format: text

text:
# 1 Matter coupled F(4) Supergravity and its scalar potential

## 1 Matter coupled F(4) Supergravity and its scalar potential

Let us set up a suitable framework for the discussion of the matter coupled $`F\left(4\right)`$ supergravity theory and its gauging. This will allow us to set up the formalism for the matter coupling in the next section. Actually we will just give the essential definitions of the Bianchi identities approach in superspace , while all the relevant results, specifically the supersymmetry transformation laws of the fields, will be given in the ordinary space-time formalism.

First of all it is useful to discuss the main results of ref.  by a careful study in superspace of the Poincaré and AdS supersymmetric vacua. Let us recall the content of $`D=6`$, $`N=(1,1)`$ supergravity multiplet:

$$(V_\mu ^a,A_\mu ^\alpha ,B_{\mu \nu },\psi _\mu ^A,\psi _\mu ^{\dot{A}},\chi ^A,\chi ^{\dot{A}},e^\sigma )$$
(1.1)
where $`V_\mu ^a`$ is the six dimensional vielbein, $`\psi _\mu ^A,\psi _\mu ^{\dot{A}}`$ are left-handed and right-handed four- component gravitino fields respectively, $`A`$ and $`\dot{A}`$ transforming under the two factors of the $`R`$-symmetry group $`O\left(4\right)SU\left(2\right)_LSU\left(2\right)_R`$, $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ is a 2-form, $`A_\mu ^\alpha `$ ($`\alpha =0,1,2,3`$), are vector fields, $`\chi ^A,\chi ^{\dot{A}}`$ are left-handed and right-handed spin $`\frac{1}{2}`$ four components dilatinos, and $`e^\sigma `$ denotes the dilaton.
Our notations are as follows: $`a,b,\mathrm{}=0,1,2,3,4,5`$ are Lorentz flat indices in $`D=6`$ $`\mu ,\nu ,\mathrm{}=0,1,2,3,4,5`$ are the corresponding world indices, $`A,\dot{A}=1,2`$. Moreover our metric is $`(+,,,,,)`$.
We recall that the description of the spinors of the multiplet in terms of left-handed and right-handed projection holds only in a Poincaré background, while in an AdS background the chiral projection cannot be defined and we are bounded to use 8-dimensional pseudo-Majorana spinors. In this case the $`R`$-symmetry group reduces to the $`SU\left(2\right)`$ subgroup of $`SU\left(2\right)_LSU\left(2\right)_R`$, the $`R`$-symmetry group of the chiral spinors. For our purposes, it is convenient to use from the very beginning 8-dimensional pseudo-Majorana spinors even in a Poincaré framework, since we are going to discuss in a unique setting both Poincaré and $`AdS`$ vacua.
The pseudo-Majorana condition on the gravitino 1-forms is as follows:

$$\left(\psi _A\right)^{}\gamma ^0=\overline{\left(\psi _A\right)}=ϵ^{AB}\psi _B^t$$
(1.2)
where we have chosen the charge conjugation matrix in six dimensions as the identity matrix (an analogous definition six dimensions as the identity matrix (an analogous definition holds for the dilatino fields). We use eight dimensional antisymmetric gamma matrices, with $`\left(\gamma _7\right)^2=1`$. The indices $`A,B,\mathrm{}=1,2,`$ of the spinor fields $`\psi _A,\chi _A`$ transform in the fundamental of the diagonal subgroup $`SU\left(2\right)`$ of $`SU\left(2\right)_LSU\left(2\right)_R`$. To study the supersymmetric vacua let us write down the Maurer-Cartan Equations (M.C.E.) dual to the $`F\left(4\right)`$ Superalgebra (anti)commutators:

$`𝒟V^a{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _a\psi ^A=0`$ (1.3)
$`^{ab}+4m^2V^aV^b+m\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _{ab}\psi ^A=0`$ (1.4)
$`dA^r+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}gϵ^{rst}A_sA_ti\overline{\psi }_A\psi _B\sigma ^{rAB}=0`$ (1.5)
$`D\psi _Aim\gamma _a\psi _AV^a=0`$ (1.6)
Here $`V^a,\omega ^{ab},\psi _A,A^r,\left(r=1,2,3\right)`$, are superfield 1-forms dual to the $`F\left(4\right)`$ supergenerators which at $`\theta =0`$ have as $`dx^\mu `$ components

$$V_\mu ^a=\delta _\mu ^a,\psi _{A\mu }=A_\mu ^r=0,\omega _\mu ^{ab}=puregauge.$$
(1.7)
Furthermore $`^{ab}d\omega ^{ab}\omega ^{ac}\omega _c^b`$, $`𝒟`$ is the Lorentz covariant derivative, $`D`$ is the $`SO(1,5)SU\left(2\right)`$ covariant derivative, which on spinors acts as follows:

$$D\psi _Ad\psi _A\frac{1}{4}\gamma _{ab}\omega ^{ab}\psi _A\frac{i}{2}\sigma _{AB}^rA_r\psi ^B$$
(1.8)
Note that $`\sigma ^{rAB}=ϵ^{BC}\sigma _C^{rA}`$, where $`\sigma _B^{rA}`$ ($`r=1,2,3`$) denote the usual Pauli matrices, are symmetric in $`A,B`$.
Let us point out that the $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra, despite the presence of two different physical parameters, the $`SU\left(2\right)`$ gauge coupling constant $`g`$ and the inverse $`AdS`$ radius $`m`$, really depends on just one parameter since the closure under $`d`$-differentiation of eq. (1.6) (equivalent to the implementation of Jacobi identities on the generators), implies $`g=3m`$; to recover this result one has to use the following Fierz identity involving 3-$`\psi _A`$’s 1-forms:

$$\frac{1}{4}\gamma _{ab}\psi _A\overline{\psi }_B\gamma ^{ab}\psi _Cϵ^{AC}\frac{1}{2}\gamma _a\psi _A\overline{\psi }_B\gamma ^a\psi _Cϵ^{AC}+3\psi _C\overline{\psi }_B\psi _Aϵ^{BC}=0$$
(1.9)
The $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra described by equations (1.3) -(1.6) fails to describe the physical vacuum because of the absence of the superfields 2-form $`B`$ and 1-form $`A^0`$ whose space-time restriction coincides with the physical fields $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`A_\mu ^0`$ appearing in the supergravity multiplet. The recipe to have all the fields in a single algebra is well known and consists in considering the Free Differential Algebra (F.D.A.) obtained from the $`F\left(4\right)`$ M.C.E.’s by adding two more equations for the 2-form $`B`$ and for the 1-form $`A^0`$ (the 0-form fields $`\chi _A`$ and $`\sigma `$ do not appear in the algebra since they are set equal to zero in the vacuum). It turns out that to have a consistent F.D.A. involving $`B`$ and $`A^0`$ one has to add to the $`F\left(4\right)`$ M.C.E.’s two more equations involving $`dA^0`$ and $`dB`$; in this way one obtains an extension of the M.C.E’s to the following F.D.A:

$`𝒟V^a{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _a\psi ^A=0`$ (1.10)
$`^{ab}+4m^2V^aV^b+m\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _{ab}\psi ^A=0`$ (1.11)
$`dA^r+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}gϵ^{rst}A_sA_ti\overline{\psi }_A\psi _B\sigma ^{rAB}=0`$ (1.12)
$`dA^0mBi\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _7\psi ^A=0`$ (1.13)
$`dB+2\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _7\gamma _a\psi ^AV^a=0`$ (1.14)
$`D\psi _Aim\gamma _a\psi _AV^a=0`$ (1.15)
Equations (1.13) and (1.14) were obtained by imposing that they satisfy the $`d`$-closure together with equations (1.10). Actually the closure of (1.14) relies on the 4-$`\psi _A`$’s Fierz identity

$$\overline{\psi }_A\gamma _7\gamma _a\psi _Bϵ^{AB}\overline{\psi }_C\gamma ^a\psi _Dϵ^{CD}=0$$
(1.16)
The interesting feature of the F.D.A (1.10)-(1.15) is the appearance of the combination $`dA^0mB`$ in (1.13). That means that the dynamical theory obtained by gauging the F.D.A. out of the vacuum will contain the fields $`A_\mu ^0`$ and $`B_{\mu \nu }`$ always in the single combination $`_{[\mu }A_{\nu ]}^0mB_{\mu \nu }`$. At the dynamical level this implies, as noted by Romans , an Higgs phenomenon where the 2-form $`B`$ ”eats” the 1-form $`A^0`$ and acquires a non vanishing mass $`m`$.
It is easy to see that no F.D.A exists if either $`m=0`$ , $`g0`$ or $`m0`$, $`g=0`$, since the corresponding equations in the F.D.A. do not close anymore under $`d`$\- differentiation. In other words the gauging of $`SU\left(2\right)`$, $`g0`$ must be necessarily accompanied by the presence of the parameter $`m`$ which, as we have seen, makes the closure of the supersymmetric algebra consistent for $`g=3m`$.

In $`D=6,N=4`$ Supergravity, the only kind of matter is given by vector multiplets, namely

$$(A_\mu ,\lambda _A,\varphi ^\alpha )^I$$
(1.17)
where $`\alpha =0,1,2,3`$ and the index $`I`$ labels an arbitrary number $`n`$ of such multiplets. As it is well known the $`4n`$ scalars parametrize the coset manifold $`SO(4,n)/SO\left(4\right)\times SO\left(n\right)`$. Taking into account that the pure supergravity has a non compact duality group $`O(1,1)`$ parametrized by $`e^\sigma `$, the duality group of the matter coupled theory is

$$G/H=\frac{SO(4,n)}{SO\left(4\right)\times SO\left(n\right)}\times O(1,1)$$
(1.18)
To perform the matter coupling we follow the geometrical procedure of introducing the coset representative $`L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ of the matter coset manifold, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Sigma },\mathrm{}=0,\mathrm{},3+n`$; decomposing the $`O(4,n)`$ indices with respect to $`H=SO\left(4\right)\times O\left(n\right)`$ we have:

$$L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }=(L_\alpha ^\mathrm{\Lambda },L_I^\mathrm{\Lambda })$$
(1.19)
where $`\alpha =0,1,2,3`$, $`I=4,\mathrm{},3+n`$. Furthermore, since we are going to gauge the $`SU\left(2\right)`$ diagonal subgroup of $`O\left(4\right)`$ as in pure Supergravity, we will also decompose $`L_\alpha ^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as

$$L_\alpha ^\mathrm{\Lambda }=(L_{0}^\mathrm{\Lambda },L_r^\mathrm{\Lambda })$$
(1.20)
The $`4+n`$ gravitational and matter vectors will now transform in the fundamental of $`SO(4,n)`$ so that the superspace vector curvatures will be now labeled by the index $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$: $`F^\mathrm{\Lambda }(F^0,F^r,F^I)`$. Furthermore the covariant derivatives acting on the spinor fields will now contain also the composite connections of the $`SO(4,n)`$ duality group. Let us introduce the left-invariant 1-form of $`SO(4,n)`$ satisfying the Maurer-Cartan equation

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }=\left(L_\mathrm{\Pi }^\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)^1dL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Pi }d\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }+\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Pi }^\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Pi }=0$$
(1.21)
Our aim is to gauge a compact subgroup of $`O(4,n)`$. Since in any case we may gauge only the diagonal subgroup $`SU\left(2\right)O\left(4\right)H`$, the maximal gauging is given by $`SU\left(2\right)𝒢`$ where $`𝒢`$ is a $`n`$-dimensional subgroup of $`O\left(n\right)`$. According to a well known procedure, we modify the definition of the left invariant 1-form $`L^1dL`$ by replacing the ordinary differential with the $`SU\left(2\right)𝒢`$ covariant differential as follows:

$$L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }=dL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }f_{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Pi }}^\mathrm{\Lambda }A^\mathrm{\Gamma }L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Pi }$$
(1.22)
where $`f_{\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{\Gamma }}^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are the structure constants of $`SU\left(2\right)_d𝒢`$. More explicitly, denoting with $`ϵ^{rst}`$ and $`𝒞^{IJK}`$ the structure constants of the two factors $`SU\left(2\right)`$ and $`𝒢`$, equation (1.22) splits as follows:

$`L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^0=dL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (1.23)
$`L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^r=dL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^rgϵ_{ts}^rA^tL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^s`$ (1.24)
$`L_\mathrm{\Sigma }^I=dL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^Ig^{}𝒞_{KJ}^IA^KL_\mathrm{\Sigma }^J`$ (1.25)
Setting $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}=L^1L`$, one easily obtains the gauged Maurer-Cartan equations:

$$d\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }+\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_\mathrm{\Pi }^\mathrm{\Lambda }\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Pi }=\left(L^1L\right)_\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mathrm{\Lambda }$$
(1.26)
where $`^\mathrm{\Lambda }T_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`T_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ being the generators of $`SU\left(2\right)𝒢`$.
After gauging, by appropriate decomposition of the indices,we find from (1.26):

