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# Partition Function for a 1-D 𝛿-function Bose Gas

## 1 Introduction

Extending the work by Lieb and Liniger , Yang and Yang  presented an ingenious method to study the equilibrium thermodynamics of one-dimensional system of bosons with repulsive $`\delta `$-function interaction. The Hamiltonian of the system is

$`H_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{^2}{x_i^2}}+\kappa {\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\delta \left(x_jx_i\right)\right),`$ (1.1)
where $`\kappa `$ is the coupling constant and is assumed to be positive. Throughout the paper, the Planck constant and the mass of a particle are chosen to be $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`2m=1`$. This system is a first quantized version of the nonlinear Schrödinger model described by the Hamiltonian operator,

$`H={\displaystyle 𝑑x\left[\varphi _x^+\varphi _x+\kappa \varphi ^+\varphi ^+\varphi \varphi \right]},`$ (1.2)
where $`\varphi (x,t)`$ and $`\varphi ^+(x,t)`$ are boson field operators. The method invented by Yang and Yang is called the thermal Bethe ansatz (TBA) method since it starts from the Bethe ansatz wave function  and enables us to calculate the thermodynamic quantities at finite temperature. While there have been many successful applications to quantum particle and spin systems, not much study on the method itself has been done. A crucial assumption is the form of the entropy. Thacker studied the $`\delta `$-function bose gas in infinite volume by the field-theoretic perturbation method and reproduced the results of the TBA method. One of the authors (M.W.)  presented a bosonic formulation of the TBA method and calculated the grand partition function of the system at infinite volume. In this paper, we calculate explicitly the $`N`$-particle partition function of the Hamiltonian (1.1) under the periodic boundary condition. That is, the assumptions of the TBA method are not used and all the calculations are carried out exactly at finite volume. A preliminary result for $`N=2,3,4`$ has been reported in .

The outline of the paper is the following. In §2, we present a new method to evaluate the partition function for the $`N`$-particle system. A key idea is that we use only the periodic boundary condition of the wave function. In §3, we calculate the $`N`$-particle cluster integrals using the partition function. An explicit calculation for the $`N`$-particle system has been done for the first time. The results are compared with those given by the TBA. We prove that both results completely agree. The last section is devoted to concluding remarks. Technical details of calculations are summarized in Appendix A$``$D.

## 2 $`N`$-particle partition function

We study a statistical mechanics of the quantum $`N`$-particle system (1.1). Let $`E`$, $`L`$ and $`\left\{k_i\right\}`$ denote the total energy, the system size and the wave numbers. It is known that the total energy and the wave numbers are determined by the following relations,

$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}k_i^2,`$ (2.1)
$`Lk_i`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi n_i+{\displaystyle \underset{j<i}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(k_jk_i\right){\displaystyle \underset{j>i}{}}\mathrm{\Delta }\left(k_ik_j\right),`$ (2.2)
where $`\left\{n_i\right\}`$ are integers satisfying the condition,

$`n_i`$ $``$ $`n_{i+1},`$ (2.3)
and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(k\right)`$ is the phase-shift for two-body scattering,

$`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`2\mathrm{tan}^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{k}}\right).`$ (2.4)
The relation (2.2) is obtained from the periodic boundary condition imposed on the $`N`$-particle eigenfunction and is called the Bethe ansatz equation. The range of the function (2.4) is assumed to be $`(2\pi ,0)`$, and this phase-shift is not a “true” one in the sense of . That is, the phase-shift function (2.4) has analyticity on the real axis. The appearance of only two-body S-matrix in (2.2) implies the factorization of $`S`$-matrices, which is one of the remarkable properties of integrable systems.

The partition function for the $`N`$-particle system is defined by

$`Z_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\left\{n_j\right\}}{}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta {\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}}k_i^2\right),`$ (2.5)
where, with $`T`$ being the absolute temperature,

$`\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{k_BT}},`$ (2.6)
and the summation is over all possible configurations of $`\left\{n_i\right\}`$ under the condition (2.3). Without recourse to the TBA method, we calculate the partition function $`Z_N`$ only by using the relations (2.1)$``$(2.4). We explain a method in three steps.

### 2.1 Change of summation

In terms of new variable and function,

$`\stackrel{~}{n}_m`$ $``$ $`n_mm+{\displaystyle \frac{N+1}{2}},`$ (2.7)
$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(k\right)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Delta }\left(k\right)+\pi ,`$ (2.8)
the periodic boundary condition (2.2) is changed into

$`Lk_i`$ $`=`$ $`2\pi \stackrel{~}{n}_i+{\displaystyle \underset{ji}{}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(k_jk_i\right).`$ (2.9)
We interpret (2.9) as analytic relations between real numbers $`\left\{\stackrel{~}{n}_i\right\}`$ and $`\left\{k_i\right\}`$. From the symmetry of (2.9), we see that, when $`\{\stackrel{~}{n}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{n}_i,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{n}_j,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{n}_N\}`$ corresponds to $`\{k_1,\mathrm{},k_i,\mathrm{},`$
$`k_j,\mathrm{},k_N\}`$, $`\{\stackrel{~}{n}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{n}_j,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{n}_i,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{n}_N\}`$ should correspond to $`\{k_1,\mathrm{},k_j,\mathrm{},k_i,\mathrm{},k_N\}`$.

It is convenient to introduce the following set function,

$`\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)`$ $``$ $`\left\{\theta \right|\begin{array}{c}n\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta ,n\sigma ^{}\\ \sigma ^{\prime \prime },\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }\theta ,\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }n^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{\prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime \prime }\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime }n^{\prime \prime \prime }\end{array}\}.`$ (2.12)
A domain $`\sigma `$ of the function is a family of arbitrary finite sets. The first condition, $`n\sigma `$, $`\sigma ^{}\theta `$, $`n\sigma ^{}`$, means that the sum of the elements in $`\theta `$ is $`\sigma `$. The second condition, $`\sigma ^{\prime \prime },\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }\theta `$, $`\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ $``$ $`n^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{\prime \prime }`$, $`n^{\prime \prime \prime }\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }`$, $`n^{\prime \prime }n^{\prime \prime \prime }`$, means that the sum is a direct sum. That is, the image $`\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)`$ is all the families of sets whose direct sum is the set $`\sigma `$. If the argument is integer, we define

$`\mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\{1,2,\mathrm{},N\}\right).`$ (2.13)
For example,

$`\mathrm{\Theta }\left(9\right)`$ $``$ $`\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\},\left\{4\right\},\{5,6\},\{7,8\},\left\{9\right\}\}=\theta _9.`$ (2.14)
Figure 2.1 illustrates $`\theta _9`$ in (2.14).

And we define a symbol, for arbitrary function $`f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N)`$,

$`{\displaystyle (\theta ,\left\{n_i\right\})f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N)}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\left\{n_\sigma \right\},\sigma \theta }{}}f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N),`$ (2.15)
$`\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right),n_i=n_\sigma ,i\sigma .`$
This symbol, $`(\theta ,\left\{n_i\right\})f\left(n_i\right)`$, indicates that a function $`f`$ is summed up over all $`n_i`$ on the condition that $`n_j=n_k`$ if an element which contains both $`j`$ and $`k`$ exists.

The following formula can be proved (Appendix A),

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n_1<\mathrm{}<n_N}{}}f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}F\left(\theta \right){\displaystyle (\theta ,\left\{n_i\right\})f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N)}`$ (2.16)
where

$`F\left(\theta \right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\left(1\right)^{\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)}\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)!,`$ (2.17)
$`f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_i,\mathrm{},n_j,\mathrm{},n_N)`$ $`=`$ $`f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_j,\mathrm{},n_i,\mathrm{},n_N).`$ (2.18)
Here and hereafter, the number of elements in a set $`\sigma `$ is denoted by $`\mathrm{\#}\sigma `$.

By use of the formula(2.16), the partition function is rewritten as

$`Z_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}>\stackrel{~}{n}_i>\stackrel{~}{n}_{i+1}>\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta {\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}k_j^2\right)`$ (2.19)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}F\left(\theta \right){\displaystyle (\theta ,\left\{\stackrel{~}{n}_i\right\})\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}k_j^2\right)}.`$
### 2.2 Replacement of summations by integrals

To evaluate (2.19), we have a useful formula,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=\mathrm{integer}}{}}f\left(n\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=\mathrm{integer}}{}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑n^{}f\left(n^{}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi inn^{}\right),`$ (2.20)
$`\mathrm{if}\left|f\left(n\right)\right|<\mathrm{exp}\left(rn^2\right),r>0.`$
This can be proved by the Fourier transform and the Jacobi’s imaginary transformation for elliptic theta functions. Applying the formula (2.20), we replace summations in (2.19) by integrals,

$`Z_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}F\left(\theta \right){\displaystyle \underset{\left\{n_\sigma \right\},\sigma \theta }{}}\left(1\right)^{\left(N1\right)_{\sigma \theta }n_\sigma }{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}d\stackrel{~}{n^{}}_\sigma }`$ (2.21)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\left(\beta k_\theta ^22\pi in_\sigma \stackrel{~}{n^{}}_\sigma \right)\right).`$
To proceed further, we define four symbols.

