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# A note on Closure Operators in Category of Groups

## 1 Preliminaries

Throughout this paper we consider a category $`𝒳`$ and a fixed class $``$ of monomorphisms in $`𝒳`$ which contains all isomorphisms of $`𝒳`$. It is assumed that
$``$ $``$ is closed under composition;
$``$ $`𝒳`$ is finite $``$-complete.

A closure operator $`c`$ on the category $`𝒳`$ with respect to class $``$ of subobjects is given by a family $`c=(c_X)_{X𝒳}`$ of maps $`c_X:/X/X`$ such that for every $`X𝒳`$
1. $`mc(m)`$; 2. $`mm^{}c(m)c(m^{})`$; and 3. for every $`f:XY`$ and $`m/X`$, $`f(c_X(m))c_Y(f(m))`$.
For each $`m`$ we denote by $`c(m)`$ the c-closure of $`m`$.
An $``$-morphism $`m/X`$ is called $`c`$-closed if $`mc_X(m)`$. A closure operator $`c`$ is said to be idempotent if $`c(c(m))c(m)`$. In case $`c(mn)c(m)c(n)`$ we say $`c`$ to be additive. An $``$-subobject $`m`$ of $`X`$ is called $`c`$-dense in $`X`$ if $`c_X(m)1_X`$.
For a subcategory $`𝒜`$ of $`𝒳`$, a morphism $`f:XY`$ is an $`𝒜`$-regular monomorphism if it is the equalizer of two morphisms $`h,k:YA`$ with $`A𝒜`$.

Let $``$ contain the class of regular monomorphisms of $`𝒳`$. For $`m:MX`$ in $``$ define

$$c_𝒜(m)=\{rrmandris𝒜regular\}$$

which is a closure operator of $`𝒳`$. These closure operators are called regular and $`c_𝒜(m)`$ is called the $`𝒜`$-closure of $`m`$. In case $`𝒜=𝒳`$ we denote $`c_𝒜(m)`$ by $`c(m)`$.

## 2 Closure operators in category of groups

In this section we will see application of closure operators in category of groups.

### 2.1

Let $`𝒳=`$ Grp the category of groups and let $``$ be the class of all monomorphisms of $`𝒳`$. In this case clearly $`𝒳`$ is finite $``$-complete. For an object $`G`$ of Grp, $`/G`$ can be identified with the set of all subgroups of $`G`$.
Let $`H`$ be a subgroup of $`G`$, we define

$$c_G(H)=<g^1hghH,gG>$$

the least normal subgroup of $`G`$ containing $`H`$.
It is easy to prove that $`c_G`$ is a closure operator on $`𝒳`$ which is also an idempotent operator.
Let $`[G,G]=<xyx^1y^1x,yG>`$ be the commutator subgroup of $`G`$. Define

$$c_G^{}(H)=[G,G]H$$

This gives a closure operator on Grp which is normal in $`G`$. For trivial subgroup $`(e)`$ of $`G`$, $`c_G^{}(e)=[G,G]`$ while $`c_G(e)=(e)`$.
A preradical r in Grp is the subfunctor of the identity functor in Grp. For $`G`$ Grp, r($`G`$) is a normal subgroup of $`G`$. We define two more closure operators on Grp as follows:

$$c_G^{\prime \prime }(H)=H𝐫(G)=H𝐫(G)$$

and

$$c_G^{\prime \prime \prime }(H)=\pi ^1(𝐫(G)/c_G(H))$$

where $`\pi :GG/c_G(H)`$ is the canonical projection.
Closure operator $`c_G^{\prime \prime }`$ (in general) is not normal in $`G`$, but $`c_G^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ is always normal in $`G`$. (see )
We can observe that closure of a subgroup $`H`$ of $`G`$ can be converted to a normal closure of $`H`$ in $`G`$ and vise-versa. For example,

$$c_G(c_G^{\prime \prime }(H)),c_G^{}(c_G^{\prime \prime }(H)),c_G^{\prime \prime \prime }(c_G^{\prime \prime }(H))$$

are normal in $`G`$, but

$$c_G^{\prime \prime }(c_G(H)),c_G^{\prime \prime }(c_G^{}(H)),c_G^{\prime \prime }(c_G^{\prime \prime \prime }(H))$$

are ( in general) not normal in $`G`$.
Next result is obvious.