$`R_s^r=P_I^rP_s^I+\left(L^1L\right)_s^r`$ (1.27)
$`R_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^r=P_I^rP_{0}^I+\left(L^1L\right)_{0}^r`$ (1.28)
$`R_J^I=P_r^IP_J^rP_{0}^IP_J^0+\left(L^1L\right)_J^I`$ (1.29)
$`P_r^I=\left(L^1L\right)_r^I`$ (1.30)
$`P_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^I=\left(L^1L\right)_{0}^I`$ (1.31)
Where we have set

$$P_\alpha ^I=\{\begin{array}{cc}\hfill P_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^I\mathrm{\Omega }_{0}^I& \\ \hfill P_r^I\mathrm{\Omega }_r^I& \end{array}$$

Note that $`P_0^I`$, $`P_r^I`$ are the vielbeins of the coset, while $`(\mathrm{\Omega }^{rs},\mathrm{\Omega }^{r0})`$, $`(R^{rs},R^{ro})`$ are respectively the connections and the curvatures of $`SO\left(4\right)`$ decomposed with respect to the diagonal subgroup $`SU\left(2\right)SO\left(4\right)`$.
Starting from the F.D.A. discussed before, one can now define suitable gauged curvatures in superspace, and apply the Bianchi identities technique in order to retrieve the space-time supersymmetry transformation laws. One finds:

$`\delta V_\mu ^a`$ $`=i\overline{\psi }_{A\mu }\gamma ^a\epsilon ^A`$ (1.32)
$`\delta B_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=2e^{2\sigma }\overline{\chi }_A\gamma _7\gamma _{\mu \nu }\epsilon ^A4e^{2\sigma }\overline{\epsilon }_A\gamma _7\gamma _{[\mu }\psi _{\nu ]}^A`$ (1.36)
$`\delta A_\mu ^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ $`=2e^\sigma \overline{\epsilon }^A\gamma _7\gamma _\mu \chi ^BL_0^\mathrm{\Lambda }ϵ_{AB}+2e^\sigma \overline{\epsilon }^A\gamma _\mu \chi ^BL^{\mathrm{\Lambda }r}\sigma _{rAB}e^\sigma L_{\mathrm{\Lambda }I}\overline{\epsilon }^A\gamma _\mu \lambda ^{IB}ϵ_{AB}+`$
$`+2ie^\sigma L_0^\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\epsilon }_A\gamma ^7\psi _Bϵ^{AB}+2ie^\sigma L^{\mathrm{\Lambda }r}\sigma _r^{AB}\overline{\epsilon }_A\psi _B`$
$`\delta \psi _{A\mu }`$ $`=𝒟_\mu \epsilon _A+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16}}e^\sigma \left[T_{\left[AB\right]\nu \lambda }\gamma _7T_{\left(AB\right)\nu \lambda }\right]\left(\gamma _\mu ^{\nu \lambda }6\delta _\mu ^\nu \gamma ^\lambda \right)\epsilon ^B+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{32}}e^{2\sigma }H_{\nu \lambda \rho }\gamma _7\left(\gamma _\mu ^{\nu \lambda \rho }3\delta _\mu ^\nu \gamma ^{\lambda \rho }\right)\epsilon _A+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\epsilon _A\overline{\chi }^C\psi _{C\mu }+`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma _7\epsilon _A\overline{\chi }^C\gamma ^7\psi _{C\mu }\gamma _\nu \epsilon _A\overline{\chi }^C\gamma ^\nu \psi _{C\mu }+\gamma _7\gamma _\nu \epsilon _A\overline{\chi }^C\gamma ^7\gamma ^\nu \psi _{C\mu }+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\gamma _{\nu \lambda }\epsilon _A\overline{\chi }^C\gamma ^{\nu \lambda }\psi _{C\mu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\gamma _7\gamma _{\nu \lambda }\epsilon _A\overline{\chi }^C\gamma ^7\gamma ^{\nu \lambda }\psi _{C\mu }+𝐒_{\mathrm{𝐀𝐁}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(g,g^{},m)}\gamma _\mu \epsilon ^B`$
$`\delta \chi _A`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\gamma ^\mu _\mu \sigma \epsilon _A+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{16}}e^\sigma \left[T_{\left[AB\right]\mu \nu }\gamma _7+T_{\left(AB\right)\mu \nu }\right]\gamma ^{\mu \nu }\epsilon ^B+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{32}}e^{2\sigma }H_{\mu \nu \lambda }\gamma _7\gamma ^{\mu \nu \lambda }\epsilon _A+`$
$`+𝐍_{\mathrm{𝐀𝐁}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(g,g^{},m)}\epsilon ^B`$
$`\delta \sigma `$ $`=\overline{\chi }_A\epsilon ^A`$ (1.38)
$`\delta \lambda ^{IA}`$ $`=iP_{ri}^I\sigma ^{rAB}_\mu \varphi ^i\gamma ^\mu \epsilon _B+iP_{0i}^Iϵ^{AB}_\mu \varphi ^i\gamma ^7\gamma ^\mu \epsilon _B+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}e^\sigma T_{\mu \nu }^I\gamma ^{\mu \nu }\epsilon ^A+`$
$`+𝐌_{\mathrm{𝐀𝐁}}^{}{}_{}{}^{I(g,g^{},m)}\epsilon ^B`$
$`P_{0i}^I\delta \varphi ^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{\lambda }_A^I\gamma _7\epsilon ^A`$ (1.39)
$`P_{ri}^I\delta \varphi ^i`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\overline{\lambda }_A^I\epsilon _B\sigma _r^{ab}`$ (1.40)
where we have introduced the ”dressed” vector field strengths

$`T_{\left[AB\right]\mu \nu }ϵ_{AB}L_{0\mathrm{\Lambda }}^1F_{\mu \nu }^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (1.41)
$`T_{\left(AB\right)\mu \nu }\sigma _{AB}^rL_{r\mathrm{\Lambda }}^1F_{\mu \nu }^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (1.42)
$`T_{I\mu \nu }L_{I\mathrm{\Lambda }}^1F_{\mu \nu }^\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ (1.43)
and we have omitted in the transformation laws of the fermions the three-fermions terms of the form $`\left(\chi \chi \epsilon \right)`$, $`\left(\lambda \lambda \epsilon \right)`$.
For our purposes, the most interesting quantities are the fermionic shifts denoted in boldface in the previous equations, since they are the objects in terms of which one can retrieve the scalar potential. Their explicit form is the following:

$`S_{AB}^{(g,g^{},m)}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{24}}[Ae^\sigma +6me^{3\sigma }\left(L^1\right)_{00})ϵ_{AB}{\displaystyle \frac{i}{8}}[B_te^\sigma 2me^{3\sigma }\left(L^1\right)_{i0}]\gamma ^7\sigma _{AB}^t`$ (1.44)
$`N_{AB}^{(g,g^{},m)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{24}}[Ae^\sigma 18me^{3\sigma }\left(L^1\right)_{00})]ϵ_{AB}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}[B_te^\sigma +6me^{3\sigma }\left(L^1\right)_{i0}]\gamma ^7\sigma ^t_{AB}`$ (1.45)
$`M_{AB}^{I(g,g^{},m)}=\left(C_t^I+2i\gamma ^7D_t^I\right)e^\sigma \sigma _{AB}^t2me^{3\sigma }\left(L^1\right)_{0}^I\gamma ^7ϵ_{AB}`$ (1.46)
where

$$A=ϵ^{rst}K_{rst};B^i=ϵ^{ijk}K_{jk0};C_I^t=ϵ^{trs}K_{rIs};D_{It}=K_{0It}$$
(1.47)
and the threefold completely antisymmetric tensors $`K^{}s`$ are the so called ”boosted structure constants” given explicitly by:

$`K_{rst}=gϵ_{lmn}L_r^l\left(L^1\right)_s^mL_t^n+g^{}𝒞_{IJK}L_r^I\left(L^1\right)_s^JL_t^K`$ (1.48)
$`K_{rs0}=gϵ_{lmn}L_r^l\left(L^1\right)_s^mL_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^n+g^{}𝒞_{IJK}L_r^I\left(L^1\right)_s^JL_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^K`$ (1.49)
$`K_{rIt}=gϵ_{lmn}L_r^l\left(L^1\right)_I^mL_t^n+g^{}𝒞_{LJK}L_r^L\left(L^1\right)_I^JL_t^K`$ (1.50)
$`K_{0It}=gϵ_{lmn}L_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^l\left(L^1\right)_I^mL_t^n+g^{}𝒞_{LJK}L_{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\; 0}}^L\left(L^1\right)_I^JL_t^K`$ (1.51)
By performing the supersymmetry variation of the Lagrangian, indeed one finds the following Ward identity :

$$\delta _A^C𝒲=20S^{BA}S_{BC}4N^{BA}N_{BC}+\frac{1}{4}M_I^{BA}M_{BC}^I$$
(1.52)
One can verify that the r.h.s. of (1.52) is indeed proportional to a Kronecker delta, by using the exlicit form of the shifts. The resulting potential turns out to be:

$`𝒲\left(\varphi \right)=`$ $`5\left\{\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}\left(Ae^\sigma +6me^{3\sigma }L_{00}\right)\right]^2+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(e^\sigma B_i2me^{3\sigma }L_{0i}\right)\right]^2\right\}+`$ (1.53)
$`\left\{\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}\left(Ae^\sigma 18me^{3\sigma }L_{00}\right)\right]^2+\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(e^\sigma B_i+6me^{3\sigma }L_{0i}\right)\right]^2\right\}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left\{C_t^IC_{It}+4D_t^ID_{It}\right\}e^{2\sigma }m^2e^{6\sigma }L_{0I}L^{0I}`$
A further issue related to the scalar potential, which is an important check of all our calculation, is the possibility of computing the masses of the scalar fields by varying the linearized kinetic terms of the Lagrangian and the potential $`𝒲`$, after power expansion of $`𝒲`$ up to the second order in the scalar fields $`q_\alpha ^I`$. If we use as mass unity the inverse $`AdS`$ radius, which in our conventions is $`R_{AdS}^2=4m^2`$ we get:

$$m_\sigma ^2=6;m_{q^{I0}}^2=4;m_{q^{Ir}}^2=6$$
(1.54)
These values should be compared with the results obtained in reference  where the supergravity and matter multiplets of the $`AdS_6F\left(4\right)`$ theory were constructed in terms of the singleton fields of the 5-dimensional conformal field theory, the singleton being given by hypermultiplets transforming in the fundamental of $`𝒢E_7`$. It is amusing to see that the values of the masses of the scalars computed in terms of the conformal dimensions are exactly the same as those given in equation (1.54).
This coincidence can be considered as a non trivial check of the $`AdS/CFT`$ correspondence in six versus five dimensions.

## 2 $`F(4)𝒢`$ Superconformal Field Theory

Here we describe the basics of the $`F\left(4\right)`$ highest weight unitary irreducible representations “UIR’s” and exhibit two towers of short representations which are relevant for a K-K analysis of type IIA theory on (warped) $`AdS_6S^4`$ ,.
We will not consider here the $`𝒢`$ representation properties but we will only concentrate on the supersymmetric structure.
Recalling that the even part of the $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra is $`SO(2,5)SU\left(2\right)`$, from a general result on Harish-Chandra modules ,  of $`SO(2,2n+1)`$ we know that there are only a spin 0 and a spin 1/2 singleton unitary irreducible representations , which, therefore, merge into a unique supersingleton representation of the $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra: the hypermultiplet .
To describe shortening is useful to use a harmonic superfield language .
The harmonic space is in this case the 2-sphere $`SU\left(2\right)/U\left(1\right)`$, as in $`N=2,d=4`$ and $`N=1,d=6`$. A highest weight UIR of $`SO(2,5)`$ is determined by $`E_0`$ and a UIR of $`SO\left(5\right)Usp\left(4\right)`$, with Dynkin labels $`(a_1,a_2)`$ <sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2Note that the $`Usp(4)`$ Young labels $`h_1,h_2`$ are related to $`a_1,a_2`$ by $`a_1=2h_2;a_2=h_1h_2`$.. We will denote such representations by $`𝒟(E_0,a_1,a_2)`$. The two singletons correspond to $`E_0=3/2`$, $`a_1=a_2=0`$ and $`E_0=2`$, $`a_1=1`$, $`a_2=0`$.
In the $`AdS/CFT`$ correspondence  $`(E_0,a_1,a_2)`$ become the conformal dimension and the Dynkin labels of $`SO(1,4)Usp(2,2)`$.
The highest weight UIR of the $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra will be denoted by $`𝒟(E_0,a_1,a_2;I)`$ where $`I`$ is the $`SU\left(2\right)`$ $`R`$-symmetry quantum number (integer or half integer).
The basic superfield is the supersingleton hypermultiplet $`W^A(x,\theta )`$, which satisfies the constraint

$$D_\alpha ^{(A}W^{B)}(x,\theta )=0$$
(2.1)
corresponding to the irrep. $`𝒟\left(E_0=\frac{3}{2},0,0;I=\frac{1}{2}\right)`$ .
By using harmonic superspace, $`(x,\theta _I,u_i^I)`$, where $`\theta _I=\theta _iu_I^i`$, $`u_I^i`$ is the coset representative of $`SU\left(2\right)/U\left(1\right)`$ and $`I`$ is the charge $`U\left(1\right)`$-label, from the covariant derivative algebra

$$\{D_\alpha ^A,D_\beta ^{jB}\}=iϵ^{AB}_{\alpha \beta }$$
(2.2)
we have

$$\{D_\alpha ^I,D_\beta ^I\}=0D_\alpha ^I=D_\alpha ^iu_i^I$$
(2.3)
Therefore from eq. (2.1) it follows the $`G`$-analytic constraint:

$$D_\alpha ^1W^1=0$$
(2.4)
which implies

$$W^1(x,\theta )=\phi ^1+\theta _2^\alpha \zeta _\alpha +d.t.$$
(2.5)
(d.t. means “derivative terms”).
Note that $`W^1`$ also satisfies

$$D_\alpha ^2D^{2\alpha }W^1=0$$
(2.6)
because there is no such scalar component<sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3This is rather similar to the treatment of the (1,0) hypermultiplet in $`D=6`$  in $`W^1`$.
$`W^1`$ is a Grassman analytic superfield, which is also harmonic (that is $`𝐃_2^1W^1=0`$ where, using notations of reference , $`𝐃_2^1`$ is the step-up operator of the $`SU\left(2\right)`$ algebra acting on harmonic superspace).
Since $`W^1`$ satifies $`D^1W^1=0`$, any $`p`$-order polynomial

$$I_p\left(W^1\right)=\left(W^1\right)^p$$
(2.7)
will also have the same property, so these operators form a ring under multiplication , they are the 1/2 BPS states of the $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra and represent massive vector multiplets $`\left(p>2\right)`$, and massless bulk gauge fields for $`p=2`$.
The above multiplets correspond to the $`D\left(E_0=3I,0,0;I=\frac{p}{2}\right)`$ h.w. U.I.R.’s of the $`F\left(4\right)`$ superalgebra.

