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# New Proposal for a 5-dimensional Unified Theory of Classical Fields of Kaluza-Klein type

## 1 Introduction

The aim of formulating a self consistent theory which unifies gravitation and electromagnetism has been a long standing objective of Theoretical Physics. In particular, Albert Einstein devoted a great deal of his life to it.

It is our opinion that although we now know that there are other fields in Nature apart from these two, namely the ones related with the strong and weak interactions (which in the long run one aims to unify with these two if one wants to formulate a complete Unified Field Theory), this is still a useful exercise. In fact, as we shall show in later publications, this more simple and completely classical construction still enables us to find unexpected and interesting new experimental and observational predictions111We intend to analyze these problems in a later paper..

The first steps in trying to unify gravity with electromagnetism were given by T. Kaluza and O. Klein. The theories constructed by them describe the unified field in a 5-dimensional Space-Time, whose metric, apart from the 4-dimensional metric, contains the electromagnetic potential 4-vector. These theories contain as their field equations the Einstein-Maxwell set and correctly describe the movement of charged particles in the presence of Gravitational and Electromagnetic fields.

However, although being mathematically very elegant, they were unable to predict new effects which were unknown in the previous ones.

Later on, Jordan, Thiry and others like Bergmann, noticed that in order for the theory to be self-consistent, a Scalar Field also had to come into play along with the Gravitational and Electromagnetic fields. Their theory although not completely 5-dimensionally covariant, was invariant under the action of the SO(3,1) and U(1) groups. This smaller symmetry (more restricted than the SO(4,1) 5-dimensional covariance) is due to the assumption of the existence of a Killing vector field along the 5th coordinate (which is considered compact). This is usually referred to as the cylindricity condition. Unlike the theory of Kaluza and Klein these theories contain new information (in the form of a 15th field equation) unaccounted in the Einstein-Maxwell theory. In particular they describe a complete coupling of the 3 (Gravitational , Electromagnetic and Scalar) fields (for a good review of the subject we suggest the reading of the review article by Overduin and Wesson and its bibliography).

These, more recent, compactified Kaluza-Klein type theories contain a scalar field $`\varphi `$ as well as a constant $`\alpha `$ which plays the role of making the Electromagnetic potential 1-form $`𝐀`$ dimensionless in order to be a part of the 5-dimensional metric. These theories contain 15 field equations instead of the 14 contained in the original Kaluza-Klein formulation.

In the limit when this Scalar field $`\varphi `$ is constant, the first 14 field equations reduce to the ones in Einstein-Maxwell theory. However, these theories suffer from 2 main problems, which , in our opinion, haven ’t yet been solved in a satisfactory way, namely:

1) In the absence of a scalar field gradient the 15th field equation reduces to the usual electromagnetic null field condition. This condition is incompatible with the existence of electromagnetic fields in vacuum like the pure electric field encountered in a planar capacitor, between the two plates or the pure magnetic field such as the one in a solenoid. Therefore, one is confronted with the problem that either one assumes $`\varphi `$ to be constant and recovers the Einstein-Maxwell theory, but is left with the electromagnetic null field condition, or alternatively, one assumes that the scalar field $`\varphi `$ can vary and is faced with a second problem, namely:

2) In the 4-dimensional field equations which spring from the 5-dim Einstein-Hilbert action, the geometry to matter source coupling $`16\pi G/c^4`$ depends on the product $`\alpha ^2\varphi .`$ Therefore, according to these theories, this coupling should vary with the local scalar field value. This raises the problem of the variability of Newton’s Gravitational coupling constant $`G`$. In fact, such variability has never been detected up to now in our laboratory and Solar system experiments.

We should mention however that this does not necessarily mean that in very large scales, outside the reach of our today’s experimental range, $`G`$ or even the speed of light $`c,`$ can not vary. Indeed, to our opinion, there has been a very wide-spread misunderstanding related to the constancy of the speed of light $`c.`$ In fact this constancy, which springs from experiments like the Michelson-Morley experiment is a well established fact, but the great majority of authors has lost sight that such experiments are local ones. In fact, this experiment only shows evidence that the in a given Space-Time region the speed of light $`c`$ observed by two inertial observers is the same irrespectively to their state of relative motion to each other. To our knowledge, there is no evidence to acert that $`c`$ is a universal constant (i.e. with the same value for every Space-Time region) and not a local one. In fact, the speed of light $`c`$ is related to the electromagnetic coupling, fine structure ”constant” which recent results seem to indicate to be not a constant at all but indeed vary with cosmic time.

The usual way out to this $`G`$ variability problem consists in conformally rescaling the metric in such a way as to make the $`16\pi G/c^4`$ coupling a constant.

In this paper, we suggest a different approach, in which the $`\alpha `$ parameter is not necessarily a constant but instead an auxiliary scalar field which, for reasons that will become clear later on this paper, we shall assume to be related with the $`\varphi `$ field in such a way that $`\alpha ^2\varphi =16\pi G/c^4=const./R_{(5)}`$ , where $`R_{(5)}`$ is the radius of the 5th dimension. The reason for this assumption has to do with the fact that in a 5-dimensional gravity theory with 5-dim matter sources, the coupling of the 5-dim Space-Time Geometry to its sources is given, as we shall later see, by $`\overline{\chi }=16\pi GR_{(5)}/c^4.`$ The above assumption only states that this coupling is a constant.

The assumption that the coupling parameter of the 5-dim Space-Time Geometry to its sources $`\overline{\chi }`$ is a constant of Nature is very important from the conceptual point of view. From the point of view of such a Unified theory, it is perfectly conceivable that the parameters $`G`$ and $`c`$ which characterize the couplings of the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions separately could vary in different regions of Space-Time. However, it seems to us much less reasonable to accept that the very parameter $`\overline{\chi }`$ which describes the Unified Field coupling to its sources could vary.

We shall further on in this paper show that this assumption leads to a correspondence condition (occurring in the limit in which this theory is equivalent to the Maxwell-Einstein Theory) which is the same as the one obtain in the assumption that the 4-dimensional coupling parameter $`\chi `$ is constant. This is a different and much more general correspondence condition then the one usually assumed, that $`\varphi =const.`$.

In this way there is no need for a conformal rescaling of the metric.

In this approach, $`\alpha `$ is a parameter which measures the coupling between the 5-dimensional Space-Time geometry and the Electromagnetic field strength.

On the other hand, however, the dynamics of the scalar field has, to our knowledge, received up till now a lesser degree of attention, particularly in the presence of electromagnetic fields -.

Given the coupling between these fields which is clear in the field equations, there exists the possibility of gradients of the scalar field being induced by an electromagnetic field and therefore a scalar force being generated-.

In the context of the theory that we propose in this paper, it is also possible that, in specific circumstances, electromagnetic fields generate local gradients of the scalar field. We shall show in a later publication that this induction can result in several new effects like, in particular, a slight modification of the dispersion relation of light waves propagating in vacuum which would possibly explain the Ralston-Nodland claimed effect.

Some of these effects have already been discussed by other authors\[10, and \] and  in the context of usual Kaluza-Klein theories.

This work, whose publication starts with this paper, shall be composed of three papers:

1) In this first one we describe the proposed Classical Unified Field Theory and discuss the correspondence limit in 5-dimensional vacuum.

