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# Dynamic correlation functions in one-dimensional quasi-condensates

## I Introduction

In low-dimensional uniform Bose gases, the single-particle correlations are fundamentally different from a three-dimensional gas, dramatically affecting the nature of the Bose condensation phase transition Popov (1987). Görlitz et. al. Görlitz et al. (2001) have created one- and two-dimensional *trapped* Bose gases by making the level spacing of the confining potential (along one or two directions) larger than the mean-field interaction energy. Recently, several experimental and theoretical studies have highlighted the manner in which the unique correlations of a uniform low-dimensional Bose gas are modified in a trapped Bose gas. With the increasing interest in BEC matter wave interferometry and atom lasers, it is clearly important to have a greater understanding of one-dimensional (1D) trapped Bose gases.

In uniform systems, it is well known that the behavior of Bose gases is quite different in one- or two-dimensions compared to three-dimensions. In 3D, below a critical temperature $`T_{BEC}`$, the long-range correlations of the phase are manifested in the asymptotic properties of the single-particle correlation function, where $`lim_{\left|𝐫\right|\mathrm{}}\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐫)\widehat{\psi }(\mathrm{𝟎})n_00`$ indicates long-range order in the system. Above $`T_{BEC}`$, this single-particle correlation function decays exponentially for large distances, characteristic of normal systems. In systems of reduced dimensionality, long wavelength fluctuations of the phase of the Bose order parameter lead to a new state intermediate between a Bose-condensed and non-Bose-condensed system. The system forms a quasi-condensate, in which the phase of the order parameter is only coherent over a finite length scale. The system may be thought of as Bose condensate sub-systems which are well defined locally but are not correlated with each other Popov (1987).

The presence of a quasi-condensate causes the equal-time single-particle correlation function to spatially decay with a characteristic power law, $`lim_{\left|𝐫\right|\mathrm{}}\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐫)\widehat{\psi }(\mathrm{𝟎})1/\left|𝐫\right|^\alpha `$, where the power law parameter $`\alpha `$ is characteristic of the system. In a uniform two-dimensional (2D) Bose gas, a Bose condensate can be shown to only occur at $`T=0`$. At low but finite temperatures, however, a 2D Bose gas can form a quasi-condensate. In a one-dimensional (1D) uniform Bose gas, true Bose condensation never occurs, but at $`T=0`$ a quasi-condensate is possible. The central point is that the characteristic features of 1D and 2D quasi-condensates are associated with long wavelength, low frequency (i.e., long distances and times) phase fluctuations of the Bose order parameter.

In a *trapped* Bose gas, the effect of the long wavelength phase fluctuations is complicated by the finite size of the system. While a quasi-condensate is still locally coherent, the size of the system will play a crucial role. Recent theoretical work on trapped Bose gases has focussed on the static correlation properties of trapped 1D and 2D Bose gases as a measure of the long-range phase coherence of the Bose gas. Early work by Ho and Ma Ho and Ma (1999) considered primarily the zero-temperature (vacuum) phase fluctuations. They showed that the strong phase fluctuations were restricted by the finite size of the system and as a result the system could form a Bose condensate even at $`T=0`$. Since the low lying collective modes have finite energy in a trapped Bose gas, at sufficiently low temperatures the thermal fluctuations are frozen and the $`T=0`$ analysis still applies. The role of thermal fluctuations in determining the phase coherence of the trapped Bose gas has been recently discussed in considerable detail by Shlyapnikov and coworkers Petrov et al. (2000a, b, 2001); Shlyapnikov (2001). They demonstrated Petrov et al. (2000b) that below a certain temperature $`T_\varphi `$, the long wavelength phase fluctuations in a trapped 1D Bose gas are effectively frozen. As a result, the quasi-condensate of the uniform gas becomes a true Bose condensate in the trapped gas for $`T<T_\varphi `$. This work was later extended to deal with the effect of phase fluctuations in a highly elongated (cigar-shaped) 3D Bose gas Petrov et al. (2001), which was shown to behave as a quasi-1D Bose gas. It was found that the long wavelength phase fluctuations above a certain temperature $`T_\varphi ^{3D}`$ would still destroy long-range order, leading to a quasi-condensate.

The role of phase fluctuations in an elongated 3D Bose gas has been recently explored by Dettmer et. al. Dettmer et al. (2001), where evidence was found for a phase-fluctuating quasi-condensate by observation of characteristic interference effects in the freely expanding gas. This kind of real space interferometry experiment is a measure of the equal-time single-particle correlations of a Bose gas. However, the theoretical analysis required to evaluate the effect of phase fluctuations is quite involved and somewhat indirect Dettmer et al. (2001). The Doppler-sensitive Bragg scattering experiments recently performed in Orsay Gerbier et al. (a) give an alternative and perhaps a more direct probe of the single-particle correlations, albeit in momentum space.

Such Bragg scattering techniques have been used to measure the excitations in a trapped 3D Bose gas Stenger et al. (1999); Stamper-Kurn et al. (1999); Ketterle (1999); Vogels et al. (2002); Steinhauer et al. (2002). Out-coupling (or tunneling) experiments discussed in Refs. Japha et al. (1999); Choi et al. (2000); Luxat and Griffin (2002) also show how one can obtain information about the dynamic single-particle correlation functions of a trapped Bose gas. There has been some related theoretical work on the absorption line shape of a uniform 1D Bose gas Yip (2001). This type of experiment is also similar to tunneling between quantum wires used to probe the single-particle correlations in 1D electron systems Kang et al. (2000); Auslaender et al. (2002).

We restrict ourselves to the trapped 1D mean-field Bose gas, as defined in Refs. Petrov et al. (2000b); Shlyapnikov (2001); Menotti and Stringari (2002). In Section II, we summarize the calculation of low energy collective modes responsible for the long wavelength phase fluctuations using a quantized hydrodynamic theory Stringari (1996); Wu and Griffin (1996). In Section III, we use these results to calculate the static correlation function for a quasi-condensate, following the work of Shlyapnikov and coworkers Petrov et al. (2000b, 2001); Shlyapnikov (2001). The results for the static correlation function of a quasi-condensate are compared with that of a true Bose condensate in the 1D trap at $`T=0`$. We then calculate the momentum distribution of atoms both in quasi-condensates and true Bose condensates, since this is the key quantity measured in Doppler-sensitive Bragg spectroscopy. This discussion of results for the static correlation function sets the stage for our generalization to 1D dynamic correlation functions in Section IV. In Section V, we show how this dynamic correlation function could be measured using a two-photon Raman scattering (out-coupling) experiment.

## II Correlation functions

The two-photon optical Bragg scattering cross-section can be shown to be proportional to Ketterle (1999); Zambelli et al. (2000)

$$[S(𝐪,\omega )S(𝐪,\omega )],$$
(1)
where the dynamic structure factor is defined by

$$S(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{1}{2\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑te^{i\omega t}𝑑𝐫𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})}\widehat{n}(𝐫,t)\widehat{n}(𝐫^{},0),$$
(2)
with $`\widehat{n}(𝐫)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐫)\widehat{\psi }(𝐫)`$ being the local density operator. Quite generally, one can prove from detailed balancing that $`S(𝐪,\omega )=e^{\beta \omega }S(𝐪,\omega )`$. Even for a trapped gas, we can express the quantum field operators in the momentum representation

$$\widehat{\psi }(𝐫)=\frac{d𝐤}{(2\pi )^{3/2}}e^{i𝐤𝐫}\widehat{\psi }(𝐤),$$
(3)
in which case (2) reduces to

$$S(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{1}{2\pi }\frac{d𝐤d𝐤^{}}{(2\pi )^3}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑te^{i\omega t}\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤,t)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪,t)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤^{})\widehat{\psi }(𝐤^{}𝐪).$$
(4)
As we review in an Appendix, within the impulse approximation (IA), one can reduce Eq. (4) to the simple looking result

$$S(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{d𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}n(𝐤)\delta (\omega q^2/2m𝐪𝐤/m),$$
(5)
where $`n(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤)`$ is the thermally averaged equilibrium momentum distribution of atoms in a fully interacting trapped gas. This result also shows that the energy transfer in the IA is very large and hence the second term in Eq. (1) can be neglected ($`\omega k_BT`$).