First,

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)`$ $``$ $`\left\{\lambda \right|\begin{array}{c}\lambda =\left\{\xi \right|\xi =\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta \}\\ \lambda ^{}\lambda \mathrm{}\left\{\sigma \right|\xi \lambda ^{}\sigma \xi \}>\mathrm{}\lambda ^{}\end{array}\},`$
$`\theta =\{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{}\}.`$
The set function $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)`$ consists of elements $`\lambda `$. $`\lambda `$ contains elements $`\xi `$, each of which has two elements $`\sigma ,\sigma ^{}`$. We call $`\xi `$ connection between the two elements $`\sigma ,\sigma ^{}`$. The connectivity is referred to as pattern of connections. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)`$ represents a set of all the patterns of connections that have no ring of the connections. In Fig.2.2, the connection and ring of connections are illustrated.

For example of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)`$,

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta _9\right)`$ $``$ $`\{\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\}\},\{\{1,2\},\left\{4\right\}\},\{\{5,6\},\{7,8\}\}\}=\lambda _9.`$ (2.25)
The pattern of connection $`\lambda _9`$ is shown in Fig. 2.3. As a special case, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)`$ contains a pattern of no connection. i.e. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)\mathrm{}`$.

Second,

$`n(\sigma ,\lambda )`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{}\left\{\xi \right|\xi =\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\},\sigma ^{}\{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{}\},\xi \lambda \},`$
$`\sigma \{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{}\},\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{}\}\right).`$
In words, $`n(\sigma ,\lambda )`$ is a number of elements which are linked with $`\sigma `$.

Third,

$`G\left(\lambda ^{}\right)`$ $``$ $`\left\{\lambda \lambda ^{}\right|\{\sigma ^{},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\}\lambda ,\{\sigma ^{\prime \prime },\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }\}\lambda ^{}\{\sigma ^{\prime \prime },\sigma ^{\prime \prime \prime }\}\lambda \},`$
$`\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{}\}\right).`$
That is, $`G\left(\lambda ^{}\right)`$ means a set of connection patterns each of which is a cluster of the connection pattern $`\lambda ^{}`$. Here, the cluster means that if two connections $`\xi `$ and $`\xi ^{}`$ in $`\lambda ^{}`$ are linked with a common element $`\sigma `$, then $`\xi `$ and $`\xi ^{}`$ are in the same cluster.

For example,

$`G\left(\lambda _9\right)`$ $``$ $`\{\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\}\},\{\{1,2\},\left\{4\right\}\}\}.`$ (2.28)
A pattern of no connection is included in $`G\left(\lambda ^{}\right)`$.

Fourth,

$`g\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`\left\{\sigma \right|\begin{array}{c}\sigma \theta ,\lambda ^{}G\left(\lambda \right),\xi \lambda ,\sigma \xi \\ \mathrm{or}\\ \lambda ^{}G\left(\lambda \right),\lambda ^{}\mathrm{},\sigma =_{\{\sigma ^{},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\}\lambda ^{}}\left(\sigma ^{}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\right)\end{array}\},`$
$`\theta =\{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{}\},\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right).`$
$`[\lambda ,\theta ]`$ means that $`\lambda `$ is consistent with the connection pattern of $`\theta `$; An element which is linked with $`\lambda `$ is in $`\theta `$. $`g\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ indicates a set of direct sum “elements of $`\theta `$” which are connected by one cluster in the connection pattern $`\lambda `$. The reason why an element is quoted here is that the element, at the same time, is a set. If an element of $`\theta `$ has no connection, the “element” belongs to $`g\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$. For example,

$`g\left([\lambda _9,\theta _9]\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\{1,2,3,4\},\{5,6,7,8\},\left\{9\right\}\}.`$ (2.33)
The following formula is proved (see a proof in Appendix B):

$`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)\right|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left(I\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right),`$ (2.34)
with

$`I\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`L^{N\mathrm{}\lambda }\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}g\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)}{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{}\right),`$ (2.35)
$`A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}L+_{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta }\mathrm{}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{\prime \prime }}\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma =\sigma ^{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{}\sigma ^{}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma \sigma ^{},\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.38)
$`\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right),\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta ,x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}x_{\sigma ^{},\sigma },x_{\sigma ,\sigma }0.`$
Using the formula(2.34), we change variables in (2.21) from $`\left\{\stackrel{~}{n}_i\right\}`$ to $`\left\{k_i\right\}`$. In terms of the above introduced symbols, we obtain

$`Z_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}F\left(\theta \right){\displaystyle \underset{\left\{n_\sigma \right\},\sigma \theta }{}}\left(1\right)^{\left(N1\right)_{\sigma \theta }n_\sigma }`$ (2.39)
$`\times {\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_\sigma }{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}I\left(\right[\lambda ,\theta \left]\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }}{dk}}(k_\sigma k_\sigma ^{})\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\left\{\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma k_\sigma ^2in_\sigma \left(Lk_\sigma {\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(k_\sigma ^{}k_\sigma \right)\right)\right\}\right].`$
$`F\left(\theta \right)`$ is defined in (2.17). Note that because of a relation, if $`\stackrel{~}{n}_i=\stackrel{~}{n}_j`$, then $`k_i=k_j`$, the Jacobian of the transformation can be written explicitly.

### 2.3 Change of integral paths

We change the integral paths in (2.39) from $`\{(\mathrm{},\mathrm{})\}`$ to $`\{(\mathrm{}\frac{Ln_\sigma }{2\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma }i,\mathrm{}\frac{Ln_\sigma }{2\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma }i)\}`$. In what follows, ‘an integral path steps over a residue’ means that when an integral path is moved, there is a residue in the region surrounded by the initial and final integral paths. It is important to note that each integral path in (2.39) does not step over any residue by this change of the integral path.

Performing the change of integral paths as introduced above, we arrive at an expression of the partition function,

$`Z_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)S\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ (2.40)
with

$`J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L^{N^{}\mathrm{}\lambda }}{N^{}!}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}g(\lambda ,\theta )}{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{}\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\left(1\right)^{\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)}\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)!\right),`$ (2.41)
$`S\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\left\{n_\sigma \right\},\sigma \theta }{}}(1)^{\left(N^{}1\right)_{\sigma \theta }n_\sigma }\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{L^2}{4\beta }}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_\delta ^2}{\mathrm{\#}\delta }}\right)`$ (2.44)
$`\times {\displaystyle }{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk_\sigma }{2\pi }}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }}{dk}}(k_\sigma k_\sigma ^{}{\displaystyle \frac{Ln_\sigma }{2\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma }}i+{\displaystyle \frac{Ln_\sigma ^{}}{2\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}}}i)\right)`$
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\left(\begin{array}{c}\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma k_\sigma ^2\\ +in_\sigma _{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma }\mathrm{\#}\sigma \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}\left(k_\sigma ^{}k_\sigma \frac{Ln_\sigma }{2\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma }i+\frac{Ln_\sigma ^{}}{2\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}}i\right)\end{array}\right)\right),`$
$`N^{}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma .`$ (2.45)
This formula enables us to calculate the partition function in any order of the system size $`L`$. In other way of writing, we can calculate the partition function for the system with finite size as

$`Z_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}U_n(L,\beta )\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{nL^2}{4N\beta }}\right),`$ (2.46)
$`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{U_n(L,\beta )}{L^N}}<A(\beta ),n0.`$
It should be remarked that $`U_n`$ for arbitrary $`n`$ is explicitly obtained from (2.40)-(2.45).

