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# A linear system on Naruki’s moduli space of marked cubic surfaces

## 1. Cubic surfaces their moduli space

### 1.1.

We briefly recall the basics on cubic surfaces and $`E_6`$, see \[H\] and references given there for proofs. We relate this to the modular orthogonal geometry used by Allcock and Freitag.

### 1.2. The 27 lines.

Any smooth cubic surface $`S`$ has 27 lines and there are sets of six disjoint lines $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_6\}`$. Blowing down the lines $`a_i`$ to points $`p_i`$ defines a birational isomorphism $`S𝐏^2`$. The images of the other 21 lines on $`S`$ are the 15 lines $`<p_i,p_j>`$ and the 6 conics which pass through all six points except one of the $`p_i`$. The corresponding lines are denoted by $`c_{ij}`$ and $`b_j`$. The birational inverse $`𝐏^2S`$ is given by the linear system of all cubics passing through the points $`p_1`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`p_6`$.

### 1.3. The root system $`E_6`$.

The Picard group of $`S`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐙^7`$ and a $`𝐙`$-basis is given by the pull-back $`l`$ of (the divisor class of) a line in $`𝐏^2`$ and the classes of the lines $`a_i`$. The intersection form is determined by

$$l^2=1,a_i^2=1,la_i=0,a_ia_j=0$$

for $`ij`$. The classes of the lines are

$$c_{ij}=l(a_i+a_j),b_i=2l(a_1+\mathrm{}+\widehat{a}_i+\mathrm{}+a_6).$$

The canonical class of $`S`$ is $`K_S:=3l+a_1+\mathrm{}+a_6`$ and $`K_S^2=3`$. The class of a hyperplane section of $`S`$ is $`K_S`$. The primitive cohomology of $`S`$ is thus the orthogonal complement of $`K_S`$. This $`𝐙`$-module, with the bilinear form $`(x,y):=xy`$, is isomorphic to the root lattice $`Q(E_6)`$ of the root system $`E_6`$:

$$Q(E_6)K_S^{}:=\{xPic(S):xK_S=0\}.$$

A $`𝐙`$-basis for $`Q(E_6)`$ is given by:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}\alpha _1=a_2a_1,& & \alpha _3=a_3a_2,& & \alpha _4=a_4a_3,& & \alpha _5=a_5a_4,& & \alpha _6=a_6a_5,\\ & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & \alpha _2=la_4a_5a_6.& & & & \end{array}$$

This is a basis of simple roots of $`E_6`$:

The set $`E_6^+`$ of positive roots of $`E_6`$ consists of the 36 elements in $`Q(E_6)`$ given by

$$h_{ij}:=a_i+a_j,(i<j)h_{ijk}:=la_pa_qa_r,h:=2la_1\mathrm{}a_6,$$

where $`\{i,j,k,l,p,q,r\}=\{1,2,\mathrm{},6\}`$. In particular, $`\alpha _2=h_{123}`$ and with this convention our notation is compatible with that of \[H\]. The root system $`E_6:=E_6^+(E_6^+)`$ $`Pic(S)`$ contains $`72`$ vectors, called roots.

### 1.4. The Weyl group $`W(E_6)`$.

The Weyl group $`W(E_6)`$ is the subgroup of $`GL(Q(E_6))`$ generated by reflections in the roots. We denote by $`s_i`$ the reflection in the hyperplane perpendicular to the root $`\alpha _i`$. More generally we write $`s_\alpha `$, with $`\alpha E_6`$, for the reflection in the hyperplane perpendicular to $`\alpha `$.

### 1.5. The orthogonal geometry.

Allcock and Freitag use a non-degenerate quadratic form $`Q`$ on the vector space $`𝐅_3^5`$ and its orthogonal group $`O(5,3)`$ to describe the combinatorics of the lines on a cubic surfaces and of divisors on the moduli space $``$. The basic facts are (\[AF\], section 2):

$$O(5,3)W(E_6)\times \{\pm 1\},$$

there are $`72`$ vectors with $`Q(x)=1`$, these are called the short roots (note $`Q(x)=Q(x)`$). There are $`90`$ vectors with $`Q(x)=2`$, the long roots, and there are $`80`$ nonzero vectors with $`Q(x)=0`$, called isotropic vectors. (See also \[MT\], $`\mathrm{\S }`$3.)

### 1.6. Boundary divisors of $``$

If a root is the class of an effective divisor on the blow up of $`𝐏^2`$, then this effective divisor is a $`𝐏^1`$ which is contracted to a node on the cubic surface. This sets up a correspondence between the set of irreducible divisors in $``$ parametrizing nodal cubic surfaces and $`E_6^+`$. These divisors are labelled by pairs $`\pm x`$ of ‘short roots’ in \[AF\].

The divisor in $``$ corresponding to $`\alpha E_6^+`$ is denoted by $`D_\alpha `$ (or by $`D_{ij}`$ if $`\alpha =h_{ij}`$ etc.). These divisors are the fixed point sets of the corresponding reflections $`s_\alpha W(E_6)`$ in $``$. The reflection $`s_\alpha Aut(Pic(S))`$ may be identified with the Picard-Lefschetz transformation associated to the general nodal cubic surface $`S_0`$ in $`D_\alpha `$.

### 1.7. Lines and weights.

Let $`P(E_6)Q(E_6)𝐐`$ be the weight lattice of $`E_6`$:

$$P(E_6):=\{xQ(E_6)_𝐙𝐐:(x,y)𝐙,yQ(E_6)\}.$$

The intersection number of the class $`c`$ of a line on $`S`$ with a root is an integer, hence $`c`$ defines an element $`x_cP(E_6)`$. In this way one obtains a $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of $`27`$ weights (which are also denoted by $`a_i`$, $`b_i`$, $`c_{ij}`$ with $`1i6`$, $`1i<j6`$, cf. \[H\], $`\mathrm{\S }`$ 6.1.3). Note that $`a_1`$ is perpendicular to all simple roots except $`\alpha _1`$ and that $`(a_1,\alpha _1)=1`$, thus $`a_1`$ is minus a fundamental root of $`E_6`$.

### 1.8. The tritangent planes and tritangent divisors.

Since hyperplane sections of $`S`$ correspond to cubics on the $`p_i`$, it is easy to see that there are 45 planes, the tritangent planes, which intersect $`S`$ in three lines, in Schläfli’s notation these are denoted by:

$$(ij)=\{a_i,b_j,c_{ij}\},(ij.kl.mn)=\{c_{ij},c_{kl},c_{mn}\},$$

where$`\{i,\mathrm{},n\}=\{1,\mathrm{},6\}`$. Another labelling for the tritangents was given by Cayley and is used by Naruki. The dictionary between the labels is given in \[Se\], p.371. The 45 tritangent divisors in $``$ are written as $`D_t`$ where $`t`$ is one of Schläfli’s labels. The tritangent divisors correspond to pairs $`\pm x`$ of long roots of \[AF\].

Three lines lie in a tritangent plane iff the sum of their classes in $`Pic(S)`$ is $`K_S`$ iff the corresponding weights are linearly dependent. The orthogonal complement in $`E_6`$ of the span of three such weights is a root system of type $`D_4`$. If the tritangent is labelled by $`t`$, we will denote this $`D_4`$ by $`t^{}`$.

### 1.9. The subsystem $`D_4`$

An important example is the case that $`t=(16)=\mathrm{w}`$. In that case $`t^{}`$ is the $`D_4E_6`$ spanned by the simple roots $`\alpha _2,\alpha _3,\alpha _4`$ and $`\alpha _5`$. This root system is discussed in section 2.

### 1.10. The $`W(F_4)`$ and tritangents.

To a tritangent $`t`$ one associates an element $`\gamma (\mathrm{t})W(E_6)`$ which is the product of the relections in 4 orthogonal roots in $`t^{}D_4`$. Thus $`\gamma (t)`$ is $`I`$ on the span of $`t^{}`$ and is $`+I`$ on the orthogonal complement which is the span on the subspace spanned by the weights corresponding to the lines in $`t`$. For $`t=(16)=\mathrm{w}`$ one may take $`\gamma (\mathrm{w})=s_2s_5s_3(s_4s_5s_3s_4)s_2(s_4s_3s_5s_4)`$. The $`\gamma (t)`$’s are a conjugacy class of 45 elements in $`W(E_6)`$ which correspond (via their $`+1`$-eigenspace) with the tritangents. The centralizer of a $`\gamma (t)`$ in $`W(E_6)`$ is isomorphic to the Weyl group $`W(F_4)`$. The fixed point set of a $`\gamma (t)`$ on $`𝒞`$ is the tritangent divisor $`D_t`$ which parametrises cubic surfaces for which the three lines in $`t`$ meet in one point, called an Eckart point (\[N\] §8).

## 2. The toric variety

### 2.1.

For general facts on toroidal compactifications we refer to \[Fu\], for root systems see \[Hu\].

### 2.2. The torus.

The $`D_4`$-adjoint torus

$$T\stackrel{}{}(𝐂^{})^4,t(\lambda (t),\mu (t),\nu (t),\rho (t))$$

comes with a natural identification of its character group $`\mathrm{Hom}(T,𝐂^{})𝐙^4`$ with the sublattice

$$M:=e_1e_2,e_2e_3,e_3e_4,e_3+e_4_{i=1}^4𝐙e_i.$$

The lattice $`M`$, with the scalar product induced by the standard inner product on $`𝐙e_i`$, is the root lattice $`Q(D_4)`$ of $`D_4`$. We often use:

$$\mathrm{Hom}(T,𝐂^{})\stackrel{}{}M,\lambda e_1e_2,\mu e_3+e_4,\nu e_3e_4,\rho e_2e_3.$$

For $`\alpha M`$ we define a regular function on $`T`$ by:

$$f_\alpha :=\lambda ^a\mu ^b\nu ^c\rho ^d\mathrm{with}\alpha =a(e_1e_2)+b(e_2e_3)+c(e_3e_4)+d(e_3+e_4)M.$$

### 2.3. The root system.

The root system $`D_4`$ consists of the following 24 vectors in $`M`$:

$$D_4=\{\pm e_i\pm e_jM:1i<j4\}.$$

The set

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_0:=\{e_1e_2,e_2e_3,e_3e_4,e_3+e_4\}(D_4)$$

is a fundamental system (or base of the root system), that is any root is a linear combination of these 4 vector with all coefficients either positive (such a root is called positive) or negative. Let $`N=M^{}`$ be the dual lattice of $`M`$,

$$N:=\mathrm{Hom}_𝐙(M,𝐙)=\{x\left(𝐙e_i\right)^{}_𝐙𝐑:x,\alpha 𝐙\alpha M\},$$

here $`.,.`$ is the pairing between $`\left(𝐙e_i\right)^{}_𝐙𝐑`$ and its dual. Let $`\{ϵ_1,\mathrm{},ϵ_4\}(𝐙e_i)^{}_𝐙𝐑`$ be the dual basis of $`\{e_1,\mathrm{},e_4\}`$. Then the basis of $`N`$ which is dual to $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ is

$$ϵ_1,(ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2,(ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2,ϵ_1+ϵ_2(N).$$

### 2.4. The Weyl group.

The Weyl group $`W(D_4)`$ of the root system is the subgroup of $`GL(M𝐑)`$ generated by the reflections in the roots (so $`s_\alpha (\beta )=\beta (\beta ,\alpha )\alpha )`$ and $`(.,.)`$ is the standard inner product on $`𝐙e_i`$). This group has 192 elements and is a semidirect product of $`S_4`$ (permuting the $`e_i`$) and $`(𝐙/2𝐙)^3`$ (changes the sign of an even number of the $`e_i`$). The Weyl group acts simply transitively on the fundamental systems.

