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# Untitled Document

The Inverse Scattering Transform for a Model

of Colomb’s plasma with the negative temperature

E. Sh. Gutshabash

Institute Research for Physics, Sankt-Petersburg State University, Russia

e-mail: gutshab@EG2097.spb.edu

Abstract

The boundary problem for a two-dimensional elliptical equation -$`\mathrm{sinh}`$-Gordon has been investigated. The exact solutions have been found and identities of traces have been proposed. The application of the problem to the model of the Coulomb’s plasma with the negative temperature has been considered.

1. Introduction

This paper is devoted to research and the construction of the explicit solutions of the nonlinear elliptical equation -$`\mathrm{sinh}`$-Gordon:

$$\mathrm{}u=4\mathrm{sinh}u,$$
$`(1.1)`$
where $`\mathrm{}`$ is two-dimensional Laplas’s operator.

On the one hand, it is of a great mathematical interest due to is describes the immersion of a negative curvature surface in the three-dimensional Euclidean space , and on the other hand it has a number of physical applications. In particular, it arises as the model of two-dimensional Colomb’s system at the negative temperatures .

L.Onzager appears to have been first who introduced a conception of negative temperatures in the context of a problem of a vortical line description. Further the conception turned out to be connected with so-called anomalous systems consisting of weakly interacting particles, spins and so on (see, for example ) where an energetic spectrum is bounded above and some maximal value of energy is available. In this case a statistical sum of the system is $`_ig(E_i)\mathrm{exp}(E_i/T)`$ under assumption that $`g(E_i)\mathrm{exp}(aE_i),E_i\mathrm{},a>0`$, where $`g(E_i)`$ is a density of a statements number , and $`E_i`$ is an energetic level that can be finite both at $`T>0`$ and $`T<0`$ ($`T`$ is absolute temperature). Assuming that $`a=\mathrm{}`$ and hence $`g(E_i)=0`$ at $`E_i>E_{\mathrm{max}}`$, it is not difficult to see that the statistical sum changes into a finite series and has a finite value at $`T(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})`$. Then it is obvious that the density of the energetic levels that is proportional to Boltsmann’s factor $`\mathrm{exp}(E_i/T)`$, at $`T>0`$ drops as the energy increases.

In particular, at $`T\mathrm{}\mathrm{exp}(E_i/T)1`$, i.e. all levels proved to be distributed uniformly. Another picture is at $`T(\mathrm{},0)`$, in this case Boltsmann’s factor is an increasing function of $`E_i`$ and there exists an phenomenon of an inversion of a levels distribution with the density at the up levels becoming more than at down ones. It is clear, that the equation (1.1) involving the difference of Boltsmann’s factors for the one-charged particles in its right side exactly corresponds to the situation of a negative temperatures that was described above.

We now turn to a statement the boundary problem. Let us suppose that the function $`u(x,y)`$ determined on the half-plane $`_+^2=\{(x,y):x(\mathrm{},\mathrm{}),y0\}`$, is the real-valued and enough smooth, $`u(x,0),u_y(x,0)`$ are boundary values of the desired initial function and its normal derivative correspondently. Also we assume that one of these condition is known, but there is some relation of the condition to one another that will by some given below (a nonlinear analog of the condition of the third kind).

Moreover, we will assume, that

$$u(x,0)0at|x|\mathrm{}.$$
$`(1.2)`$
Equation (1.1) is integrable and can be represented in the form of the compatibility condition of the linear matrix system:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_x(x,y,\lambda )=U(x,y,\lambda )\mathrm{\Psi }(x,y,\lambda ),$$
$`(1.3a)`$
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_y(x,y,\lambda )=V(x,y,\lambda )\mathrm{\Psi }(x,y,\lambda ).$$
$`(1.3b)`$
Here $`\mathrm{\Psi }(x,y,\lambda )`$ is a matrix-valued ($`2\times 2`$) function, $`\lambda `$ is a spectral parameter, $`U`$ and $`V`$ will look like:

$$U(\lambda )U(x,y,\lambda )=i[\frac{2}{\lambda ^21}+\frac{\lambda +1}{2(\lambda 1)}(\mathrm{cosh}u1)]\sigma _3+\frac{\lambda +1}{2(\lambda 1)}\mathrm{sinh}ue^{2ix\sigma _3}\sigma _2+$$

$$+\frac{u_z}{2}e^{2ix\sigma _3}\sigma _1,$$

$$V(\lambda )V(x,y,\lambda )=[\frac{2\lambda }{\lambda ^21}+i\frac{\lambda +1}{2(\lambda 1)}(\mathrm{cosh}u1)]\sigma _3+\frac{i(\lambda +1)}{2(\lambda 1)}\mathrm{sinh}ue^{2ix\sigma _3}\sigma _2+$$

$$+\frac{iu_z}{2}e^{2ix\sigma _3}\sigma _1.$$

It should be notice that a rather nontrivial and complex form of the gauge of the operators $`U`$ and $`V`$ is connected with the gauge equivalence of the equation (1.1) and two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg’s ferromagnet, which was proved earlier . The choice $`\pm 1`$ as the poles is necessary to obtain a convenient system of contours in solving Riemann’s problem (see below).

2. Associated linear problem

Let us $`\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm (x,\lambda )`$ are the solutions of the (1.3) with the conditions ($`k(\lambda )=2/(\lambda ^21)`$):

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm (x,\lambda )\mathrm{exp}(ik(\lambda )x\sigma _3)(1+o(1)),x\pm \mathrm{}.$$
$`(2.1)`$
Let us determine a transition matrix $`T(\lambda )T(\lambda ,y)(\lambda ^2=\overline{\lambda }^2)`$:

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^{}(x,\lambda )=\mathrm{\Psi }^+(x,\lambda )T(\lambda ),T(\lambda )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a(\lambda )& b(\lambda )\\ c(\lambda )& d(\lambda )\end{array}\right).$$
$`(2.2)`$
The matrix $`T(\lambda )`$ is unimodular: $`detT(\lambda )=1`$.

Assuming $`\varphi ^\pm (x,\lambda )=\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm (x,\lambda )\mathrm{exp}(ik(\lambda )x\sigma _3)`$, from (1.3a) we obtain:

$$\varphi ^\pm (\lambda )=e^{ix\sigma _3}e^{(u/2)\sigma _1}\sigma _2e^{ix\sigma _3}\overline{\varphi }^\pm (\overline{\lambda })\sigma _2,\lambda ^2=\overline{\lambda }^2,$$
$`(2.3)`$
$$\varphi ^\pm (\lambda )=e^{2ix\sigma _3}\sigma _1\varphi ^\pm (\frac{1}{\lambda })\sigma _1,\lambda ^2=\overline{\lambda }^2.$$
$`(2.4)`$
From these relations it follows the relations of symmetry

$$T(\lambda )=\sigma _2\overline{T}(\overline{\lambda })\sigma _2,\lambda ^2=\overline{\lambda }^2,$$
$`(2.5)`$
$$T(\lambda )=\sigma _1\overline{T}(\frac{1}{\lambda })\sigma _1.$$
$`(2.6)`$
Then we have

$$T(\lambda )=\sigma _3\overline{T}(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }})\sigma _3,\lambda ^2=\overline{\lambda }^2.$$
$`(2.7)`$
We find a dependence of scattering data from the variable $`y`$. For this purpose let us turn to the system (1.3b). On fulfilling standard operations and taking $`l(\lambda )=2\lambda /(\lambda ^21)=\lambda k(\lambda )`$, we obtain:

$$a(\lambda ,0)=a(\lambda ,y),b(\lambda ,y)=b(\lambda ,0)e^{2l(\lambda )y},$$
$`(2.8)`$
$$c(\lambda ,y)=c(\lambda ,0)e^{2l(\lambda )y},d(\lambda ,0)=d(\lambda ,y).$$
$`(2.9)`$
It follows from these relations that the coefficients $`a(\lambda )`$ and $`d(\lambda )`$ act as the produced functional of ”the integrals of movement”. Alternatively, from the requirement of finiteness of the coefficients $`b(\lambda )`$ and $`c(\lambda )`$ it follows, that it is necessary to put $`b(\lambda ,0)`$ equal to zero at

$$\lambda >1,1<\lambda <0,$$
$`(2.10)`$
and put $`c(\lambda ,0)`$ equal to zero at

$$0<\lambda <1,\lambda <1.$$
$`(2.11)`$
These inequalities determine boundaries of the zones. Domains in the real axis that are additional to these zones are continuous spectrum. There are no such restrictions at $`\lambda =\overline{\lambda }`$, so the continuous spectrum can be find in the imaginary axis.

Taking $`U(x,y,\lambda )=ik(\lambda )\sigma _3+Q(x,y,\lambda )`$, where

$$Q(x,y,\lambda )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{i}{2}\frac{\lambda +1}{\lambda 1}(\mathrm{cosh}u1)& (\frac{i}{2}\frac{\lambda +1}{\lambda 1}\mathrm{sinh}u+\frac{u_z}{2})e^{2ix}\\ (\frac{i}{2}\frac{\lambda +1}{\lambda 1}\mathrm{sinh}u+\frac{u_z}{2})e^{2ix}& \frac{i}{2}\frac{\lambda +1}{\lambda 1}(\mathrm{cosh}u1)\end{array}\right),$$

and introducing the columns $`\varphi _1^\pm ,\varphi _2^\pm `$ of the matrix $`\varphi ^\pm ,`$ from (1.3a) we will obtain Volterra’s integrable equations of the direct problem:

$$\varphi _1^{}(x,\lambda )=e_1+𝑑\xi g_1^{}(x\xi ,\lambda )Q(\xi ,\lambda )\varphi _1^{}(\xi ,\lambda ),$$
$`(2.12)`$
$$\varphi _2^{}(x,\lambda )=e_2+𝑑\xi g_2^{}(x\xi ,\lambda )Q(\xi ,\lambda )\varphi _2^{}(\xi ,\lambda ).$$
$`(2.13)`$
In these equations $`e_1=(1,0)^T,e_2=(0,1)^T`$ and $`g_{1,2}^{}(x,\lambda )`$ are Green’s ”initial” functions:

$$g_1^{}(x,\lambda )=\theta (x)diag(1,e^{2ik(\lambda )x}),g_2^{}(x,\lambda )=\theta (x)diag(e^{2ik(\lambda )x},\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}1}).$$
$`(2.14)`$
From (2.12)-(2.13) it follows that

$$\varphi _1^{}(x,\lambda )H(\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_3),\varphi _2^{}(x,\lambda )H(\mathrm{\Omega }_2\mathrm{\Omega }_4),$$
$`(2.15)`$
where $`H(\mathrm{\Omega }_i)`$ is the class of functions ($`\mathrm{\Omega }_i=\{\lambda :(i1)\pi /2<\mathrm{arg}\lambda <i\pi /2\},i=1,\mathrm{}4`$), that are analytical in the domain $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i`$.

Completely analogously we can show that

$$\varphi _1^+(x,\lambda )H(\mathrm{\Omega }_2\mathrm{\Omega }_4),\varphi _2^+(x,\lambda )H(\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_3).$$
$`(2.16)`$
From (2.12)-(2.13) we can easy obtain the integrable representations for the scattering data:

$$a(\lambda )=1+𝑑\xi [Q_{11}(\xi ,\lambda )\varphi _{11}^{}(\xi ,\lambda )+Q_{12}(\xi ,\lambda )\varphi _{21}^{}(\xi ,\lambda )],$$
$`(2.17)`$
$$b(\lambda )=𝑑\xi [Q_{11}(\xi ,\lambda )\varphi _{12}^{}(\xi ,\lambda )+Q_{12}(\xi ,\lambda )\varphi _{22}^{}(\xi ,\lambda )]e^{2ik(\lambda )\xi },$$
$`(2.18)`$
and hence

$$a(\lambda )H(\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_3).$$
$`(2.19)`$
From (2.18) and the similar expression for $`c(\lambda )`$ it follows that generally speaking, $`b(\lambda )`$ and $`c(\lambda )`$ don’t admit an analytical extension from both the real axis and imaginary one. On assuming $`y=0`$, in (2.18), accordingly to (2.10), we obtain the equality:

$$𝑑\xi [Q_{11}(\xi ,0,\lambda )\varphi _{12}^{}(\xi ,0,\lambda )+Q_{12}(\xi ,0,\lambda )\varphi _{22}^{}(\xi ,0,\lambda )]e^{2ik(\lambda )}=0,$$
$`(2.20)`$
that connects the boundary values of the desired function and its normal derivative and acts as the boundary condition (in term of the spectral representation).

