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# 1. Introduction

## 1. Introduction

In our former work () we constructed an appropriate oscillator algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to the system of polynomials which are orthonormal with respect to a measure $`\mu `$ in the space $`𝙷_x=L^2(R^1;\mu (dx))`$. By a standard manner the energy operator (hamiltonian) $`H_\mu =X_\mu ^2+P_\mu ^2`$ was defined. The position operator $`X_\mu `$ was introduced by the recurrent relations of the given polynomials system; the momentum operator $`P_\mu `$ was determined as an unitary equivalent to the position operator $`Y_\mu `$ in the dual space $`𝙷_y=L^2(R^1;\nu (dy))`$. In () it was proved that the usual differential equations for the classical polynomials are equivalent to the equations of the form $`H_\mu \psi _n=\lambda _n\psi _n`$, where the eigenvalues of the corresponding hamiltonian $`H_\mu `$ denote by $`\lambda _n`$. The central problem with a derivation of the differential equations was finding a representation of the annihilation operator $`a_{\mu }^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ (or another ”reducing” operator) of the algebra $`A_\mu `$ by a differential operator in the space $`𝙷_x`$. Unfortunately, these formulas () are rather complicated in the general case. Therefore our interest is in describing such orthogonal polynomials systems for which appropriate representations are simple. On this basis one can obtain some differential equations of a finite order (it is desirable that we have to deal only with differential equations of the second order).

The results of this work may be thought of as a first step forward in this direction. From our point of view we consider a family of orthogonal polynomial systems which includes the generalized Hermite polynomials (). These polynomials have been studied extensively in the monograph (). Therefore the polynomials of the considered family is called Hermite-Chihara polynomials.

The paper is organized as follows. A generalized derivation operator is introduced in Sec.2. By these operators a family of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials is determined in Sec.3. More exactly the annihilation operator $`a_\mu ^{}`$ of the algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to the system of the polynomials may be represented by a generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$. This operator is defined by a positive sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$. In what follows we shall call this sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ a ”governing sequence”. In Sec.4 we construct the generators $`X_\mu `$, $`P_\mu `$ and $`H_\mu `$ of the algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to a system of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials. As an example of such polynomials we consider the ”classical” Hermite-Chihara polynomials () in Sec.5. Moreover, in this section a new derivation of the well-known (,) differential equation for these polynomials is presented. Further, in Sec.6 we introduce a special family of orthogonal systems of Hermite-Chihara polynomials which includes the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials. Furthermore, in this section we construct a ”governing sequence” $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ of an appropriate generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$. Then in Sec.7 we obtain a differential equation of the second order for above-mentioned polynomials by analogy with the derivation of the differential equation given in Sec.5. Finally, in the conclusion we consider the following conjecture. If the polynomials of a system of orthogonal Hermite-Chihara polynomials satisfy a differential equation of the second order, then these polynomials belong to the special family of orthogonal systems of Hermite-Chihara polynomials introduced in Sec.6. Moreover, the other Hermite-Chihara polynomials do not satisfy any differential equation of a finite order.

## 2. Generalized derivation operator

In this section we introduce a new class of differential operators (they are the infinite order in general case) which play a large role in the construction of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials. Let $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be a monotone nondecreasing sequence:

$$1=v_0v_1v_2\mathrm{}v_n\mathrm{}.$$
(2.1)
This sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ define a linear operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ by the relations:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}x^0=0,D_\stackrel{}{v}x^n=v_{n1}x^{n1},n=1,2\mathrm{},$$
(2.2)
on the set of the formal power series of real argument $`x`$.

We will seek for the operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ of the type

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}=\underset{n,m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{nm}x^n\frac{d^m}{dx^m}.$$
(2.3)
Substituting (2.3) in (2.2), we get the following formula:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\epsilon _kx^{k1}\frac{d^k}{dx^k},$$
(2.4)
The coefficients $`\left\{\epsilon _k\right\}_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ are defined by the recurrent relations:

$$\epsilon _1=v_0=1,\epsilon _k=\frac{v_{k1}}{k!}\epsilon _{k1}\frac{\epsilon _{k2}}{2!}\mathrm{}\frac{\epsilon _1}{(k1)!},k=1,2\mathrm{}.$$
(2.5)
###### Definition 2.1.

A differential operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ determined by formulas (2.4),(2.5) is called a generalized derivation operator induced of the sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$.

###### Lemma 2.2.

For the order of a generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ defined by formulas (2.4),(2.5) to be finite it is necessary and sufficient that the following equalities:

$$\epsilon _{k+1}=\epsilon _{k+2}=\mathrm{}=0.$$
(2.6)
was valid.

To take three examples of generalized derivation operators of a finite order.

1. Let $`k=1`$. There exist a unique solution of the system (2.6):

$$\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{n+1\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}.$$
(2.7)
The generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ take the following form:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}=\frac{d}{dx}.$$
(2.8)
2. Let $`k=2`$ and let $`v_1`$ to be a number such that $`v_11`$. There exist a one-parameter family of the solution $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of the system (2.6):

$$v_0=1,v_n=C_{n+1}^2v_1n^2+1,n=1,2\mathrm{}.$$
(2.9)
The generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ take the following form:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}=\frac{d}{dx}+x(\frac{v_1}{2}1)\frac{d^2}{dx^2}.$$
(2.10)
If $`v_1=4`$, then from (2.9),(2.10) we have

$$\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{(n+1)^2\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}},D_\stackrel{}{v}=\frac{d}{dx}+x\frac{d^2}{dx^2}.$$
(2.11)
3. Let $`k=3`$ and let $`v_1,v_2`$ to be some number such that $`1v_1v_2`$. There exist a two-parameter family of the solution $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of the system (2.6):

$`v_0=1v_1,v_n=C_{n+1}^3v_2{\displaystyle \frac{(n+1)n(n2)}{2}}v_1+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(n+1)(n1)(n2)}{2}},n=1,2\mathrm{}.`$ (2.12)
The generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ take the following form:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}=\frac{d}{dx}+x(\frac{v_1}{2}1)\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+x^2\frac{v_23v_1+3}{3!}\frac{d^3}{dx^3}.$$
(2.13)
If $`v_1=8`$, $`v_2=27`$, then from (2.12) and (2.13) we have

$$\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{(n+1)^3\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}},D_\stackrel{}{v}=\frac{d}{dx}+x\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+x^2\frac{d^3}{dx^3}.$$
(2.14)
## 3. Hermite-Chihara polynomials

Let $`\mu `$ be a symmetric probability measure, i.e. the all odd moments of the measure $`\mu `$ are vanish and $`_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\mu (dx)=1`$. In this section we consider a system of polynomials , which are orthonormal with respect to the measure $`\mu `$ , such that there is a representation of the annihilation operator of the oscillator algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to this system by a generalized derivation operator.

Recall () that the recurrent relations of a canonical orthonormal polynomials system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ take the following form:

$$x\psi _n(x)=b_n\psi _{n+1}(x)+b_{n1}\psi _{n1}(x),n1,$$
(3.1)
$$\psi _0(x)=1,\psi _1(x)=\frac{x}{b_0}.$$
(3.2)
In ()it was described how to get the positive sequence $`\left\{b_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ from the given sequence $`\left\{\mu _{2n}\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ of even moments of a symmetric positive measure $`\mu `$.