The Weyl group acts on $`N`$ and the 4 elements of the dual basis above are in distinct orbits of lengths 8, 8, 8 and 24 respectively. We define

$$S:=\{\pm ϵ_i\}\{(\pm ϵ_1\pm ϵ_2\pm ϵ_3\pm ϵ_4)/2\},R:=\{\pm ϵ_i\pm ϵ_j\},$$

$`S`$ and $`R`$ each have 24 elements.

### 2.5. The Weyl chambers.

The (closed) Weyl chamber $`C(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ of a fundamental system $`\mathrm{\Delta }(D_4)`$ is the (maximal) cone in $`N_𝐙𝐑=\left(𝐙e_i\right)^{}_𝐙𝐑`$ defined by:

$$C(\mathrm{\Delta }):=\{xN_𝐙𝐑:x,\alpha 0\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }\}.$$

If $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _4\}`$ then the edges (i.e. the one dimensional faces) of $`C(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ are the 4 half-lines $`𝐑_0\tau _i`$ with $`\{\tau _1,\mathrm{},\tau _4\}`$ the dual basis of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. The decomposition

$$N_𝐙𝐑=_\mathrm{\Delta }C(\mathrm{\Delta })$$

is a regular cone decomposition of the vector space $`N_𝐙𝐑`$, it defines in a fan in $`N`$ whose faces are the faces of the 192 Weyl chambers. This fan has 48 edges which correspond to the elements of $`SR`$.

### 2.6. The toroidal compactification.

Associated to this fan is a toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{T}=_\mathrm{\Delta }A(\mathrm{\Delta }),A(\mathrm{\Delta })𝐂^4$$

and the inclusion $`TA(\mathrm{\Delta })`$ is defined by the inclusion of the rings of regular functions

$$𝐂[A(\mathrm{\Delta })]:=f_\alpha :\alpha M,x,\alpha 0xC(\mathrm{\Delta })𝐂[T]:=𝐂[\lambda ^{\pm 1},\mu ^{\pm 1},\nu ^{\pm 1},\rho ^{\pm 1}].$$

For example $`𝐂[A(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)]=𝐂[\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho ]`$. Each edge $`𝐑_0\tau `$, with $`\tau SR`$, defines a divisor $`V(\tau )`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ (\[Fu\], §3.3) and these $`48`$ divisors are the complement of $`T`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{T}T=_{\tau SR}V(\tau ).$$

The regular functions $`f_\alpha `$, $`\alpha M`$, on $`T`$ extend to rational functions on $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. The divisor of $`f_\alpha `$ is given by:

$$(f_\alpha )=\underset{\tau }{}n_\tau V(\tau )\mathrm{with}n_\tau :=\tau ,\alpha .$$

### 2.7. Example.

The divisor of $`\lambda =f_{e_1e_2}`$ is given by:

$$(\lambda )=D_\lambda ^+D_\lambda ^{}\mathrm{with}\{\begin{array}{ccc}D_\lambda ^+=V(ϵ_1)+V(ϵ_2)+_{\pm ,\pm }V((ϵ_1ϵ_2\pm ϵ_3\pm ϵ_4)/2)+D^{}\hfill & & \\ D_\lambda ^{}=V(ϵ_1)+V(ϵ_2)+_{\pm ,\pm }V((ϵ_1+ϵ_2\pm ϵ_3\pm ϵ_4)/2)+D^{\prime \prime }\hfill & & \end{array}$$

where $`D^{}`$ and $`D^{\prime \prime }`$ are combinations of the divisors $`V(\tau )`$ with $`\tau R`$ with coefficients in $`\{2,1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\}`$.

### 2.8. The cross ratio variety.

Naruki’s (smooth, projective) cross ratio variety $`𝒞`$ is obtained from the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ as follows (\[N\], §10-12):

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}& & 𝒞& \stackrel{r}{}& \hfill \widehat{T}& \stackrel{\pi ^{\prime \prime }}{}& \stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }& \stackrel{\pi ^{}}{}& \stackrel{~}{T}^{}& \stackrel{\pi _e}{}& \stackrel{~}{T}.\end{array}$$

The map $`\pi _e`$ is the blow up of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ in the identity element $`eT`$. The exceptional divisor $`\pi _e^1(e)𝐏^3`$ is denoted by $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$. The image in $``$ of its strict transform in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ is the tritangent divisor $`D_\mathrm{w}=D_{(16)}`$.

The map $`\pi ^{}`$ is the blow up of $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ in the strict transforms in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ of the 12 curves in the $`W(D_4)`$-orbit of the curve in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ defined by $`\lambda =\nu =\rho =1`$. The morphism $`r`$ contracts the strict transforms in $`\widehat{T}`$ of the 12 exceptional divisors in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ to surfaces in $`𝒞`$ and is an isomorphism on the complement (\[N\], Prop. 11.3).

The map $`\pi ^{\prime \prime }`$ is the blow up in the strict transform in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{\prime \prime }`$ of the 16 surfaces in the $`W(D_4)`$-orbit of $`\mu =\rho =1`$. The 16 exceptional divisors in $`\widehat{T}`$ map under $`r`$ to divisors in $`𝒞`$, their $`W(E_6)`$-orbit consists of $`40`$ divisors, the other 24 are the images under $`r`$ of the strict transforms of the $`V(\tau )`$’s with $`\tau R`$ (\[N\], Prop. 11.2). We call these 40 divisors the cusp divisors of $`\widehat{T}`$.

There is a morphism $`𝒞`$, where $``$ is the moduli space of semistable marked cubic surfaces, which contracts the $`40`$ cusp divisors to points (cf. \[N\], Introduction and §12), the cusps of $``$. The Weyl group $`W(E_6)`$ acts biregularly on $`𝒞`$ and $``$ and the morphism $`𝒞`$ is $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant.

## 3. The $`W(E_6)`$-action on boundary divisors.

### 3.1.

According to Naruki \[N\], Prop. 11.3’, the boundary $`𝒞^0`$ consists of two $`W(E_6)`$-orbits of divisors, one orbit is formed by the 36 boundary divisors $`D_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha E_6^+`$. The other orbit consists of the 40 cusp divisors and will not be of interest for us. In Naruki’s toroidal construction, the 36 $`D_\alpha `$’s are parametrized by the 12 positive roots $`D_4^+`$ of $`D_4`$ and by the 24 elements of a set of $`S`$ (see 2.4) of weights of $`D_4`$. In this section we determine the corresponding $`W(D_4)`$-equivariant bijection between $`E_6/\{\pm 1\}`$ and $`(D_4/\{\pm 1\})S`$, see table 9.2 for the final result.

### 3.2.

To do the required computations, it is sufficient to work on the blow up of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ in the origin, rather then on $`𝒞`$ or $``$, cf. 2.8. For each positive root $`\alpha D_4`$ the closure in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ of the subtorus defined by $`f_\alpha =1`$ in $`T`$ is an irreducible divisor. Since it contains $`e`$, its pull-back to $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ has two irreducible components, one is $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ and the other is its strict transform which we will denote by $`D_\alpha ^1`$. The image in $``$ of the strict transform of $`D_\alpha ^1`$ in $`\widehat{T}`$ is $`D_\alpha `$, so these twelve divisors are labelled via $`D_4=\mathrm{w}^{}E_6`$.

The other $`24`$ boundary divisors in $``$ are the images in $``$ of the strict transforms of the $`V(\beta )`$ with $`\beta S`$ (\[N\], Prop. 11.1). The Weyl group $`W(D_4)`$ has three orbits on $`S`$ and it suffices to identify one divisor from each orbit. That is done in the following lemma. The resulting labelling of all 36 divisors is given in table 9.2.

### 3.3. Lemma.

Let $`s_1`$, $`s_6`$ be the reflections in $`W(E_6)`$ defined by the roots $`\alpha _1=h_{12}`$, $`\alpha _6=h_{56}`$ respectively. Then we have:

$$s_1^{}D_\lambda ^1=V(ϵ_2)$$

hence $`V(ϵ_2)=D_{13}`$. Similarly we have:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}s_6^{}D_{\lambda \nu \rho }^1\hfill & =& V((ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2),\hfill \\ s_1^{}V((ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2)\hfill & =& V((ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2)\hfill \end{array}$$

and thus $`V((ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2)=D_{26}`$, $`V((ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2)=D_{16}`$.

Proof. The divisor of the rational function $`\lambda 1`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ is

$$(\lambda 1)=D_\lambda ^1+𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3D_\lambda ^{},$$

where $`D_\lambda ^{}`$ is as in 2.7. Therefore $`s_1^{}(\lambda 1)`$ will have exactly two effective components, one being $`s_1^{}D_\lambda ^1`$ which must be in the orbit of length $`36`$ and the other will be a tritangent divisor. From \[N\], p. 13 we have:

$$s_1:\lambda \frac{\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2(1\lambda )}{\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^21}$$

and hence that

$$s_1:\lambda 1f_1:=\frac{1\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2}{\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^21}.$$

Since $`\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2=f_{2e_1}`$ (note that $`\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2`$ is not a root) and $`\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2=f_{e_1+e_2}`$ we see that the denominator has a pole of order one on $`V(ϵ_2)`$ but the numerator has vanishing order zero on that divisor, hence $`V(ϵ_2)`$ must be one of the two effective components of $`(f_1)`$. The other effective component is defined by $`1\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2=0`$, which is the local equation of the tritangent divisor $`D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}`$ ($`\overline{\mathrm{x}}=(26)`$, cf. Table 3 of \[N\]). Note that $`\lambda =f_{e_1e_2}`$ and $`e_1e_2=h_{23}`$, so $`D_\lambda ^1=D_{23}`$ and that $`s_1`$ permutes the indices $`1`$ and $`2`$ of an $`h_{ij}`$, hence $`s_1^{}D_{23}=D_{13}`$ and $`s_1^{}D_{(16)}=D_{(26)}`$.

Using the formulas from \[N\], p. 13 again we get:

$$s_6:\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}\lambda \nu \rho f_2:=\frac{1\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^2}{1\mu \nu \rho }.$$

Since $`\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^2=f_{e_1+e_2+e_3e_4}`$ and $`\mu \nu \rho =f_{e_2+e_3}`$, we see that $`V((ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2)`$ is one of the two effective components of $`(f_2)`$. The other component corresponds to the tritangent divisor $`D_{\overline{\mathrm{z}}}=D_{(15)}`$ defined by $`1\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^2=0`$. Note that $`\lambda \nu \rho =f_{e_1e_4}`$ and $`e_1e_4=h_{25}`$, so $`D_{\lambda \nu \rho }^1=D_{25}`$ and that $`s_6`$ permutes the indices $`5`$ and $`6`$ of an $`h_{ij}`$, hence $`s_6^{}D_{25}=D_{26}`$ and $`s_6^{}D_{(16)}=D_{(15)}`$.