The AdS squared mass for scalars is

$$m_s^2=E_0\left(E_05\right)$$
(2.8)
so there are three families of scalar states with

$`m_1^2={\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}p\left(3p10\right)p2`$
$`m_2^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(3p+2\right)\left(3p8\right)p2`$
$`m_3^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(3p+4\right)\left(3p6\right)p4`$
The only scalars states with $`m^2<0`$ are the scalar in the massless vector multiplet $`\left(p=2\right)`$ with $`m_1^2=6`$, $`m_2^2=4`$ (no states with $`m^2=0`$ exist) and in the $`p=3`$ multiplet with $`m^2=\frac{9}{4}`$.
We now consider the second ”short” tower containing the graviton supermultiplet and its recurrences.
The graviton multiplet is given by $`W^1\overline{W}^1`$. Note that such superfield is not $`G`$-analytic, but it satisfies

$$D_\alpha ^1D^{1\alpha }\left(W^1\overline{W}^1\right)=D_\alpha ^2D^{2\alpha }\left(W^1\overline{W}^1\right)=0$$
(2.9)
this multiplet is the $`F\left(4\right)`$ supergravity multiplet. Its lowest component, corresponding to the dilaton in $`AdS_6`$ supergravity multiplet, is a scalar with $`E_0=3`$ $`\left(m^2=6\right)`$ and $`I=0`$.
The tower is obtained as follows

$$G_{q+2}\left(W\right)=W^1\overline{W}^1\left(W^1\right)^q$$
(2.10)
where the massive graviton, described in eq.. (2.10) has $`E_0=5+\frac{3}{2}q`$ and $`I=\frac{q}{2}`$.
Note that the $`G_{q+2}`$ polynomial, although not $`G`$-analytic, satisfies the constraint

$$D_\alpha ^1D^{1\alpha }G_{q+2}\left(W\right)=0$$
(2.11)
so that it corresponds to a short representation with quantized dimensions and highest weight given by $`D\left(E_0=3+3I,0,0;I=\frac{q}{2}\right)`$.
We call these multiplets, following , ”intermediate short” because, although they have some missing states, they are not BPS in the sense of supersymmetry. In fact they do not form a ring under multiplication.
There are also long spin 2 multiplets containing $`2^8`$ state where $`E_0`$ is not quantized and satisfies the bound $`E_06`$.
Finally let us make some comments on the role played by the flavour symmetry $`𝒢`$.
It is clear that, since the supersingleton $`W^1`$ is in a representation of $`𝒢`$ (other than the gauge group of the world-volume theory), the $`I_p`$ and $`G_{q+2}`$ polynomials will appear in the $`p`$-fold and $`\left(q+2\right)`$-fold tensor product representations of the $`𝒢`$ group. This representation is in general reducible, however the 1/2 BPS states must have a first component totally symmetric in the $`SU\left(2\right)`$ indices and, therefore, only certains $`𝒢`$ representations survive.
Moreover in the $`\left(W^1\right)^2`$ multiplet, corresponding to the massless $`𝒢`$\- gauge vector multiplets in $`AdS_6`$, we must pick up the adjoint representation $`Adj𝒢`$ and in $`W^1\overline{W}^1`$, corresponding to the graviton multiplet, we must pick up the $`𝒢`$ singlet representation.
However in principle there can be representations in the higher symmetric and antisymmetric products, and the conformal field theory should tell us which products remains, since the flavor symmetry depends on the specific dynamical model.
The states discussed in this paper are expected to appear ,  in the K-K analysis of IIA massive supergravity on warped $`AdS_6S^4`$.


text:
# Non-Abelian vacua in D=5, N=4 gauged supergravity

## 1 Introduction

The gauged supergravities in five dimensions have been recently the subject of intensive research in view of the AdS/CFT correspondence (see  for a review) as well as in connection with the brane world scenario . It is believed that solutions in such models provide the dual supergravity description for flat space gauge theories. This has inspired the widespread interest in such solutions, but only configurations with Abelian gauge fields have been studied so far. At the same time, the bulk theories generically contain Yang-Mills fields, which of course have nothing to do with the non-Abelian fields of the dual gauge theories but rather give rise to non-trivial warp factors in the ten-dimensional metric. It would therefore be interesting to obtain supergravity solutions with non-trivial Yang-Mills fields in the bulk and implement them in the context of the bulk/boundary correspondence.

Some results in this direction have been obtained in four dimensions. In  the non-Abelian monopole-type supersymmetric vacua were found in the context of the N=4 half-gauged SU(2)$`\times `$(U(1))3 supergravity of Freedman and Schwarz , and their ten-dimensional analogs were obtained in . It has been argued  that these solutions provide the dual supergravity description for the N=1 super-Yang-Mills theory. The non-Abelian Euclidean supersymmetric backgrounds and their ten-dimensional analogs were obtained in , but the corresponding dual flat space theory has not been identified so far. Other known solution in D=4 can be related to reductions of heterotic string theory; see  and references therein. The only known non-Abelian vacua in D=5 are the heterotic solitons of , and also the BPS solutions with non-Abelian matter .

In the present paper we study non-Abelian supersymmetric backgrounds in five dimensions in the context of N=4 SU(2)$`\times `$U(1) gauged supergravity of Romans . We consider static configurations that are invariant either under the SO(4) spatial rotations or with respect to the SO(3) rotations plus translations along the fourth spatial coordinate. By analyzing the consistency conditions for supersymmetric Killing spinors we derive the Bogomol’nyi equations and obtain their globally regular solutions. In the SO(4) case the configurations contain the purely magnetic non-Abelian fields plus the purely electric Abelian field and preserve only two unbroken supersymmetries out of sixteen. The SO(3) configurations have only the non-Abelian fields and preserve four supersymmetries.

## 2 The D=5, N=4 gauged supergravity

The five dimensional N=4 gauged SU(2)$`\times `$U(1) supergravity contains in the bosonic sector the gravitational field $`𝐠_{\mu \nu }`$, the SU(2) non-Abelian gauge field $`A_\mu ^a`$ ($`a=1,2,3`$), the Abelian gauge field $`a_\mu `$, a pair of 2-form fields, and the dilaton $`\varphi `$ . Since the 2-forms are self-dual, one can set them to zero on shell, and then one can set the U(1) gauge coupling constant to zero, such that the model becomes ungauged in the U(1) sector. After a suitable rescaling of the fields one can set the SU(2) gauge coupling constant to one, and then the bosonic part of the action becomes

$`S={\displaystyle }({\displaystyle \frac{R}{4}}`$ $`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_\mu \varphi ^\mu \varphi {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\eta ^2F_{\mu \nu }^aF^{a\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\eta ^4}}f_{\mu \nu }f^{\mu \nu }`$ (1)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\sqrt{𝐠}}}\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma \tau }F_{\mu \nu }^aF_{\rho \sigma }^aa_\tau +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\eta ^2}})\sqrt{𝐠}d^5x.`$
Here $`\eta =\mathrm{exp}(\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\varphi )`$, also $`F_{\mu \nu }^a=_\mu A_\nu ^a_\nu A_\mu ^a+ϵ_{abc}A_\mu ^bA_\nu ^c`$, while the Abelian field strength is $`f_{\mu \nu }=_\mu a_\nu _\nu a_\mu `$.

In the fermionic sector the theory contains four gravitini $`\psi _\mu ^I`$ and four gaugini $`\chi ^I`$; we shall always omit the index $`I=1,\mathrm{}4`$ in what follows. One can set the fermions to zero on shell, however their SUSY variation in general do not vanish. To write down these variations, let us introduce $`4\times 4`$ spacetime gamma matrices $`\gamma ^A=(\gamma ^0,\gamma ^r,\gamma ^a)`$ subject to

$$\gamma ^A\gamma ^B+\gamma ^B\gamma ^A=2\eta ^{AB},$$
(2)
with $`\eta _{AB}=(+,,,,)`$, and also $`4\times 4`$ matrices $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_j=(\mathrm{\Gamma }_a,\mathrm{\Gamma }_4,\mathrm{\Gamma }_5)`$ acting on the internal indices of the spinors and spanning the five-dimensional Euclidean Clifford algebra

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_j+\mathrm{\Gamma }_j\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=2\delta _{ij}.$$
(3)
Notice that we decompose the five-dimensional tangent space indices as $`(0,r,a)`$, where $`r`$ takes only one value, ‘$`r`$’, whereas $`a=1,2,3`$. Introducing four sets of Pauli matrices: $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }^a`$, $`\sigma _b`$, $`\underset{¯}{\tau }^a`$, and $`\tau _b`$, where matrices from different sets commute, for example $`[\underset{¯}{\sigma }^a,\sigma _b]=0`$, one can choose

$$\gamma ^0=\underset{¯}{\sigma }^31\mathrm{l}_2,\gamma ^r=i\underset{¯}{\sigma }^11\mathrm{l}_2,\gamma ^a=i\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2\sigma _a,$$
(4)
and also

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_a=\underset{¯}{\tau }^2\tau _a,\mathrm{\Gamma }_4=\underset{¯}{\tau }^11\mathrm{l}_2,\mathrm{\Gamma }_5=\underset{¯}{\tau }^31\mathrm{l}_2.$$
(5)
We shall not write explicitly the $``$ symbol and the factors of $`1\mathrm{l}_2`$ in what follows. One has $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{i\mathrm{}j}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{[i}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{j]}`$, similarly for products of $`\gamma ^A`$. Introducing the 1-form basis $`\mathrm{\Theta }^A=\mathrm{\Theta }_\mu ^Adx^\mu `$ such that $`𝐠_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu =\eta _{AB}\mathrm{\Theta }^A\mathrm{\Theta }^B`$, the corresponding spin connection is $`\omega _B^A=\omega _{B,C}^A\mathrm{\Theta }^C`$. The dual vector basis is defined by $`E_A=E_A^\mu _\mu `$ so that the supercovariant derivative acting on the spinor supersymmetry parameter $`ϵ`$ becomes

$$D_A\epsilon =\left(E_A^\mu \frac{}{x^\mu }+\frac{1}{4}\omega _{CB,A}\gamma ^{CB}+\frac{1}{2}A_A^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_{a45}\right)ϵ.$$
(6)
As a result, the linearized SUSY variations of the fermions in the model are given by

$$\delta \psi _A=D_Aϵ+\frac{1}{6\sqrt{2}\eta }\gamma _A\mathrm{\Gamma }_{45}ϵ\frac{1}{6\sqrt{2}}(\gamma _A^{BC}4\delta _A^B\gamma ^B)\left(\eta F_{BC}^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_a+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\eta ^2}f_{BC}\right)ϵ,$$
(7)
$$\delta \chi =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\gamma ^A(E_A^\mu _\mu \varphi )ϵ+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}\eta }\mathrm{\Gamma }_{45}ϵ\frac{1}{2\sqrt{6}}\gamma ^{AB}\left(\eta F_{AB}^a\mathrm{\Gamma }_a\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\eta ^2}f_{AB}\right)ϵ.$$
(8)
## 3 Solutions with SO(4) symmetry

Our first task is to consider fields which are static and invariant under the action of the SO(4) spatial symmetry group. The static, SO(4)-invariant spacetime metric can be represented in the curvature coordinates as

$$ds^2=\mathrm{e}^{2\nu (r)}dt^2\frac{dr^2}{N(r)}r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2,$$
(9)
where $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2`$ is the round metric of $`S^3`$. Introducing on $`S^3`$ the left-invariant forms $`\theta ^a`$ subject to the Maurer-Cartan equation

$$d\theta ^a+\epsilon _{abc}\theta ^b\theta ^c=0,$$
(10)
one has $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2=\theta ^a\theta ^a`$. The static gauge field $`A^a=A_\mu ^adx^\mu `$ that is invariant under the combined action of the SO(4) spatial rotations and SU(2) gauge transformations is given by

$$A^a=(w(r)+1)\theta ^a,$$
(11)
the corresponding field strength being ‘purely magnetic’

$$F^a=dw\theta ^a+\frac{1}{2}(w^21)\epsilon _{abc}\theta ^b\theta ^c.$$
(12)
We choose the Abelian field to be ‘purely electric’

$$f=Q(r)dtdr.$$
(13)
Finally, the dilaton is chosen as $`\varphi =\varphi (r)`$. As a result, all fields are expressed in terms of five functions $`\nu `$, $`N`$, $`w`$, $`Q`$, $`\varphi `$ of the radial coordinate $`r`$.