The question we are interested now is when for a canonical orthonormal polynomials system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ there are two sequences such that:

1. a positive sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ which satisfies (2.1);

2. a real sequence $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }=\left\{\gamma _n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ for which are hold the following relations:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}\psi _0=0,D_\stackrel{}{v}\psi _n=\gamma _n\psi _{n1},n=1,2\mathrm{},$$
(3.3)
where the generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ is determined by formulas (2.4),(2.5).

We denote by $`[n]`$ the following symbol:

$$[0]=0,[n]=\frac{b_{n1}^2}{b_0^2},n=1,2\mathrm{}.$$
(3.4)
Let $`J`$ be a symmetric Jacobi matrix

$$J=\left\{b_{ij}\right\}_{i,j=0}^{\mathrm{}}$$

which has the positive elements $`b_{i,i+1}=b_{i+1,i},i=0,1,`$…only distinct from zero. Then the polynomials of the first kind can be represented in the form ():

$$\psi _n(x)=\underset{m=0}{\overset{ϵ(\frac{n}{2})}{}}\frac{(1)^m}{\sqrt{[n]!}}b_0^{2mn}\alpha _{2m1,n1}x^{n2m},$$
(3.5)
where the greatest integer function is denoted by $`ϵ(\alpha )`$ . The coefficients $`\alpha _{2m1,n1}`$ for any $`n1,ϵ(\frac{n}{2})m1`$ are defined by the following equalities:

$$\alpha _{1,n1}=0,\alpha _{2m1,n1}=\underset{k_1=2m1}{\overset{n1}{}}[k_1]\underset{k_2=2m3}{\overset{k_12}{}}[k_2]\mathrm{}\underset{k_m=1}{\overset{k_{m1}2}{}}[k_m].$$
(3.6)
Substituting (3.6),(3.5) and (3.4) into (3.3), it is easy to prove the following theorem ().

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let the orthonormal polynomial system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is defined by (3.6),(3.5) and (3.4). For existence two sequences $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }=\left\{\gamma _n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that the conditions (3.3) are hold it is necessary and sufficient that

1. the sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ satisfies (2.1) and the following conditions:

$$v_{n2}v_{2p1}+v_{2p3}v_{n2p}=v_nv_{2p3}+v_{2p1}v_{n2p},$$
(3.7)
for any $`n2,2pn;`$

2. the coefficients $`\alpha _{2m1,n1}`$ take the following form

$$\alpha _{2m1,n1}=\frac{[2m1]!!(v_{n1})!}{(v_{2m1})!(v_{n2m1})!},(v_k)!=v_0v_1\mathrm{}v_k,$$
(3.8)
as $`n1,2mn`$ and regarding $`(v_1)!=(v_0)!=1.`$

In this case the sequence $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }=\left\{\gamma _n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is defined by the following formulas:

$$\gamma _n=\sqrt{\frac{v_1v_{n1}}{b_0^2(v_nv_{n2})}},n1.$$
(3.9)
Here we will not given the proof of this theorem (see ) to save room. However we present some formulas arising from the proof. These expressions relate the sequence $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }=\left\{\gamma _n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and the coefficients $`\alpha _{2m1,n1}`$:

$`\gamma _1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{b_0}},b_0{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{[2]}}{2}}\gamma _2`$ $`=\epsilon _1+\epsilon _2,`$ (3.10)
$`\sqrt{[2p+1]}\gamma _{2p+1}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{2p1,2p}}{[2p1]!!}}\gamma _1,`$ (3.11)
$`\sqrt{[2p+2]}\gamma _{2p+2}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{2p1,2p+1}}{\alpha _{2p1,2p}}}\sqrt{[2]}\gamma _2,`$ (3.12)
where $`\epsilon _1`$ and $`\epsilon _2`$ are defined by (2.5).

Now we shall give the following definition.

###### Definition 3.2.

The orthonormal polynomials system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ completed in $`𝙷_x=L^2(R;\mu (dx))`$ is called a system of Hermite-Chihara polynomials if these polynomials are defined by (3.6),(3.5) and (3.4).

###### Remark 3.3.

It is clear that the Hermite polynomials fall in this class. Here

$$\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{n+1\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}},D_\stackrel{}{v}=\frac{d}{dx},b_{n1}^2=\frac{n}{2},[n]=n,n1.$$

According to (3.8), we have

$$\alpha _{2m1,n1}=\frac{n!}{2^mm!(n2m)!}.$$
(3.13)
Substituting (3.13) into (3.5), we obtain the usual form of the Hermite polynomials (see ,  ). In addition, $`\gamma _n=\sqrt{2n},n1`$ and then (3.3) is reduced to the usual rule of derivation for the Hermite polynomials:

$$\frac{d}{dx}H_n(x)=2nH_{n1}(x).$$
(3.14)
###### Remark 3.4.

According to the theorem 3.1, by any sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ complying with (2.1) and (3.7) we can write the the coefficients $`\alpha _{2m1,n1}`$ which take the following form:

$`[1]=1,[n]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{v_{n1}(v_nv_{n2})}{v_1}},n2,`$ (3.15)
$`b_{n1}^2`$ $`=b_0^2{\displaystyle \frac{v_{n1}(v_nv_{n2})}{v_1}},n2.`$ (3.16)
The polynomials $`\psi _n(x)`$ satisfy the recurrent relations (3.1) and (3.2). By solving the Hamburger moment problem of the Jacobi matrix $`J`$, we obtain the symmetric probability measure $`\mu `$ such that the polynomials of the system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ are orthonormal with respect to $`\mu `$. If the moment problem for the Jacobi matrix $`J`$ is a determined one, then the measure $`\mu `$ is defined uniquely. Otherwise (when the moment problem for the Jacobi matrix $`J`$ is a undetermined one) there is a infinite family of such measures (see ).

## 4. Oscillator algebra for the Hermite-Chihara polynomials

In this section we construct the generalized Heisenberg algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to the system of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials (see ).

Let $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be the positive sequence such that the conditions (2.1) and (3.7) are hold. Then the sequence $`\left\{b_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ can be found by (3.16). Furthermore, we obtain the system of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ by the formulas (3.5) and (3.8). These polynomials satisfy the recurrent relations (3.1) and (3.2) with above-mentioned coefficients $`\left\{b_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$. Under the condition

$$\underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_n^1=\frac{v_1}{b_0}\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{v_n(v_{n+1}v_{n1})}}=\mathrm{}.$$
(4.1)
the moment problem for the corresponding Jacobi matrix is a determined one (see ). There is the only symmetric probability measure $`\mu `$ such that the polynomials $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ are orthonormal in the space $`H_x=L^2(R;\mu (dx))`$ . In addition, the even moments $`\mu _{2n}`$ of the measure $`\mu `$ can be found from the following algebraic equations system ($`b_1=0,n0`$)

$$\underset{m=0}{\overset{ϵ(\frac{n}{2})}{}}\underset{m=0}{\overset{ϵ(\frac{n}{2})}{}}\frac{(1)^{m+s}}{(b_{n1})!}\alpha _{2m1,n1}\alpha _{2s1,n1}\mu _{2+2n2m2s}=b_{n1}^2+b_n^2.$$
(4.2)
It is easy to check that the condition (4.1) is correct for the ”classical” Hermite-Chihara polynomials to be considered in the next section.

From theorem 3.1 it follows that there are the generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ determined for given sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ by formulas (2.4),(2.5) and the sequence $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }=\left\{\gamma _n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$:

$$\gamma _n=\frac{v_{n1}}{b_{n1}},n1,$$
(4.3)
such that the relations (3.3) are valid .

