$

Hence, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \zeta _{E,2}^{<0}(s)=Z_{E,2}^{<0}(t)=& N_1^2\underset{d=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{d_1>0>d_2,d_1+d_2=d}{}\frac{q^{d_1}1}{(q1)^2q^{d_1d_2}}t^d+N_1\underset{d=1}{\overset{ınfty}{}}\frac{q1}{(q1)^2q^d}t^d\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{N_1^2}{(q1)^2}\frac{q}{(qt1)(q^21)}+\frac{N_1}{q1}\frac{1}{qt1}.\hfill \end{array}$$

I hope now the reader is fully convinced that our definition of non-abelian zeta function by using moduli space of semi-stable bundles is much better than that of others: Not only our semi-stable zeta functions have much neat structure, we also have well-behavior geometric and hence arithmetic spaces ready to use. In a certain sense, we think the picture of our non-abelian zeta function is quite similar to that the so-called new forms: Only after removing these not-semi-stable contributions, we can see the intrinsic beautiful structures.

REFERENCES

\[A\] E. Artin, Quadratische Körper im Gebiete der höheren Kongruenzen, I,II, Math. Zeit, 19 153-246 (1924) (See also Collected Papers, pp. 1-94, Addison-Wesley 1965)

\[At\] M. Atiyah, Vector Bundles over an elliptic curve, Proc. LMS, VII, 414-452 (1957) (See also Collected Works, Vol. 1, pp. 105-143, Oxford Science Publications, 1988)

\[DR\] U.V. Desale & S. Ramanan, Poincaré polynomials of the variety of stable bundles, Maeh. Ann 216, 233-244 (1975)

\[HN\] G. Harder & M.S. Narasimhan, On the cohomology groups of moduli spaces of vector bundles over curves, Math Ann. 212, (1975) 215-248

\[H\] H. Hasse, Mathematische Abhandlungen, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York, 1975.

\[Mu\] D. Mumford, Geometric Invariant Theory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1965)

\[W\] A. Weil, Sur les courbes algébriques et les variétés qui s’en déduisent, Herman, Paris (1948)

\[We1\] L. Weng, New Non-Abelian Zeta Functions for Curves over Finite Fields, Nagoya University, 2000

\[We2\] L. Weng, Riemann-Roch Theorem, Stability, and New Zeta Functions for Number Fields, preprint, Nagoya, 2000

Appendix: Weierstrass Groups

1. Weierstrass Divisors

(1.1) Let $`M`$ be a compact Riemann surface of genus $`g2`$. Denote its degree $`d`$ Picard variety by $`\mathrm{Pic}^d(M)`$. Fix a Poincaré line bundle $`𝒫_d`$ on $`M\times \mathrm{Pic}^d(M)`$. (One checks easily that our constructions do not depend on a particular choice of Poincaré line bundle.) Let $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ be the theta divisor of $`\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)`$, i.e., the image of the natural map $`M^{g1}\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)`$ defined by $`(P_1,\mathrm{},P_{g1})[𝒪_M(P_1+\mathrm{}+P_{g1})]`$. Here $`[]`$ denotes the class defined by $``$. We will view the theta divisor as a pair $`(𝒪_{\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)}(\mathrm{\Theta }),\mathrm{𝟏}_\mathrm{\Theta })`$ with $`\mathrm{𝟏}_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ the defining section of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ via the structure exact sequence $`0𝒪_{\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)}𝒪_{\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)}(\mathrm{\Theta })`$.

Denote by $`p_i`$ the $`i`$-th projection of $`M\times M`$ to $`M`$, $`i=1,2`$. Then for any degree $`d=g1+n`$ line bundle on $`M`$, we get a line bundle $`p_1^{}L(n\mathrm{\Delta })`$ on $`M\times M`$ which has relative $`p_2`$-degree $`g1`$. Here, $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ denotes the diagonal divisor on $`M\times M`$. Hence, we get a classifying map $`\varphi _L:M\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)`$ which makes the following diagram commute:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}M\times M& & M\times \mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)\\ p_2& & \pi \\ M& \stackrel{\varphi _L}{}& \mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M).\end{array}$$

One checks that there are canonical isomorphisms

$$\lambda _\pi (𝒫^{g1})𝒪_{\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)}(\mathrm{\Theta })$$

and

$$\lambda _{p_2}(p_1^{}L(n\mathrm{\Delta }))\varphi _L^{}𝒪_{\mathrm{Pic}^{g1}(M)}(\mathrm{\Theta }).$$

Here, $`\lambda _\pi `$ (resp. $`\lambda _{p_2}`$) denotes the Grothendieck-Mumford cohomology determinant with respect to $`\pi `$ (resp. $`p_2`$). (See e.g., \[L\].)