Varying the action (1) gives the second order Lagrangian field equations. These admit important first integrals. When the five-metric splits into the direct sum $`{}_{}{}^{(5)}𝐠=𝐠_{00}^{(4)}𝐠`$, one can check that not only in the SO(4)-symmetric case but also for arbitrary static fields, the field equations require that $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}(\mathrm{ln}𝐠_{00}2\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\varphi )=0`$. Here $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}`$ is the covariant Laplacian with respect to $`{}_{}{}^{(4)}𝐠`$. This implies that the following metric-dilaton relation can be imposed on shell:

$$\nu =\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}(\varphi \varphi _0),$$
(14)
where $`\varphi _0`$ is an integration constant.

Next, the equations for the Abelian field $`f`$

$$_\nu (\xi ^4f^{\nu \mu })=\frac{1}{4\sqrt{𝐠}}\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma \tau }F_{\nu \rho }^aF_{\sigma \tau }^a$$
(15)
have the total derivative structure. In the SO(4)-symmetric case they can be integrated to give

$$Q=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{5\nu }}{\sqrt{N}r^3}(2w^36w+H),$$
(16)
with $`H`$ being integration constant. The remaining independent Lagrangian equations read

$`{\displaystyle \frac{r^3}{2}}N^{}+r^2(N1)+r^2N\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }w^2`$ $`+`$ $`\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }(w^21)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{r^4}{2}}N\nu ^2`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{r^4}{12}}\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}r^4N\mathrm{e}^{6\nu }Q^2=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{r^3}{2}}N^{}+2r^2N\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }w^2`$ $`+`$ $`r^4N\nu ^2r^3N\nu ^{}=0,`$ (17)
$`r^2Nw^{\prime \prime }+(3r^2N\nu ^{}+rN+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}}N^{})w^{}`$ $``$ $`2r\mathrm{e}^{3\nu }\sqrt{N}(w^21)Q=2(w^21)w.`$
There is also an equation containing $`\nu ^{\prime \prime }`$, but it can be related to the equations above by virtue of the Bianchi identities.

### 3.1 Supersymmetry constraints

Our aim now is to study constraints imposed by supersymmetry. These can be expressed as a system of linear differential equations for the spinor supersymmetry parameters, $`\delta \psi _A=\delta \chi =0`$. These equations are generically inconsistent, however one can find the consistency conditions, which can be represented as a set of non-linear first order differential equations for the background variables; see Eqs.(3.2). These equations, usually called Bogomol’nyi equations, are further first integrals for the Lagrangian field equations.

Let us introduce the 1-form basis

$$\mathrm{\Theta }^0=\mathrm{e}^\nu dt,\mathrm{\Theta }^r=\frac{dr}{\sqrt{N}},\mathrm{\Theta }^a=r\theta ^a,$$
(18)
such that the spacetime metric is

$$ds^2=(\mathrm{\Theta }^0)^2(\mathrm{\Theta }^r)^2\delta _{ab}\mathrm{\Theta }^a\mathrm{\Theta }^b.$$
(19)
The dual vielbein vectors $`E_A`$ are

$$E_0=\mathrm{e}^\nu \frac{}{t},E_r=\sqrt{N}\frac{}{r},E_a=\frac{1}{r}e_a.$$
(20)
Here $`\theta ^a`$ are the left-invariant Maurer-Cartan forms on $`S^3`$ subject to Eq.(10), and $`e_b`$ are the dual left-invariant vectors, $`\theta ^a,e_b=\delta _b^a`$. It is worth noting that $`e_a`$, together with the right-invariant vectors, $`\stackrel{~}{e}_a`$, give rise to the angular momentum operators $`L_a=\frac{i}{2}e_a`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{L}_a=\frac{i}{2}\stackrel{~}{e}_a`$ with the commutation relations

$$[L_a,L_b]=i\epsilon _{abc}L_c,[\stackrel{~}{L}_a,\stackrel{~}{L}_b]=i\epsilon _{abc}\stackrel{~}{L}_c,[L_a,\stackrel{~}{L}_b]=0.$$
(21)
One also has $`L_aL_a=\stackrel{~}{L}_a\stackrel{~}{L}_a`$. The spin-connection is given by

$$\omega _{AB,C}=\frac{1}{2}(C_{B,AC}+C_{C,AB}C_{A,BC})$$

where $`C_{A,BC}=\eta _{AD}C_{BC}^D`$ are determined by the commutation relations for the basis vectors of the vielbein, $`[E_A,E_B]=C_{AB}^CE_C`$. One finds the following non-zero components:

$$\omega _{0r,0}=\sqrt{N}\nu ^{},\omega _{ra,b}=\frac{\sqrt{N}}{r}\delta _{ab},\omega _{ab,c}=\frac{1}{r}\epsilon _{abc}.$$
(22)
Inserting the above expressions into (7),(8) and assuming that all spinors are time-independent, we compute the spinor SUSY variations $`\delta \chi `$ and $`\delta \psi _A`$. First, we obtain

$$\delta \chi =\sqrt{3}\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3\delta \psi _0\frac{i\sqrt{3}}{2r}\left(\nu \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\varphi \right)^{}\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1ϵ,$$
(23)
which implies, in view of the metric-dilaton relation (14), that $`\delta \chi `$ is not an independent variation. We therefore focus on the gravitino variations $`\delta \psi _A`$:

$`\delta \psi _0`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒜_1\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}𝒜\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3\underset{¯}{\tau }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{6}}(𝒞+\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3)\underset{¯}{\tau }^2(\sigma ^a\tau ^a)+i\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1\right)ϵ,`$
$`\delta \psi _r`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\sqrt{N}{\displaystyle \frac{}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒜\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1\underset{¯}{\tau }^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(2i𝒞\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2+\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1)\underset{¯}{\tau }^2(\sigma ^a\tau ^a)\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3\right)ϵ,`$
$`\delta \psi _a`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{2i}{r}}L_a{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}_1\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3\sigma _a{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2r}}(\sigma _a+\tau _a){\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}𝒞_1\tau _a`$ (24)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒜\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2\underset{¯}{\tau }^2\sigma _a+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2\mathrm{\Sigma }_a𝒞\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1\mathrm{\Lambda }_a)\underset{¯}{\tau }^2{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\sigma _a)ϵ.`$
Here $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_a=\tau _a+2i\epsilon _{abc}\sigma _b\tau _c`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a=2i\tau _a\epsilon _{abc}\sigma _b\tau _c`$, and also the following abbreviations have been introduced:

$`𝒜`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{e}^\nu }{3\sqrt{2}}},=\sqrt{2}\mathrm{e}^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{w^21}{r^2}},𝒞={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2N}}{r}}\mathrm{e}^\nu w^{},`$
$`𝒜_1`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{N}\nu ^{},_1={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{N}}{r}},𝒞_1={\displaystyle \frac{w}{r}},={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }}{3r^3}}(2w^36w+H).`$ (25)
The supersymmetry constraints are obtained by setting $`\delta \psi _A=0`$, which gives the system of equations for the spinor $`ϵ`$. This spinor has 16 complex components subject to the symplectic Majorana condition, such that there are altogether 16 real independent components. Let us introduce two component spinors of four different types, $`\underset{¯}{\psi }`$, $`\psi `$, $`\underset{¯}{\xi }`$, $`\xi `$, that live in four spinor spaces where the operators $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }^a`$, $`\sigma _b`$, $`\underset{¯}{\tau }^a`$, and $`\tau _b`$, respectively act. One can expand $`ϵ`$ as

$$ϵ=\underset{\alpha ,\beta \gamma ,\delta =\pm 1}{}C_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }\underset{¯}{\psi }^\alpha \psi ^\beta \underset{¯}{\xi }^\gamma \xi ^\delta ,$$
(26)
where $`C_{\alpha \beta \gamma \delta }`$ are 16 functions of spacetime coordinates, and $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3\underset{¯}{\psi }^\alpha =\alpha \underset{¯}{\psi }^\alpha `$, also $`\sigma ^3\psi ^\beta =\beta \psi ^\beta `$ and $`\tau ^3\xi ^\delta =\delta \xi ^\delta `$, while $`\underset{¯}{\xi }^\gamma `$ are chosen to be eigenvectors of $`\underset{¯}{\tau }^2`$, $`\underset{¯}{\tau }^2\underset{¯}{\xi }^\gamma =\gamma \underset{¯}{\xi }^\gamma `$. The supersymmetry constraints $`\delta \psi _A=0`$ is a system of 5$`\times `$16=80 equations for 16 components of $`ϵ`$. Coefficients of this system, defined in (3.1), are determined by the underlying bosonic configuration. Although generically only the trivial solution is possible, one can find consistency conditions for the coefficients under which non-trivial solutions exist as well. The first step in doing this is to reduce somehow the size of the system. Since the underlying configuration is SO(4)-invariant, it is natural to consider the sector where $`ϵ`$ is the eigenstate of the SO(4) angular momentum with zero eigenvalue(s).

Since SO(4) is locally isomorphic to the product of two copies of SO(3), the SO(4) angular momentum is essentially the sum of two SO(3) angular momenta. The two commuting SO(3) orbital angular momentum operators are given by Eq.(21), but since the fermions also carry spin and isospin, we need the operator of the total angular momentum:

$$J_a=L_a+\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _a+\tau _a).$$
(27)
Since the commuting operators are $`J^2`$, $`J_3`$, $`\stackrel{~}{L}^2`$, $`\stackrel{~}{L}_3`$, there is a spinor $`ϵ`$ annihilated by all these operators, such that $`J_aϵ=\stackrel{~}{L}_aϵ`$=0, and in view of the relation $`L^2=\stackrel{~}{L}^2`$ one has also $`L_aϵ=0`$, which implies that

$$L_aϵ=0,(\sigma _a+\tau _a)ϵ=0.$$
(28)
The solution of these equations is

$$ϵ=(\psi ^{+1}\xi ^1\psi ^1\xi ^{+1})\underset{\alpha ,\gamma =\pm 1}{}C_{\alpha \gamma }(r)\underset{¯}{\psi }^\alpha \underset{¯}{\xi }^\gamma ,$$
(29)
and so we are now left with only four independent unknown functions $`C_{\alpha \gamma }(r)`$. From three matrices $`\underset{¯}{\tau }^a`$ only $`\underset{¯}{\tau }^2`$ enters the SUSY variations (3.1) and this leaves subspaces generated by $`\underset{¯}{\xi }^{+1}`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\xi }^1`$ invariant. As a result, inserting (29) into (3.1) and denoting $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\gamma =_{\alpha =\pm 1}C_{\alpha \gamma }(r)\underset{¯}{\psi }^\alpha `$, the equations for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{+1}`$ decouple from those for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_1`$. The conditions $`\delta \psi _0=0`$ and $`\delta \psi _a=0`$ reduce then to

$$\left(𝒜_1\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3i\gamma 𝒜\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2+\gamma 𝒞\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1i\gamma \underset{¯}{\sigma }^22\right)\mathrm{\Psi }_\gamma =0,$$
(30)
$$\left(_1\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3i\gamma 𝒜\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2𝒞_1+i\gamma \underset{¯}{\sigma }^2+\right)\mathrm{\Psi }_\gamma =0,$$
(31)
while $`\delta \psi _r=0`$ gives

$$\left(\sqrt{N}\frac{d}{dr}\frac{\gamma }{2}(𝒜+)\underset{¯}{\sigma }^1i\gamma 𝒞\underset{¯}{\sigma }^2\underset{¯}{\sigma }^3\right)\mathrm{\Psi }_\gamma =0.$$
(32)
Let us first consider Eqs.(30),(31). For a given $`\gamma =\pm 1`$ these are four homogeneous algebraic equations for the two unknown quantities $`C_{+1\gamma }`$ and $`C_{1\gamma }`$. A nontrivial solution exists if the 4$`\times `$2 matrix of the system has rank 1, which gives three conditions on the coefficients of the matrix:

$`𝒜_1^2+𝒞^2=(𝒜+)^2+4^2,`$
$`_1^2=(𝒞_1)^2+(𝒜)^2,`$
$`(𝒜)(𝒞𝒜)=(𝒜_12)(_1𝒞_1).`$ (33)
Notice that these relations do not contain $`\gamma `$. Under these conditions the algebraic equations (30),(31) become consistent and admit two solutions

$$C_{1\gamma }(r)=\gamma \frac{2𝒜_1}{𝒞𝒜}C_{+1\gamma }(r)\gamma 𝒬C_{+1\gamma }(r)$$
(34)
corresponding to two different values of $`\gamma `$.