## 3 Cluster Expansion

The cluster expansion for the equation of state is defined by

$`p\beta `$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}L^1\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(z^NZ_N\right)\right)`$ (3.1)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{N=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}z^Nb_N,`$ (3.2)
where $`z`$ is the fugacity (rigorously, the absolute activity),

$`z`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mu \right).`$ (3.3)
The partition function $`\left\{Z_N\right\}`$ and the cluster integral $`\left\{b_N\right\}`$ are related as

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\theta 1}_{\sigma \theta }\mathrm{\#}\sigma !}{LN!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}Z_{\mathrm{\#}\sigma }.`$ (3.4)
Expanding the right hand side of eq.(3.1) in powers of $`z`$ and combinatorially summing up the coefficients, we can prove the relation (3.4).

We define that

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{\lambda \right|\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)\mathrm{\#}g(\lambda ,\theta )=1\}.`$ (3.5)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)`$ is a set of connection pattern which consists of one cluster (this cluster is nothing to do with the cluster integral).

Substituting the expression (2.40) of $`Z_N`$ into (3.4), we obtain

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right),`$ (3.6)
where $`J(\lambda ,\theta )`$ is defined in (2.41), and

$`S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}\frac{dk_\sigma }{2\pi }\left(\underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}\frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }}{dk}\left(k_\sigma k_\sigma ^{}\right)\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{\sigma \theta }{}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma k_\sigma ^2\right)\right)}.`$ (3.7)
This is proved in Appendix C.

To compare the results in this paper with those in , we define a function $`K\left(k\right)`$ by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }\left(k\right)}{dk}}2\pi \delta \left(k\right)K\left(k\right).`$ (3.8)
Note that for the non-interacting case, $`K\left(k\right)`$0.

In term of $`K\left(k\right)`$, the cluster integral $`b_N`$ can be expressed as follows,

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}J^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right),`$ (3.9)
with

$`J^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\left(N1\right)!}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)!\right),`$ (3.10)
$`S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}\frac{dk_\sigma }{2\pi }\left(\underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}K\left(k_\sigma k_\sigma ^{}\right)\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\underset{\sigma \theta }{}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma k_\sigma ^2\right)\right)}.`$ (3.11)
A proof of eq.(3.9) is given also in Appendix C.

The cluster integrals (3.9) agree with those derived by the TBA method (see Appendix D for detail calculation). In this way, we have proved that the thermal Bethe ansatz (TBA) method by Yang and Yang gives the exact equation of state.

## 4 Concluding remarks

Taking a one-dimensional $`\delta `$-function bose gas as a typical example of integrable systems, we have derived the $`N`$-particle partition function. A method in this paper, referred to as the direct method, is an exact analysis of the partition function only based on the periodic boundary condition. Using the explicit expression of the partition function, we have calculated the $`N`$-particle cluster integral, and proved a perfect agreement between the results of this direct method and the thermal Bethe ansatz (TBA) method.

The extensions and applications of the direct method to integrable and non-integrable systems may clarify mathematical structures of the TBA method. Those problems are left for future studies.

## Acknowledgment

One of authors (G.K) likes to express his sincere thanks to T.Sasamoto, Y.Komori and A.Nishino for valuable comments and stimulating discussions.

## Appendix A A proof on (2.16)

We prove (2.16), that is,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n_1<\mathrm{}<n_N}{}}f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}F\left(\theta \right){\displaystyle (\theta ,\left\{n_i\right\})f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_N)},`$ (A.1)
where $`F\left(\theta \right)`$ and $`(\theta ,\left\{n_i\right\})`$ are defined in (2.17) and (2.1), and $`f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_i,\mathrm{},n_j,\mathrm{},n_N)`$ satisfies

$`f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_i,\mathrm{},n_j,\mathrm{},n_N)`$ $`=`$ $`f(n_1,\mathrm{},n_j,\mathrm{},n_i,\mathrm{},n_N).`$ (A.2)
We define a semiorder on a set $`\left\{\theta \right|\theta \{1,2,\mathrm{}\}\}`$,

$`\theta \theta ^{}`$ $`\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{}`$ $`\sigma \theta ,\sigma ^{}\theta ^{},\sigma \sigma ^{}.`$ (A.3)
A sufficient condition of eq.(A.1) is

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\theta }{}}F\left(\theta ^{}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{\theta ,\theta _N},\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right),`$ (A.4)
where

$`\theta _N`$ $``$ $`\{\left\{1\right\},\left\{2\right\},\mathrm{},\left\{N\right\}\},`$ (A.5)
$`\delta _{\theta ,\theta _N}`$ $``$ $`\{\begin{array}{c}0\mathrm{if}\theta =\theta _N\hfill \\ 1\mathrm{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}`$ (A.8)
We consider a function,

$`X\left(\left\{x_{i,j}\right\}\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{N}{}}}\left(1{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j1}{}}}x_{i,j}\right).`$ (A.9)
and a mapping $`P`$,

$`P:h\left(\left\{x_{i,j}\right\}\right){\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}n_i\theta _i,\theta _i\mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)`$ (A.10)
which satisfies the following relations

$`P\left(h_1+h_2\right)`$ $`=`$ $`P\left(h_1\right)+P\left(h_2\right),`$
$`P\left(nh\right)`$ $`=`$ $`nP\left(h\right),`$
$`P\left({\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}x_{n_i,m_i}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`g(\left\{\xi \right|\xi =\{\left\{n_i\right\},\left\{m_i\right\}\}\},\theta _N),`$ (A.11)
where $`h,h_1,h_2`$ are arbitrary polynomial functions, and $`g(\lambda ,\theta )`$ is defined in (2.2). It is readily shown that the following relation holds,

$`P\left(X\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}F\left(\theta \right)\theta .`$ (A.12)
If we substitute

$`x_{i,j,\theta }`$ $``$ $`\{\begin{array}{c}1\mathrm{if}\sigma \theta \mathrm{and}n,m\sigma \hfill \\ 0\mathrm{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}`$ (A.15)
for $`x_{i,j}`$, the relation (A.12) becomes

$`X\left(x_{i,j}=x_{i,j,\theta }\right)`$ $`=`$ $`P\left(X\left(x_{i,j}=x_{i,j,\theta }\right)\right)`$ (A.16)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\theta }{}}F\left(\theta ^{}\right)=\delta _{\theta ,\theta _N}.`$
Eq.(A.16) is the sufficient condition (A.4) of eq.(A.1). Thus, (2.16) is proved.

## Appendix B A proof on (2.34)

We prove (2.34), that is,

$`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)\right|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left(I\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right),`$ (B.1)
where $`\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)`$, $`\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta `$, $`x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}x_{\sigma ^{},\sigma }`$, $`x_{\sigma ,\sigma }0`$, and $`I\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ and $`A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)`$ are defined in (2.35) and (2.38).

Only the terms $`A_{\sigma _1,\sigma _1}\left(\theta \right)`$, $`A_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}\left(\theta \right)`$, $`A_{\sigma _2,\sigma _1}\left(\theta \right)`$ and $`A_{\sigma _2,\sigma _2}\left(\theta \right)`$ contain the variable $`x_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}`$, and the minor determinant becomes

$`\left|\begin{array}{cc}A_{\sigma _1,\sigma _1}\left(\theta \right)& A_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}\left(\theta \right)\\ A_{\sigma _2,\sigma _1}\left(\theta \right)& A_{\sigma _2,\sigma _2}\left(\theta \right)\end{array}\right|`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\alpha _{\sigma _1}+\alpha _{\sigma _2}\right)x_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}+\alpha _{\sigma _1}\alpha _{\sigma _2},`$ (B.4)
where

$`\alpha _\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`L+{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma ^{}\sigma _1,\sigma _2}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}.`$ (B.5)
The right hand side of (B.4) contains only the terms of $`x_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}`$ and $`1`$ when we regard the equation as a polynomial of $`x_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}`$. Therefore, an exponent of a variable $`x_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}`$ in the determinant (B.1) is 1 or 0.

We define a set,

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\left(\theta \right)`$ $``$ $`\left\{\lambda \right|\lambda =\left\{\xi \right|\xi =\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta \}\},\theta \left\{\sigma \right\}.`$ (B.6)
While $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)`$ (2.2) does not include $`\lambda `$ which contains rings of connections, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\left(\theta \right)`$ include such kind of $`\lambda `$. In terms of this set, the determinant is written as

$`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)\right|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left(I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right).`$ (B.7)
Here $`I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is an undetermined function which is projected on a polynomial of $`L`$.