Thus, $`\varphi _L^{}\mathrm{𝟏}_\mathrm{\Theta }`$ gives a canonical holomorphic section of the dual of the line bundle $`\lambda _{p_2}(p_1^{}L(n\mathrm{\Delta }))`$, which in turn gives an effective divisor $`W_L(M)`$ on $`M`$, the so-called Weierstrass divisor associated to $`L`$. Example. With the same notation as above, take $`L=K_M^m`$ with $`K_M`$ the canonical line bundle of $`M`$ and $`m𝐙`$. Then we get an effective divisor $`W_{K_M^m}(M)`$ on $`M`$, which will be called the $`m`$-th Weierstrass divisor associated to $`M`$. For simplicity, denote $`W_{K_M^m}(M)`$ (resp. $`\varphi _{K_M^m}`$) by $`W_m(M)`$ (resp. $`\varphi _m`$). One checks easily that the degree of $`W_m(M)`$ is $`g(g1)^2(2m1)^2`$ and we have an isomorphism $`𝒪_M(W_m(M))K_M^{g(g1)(2m1)^2/2}`$. Thus, in particular,

$$f_{m,n}:=\frac{(\varphi _m^{}\mathrm{𝟏}_\mathrm{\Theta })^{(2n1)^2}}{(\varphi _n^{}\mathrm{𝟏}_\mathrm{\Theta })^{(2m1)^2}}$$

gives a canonical meromorphic function on $`M`$ for all $`m,n𝐙`$. Remark. We may also assume that $`m\frac{1}{2}𝐙`$. Furthermore, this construction has a relative version as well, for which we assume that $`f:𝒳B`$ is a semi-stable family of curves of genus $`g2`$. In that case, we get an effective divisor $`(𝒪_𝒳(W_m(f)),\mathrm{𝟏}_{W_m(f)})`$ and canonical isomorphism

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill (𝒪_𝒳(W_m(f)),& \mathrm{𝟏}_{W_m(f)})\hfill \\ \hfill & (𝒪_𝒳(W_1(f)),\mathrm{𝟏}_{W_1(f)})^{(2m1)^2}(𝒪_𝒳(W_{\frac{1}{2}}(f)),\mathrm{𝟏}_{W_{\frac{1}{2}}(f)})^{4m(1m)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The proof may be given by using Deligne-Riemann-Roch theorem, which in general, implies that we have the following canonical isomorphism:

$$(𝒪_𝒳(W_L(f)),\mathrm{𝟏}_{W_L(f)})f^{}\lambda _f(L)L^nK_f^{n(n1)/2}.$$

(See e.g. \[Bur\].) To allow $`m`$ be a half integer, we then should assume that $`f`$ has a spin structure. Certainly, without using spin structure, a modified canonical isomorphism, valid for integers, can be given. 2. K-Groups

(2.1) Let $`M`$ be a compact Riemann surface of genus $`g2`$. Then by the localization theorem, we get the following exact sequence for $`K`$-groups

$$K_2(M)\stackrel{\lambda }{}K_2(𝐂(M))\stackrel{{\displaystyle \underset{pM}{}}_p}{}\underset{pM}{}𝐂_p^{}.$$

Note that the middle term may also be written as $`K_2(𝐂(M\backslash S))`$ for any finite subset $`S`$ of $`M`$, we see that naturally by the theorem of Matsumoto, the Steinberg symbol $`\{f_{m,n},f_{m^{},n^{}}\}`$ gives a well-defined element in $`K_2(𝐂(M))`$. Denote the subgroup generated by all $`\{f_{m,n},f_{m^{},n^{}}\}`$ with $`m,n,m^{},n^{}𝐙_{>0}`$ in $`K_2(𝐂(M))`$ as $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(M)`$. Definition. With the same notation as above, the first Weierstrass group $`W_I(M)`$ of $`M`$ is defined to be the $`\lambda `$-pull-back of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(M)`$, i.e., the subgroup $`\lambda ^1(\mathrm{\Sigma }(M))`$ of $`K_2(M)`$.

(2.2) For simplicity, now let $`C`$ be a regular projective irreducible curve of genus $`g2`$ defined over $`𝐐`$. Assume that $`C`$ has a semi-stable regular module $`X`$ over $`𝐙`$ as well. Then we have a natural morphism $`K_2(X)\stackrel{\varphi }{}K_2(M)`$. Here $`M:=C(𝐂)`$. Conjecture I. With the same notation as above, $`\varphi \left(K_2(X)\right)_𝐐=W_I(M)_𝐐.`$

3. Generalized Jacobians

(3.1) Let $`C`$ be a projective, regular, irreducible curve. Then for any effective divisor $`D`$, one may canonically construct the so-called generalized Jacobian $`J_D(C)`$ together with a rational map $`f_D:CJ_D(C)`$.

More precisely, let $`C_D`$ be the group of classes of divisors prime to $`D`$ modulo these which can be written as $`\mathrm{div}(f)`$. Let $`C_D^0`$ be the subgroup of $`C_D`$ which consists of all elements of degree zero. For each $`p_i`$ in the support of $`D`$, the invertible elements modulo those congruent to 1 (mod $`D`$) form an algebraic group $`R_{D,p_i}`$ of dimension $`n_i`$, where $`n_i`$ is the multiplicity of $`p_i`$ in $`D`$. Let $`R_D`$ be the product of these $`R_{D,p_i}`$. One checks easily that $`𝐆_m`$, the multiplicative group of constants naturally embeds into $`R_D`$. It is a classical result that we then have the short exact sequence

$$0R_D/𝐆_mC_D^0J0$$

where $`J`$ denotes the standard Jacobian of $`C`$. (See e.g., \[S\].) Denote $`R_D/𝐆_m`$ simply by $`𝐑_D`$.

Now the map $`f_D`$ extends naturally to a bijection from $`C_D^0`$ to $`J_D`$. In this way the commutative algebraic group $`J_D`$ becomes an extension as algebraic groups of the standard Jacobian by the group $`𝐑_D`$. Example. Take the field of constants as $`𝐂`$ and $`D=W_m(M)`$, the $`m`$-th Weierstrass divisor of a compact Riemann surface $`M`$ of genus $`g2`$. By (1.1), $`W_m(M)`$ is effective. So we get the associated generalized Jacobian $`J_{W_m(M)}`$. Denote it by $`WJ_m(M)`$ and call it the $`m`$-th Weierstras-Jacobian of $`M`$. For example, if $`m=0`$, then $`WJ_0(M)=J(M)`$ is the standard Jacobian of $`M`$. Moreover, one knows that the dimension of $`R_{W_m(M),p}`$ is at most $`g(g+1)/2`$. For later use denote $`𝐑_{W_m(M)}`$ simply by $`𝐑_m`$.

