text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

In the decay of an unpolarized or polarized top quark to the $`W`$-gauge boson and a bottom quark the $`W^+`$ is strongly polarized, or, phrased in a different language, the $`W^+`$ has a nontrivial spin density matrix. Furthermore, the spin density matrix of the $`W`$ can be tuned by changing the polarization of the top quark. The polarization of the $`W^+`$ will reveal itself in the angular decay distribution of its subsequent decays $`W^+l^++\nu _l`$ (or $`W^+\overline{q}+q`$) 111 From this point on we shall drop explicit reference to the $`W^+\overline{q}+q`$ decay channel since it has the same angular decay distribution as $`W^+l^++\nu _l`$. In fact the branching fraction into the two hadronic channels $`(\overline{d}+u)`$ and $`(\overline{s}+c)`$ exceeds that of the sum of the three leptonic channels by a factor of approximately two because of the colour enhancement factor. Although not explicitly mentioned further on, the existence of the hadronic decay mode of the $`W^+`$ is always implicitly assumed in the following..

In the first stage one will aim to analyze the decay of unpolarized top quarks (or average over its polarization). The decay distribution of unpolarized top quark decay is governed by three structure functions which we shall refer to as $`H_U`$ (“unpolarized-transverse”), $`H_L`$ (“longitudinal”) and $`H_F`$ (“forward-backward-asymmetric”). In fact, the CDF collaboration has already presented some results on the measurement of the longitudinal component of the $`W`$ based on the limited RUN I data . The measurement has confirmed the expected dominance of the longitudinal mode. The error on this measurement is quite large ($`45\%`$) but is expected to be reduced significantly during RUN II at the TEVATRON to start in the spring of 2001. In RUN II one will produce $`(56)\times 10^3`$ top quark pairs per year and detector. This number will be boosted to $`10^710^8`$ top quark pairs per year and detector at the LHC starting in 2006/2007. It is conceivable that the errors on the structure function measurements can be reduced to the $`12\%`$ level in the next few years . If such an accuracy can, in fact, be achieved and, having in mind that the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ corrections to the top decay rate amount to $`8.5\%`$ , it is quite evident that one needs to improve on the known theoretical Born level predictions for the above three structure functions by calculating their next-to-leading order radiative corrections.

At a later stage, when the data sample of polarized top quarks has become sufficiently large, one will be able to also analyze the decays of polarized top quarks. The top quark is very short-lived and therefore retains its full polarization content when it decays. Polarized top decay brings in five additional polarized structure functions which can be measured through an analysis of spin-momentum correlations between the polarization vector of the top quark and the momenta of its decay products.

Polarized top quarks will become available at hadron colliders through single top production which occurs at the $`33\%`$ level of the top quark pair production rate . Future $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders will also be copious sources of polarized top quark pairs . For example, at the proposed TESLA collider one expects rates of $`(14)\times 10^5`$ top quark pairs per year. The polarization of these can be easily tuned through the availability of polarized beams (see e.g. ). Further, there is a high degree of correlation between the polarization of top and anti-top quarks produced in pairs either at $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders  or at hadron colliders  which can be probed through the joint decay distributions of the top and the anti-top quark.

In this paper we study momentum-momentum and spin-momentum correlations in the cascade decay process $`tW^++b`$ followed by $`W^+l^++\nu _l`$. The step-one decay $`tW^++b`$ is analyzed in the $`t`$-rest frame where we study the spin-momentum correlation between the spin of the top and the momentum of the $`W`$. In step two we go to the rest frame of the $`W`$ and analyze the correlation between the momentum of the lepton (or antiquark) and the initial momentum direction of the $`W`$. In technical terms this means we analyze the double density matrix of the decaying top quark and the produced W-gauge boson. This must be contrasted with the center of mass analysis of polarized top decay where the spin-momentum correlations are all analyzed in the rest system of the top quark (for an $`O(\alpha _s)`$ analysis of this kind see ). Experimentally such a correlation measurement is easier, but from a theoretical point of view the cascade-type of analysis is advantageous because one can then better isolate the contribution of the longitudinal mode of the $`W`$-gauge boson which is of relevance for the understanding of the electroweak symmetry breaking sector in the Standard Model. The results of the two analysis’ are of course related through a Lorentz boost along the $`W`$ direction. However, the azimuthal correlations to be discussed later are not affected by such a Lorentz boost and are thus identical in both types of analysis.

The complete angular decay distribution is governed by altogether eight structure functions which we calculate analytically including their full $`O(\alpha _s)`$ radiative corrections. One of the motivations for calculating the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ radiative corrections is the fact that the radiative QCD corrections populate helicity configurations that are not accessible at the Born level. Take for example unpolarized top decay where, at the Born level, the $`W^+`$ cannot be right handed, i.e. cannot have positive helicity, due to angular momentum conservation when $`m_b=0`$. This implies that strictly forward $`l^+`$ production does not occur at the Born level. However, when radiative corrections are taken into account, right-handed $`W`$’s do occur and strictly forward $`l^+`$ production is allowed. As we shall see in Sec. 4 technically this means that the structure function combination $`(H_U+H_F)/2`$ vanishes at the Born term level but becomes nonzero at $`O(\alpha _s)`$ . We shall, however, see that the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ population of the right-handed $`W`$ is rather small . The same statement holds true for the other structure function combinations that vanish at the Born term level.

In order to retain full control over the $`b`$ mass dependence, and having also other applications in mind, we have kept a finite mass value for the $`b`$ quark in our calculation. This improves on our earlier calculation of polarized top decay where the $`b`$ quark mass was neglected and where we limited our attention to the six (diagonal) structure functions that govern the polar angle distribution in the cascade decay . The additional two (non-diagonal) structure functions calculated in this paper describe the azimuthal correlation of the plane of the top quark’s polarization and the plane defined by the final leptons. In addition we determine the unpolarized and polarized scalar structure functions which are of relevance in the analysis of top decay into a bottom quark and a charged Higgs boson . We mention that our calculations have been done in the zero width approximation of the $`W`$-boson. Finite width effects will be addressed in a forthcoming paper  (see also ).

Most of the results in this paper are new. They have been checked against limiting cases and partial results obtained in other papers. We have checked our analytical $`O(\alpha _s)`$ result for the total rate against the corresponding analytical rate result of Denner and Sack who also kept the $`b`$ quark mass finite . We find agreement. We took the zero $`b`$-quark mass limit of the six diagonal structure functions and obtained agreement with our previous results in . These had already been checked against the analytical results on the total rate obtained in  and on the longitudinal/transverse composition obtained in . All six (mass zero) diagonal structure functions had also been checked against the corresponding numerical results given in . The unpolarized scalar structure function has been checked against the results of .

The central topic of this paper is the analysis of polarized top decay. We therefore mostly limit our attention to results valid in the limit $`m_b0`$ in the main part of our paper. This leads to enormous simplifications in the analytical rate formulas. The quality of the $`m_b=0`$ approximation may be judged from the Born term rate which increases by $`0.27\%`$ going from $`m_b=4.8\text{ GeV}`$ to $`m_b=0`$. The full $`m_b0`$ structure is given in Sec. 8 and the Appendices. Apart from retaining full control over $`m_b0`$ effects the finite mass results are needed e.g. in the theoretical analysis of semileptonic $`bc`$ decays where the $`c`$-quark mass can certainly not be neglected.

Our paper is structured as follows. In Sec. 2 we define a set of three spin independent and five spin dependent structure functions through the covariant expansion of the decay tensor resulting from the product of the two relevant current matrix elements. The eight invariant structure functions are related to eight helicity structure functions which form the angular coefficients of the angular decay distribution. In order to facilitate the calculation of the tree graph contributions we define a set of five covariant projection operators and a covariant representation of the spin vector of the top. These projectors can be used to covariantly project the requisite helicity structure functions from the hadron tensor. The advantage is that one thereby obtains the appropriate helicity structure functions and scalarizes the tensor integrands needed for the tree graph integration in one go. In Sec. 3 we derive the explicit form of the angular decay distribution in terms of the eight helicity structure functions for top decay. We also specify the changes in the angular decay distribution needed for antitop decay. Sec. 4 contains our Born term results. In Sec. 5 we list our results for the $`m_b=0`$ one-loop contributions. In Sec. 6 we provide expressions for the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ tree graph contributions and discuss technical details of how we have handled the necessary tree graph integrations. We mention that the infrared divergencies are regularized by a finite small gluon mass. In Sec. 7 we take the $`m_b0`$ limit of the $`m_b0`$ results in Sec. 8 and present rather compact analytical $`O(\alpha _s)`$ formulas for the various structure functions. Sec. 7 also contains our numerical results in the $`m_b=0`$ approximation. Sec. 8 gives our analytical results on the tree graph integrations plus the one-loop contributions for $`m_b0`$. Sec. 9 provides a summary and our conclusions. In particular, we emphasize that angular measurements as advocated in this paper can be utilized to measure the mass of the top quark. In Appendix A we provide a complete list of $`m_b0`$ basis integrals that appear in the calculation of the tree graph contributions. This set of basis integrals should also be useful for other $`O(\alpha _s)`$ or $`O(\alpha )`$ radiative correction calculations. The requisite coefficient functions that multiply the basic integrals in the structure function expressions are listed in Appendix B. Appendix C, finally, contains the one-loop contribution in the $`m_b0`$ case.

## 2 Invariant and helicity structure functions

The dynamics of the current-induced $`tb`$ transition is embodied in the hadron tensor $`H^{\mu \nu }`$ which is defined by

$`H^{\mu \nu }(q_0,q^2=m_W^2,s_t)`$ $`=`$ $`(2\pi )^3{\displaystyle \underset{X_b}{}}𝑑\mathrm{\Pi }_f\delta ^4(p_tqp_{X_b})\times {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_t}}`$ (1)
$`\times `$ $`t(p_t,s_t)|J^{\nu +}|X_bX_b|J^\mu |t(p_t,s_t),`$
where $`d\mathrm{\Pi }_f`$ stands for the Lorentz-invariant phase space factor. In the Standard Model the weak current is given by $`J^\mu =\overline{q}_b\gamma ^\mu P_L\overline{q}_t`$ with $`P_L=\frac{1}{2}(1\gamma _5)`$.

We are working in the narrow resonance approximation of the $`W`$-boson and set $`q^2=m_W^2`$ as indicated in the argument of the hadron tensor. Thus the hadron tensor is a function of the energy $`q_0`$ of the $`W`$ alone. Since we are not summing over the top quark spin the hadron tensor also depends on the top spin $`s_t`$ as indicated in Eq.(1). The structure of the hadron tensor can be represented by a standard set of invariant structure functions defined by the expansion

$`H^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`\left(g^{\mu \nu }H_1+p_t^\mu p_t^\nu H_2iϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }p_{t,\rho }q_\sigma H_3\right)+`$
$``$ $`(qs_t)\left(g^{\mu \nu }G_1+p_t^\mu p_t^\nu G_2iϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }p_{t,\rho }q_\sigma G_3\right)+`$
$`+`$ $`\left(s_t^\mu p_t^\nu +s_t^\nu p_t^\mu \right)G_6+iϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }p_{t\rho }s_{t\sigma }G_8+iϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }q_\rho s_{t\sigma }G_9,`$
where the $`H_i`$ (i=1,2,3) and $`G_i`$ (i=1,2,3,6,8,9) denote unpolarized and polarized structure functions, respectively.

In the expansion (2) we have kept only those structure functions that contribute in the zero lepton mass case. We have thus omitted covariants built from $`q^\mu `$ and/or $`q^\nu `$. We have also dropped contributions from invariants that are fed by T-odd or imaginary contributions which are both absent in the present case.

In the expansion (2) one has still overcounted by one term since there is a relationship between the three parity conserving (p.c.) spin dependent covariants appearing in (2) due to the identity of Schouten. The identity between the three covariants reads

$$qs_tϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }p_{t,\rho }q_\sigma q^2ϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }p_{t,\rho }s_{t\sigma }+qp_tϵ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }q_\rho s_{t,\sigma }=0$$
(3)
We shall, however, keep the overcounted set of nine invariant structure functions in (2) for reasons of computational convenience.

In this paper we shall only be concerned with two types of intermediate states in (1), namely $`|X_b=|b`$ (Born term and $`O(\alpha _s)`$ one-loop contributions) and $`|X_b=|b+g`$ ($`O(\alpha _s)`$ tree graph contribution). The Feynman diagrams contributing to the respective processes are drawn in Fig. 1.

The angular decay distribution that we are aiming for is given in terms of a set of angular decay coefficients which are linearly related to the set of unpolarized structure functions $`H_i`$ and polarized structure functions $`G_i`$ defined in Eq. (2). The relevant linear combinations are given by

$`H_U`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}+H_{}=H_{11}+H_{22},`$ (4.a)
$`H_L`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\text{oo}}=H_{33},`$ (4.b)
$`H_F`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}H_{}=i(H_{12}H_{21}),`$ (4.c)
$`H_{U^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}(s_t^l)+H_{}(s_t^l)=H_{11}(s_t^l)+H_{22}(s_t^l),`$ (4.d)
$`H_{L^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\text{oo}}(s_t^l)=H_{33}(s_t^l),`$ (4.e)
$`H_{F^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}(s_t^l)H_{}(s_t^l)=i(H_{12}(s_t^l)H_{21}(s_t^l)),`$ (4.f)
$`H_{I^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(H_{+\text{o}}(s_t^{tr})+H_{\text{o}+}(s_t^{tr})H_\text{o}(s_t^{tr})H_\text{o}(s_t^{tr})\right)`$ (4.g)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}(H_{13}(s_t^{tr})+H_{31}(s_t^{tr})),`$ (4.h)
$`H_{A^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(H_{+\text{o}}(s_t^{tr})+H_{\text{o}+}(s_t^{tr})+H_\text{o}(s_t^{tr})+H_\text{o}(s_t^{tr})\right)`$ (4.i)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\sqrt{2}}}(H_{23}(s_t^{tr})H_{32}(s_t^{tr})),`$ (4.j)
where $`H_{\lambda _W;\lambda _W^{}}=H_{\mu \nu }ϵ^\mu (\lambda _W)ϵ^\nu (\lambda _W^{})`$ are the helicity projections of the polarized and unpolarized pieces of the structure functions $`H^{\mu \nu }`$. The $`ϵ^\mu (\lambda _W)`$ and $`ϵ^\nu (\lambda _W)`$ are the usual spherical components of the polarization vector of the $`W`$ gauge boson. In the top quark rest system with $`q^\mu =(q_0;0,0,|\stackrel{}{q}|)`$ and $`|\stackrel{}{q}|=(q_0^2m_W^2)^{1/2}`$ they read

$`ϵ^\mu (0)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_W}}(|\stackrel{}{q}|;0,0,q_0),`$ (5)
$`ϵ^\mu (\pm )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}(0;1,i,0).`$ (6)
In Eqs.(4.a4.j) we have also included the Cartesian components of the helicity structure functions in the $`W`$-boson rest frame which are useful to have for some applications. For notational convenience we shall often refer to the set of helicity structure functions by their generic names. Thus we shall frequently use $`U`$ for $`H_U`$ and $`U^P`$ for $`H_{U^P}`$, etc..