Using the methods of (), we construct the generalized Heisenberg algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to the ortonormal system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$. By the usual formulas we define ladder operators $`a_\mu ^{}`$ (the annihilation operator), $`a_\mu ^+`$ (the creation operator) and the number operator $`N`$. It is readily seen that

$$a_\mu ^{}=D_\stackrel{}{v}f(N),$$
(4.4)
The operator-function $`f(N)`$ acts on basis vectors $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ by formulas:

$$f(N)\psi _0=0,f(N)\psi _1=\sqrt{2}b_0^2\psi _1,f(N)\psi _n=\sqrt{2}b_0^2\frac{v_nv_{n2}}{v_1}\psi _n,$$
(4.5)
where $`n2`$. The position operator $`X_\mu `$ is defined by the recurrence relations (3.1) and (3.2). Using $`X_\mu `$ and $`a_\mu ^{}`$, we determine by the well-known formulas (see ) the operators $`a_\mu ^+`$, $`P_\mu `$ (the momentum operator) and $`H_\mu `$ (hamiltonian):

$`P_\mu =ı(\sqrt{2}a_\mu ^{}X_\mu ),a_\mu ^+`$ $`=\sqrt{2}X_\mu a_\mu ^{},`$ (4.6)
$`H_\mu =X_\mu ^2+P_\mu ^2=\sqrt{2}(a_\mu ^{}X_\mu +X_\mu a_\mu ^+)`$ $`=a_\mu ^{}a_\mu ^++a_\mu ^+a_\mu ^{}.`$ (4.7)
We have the following commutation relation:

$$[a_\mu ^{},a_\mu ^+]=2(B(N+I)B(N)).$$
(4.8)
The operator-function $`f(N)`$ acts on basis vectors by formulas:

$$B(N)\psi _0=2b_0^2,B(N)\psi _n=b_{n1}^2\psi _n=b_0^2\frac{v_{n1}(v_nv_{n2})}{v_1}\psi _n,n1.$$
(4.9)
Moreover, the ”energy levels” are

$$\lambda _0=2b_0^2,\lambda _n=2(b_{n1}^2+b_n^2)=\frac{2b_0^2}{v_1}(v_nv_{n+1}v_{n1}v_{n2}),$$
(4.10)
where $`n1`$.

In what follows our prime interest is with the following question. Is it possible to get a differential equation of the second order for Hermite-Chihara polynomials from the equation $`H_\mu \psi _n=\lambda _n\psi _n`$.

## 5. Classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials

Now we consider a particular case of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials, namely, the well-known (see ) generalized Hermite polynomials which have been studied extensively in () (see also ()).

We denote by $`𝙷_\gamma `$ the Hilbert space

$$𝙷_\gamma =L^2(R;|x|^\gamma (\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{1}{2}(\gamma +1)))^1\mathrm{exp}(x^2)dx),\gamma 1.$$
(5.1)
Using methods of (), we construct the canonical orthonormal polynomials system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ completed in the space $`𝙷_\gamma `$. The polynomials $`\psi _n(x)`$ satisfy the recurrent relations (3.1) and (3.2). The coefficients $`\left\{b_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ are defined by formulas (3.16), where $`b_0=\sqrt{\frac{\gamma +1}{2}}`$ and the sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}=\left\{v_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is given by the following equalities:

$$v_n=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\gamma +n+1}{\gamma +1}& n=2m,\\ \frac{n+1}{\gamma +1}& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(5.2)
It is clear that $`v_0=1,v_1=\frac{2}{\gamma +1}=b_0^2.`$ The coefficients $`\left\{b_n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ are defined by the formulas:

$$b_{n1}=\frac{1}{2}\{\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{n}& n=2m,\\ \sqrt{n+\gamma }& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(5.3)
The formulas (3.8),(3.5),(3.4) give a explicit form of the polynomials $`\psi _n(x)`$. Recall that the polynomials

$$K_n^\gamma (x)=s_n\psi _n(x),n0,$$

as $`s_0=1`$ and $`s_n=(b_{n1})!`$, are named the generalized Hermite polynomials in ()( see also ()). In what follows we shall call the polynomials $`\psi _n(x)`$ as the ”classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials”. It is easy to prove that the family of these polynomials is a particular case of the more general class of Hermite-Chihara polynomials and that the generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ corresponding to the given sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ is determined by formulas (2.4) and (2.5), where

$$\epsilon _1=1,\epsilon _m=\frac{(2)^{m1}}{m!}\frac{\gamma }{\gamma +1},m2.$$
(5.4)
In addition, the sequence $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }=\left\{\gamma _n\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ appearing in (3.3) is defined by equalities:

$$\gamma _n=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\gamma +1}\{\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{n}& n=2m,\\ \sqrt{n+\gamma }& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(5.5)
Comparing (4.4), (4.5) and (3.3), we obtain

$$a_\mu ^{}=\frac{\gamma +1}{\sqrt{2}}D_\stackrel{}{v}.$$
(5.6)
The following formulas are known ()( see, also()):

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _0=0,{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _n`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{n}{b_{n1}}}\psi _{n1}+{\displaystyle \frac{(n1)\theta _n}{2b_{n1}b_{n2}}}X^1\psi _{n2}=`$ (5.7)
$`=2b_{n2}\psi _{n1}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta _n}{x}}\psi _n,n1,`$ (5.8)
where

$$\theta _n=\theta _n(\gamma )=\gamma \frac{1(1)^n}{2}.$$
(5.9)
Taking into account how the annihilation operator $`a_\mu ^{}`$ and the number operator $`N`$ act on the basis vectors $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$, it is easy to get from the relations (5.7)-(5.9) the following formula:

$$X_\mu \frac{d}{dx}N=(a_\mu ^{})^2.$$
(5.10)
Note also that the action of the position operator $`X_\mu `$ on the basis vectors $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is defined by (3.1) and (5.3). Now we consider the operator

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_N=2B(N)N,$$
(5.11)
where the operator-function $`B(N)`$ is defined by (4.10). Using (5.9) and (5.11), we see that

$$\mathrm{\Theta }_N\psi _n=\theta _n\psi _n,n1.$$
(5.12)
Taking into account the equation $`H_\mu \psi _n=\lambda _n\psi _n`$, where a hamiltonian $`H_\mu `$ defined by (4.7), and the equality $`a_\mu ^+a_\mu ^{}=2B(N)`$, we have the following relation:

$$a_\mu ^{}a_\mu ^+=2B(N+I).$$
(5.13)
Moreover, from (5.8) it follows that

$$a_\mu ^{}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{d}{dx}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_N.$$
(5.14)
Now from (5.13), (5.14) and (4.7) we have

$$(\frac{d}{dx}+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_N)(X_\mu \frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dx}\frac{1}{2}X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_N)=2B(N+I).$$
(5.15)
Multiplying both sides of (5.15) by $`2X_\mu `$ from the left, we obtain:

$`2X_\mu (I+X_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}})`$ $`+X_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{dx^2}}+X_\mu (X_\mu ^2\mathrm{\Theta }_N+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_N)`$ (5.16)
$`2\mathrm{\Theta }_NX_\mu +\mathrm{\Theta }_N{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}`$ $`+\mathrm{\Theta }_NX_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_N=2X_\mu 2B(N+I).`$ (5.17)
It is not hard to prove that :

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_NX_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_N\psi _n=0,\mathrm{\Theta }_NX_\mu `$ $`=X_\mu \mathrm{\Theta }_{N+I},`$ (5.18)
$`2X_\mu (2B(N+I)\mathrm{\Theta }_{N+I})2X_\mu `$ $`=2X_\mu N,`$ (5.19)
$`(\mathrm{\Theta }_N{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\mathrm{\Theta }_N)\psi _n`$ $`=\gamma \psi _n^{}.`$ (5.20)
Applying both sides of (5.17) to $`\psi _n`$ and using (5.18)-(5.20), we get the following differential equation

$$x\psi _n^{\prime \prime }+(\gamma 2x^2)\psi _n^{}+(2nx\frac{\theta _n}{x})\psi _n=0,n0,$$
(5.21)
which is coincident with the well-known differential equation for the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials  (see also ).