Next we apply $`s_1`$ to $`f_2`$ and obtain:

$$s_6:f_2f_3:=\frac{\mu \rho (\lambda +\nu \lambda \nu \lambda \nu \rho \lambda \mu \nu \rho +\lambda ^2\mu \nu ^2\rho ^2)}{(\lambda \mu \rho 1)(\lambda \nu \rho 1)}$$

In the open subset $`U=A(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)=Spec(𝐂[\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho ])`$, this function is zero on $`\mu =0`$, which is $`V((ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2)U`$ (the zero locus in $`U`$ of the $`i`$-th element in $`\{\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho \}`$ is the divisor corresponding to the $`i`$-th vector of the dual basis). Thus we found one of the two effective components of the divisor of $`f_3`$. Note that $`(\rho =0)U`$ lies in $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_2)`$, which is not in the orbit of the $`36`$ divisors and that the third factor of the numerator of $`f_3`$ defines the tritangent divisor labelled by $`\overline{q}_1=(25)`$. Since $`s_1`$ permutes the indices $`1`$ and $`2`$ of an $`h_{ij}`$, we get $`s_1^{}D_{26}=D_{16}`$ and $`s_1^{}D_{(15)}=D_{(25)}`$. ∎

### 3.4.

The labelling of these 36 divisors on $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ allows us to express various divisors in a convenient manner. For example (cf. 2.7):

$$(\lambda )=D_{13}+D_{26}+D_{136}+D_{246}+D_{256}+D_{345}D_{12}D_{36}D_{126}D_{346}D_{356}D_{245}$$

and similarly:

$$(\lambda 1)=D_\mathrm{w}+D_{23}D_{12}D_{36}D_{126}D_{346}D_{356}D_{245}.$$

## 4. The CAF-linear system.

### 4.1.

To identify the linear system on the moduli space $``$ introduced by Coble, Allcock and Freitag and to describe the $`W(E_6)`$-action on it, we consider two divisors with support in the boundary of the toric variety $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$.

### 4.2. Definition.

Let $`R,SN`$ be as in section 2.4. We define divisors in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ (cf. 2.6) by:

$$D_S:=\underset{\tau S}{}V(\tau ),D_R:=\underset{\tau R}{}V(\tau ).$$

### 4.3. Lemma.

We have

$$H^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(D_S+2D_R))=f_0=1f_\alpha :\alpha D_4,$$

in particular, $`dimH^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(D_S+2D_R))=25`$. The divisor $`D_S+2D_R`$ is very ample on $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$.

Proof. The space of global sections of the line bundle associated to a divisor $`n_\tau V(\tau )`$ is spanned by certain $`f_\alpha `$’s:

$$H^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(\underset{\tau }{}n_\tau V(\tau )))=f_\alpha :\alpha M\mathrm{and}\tau ,\alpha n_\tau .$$

Thus we must find the $`\alpha M`$ with $`\tau ,\alpha 1`$ for $`\tau S`$ and $`\tau ,\alpha 2`$ for $`\tau R`$. Let $`\alpha =m_ie_i`$ with $`m_i𝐙`$. Taking $`\tau =\pm ϵ_iS`$ we get $`1m_i1`$, taking $`\tau =(\pm ϵ_1\pm \mathrm{}\pm ϵ_4)/2`$ $`S`$ we get $`2\pm m_1\pm m_2\pm m_3\pm m_42`$, hence at most two of the $`m_i`$ are non zero and thus $`\alpha =0,\pm e_i`$ or $`\pm e_i\pm e_j`$ with $`ij`$. However $`\pm e_iM`$ and therefore $`\alpha `$ is either zero or a root. All these $`\alpha `$ also satisfy $`\tau ,\alpha 2`$ for $`\tau R`$.

The proof of the very ampleness is standard, cf. \[Fu\], and since we do not really need it, we omit the proof. ∎

### 4.4. Divisors near the identity.

The functions $`x_r:=r1`$ with $`r\{\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho \}`$ are local coordinates near the identity element $`e=(1,1,1,1)T`$. Any rational function $`f`$ on $`T`$ which is regular in $`e`$ can be developed in a Taylor series:

$$f=f_d+f_{d+1}+\mathrm{},\mathrm{with}f_k𝐂[x_\lambda ,x_\mu ,x_\nu ,x_\rho ]$$

with $`f_k`$ homogeneous of degree $`k`$ and $`d0`$. If the polynomial $`f_d`$ is not identically zero we say that $`f`$ vanishes to order $`d`$ in $`eT`$ and we write $`m_e(f)=d`$, $`f_d`$ is called the leading term of $`f`$.

For $`\alpha =a(e_1e_2)+\mathrm{}+d(e_2e_3)M\{0\}`$ we have:

$$f_\alpha 1=(x_\lambda +1)^a(x_\mu +1)^b(x_\nu +1)^c(x_\rho +1)^d1=ax_\lambda +bx_\mu +cx_\nu +dx_\rho +H.O.T.$$

hence $`f_\alpha 1`$ vanishes to order 1 at $`e`$ and a product $`_{i=1}^m(f_{\alpha _i}1)`$ of such functions vanishes to order $`m`$ at $`e`$.

### 4.5. Definition.

We define the vector space $`V`$ of rational functions on $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ to be the subspace of those global sections of $`𝒪(D_S+2D_R)`$ which vanish to order at least 3 at $`e\stackrel{~}{T}`$:

$$V:=\{fH^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(D_S+2D_R)):m_e(f)3\}.$$

### 4.6. Lemma.

The dimension of $`V`$ is 10. A basis for $`V`$, multiplied by $`\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2`$, is given in table 5.5.

Proof. Note that 10 is the expected dimension of $`V`$ since the spaces of constant, linear and quadratic polynomials in 4 variables have dimension $`1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}10}`$ respectively. Thus we only have to show that each monomial $`x_\lambda ^ax_\mu ^bx_\nu ^cx_\rho ^d`$ with $`a+b+c+d2`$ is the leading term of a function in $`H^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(D_S+2D_R))`$. Obviously we can use $`f_0=1`$ to get leading term $`1`$ and the $`r1`$ to get leading term $`x_r`$. For the roots $`\alpha =\lambda \rho ,\mu \rho ,\nu \rho `$ the leading term is a linear combination of the leading terms of the $`r1`$’s which we already have. Subtracting these linear terms we get functions with the leading terms $`x_\lambda x_\rho ,x_\mu x_\rho ,x_\nu x_\rho `$. The Taylor series of $`t1`$ with $`t=\lambda \nu \rho ,\mu \nu \rho ,\lambda \mu \rho `$, give us, modulo the leading terms we already found, the leading terms $`x_\lambda x_\nu ,x_\mu x_\nu ,x_\lambda x_\nu `$. To get the $`x_r^2`$ use that

$$r^1=1x_r+x_r^2\mathrm{}.$$

Thus we found all the 15 desired leading terms and we conclude that $`V`$ has codimension 15 in $`H^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(D_S+2D_R))`$. ∎

### 4.7. Example.

The following function lies in $`V`$:

$$\nu ^1\rho ^1(\rho 1)(\lambda \nu \rho 1)(\mu \nu \rho 1)=\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2\lambda \mu \nu \rho \lambda \rho \mu \rho +\lambda +\mu +\nu ^1(\nu \rho )^1.$$

The first expression shows it vanishes to order three in $`e`$, the second that it is a linear combination of roots, hence it lies in $`H^0(\stackrel{~}{T},𝒪(D_S+2D_R))`$.

## 5. The action of $`W(E_6)`$ on the vector space $`V`$.

### 5.1.

Naruki \[N\] defined a biregular action of $`W(E_6)`$ on $`𝒞`$ (\[N\], $`\mathrm{\S }5`$, p. 13). We show that this induces an action of $`W(E_6)`$ on the vector space $`V`$ defined in 4.5. The vector space $`V`$ may be identified, via pull-back

$$VH^0(\stackrel{~}{T}^{},𝒪(2D_R+D_S3𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3)),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ is the blow up of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ in the identity element $`e`$ and $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ is the exceptional fiber.

The main problem is to find the images of the divisor $`D_S3𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ under $`s_1,s_6W(E_6)`$ and to show that the images are linearly equivalent to this divisor. For this we use the following rational function:

$$C_1:=\frac{(\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^21)^3}{(\lambda 1)(\lambda \rho 1)(\lambda \nu \rho 1)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^21)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho 1)(\lambda \mu \rho 1)}.$$

### 5.2. Lemma.

The rational function $`C_1`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ has divisor

$$(C_1)=3D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}3𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3+\underset{\pm ,i=2}{\overset{4}{}}V(\pm ϵ_i)D_\lambda ^1D_{\lambda \rho }^1D_{\lambda \nu \rho }^1D_{\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2}^1D_{\lambda \mu \nu \rho }^1D_{\lambda \mu \rho }^1+D$$

for some divisor $`D`$ which is a combination of the divisors $`V(\tau )`$ with $`\tau R`$. Here $`D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}`$ is the tritangent divisor defined by the strict transform of the zero locus of $`\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^21`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$.

Proof. The proof is straightforward using the formula from 2.6 and the examples in the proof of Lemma 3.3, for example

$$(\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^21)=D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}+𝐏_\mathrm{w}^32V(ϵ_1)\underset{\pm ,\pm ,\pm }{}V((ϵ_1\pm ϵ_2\pm ϵ_3\pm ϵ_4)/2),$$

and the divisor of $`\lambda 1`$, in $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$, was determined in 2.7. ∎

### 5.3.

For $`fV`$, the composition $`fs_1`$ does not lie in $`V`$. However, we will show that the quotient $`(fs_1)/C_1`$ does lie in $`V`$. To get an action of all of $`W(E_6)`$ however, the correct definition for the action of $`s_1`$ on $`V`$ is $`s_1(f)=(fs_1)/C_1`$.

### 5.4. Theorem.

The action of $`W(E_6)`$ on $`𝒞`$ defines an action of $`W(E_6)`$ on $`V`$ by the following formulas:

$$s_i(f):=\{\begin{array}{ccc}(fs_1)/C_1& & \mathrm{if}i=1,\hfill \\ fs_i& & \mathrm{if}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}i5,\hfill \\ (fs_6)/C_6& & \mathrm{if}i=6,\hfill \end{array}$$

here the rational maps $`s_i:TT`$ are as defined by Naruki in \[N\], p. 13 and $`C_6=C_1\tau `$ where $`\tau (\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho )=(\nu ,\mu ,\lambda ,\rho )`$.

The representation of $`W(E_6)`$ on $`V`$ is its unique 10 dimensional irreducible representation and is denoted by $`10_s`$ in \[Fr\].

Proof. Recall that $`D_S=D_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha E_6D_4`$ a positive root. Write:

$$D_S=D_S^{(0)}+D_S^{(1)},D_S^{(0)}=\underset{\alpha }{}D_\alpha $$

where we sum over the positive roots $`\alpha E_6`$, $`\alpha D_4`$ which are fixed under $`s_1`$. Then $`s_1^{}D_S=D_S^{(0)}+s_1^{}D_S^{(1)}`$. Since $`s_1^{}D_\mathrm{w}=D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}`$ (cf. the proof of 3.3), we get:

$$s_1^{}(D_S3D_\mathrm{w})=D_S^{(0)}+s_1^{}D_S^{(1)}3D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}.$$

One verifies, using the tables 9.1 and 9.2 and the lemma above, that

$$(C_1)=3D_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}3D_\mathrm{w}+D_S^{(1)}s_1^{}D_S^{(1)}$$

hence $`s_1^{}(D_S3D_\mathrm{w})+(C_1)=D_S3D_\mathrm{w}`$. This suggests that $`f\pm (fs_1)/C_1`$ defines an endomorphism of $`V`$. To check this and to get a $`W(E_6)`$ representation on $`V`$, one computes matrices and checks the defining relations for $`W(E_6)`$ (we used a computer, note this direct method avoids a detailed discussion of the divisor $`D_R`$ and verifies that one has to put a ‘$``$’ sign in the definition of $`s_1`$ and $`s_6`$). Since the only representations of $`W(E_6)`$ of dimension at most 10 are the trivial one, denoted by $`1=1_p`$, the 6 dimensional reflection representation $`6_p`$, their tensor products with the determinant representation $`1_n`$ and $`6_n`$, and $`10_s`$, it suffices to compute the traces of a reflection $`s_i`$ (which is 0) and of a product of two commuting reflections (which has trace 2) to prove that $`V10_s`$. ∎

### 5.5. Table of a basis of $`V`$

To obtain functions in $`V`$, all entries have to be divided by $`\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2`$. All ten functions are in one $`W(E_6)`$-orbit.