###### Proposition 2.1.1

Let $`G,H`$ be objects in $`𝒳=`$ Grp. Let $`f:GH`$ be a non-zero homomorphism from $`G`$ to a simple group $`H`$. $`f`$ is onto if and only if $`c_{f(G)}(K)=f(G)`$ for all subgroups $`(e)K`$ of $`f(G)`$.

Recall that a subgroup $`H`$ of a group $`G`$ is said to be subnormal in $`G`$ if there are a non-negative integer $`m`$ and a series

$$H=H_mH_{m1}H_{m2}\mathrm{}H_0=G$$

of subgroups of $`G`$. In this situation we write $`HsmG`$ and $`H^mG`$. The smallest such $`m`$ is called the defect of subnormal subgroup $`H`$ of $`G`$.
In finite group theory subnormal subgroups are precisely those subgroups which occur as terms of composition series, the factors of which are of paramount importance in describing a group’s structure. In 1939 H. Wielandt proved the celebrated join theorem for finite groups. Twenty year latter H. Zassenhaus showed that Wielandt’s join theorem can fail to hold in infinite groups. The determination of interesting necessary and sufficient conditions for a join of subnormal subgroups (i.e. the subgroup generated by two subnormal subgroups) to be subnormal is probably the most important unsolved problem in this area of group theory . In following we establish an interesting link between subnormal subgroups and closure operators which provides a solution of subnormal subgroups join problem.
Let $`c_G(H)`$ denote the closure of $`H`$ in $`G`$. Set $`H_0=G`$, $`H_1=c_{H_0}(H)`$ , $`H_2=c_{H_1}(H)`$, $`\mathrm{}`$, $`H_{m+1}=c_{H_m}(H)`$.

###### Proposition 2.1.2

() Let $`H`$ be a subgroup of $`G`$. Then $`H^mG`$ if and only if $`H`$ coincides with its mth normal closure in $`G`$.

Denote by $`T=<H,K>`$ group generated by two subnormal subgroups and $`T_{m,n}=<H_m,K_n>`$ for $`m,n=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ where $`H_{m+1}=c_{H_m}(H)`$ and $`K_{n+1}=c_{K_n}(K)`$.

###### Theorem 2.1.3

Let $`H`$ and $`K`$ be subnormal subgroups of a group $`G`$ in $`𝒳`$. Then following implications hold.

1. The class $`{}_{}{}^{c}_G`$ of $`c`$-closed elements in $`/G`$ is closed under binary suprema for every object $`G`$ in $`𝒳`$.
2. $`c`$ is additive.
3. $`c_{T_{m,n}}(T)`$ is subnormal in $`G`$.

1. $``$ 2. $``$ 3.

Proof. (sketch) 1 $``$ 2 straightforward.
2 $``$ 3 . Let

$$H\mathrm{}c_{H_m}(H)c_{H_{m1}}(H)c_{H_{m2}}(H)\mathrm{}c_{H_1}(H)c_G(H)G$$

and

$$K\mathrm{}c_{K_n}(K)c_{K_{n1}}(K)c_{K_{n2}}(K)\mathrm{}c_{K_1}(K)c_G(K)G$$

be the series of $`H`$ and $`K`$ respectively.
Since $`c`$ is additive, therefore we have
$`c_G(HK)=c_G(H)c_G(K)`$ i.e. $`c_G(<H,K>)=<c_G(H),c_G(K)>`$.
Also we have

$$c_G(<c_{H_{i1}}(H),c_{K_{j1}}(K)>)=<c_G(c_{H_{i1}}(H)),c_G(c_{K_{j1}}(K))>$$

for all $`i,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}1}im`$ and $`j,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}1}in`$, and for all group $`G`$ in $`𝒳`$.
Clearly we have