The rest frame components of the longitudinal (“l”) and transverse (“tr”) polarization vector of the top are simply given by $`s_t^l=(0;0,0,1)`$ and $`s_t^{tr}=(0;1,0,0)`$. For the unpolarized helicity structure functions one sums over the the two diagonal spin configurations of the top while one takes the differences of these for the polarized helicity structure functions (in the $`z`$-basis for $`s_t^l`$ and in the $`x`$-basis for $`s_t^{tr}`$). When computing the polarized structure functions from the relevant Dirac trace expressions one thus has to replace $`(p/_t+m_t)`$ in the unpolarized Dirac string by $`(p/_t+m_t)(1+\gamma _5s/_t)`$. Note that the longitudinal component contributes only to the diagonal helicity structure functions $`U,L`$ and $`F`$ while the transverse component contributes only to the non-diagonal structure functions $`I`$ and $`A`$. The physics behind this will become clear when we write down the angular decay distribution in Sec. 3.

It turns out that it is rather convenient from the computational point of view to represent the helicity projections in (4.a4.j) (defined by the gauge boson polarization vectors and the top polarization vector) in covariant form. One has

$`H_i^{}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\mu \nu }\text{I}\text{P}_i^{\mu \nu }i=U,L,F,`$ (7.a)
$`\text{}H_{i^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\mu \nu }(s_t^l)\text{I}\text{P}_i^{\mu \nu }i=U,L,F,`$ (7.b)
$`\text{}H_{i^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\mu \nu }(s_t^{tr})\text{I}\text{P}_i^{\mu \nu }i=I,A.\text{}`$ (7.c)
The covariant projectors onto the diagonal density matrix elements are given by

$`\text{I}\text{P}_L^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_W^2}{m_t^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{q}|^2}}\left(p_t^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{p_tq}{m_W^2}}q^\mu \right)\left(p_t^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{p_tq}{m_W^2}}q^\nu \right),`$ (8.a)
$`\text{I}\text{P}_{U+L}^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`g^{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{q^\mu q^\nu }{m_W^2}},`$ (8.b)
$`\text{I}\text{P}_F^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_t}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{q}|}}iϵ^{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }p_{t,\alpha }q_\beta ,`$ (8.c)
where $`ϵ^{0123}=1`$. We do not write out the projector for the unpolarized-transverse component $`U`$ but note that it can be obtained from the combination $`\text{I}\text{P}_{U+L}^{\mu \nu }\text{I}\text{P}_L^{\mu \nu }`$.

The projectors onto the transverse-longitudinal non-diagonal density matrix elements are given by

$`\text{I}\text{P}_I^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_W}{m_t}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{q}|}}\{ϵ^\mu (x)(p_t^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{p_tq}{m_W^2}}q^\nu )+\mu \nu \},`$ (8.d)
$`\text{I}\text{P}_A^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_W}{m_t^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{q}|^2}}\{iϵ^{\mu \alpha \beta \gamma }ϵ_\alpha (x)p_{t,\beta }q_\gamma (p_t^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{p_tq}{m_W^2}}q^\nu )\mu \nu \}.`$ (8.e)
They involve the the transverse polarization vector of the $`W`$-gauge boson $`ϵ_\alpha (x)=(0;1,0,0)`$ pointing in the $`x`$-direction.

The covariant representation of the longitudinal component of the polarization vector of the top spin vector $`s_t^l`$ is given by

$$s_t^{l,\mu }=\frac{1}{|\stackrel{}{q}|}\left(q^\mu \frac{p_tq}{m_t^2}p_t^\mu \right),$$
(9)
whereas its transverse component $`s_t^{tr}`$ reads

$$s_t^{tr,\mu }=(0;1,0,0).$$
(10)
Note the inverse powers of $`|\stackrel{}{q}|=\sqrt{q_0^2m_W^2}`$ that enter the $`L,T,F,I`$ and $`A`$ projectors and the longitudinal polarization vector. They come in for normalization reasons. These inverse powers of $`|\stackrel{}{q}|`$ will make the necessary tree graph integrations to be dealt with in Sec. 6 and in the Appendices A and B somewhat more complicated than the total $`(U+L)`$ rate integration which has a rather simple projector as Eq. (8.2) shows.

As mentioned in the Introduction, the covariant forms of the projection operators (8.a8.e) and the polarization vectors (9) and (10) are quite convenient for the calculation of the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ tree graph contributions to be dealt with in Sec.6 . The covariant projectors allow one to scalarize the tree graph tensor integrands and to project onto the requisite helicity structure functions in one go.

Although we shall mostly work in the helicity representation of the structure functions, it is sometimes convenient to have available the set of linear relations between the helicity and invariant structure functions. These can easily be worked out from the expansion (2), the projectors (8.a8.e) and the polarization vectors (10). One has

$`H_U`$ $`=`$ $`2H_1,`$ (11.a)
$`\text{}m_W^2H_L`$ $`=`$ $`m_W^2H_1+|\stackrel{}{q}|^2m_t^2H_2,`$ (11.b)
$`\text{}H_F`$ $`=`$ $`2|\stackrel{}{q}|m_tH_3,`$ (11.c)
$`\text{}H_{U^P}`$ $`=`$ $`2|\stackrel{}{q}|G_1,`$ (11.d)
$`\text{}m_W^2H_{L^P}`$ $`=`$ $`|\stackrel{}{q}|(m_W^2G_1+|\stackrel{}{q}|^2m_t^2G_22q_0m_tG_6),`$ (11.e)
$`\text{}H_{F^P}`$ $`=`$ $`2|\stackrel{}{q}|^2m_tG_32m_tG_82q_0G_9,`$ (11.f)
$`\text{}H_{I^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_t}{m_W}}|\stackrel{}{q}|G_6,`$ (11.g)
$`H_{A^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_tq_0}{m_W}}G_8{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}m_WG_9.`$ (11.h)
Note that the three structure functions $`G_3`$, $`G_8`$ and $`G_9`$ always contribute in the two combinations $`(m_W^2G_3+G_8)`$ and $`(q_0m_1G_3G_9)`$ proving again that there are only eight independent combinations of structure functions. If desired, Eqs.(11.a11.h) can be inverted such that the invariant structure functions can be expressed in terms of the helicity structure functions. The inversion has to be done in terms of the two above linear combinations of $`G_3`$, $`G_8`$ and $`G_9`$. Since our later results will always be presented in terms of the helicity structure functions, we shall not write down the inverse relations here.

## 3 Angular decay distribution

We are now in the position to write down the full angular decay distribution of polarized top decay into $`W^+`$ and $`b`$ followed by the decay of the the $`W^+`$ into $`(l^++\nu _l)`$. As noted before, the full angular decay distribution of the decay $`t()W^+(l^++\nu _l)+X_b`$, including polarization effects of the top quark, is completely determined by the three unpolarized and the five polarized helicity structure functions. Although the necessary manipulations to obtain the angular decay distribution involving Wigner’s $`D_{mm^{}}^J(\theta ,\varphi )`$-functions are standard (see e.g. ), it is quite instructive to reproduce the results here. To this end, it is useful to define helicity structure functions $`H_{\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}}^{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}`$ where the helicity label of the top quark is made explicit. Put in a different language the four-index object $`H_{\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}}^{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}`$ is the unnormalized double density matrix of the top and the $`W`$. The double density matrix is Hermitian, i.e. it satisfies

$$\left(H_{\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}}^{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}\right)^{}=\left(H_{\lambda _W^{}\lambda _W}^{\lambda _t^{}\lambda _t}\right).$$
(12)
As has been remarked on before the elements of the double density matrix are real in the present application. The double density matrix is therefore symmetric. The relation of the components of the double density matrix to the previously defined unpolarized and polarized helicity structure functions is given by

$`H_U`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}^{++}+H_{++}^{}+H_{}^{++}+H_{}^{},`$ (13.a)
$`H_L`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\text{oo}}^{++}+H_{\text{oo}}^{},`$ (13.b)
$`H_F`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}^{++}+H_{++}^{}H_{}^{++}H_{}^{},`$ (13.c)
$`H_{U^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}^{++}H_{++}^{}+H_{}^{++}H_{}^{},`$ (13.d)
$`H_{L^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{\text{oo}}^{++}H_{\text{oo}}^{},`$ (13.e)
$`H_{F^P}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{++}^{++}H_{++}^{}H_{}^{++}+H_{}^{},`$ (13.f)
$`H_{I^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(H_{+\text{o}}^++H_{\text{o}+}^+H_\text{o}^+H_\text{o}^+)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(H_{+\text{o}}^+H_\text{o}^+),`$ (13.g)
$`H_{A^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(H_{+\text{o}}^++H_{\text{o}+}^++H_\text{o}^++H_\text{o}^+)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(H_{+\text{o}}^++H_\text{o}^+).`$ (13.h)
For ease of notation we have used $`(\pm )`$-labels for both the helicities of the top $`(\lambda _t=\pm 1/2)`$ and the transverse helicities of the $`W`$ gauge boson $`(\lambda _W=\pm 1)`$. In the case of the non-diagonal structure functions $`H_{I^P}`$ and $`H_{A^P}`$ one can make use of the fact that the double density matrix is symmetric (for real coefficients !) to simplify the structure functions as indicated in the last two lines of Eqs. (13.g13.h). From the fact that we are not observing the spin of the $`X_b`$ system in our semi-inclusive measurement one has $`\lambda _{X_b}=\lambda _{X_b}^{}`$ leading to the constraint $`\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}=\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}`$. From this constraint it is immediately clear that the polarized structure functions $`U,L`$ and $`F`$ are associated with the longitudinal spin of the top and the structure functions $`I`$ and $`A`$ are associated with the transverse spin of the top.

The angular decay distribution can be obtained from the master formula

$$W(\theta _P,\theta ,\varphi )\underset{\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}=\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}{}e^{i(\lambda _W\lambda _W^{})\varphi }d_{\lambda _W1}^1(\theta )d_{\lambda _W^{}1}^1(\theta )H_{\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}}^{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}\rho _{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}(\theta _P),$$
(14)
where $`\rho _{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}(\theta _P)`$ is the density matrix of the top quark which reads

$$\rho _{\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}}(\theta _P)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _P& P\mathrm{sin}\theta _P\\ P\mathrm{sin}\theta _P& 1P\mathrm{cos}\theta _P\end{array}\right).$$
(15)
$`P`$ is the magnitude of the polarization of the top quark. The sum in Eq. (14) extends over all values of $`\lambda _W,\lambda _W^{},\lambda _t`$ and $`\lambda _t^{}`$ compatible with the constraint $`\lambda _W\lambda _W^{}=\lambda _t\lambda _t^{}`$. The second lower index in the small Wigner $`d(\theta )`$-function $`d_{\lambda _W1}^1`$ is fixed at $`m=1`$ for zero mass leptons because the total $`m`$-quantum number of the lepton pair along the $`l^+`$ direction is $`m=1`$. Because there exist different conventions for Wigner’s $`d`$-functions we explicate the requisite components that enter Eq. (14): $`d_{11}^1=(1+\mathrm{cos}\theta )/2`$, $`d_{01}^1=\mathrm{sin}\theta /\sqrt{2}`$ and $`d_{11}^1=(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )/2`$.

Including the appropriate normalization factor the four-fold decay distribution is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }}{dq_0d\mathrm{cos}\theta _Pd\mathrm{cos}\theta d\varphi }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{G_F|V_{tb}|^2m_W^2}{\sqrt{2}\pi }}|\stackrel{}{q}|\{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}(H_U+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _pH_{U^P})(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta )+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(H_L+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _pH_{L^P})\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(H_F+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _pH_{F^P})\mathrm{cos}\theta `$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2\sqrt{2}}}P\mathrm{sin}\theta _pH_{I^P}\mathrm{sin}2\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}}P\mathrm{sin}\theta _pH_{A^P}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi \}`$
We take the freedom to normalize the differential rate such that one obtains the total $`tb+W^+`$ rate upon integration and not the total rate multiplied by the branching ratio of the respective $`W^+`$ decay channel.

The polar angles $`\theta _P`$ and $`\theta `$, and the azimuthal angle $`\varphi `$ that arise in the full cascade-type description of the two-stage decay process $`t()W^+(l^++\nu _l)+X_b`$ are defined in Fig. 2. For better visibility we have oriented the lepton plane with a negative azimuthal angle relative to the hadron plane. For the hadronic decays of the $`W`$ into a pair of light quarks one has to replace $`(l^+,\nu _l)`$ by $`(\overline{q},q)`$ in Fig. 2. We mention that we have checked the signs of the angular decay distribution Eq. (3) using covariant techniques.

As Eq. (3) shows the non-diagonal structure functions $`H_{I^P}`$ and $`H_{A^P}`$ are associated with azimuthal measurements. This necessitates the definition of a hadron plane which is only possible through the availability of the $`x`$-component of the polarization vector of the top (see Fig. 2). This is the physical explanation of why the two structure functions $`H_{I^P}`$ and $`H_{A^P}`$ are functions only of the transverse component of the polarization vector of the top quark. For similar reasons the polarization dependent structure functions $`H_{U^P},H_{L^P}`$ and $`H_{F^P}`$ depend only on the longitudinal component of the polarization vector.

Setting $`P=0`$ in Eq. (3) one obtains the decay distribution for unpolarized top decay. If desired, the transverse part of the unpolarized angular decay distribution can also be sorted in terms of decays into transverse-plus and transverse-minus $`W`$-bosons given by the structure function combinations $`(U+F)/2`$ and $`(UF)/2`$ which multiply the angular factors $`(1+\mathrm{cos}\theta )^2`$ and $`(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )^2`$, resp., as done e.g. in .