###### Remark 5.1.

The generators $`a_\mu ^+,a_\mu ^{}`$ of the generalized Heisenberg algebra $`A_\mu `$ corresponding to the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials system subject to the following commutative relation (see ):

$$[a_\mu ^{},a_\mu ^+]=(\gamma +1)I2\mathrm{\Theta }_N.$$
(5.22)
The ”energy levels” of the associated oscillator are equal to:

$$\lambda _0=\gamma +1,\lambda _n=2n+\gamma +1,n1.$$
(5.23)
Finally, it follows from (4.7) and (5.14) that the momentum operator take the following form:

$$P_\mu =ı(\frac{d}{dx}+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Theta }_NX_\mu ).$$
(5.24)
## 6. Construction of the ”governing sequence” $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ of a generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ for the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials

Let $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ be a orthonormal Hermite-Chihara polynomials system. According to theorem 3.1, there is a sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ such that (2.1) and (3.7) are hold. The formula (3.9)allows us to define the sequence $`\stackrel{}{\gamma }`$ by $`\stackrel{}{v}`$. Furthermore, the generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ corresponding to $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ is a reducing operator for the system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$, i.e. the equalities (3.3) are valid. In this section we obtain the exact condition on $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ which select some family of Hermite-Chihara polynomials. This family is a natural extension of the set of classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials. The associated set of $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ is a three-parameter family depending on the parameters $`b_0,v_1`$ and $`v_2`$. But it turn out that the parameter $`v_1`$ is unessential, so that the above-mentioned family is really a two-parameter one. According to (2.4) and (2.5)), the generalized derivation operator $`D_\stackrel{}{v}`$ corresponding to a sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ complying with (2.1) and (3.7) take the following form:

$$D_\stackrel{}{v}=X^1(\underset{¯}{B_1}+\overline{B_1})=\frac{d}{dx}+X^1\overline{B_1},\underset{¯}{B_1}=X\frac{d}{dx},$$
(6.1)
where

$$\overline{B_1}=\underset{k=2}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\epsilon _kx^k\frac{d^k}{dx^k}.$$
(6.2)
The coefficients $`\epsilon _k`$ in (6.2) are defined from given sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$ by the recurrent relations (2.5).

###### Remark 6.1.

For the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials it follows from (6.2) and (5.4) that

$$X\frac{d}{dx}+\overline{B_1}^{cl}=\delta (N),$$
(6.3)
where $`\delta (N)`$ is the projection on the subspace of the polynomials of odd degree:

$$\delta (N)x^n=\theta _n(1)x^n,n0,$$

(see (5.9)) and hence

$$\delta (N)\psi _n^{cl}=\theta _n(1)\psi _n^{cl}.$$

We denote by $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ the orthonormal Hermite-Chihara polynomials system which is constructed according to remark 3.4 for given sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$. Obviously,

$$\overline{B_1}\psi _0=\overline{B_1}\psi _1=0.$$

Now we shall restrict our consideration to a particular class of the Hermite-Chihara polynomials for which there are two real sequence $`\stackrel{}{\delta }=\left\{\overline{\delta _n}\right\}_{n=2}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{\beta }=\left\{\overline{\beta _n}\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ such that:

$$\overline{B_1}\psi _2=\overline{\delta _2}X\psi _1,\overline{B_1}\psi _n=\overline{\delta _n}X\psi _{n1}+\overline{\beta _n}\psi _{n2},n3.$$
(6.4)
Replacing $`\overline{\delta _n}`$ by $`\underset{¯}{\delta _n}`$ and $`\overline{\beta _n}`$ by $`\underset{¯}{\beta _n}`$, we see from (6.1) and (3.3) that the condition (6.4) is valid for $`\underset{¯}{B_1}`$ too. Then it is clear that the assumption (6.4) takes the place of the rule of derivation (5.8). Substituting (6.2) into (6.4), and taking into account (3.5), we obtain the following relation:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{ϵ(\frac{nk}{2})}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^m}{\sqrt{[n]!}}}b_0^{2mn}\alpha _{2m1,n1}x^{n2m}{\displaystyle \frac{(nm)!}{(n2mk)!}}`$ $`=`$
$`=\overline{\beta _n}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{ϵ(\frac{n2}{2})}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^m}{\sqrt{[n2]!}}}b_0^{2mn+2}\alpha _{2m1,n3}x^{n2m2}`$ $`+`$
$`+\overline{\delta _n}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{ϵ(\frac{n1}{2})}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^m}{\sqrt{[n1]!}}}b_0^{2mn+1}\alpha _{2m1,n2}x^{n2m}`$ $`,n2.`$ (6.5)
Equating the coefficients at $`x^n`$ in the both sides of (6.5), we get

$$\overline{\delta _n}b_{n1}=A_n(2),n2,$$
(6.6)
where we used the notation

$$A_s(m)=s!\underset{k=m}{\overset{s}{}}\frac{\epsilon _k}{(sk)!},sm,$$
(6.7)
and the coefficients $`\epsilon _k`$ are defined by formulas (2.5). For the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials from (5.4), (5.5) and binomial formula it follows that (as $`n2`$)

$$\overline{\delta _n}^{cl}=\frac{\sqrt{2}\gamma }{\gamma +1}\{\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{n}& n=2m,\\ \frac{n1}{\sqrt{n+\gamma }}& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(6.8)
In order that to find the quantities $`\beta _n`$ in (6.4) we equal the coefficients at $`x^t`$ in the both sides of (6.5) (as $`0t<n`$). Obviously, a coefficients at $`x^t`$ only distinct from zero when it is valid the following condition:

$$nt=2p,1pϵ(\frac{n}{2}).$$
(6.9)
We consider separately three cases $`t=0,1,2.`$

1. Let $`t=0,n=2p.`$ We have $`\beta _{2p}=0,p1.`$

2. Let $`t=1,n=2p+1.`$ We have

$$\overline{\delta _{2p+1}}=\frac{\sqrt{[2p]}\alpha _{2p3,2p2}}{b_0\alpha _{2p1,2p1}}\overline{\beta _{2p+1}},p1.$$
(6.10)
3. Let $`t=0,n2=2p`$. Regarding $`p1`$, we have