2) In the second paper we shall concentrate specifically on wave solutions and the propagation of electro-scalar waves in vacuum permeated by an underlying uniform magnetic field looking in detail at the rotation of the plane of polarization undergone by them as they propagate.

3) In the third paper, we shall try to formulate the Theory in the presence of 5-dimensional Matter Sources and study the equation of motion of particles subject to this Unified Field.

## 2 Formalism

### 2.1 The 5-dimensional metric

We shall start by assuming that a compactified point of view provides a good description of our present day local region of 5-dimensional Space-Time. I.e. the 5th dimension is therefore assumed to be topologically compact222This assumption does not in any way imply that its radius be very small. In fact one can think of the 5th dimension as topologically compact but with a characteristic curvature radius which can even be much larger than the characteristic curvature radius of the 3 usual space dimensions..

As we’ ve already mentioned, in some limit, we expect that this theory should give us the Einstein - Maxwell Field Equations.. In order to achieve that, following the usual procedure, we shall start by considering a 5-dimensional Space-Time whose metric $`g_{_{AB}}`$ and the corresponding 5-dimensional line element:

$$d\sigma ^2=\overline{g}_{_{AB}}dx^Adx^B$$
(1)
(where $`A,B,C,\mathrm{}=0,1,2,3,5`$) and the metric $`\overline{g}_{_{AB}}=\overline{g}_{_{AB}}(x^C)`$.

The extra dimension $`x^5`$ is assumed, as usual, to be space-like and therefore we shall use a metric signature $`(,+,+,+,+)`$.

From now on, and unless otherwise specified, we shall denote the 4-dimensional geometric object which corresponds to a given 5-dimensional one by the same letter without a bar on top.

The 5-dimensional metric $`\overline{g}_{_{AB}}`$ must be such that from the field tensors constructed out of it and its derivatives, one can obtain in a specific limit the Einstein - Maxwell Field Equations.

In order to achieve this, it must be such that splitting it in the usual 4+1 way, the metric components can be written in the matrix form as follows:

$$\overline{g}_{_{AB}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}g_{\mu \nu }+\alpha ^2\varphi A_\mu A_\nu & \alpha \varphi A_\mu \\ \alpha \varphi A_\nu & \varphi \end{array}\right)$$
(2)
and its inverse can be written as:

$$\overline{g}^{^{AB}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}g^{\mu \nu }& \alpha A^\mu \\ \alpha A^\nu & \alpha ^2A^\beta A_\beta +\frac{1}{\varphi }\end{array}\right)$$
(3)
where the greek indices are 4-dimensional ones (i.e.$`\mu ,\nu ,\mathrm{}=0,1,2,3)`$ and where $`A__\mu `$ is the 4-dimensional electromagnetic 4-potential 1-form field, $`g_{_{\mu \nu }}`$ is the usual 4-dimensional metric tensor field and $`\varphi `$ and $`\alpha `$ are 4-dimensional scalar fields. The $`\varphi `$ field is dimensionless, whereas the $`\alpha `$ field needs to have the inverse dimensions of the electromagnetic potential in order for the metric itself to be dimensionless.

i.e.

$`\varphi `$ $``$ $`\overline{g}_{_{55}}`$ (4)
$`A__\mu `$ $``$ $`\alpha ^1{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}_{_{\mu 5}}}{\overline{g}_{_{55}}}}`$ (5)
$`g_{_{\mu \nu }}`$ $``$ $`\overline{g}_{_{\mu \nu }}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}_{_{\mu 5}}\overline{g}_{_{\nu 5}}}{\overline{g}_{_{55}}}}.`$ (6)
In order for this 5-dimensional theory to be a viable one, one would expect to find a specific limit where, in the case when $`\overline{g}_{_{AB}}`$ does not depend on $`x^5`$, (i. e. $`\overline{g}_{_{AB,5}}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},`$ which characterizes compactified theories), the 5-dimensional vacuum Einstein Equations would lead to the Einstein-Maxwell’s Equations for the $`g_{\mu \nu }(x^\rho )`$ and $`A_\mu (x^\rho )`$ fields.

From now on, we shall use instead of the $`A__\mu `$ field another related 4-dimensional 1-form field $`k__\mu `$ which we define as its dimensionless counterpart:

$$k_\mu =\alpha A_\mu $$
(7)
In this case, the 5-dimensional metric $`\overline{g}_{_{AB}}`$ is such that splits in the usual 4+1 way:

$$\overline{g}_{_{AB}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}g_{\mu \nu }+\varphi k_\mu k_\nu & \varphi k_\mu \\ \varphi k_\nu & \varphi \end{array}\right)$$
(8)
its inverse being:

$$\overline{g}^{^{AB}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}g^{\mu \nu }& k^\mu \\ k^\nu & k^\beta k_\beta +\frac{1}{\varphi }\end{array}\right)$$
(9)
where, therefore one can write:

$$k_\mu \frac{\overline{g}_{\mu _5}}{\overline{g}_{_{55}}}.$$
(10)
### 2.2 The 5-dimensional Connection

Starting from the above mentioned 5-dimensional metric, one can write the corresponding 5-dimensional connection taking into account the metric and its derivatives as follows:

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{BC}^A=\frac{1}{2}\overline{g}^{AD}\left(\overline{g}_{_{BD,C}}+\overline{g}_{_{CD,B}}\overline{g}_{_{BC,D}}\right)$$
(11)
On the other hand, we shall also define a new 2-form field $`S_{\mu \beta }`$ which is the dimensionless correspondent of the Faraday field. It is obtained form the dimensionless electromagnetic potential $`k__\mu `$ as follows:

$$S_{\mu \beta }=k_{\beta ,\mu }k_{\mu ,\beta }$$
(12)
i.e., this field is related with the Faraday field in the following way:

$$S_{\mu \beta }=\alpha F_{\mu \beta }+\alpha _{,\mu }A_\beta \alpha _{,\beta }A_\mu $$
(13)
One can therefore write the 5-dimensional connection coefficients arising from the above metric splitted as follows:

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{55}^5=\frac{1}{2}k^\mu \varphi _{,\mu }$$
(14)
$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{55}^\mu =\frac{1}{2}\varphi ^{,\mu }$$
(15)
$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\beta 5}^\mu =\frac{1}{2}\left(\varphi S_\beta ^\mu \varphi ^{,\mu }k_\beta \right)$$
(16)
$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\beta 5}^5=\frac{1}{2}\left[\varphi k^\mu S_{\mu \beta }+\frac{\varphi _{,\beta }}{\varphi }+\varphi _{,\mu }k^\mu k_\beta \right]$$
(17)
$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\beta \sigma }^\mu =\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\beta \sigma }^\mu +\frac{\varphi }{2}\left(k_\beta S_\sigma ^\mu +k_\sigma S_\beta ^\mu \right)\frac{1}{2}\varphi ^{,\mu }k_\sigma k_\beta $$
(18)
and

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\beta \sigma }^5=\frac{1}{2}\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{\varphi }\left[\varphi _{,\sigma }k_\beta +\varphi _{,\beta }k_\sigma \right]+k^\mu \varphi _{,\mu }k_\beta k_\sigma \\ +\varphi k^\mu \left[S_{\mu \sigma }k_\beta +S_{\mu \beta }k_\sigma \right]+k_{\beta ;\sigma }+k_{\sigma ;\beta }\end{array}\right\}$$
(19)
### 2.3 The 5-dimensional Ricci Tensor.