We make an assumption: $`I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is not zero on the condition of $`\lambda `$ that there exists $`\lambda ^{}`$ such that

$`\lambda _r\lambda \mathrm{and}\mathrm{}\left\{\sigma \right|\xi \lambda ^{},\sigma \xi \}\mathrm{}\lambda ^{}.`$ (B.8)
This assures that the connection pattern $`\lambda `$ contains the rings of connections. We define a set

$`\overline{\lambda }_r`$ $``$ $`\lambda \lambda _r.`$ (B.9)
We can choose $`\lambda _r`$ such that

$`\xi \lambda ,\xi _r\lambda _r\xi \xi _r=\mathrm{}.`$ (B.10)
This means that $`\lambda _r`$ consists of some cluster of $`\lambda `$, and $`\lambda _r`$ contains some rings of connections. In this case, it is clear that

$`I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $`=`$ $`I^{}\left([\lambda _r,\theta ]\right)I^{}\left([\overline{\lambda }_r,\theta ]\right)L^N,`$ (B.11)
and that

$`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}^{}(\theta ,\theta ^{})\right|`$ $`=`$ $`I^{}\left([\lambda _r,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}+{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\left(\theta \right),\lambda \lambda _r}{}}\left(I^{\prime \prime }\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right),`$ (B.12)
where

$`A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}^{}(\theta ,\theta ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}L\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}\sigma =\sigma ^{}\hfill \\ _{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{\prime \prime }}\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}\sigma =\sigma ^{}\hfill \\ \mathrm{}\sigma ^{}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}\sigma \sigma ^{}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \mathrm{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}`$
$`\theta ^{}=\left\{\sigma \right|\sigma \xi ,\xi \lambda _r\},\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\theta .`$
$`I^{\prime \prime }\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is an undetermined function. From (Appendix B), we can see that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}^{}(\theta ,\theta ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`0\mathrm{if}\sigma ^{}\theta ^{},`$ (B.18)
which indicates that row vectors of the matrix are linearly dependent; $`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}^{}(\theta ,\theta ^{})\right|`$ is identically zero. This negates the assumption that $`I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is not zero on the condition (B.8). Therefore, we have

$`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)\right|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left(I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right).`$ (B.19)
A difference between (B.7) and (B.19) is the region of summation over $`\lambda `$. We notice that each term of the right hand side is not made from off-diagonal elements of $`A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\left(\theta \right)`$; all the terms which are made from off-diagonal elements are canceled by diagonal elements. Then, we have

$`\left|A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}^{\prime \prime }\left(\theta \right)\right|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left(I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right)`$ (B.20)
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma _1,\sigma _2\theta }{}}I^{\left(3\right)}([\lambda ,\theta ],\sigma _1,\sigma _2)x_{\sigma _1,\sigma _2}^2{\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma _3,\sigma _4\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma _3,\sigma _4}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }^{}\left(\theta \right),\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left(I^{\left(4\right)}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}\}\lambda }{}}x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}\right),`$
where

$`A_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{}}^{\prime \prime }\left(\theta \right)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{cc}L+_{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta }\mathrm{}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }x_{\sigma ,\sigma ^{\prime \prime }}\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma =\sigma ^{}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \mathrm{if}\sigma \sigma ^{},\hfill \end{array}`$ (B.23)
and $`I^{\left(3\right)}([\lambda ^{},\theta ],\sigma _1,\sigma _2)`$ and $`I^{\left(4\right)}\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ]\right)`$ are undetermined functions. Therefore, we obtain

$`I^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`L^{N\mathrm{}\lambda }\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}g(\lambda ,\theta )}{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{}\right)`$ (B.24)
$`=`$ $`I\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right),`$
and (B.19) with (B.24) proves (B.1).

## Appendix C A derivation of the cluster integrals (3.6) and (3.9)

First, we prove (3.6). Substituting the expression of $`Z_N`$ in (2.40) into (3.4) yields

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\theta 1}_{\sigma \theta }\mathrm{\#}\sigma !}{LN!}}`$ (C.1)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right)S\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right).`$
$`J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ and $`S\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ are defined in (2.41) and (2.44). Eliminating exponentially decreasing terms with respect to $`L`$, we have

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\theta 1}_{\sigma \theta }\mathrm{\#}\sigma !}{LN!}}`$ (C.2)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right).`$
The integral $`S_{\mathrm{}}(\lambda ,\theta )`$ is defined in (3.7).

We define

$`\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $``$ $`\left\{[\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right|\begin{array}{c}\lambda ^{}=\mathrm{},\mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}=1,\theta ^{}\theta ,\xi \lambda ,\sigma \xi \\ \mathrm{or}\\ \lambda ^{}G\left(\lambda \right),\lambda ^{}\mathrm{},\sigma \theta ^{},\xi \lambda ^{},\sigma \xi \end{array}\}`$ (C.6)
In words, $`\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is a set of elements each of which consists of connection pattern $`\lambda ^{}`$ and a set $`\theta ^{}`$. Here, $`\lambda ^{}`$ is a cluster of the connection pattern $`\lambda `$, and $`\theta ^{}`$ is a subset of $`\theta `$ and is a set of element which is linked with connections in $`\lambda ^{}`$. Note that $`\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ contains $`[\mathrm{},\left\{\sigma \right\}]`$ when $`\sigma `$ is not connected by $`\lambda `$.

From the definition, it is shown that the integral $`S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is factorized into “connected” integrals as

$`S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{[\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)}{}}S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right).`$ (C.7)
Similarly, the coefficient $`J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is factorized:

$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma \right)!J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{[\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}\right)!J_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right).`$ (C.8)
Due to (C.7) and (C.8), the cluster integral (C.2) can be rewritten as

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\theta 1}}{LN!}}`$ (C.9)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{[\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{\prime \prime }}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\right)!J\left([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\right).`$
We can show that for arbitrary function $`f\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{[\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)}{}}f\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{\prime \prime }}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}f\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right).`$ (C.10)
The left hand side of (C.10) is a summation over all the patterns which are generated by the following process: first divide a set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ into elements of $`\theta `$, then connect them with $`\lambda `$. The right hand side of (C.10) is a summation over all the patterns which generated by the following process: first divides a set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ into sets of $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$ each of which is a direct sum of elements connected by a cluster $`\lambda ^{}`$, second divide each of the sets into elements of $`\theta ^{}`$, then define connection pattern $`\lambda ^{}`$, which consists of one cluster, of elements in $`\theta ^{}`$. Fig.C.2 and Fig.C.2 illustrate graphical representations of both sides of patterns in (C.10).

Due to (C.10), the cluster integral (C.9) becomes

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\theta 1}}{LN!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}!`$ (C.11)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma ^{}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{\prime \prime }\right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\right).`$
We define a family of sets $`\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\tau \right)`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\tau \right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{\sigma \right|\sigma ={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}\tau \},`$ (C.12)
where an element of $`\tau `$ is also a family of sets. To repeat, an element of $`\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\tau \right)`$ is a sum of sets of which a family of sets, an element of $`\tau `$, consists. For example,

$`\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\{\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\}\},\{\{4,5\},\{6,7\}\}\}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{\{1,2,3\}\{4,5,6,7\}\right\}.`$ (C.13)
We can show that for arbitrary functions $`f_1\left(\theta \right)`$, $`f_2\left(\sigma \right)`$,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{\prime \prime }}{}}f_2\left(\sigma ^{}\right)\right){\displaystyle \underset{\tau \mathrm{\Theta }\left(\theta ^{\prime \prime }\right)}{}}f_1\left(\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\tau \right)\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}f_1\left(\theta \right){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}f_2\left(\sigma ^{}\right).`$ (C.14)
In the left hand side of (C.14), one sums up all the patterns which are generated by the following process: first divide $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ into elements in $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$, then make family of sets $`\tau `$. Each of the sets consist of some elements in $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\tau \right)=\theta `$. In the right hand side of (C.14), one sums up all the patterns which are generated by the following process: first divide a set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ into elements of $`\theta `$, then divide each of elements in $`\theta `$ into elements of $`\theta ^{}`$ Fig.C.4 and Fig.C.4 illustrate graphical representations of both sides of patterns in (C.14).

Using a formula (C.14) in (C.9), $`b_N`$ becomes

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma !{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{\prime \prime }\right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]\right).)`$ (C.15)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\tau \mathrm{\Theta }\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\tau 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\tau 1}}{LN!}}`$
Note that we have used a relation $`\mathrm{\#}\stackrel{~}{g}\left(\tau \right)=\mathrm{\#}\tau `$.

Substitutions of $`\frac{L^N}{N!}`$ into $`Z_N`$ in (3.4) and (3.1) give a relation,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\theta 1}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{N,1}.`$ (C.16)
Using this relation in (C.15), we finally obtain

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right),`$ (C.17)
which is (3.6). Note that the right hand side of eq.(C.17) does not depend on $`L`$. Therefore, we do not write $`lim_L\mathrm{}`$ any more.