(3.2) The above construction works on any base field as well. We leave the detail to the reader while point out that if the curve is defined over a field $`F`$, then its associated $`m`$-th Weierstrass divisor is rational over the same field as well. (Obviously, this is not true for the so-called Weierstrass points, which behavior in a rather random way.) As a consequence, by the construction of the generalized Jacobian, we see that the $`m`$-th Weierstrass-Jacobians are also defined over $`F`$. (See e.g., \[S\].)

4. Galois Cohomology Groups

(4.1) Let $`K`$ be a perfect field, $`\overline{K}`$ be an algebraic closure of $`K`$ and $`G_{\overline{K}/K}`$ be the Galois group of $`\overline{K}`$ over $`K`$. Then for any $`G_{\overline{K}/K}`$-module $`M`$, we have the Galois cohomology groups $`H^0(G_{\overline{K}/K},M)`$ and $`H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},M)`$ such that if

$$0M_1M_2M_30$$

is an exact sequence of $`G_{\overline{K}/K}`$-modules, then we get a natural long exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& H^0(G_{\overline{K}/K},M_1)H^0(G_{\overline{K}/K},M_2)H^0(G_{\overline{K}/K},M_3)\hfill \\ & H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},M_1)H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},M_2)H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},M_3).\hfill \end{array}$$

Moreover, if $`G`$ is a subgroup of $`G_{\overline{K}/K}`$ of finite index or a finite subgroup, then $`M`$ is naturally a $`G`$-module. This leads a restriction map on cohomology $`\mathrm{res}:H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},M)H^1(G,M)`$. (4.2) Now let $`C`$ be a projective, regular irreducible curve defined over a number field $`K`$. Then for each place $`p`$ of $`K`$, fix an extension of $`p`$ to $`\overline{K}`$, which then gives an embedding $`\overline{K}\overline{K}_p`$ for the $`p`$-adic completion $`K_p`$ of $`K`$ and a decomposition group $`G_pG_{\overline{K}/K}`$.

Now apply the construction in (3.1) to the short exact sequence

$$0𝐑_mWJ_m(C)J(C)0$$

over $`K`$. Then we have the following long exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& 𝐑_m(K)WJ_m(K)J(K)\hfill \\ & H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},𝐑_m(K))H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},WJ_m(K))\stackrel{\psi }{}H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},J(K)).\hfill \end{array}$$

Similarly, for each place $`p`$ of $`K`$, we have the following exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0& 𝐑_m(K_p)WJ_m(K_p)J(K_p)\hfill \\ & H^1(G_p,𝐑_m(K_p))H^1(G_p,WJ_m(K_p))\stackrel{\psi _p}{}H^1(G_p,J(K_p)).\hfill \end{array}$$

Now the natural inclusion $`G_pG_{\overline{K}/K}`$ and $`\overline{K}\overline{K}_p`$ give restriction maps on cohomology, so we arrive at a natural morphism

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_m:\psi \left(H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},WJ_m(K))\right)\underset{pM_K}{}\psi _p\left(H^1(G_p,WJ_m(K_p))\right).$$

Here $`M_K`$ denotes the set of all places over $`K`$. Definition. With the same notation as above, the second Weierstrass group $`W_{II}(C)`$ of $`C`$ is defined to be the subgroup of $`H^1(G_{\overline{K}/K},J(C)(K))`$ generated by all $`\mathrm{Ker}\mathrm{\Phi }_m`$, the kernel of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_m`$, i.e., $`W_{II}(C):=\mathrm{Ker}\mathrm{\Phi }_m:m𝐙_{>0}_𝐙.`$ Conjecture II. With the same notation as above, the second Weierstrass group $`W_{II}(C)`$ is finite.

5. Deligne-Beilinson Cohomology

(5.1) Let $`C`$ be a projective regular curve of genus $`g`$. Let $`P`$ be a finite set of $`C`$. For simplicity, assume that all of them are defined over R. Then we have the associated Deligne-Belinsion cohomology group $`H_𝒟^1(C\backslash P,𝐑(1))`$ which leads to the following short exact sequence:

$$0𝐑H_𝒟^1(C\backslash P,𝐑(1))\stackrel{\mathrm{div}}{}𝐑[\mathrm{P}]^00$$

where $`𝐑[P]^0`$ denotes $`(\mathrm{the}\mathrm{group}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{degree}\mathrm{zero}\mathrm{divisors}\mathrm{with}\mathrm{support}\mathrm{on}P)_𝐑`$.

The standard cup product on Deligne-Beilinson cohomology leads to a well-defined map:

$$:H_𝒟^1(C\backslash P,𝐑(1))\times H_𝒟^1(C\backslash P,𝐑(1))H_𝒟^2(C\backslash P,𝐑(2)).$$

Furthermore, by Hodge theory, there is a canonical short exact sequence

$$0H^1(C\backslash P,𝐑(1))F^1(C\backslash P)H_𝒟^2(C\backslash P,𝐑(2))\stackrel{p_𝒟}{}H_𝒟^2(C,𝐑(2))0$$

where $`F^1`$ denotes the $`F^1`$-term of the Hodge filtration on $`H^1(C\backslash P,𝐂)`$.