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill f_1& =& (\lambda \rho 1)(\mu \rho 1)(\nu \rho 1)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho 1),\hfill \\ \hfill g_1& =& (\rho 1)(\lambda \mu \rho 1)(\lambda \nu \rho 1)(\mu \nu \rho 1),\hfill \\ \hfill f_2& =& (\mu \rho 1)(\nu \rho 1)(1\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill g_2& =& (\rho 1)(\mu \nu \rho 1)(1\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill f_3& =& (\lambda \rho 1)(\mu \rho 1)(1\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill g_3& =& (\rho 1)(\lambda \mu \rho 1)(1\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill f_4& =& \rho (\mu \rho 1)(\lambda +\nu \lambda \nu \lambda \nu \rho \lambda \mu \nu \rho +\lambda ^2\mu \nu ^2\rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill g_4& =& \rho (\mu 1)(\lambda +\nu \lambda \nu \lambda \nu \rho \lambda \mu \nu \rho +\lambda ^2\mu \nu ^2\rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill f_5& =& (\lambda \mu \rho 1)(\mu \nu \rho 1)(1\lambda \nu \rho ^2),\hfill \\ \hfill g_5& =& (\mu \rho 1)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho 1)(1\lambda \nu \rho ^2).\hfill \end{array}$$

### 5.6. Crosses.

Allcock and Freitag construct a 10 dimensional space $`W`$ of automorphic forms on the 4-ball (\[AF\], between 4.3 and 4.4) which defines the map $`𝐏^9`$. The vector space $`W`$ is spanned by certain automorphic forms which, up to a scalar multiple, can be characterized by the fact that their divisors in the ball-quotient $``$ are crosses (\[AF\], Theorem 4.6). A cross is defined to be a divisor

$$D_\alpha +D_\beta +D_\gamma +D_\delta +D_t$$

where $`t`$ is a tritangent, defining a subroot system $`t^{}`$ of type $`D_4`$ in $`E_6`$ (as in 1.8) and $`\alpha `$,$`\mathrm{},\delta t^{}E_6^+`$ are mutually perpendicular (cf. \[AF\], Definition 3.2). For each tritangent $`t`$, there are 3 crosses containing $`D_t`$, thus there are $`453=135`$ crosses. For example, the crosses associated to $`t=(16)`$ have $`\{\alpha ,\mathrm{},\delta \}`$ equal to one of the three sets:

$$\{h_{23},h_{45},h_{123},h_{145}\},\{h_{24},h_{35},h_{124},h_{135}\},\{h_{25},h_{34},h_{125},h_{134}\}.$$

The following theorem identifies $`W`$ with $`V`$ (as spaces of global sections of a line bundle on $``$).

### 5.7. Theorem.

The rational map $`\stackrel{~}{F}:\stackrel{~}{T}𝐏^9`$ defined by a basis of the vector space $`V`$ defines a $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant morphism

$$F:𝒞𝐏^9$$

which blows down the 40 cusp divisors to the 40 cusps. The image of $`F`$ is the moduli space $``$ which is embedded into $`𝐏^9`$ via the map defined by Allcock and Freitag.

Proof. Using the results of \[AF\] and the $`W(E_6)`$-action on $`W`$ and $`V`$, it suffices to show that there is a function $`fVH^0(\stackrel{~}{T}^{},𝒪(2D_R+D_S3D_\mathrm{w}))`$ such that the corresponding section has, modulo cusp divisors, a cross as zero divisor in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$. In fact, the exceptional divisors in the blow ups $`\pi ^{}`$ and $`\pi ^{\prime \prime }`$ get blown down in the composition $`\widehat{T}𝒞`$ and under push-pull via $`\widehat{T}\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ crosses in $``$ correspond to crosses in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ and cusp divisors in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ get contracted to points in $``$.

Let $`f=f_1`$ in table 5.5, then the divisor in $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ of the corresponding function in $`V`$ is:

$$\left(\frac{f_1}{\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2}\right)=4D_\mathrm{w}+D_{24}+D_{124}+D_{35}+D_{135}D_S+D^{}$$

where $`D^{}`$ is a divisor with support in $`D_R`$.

Thus the zero divisor on $`\stackrel{~}{T}^{}`$ of the section corresponding to $`f_1`$ is $`D_\mathrm{w}+D_{24}+D_{124}+D_{35}+D_{135}+2D_RD^{}`$. Note that $`\mathrm{w}=(16)`$ and that the four roots $`h_{24}`$, $`h_{124}`$, $`h_{35}`$, $`h_{125}`$ are in $`D_4=(16)^{}`$ and are perpendicular. The remaining part, $`2D_RD^{}`$, has support on cusp divisors.

We observe that using the explicit bases of $`V`$ and the method of \[AF\] Corollary 7.3, one can also prove directly that $`F`$ factors over $``$ and embeds $``$ into $`𝐏^9`$. ∎

### 5.8. Cross ratios.

The basis of $`V`$ given in 5.5 has the property that the quotients $`f_i/g_i`$ are double ratios associated to tritangents (see the table 2 of \[N\]), and we have in fact one double ratio from each $`D_4`$-orbit:

$$r(\mathrm{w})=\frac{f_1}{g_1},r(\overline{\mathrm{x}})=\frac{g_2}{f_2},r(\overline{\mathrm{z}})=\frac{g_3}{f_3},r(\overline{\mathrm{q}}_1)=\frac{g_4}{f_4},r(\mathrm{y})=\frac{f_5}{g_5}.$$

(For completeness sake: $`\mathrm{w}=(16)`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{x}}=(26)`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{z}}=(15)`$, $`\overline{\mathrm{q}}_1=(25)`$, $`\mathrm{y}=(\mathrm{16.23.45})`$.) Note that the last factor in each function in 5.5 is the local equation of the associated tritangent.

The fact that we find one cross ratio from each $`D_4`$ orbit already implies that $`𝒞`$ is birationally isomorphic with $`F(𝒞)`$ (use the argument of \[N\], $`\mathrm{\S }`$ 5.5).

The involution $`\gamma (t)W(E_6)`$ associated to a tritangent $`t`$, see 1.10, has trace $`6`$ on $`V`$ (cf. \[Fr\], Table II), hence it has a 2 dimensional space of invariants $`V_t`$ in $`V`$. There are, upto scalar multiple, 3 functions in $`V_t`$ whose divisors are crosses (cf. \[AF\], Lemma 4.5). The pairs of functions $`f_i`$, $`g_i`$ span such $`V_t`$’s. The third function in $`V_{(16)}`$ is:

$$h_1:=f_1g_1=\rho (\lambda 1)(\mu 1)(\nu 1)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^21).$$

The stabilizer $`W(F_4)`$ of $`t`$ acts on $`V_t`$ through the action of a dihedral group with $`12`$ elements; the subgroup $`W(D_4)`$ (generated by reflections in the long roots) acts a $`S_3`$ and the reflections in the short roots act as $`1`$ on $`V_t`$. In fact, the elements $`\sigma _1,\sigma _2W(F_4)`$ given by Naruki in \[N\], $`\mathrm{\S }8`$, p. 16 act as $`1`$ on $`V_{(16)}`$.

### 5.9. Complex invariants.

In example 4.7 we considered the following function from $`V`$:

$$f=\nu ^1\rho ^1(\rho 1)(\lambda \nu \rho 1)(\mu \nu \rho 1).$$

Its divisor satisfies, modulo components with support in $`D_R`$:

$$(f)+D_S3D_\mathrm{w}=D_{16}+D_{34}+D_{25}+D_{125}+D_{256}+D_{136}+D_{146}+D_{234}+D_{345}.$$

The effective divisor on the right is the sum of the $`D_\alpha `$ where $`\alpha `$ runs over the positive roots of three mutually perpendicular $`A_2`$’s:

$$\{h_{16},h_{125},h_{256}\},\{h_{25},h_{234},h_{345}\},\{h_{34},h_{136},h_{146}\}.$$

There are 40 such triples of orthogonal $`A_2`$’s in $`E_6`$ which are permuted transitively by $`W(E_6)`$ (\[H\], 6.1.5.3; this particular triple is denoted by $`[16,25,34]`$). The corresponding $`40`$ functions in $`V`$ were considered by Coble who called them complex invariants (cf. \[C\], p. 340-341), see also \[Y\]. There are $`80=240`$ functions in the $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of a complex invariant, the sign of a complex invariant is not well defined.

## 6. Images of divisors in $`𝒞`$

### 6.1.

We can use Naruki’s model $`𝒞`$ and the explicit basis of $`V`$ to study the moduli space $`𝐏^9`$. Here we consider various divisors in $``$ as subvarieties of $`𝐏^9`$, in particular we find a nice parametrization of a tritangent divisor.

### 6.2. The boundary divisors.

We consider the image in $`𝐏^9`$ of one of the 36 boundary divisors $`D_\alpha `$ (1.6 and section 3). These parametrize cubic surfaces with at least one node. The divisor $`D_\alpha `$ is the fixed point set of the involution $`s_\alpha `$. The trace of $`s_\alpha `$ on $`W`$ is zero, hence $`W`$ is the direct sum of two $`5`$-dimensional eigenspaces of $`s_\alpha `$. Since $`F`$ is equivariant for $`W(E_6)`$, $`D_\alpha `$ will lie in a $`𝐏^4`$. The centralizer in $`W(E_6)`$ of the reflection $`s_\alpha `$ acts on the divisor $`D_\alpha `$ and on the eigenspaces of $`s_\alpha `$. This subgroup is isomorphic to $`S_6`$. For example if $`\alpha =h`$, one obtains the ‘standard’ $`S_6`$ generated by all the $`s_i`$ except $`s_2`$.

In particular we consider the image of $`D_{345}=V(ϵ_1)`$ under $`F`$. This divisor is defined by $`\lambda =0`$ on the open subset $`A(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)=Spec(𝐂[\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho ])`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$. Since the 10 functions listed in table 5.5 are regular on $`A(\mathrm{\Delta }_0)`$ and do not vanish simultaneously, we can simply take $`\lambda =0`$ and determine (the closure of) the image. The image spans only a $`𝐏^4`$ since the following linear functions vanish on this divisor (in the notation of table 5.5):

$$f_1f_2,g_1g_2,f_3g_5,f_2f_4g_5,g_2g_3f_4+g_4.$$

The image of $``$ in $`𝐏^9`$ is defined by cubics (see \[AF\]), and one can show that the image of a boundary divisor is the Segre cubic hypersurface in this $`𝐏^4`$ (cf. \[H\], 3.2).

### 6.3. The cusp divisors.

We consider one of the 40 cusp divisors in $`𝒞`$ (cf. 2.8), for example $`V(ϵ_1+ϵ_2)`$, note that $`ϵ_1+ϵ_2R`$. This divisor is defined by $`\rho =0`$ in $`Spec(𝐂[\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho ])`$. Putting $`\rho =0`$ in the 10 functions in table 5.5 one finds that the image of this divisor is the point

$$(1:1:1:1:1:1:0:0:1:1).$$

### 6.4. Tritangent divisors.

The tritangent divisor $`D_t`$ is the fixed point set of the involution $`\gamma (t)W(E_6)`$. Each $`\gamma (t)`$ has trace $`6`$ on $`V`$ \[Fr\], hence it has two eigenspaces, of dimension $`2`$ and $`8`$, in $`V`$. Since the dimension of the divisor $`D_t`$ is three we get $`D_t𝐏^7`$.