Thus one sees how Doppler-sensitive Bragg scattering gives information about the atomic momentum distribution $`n(𝐤)`$. In turn, this momentum distribution is the Fourier transform of a single-particle correlation function, which we now discuss for a 1D Bose gas. We consider a Bose gas in the mean-field regime which is trapped in a highly elongated cigar-shaped trap. In this 1D geometry, the confinement along the radial direction is so tight that the trap frequency along the radial direction $`\omega _\rho `$ is much greater than the mean-field interaction energy. At the low temperatures of interest, the dynamics of the atoms in the radial direction are essentially “frozen”, with all the atoms occupying the ground-state of the harmonic trap in the radial direction

$$\varphi _\rho (x,y)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi l_\rho ^2}}e^{(x^2+y^2)/2l_\rho ^2}.$$
(6)
Here the extension of the wavefunction in the radial direction is given by the harmonic oscillator length $`l_\rho \sqrt{\mathrm{}/m\omega _\rho }`$.

In the mean-field regime, $`l_\rho `$ is much greater than the radius of the interatomic potential $`R_e`$. The scattering of atoms in this 1D system is thus still three-dimensional. According to Ref. Olshanii (1998), the effective coupling constant in this 1D system is

$$g_{1D}=\frac{2\mathrm{}^2}{m}\frac{a}{l_\rho (l_\rho Ca)},$$
(7)
where $`a`$ is the s-wave scattering length and $`C`$ is a numerical constant on the order of $`1`$. The term $`Ca`$ in Eq. (7) is negligible for $`l_\rho R_e`$. In this limit, the expression for $`g_{1D}`$ is the same as that obtained by averaging over the radial wavefunction (6) Olshanii (1998); Petrov et al. (2000b),

$`g_{1D}`$ $``$ $`g{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑x𝑑y\varphi _\rho (x,y)^4`$ (8)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{}^2a}{ml_\rho ^2}}.`$
We use this expression in the rest of this paper.

Since the trap frequency along the radial direction is much greater than the mean-field interaction energy, in the mean-field regime we can construct a 1D Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the axial direction only. Within the Thomas-Fermi regime, the 1D Gross-Pitaevskii equation leads to a density distribution in the axial direction given by

$$n_0(z)=\frac{1}{g_{1D}}\left(\mu _0\frac{1}{2}m\omega _z^2z^2\right)\theta \left(\mu _0\frac{1}{2}m\omega _z^2z^2\right),$$
(9)
where the chemical potential is

$$\mu _0=\mathrm{}\omega _z\left(\frac{3}{4\sqrt{2}}\frac{g_{1D}}{\mathrm{}\omega _zl_z}N\right)^{2/3}.$$
(10)
The Thomas-Fermi length of the atom cloud in the *axial direction* is then defined by

$$Z_0\sqrt{\frac{2\mu _0}{m\omega _z^2}}.$$
(11)
The number of atoms is given by $`N`$ and $`l_z\sqrt{\mathrm{}/m\omega _z}`$ is the harmonic oscillator length in the axial direction.

The theory of the correlation properties of a phase fluctuating Bose gas builds upon this zero temperature theory of the static condensate density. The central idea is that the time-dependent single-particle correlation function

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐫,t)\widehat{\psi }(𝐫^{})$$
(12)
can be calculated using the $`T=0`$ low energy collective modes calculated as fluctuations about the static condensate density, even when we are dealing with a quasi-condensate with large phase fluctuations at finite temperature. In calculating the single-particle correlation function in Eq. (12), we write the Bose field operator as $`\widehat{\psi }(𝐫,t)=\sqrt{\widehat{n}(𝐫,t)}e^{i\widehat{\varphi }(𝐫,t)}`$ using the density ($`\widehat{n}`$) and phase ($`\widehat{\varphi }`$) variables. While the density fluctuations are small, the phase fluctuations can be large in 1D and 2D Bose gases. Within this approximation, only the phase fluctuation dynamics are considered and then the single-particle correlation function is given by

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)\sqrt{n_0(𝐫)n_0(𝐫^{})}e^{i\left[\widehat{\varphi }(𝐫,t)\widehat{\varphi }(𝐫^{})\right]}.$$
(13)
It is adequate to use the static condensate density $`n_0(𝐫)`$ at $`T=0`$ given in Eq. (13), since this is unaffected by phase fluctuations at low temperatures.

To evaluate the single-particle correlation function in Eq. (13), we need the normal modes corresponding to low energy phase fluctuations. We use the quantized hydrodynamic theory developed by Wu and Griffin Wu and Griffin (1996). The fluctuations in the density and phase about their equilibrium values are given by

$$\widehat{n}(z,t)=n_0(z)+\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)$$
(14)
and

$$\widehat{\varphi }(z,t)=\varphi _0(z)+\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t).$$
(15)
By starting with the Gross-Pitaevskii Hamiltonian, we may develop a quantized hydrodynamic Hamiltonian describing the low frequency excitations at $`T=0`$. Working to lowest order in the fluctuations and making the Thomas-Fermi approximation, one obtains the effective hydrodynamic Hamiltonian Wu and Griffin (1996)

$$\widehat{H}=H_0+_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑z\left[mn_0(z)\delta \widehat{v}_z^2(z)+g_{1D}\delta \widehat{n}^2(z)\right],$$
(16)
in which the fluctuations of the condensate phase and density are treated up to quadratic order. The velocity fluctuation operator $`\delta \widehat{v}_z`$ is related to the phase fluctuation operator in the usual way,

$$\delta \widehat{v}_z(z,t)\frac{\mathrm{}}{m}\frac{d}{dz}\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t).$$
(17)
The quadratic Hamiltonian in Eq. (16) has the same form as the renormalized 1D hydrodynamic Hamiltonian derived by Haldane Haldane (1981), which has been used in recent studies on 1D Bose gases Gangardt and Shlyapnikov .

Since the hydrodynamic Hamiltonian in Eq. (16) is quadratic in the density and phase fluctuation operators, one can diagonalize it using the canonical transformations Wu and Griffin (1996)

$$\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)=\underset{j}{}\left[A_j\psi _j(z)e^{i\omega _jt}\widehat{\alpha }_j+A_j^{}\psi _j^{}(z)e^{i\omega _jt}\widehat{\alpha }_j^{}\right]$$
(18)
and

$$\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)=\underset{j}{}\left[B_j\psi _j(z)e^{i\omega _jt}\widehat{\alpha }_j+B_j^{}\psi _j^{}(z)e^{i\omega _jt}\widehat{\alpha }_j^{}\right].$$
(19)
This form of the canonical transformations ensures the Hermiticity of the density and phase operators. The operators $`\widehat{\alpha }_j`$ and $`\widehat{\alpha }_j^{}`$ annihilate and create excitations with energy $`\mathrm{}\omega _j`$, and satisfy the commutation relations $`[\widehat{\alpha }_j,\widehat{\alpha }_j^{}]=[\widehat{\alpha }_j^{},\widehat{\alpha }_j^{}^{}]=0`$ and $`[\widehat{\alpha }_j,\widehat{\alpha }_j^{}^{}]=\delta _{j,j^{}}`$. The mode expansion coefficients $`A_j`$ and $`B_j`$ are to be determined along with the mode eigenfunction $`\psi _j(z)`$ and the excitation energy $`\mathrm{}\omega _j`$ Wu and Griffin (1996). The mode eigenfunctions are assumed to form a complete, orthonormal basis. From the equal-time commutation relation $`[\delta \widehat{n}(z),\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z^{})]=i\delta (zz^{})`$, the coefficients $`A_j`$ and $`B_j`$ may be shown to satisfy the relation $`A_j^{}B_j=i/2`$.