Let us introduce a matrix complex-valued function $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)`$, that can be defined as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)=\underset{|\lambda |\mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}(x,y,\lambda ).$$
$`(2.21)`$
From (2.21 ), (2.3) it follows, that the expression

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=e^{ix\sigma _3}e^{\frac{u}{2}\sigma _1}\sigma _2e^{ix\sigma _3}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}\sigma _2$$
$`(2.22)`$
is fulfilled. This relation will be used later.

Matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ obeys the equation:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_x=U(x,y,\mathrm{})\mathrm{\Omega },$$
$`(2.23)`$
and, in addition, $`det\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)=1.`$ We suppose also that it has asymptotics:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_0=\underset{x+\mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=(1)^Ne^{\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}\sigma _3},$$
$`(2.24)`$
$$\underset{x\mathrm{}}{lim}\mathrm{\Omega }(x)=I,$$
$`(2.25)`$
where $`\alpha _0`$ is some parameter, $`\alpha _00`$, and the sense of the integer number $`N`$ will be clear further. The choice of the asymptotics is in agreement with (1.3a), (2.23) and is stimulated by the gauge equivalence of boundary problems.

From (2.2), (2.23), (2.24) we have:

$$T(\mathrm{})=(1)^N\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}\sigma _3),T(0)=(1)^N\mathrm{exp}(\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}\sigma _3),$$
$`(2.26)`$
and from (2.10) and the similar expression for $`c(\lambda )`$ it follows that

$$b(\pm 10)=c(\pm 1+0)=0.$$
$`(2.27)`$
3. Dispersion relations and identities of traces.

The results are obtained in the previous sections allows to write down the dispersion relations and to obtain identities of traces as well.

From (2.17) we have:

$$a(\lambda )=(1)^Ne^{\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}}[1+O(\frac{1}{|\lambda |})],|\lambda |\mathrm{},\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_3.$$
$`(3.1)`$
Similarly it can be shown

$$d(\lambda )=(1)^Ne^{\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}}[1+O(\frac{1}{|\lambda |})],|\lambda |\mathrm{},\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }_2\mathrm{\Omega }_4.$$
$`(3.2)`$
We assume now that the coefficient $`a(\lambda )`$ has finite number of simple zeros in domains $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$, with the quantity of the zeros being same and equal to $`N`$ in both domains. Let us also assume that the zeros don’t belong to the continuous spectrum (may be except of the zones accordingly to the formula (2.10)). Moreover, we will consider that $`a(\lambda )=a_s(\lambda )a_c(\lambda )`$, where $`a_s(\lambda )`$ is given by the contribution of the discrete part of the spectrum (”solitonic” part) and $`a_c(\lambda )`$ \- to the continuous part spectrum. Taking into account (2.2), (2.10)-(2.11) and equality $`|a_s(\lambda )|^2=1`$ at $`\lambda =\overline{\lambda }`$, we will have

$$\mathrm{ln}a_c(\lambda )+\mathrm{ln}d_c(\lambda )=0,\lambda =\overline{\lambda },$$

$$\mathrm{ln}a_c(\lambda )+\mathrm{ln}d_c(\lambda )=\mathrm{ln}(1|b(\lambda )|^2),\lambda =\overline{\lambda }.$$

These equalities assign the bound of piecewise analytical functions $`\mathrm{ln}a_c(\lambda )`$ and $`\mathrm{ln}d_c(\lambda )`$ in the continuous spectrum. On applying the Cochy’s formula to the function $`\mathrm{ln}a_c(\lambda )H(\mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_3)`$ and taking into account both (2.26) and two previous relations, we obtain

$$\mathrm{ln}a_c(\lambda )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi i}\frac{\mathrm{ln}(1|b(i\mu )|^2)}{\mu +i\lambda }sign(\mu ).$$
$`(3.3)`$
Now let us consider the ”soliton” part of the coefficients $`a(\lambda )`$: $`a_s(\lambda )`$. Let $`a_s(\lambda _n)=0`$, where $`\lambda _n\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$. Then in a view of the involution $`\overline{a}(\lambda _n)=a(1/\overline{\lambda }_n)e^{i\alpha _0}`$ we have: $`a(1/\overline{\lambda })=0,\overline{\lambda }^1\mathrm{\Omega }_3.`$ From this and with consideration for (2.6) we will find the expression for $`a_s(\lambda )`$:

$$a_s(\lambda )=(1)^Ne^{\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}}\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{(\lambda \lambda _n)(\lambda +\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})}{\lambda +\overline{\lambda }_n)(\lambda \frac{1}{\lambda _n})}.$$
$`(3.4)`$
Combining the equation (3.3) and (3.4), we will finally obtain

$$a(\lambda )=(1)^Ne^{\frac{i\alpha _0}{2}}\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{(\lambda \lambda _n)(\lambda +\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})}{\lambda +\overline{\lambda }_n)(\lambda \frac{1}{\lambda _n})}\times $$

$$\times \mathrm{exp}[_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi i}\frac{\mathrm{ln}(1|b(i\mu )|^2)}{\mu +i\lambda }sign(\mu )].$$
$`(3.5)`$
From the latter with consideration for (2.26) it follows:

$$e^{i\alpha _0}=\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\lambda _n^2}{\overline{\lambda }_n^2}\mathrm{exp}[_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi i}\frac{\mathrm{ln}(1|b(i\mu )|^2}{\mu }].$$
$`(3.6)`$
In particular, at $`b(\mu )=0`$, i.e. in the ”solitonic” sector of the problem we have:

$$e^{i\alpha _0}=\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\lambda _n^2}{\overline{\lambda }_n^2}.$$
$`(3.7)`$
It follows here from that at $`\alpha _0=0`$ and $`N=1`$ either $`\lambda _1=\overline{\lambda }_1`$ or $`\lambda _1=\overline{\lambda }_1`$. In the first case the eigenfunction proves to be non-localized and the solution doesn’t fit to the asymptotic (2.1). In the latter case ($`\lambda _1=\overline{\lambda }_1)a_s(\lambda _1)=1`$; means that discrete eigenvalue is in the continuous spectrum (the situation that is beyond the consideration). Hence in the reflectionless case at $`\alpha _0=0`$ the minimal value of $`N`$ is equal two. This explains the cause of introducing the parameter $`\alpha _0`$ in (2.24).

Assuming $`\lambda _n=\rho _ne^{i\theta _n},\rho _n>0,\theta _n(0,\pi /2)`$, in (3.7), we will obtain $`_{i=1}^N\theta _n=\alpha _0/4+\pi n/2,n=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,\mathrm{}`$ ; in particular, at $`N=1`$: $`\theta _1=\alpha _0/4+\pi k/2`$, where $`k`$ is the number to fulfill the inequalities $`0<\alpha _0/4+\pi k/2<\pi /2`$.

Let $`a_s(\lambda )=1`$, i.e. discrete spectrum in the system is unavailable. In this case from (3.6) we have:

$$\alpha _0=_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{\pi }\frac{\mathrm{ln}(1|b(i\mu )|^2)}{\mu }.$$
$`(3.8)`$
From (3.5) and (3.8) it follow, that

$$T(\pm 1)=1.$$
$`(3.9)`$
It should be noticed, that the expression of the type of (3.5) holds for the coefficient $`d(\lambda )`$ also, however we will not discuss it here.

Let us turn to deducing the identities of traces. Do to the matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (the relation (2.23)) can’t be determined explicitly the equalities in the points zero and infinity can’t be obtained (because we don’t know solutions of the Riccati’s equation in this cases). Therefore we will restrict ourselves by the consideration of the relations near points of the poles divisors.

Assuming $`\mathrm{ln}a(\lambda )=_{p=0}^{\mathrm{}}a_p^{(\pm 1)}(\lambda \pm 1)^p,\lambda \pm 1,`$ from (3.5) we have: $`a_p^{(1)}=a_p^{(1)}`$, where $`p`$ is a even number, and $`a_p^{(1)}=\overline{a}_p^{(1)},`$ where $`p`$ is an odd number. These equalities being the consequence of the spectral structure of the problem permit to control the validity of intermediate calculations and the final result.

From (1.3a) using the standard way of calculations one can obtain Riccati’s equation for the function $`F(x,\lambda )=\varphi _{21}^{}(x,\lambda )/\varphi _{11}^{}(x,\lambda )`$:

$$F_x+Q_{12}F^2=(Q_{22}Q_{11}2ik(\lambda ))F+Q_{21}.$$
$`(3.10)`$
Also from the equation for the function $`\varphi _1^{}`$, in view of (2.2), it follows that

$$\mathrm{ln}a(\lambda )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑x[Q_{11}(x,\lambda )+Q_{12}(x,\lambda )F(x,\lambda )].$$
$`(3.11)`$
Using explicit form of the matrix elements $`Q_{ij}`$, at the vicinity of the point $`\lambda =1`$ we will obtain $`(F(x,\lambda )=_{s=1}^{\mathrm{}}F_s^{(1)}(\lambda +1)^s))`$: $`F_1^{(1)}=(iu_z/2)e^{2ix}`$. Then accordingly to (3.11) $`\mathrm{ln}a(\lambda )=0,\lambda 1`$, which is in agreement with (3.9). In the next order $`((\lambda +1))`$, considering (3.10), (3.11) and (3.5), we will have:

$$1+\frac{\rho _1^21}{\rho _1^2+2\rho _1\mathrm{cos}\theta _1+1}+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{(\mu ^21)\mathrm{ln}(1|b(i\mu )|^2)}{(\mu ^21)^2+4\mu ^2}sign(\mu )=$$

$$=\frac{1}{16}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑xu_x(x,0)u_y(x,0),$$
$`(3.12)`$
$$\frac{\rho _1\mathrm{sin}\theta _1}{\rho _1^2+2\rho _1\mathrm{cos}\theta _1+1}+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\mu \mathrm{ln}(1|b(i\mu )|^2)}{(\mu ^21)^2+4\mu ^2}sign(\mu )=$$

$$=\frac{1}{4}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑x[(\mathrm{cosh}u(x,0)1)\frac{1}{8}(u_x^2(x,0)u_y^2(x,0))],$$
$`(3.13)`$
where $`\lambda _1=\rho _1e^{i\theta _1},\theta _1(0,\pi /2).`$ Thus, the continuous spectrum of the problem contributes the left parts of the identities of traces. It should be noted that the similar character the identities have also in the neighbourhood of the point $`\lambda =1`$.

4. Equations of the inverse problem and formulas for reconstruction.

It follows from the analysis of properties of the operator spectrum of an associated linear problem and analytical properties of Jost’s solutions performed above that the continuous spectrum of the problem is in ”the cross”: $`\{\lambda :\lambda _R=0\lambda _I=0\}`$, whereas matrix columns of these solutions admit the analytical extension to certain domains of the plane of a complex spectral parameter $`\lambda `$. This allows using Riemann’s technique problem. However there exists some additional difficulty here: from (2.21) and the determination of the matrix $`\varphi ^{}`$ it follows, that $`\varphi ^{}(x,\mathrm{})=\mathrm{\Psi }(x,\mathrm{})=\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)`$, with the matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)`$ being unknown. This leads to Riemann’s local problem on an analytical factorization appears to be characterized by noncanonical conditions at the infinity in this case. Also some difficulties arise in searching for formulas of the reconstruction. This section is devoted to these problems.

As the method of solution of the inverse problem we choose the method of Riemann’s vector problem. From (2.2) and the connection $`\mathrm{\Psi }^\pm `$ and $`\varphi ^\pm `$ we obtain:

$$\varphi ^{}(x,\lambda )=\varphi ^+(x,\lambda )T_1(x,\lambda ),$$
$`(4.1)`$
where

$$T_1(x,\lambda )=\mathrm{exp}(ik(\lambda )x\sigma _3)T(\lambda )\mathrm{exp}(ik(\lambda )x\sigma _3).$$

We use one of the equalities following from (4.1)

$$\frac{\varphi _1^+(x,\lambda )}{d(\lambda )}=\varphi _1^{}(x,\lambda )\varphi _2^{}(x,\lambda )\frac{c(\lambda )}{d(\lambda )}e^{2ik(\lambda )x}.$$
$`(4.2)`$
Now let us suppose that $`\lambda _n\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ is such that $`a(\lambda _n)=0`$ and also $`1/\overline{\lambda }_n\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$ and $`a(1/\overline{\lambda }_n)=0`$. Then the vector-functions $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1^{}(x,\lambda )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Psi }_2^+(x,\lambda )`$ proved to be linear- dependent at these points, from here we have:

$$\varphi _1^{}(x,\lambda _n)=\frac{1}{b_n}\varphi _2^+(x,\lambda _n)e^{2ik(\lambda _n)x},$$
$`(4.3)`$
$$\varphi _1^{}(x,\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})=\frac{1}{\overline{b}_n}\varphi _2^+(x,\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})e^{2ik(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})x},$$
$`(4.4)`$
where $`\varphi _1^{}(\lambda _n),\varphi _2^+(\lambda _n),\varphi _1^{}(\overline{\lambda }_n^1),\varphi _2^+(\overline{\lambda }_n^1)`$ are eigenfunctions of the discrete spectrum, $`b_n`$ are the coefficients of transition.