The centralizer of $`\gamma (t)`$ is isomorphic to $`W(F_4)`$ and this group acts on both $`D_t`$ and $`𝐏^7`$. We consider the case $`t=(16)=\mathrm{w}`$, hence $`D_t`$ is birationally isomorphic to the exceptional fiber $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ of the blow up of the torus $`T`$ in the identity element $`e`$. Since $`e`$ is fixed by $`W(D_4)`$, we get an induced action of $`W(D_4)`$ on $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$, and we will see that this action extends to a linear action of $`W(F_4)`$.

The root lattice $`Q(F_4)`$ of $`F_4`$ is the lattice in $`𝐑^4`$ generated by the 48 roots of $`F_4`$ which are (cf. \[Hu\], III 12.1) the 24 roots $`\pm e_i\pm e_j`$ of $`D_4`$ (these roots have length $`2`$ and are called the long roots of $`F_4`$) and the 24 vectors $`\pm e_i`$, $`(\pm e_1\pm e_2\pm e_3\pm e_4)/2`$ which have length 1, the short roots of $`F_4`$.

$$Q(F_4)=\pm e_i\pm e_j,(\pm e_1\pm e_2\pm e_3\pm e_4)/2_𝐙(𝐑^4).$$

### 6.5. Theorem

Any tritangent divisor $`D_t`$ is $`W(F_4)`$-equivariantly birationally isomorphic to $`𝐏^3`$ via the map

$$𝐏^3=𝐏(Q(F_4)_𝐙𝐂)D_t𝐏^7$$

given by the linear system of cubics which are zero in the short roots of $`F_4`$.

Proof. Since $`W(E_6)`$ acts transitively on the tritangent divisors, it is sufficient to consider the case $`t=(16)`$. We show that the functions from $`V`$ give the desired map $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3D_{(16)}`$.

The local coordinate functions $`\lambda 1,\mathrm{},\rho 1`$ near $`e`$ induce projective coordinates $`x_\lambda ,\mathrm{},x_\rho `$ on $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$. Since $`\lambda =e_1e_2,\mathrm{},\rho =e_2e_3`$ it is more convenient to use coordinates $`y_i`$ with

$$(x_\lambda :x_\mu :x_\nu :x_\rho )=(y_1y_2:y_3+y_4:y_3y_4,y_2y_3).$$

The group $`W(F_4)`$ is generated by the subgroup $`W(D_4)`$ and $`\sigma _1`$, $`\sigma _2`$ given in \[N\], $`\mathrm{\S }`$8. Using the explicit formulas for the $`\sigma _i`$ one finds that these act on $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ as reflection in the planes $`y_4=0`$ and $`y_1y_2y_3y_4`$ respectively. (For example $`\sigma _1`$ interchanges $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ and fixes the other roots, thus on $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ it is the linear map which permutes $`y_3+y_4`$ and $`y_3y_4`$ and fixes $`y_1y_2`$ and $`y_2y_3`$.) Thus these $`\sigma _i`$ are reflections in the short roots. This implies that we may identify $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ with $`𝐏(Q(F_4)_𝐙𝐂)`$.

All functions in $`V`$ vanish to third order in $`e`$, but not all vanish to fourth order, hence restricted to $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ the map $`F`$ is given by the leading terms of third order. Note that $`f_1`$ and $`g_1`$ from table 5.5 vanish to order four at $`e`$, hence the image of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ spans at most a $`𝐏^7`$, as we observed earlier. The leading terms of the other $`8`$ basis functions are cubics which all contain the 12 points:

$$(1:0:0:0)_y,\mathrm{},(0:0:0:1)_y\mathrm{and}(1:\pm 1:\pm 1:\pm 1)_y.$$

For example, $`f_2`$ from table 5.5 has leading term (up to sign):

$$(x_\mu +x_\rho )(x_\nu +x_\rho )(2x_\lambda +x_\mu +x_\nu +2x_\rho )=(y_2+y_4)(y_2y_4)(2y_1).$$

One can verify that the $`8`$ leading cubics are independent and that these $`12`$ points impose independent conditions on the ($`20`$ dimensional) space of cubics. Thus the map $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3D_{(16)}`$ is given by the subspace of cubics vanishing in these points and the image of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ spans a $`𝐏^7`$.

We observe that the twelve basepoints are in three $`D_4`$-orbits of length four. Two points in two distinct orbits determine a line on which there is a unique line from the third orbit. For example the points $`(0:0:0:1)_y,(1:1:1:1)_y,(1:1:1:1)_y`$ are on a line. In this way we get $`16`$ lines, on each of these there are 3 base points. Actually, the two fourth-order leading terms are zero exactly on these 16 lines. ∎

### 6.6. Incidence of tritangent divisors.

The tritangent divisor $`D_{(16)}`$ is one of $`45`$ such divisors, recall that $`(16)=\mathrm{w}=\{a_1,b_6,c_{16}\}`$. The remaining $`44`$ tritangent divisors now divide into 4 groups, $`44=4+4+4+216`$ as follows. For each $`l(16)`$, there are $`4`$ other tritangents containing $`l`$ (for example, the $`\{a_1,b_i,c_{1i}\}`$ for $`2i5`$ are the other tritangents which also contain $`a_1`$).

The remaining $`32`$ tritangents do not have a line in common with $`(16)`$. These come in pairs as follows. Given one of these $`32`$, say $`\{l_1,l_2,l_3\}`$, after a permutation of the indices one has that $`a_1`$ and $`l_1`$ meet (and $`a_1`$ does not meet $`l_2`$ and $`l_3`$) and thus there is a line $`m_1`$ such that $`\{a_1,l_1,m_1\}`$ is a tritangent. Similarly $`b_6`$ and $`l_2`$ determine a line $`m_2`$ and $`c_{16}`$ and $`l_3`$ determine a line $`m_3`$. Now $`\{m_1,m_2,m_3\}`$ is another tritangent which has no line in common with $`(16)`$. For example, $`\{b_5,a_2,c_{25}\}`$ determines $`\{c_{15},c_{26},c_{34}\}`$. (To see all this, consider a general cubic surface and the planes $`V_{(16)}`$ and $`V^{}`$ spanned by the lines in $`(16)`$ and the $`l_i`$ respectively. These planes meet in a line which by assumption does not lie in the cubic surface. Thus this line meets the surface in $`3`$ points and through each of these points there passes exactly one line from $`(16)`$ and one line from the $`l_i`$.)

If the lines in $`(16)`$ all pass through an Eckart point $`P_\mathrm{w}`$ and similarly the lines $`l_i`$ all pass through an Eckart point $`P^{}`$, the line $`L`$ spanned by $`P_\mathrm{w}`$ and $`P^{}`$ meets the cubic surface in a third point $`P^{\prime \prime }`$ which is an Eckart point, being the intersection of the $`m_i`$. (To see that each $`m_i`$ passes through $`P^{\prime \prime }`$, consider the plane spanned by, say, $`a_1`$ and $`l_1`$; it cuts out $`m_1`$ and contains the line $`L`$, hence $`m_1`$ meets $`L`$ in $`P^{\prime \prime }`$, similarly for the other pairs of lines.)

As a consequence, a point in the intersection of two tritangent divisors without a common line will lie in a third tritangent divisor.

### 6.7. Tritangent divisors and $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$.

The intersections of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ with the other $`44`$ tritangent divisors are given by the leading terms of their equations. Those tritangent divisors which have a line in common with $`\mathrm{w}=\{a_1,b_6,c_{16}\}`$ have a linear leading term, in fact one finds the following $`12`$ linear terms:

$$y_i(1i4),\mathrm{and}y_1\pm y_2\pm y_3\pm y_3$$

where the last $`8`$ come in two $`W(D_4)`$-orbits distinguished by the parity of the number of minus signs. For example, the tritangent $`(15)=\overline{\mathrm{z}}`$ defined by $`\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^21`$ has leading term $`y_1+y_2+y_3y_4`$.

The tritangents which do not have a line in common with $`\mathrm{w}`$ have a leading term of degree two, in fact the two tritangents in a pair have the same leading term (as they should, see the last part of 6.6). These quadrics correspond to the 16 lines in $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ containing $`3`$ of the $`12`$ base points of $`F`$ (see 6.4); each line determines a unique quadric by the condition that it contains the other $`9`$ base points (and this quadric will not contain any of the $`3`$ points on the line). For example, the tritangent divisor $`\overline{q}_1=\{a_2,b_5,c_{25}\}`$ is defined by $`\lambda +\nu \lambda \nu \lambda \nu \rho \lambda \mu \nu \rho +\lambda ^2\mu \nu ^2\rho ^2`$ has leading term

$$Q_{25}:=y_1^2+y_2y_3y_2y_4y_3y_4$$

which does not contain the $`3`$ colinear points $`(1:0:0:0)_y`$, $`(1:1:1:1)_y`$ and $`(1:1:1:1)_y`$. The other tritangent divisor having the same leading term is $`\overline{q}=\{c_{15},c_{26},c_{34}\}`$ which is defined by $`1\lambda \nu \rho \lambda \mu \nu \rho \lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2+\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2+\lambda \mu \nu ^2\rho ^2`$.

The other $`15`$ quadrics can be obtained from $`Q_{25}`$ by the action of $`W(D_4)`$, that is, by permuting the coordinates and changing the signs of an even number of the $`y_i`$. These quadrics are smooth and hence are isomorphic to $`𝐏^1\times 𝐏^1`$.

## 7. Equations for the moduli space.

### 7.1.

The universal marked cubic surface is embedded in a $`𝐏^3`$-bundle over $`𝒞`$. Over the moduli space $`^0`$ of smooth marked cubic surfaces, this bundle is the projectivization of the tangent bundle (\[ACT\] $`\mathrm{\S }`$ 10). In Naruki’s paper \[N\] one finds an explicit cubic polynomial in $`R[X,Y,Z,T]`$, with $`R:=𝐂[\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho ]`$, which defines the universal family over an open part of $``$. He also gives 45 linear forms in $`R[X,Y,Z,T]`$ which define the tritangent planes.

We will verify that there are linear relations between these, suitably normalized, linear forms with coefficients which are elements from $`V`$ (note that elements from $`V`$ are rational functions on $`T`$ and thus are in the field of fractions of $`R`$). This allows us to recover the cubic equations found by Allcock and Freitag which define $``$. We also find a six dimensional vector space of quintic polynomials, on which $`W(E_6)`$ acts via its standard representation, which define a variety $`X𝐏^9`$ whose singular locus contains $``$.

### 7.2.

Consider two tritangents which contain a common line. For any point in the interior of $`𝒞`$, the corresponding planes are distinct. However over one of the 36 boundary divisors the planes may coincide. Over a boundary divisor $`D_\alpha `$ the 6 pairs of lines in the double six corresponding to $`\alpha `$ (cf. \[H\]) on the universal marked surface specialize to the six lines through the node of the universal surface over $`D_\alpha `$. The reflection $`s_\alpha `$ in $`W(E_6)`$ interchanges the lines in each of the six pairs and fixes the other 15 lines. Thus if $`s_\alpha `$ maps one tritangent set to another, then the lines in the planes and thus the planes themselves will coincide over $`D_\alpha `$.