Now, inserting these solutions into the differential constraints (32) gives two linear first order differential equations for one function $`C_{+1+1}(r)`$, and the same pair of equation arises for $`C_{+11}(r)`$. Since two differential equations for the same function must be compatible, this gives a further constraint on the coefficients:

$$\sqrt{N}𝒬^{}+2𝒜=\frac{𝒜+}{2}𝒞(\frac{𝒜+}{2}+𝒞)𝒬^2.$$
(35)
It turns out however that this new constraint is fulfilled by virtue of Eqs.(33) (checking of which is not completely trivial). The differential equations can now be solved to give

$$C_{+1\gamma }(r)=C_\gamma \mathrm{exp}\left(^r\frac{dr}{\sqrt{N}}\{+(\frac{𝒜+}{2}+𝒞)𝒬\}\right),$$
(36)
where $`C_\gamma `$ are two integration constants. This finally gives two non-trivial solutions for supersymmetry Killing spinors. The consistency conditions for the existence of these solutions are given by Eqs.(33).

### 3.2 Bogomol’nyi equations

Summarizing the results of the preceding subsection, Eqs.(33) contain the complete set of consistency conditions under which non-trivial solutions for supersymmetry Killing spinors exist. These conditions can be represented as a system of first order Bogomol’nyi equations for the background variables:

$`N`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\xi ^2Vw\right)^2+2\xi ^2(w^21)^2{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}}(w^21)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{18\xi ^2}},`$
$`r{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{dr}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6\xi ^2N}}\left\{2V(1w^2)\xi ^4+(H4w^3)\xi ^2w\right\},`$
$`r{\displaystyle \frac{d\xi }{dr}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{3N}}\left\{V^2\xi ^4+(12(w^21)^24Vw)\xi ^2+w^2+2\right\},`$ (37)
with $`\xi =\mathrm{e}^\nu /r`$ and $`V=2w^36w+H`$. One can directly check that these equations are compatible with the Lagrangian equations of motion (3). Any solution to the Bogomol’nyi equations preserves two supersymmetries.

One can obtain some simple solutions. For example, setting $`H=0`$, we find that $`w=0`$ is a solution. The corresponding geometry

$$ds^2=r_0^2\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{12\xi ^2}}\left(\xi dt^2\frac{1}{8\xi ^5}d\xi ^2\frac{1}{\xi }d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2\right)$$
(38)
is singular both at the origin of the spherical coordinate system and at infinity (here $`r_0`$ is the integration constant).

The geometry of the solutions can be regular at the origin, $`r=0`$, if only $`H=4`$. Introducing the new variable $`Y=\frac{1}{\xi ^2}+2w^2+4w2\frac{4}{w}`$, the Bogomol’nyi equations (3.2) reduce then to

$$w^2Y\frac{dY}{dw}=4(w1)^2Y+16(w1)(2w+1)(w+2).$$
(39)
Some solutions to this Abel’s equation are known in a closed analytical form: $`Y=4(2w+1)(w1)/w`$ and $`Y=2(2w+1)(w+2)/w`$, which however give rise to $`\xi ^2<0`$. The numerical analysis on the other hand reveals a smooth solution with the following asymptotics (see Fig.1):

$`Y`$ $`=`$ $`8+47w+423w^2+889w^3+12157w^4+\mathrm{}\mathrm{as}w0;`$
$`Y`$ $`=`$ $`12x+4x^2+2x^3+{\displaystyle \frac{14}{15}}x^4+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{10}}x^5{\displaystyle \frac{23}{210}}x^6+\mathrm{}\mathrm{as}w1,`$ (40)
here $`x=1w`$. The appearance of the prime numbers in these expansions suggests that the analytical solution with such asymptotics, if exists, should be sought for in a parametric form rather then as $`Y(w)`$. Passing to the $`w(r)`$, $`N(r)`$, $`\nu (r)`$ parameterization of this solution one finds that the geometry is globally regular; see Fig.2. At the origin one has $`w=1+O(r^2)`$, $`N=1+O(r^2)`$, $`\nu =O(r^2)`$, such that the curvature is bounded and the gauge field vanishes as $`r0`$. At infinity, $`r\mathrm{}`$, the leading behavior of the field amplitudes is $`N1/wr\mathrm{e}^\nu \mathrm{ln}r`$, such that the geometry is not asymptotically flat (and not asymptotically AdS).

## 4 Solutions with SO(3) symmetry

Our next task is to consider static fields that are invariant under the SO(3) spatial rotations and in addition under translations along the fourth spatial direction. We parameterize the metric as

$$ds^2=\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }dt^2\mathrm{e}^{2\tau }\left(\frac{d\tau ^2}{N}+d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\right)\mathrm{e}^{2\mu }(dx^4)^2,$$
(41)
where $`d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2=d\vartheta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\vartheta d\phi ^2`$, and choose the gauge field according to

$$A^a\text{T}_a=w(𝐓_2d\vartheta +𝐓_1\mathrm{sin}\vartheta d\phi )+𝐓_3\mathrm{cos}\vartheta d\phi .$$
(42)
Here $`\nu `$, $`N`$, $`\mu `$, $`w`$, and the dilaton $`\varphi `$ depend only on $`\tau `$, and $`[\text{T}_a,\text{T}_b]=i\epsilon _{abc}\text{T}_c`$ are the gauge group generators. This gauge field is ‘purely magnetic’, and moreover its field strength is such that $`\epsilon ^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma \tau }F_{\mu \nu }^aF_{\rho \sigma }^a=0`$. As a result, the Abelian vector field decouples, and we can set it to zero.

Our strategy is very much similar to the one described above for the SO(4)-symmetric fields. For this reason we shall mention only the essential points. First, it turns out that the Lagrangian equations of motion allow us to impose on-shell the ‘metric-dilaton relations’

$$\nu =\mu \mu _0=\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}(\varphi \varphi _0)$$
(43)
similar to the one in Eq.(14), $`\mu _0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ being integration constants. The remaining independent equations read

$`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}N^{}`$ $``$ $`9N+16N{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^{}}{\xi }}+10N\xi ^2w^2+2N{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^2}{\xi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\xi ^2}}=0,`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}N^{}`$ $``$ $`1+2\xi ^2(w^21)^2+6N\xi ^2w^2+N{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^2}{\xi ^2}}=0,`$
$`Nw^{\prime \prime }`$ $`+`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{N^{}}{2}}+3N+4N{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^{}}{\xi }}\right)w^{}=w^3w,`$ (44)
with $`{}_{}{}^{}=\frac{d}{d\tau }`$. The next step is to study the supersymmetry constraints $`\delta \chi =\delta \psi _A=0`$ to derive the Bogomol’nyi equations. Let us split the tangent space indices as $`A=(0,\tau ,2,3,4)`$. It turns out that the metric-dilaton relation (43) implies that $`\delta \psi _4`$ and $`\delta \chi `$ fermionic SUSY variations are not independent but can be expressed in terms of $`\delta \psi _0`$ via a relation similar to the one in Eq.(23). As a result, the independent supersymmetry constrains are $`\delta \psi _0=\delta \psi _2=\delta \psi _3=0`$, and also $`\delta \psi _\tau =0`$, which gives a system of 64 equations.

In order to truncate the system, we require that $`J_aϵ=0`$. Here $`J_a=L_a+\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _a+\tau _a)`$ is the total angular momentum with $`L_a`$ being the usual SO(3) angular momentum acting on the $`\vartheta `$, $`\phi `$ variables. Since now $`L^2`$ does not commute with $`J_a`$, we cannot require that $`ϵ`$ is annihilated separately by the operators $`L_a`$ and $`\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _a+\tau _a)`$, as was possible in the SO(4) case, but only by their sum. As a result, $`ϵ`$ is constructed in terms of tensor products of eigenfunctions of $`L_3`$ and those of $`\frac{1}{2}(\sigma _3+\tau _3)`$ with eigenvalues $`0,\pm 1`$. For more details we refer to  where a similar problem in four spacetime dimensions was considered.

The resulting ansatz for $`ϵ`$ fixes the angular dependence of spinors and reduces the $`\delta \psi _0=\delta \psi _2=\delta \psi _3=0`$ constraints to a system of algebraic equations, whose consistency conditions are obtained similarly as was done above. These consistency conditions can be represented as a system of Bogomol’nyi equations,

$`N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{S^2}{18\xi ^2P}},`$
$`w^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3w}{S}}(1+2\xi ^2(w^21)),`$
$`\xi ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{6\xi ^3}{S}}(1+w^2+2\xi ^2(w^21)^2),`$ (45)
with $`S=4(w^21)^2\xi ^4+4(w^2+1)\xi ^2+1`$, $`P=8(w^21)^2\xi ^4+6(w^2+1)\xi ^2+1`$, and $`\xi =\mathrm{exp}(\nu \tau )`$. One can check that these Bogomol’nyi equations are compatible with the Lagrangian equation (4). The remaining $`\delta \psi _\tau =0`$ constraint equations turn out to be compatible with each other by virtue of Eqs.(4), and they completely specify the $`\tau `$-dependence of the spinors. This finally gives four independent supersymmetry Killing spinors.

Introducing $`Y=1/(2\xi ^2)`$ and $`x=w^2`$, the problem of solving the Bogomol’nyi equations (4) reduces to one equation

$$x(Y+x1)\frac{dY}{dx}+(x+1)Y+(x1)^2=0.$$
(46)
For reasons that will be explained shortly, this equation exactly coincides with the one previously obtained  in the context of the four-dimensional gauged supergravity of Freedman and Schwarz . With the substitution

$$x=\rho ^2e^{\xi (\rho )},Y=\rho \frac{d\xi (\rho )}{d\rho }\rho ^2e^{\xi (\rho )}1,$$
(47)
Eq.(46) reduces to the Liouville equation

$$\frac{d^2\xi }{d\rho ^2}=2e^\xi ,$$
(48)
which is completely integrable. This leads to the following most general solution of the Bogomol’nyi equations that is regular at the origin of the spherical coordinate system:

$$ds^2=r_0^2\mathrm{e}^{2\nu }\left\{dt^2d\rho ^2Yd\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2(dx^4)^2\right\},$$
(49)
where $`r_0`$ is the integration constant and

$$Y=2\rho \mathrm{coth}\rho \frac{\rho ^2}{\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }1,w=\frac{\rho }{\mathrm{sinh}\rho },\mathrm{e}^{6\nu }=\frac{\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }{Y},$$
(50)
while the gauge filed and the dilaton are given by (42) and (43). Since $`Y(\rho )=\rho ^2+O(\rho ^4)`$ for small $`\rho `$, the geometry is regular as $`\rho 0`$. The geometry is also globally regular, although, since $`Y=2\rho +O(1)`$ as $`\rho \mathrm{}`$, the metric does not become flat for large $`\rho `$.

This five-dimensional solution is closely related to the solution of the gauged $`D=4`$ supergravity of Freedman and Schwarz because the latter can be obtained via dimensional reduction plus truncation of the five-dimensional supergravity under consideration. In other words, the five dimensional solution can also be obtained by uplifting the four dimensional solution. The relation between the vielbeins in four and five dimensions is $`\mathrm{\Theta }^A=\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1}{3}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}e^A`$, where $`A=0,1,2,3`$ and $`e^A`$ is the D=4 tetrad, while $`\mathrm{\Theta }^4=\mathrm{e}^{\frac{2}{3}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}dx^4`$. The four dimensional dilaton, $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$, is related to the five dimensional one via $`\varphi =\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$. The four-dimensional Yang-Mills field is obtained from the five-dimensional one by setting the fourth spacetime component to zero.

## 5 Concluding remarks

One can lift the above solutions to ten dimensions using the results of . The bulk/boundary interpretation of the SO(3) solutions will then probably be similar to that for their D=4 counterparts  – they will provide the dual supergravity description for the NS 5-branes wrapped around $`S^2`$. It is less clear what the interpretation for the SO(4) solutions might be. Notice that these solutions do not have a simple asymptotic behavior – they do not approach the maximal (super)-symmetry backgrounds at infinity. This is due to the fact that we actually consider the half-gauged model, in which case the dilaton potential has no stationary points thus driving the dilaton asymptotically to infinity. Turning on the U(1) gauge coupling constant $`g_1`$ the potential becomes

$$U(\varphi )=\frac{1}{8}\mathrm{exp}(2\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\varphi )\frac{g_1}{2\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{exp}(\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}\varphi ),$$
(51)
and this does have a stationary point. This suggests that there could be asymptotically AdS solutions. In fact some of such solutions have recently been obtained . The problem however is that unless $`g_1=0`$, the simple metric-dilaton relations as those in (14), (43) do not hold and there is no linear dependence between different components of the fermionic SUSY variations similar to the one in (23). This gives too many independent supersymmetry constraints, which will probably kill all supersymmetric solutions apart from the simplest ones (all solutions of  are simple in the sense that they belong to the embedded Abelian type). However, a further analysis is required in order to make any definite statements.


text:
# Untitled Document

Effective Theory For Quantum Spin System In Low Dimension - Beyond Long-Wavelength Limit

Ranjan Chaudhurya and Samir K. Paulb
S. N. Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences

Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake

Calcutta-700098, India

Abstract

An effective theory for quantum spin system in low dimension is constructed

in the finite-q regime. It is shown that there are field configurations for

which Wess-Zumino term contributes to the partition functions as topological

term for ferromagnet as well as antiferromagnet in both one and two

dimensional lattice,in contrast to the long wave length regime.