If there were an imaginary part in the one-loop contribution one would have two additional contributions to the angular decay distribution proportional to $`\mathrm{sin}\varphi `$. This can be easily seen with the help of Eq. (14). We concentrate on those terms in the angular decay distribution that are proportional to the off-diagonal terms $`\rho _+`$ in the density matrix of the top. The relevant terms read

$`H_{+\text{o}}^+e^{+i\varphi }+H_{\text{o}+}^+e^{i\varphi }=2\left(\text{Re}(H_{+\text{o}}^+)\mathrm{cos}\varphi \text{Im}(H_{+\text{o}}^+)\mathrm{sin}\varphi \right),`$ (17.a)
$`H_\text{o}^+e^{+i\varphi }+H_\text{o}^+e^{i\varphi }=2\left(\text{Re}(H_\text{o}^+)\mathrm{cos}\varphi \text{Im}(H_\text{o}^+)\mathrm{sin}\varphi \right).`$ (17.b)
The real contributions multiplying the angular factor $`\mathrm{cos}\varphi `$ have been included in the angular decay distribution (3) while the imaginary part contributions $`\text{Im}(H_{+\text{o}}^+)`$ and $`\text{Im}(H_\text{o}^+)`$ multiplying $`\mathrm{sin}\varphi `$ do not appear in Eq. (3) since the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ contributions calculated in this paper are purely real. The helicity structure functions $`\text{Im}(H_{+\text{o}}^+)`$ and $`\text{Im}(H_\text{o}^+)`$ are conventionally called T-odd structure functions and are contributed to by the imaginary parts of loop contributions and/or by CP-violating contributions which, as has been emphasized before, are not present in this calculation.

Of interest is also the corresponding angular decay distribution for polarized anti-top decay $`\overline{t}()W^{}(l^{}+\overline{\nu }_l)+X_{\overline{b}}`$. The angular decay distribution is changed due to the fact that the total $`m`$-quantum number of the lepton pair in the $`l^{}`$ direction is now $`m=1`$. The relevant components of the small Wigner $`d`$-function are now $`d_{11}^1=(1\mathrm{cos}\theta )/2`$, $`d_{01}^1=\mathrm{sin}\theta /\sqrt{2}`$ and $`d_{11}^1=(1+\mathrm{cos}\theta )/2`$. This can be seen to result in a sign change for the angular factors multiplying the $`F`$, $`F^P`$ and $`A^P`$ terms (and no sign change for the other terms). The structure functions of anti-top decay are related to those of top decay by $`CP`$-invariance. The p.v. structure functions $`F,U^P,L^P`$ and $`I^P`$ will undergo a sign change whereas the p.c. structure functions $`U,L,F^P`$ and $`A^P`$ keep their signs. Overall this means that the signs of the unpolarized terms in Eq. (3) will not change their signs while the polarized terms will change signs when going from top decay to anti-top decay. To be quite explicit, if one wants to use the results of this paper to describe anti-top decay, the only required effective change is to change the signs of the terms multiplying the $`U^P,L^P,F^P,I^P`$ and $`A^P`$ structure functions in the angular decay distribution Eq. (3), using, however, the same structure functions as written down in this paper.

## 4 Born term results

The Born term tensor is calculated from the square of the Born term amplitude (see Fig. 2(a)) given by

$$M^\mu =V_{tb}\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}\overline{u}_b\gamma ^\mu \frac{1}{2}(1\gamma _5)u_t.$$
(18)
We omit the coupling factor $`V_{tb}g/\sqrt{2}=2m_WV_{tb}(G_F/\sqrt{2})^{1/2}`$ and write for the Born term tensor (the spin of the $`b`$ quark is summed)

$$B^{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{4}\text{Tr}(p/_b+m_b)\gamma ^\mu (1\gamma _5)(p/_t+m_t)(1+\gamma _5/s_t)\gamma ^\nu (1\gamma _5).$$
(19)
Since only even-numbered $`\gamma `$-matrix strings survive between the two $`(1\gamma _5)`$-factors in (19) one can compactly write

$$B^{\mu \nu }=2(\overline{p}_t^\nu p_b^\mu +\overline{p}_t^\mu p_b^\nu g^{\mu \nu }\overline{p}_tp_b+iϵ^{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }p_{b,\alpha }\overline{p}_{t,\beta }),$$
(20)
where

$$\overline{p}_t^\mu =p_t^\mu m_ts_t^\mu .$$
(21)
It is not difficult to obtain the Born term helicity structure functions from (20). This can be done in two ways. One can either read off the invariant structure functions according to the covariant expansion Eq. (2). The nonvanishing elements are given by $`B_{H_1}=m_t^2(1x^2+y^2)`$, $`B_{H_2}=2B_{H_3}=4`$ for the unpolarized invariants and by $`B_{G_1}=B_{G_6}=B_{G_8}=B_{G_9}=2m_t`$ for the polarized invariants (the notation is self-explanatory). These can then be converted to the helicity structure functions using the linear relations (11.a11.h). Or, one can directly compute the helicity structure functions from (20) by using the covariant projectors defined in Sec.2 (cf. Eq.(8.a8.e)).

In order to find the relation of the Born term tensor $`B^{\mu \nu }`$ to the hadron tensor $`H^{\mu \nu }`$ defined in Sec. 2 one has to insert the appropriate one-particle $`b`$-quark state into Eq. (1) and then one has to do the requisite one-particle phase space integration. Technically this is done by rewriting the one-particle phase space as

$$𝑑\mathrm{\Pi }_b=\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p}_b}{2E_b}=d^4p_b\delta (p_b^2m_b^2).$$
(22)
One can easily do the four-dimensional $`d^4p_b`$ integration in Eq.(1) with the help of the four-dimensional $`\delta `$-function $`\delta ^4(p_tqp_b)`$. This converts $`p_b^2`$ in the argument of the $`\delta `$-function in Eq.(22) into $`(p_tq)^2`$. Rewriting the argument of the $`\delta `$-function in terms of $`q_0`$ one finally arrives at

$$H^{\mu \nu }(\text{Born})=\frac{1}{4m_t^2}\delta (q_0\frac{m_t^2+m_W^2m_b^2}{2m_t})B^{\mu \nu }.$$
(23)
We will present our results in table form where we use the scaled variables $`x=m_W/m_t`$ and $`y=m_b/m_t`$ as well as the abbreviation $`|\stackrel{}{q}|=(m_t/2)\sqrt{\lambda }`$ with $`\lambda =\lambda (1,x^2,y^2)=1+x^4+y^42x^2y^22x^22y^2`$. The first column in Table 1 contains the $`m_b0`$, or equivalently, $`y0`$ results. In the second column we have set $`m_b=0`$ $`(y=0)`$. In order to assess the quality of the $`m_b=0`$ approximation for the various rate functions we have listed the percentage increments when going from the $`m_b0`$ case to the $`m_b=0`$ case including the phase space factor $`|\stackrel{}{q}|`$ that multiplies the helicity structure functions in the rate formula Eq. (3). In this comparison we have used $`m_b=4.8\text{ GeV}`$  together with $`m_t=175`$ GeV and $`m_W=80.419`$ GeV. The increment due to the phase space factor $`|\stackrel{}{q}|`$ alone amounts to $`0.15\%`$. Note that one may have overestimated the mass effect since a fixed pole mass, rather than a running mass which is smaller at the high scale of the top mass, is used. For example, taking one-loop running and the same bottom pole mass as above one has $`\overline{m}_b(m_t)=1.79`$ GeV. The increment in the total rate going from $`\overline{m}_b(m_t)=1.79`$ GeV to $`m_b=0`$ would then only be $`0.04\%`$ as compared to the $`0.26\%`$ given in Table 1.

In the $`m_b=0`$ case listed in column 3 of Table 1 one observes the simple patterns $`B_U=B_{U^P}=B_F=B_{F^P}`$, $`B_L=B_{L^P}`$ and $`B_{I^P}=B_{A^P}`$. This pattern results from the fact that a massless $`b`$-quark emerging from a $`(VA)`$ vertex is purely left-handed. Since from angular momentum conservation one has $`\lambda _t=\lambda _W\lambda _b`$ with $`\lambda _b=1/2`$ one has the constraint $`\lambda _t\lambda _W=1/2`$. This implies that only the helicity configurations $`(\lambda _t=1/2;\lambda _W=1)`$ and $`(\lambda _t=+1/2;\lambda _W=0)`$ are non-vanishing. A quick look at the relations (13.a13.h) allows one to readily verify the $`m_b=0`$ pattern in Table 1. For $`m_b0`$ there is a leakage into right-handed bottom mesons resulting in a breaking of the above pattern as can be observed in the $`m_b0`$ column of Table 1. As noted in the Introduction these simple patterns are also not valid at $`O(\alpha _s)`$ even for massless bottom mesons because of the additional gluon emission including an anomalous spin-flip contribution . When the relevant $`m_b=0`$ Born term helicity structure functions from Table 1 are substituted in (3) we reproduce the angular decay distribution as written down in .

For completeness we have also included the two Born term scalar helicity structure functions $`B_S`$ and $`B_{S^P}`$ in Table 1. They are obtained by use of the scalar projector $`\text{I}\text{P}_S=q^\mu q^\nu /m_W^2`$. That they are identical to their longitudinal counterparts $`B_L`$ and $`B_{L^P}`$ even for $`m_b0`$ is a dynamical accident specific to the Born term level and does not hold true in general as e.g. evidenced by the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ contributions to be discussed later on. These become equal to each other only in the limit $`m_t\mathrm{}`$ as will be discussed in Sec. 7. The $`m_b0`$ Born term equalities $`B_F=B_{U^P}`$ and $`B_U=B_{F^P}`$ can be seen to result from the fact that the double density matrix elements $`H_{++}^{}`$ and $`H_{}^{++}`$ vanish at the Born term level due to angular momentum conservation (see 13.a).

In Fig.3 we present a lego plot of the two-fold ($`m_b=0`$) Born term angular decay distribution in $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _P`$ which results after taking the azimuthal average of Eq.(3). We have divided out the total Born term rate from the differential rate resulting in the hatted differential rate distribution as defined in Eq.(7). We have set $`P=1`$ in Fig.3. The lego plot shows that the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _P`$ variation of the two-fold angular decay distribution around its average value of 0.25 is quite strong. This will facilitate the experimental measurement of the structure functions $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_U`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U^P}`$, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{L^P}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{F^P}`$ .

Finally, for the sake of definiteness we list the Born term rate in terms of the Born term function $`B_{U+L}`$. One has

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=\frac{G_Fm_W^2|\stackrel{}{q}|}{4\sqrt{2}\pi m_t^2}|V_{tb}|^2B_{U+L}.$$
(24)
## 5 One-loop contribution

The one-loop contributions to fermionic $`(VA)`$ transitions have a long history. Since QED and QCD have the same structure at the one-loop level the history even dates back to QED times.

Our reference will be the work of Gounaris and Paschalis  (see also ) who used a gluon mass regulator to regularize the gluon IR singularity. The one-loop amplitudes are defined by the covariant expansion ($`J_\mu ^V=\overline{q}_b\gamma _\mu q_t,J_\mu ^A=\overline{q}_b\gamma _\mu \gamma _5q_t`$)

$`b(p_b)|J_\mu ^V|t(p_t)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{u}_b(p_b)\left\{\gamma _\mu F_1^V+p_{t,\mu }F_2^V+p_{b,\mu }F_3^V\right\}u_t(p_t),`$ (25.a)
$`b(p_b)|J_\mu ^A|t(p_t)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{u}_b(p_b)\left\{\gamma _\mu F_1^A+p_{t,\mu }F_2^A+p_{b,\mu }F_3^A\right\}\gamma _5u_t(p_t).`$ (25.b)
In the Standard Model the appropriate current combination is given by $`J_\mu ^VJ_\mu ^A`$.

We shall immediately take the limit $`m_b0`$ of the one-loop expressions given in  (see also Appendix C)222 We have recalculated the one-loop results of Ref.  and have found an acknowledged typo in the scalar form factors $`F_3(Q^2)`$ and $`H_3(Q^2)`$ of . The typo is corrected by replacing the factor $`(m_2m_1)/Q^2`$ in the last line of Eq.(A.8) of Ref.  by $`(m_2m_1)/(2Q^2)`$.. Keeping only the finite terms and the relevant mass (M) ($`\mathrm{ln}y`$ and $`\mathrm{ln}^2y`$) and infrared (IR) ($`\mathrm{ln}(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2)`$) singular logarithmic terms one obtains the rather simple result

$`F_1^V`$ $`=`$ $`F_1^A=1{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(q^2)}{4\pi }}C_F(4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)+\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{y}{1x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^4}{(1x^2)^2}}\right)+`$
$`+2\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}{y}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1x^2}}\right)\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{y}{1x^2}}\right)+2\text{Li}_2(x^2)),`$
$`F_2^V`$ $`=`$ $`F_2^A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_t}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(q^2)}{4\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{2}{x^2}}\left(+1+{\displaystyle \frac{1x^2}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)\right),`$ (26.b)
$`F_3^V`$ $`=`$ $`F_3^A={\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_t}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(q^2)}{4\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{2}{x^2}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{2x^21}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)\right),`$ (26.c)
where we have denoted the scaled gluon mass by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=m_g/m_t`$. The dilog function $`\text{Li}_2(x)`$ is defined by

$$\text{Li}_2(x):=\underset{0}{\overset{x}{}}\frac{\mathrm{ln}(1z)}{z}𝑑z$$
(27)
Note that the one-loop contribution is purely real. This can be understood from an inspection of the one-loop Feynman diagram Fig. 1(b) which does not admit any nonvanishing physical two-particle cut. The fact that one has $`F_1^V=F_1^A`$ and $`F_i^V=F_i^A`$ for $`i=2,3`$ results from setting the $`b`$-quark mass to zero. This can be seen by moving the chiral $`(1\gamma _5)`$ factor in the one-loop integrand numerator to the left. Because $`m_b`$ is set to zero the Dirac numerator string will thus begin with $`\overline{u}_b(1+\gamma _5)`$ leading to the above pattern of relations between the loop amplitudes. We mention that the gluon mass regulator scheme can be converted to the dimensional reduction scheme by the replacement $`\mathrm{log}\mathrm{\Lambda }^21/ϵ\gamma _E+\mathrm{log}4\pi \mu ^2/q^2`$ where $`2ϵ=4N`$, $`\gamma _E`$ is the Euler-Mascharoni constant $`\gamma _E=0.577\mathrm{},`$ and $`\mu `$ is the QCD scale parameter.