### 7.3. Lemma.

Let $`t_1`$, $`t_2`$ be two distinct tritangent sets which have a line in common. Then there are exactly two reflections in $`W(E_6)`$ which map $`t_1`$ to $`t_2`$. The corresponding roots in $`E_6`$ are perpendicular.

Proof. Since $`W(E_6)`$ acts transitively on the set of lines, we may assume that the common line is $`b_6`$. Then the $`t_i`$ are of type $`\{a_i,b_6,c_{i6}\}`$ with $`1i5`$ and applying a suitable element of $`W(E_6)`$ we may assume that $`t_1=\{a_1,b_6,c_{16}\}`$, $`t_2=\{a_2,b_6,c_{26}\}`$. By inspection of the lists of double sixes in \[H\] one finds exactly one double six which contains the pairs $`(a_1,a_2)`$ and $`(c_{16},c_{26})`$ (it is $`N_{12}`$) and one which contains the pairs $`(a_1,c_{26})`$ and $`(c_{16},a_2)`$ (it is $`N_{345}`$). Thus only reflections in $`h_{12}`$ (which permutes the indices $`1`$ and $`2`$) and in $`h_{345}`$ (which interchanges $`a_1c_{26}`$ and $`a_2c_{16}`$) permute these two tritangent sets. It is easy to verify that $`h_{12}`$ and $`h_{345}`$ are perpendicular. ∎

### 7.4.

Given three linear forms $`K,L,MR[X,Y,Z,T]`$ which define tritangent planes to the universal cubic surface having a line in common, there is a linear relation, with coefficients in $`R`$,

$$AK+BL+CM=0.$$

The next proposition shows that three tritangent planes with a line in common define three crosses. Recall that a cross is a divisor in $``$ determined by the choice of a tritangent set $`t`$ and on 4 perpendicular roots in $`t^{}D_4`$. In the example below we then verify that these crosses are the divisors of the coefficients in the linear relation.

### 7.5. Proposition.

Let $`t_1`$, $`t_2`$ and $`t_3`$ be tritangent sets with a line in common. Then there are crosses $`X_i`$ determined by the tritangent sets $`t_i`$, the pair of roots whose reflections interchange $`t_j`$ and $`t_k`$ (with $`\{i,j,k\}=\{1,2,3\}`$) and the pair of roots which is perpendicular to all the weights in the union of these three tritangent sets.

Proof. Again we use the $`W(E_6)`$ action, and so we may assume that $`t_i=\{a_i,b_6,c_{i6}\}`$. These span the subspace $`x_1,x_2,x_5,x_6`$ (\[H\], 6.1.3) hence only the roots $`h_{45}=x_3+x_4`$ and $`h_{145}=x_3+x_4`$ are perpendicular to this subspace. The two roots whose reflections interchange $`t_1`$ and $`t_2`$ are $`h_{12}`$, $`h_{345}`$. The roots $`h_{12}`$, $`h_{345}`$, $`h_{45}`$ and $`h_{145}`$ are orthogonal and lie in the $`D_4`$ perpendicular to the weights in $`t_3`$. Therefore there is a cross $`X_3`$ which is the sum of the tritangent divisor corresponding to $`t_3`$ and the four boundary divisors corresponding to these four roots. Similarly one finds crosses $`X_1`$ and $`X_2`$. ∎

### 7.6. Example.

We consider the tritangents which contain the line $`b_6`$. They are:

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\mathrm{set}& \mathrm{label}& \mathrm{local}\mathrm{equation}& & & \hfill \mathrm{linear}\mathrm{form}\\ \{a_1,b_6,c_{16}\}& (16)=\mathrm{w}& 1& & & \hfill W\\ \{a_2,b_6,c_{26}\}& (26)=\overline{\mathrm{x}}& \lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^21& \hfill \lambda X& & \hfill (\lambda \rho 1)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho 1)W\\ \{a_3,b_6,c_{36}\}& (36)=\mathrm{x}& \mu \nu \rho ^21& \hfill X& +& \hfill (\rho 1)(\mu \nu \rho 1)W\\ \{a_4,b_6,c_{46}\}& (46)=x& \rho (\mu \nu 1)& \hfill X& & \\ \{a_5,b_6,c_{56}\}& (56)=\xi & \mu \nu & \hfill X& +& \hfill \rho (\mu 1)(\nu 1)W\end{array}$$

The conversion of the labels is given in \[Se\], the equation of the planes is given in \[N\], Table 1, but we changed the sign of $`(36)`$ and we multiplied the local equation of $`(46)`$ by a unit.

We write $`t_i:=\{a_i,b_6,c_{16}\}`$. Then $`t_2=s_1(t_2)`$, $`t_3=s_3(t_2)`$, $`t_4=s_4(t_3)`$ and $`t_5=s_5(t_4)`$ where $`s_i`$ is the reflection in $`\alpha _i`$. The two roots perpendicular to the span of the sets $`t_1`$, $`t_2`$ and $`t_3`$ are $`h_{45}`$ and $`h_{123}`$. The cross $`X_1`$ is then:

$$X_1=D_{23}+D_{145}+D_{45}+D_{123}+D_{(16)}$$

and $`X_2=s_1(X_1)`$, $`X_3=s_3(X_2)`$.

Note that $`X_1`$ is the divisor of the section corresponding to

$$A_1=\rho (1+\lambda )(1+\mu )(1+\nu )(1+\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2)(\lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2)^1(V),$$

and that $`A_1=h_1`$ in 5.8. Similarly we define $`A_2=s_1(A_1)`$, $`A_3=s_3(A_2)V`$.

We define $`L_{i6}𝐂(\lambda ,\mathrm{},\rho )[X,W]`$ to be the quotient of the linear form defining the tritangent plane $`(i6)`$ by the local equation of the tritangent divisor $`D_{(i6)}`$ as listed in the table. One can then verify the following linear relation:

$$A_1L_{16}+A_2L_{26}+A_3L_{36}=0.$$

### 7.7. Proposition.

Let $`A_i`$ and $`L_{ij}`$ be as in Example 7.6. Define functions $`B_i`$, …, $`F_iV`$ by:

$$B_i=s_4(A_i),C_i=s_3(B_i),D_i=s_1(C_i),E_i=s_5(D_i),F_i=s_5(B_i).$$

Then we have $`Mv=0`$ where

$$M=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}A_1& A_2& A_3& 0& 0\\ B_1& B_2& 0& B_3& 0\\ C_1& 0& C_2& C_3& 0\\ 0& D_1& D_2& D_3& 0\\ 0& E_1& E_2& 0& E_3\\ F_1& F_2& 0& 0& F_3\end{array}\right),v=\left(\begin{array}{c}L_{16}\\ L_{26}\\ L_{36}\\ L_{46}\\ L_{56}\end{array}\right).$$

In particular, $`M`$ has rank at most three.

Proof. Applying the reflection $`s_4`$ in $`\alpha _4=h_{34}`$ (which permutes the indices $`3`$ and $`4`$) to the linear relation from Example 7.6 we obtain a relation between the linear forms defining the tritangents corresponding to $`t_1=s_4(t_1)`$, $`t_2=s_4(t_2)`$ and $`t_4=s_4(t_3)`$. One verifies that this is $`B_1L_{16}+B_2L_{26}+B_3L_{46}=0`$ with coefficients $`B_i=s_4(A_i)`$. Similarly, one verifies the other relations. Since each entry of $`v`$ is of the form $`a_iX+b_iW`$ we see that $`\mathrm{ker}(M)`$ contains the two vectors $`a=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_5)`$ and $`b=(b_1,\mathrm{},b_5)`$. Thus the rank of $`M`$ is at most $`52=3`$. ∎

### 7.8. Equations.

To obtain equations for $`𝐏^9`$ from this proposition, one chooses a basis $`X_0`$,$`\mathrm{}`$,$`X_9`$ of $`V`$. Then each function in $`V`$ is a linear form in the $`X_i`$ with coefficients in $`𝐂`$. Thus each entry of the matrix $`M`$ is a linear form in the $`X_i`$. Since the rank of $`M`$ is at most $`3`$, the determinant of each $`4\times 4`$ submatrix of $`M`$, which is a degree 4 polynomial in the $`X_i`$, is identically zero as function on $``$. Therefore each such determinant gives a, possibly trivial, quartic polynomial in the ideal of $``$.

### 7.9. Cubics.

To get cubic equations we consider the following submatrix of $`M`$:

$$N=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}A_1& A_2& A_3& 0\\ B_1& B_2& 0& B_4\\ C_1& 0& C_3& C_4\end{array}\right).$$

The matrix $`N`$ has rank at most two since $`Nw=0`$, where $`w=(L_{16},\mathrm{},L_{46})`$, gives two vectors in $`\mathrm{ker}N`$ (put $`X=1`$, $`W=0`$ and $`X=0`$, $`W=1`$ in $`w`$). In particular,

$$det\left(\begin{array}{ccc}A_2& A_3& 0\\ B_2& 0& B_4\\ 0& C_3& C_4\end{array}\right)=A_2B_4C_3+A_3B_2C_4=0.$$

The corresponding cubic polynomial in the $`X_i`$ is not identically zero in $`𝐂[\mathrm{},X_i,\mathrm{}]`$ and is one of those found in \[AF\] Lemma 6.3. Theorem 6.4 of that paper implies that $``$ is defined by the $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of this cubic equation.

### 7.10. Quintics.

One verifies that the determinant of the following submatrix of $`M`$ is a degree 5 polynomial in the $`X_i`$ which is not identically zero:

$$M_2=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}A_1& A_2& A_3& 0& 0\\ C_1& 0& C_3& C_4& 0\\ 0& D_2& D_3& D_4& 0\\ 0& E_2& E_3& 0& E_5\\ F_1& F_2& 0& 0& F_5\end{array}\right).$$

By Proposition 7.7 the rank of $`M_2`$ is at most $`3`$. Therefore the determinant of any $`4\times 4`$ submatrix of $`M_2`$ is zero on $``$. Since the partial deriviatives of $`det(M)`$ with respect to the $`X_i`$ are linear combinations of determinants of such submatrices, we conclude that the quintic hypersurface $`X`$ in $`𝐏V`$ defined by $`det(M)`$ is singular along moduli space of marked cubic surfaces $`𝐏^9`$.

Using the $`10\times 5`$ matrix obtained from all $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{5}{3}\right)=10`$ linear relations between 3 of the 5 tritangent planes containing the line $`b_6`$, we get $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{10}{5}\right)`$ quintics, but they are either $`0`$ or the same as $`det(M)`$ up to sign. It can be checked that the $`W(E_6)`$-orbit of such a quintic has $`27`$ elements and that these quintics span a copy of the standard 6-dimensional representation $`6_p`$ of $`W(E_6)`$.

## 8. Hunt’s quintic.

### 8.1. Supercrosses.

We show how to construct 27 quintic polynomials, which we call supercrosses, on $`V`$ which are permuted, up to sign, as the 27 lines on the cubic surface under the action of $`W(E_6)`$. We show that the supercrosses span a $`6`$-dimensional vector space on which $`W(E_6)`$ acts as $`6_n`$ and that they define a rational map

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }:𝐏^5$$

which maps the moduli space onto the the unique $`W(E_6)`$-invariant hypersurface of degree $`5`$ in $`𝐏^5`$. This hypersurface was investigated by Hunt in \[H\].