Taking into account that $`\varphi _1^{}(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_1^1(x,y),|\lambda |\mathrm{},\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }_1\mathrm{\Omega }_3`$, and $`\varphi _1^+(\lambda )/d(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_1^1(x,y),\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }_2\mathrm{\Omega }_4`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1^1=\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)e_1`$, and applying Cochy’s formulas to the vector-column $`(\varphi _1^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_1^1)`$ that is analytical in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ and also using (4.2)-(4.4), we obtain the following equality:

$$\varphi _1^{}(\lambda )=\mathrm{\Omega }_1^1i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\beta _n}{\lambda _n^2(\lambda \frac{1}{\lambda _n})}e^{2ik(\frac{1}{\lambda _n})x}\chi (x)\overline{\varphi }_1^{}(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})+$$

$$+i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\overline{\beta }_n}{\lambda +\overline{\lambda }_n}\chi (x)\overline{\varphi }_1^{}(\lambda _n)+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(\mu )}{\overline{a}(\mu )}\frac{\chi (x)}{\mu +\lambda }e^{2ik(\mu )x}\overline{\varphi }_1^{}(\mu )sign(\mu )$$

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(i\mu )}{\overline{a}(i\mu )}\frac{\chi (x)}{\mu +i\lambda }e^{2ik(i\mu )x}\overline{\varphi }_1^{}(i\mu )sign(\mu ),$$
$`(4.5)`$
where $`\chi (x)=e^{ix\sigma _3}\sigma _2e^{iu/2\sigma _1}e^{ix\sigma _3},\beta _n(y)=b_n/a^{}(\lambda _n)=\beta _n(0)e^{2l(\lambda _n)y}.`$ The equation is not closed equation for the column $`\varphi _1^{}(\lambda )`$ yet due to it involves an unknown vector-function $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1^1`$. Therefore to obtain the necessary equation we will use (2.22) rewritten in the form:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }^1e^{ix\sigma _3}\sigma _2e^{\frac{u}{2}\sigma _1}e^{x\sigma _3}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}=\sigma _2.$$
$`(4.6)`$
Substituting (4.6) into (4.5) and putting

$$\varphi _1^{}(\lambda )=\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}(\lambda ),$$
$`(4.7)`$
we obtain the following system of singular integral equations for the function $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}(\lambda )`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}(\lambda )=e_1+i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\overline{\beta }_ne^{2ik(\overline{\lambda }_n)x}}{\lambda +\overline{\lambda }_n}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(\overline{\lambda }_n)$$

$$i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\beta _ne^{2ik(\frac{1}{\lambda _n})x}}{\lambda _n^2(\lambda \frac{1}{\lambda _n})}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(\mu )}{\overline{a}(\mu )}\frac{e^{2ik(\mu )x}}{\mu +\lambda }\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi _1^{}}}(\mu )sign(\mu )$$

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(i\mu )}{\overline{a}(i\mu )}\frac{e^{2ik(i\mu )x}}{\mu +i\lambda }\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(i\mu )sign(\mu ),$$
$`(4.8)`$
$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}(\lambda _p)=e_1+i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\overline{\beta }_ne^{2ik(\overline{\lambda }_n)x}}{\lambda _p+\overline{\lambda }_n}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(\overline{\lambda }_n)$$

$$i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\beta _ne^{2ik(\frac{1}{\lambda _n})x}}{\lambda _n^2(\lambda _p\frac{1}{\lambda _n})}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(\mu )}{\overline{a}(\mu )}\frac{e^{2ik(\mu )x}}{\mu +\lambda _p}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi _1^{}}}(\mu )sign(\mu )$$

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(i\mu )}{\overline{a}(i\mu )}\frac{e^{2ik(i\mu )x}}{\mu +i\lambda _p}\sigma _2\stackrel{~}{\overline{\varphi }_1^{}}(i\mu )sign(\mu ),$$
$`(4.9)`$
$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda _p}})=e_1+i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\overline{\beta }_ne^{2ik(\overline{\lambda }_n)x}}{\overline{\lambda }_n1/\overline{\lambda }_p}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(\overline{\lambda }_n)+$$

$$+i\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\beta _ne^{2ik(\frac{1}{\lambda _n})x}}{\lambda _n^2(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_p}+\frac{1}{\lambda _n})}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda }_n})+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(\mu )}{\overline{a}(\mu )}\frac{e^{2ik(\mu )x}}{\mu \frac{1}{\overline{\lambda _p}}}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi _1^{}}}(\mu )sign(\mu )$$

$$_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{2\pi }\frac{\overline{b}(i\mu )}{\overline{a}(i\mu )}\frac{e^{2ik(i\mu )x}}{\mu i\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda _p}}}\sigma _2\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^{}}(i\mu )sign(\mu ).$$
$`(4.10)`$
The equations (4.9), (4.10) are obtained from (4.8) at $`\lambda =\lambda _p`$ and $`\lambda =1/\overline{\lambda }_p`$ respectively. On the right-hand sides of these equations it is necessary to take into account the availability of the zones (2.10).

The system (4.8)-(4.10) is the system of the equations for the eigenfunctions of the continuous and discrete spectrum. Considering the system is written for the ”gauge” vector-functions, the necessary formulas of the reconstruction should be written in terms of the same function.

Using (1.3a), (4.7), we obtain the differential equation for the matrix $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}(x,\lambda )`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_x^{}=ik(\lambda )\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}\sigma _3+\frac{1}{\lambda 1}\mathrm{\Omega }^1[i(\mathrm{cosh}u1)\sigma _3+\mathrm{sinh}ue^{2ix\sigma _3}\sigma _2]\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}+$$

$$+ik(\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }^1\sigma _3\mathrm{\Omega }\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}.$$
$`(4.11)`$
In the neighborhoods of the point $`\lambda =1`$, setting $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}=_{k=0}^{k=\mathrm{}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_k(\lambda 1)^k(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^{}I,x\mathrm{}),`$ we find:

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0^{}=\mathrm{\Omega }^1\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathrm{tanh}\frac{u}{2}e^{2ix}\\ \mathrm{tanh}\frac{u}{2}e^{2ix}& 1\end{array}\right).$$
$`(4.12)`$
Now we parameterize the unknown matrix $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ by four complex functions of variables $`x,y`$:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(x,y)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha (x,y)& \beta (x,y)\\ \gamma (x,y)& \delta (x,y)\end{array}\right).$$
$`(4.13)`$
Then the relation (4.6) gives 4 algebraic connections:

$$\alpha =\overline{\delta }\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u}{2}\overline{\beta }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{u}{2}e^{2ix},\beta =\overline{\alpha }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{u}{2}e^{2ix}\overline{\gamma }\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u}{2},$$

$$\gamma =\overline{\beta }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{u}{2}+\overline{\delta }\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u}{2}e^{2ix},\delta =\overline{\alpha }\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u}{2}\overline{\gamma }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{u}{2}e^{2ix}.$$

In a view of the relation and from (4.12) we obtain ($`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^0=\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0`$):

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^0=\frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u}{2}}\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}^T,$$
$`(4.14)`$
where $`det\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^0=(\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u}{2})^2`$. Combining (4.12), (4.14) and (4.6), we will have:

$$\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u(x,y)}{2}=[|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{11}^0|^2+|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{21}^0|^2]^1=[|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{12}^0|^2+|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{22}^0|^2]^1,$$
$`(4.15)`$
or

$$\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u(x,y)}{2}=[<\stackrel{~}{\varphi _1^0}^T,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_1^0>_2]^1=[<\stackrel{~}{\varphi _2^0}^T,\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_2^0>_2]^1,$$
$`(4.16)`$
where the symbol $`<,>_2`$ denotes the scalar product of the vectors in $`^2`$. Another equivalent representation of (4.16) is

$$\mathrm{cosh}\frac{u(x,y)}{2}=\{\frac{1}{2}Tr(\stackrel{~}{\varphi ^0}^T\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^0})\}^1.$$
$`(4.17)`$
Analogously we can obtain one more formulas of the reconstruction:

$$\mathrm{sinh}\frac{u(x,y)}{2}=\frac{2\stackrel{~}{A}e^{2ix}}{1+\sqrt{14\stackrel{~}{A}^2e^{4ix}}},$$
$`(4.18)`$
where $`\stackrel{~}{A}=<(((\varphi ^{})^0)_1)^T,(((\varphi ^{}))^0)_2>_2`$, $`\stackrel{~}{A}0`$ at $`|x|\mathrm{}`$, and the requirement of reality of the potential leads to the value $`\stackrel{~}{A}e^{2ix}`$ is to be real. It is easy to prove the latter using (4.14) and the definition of $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$. Furthermore, employing elementary transformations it is demonstrated that (4.18) is equivalent to (4.16).

From (4.15), (4.18) it follows that the solution of the problem (1.1), (1.2) has a nonsingular character.

In solitonic sector of the model ($`b(\lambda )=0)`$ one can be found the expression for the formulas of the reconstruction through eigenfunction of the discreet spectrum. can find the expression in terms of the eigenfunctions of discrete spectrum. For this purpose we first resolve the right of (4.8) at $`\lambda 1`$ and after equating it to $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_1^0`$ we will obtain from (4.15) the following:

$$u(x,y)=2\mathrm{ln}\frac{1\sqrt{1(|\xi |^2+|\eta |^2)^2}}{|\xi |^2+|\eta |^2},$$
$`(4.19)`$
where

$$\xi =\xi (x,y)=\underset{n=1}{\overset{2N}{}}\frac{\overline{\beta _n}e^{2ik(\overline{\lambda }_n)x}}{\overline{\lambda }_n+1}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}}_{11}(\lambda _n),$$

$$\eta =\eta (x,y)=1+\underset{n=1}{\overset{2N}{}}\frac{\overline{\beta _n}e^{2ik(\overline{\lambda }_n)x}}{\overline{\lambda }_n+1}\overline{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^{}}_{21}(\lambda _n),$$

$$\lambda _{n+N}=\frac{1}{\overline{\lambda _n}},\beta _{n+N}=\frac{\overline{\beta }_n}{\overline{\lambda _n}^2},n=1,2,\mathrm{}N.$$

The functions $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{11}^{}(x,\lambda _n),\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{21}^{}(x,\lambda _n)`$, involved in (4.19) can be found from the system of linear algebraic equations (4.9)-(4.11). Then:

$$\xi =<\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\overline{E},R^1E>_{2n},\eta =1<\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\overline{E},R^1A\overline{E}>_{2n},$$
$`(4.20)`$
where:

$`A=\left\{A_{mn}\right\},A_{mn}=E_m\overline{E}_n/(\lambda _m+\overline{\lambda }_n),E_m=\beta _m^{1/2}e^{ik(\lambda _m)x}`$,

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }=diag((\lambda _1+1)^1,\mathrm{}.(\lambda _{2n}+1)^1),m,n=1,\mathrm{}.2N,E=(E_1,\mathrm{}.E_{2N}),`$

$`R=I+A\overline{A}`$.

N-”soliton” solution (4.19), (4.20) is the exact solution of the initial boundary problem. However in the simplest case ($`N=1`$) it is it is rather cumbersome and it is beyond the paper.

Also it should be noted that the asymptotics of the solution for the continuous spectrum has been calculated in  proceeding from gauge equivalence between the given problem and the problem for Heisenberg’s ferromagnet, with the technique of the ref. being used essentially.

5. Application to the model of one-charged plasma

at negative temperatures.

This model is lead by the model of the equilibrium system of charged particle (vortices) on the plane . The latter permits generalization of Debay-Hukkel classical model  for plasma or an electrolyte solution to the case of a nontrivial statistical ”phone”.