In the no-interaction limit, where $`\frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }}{dk}\left(k\right)`$ is replaced with $`\delta \left(k\right)`$, eq.(C.17) gives

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(N1\right)!}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\left(1\right)^{\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)}\left(\mathrm{}\sigma 1\right)!\right).`$ (C.18)
Next, we prove (3.9). We define

$`D([\lambda ,\theta ],\lambda ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`[\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }]`$
$``$ $`[\left\{\{\sigma _1,\sigma _2\}\right|\begin{array}{c}\sigma _1,\sigma _2\theta ^{\prime \prime }\\ \sigma _1\sigma _3\sigma _2\sigma _4\\ \{\sigma _3,\sigma _4\}\lambda ,\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\end{array}\},g\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ]\right)]`$
$`\lambda ^{}\lambda `$
$`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$ is a set of a direct sum of elements linked with one cluster in $`\lambda ^{}`$, and $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ is a connection pattern of a set $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$. A connection in $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ links two elements of $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$, where elements of $`\theta `$, each of which is a subset of one of the two elements, are connected by $`\lambda `$. For example,

$`D([\lambda _9^{\prime \prime },\theta _9],\lambda _9)`$ $`=`$ $`[\lambda _9^{},\theta _9^{}],`$ (C.23)
where

$`\lambda _9`$ $`=`$ $`\{\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\}\},\{\{1,2\},\left\{4\right\}\},\{\{5,6\},\{7,8\}\}\},`$ (C.24)
$`\theta _9`$ $`=`$ $`\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\},\left\{4\right\},\{5,6\},\{7,8\},\left\{9\right\}\},`$ (C.25)
$`\lambda _9^{\prime \prime }`$ $`=`$ $`\left\{\begin{array}{c}\{\{1,2\},\left\{3\right\}\},\{\{1,2\},\left\{4\right\}\},\{\{1,2\},\{7,8\}\},\\ \{\left\{4\right\},\left\{9\right\}\},\{\{5,6\},\{7,8\}\}\end{array}\right\},`$ (C.28)
$`\lambda _9^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\{\{\{1,2,3,4\},\{5,6,7,8\}\},\{\{1,2,3,4\},\left\{9\right\}\}\},`$ (C.29)
$`\theta _9^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\{\{1,2,3,4\},\{5,6,7,8\},\left\{9\right\}\}.`$ (C.30)
Fig.C.6 and Fig.C.6 illustrate $`[\lambda _9^{\prime \prime },\theta _9]`$ and $`[\lambda _9^{},\theta _9^{}]`$ in (C.23).

By substituting $`K\left(k\right)+\delta \left(k\right)`$ into $`\frac{d\mathrm{\Delta }}{dk}\left(k\right)`$, (C.17) is changed into

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\lambda }{}}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left(D([\lambda ,\theta ],\lambda ^{})\right),`$
where $`S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is defined in (3.11). With the explicit expression of $`J\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$, we have

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(N1\right)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\lambda }{}}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left(D([\lambda ,\theta ],\lambda ^{})\right)`$ (C.31)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\left(1\right)^{\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!.`$
We can show that for arbitrary functions $`f_1(n,\sigma )`$ and $`f_2\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\lambda }{}}f_2\left(D([\lambda ,\theta ],\lambda ^{\prime \prime })\right){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}f_1(n(\sigma ,\lambda ),\sigma )`$ (C.32)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}f_2\left([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma ^{}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{\prime \prime }\right)}{}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}\theta ^{\prime \prime }}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta ^{\prime \prime }}{}}f_1(n(\sigma ,\lambda ^{\prime \prime })+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}{}}}\delta _{\sigma ,\sigma _i},\sigma ).`$
The meaning of the left hand side of (C.32) is to sum up all the patterns generated by the following process: first, one divides a set into elements of $`\theta `$, second defines a connection pattern $`\lambda `$, then makes $`\theta ^{}`$ and $`\lambda ^{}`$ to join elements of $`\theta `$ together which are connected with $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$. The meaning of the right hand side of (C.32) is to sum up all the patterns generated by the following process: first one divides a set into elements of $`\theta ^{}`$, second makes a connection pattern $`\lambda ^{}`$, third divides each elements of the set $`\theta ^{}`$ into elements of $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$, fourth defines connection pattern $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ on elements of $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$ each of which is a subset of an element in $`\theta ^{}`$, then connects elements each of which is a subset of one of two elements in $`\theta ^{}`$ linked with a connection pattern $`\lambda ^{}`$. Fig.C.8 and Fig.C.8 show graphical representations of both sides of patterns in (C.32). (C.32) is similar to (C.14), in the sense that if $`f_1(n,\sigma )`$ and $`f_2\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ in eq.(C.32) are independent of $`n`$ and $`\lambda `$; there is no connection pattern dependence, then eq.(C.32) becomes (C.14).

By use of (C.32), we rewrite (C.31) as

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(N1\right)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma _1^{},\mathrm{},\sigma _{n(\lambda ,\theta )}^{}\theta ^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{})+_{i=1}^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}\delta _{\sigma ^{},\sigma _i^{}}1}\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1}\left(\mathrm{}\sigma ^{}1\right)!.`$
Since;

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _n\theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{_{i=1}^n\delta _{\sigma ,\sigma _i}}`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma \right)^n,`$ (C.33)
$`b_N`$ becomes

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right){\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(N1\right)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}`$ (C.34)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{}\sigma _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{})1}\left(1\right)^{\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1}\left(\mathrm{}\sigma ^{}1\right)!\right).`$
Using the relation(C.18), we arrive at (3.9),

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}J^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right),`$ (C.35)
where $`J^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is defined in (3.10).

## Appendix D The cluster integral (3.9) by use of the TBA

A result of the bosonic formulation of the TBA  is

$`p\beta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dk}{2\pi }\mathrm{log}\left(1z\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \left(k^2+\pi \left(k\right)\right)\right)\right)},`$ (D.1)
where

$`\pi \left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \frac{dq}{2\pi }K\left(kq\right)\mathrm{log}\left(1z\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \left(q^2+\pi \left(q\right)\right)\right)\right)}.`$ (D.2)
We define a function,

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \frac{^N\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \pi \left(k\right)\right)}{z^N}}|_{z=0},`$ (D.3)
and prove that

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta _+\right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta ,\sigma \left\{0\right\}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ,\theta ],k,\left\{0\right\}),`$ (D.4)
$`F_0\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`1,`$ (D.5)
where for $`\sigma \theta `$, $`\theta _+\theta \left\{\left\{0\right\}\right\}`$,

$`\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ,\theta ],k,\sigma )`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma ^{}\sigma }{}\frac{dk_\sigma ^{}}{2\pi }\left(\underset{\{\sigma ^{},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\}\lambda }{}K\left(k_{\sigma ^{}k_\sigma ^{\prime \prime }}\right)\right)}`$ (D.6)
$`\times \mathrm{exp}\left(\beta {\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma ^{}\sigma }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}k_\sigma ^{}^2\right).`$
It can be easily checked that (D.5) is true.

From eq.(D.2), a recursive relation for $`F_N\left(k\right)`$ is obtained as

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma }{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma \right)}`$ (D.7)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma \right)}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}q_\sigma ^2\right){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}!F_{\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1}\left(q_\sigma \right).`$
Substituting the expression of $`F_N\left(k\right)`$ in (D.4) into $`F_{\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1}\left(q\right)`$ in (D.7), we obtain

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma }{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma \right)\underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma \right)}{}\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}q_\sigma ^2\right)}`$ (D.8)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta _+^{\prime \prime }\right)}{}}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta ^{\prime \prime },\sigma \left\{0\right\}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda ^{\prime \prime })1}\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta _+^{\prime \prime }],q_\sigma ,\left\{0\right\}).`$
For non-integer argument of $`\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)`$, (D.8) becomes