Using the Hamiltonian in Eq. (16), the density and phase fluctuation operators satisfy the Heisenberg equations of motion

$$\frac{\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)}{t}=\frac{}{z}\left[n_0(z)\delta \widehat{v}_z(z,t)\right]$$
(20)
and

$$\frac{\delta \widehat{v}_z(z,t)}{t}=\frac{}{z}\left[g_{1D}\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)\right].$$
(21)
These two equations may be combined to give the decoupled equations

$$\frac{^2\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)}{t^2}=\frac{}{z}\left[\frac{g_{1D}}{m}n_0(z)\frac{}{z}\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)\right]$$
(22)
and

$$\frac{^2\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)}{t^2}=\frac{}{z}\left[\frac{g_{1D}}{m}n_0(z)\frac{}{z}\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)\right].$$
(23)
Using Eq. (20) or Eq. (21) together with the relation $`A_j^{}B_j=i/2`$, the expansion coefficients $`A_j`$ and $`B_j`$ are given by

$$A_j=i\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{}\omega _j}{2g_{1D}}},B_j=\sqrt{\frac{g_{1D}}{2\mathrm{}\omega _j}}.$$
(24)
Using Eq. (23), the equation for the eigenfunctions $`\psi _j`$ is

$$\frac{g_{1D}}{m}\frac{}{z}\left[n_0(z)\frac{}{z}\psi _j(z)\right]+\omega _j^2\psi _j(z)=0,$$
(25)
with the static density $`n_0(z)`$ given by Eq. (9). Eq. (25) then reduces to a Legendre equation, with the eigenfrequencies given by $`\omega _j=\omega _z\sqrt{j(j+1)/2}`$ Stringari (1998). The associated eigenfunctions $`\psi _j`$ are given by

$$\psi _j(z)=\sqrt{\frac{j+1/2}{Z_0}}P_j(z/Z_0),$$
(26)
where $`P_j`$ is the usual Legendre polynomial and $`Z_0`$ is defined in Eq. (11). This expression for $`\psi _j`$ is normalized to unity and the integer $`j`$ runs from $`1`$ to $`\mathrm{}`$. Using these eigenfunctions, the density and phase fluctuation operators in Eq. (18) and Eq. (19) are

$$\delta \widehat{n}(z,t)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[i\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{}\omega _j}{2g_{1D}}}\sqrt{\frac{j+1/2}{Z_0}}P_j(z/Z_0)e^{i\omega _jt}\widehat{\alpha }_j+H.c.]$$
(27)
and

$$\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)=\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}[\sqrt{\frac{g_{1D}}{2\mathrm{}\omega _j}}\sqrt{\frac{j+1/2}{Z_0}}P_j(z/Z_0)e^{i\omega _jt}\widehat{\alpha }_j+H.c.].$$
(28)
Identical results are obtained in Refs. Petrov et al. (2000b); Al Khawaja et al. (2002) by directly solving the coupled Bogoliubov equations for the 1D Bose gas. We note that the low energy modes of a highly elongated trap are very similar to those of the 1D Bose gas considered here. In the former case, we have $`\omega _j=\omega _z\sqrt{j(j+3)/4}`$, while the wavefunctions are Jacobi polynomials $`P_j^{(1,1)}`$ instead of Legendre polynomials Petrov et al. (2001).

As noted in Ref. Petrov et al. (2000b), for low temperatures, the density fluctuations described by $`\delta \widehat{n}(z)\delta \widehat{n}(z^{})`$ are small in comparison with the phase fluctuations $`\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z)\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z^{})`$. We can understand this from the fact that for reasonable parameter values, we have $`g_{1D}>\mathrm{}\omega _j`$ for the low-lying normal modes, which in turn implies $`A_jB_j`$. This justifies ignoring density fluctuations in reducing the correlation function in Eq. (12) to Eq. (13).

Within this mean-field approximation for the phase fluctuations, the dynamic single-particle correlation function in Eq. (13) is given by

$`C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _\rho (x,y)\varphi _\rho (x^{},y^{})\sqrt{n_0(z)n_0(z^{})}`$ (29)
$`\times e^{\frac{1}{2}\left[\widehat{\delta \varphi }(z,t)\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z^{},0)\right]^2}.`$
Here we have used the standard results for functional integration Popov (1987) involving a quadratic Hamiltonian in reducing $`\mathrm{exp}(i[\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z^{},0)])=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{2}[\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z^{},0)]^2)`$. For notational convenience, we define $`F(z,z^{};t)[\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z,t)\delta \widehat{\varphi }(z^{},0)]^2`$. In Section III, we evaluate and review the properties of this single-particle correlation function $`C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)`$ in the static limit ($`t=0`$). Section IV considers the extension to non-zero times.

## III Static correlation function

Up to now, only the *static* correlation function has been investigated in a trapped low-dimensional Bose gas. Dettmer et. al. Dettmer et al. (2001) have provided impressive interferometric evidence for phase fluctuations in a tight cigar-shaped 3D Bose gas. Doppler-sensitive Bragg scattering experiments provide an alternative probe of the static single-particle correlation function since they measure the momentum distribution of atoms in the quasi-condensate Gerbier et al. (a). In such a Bragg scattering experiment on a quasi-1D highly elongated 3D system, a large momentum kick $`𝐪`$ is given to the atoms by a Bragg pulse directed along the long axis of the trap. The signal is proportional to the dynamic structure factor in the high momentum regime Zambelli et al. (2000), the IA expression given in Eq. (5).

The results of the present section are equivalent to those of Shlyapnikov and coworkers Petrov et al. (2000b, 2001); Shlyapnikov (2001). However, in previous studies, the results were used to discuss interference patterns of expanding gases Petrov et al. (2000b). In this section, we work directly with the dynamic structure factor measured in Bragg scattering experiments. These results will be needed in our generalization in Section IV to time-dependent single-particle correlation functions in 1D Bose gases.

As in the case of a highly elongated 3D Bose gas, the dynamic structure factor is the experimental signal in a Doppler-sensitive Bragg scattering experiment on a 1D Bose gas. For the two Bragg laser beams oriented so that the momentum kick given to the atoms is along the long axial direction, the dynamic structure factor in the impulse approximation given by Eq. (5) is

$$S_{IA}(𝐪=q_z\widehat{𝐳},\omega )=\frac{d𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}n(𝐤)\delta (\omega \mathrm{}q_z^2/2m\mathrm{}q_zk_z/m).$$
(30)
This may be reduced to

$$S_{IA}(𝐪=q_z\widehat{𝐳},\omega )=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}\sqrt{\frac{m}{2\mathrm{}\omega _r}}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑k_x_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑k_yn(k_x,k_y,k_z=\sqrt{m/2\mathrm{}\omega _r}(\omega \omega _r)),$$
(31)
where we have introduced the recoil energy $`\mathrm{}\omega _r\mathrm{}^2q_z^2/2m`$. This shows how the IA dynamic structure factor is broadened as a result of the Doppler effect, which gives a fairly direct measure of the width of the momentum distribution of the atoms. The standard approach to estimate the broadening of the dynamic structure factor is to fit the data to a Gaussian centred at the peak value $`\omega =\omega _r`$,

$$S_{IA}(𝐪,\omega )=S_{IA}(𝐪,\omega =\omega _r)\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{(\omega \omega _r)^2}{2\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^2}\right],$$
(32)
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}`$ is the Doppler width of the dynamic structure factor, given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^2=[S_{IA}(𝐪,\omega )/_\omega ^2S_{IA}(𝐪,\omega )]|{}_{\omega =\omega _r}{}^{}.$$
(33)
For further discussion, see Ref. Zambelli et al. (2000).