Following , , let us suppose that there is the Coulomb’s system of $`N_0^+`$ particles possessing a charge $`+e`$ and $`N_0^{}`$ particles possessing a charge$`e`$ embedded in some finite volume $`V=L^2`$ (where $`L`$ is the linear scale). Furthermore, we will suppose that a temperatures of the ionic component coincides with a temperature of electronic one, with both of them being same and equal to $`T`$ (Boltsmann’s constant is considered to be equal to unit). Using the BBGKI chain it is convenient to consider a scalar potential $`\mathrm{\Phi }=\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y)`$:

$$e\mathrm{\Phi }(x,y)=n_0𝑑x^{}𝑑y^{}\varphi (𝐫𝐫^{})\rho (𝐫^{}),𝐫=(x,y),$$
$`(5.1)`$
where $`n_0`$ is the average density of charge particles, $`\varphi (𝐫𝐫^{})`$ is Coulomb’s two-particles interaction, $`\rho (𝐫)`$ is a difference between the ionic density and an electron one. Then employing rather rigorous procedure of the reduction of the chain we can obtain the equation:

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }=\frac{4\pi n_0c}{l^0}[\mathrm{exp}(\frac{e\mathrm{\Phi }}{T})\mathrm{exp}(\frac{e\mathrm{\Phi }}{T})],$$
$`(5.2)`$
where $`l^0`$ is a characteristic length,

$$c=\frac{V}{𝑑x𝑑y[\mathrm{exp}[\frac{n_0}{T}𝑑x^{}𝑑y^{}\varphi (𝐫𝐫^{})\rho (𝐫^{})]]}.$$

Setting $`u=\frac{e\mathrm{\Phi }}{T}`$ and Debay’s radius $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}=(4\lambda _D^2/c)\mathrm{},\lambda _D^2=l^0|T|/(8\pi n_0e^2)`$ in (5.2), we find:

$$sign(T)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}u=4\mathrm{sinh}u.$$
$`(5.3)`$
This equation leads to the equation (1.1) at $`T<0`$ ( the case $`T>0`$ is considered in ).

According to the statement of the problem describe above the equation (5.3) held for $`_+^2`$ should be added by the given value of the field at the boundary $`_+^2`$ considering.

Now we consider some physical aspects of the results obtained in the previous sections. Assuming $`n_0=N_0^\pm /V=const`$, i.e in the thermodynamical limit.

For this purpose we will reveal some features of the behaviour of the equation (4.19). The total energy of the finite system of discrete isolated charges for the two-dimensional case ,  is:

$$E_{tot}=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i,j}{}(N_{0_i}^+N_{0_i}^{})\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}(N_{0_j}^+N_{0_j}^{}),$$
$`(5.4)`$
where $`N_0^+=_iN_{0_i}^+,N_0^{}=_jN_{0_j}^{},\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}=(2e^2/l^0)\mathrm{ln}|𝐫_𝐢𝐫_𝐣|`$ is Coulomb’s potential of the interaction between the particles of $`\mathrm{"}i\mathrm{"}`$ and $`\mathrm{"}j\mathrm{"}`$ clusters, $`𝐫_𝐢`$ and $`𝐫_𝐣`$ are their radius-vectors.

Comparing the expressions for $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{ij}`$ with (4.19), we can see they have the similar form. Let $`B=|\xi |^2+|\eta |^2`$ , and $`0B1`$, due to the potential is real. Then from (4.19) it follows, that $`u(x,y)2\mathrm{ln}(B/2)\mathrm{}`$ at $`B0`$ and $`u(x,y)0`$ at $`B1`$. Here in the terms of eigenfunctions of the discrete spectrum and values $`\xi ,\eta `$, the first condition means that: $`\xi ,\eta 0`$, which leads to $`_{n=1}^{2N}[\overline{\beta }_n\mathrm{exp}(2ik(\overline{\lambda }_n)x)/(\overline{\lambda }_n+1)]\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{21}^{}(\lambda _n)1`$; it is possible on the case of finite $`𝐫`$. The latter can be fulfilled, in particular, at $`\xi 0,\eta 1`$, i.e. at $`r\mathrm{}`$.

Thus, we have been obtained the following qualitative picture. Let us suppose there is no external field first ($`u(x,0)=u_y(x,0)=0`$). Also clusters of the same charges can by formed from the charged particle. After appearance of an external field the space distribution being available before changes into another stationary state. At the any point $`(x,y)_+^2`$ the potential is the sum of potential arisen by the the boundary $`_+^2`$ and potential of system; as result, some self-consistent field is created. The potential of the field is described by expression $`Tu(x,y)/e`$, where $`u(x,y)=u(B)`$, and the function $`B=B(x,y)`$ plays the role of the ”transmission” function of the medium. At certain finite $`x,y`$ a local and deep minimum of the potential corresponds to the minimal value of $`B`$, with $`u<0`$ at the vicinity of the minimum. Considering $`T<0`$ a value $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ proves to to be big and positive. This fact shows a local concentration of particles of the identical sign. Due to non-singular character of (4.19) $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ keep be bounded up and it leads to a limitation of the energetic spectrum of the system. So we deal with an abnormal system where the inversion of the level distribution is available, it means that the positive value of the energy together with negative temperatures leads to the higher levels (in average) become more preferred for the system than the lower ones. Furthermore, the charges distribution of clusters with same sign appears more apparently.

The condition $`r\mathrm{}`$ and $`u(B)0`$ corresponds to the maximum of $`B`$, i.e. as we recede from the boundary the field created by those charges fads due to the interaction with own field of the medium. The damping is slower than in the similar situation when temperatures are positive . This is not difficult to see on comparing the solution of corresponding linear problems:

$$\mathrm{}u=\pm 4u,u0atr\mathrm{},$$
$`(5.5),`$
where the sign ”+” corresponds to system with $`T>0`$, whereas ”-” corresponds to negative temperatures. In the former case Green’s function is proportional to McDonald’s function of the zero index and has the asymptotic: $`(e^x/\sqrt{x})[1+O(1/x)],x\mathrm{}`$, and in the latter case it is proportional to Neemann’s function of zero index that behaves like: $`(\mathrm{sin}(x\pi /4)/\sqrt{x})[1+O(1/x)],x\mathrm{}.`$ Therefore the slower damping of the field at $`T<0`$ seems to be explained by weaker defense of the boundary due to an alternation of domains with the same charged particles.

The picture describe above is true everywhere on the semi-plane except of the certain directions defined evidently. In these cases $`B`$ takes an intermediate values: $`B[ϵ,1ϵ],ϵ>0`$, and the potential is an oscillating function in those directions, i.e. there is the distant order in the medium. It means that a coherent structure of the distribution of an electric field and densities of a plasma distribution arises.

The author is grateful to V.D.Lipovski for useful discussions.

This work has been due to a financial support of The Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (Projects 98-01-01063, 00-01-00480).

References

. A.I.Bobenko, Uspechi Math. Nauk, 46, 4(1991)(in Russian).

. G.Goyce and D.Montgomeri, J.Plasma Phys., 10, 1, 10(1973).

. D.Montgomeri and G.Goyce, Phys.Fluids, 17, 6, 1139(1974). . Yu.B.Rumer and M.Ch.Rivkin. Thermodynamics, statistical physics and

kinetic. Moscow, Nauka (1977)(in Russian).

. E.Sh.Gutshabash, Vestnik LGU, ser.Fisika, Chimia , 4, 84(1990)(in Russian).

. G.G. Varzugin, E.Sh.Gutshabash and V.D.Lipovski, Teoreticheskaya i

Matematicheskaya Fizika, 104, 3, 513(1995)( in Russian).

. P.Deift and X.Zhou, Ann.of Math., 137, 2, 295(1993).

. L.D.Landau and E.M.Lifchits. Statistical Physics. Moscow, Nauka,1982

(in Russian).

. V.D.Lipovski and S.S.Nikulichev, Vestnik LGU, ser.Phisica, Chimia

4, 61(1989)(in Russian).

. E.Sh.Gutshabash, V.D.Lipovski and S.S. Nikulichev, Teoreticheskaya

i Matematicheskaya Fizika, 115, 323(1998)(in Russian); nlin.SI/0001012.


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# Observations of the interstellar medium in the Magellanic BridgeBased on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract No. NAS5-26555.

## 1 Introduction

The Large (LMC) and Small (SMC) Magellanic Clouds are two small irregular galaxies in orbit around the Galaxy, with the LMC being approximately 3 to 10 times more massive than the SMC (Dopita, 1990). Distance estimates for the LMC and SMC are $`49`$ and $`60`$ kpc, respectively (see e.g., van den Bergh 1999 and references therein). Evidence for interactions between the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds is provided by several high velocity gas complexes connected to the Clouds: the Magellanic Bridge (MB), a $`10\mathrm{°}`$ region of H I linking the body of the SMC to an extended arm of the LMC; the Magellanic Stream, a $`10\mathrm{°}\times 100\mathrm{°}`$ H I filament that trails the Clouds; and the Leading Arm, a diffuse H I region that leads the Galaxy and the Clouds (Putman, 2000). Using data from the H I Parkes All-Sky Survey (HIPASS), Putman (2000) showed that the “boundary” between the SMC and the MB occurs at $`l=295\mathrm{°}`$, $`b=41.5\mathrm{°}`$, where the H I column density is $`10^{21}`$ cm-2. The H I column density slowly decreases toward the LMC to $`10^{20}`$ cm-2 at the LMC boundary near $`l=287\mathrm{°}`$, $`b=35.5\mathrm{°}`$. The LSR velocity of the MB gas observed in 21 cm emission ranges from $`100`$ to 350 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$(McGee and Newton, 1986).

Various formation mechanisms for the Bridge, Stream, and Leading Arm have been suggested over the years, and it is now generally agreed that the MB formed via a tidal encounter between the two Clouds. Gardiner and Noguchi (1996) have produced models that can reproduce simultaneously both the MB and the Stream observations. They find that the Bridge was most likely pulled from the wing of the SMC 200 Myr ago during a close encounter between the two Clouds, whereas the Stream was created by a SMC-LMC-Galaxy close encounter $`1.5`$ Gyr ago.

Searches for stars in the Stream have produced largely negative results (see Irwin et al. 1990 and references therein). However, photographic surveys employing automatic scans of Schmidt plates have now firmly established the existence of blue stellar objects within the MB (Irwin et al., 1990). Subsequent CCD photometry (Demers and Battinelli, 1998) and spectroscopy (Rolleston et al., 1999) have shown that the MB contains massive, young ($`<20`$ Myr) stars located between the LMC and SMC. These stars have a metal abundance $`1.1`$ dex lower than their Population I Galactic analogues and $`0.5`$ dex lower than the SMC (Hambly et al. 1994; Rolleston et al. 1999). Their evolutionary lifetimes indicate that star formation is still occurring in the MB, but probably via different mechanisms than those in the Galaxy, as the MB has a very low H I column density (but note the recent detection of cool H I clouds in the MB by Kobulnicky and Dickey (1999), indicating that some regions have relatively high densities).

The combination of high spectral resolution and high sensitivity available with space-based ultraviolet telescopes makes it feasible to investigate the chemical composition and the physical conditions in various interstellar environments in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds (see Savage and Sembach 1996 for a review). Here, we report the results of a programme to investigate the chemical composition and abundance pattern of the MB gas with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). For this investigation, we have chosen a sight line for which Ca II absorption was detected previously by Hambly et al. (1994).

## 2 Observations and data reductions

### 2.1 DI 1388

Previously, we obtained high resolution optical spectra for a number of B-type stars in the Magellanic Bridge using the 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT), during observing runs in 1992 November and 1995 December. One of the stars observed by Hambly et al. (1994), DI 1388, is situated approximately mid-way between the SMC and LMC ($`l=291.2\mathrm{°}`$, $`b=41.2\mathrm{°}`$). Interstellar Ca II K absorption at a LSR velocity of $`200`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$has been detected toward DI 1388 (Rolleston et al., 1999). This velocity is consistent with that of the Bridge material seen in H I 21 cm emission (McGee and Newton, 1986; Putman, 2000). DI 1388 has relatively weak optical stellar absorption lines and a high projected rotational velocity. DI 1388 has the weakest MB ISM Ca II absorption in the Rolleston et al. (1999) sample ($`W_\lambda 42`$ mÅ).

Recent work (Ryans, priv. comm.) classifies DI 1388 as a main-sequence, very early B-type or late O-type star. In Table 1 we summarize its atmospheric and other observational parameters.

### 2.2 HST STIS spectra

HST STIS spectra of DI 1388 were obtained on 1997 November 21. The data are catalogued in the HST archive under the identification O4A801010. A total exposure time of 26,160 seconds was obtained with the far-UV échelle spectrograph (FUV, $`11501730`$ Å) using the FUV-MAMA detector in the ACCUM mode. The E140M grating was employed centered at 1425 Å, with a $`0\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}2\times 0\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}06`$ slit in order to obtain the highest resolution available with this grating. This configuration resulted in a two-pixel (FWHM) resolution of $`6.5`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. Table 2 summarizes the ions observed toward DI 1388 and the respective S/N levels in the nearby stellar continuum.