From the above connection and its derivatives, one can construct the 5-dimensional Ricci Tensor:

$$\overline{R}_{BD}\overline{R}_{BAD}^A\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{BD,A}^A\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{BA,D}^A+\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{BD}^E\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{AE}^A\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{BA}^E\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{DE}^A$$
(20)
Whose components can be splitted as follows:

$$\overline{R}_{55}=\frac{1}{2}\varphi _{;\rho }^{,\rho }+\frac{1}{4}\frac{\varphi ^{,\rho }\varphi _{,\rho }}{\varphi }+\frac{\varphi ^2}{4}S_{\rho \sigma }^{}S^{\rho \sigma }$$
(21)
$$\overline{R}_{5\mu }=\frac{3}{4}\varphi _{,\rho }S_\mu ^\rho +\frac{1}{2}\varphi S_{\mu ;\rho }^\rho +k_\mu \overline{R}_{55}$$
(22)
$`\overline{R}_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`R_{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{;\mu \nu }}{\varphi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi _{,\nu }}{\varphi ^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi S_\mu ^\rho S_{\nu \rho }`$ (23)
$`+\overline{R}_{5\mu }k_\mu +\overline{R}_{5\nu }k_\nu \overline{R}_{55}k_\mu k_\nu `$
### 2.4 5-Dimensional Vacuum Field Equations

We shall now look at 5-Dimensional Vacuum Field Equations and see what new information they contain. In particular we shall look at the coupling of the three (Gravitational, Electromagnetic and Scalar) fields.

One can now write the 5-dimensional Einstein’s Field Equations in vacuum as:

$$\overline{R}_{BD}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}$$
(24)
Using the components of the 5-dimensional Ricci tensor given by equations (21) to (23), one can write the field equations (24) as follows:

$$\varphi _{;\rho }^{,\rho }+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\varphi ^{,\rho }\varphi _{,\rho }}{\varphi }+\frac{\varphi ^2}{2}S_{\rho \sigma }^{}S^{\rho \sigma }=0$$
(25)
$$\frac{3}{2}\varphi _{,\rho }S_\mu ^\rho +\varphi S_{\mu ;\rho }^\rho =0$$
(26)
and

$$R_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\varphi _{;\mu \nu }}{\varphi }\frac{1}{2}\frac{\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi _{,\nu }}{\varphi ^2}\right)\frac{1}{2}\varphi S_\mu ^\rho S_{\nu \rho }=0$$
(27)
We shall now try to find a correspondence limit where the last two sets of field equations (26) and (27) give us the usual Maxwell - Einstein set of field equations.

Substituting the dimensionless electromagnetic tensor $`S_{\nu \rho },`$ by its expression given in (12), in the above Einstein type Equations (27) one obtains:

$`R_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{;\mu \nu }}{\varphi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi _{,\nu }}{\varphi ^2}}\right)`$ (30)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\varphi \left[\begin{array}{c}\alpha ^2F_\mu ^\rho F_{\nu \rho }+\alpha F_\mu ^\rho \left(\alpha _{,\nu }A_\rho \alpha _{,\rho }A_\nu \right)\\ +\left(\alpha _{,\mu }A_{}^\rho \alpha _{}^{,\rho }A_\mu \right)\left(\alpha F_{\nu \rho }+\alpha _{,\nu }A_\rho \alpha _{,\rho }A_\nu \right)\end{array}\right]`$
on the other hand, substituting (12) in the above Maxwell’s type equations (26), one obtains

$`0`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi \alpha F_{\mu ;\rho }^\rho +\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\varphi _{,\rho }\alpha +\varphi \alpha _{,\rho }\right)F_\mu ^\rho `$ (31)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\varphi _{,\rho }\left(\alpha _{,\mu }A_{}^\rho \alpha _{}^{,\rho }A_\mu \right)+\varphi \left(\alpha _{,\mu }A_{}^\rho \alpha _{}^{,\rho }A_\mu \right)_{;\rho }`$
In order for equations (30) and (31) to give us the set of the usual Maxwell - Einstein field equations, one must have the 3 following correspondence conditions:

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\varphi _{,\rho }\alpha +\varphi \alpha _{,\rho }\right)F_\mu ^\rho `$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\varphi _{,\rho }\left(\alpha _{,\mu }A_{}^\rho \alpha _{}^{,\rho }A_\mu \right)+\varphi \left(\alpha _{,\mu }A_{}^\rho \alpha _{}^{,\rho }A_\mu \right)_{;\rho }=0,`$ (32)
$$\alpha F_\mu ^\rho \left(\alpha _{,\nu }A_\rho \alpha _{,\rho }A_\nu \right)+\left(\alpha _{,\mu }A_{}^\rho \alpha _{}^{,\rho }A_\mu \right)\left(\alpha F_{\nu \rho }+\alpha _{,\nu }A_\rho \alpha _{,\rho }A_\nu \right)=0$$
(33)
and

$$\frac{\alpha ^2\varphi }{2}=\chi =\frac{8\pi G}{c^4}$$
(34)
the first two above conditions (32) and (33) can be substituted by the following :

$$\left(\frac{3}{2}\varphi _{,\rho }\alpha +\varphi \alpha _{,\rho }\right)F_\mu ^\rho =0$$
(35)
and

$$\alpha _{,\nu }A_\rho \alpha _{,\rho }A_\nu =0$$
(36)
One can rewrite this condition by splitting it in its space and time components as follows:

$$\{\begin{array}{c}\epsilon ^{ijk}\alpha _{,j}A_k=0\\ \alpha _{,0}A_i=\alpha _{,i}A_0\end{array}$$
(37)
where $`\epsilon `$ is the Space 3-dimensional Levi-Civita tensor. This means that, in this classic correspondence limit, the spatial part of the $`\alpha `$ scalar field gradient is alined with the electromagnetic potential $`𝐀`$.

On the other hand, looking at the 5-dim. metric, one can see that the scalar field $`\varphi `$ is such that $`\sqrt{\varphi }`$ plays the role of the 5th dimension scale factor. Therefore, the 5th dimension radius $`R_{(5)}`$, is related to the scalar field $`\varphi `$ in the following way:

$$R_{(5)}\sqrt{\varphi }$$
(38)
Since in this type of 5-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theories the 5-dimensional and 4-dimensional gravity coupling parameters $`\chi `$ and $`\overline{\chi }`$ are related in such a way that:

$$\overline{\chi }=\chi R_{(5)}$$
(39)
Under the above assumption (that $`\overline{\chi }`$ is constant), by substituting (34) and (38) on (39), one can write:

$$\alpha ^2\varphi ^{\frac{3}{2}}=const.$$
(40)
Since both $`\alpha `$and $`\varphi `$ fields are always non null, one can differentiate this equation and divide both members by $`\alpha \varphi ^{\frac{1}{2}},`$ obtaining:

$$\frac{3}{2}\alpha \varphi _{,\rho }+2\alpha _{,\rho }\varphi =0$$
(41)
One can therefore substitute (35) in the above equation (41) , and divide by $`\alpha `$ , obtaining that:

$$\varphi _{,\rho }F_\mu ^\rho =0$$
(42)
Analyzing this above correspondence condition, one can see that:

For $`\mu =0,`$ one obtains:

$$\varphi 𝐄=\mathrm{𝟎}$$
(43)
This means that, in this correspondence limit, the gradient of the scalar field $`\varphi `$ is orthogonal to the Electric field.