$`\alpha _{2p1,2p+1}A_2(2)=\overline{\beta }_{2p+2}\sqrt{[2p+2][2p+1]}\alpha _{2p3,2p1}+`$
$`+\alpha _{2p1,2p}A_{2p+2}(2).`$ (6.11)
Taking into account that $`\overline{\beta }_{2p}=0,`$ we have from here

$$\alpha _{2p1,2p}A_{2p+2}(2)\alpha _{2p1,2p+1}A_2(2)=0,p1.$$
(6.12)
Using (3.8), we simplify this relation:

$$v_1A_{2p+2}(2)v_{2p+1}A_2(2)=0,p1.$$
(6.13)
From the equalities (2.5) and the designation (6.7) it follows that:

$$A_k(2)=v_{k1}k,k2.$$
(6.14)
Substituting (6.14) into (6.13), we get

$$v_{2p+1}=(p+1)v_1,p1.$$
(6.15)
Now we consider the general case $`t3,n5`$ and $`1pϵ(\frac{n3}{2}).`$ From (6.5)- (6.7) we have:

$$\alpha _{2p1,n1}A_{n2p}(2)=\overline{\beta }_n\sqrt{[n][n1]}\alpha _{2p3,n3}+\alpha _{2p1,n2}A_n(2).$$
(6.16)
As $`n2`$ and $`2pn`$, from the condition (3.5) of the paper () it follows that:

$$\alpha _{2p1,n1}=[n1]\alpha _{2p3,n3}+\alpha _{2p1,n2}.$$
(6.17)
Substituting (6.17) into (6.16), we get the following formula:

$`\alpha _{2p3,n3}([n1]A_{n2p}(2)+\overline{\beta }_n\sqrt{[n][n1]})=`$
$`=\alpha _{2p1,n2}(A_n(2)A_{n2p}(2)).`$ (6.18)
Combining (3.8),(3.15) and (3.16), we get (as $`p1`$ and $`n2p+1`$)

$$\frac{\alpha _{2p1,n2}}{\alpha _{2p3,n3}}=\frac{v_{2p1}v_{2p3}}{v_1v_{2p1}}v_{n2}v_{n2p1},$$
(6.19)
as well as

$$[n1]=\frac{v_{n2}(v_{n1}v_{n3})}{v_1}.$$
(6.20)
Substituting (6.19) into (6.18), we get (as $`n5`$ and $`1pϵ(\frac{n3}{2})`$) the following formula:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{\beta }_n\sqrt{[n][n1]}}{v_{n2}}}={\displaystyle \frac{v_{n1}v_{n3}}{v_1}}A_{n2p}(2)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{v_{n2p}(v_{2p1}v_{2p3})}{v_1v_{2p1}}}(A_n(2)A_{n2p}(2)).`$ (6.21)
Taking into account (3.7), the coefficient at $`A_{n2p}(2)`$ in the right side of (6.21) is equal to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{(v_{n1}v_{n3})v_{2p1}+v_{n2p1}(v_{2p1}v_{2p3})}{v_1v_{2p1}}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{(v_{2p1}v_{2p3})v_{n1}}{v_1v_{2p1}}}.`$ (6.22)
As $`n5`$ and $`1pϵ(\frac{n3}{2})`$, from (6.21) and (6.22) we get

$$\frac{\overline{\beta }_n\sqrt{[n][n1]}}{v_{n2}}=\frac{v_{2p1}v_{2p3}}{v_1v_{2p1}}(v_{n1}A_{n2p}(2)A_n(2)v_{n2p1}).$$
(6.23)
As $`n5`$ and $`1pϵ(\frac{n3}{2})`$, taking into account (6.14) and (6.15), we can rewrite the right hand side of (6.23) in the following form:

$$\frac{\overline{\beta }_n\sqrt{[n][n1]}}{v_{n2}}=\frac{nv_{n2p1}(n2p)v_{n1}}{pv_1}.$$
(6.24)
Evidently, the condition (6.24) is valid as $`n=2p`$, if it is remembered that $`\beta _{2p}=0`$ as well as (6.15). It remains to consider the case $`n=2m+1`$ ($`m2`$ and $`pm1`$):

$$\frac{\overline{\beta }_{2m+1}\sqrt{[2m+1][2m]}}{v_{2m1}}=\frac{(2m+1)v_{2m2p}(2m2p+1)v_{2m}}{pv_1}.$$
(6.25)
From (6.10), (6.14) and (6.19), as $`n=2m+1`$ ,$`m2`$ and $`pm1`$, we have

$`\overline{\beta }_{2m+1}\sqrt{[2m]}=b_0\overline{\delta }_{2m+1}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _{2m1,2m1}}{\alpha _{2m3,2m2}}}=`$
$`=b_0\overline{\delta }_{2m+1}={\displaystyle \frac{A_{2m+1}}{\sqrt{[2m+1]}}}={\displaystyle \frac{v_{2m}(2m+1)}{\sqrt{[2m+1]}}}.`$ (6.26)
Substituting (6.26) into (6.25) and using (6.15), we obtain the following relation:

$$(v_{2m}(2m+1))=\frac{m}{p}((2m+1)v_2(mp)(2m2p+1)v_{2m}),$$
(6.27)
i.e. for any $`m2`$ and $`pm1`$ it should be true the following equality:

$$(mp)v_{2m}+p=mv_2(mp).$$
(6.28)
It is readily seen that (6.28) is valid if and only if:

$$v_{2m}=mv_2(m1),m1.$$
(6.29)
So it is proved the following theorem.

###### Theorem 6.2.

For the orthonormal Hermite-Chihara polynomials system constructed by the sequence $`\stackrel{}{v}`$, submitting to (2.1) and (3.7), be satisfied (6.4) it is necessary and sufficient that this system is obeying also the relations (6.15) and (6.29) at some $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ such that $`1v_1v_2`$.

###### Remark 6.3.

Thus we constructed the three-parameter Hermite-Chihara polynomials family (these parameters are $`b_0,v_1`$ and $`v_2`$) for which is hold the condition (6.4). For the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials are valid the following relations:

$$v_1=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=\frac{2}{\gamma +1},v_2=1+v_1.$$
(6.30)
## 7. Deduction of the differential equation for the family of Hermite-Chihara polynomials

In this section we prove that any polynomial belonging to the three-parameter family considered above satisfies a the second order differential equation.

From (3.3), (6.1) and (6.4) it follows that for any polynomials system $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ belonging to the considered family the differentiation operator $`\frac{d}{dx}`$ acts on this basis by the folowing formulas:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _0=0,{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{b_0}},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _n=(\gamma _n\overline{\delta }_n)\psi _{n1}\overline{\beta }_nX_\mu ^1\psi _{n2},n2.`$ (7.1)
Multiplying (7.1) from the left by $`X_\mu `$ and using (3.1), we get

$$(X_\mu \frac{d}{dx}b_{n1}(\gamma _n\overline{\delta }_n))\psi _n=(b_{n2}(\gamma _n\overline{\delta }_n)\overline{\beta }_n)\psi _{n2},n2.$$
(7.2)
Note that from (3.9) and (3.16) it follows the relation:

$$v_{n1}=b_{n1}\gamma _n,n1.$$
(7.3)
Then from (7.3), (6.6) and (6.14) we have as $`n2`$

$$b_{n1}(\gamma _n\overline{\delta }_n)=v_{n1}A_n(2)=n,$$
(7.4)
and hence

$$b_{n2}(\gamma _n\overline{\delta }_n)=n\frac{b_{n2}}{b_{n1}},n2.$$
(7.5)
From (7.1),(7.2), (7.4) and (7.5) we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _0=0,{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\psi _1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{b_0}},`$
$`(X_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}N)\psi _n=(\overline{\beta }_n+n{\displaystyle \frac{b_{n2}}{b_{n1}}})\psi _{n2},n2.`$ (7.6)
Let us remark that from (6.6) and (6.10)

$$\overline{\beta }_{2p+1}=b_0\frac{A_{2p+1}(2)\alpha _{2p1,2p1}}{b_{2p}\sqrt{[2p]}\alpha _{2p3,2p2}}.$$
(7.7)
By virtue of (6.19) as $`n=2p+1`$ and taking into account (6.15), we have

$$\frac{\alpha _{2p1,2p1}}{\alpha _{2p3,2p2}}=\frac{v_{2p1}v_{2p3}}{v_1v_{2p1}}v_{2p1}=1.$$
(7.8)
Further, from (7.7) , (7.8), (6.14),(6.29) and (3.4) it follows that

$$\overline{\beta }_{2p+1}=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\frac{v_{2p}(2p+1)}{b_{2p}b_{2p1}}=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\frac{(v_23)p}{b_{2p}b_{2p1}}.$$
(7.9)
Note also that from (3.16),(6.29) and (6.15) it follows that