### 8.2.

The line $`a_1`$ on a marked cubic surface defines a weight of $`E_6`$. The roots $`\alpha _2,\mathrm{},\alpha _6`$ are perpendicular to this weight and span a root system, of type $`D_5`$, consisting of $`220=40`$ roots. In the notation of \[H\], this system is ‘in standard form’

$$a_1^{}=\{\pm x_j\pm x_k:\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}j<k5\}D_5.$$

Any line on a cubic surface lies in 5 tritangent planes. The tritangent planes containing $`a_1`$ are the $`(1i)=\{a_1,b_j,c_{1j}\}`$, $`2j6`$. The three weights corresponding to the three lines in a tritangent are linearly dependent, hence span a line, and the orthogonal complement of the line is a root system of type $`D_4`$, in fact $`a_1=(2/3)x_6`$, $`b_j=x_{j1}+(1/3)x_6`$, thus

$$\{a_1,b_j,c_{1j}\}^{}=\{x_{j1},x_6\}^{}=\{\pm x_i\pm x_k:i<k,i,k\{1,\mathrm{},\widehat{j1},\mathrm{},5\}\}D_4.$$

Now the main point is that the 20 positive roots which are perpendicular to $`a_1`$ split in 5 sets of 4 perpendicular roots such that each of the 5 sets is also perpendicular to the weights corresponding to the lines in a tritangent plane containing $`a_1`$. Thus each line $`l`$ determines $`5`$ crosses. In the notation of \[H\]:

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}(12)=a_1,b_2,c_{12}& =& x_1,x_6& \{\pm x_2+x_3,\pm x_4+x_5\}=& \{h_{34},h_{56},h_{134},h_{156}\}\\ (13)=a_1,b_3,c_{13}& =& x_2,x_6& \{\pm x_1+x_4,\pm x_3+x_5\}=& \{h_{25},h_{46},h_{125},h_{146}\}\\ (14)=a_1,b_4,c_{14}& =& x_3,x_6& \{\pm x_1+x_5,\pm x_2+x_4\}=& \{h_{26},h_{35},h_{126},h_{135}\}\\ (15)=a_1,b_5,c_{15}& =& x_4,x_6& \{\pm x_1+x_3,\pm x_2+x_5\}=& \{h_{24},h_{36},h_{124},h_{136}\}\\ (16)=a_1,b_6,c_{16}& =& x_5,x_6& \{\pm x_1+x_2,\pm x_3+x_4\}=& \{h_{23},h_{45},h_{123},h_{145}\}\end{array}$$

### 8.3. The functions $`F_l`$.

To each cross corresponds a function, up to scalar multiple, in $`V`$. Fixing one such function and applying $`W(E_6)`$ we find other fuctions, unique up to sign, whose divisors are crosses. Fix a line $`l`$, then we can associate to it the function $`F_l`$, unique up to sign, which is the product of the 5 functions in $`V`$ corresponding to the $`5`$ crosses associated to $`l`$. The divisor of $`F_l`$ is then essentially the sum of the $`5`$ tritangent divisors $`D_t`$ with $`lt`$ and the $`20`$ boundary divisors $`D_\alpha `$ with $`\alpha l^{}E_6^+`$. If $`m`$ is a line and $`m=\sigma (l)`$ for some $`\sigma W(E_6)`$, we define $`F_m:=det(\sigma )\sigma (F_l)`$ where $`det(\sigma )`$ is the determinant of $`\sigma `$ in the 6-dimensional reflection representation. The $`F_m`$’s will be called a supercrosses, they are uniquely determined by $`F_l`$.

### 8.4. Proposition.

The 27 functions $`F_l`$ on Naruki’s cross ratio variety span a 6 dimensional vector space. The Weylgroup $`W(E_6)`$ acts on this vector space as $`6_n`$, the tensor product of the standard 6 dimensional representation with its determinant.

Proof. The functions $`F_l`$, with scalar factors suitably normalized, satisfy the linear relations $`F_l\pm F_m\pm F_n=0`$ whenever the lines $`l,m,n`$ are in a tritangent plane. From this one concludes that they span a space of dimension 6 on which $`W(E_6)`$ acts (the relations $`F_{a_i}\pm F_{b_j}\pm F_{c_{ij}}=0`$ imply one can can express the $`F_{c_{ij}}`$ in terms of the $`F_{a_i}`$ and $`F_{b_j}`$, now use the relations $`F_{c_{ij}}\pm F_{c_{kl}}\pm F_{c_{mn}}`$ to eliminate the $`F_{b_j}`$).

Since reflections in the stabilizer of an $`F_l`$ act by as multiplication by $`1`$ on $`F_l`$, the representation is the twist of the standard representation. ∎

### 8.5.

The theorem provides us with a $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant rational map

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }:𝐏^5.$$

By computing the differential of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ in some point of $``$ we found that it has maximal rank. Hence the (closure of the) image of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a $`W(E_6)`$-invariant hypersurface in $`𝐏^5`$.

### 8.6. Theorem.

The hypersurface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }()𝐏^5`$ is Hunt’s quintic, the unique quintic hypersurface which is $`W(E_6)`$-invariant. It is defined by:

$$I_5:=\underset{l}{}\lambda _l^5=0$$

where $`\lambda _l`$ is the linear form on $`𝐏^5`$ defined by the $`E_6`$-weight which corresponds to the line $`l`$.

Proof. We will show that the following sextic relation holds:

$$\underset{lA}{}F_l=\underset{lB}{}F_l$$

where $`A=\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_6\}`$ and $`B=\{b_1,\mathrm{},b_6\}`$ form a double six of lines. As observed by Naruki (see \[H\], p.235), this equation is reducible, being the product of $`I_5`$ and a linear factor which is the linear form defined by the root corresponding to the double six given by $`A`$ and $`B`$. The $`W(E_6)`$-invariance of the image implies that the image is defined by $`I_5`$.

The divisors of both sides of the equation are the sum of the $`65=30`$ tritangent divisors $`D_{(ij)}`$ as well as the sum of $`620=120`$ boundary divisors. We already determined the positive roots in $`a_1^{}`$ above, those in $`b_1^{}`$ are:

$$b_1^{}=\{h_{jk}=x_{j1}+x_{k1}:\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}j<k6\}\{h_{pqr}:\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}p<q<r6\}.$$

Thus each $`h_{ij}`$ occurs 4 times whereas each $`h_{pqr}`$ occurs 3 times in both the left and the right hand side, note that $`415+320=120`$). Thus, upto scalar multiple, the left and right hand side coincide. Using the reflection $`s`$ in the root $`h`$ (note $`s(a_i)=b_i`$) one finds the equality. ∎

### 8.7.

Direct computations show that the images of the 36 divisors are 36 points in $`𝐏^5`$, these are the roots of $`E_6`$. The images of the 45 tritangent divisors are the 45 $`𝐏^3`$’s in Hunt’s quintic (see the proof of the theorem below).

### 8.8. Theorem.

The rational map

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }:I_5$$

has generic degree at least 10.

Proof. We verified by machine computation that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has maximal rank at the point $`(\lambda ,\mu ,\nu ,\rho )=(1,1,2,3)T`$. This point lies in the intersection of the two tritangent divisors $`(12)=\zeta `$ defined by $`\lambda =\mu `$ and $`(13)=z`$ defined by $`\lambda \mu =1`$ (cf. \[N\] Table 3). These tritangents have the line $`a_1`$ in common. Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is $`W(E_6)`$-equivariant we conclude that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has maximal rank at the general point in the intersection of any two tritangent divisors with a line in common.

We consider the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ to the intersection of the tritangent divisors $`D_\mathrm{w}=D_{(16)}`$ and $`D_{(26)}`$ which have the line $`b_6`$ in common. The divisor $`D_\mathrm{w}`$ is birationally isomorphic to $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$, the exceptional fiber of the blow up of $`T`$ in $`e`$, and we consider the map induced by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ on this $`𝐏^3`$. The local equation of $`(26)=\overline{\mathrm{x}}`$ is $`\lambda ^2\mu \nu \rho ^2=1`$ and its intersection with $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ is given by $`y_1=0`$. (cf. 6.6, 6.7). Note that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has maximal rank in a general point of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3(y_1=0)`$.

On $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ the leading terms of the $`F_l`$ are of degree 15 or 16 (only for $`F_{a_1}`$, $`F_{b_6}`$ and $`F_{c_{16}}`$), hence the restriction of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is given by homogeneous polynomials of degree 15 and the image of $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3`$ under $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ lies in the intersection of the hyperplanes defined by $`a_1,b_6`$ and $`c_{16}`$ which is a $`𝐏^3`$. After omitting leading terms which are multiples of $`y_1`$ and dividing the remaining ones by their common factor $`y_2y_3y_4`$, we found that $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ restricts to $`𝐏_\mathrm{w}^3(y_1=0)`$ to give a map

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_r:𝐏^2𝐏^2$$

defined by homogeneous polynomials of degree $`12`$. One coordinate function is

$$F_2:=y_3y_4(y_3y_4)(y_3+y_4)(y_2^2y_3y_4)^2(y_2^2+y_3y_4)^2,$$

the other two, $`F_3`$ and $`F_4`$, are obtained by permuting the coordinates cyclically. All these functions satisfy

$$F(y_2,y_3,y_4)=(y_2y_3y_4)^8F(y_2^1,y_3^1,y_4^1)$$

hence the map $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_r`$ has degree at least 2.

The inverse image of a general point $`(x_2:x_3:x_4)𝐏^2`$ under $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_r`$ is defined by the two equations, each homogeneous of degree $`12`$:

$$G_1:=x_3F_2x_2F_3=0,G_2:=x_4F_2x_2F_4=0.$$

The 0-cycle defined by these equations has degree $`12^2=144`$, but the linear system defined by the $`F_i`$ has base points. Below we list the base points and their contribution to the intersection multiplicities (determined with computer). Here $`\omega `$ is a primitive cube root of unity.

$$\begin{array}{cc}(0:0:1),(0:1:0),(1:0:0),\hfill & m_P=20,\hfill \\ (0:1:\pm 1),(1:0:\pm 1),(1:\pm 1:0),\hfill & m_P=1,\hfill \\ (1:1:1),(1:1:1),(1:1:1),\hfill & m_P=9,\hfill \\ (1:1:1),\hfill & m_P=9,\hfill \\ (1:\omega :\pm \omega ^2),(1:\omega ^2:\pm \omega ),(1:\omega :\pm \omega ^2),(1:\omega ^2:\pm \omega )\hfill & m_P=4.\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus we find that the base points contribute

$$320+61+39+19+84=134$$

to the intersection, so there remain 10 points unaccounted for. Since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has maximal rank in a general point of this $`𝐏^2`$, we conclude that the degree of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is at least 10. ∎

## 9. Tables.

The following tables identify the $`36`$ positive roots of $`E_6`$, in the notation of Hunt \[H\], with the $`12`$ positive $`D_4`$ roots, in the notation of Naruki \[N\], and $`24`$ $`D_4`$-weights. We also list the functions $`f_\alpha `$ on $`T`$ corresponding to the positive roots $`\alpha D_4`$.