## 6 Tree graph contribution

The tree graph contribution results from the square of the real gluon emission graphs shown in Fig.1c and 1d. Omitting again the weak coupling factor $`V_{tb}g/\sqrt{2}`$ for the time being the corresponding hadron tensor is given by

$`^{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`4\pi \alpha _sC_F{\displaystyle \frac{8}{(kp_t)(kp_b)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{kp_t}{kp_b}}[(p_bp_b)(k^\mu \overline{p}_t^\nu +k^\nu \overline{p}_t^\mu k\overline{p}_tg^{\mu \nu })+`$
$`\text{}+i(ϵ^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }(p_bk)\overline{p}_tϵ^{\alpha \beta \gamma \nu }(p_bk)^\mu \overline{p}_{t,\gamma }+ϵ^{\alpha \beta \gamma \mu }(p_bk)^\nu \overline{p}_{t,\gamma })k_\alpha p_{b,\beta }]+`$
$`\text{}+{\displaystyle \frac{kp_b}{kp_t}}[(\overline{p}_tp_t)(k^\mu p_b^\nu +k^\nu p_b^\mu kp_bg^{\mu \nu }iϵ^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }k_\alpha p_{b,\beta })+`$
$`\text{}(\overline{p}_tk)((p_tk)^\mu p_b^\nu +(p_tk)^\nu p_b^\mu (p_tk)p_bg^{\mu \nu }iϵ^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }(p_tk)_\alpha p_{b,\beta })]+`$
$`\text{}(\overline{p}_tp_b)\left(k^\mu p_b^\nu +k^\nu p_b^\mu kp_bg^{\mu \nu }iϵ^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }k_\alpha p_{b,\beta }\right)+(p_tp_b)\left(k^\mu \overline{p}_t^\nu +k^\nu \overline{p}_t^\mu k\overline{p}_tg^{\mu \nu }\right)+`$
$`\text{}(kp_b)\left(p_t^\mu \overline{p}_t^\nu +p_t^\nu \overline{p}_t^\mu p_t\overline{p}_tg^{\mu \nu }\right)+(kp_t)\left((p_b+k)^\mu \overline{p}_t^\nu +(p_b+k)^\nu \overline{p}_t^\mu +(p_b+k)\overline{p}_tg^{\mu \nu }\right)+`$
$`\text{}+(k\overline{p}_t)\left(2p_b^\mu p_b^\nu p_bp_bg^{\mu \nu }\right)i\left(ϵ^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }(k\overline{p}_t)+ϵ^{\alpha \beta \gamma \mu }k^\nu \overline{p}_{t,\gamma }ϵ^{\alpha \beta \gamma \nu }k^\mu \overline{p}_{t,\gamma }\right)p_{b,\alpha }p_{t,\beta }+`$
$`\text{}+i(ϵ^{\alpha \beta \mu \nu }(p_t\overline{p}_t)+ϵ^{\alpha \beta \gamma \mu }p_t^\nu \overline{p}_{t,\gamma }ϵ^{\alpha \beta \gamma \nu }p_t^\mu \overline{p}_{t,\gamma })k_\alpha p_{b,\beta }\}+B^{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Delta }_{SGF}`$
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{SGF}:=4\pi \alpha _sC_F\left(\frac{m_b^2}{(kp_b)^2}+\frac{m_t^2}{(kp_t)^2}2\frac{p_bp_t}{(kp_b)(kp_t)}\right)$$
(29)
where $`k`$ is the 4-momentum of the emitted gluon. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{SGF}`$ is the IR-divergent soft gluon function and $`\overline{p}_t=p_tm_ts_t`$ as in Sec.4 333Contrary to the Born term case the polarization of the top quark cannot be accounted for by replacing all $`p_t`$ momenta by their barred counterparts $`\overline{p}_t`$..

We have isolated the IR-singular part of the tree-graph contribution by splitting off a universal soft gluon factor which multiplies the lowest order Born term tensor $`B^{\mu \nu }`$. This facilitates the treatment of the soft gluon singularity to be regularized by a (small) gluon mass $`m_g`$. Since the soft gluon factor is universal in that it multiplies the lowest order Born contribution, the requisite soft gluon integration has to be done only once and is identical for all eight structure functions. The result for the integrated soft gluon function is given in Sec. 8. Integrating only the soft gluon function $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{SGF}`$ and neglecting the finite part in Eq.(6) amounts to what is called the soft gluon approximation. We emphasize that we always include the full tree-graph contribution (soft plus finite part) in our calculation. Also, we integrate over the full phase space of the gluon, and not only up to a given energy cut-off of the gluon.

We have deliberately used a calligraphic notation for the tree graph hadron tensor $`^{\mu \nu }`$ in (6) since $`^{\mu \nu }`$ is not the hadron tensor $`H^{\mu \nu }`$ defined in Sec. 2. In fact, the mass dimension of $`^{\mu \nu }`$ differs from that of $`H^{\mu \nu }`$. To relate the two hadron tensors one has to do the appropiate phase space integration on the tree graph hadron tensor.

Next one makes use of the covariant projection operators and the covariant forms of the longitudinal and transverse polarization vectors defined in Sec. 2 to obtain the contributions to the three unpolarized and five polarized structure functions. Since we are aiming for a fully inclusive measurement regarding the $`X_b`$ system the resulting expressions have to be integrated over the full two-dimensional phase space. As phase space variables we take the gluon energy $`k_0`$ and the W energy $`q_0`$ where the $`k_0`$ integration is done first. The phase space limits of the respective integrations are given by

$$k_{0,}k_0k_{0,+}$$
(30)
and

$$m_Wq_0\frac{m_t^2+m_W^2(m_b+m_g)^2}{2m_t},$$
(31)
where

$$k_{0,\pm }=\frac{(m_tq_0)(M_+^22q_0m_t)\pm \sqrt{q_0^2m_W^2}\sqrt{(M_{}^22q_0m_t)^24m_g^2m_b^2}}{2(m_t^2+m_W^22q_0m_t)}$$
(32)
and

$$M_\pm ^2:=m_t^2+m_W^2m_b^2\pm m_g^2.$$
(33)
It is clear from Eq.(30-33) that the integration boundaries considerably simplify when the gluon mass is set to zero. In particular the second square root factor in the $`k_{0,\pm }`$ boundary turns into a polynomial in $`q_0`$ which is an essential simplification for the second $`q_0`$ integration. This observation is at the core of our tree-level integration strategy exemplified by the partitioned form of Eq. (6). The soft gluon singularity has been isolated and brought into a simple form. The remaining part of the tree-graph contribution is IR finite and can be integrated without the gluon mass regulator.

The integration over the gluon energy $`k_0`$ ($`k_{0,}k_0k_{0,+}`$) is simple and the results will not be presented here in explicit analytical form. Instead we present some representative results on the differential $`W`$-boson energy distribution that result from the real gluon emission graphs Fig. 1c and 1d in graphical form in Figs. 4 and 5. Fig. 4 shows the $`W`$-boson energy distribution for the total rate $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}/dq_0`$. The energy distribution rises sharply from the lower energy limit, where the $`W`$-boson is produced at rest, then increases rapidly over the intermediate range of $`W`$-boson energies and finally rises sharply again towards the end of the spectrum, where the soft gluon singularity is located. In Fig.5 we show the same distribution for the partial rate into positive helicity W-bosons $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_+/dq_0`$ $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }_+=\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_U+\mathrm{\Gamma }_F))`$ for $`m_b=0`$ and for $`m_b0`$. As mentioned before there is no Born term contribution to $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_+/dq_0`$ for $`m_b=0`$ and thus $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_+/dq_0`$ possesses no IR singularity in this limit. The absence of the IR singularity in the $`m_b=0`$ case (dashed line) is quite apparent in Fig. 4. The distribution rises moderately fast from the lower end of the spectrum, then turns down over the intermediate range of energies and finally tends to zero at the end of the spectrum where the phase space closes. The $`m_b=0`$ (dashed line) and $`m_b0`$ (full line) distributions lie on top of each other for most of the lower part of the spectrum. Starting at around 4.8 GeV below the upper phase space boundary the two distributions begin to diverge from each other. Whereas the $`m_b=0`$ curve turns down and goes to zero at the end of the spectrum the $`m_b0`$ curve starts to rise again and, in fact, tends to infinity at the end of the spectrum due to its IR singular behaviour. Note the huge differences in scale of the $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}/dq_0`$ and the $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_+/dq_0`$ distributions which will be reflected in big differences in the total $`\alpha _s`$-corrections for the two respective rates.

The second integration over the energy of the $`W`$-boson is more difficult. Details can be found in Sec. 8 and in the Appendices. As it turns out the analytical $`m_b0`$ results are quite lengthy. We thus chose to present our $`m_b=0`$ results first since they are sufficiently simple to be presented in compact form. They have been obtained by taking the $`m_b0`$ limit of our $`m_b0`$ results written down in Sec. 8. For practical purposes the $`m_b=0`$ results are sufficiently accurate for top decays since $`m_b0`$ effects are generally quite small. This is particularly true if a running $`b`$ quark mass at the top mass scale is used. Quantitative results on the $`\alpha _s`$ $`m_b0`$ corrections are given at the end of Sec. 8 as well as in .

## 7 Complete $`O\mathbf{(}\alpha _s\mathbf{)}`$ results for $`m_b\mathbf{=}\mathrm{𝟎}`$

We are now in the position to put together our $`m_b=0`$ results. We add together the Born term results from Sec. 4, the one-loop results from Sec. 5 and the $`m_b0`$ limit of the integrated tree graph results according to Sec. 8. The mass and infrared singular log terms cancel among the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ one-loop and tree-graph contributions as they must according to the Lee-Nauenberg theorem and one remains with a finite result. We choose to present our results in terms of scaled rate functions defined by $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_i:=\mathrm{\Gamma }_i/\mathrm{\Gamma }_0`$ ($`i`$ = $`U+L`$, $`U^P+L^P`$, $`U`$, $`L`$, $`F`$, $`S`$ , $`U^P`$, $`L^P`$, $`F^P`$, $`S^P`$, $`I^P`$, $`A^P`$) with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}(\text{Born})`$ given by ($`x=m_W/m_t`$)

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_0=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}(Born)=\frac{G_Fm_W^2m_t}{8\sqrt{2}\pi }|V_{tb}|^2\frac{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}.$$
(34)
The angular decay distribution reads

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}{d\mathrm{cos}\theta _pd\mathrm{cos}\theta d\varphi }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}\{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _p\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U^P})(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta )+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _p\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{L^P})\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F+P\mathrm{cos}\theta _p\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{F^P})\mathrm{cos}\theta +`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2\sqrt{2}}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{I^P}P\mathrm{sin}\theta _p\mathrm{sin}2\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi +`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{A^P}P\mathrm{sin}\theta _p\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi \},`$
where $`P`$ is the degree of polarization of the top quark. As mentioned before one recovers the angular decay distribution written down in  when substituting the $`m_b=0`$ Born term expressions from Table 1 in Eq.(7).

The various reduced rates $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_i`$ are given by

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U+L}`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(5+9x^26x^4)}{2x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)\pi ^2}{3x^2}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(5+4x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2){\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)4(1+x^2)\times `$
$`\times (12x^2)\mathrm{ln}(x){\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x^2)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(U+L)^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{12x^2}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2(15+2x5x^212x^3+2x^4)}{2x^2}}+`$ (37)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{(1+4x^2)\pi ^2}{3x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(14x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x){\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(3x^2)(1+4x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2(12x^2)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x)+{\displaystyle \frac{4(2+5x^42x^6)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2x^2}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{(1x^2)(19+x^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(5+5x^22x^4)\pi ^2}{3}}+`$ (38)
$``$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)4(5+7x^22x^4)\mathrm{ln}(x)2(1x)^2\times `$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(5+7x^2+4x^3)}{x}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(1+x)^2(5+7x^24x^3)}{x}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x)^2(5+4x+15x^2+8x^3)}{x}}\text{Li}_2(x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(1+x)^2(54x+15x^28x^3)}{x}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(5+47x^24x^4)}{2x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi ^2}{3}}\times `$ (39)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+5x^2+2x^4)}{x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3(1x^2)^2}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)+16(1+2x^2)\mathrm{ln}(x)2(1x)^2\times `$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2x+6x^2+x^3}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x)\mathrm{ln}(x){\displaystyle \frac{2(1+x)^2(2+x+6x^2x^3)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x)^2(4+3x+8x^2+x^3)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x){\displaystyle \frac{2(1+x)^2(43x+8x^2x^3)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2x^2}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{2(1x)^2(34x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(2+x^2)\pi ^2}{3}}+`$ (40)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)(19x^2+2x^4)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$`+`$ $`8(1x^2)^2\text{Li}_2(x)+\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}8}(1+3x^2x^4)\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{9(1x^2)^2}{2x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)^2\pi ^2}{3x^2}}+`$ (41)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(25x^2)}{x^4}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)4(1x^2)\mathrm{ln}(x){\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x^2)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2x^2}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2(1255x+6x^2x^3)}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{10\pi ^2}{3}}\times `$ (42)
$`\times `$ $`(2+x^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)(7+21x^2+2x^4)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$`+`$ $`8(1x^2)^2\text{Li}_2(x)8(11+3x^2+x^4)\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{L^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{(1522x+105x^224x^3+4x^4)\times `$ (43)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2}{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1+24x^2+10x^4)\pi ^2}{3x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3(1x^2)^2}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x){\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(17+53x^2)}{x^2}}\times `$
$`\times `$ $`\mathrm{ln}(1+x){\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x)+{\displaystyle \frac{4(2+22x^2+11x^4)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{F^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2x^2}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{2(1x^2)(4+x^2){\displaystyle \frac{2(1+x^2+2x^4)\pi ^2}{3}}+`$ (44)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}{x^2}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)4(25x^22x^4)\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1x)\times `$
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4(1x)^2(1+3x+2x^2+2x^3)}{x}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4(1+x)^2(13x+2x^22x^3)}{x}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4(1x)^2(1+5x+6x^2+4x^3)}{x}}\text{Li}_2(x)+{\displaystyle \frac{4(1+x)^2(15x+6x^24x^3)}{x}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2(116x7x^2)}{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1+2x^2)\pi ^2}{3x^2}}+`$ (45)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(25x^2)}{x^4}}\mathrm{ln}(1x)+{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(29x^2+x^4)}{x^4}}\mathrm{ln}(1+x){\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)^2}{x^2}}\times `$
$`\times `$ $`\text{Li}_2(x)+{\displaystyle \frac{4(2+x^4)}{x^2}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{I^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}(1+2x^2)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2(127x+12x^2)}{\sqrt{2}x}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6\sqrt{2}}}\times `$ (46)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(5+19x^2+2x^4)}{x}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(1+5x^2)}{2\sqrt{2}x^3}}\mathrm{ln}(1x)+{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(1+30x^2+21x^4)}{2\sqrt{2}x^3}}\times `$
$`\times `$ $`\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+{\displaystyle \frac{2\sqrt{2}(1x^2)^2}{x}}\text{Li}_2(x){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}(7+15x^2+4x^4)}{x}}\text{Li}_2(x)\},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{A^P}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{x}{\sqrt{2}(1+2x^2)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(1x^2)^2(1+2x^2)}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(1+2x^2)}{\sqrt{2}x}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6\sqrt{2}}}\times `$ (47)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(35x^2+6x^4)}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(1+5x^2)}{2\sqrt{2}x^3}}\mathrm{ln}(1x^2){\displaystyle \frac{x(511x^2)}{\sqrt{2}}}\mathrm{ln}(x)+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2(3+7x+6x^2)}{\sqrt{2}x}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1x){\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^2(37x+6x^2)}{\sqrt{2}x}}\mathrm{ln}(x)\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2(7+15x+10x^2)}{\sqrt{2}x}}\text{Li}_2(x){\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^2(715x+10x^2)}{\sqrt{2}x}}\text{Li}_2(x)\}.`$
As mentioned in the Introduction the results for the total rate $`(U+L)`$ agree with the analytical results given in  and in . The six (mass zero) diagonal structure functions $`U,L,F`$ and $`U^P,L^P,F^P`$ have already been listed in . They had been checked against the corresponding numerical results given in . The results on the non-diagonal structure functions $`A^P`$ and $`I^P`$ are new. As concerns the unpolarized transverse structure functions explicit expressions for the two linear combinations $`T_+=\frac{1}{2}(U+F)`$ and $`T_{}=\frac{1}{2}(UF)`$ relevant for the interpretation of the CDF measurement  have been given in .