Data were reduced within the noao iraf package (Morris and Privett, 1995) using the stsdas packages. Standard calibration and extraction procedures were employed using the calstis routine. The spectra from the four different exposures were co-added. Spectral regions containing interstellar lines were normalized by fitting low-order polynomials ($`4`$, varying with the complexity of the continuum shape) to continuum regions. No special processing to adjust the background levels was necessary (e.g., Howk and Sembach 2000). The cores of the strongly saturated interstellar lines of C II $`\lambda 1334`$, O I $`\lambda 1302`$, and Si II $`\lambda 1304`$ are within 1–2% of the zero-flux level, indicating that the uncertainties introduced by scattered light are small for the weaker absorption features analyzed in this study (see Figure 1). At wavelengths shortward of Ly$`\alpha `$ spurious structures might be present near some lines (e.g., N I, Si II), but the S/N is lower and it is possible that some of these features are simply random noise fluctuations.

### 2.3 AAT observations

Subsequent high resolution optical observations were undertaken on 1999 October with the AAT to obtain both a high quality spectrum of the interstellar Ca II K line and to detect stellar features. The coudé University College London Echelle Spectrograph (UCLES) was employed with a Tektronix CCD detector, and the dispersing element was a 31.6 lines/mm grating. Bias and quartz lamp flatfield exposures were taken at the start and end of each night. Additionally, ThAr exposures were interleaved with the observations to allow wavelength calibration and to determine the spectral resolution of the data. This instrument configuration resulted in a FWHM velocity resolution of $`7.1`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$and a signal-to-noise ratio of 45 in the continuum.

The optical data were reduced within the noao iraf package. Standard procedures were followed in all cases, with images being debiased, flatfield corrected, trimmed and cleaned of cosmic rays. The spectra were traced and sky subtracted. Wavelength calibration was performed by identifying the locations of emission lines in the relevant arc spectra. The one dimensional spectra were normalized by fitting a low-order polynomial to continuum regions. Cross-correlation techniques were used to align the individual spectra. The spectra were then weighted by the continuum signal-to-noise levels and co-added.

## 3 Analysis

### 3.1 Spectra and equivalent widths

We transformed the spectra to the dynamical LSR (Mihalas and Binney, 1981) using corrections obtained from the starlink rv package (Wallace and Clayton, 1996). We then modeled the interstellar lines using the optimized Gaussian fitting routines in the starlink dipso package (Howarth et al., 1996) to obtain radial velocities and equivalent widths. The correction for the HST spectra in the direction of DI 1388 is $`v_{\mathrm{LSR}}v_{\mathrm{helio}}=10.7`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The MB H I emission has LSR velocities between 100 and 350 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. Thus, we assumed that absorption at LSR velocities lower than 100 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$is from the Milky Way disk and halo, while that at $`v_{\mathrm{LSR}}=200`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$was assumed to arise in the Magellanic Bridge (see Figure 1). In the HST STIS DI 1388 spectra, a high-velocity cloud (HVC) absorption is present at $`v_{\mathrm{LSR}}=79.7\pm 3.4`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$(see Lehner et al. 2000). In Figure 1, we note the detection of very weak features in the spectra of C II $`\lambda 1334`$ and Si II $`\lambda \lambda `$1193 and 1260 at LSR velocities of 113 and 130 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The velocities of these two weak HVCs suggest that they are associated with the MB (Lehner et al., 2000).

To check the consistency between absorption line velocities in the optical and ultraviolet absorption spectra, we compared the low velocity portions of the Ni II $`\lambda `$1370 and Ca II K lines. These two lines have roughly the same strength and component structure. The difference in the LSR velocities of the two lines is less than 3 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, which is less than the instrumental resolution of either dataset. The absorption profile velocities also agree well with those of H I emission observations obtained with the ATCA (Lehner et al., 1999a) and Parkes (Putman, priv. comm.) telescopes. As a final check, we compared the stellar radial velocities in both the optical and ultraviolet spectra of DI 1388 and found them to be consistent within their uncertainties.

Table 2 presents the equivalent width results for the MB absorption. The S/N ratios are sufficient to detect two components in many of the stronger lines arising in the MB; this structure manifests itself as the combination of a broad component at 179 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$and a narrow component at 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$(see Figures 1 and 3 and discussion in Section 3.3). Owing to the large stellar projected rotational velocity, contamination by stellar absorption is generally unimportant for the MB absorption, except for the higher ion lines of C IV, Si III and Si IV, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Errors on the equivalent widths in Table 2 are $`1\sigma `$ estimates, including statistical noise fluctuations in the lines and systematic errors arising from continuum placement uncertainties. The latter were obtained by changing the continuum by an amount equal to $`0.20.4`$ times the RMS noise value, where the scale factor 0.2 corresponds to a flat continuum and 0.4 to a continuum with large curvature (Sembach and Savage, 1992). The $`3\sigma `$ upper limits for the equivalent widths are defined as $`W_{\mathrm{min}}=3\sigma \mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\delta \lambda `$, where $`\sigma `$ is the inverse of continuum S/N ratio, $`\delta \lambda `$ is the spectral resolution in mÅ, and $`2\delta \lambda `$ reflects approximately the FHWM of the absorption lines (see Table 3). Other errors such as background and scattered light uncertainties are not included but are expected to be small since the zero-level is relatively well determined (see Section 2.2).

### 3.2 Apparent column density profiles

We used the apparent optical depth method to derive column densities and to check for unresolved saturated structures within the observed profiles (Savage and Sembach, 1991). We converted the normalized absorption profiles into apparent optical depths per unit velocity, $`\tau _a(v)=\mathrm{ln}[1/I_{\mathrm{obs}}(v)]`$, where $`I_{\mathrm{obs}}`$ is the normalized observed intensity. These values of $`\tau _a(v)`$ are related to the apparent column densities per unit velocity, $`N_a(v)`$ (cm-2 ($`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$)-1) through the relation $`N_a(v)=3.768\times 10^{14}\tau _a(v)/[f\lambda (\mathrm{\AA })]`$. A direct integration of the apparent column density profiles over the velocity range yields the total column densities of the lines, provided there are no unresolved saturated structures present (Savage and Sembach, 1991). We adopted wavelengths and oscillator strengths from the Morton (1991) atomic data compilation unless otherwise indicated in Table 2.

The last column of Table 2 gives the resulting column densities111In this table N I $`\lambda `$1199 and Fe II $`\lambda `$1260 column densities were obtained by component fitting to deblend the lines from lower velocity components and other species. for the different ions in the MB gas observed toward DI 1388. Errors on the column densities are $`1\sigma `$ estimates (see the equivalent width uncertainties in Section 3.1). Upper limits ($`3\sigma `$) are obtained from the corresponding equivalent width limit and the assumption of a linear curve of growth. Lower limits indicate that the line contains some unresolved, saturated absorption that cannot be reliably estimated with the existing data. In the absence of unresolved saturated structure, two or more lines of a given species with different values of $`f\lambda `$ will have the same distribution of $`N_a(v)`$. Differences in $`N_a(v)`$ suggest that some saturation is present for the stronger line(s). Figure 4 clearly demonstrates this for the MB Si II lines; no unresolved saturated absorption is observed for Si II $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$1304 and 1526, while $`\lambda `$1190 is slightly saturated and $`\lambda `$1193 is strongly saturated. The other singly ionized species follow a similar curve of growth (similar $`b`$-values – see Section 3.3), and therefore the weaker singly ionized lines are not saturated. C II $`\lambda `$1334 and Si III $`\lambda `$1206 are stronger lines that may contain some unresolved saturated structures at the MB velocity. The N I lines have lower effective $`b`$-values that place them on the flat part of the curve of growth. This is confirmed in Figure 4, where comparison of the apparent column density profiles for the different lines shows that some unresolved saturated structure is present (as expected for narrower features). O I $`\lambda `$1302, which probably follows a curve of growth similar to that of the singly ionized species, is strong and probably contains some unresolved saturated structure.

### 3.3 Component-fitting measurements

For the relatively strong lines of C II, N I, O I, Al II, Si II, S II, Fe II, and the Ca II line, we also used a Voigt profile fitting method (Welty et al., 1991) to measure the column densities and the $`b`$-values. We modeled these features first with the optimized Gaussian fitting routines (elfinp) in the starlink package dipso (Howarth et al., 1996) to obtain radial velocities, equivalent widths, and the full widths at half maximum intensity (FWHM$`=2\sqrt{\mathrm{ln}2}b`$, where $`b^2=2kT/(Am)+v_{\mathrm{turb}}^2`$, and $`A`$ and $`m`$ are the ion mass in atomic mass units and the hydrogen mass, respectively). We then used two of the three parameters from the fit ($`v_{\mathrm{LSR}}`$, $`b`$) as initial estimates in the Voigt profile fitting programme. The results of this process are summarized in Table 3, and some spectra with their respective fits are presented in Figure 3. The errors in this table are $`1\sigma `$ estimates, including statistical noise fluctuations in the lines and systematic errors due to uncertainties in the continuum placement (see previous section). We note that the component fit results are consistent with the apparent optical depth column densities.

The C II, O I, Al II, Si II, S II, and Fe II features have a two-component structure, with a broad feature centered at $`179`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$and sharp component at $`198`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The fit for the strong C II line is uncertain because of the strength of the line. The fit for the Al II line is also uncertain since the line falls near the edge of an échelle order and is not completely covered in these data. The $`b`$-values for S II appear to be smaller than for the other absorption lines. However, for $`b`$-values between 7 and 10 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$(typical values for the other lines), the derived S II column densities do not change by more than the $`1\sigma `$ error indicated in Table 3. The residuals in the fit for O I indicate that the sharp component contains either some unresolved saturated structures or additional weak components. The column density of the broader O I component is also somewhat uncertain as it lies on the flat part of the curve of growth. The N I lines exhibit a well-defined sharp component at $`198`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, but the broad component is not detected in the $`\lambda `$1200 line and is very weak in the $`\lambda `$1201 line. The N I $`\lambda `$1200 non-detection could be due to the continuum uncertainties on the blue side of this line (see Figure 1). For the weak C II\* and Ni II lines, the S/N ratios of the data allow identification of only the sharp component. Finer structure seen in higher resolution spectra of Galactic HVCs (Ryans et al., 1996; Lehner et al., 1999b) suggests that the true component structure in the MB gas toward DI 1388 may be more complex than is revealed by our data.

## 4 Overview of species observed in the Magellanic Bridge

The wide range of ionization states observed for the MB shows that the ionization structure of these clouds is complex, as the clouds exhibit species ranging from neutral gas tracers (e.g., O I and N I) to triply ionized gas tracers (e.g., Si IV and C IV). Before interpreting the derived column densities, we present a short description of the observed species and the roles that they might play within the neutral and ionized environments.

\- C I, C II, C II\*, C IV: The MB component contains a strong, saturated C II $`\lambda `$1334 absorption feature and a moderately strong C II\* $`\lambda `$1335 line. Individual C I lines are not detected at significant levels. We weighted the C I lines by their $`gf`$ values and S/N levels and co-added the lines to produce an average C I line. This resulted in a tentative detection at 198.1 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$(Figure 5); the derived column density is $`12.26`$ dex. The interstellar C IV lines are blended with a broad, deep stellar line centered at $`150`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. We approximated the stellar C IV absorption with a Gaussian profile to produce the interstellar column density listed in Table 2. The effect of this deblending is shown in Figure 2. C II is the dominant ionization stage in both the warm neutral medium (WNM) and warm ionized medium (WIM) (Sembach, 1995; Sembach et al., 2000), while C IV is primarily produced by collisional ionization at $`T_e10^5`$ K (Sutherland and Dopita, 1993). The combination of C I, C II and C IV absorption in the Bridge suggests that there may be interfaces between hot and cool regions.

\- N I and O I: N I and O I are excellent tracers of neutral gas as their ionization potentials and charge exchange reactions with hydrogen ensure that they are primarily found in H I regions. Magellanic Bridge N I is observed at 1199, 1200 and 1201 Å, but the 1199 Å line is blended with the saturated local absorption in the N I $`\lambda `$1200 line. The mean column density of N I in the MB is greater than 14.0 dex. O I $`\lambda 1302`$ is also detected in the MB and is very strong.