On the other hand, for $`\mu =i,`$ one obtains:

$$\varphi ^{,0}𝐄=c\varphi \times 𝐁$$
(44)
This means that, in this correspondence limit and in the absence of an electric field, or, in the case when the scalar field $`\varphi `$ is stationary, the gradient of the scalar field $`\varphi `$ is alined with the magnetic field, and conversely, in the absence of either a magnetic field or a scalar field spatial gradient, either the electric field is null or the scalar field is stationary.

In fact, substituting (32) in (31 ) and dividing both members by $`\alpha \varphi ,`$ one can also see that the set of field equations, in this correspondence limit, can be written as follows:

$$F_\mu ^\beta {}_{;\beta }{}^{}=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}$$
(45)
$$R_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\varphi _{;\mu \nu }}{\varphi }\frac{1}{4}\frac{\varphi _{,\mu }\varphi _{,\nu }}{\varphi ^2}\frac{\alpha ^2\varphi }{2}F_\mu ^\beta F_{\nu \beta }$$
(46)
$$2\frac{\varphi _{;\beta }^\beta }{\varphi }\frac{\varphi _{,\beta }\varphi ^{,\beta }}{\varphi ^2}=\alpha ^2\varphi F_{\mu \beta }F^{\mu \beta }$$
(47)
and the correspondence condition is given by equation (42).

I.e., one can see that in this limit, one obtains the last 14 equations as the Einstein-Maxwell field Equations. for vacuum permeated by an electromagnetic field, provided that the identification given by equation (34) is carried out, where $`\alpha `$and $`\varphi `$ are the local space-time values of the corresponding $`\alpha `$and $`\varphi `$ scalar fields.

One can also see that in this correspondence limit, the 15th field equation takes the form:

$$\frac{\varphi _{;\rho }^{,\rho }}{\varphi }\frac{1}{2}\frac{\varphi ^{,\rho }\varphi _{,\rho }}{\varphi ^2}=\frac{8\pi G}{c^4}F^{^{\rho \sigma }}F_{\sigma \rho }^{}$$
(48)
which can also be written in terms of the electric and magnetic 3-dimensional vector fields in the following way:

$$\frac{\varphi _{;\rho }^{,\rho }}{\varphi }\frac{1}{2}\frac{\varphi ^{,\rho }\varphi _{,\rho }}{\varphi ^2}=\frac{8\pi G}{c^4}\left(𝐄^2c^2𝐁^2\right)$$
(49)
As an exercise, one can see that if instead one would assume, as usual, that $`\chi `$ is itself constant (instead of $`\overline{\chi }),`$ one would have, the following condition:

$$\alpha ^2\varphi =const.$$
(50)
instead of the condition given by equation. (40 ). Therefore, differentiating this equation and dividing by $`\alpha `$ , instead of equation (41), one would obtain:

$$\alpha \varphi _{,\rho }+2\alpha _{,\rho }\varphi =0$$
(51)
substituting this result in the above condition (35), one would again obtain the same correspondence conditions given by (36) and (42).

I.e., in both cases (namely, taking $`\chi =const.`$ or $`\overline{\chi }=const.)`$ one obtains the same correspondence conditions. These conditions are in no way restricted to the usually assumed condition that $`\varphi =const.`$.

One can see that, in this theory, since in the classical correspondence limit one can still have a varying $`\varphi `$ field, one is therefore no longer bound by the electromagnetic null field condition ($`F_{\mu \beta }F^{\mu \beta }=\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0}`$) which in the usual formulations arise from the 15th field equation (48).

This electromagnetic null field condition ($`𝐄^2c^2𝐁^2=0`$) which is present in other Kaluza-Klein formulations is obviously too restrictive , since one knows that it is possible to generate in vacuum, pure stationary electric or magnetic uniform fields like the ones present in a plane plate condenser or inside a solenoid. These electromagnetic fields do not satisfy the above mentioned null field condition.

One can therefore see that, according to this theory, even uniform and stationary electromagnetic fields must induce local scalar field gradients.

In the next publication of this series of 3 papers, we shall explicitly describe the solutions of the field equations corresponding to these two simple cases.

## 3 Conclusions

To summarize, we conclude that:

In this proposed theory, the parameter $`\alpha `$ measures the coupling between the 5-dimensional Space-Time geometry and the Electromagnetic field strength and plays the role of rendering its product with the Electromagnetic potential 1-form $`𝐀`$ dimensionless in order to be a part of the 5-dimensional metric. By assuming $`\alpha `$ to be an auxiliary scalar field instead of assuming it to be a constant, we were able to avoid the usual need for conformal invariance of the 5-dim. Kaluza -Klein type Theories. As we have recalled, this need arised from the fact that it was thought that in the correspondence limit in which the 5-dimensional gravity theory would yield the usual Einstein- Maxwell theory, the $`\varphi `$ scalar field would have to be constant. This in turn led to the fact that, in this limit, the 15th field equation implied the electromagnetic null field condition $`c^2B^2E^2=0`$. This condition, for the above mentioned reasons, was shown to be too restrictive.

In this proposal, this condition is substituted by a much less restrictive correspondence condition, namely $`\varphi _{,\rho }F_\mu ^\rho =0.`$ This allows for this 5-dimensional gravity theory, in the correspondence limit, to describe such simple electromagnetic fields as the ones arising in solenoids or between the plates of a plane plate condenser. These were not possible to account for in the usual Kaluza-Klein type formulation.

The subject is however far from being thoroughly studied. In particular, one can ask what is the physical meaning and the physical reasons leading to this new correspondence condition $`\varphi _{,\rho }F_\mu ^\rho =0`$. We would expect this condition to arise naturally from the initial assumption of the cilindricity condition (which amounts to the assumption of the existence of a Killing vector field of the 5-dimensional metric). This could be connected to the arisal of an anisotropy in 5-dimensional Space-Time in the Early Universe. This would in turn generate the splitting of the 4 space dimensions in 3+1 that we observe today.

This problem along with the analysis of the Equation of motion for particles subject to the electromagnetic, scalar and gravitational fields fields, as well as the analysis of wave solutions for the theory and the formulation of the theory in the presence of 5-dimensional matter sources will be the subject of a series of publications of which this is the first one.

## 4 Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the financial support of ”Fundação para a Ciencia e Tecnologia” through the PESO/P/PRO/1195/97 research project.

The research work whose publication is started by this first paper has been a long standing one, and a special word of thanks goes to my former students Carlos Herdeiro, Carlos Martins and Nuno Barreiros as well as my collegues Caroline S. Silva, Paulo Crawford do Nascimento and Eduardo Lage for their help in revising my calculations and for useful discussions.