### 9.1.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\text{roots of }D_4& f_\alpha & \text{roots of }E_6\hfill & \text{roots of }D_4& f_\alpha & \text{roots of }E_6\hfill \\ e_1e_2& \lambda & h_{23}=x_1+x_2\hfill & e_1+e_2& \lambda \mu \nu \rho ^2& h_{145}=x_3+x_4\hfill \\ e_1e_3& \lambda \rho & h_{24}=x_1+x_3\hfill & e_1+e_3& \lambda \mu \nu \rho & h_{135}=x_2+x_4\hfill \\ e_1e_4& \lambda \nu \rho & h_{25}=x_1+x_4\hfill & e_1+e_4& \lambda \mu \rho & h_{134}=x_2+x_3\hfill \\ e_2e_3& \rho & h_{34}=x_2+x_3\hfill & e_2+e_3& \mu \nu \rho & h_{125}=x_1+x_4\hfill \\ e_2e_4& \nu \rho & h_{35}=x_2+x_4\hfill & e_2+e_4& \mu \rho & h_{124}=x_1+x_3\hfill \\ e_3e_4& \nu & h_{45}=x_3+x_4\hfill & e_3+e_4& \mu & h_{123}=x_1+x_2\hfill \end{array}$$

### 9.2.

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill D_4\mathrm{weight}& E_6\mathrm{root}\hfill & \hfill D_4\mathrm{weight}& E_6\mathrm{root}\hfill & \hfill D_4\mathrm{weight}& E_6\mathrm{root}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_1& h_{345}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{16}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{56}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_2& h_{245}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{236}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{46}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_3& h_{235}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{246}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{36}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_4& h_{234}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{256}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{26}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_1& h_{12}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{346}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{126}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_2& h_{13}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{356}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{136}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_3& h_{14}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2+ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{456}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2ϵ_3+ϵ_4)/2& h_{146}\hfill \\ \hfill ϵ_4& h_{15}\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1ϵ_2ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h\hfill & \hfill (ϵ_1+ϵ_2+ϵ_3ϵ_4)/2& h_{156}\hfill \end{array}$$

### 9.3. $`W(E_6)`$-representations.

In the notation of Frame \[Fr\], the (unique) 10 dimensional representation $`V`$ of $`W(E_6)`$ is denoted by $`10_s`$. One has:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill Sym^2(10_s)& =& 1+15_m+15_q+24_p,\hfill \\ \hfill Sym^3(10_s)& =& 20_s+230_m+230_p+80_s,\hfill \\ \hfill Sym^4(10_s)& =& 21+1_n+315_m+415_q+20_p+20_s+\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \hfill Sym^5(10_s)& =& 26_p+26_n+15_p+15_q+730_m+730_p+\mathrm{},\hfill \\ \hfill Sym^6(10_s)& =& 51+31_n+1115_m+1415_q+\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$

here $`6_p`$ is the standard $`6`$-dimensional representation and $`6_n`$ is the tensor product of $`6_p`$ with its determinant. On $`𝐏^5`$ the representations $`6_p`$ and $`6_n`$ are the same. In particular, there are two 1-dimensional families of $`6`$-dimensional representations in $`S^5V`$.


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# Constraining CP-Violating TGCs and Measuring W-Polarization at OPAL

## 1 The Spin Density Matrix for $`\mathrm{W}^+`$$`\mathrm{W}^{}`$

Polarization properties of $`\mathrm{W}^+`$$`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ produced in $`\mathrm{e}^+`$$`\mathrm{e}^{}`$ collisions are summarized by the two-particle joint spin density matrix (SDM). The SDM is the product of the amplitudes for producing a $`\mathrm{W}^+`$ and $`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ of respective helicities $`\tau _+`$, $`\tau _{}`$:

$$\rho _{\tau _{}\tau _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\tau _+\tau _{}^{}{}_{+}{}^{}}(s,\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W})=\frac{_\lambda F_{\tau _{}\tau _+}^{(\lambda )}(F_{\tau _{}^{}\tau _+^{}}^{(\lambda )})^{}}{_{\lambda \tau _+\tau _{}}|F_{\tau _{}\tau _+}^{(\lambda )}|^2}.$$
(1)
The diagonal elements are probabilities of producing $`\mathrm{W}^+`$$`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ with the corresponding helicity combinations, and are strictly real. The potentially complex off-diagonal terms represent interference between helicity states. The data considered in the analysis were collected with the OPAL detector in 1998, at a centre-of-mass energy of 189 GeV. They correspond to an integrated luminosity of $`183\text{ pb}^1`$, with 1065 events identified as $`\mathrm{W}^+\mathrm{W}^{}\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}\mathrm{}\nu `$. Only semi-leptonic decays are used for this analysis, as fully leptonic and fully hadronic decays cannot be unambiguously reconstructed. Due to the restricted sample size, it is not possible to measure all 81 elements of the joint SDM; however, all elements of the nine-element single-particle SDM, obtained by summing over the helicity states of the $`\mathrm{W}^+`$, may be measured:

$$\rho _{\tau _{}\tau _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}}^W^{}(s,\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W})=\underset{\tau _+}{}\rho _{\tau _{}\tau _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\tau _+\tau _+}(s,\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W}).$$
(2)
Its diagonal elements are the probabilities of producing a $`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ with helicity $`+1,0`$ or $`1`$. In order to use both $`\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}\mathrm{}^{}\overline{\nu }`$ and $`\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}\mathrm{}^+\nu `$, CPT is assumed.

The five kinematic variables used in the analysis are the cosine of the polar production angle of the $`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ in the laboratory frame ($`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W`$), and the decay angles given by the directions of the fermion and anti-fermion with respect to the $`\mathrm{W}^+`$ and $`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ respectively in the $`\mathrm{W}`$ rest-frames ($`\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{},\varphi _{\mathrm{}}^{},`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _j^{},\varphi _j^{})`$, with an ambiguity of $`\pi `$ for both jet angles due to the difficulty of distinguishing the up-quark jet from the anti–down-quark jet. With the hadronic part of the event, it is therefore only possible to measure combinations of SDM elements which are symmetric under $`\mathrm{cos}\theta ^{}\mathrm{cos}\theta ^{}`$ and $`\varphi ^{}\varphi ^{}+\pi `$. Fortunately, these include $`\rho _{++}+\rho _{}`$ and $`\rho _{00}`$, so the full two-particle SDM element $`\rho _{0000}`$ and the combinations $`\rho _{++++}+\rho _{++}+\rho _{++}+\rho _{}`$ and $`\rho _{++00}+\rho _{00}+\rho _{00++}+\rho _{00}`$ may be measured.

SDM elements are measured by forming histograms of the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W`$ distribution obtained in the data, and weighting each event by a projection operator which is a function of $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _{\mathrm{}}^{},\varphi _{\mathrm{}}^{},\mathrm{cos}\theta _j^{},\varphi _j^{}`$. Different operators project out each independent element of the SDM.

Results are shown in figure 1.

Constraints arise from imposing tree-level CPT-invariance:

$`\mathrm{Re}(\rho _{\tau _1\tau _2}^W^{})`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{Re}(\rho _{\tau _1\tau _2}^{W^+})=0`$ (3)
$`\mathrm{Im}(\rho _{\tau _1\tau _2}^W^{})`$ $`+`$ $`\mathrm{Im}(\rho _{\tau _1\tau _2}^{W^+})=0.`$ (4)
Since CPT has already been assumed, any deviation from these must arise from loop effects. CP-invariance would further imply that:

$$\mathrm{Im}(\rho _{\tau _1\tau _2}^W^{})\mathrm{Im}(\rho _{\tau _1\tau _2}^{W^+})=0.$$
(5)
Combining equations 4 and 5 shows that all single-particle SDM coefficients must be strictly real in the absence of CP-violation.

## 2 Helicity Cross-Sections

Differential production cross-sections for $`\mathrm{W}^\pm `$ of particular helicities are:

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma _h}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W}}=f_h\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma }{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W}},$$
(6)
where $`f_\mathrm{T}=\rho _{++}+\rho _{}`$, $`f_\mathrm{L}=\rho _{00}`$, $`f_{\mathrm{TT}}=\rho _{++++}+\rho _{++}+\rho _{++}+\rho _{}`$, $`f_{\mathrm{LL}}=\rho _{0000}`$, $`f_{\mathrm{TL}}=\rho _{++00}+\rho _{00}+\rho _{00++}+\rho _{00}`$. Corresponding total cross-sections may be obtained by integrating over the full range of $`\mathrm{d}\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W}`$. Results are given in table 1. Correction factors are included for detector and reconstruction effects.

The $`\mathrm{W}^+`$ and $`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ polarizations are about 7% correlated. This effect is included in the systematic errors. Total cross-sections for the various helicity states are very strongly correlated. It should be noted that $`\rho _{0000}`$ can have no CP-violating contributions, and $`\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma _{\mathrm{LL}}}{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{cos}\theta _\mathrm{W}}`$ is thus completely insensitive to CP-violation. The helicity fractions for TT, LL and TL differ by about $`2\sigma `$ from Standard Model (SM) predictions, giving a $`\chi ^2`$ probability of about 10% for SM compatibility.

## 3 Triple Gauge Boson Couplings

Of nine possible $`\mathrm{W}^+`$$`\mathrm{W}^{}`$ helicity pairings, seven are allowed in the $`s`$-channel processes $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{Z}^{}/\gamma ^{}\mathrm{W}^+\mathrm{W}^{}`$ ($`+`$, $`+`$ occur only in $`t`$-channel $`\nu `$-exchange, as $`|\tau _+\tau _{}|=2`$). There are then seven free parameters in the Lagrangian describing each of the triple gauge boson couplings $`\mathrm{W}^+\mathrm{W}^{}\mathrm{Z}^0`$ and $`\mathrm{W}^+\mathrm{W}^{}\gamma `$, here called $`\kappa _V,g_1^V,\lambda _V,g_5^V,\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_V,g_4^V,\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_V`$ ($`V=\mathrm{Z}^0,\gamma `$). The first two are unity in the SM, and the others zero. The first three conserve C and P, $`g_5^V`$ violates C and P but conserves CP, and the last three violate CP.

The real elements of the SDM are sensitive to all of the coupling parameters; the imaginary elements are also sensitive to CP-violating parameters. It is impossible to fit all fourteen parameters simultaneously with the limited data sample. Each is measured separately, with the others set to their SM values, except those related to the tested parameter through $`SU(2)\times U(1)`$ symmetry ($`\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_Z=\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _W\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_\gamma `$; $`\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_Z=\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_\gamma `$; $`g_4^Z=g_4^\gamma `$). This leaves three independent parameters to test, chosen to be $`\stackrel{~}{\kappa }_Z,\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_Z,g_4^Z`$. There are strong constraints on CP-violation in electromagnetic interactions from the constraints on the electric dipole moment of the neutron, which is why an alternative would be to ignore the gauge symmetry constraints and set $`\mathrm{W}^+`$$`\mathrm{W}^{}`$$`\gamma `$ couplings to zero. Coupling values from a fit to the SDM elements are given in table 2.

Table 2 also includes results from a $`\chi ^2`$ fit to the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W`$ distribution. The $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W`$ distribution is the most sensitive to variations in CP-conserving couplings, but is relatively insensitive to CP-violating couplings. Figure 2 shows $`\chi ^2`$ curves for TGCs measured from SDM elements and from $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W`$ distributions. The real SDM elements and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _W`$ are sensitive only to the magnitude of CP-violating couplings (their dependence on the couplings is quadratic), and so have a double minimum. The imaginary SDM elements depend linearly on the CP-violating couplings and can thus lift the degeneracy.

The CP-conserving couplings measured from the SDM elements are fully compatible with the results of the OPAL optimal observable analysis.

## 4 Conclusions

The SDM method allows direct measurement of the fraction of $`\mathrm{W}`$ bosons produced with longitudinal polarization. This longitudinal component of the $`\mathrm{W}`$ is a result of the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism. It also provides constraints on CP-violation in TGCs. All results are compatible with SM predictions. This analysis is more fully described elsewhere.