All this then leads to a well-defined morphism

$$[,]_𝒟:^2𝐑[P]^0H_𝒟^2(C,𝐑(2))=H^1(C,𝐑(1))$$

which make the associated diagram coming from the above two short exact sequences commute. (See e.g. \[Bei\].)

(5.2) Now applying the above construction with $`P`$ being the union of the supports of $`W_1`$, $`W_m`$ and $`W_n`$ for $`m,n>0`$. Thus for fixed $`m,n`$, in $`𝐑[P]^0`$, we get two elements $`\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m})`$ and $`\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})`$. This then gives $`[\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})]_𝒟H^1(X,𝐑(1)).`$

Lemma. For any holomorphic differential 1-form $`\omega `$ on $`C`$, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}& [\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})]_𝒟,\omega :=\frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{}1}[\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})]_𝒟\overline{\omega }\hfill \\ \hfill =& \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{}1}g(\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),z)𝑑g(\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n}),z)\overline{\omega },\hfill \end{array}$$

Here $`g(D,z)`$ denotes the Green’s function of $`D`$ with respect to any fixed normalized (possibly singular) volume form of quasi-hyperbolic type.

Proof. A simple argument by using the Stokes formula.

(4.3) With exactly the same notation as in (4.2), then in $`H^1(X,𝐑(1))`$ we get a collection of elements $`[\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})]_𝒟`$ for $`m,n𝐙_{>0}`$.

Definition. With the same notation as above, assume that $`C`$ is defined over Z. Define the –first quasi-Weierstrass group $`W_I^{}(C)`$ of $`C`$ to be the subgroup of $`H^1(X,𝐑(1))`$ generated by $`[\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})]_𝒟`$ for all $`m,n𝐙_{>0}`$ and call $`W_I^{}(C)_𝐐`$ the –first Weierstrass group $`W_I(C)`$ of $`C`$. That is to say, $`W_I(C):=[\mathrm{div}(f_{1,m}),\mathrm{div}(f_{1,n})]_𝒟:m,n𝐙_{>0}_𝐐.`$ Conjecture III. With the same notation as above, $`W_1(C)_𝐑`$ is the full space, i.e. equals to $`H^1(X,𝐑(1))`$. That is to say, we believe Weierstrass divisors will give a new rational structure for $`H^1(X,𝐑(1))`$. Furthermore, we believe that the corresponding regulator will give the leading coefficient of the $`L`$-function of $`C`$ at $`s=0`$, up to rationals.

REFERENCES

\[Bei\] A. A. Beilinson, Higher regulators and values of $`L`$-functions, J. Soviet Math. 1985

\[Blo\] S. Bloch, Higher regulators, algebraic $`K`$-theory and zeta-function of elliptic curves, UC Irvine, 1978

\[Bur\] J.-F. Burnol, Weierstrass points on arithmetic surfaces, Invent. Math. 1992,

\[L\] S. Lang, Introduction to Arakelov theory, Springer-Verlag, 1988

\[S\] J. P. Serre, Groupes algebriques et corps de classes, Hermann, 1975


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Two-dimensional Hydrogen atoms in magnetic fields have been a subject of active research during the last years. A large body of articles has been published on this problem in the framework of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. This problem is of practical interest because of the technological advances in nanofabrication technology that have made possible to create low dimensional structures like quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots . The two-dimensional Hamiltonian describing the Coulomb interaction $`\frac{Z}{r}`$, between a conduction electron and donor impurity center when a constant magnetic $`\stackrel{}{B}`$ field is applied perpendicular to the plane of motion, can be written in atomic units, $`\mathrm{}=M=e=1`$ in the CGS system, as follows

$$H\phi =\frac{1}{2}(i+\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{}{B}\times \stackrel{}{r})^2\phi \frac{Z}{r}\phi =i_t\phi =E\phi $$
(1)
Since we are dealing with a two-dimensional problem, we choose to work in polar coordinates $`(r,\vartheta ).`$ The angular operator operator $`i_\vartheta `$ commutes with the Hamiltonian (1), consequently we can introduce the following ansatz for the eigenfunction

$$\phi (\stackrel{}{r})=\frac{\mathrm{exp}(im\vartheta )}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\frac{u(r)}{\sqrt{r}}.$$
(2)
Substituting (2) into (1), we readily obtain that the radial function $`u(r)`$ satisfies the second order differential equation

$$\left[\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^2}{dr^2}+\frac{1}{2}(m^2\frac{1}{4})\frac{1}{r^2}+\frac{\omega _L^2r^2}{2}\frac{Z}{r}+m\omega _LE\right]u(r)=0,$$
(3)
where $`\omega _L=B/2c`$ is the Larmor frequency, $`E`$ is the energy, and $`m`$ the eigenvalue of the angular momentum. Eq. (3) cannot be solved in closed form in terms of special functions . There are analytic expressions for the energy for particular values of $`\omega _L`$ and $`m`$. The computation of the energy eigenvalues in (3) has been carried out using different techniques . A less studied problem is that of a relativistic 2D hydrogen atom in a magnetic field. Perhaps relativistic effects are not very important in semi-conducting devices but nevertheless they cannot be neglected when the interacting potentials are strong . Recently, the importance of considering relativistic effects has been pointed out when one computes the energy levels of semiconductors in high magnetic fields. The effective mass method is still valid until $`H10^5`$ Oe. In the case of two band approximation, the dispersion law has the form of a Klein-Gordon energy spectrum. Also, relativistic invariance imposes some supplementary restrictions on the allowed quantum energy levels.