PACS: 75.10.Jm

a) ranjan@boson.bose.res.in

b) smr@boson.bose.res.in

Introduction

Quantum spin system in low dimension has drawn a lot of attention from the theoreticians after the discoveries of high temperature superconductivity and quantum Hall effect.In a recent paper1,we presented a unified scheme for analysing the topological terms in the effective action corresponding to the long wave length limit for the XY-like anisotropic quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet and antiferromagnet in one and two spatial dimensions for any value of the spin. The present work originated from the apparent discrepancy between the neutron scattering experimental results2 and theoretical predictions based on analysis3 in the long wave length regime.Here we generalize our previous formalism and analysis to medium wave length regime and characterize the excitations.The importance of the extension of the theoretical analysis to the short wave length regime was also highlighted recently by Tai Kai Ng4. Our results provide possible explanation of some of the qualitative features observed in neutron scattering experiments.

Mathematical Formulation

We analyse the quantum actions for XXZ ferromagnet and anti-ferromagnet in both 1D and 2D by ’spin coherent state’ formalism1,5 in the ’medium wave-length’ limit.This is the lowest order correction to the results obtained in the long wave length limit.In particular we would like to investigate the existence of topological term in the effective action corresponding to finite q-regime.As in the previous paper1 we choose the anisotropy of the spin models to be XY-like.

We perform all the calculations on the lattice with a finite lattice parameter $`a`$ in the so called ’medium wavelength’ limit implying that the Wess-Zumino term is kept up to order $`a^2`$ (in the long wave-length limit this was up to order a ) and the Hamiltonian is kept up to order $`a^3`$ or $`a^4`$ according to whether the spin system is ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic(in the long-wavelength limit this was up to order $`a^2`$; for antiferromagnets the terms of the order $`a^3`$ turn out to be surface terms and hence vanish due to periodic boundary conditions ).

Calculations

The quantum Euclidean action $`S_E[𝐧]`$ for spin coherent fields $`𝐧`$ is given by1,5 :

$$S_E[𝐧]=is\underset{𝐫}{}S_{WZ}[𝐧(𝐫)]+\frac{s\delta t}{4}\underset{𝐫}{}_0^\beta 𝑑t(_t𝐧(𝐫))^2+_0^\beta 𝑑tH(𝐧)$$
(1)
where s is the magnitude of the spin and

$$H(𝐧)=𝐧|H(𝐬)|𝐧;|𝐧=\underset{𝐫}{}|𝐧(𝐫)$$
(2)
$`H(𝐬)`$ being the spin Hamiltonian in the representation s.The Wess-Zumino term $`S_{WZ}`$ is given by5

$$S_{WZ}[𝐧(𝐫)]=_0^\beta 𝑑t_0^1𝑑\tau 𝐧(𝐫,t,\tau )_t𝐧(𝐫,t,\tau )_\tau 𝐧(𝐫,t,\tau )=𝒜$$
(3)
with $`𝐧(t,0)𝐧(t)`$,$`𝐧(t,1)𝐧_\mathrm{𝟎}`$, $`𝐧(0,\tau )𝐧(\beta ,\tau )`$; $`t[0,\beta ]`$, $`\tau [0,1]`$.

In (3) $`𝒜`$ is the area of the cap bounded by the trajectory $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ parametrized by $`𝐧(t)`$ on the sphere

$$𝐧(𝐫)𝐧(𝐫)=1$$
(4)
Here $`|𝐧`$ is the spin coherent state as defined in Refs.1,5.The spin Hamiltonian for XXZ Heisenberg ferromagnet (antiferromagnet)is given by

$$H(𝐒)=g\underset{𝐫,𝐫}{}\stackrel{~}{𝐒}(𝐫)\stackrel{~}{𝐒}(𝐫)g\lambda _z\underset{𝐫,𝐫}{}S_3(𝐫)S_3(𝐫)$$
(5)
with $`g0`$, (or $`g0`$) $`0\lambda _z1`$, where $`𝐫`$ and $`𝐫`$ run over the lattice and $`𝐫,𝐫`$ signifies nearest neighbour interaction and $`𝐒=(\stackrel{~}{𝐒},S_3)`$.

Linear Chain

Using eqn.(1) the quantum Euclidean action for ferromagnet in the
medium-wavelength limit can be written as:

$`S_E[𝐧]`$ $`=`$ $`is8\pi f[𝐧]`$ (6)
$`isa{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t[𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦](2ia)`$
$`isa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }dt[𝐦_t𝐥_x𝐦`$
$`+𝐥_t𝐦_x𝐦`$
$`+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦+_x𝐥)𝐦_t𝐦](2ia)`$
$`+gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t[(_x𝐦)^2+2a_x𝐦_x𝐥](2ia)`$
$`gs^2(1\lambda _z)a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t[(_x𝐦)^2+2a_xm_3_xl_3](2ia)`$
$`+gs^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t[2m_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+4al_3m_3+2a^2l_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}](2ia)`$
where we have used the Hamiltonian in the spin coherent field($`𝐧`$) representation :

$$H(𝐧)=gs^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N}{}}[\stackrel{~}{𝐧}(ia)\stackrel{~}{𝐧}((i+1)a)gs^2\lambda _z\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N}{}}n_3(ia)n_3((i+1)a)$$
(7)
with $`𝐧(ia)=𝐦(ia)+a𝐥(ia)`$,$`𝐧`$ being the order parameter field and $`𝐥`$ the fluctuation arround $`𝐦`$. The first term in (6) viz.,$`f[𝐧]`$ is a fraction and depends on the $`𝐧`$-field configuration.However this being always a fraction it has no bearing on the winding number of a topological sector.The second term on the right hand side of (6)\[denoted by $`WZ`$ in eqn.(8)\] arises only from the Wess-Zumino part of the action given by (1).This being a term in the order parameter field $`𝐦`$,the fractional term $`f[𝐧]`$ does not contribute to this term while integrating out the fluctuation field $`𝐥`$ from the partition function.We analytically continue action (6) to Minkowski one by replacing $`t`$ by $`it`$ and $`\beta `$ by $`iT`$.We take the truncated action without the fractional term and integrate out the field $`𝐥`$.The effective action in the order parameter field $`𝐦`$ takes the following form:

$`S_M`$ $`=`$ (8)
$`[saWZ+sa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt(B_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+B_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\rho C_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{sa^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t𝐦_t𝐦_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦`$
$`gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t((_x\stackrel{~}{𝐦})^2+\lambda _z(_xm_3)^2)`$
$`2gs^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dtm_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}](2ia)`$
In eqn.(8) we have defined $`WZ=_{i=1}^N_0^T𝑑t(𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦)`$ ;
$`B_k=\frac{1}{a}𝐦+\frac{3}{2}_t𝐦_x𝐦+gsa_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦_k`$
; $`k=1,2`$ ;$`C_3=\frac{1}{a}𝐦+\frac{3}{2\rho }_t𝐦_x𝐦+\frac{gsa\lambda _z}{\rho }_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦_3`$ and $`\rho =1+2gs(1\lambda _z)`$.
Now we analytically continue the expression on right hand side of eqn.(8) to Euclidean space and demand finiteness of the action.As a consequence the boundary conditions on the $`𝐦`$-fields are quite general.However the class of field configurations satisfying the boundary conditions $`𝐦(x,t)𝐦_0`$ at $`\mathrm{}`$ \[Ref.1\] together with $`m_30`$ at $`\mathrm{}`$ keeps the action finite and makes the $`WZ`$ term in eqn.(8) a topological one1,5. The quantum action for antiferromagnet in the medium wavelength limit can be written as :

$`S_E[𝐧]`$ $`=`$ $`isa{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t`$ (9)
$`[𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦+2𝐥𝐦_t𝐦](2ia)`$
$`isa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }dt[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐦_t𝐦_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦`$
$`𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐥𝐦_x𝐦_t𝐥`$
$`+2𝐥𝐦_t𝐥+𝐥_t𝐦_x𝐦](2ia)`$
$`+gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }dt[4𝐥^2+(_x𝐦)^2`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{a^2}{12}}(_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦)^2+a^2𝐥_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐥](2ia)gs^2(1\lambda _z)a^2{\displaystyle }_{i=1}^N`$
$`{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t[4l_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+_xm_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}{\displaystyle \frac{a^2}{12}}(_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_3)^2+a^2l_3_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}l_3](2ia)`$
$`+2gs^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^\beta }𝑑t(m_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+a^2l_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})(2ia)`$
where we have used in eqn.(1)

$$H(𝐧)=gs^2\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N}{}}\stackrel{~}{𝐧}(ia)\stackrel{~}{𝐧}((i+1)a)+gs^2\lambda _z\underset{i=1}{\overset{2N}{}}n_3(ia)n_3((i+1)a)$$
(10)
The expression of the above action (9) is different from (6) due to the fact that in the Hamiltonian (10) as well as in the Wess-Zumino term $`S_{WZ}[𝐧(ia)]`$ we have done the staggering operation: $`𝐧(ia)(1)^i𝐧(ia)`$ and the staggered field $`𝐧(ia)`$ is then set $`𝐧(ia)=𝐦(ia)+(1)^ia𝐥(ia)`$.We neglect terms like $`𝐥_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐥`$ in the above action since $`𝐦`$ is slowly varying and $`𝐥`$ behaves as a derivative of $`𝐦`$ and as a result these terms are smaller with respect to terms involving derivatives of $`𝐦`$ within the terms of the order $`a^4`$.
Then we continue the action (9) to Minkowski one in a similar fashion as in the case of ferromagnet and integrate out the field $`𝐥`$ from the partition function.The effective action in the order parameter field takes the following form :

$`S_M`$ $`=`$ $`[saWZ+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16g}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt(D_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+D_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+{\displaystyle \frac{2}{(1+\lambda )}}D_{}^{3}{}_{}{}^{2})`$ (11)
$`gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t\left(E_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+E_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\lambda _zE_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\right)`$
$`sa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐦_t𝐦_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦`$
$`2gs^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dtm_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}](2ia)`$
where $`𝐃=2𝐦_t𝐦+a𝐦_t_x𝐦`$,$`k=1,2`$
$`E_l=(_xm_l)(_xm_l)\frac{a^2}{12}(_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_l)(_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_l)`$,$`l=1,2,3`$.

Again the argument similar to the one in the case of ferromagnet, the field configurations satisfying $`𝐦𝐦_0`$ at $`\mathrm{}`$ with $`m_30`$ at $`\mathrm{}`$ makes the $`WZ`$ term in eqn.(11) a topological one.
At this stage we point out that in the long wavelength limit i.e,when we keep terms up to order $`a`$ in the WZ-part and up to order $`a^2`$ in the Hamiltonian part and integrate out the fluctuation $`𝐥`$ in the partition function we get usual effective action in $`𝐦`$ .This leads to non-linear sigma model with a topological term in the case of antiferromagnet and a different model with a topological term in the case of ferromagnet .