\- Si II, Si III and Si IV: These ions are observed at the velocities of the MB. Si II is the dominant ion in both the WNM and WIM (Sembach et al., 2000). For Si II $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$1304 and 1526, we have adopted the oscillator strengths of Dufton et al. (1983, 1992), as recent studies indicate that they are more accurate than other estimates (Spitzer and Fitzpatrick, 1993), and indeed the derived column densities for the different Si II lines agree well. Strong Si III $`\lambda `$1206 absorption present at MB velocities is partially blended with a broad stellar feature. Removing the deepest possible stellar line centered at 150 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, we find a column density of $`>13.45`$ dex for the MB Si III absorption (see Table 2). The Si III line shape differs substantially from that of the singly ionized species in that the the 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$component is much broader ($`b16`$ $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$). The presence of Si III suggests that the gas could be partially ionized. Si IV is also present in the MB, indicating that some hotter ($`T10^5`$ K) gas may also exist. We estimated the Si IV line strengths by deblending the stellar absorption using the same strategy employed for C IV. The detection of Si III, Si IV, and C IV at velocities similar to the neutral and low-ionization species indicates that the hot component is not circumstellar.

\- S II and S III: Sulfur is found mainly in the gas phase (Savage and Sembach, 1996) and can be used as a reference to study the depletions of other elements in the gas. The S II $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$1250 and 1253 lines are weak but definitely detected, while the feature at 1259 Å is blended with the strong saturated local Si II $`\lambda `$1260 absorption. S III is not detected.

\- Al II, Ca II, Fe II, Ni II: These species are grouped together as they have the general property of being readily depleted on to dust grains (Savage and Sembach, 1996). With the exception of Ca II, these species are dominant in the neutral and ionized gas (though Fe III can be dominant in some ionized gas – see e.g. Sembach et al. 2000). Only part of the Al II $`\lambda 1670`$ MB feature is present in the HST STIS spectrum, so it is difficult to measure the line strength accurately. Fe II $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$1260 and 1608 are detected, while $`\lambda `$1611 is not detected. For Fe II $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$1608 and 1611, we have adopted the oscillator strengths of Mullman et al. (1997) and Cardelli and Savage (1995), respectively. Only the measured column density of $`\lambda `$1608 is reliable, as Fe II $`\lambda `$1260 is strongly blended with the saturated MB component of Si II $`\lambda `$1260. The Ni II absorption lines are very weak. For Ni II, recent studies (Fedchak and Lawler, 1999; Zsargó and Federman, 1998) suggest that the oscillator strengths are lower by a factor $`0.53`$ compared to the previous values; we have therefore adopted this scaling factor. To improve the reliability of Ni II column density, the three spectra were co-added using a method similar to that employed for C I. The result is shown in Figure 5, where the centroid of the line (198.4 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$) is in good agreement with the centroids of the stronger lines. The $`b`$-value is about 5.7 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, a bit smaller than for the other singly ionized lines. The derived Ni II column density is $`12.52\pm 0.20`$ dex.

## 5 Physical conditions within the Magellanic Bridge gas

### 5.1 Depletions

To determine the depletion pattern of the MB, we compared relative heavy element column densities. Since S II is only modestly depleted in the Galactic ISM, we used it as the reference ion. The logarithmic normalized gas-phase abundance is defined using the following notation:

$$[X/\mathrm{S}]=\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{X^i}{\mathrm{S}^+}\right)\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{X}{\mathrm{S}}\right)_\mathrm{c},$$
(1)
where $`X^i`$ is the ion under consideration, and $`(X/\mathrm{S})_\mathrm{c}`$ is the ratio for cosmic abundances and $`X/\mathrm{S}`$ is used for $`N(X)/N(\mathrm{S})`$. Equation 1 assumes that the ion $`X^i`$ is the dominant form of element $`X`$. When it is not, we will consider explanations other than depletion on to dust grains (such as ionization) for the derived deficiencies. The normalized gas-phase abundances observed in the MB, derived from Equation 1, are given in Table 4 and plotted in Figure 6 for the total column density derived from the apparent optical depth method. Table 5 and Figure 7 show the relative abundance patterns for the two components at 179 and 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$.

Previous ISM studies using high spectral resolution and high S/N ratio UV data have shown a general progression of increasingly severe depletion from warm halo clouds, to warm disk clouds, to colder disk clouds. Therefore, we compare the depletion in the MB to the depletion patterns observed in those three representative Galactic environments. The Galactic results from previous UV studies (Jenkins, 1987; Savage and Sembach, 1996; Fitzpatrick, 1996; Welty et al., 1999b) are summarized in Table 4. Note that the halo values for C, N, O, and Al from Welty et al. (1999b) are estimated values since no actual measurements yet exist. Figure 6 shows the comparison between the different Galactic environments and the results for the MB. However, in order to compare the depletion pattern of the MB with those in the Galaxy, it may be necessary to correct the former for any differences in the underlying (undepleted) total elemental abundance for the MB and Galaxy. For the LMC and SMC abundances we have adopted the results of Russell and Dopita (1992, and references therein, but see also Garnett 1999, Korn and Wolf 1999), except for Al (see discussion in Welty et al. 1997, 1999 and references therein), and LMC Si abundance which is from Korn and Wolf (1999). The last two columns in Table 4 summarize these abundances, where the errors on $`[X/\mathrm{S}]_{\mathrm{SMC}/\mathrm{LMC}}`$ are typically $`\pm 0.2`$ dex.

In Figures 6 and 7, we indicate the corrections of the MB depletions assuming $`(X/\mathrm{S})_{\mathrm{MB}}=(X/\mathrm{S})_{\mathrm{SMC}}`$, as most of the MB gas may arise from the SMC (Gardiner and Noguchi 1996, Rolleston et al. 1999 – but see discussion in Section 6). The MB depletions of Si, Fe, and Ni in the MB are very similar to the Galactic halo pattern, both with or without these corrections (see Figure 6). The component analysis in Figure 7 leads to the same conclusion for Si and Fe for the individual components. The lower limits of C II, N I, and O I also are consistent with the Galactic depletion pattern. However, when the cloudlet sub-structure is considered the non-saturated broader component of N I appears to be underabundant by $`1.3`$ dex (or $`0.7`$ dex when the SMC corrections are applied). The Al II lower limit is consistent with the (estimated) Galactic halo depletion value.

### 5.2 Temperature and density of the gas

In principle, the component $`b`$-values can be used to determine the kinetic temperature of the gas. For the sharper component of N I, O I, Si II and Fe II, the inferred temperature has an uncertainty as large as the value itself. However, for the narrower component of N I, we can place an upper limit on the temperature, $`T<1.7\times 10^4`$ K. The detections of O I and N I suggest $`T<10^4`$ K, since at higher temperatures most of the O and N would be ionized due to collisions (Sembach, 1995).

If collisions with electrons are the principal source of excitation of C II\* in the MB, then the familiar equation between C II and C II\* (Spitzer and Fitzpatrick, 1993) can be written as

$$n_e=\frac{1}{5.46}T^{0.5}\frac{n(\mathrm{C}^+)}{n(\mathrm{C}^+)}\mathrm{cm}^3.$$
(2)
This relation provides an estimate of the electron density when the space densities are replaced by column densities, and therefore we make the standard supposition that the two excited states are spatially coincident along the sight line. C II is strongly saturated, so we use S II as a proxy for C II after scaling by the appropriate relative cosmic abundance and relative depletion of $`0.3`$ dex (Spitzer and Fitzpatrick, 1993), so that $`N(\mathrm{C}^+)510\times N(\mathrm{S}^+)`$ (the factor 10 is appropriate for the Galaxy – e.g. Spitzer and Fitzpatrick 1993, while the factor of 5 accounts for the metallicity of the SMC – Russell and Dopita 1992). These ions are also the dominant ionization stages in both the neutral and ionized gas, and assuming that they are spatially coincident along the sight line, the electron density is: $`n_e5`$-$`10\times 10^4T^{0.5}`$ $`\mathrm{cm}^3`$. For $`T<1.7\times 10^4`$ K, $`n_e<0.050.10`$ $`\mathrm{cm}^3`$. This density is derived from the total column densities of the ions, which are dominated by the strong, sharp component at 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. The cloud at 179 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$is expected to be a low density gas as it is partially ionized (See Section 6.1).

If ionization equilibrium applies ($`\mathrm{\Gamma }N(X^0)=\alpha n_eN(X^+)`$), the ratio of photoionization rates to recombination rates, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\alpha `$, can be estimated using the tentative measurement of C I, the estimate of C II and the upper limit on $`n_e`$: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\alpha <2448`$. For comparison, in the Galaxy $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\alpha 25`$ ($`T=100\mathrm{K}`$), $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\alpha 48`$ ($`T=300\mathrm{K}`$), $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\alpha 100`$ ($`T=1000\mathrm{K}`$) (Péquignot and Aldrovandi, 1986, for the WJ1 radiation field) which indicates that either the MB radiation field is lower than the typical Galactic field or that the temperature of the gas is low.

### 5.3 Highly ionized species

The detection of Si IV and C IV lines in the MB places constraints on the temperature of the highly ionized species. In the Galactic halo, the high ionization absorption average ratios are: $`N(\mathrm{C}^{+3})/N(\mathrm{Si}^{+3})=4.6\pm 2.4`$ and $`N(\mathrm{Si}^{+3})/N(\mathrm{N}^{+4})=1.2\pm 0.6`$ (Savage et al., 1997). There is also hot gas in the SMC and LMC detected via Si IV and C IV absorption lines (Fitzpatrick and Savage, 1985; de Boer and Savage, 1980). The recent study of LMC coronal gas by Wakker et al. (1998) seems to suggest that the processes for producing C IV may be similar in both galaxies.

The widths of the MB Si IV and C IV lines imply a temperature of $`<1.7\times 10^5`$ K. As discussed previously, the process of deblending the Si IV and C IV lines introduces some relatively large uncertainties in their derived column densities. Therefore, instead of considering the total column density results, we plot the ratio $`N_a(\mathrm{C}^{+3})/N_a(\mathrm{Si}^{+3})`$ versus the LSR velocity in Figure 8. The observed scatter and differences between the two Si IV $`\lambda \lambda `$1393, 1402 lines in this figure reflect primarily the uncertainties introduced by deblending for the stellar lines. However, we find the average ratio $`N_a(\mathrm{C}^{+3})/N_a(\mathrm{Si}^{+3})1.9\pm 0.9`$ to be consistent with values observed along Galactic and extragalactic sight lines. N V is not detected in the DI 1388 spectra (only the stellar lines are detected at 1238.82 and 1242.80 Å), but the measured $`3\sigma `$ upper limit of $`\mathrm{log}N(\mathrm{N}^{+4})<12.8`$ dex (assuming a similar width to Si IV and C IV and that the lines are on the linear part of the curve of growth) implies $`N(\mathrm{Si}^{+3})/N(\mathrm{N}^{+4})>1.2`$. This value is compatible with values observed in the lower part of the Galactic halo and indicates that the production of the highly ionized species (Sembach and Savage, 1992; Sembach et al., 1997; Savage et al., 1997) may be similar in both the Galactic halo and the MB.

## 6 Discussion

### 6.1 Interpretation of the depletion patterns

In the Galactic ISM, the underabundances of elements along various sight line are usually attributed to the depletion of these elements into dust. The nucleosynthetic history of the gas can also play a role, especially in a low metallicity medium such as the MB. Russell and Dopita (1992; see also Welty et al. 1997, 1999 and references therein) showed that the relative abundances of the $`\alpha `$-elements (Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca) and Fe-peak elements (Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn) for the SMC and LMC H II regions and young stars are similar to those found in analogous Galactic objects. Welty et al. (1997, 1999a) presented detailed studies of two Magellanic Clouds sightlines (Sk 108 in the SMC, SN 1987A in the LMC), for which the gas-phase abundance patterns resemble those found either for warm Galactic disk clouds or for clouds in the Galactic halo. They concluded that the similar gas-phase abundance patterns in the three galaxies imply similar depletion patterns, despite global differences in their metal and dust content.

A detailed comparison of the relative stellar abundances in the MB with those in these three galaxies is not yet possible, as the derived absolute stellar abundances are poorly determined and are available only for C, N, O, Mg, and Si (Rolleston et al., 1999). However, differential abundance analyses of the young B-type stars in the MB show that, for those elements, the MB is deficient by $`1.1\pm 0.2`$ dex relative to the Galaxy. The scatter around this value is fairly small. This result has been confirmed recently in a study of a supergiant star (Rolleston, priv. comm.) and in particular shows that the nitrogen abundance exhibits a similar deficiency (see Section 6.3). Our results show that the abundance pattern in the MB gas toward DI 1388 resembles that found in Galactic halo clouds and in the SMC gas toward Sk 108. Therefore, it seems that the dominant factor describing the MB gas-phase abundance pattern is depletion of the elements into dust rather than nucleosynthetic history. Clearly, additional studies of other MB sight lines would help to test this hypothesis.