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma }{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma \right)\underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\theta ^{}q_\sigma ^2\right)}`$ (D.9)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n\sigma }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma ^{}\left\{n\right\}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{\prime \prime }\left\{\left\{n\right\}\right\}\right)}{}}`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta ^{\prime \prime },\sigma \left\{0\right\}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda ^{\prime \prime })1}\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ^{\prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime }\left\{\left\{n\right\}\right\}],q_\sigma ,\left\{n\right\}).`$
We can show that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}f_1\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta \right){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{\prime \prime }}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n\sigma ^{\prime \prime }}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{\prime \prime \prime }\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\left\{n\right\}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{\prime \prime \prime }\left\{\left\{n\right\}\right\}\right)}{}}`$ (D.10)
$`f_2([\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime },\theta ^{\prime \prime \prime }\left\{\left\{n\right\}\right\}],\left\{n\right\}){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{\prime \prime \prime },\sigma ^{}\left\{n\right\}}{}}f_3(n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{\prime \prime \prime }),\sigma ^{})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}f_1\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma \right)f_2([\lambda ,\theta ],\sigma ){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma ^{}\sigma }{}}f(n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ),\sigma ^{})`$
where $`f_1\left(n\right)`$ and $`f_3(n,\sigma )`$ are arbitrary functions, and $`f_2\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ is a function which satisfies

$`f_2([\lambda ,\theta ],\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}f_2([\lambda _i,\theta _i],\sigma _i)`$ (D.11)
$`\lambda ={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\lambda _i,\theta ={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}(\theta _i\left\{\sigma _i\right\})\{{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\sigma _i\}.`$
The meaning of the right hand side of (D.10) is to sum up all the patterns generated by the following process: first, divide a set $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ into sets of $`\theta `$, second define a connection pattern $`\lambda `$ which consists of one cluster, then choose one set $`\sigma `$ in $`\theta `$. The meaning of the left hand side of (D.10) is to sum up all the patterns generated by the following process: first, divide $`\{1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ into sets of $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$ each of which contain one element $`n`$ in the $`\sigma `$ chosen in r.h.s. and elements of which some sets in $`\theta `$ consists. The $`\sigma `$ chosen in r.h.s. is not one of these sets, and these sets are connected with each other by connections in $`\lambda `$ and any sets are connected with the $`\sigma `$ by connections in $`\lambda `$. Second, divide each of sets in $`\theta ^{\prime \prime }`$ into sets of $`\theta ^{}`$ and $`\left\{n\right\}`$. Then, define a connection pattern $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ of sets in $`\theta ^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ and $`\left\{n\right\}`$. The connection pattern $`\lambda ^{\prime \prime }`$ consists of one cluster. Fig.C.8 and Fig.C.8 illustrate graphical representations of both sides of patterns in (C.32). Note that if one chooses a r.h.s. pattern, there exist the corresponding $`\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}`$ l.h.s. patterns.

Applying the relation (D.10) to (D.9), we have

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma }{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma \right)}`$ (D.12)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{})}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}q_\sigma ^2\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}],q_\sigma ,\sigma ^{})`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime n(\sigma ^{\prime \prime },\lambda ^{})1}.`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\sigma \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta ^{}\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma ^{}}{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma ^{}\right)\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{})}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}q_\sigma ^{}^2\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}],q_\sigma ^{},\sigma ^{})}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime n(\sigma ^{\prime \prime },\lambda ^{})1}.`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{[\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}]\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{}}{}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma ^{}}{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma ^{}\right)\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{})}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}q_\sigma ^{}^2\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}],q_\sigma ^{},\sigma ^{})}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\theta ^{},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }\sigma ^{}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime }1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{\prime \prime n(\sigma ^{\prime \prime },\lambda ^{})1}`$
The second equality is due to a replacement of integration variables from $`q_\sigma `$ to $`q_\sigma ^{}`$, and the relation (C.10) is used in the third equality.

By definitions, the following relation can be shown,

$`\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ,\theta ],k,\left\{0\right\})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{[\lambda _i,\theta _i]\stackrel{~}{G}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dq_{\sigma _i}}{2\pi }K\left(kq_{\sigma _i}\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}q_{\sigma _i}^2\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda _i,\theta _i],q_{\sigma _i},\sigma _i)},`$ (D.13)
$`\lambda ={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\lambda _i{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\left\{\xi _i\right\},\xi _i=\{\sigma _i,\left\{0\right\}\},\theta ={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\theta _i\left\{\left\{0\right\}\right\}.`$
Using a relation (D.13) in (D.12), we obtain

$`F_N\left(k\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta _+\right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta ,\sigma \left\{0\right\}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ,\theta ],k,\left\{0\right\}).`$ (D.14)
We see that (D.14) is equal to (D.4). Therefore, (D.4) is recursively proved.

From (D.1), we have

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dk}{2\pi }\underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta \beta k^2\right)\frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!}{N!}\underset{\sigma \theta }{}\mathrm{\#}\sigma !F_{\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1}\left(k\right)}.`$ (D.15)
Substituting the expression of $`F_N`$ in (D.4) into $`F_{\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1}`$ in (D.15) gives

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dk}{2\pi }\underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta \beta k^2\right)\frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\theta 1\right)!}{N!}\underset{\sigma \theta }{}\mathrm{\#}\sigma \underset{\theta ^{}\mathrm{\Theta }\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)}{}\underset{\lambda ^{}\mathrm{\Lambda },\left(\theta _+^{}\right)}{}}`$ (D.16)
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ^{},\sigma ^{}\left\{0\right\}}{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda ^{})1}\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ^{},\theta ^{}],k,\left\{0\right\}).`$
Using the relation (D.10), we have

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dk}{2\pi }\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma \beta k^2\right)\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )}\frac{\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!}{N!}\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ,\theta ],k,\sigma )}`$ (D.17)
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}\theta ,\sigma ^{}\sigma }{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ^{},\lambda )1}.`$
Since the following relation holds,

$`S\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{dq_\sigma }{2\pi }K\left(kq_\sigma \right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\beta \mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{}q_\sigma ^2\right)\stackrel{~}{S}([\lambda ,\theta ],q_\sigma ,\sigma )},`$
$`\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right),\sigma \theta ,`$
we arrive at

$`b_N`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }_c\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\mathrm{\#}\sigma \right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\right)S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right)`$ (D.19)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(N1\right)!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta \mathrm{\Theta }\left(N\right)}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\theta \right)}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma \theta }{}}\left(\mathrm{\#}\sigma 1\right)!\mathrm{\#}\sigma ^{n(\sigma ,\lambda )1}\right)S_{\mathrm{}}^{}\left([\lambda ,\theta ]\right),`$ (D.20)
where $`S_{\mathrm{}}^{}(\lambda ,\theta )`$ is defined in (3.11). This expression of the cluster integral $`b_N`$ is the same as (3.9).


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# Asymptotically non-flat rotating dilaton black holes

## 1 Introduction

A scalar field called the dilaton occurs in the low energy limit of string theory. The Einstein action can be modified to include a dilaton term in addition to the familiar Maxwell term, which again gets modified by a dilaton coupling. Exact solutions for charged dilaton black holes have been constructed by many authors. The dilaton changes the causal structure of the black hole and leads to curvature singularities at finite radii \[1 - 7\]. These black holes are asymptotically flat. In the presence of a Liouville potential generalization of a cosmological constant, a class of electrically (or magnetically) charged static spherically symmetric dilaton black hole solutions have also been discovered  with metrics which are asymptotically neither flat nor (anti)-de Sitter.

The action is given by

$`S={\displaystyle d^4x\sqrt{g}[R2(\varphi )^2V(\varphi )e^{2\alpha \varphi }F^2]},`$ (1)
where $`R`$ is the scalar curvature, $`F^2=F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }`$ is the usual Maxwell contribution, $`V(\varphi )=2\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{2b\varphi }`$, a Liouville potential involving a dilaton field $`\varphi `$, $`\alpha `$ determining the strength of coupling between the electromagnetic field and $`\varphi `$. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is of course the cosmological constant to which the potential reduces for vanishing dilaton field, but in the presence of a non-trivial dilaton field, the spacetime may not behave as either de Sitter ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }>0`$) or anti-de Sitter ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }<0`$). In fact, it has been shown that with the exception of a pure cosmological constant potential, where $`b=0`$, no asymptotically de Sitter or asymptotically anti-de Sitter static spherically symmetric solution to the field equations associated with $`V(\varphi )=2\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{2b\varphi }`$ exist .

The exact solutions mentioned above are all static. Unfortunately, exact rotating solutions to the Einstein equation coupled to matter fields are difficult to find except in a limited number of cases. An exact solution for a rotating black hole with a special dilaton coupling was derived using the inverse scattering method . For general dilaton coupling, the properties of asymptotically flat charged dilaton black holes only with infinitesimally small angular momentum \[11 - 12\] or small charge  have been investigated. Our aim here is to investigate the possibility in the class of asymptotically non-flat solutions  of adding an infinitesimally small rotation.