Two dimensional square lattice

The Minkowskian action for ferromagnet in the two dimentional square lattice can be written in the form:

$`S_M`$ $`=`$ $`8\pi s\chi [𝐧]+sa{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt[𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦`$ (12)
$`𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦](2ia,2ja)sa^2{\displaystyle }_{i,j=1}^N{\displaystyle }^T_0dt[𝐥^2+2𝐥`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝐦}{a}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}𝐌+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝐦_t𝐦^2𝐦](2ia,2ja)`$
$`2gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt[(_xm_1)^2+(_xm_2)^2+(_ym_1)^2`$
$`(_ym_2)^22a\stackrel{~}{𝐥}^2\stackrel{~}{𝐦}](2ia,2ja)2gs^2\lambda _za^2{\displaystyle }_{i,j=1}^N`$
$`{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[(_xm_3)^2+(_ym_3)^22al_3^2m_3](2ia,2ja)2gs^2(1\lambda _z)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[4m_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+8am_3l_3+4a^2l_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}](2ia,2ja)`$
Here $`\chi [𝐧]`$ is a proper fraction depending on the $`𝐧`$ field configuration.$`𝐌=_t𝐦(_x𝐦+_y𝐦)`$ and $`m_i`$,$`l_i`$,$`M_i`$ stand for the $`i`$th components of $`𝐦`$,$`𝐥`$,$`𝐌`$ in the spin space.$`\stackrel{~}{𝐦}`$,$`\stackrel{~}{𝐥}`$,$`\stackrel{~}{𝐌}`$ stand for the vectors in the XY-plane of spin space.
Using the same argument as used in the case of ferromagnetic chain we neglect the fractional number $`\chi [𝐧]`$ and work with the reduced action.After integrating out the field $`𝐥`$, the effective action in the order parameter field $`𝐦`$ takes the form:

$`S_M`$ $`=`$ $`saWZ+sa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[T_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+T_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\alpha R_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}](2ia,2ja)`$ (13)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{sa^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{i.j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt[𝐦_t𝐦^2𝐦](2ia,2ja)`$
$`2gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt[(_x\stackrel{~}{𝐦})^2+(_y\stackrel{~}{𝐦})^2`$
$`+\lambda _z(_xm_3)^2+\lambda _z(_ym_3)^2](2ia,2ja)`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}sa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt(𝐦_t𝐦^2𝐦)(2ia,2ja)`$
$`8gs^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑tm_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(2ia,2ja)`$
where $`WZ=[𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦+𝐦_t𝐦_y𝐦](2ia,2ja)`$,
$`T_k=\frac{1}{a}m_k\frac{3}{2}M_k2gsa^2m_k`$, $`k=1,2`$
and $`R_3=\frac{1}{a}m_3\frac{3}{2\alpha }M_3\frac{2gsa\lambda _z}{\alpha }^2m_3`$ Here $`^2`$ stands for $`_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+_{y}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}`$ in two dimensional space and $`\alpha =1+8gs(1\lambda _z)`$.
We write down the action for the antiferromagnet neglecting the terms $`_x𝐥^2`$,$`_y𝐥^2`$ as compared to terms involving $`𝐦`$ or derivatives of $`𝐦`$ within $`a^4`$ order in a manner similar to the case of antiferromagnetic chain as:

$`S_M`$ $`=`$ $`s{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt[4a𝐥𝐦_t𝐦](2ia,2ja)+sa^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt[2𝐥_t`$ (14)
$`_x𝐦𝐦2𝐥_t`$
$`_y𝐦+𝐥_t𝐦_x𝐦+𝐥_t𝐦`$
$`_y𝐦](2ia,2ja)+s{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}a^2{\displaystyle }_{i,j=1}^N{\displaystyle }^T_0dt[_x(𝐦_t𝐦_y(𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦)](2ia,2ja)`$
$`2gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[8𝐥^2+(_x𝐦)^2+(_y𝐦)^2](2ia,2ja)2gs^2a^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}`$
$`{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[8l_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+(_xm_3)^2+(_ym_3)^2](2ia,2ja)`$
$`gs^2a^4{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝐦)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(_y^2𝐦)^2](2ia,2ja)`$
$`+gs^2a^4(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}(_x^2m_3)^2](2ia,2ja)`$
After integrating out the fluctuation field $`𝐥`$ we have the following form of the effective action:

$`S_M`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{sa^2}{2}}WZ+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4g}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt(K_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+K_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{1+3\lambda _z}}K_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})`$ (15)
$`2gs^2a^2{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t(J_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+J_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\lambda _zJ_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{gs^2a^4}{6}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}𝑑t(P_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+P_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}+\lambda _zP_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2})`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{gs^2a^4(1\lambda _z)}{12}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dt(P_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}++12(_x_ym_3)^2)`$
$`4gs^2(1\lambda _z){\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle _0^T}dtm_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}](2ia,2ja)`$
Where $`WZ=_{i,j=1}^N_0^T𝑑t[_x(𝐦_t𝐦_y𝐦)+_y(𝐦_t𝐦_x𝐦)]`$,
$`𝐊=[𝐦_t𝐦+\frac{a}{2}(𝐦_t_x𝐦+𝐦_t_y𝐦)+\frac{a}{4}𝐌]`$,
$`𝐌`$ has been defined before in the action for ferromagnet.
$`J_{K}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=(_xm_k)^2+(_ym_k)^2`$, $`P_{k}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}=(_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_k)^2+(_{y}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_k)^2`$
with $`k=1,2,3`$

To see the role of WZ-term in ferromagnet as well as antiferromagnet we go back to Euclidean forms of the actions (13) and (15) and demand finiteness of the actions.As before the class of $`𝐦`$-field configurations satisfying boundary conditions $`𝐦𝐦_0`$ at $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`m_30`$ at $`\mathrm{}`$ makes the WZ-term topological in both the cases.
The periodic boundary condition on the space lattice and time makes $`𝐦`$ periodic but not necessarily their derivatives.Thus the WZ-term on the right hand side of eqn.(15) is a topological term as it is derivative of the winding number which has been dicussed in Ref.1.

Conclusions and comments

The lattice structure has to be explicitly dealt with as we are working with finite-q (in the medium and short wave length regime).The definition of topological term is however exact only when we go to continuum limit$`(q0)`$ .

There should be a cross-over from non-topological to topological behaviour in physical manifestation for 2D quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet as we increase the magnitude of the wave vector (i.e., q-value) to go from long wave length regime to short wave length regime.The neutron scattering experiments performed on the Copper Oxides in the antiferromagnetic phase,seem to probe the medium and the short wave-length regime and exihibit some of the features of topological excitations 1,2,5 in accordance with our inference.

The quantum Kosterlitz-Thouless-like scenerio may hold in the finite-q regime too,as the topological excitations continue to exist in this regime for a 2D quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet1.

References

1

Ranjan Chaudhury and Samir K. Paul, Phys.Rev.B60,6234(1999)

2

Y.Endoh et al,Phys.Rev.B37,7443(1988); K.Yamada et al.,ibid.40, 4557(1989);
R.Chaudhury,Indian J.Phys.,66A,159(1992)

3

S.Chakravarty,B.I.Halperin and D.R.Nelson,Phys.Rev.Lett.60,1057(1988);
S.Tyc,B.I.Halperin and S.Chakravarty,ibid.62,835(1989);
A.Auerbach and D.P.Arovas,ibid.61,617(1988)

4

Tai Kai Ng.,Phys.Rev.Lett.,82,3504(1999)

5

E.Fradkin and M.Stone,Phys.Rev.B38,7215(1988);
E.Fradkin,Field Theories of Condensed Matter Systems(Addison-Wesly,CA,1991)


text:
# Exact expression of the ground state energy of quantum many-particle systems as a functional of the particle density

## Abstract

By introducing a phase field and solving the eigen-functional equation of particles, we obtain the exact expressions of the ground state energy as a functional of the particle density for interacting electron/boson systems, and a two-dimensional electron gas under an external magnetic field, respectively. With the eigen-functionals of the particles, we can construct the ground state wave-function of the systems. Moreover, with the expressions of the ground state energy, we can exactly determine the ground state energy and the ground state particle density of the systems by taking $`\delta E_g[\rho ]/\delta \rho (x)=0`$.

Quantum many-particle systems are the main topics of the condensed matter physics, in which strongly correlated electron systems are the most interesting and hard problems, such as heavy fermion systems, high Tc cuprate superconductors, fractional quantum Hall effects, and some one-dimensional interacting fermion systems. In general, the quantum many-particle (fermion) systems can be divided into two categories, one is represented by the Landau Fermi liquid theory, and may be called as weakly correlated systems, and another one is represented by non-Fermi liquid theory, such as the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory and marginal Fermi liquid theory, and may be called as strongly correlated fermion systems. Therefore, there exists a key parameter hidden in the quantum many-particle systems, which represents the fermion/boson correlation strength. In Ref., we found this parameter we called the phase field, and with it we can unifiably represent the weakly and strongly correlated fermion systems, thus the Landau Fermi liquid theory and the non-Fermi liquid theory can be unified under our eigen-functional bosonization theory.

According to the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, the ground state energy of the quantum many-particle systems is uniquely determined by their ground state particle density. This theorem does not tell us how to construct the ground state energy by the particle density, but it clearly tells us that the ground state energy can be exactly represented by the particle density. However, in the Kohn-Sham scheme, we can only approximately obtain the expression of the ground state energy as a functional of the ground state particle density. Thus it is very important to write out an exact expression of the ground state energy of the quantum many-particle systems as a functional of the particle density. In fact, in usual bosonization representation of one-dimensional interacting fermion systems, we learn how to construct the Hamiltonian by the fermion density operators. With the eigen-functional bosonization theory, we can easily treat any quantum many-particle system by using the fermion/boson density field to represent the kinetic energy of the systems. In Ref., we demonstrated how to unifiably represent the weakly and strongly correlated fermion systems, and how to calculate their correlation functions.

In this paper, we give exact expressions of the ground state energy as the particle density field for different quantum many-particle systems. These expressions are universal, they are valid not only for weak fermion/boson interactions, but also for strong fermion/boson interactions. We first give the exact expression of the ground state energy as a functional of the electron density field for interacting electron systems; secondly we give the exact expression of the ground state energy for interacting boson systems, and their ground state wave-functions that are very similar to the correlated basis functions used in the study of the liquid $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$; finally we give the exact expression of the ground state energy of two-dimensional electron gas under an external magnetic field, and its ground state wave-functions that have a little similarity with Laughlin’s trial wave-functions. This expression of the ground state energy has more advantages comparing with the Laughlin’s trial wave-functions, because it directly derives from the microscopic theory.

In general, we consider the interacting electron system described by the Hamiltonian,

$$H=\psi ^{}(x)\left(\frac{\widehat{p}^2}{2m}\mu \right)\psi (x)+\frac{1}{2}d^Dyv(xy)\rho (y)\rho (x)$$
(1)
where $`\widehat{p}=i\mathrm{}`$, $`\rho (x)=\psi ^{}(x)\psi (x)`$ is the electron density operator, and $`D`$ the dimensions of the system. In order to calculate the ground state energy, we introduce a Lagrangian multiplier (boson) field $`\varphi (x)`$ which takes $`\rho (x)=\psi ^{}(x)\psi (x)`$ as a constraint condition. The Hamiltonian (1) can be re-written as,

$`H[\varphi ,\rho ]`$ $`=`$ $`\psi ^{}(x)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{p}^2}{2m}}\mu +\varphi (x)\right)\psi `$ (2)
$``$ $`\varphi (x)\rho (x)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^Dyv(xy)\rho (y)\rho (x)}`$ (3)
where $`\varphi (x)`$ and $`\rho (x)`$ are independent boson fields. Analogy to the eigen-functional bosonization theory, here we solve the following eigen-functional equation,

$$\left(\frac{\widehat{p}^2}{2m}\mu +\varphi (x)\right)\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x,[\varphi ])=E_k[\varphi ]\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x,[\varphi ])$$
(4)
Using the Helmann-Feynman theorem, we have the expression of the eigen-values,

$`E_k[\varphi ]`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_k+\mathrm{\Sigma }_k[\varphi ]`$ (5)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_k[\varphi ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑\xi {\displaystyle d^Dx\varphi (x)|\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x,[\xi \varphi ])|^2}`$ (6)
where $`ϵ_k=(\mathrm{}k)^2/(2m)\mu `$. The eigen-functionals can be written as,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x,[\xi \varphi ])=\frac{A_k}{L^{D/2}}e^{i𝐤𝐱}e^{Q_k(x,\xi )}$$
(7)
where $`A_k`$ is the normalization constant, and the phase (boson) field $`Q_k(x,\xi )`$ satisfies usual Eikonal equation,

$$\left(\frac{\widehat{p}^2}{2m}+\frac{\mathrm{}}{m}𝐤\widehat{p}\right)Q_k(x,\xi )+\frac{[\widehat{p}Q_k(x,\xi )]^2}{2m}+\xi \varphi (x)=0$$
(8)
It is noted that the eigen-functionals are composed of two parts, one represents the free electron, and another one represents the contributions from other electrons by the interaction potential $`v(xy)`$, therefore the eigen-functionals are the eigen-wave-functions of the interacting electrons corresponding to the definite boson field $`\varphi \left(x\right)`$. With them, we can construct the ground state wave-function, and calculate the correlation functions of the system by taking a functional average over the boson field $`\varphi \left(x\right)`$.