We now turn to evaluating the dynamic structure factor in Eq. (31) in two different regimes: a Bose-condensed and a quasi-condensate gas. We first calculate the momentum distribution. Since both regimes occur at relatively low temperatures, we ignore thermally-excited density fluctuations. However, since these do not significantly affect the transition from a Bose condensate to a quasi-condensate as the temperature increases above $`T_\varphi `$ \[see Eq. (43)\], we are not neglecting any key features that a Doppler-sensitive Bragg scattering experiment probes. A more sophisticated theory must be used to take into account the density fluctuations that become increasingly important at higher temperatures (see, e.g., Refs. Andersen et al. (2002); Al Khawaja et al. (2002)).

We first consider the momentum distribution for a true Bose condensate at $`T=0`$. The static correlation function can be split into a static Bose condensate term and the density fluctuations about the condensed state

$$\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐫)\widehat{\psi }(𝐫^{})=\mathrm{\Phi }_0^{}(𝐫)\mathrm{\Phi }_0(𝐫^{})+\stackrel{~}{\psi }^{}(𝐫)\stackrel{~}{\psi }(𝐫^{}).$$
(34)
The density fluctuations about the static Bose condensate are small, and thus we ignore the second term in (34), as discussed above. The momentum distribution of atoms in the Bose-condensed gas is then

$$n_c(𝐤)=𝑑𝐫e^{i𝐤𝐫}\mathrm{\Phi }_0^{}(𝐫)𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐤𝐫^{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_0(𝐫^{}).$$
(35)
As discussed in Section II, the order parameter of a 1D Bose-condensed gas is given by the harmonic oscillator ground state wavefunction \[see Eq. (6)\] in the radial direction, and a Thomas-Fermi order parameter along the axial direction. The momentum distribution then reduces to

$`n_c(𝐤)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫e^{i𝐤𝐫}\varphi _\rho (x,y)\sqrt{n_0(z)}}`$ (36)
$`\times {\displaystyle }d𝐫^{}e^{i𝐤𝐫^{}}\varphi _\rho (x^{},y^{})\sqrt{n_0(z^{})},`$
where the static condensate density $`n_0(z)`$ is defined in (9) Petrov et al. (2000b).

The integrals in (36) may be evaluated analytically to give

$$n_c(k_x,k_y,k_z)=4\pi ^3l_\rho ^2\frac{\mu _0}{g_{1D}}e^{l_\rho ^2(k_x^2+k_y^2)}\frac{J_1^2(Z_0k_z)}{k_z^2},$$
(37)
where $`J_1`$ is the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1. Using Eq. (37) for the momentum distribution of a Bose condensate, the IA dynamic structure factor in Eq. (31) for a Bose-condensed gas is given by

$$S_{IA}^c(𝐪=q_z\widehat{𝐳},\omega )=\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{\mu _0}{g_{1D}}\sqrt{\frac{2\mathrm{}\omega _r}{m}}\frac{J_1^2(Z_0\sqrt{m/2\mathrm{}\omega _r}(\omega \omega _r))}{(\omega \omega _r)^2}.$$
(38)
To determine the momentum distribution for a quasi-condensate, we must first evaluate the single-particle correlation function in Eq. (29) in the static limit ($`t=0`$),

$`C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _\rho (x,y)\varphi _\rho (x^{},y^{})\sqrt{n_0(z)n_0(z^{})}`$ (39)
$`\times e^{\frac{1}{2}F_s(z,z^{})},`$
where $`F_s(z,z^{})F(z,z^{};t=0)`$. Using the result in Eq. (28) for the phase fluctuation operator, one obtains Petrov et al. (2000b)

$`F_s(z,z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_{1D}}{2Z_0}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{j+1/2}{\mathrm{}\omega _j}}`$ (40)
$`\times \left[P_j(z/Z_0)P_j(z^{}/Z_0)\right]^2`$
$`\times \left[1+2N(\mathrm{}\omega _j)\right],`$
where $`N(\mathrm{}\omega _j)`$ is the Bose distribution function. In approximating this expression further, we make use of two facts. The vacuum fluctuations are small Petrov et al. (2000b) and secondly, we are interested in the finite temperature regime where the thermally induced low energy phase fluctuations destroy the long-range order of the Bose condensate. We may then use the quasi-classical approximation in which the temperature is larger than the important low energy excitations. Replacing $`N(\mathrm{}\omega _j)`$ by $`k_BT/\mathrm{}\omega _j`$, Eq. (40) reduces to

$`F_s(z,z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{T\mu _0}{T_d\mathrm{}\omega _z}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2j+1}{j(j+1)}}`$ (41)
$`\times \left[P_j(z/Z_0)P_j(z^{}/Z_0)\right]^2.`$
Here the $`T=0`$ excitation energies are $`\omega _j=\omega _z\sqrt{j(j+1)/2}`$ and following Ref. Petrov et al. (2000b), we have introduced the “degeneracy temperature” $`T_dN\mathrm{}\omega _z`$. The $`j`$-sum over the modes may be evaluated exactly,

$`F_s(z,z^{})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{T\mu _0}{T_d\mathrm{}\omega _z}}`$ (42)
$`\times \left|\mathrm{ln}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(1z/Z_0)(1+z^{}/Z_0)}{(1+z/Z_0)(1z^{}/Z_0)}}\right]\right|.`$
We note that Eq. (42) agrees precisely with that obtained in Ref. Petrov et al. (2000b) by solving the coupled Bogoliubov equations, as it should.

From Eq. (42), it follows that the temperature $`T_\varphi `$ at which phase fluctuations destroy the long-range phase coherence of the Bose condensate can be characterized by Petrov et al. (2000b)

$$T_\varphi =\frac{T_d\mathrm{}\omega _z}{\mu _0}.$$
(43)
Working to lowest order in the separation $`\left|zz^{}\right|`$ in Eq. (42), the single-particle correlation function can be shown to decay as $`\mathrm{exp}(|zz^{}|/l_\varphi )`$ near the centre of the trap, where the correlation length is Petrov et al. (2000b)

$$l_\varphi =Z_0\frac{T_\varphi }{T}.$$
(44)
A quasi-1D Bose gas in a highly elongated trap has a phase fluctuation temperature given by Petrov et al. (2001)

$$T_\varphi ^{3D}=\frac{15}{32}\frac{T_d\mathrm{}\omega _z}{\mu _0}$$
(45)
with the correlation length

$$l_\varphi ^{3D}=Z_0\frac{T_\varphi ^{3D}}{T}.$$
(46)
These results are essentially the same as those for trapped 1D Bose gases which we work with.