## 2 Field equations and solutions

Varying the action with respect to the metric and the Maxwell and dilaton fields respectively leads to

$`R_{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`2_a\varphi _b\varphi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g_{ab}V+2e^{2\alpha \varphi }[F_{ac}F_{b}^{}{}_{}{}^{c}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}g_{ab}F_{cd}F^{cd}],`$ (2)
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`_a[\sqrt{g}e^{2\alpha \varphi }F^{ab}],`$ (3)
$`^2\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{V}{\varphi }}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}e^{2\alpha \varphi }F_{cd}F^{cd}.`$ (4)
We take the metric to be of the form

$`ds^2=u(r)dt^2+{\displaystyle \frac{dr^2}{u(r)}}+h(r)d\mathrm{\Omega }^22af(r)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta dtd\varphi ,`$ (5)
where $`a`$ is an angular momentum parameter. This metric is static and spherically symmetric when $`a=0`$. If $`a`$ is small, one can expect to find solutions with $`u`$ still a function of $`r`$ alone. The Maxwell equations can be integrated to give

$`A_0^{}=F_{01}={\displaystyle \frac{Qe^{2\alpha \varphi }}{h}},`$ (6)
where $`Q`$, an integration constant, is the electric charge, but in the presence of rotation, there will in general also be a vector potential

$`A_\varphi =aQc(r)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta ,`$ (7)
where $`c(r)`$ satisfies

$`Q(uc^{}e^{2\alpha \varphi })^{}{\displaystyle \frac{2Qce^{2\alpha \varphi }}{h}}=Q\left({\displaystyle \frac{f}{h}}\right)^{}.`$ (8)
A common factor $`Q`$ has been retained in all terms of this equation in order to emphasize that the equation disappears when $`Q=0`$. With the above metric and Maxwell fields, the remaining equations of motion reduce for small $`a`$ to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{h}}(hu\varphi ^{})^{}`$ $`=`$ $`b\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{2b\varphi }+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha Q^2e^{2\alpha \varphi }}{h^2}},`$ (9)
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{h^2}{2h^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{h^{\prime \prime }}{h}}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`2\varphi ^2,`$ (10)
$`u^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{uh^{\prime \prime }}{h}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{h}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2Q^2e^{2\alpha \varphi }}{h^2}},`$ (11)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{h}}(uh^{})^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{h}}V{\displaystyle \frac{2e^{2\alpha \varphi }Q^2}{h^2}},`$ (12)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{h^{\prime \prime }}{h}}{\displaystyle \frac{4Q^2c^{}}{fh}}.`$ (13)
The equations involving $`f,c`$, namely the previous equation (13) and the equation (8) arising from the presence of $`A_\varphi `$, appear only when $`a0`$, while the other equations were there also in the static, spherically symmetric case. Solutions of those equations for $`h,u,\varphi `$ with unusual asymptotic behaviour were given to $`𝒪(a^0)`$ in .

### 2.1 First black hole

The first non-rotating solution  is

$`u(r)`$ $`=`$ $`r^{\frac{2\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\alpha ^2}{1\alpha ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2(1+\alpha ^2)M}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2(1+\alpha ^2)}{r^2}}\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0\right),`$ (14)
$`h(r)`$ $`=`$ $`r^{\frac{2}{1+\alpha ^2}},`$ (15)
$`\varphi (r)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _0\mathrm{log}r{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{1+\alpha ^2}},`$ (16)
with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{\alpha ^2\mathrm{exp}2b\varphi _0}{1\alpha ^2},b=\frac{1}{\alpha }`$. Horizons are located at

$$r_\pm =(1\alpha ^2)M\left(1\pm (1\frac{Q^2\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0}{M^2(1\alpha ^2)})^{1/2}\right)$$

if $`\alpha ^2<1`$. Rotation of test particles can be studied: the velocity for stable circular motion with $`\theta =\pi /2`$ turns out to be $`\alpha `$ independent of $`r`$ for large $`r`$.

We are interested here in rotating solutions. To $`𝒪(a)`$, we can get a solution of the full set of equations with $`u,h,\varphi `$ unaltered and supplemented by the solutions of the new equations (8, 13) for $`c,f`$. These two coupled equations admit different solutions:

$`\mathrm{I}:`$ $`c(r)=f(r)=0,`$ (17)
$`\mathrm{II}:`$ $`c(r)=0,f(r)h(r),`$ (18)
$`\mathrm{III}:`$ $`c(r)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}},`$ (19)
$`f(r)=(1+\alpha ^2)\left(2M(\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0)r^{\frac{\alpha ^21}{1+\alpha ^2}}+Q^2r^{\frac{2}{1+\alpha ^2}}\right).`$
Solution I is equivalent to the non-rotating solution , but it satisfies the new equations (13, 8) involving $`f(r),c(r)`$ in addition to the other equations which do not involve these functions. Solution II involves a change of the metric from the non-rotating form without any change of the Maxwell field and follows from the general structure of the new equations for $`f(r),c(r)`$. This may be surprising at first sight because a rotation enters the metric without any rotation in the charge: this is possible because the function $`f(r)`$ does not obey conventional boundary conditions for large $`r`$ and in fact increases with $`r`$. The solution III decreases with increase of $`r`$ for $`\alpha ^2<1`$. In general, this solution is not asymptotically flat or (anti)-de Sitter. The $`\alpha \mathrm{}`$ limit produces de Sitter behaviour for zero $`M,Q`$. In the limit $`\alpha 0`$, the non-rotating version of the solution  reduces to the Reissner - Nordström form, and the rotating version III above reproduces the Kerr-Newman modification thereof for small $`a`$, viz.

$`f={\displaystyle \frac{2M}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{Q^2}{r^2}}.`$ (20)
The value of the gyromagnetic ratio is known to be 2 in this limiting Kerr-Newman case. It is of interest to examine it in the more general situation when $`\alpha 0`$. In the absence of asymptotic flatness, new definitions of angular momentum and mass are required, but it turns out that the ratio $`J/M`$ can be defined unambiguously. $`g_{t\varphi }`$, which is usually of the form $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta /r`$, is in the present situation of the form $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta r^{\frac{\alpha ^21}{\alpha ^2+1}}`$, but the first non-leading term in $`g_{tt}`$ has the same power of $`r`$, from which one can see that

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{M}}\right)|_{phys}=ae^{2\alpha \varphi _0}.`$ (21)
Since $`_rA_\varphi =aQ\mathrm{sin}^2\theta /r^2`$ (the magnetic field is $`1/r\mathrm{sin}\theta `$ times this expression), the magnetic dipole moment is

$`\mu |_{phys}=aQ,`$ (22)
and since $`F_{01}=Qe^{2\alpha \varphi }/h=Qe^{2\alpha \varphi _0}/r^2,`$

$`Q|_{phys}=Qe^{2\alpha \varphi _0}.`$ (23)
Thus the gyromagnetic ratio is

$`g=2{\displaystyle \frac{\mu |_{phys}}{Q|_{phys}}}/\left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{M}}\right)|_{phys}=2,`$ (24)
independent of $`\alpha `$.

### 2.2 Second black hole

The second non-rotating solution  is

$`u(r)`$ $`=`$ $`r^{\frac{2}{1+\alpha ^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+\alpha ^2}{1\alpha ^2}}(1+2Q^2\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0){\displaystyle \frac{2M(1+\alpha ^2)}{\alpha ^2r}}\right),`$ (25)
$`h(r)`$ $`=`$ $`r^{\frac{2\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}},`$ (26)
$`\varphi (r)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _0+\mathrm{log}r{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{1+\alpha ^2}},,`$ (27)
with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0}{1\alpha ^2}\frac{(1+\alpha ^2)Q^2\mathrm{exp}4\alpha \varphi _0}{1\alpha ^2},b=\alpha `$. A single horizon is located at $`r_h=\frac{2(1\alpha ^2)M}{(1+2Q^2\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0)\alpha ^2}`$, when this is positive. The velocity for stable circular motion with $`\theta =\pi /2`$ turns out in this case to be $`1/\alpha `$ independent of $`r`$ for large $`r`$.