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# The peculiar supernova remnant CTB 80

## 1 Introduction

Downes (), almost 30 years ago, proposed that the radio source CTB 80 (G69.0+2.7) was a supernova remnant. However, confirmation came only in 1974 when observations of total, and polarized intensity of a number of radio sources were performed by Velusamy and Kundu (). The non-thermal emission, and the strong polarization of the source thus offered further support to the initial claim, and established the source’s peculiar radio morphology. The radio images show the presence of a ($``$ 1) compact central source (spectral index $``$ 0.0 for Sν $`\nu ^\alpha `$), a plateau to the east of the compact core extending for $``$ 10$`\times `$ 6 (spectral index $``$ 0.3) and three large scale structures extending, roughly, to the north, to the east and to the south–west (spectral index $``$ 0.8, Angerhofer et al. , Strom and Stappers ). The source, depending upon the frequency of observation, displays a different morphology while the polarization is quite strong over a large part of the radio emission. Radio observations in 1984 and 1985 led Strom () to propose that the radio properties of the central compact core indicated the presence of a central neutron star. Interest in this source intensified following the discovery of a 39.5 ms ($`10^5`$ yr old) radio pulsar at the center of the radio compact core (Clifton et al. ). Shortly after the pulsar discovery, Fesen et al. () reported the detection of a shell of infrared emission correlated with the radio lobes of CTB 80. The IRAS shell centered $`30^{}`$ east of the pulsar, and characterized by a diameter of $``$ 1, is open in the south–west and has a higher surface brightness in the 60 $`\mu `$m wavelength regime than in the 100 $`\mu `$m regime. These properties led the authors to suggest that the presumably fast moving pulsar caught up the decelerating supernova shell and, through the pressure of its relativistic wind has broken off the southwestern portion of the HI shell deforming the magnetic field structure, and producing the peculiar south–west protrusion in the radio emission. This suggestion is further supported by the detection of an expanding HI shell by Koo et al. (). The HI shell is clumpy (Koo et al. ), its south–west part is also open and is very well correlated with the infrared shell. The distance to CTB 80 is approximately 2 kpc, although distances in the range of 1.5 – 2.5 kpc cannot be excluded (Koo et al. , Strom & Stappers ). Major characteristics of the remnant in X-ray wavelengths are the low count rate, and its small spatial extent (Wang and Seward , Safi–Harb et al. ). The ROSAT data show that the soft X-ray flux is confined to the area around the pulsar ($``$ 11 $`\times `$ 5) while the medium and hard X-ray flux show extended emission east, south–east of the pulsar. The spectrum indicates an average photon power-law index of $``$ 1.8. The column density was not well determined due to the low X-ray counting statistics and was found to lie in the range of 1021 – 1022 cm-2 (Safi–Harb et al. ). The authors also studied the temporal behavior of the central source and concluded that the pulsed fraction has a significant dependence on the energy.

Several optical observations have been performed, though the majority of them have focused on the area in the immediate neighbourhood of the pulsar (e.g. Blair et al. , Whitehead et al. , and Hester and Kulkarni ). Wide field red plates taken by van den Bergh () in H$`\alpha `$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ showed faint, patchy nebulosity. Blair et al. () performed interference filter observations in H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ of two 30$`\times `$ 30 areas located south–west and north–east of the pulsar. The area around the pulsar was also observed in $`[`$OIII$`]`$ but no emission was detected apart from the nebulosity surrounding the pulsar. Spectra taken at two restricted areas in the south–west and the north–east indicate moderate absorption and shock heating.

In this work we present the first comprehensive CCD imaging in H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$, $`[`$SII$`]`$, $`[`$OII$`]`$ and $`[`$OIII$`]`$, of the area around CTB 80, covering a wide field of $``$ 2 $`\times `$ 2, at a resolution of 4′′ – 5′′. These new optical images reveal a rich network of filamentary and diffuse structures allowing for a better comparison with existing radio, infrared, and X-ray data. Information about the observations and the data reduction is given in Sect. 2, while in Sect. 3 we describe the observed morphology in the various filters. Finally, in Sect. 4 we discuss the physical properties of the remnant, its positional relation, and interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM).

## 2 Observations

### 2.1 Optical images

The optical images of CTB 80 were obtained with the 0.3 m telescope at Skinakas Observatory. The remnant was observed in July 9, July 10, and October 13, 1999. Two different CCD’s were used during these observations. The first, was a 1024 $`\times `$ 1024 Thomson CCD which resulted in a 69 $`\times `$ 69 field of view and an image scale of 4$`.^{\prime \prime }`$12 per pixel. The second was a 1024 $`\times `$ 1024 Site CCD which had a larger pixel size resulting in a 89 $`\times `$ 89 field of view and an image scale of 5$`.^{\prime \prime }`$21 per pixel. Our aim was to cover the whole field defined by the faintest radio contours at 1410 MHz (Mantovani et al. ). Given the large extent of the remnant, we performed several pointings in order to have the best possible coverage of the field. At each pointing the relevant field was observed for 1800 s at two different instances, i.e. the total exposure time is 3600 s. Consequently, overlapping areas have an effective exposure time of 7200 s. Every field was projected to a common origin before any image combination. The astrometric solutions were calculated with the aid of the Hubble Space Telescope Guide Star catalogue. The characteristics of the interference filters used during the observations are listed in Table 1. All coordinates in this work refer to epoch 2000.

Standard IRAF and MIDAS routines were used for the reduction of the data. Individual frames were bias subtracted and flat-field corrected using well exposed twilight flat-fields. The spectrophotometric standard stars HR7596, HR7950, HR8634, and HR718 were used for flux calibration.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 The H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ line emission

The field in the area of CTB 80 contains both filamentary and diffuse structures. The nebulosity around the pulsar at $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h53s and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3253 is clearly seen in Fig. 1 as a slightly extended “star-like” object situated in a 10 $`\times `$ 10 patch of diffuse H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ emission. North of PSR 1951+32, several small scale structures are detected in the $`[`$SII$`]`$ image (Fig. 2). They are nicely correlated with the north radio ridge (Fig. 3) as well as with the north part of the I(60 $`\mu `$m)/ I(100 $`\mu `$m) map of Fesen et al. (, hereafter FSS) while their relation to the H$`\alpha `$ emission ($`[`$SII$`]`$ / H$`\alpha `$ $``$ 1.0) further suggests that we observe shocked material associated with the remnant CTB 80. To the west of the pulsar and towards the south, we find the known network of filaments (position I in Fig. 1, see also Fig. 1a of Blair et al. ). In this area, diffuse emission is seen to the west of the bright filament at $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h51m and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3232 (position II), lying just outside the faintest radio contours at 1410 MHz (Mantovani et al. ). The typical surface brightness fluxes measured in the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ images lie in the range of 30–40 $`\times `$ $`10^{17}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2 and 5–12 $`\times `$ $`10^{17}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2, respectively. South of the radio contours and at positions III and IV two patches of emission are detected running along the west–east direction at $`\delta `$ $``$ 3210. Faint emission, at the same declination, appears to fill the gap between these two locations and might indicate their physical relation. The optical radiation at location IV displays filamentary structures of projected widths $``$ 10′′ to 30′′. The structure seems to curve towards the north, north–east. The overall appearance of these structures in the $`[`$SII$`]`$ image is less filamentary.