We have also included $`O(\alpha _s)`$ results on the unpolarized and polarized scalar structure functions $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}`$. They determine the $`m_b=0`$ unpolarized and polarized decay of the top quark into a charged Higgs ($`tb+H^+`$) as it occurs e.g. in the Two-Higgs-Doublet-Model ($`2HDM`$). This can be seen as follows. The scalar projection of the Standard Model (SM) left-chiral current structure $`\gamma ^\mu P_L`$ determines the coupling of the SM Goldstone boson, i.e. $`q/P_L(m_tP_Rm_bP_L)`$. This would be the coupling structure of the charged Higgs in the $`2HDM`$ when the ratio of vacuum expectation values is taken to be one. It is then evident that, for $`m_b=0`$, the scalar structure functions $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}`$ describe the decay $`tb+H^+`$ in the $`2HDM`$ irrespective of the value of the ratio of vacuum expectation values. The unpolarized scalar structure function $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S`$ has been checked against the result of . The result on the polarized scalar structure function $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}`$ is new.

Before turning to the numerical evaluation of the various contributions we would like to discuss the large $`m_t`$ limit of the various helicity structure functions. As expected from the statements of the Goldstone boson equivalence theorem the longitudinal and scalar contributions $`L,L^P,S`$ and $`S^P`$ dominate in this limit. In fact, setting $`x=0`$ one finds

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S=1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F\left({\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}\pi ^2\right),`$ (48)
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{L^P}`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{2\pi }}C_F\left({\displaystyle \frac{15}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\pi ^2\right).`$ (49)
That $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L=\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{L^P}=\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}`$ for $`m_t\mathrm{}`$ can be understood from the fact that the longitudinal and scalar polarisation vectors $`ϵ^\mu (0)`$ and $`ϵ^\mu (S)`$ become equal to each other in this limit since the longitudinal polarisation vector then simplifies to $`ϵ^\mu (0)=q^\mu /m_W+O(m_W/q_0)`$. The same observation is also at the heart of the proof of the Goldstone boson equivalence theorem. As concerns the tree graph contribution the statement that $`ϵ^\mu (0)=q^\mu /m_W+O(m_W/q_0)`$ is certainly not true for all of three-body phase space as e.g. close to the phase space point where the $`W`$-boson is at rest. The contribution from this phase space region to the three-body rate, however, becomes negligibly small when $`m_t\mathrm{}`$.

We now turn to our numerical results. As numerical input values we take $`m_t=175\text{ GeV}`$ and $`m_W=80.419\text{ GeV}`$. The strong coupling constant is evolved from $`\alpha _s(M_Z)=0.1175`$ to $`\alpha _s(m_t)=0.1070`$ using two-loop running. The results are presented such that the reduced Born term rates are factored out from the reduced rates. This way of presenting the results allows one to quickly assess the size of the radiative corrections. One has

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U+L^{}}`$ $`=`$ $`10.0854,`$ (50.a)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U^{}`$ $`=`$ $`0.297(10.0624),`$ (50.b)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L^{}`$ $`=`$ $`0.703(10.0951),`$ (50.c)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F^{}`$ $`=`$ $`0.297(10.0687),`$ (50.d)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(U+L)^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.406(10.1162),`$ (50.e)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.297(10.0689),`$ (50.f)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{L^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.703(10.0962),`$ (50.g)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{F^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.297(10.0639),`$ (50.h)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{I^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.228(10.0810),`$ (50.i)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{A^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.228(10.0820),`$ (50.j)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_S^{}`$ $`=`$ $`0.703(10.0895),`$ (50.k)
$`\text{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{S^P}`$ $`=`$ $`0.703(10.0922).`$ (50.l)
The radiative corrections to the unpolarized and polarized rate functions are sizeable. They range from $`6.2\%`$ for $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U`$ to $`11.6\%`$ for $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(U+L)^P}`$ compared to the rate correction of $`8.5\%`$. The radiative corrections to the longitudinal and scalar contributions are largest. The radiative corrections all tend to go in the same direction. This is an indication that the bulk of the radiative corrections come from phase space regions close to the IR/M singular region where the radiative corrections are universal. When normalizing the rate functions to the total rate, as is appropriate for the definition of polarization observables, the size of the radiative corrections to the polarization observables is much reduced. For example, the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ radiative corrections decrease the ratio $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ by $`1.1\%`$ and increase the ratio $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_U/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ and the magnitude of the ratio $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_F/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ by $`2.5\%`$ and $`1.8\%`$, resp., relative to their Born term ratios. The relative ratio $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_U/\mathrm{\Gamma }_L`$ is increased by $`3.6\%`$. The values of the radiative corrections to the polarization observables are, however, large enough that they must be included in a meaningful comparison of future high precision data with the theoretical predictions of the Standard Model.

The combination $`(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F)/2`$ determines the decay of an unpolarized top quark into a right-handed $`W`$-boson. This combination vanishes at the Born term level for $`m_b=0`$ as Eqs. (39) and (41) show. Adding up the corresponding numerical values of the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ contributions in Eq. (51) one finds that the right-handed $`W`$-boson occurs only with $`0.094\%`$ probability. The $`m_b0`$ effect in the Born term alone already amounts to $`0.036\%`$ (see Table 1).

Altogether the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ and the Born term $`m_b0`$ corrections to the transverse-plus rate occur only at the sub-percent level. It is safe to say that, if top quark decays reveal a violation of the Standard Model (SM) $`(VA)`$ current structure that exceeds the 1% level, the violations must have a non-SM origin. In this context it is interesting to note that a possible $`(V+A)`$ admixture to the SM $`tb`$ current is already severely bounded indirectly to below 5% by existing data on $`bs+\gamma `$ decays .

The rate combination $`(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F)/2`$ is in fact not the only combination that vanishes at the Born term level for $`m_b=0`$. Considering the fact that one must have $`\lambda _W\lambda _t=1/2`$ at the Born term level the only surviving Born term level rate expressions are $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^{}`$, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\text{oo}}^{++}`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_\text{o}^+`$ as alluded to before in Sec. 4. The notation employed for the reduced rates follows the notation used in Eq. (13.a). The remaining rate expressions vanish at the Born term level but become populated at $`O(\alpha _s)`$. They are

$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{++}^{++}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U^P}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{F^P})=\mathrm{0.000\hspace{0.17em}833},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\text{oo}}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{L^P})=\mathrm{0.000\hspace{0.17em}389},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{+\text{o}}^+`$ $`=`$ $`(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{I^P}+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{A^P})=\mathrm{0.000\hspace{0.17em}236},`$ (51)
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{++}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U^P}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{F^P})=\mathrm{0.000\hspace{0.17em}093},`$
$`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^{++}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F+\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U^P}\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{F^P})=\mathrm{0.000\hspace{0.17em}120}.`$
As remarked on before the latter two reduced rates $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{++}^{}`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^{++}`$ vanish at the Born term level even for $`m_b0`$ since the net helicity of these transitions $`|\lambda _W\lambda _t|=3/2`$ exceeds that of the $`b`$ quark $`|\lambda _b|=1/2`$.

The four reduced rates $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{++}^{++}`$, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\text{oo}}^{}`$, $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{++}^{}`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{}^{++}`$ are positive definite quantities since they result from squares of helicity amplitudes. Contrary to these $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{+\text{o}}^+`$ is an interference contribution and thus can be negative as it in fact is. In Eq. (7) we have also included the numerical values for the above five structure function combinations resulting from the (tree graph) $`\alpha _s`$ corrections. They are all very small at the sub per mille level.

In Sec.4 (Fig.3) we have shown a lego plot of the Born term two-fold angular decay distribution in $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _P`$. In order to be able to exhibit the size of the $`\alpha _s`$ corrections we show in Fig.6 a contour plot of the same two-fold angular decay distribution with and without radiative corrections, again setting $`P=1`$. The radiative corrections are not very large in the upper two quadrants and become largest in the lower left quadrant of the contour plot when both $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _P`$ tend to one.

Instead of analyzing the three-fold or two-fold angular decay distributions one can also consider single angle decay distributions. They are obtained by integrating over the two respective complementary decay angles. For the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ distribution one obtains

$$\frac{d\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}{d\mathrm{cos}\theta }=\frac{3}{8}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L)(1+\alpha _\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta +\beta _\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\theta ),$$
(52)
where

$`\alpha _\theta `$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F}{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L}}(={\displaystyle \frac{2x^2}{1+x^2}}=0.349),`$ (53)
$`\beta _\theta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L}{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_U+2\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L}}(={\displaystyle \frac{1x^2}{1+x^2}}=0.651).`$ (54)
We have added the analytical and numerical Born term results for the asymmetry parameters in brackets using $`x^2=0.211`$. The $`O(\alpha _s)`$ values for the asymmetry parameters are $`\alpha _\theta =0.357`$ and $`\beta _\theta =0.641`$, i.e. the $`\alpha _s`$ corrections raise the magnitude of $`\alpha _\theta `$ by $`2.3\%`$ and lower the magnitude of $`\beta _\theta `$ by $`1.5\%`$. In Fig.7 we show the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ distribution both for the Born term case and the radiatively corrected case. There is a pronounced forward-backward asymmetry. In the forward direction the differential Born term rate drops to zero. As discussed before the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ rate does not vanish in the forward direction due to real gluon emission. However, the radiative corrections are so small that the nonvanishing of the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ rate in the forward direction cannot be discerned at the scale of the plot. In absolute terms the radiative corrections are largest for $`\mathrm{cos}\theta 0`$ because of the large size of the radiative corrections to the longitudinal rate $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L`$. Note that $`\alpha _\theta `$ is not the conventional forward-backward asymmetry parameter which is defined by

$$\alpha _{FB}=\frac{d\mathrm{\Gamma }(0\theta \frac{\pi }{2})d\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\pi }{2}\theta \pi )}{d\mathrm{\Gamma }(0\theta \frac{\pi }{2})+d\mathrm{\Gamma }(\frac{\pi }{2}\theta \pi )}=\frac{3}{4}\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_F}{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U+L}}(=\frac{3}{2}\frac{x^2}{1+2x^2}=0.223).$$
(55)
The $`\alpha _s`$ corrections raise $`\alpha _{FB}`$ by $`1.7\%`$ in magnitude.

For the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _P`$ distribution one obtains

$$\frac{d\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}{d\mathrm{cos}\theta _p}=\frac{1}{2}(\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U+L})(1+P\alpha _{\theta _p}\mathrm{cos}\theta _p),$$
(56)
where

$$\alpha _{\theta _p}=\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(U+L)^P}}{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U+L}}(=\frac{12x^2}{1+2x^2}=0.406).$$
(57)
The $`\alpha _s`$-corrections lower $`\alpha _{\theta _P}`$ by $`3.4\%`$.

Finally, the $`\varphi `$ distribution reads

$$\frac{d\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}{d\varphi }=\frac{1}{2\pi }(1+P\gamma _\varphi \mathrm{cos}\varphi ),$$
(58)
where

$$\gamma _\varphi =\frac{3\pi ^2}{8\sqrt{2}}\frac{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{A^P}}{\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{U+L}}(=\frac{3\pi ^2}{16}\frac{x}{1+2x^2}=0.597).$$
(59)
The $`\mathrm{cos}\varphi `$ dependent contribution from $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{I_P}`$ has dropped out because of having integrated over the full range of $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$. If desired the contribution of $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{I_P}`$ to the $`\varphi `$ distribution can be retained if one integrates only over half the range of $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$. The $`\alpha _s`$-corrections raise $`\gamma _\varphi `$ by the small amount of $`0.32\%`$. In Fig.8 we show the $`\varphi `$ distribution both for the Born term case and the radiatively corrected case setting $`P=1`$.