In this article we investigate the relativistic corrections to the energy spectrum of a two-dimensional hydrogen atom in an homogeneous transverse magnetic field. Using a mixed-basis variational approach . In Sec 2, we compute the relativistic energy spectrum of a 2D relativistic Klein-Gordon hydrogen atom. In Sec 3, we discuss the application of the $`1/N`$ expansion to our problem. In Sec 4, we compare the energy spectrum of the relativistic 2D hydrogen atom with that obtained in the nonrelativistic limit. Finally, we present the concluding remarks in Sec. 5.

## 2 Relativistic Hydrogen Atom

Since we are interested in discussing the relativistic corrections to the energy levels of the 2D Hydrogen atom, we proceed to solve the 2D Klein-Gordon equation. The results obtained after solving the Klein-Gordon equation apply to an electron without spin. The advantage of this approach  can be easily understood if we recall that the Schödinger equation does not take into account the spin of the electron (1) and then we can directly compare the relativistic and nonrelativistic energy spectra.

The covariant generalization of the Klein-Gordon equation in the presence of electromagnetic interactions takes the form

$$\left(g^{\alpha \beta }(_\alpha \frac{i}{c}A_\alpha )(_\beta \frac{i}{c}A_\beta )c^2\right)\mathrm{\Psi }=0,$$
(4)
where $`g^{\alpha \beta }`$ is the contravariant metric tensor, and $`_\alpha `$ is the covariant derivative. The metric tensor $`g_{\alpha \beta }`$ written in polar coordinates $`(t,r,\vartheta )`$ takes the form:

$$g_{\alpha \beta }=diag(1,1,r^2),$$
(5)
and the vector potential $`A^\alpha `$ associated with a 2D Coulomb potential and a constant magnetic field interaction is

$$A^\alpha =(\frac{Z}{r},0,\frac{Br^2}{2}).$$
(6)
From the above expression (6) for the vector potential $`A^\alpha `$ it is straightforward to verify that the electric and magnetic fields satisfy the invariant relations

$$F_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta }=2(B^2E^2)=2(B^2\frac{Z^2}{r^4}),$$
(7)
$$^{}F_{\alpha \beta }F^{\alpha \beta }=0\stackrel{}{E}\stackrel{}{B}=0,$$
(8)
where $`F^{\alpha \beta }`$ is the (2+1) electromagnetic field strength tensor.

Expressions (7) and (8) tell us that in fact, $`A^\alpha `$ is associated with a 2D Coulomb atom in a constant magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the particle motion. The corresponding $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{B}`$ can be written in polar coordinates as follows:

$$\stackrel{}{E}=\frac{Z}{r^2}\widehat{e}_r,\stackrel{}{B}=B\widehat{e}_z.$$
(9)
Since the vector potential components do not depend on time or the angular variable $`\vartheta ,`$ we have that the wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, solution of the Klein-Gordon equation (4), can be written as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(r,\vartheta ,t)=\frac{u(r)}{\sqrt{r}}\mathrm{exp}(im\vartheta Et),$$
(10)
where the function $`u(r)`$ satisfies the second order differential equation

$$\frac{d^2u(r)}{dr^2}+\left(\frac{\frac{1}{4}m^2+\frac{Z^2}{c^2}}{r^2}\frac{mB}{c}c^2+\frac{E^2}{c^2}\frac{1}{4}\frac{r^2B^2}{c^2}+\frac{2EZ}{c^2r}\right)u(r)=0.$$
(11)
Eq. (11) has the same form as Eq. (3), therefore no exact solutions of Eq. (11) can be obtained in terms of special functions.

In the present article we analyze the problem of computing the energy levels of the 2D relativistic Coulomb atom using a mixed-basis variational approach. In order to apply the variational method to our problem , we look for a trial wave function. Since Eq. (11) reduces to the relativistic Hydrogen atom equation when $`\omega _L=0,`$ we can consider as a basis, for $`\omega _L<<1`$, the Hydrogen wave functions $`u_H.`$ The solution of eq. (3) when $`\omega _L=0`$ is

$$u_H(r)=D_{m,n}e^{r\sqrt{c^2\frac{E^2}{c^2}}}r^{(\sqrt{m^2\frac{Z^2}{c^2}}+1/2)}L(n_\rho ,2\sqrt{m^2\frac{Z^2}{c^2}},2r\sqrt{c^2\frac{E^2}{c^2}})$$
(12)
where $`D_{m,n}`$ is a normalization constant, $`L(a,b,x)`$ are the Laguerre polynomials , and $`E`$ from  is

$$E=c^2\left[1+\frac{Z^2}{c^2(n_\rho \frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{m^2\frac{Z^2}{c^2}})^2}\right]^{1/2}.$$
(13)
It is worth mentioning that the relation (13) makes sense only when

$$m^2\frac{Z^2}{c^2}>0,$$
(14)
a condition that forbids the existence of the $`s`$ energy levels ($`m=0)`$, this is in fact a peculiarity of the relativistic Klein-Gordon solution, which is not present in the standard Schrödinger framework.