The bright diffuse emission to the south–east of position IV occupies an area of $``$ 30 $`\times `$ 18 and its relation to CTB 80 is not certain. A search in the SIMBAD database around $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h55m and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3205 did not reveal any previously known extended object, although diffuse emission is seen in the POSS plates. North of this extended structure, we come across two elongated structures at positions V and VI (Fig. 1, 2). The first one is oriented in the SE to NW direction and is characterized by a length of $``$ 20 and typical thickness of $``$ 30′′ while the second is oriented along the SW to NE direction and extends for $``$ 33. The thickness of this structure is $``$ 1 and its position coincides with the outer south part of the I(60 $`\mu `$m)/ I(100 $`\mu `$m) map of FSS. The positions of these locations (V and VI) completely overlap the radio contours (eastern ridge) at 1410 MHz (Mantovani et al. ). At the NE boundary of the radio contours the known Lynd’s Bright Nebula 156 (Lynds ) is found, which is quite bright in both the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ filters. Part of LBN 158 is seen to the west of LBN 156 at the west edge of our field. Interestingly, at the north end of LBN 156 we see two thin arcs convex to the west extending further to the north for $``$ 38 (location VII). These two arcs have a projected thickness of $``$ 30′′ and cross each other at $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h56m30s and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3350, while the crossing area is rather extended (10 $`\times `$ 4). The arcs are also seen in the $`[`$SII$`]`$ image but are less prominent.

### 3.2 The $`[`$OIII$`]`$ $`\lambda `$5007 Å line emission

The morphology of the area around CTB 80 in $`[`$OIII$`]`$ (see Fig. 4) is quite different from that seen in the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ images. The field is relatively clean of diffuse, patchy emission while a few filamentary structures are seen. The first filament is detected SW of the pulsar and has a length of $``$ 3 and a projected thickness of $``$ 25′′. It is located at position I where the corresponding H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ flux is lower by a factor of $``$ 2 than the flux of the neighbouring filaments. Blair et al. () did not detect any $`[`$OIII$`]`$ emission in their “SW” spectrum since it was taken $``$ 11 away. Another $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filament which has an H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ counterpart is located at $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h50m30s and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3234 (our position II, position “SSW” of Blair et al. ). Around $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h50m and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3215 we find a filament which is $``$ 12 long and $``$ 40′′ wide (position IIa in Fig. 4). A noteworthy feature of this filament is its location along the outer radio contours, in the south, at 1410 MHz (Mantovani et al. ). Emission from the low ionization lines of H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$, $`[`$SII$`]`$ and $`[`$OII$`]`$ (Fig. 12, 5) is only partially correlated with this $`[`$OIII$`]`$ emission. To the south of position IV a $``$ 17 long $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filamentary structure is detected which has no obvious H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ counterpart. Its thickness ranges from $``$ 30′′ – 60′′. This structure is $``$ 14 away to the south of the outer 1410 MHz radio contours. A peculiar $`[`$OIII$`]`$ structure, which has a shape similar to the number “9”, is found around $`\alpha `$ $``$ 19h53m and $`\delta `$ $``$ 3230 just inside the outer radio contour at 1410 MHz. Finally, the last $`[`$OIII$`]`$ features present in the field are the arcs to the north of LBN 156 (position VII). However, only one of the arcs is seen for $``$ 38 while the second one is seen for $``$ 10.

### 3.3 The low ionization line of $`[`$OII$`]`$ $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$3726, 3729 Å

The morphology of the field in $`[`$OII$`]`$ (Fig. 5) is generally similar to that seen in H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ but still, important diferences do exist. Some of the filaments seen in H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$, SW of the pulsar (position I), have a counterpart in $`[`$OII$`]`$ while others do not. Furthermore, in the position of an H$`\alpha `$ filament, in the same area, we see in the $`[`$OII$`]`$ image localized emission areas scattered along the general direction of the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ filament. It is interesting to note that the filament seen in $`[`$OII$`]`$ in the south of position I is better defined than in H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$. Additionally, we observe that the long $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filament (south of position IV) is seen as a series of localized emission “hills” in $`[`$OII$`]`$. The “valleys” (gaps) between the bright “hills” have typical lengths of the order of 0.2 – 0.4 pc. Also, while we detect $`[`$OII$`]`$ emission at position IV there is practically no emission in $`[`$OIII$`]`$. The extended diffuse structure in the south is also visible in $`[`$OII$`]`$ while to its north, we observe less structured emission which is partially correlated with the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ emission (positions V and VI). Finally, the bright nebula LBN 156 and the two arcs in the very north of our field are present and well correlated with the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ line emission. Deep exposures have been obtained from the area east of the two arcs and the results will be presented elsewhere (Mavromatakis et al. ).

An interesting aspect concerning almost all of our line images is that the filaments in the west and the SW seem to define rather well the two sides of a triangle much like the shape of any closed, outer contour at 1410 MHz (Mantovani et al. ).

### 3.4 The ASCA spectral data

We have analyzed public ASCA data of CTB 80 in order to have an accurate determination of the column density which would allow us to obtain estimates of the color excess, E($`\mathrm{B}\mathrm{V}`$) and the average ISM density. An estimate of the color excess is desirable since current measurements refer to the pulsar neighbourhood (e.g. Hester and Kulkarni ) while away from the pulsar the measurements are less certain (Blair et al. ). Determination of the hydrogen column density will provide us with an order of magnitude estimate of the ISM density around CTB 80 which can be compared with our estimates of the preshock cloud densities.

The source was observed in June 17, 1993 (sequence id 50037010) by the GIS and SIS detectors onboard the ASCA satellite. Applying the strict selection criteria to the original data resulted in 25 ks and 19 ks exposure time for the GIS and SIS detectors, respectively. The hardness ratios between the 0.8 - 2.0 keV, 2.0 - 6.0 keV and the 6.0 - 12.0 keV bands did not reveal any statistically significant spectral variations. Consequently, all photons within a 8 radius from the center of the GIS intensity distribution were accumulated to create a source spectrum, while from the SIS data all photons within a rectangular area of $``$ 4 $`\times `$ 4 were accumulated. An important point to be mentioned concerns the background subtraction. The available blank–sky background spectra are obtained from observations towards high galactic latitudes. However, CTB 80 is only $``$ 3 away from the galactic plane where a different spectral behavior of the sky background is expected. We have extracted a few observations from the ASCA database which were performed in the direction of CTB 80. The analysis showed that a thermal (T $``$ 0.59 keV) and a non–thermal component ($`\alpha `$ 1.2) could fit the source free spectra close to the galactic plane. Subsequently, these components were included in the fits of the SNR spectra by keeping the temperature and power–law index fixed at the forementioned values.

We find that a simple power-model attenuated by the intervening column density provides a sufficient description of the data. The photon power–law index is 1.95$`{}_{0.11}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.15}`$ and the column density is 2.9$`{}_{0.5}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.5}`$ $`\times `$ 1021 cm-2. The quoted errors refer to the 90% probability level for two parameters of interest ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\chi ^2`$ $`=`$ 4.61). In the case where we do not include the galactic plane background component, we find a photon power–law index of 1.88$`{}_{0.05}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.06}`$ and a column density of 2.6$`{}_{0.3}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.3}`$ $`\times `$ 1021 cm-2. The two methods provide results that agree within the statistical errors due to the low counting statistics of CTB 80. Nevertheless, the contribution of the galactic plane background should always be taken into account when analyzing source spectra near the galactic plane. We note here that our results are in good agreement with the results reported by Safi–Harb et al. (), however, the allowed range of the parameters is much narrower now.