We can now use these results to calculate the momentum distribution for a quasi-condensate (denoted by the subscript $`qc`$),

$$n_{qc}(𝐤)=C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐤,𝐤)=𝑑𝐫e^{i𝐤𝐫}𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐤𝐫^{}}C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0).$$
(47)
The integration over the radial coordinates may be done analytically, and we find that the momentum distribution of particles in the radial direction is a Gaussian,

$`n_{qc}(k_x,k_y,k_z)`$ $`=`$ $`4\pi l_\rho ^2e^{l_\rho ^2(k_x^2+k_y^2)}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑ze^{ik_zz}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑z^{}e^{ik_zz^{}}`$ (48)
$`\times \sqrt{n_0(z)n_0(z^{})}e^{\frac{1}{2}F_s(z,z^{})}.`$
The dependence of $`n_{qc}`$ on the axial momentum $`k_z`$ is clearly complicated. Substituting the expressions for $`n_0(z)`$ in Eq. (9) and $`F_s(z,z^{})`$ in Eq. (42) into Eq. (48), the axial quasi-condensate momentum distribution must be evaluated numerically. Substituting Eq. (48) into Eq. (31), the IA quasi-condensate dynamic structure factor is

$$S_{IA}^{qc}(𝐪=q_z\widehat{𝐳},\omega )=\frac{1}{2\pi }\sqrt{\frac{m}{2\mathrm{}\omega _r}}n_{qc}(k_z=\sqrt{m/2\mathrm{}\omega _r}(\omega \omega _r)),$$
(49)
where $`\omega _r`$ is the recoil frequency and

$$n_{qc}(k_z)_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑ze^{ik_zz}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑z^{}e^{ik_zz^{}}\sqrt{n_0(z)n_0(z^{})}e^{\frac{1}{2}F_s(z,z^{})}.$$
(50)
In Fig. 1, we compare $`S_{IA}`$ for a true Bose condensate and a quasi-condensate \[see Eq. (49)\] as a function of the frequency $`\omega `$, measured relative to the recoil frequency $`\omega _r`$. The width of $`S_{IA}`$ for the quasi-condensate is significantly wider than that of a true Bose condensate, as expected. The resulting axial momentum distribution has Doppler width $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}`$ proportional to $`1/l_\varphi `$, which increases (since $`l_\varphi `$ decreases) with increasing temperature. For a true condensate, the Doppler width may be evaluated analytically. Using Eq. (38) for the IA dynamic structure factor, the Doppler width using Eq. (33) is

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^c=\sqrt{2}\frac{\mathrm{}q_z}{mZ_0}.$$
(51)
This Doppler width is inversely proportional to the condensate Thomas-Fermi axial length $`Z_0`$, which for a true Bose condensate is the coherence length. Aside from the numerical factor $`\sqrt{2}`$, the width is the same as given in Ref. Zambelli et al. (2000) for a condensate in an anisotropic 3D trap. The fact that the Doppler width is inversely proportional to the condensate length $`Z_0`$ is intuitively expected. The Doppler width in Eq. (51) is a measure of the spread of the momentum distribution of the condensate, which is inversely proportional to the spatial size of the condensate $`Z_0`$.

We can also calculate the Doppler width of the IA dynamic structure factor of a quasi-condensate, as given by Eq. (49). We numerically fit this quasi-condensate IA dynamic structure factor to the Gaussian expansion of Eq. (32) at a series of temperatures to obtain $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^{qc}`$. The results are given in Fig. 2, where we plot $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^c/\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^{qc})`$ versus $`T/T_\varphi `$. Since the quantity $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^c/\mathrm{\Delta }_{IA}^{qc})`$ is proportional to $`(q_zl_\varphi /mZ_0)`$, Fig. 2 shows the decrease of the correlation length $`l_\varphi `$ of a quasi-condensate as a function of temperature $`T`$.

In a very recent paper, Gerbier et. al. Gerbier et al. (b) have given an alternative evaluation of the static phase fluctuation average $`F_s(z,z^{})`$ using a local density approximation (LDA). This has the important advantage that one can obtain a simple analytic expression for $`F_s(z,z^{})`$ in Eq. (41). They find that $`F_s(z,z^{})`$ is proportional to $`|zz^{}|/\stackrel{~}{l}_\varphi (Z)`$, but now the correlation length $`\stackrel{~}{l}_\varphi `$ depends on the centre of mass axial position variable $`Z\frac{1}{2}(z+z^{})`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{l}_\varphi (Z)=l_\varphi [1(Z/Z_0)^2]^2$$
(52)
In Ref. Gerbier et al. (b), it is shown that this simple LDA calculation of $`F_s(z,z^{})`$ is numerically an excellent approximation to the expression analogous to Eq. (41) for a highly elongated trap for $`T8T_\varphi `$. This is in the temperature range of interest. The analytic expressions developed by Gerbier et. al. Gerbier et al. (b) for $`F_s(z,z^{})`$ have been successfully used in analyzing their experimental Bragg scattering data Gerbier et al. (a) in terms of the altered momentum distribution of a phase-fluctuating 1D quasi-condensate.

## IV Dynamic single-particle correlation function

We now want to extend the discussion of the well-known results given in Section III and consider the *dynamic* correlation function defined in Eq. (29). This is the major new result of the present paper. Using Eq. (28), the exponential argument in Eq. (29) is

$`F(z,z^{};t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_{1D}}{Z_0}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{j+1/2}{2\mathrm{}\omega _j}}`$ (53)
$`\times [P_j^2(z/Z_0)+P_j^2(z^{}/Z_0)`$
$`2P_j(z/Z_0)P_j(z^{}/Z_0)\mathrm{cos}(\omega _jt)]`$
$`\times [1+2N(\mathrm{}\omega _j)].`$
We can separate the static and dynamic contributions in a natural manner,

$$F(z,z^{};t)=F_s(z,z^{})+F_d(z,z^{};t),$$
(54)
where the static contribution is given by Eq. (42) and the dynamic contribution is defined by

$$F_d(z,z^{};t)\frac{2g_{1D}k_BT}{Z_0(\mathrm{}\omega _z)^2}\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{2j+1}{j(j+1)}P_j(z/Z_0)P_j(z^{}/Z_0)\left[1\mathrm{cos}(\omega _jt)\right].$$
(55)
The dynamic correlation function is then given by

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)=C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0)e^{\frac{1}{2}F_d(z,z^{};t)},$$
(56)
which has the associated single-particle spectral density

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega )=C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0)_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑te^{i\omega t}e^{\frac{1}{2}F_d(z,z^{};t)}.$$
(57)
To evaluate the Fourier transform in Eq. (57), we make a “one-phonon approximation”, as discussed in Ref. Weling et al. (1983) for a 2D harmonic crystal, and expand $`\mathrm{exp}[\frac{1}{2}F_d(z,z^{};t)]`$ to first order in $`F_d`$. This approximation is good at isolating the low frequency (i.e., the long-time) behavior of the dynamic correlation function. In Ref. Weling et al. (1983), this kind of first order expansion was shown to give results essentially identical to the exact result in the long wavelength, low frequency region of interest. To lowest order, this expansion gives

$`C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0){\displaystyle \frac{\pi g_{1D}k_BT}{Z_0(\mathrm{}\omega _z)^2}}`$ (58)
$`\times {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2j+1}{j(j+1)}}P_j(z/Z_0)P_j(z^{}/Z_0)[\delta (\omega +\omega _j)+\delta (\omega \omega _j)].`$
Since the temperature is assumed much larger than the lowest energy excitations, the energy spacing between the excitations is much smaller than the temperature. In this high temperature regime, we may thus approximate the sum by a quasi-classical integration over the excitation mode frequencies, which gives

$`C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi g_{1D}k_BT}{Z_0(\mathrm{}\omega _z)^2}}C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0)`$ (59)
$`\times {\displaystyle _1^{\mathrm{}}}d\nu {\displaystyle \frac{2\nu +1}{\nu (\nu +1)}}P_\nu (z/Z_0)P_\nu (z^{}/Z_0)[\delta (\omega +\omega (\nu ))+\delta (\omega \omega (\nu ))],`$
where the mode frequencies $`\omega (\nu )=\omega _z\sqrt{\nu (\nu +1)/2}`$ now depend on the continuous variable $`\nu `$.