The properties of the two MB ISM clouds toward DI 1388 can therefore be summarized as follows:

\- The 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$cloud: The gas-phase abundance pattern shown in Figure 7 follows the Galactic halo pattern. The presence of strong O I and N I suggests that much of the gas is neutral. There is no detectable S III, but Si III is detected, suggesting that some ionized gas is also present. This ionized gas may be associated with the more highly ionized gas associated with Si IV and C IV. This cloud consists of a low electron density, mainly neutral gas that might have a hotter, ionized boundary.

\- The 179 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$cloud: The gas-phase abundances of Si II and Fe II shown in Figure 7 indicate that this cloud also follows a Galactic halo depletion pattern. However, N I is remarkably deficient with respect to S II, which probably indicates that the gas is partially ionized. This would also be consistent with the smaller deficiency of Si II and Fe II compared to N I. Similarly, O I is only mildly saturated, which again may indicate that the gas is partially ionized. Si III is present and saturated; but again indicating that a certain amount of gas is partially ionized. S III is not detected, but this is not surprising, as this feature is expected to be weak and below the detection limit of our spectra.

### 6.2 Absolute metallicity of the Bridge gas

Using the HIPASS 21 cm data with a spectral resolution of 1 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$and a spatial resolution of $`15.5\mathrm{}`$, Putman (priv. comm.) found an H I emission column density $`\mathrm{log}N(\mathrm{H}^0)20.30`$ dex in the direction of DI 1388. For comparison, the hydrogen column density obtained using S II and scaling by the cosmic reference $`[\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{H}]=4.73`$ dex is $`\mathrm{log}N(\mathrm{H})20.07`$ dex after accounting for the metallicity of $`1.1`$ dex. This is in rough agreement with the column density derived from the 21 cm data. Differences could be due to the large beam of the H I emission data and to the position (in depth along the sight line) of DI 1388 in the MB. However, our data generally support a metallicity of $`1.1`$ dex compared to the Galaxy metallicity, confirming the results from the B-type stars study by Rolleston et al. (1999). This implies that the metallicity in the MB does not reflect the SMC metallicity, which is at odds with the tidal model origin of the MB (Gardiner and Noguchi, 1996). Rolleston et al. (1999) proposed that the MB gas was formed from a mixture of SMC gas and an unenriched component.

### 6.3 The nitrogen “problem”

The absolute nitrogen abundance in the SMC is still very uncertain as H II regions and stellar analyses yield substantially different results (about 0.5 dex, e.g. Garnett 1999, but see Dufton et al. 1990 for a counter-example). The reasons for this behaviour are still not well understood, mainly because the production mechanisms for N are still poorly constrained (see e.g., discussion in Russell and Dopita 1992, and references therein). However, in principle it should be possible to supplement these analyses with interstellar data for the SMC and the MB since nitrogen is not readily incorporated into dust grains (Meyer et al., 1997).

Our data tentatively suggest that nitrogen is deficient in the MB gas relative to other elements. For the component at 179 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, $`[\mathrm{N}^0/\mathrm{S}^+]=1.32`$ dex. This deficiency is unlikely to be due to depletion of N into grains. N I compared to O I is also largely deficient ($`<0.5`$ dex), which could be due in part to N I being preferentially ionized relative to O and H due its larger photoionization cross section. However, Sofia and Jenkins (1998) indicate that N I is generally a good substitute for H I due to the very fast charge transfer of N II with H I which effectively keeps the ionization fractions of N and H essentially coupled. For the component at 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$, the saturated oxygen and nitrogen lines do not clarify the situation. The amount of N that has been ionized could be checked with Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer measurements of N II and N III absorptions. A far-UV study would also help to constrain the neutral nitrogen abundance, as there are numerous N I lines in the FUSE bandpass that are weaker than the strong 1200 Å lines observed in our STIS spectrum of DI 1388.

## 7 Summary and concluding remarks

We have presented HST STIS E140M UV and AAT optical spectra of the young star DI 1388 located in the Magellanic Bridge. The échelle spectra show interstellar absorption from C I, C II, C II\*, C IV, N I, O I, Al II, Si II, Si III, Si IV, S II, Ca II, Fe II, and Ni II. The relative gas-phase abundance of the MB ISM gas toward DI 1388 resembles that of gas in the Galactic halo. Since there is independent information on the total abundances from stars and/or nebulae of the Galaxy, SMC, LMC, and MB, the observed abundance pattern in the MB ISM is attributed to varying degrees of depletion onto dust similar to that in halo clouds and SMC toward Sk 108.

Fits to the absorption profiles reveal two MB interstellar components at 179 and 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$. These two clouds along the line of sight have different properties: (1) The cloud at 198 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$has a temperature $`T<10^4`$ K, low electron density ($`n_e<0.05`$-0.1 $`\mathrm{cm}^3`$), and is mainly neutral with a possible collisionally ionized boundary detected in Si III, Si IV, and C IV. (2) The cloud at 179 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$is low density gas, warmer, and partially ionized.

Higher resolution data might allow a more detailed picture of the interstellar structure, which bears on the possibility that these clouds trigger star formation via cloud-cloud collisions (Dyson and Hartquist, 1983). As discussed above, star formation is continuing in the MB, as there are young hot stars with evolutionary lifetimes ($`20`$ Myr) much younger than the age of the MB ($`200`$ Myr). In all known environments, star formation occurs within molecular clouds or cloud complexes, but there is presently no direct evidence of star-forming gas clouds in the MB. Kobulnicky and Dickey (1999) have detected cold H I clouds in the MB, which suggests the presence of atomic or molecular condensations that could harbor star formation. However, no CO emission has been yet detected (Smoker et al., 2000), and therefore cloud-cloud collisions could be the dominant star formation trigger.

Finally, we note that this work is relevant to the study of QSO absorption-line systems (QSOALS). Welty et al. (1997, 1999a) propose that the known depletions patterns in the SMC, LMC, and Galaxy may be used to deduce the total elemental abundances in the QSOALS from the observed gas-phase abundances. Indeed, the MB interstellar gas is characterized by modest depletion and metallicity. Moreover, the results of this study and those of Welty et al. (1997, 1999a) suggest that the observed depletion patterns are independent of the metallicity. These patterns could therefore be applied to the QSOALS. Detailed studies of the interstellar medium along other sight lines in the MB, SMC, and LMC should help to know whether these results can be generalized to a wider range of environments.

We are grateful to Mary Putman for providing the HIPASS data toward the general direction of DI 1388 and for useful discussions. We appreciate insightful comments from Chris Howk. NL held a postgraduate studentship from the European Social Fund and Northern Ireland Development for Research through most time of this work. WRJR acknowledges financial support from the UK Particle and Astronomy Research Council. This research has made use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service (http://adswww.harvard.edu/) and the CDS database (http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/). We thank Dan Welty for his careful reading of the manuscript and insightful comments.


text:
# 1 The calculated 𝐴_𝑁^'/2

Coulomb-hadron phase factor and spin phenomena
in a wide region of transfer momenta

S.B. Nurushev, 111 Institute for High Energy Physics, 142284 Protvino, Moscow  O.V.Selyugin 222 BLTP, JINR, 141980 Dubna, Russia; e-mail: selugin@thsun1.jinr.ru  M.N.Strikhanovb 333Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashirrskoe Ave.31, 115409 Moscow, Russia

## Abstract

The Coulomb-hadron interference effects are examined at small and large $`t`$. The methods for the definition of spin-dependent parts of hadron scattering amplitude are presented. The additional contributions to analyzing power $`A_N`$ and the double spin correlation parameter $`A_{NN}`$ owing to the electromagnetic-hadron interference are determined in the diffraction dip domain of high-energy elastic hadron scattering.

The energy region of RHIC in the fixed targed mode (FT) ($`p_L=30÷250GeV/c`$) at small transfer momenta is distinguished especially as the region where the second Reggeon contributions fall from an essential to an insignificant amount. The polarization phenomena determined at a low energy by the second Reggeon contributions also fall also very fast. Hence, in this domain the contributions into spin phenomena coming from the interference of the Coulomb and the hadron amplitudes play the important role . On this background we must determine how fast fall in actually the spin-flip amplitudes of the second reggeons. Moreover, the high statistic and hence small errors can allow us to find the contributions of the possible non-falling spin flip amplitudes originated from an instanton or high twist interactions.

The definition of the structure of the high energy elastic hadron-hadron scattering amplitude at small angles is a topical problem . Such quantities as the total cross section and the phase of the scattering amplitude are relevant to the fundamental relations of the strong interaction theory as, for example, the dispersion relations. At present we cannot calculate these parameters from the first principle or in the framework of the Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (PQCD), therefore they should be measured in experiment.

The differential cross section and spin parameters $`A_N`$ and $`A_{NN}`$ are defined as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{s^2}}(|\varphi _1|^2+|\varphi _2|^2+|\varphi _3|^2+|\varphi _4|^2+4|\varphi _5|^2),`$ (1)
$`A_N{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{s^2}}Im[(\varphi _1+\varphi _2+\varphi _3\varphi _4)\varphi _5^{})],`$ (2)
and

$`A_{NN}{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{s^2}}[Re(\varphi _1\varphi _2^{}\varphi _3\varphi _4^{})+2|\varphi _5|^2],`$ (3)
in framework of usual helicity representation.

This information can be obtained from the precision measurement of the form of spin correlation parameters $`A_N`$ and $`A_{NN}`$ at small transfer momenta. In this domain the analyzing power $`A_N`$ is determined by the Coulomb-hadron interference effects. As we can calculate the Coulomb amplitude very precisely from the theory, we can obtain some information about the hadronic non-flip amplitude from this quantity.

If we know the parameters of the hadron spin non-flip amplitude, the measurement of the analyzing power at small transfer momenta helps us to find the structure of the hadron spin-flip amplitude. For that let us rewrite (2)

$`A_N{\displaystyle \frac{d\sigma }{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`2[(ImF_h^{++}ReF_c^++ImF_c^{++}ReF_c^+ReF_h^{++}ImF_c^+`$
$`ReF_c^{++}ImF_c^+)+(ImF_h^{++}ReF_h^+ReF_c^{++}ImF_h^+`$
$`+ImF_c^{++}ReF_h^+ReF_h^{++}ImF_h^+)]`$
where $`F^{++},F^+,F^{}`$ are the spin-non flip, spin-flip and spin double-flip amplitudes, correspondingly, with ordinary connection with helicity amplitudes , for example, $`F^{++}=(\varphi _1+\varphi _3)/2`$. Let us denoted $`P^{^{}}`$ is the part of the analyzing power which can be calculated if we know $`\sigma _{tot},B,\rho `$ for the non-flip amplitude. $`\mathrm{\Delta }P`$ is the part depending on the hadron spin-flip amplitude.

$`\mathrm{\Delta }P=A_N^{exper.}P^{^{}}.`$ (5)
Here $`A_N^{exper.}`$ is the measured value of the analyzing power. Let us factor out the term $`F_c^{++}`$ from the numerator, the term $`(F_c^{++})^2`$ from the denominator and multiply $`\mathrm{\Delta }P`$ by $`F_c^{++}`$ :

$`A_N^{^{}}=(\mathrm{\Delta }P)F_c^{++}2{\displaystyle \frac{ImF_h^++ReF_h^+(ImF_h^{++}/ReF_c^{++})}{1+(ImF_h^{++}/ReF_c^{++})^2}}.`$ (6)
So, at the point $`t`$ where $`|ImF_h^{++}|=|ReF_c^{++}|`$ for the proton-proton scattering we have

$`A_N^{^{}}=ReF_h^+ImF_h^+.`$ (7)
And, as $`t0`$

$`A_N^{^{}}2ImF_h^+`$ (8)
These calculations are compared with some model amplitude $`F^+`$ on Fig.1. at energies $`\sqrt{s}=50`$ and $`500GeV`$ (short and long dashed line).

Now, let us examine the hadron double-spin-flip amplitude which has not the kinematical zero as $`t0`$. This amplitude plays an important role at low energies, where they exist owing to a spin-spin interaction and an unnatural parity exchange, and has a sufficiently large magnitude. The measurement of $`A_{NN}`$ at very small transfer momenta $`10^4÷10^2GeV^2`$ gives information about the structure of the double-spin flip amplitude and its energy dependence. For the double-spin correlation parameter $`A_{NN}`$ one can write:

$`A_{NN}(d\sigma /dt)`$ $`=`$ $`2F_c^{++}F_c^{}+F_c^{++}Re(F_h^{})+\rho Im(F_h^{++})Re(F_h^{})`$
$`+Im(F_h^{++})Im(F_h^{}+2(F_c^+)^2+2F_c^+Re(F_h^+)+2|F_h^+|^2`$
Note, that

$`2F_c^{++}F_c^{}+2(F_c^+)^2=0,`$ (10)
so these contributions, significant separately, disappear.