Conversely, for large values of $`\omega _L,`$ a good trial basis is that of the spherical oscillator. In this case, the solution of eq. (11) has the form

$$u_{Osc}(r)=C_{m,n}e^{\omega _L\rho ^2/2}\rho ^{(\left|m\right|+1)}L(n_\rho ,\left|m\right|,\omega _L\rho ^2)$$
(15)
and, in the high-field limit, the energy spectrum of a relativistic spinless particle in a constant magnetic field satisfies the relation

$$\frac{E^2}{c^2}c^2=2\omega _L\left(2n+m+\left|m\right|+1\right).$$
(16)
Among the advantages of considering a relativistic spinless electron is that we can easily compute the energy levels with the help of the mixed base variational approach. Nevertheless, we can easily see when the Klein Gordon equation gives a reasonably good value for the energy spectrum as compared to that obtained via the Dirac equation.

The 2+1 Dirac equation  in the presence of an external electromagnetic field $`A_\mu `$ reads

$$\left(\gamma ^\mu (\frac{}{x^\mu }+\frac{A_\mu }{c})+c\right)\mathrm{\Psi }=0.$$
(17)
Since we are working in a two dimensional space, we can work in the following representation of the gamma matrices

$$\gamma ^0=i\sigma ^3,\gamma ^1=\sigma ^1,\gamma ^2=\sigma ^2.$$
(18)
Then, the Dirac spinor has only two components. Since the Dirac equation (17) expressed in the diagonal tetrad gauge commutes with the operators $`i\frac{}{t}`$ and $`i\frac{}{\vartheta }`$, the spinor $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ can be written as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(t,𝐫)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\mathrm{exp}(iEt+il\vartheta )\psi ,(r)$$
(19)
$$\psi =\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _1(r)\\ \psi _2(r)\end{array}\right)$$
(20)
where $`\psi _1`$ and $`\psi _2`$ satisfy the system of equations

$$(\frac{E}{c}+c+\frac{Z}{\rho })\psi _1+(\frac{}{\rho }+\frac{l}{\rho }+\frac{B\rho }{2c})\psi _2=0,$$
(21)
$$(\frac{E}{c}+c\frac{Z}{\rho })\psi _2+(\frac{}{\rho }\frac{l}{\rho }+\frac{B\rho }{2c})\psi _1=0.$$
(22)
Substituting (21) into (22), we obtain the following second order differential equation

$$\frac{d^2\psi _2}{d\rho ^2}+\left((\frac{E}{c}+\frac{Z}{\rho })^2c^2\frac{l(l+1)}{\rho ^2}\frac{1}{4}\frac{B^2\rho ^2}{c^2}(l+\frac{1}{2})\frac{B}{c}+D\right)\psi _2=0$$
(23)
where $`D`$ is given by

$$D=\frac{Z}{\rho ^2}(\frac{E}{c}+c+\frac{Z}{\rho })^1(\frac{}{\rho }+\frac{l}{\rho }+\frac{B\rho }{2c})\psi _2$$
(24)
It is worth mentioning that angular parameter $`l`$ takes half integer values  and therefore it can be related to $`m`$ as follows

$$l=m\frac{1}{2}.$$
(25)
Eq. (23) reduces to the radial Klein-Gordon equation (11) when $`D`$ vanishes. Looking at (24) and (21) we see that $`D`$ is very small for large values of $`\rho `$ . The mean square radius of the Dirac and Klein-Gordon electron is $`\rho ^22(n+1/2)c/B`$ where $`n`$ labels the energy levels. Taking into account that large values of the radial variable imply that $`\rho >1/c`$, we find that $`D`$ is negligible for magnetic fields satisfying the inequality $`B<2c^3`$, which is the critical value for strong magnetic fields .

Using Eq. (23), and keeping only leading terms of $`D`$, the motion of a relativistic electron for small values of $`B`$ and $`\rho `$ is described by the equation

$$\frac{d^2\phi _2}{d\rho ^2}+\left((\frac{E}{c}+\frac{Z}{\rho })^2c^2+\frac{\frac{1}{4}l^2}{\rho ^2}\frac{1}{4}\frac{B^2\rho ^2}{c^2}(l1)\frac{B}{c}\right)\phi _2=0.$$
(26)
Notice that Eq (26) gives a description of a relativistic electron in a weak magnetic field $`B`$ for small values of $`\rho `$. From Eq. (23) and (25, we see that, in oposition to the Klein-Gordon case, the 2+1 relativistic Dirac electron has $`s`$ states.

If we attempt to apply the variational method using the hydrogen atom basis, we will obtain good agreement with accurate results for small values of $`\omega _L,`$ but this approach fails for large $`\omega _L`$, even if we consider a many term basis. An analogous situation occurs when we use the oscillator basis, in which case we obtain a good agreement for large $`\omega _L,`$ but the convergence is very slow for small values of $`\omega _L`$.  In order to solve this problem, we propose a trial function , for any quantum level $`n`$, a linear combination of the form

$$u=\underset{i}{\overset{N}{}}(c_{iH}u_{iH}+c_{iO}u_{iOsc})$$
(27)
where $`Nin`$; $`u_{iH}`$ and $`u_{iOsc}`$ are the corresponding hydrogen and oscillator wave functions associated with the quantum level $`i`$ $`c_{iO}`$ and $`c_{iH}`$ are constants to be calculated. It is worth mentioning that our basis is not orthogonal under the inner product $`u_iu_j=_0^{\mathrm{}}u_iu_j𝑑\rho .`$ Substituting (27) into (11), and performing variation on the basis coefficients $`c_j`$, we readily obtain the following matrix equation:

$`\left(u_i(r),{\displaystyle \frac{d^2u_j(r)}{dr^2}}+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}m^2+{\displaystyle \frac{Z^2}{c^2}})A_{ij}\right)c_j`$ (28)
$`+\left(({\displaystyle \frac{mB}{c}}+c^2{\displaystyle \frac{E^2}{c^2}})\delta _{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{B^2}{c^2}}D_{ij}+{\displaystyle \frac{2EZ}{c^2}}C_{ij}\right)c_j=0`$
with

$$A_{ij}=u_i(r)\left|\frac{1}{r^2}\right|u_j(r),C_{ij}=u_i(r)\left|\frac{1}{r}\right|u_j(r),D_{ij}=u_i(r)\left|r^2\right|u_j(r)$$
(29)
where the indices i and j running from 1 to N correspond to the Hydrogen and oscillator bases respectively. The algebraic equation (28) $`Q_{ij}c_j=0`$ gives nontrivial values of $`c_j`$ provided that the matrix $`Q_{ij}`$ be singular. The energy eigenvalue for a given quantum level $`n`$ is the lowest value of $`E,`$ solution of the equation $`det(Q_{ij})=0.`$ The mixed-basis variational method gives reasonably good values for the energy eigenvalues even for the simple selection of a two term basis as in Eq. (27). In this particular case, we have that the trial function, for any quantum level, is a linear combination of the form

$$u_i=c_{iH}u_{iH}+c_{iO}u_{iO}$$
(30)
Better results should be expected for a basis with more terms. For a three term basis, we have two possible trial functions

$$u_i=c_1u_{1iH}+c_2u_{2iH}+c_3u_{1iO,}(mix21)$$
(31)
and

$$u_i=c_1u_{1iH}+c_2u_{1iO}+c_3u_{2iO},(mix12)$$
(32)
where the three terms in (31) and (32) have the same angular dependences of the eigenfunction to be approximated. In this scheme u2i corresponds to a wavefunction associated with a higher quantum number to that we are going to approximate.

For comparison, the numerical computations of the relativistic energy spectra are carried out with the help of the Schwartz method , which is a generalization of the mesh point technique for numerical approximation of functions. This method gives highly accurate results given a thoughtful choice of the reference function, and its efficiency has been shown computing the energy spectrum of the 2D Hydrogen atom .

## 3 1/N Approach

The shifted 1/N expansion is a perturbative technique that has permitted us to solve the N-dimensional stationary Schrödinger equation with a wide class of radial potentials. The shifted 1/N method has also been developed to compute energy eigenvalues of relativistic spin 0 and spin $`\frac{1}{2}`$ particles in the presence of spherically symmetric vector and scalar potentials. Here we proceed to compute the energy eigenvalues of our problem using the 1/N expansion for $`N=2`$. Since Eq. (11) contains a magnetic field contribution, some minor modifications should be made to the recipe of Ref  where the authors develop the shifted 1/N technique to deal with the $`3D`$ Klein-Gordon equation in a spherically symmetric potential.

Following the scheme developed by Imbo and Pagnamenta , we have that the radial Klein-Gordon equation in the presence of a constant magnetic field (9) takes the form

$$\left(\frac{d^2}{dr^2}+\frac{(\overline{k}+a1)(\overline{k}+a3)}{4r^2}+mB+M^2+\frac{1}{4}r^2B^2[E+\frac{Z}{r}]^2\right)U_{n_r}(r)=0$$
(33)
where $`\overline{k}=N+2la,`$ with $`a`$ as the shifting parameter, and $`U_{n_r}(r)`$ is the reduced radial wave function. Eq. (33) is written in units $`\mathrm{}=c=1`$. In these units we have that $`\alpha =1/137`$. Here we borrow the results reported in Ref  Introducing the scaled mass

$$M_a=(M^2+mB)^{1/2}$$
(34)
and proceeding to minimize $`E_0`$

$$E_0=V(r_0)+(M_a^2+Q/(2r_0)^2)^{1/2},$$
(35)
we obtain that $`r_0`$ satisfies the equation

$$r_0^3V^{}(r_0)(1+Q/(4M_a^2r_0^2)^{1/2}=Q/4M_a.$$
(36)
The shifting parameter is

$$a=2(1+2n)w$$
(37)
where $`w`$ is given by

$$w=\left(3+r_0+V^{\prime \prime }(r_0)/V^{}(r_0)4r_0^4V^{}(r_0)^2/Q\right)^{1/2},$$
(38)
and $`Q`$ can be written as

$$Q=\overline{k}^2,Q=[r_o^2V^{}(r_0)]^2(2+2g),$$
(39)
with

$$g=(1+(2M_a/(r_oV^{}(r_o)))^{1/2}.$$
(40)
Equations (37) and (39) along with equations (38) and (40) give

$$2l+(1+2n)wr_0^2V^{}(r_0)(2+2g)^{1/2}=0.$$
(41)
Equation (41) allows computing the value of $`r_0.`$ Using this value we compute the coefficients

$$E_1=E_0V^{\prime \prime \prime }(r_0)V(r_0)V^{\prime \prime \prime }(r_0)3V^{}(r_0)V^{\prime \prime }(r_0),$$
(42)
$$E_2=E_0V^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }(r_0)V(r_0)V^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }(r_0)4V^{}(r_0)V^{\prime \prime \prime }(r_0)3V^{\prime \prime }(r_0)^2,$$
(43)
$$\epsilon 1=(2a)/w,\epsilon 2=3(2a)/(2w),$$
(44)
$$\epsilon 3=1+r_0^5E_1/(3Qw^{3/2}),\epsilon 4=5/4+r_0^6E_2/(12Qw^2)$$
(45)
and finally we have for the energy