$`b_{2p1}^2=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}{\displaystyle \frac{v_{2p1}(v_{2p}v_{2p2})}{v_1}}=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(v_21)p,`$
$`b_{2p}^2=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}{\displaystyle \frac{v_{2p}(v_{2p+1}v_{2p1})}{v_1}}=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}v_{2p}=b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(pv_2(p1)).`$ (7.10)
Taking into account that $`\beta _{2p}=0`$, the right side of (7.6) takes the form:

$$\overline{\beta }_n+n\frac{b_{n2}}{b_{n1}}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{nb_{n2}}{b_{n1}}& n=2m,\\ \frac{(n1)b_{n1}}{b_{n2}}& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(7.11)
Then as $`n=2p`$

$$\frac{2pb_{2p2}}{b_{2p1}}=\frac{2pb_{2p2}b_{2p1}}{b_{2p1}^2}=\frac{2b_{n1}b_{n2}}{b_0^2(v_21)},$$
(7.12)
and as $`n=2p+1`$

$$\frac{2pb_{2p}}{b_{2p1}}=\frac{2pb_{2p2}b_{2p1}}{b_{2p1}^2}=\frac{2b_{n1}b_{n2}}{b_0^2(v_21)},$$
(7.13)
so from (7.12),(7.13) and (7.6) it follows that

$$X_\mu \frac{d}{dx}N=c_1^1(a_\mu ^{})^2,$$
(7.14)
where

$$c_1=b_0^2(v_21).$$
(7.15)
We stress that, according to (6.30), the formula (7.14) is a extension of the one (5.10).

Next we will arguing by analogy with the derivation of the differential equation (5.21). According to (4.7), (5.13) and using (7.14) as well as the following notation:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_N=2c_1^1B(N)N,$$
(7.16)
we get:

$$a_\mu ^{}a_\mu ^+=c_1(\frac{d}{dx}+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Delta }_N)(X_\mu \frac{c_1}{2}(\frac{d}{dx}+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Delta }_N))=2B(N+I).$$
(7.17)
Taking into account the notation (7.15), we rewrite (7.10):

$$2b_{n1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=\{\begin{array}{cc}nc_1,& n=2m,\\ nc_1c_1+2b_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2},& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(7.18)
From (7.16),(4.9), (7.4) and (7.18) we have:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}=\alpha _n\psi _n,$$
(7.19)
where

$$\alpha _n=\frac{3v_2}{v_21}\frac{1(1)^n}{2}.$$
(7.20)
Then can one rewrite the equation (7.17) in the form:

$$(\frac{d}{dx}+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1})(X_\mu \frac{c_1}{2}(\frac{d}{dx}+X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}))=2c_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}B(N+I).$$
(7.21)
Multiplying (7.21) by $`\frac{2}{c_1}X_\mu `$ from the left, we have:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}X_\mu (I+X_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}})+X_\mu (X_\mu ^2\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}+X_\mu ^1{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}X_\mu +\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}+\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}X_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}B(N+I).`$ (7.22)
Applying (7.22) to $`\psi _n`$ and using the following equalities:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}X_\mu ^1\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}=0,`$ (7.23)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}X_\mu =X_\mu \mathrm{\Delta }_{N+1}^{c_1},`$ (7.24)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}X_\mu ({\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}B(N+I)\mathrm{\Delta }_{N+1}^{c_1}){\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}X_\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{2}{c_1}}X_\mu N,`$ (7.25)
$`(\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1}X_\mu ^{\frac{d}{dx}}+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\mathrm{\Delta }_N^{c_1})\psi _n={\displaystyle \frac{3v_2}{v_21}}\psi _n^{},`$ (7.26)
we get the following differential equation (as all $`n0`$):

$$x\psi _n^{\prime \prime }+(\frac{3v_2}{v_21}\frac{2}{b_0^2(v_21)}x^2)\psi _n^{}+(\frac{2}{b_0^2(v_21)}nx\frac{\alpha _n}{x})\psi _n=0.$$
(7.27)
Because $`\alpha _n^{cl}=\theta _n`$ $`c_1^{cl}=1`$ it is clear that the equation (7.22) is a extension of the differential equation (5.21). Also, we obtain the following two-parameter differential equation (as any $`n0`$):

$$x\psi _n^{\prime \prime }+(\gamma 2\alpha x^2)\psi _n^{}+(2\alpha nx\frac{\theta _n(\gamma )}{x})\psi _n=0.$$
(7.28)
where

$$\gamma =\frac{3v_2}{v_21},\alpha =\frac{1}{b_0^2(v_21)},\gamma >1,\alpha >0,$$
(7.29)
for the Hermite-Chihara polynomials $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ which are orthonormal with respect to the measure

$`d\mu (x)=C|x|^\gamma \mathrm{exp}(\alpha x^2)dx,`$
$`C=\alpha ^{\frac{\gamma +\sqrt{\gamma ^2+8}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\gamma +1}{2})}}.`$ (7.30)
The polynomials $`\left\{\psi _n(x)\right\}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}`$ satisfy the recurrence relations (3.1) with the coefficients:

$$2b_{n1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{n}{\alpha },& n=2m,\\ \frac{n+\gamma }{\alpha },& n=2m+1.\end{array}.$$
(7.31)
Notice that the classical Hermite-Chihara polynomials correspond to the case $`\alpha =1.`$

## 8. Conclusion

It is easily shown that the condition (6.4) is equivalent to the following conditions:

$`\underset{¯}{B_1}\psi _n=\underset{¯}{a_n}\psi _n+\underset{¯}{c_n}\psi _{n2},`$
$`\overline{B_1}\psi _n=\overline{a_n}\psi _n+\overline{c_n}\psi _{n2},n2,`$ (8.1)
where from (6.1), (3.3) and (3.1) it follows that:

$$\overline{a_2}=0,\overline{a_n}+\underset{¯}{a_n}=\gamma _nb_{n1},\overline{c_n}+\underset{¯}{c_n}=\gamma _nb_{n2},n2.$$
(8.2)
As the operator $`\overline{B_1}`$ and hence the operator $`\underset{¯}{B_1}`$ is a reduced operator (the lowering on the basis vectors shall be no more than two steps), so the the differential equation (7.28) is a differential equation of the second order. Assume that (8.1) does not hold, i.e., we consider the general case:

$`\underset{¯}{B_1}\psi _n=\underset{¯}{a_n}\psi _n+\underset{¯}{c_n}\psi _{n2}+\underset{¯}{d_{n,2}}\psi _{n4}+\mathrm{}+\underset{¯}{d_{n,ϵ(\frac{n}{2})}}\psi _{n2ϵ(\frac{n}{2})},`$
$`\overline{B_1}\psi _n=\overline{a_n}\psi _n+\overline{c_n}\psi _{n2}+\overline{d_{n,2}}\psi _{n4}+\mathrm{}+\overline{d_{n,ϵ(\frac{n}{2})}}\psi _{n2ϵ(\frac{n}{2})},`$ (8.3)
where (8.2) still stand as before. Besides, we have

$$\overline{d_{n,s}}+\underset{¯}{d_{n,s}}=0,s=2,3,\mathrm{}ϵ(\frac{n}{2}),$$
(8.4)
with the coefficients $`\overline{d_{n,s}}`$ (correspondingly $`\underset{¯}{d_{n,s}}`$) do not all equal to zero. One can prove that if one of the coefficients vanish as fixed $`n`$,i.e.,

$$\underset{¯}{d_{n,s}}=0,s2,n2,$$
(8.5)
so it follows that for all $`n2`$ the same is true:

$$\underset{¯}{d_{n,s}}=0.$$
(8.6)
In addition, as $`n=2k`$ from

$$\underset{¯}{d_{n,2}}=\underset{¯}{d_{n,3}}=\mathrm{}=\underset{¯}{d_{n,s}}=0,$$
(8.7)
it follows that (6.15) is true for all $`1ps`$. In the case $`n=2m+1`$ from (8.7) it follows that (6.29) is valid for all $`1ms`$.