The integral over $`\nu `$ in Eq. (59) may be evaluated using the delta function identity

$$\delta (f(x))=\underset{i}{}\frac{1}{\left|f^{}(x_i)\right|}\delta (xx_i),$$
(60)
where $`f(x_i)=0`$ and $`f^{}(x_i)0`$. Using this in Eq. (59), the single-particle dynamic correlation function has the spectral density at low frequencies

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega )=\frac{2\sqrt{2}\pi g_{1D}k_BT}{Z_0\mathrm{}^2\omega _z^3}C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};t=0)\frac{P_{\nu (\omega )}(z/Z_0)P_{\nu (\omega )}(z^{}/Z_0)}{\sqrt{\nu (\omega )[\nu (\omega )+1]}}\theta (\nu (\omega )1),$$
(61)
where

$$\nu (\omega )\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}+2\frac{\omega ^2}{\omega _z^2}}.$$
(62)
The behavior of a *uniform* 1D Bose gas is quite different. A quasi-condensate can only form at $`T=0`$. For non-zero temperatures, the system cannot be distinguished from a normal non-Bose-condensed gas. As is well known, the key signature of a quasi-condensate in the $`T=0`$ uniform 1D Bose gas is that dynamic correlation functions for low frequencies and momentum have a power law form (see, e.g., Refs. Weling et al. (1983); Haldane (1981); Yip (2001))

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(k,\omega )\frac{1}{\left|\omega ^2c^2k^2\right|^{11/4K}},$$
(63)
where $`c\sqrt{gn_0/m}`$ is the phonon velocity with $`n_0`$ the uniform superfluid density and $`K\pi \mathrm{}\sqrt{n_0/mg_{1D}}`$ is the Luttinger parameter. As a function of frequency $`\omega `$, for low momentum, the spectral density in Eq. (63) will exhibit a characteristic power law singularity at $`\omega =ck`$, in place of a delta function $`\delta (\omega ck)`$ characteristic of a 3D gas.

The expression for the dynamic correlation function in Eq. (61) only describes long wavelength excitations. As in the case of the static correlation function discussed in Section III, we consider the Fourier transformed dynamic correlation function

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐤,𝐤;\omega )𝑑𝐫e^{i𝐤𝐫}𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐤𝐫^{}}C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ).$$
(64)
Substituting the expression in Eq. (61) into Eq. (64), gives

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐤,𝐤;\omega )=4\pi l_\rho ^2e^{l_\rho ^2(k_x^2+k_y^2)}C^{qc}(k_z;\omega ),$$
(65)
where the quasi-condensate axial single-particle correlation function is defined by

$`C^{qc}(k_z;\omega )`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\omega _z}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\sqrt{2}\pi g_{1D}k_BT}{Z_0(\mathrm{}\omega _z)^2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑z{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑z^{}e^{ik_z(zz^{})}`$ (66)
$`\times \sqrt{n_0(z)n_0(z^{})}e^{\frac{1}{2}F_s(z,z^{})}{\displaystyle \frac{P_{\nu (\omega )}(z/Z_0)P_{\nu (\omega )}(z^{}/Z_0)}{\sqrt{\nu (\omega )[\nu (\omega )+1]}}}\theta (\nu (\omega )1).`$
The integrals over the axial directions $`z`$ and $`z^{}`$ in Eq. (65) have been evaluated numerically, with the results shown in Fig. 3.

For comparison, we also calculate the correlation function corresponding to an ordinary Bose condensate at $`T=0`$. As in our calculations of the dynamic correlation function for a quasi-condensate, we ignore density fluctuations. The correlation function for a Bose condensate in a 1D trap is given by \[see Eqs. (6) and (9)\]

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐫,𝐫;t)=\varphi _\rho (x,y)\varphi _\rho (x^{},y^{})\sqrt{n_0(z)n_0(z^{})},$$
(67)
so that the corresponding momentum and frequency dependent dynamic correlation function is

$$C_{\psi ^{}\psi }(𝐤,𝐤;\omega )=4\pi l_\rho ^2e^{l_\rho ^2(k_x^2+k_y^2)}C^c(k_z;\omega ),$$
(68)
where the condensate axial single-particle correlation function is defined by

$$C^c(k_z;\omega )\frac{2\pi ^3\mu _0}{g_{1D}}\frac{J_1^2(Z_0k_z)}{k_z^2}\delta (\omega ).$$
(69)
This pure condensate result is strongly peaked about zero frequency, i.e., a delta function $`\delta (\omega )`$.

Because of the step function in Eq. (61), the dynamic correlation function will have no contribution from frequencies for which $`\nu (\omega )<1`$, which corresponds to frequencies $`\left|\omega \right|`$ less than the axial trap frequency $`\omega _z`$. This gap clearly arises because of the finite-size of the system. All frequencies below the lowest excitation energy have zero-weight in the dynamic correlation function, as expected. The same gap would, of course, also occur in the single-particle spectral density of a non-Bose condensed 1D gas *above* $`T_{BEC}`$. In contrast, in the case of a trapped Bose-condensed gas, there is still a large contribution at zero frequency arising from the condensate itself. Thus, a trapped 1D quasi-condensate exhibits the absence of true long-range order through the presence of a gap in the correlation function spectrum for frequencies below that of the lowest energy collective mode ($`\omega _z`$), just as a non-Bose condensed gas would. This effect also occurs for highly elongated traps, whose static correlation properties were considered in Ref. Petrov et al. (2001). As we noted earlier, aside from minor numerical differences arising from different wavefunctions for the low energy phase fluctuations, the behavior of a highly elongated trap is the same as the 1D system we are considering in this paper.

In the present section, we have calculated the dynamic 1D single-particle correlation function directly from the expression in Eq. (58), approximating the discrete sum over the excitations by an integration. This does not give any simple analytic expression analogous to Eq. (63) which clearly exhibits the properties of a quasi-condensate. An alternative might be to use the LDA approach which Gerbier et. al. Gerbier et al. (b) have recently used to evaluate the static correlation functions in a highly elongated trapped Bose gas in the high temperature limit (see discussion at the end of Section III).

## V Out-coupling experiment

It has been recently shown Luxat and Griffin (2002) that an out-coupling experiment, based upon two-photon Raman scattering, provides a way of measuring the single-particle correlation functions of a Bose-condensed gas. In this section, we apply the formalism of Ref. Luxat and Griffin (2002) (see also Refs. Japha et al. (1999); Choi et al. (2000)) to discuss how a Raman scattering experiment might be used to probe the *dynamic* single-particle correlation function of a 1D quasi-condensate. So far, experimental interest has focussed upon the *static* correlation function discussed in Section III. We discuss an experiment involving out-coupling of atoms from a trapped hyperfine state to an untrapped hyperfine state.