The electron operators $`\psi ^{}(x)`$ and $`\psi (x)`$ can be represented as,

$`\psi ^{}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_k^{}(x,[\varphi ])\widehat{c}_k^{}`$ (9)
$`\psi (x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\mathrm{\Psi }_k(x,[\varphi ])\widehat{c}_k`$ (10)
where $`\widehat{c}_k^{}`$ ($`\widehat{c}_k`$) is the electron’s creation ( annihilation) operator with momentum $`\mathrm{}k`$. With equations. (4) and (10), we can obtain the exact expression of ground state energy as a functional of the boson field $`\varphi (x)`$ and the electron density $`\rho (x)`$,

$`E[\varphi ,\rho ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^DxH[\varphi ]}`$ (11)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\theta (E_k[\varphi ])E_k[\varphi ]{\displaystyle d^Dx\varphi (x)\rho (x)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^Dxd^Dyv(xy)\rho (x)\rho (y)}`$ (12)
where the boson field $`\varphi (x)`$ is determined by the condition $`\delta E[\varphi ,\rho ]/\delta \varphi (x)=0`$, which induces the equation,

$$\underset{k}{}\theta (E_k[\varphi ])\left(G_k(x)+d^Dy\varphi (y)\frac{\delta G_k(y)}{\delta \varphi (x)}\right)=\rho (x)$$
(13)
where $`G_k(x)=_0^1𝑑\xi e^{2Q_k^R(x,\xi )}/d^Dxe^{2Q_k^R(x,\xi )}`$, and $`Q_k(x,\xi )=Q_k^R(x,\xi )+iQ_k^I(x,\xi )`$. This equation shows that the boson field $`\varphi (x)`$ is the functional of the electron density field $`\rho (x)`$. The chemical potential is determined by the constraint equation,

$$\underset{k}{}\theta (E_k[\varphi ])=N$$
(14)
where $`N`$ is the total electron number. With equation (13), the ground state energy can be represented as another form, which is only the functional of the electron density field ($`\varphi (x)`$ is the functional of $`\rho (x)`$ determined by (13)),

$$E_g[\rho ]=E_0+\frac{1}{2}d^Dxd^Dy\left(v(xy)\rho (x)\rho (y)2\varphi (x)\varphi (y)\underset{k}{}\theta (E_k[\varphi ])\frac{\delta G_k(y)}{\delta \varphi (x)}\right)$$
(15)
where $`E_0=_k\theta (E_k[\varphi ])ϵ_k`$, and the self-energy can be written as a simple form, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_k[\varphi ]=d^Dx\varphi (x)G_k(x)`$. The equations (8), (13), (14) and (15) give the exact expression of the ground state energy of the system as a functional of the electron density, we can easily numerically calculate it and the ground state electron density by taking $`\delta E_g[\rho ]/\delta \rho (x)=0`$. These equations have more advantages than that in the Kohn-Sham scheme, because that, 1). the expression of the ground state energy as the functional of the electron density is exact, with it we can exactly determine the ground state energy and the ground state electron density; 2). with these equations, we can easily estimate the contributions from high order terms, and obtain enough accurate results we hoped for some special considerations; 3). Using these equations to calculate the ground state energy and the ground state electron density, we may need much less computer time than that in the Kohn-Sham scheme. The ground state wave-function of the system can be obtained by the eigen-functionals, however, we cannot write it as a simple form, because the boson field $`Q_k(x,\xi =1)`$ is the function of the momentum $`k`$.

The expression of the ground state energy (15) is valid not only for Landau Fermi liquid (weak correlation systems), but also for non-Fermi liquid (strongly correlated systems), because it is universal for weak and strong electron interactions. Thus the Landau Fermi liquid and non-Fermi liquid can be unifiably represented by our eigen-functional bosonization theory, because the equation (15) gives the physical properties of the ground state, and in Ref. we show how to study the physical properties of the excitation states, and how to calculate the correlation functions of the systems. The phase field $`Q_k(x,\xi )`$ is a key parameter for unifiably representing the Landau Fermi liquid and non-Fermi liquid. Its imaginary part represents the electron correlation, and its real part ($`D2`$) only contributes to the ground state energy and the action of the systems, which can be clearly seen in the expression of the ground state energy (15).

For a boson system, such as the liquid $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$, at zero temperature it has Bose-Einstein condensation, and the bosons only occupy the state of the momentum $`k=0`$, thus the equation (14) is trivial, and the ground state energy can be written as,

$$E_g[\rho ]=\frac{1}{2}d^Dxd^Dy[v(xy)\rho (x)\rho (y)2\varphi (x)\rho (x)]$$
(16)
where we have taken $`\mu =\mathrm{\Sigma }_0[\varphi ]`$. The equation (13) reduces,

$$G_0(x)+d^Dy\varphi (y)\frac{\delta G_0(y)}{\delta \varphi (x)}=\frac{1}{N}\rho (x)$$
(17)
It is noted that the last term in (16) is the contributions of kinetic energy of the bosons, and in general it may be non-zero for interacting boson systems. Due to the condensation of the bosons, we can easily obtain the ground state wave-function of the boson systems,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_0}{L^{D/2}}}\right)^N<\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N,[\varphi ])>_\varphi `$ (18)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N,[\varphi ])`$ $`=`$ $`e^{_{i=1}^NQ_0(x_i,\xi =1)}`$ (19)
where $`<\mathrm{}>_\varphi `$ means the functional average over the boson field $`\varphi (x)`$. Using the method in Ref., we can easily obtain the ground state wave-function which is uniquely determined by single effective potenial function, and has the expression very similar to usual correlated basis functions that are the type of wave-function most often employed in the study of the ground state properties of $`{}_{}{}^{4}He`$. While the functional $`\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N,[\varphi ])`$ is very similar to the generalized London wave-function, where $`f(x_i)=\mathrm{exp}\{Q_0^R(x_i,\xi =1)\}`$ and $`S(x_i)=Q_0^I(x_i,\xi =1)`$.

We now consider the electron motion under an external magnetic field $`𝐁=(0,0,B)`$, where the response of the system to the magnetic field cannot be written as a simple density form. It is well-known that for enough strong megnetic field, in low temperature limit a two-dimensional electron gas shows the fractional quantum Hall effects due to the Coulomb interaction of the electrons. Here we only give the exact expression of the ground state energy of this system, and do not compare it with that obtained by Laughlin’s trial wave-functions, because that needs more detail numerical calculations. Under the magnetic field, the Hamiltonian (3) becomes,

$`H[\varphi ,\rho ]`$ $`=`$ $`\psi ^{}(x)\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}}(\widehat{p}+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{c}}𝐀)^2\mu +\varphi (x)\right)\psi (x)`$ (20)
$``$ $`\varphi (x)\rho (x)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle d^2yv(xy)\rho (y)\rho (x)}`$ (21)
where the gauge field $`𝐀=(yB/2,xB/2,0)`$, and for simplicity we take $`D=2`$. The eigen-functional equation corresponding to equation (4) reads,

$$\left(\frac{1}{2m}(\widehat{p}+\frac{e}{c}𝐀)^2\mu +\varphi (x)\right)\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}(x,[\varphi ])=E_{nl}[\varphi ]\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}(x,[\varphi ])$$
(22)
and the eigen-values are

$`E_{nl}[\varphi ]`$ $`=`$ $`ϵ_n+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{nl}[\varphi ]`$ (23)
$`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{nl}[\varphi ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑\xi {\displaystyle d^2x\varphi (x)|\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}(x,[\xi \varphi ])|^2}`$ (24)
where $`ϵ_n=\mathrm{}\omega _0(n+1/2)\mu `$, $`n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$, and $`\omega _0=eB/(mc)`$ is the cyclotron frequency. It is well-known that at $`\varphi (x)=0`$ the eigen-equation (22) has exact solutions, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}(x,[0])=\psi _{nl}(x)=a_{nl}(z_z^{})^l(z^{}_z)^n\mathrm{exp}\{zz^{}\}`$, $`l=0,1,2,..,L_{max}=\mathrm{\Phi }/\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }=BS`$ is the total flux, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0=2\pi \mathrm{}c/e`$ the flux quantum, $`z=(xiy)/(2l_B)`$, $`z^{}=(x+iy)/(2l_B)`$, $`l_B=(\mathrm{}c/(eB))^{1/2}`$ is the magnetic length, and $`a_{nl}`$ a normalization constant. Therefore, the eigen-functionals have the following form,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{nl}(x,[\xi \varphi ])=A_{nl}\psi _{nl}(x)e^{Q_{nl}(x,\xi )}$$
(25)
where $`A_{nl}`$ is a normalization constant, and the phase field $`Q_{nl}(x,\xi )`$ satisfies Eikonal-type equation,

$$\left(\frac{\widehat{p}^2}{2m}+(\frac{e}{mc}𝐀+𝐚_{nl})\widehat{p}\right)Q_{nl}(x,\xi )+\frac{[\widehat{p}Q_{nl}(x,\xi )]^2}{2m}+\xi \varphi (x)=0$$
(26)
where $`𝐚_{nl}=(1/m)\widehat{p}\mathrm{ln}\psi _{nl}(x)`$.

Following the above same procedures, we have the exact expression of the ground state energy as the electron density field $`\rho (x)`$,

$$E_g[\rho ]=E_0+\frac{1}{2}d^2xd^2y\left(v(xy)\rho (x)\rho (y)2\varphi (x)\varphi (y)\underset{nl}{}\theta (E_{nl}[\varphi ])\frac{\delta G_{nl}(y)}{\delta \varphi (x)}\right)$$
(27)
where $`E_0=_{nl}\theta (E_{nl}[\varphi ])ϵ_n`$, and the boson field $`\varphi (x)`$ is the function of the electron density $`\rho (x)`$, and is determined by the equation,

$$\underset{nl}{}\theta (E_{nl}[\varphi ])\left(G_{nl}(x)+d^2y\varphi (y)\frac{\delta G_{nl}(y)}{\delta \varphi (x)}\right)=\rho (x)$$
(28)
where $`G_{nl}(x)=_0^1𝑑\xi |\psi _{nl}(x)|^2e^{2Q_{nl}^R(x,\xi )}/d^2x|\psi _{nl}(x)|^2e^{2Q_{nl}^R(x,\xi )}`$, and the self-energy can written as a simple form, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{nl}[\varphi ]=d^2x\varphi (x)G_{nl}(x)`$. The chemical potential is determined by the constraint condition,

$$\underset{nl}{}\theta (E_{nl}[\varphi ])=N$$
(29)
where $`N`$ is the total electron number. The equations (26), (27), (28) and (29) can be used to exactly determine the ground state energy and the ground state electron density of the system by taking $`\delta E_g[\rho ]/\delta \rho (x)=0`$. In the low temperature limit, for enough strong magnetic field, the system shows the fractional quantum Hall effects for some special filling factors $`\nu =N\mathrm{\Phi }_0/\mathrm{\Phi }`$. The expression of the ground state energy (27) has a great advantages comparing with the Laughlin’s trial wave-functions: 1). it is a microscopic theory expression. 2). it shows that the odd- and even-denominator’s fractional quantum Hall states have the same expression of the ground state energy. 3). it can exactly determine the ground state electron density of the system. 4). it is very simple to study the fractional quantum Hall effects in higher Landau levels ($`n1`$).

However, the ground state wave-function of the system cannot be written as a simple form even for the lowest Landau level ($`n=0`$), because the phase field $`Q_{nl}(x,\xi =1)`$ depends on the quantum numbers $`n`$ and $`l`$. In the lowest Landau level, if we approximately take $`Q_{0l}(x,\xi =1)Q_{00}(x)`$, we can obtain the following expression of the ground state wave-function,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }(x_1,x_2,\mathrm{},x_N)=A\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}z_i\underset{i>j}{}(z_iz_j)e^{_{i=1}^N|z_i|^2}<e^{_{i=1}^NQ_{00}(x_i)}>_\varphi $$
(30)
where $`A`$ is a normalization constant, and the factor $`_{i>j}(z_iz_j)`$ guarantees the anti-commutation of the electrons. The last factor $`<\mathrm{exp}\{_{i=1}^NQ_{00}(x_i)\}>_\varphi `$ is very similar to the ground state wave-function of the boson systems (19), and it is very clear that this factor is the contribution of the electron interactions. This ground state wave-function is different from the Laughlin’s trial wave-functions of the odd-dinominator fractional quantum Hall states. We believe that with the equations of the ground state energy and the ground state wave-function (27) and (30), respectively, we can obtain more important informations of the fractional quantum Hall effects than that by the Laughlin’s trial wave-functions, because they are directly derived from the microscopic theory.

In summary, by introducing the Lagrangian multiplier (boson field) which makes the Hamiltonian only have the quadratic form of the electron/boson operators, and solving the eigen-functional equation of the electrons/bosons, we have obtained the exact expressions of the ground state energy as the functional of the electron/boson density for interacting electron systems, interacting boson systems, and the two-dimensional electron gas under an external magnetic field, respectively. By taking $`\delta E_g[\rho ]/\delta \rho (x)=0`$, we can exactly determine the ground state energy and the ground state electron/boson density of the quantum many-particle systems. With the present method and the eigen-functional bosonization theory which can exactly calculate the action and the correlation functions of the quantum many-particle systems, we can establish an unified theory of the quantum many-particle systems, which is valid not only for weakly correlated fermion/boson systems, but also for strongly correlated fermion/boson systems. The key points of this unified theory are that: 1). we introduce the Lagrangian multiplier (boson field) $`\varphi (x)`$ which takes the particle density $`\rho (x)=\psi ^{}(x)\psi (x)`$ as a constraint condition, so that the Hamiltonian can only have the quadratic form of the particle (fermion/boson) operators. 2). by introducing phase field $`Q_k(x,\xi )`$ which is a functional of the boson field $`\varphi (x)`$, we solve the eigen-functional equation of the particles, so that we can use the phase field to completely represent the kinetic energy of the systems. 3). the phase field $`Q_k(x,\xi )`$ is a key parameter hidden in the quantum many-particle systems, its imaginary part represents the particle correlation strength, and its real part only contributes to the ground state energy and action of the systems. 4). we are able to use the particle density field $`\rho (x)`$ to exactly represent the ground state energy and action of the quantum many-particle systems.