$`E=E_0+1/2/E_0r_0^2((1a)(3a)/4+(1+2n)\epsilon 2+3(1+2n+2n^2)\epsilon 4`$ (46)
$`1/w(\epsilon 1^2+6(1+2n)\epsilon 1\epsilon 3+(11+30n+30n^2)\epsilon 3^2)+B^2r_0^4/4)`$
where the energy level is expressed in units where $`c=1,`$ $`\mathrm{}=1.`$ The energy eigenvalues can be expressed in atomic units with the help of the relation:

$$E_n=2(E1)/\alpha ^2.$$
(47)
Now we proceed to compare the results obtained via the mixed variational approach as well as the $`1/N`$ expansion with those computed numerically. Energy levels are computed in Rydberg units as a function of $`\gamma ^{}=2\omega _L/(2\omega _L+1)`$ and displayed in Figures 1 to 4.

## 4 Comparison with the 2D nonrelativistic Hydrogen Atom

In this section we proceed to compare the results obtained for the energy spectrum of the 2D relativistic Hydrogen atom with those computed in the nonrelativistic limit, when the 2D Schrödinger equation was considered. In order to establish a better comparison we use numerical results obtained with the Schwartz interpolation method. In Tables 1 and 2 we exhibit different values of the energy for different magnetic field strengths.

| $`\gamma ^{}`$ | nonrel | rel | diff x 100 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | -0.4444444 | -0.44449574 | 0.005134 |
| 0.1 | -0.5239504 | -0.52421206 | 0.026166 |
| 0.2 | -0.5629132 | -0.5635173 | 0.06041 |
| 0.3 | -0.5635941 | -0.56468762 | 0.109352 |
| 0.4 | -0.5193465 | -0.52115542 | 0.180892 |
| 0.5 | -0.4095808 | -0.41248102 | 0.290022 |
| 0.6 | -0.1862031 | -0.19088784 | 0.468474 |
| 0.7 | 0.2719562 | 0.2640041 | 0.79521 |
| 0.8 | 1.3504374 | 1.33516298 | 1.527442 |
| 0.9 | 5.1012487 | 5.0599714 | 4.12773 |

Table 1 Relativistic energy values for $`m=1`$, and a comparison with the non relativistic energy spectrum. The first column corresponds to the nonrelativistic energy, the second column is the relativistic energy $`Ec^2`$, and the third column corresponds to 100 times the difference between first and second columns

| $`\gamma ^{}`$ | nonrel | rel | diff x 100 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | -0.16 | -0.1600366 | 0.00366 |
| 0.1 | -0.2605089 | -0.2606836 | 0.01747 |
| 0.2 | -0.2731927 | -0.27364026 | 0.044756 |
| 0.3 | -0.2377636 | -0.2386137 | 0.08501 |
| 0.4 | -0.150434 | -0.1518818 | 0.14478 |
| 0.5 | 0.0113883 | 0.00901904 | 0.236926 |
| 0.6 | 0.3009099 | 0.29702154 | 0.388836 |
| 0.7 | 0.8503051 | 0.84361474 | 0.669036 |
| 0.8 | 2.0734797 | 2.06046406 | 1.301564 |
| 0.9 | 6.1341553 | 6.09847572 | 3.567958 |

Table 2 Relativistic energy values for $`m=2`$, and a comparison with the non relativistic energy spectrum. The fist column corresponds to the nonrelativistic energy, the second column is the relativistic $`Ec^2`$ energy, and the third column corresponds to 100 times the difference between first and second columns

Tables 1 and 2 show that the role played by the relativistic corrections is to shift down the energy levels. The relativistic effects becomes noticeable when the magnetic field parameter $`\gamma ^{}`$ is close to unity. Figure 5. shows the dependence of this difference.

## 5 Concluding remarks

Figures 1 thru 4 show that the variational mixed-basis method gives very good results for the energy spectrum of a 2D relativistic Hydrogen atom in a constant magnetic field. The energy eigenfunctions obtained with this approach give good energy values even for intermediate values of $`\gamma ^{}`$ as shown in Figs 1-4 where we compare the variational results with those obtained numerically via the Schwartz interpolation method . The shifted $`1/N`$ method fails to give reasonably results when we apply its extension to the Klein Gordon equation . The advantage of the mixed variational method is that we obtain a simple form of the wave function and a reasonable good approximation without considering a large term variational basis. The role played by relativity consists in shifting down the energy levels as indicated in Figure 5. The results presented in this article were obtained considering a two-dimensional hydrogenic atom in the presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of motion. In this direction there are some differences between our approach and the method applied in Ref. . Here the authors consider a non relativistic quasi two-dimensional system confined by a square-well $`V_B(z)`$. The Hamiltonian in Ref.  contains this term and therefore the energy spectrum depends on the dimensions of the confining well. Since the variational technique applied in this paper is equivalent to the method suggested by Chen et al , our results reduce, in the non relativisic limit, and when the width of the well is negligible, to those reported by Chen et al. Finally we mention that $`s`$ states are not present for the 2D Klein-Gordon Hydrogen atom. The absence of $`s`$ $`(m=0)`$ states for the relativistic Klein-Gordon 2D Hydrogen atom can be understood if we look at the behavior of Eq. (11) as $`r`$ approaches to zero. For m=0, we have a “falling to center” problem, and this behavior is unobserved when we solve the 2D Dirac equation. A detailed discussion of relativistic effects including spin corrections will be presented in a future publication.

## Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Ernesto Medina for reading and improving the manuscript. This work was supported by CONICIT under project 96000061.