We are interested in finding the rotating version of this static solution, that is to say, in solving the corresponding coupled equations for $`f,c`$. As in the previous case, there exists the solution I ($`c(r)=f(r)=0`$) which is a trivial extension of the non-rotating solution to the equations including rotation. The unusual solution II ($`c(r)=0,f(r)h(r)`$) where there is a change in the metric without any change in the electromagnetic field also exists as before. Again, this $`f(r)`$ increases with $`r`$. In addition, there are solutions like

$`\mathrm{III}:`$ $`c(r)=r^{\frac{4\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}},`$ (28)
$`f(r)=\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{u(r)c(r)}{r}}+2r^{\frac{1+3\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}\right),`$
for which $`Q,\alpha `$ have to be related to $`\varphi _0`$ by

$`2Q^2\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2+1}{3\alpha ^21}}.`$ (29)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ can be made to vanish in this condition with $`\alpha ^2=`$1 or 3. This solution too shows an increase with increase of $`r`$. Another solution of this kind is

$`\mathrm{IV}:`$ $`c(r)=r^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2M(\alpha ^21)}{\alpha ^2}}r,`$ (30)
$`f(r)=(1+\alpha ^2)\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0[2{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha ^2}{3\alpha ^2}}r^{\frac{3+\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}+`$
$`2M{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha ^2}{\alpha ^2}}r^{\frac{2}{1+\alpha ^2}}+4M^2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^21}{\alpha ^4}}r^{\frac{1\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}],`$
for which it is necessary that $`Q,\alpha `$ are related to $`\varphi _0`$ by

$`2Q^2\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0=2\alpha ^2.`$ (31)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ can be made to vanish in this condition only for $`\alpha ^2=`$1.

To obtain functions which decrease with increasing $`r`$, one has to consider asymptotic solutions like

$`\mathrm{V}:`$ $`c(r)=r^p,`$ (32)
$`f(r)={\displaystyle \frac{4pQ^2}{p(p+\frac{13\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2})}}r^{p+\frac{1\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}+Cr^{\frac{1\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}},`$
with $`C`$ an arbitrary constant for $`p>0`$ and $`C=0`$ for $`p<0`$. This satisfies the differential equation for $`c(r)`$ asymptotically for large $`r`$ and the differential equation for $`f(r)`$ holds exactly provided that $`p,Q,\alpha ,\varphi _0`$ are related by

$`2Q^2\mathrm{exp}2\alpha \varphi _0={\displaystyle \frac{\frac{1}{1\alpha ^2}\frac{2}{p(13\alpha ^2)+p^2(1+\alpha ^2)}}{\frac{1}{1\alpha ^2}+\frac{2}{p(13\alpha ^2)+p^2(1+\alpha ^2)}}}.`$ (33)
If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is set equal to zero, this yields a relation between $`p,\alpha `$. If one takes a negative value of $`p`$, the constant $`C`$ has to be set equal to zero as mentioned above, and for finite $`\alpha `$, when $`Q`$ is non-zero, one can get $`f(r)`$ decreasing with increase of $`r`$. If $`\alpha \mathrm{}`$, one has $`p(3\pm \sqrt{17})/2`$ and $`Q0`$. For the positive value of $`p`$, $`f(r)`$ has only the second piece

$`f(r)=Cr^1.`$ (34)
The equation for $`c(r)`$ is now satisfied exactly because $`Q=0`$. The rotating black hole is a slowly rotating Kerr black hole: the corresponding non-rotating black hole  is a Schwarzschild solution.

### 2.3 Third black hole

The third non-rotating solution  is

$`u(r)`$ $`=`$ $`r^{\frac{2}{1+\alpha ^2}}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{2M(1+\alpha ^2)}{\alpha ^2r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{(1+\alpha ^2)^{\frac{2\alpha ^2+1}{\alpha ^2}}}{(13\alpha ^2)\alpha ^2}}\mathrm{\Lambda }Q^{\frac{2}{\alpha ^2}}r^{2\frac{1\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}}\right),`$ (35)
$`h(r)`$ $`=`$ $`r^{\frac{2\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}},`$ (36)
$`\varphi (r)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _0+\mathrm{log}r{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{1+\alpha ^2}},,`$ (37)
with $`\mathrm{exp}(2\alpha \varphi _0)=(1+\alpha ^2)Q^2,b=1/\alpha `$. The velocity for stable circular motion with $`\theta =\pi /2`$ turns out in the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$ case to be $`1/\alpha `$ independent of $`r`$ for large $`r`$. In case $`\mathrm{\Lambda }0`$, it is $`1/\alpha `$ for $`|\alpha |<1`$ and 1 otherwise.

We are interested in finding the rotating version of this static solution, that is to say, in solving the corresponding coupled equations for $`f,c`$. As in the previous cases, there exists the solution I ($`c(r)=f(r)=0`$) which is a trivial extension of the non-rotating solution to the equations including rotation. The unusual solution II ($`c(r)=0,f(r)h(r)`$) where there is a change in the metric without any change in the electromagnetic field also exists as before. Again, this $`f(r)`$ increases with $`r`$. In addition, there are asymptotic solutions like

$`\mathrm{III}:`$ $`c(r)=r^p,`$ (38)
$`f(r)=(1+\alpha ^2)Q^2pr^{p+\frac{1\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}},`$
where $`p,\alpha `$ are elated by $`\alpha ^2=\frac{p^2+p4}{p(3p)}<1`$. As $`\alpha ^21`$, one value of $`p`$ goes to -1, the standard exponent.

For $`\alpha ^2=1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$, there is an exact solution

$`\mathrm{IV}:`$ $`c(r)=r^2,`$ (39)
$`f(r)=4Q^2r^2+Cr,`$
with constant $`C`$.

Another exact solution exists for $`Q=0`$, which occurs for $`\alpha ^2\mathrm{}`$.

$`\mathrm{V}:`$ $`c(r)=\mathrm{arbitrary},`$ (40)
$`f(r)=Cr^2+Dr^1,`$
with $`C,D`$ constants. This is the form for a slowly rotating Kerr (anti-) de Sitter black hole. The corresponding static case is the Schwarzschild (anti-)de Sitter black hole obtained in the limit $`\alpha ^2\mathrm{}`$.

## 3 Discussion

We have considered some non-rotating, charged, dilaton black hole solutions for the action with a Liouville type potential $`V(\varphi )=2\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{2b\varphi }`$ The theory involves the coupling parameter $`\alpha `$ besides the potential parameter $`b`$: these were already there in the non-rotating situation. The asymptotic behaviour of the solutions is not flat, nor pure (anti-) de Sitter because of the existence of the potential term which reduces to the cosmological constant for vanishing dilaton field but is $`\varphi `$\- and hence $`r`$\- dependent in general. The solutions are not valid for general values of the parameters but hold only for special relations between $`b`$ and $`\alpha `$, with isolated singularities in $`\alpha `$. The relations and the singularities are different for the three classes as are the values of the $`r`$-independent piece $`\varphi _0`$ of the dilaton field. This leads in the three cases to different restrictions on $`\alpha `$ if the potential is to vanish.

We have added an infinitesimal rotation measured by the parameter $`a`$. For small angular momentum the field equations lead to the coupled differential equations (8, 13) for $`c(r),f(r)`$, for which we have presented several classes of solutions. In the case of the first black hole, solution III with $`\alpha ^2<1`$ decreases for increasing $`r`$. Similar is the asymptotic solution V for the second black hole when $`p<0`$ and $`p+\frac{1\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha ^2}<0`$ and also when $`p>0`$ but $`\alpha \mathrm{}`$. For the third black hole, III has a decreasing solution for negative $`p`$. It would be of interest to find exact solutions with the angular momentum arbitrarily large, instead of being restricted to be small.

The absence of asymptotic flatness means that the metric components do not converge to flat spacetime values for large $`r`$. $`h(r)`$ increases with $`r`$ even in flat spacetime, and it is only the the growth of $`u(r)`$ in the non-rotating black holes which may appear surprising. But it has to be remembered that a growth occurs also in the presence of a cosmological constant. The potential which is used reduces to a cosmological constant for a vanishing dilaton field and can therefore be expected to generate a growth in the more general case of non-vanishing and indeed growing dilaton field. The electric potential has the normal decreasing dependence on $`r`$ in the non-rotating case. It is important to note that in spite of the increase with $`r`$ of $`h,u,\varphi `$, the terms in the action are finite and the curvature and potential terms actually fall off with large $`r`$ . This contrasts with (anti-) de Sitter solutions with a cosmological constant where the curvature is constant. The situation in the rotating case is more complicated: the new metric function $`f(r)`$ increases with $`r`$ in some, though not in all of the solutions presented here. In addition, the magnetic field associated with the rotation of the charge is described by the function $`c(r)`$ which increases with $`r`$ in some solutions. The contributions to the action nevertheless fall off with increasing $`r`$ even here for the small values of $`a`$ used.

T. G. wishes to thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India for financial support.