## 8 Complete $`O\mathbf{(}\alpha _s\mathbf{)}`$ results for $`m_b\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟎}`$

Differing from the presentation of our $`m_b=0`$ results in Sec. 7 we shall present our $`m_b0`$ results in a form where each of the separate contributions to the rate remains identified. In particular we do not explicitly cancel the IR terms coming from the one-loop and tree graph contributions. We thus write

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^{QCD}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i(\text{Born})+{\displaystyle \frac{m_t^3|V_{tb}|^2G_F}{8\sqrt{2}\pi }}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{\tau }{}}\kappa _{i,\tau }F_\tau \right\}+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\sqrt{\lambda }}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i(\text{Born})S(\mathrm{\Lambda }){\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{m_t^3|V_{tb}|^2G_Fx^2}{8\sqrt{2}\pi }}`$
$`\times \left\{{\displaystyle \underset{n=1,0}{}}\rho _{(n),i}_{(n)}+{\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\rho _{(m,n),i}_{(m,n)}+{\displaystyle \underset{n=0,1}{}}\sigma _{(n),i}𝒮_{(n)}+{\displaystyle \underset{m,n}{}}\sigma _{(m,n),i}𝒮_{(m,n)}\right\}`$
The first term in Eq. (8) represents the Born term contribution which is given by

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_i(\text{Born})=\frac{G_Fm_W^2|V_{tb}|^2}{8\sqrt{2}\pi m_t}\sqrt{\lambda }B_i$$
(61)
where the $`B_i`$ are the Born term rates listed in Table 1. The Born term contribution $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i(\text{Born})`$ also appears as a factor in the third term where it multiplies the soft gluon factor $`S(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. The index $`i`$ runs over the various structure function labels $`i=U+L`$, $`U^P+L^P`$, $`U`$, $`U^P`$, $`L`$, $`L^P`$, $`F`$, $`F^P`$, $`S`$, $`S^P`$, $`I^P`$ and $`A^P`$.

The second term in Eq. (8) represents the one-loop contribution which is obtained by folding the one-loop amplitude in Appendix C with the Born term amplitude and then doing the appropriate projection onto the various structure functions. The appropriate coefficient functions $`\kappa _{i,\tau }`$ are listed in Table 2. The coefficient functions $`\kappa _{i,\tau }`$ multiply the $`\alpha _s`$ one-loop amplitudes $`F_\tau =F_1^V,F_2^V,F_3^V,F_1^A,F_2^A,F_3^A`$ which are listed in Appendix C. We label the one-loop amplitudes consecutively by the index $`\tau =1,\mathrm{},6`$. Note that Table 2 contains only the vector current coefficient functions $`\kappa _{i,\tau }(\tau =1,2,3)`$. The axial vector coefficient functions labelled by $`\tau =4,5,6`$ can be easily obtained from the vector current coefficient functions by the substitution

$$\kappa _{F_1^A}=\kappa _{F_1^V}|_{yy},\kappa _{F_2^A}=\kappa _{F_2^V}|_{yy},\kappa _{F_3^A}=\kappa _{F_3^V}|_{yy}.$$
(62)
The third term in Eq. (8) contains the result of integrating the soft gluon function $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{SGF}`$ in Eq. (6). The result depends on the (small) IR regularisation parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=m_g/m_t`$ as indicated in the argument of the soft gluon factor $`S(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$. The universal soft gluon factor $`S(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is obtained by explicit integration and reads

$`S(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{4\pi }}C_F\{(1x^2+y^2)[2\text{Li}_2(1w_1w_\mu )+\text{Li}_2(1w_1^2)\text{Li}_2(1{\displaystyle \frac{w_1}{w_\mu }})+`$ (63)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{ln}^2(w_1w_\mu )+\mathrm{ln}(w_1w_\mu )\{\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda w_1}{xy\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\}]+2\sqrt{\lambda }\{\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{xy\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\right)2\}+`$
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_1}{w_\mu }}\right)2y^2\mathrm{ln}(w_1)\},`$
where as in  we have used the abbreviations

$$w_1=\frac{x}{y}\frac{1x^2+y^2\sqrt{\lambda }}{1+x^2y^2+\sqrt{\lambda }},w_\mu =\frac{x}{y}\frac{1x^2+y^2\sqrt{\lambda }}{1+x^2y^2\sqrt{\lambda }}.$$
(64)
In the limit $`y0`$ one has

$`S(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{4\pi }}C_F\{(1x^2)[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{3}}4+\mathrm{ln}^2y2\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Lambda }+(1+2\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Lambda })\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1x^2}{y}}\right)+`$ (65)
$``$ $`2\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{1x^2}}\right)+\mathrm{ln}(1x^2)\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{1x^2}}\right)+\text{Li}_2(x^2)]+\mathrm{ln}x^2\}.`$
In agreement with the Lee-Nauenberg theorem the logarithmic dependence on the IR regularisation parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ can be seen to cancel between the loop and the soft gluon contributions for each of the ten structure functions.

The fourth term in Eq. (8) finally contains the result of integrating the finite piece in the tree graph contribution Eq. (6), again after having done the appropriate projections. The result is given in terms of a set of standard integrals $`_{(n)}`$, $`_{(m,n)}`$, $`𝒮_{(n)}`$ and $`𝒮_{(m,n)}`$ which are listed in Appendix A. Appendix B gives the values of the coefficient functions $`\rho _{(n),i}`$, $`\rho _{(m,n),i}`$, $`\sigma _{(n),i}`$ and $`\sigma _{(m,n),i}`$ that multiply the standard set of integrals in the various helicity structure functions. In Table 3 we have listed the range of values of the parameters $`m`$ and $`n`$ that characterize the different types of tree graph integrals.

At this point it is perhaps appropiate to offer an excuse to the potential user of our $`m_b0`$ results that our results are presented in a multiply nested form to be collected from Eqs.(8, 61, 62, 63, 64), Table 2 and Appendices A, B and C. Contrary to the $`m_b=0`$ results where a closed form representation was possible a presentation of unnested closed form expressions for $`m_b0`$ would require an extraordinary amount of space because of the presence of many different log and dilog functions and products thereof. Codes of the relevant expressions can be obtained from the authors on request.

When we have evaluated Eq. (8) numerically the IR factors proportional to $`\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ in the one-loop and tree graph contributions were set to zero by hand. The numerical evaluation of the remaining part is quite stable numerically. In particular the limit $`m_b0`$ is numerically quite smooth. This is demonstrated in Fig. 9 where we plot the bottom mass dependence of the total rate. Note that the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ rate shows less dependence on the bottom mass than the Born term rate.

The quality of the $`m_b=0`$ approximation has been discussed before at the Born level. For example, at the Born term level the total rate is decreased by $`0.27\%`$ when going from $`m_b=0`$ to $`m_b=4.8\text{ GeV}`$. Using the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ $`m_b0`$ results from this section one finds that the $`m_b0`$ corrections to the total $`O(\alpha _s)`$ rate reduce the rate by $`0.16\%`$ compared to the Born term reduction of $`0.27\%`$, i.e. the $`m_b0`$ corrections to the $`\alpha _s`$-contribution alone tend to counteract the $`m_b0`$ effect in the Born term in the total rate (see also Fig. 9). The $`m_b0`$ corrections from the $`\alpha _s`$-contributions alone are surprisingly large considering the fact that the factor multiplying the $`\alpha _s`$-corrections $`C_F\alpha _s/(2\pi )=0.023`$ is a rather small number. This can be understood in part by noting that the $`\alpha _s`$-contributions contain terms proportional to $`(m_b^2/m_W^2)\mathrm{ln}(m_b^2/m_t^2)=0.026`$ which is not a very small number. A further discussion of $`m_b0`$ effects for the $`\alpha _s`$-contributions can be found in . Noteworthy is a large 20% correction to the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ transverse-plus rate $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+`$ due to $`m_b`$ effects . That the bottom quark mass effect is so large in $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_+`$ can be appreciated in part by looking at the differential distribution in Fig. 5. We emphasize again that the mass effect may have been overestimated due to using a fixed pole mass, rather than a running mass which is smaller at the top mass scale.

## 9 Summary and conclusion

We have obtained analytical expressions for the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ radiative corrections to the three unpolarized and five polarized structure functions that govern the decay of a polarized top quark. Although bottom quark mass effects are quite small in top quark decays we have retained the full bottom mass dependence in our calculation. In the limit $`m_b0`$ the analytical results considerably simplify leading to compact expressions for the eight structure functions which are listed in the main text. The full mass dependence of our analytical results is written down in Sec. 8 and in the Appendices A and B. These finite mass results will prove useful for the theoretical description of $`bc`$ bottom meson and bottom baryon decays (see e.g. ).

For top quark decays the radiative corrections to the structure functions range from $`6.2\%`$ to $`11.6\%`$ where the radiative corrections to the unpolarized longitudinal structure functions $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_L`$ and the polarized structure function $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{(U+L)^P}`$ are largest. These corrections are to be compared with the correction to the total rate which is $`8.5\%`$. The radiative corrections to the structure functions all go in the same directions indicating that the bulk of the radiative corrections derive from contributions close to the IR/M region of phase space where the radiative corrections are universal. Nevertheless the span of values of the radiative corrections exceeds $`5\%`$ and must be taken into account in a future comparison with precision experiments. The radiative corrections to rate combinations that vanish at the Born term level have been found to be rather small. In particular, the $`\alpha _s`$-correction to the normalized rate of an unpolarized top into positive helicity $`W`$-bosons amounts to only 0.1%. As discussed in Sec. 7, the minuteness of the $`\alpha _s`$-contribution to positive helicity $`W`$-bosons is of relevance when discussing a possible $`(V+A)`$-admixture to the Standard Model current.

We have also determined the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ corrections to unpolarized and polarized $`q_1q_2`$ scalar current transitions. For $`tb`$ transitions these scalar current transitions are relevant for top quark decays into a bottom quark and a charged Higgs as they occur in the two-Higgs doublet model. For $`bc`$ transitions these transition matrix elements are needed e.g. for the description of the semi-inclusive decays of the $`B`$-mesons and the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ into spin-zero $`D_s`$ mesons .

In this paper we have only studied the first order QCD corrections to the structure functions in polarized top decays. For the total rate one obtains a correction of $`8.5\%`$. Second order QCD corrections to the rate are expected to amount to $`2.6\%`$  while electroweak corrections are known to increase the rate by $`+1.7\%`$ . For a high precision comparison of theory and experiment of the structure functions it would therefore be desirable to calculate the two-loop $`O(\alpha _s^2)`$ and the electroweak one-loop corrections to the eight structure functions. While the two-loop QCD corrections to the structure functions are very difficult and are therefore not likely to be done in the next few years the calculation of the one-loop electroweak corrections to the eight structure functions is presently under way . Finite width corrections will also have to be accounted for. They lower the total width by 1.56%  and affect the different partial helicity rates by differing amounts .

We would like to conclude this paper with a speculative note concerning a possible top quark mass measurement from an angular decay analysis using the fact that the structure functions are top mass dependent. This suggestion is much in the spirit of the suggestion of Grunberg et al. who advocated a similar measurement of heavy quark masses in the context of $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilations . Assume that the percentage measurement errors on a $`L/(U+L)`$ and $`U/(U+L)`$ measurement are $`\delta _L`$ and $`\delta _U`$, respectively. The percentage error on the mass measurement will be denoted by $`\delta `$, i.e. we write $`m_t=\overline{m}_t(1\pm \delta )`$ where $`\overline{m}_t`$ is some given central value of the top mass. From the dependence of the respective Born term ratios on the mass ratio $`x=m_W/m_t`$ (assuming that the $`W`$-mass is fixed) one finds that the percentage error on the top mass measurement is given by $`\delta =\delta _L(1+2x_0^2)/(4x_0^2)`$ and by $`\delta =\delta _U(1+2x_0^2)/2`$, resp., where we write $`x^2=x_0^2(12\delta )`$ with $`x_0=m_W/\overline{m}_t`$. If we take $`m_t=175\text{ GeV}`$ as central value ($`x_0^2=0.211`$) this would imply that an 1% error on the angular structure function measurement would allow one to determine the top quark mass with $`1.7\%`$ and $`0.7\%`$ accuracy, depending on whether the angular measurement was done on the longitudinal $`(L)`$ or on the unpolarized-transverse $`(U)`$ (or for that matter $`(F)`$) mode. Since the radiative corrections change the ratios $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_U/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ by $`1.1\%`$ and $`2.4\%`$, respectively, it is clear that one has to use the full $`O(\alpha _s)`$ results for the angular structure functions if such experimental accuracies can be reached. This is illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11 where we plot the top mass dependence of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_U/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ for the Born term case and the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ case for $`m_b=0`$. Note that the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ curves are horizontally displaced from the Born term curves by approximately 3 and 3.4 GeV, resp., meaning that one would make the correponding mistakes in the top mass determination from a measurement of the angular structure functions if the Born curves were used instead of the radiatively corrected ones. The present TEVATRON RUN I uncertainties on the top mass are around $`4\%`$ which is anticipated to be improved to $`1.7\%`$ during the initial stages of TEVATRON RUN II. It remains to be seen whether a mass determination based on angular measurements as proposed here can compete with the conventional method using invariant mass reconstruction.

Acknowledgements: M. Fischer and M.C. Mauser were partly supported by the DFG (Germany) through the Graduiertenkolleg “Teilchenphysik bei hohen und mittleren Energien” and its successor “Eichtheorien” at the University of Mainz. M.C. Mauser was also supported by the BMBF (Germany) under contract 05HT9UMB/4. S. Groote and J.G. Körner acknowledge partial support by the BMBF (Germany) under contract 06MZ865 and S.G. acknowledges support by the DFG. We would like to thank B. Lampe for initial participation in the project, H. Spiesberger for illuminating discussions and A. Arbuzov for checking some of the formula.

## Appendix A Integrals

In this Appendix we catalogue the basic set of tree graph integrals that are needed in our $`m_b0`$ calculation and give their analytical results.