Current measurements of the color excess suggest values in the range of $``$ 0.7 – 1 (e.g. Blair et al. , ). Assuming the relation NH = $`6.8(\pm 1.6)\times 10^{21}`$ $`\times `$ E(B-V) cm-2 mag-1 (Ryter et al. ), and the best determined NH from the ASCA data, we derive a color excess of 0.38 $`\pm `$ 0.10 mag. Clearly, the relation used is a statistical relation and deviations of 3 – 4$`\sigma `$ could be justified. However, if the observed difference is true, then the X-ray measured color excess of $``$ 0.4 will represent the amount of pure interstellar extinction. The additional 0.3 – 0.4 mags of extinction would be due to local extinction around the core area. In any case, applying the interstellar reddening curve of Whitford () as presented by Kaler (), an interstellar extinction c of 0.57 ($`\pm `$ 0.15) is obtained. Finally, the average ISM density towards CTB 80 is $``$ 0.5 cm-3, assuming a distance of 2 kpc (Koo et al. , Strom and Stappers ).

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 The HI and infrared shells

FSS reported the detection of an infrared emitting shell in the area of CTB 80. The shell posseses an angular diameter of $``$ 1, is characterized by strong 60 $`\mu `$m emission relative to the 100 $`\mu `$m emission and is correlated with the radio emission. HI observations by Koo et al. () revealed the presence of a clumpy shell, open in the south–west, expanding at $``$ 70 km s-1. They also estimated a density of the HI medium of 1.7 cm-3. Subsequent VLA HI observations by Koo et al. () showed that the clumpy nature of the HI shell is caused by dense, fast moving HI clumps. These clumps preexisted the supernova explosion and were accelerated by the blast wave. The two shells (infrared and HI) are very well correlated suggesting their association with CTB 80, while the smaller extent of the HI shell is probably due to the difficulty in distinguishing emission of the low radial velocity portion of the HI shell from galactic background emission (Koo et al. ).

The optical emission detected north, north–east of the pulsar position is rather well correlated with the IRAS 111The digital infrared data, originally presented by Fesen et al. (), were retrieved from http://skyview.gsfc.nasa.gov ratio map of I(60 $`\mu `$m)/I(100 $`\mu `$m) of FSS as well as with the HI shell of Koo et al. (). The optical emission in this area lies inside the outer infrared (dashed) contour and outside the HI (dash–dotted) contour in Fig. 6. The solid contour corresponds to radio continuum emission at 49 cm (Strom & Stappers ) while the three short lines in the south, south–west indicate the positions of the prominent $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filaments. As seen from Fig. 6 there is also a good degree of correlation between HI, infrared and optical emission in the south, south–east (positions V and VI). The degree of correlation between the optical and infrared data increases when we consider the individual IRAS maps of e.g. the 60 $`\mu `$m emission. Optical forbidden line emission at positions IV and V seem to be related to the 60 $`\mu `$m emission. Based on this positional correspondence between the optical, HI and infrared emission, and the estimated flux ratio of \[SII\]/H$`\alpha `$ $``$ 0.7 – 1.0 (extinction of $``$ 0.6 asssumed) at these areas, it is proposed that the observed optical emission is indeed associated with CTB 80. The filamentary and diffuse structures in locations III, IV, V, and VI along with LBN 156 may be viewed as forming part of an, almost continuous, shell structure. This adds further support to FSS’s previous suggestion that LBN 156 is also associated with CTB 80.

### 4.2 The south–west area

The calibrated flux images at positions I and II (Fig. 1) do not provide any strong evidence for incomplete recombination zones. The estimated values of $`[`$OIII$`]`$ / H$`\beta `$ are found in the range of 1 – 3 while a value of $``$ 7 (the minimum extinction of 0.6 was assumed) is obtained at position IIa (Fig. 4). Raymond et al. () report a maximum ratio of 6 for complete shock structures and shock velocities between 80 and 140 km s-1. Since we are dealing most likely with complete shocks, the results of Cox and Raymond () and Raymond et al. () can be used to infer some basic shock properties. The presence of faint $`[`$OIII$`]`$ emission ($``$ 6 $`\times `$ $`10^{17}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2) together with the high values of the \[OII\]/\[OIII\] ratio ( $`>`$ 3–8, extinction of $``$0.6 asssumed) suggest shock velocities between 85 and 120 km s-1, and most probably towards the high end of this range. Since the column density of a fully developed flow, roughly, scales as 10$`{}_{}{}^{18.5}\times `$ u$`{}_{}{}^{2}{}_{s,100}{}^{}`$ cm-2 (Raymond et al. ), where us,100 denotes the shock velocity in units of 100 km s-1, we can set upper limits to the preshock cloud density. The column density is $`\mathrm{N}=`$ $`_0^ln(l)𝑑l>`$ $`\mathrm{n}_\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l},`$ where l is the projected thickness of a filament and $`\mathrm{n}_\mathrm{c}`$ the preshock cloud density. A typical thickness of a filament at positions I and II is 9 $`\times `$ 1017 cm for a distance of 2 kpc (Koo et al. , Strom and Stappers ), thus we obtain $`\mathrm{n}_\mathrm{c}`$ $`<`$ 3.6 $`\times `$ u$`{}_{}{}^{2}{}_{s,100}{}^{}`$ cm-3. For shock velocities in the range of 85 and 120 km s-1, we get $`\mathrm{n}_\mathrm{c}`$ $`<`$ 2.6 cm-3 and 5.2 cm-3, respectively.

In neighbouring locations around positions I and II possible $`[`$OIII$`]`$ emission is below our detection limit while $`[`$OII$`]`$ emission is detected well above the sky background. Since these two lines originate from the same element, it is rather likely that the shock velocity is less than 100 km s-1. In this case, the upper limit to the preshock cloud density becomes 3.6 cm-3. A possible explanation for the lower shock velocities could involve higher cloud densities by factors of 1.5 – 2.0 than the cloud densities where both $`[`$OII$`]`$ and $`[`$OIII$`]`$ are detected. A different situation seems to hold for the $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filament at position IIa. It is partially correlated with $`[`$OII$`]`$ emission while the degree of correlation is even smaller when the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ images are examined. These morphological differences suggest the presence of inhomogeneities in the preshock medium. The low ionization lines are produced in areas of lower temperatures while the $`[`$OIII$`]`$ line emerges from higher temperature regions. The less hot areas are found at larger distances behind the shock front and consequently, at higher column densities. Inhomogeneities in the preshock clouds would mainly affect regions of higher column densities. At the same time, preshock cloud density variations would also affect the recombination zone through their effect on the cooling and recombination time scales (see Hester  for more details).

### 4.3 The bright $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filament in the south

In the south and close to position IV, a long $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filament is detected. Typical surface brightness values are of the order of 12 $`\times `$ $`10^{17}`$ erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2. The same spatial location in the $`[`$OII$`]`$ image looks completely different where small size patches ($``$ 50′′ $`\times `$ 30′′) of emitting material are seen, instead of a well defined filament. According to Cox and Raymond () shock velocities greater than 100 km s-1 would be required to give rise to the observed $`[`$OII$`]`$ and $`[`$OIII$`]`$ fluxes. Inhomogeneities and preshock density variations are probably the cause of the observed differences in morphology. The CCD images suggest angular length scales of $``$ 25′′ of these irregularities. An important issue related to the presence of this filament is whether or not it is associated with CTB 80. Even though, a negative correlation can not be formally excluded, a positive correlation may be more favorable given the shape, the spatial location and emission characteristics of this $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filament. In addition, we note that this filament is located along the outer boundary of a region of relatively strong 60 $`\mu `$m emission seen in the IRAS maps (Wheelock et al. ). A positive indentification would imply a larger extent than currently assumed and, consequently, a larger shock radius. New, more sensitive radio observations at 1410 MHz would help to clarify this issue.