Furthermore, it seems that the following assumption hold. The Hermite-Chihara polynomials either satisfy the differential equation (7.28) of the second order (if the condition (8.1) is hold) or they do not satisfy any differential equation of a finite order (if the general condition (8.3) is hold). The proof of the promoted conjecture invites further investigation and this will be the object of another paper.

In conclusion we note that the description of the generalized Hahn-Hermite polynomials (see ()) in the framework of the our scheme as thought is related either with a relaxation of the condition (3.3) or (what is more radical) with a relaxation of the condition (2.2). This will be discussed elsewhere.


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# High latitude Galactic dust emission in the BOOMERanG maps

## 1 Introduction

The patchy emission of our Galaxy is a major concern for experiments designed to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). A ”precision” phase, where temperature fluctuations are measured with a sensitivity of the order of tens of $`\mu K`$ per pixel, has now begun de Bernardis et al. (2000); Hanany et al. (2000). Forthcoming full-sky coverage space missions MAP (2000); Planck (2000), and a host of future sub-orbital experiments are expected to reach sensitivities of a few $`\mu K`$ per pixel . To fully exploit the potential of these new surveys, our knowledge of the diffuse emission of our Galaxy at high Galactic latitudes must improve as well.

At frequencies above $``$ 100 GHz this emission is dominated by thermal radiation from large dust grains, heated by the interstellar radiation field to $`T_d1030K`$. The ISD is distributed in filamentary ”cirrus”-like clouds and covers the sky even at high Galactic latitudes Low et al. (1984). The spectrum of this component in the 300 - 3000 GHz range has been mapped with coarse (7o) angular resolution and high sensitivity by the COBE-FIRAS experiment Wright et al. (1991). The COBE-DIRBE maps provide higher angular resolution $`0.7^o`$, at $`>`$ 1250 GHz Hauser et al. (1998); Arendt et al. (1998). Arcminutes resolution maps from the IRAS satellite are available only at $`>`$ 3000 GHz. These have been recalibrated using the COBE-DIRBE maps at 3000 and 1250 GHz Schlegel et al. (1999), and extrapolated to longer wavelengths using a variety of physical models Lagache et al. (1998); Finkbeiner et al. (1999); Lagache et al. (2000); Tegmark et al. (2000). At those longer wavelengths very few experimental data are available at subdegree resolution see e.g. Masi et al. (1995); Masi et al. (1996); Lim et al. (1996); Leitch et al. (1997); de Oliveira-Costa (1997); Cheng et al (1997). ”Anomalous” emission, morphologically correlated with the IRAS map but much larger than a naive extrapolation of thermal dust emission, has been detected in the microwaves Kogut et al. 1996a ; Kogut et al. 1996b ; Lim et al. (1996); Leitch et al. (1997); de Oliveira-Costa (1997); de Oliveira-Costa et al. (1998); Mukherjee et al. (1999); Draine and Lazarian (1998); de Oliveira-Costa et al. (2000).

Here we analyze 90, 150, 240 and 410 GHz maps of 3$`\%`$ of the sky at Galactic latitudes $`10^o\stackrel{<}{}b\stackrel{<}{}60^o`$. We compute the frequency and angular power spectrum of the fluctuations in these maps. We find that these maps are correlated with the emission mapped by IRAS extrapolated to our wavelengths using Finkbeiner et al. (1999) model number 8. We will refer to this as FDS8 in the following. We also set upper limits to the level of residual, non-CMB structures, that are not correlated with FDS8.

## 2 Observations

We use the maps obtained from the 1998 long duration flight of the BOOMERanG experiment de Bernardis et al. (2000), all pixelized with 7’ pixels and smoothed to a resolution of 22.5 arcmin FWHM. The instrument was calibrated against the CMB dipole at 90, 150, 240 GHz (10$`\%`$ uncertainty), and against the rms CMB anisotropy at 410GHz ($`20\%`$ uncertainty) Crill et al. (2000). The conversion factors from CMB temperature fluctuations to brightness in our 4 bands are $`195,426,471,204(MJy/sr)/K_{CMB}`$ at 90, 150, 240 and 410 GHz respectively. We used a single channel at 90 and at 410 GHz, and combined 3 channels at 150 GHz and 3 channels at 240 GHz. About 1300 square degrees were observed at high galactic latitudes ($`60^o\stackrel{<}{}b\stackrel{<}{}20^o`$; $`230^o\stackrel{<}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{<}{}270^o`$; constellations of Caelum, Doradus, Pictor, Columba, Puppis), including a region with the lowest amount of dust emission of the full sky. In the observed region the fluctuation of the 100 $`\mu `$m brightness mapped by IRAS is well below 1 MJy/sr in over 500 square degrees. The BOOMERanG maps have been obtained from the raw data using an iterative algorithm Prunet et al. (2000). This reduces the large scale artifacts due to 1/f noise, and correctly estimates the noise in the datastream, while producing a maximum likelihood map. Structures at scales larger than 10o are effectively removed in the process. This fact must be taken into account when comparing the BOOMERanG maps to other maps of the sky. In addition to the four frequencies mapped by BOOMERanG, we use the FDS8 dust maps as explained in next section.

## 3 The 410 GHz ”dust monitor”

The highest frequency channel of the BOOMERanG photometer is centered at 410 GHz, with a FWHM of 26 GHz. At this frequency, the brightness of the CMB is smaller than at our lower frequencies, while thermal emission from Galactic dust is much larger. The 410 GHz map of the sky obtained by BOOMERanG is dominated by faint cirrus clouds at intermediate Galactic latitudes ($`10^o<b<20^o`$). In fig.1 we compare our 410 GHz map (top panel) to the FDS8 extrapolation of the IRAS map (middle panel) obtained as follows. FDS8 assumes two components of ISD with different temperature and spectral index of dust emissivity. The two temperatures depend on the observed direction. On the average $`<T_{d,1}>16.2K,<T_{d,2}>9.4K`$, and the average ratio between dust brightness at 3000 GHz and dust brightness at 410 GHz is $`13`$. The extrapolated map has been sampled along the scans of the 410 GHz channel of BOOMERanG, and then high-pass and low-pass filtered using the 410 GHz detector transfer function, in order to create a synthesized time-stream. The time stream has been processed in the same way as the BOOMERanG data, and smoothed to 22.5 arcmin to obtain the map shown in the middle panel of fig.1. The morphological and amplitude agreement of the two maps provides evidence that the 410 GHz data represent a good monitor for interstellar dust emission in the BOOMERanG data. Bright compact structures apparent in the difference map (lower panel in fig.1) correspond to the dense, cool cores of clouds that are not well modelled in FDS8. The remaining structures are mostly due to residual noise in the BOOMERanG data. In a similar way we obtained extrapolated maps for the other BOOMERanG channels.