As in Ref. Luxat and Griffin (2002), two external laser fields produce a Raman transition from a trapped hyperfine to a second hyperfine state. Atoms in the trapped hypefine state are labelled by “1” and those in the untrapped atomic hyperfine state are labelled by “2”. The energies of the trapped and untrapped hyperfine states are denoted by $`\epsilon _1`$ and $`\epsilon _2`$, respectively. The difference in energy between these two hyperfine states is denoted by $`\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon \epsilon _2\epsilon _1`$. The chemical potentials of the trapped and untrapped gases are denoted as $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$, respectively. The difference in the chemical potentials is denoted as $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mu \mu _2\mu _1`$. Similarly, the annihilation operator $`\widehat{\psi }_{1(2)}`$ destroys an atom in the hyperfine state 1(2). The external potential that describes the perturbation of the laser fields can then be written as

$$\widehat{V}_{ext}(t)=\gamma d𝐫[e^{i𝐪𝐫i\omega t}\widehat{\psi }_1(𝐫)\widehat{\psi }_2^{}(𝐫)+H.c.],$$
(70)
where $`\gamma `$ denotes the laser field strength, while $`𝐪𝐤_a𝐤_b`$ is the wave vector difference and $`\omega \omega _a\omega _b`$ is the frequency difference between the two laser beams. We set $`\mathrm{}=1`$ in this section.

In Ref. Luxat and Griffin (2002), it is shown that the current of atoms flowing from a trapped gas to an untrapped gas induced by the external perturbation in Eq. (70) is given by (within linear response theory)

$`\delta I_{out}(𝐪,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`2\gamma ^2\mathrm{Re}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑te^{i𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})}e^{\eta t}\theta (t)e^{i(\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon \mathrm{\Delta }\mu )t}}`$ (71)
$`\times \left[C_{\psi _1^{}\psi _1}(𝐫^{},𝐫;t)C_{\psi _2\psi _2^{}}(𝐫^{},𝐫;t)C_{\psi _1\psi _1^{}}(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)C_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)\right].`$
We use the notation

$$C_{AB}(𝐫,𝐫^{};t)\widehat{A}(𝐫,t)\widehat{B}(𝐫^{})$$
(72)
to describe the correlation function of two operators $`\widehat{A}`$ and $`\widehat{B}`$ in the interaction picture, with the grand-canonical Hamiltonian $`\widehat{K}\widehat{H}\mu _1\widehat{N}_1\mu _2\widehat{N}_2`$ determining the time-evolution of operators. The operator $`\widehat{N}_{1(2)}`$ is the number operator for atoms in hyperfine state labelled by 1(2).

We may rewrite Eq. (71) for the out-coupling current in terms of Fourier transformed single-particle correlation functions Luxat and Griffin (2002)

$$\delta I_{out}(𝐪,\omega )=\delta I_{out}^{(a)}(𝐪,\omega )+\delta I_{out}^{(b)}(𝐪,\omega ),$$
(73)
where the two contributions $`\delta I_{out}^{(a)}`$ and $`\delta I_{out}^{(b)}`$ to the out-coupling atom current are given by

$`\delta I_{out}^{(a)}(𝐪,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma ^2\mathrm{Re}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\omega ^{}}{2\pi }}`$ (74)
$`\times [C_{\psi _1^{}\psi _1}(𝐫^{},𝐫;\omega ^{})C_{\psi _2\psi _2^{}}(𝐫^{},𝐫;\omega ^{}+\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon \mathrm{\Delta }\mu )`$
$`C_{\psi _1\psi _1^{}}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ^{})C_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ^{}\omega +\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon +\mathrm{\Delta }\mu )]`$
and

$`\delta I_{out}^{(b)}(𝐪,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`2\gamma ^2\mathrm{Im}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})}\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\omega ^{}}{2\pi }_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\omega ^{\prime \prime }}{2\pi }}`$ (75)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{C_{\psi _1^{}\psi _1}(𝐫^{},𝐫;\omega ^{})C_{\psi _2\psi _2^{}}(𝐫^{},𝐫;\omega ^{\prime \prime })C_{\psi _1\psi _1^{}}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ^{})C_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ^{\prime \prime })}{\omega ^{\prime \prime }\omega ^{}\omega +\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon +\mathrm{\Delta }\mu }},`$
where the symbol $`\mathrm{P}`$ refers to principal value integration. The single-particle correlation functions are even in time and thus their Fourier transform is consequently real. The only component of the integrand in Eq. (75) for $`\delta I_{out}^{(b)}`$ which is imaginary is the term proportional to $`\mathrm{sin}[𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})]`$. Since the trapping potential is invariant under spatial inversions $`𝐫𝐫`$, the correlation functions are also invariant under spatial inversions. The integrals over $`𝐫`$ and $`𝐫^{}`$ in Eq. (75) thus vanish in the imaginary term, since $`\mathrm{sin}[𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})]`$ is odd under spatial inversion. As a result the contribution $`\delta I_{out}^{(b)}`$ is zero, and we are left with $`\delta I_{out}^{(a)}`$ in Eq. (74).

We may rewrite the expression for the out-coupling current in Eq. (74) in terms of the spectral density of the second gas $`A_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega )`$ using the well-known identity

$$C_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega )=N_2(\omega )A_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ),$$
(76)
where $`N_2`$ is the Bose distribution function for the untrapped gas evaluated at temperature $`T_2`$. For a dilute, classical gas, one has $`N_2(\omega )1`$ and the expression in Eq. (74) reduces to

$$\delta I_{out}(𝐪,\omega )=\gamma ^2\mathrm{Re}𝑑𝐫𝑑𝐫^{}e^{i𝐪(𝐫𝐫^{})}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\omega ^{}}{2\pi }C_{\psi _1^{}\psi _1}(𝐫^{},𝐫;\omega ^{})A_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐫,𝐫^{};\omega ^{}+\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon \mathrm{\Delta }\mu ).$$
(77)
The atoms in the second hyperfine state can be described as a uniform, non-interacting 3D gas Luxat and Griffin (2002). Using the uniform gas spectral density

$$A_{\psi _2^{}\psi _2}(𝐤,\omega )=2\pi \delta (\omega \stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_{𝐤2}),$$
(78)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_{𝐤2}k^2/2m\mu _2=\epsilon _𝐤\mu _2`$ is the excitation energy of an out-coupled, untrapped atom, the linear response current $`\delta I_{out}`$ reduces to

$$\delta I_{out}(𝐪,\stackrel{~}{\omega })=\gamma ^2\mathrm{Re}\frac{d𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}C_{\psi ^{}\psi }((𝐤+𝐪),(𝐤+𝐪);\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\mu _0\epsilon _𝐤).$$
(79)
We have introduced the “detuning parameter” $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon `$ and for notational convenience, we have also dropped the distinction between trapped and untrapped hyperfine states in Eq. (79). The dynamic single-particle correlation function and chemical potential $`\mu _0`$ \[see Eq. (10)\] in Eq. (79) refer to the trapped gas. The result in Eq. (79) shows how the out-coupling atomic current is formally given directly in terms of the dynamic single-particle correlation function of the trapped gas Luxat and Griffin (2002). The expression in Eq. (79) applies equally to a true Bose condensate and a quasi-condensate.

We first calculate the out-coupling current arising from a 1D Bose condensate at $`T=0`$. We neglect the contribution from the noncondensate atoms (the thermal cloud), as in our discussion of the quasi-condensate in Section IV. Using Eq. (68) for the dynamic correlation function of a Bose condensate, the out-coupling current in Eq. (79) is

$$\delta I_{out}^c(𝐪,\stackrel{~}{\omega })=4\pi l_\rho ^2\gamma ^2\mathrm{Re}\frac{d𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}e^{l_\rho ^2[(k_x+q_x)^2+(k_y+q_y)^2]}C^c(k_z+q_z;\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\mu _0\epsilon _𝐤),$$
(80)
where $`C^c`$ is the condensate axial single-particle correlation function defined in Eq. (69). Similarly, using Eq. (65) for the dynamic correlation function of a quasi-condensate, we find that the out-coupling current from a quasi-condensate is

$$\delta I_{out}^{qc}(𝐪,\stackrel{~}{\omega })=4\pi l_\rho ^2\gamma ^2\mathrm{Re}\frac{d𝐤}{(2\pi )^3}e^{l_\rho ^2\left[(k_x+q_x)^2+(k_y+q_y)^2\right]}C^{qc}(k_z+q_z;\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\mu _0\epsilon _𝐤),$$
(81)
where $`C^{qc}`$ is the quasi-condensate axial single-particle correlation function defined in Eq. (66).