### A.1 Basic integrals

In the first step of the tree graph integration one integrates over the gluon energy $`k_0`$. After having done the integration on the gluon energy it proves to be convenient to perform a shift in the $`W`$-energy $`q_0`$ integration variable by introducing the variable $`z=1+x^22q_0/m_t`$. One then encounters the following set of integrals

$`_{(m,n)}`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{y^2+ϵ_2^{}}{\overset{(1x)^2ϵ_1^{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^mdz}{\sqrt{\lambda ^n(1,x^2,z)}}},_{(n)}:={\displaystyle \underset{y^2+ϵ_2^{}}{\overset{(1x)^2ϵ_1^{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{(zy^2)\sqrt{\lambda ^n(1,x^2,z)}}},`$ (66.a)
$`𝒮_{(m,n)}`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{y^2+ϵ_2^{}}{\overset{(1x)^2ϵ_1^{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z^mdz}{\sqrt{\lambda ^n(1,x^2,z)}}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1x^2+z+\sqrt{\lambda (1,x^2,z)}}{1x^2+z\sqrt{\lambda (1,x^2,z)}}}\right),`$ (66.b)
$`𝒮_{(n)}`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{y^2+ϵ_2^{}}{\overset{(1x)^2ϵ_1^{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{dz}{(zy^2)\sqrt{\lambda ^n(1,x^2,z)}}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1x^2+z+\sqrt{\lambda (1,x^2,z)}}{1x^2+z\sqrt{\lambda (1,x^2,z)}}}\right).`$ (66.c)
where $`\lambda (1,x^2,z)=1+x^4+z^22x^2z2x^22z`$. The required range of values of the parameters $`m`$ and $`n`$ are listed in Table 3. The cut-off parameters $`ϵ_1^{}`$ and $`ϵ_2^{}`$ are needed to account for the spurious singularities which are artificially introduced by partial fractioning the integrands. The spurious singularities cancel as they must when all contributions to a particular helicity structure function are summed.

In order to get rid of the square roots the final substitution $`z=:1+x^2x(r+1)/r`$ is introduced. The variable $`r`$ has to be integrated in the interval $`[1+ϵ_1,\eta ϵ_2]`$, where

$$\eta =(1+x^2y^2+\sqrt{\lambda })/2x\text{and}\lambda =\lambda (1,x^2,y^2)$$
(67)
as before. The spurious cut-off parameters $`ϵ_1`$ and $`ϵ_2`$ replace the above cut-off parameters $`ϵ_1^{}`$ and $`ϵ_2^{}`$ and cancel in all final expressions.

In order to keep our results at a manageable length we introduce the following set of auxiliary functions

$`_1`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta x}{\eta (1\eta x)}}\right),_2:=\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta (\eta x)}{1\eta x}}\right),`$ (68.a)
$`_3`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2y^2}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2}{ϵ_1^2y^2}}\right),_4:=\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^2y^2}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2}{4y^2}}\right),`$ (68.b)
$`_5`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1x}{y}}\right),_6:=\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta (1x)}{\eta x}}\right),`$ (68.c)
$`𝒩_0`$ $`:=`$ $`\text{Li}_2(\eta x)+\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\eta }}\right)2\text{Li}_2(x),𝒩_1:=\text{Li}_2(\eta x)\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\eta }}\right)`$ (68.d)
$`𝒩_2`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{ln}(\eta )\mathrm{ln}(1+x)+\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta x}{(\eta 1)(1+x)}}\right)\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta x}{\eta (1\eta x)}}\right)+`$
$``$ $`\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}\right)+\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{(\eta ^21)x}{\eta x}}\right)+\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\eta x}{\eta x}}\right),`$
$`𝒩_3`$ $`:=`$ $`\mathrm{ln}(\eta )\mathrm{ln}(1x)\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(\eta +1)(1x)}{\eta x}}\right)\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta x}{\eta (1\eta x)}}\right)+`$
$``$ $`\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}\right)+\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{(\eta ^21)x}{\eta x}}\right)+\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\eta x}{\eta x}}\right),`$
and

$$\beta _+(n):=(x1)^n+(x+1)^n,\beta _{}(n):=(x1)^n(x+1)^n,$$
(68.g)
$$\beta (n):=\frac{(x1)^n}{\eta 1}\frac{(1+x)^n}{\eta +1}.$$
(68.h)
In the following we list our analytical results for the various types of integrals that are needed in our calculation.

### A.2 Integrals of type R $`_{\mathbf{(}𝒎\mathbf{,}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$

$`_{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{1/2}}{y^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+x^2}{1x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{_2+_1}{2}},`$ (69.a)
$`_{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda ^{1/2}(1+x^2){\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}}+(1x^2){\displaystyle \frac{_2+_1}{2}},`$ (69.b)
$`_{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+x^2y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}x^2(_2_1),`$ (69.c)
$`_{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\lambda ^{3/2}+(1+x^2)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+x^2y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}x^2(_2_1)\right),`$ (69.d)
$`_{(2,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1x)^2}},_{(1,0)}^0=2_5,`$ (69.e)
$`_{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`(1x)^2y^2,_{(1,0)}={\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^4}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{y^4}{2}},_{(2,0)}={\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^6}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{y^6}{3}},`$ (69.f)
$`_{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1x^2)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{1/2}}{y^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1+x^2}{1x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{_2+_1}{2}}\right),_{(1,1)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{1x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{_2+_1}{2}},`$ (69.g)
$`_{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}},_{(1,1)}=\lambda ^{1/2}+(1+x^2){\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}},`$ (69.h)
$`_{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}y^2\lambda ^{1/2}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}(1+x^2)\lambda ^{1/2}+(1+4x^2+x^4){\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}},`$ (69.i)
$`_{(3,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\lambda ^{3/2}+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}(1+x^2)(1+x^2y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}(3+x^2)(1+3x^2)\lambda ^{1/2}+`$
$`+`$ $`(1+x^2)(1+8x^2+x^4){\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}},`$
$`_{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}{\displaystyle \frac{_3}{(1x)^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}{\displaystyle \frac{_4}{(1+x)^4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1x^2)^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1x)^2}}\right),`$ (69.k)
$`_{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}{\displaystyle \frac{_3}{(1x)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}{\displaystyle \frac{_4}{(1+x)^2}},_{(0,2)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}(_3_4),`$ (69.l)
$`_{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2}{4x}}_3{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^2}{4x}}_4{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x}}\beta _{}(2)_5,`$ (69.m)
$`_{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^4}{4x}}_3{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^4}{4x}}_4{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x}}\beta _{}(4)_5+\left((1x)^2y^2\right),`$ (69.n)
$`_{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^6}{4x}}_3{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^6}{4x}}_4{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x}}\beta _{}(6)_5+3\left((1x)^2y^2\right)(1+x^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda ,`$ (69.o)
$`_{(4,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^8}{4x}}_3{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^8}{4x}}_4{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x}}\beta _{}(8)_5+((1x^2)y^2)\times `$
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(1+x+x^2y^2)^2+(6+17x^2+6x^4)\right)2(1+x^2)\lambda .`$
### A.3 Integrals of type R $`_{\mathbf{(}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$

$`_{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda ^{1/2}(1+x^2y^2){\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}}+\lambda ^{1/2}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{1/2}}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{ϵ_2}}\right),`$ (70.a)
$`_{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2y^2}{(1+x)^2y^2}}\right)+\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{ϵ_2}}\right),`$ (70.b)
### A.4 Integrals of type S $`_{\mathbf{(}𝒎\mathbf{,}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$

$`𝒮_{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda ^{1/2}x^2(_2_1)y^2_1,`$ (71.a)
$`𝒮_{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(1+5x^2+y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}(2+x^2)x^2{\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}}y^4{\displaystyle \frac{_1}{2}},`$ (71.b)
$`𝒮_{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`𝒩_0,𝒮_{(1,1)}=(1+x^2)𝒩_0\lambda ^{1/2}_1+2(1x^2)_5\left((1x)^2y^2\right),`$ (71.c)
$`𝒮_{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`(1+4x^2+x^4)𝒩_0{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(3+3x^2+y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}_1+3(1x^4)_5+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left((1x)^2y^2\right)\left((1x)^2+4+8x^2+y^2\right),`$
$`𝒮_{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x}}(𝒩_2𝒩_3),`$ (71.e)
$`𝒮_{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^2}{2x}}𝒩_2+{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^2}{2x}}𝒩_3+𝒩_1,`$ (71.f)
$`𝒮_{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^4}{2x}}𝒩_2+{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^4}{2x}}𝒩_3+2(1+x^2)𝒩_1+\lambda ^{1/2}x^2(_2_1)y^2_1,`$ (71.g)
$`𝒮_{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+x)^6}{2x}}𝒩_2+{\displaystyle \frac{(1x)^6}{2x}}𝒩_3+(3+x^2)(1+3x^2)𝒩_1+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(9+13x^2+y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}(6+5x^2)x^2{\displaystyle \frac{_2_1}{2}}y^2\left(4(1+x^2)+y^2\right){\displaystyle \frac{_1}{2}},`$
$`𝒮_{(0,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{1x}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1x}}_3{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+x}}_4{\displaystyle \frac{\beta (0)}{x}}_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _+(0)}{x}}_6\right\},`$ (71.i)
$`𝒮_{(1,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}\left\{2(1x)+(1x)_3(1+x)_4{\displaystyle \frac{\beta (2)}{x}}_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _+(2)}{x}}_6\right\},`$ (71.j)
$`𝒮_{(2,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}\left\{2(1x)^3+(1x)^3_3(1+x)^3_4{\displaystyle \frac{\beta (4)}{x}}_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _+(4)}{x}}_6+4x𝒩_0\right\},`$ (71.k)
$`𝒮_{(3,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}\{2(1x)^5+(1x)^5_3(1+x)^5_4{\displaystyle \frac{\beta (6)}{x}}_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _+(6)}{x}}_6+`$
$`+`$ $`12x(1+x^2)𝒩_0+8x(1x^2)_54x\lambda ^{1/2}_14x((1x)^2y^2))\},`$
$`𝒮_{(4,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x}}\{2(1x)^7+(1x)^7_3(1+x)^7_4{\displaystyle \frac{\beta (8)}{x}}_1+{\displaystyle \frac{\beta _+(8)}{x}}_6+`$
$`+`$ $`24x(1+3x^2+x^4)𝒩_0+28x(1x^4)_52x(7+7x^2+y^2)\lambda ^{1/2}_1+`$
$``$ $`2x((1x)^2y^2))(7+9x^2)+x\lambda \}\text{}`$
### A.5 Integrals of type S $`_{\mathbf{(}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$

$`𝒮_{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{_1^2}{2}}+_1\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{1/2}}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{\eta }{ϵ_2}}\right)+(_2_1)\mathrm{ln}y+`$
$`+`$ $`\text{Li}_2(\eta x)\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{x}{\eta }}\right)2\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{(\eta ^21)x}{\eta x}}\right),`$
$`𝒮_{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda ^{1/2}}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{_1^2}{2}}+_1\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^{1/2}}{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ_2}}\right)+2\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\eta }}\right)2\text{Li}_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{1\eta x}{\eta x}}\right)\right\},`$ (72.b)
Of all the many integrals listed in A.2–A.5 the total rate calculation done before in  requires only the five basic integrals $`_{(2,1)}`$, $`_{(1,1)}`$, $`_{(0,1)}`$, $`𝒮_{(0,0)}`$ and $`𝒮_{(1,0)}`$ compared to the 33 basic integrals that are needed for the full calculation. This may serve as a measure of the additional labour that is incurred when one calculates the complete set of structure functions as done in this paper.

## Appendix B Coefficient functions $`𝝆_{\mathbf{(}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$, $`𝝆_{\mathbf{(}𝒎\mathbf{,}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$, $`𝝈_{\mathbf{(}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$ and $`𝝈_{\mathbf{(}𝒎\mathbf{,}𝒏\mathbf{)}}`$

In this Appendix we list the values of the various coefficient functions $`\rho _{(n),i}`$, $`\rho _{(m,n),i}`$, $`\sigma _{(n),i}`$ and $`\sigma _{(m,n),i}`$ ($`i=U+L`$, $`U^P+L^P`$, $`U`$, $`U^P`$, $`L`$, $`L^P`$, $`F`$, $`F^P`$, $`S`$, $`S^P`$, $`I^P`$ and $`A^P`$) that multiply the basic set of integrals listed in Appendix A as spelled out in the rate expression Eq. (8). The coefficient functions involve polynomials in $`x^2`$ and $`y^2`$ which we sort by increasing powers of $`y^2`$. For reasons of conciseness we drop the suffix $`i`$ denoting the particular type of structure function in the following listing. The contributions are collected in terms of powers of $`y^2`$.

### B.1 Total rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑼\mathbf{+}𝑳`$

$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1x^2)((1+2x^2)+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (73.a)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(1+2x^2)+(43x^2)y^2+3y^4}{x^2}},`$ (73.b)
$`\rho _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(32x^2)+3y^2}{x^2}},`$ (73.c)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{y^2((1+2x^2)+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (73.d)
$`\sigma _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1+2x^2)+y^2}{x^2}},`$ (73.e)
### B.2 Polarized total rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑼^𝑷\mathbf{+}𝑳^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1x^2)^2((12x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (74.a)
$`\rho _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(14x^2+5x^42x^6)+(54x^25x^4)y^22(3x^2)y^4}{x^2}},`$ (74.b)
$`\rho _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2(1x^26x^4)3y^2+y^4}{x^2}},`$ (74.c)
$`\rho _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(76x^2)7y^2}{x^2}},`$ (74.d)
$`\rho _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`8{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }((12x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (74.e)
$`\rho _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ((12x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (74.f)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }((12x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (74.g)
$`\sigma _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{4x^2(12x^2)(1x^2)+(75x^26x^4)y^2(9+x^2)y^4+2y^6}{x^2}},`$ (74.h)
$`\sigma _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(3x^2+6x^4)(2x^2)y^2y^4}{x^2}},`$ (74.i)
$`\sigma _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(12x^2)y^2}{x^2}},`$ (74.j)
$`\sigma _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1x^2+y^2)((12x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (74.k)
$`\sigma _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1x^2+y^2)((12x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (74.l)
### B.3 Longitudinal rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑳`$