We have computed the power spectrum of the 410 GHz map in three circular regions, each $`18^o`$ in diameter, centered at (RA, dec, b) = (107o, -47o, -17o), (92o, -48o, -27o), (74o, -46o, -38o) i.e. low, intermediate and high Galactic latitudes respectively. We used a spherical harmonics transform and corrected for the finite size of the cap, for filtering applied in the time domain, and for the contribution of instrumental noise Hivon et al. (2001). The results are shown in figure 2. The contribution of CMB anisotropy to these spectra is computed to be negligible. The errors have been computed by adding two contributions. The first one is an estimate of instrumental noise. The second is an estimate of sampling variance see e.g. Scott et al. (93) for a gaussian field having the same power spectrum. The latter has to be included if we want to consider the measured spectrum as representative of ISD fluctuations in the Galaxy in general. The spectrum at the highest Galactic latitude is basically an upper limit for dust fluctuations, since the residual fluctuations are comparable to our estimate of detector noise plus CMB anisotropy. The spectra at low and intermediate latitudes are well fit by a power law $`c_l\mathrm{}^\beta `$ as in previous studies based on IRAS and DIRBE maps Gautier et al. (1992); Low and Cutri (1994); Guarini et al. (1995); Wright (1998); Schlegel et al. (1999). We find a power law exponent $`2\stackrel{<}{}\beta \stackrel{<}{}3`$, consistent with the studies cited above, thus extending this result to wavelengths very close to those used for CMB studies. The power spectra of FDS8 at 410 GHz in the same regions are also shown in fig.2 for comparison. The agreement is very good for the region centered at $`b=17^o`$, where detector noise is negligible. The agreement is also good in the region centered at $`b=27^o`$, but a systematic amplitude difference is evident. We estimate upper limits for the fluctuations due to any dust component not correlated with IRAS by computing the spectrum of the difference map obtained removing the F8 map from the measured 400GHz map. The upper limits are of the same order of magnitude of the errors in the measured power spectrum of the 400 GHz map.

## 4 Pixel-pixel correlations

We made pixel-pixel correlations between our four maps and the corresponding FDS8 maps. The signal in each of our channels is a linear combination of Galactic emission, CMB anisotropies and noise. The relative weight of the Galactic and the CMB components depends on the Galactic latitude and on the frequency of the channel. The advantage of correlating with the FDS8 maps is that the noises are uncorrelated, and at 3000 GHz the CMB is totally negligible. Any detected correlation is thus due to Galactic emission. In the BOOMERanG 410 GHz channel we expect to have little CMB anisotropy and dominant Galactic dust emission, at least at $`b>20^o`$. In fact, in this latitude range the pixel-pixel scatter plot of our 410 GHz channel vs FDS8 at 410 GHz has a best fit line with slope $`(0.644\pm 0.038)`$, a highly significant correlation. This result has been obtained using a jack-knife technique: we divide the latitude band $`20^o<b<10^o`$ into five $`10^o\times 10^o`$ regions and we compute the best fit slope for each of the regions. We then compute the average and standard error on the average as our best estimate of the general slope. In this way we properly take into account the fact that deviations from an ideal correlation are dominated by fluctuations in dust properties, rather than by detector noise. The slopes and Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients are listed in table 1. As we move towards lower frequencies, the correlation at a given latitude range gets worse, but is still significant. We have converted the measured slopes into brightness ratios $`R_i=\mathrm{\Delta }B_i/\mathrm{\Delta }B_{IRAS}`$ using the spectral response of the BOOMERanG bands. The spectrum of the brightness ratios is plotted in fig.3 (triangles). We compare it to an empirical model assuming a power law $`B(\nu )\nu ^\alpha `$. We find a best fit $`\alpha =(3.2\pm 0.3)`$ at $`b>20^o`$. In FDS8 model, $`\alpha =3.15`$ in the range 240-410GHz, while $`\alpha =3.36`$ in the range 240-150GHz.

At higher Galactic latitudes (four $`10^o`$ wide latitude bands at $`b<20^o`$) we find poorer but still significant correlations at 410 GHz and 240 GHz, while the correlation is just marginal at 150 GHz, and is negligible at 90 GHz (see table 1 and squares in fig.3). Here we get a best fit $`\alpha =(4.3\pm 1.0)`$.

## 5 Contamination of CMB measurements at high Galactic latitudes

We can use the measured ratios $`R_i`$ to estimate the rms fluctuation due to IRAS-correlated emission at high Galactic latitudes. We have simply $`var(\mathrm{\Delta }B_i)=R_i^2var(\mathrm{\Delta }B_{IRAS})`$. We divide the observed region in latitude ranges, 10o wide, and list the computed mean square fluctuations in table 2. The mean square fluctuation is dominated by signals at the lowest multipoles, due to the falling power spectrum of dust $`c_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}^{2.5}`$. So at multipoles corresponding to the first acoustic peak of the CMB anisotropy the dust contamination is even more negligible with respect to the CMB fluctuations. We compute the power spectrum in band $`i`$ with the simple scaling formula $`c_{\mathrm{},i}=\frac{R_i^2}{R_{410}^2}c_{\mathrm{},410}`$ where $`R_i`$ is the average ratio between the dust signal in band $`i`$ and the IRAS/DIRBE signal. The result is plotted in fig.4 for the extrapolation of the 410 GHz spectrum centered at $`b=27^o`$. Due to the poor correlation, only upper limits are found for the 90 GHz band (at a level similar to the power spectrum estimates for the 150 GHz channel), which are not plotted. It is evident that at $`\mathrm{}>100`$ the dust signals at 90 and 150 GHz are negligible with respect to the cosmological signal. These estimates of contamination are consistent with the dust foreground model of Tegmark et al. (2000) (compare their fig.3 with our fig.4). If we scale to 150 GHz the upper limits for the uncorrelated component, assuming the same spectral ratios, we get 95$`\%`$ C.L. upper limits $`\mathrm{}(\mathrm{}+1)c_{\mathrm{}}/2\pi \stackrel{<}{}5\mu K^2`$ at 95$`\%`$ C.L. for $`50\stackrel{<}{}\mathrm{}\stackrel{<}{}600`$.

## 6 Conclusions

BOOMERanG has detected thermal emission from insterstellar cirrus at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes. The 410 GHz map is morphologically very similar to extrapolation of the IRAS(3000GHz) and DIRBE(1250GHz) maps. The angular power spectrum of the dust dominated 410 GHz map is a power law $`c_{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}^\beta `$ with $`2\stackrel{<}{}\beta \stackrel{<}{}3`$. We have detected a component correlated with the IRAS/DIRBE map in all the BOOMERanG bands at $`10^o>b>20^o`$, and in the 150, 240 and 410 GHz bands at higher Galactic latitudes. This dust contamination is negligible with respect to the CMB anisotropy at high Galactic latitudes, accounting for less than 1$`\%`$ of the total angular power spectrum for multipoles $`\mathrm{}>100`$ at $`\nu <180GHz`$.

The BOOMERanG program has been supported by NASA and NSF in the USA, by ASI, PNRA, Univrsity La Sapienza in Italy, by PPARC in UK and by NSERC and University of Toronto in Canada.