If (3) is multiplied by the Coulomb amplitude, one can obtain in the range of small transfer momenta

$`A_{NN}^{^{}}=A_{NN}F_c^{++}{\displaystyle \frac{Re(F_h^{})+Im(F_h^{})R+\rho [F_c^{}+Re(F_h^{})]R}{1+R^2}},`$ (11)
where $`R=Im(F_h^{++})/F_c^{++}`$. So, at the point $`t`$, where $`|Im(F_h^{++})|=|F_c^{++}|`$, it gives

$`A_{NN}^{^{}}0.5[Re(F_h^{})+Im(F_h^{})].`$ (12)
And as $`t0,`$

$`A_{NN}^{^{}}Re(F_h^{})`$ (13)
These calculations are compared with some model amplitude $`F_h^{}`$ on Fig.2. at energies $`\sqrt{s}=50`$ and $`500GeV`$ (short and long dashed line).

Hence, the measurement of the double-spin correlation parameter at very small transfer momenta helps us to find the structure of the hadron double-spin-flip amplitude. Note that to find the point where $`|Im(F_h^{++})|=|Re(F_c^{++})|`$, one again needs know exactly the real part of the spin-non-flip amplitude.

So, we can conclude that the precise measurement of the spin correlation parameters $`A_N`$ and $`A_{NN}`$ at very small transfer momenta $`t10^4÷10^2GeV^2`$ gives us a way for the definition of the parameters of the high energy hadron interaction. It allows us to reconstruct the structure of the high energy elastic scattering amplitude. Moreover, the precisely definition of the position of maximum of the analysing power permit us to define the value of the total cross section in an independent way. Hence, such a measurement is to be included in future research programs at HERA, RHIC and LHC.

At present, the spin effects owing to the Coulomb-nucleon interference (CNI) at very small transfer momenta are widely discussed in the aspect of future spin experiments at RHIC and LHC. These effects are worse understood in the domain of the diffraction dip. In many respects, this is due to the fact that we do not know the Coulomb-hadron interference phase for not small transfer momenta and its impact on the magnitude of the spin effects.

In papers  the importance of CNI effects in the dip domain was pointed out. In  the polarization was calculated at sufficiently low energies with CNI-effect, but without taking accounted the phase of CNI and with grude approximation of the hadron non-flip spin amplitude.

The phase of the Coulomb-hadron interaction has been calculated and discussed by many authors  and has the form

$`\phi (s,t)`$ $`=`$ $`[\gamma +\mathrm{ln}(B(s,t)|t|/2)+\mathrm{ln}(1+8/(B(s,t)\mathrm{\Lambda }^2))+\nu _c.`$ (14)
where $`B(s,t)`$ is the slope of the nuclear amplitude; $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a constant entering into the dipole form factor and $`\nu _c`$ is an additional part coming from the pure Coulomb interaction and calculated in  for small $`t`$.

In , the phase $`\nu _c`$ of the pure Coulomb amplitude in the second Born approximation with the form factor in the monopole and dipole forms has been calculated in a wide region of $`t`$. It was shown that the behavior of $`\nu _c`$ at not small $`t`$ sharply differ from the behavior of $`\nu _c`$ obtained in . Let us calculate the total phase factor that can be used in the whole diffraction range of elastic hadron scattering. The scattering amplitude in an eikonal representation separating the Coulomb and the hadron eikonals can be write:

$`F(s,t)=F_c(s,t)+F_h(s,t)[1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2iF_h(s,t)}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}\chi _c(\rho )(1e^{\chi _h(\rho ,s)})\rho 𝑑\rho J_0(\rho q)]`$ (15)
Taking into account the pure Coulomb phase $`\phi _c`$ we can rewrite (15) in terms of the phase factor

$`F(s,t)=F_ce^{i\alpha (\phi _{ch}+\phi _c)}+F_h(s,t),`$ (16)
with

$`\phi _c=\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^2}{q^2}}+\nu .`$ (17)
Here, $`\lambda 0`$ is the effective photon mass. Note that the divergent logarithmic term appears in the second Born approximation. Hence, if we take the Coulomb amplitude in first order, this term will be absent.

To calculate of the Coulomb part in the Coulomb-hadron eikonal, let us expand the nucleon form-factor in inverse powers of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+q^2`$ :

$`G^2(q^2)`$ $``$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+q^2}}]^4`$
$`=`$ $`1{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+q^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+q^2)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^4}{(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+q^2)^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2\mathrm{\Lambda }^6}{(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+q^2)^4}}`$
Then, we obtain for the Coulomb part of the Coulomb-hadron eikonal:

$`\chi _c(\rho )`$ $`=`$ $`2i[\alpha (K_0(\rho \lambda )K_0(\rho \mathrm{\Lambda }){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho }{2\mathrm{\Gamma }(2)}}K_1(\rho \mathrm{\Lambda }){\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2\rho ^2}{4\mathrm{\Gamma }(3)}}K_2(\rho \mathrm{\Lambda })`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^3\rho ^3}{8\mathrm{\Gamma }(4)}}K_3(\rho \mathrm{\Lambda })].`$
Here $`K_i`$ are MacDonald functions and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(n)`$ is a gamma function. The first term gives the eikonal without the nucleon form-factor and others give the corrections that play an important role when $`t`$ differs from zero. Using the logarithmic representation of $`K_0`$ we can take out from integral the first two terms, containing a divergences part and constant. The rest part of these two first terms in numerator, containing only the hadron eikonal, are canceled by the denominator. In result, the term with $`\lambda `$ is reduced with the same term of $`\chi _c`$ at calculation observable and the total phase factor is:

$`\phi (s,t)=\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{4}}+2\gamma +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F_h(s,q)}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}\stackrel{~}{\chi }_c(\rho )(1\mathrm{exp}(\chi _h(\rho ,s))J_0(\rho ,q)d\rho ,`$ (20)
with

$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_c(\rho )=2\rho \mathrm{ln}\rho +2\rho K_0(\rho \mathrm{\Lambda })[1+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{24}}\mathrm{\Lambda }^2\rho ^2]+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho }{12}}K_1(\rho \mathrm{\Lambda })[11+{\displaystyle \frac{5}{4}}\mathrm{\Lambda }^2\rho ^2]`$ (21)
The calculated $`\phi (s,t)`$ (20) is an eikonal analog with taking account of the hadron form-factor of the expression obtained by West and Yennie  from the Feynman diagram.

If we take the Born term of the hadron amplitude in the Regge form

$`F_h^B(s,q)=h\mathrm{exp}(B(s)q^2),`$ (22)
and only the first term of (S0.Ex6) that corresponds to the Coulomb amplitude without the form-factor, we obtain the ordinary representation for the total phase factor in the region of small transfer momenta

$`\phi \mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{B(s)q^2}{2}}+\gamma .`$ (23)
Our eikonal representation for the $`\phi (s,t)`$ (20) is valid in a wide region of $`t`$. If we take the correct hadron scattering eikonal that describes the experimental differential cross section including the domain of the diffraction dip, we can calculate the $`\phi (s,t)`$ for that region of $`t`$. Note, that the calculated term has a real and a non-small imaginary part. The phase factor can be very important for the calculation of spin correlation parameters with taking into account the electromagnetic-hadron interference effects in the domain of the diffraction dip. In this region, the imaginary part of the hadron scattering amplitude has a zero and these effects can be not small. Beforehand, we don’t know how large the additional contributions will be and how the phase factor affects on magnitudes of the spin correlation parameters. The largest effects will be in the energy range where the diffraction minimum has a strictly defined form and, thus, the real part of the non-flip hadron amplitude will be small.

We can take, for example, the eikonal of the spin-non-flip hadron amplitude obtained in  that provides a quantitative description of high-energy experimental data:

$`\chi _h(s,b)=h_1(s)\mathrm{exp}(\mu (s)\sqrt{b^2+b_p^2(s)})[1h_2(s)\mathrm{exp}(\mu (s)\sqrt{b^2+b_p^2(s)})].`$ (24)
where $`b_p(s)`$ and $`\mu (s)`$ are the effective radius and mass, and calculate the coulomb-hadron phase-factor .

As this model is based on the crossing symmetry of the scattering amplitude, the parameters in this eikonal are complex and, hence, the obtained scattering amplitude has a real and an imaginary part. Using this eikonal we can calculate the total phase factor, for example, for $`\sqrt{s}=50GeV`$ (the first starting energy of RHIC). Note that our results depend weakly on the model for the hadron spin-non-flip eikonal. Different models should give the same $`\sigma _{tot},\rho (s)=ReF(s,0)/ImF(s,0)`$ and differential cross sections in a wide region of energies and momenta transfer.

The value of the coulomb-hadron phase-factor in the domain of the diffraction dip is large in magnitude with a positive maximum of the real part at $`t=1.25GeV^2`$ and a negative maximum. at $`t=1.45GeV^2`$. The imaginary part has one negative maximum at the point of the minimum of the diffraction dip.

Let us calculate, using the obtained $`\phi (s,t)`$, an additional contribution to the analyzing power $`A_N`$ and double spin correlation parameter $`A_{NN}`$ owing to the electromagnetic-hadron interference $`A_N^{emN}`$ and $`A_{NN}^{emN}`$ in the diffraction dip domain of the proton-proton elastic scattering. This contributions should be taken into account when we want to know the true size of the contribution to $`A_N`$ and $`A_{NN}`$ due to the hadron spin-flip amplitude. Let us again take the hadron spin-non-flip amplitude calculated in  and calculate the size of $`A_N^{emN}`$ in the diffraction dip domain for example, at energy HERA $`\sqrt{s}=40GeV`$. The calculated analyzing power is shown in Fig.3a. Its form is defined by the form of the diffraction minimum and the behavior of the imaginary part of the hadron spin-non-flip amplitude. As it is noted above, our result coincides qualitatively with the calculation of  up to the moment when the imaginary part of the hadron non-flip amplitude changes in sign and the polarization has a negative maximum. On the whole, the picture is similar to that of behavior of $`\phi `$. The analysis shows that the impact of $`\phi `$ leads in the proton-proton scattering to the increase of the analyzing power approximately by $`50\%`$ of the effect. Hence, if only this impact were negative, the size of $`A_N^{emN}`$ becomes very small.

Now let us examine such an additional contribution to the double spin correlation parameter. It is clear that the large contribution to $`A_{NN}^{emN}`$ comes from the interference of electromagnetic amplitudes $`\varphi _1^{em}`$ and $`\varphi _2^{em}`$. but in our case it is cancelled completely by the contribution of $`2|\varphi _5^{em}|^2)`$.

So, we have the magnitude of $`A_{NN}^{emN}`$ both dependent on the real part of the hadron spin-non-flip amplitude and $`\varphi _2^{em}`$. Our calculation of $`A_{NN}^{emN}`$ is shown in Fig. 3b.

We obtain the negative non-small contribution which reduces the size of the double spin correlation parameter owing to the hadron-spin-flip amplitude. Of course, the form and size of $`A_{NN}^{emN}`$ are mostly defined by the form and size of the diffraction minimum.

In spite of the large contribution of the hadron-spin-flip amplitude we can see that taking account of the electromagnetic amplitudes leads to visible changes in spin correlation effects. Note that in our case the part of the contribution of the interference electromagnetic and hadron-spin-non flip amplitude is reduced by terms of the interference between of the electromagnetic and hadron-spin-flip amplitude. On the whole, the spin correlation effects somewhat decrease and slightly change the positions of maxima.

Using the eikonal representation we obtain the terms corresponding to the electromagnetic-hadron interference in the second Born approximation taking into account the form-factors of interacting nucleons in a wide region of transfer momenta up to the diffraction dip domain. It allows us to calculate an additional contribution to the analyzing power $`A_N`$ and double spin correlation parameter $`A_{NN}`$ owing to the interference of the electromagnetic and hadron-spin-non-flip amplitudes. As a result, we obtain, in the domain of the diffraction minimum, not small spin correlation effects due to the interference of the spin-non-flip elastic scattering amplitude and the electromagnetic spin-flip amplitude. The obtained energy dependence of $`A_N^{emN}`$ and $`A_{NN}^{emN}`$ shows that these contributions have to be taken into account when we extract the size and energy dependence of the hadron spin-flip amplitude from the experimental data on $`A_N`$ and $`A_{NN}`$ at high energies up to the top of RHIC energy.