Since the radial confinement of the trapped gas is significant, the momentum distribution in the radial direction is very broad. The low frequency, long wavelength fluctuations in the axial direction are difficult to resolve in the total out-coupling current. It is better to measure the out-coupling current from atoms with low momentum. Our results in Section IV for the dynamic single-particle correlation functions in Eq. (68) and Eq. (65) can be used to calculate the momentum-resolved atom current for a quasi-condensate, and then compared to that for a true Bose condensate. The momentum-resolved out-coupling current from a trapped Bose condensate, using Eq. (80), is

$$\delta I_{out}^c(𝐪,𝐤;\stackrel{~}{\omega })=\frac{8\pi ^4l_\rho ^2\mu _0\gamma ^2}{g_{1D}}e^{l_\rho ^2(k_x^2+k_y^2)}\frac{J_1^2(Z_0k_z)}{k_z^2}\delta (\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\mu _0\epsilon _{𝐤+𝐪}),$$
(82)
which is strongly peaked (i.e., a delta function) about $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }\omega \mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon =\epsilon _{𝐤+𝐪}\mu _0`$. In contrast, from Eq. (81), the out-coupling current from a trapped quasi-condensate is

$$\delta I_{out}^{qc}(𝐪,𝐤;\stackrel{~}{\omega })=4\pi \gamma ^2l_\rho ^2\mathrm{Re}e^{l_\rho ^2(k_x^2+k_y^2)}C^{qc}(k_z;\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\mu _0\epsilon _{𝐤+𝐪}).$$
(83)
Using Eq. (66) for $`C^{qc}`$, we observe that there will be no contribution to the momentum-resolved out-coupling current for $`\left|\stackrel{~}{\omega }+\mu _0\epsilon _{𝐤+𝐪}\right|<\omega _z`$, in contrast to the atom current in Eq. (82) from a Bose condensate.

Fig. 4 shows our results for the momentum-resolved out-coupling current from a true Bose condensate and a quasi-condensate, both broadened to take into account energy resolution. There is a gap in the quasi-condensate momentum-resolved current centred about $`\epsilon _{𝐤+𝐪}`$, as there would be in the case of a quasi-1D Bose gas in a highly elongated cigar trap (see the discussion in Section IV). If a coherent Bose condensate is present, then there is a significant out-coupling current in the centre of this gap arising from the tunneling of atoms from the condensate (see Fig. 4). The gap in the quasi-condensate momentum-resolved out-coupling current arises simply because the excitations have a minimum value given by the axial trap frequency $`\omega _z`$.

## VI Conclusions

In this paper we have studied both the static and dynamic single-particle correlations in 1D trapped Bose gases. As is well known from studies in uniform systems, the unique physics of the 1D Bose gas emerges because of the long wavelength, low energy fluctuations of the phase, which destroy the long-range order of the Bose condensate. This leads to distinctive features in the single-particle correlation functions. In a uniform Bose gas, the key signature of a quasi-condensate is that single-particle correlations exhibit power law behavior at low frequencies and long wavelengths.

Recently there has been considerable attention paid to how the *static* single-particle correlation functions are modified in 1D trapped Bose gases Petrov et al. (2000a, b, 2001); Shlyapnikov (2001); Gerbier et al. (b) as a result of phase fluctuations. These predictions have been largely confirmed by recent experiments Dettmer et al. (2001); Gerbier et al. (a). In the present paper, we have reviewed the calculation of the single-particle correlation function in 1D quasi-condensates, with emphasis on the momentum distribution of atoms and how this can be measured using Doppler-sensitive Bragg scattering experiments Gerbier et al. (a). Our discussion of the *static* single-particle correlation functions in Section III is needed as background for the generalization in Section IV to *time-dependent* single-particle correlation functions. We also show that both the static and dynamic correlation functions can be evaluated using the excitations given by a quantized 1D hydrodynamic model Wu and Griffin (1996), as a simpler alternative to previous discussions.

In Section V, we review a recent theory of out-coupled atom currents tunneling from trapped Bose gases Japha et al. (1999); Choi et al. (2000); Luxat and Griffin (2002). This kind of two-photon Raman scattering experiment might be a way of measuring the frequency dependent single-particle spectral density of a 1D quasi-condensate. This would be a natural extension of the use of Bragg scattering to study the static momentum distribution of quasi-condensates Gerbier et al. (a).

*

## Appendix A

The impulse approximation for the dynamic structure factor $`S(𝐪,\omega )`$ is often written down without much discussion. The physics behind the IA used in reducing Eq. (4) to Eq. (5) is that for very large momentum and energy transfers, the motion of the atoms from their initial equilibrium distribution is only probed over very small distances and times. Thus the atom dynamics can be treated as if the atoms were free particles. Taking ($`\mathrm{}=1`$)

$$\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪,t)=e^{iE_{𝐤+𝐪}t}\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪,0)$$
(84)
$$\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤,t)=e^{iE_𝐤t}\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤,0),$$
(85)
one sees that Eq. (4) reduces to

$$S(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{d𝐤d𝐤^{}}{(2\pi )^3}\delta \left(\omega (E_{𝐤+𝐪}E_𝐤)\right)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤^{})\widehat{\psi }(𝐤^{}𝐪).$$
(86)
In the IA, since $`q`$ is very large, one can approximate the final energy $`E_{𝐤+𝐪}`$ by the free atom kinetic energy $`\epsilon _{𝐤+𝐪}(𝐤+𝐪)^2/2m`$. We do not necessarily know the initial energy $`E_𝐤`$ (which may be complex) of a typical atom in the equilibrium distribution. However, clearly one has $`E_{𝐤+𝐪}E_𝐤`$ and thus $`E_𝐤`$ is negligible. Moreover, the energy conservation factor in Eq. (86) can be reduced to

$$\delta (\omega q^2/2m𝐪𝐤/m),$$
(87)
where we only keep contributions which are consistent with the IA. Again within the IA, the static correlation function in Eq. (86) can be approximated by

$$\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤^{})\widehat{\psi }(𝐤^{}𝐪)+\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤^{}𝐪)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤^{}).$$
(88)
The correlation functions in the first term are negligible for large $`q`$, while those in the second term may be rewritten to give

$`S(𝐪,\omega )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \frac{d𝐤d𝐤^{}}{(2\pi )^3}}\delta (\omega q^2/2m𝐪𝐤/m)[\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤^{}𝐪)\delta (𝐤^{}𝐤𝐪)`$ (89)
$`+\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤)\widehat{\psi }(𝐤^{}𝐪)\widehat{\psi }^{}(𝐤^{})\widehat{\psi }(𝐤+𝐪)].`$
Clearly for large $`qk,k^{}`$, the correlation functions in the second term in Eq. (89) are negligible. Thus we finally arrive at the usual expression Zambelli et al. (2000); Griffin (1993) for $`S(𝐪,\omega )`$ in the IA, as given in Eq. (5) of Section II.

###### Acknowledgements.

AG would like to thank Alain Aspect and his group for discussions about their Bragg scattering experiments Gerbier et al. (a). Both authors would like to thank NSERC of Canada for research support.