### 4.4 The east area of CTB 80

The east, south–east area of CTB 80 shows mainly diffuse optical radiation, eventhough a few filamentary structures are present. These are characterized by lengths of $``$ 60′′ – 110′′ and projected widths of $``$ 20′′. Assuming complete shock structures, shock velocities less than 100 km s-1 and a distance of 2 kpc (Koo et al. , Strom and Stappers ), we find that the preshock cloud densities nc should satisfy nc $`<`$ 5 cm-3. Such shock velocities may be expected, according to the calculations of Cox and Raymond (), since associated \[OIII\] emission is not detected, while in one location ($`\alpha `$ = 19h55m35s and $`\delta `$ = 323303′′) \[OII\] is also detected well above the sky background. Safi–Harb et al. () analyzed ROSAT PSPC and HRI data taken from the field of CTB 80. The PSPC data show the presence of four extended irregular structures in the south–east apart from the emission observed around the pulsar. The whole enhancement is described as the cone–like feature by Safi–Harb et al. ) and includes an elongated structure along the outer boundary of the PSPC in the south–east. The cone–like feature overlaps the optical emission at positions V and VI and the elongated structure partially overlaps the bright diffuse emission south of position IV. Given the strong sulfur line emission observed from this bright diffuse structure, it would be interesting to see if future radio observations would detect a thermal or non–thermal spectrum. However, at the moment, no firm conclusions can be drawn about the correlation between the optical and X-ray data.

### 4.5 The nature and extent of CTB 80

Though shell-like structures have been seen in HI, the infrared, and now in the optical, CTB 80 is no common shell SNR. There is substantial and multifaceted evidence that PSR 1951+32 has strongly interacted with and altered the remnant as is evident from its unusual radio appearance. It is necessary to proceed with care in attempting to reconstruct its evolution. As noted earlier (Sect. 4.2) the optical observations appear to support the suggestion of FSS and Koo et al. () for a breakout of the SN shell south west of the pulsar, presumably through the action of a strong particle and electromagnetic wind, which has deformed the shell’s magnetic field, and has given rise to the south western radio emission ridge.

The radio images at 1410 MHz and 1720 MHz show that faint emission extends for more than 1$`.^{}`$5 in the north–south and west–east directions. The optical data span in declination from 32$`.^{}`$2 to 33$`.^{}`$5, while the span in right ascension is somewhat smaller. The new optical emission features detected in the south, south–east (positions IV, V and VI) seem to define an extended emission arc of large curvature, while the optical features detected in the north delinetate an emission arc of smaller curvature. This apparent discrepancy could be reconciled if we adopt the evolutionary scenario of CTB 80 proposed by Koo et al. (). According to this scenario, soon after the supernova explosion ($``$ 2000 yr) the blast wave broke out into a cavity in the south–east, while in the north, north–west the shock front propagated into a denser but clumpy interstellar medium. The pulsar was born with a westward velocity, and caught up the slower expanding shell after $``$ 105 yr. Consequently, the optical structures at positions III, IV and VI may roughly define the south, south–east boundaries of a cavity seen in the HI data, while the structure at position V may be projected into the cavity area, or else be related to the cavity’s foreground edge.

If this interpretation is correct, then the optical data suggest that the cavity must extend from declination $``$ 3310 to $``$ 3210. The correlation between the enhanced IRAS emission along the east cavity wall, and the optical radiation may suggest that the shock front encountered a dense medium. Note here that diffuse X–ray emission is mainly detected in this area (Safi–Harb et al. ) which may tie with the presence of the HI cavity permeated by hot, low density gas (Koo et al. (). The secondary shock driven into these dense clouds allowed the production of H$`\alpha `$, $`[`$NII$`]`$, and $`[`$SII$`]`$ radiation but its velocity was not high enough to allow for the production of $`[`$OIII$`]`$ radiation, i.e. the shock velocity is probably less than $``$ 70 km s-1 (Cox & Raymond , Hartigan et al. ). However, $`[`$OIII$`]`$ filamentary emission (positions I, II, IIa, and III) is clearly detected in the south, south-west (Fig. 4, Fig. 6). Consequently, shock velocities greater than $``$ 80 km s-1 are expected in these locations according to the calculations of Cox & Raymond (). These areas are found to the south of the dense HI cloud detected by Koo et al. () where the IRAS and HI emission is weak (FSS, Koo et al. ). The presence of shock heated filaments at positions I and II suggests that the injection of pulsar–generated relativistic particles (FSS) has a strong impact on the “break-out” portion of the remnant’s south western segment which may have been compressed westward, possibly against preexisting “clouds”. The rich network of filaments seen in the low ionization lines and the spatially limited but filamentary $`[`$OIII$`]`$ emission (positions I and II) on the leading edge of the south–west radio ridge indicate different shock velocities as well as inhomegenities in the interstellar medium (see also Koo et al. ).

Summarizing we can propose the following. The optically emitting gas detected in the north in the $`[`$SII$`]`$ filter delineates a circular structure which is very well correlated with the radio, infrared and HI radiation. The north part of the emission corresponds to the undisturbed part of the shock while in the south–east the accelerated shock front has reached the oposite walls of the HI cavity. The shock velocity into the cavity walls was sufficiently low not to allow for the production of $`[`$OIII$`]`$ emission while faster shocks have propagated towards the south, south–west. The pulsar relativistic wind interacts with the preexisting clouds giving rise to a complex network of filaments along the south–west radio ridge.

## 5 Conclusions

A $``$ 2$`\times `$2 area around the pulsar PSR 1951$`+`$32 was observed in H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$, $`[`$SII$`]`$, $`[`$OIII$`]`$ and $`[`$OII$`]`$. The low ionization line images of $`[`$SII$`]`$ and $`[`$OII$`]`$ show significant emission not detected before at locations in the south and south–east. The $`[`$SII$`]`$ image shows also emission north of the pulsar, clearly, tracing the infrared shell and the north radio ridge. The morphology of the H$`\alpha +[`$NII$`]`$ and $`[`$SII$`]`$ images is similar. The $`[`$OIII$`]`$ image appears rather faint in relation to the images in the lower ionization lines, probably reflecting the remnant’s advanced age and low expansion velocity. The differences between the oxygen line images and the morphologies seen in the lower ionization images suggest the existence of density variations and inhomogenities in the preshock interstellar medium. Rough upper limits to the preshock density of the interstellar clouds are of the order of a few atoms per cm3 while the ASCA X-ray data suggest an average insterstellar medium density of $``$ 0.5 cm-3. Based on our upper limits, it is estimated that the density contrast between the ISM clouds and the ISM medium is less than $``$ 5.

The absence of radio emission from the main body of the infrared and HI expanding shells is conspicuous and surprising, especially as these shells are reported to be very massive (Koo et al. , ). The area covered by the 1410 MHz radio emission and the optical radiation detected in the south and south–east indicate that the accelerated shock front has traversed the HI cavity and is interacting with its walls. More sensitive radio observations at 1410 MHz would be required to establish the relation of the optical structures in the south of CTB 80, and the actual size of the remnant which is a crucial parameter for the further modeling of this remnant. An extended diffuse structure is detected in the south–east well away from the faintest radio contours which overlaps soft X-ray emission detected by ROSAT. Radio observations would be required to establish the nature of this structure.