$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1+y^2)(1x^2)^3}{x^2}},`$ (75.a)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)((1x^2)^2+(6+x^23x^4)y^2+(5+3x^2)y^4)}{x^2}},`$ (75.b)
$`\rho _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(52x^27x^4+4x^6)+(1233x^2+x^4)y^2+(7+x^2)y^4}{x^2}},`$ (75.c)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(731x^2+4x^4)+(10+x^2)y^2+3y^4}{x^2}},`$ (75.d)
$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{1+y^2}{x^2}},`$ (75.e)
$`\sigma _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{y^2((1+10x^211x^4)+(1+x^2)^2y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (75.f)
$`\sigma _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1+10x^211x^4)+(34x^2+x^4)y^2+2(1+x^2)y^4}{x^2}},`$ (75.g)
$`\sigma _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{2(13x^2)+(3+2x^2)y^2+y^4}{x^2}},`$ (75.h)
$`\sigma _{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{1+y^2}{x^2}},`$ (75.i)
### B.4 Polarized longitudinal rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑳^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1y^2)(1x^2)^4}{x^2}},`$ (76.a)
$`\rho _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2((1x^2)^2+(72x^2+3x^4)y^24(2+x^2)y^4)}{x^2}},`$ (76.b)
$`\rho _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{2x^2(3x^2)(1x^2)^2(75x^4+6x^6)y^2+(718x^2+3x^4)y^4}{x^2}},`$ (76.c)
$`\rho _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(5+10x^2+13x^44x^6)(9+48x^2+11x^4)y^2+2(2+x^2)y^4}{x^2}},`$ (76.d)
$`\rho _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1620x^24x^4)(17+20x^2)y^2+y^4}{x^2}},`$ (76.e)
$`\rho _{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`7{\displaystyle \frac{1y^2}{x^2}},`$ (76.f)
$`\rho _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`8{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (76.g)
$`\rho _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (76.h)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (76.i)
$`\sigma _{(0,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(4x^2(1x^2)^2+(710x^2+7x^44x^6)y^2)}{x^2}}+`$
$`+`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)((9+8x^25x^4)y^42(1x^2)y^6)}{x^2}},`$
$`\sigma _{(1,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(35x^2+17x^415x^6)+(129x^2+18x^4+11x^6)y^2}{x^2}}+`$
$``$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(19+14x^2+11x^4)y^44(1+x^2)y^6}{x^2}},`$
$`\sigma _{(2,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(514x^27x^4)+(4+21x^2+11x^4)y^2(11+7x^2)y^4+2y^6}{x^2}},`$ (76.l)
$`\sigma _{(3,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1+3x^2)+5x^2y^2y^4}{x^2}},`$ (76.m)
$`\sigma _{(4,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{1y^2}{x^2}},`$ (76.n)
$`\sigma _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1y^2)(1x^2+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (76.o)
$`\sigma _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1y^2)(1x^2+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (76.p)
### B.5 Unpolarized-transverse rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑼`$

$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2y^2(1x^2)^3,`$ (77.a)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2(1x^2)((1x^2)^2(15x^2)y^22y^4),\text{}`$ (77.b)
$`\rho _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2((16x^2+5x^4)3(5x^3)y^22y^4),\text{}`$ (77.c)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2((175x^2)+y^2),\text{}`$ (77.d)
$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2,\text{}`$ (77.e)
$`\sigma _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4y^2((54x^2x^4)+2y^2),\text{}`$ (77.f)
$`\sigma _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((54x^2x^4)2(2+x^2)y^2),\text{}`$ (77.g)
$`\sigma _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((6+2x^2)+y^2),\text{}`$ (77.h)
$`\sigma _{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4,\text{}`$ (77.i)
### B.6 Polarized unpolarized-transverse rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑼^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2y^2(1x^2)^4,`$ (78.a)
$`\rho _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2(1x^2)^2((1x^2)^2+2(1+3x^2)y^22y^4),\text{}`$ (78.b)
$`\rho _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((1x^2)^2(3+x^2)2(1+3x^4)y^22(5x^2)y^4),\text{}`$ (78.c)
$`\rho _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((9+10x^2+5x^4)(27+5x^2)y^2+y^4),\text{}`$ (78.d)
$`\rho _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`2(10(1x^2)+3y^2),\text{}`$ (78.e)
$`\rho _{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`6,\text{}`$ (78.f)
$`\rho _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`16\sqrt{\lambda },\text{}`$ (78.g)
$`\rho _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`16\lambda ,\text{}`$ (78.h)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8\sqrt{\lambda },\text{}`$ (78.i)
$`\sigma _{(0,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`4(1x^2)(4x^2(1x^2)^2+(1+4x^25x^4)y^22(4x^2)y^4),\text{}`$ (78.j)
$`\sigma _{(1,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((1x^4)(311x^2)+(922x^211x^4)y^22(12x^2)y^4),\text{}`$ (78.k)
$`\sigma _{(2,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((13+11x^4)(15+7x^2)y^2+2y^4),\text{}`$ (78.l)
$`\sigma _{(3,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((15x^2)+y^2),\text{}`$ (78.m)
$`\sigma _{(4,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`4,\text{}`$ (78.n)
$`\sigma _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8\sqrt{\lambda }(1x^2+y^2),\text{}`$ (78.o)
$`\sigma _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`8\lambda (1x^2+y^2)\text{},`$ (78.p)
### B.7 Scalar rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑺`$

$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1+y^2)(1x^2)}{x^2}},`$ (79.a)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+y^2)((1x^2)+3y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (79.b)
$`\rho _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`3{\displaystyle \frac{(1+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (79.c)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (79.d)
$`\sigma _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (79.e)
### B.8 Polarized scalar rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑺^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1y^2)(1x^2)^2}{x^2}},`$ (80.a)
$`\rho _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1y^2)((1x^2)^2+2(3x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.b)
$`\rho _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1y^2)(2(1+5x^2)y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.c)
$`\rho _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`7{\displaystyle \frac{(1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.d)
$`\rho _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`8{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.e)
$`\rho _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.f)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.g)
$`\sigma _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1y^2)(4x^2(1x^2)+(7+5x^2)y^22y^4)}{x^2}},`$ (80.h)
$`\sigma _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1y^2)(3(1x^2)+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.i)
$`\sigma _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{(1y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.j)
$`\sigma _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }(1y^2)((1x^2)+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.k)
$`\sigma _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda (1y^2)((1x^2)+y^2)}{x^2}},`$ (80.l)
### B.9 Forward-backward-asymmetric rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑭`$

$`\rho _{(2,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2y^2(1x^2)^2,`$ (81.a)
$`\rho _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2((1x^2)^2+4x^2y^2),\text{}`$ (81.b)
$`\rho _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2(4(2+x^2)7y^2),\text{}`$ (81.c)
$`\rho _{(1,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2,\text{}`$ (81.d)
$`\rho _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`16\sqrt{\lambda },\text{}`$ (81.e)
$`\rho _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`16\lambda ,\text{}`$ (81.f)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8\sqrt{\lambda },\text{}`$ (81.g)
$`\sigma _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4(4x^2(1x^2)+(1+5x^2)y^22y^4),\text{}`$ (81.h)
$`\sigma _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4(3(1+x^2)y^2),\text{}`$ (81.i)
$`\sigma _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4,\text{}`$ (81.j)
$`\sigma _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`8\sqrt{\lambda }((1x^2)+y^2),\text{}`$ (81.k)
$`\sigma _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`8\lambda ((1x^2)+y^2),\text{}`$ (81.l)
### B.10 Polarized forward-backward-asymmetric rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑭^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2y^2(1x^2)^3,`$ (82.a)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2(1x^2)((1x^2)^2(15x^2)y^2),\text{}`$ (82.b)
$`\rho _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2((16x^2+5x^4)(11+x^2)y^2),\text{}`$ (82.c)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2((11+x^2)+5y^2),\text{}`$ (82.d)
$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`10,\text{}`$ (82.e)
$`\sigma _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4y^2(1x^2)(5+x^2),\text{}`$ (82.f)
$`\sigma _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4((1x^2)(5+x^2)2x^2y^2),\text{}`$ (82.g)
$`\sigma _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4(2x^2+y^2),\text{}`$ (82.h)
$`\sigma _{(3,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`4,\text{}`$ (82.i)
### B.11 Polarized longitudinal-transverse-interference rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑰^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1x^2)^4}{x}},`$ (83.a)
$`\rho _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2((1x^2)^2+(3+5x^2)y^2+2y^4)}{x}},`$ (83.b)
$`\rho _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)^2(5+3x^2)(2538x^2+29x^4)y^2+8(1+x^2)y^4}{x}},`$ (83.c)
$`\rho _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+50x^23x^4)(21+23x^2)y^2+10y^4}{x}},`$ (83.d)
$`\rho _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(5+7x^2)2y^2}{x}},`$ (83.e)
$`\rho _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`4\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{x}},`$ (83.f)
$`\rho _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`4\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{x}},`$ (83.g)
$`\sigma _{(0,0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{x}},`$ (83.h)
$`\sigma _{(0,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(4x^2(1x^2)^2(19x^2+8x^4)y^2+2(1+2x^2)y^4}{x}},`$ (83.i)
$`\sigma _{(1,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{(518x^2+5x^4+8x^6)2(5+x^2+8x^4)y^2+2(1+4x^2)y^4}{x}},`$ (83.j)
$`\sigma _{(2,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{4(1+3x^2+x^4)(11+8x^2)y^2+4y^4}{x}},`$ (83.k)
$`\sigma _{(3,3)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}},`$ (83.l)
$`\sigma _{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\lambda }((1x^2)+y^2)}{x}},`$ (83.m)
$`\sigma _{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ((1x^2)+y^2)}{x}},`$ (83.n)
### B.12 Polarized parity-asymmetric rate $`𝒊\mathbf{=}𝑨^𝑷`$

$`\rho _{(2,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1x^2)^3}{x}},`$ (84.a)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)((1x^2)^2+4y^2)}{x}},`$ (84.b)
$`\rho _{(0,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{4(1x^2)+(37x^2)y^2}{x}},`$ (84.c)
$`\rho _{(1,1)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{37x^2}{x}},`$ (84.d)
$`\sigma _{(0,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{y^2(1x^2)(1+2x^2)}{x}},`$ (84.e)
$`\sigma _{(1,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{(1x^2)(1+2x^2)+(12x^2)y^2}{x}},`$ (84.f)
$`\sigma _{(2,2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{2}{\displaystyle \frac{12x^2}{x}},`$ (84.g)
## Appendix C Loop integrals

In this Appendix we list the $`m_b0`$ one-loop amplitude corrections to the process $`tb+W^+`$. They are determined from the vertex correction Fig. 1b and the appropriate wave function renormalization constants $`Z_2`$. We present our results in terms of the three vector current amplitudes $`F_i^V`$ $`(i=1,2,3)`$ and the three axial vector current amplitudes $`F_i^A`$ $`(i=1,2,3)`$ defined in Eq. (25.a) in Sec. 5. Using the abbreviations in Eq. (64) with $`q^2=m_W^2`$, one has

$`F_1^V`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{4\pi }}C_F\{{\displaystyle \frac{m_t^2+m_b^2q^2}{m_t^2\sqrt{\lambda }}}[2\text{Li}_2(1w_1^2)2\text{Li}_2(1{\displaystyle \frac{w_1}{w_\mu }})+`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^4}{m_b^2m_t^2}}\right)\mathrm{ln}(w_1w_\mu )+\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_1^3}{w_\mu }}\right)\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_\mu (1w_1^2)}{w_\mu w_1}}\right)]\mathrm{ln}({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^4}{m_b^2m_t^2}})+`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_t^2m_b^2}{2q^2}}\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_b^2}{m_t^2}}\right)4+\mathrm{ln}(w_1w_\mu )({\displaystyle \frac{m_t^2\sqrt{\lambda }}{2q^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_t+m_b)^2q^2}{m_t^2\sqrt{\lambda }}})\}`$
$`F_2^V`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s}{4\pi }}C_F{\displaystyle \frac{m_tm_b}{q^2}}\{2({\displaystyle \frac{m_t+2m_b}{m_tm_b}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_t^2m_b^2}{q^2}})\mathrm{ln}\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_b^2}{m_t^2}}\right)+`$
$``$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{m_t^2\sqrt{\lambda }}{q^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_b}{m_tm_b}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2+(m_tm_b)(3m_t+m_b)}{m_t^2\sqrt{\lambda }}})\mathrm{ln}(w_1w_\mu )\}`$
$`F_3^V`$ $`=`$ $`F_3^V(m_t,m_b)=F_2^V(m_b,m_t).`$ (87)
As before the IR singularity is regularized by a small gluon mass $`m_g`$. The axial vector amplitudes $`F_i^A`$ can be obtained from the vector amplitudes by the replacement $`m_tm_t`$, i.e. one has $`F_i^A(m_t)=F_i^V(m_t)`$ $`(i=1,2,3)`$. Our one-loop amplitudes are linearly related to the one-loop amplitudes given in . The two sets of one-loop amplitudes agree with each other after correcting for a typo in  mentioned in Sec. 5.

Figure 1

> Leading order Born term contribution (a) and $`O(\alpha _s)`$ contributions (b,c,d) to $`tb+W^+`$.

Figure 2

> Definition of the polar angles $`\theta `$ and $`\theta _P`$, and the azimuthal angle $`\varphi `$. $`\stackrel{}{P}`$ is the polarization vector of the top quark.

Figure 3

Born term Lego plot of the two-fold angular decay distribution

$`d\widehat{\mathrm{\Gamma }}/d\mathrm{cos}\theta d\mathrm{cos}\theta _p`$ with $`P=1`$.

Figure 4

> Differential $`W`$-boson energy distribution $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}/dq_0`$ for the total rate resulting from $`O(\alpha _s)`$ gluon emission ($`m_b=4.8\text{ GeV}`$).

Figure 5

> Differential $`W`$-boson energy distribution $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_+/dq_0`$ for the partial rate into positive helicity $`W`$-bosons resulting from $`O(\alpha _s)`$ gluon emission for $`m_b=4.8\text{ GeV}`$ (solid line) and for $`m_b=0`$ (dashed line).

Figure 6

> Contours of the decay distribution of a fully polarized ($`P=1`$) top quark in the $`\mathrm{cos}\theta _p`$ \- $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ plane for $`m_b=0`$. The full lines are the distribution including the $`O(\alpha _s)`$ corrections.

Figure 7

> Charged lepton polar angular distribution in the $`W`$ rest frame for $`m_b=0`$ (Born term: full line; $`O(\alpha _s)`$: dashed line). Also shown are average values of the decay distribution.

Figure 8

> Azimuthal distribution of normalized rate for $`m_b=0`$ (Born term: full line; $`O(\alpha _s)`$: dashed line). Also shown are average values of the decay distribution.

Figure 9

Bottom mass dependence of the total rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$

(Born term: full line; $`O(\alpha _s)`$: dashed line).

Figure 10

Top mass dependence of the rate ratio $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_L/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ for $`m_b=0`$

(Born term: full line; $`O(\alpha _s)`$: dashed line).

Figure 11

Top mass dependence of the rate ratio $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_U/\mathrm{\Gamma }_{U+L}`$ for $`m_b=0`$

(Born term: full line; $`O(\alpha _s)`$: dashed line).