$$c_{T_{m,n}}(<H,K>)c_{T_{m,n}}(<c_{H_m}(H),c_{K_n}(K)>)$$

$$c_{T_{m1,n1}}(<c_{H_{m1}}(H),c_{K_{n1}}(K)>)$$

$$c_{T_{m2,n2}}(<c_{H_{m2}}(H),c_{K_{n2}}(K)>)$$

$$\mathrm{}c_{T_{1,1}}(<c_{H_1}(H),c_{K_1}(K)>)G.$$

By the additivity of $`c`$ and the above expression we get

$$c_{T_{m,n}}(T)<c_{H_{m1}}(H),c_{K_{n1}}(K)><c_{H_{m2}}(H),c_{K_{n2}}(K)>$$

$$\mathrm{}<c_{H_1}(H),c_{K_1}(K)>G.$$

This proves that $`c_{T_{m,n}}(T)`$ is subnormal in $`G`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.1.4

If $`c`$ is a normal closure operator in $`G`$, then it satisfy the conditions 1 and 2 of the Theorem 2.1.3. This means that join problem of two subnormal subgroups is reduced to find the suitable conditions when $`H=c_{H_m}(H)`$ and $`K=c_{K_n}(K)`$ (cf. Prop. 2.1.2).

###### Remark 2.1.5

Normal subgroups are not only stable under intersection, but also under arbitrary join in the subgroup lattice. Therefore all the closure operators which are normal as a subgroup of $`G`$ are additive. We observe that the normal subgroups produced by $`c_G^{}`$, $`c_G^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`c_G^{\prime \prime \prime }`$ will be larger than of the normal subrgoups produced by $`c_G`$. So there will be possibility of a fast termination of subnormal series induced by these operators.

As a corollary to above theorem we have following result of Wielandt (cf. )

###### Corollary 2.1.6

If $`H`$ and $`K`$ are subnormal subgroups of of a finite group $`G`$ in $`𝒳`$. Then $`T=<H,K>`$ is subnormal in G.

### 2.2

Let $`𝒜`$ be a subcategory of $`𝒳=`$ Ab the category of abelian groups and let $``$ be the class of all monomorphisms of $`𝒳`$. Notice that in Ab and Grp the strong monomorphisms coincide with monomorphisms. In this case $`𝒳`$ is $``$-complete.
For an object $`G`$Ab, $`/G`$ can be identified with the set of all subgroups of G.

###### Theorem 2.2.1

Let $`H`$ be a subgroup of $`G`$.
(a) (cf. ) $`H`$ is $`𝒜`$-dense in $`G`$, i.e., $`c_𝒜(H)=G`$ if and only if $`Hom(G/H,A)=(0)`$ for every $`A𝒜`$.
(b) $`H`$ is $`𝒜`$-closed, i.e., $`c_𝒜(H)=H`$ if and only if $`Hom(G^{}/H,A)(0)`$ for some $`A𝒜`$ and for every non-zero subgroup $`G^{}/H`$ of $`G/H`$.
(c) Let $`f:GT`$ be an $`𝒜`$-morphism. The morphism $`f`$ is not epic if and only if $`c_𝒜(f(G))=f(G)`$.
In particular $`c_𝒜(f(G))=f(G)`$ implies f is not surjective.

Proof. (a) (cf. )
(b) Without loss of generality we assume that $`H`$ is not $`𝒜`$-dense in $`G`$. Let $`G^{}/H`$ be a non-zero subgroup of $`G/H`$. Since $`H`$ is not $`𝒜`$-dense in $`G`$, we have $`Hom(G/H,A)(0)`$ for some $`A𝒜`$. Let $`0fHom(G/H,A)`$. One can get a non-zero morphism $`f^{}:G^{}/HA`$ in obvious sense i.e., $`f^{}=fj`$ where $`j:G^{}/HG/H`$ is just the inclusion map, which implies that $`Hom(G^{}/H,A)(0)`$.
Conversely, suppose $`H`$ a proper subgroup of $`c_𝒜(H)`$. Since closure of $`H`$ is $`c_𝒜(H)`$, $`H`$ is dense in $`c_𝒜(H)`$ (treating $`H`$ as a subobject fo $`c_𝒜(H)`$). This implies $`Hom(c_𝒜(H)/H,A)=(0)`$, but this contradicts our hypothesis, therefore we must have $`c_𝒜(H)=H`$.
(c) Since $`f(G)`$ is closed in $`T`$ implies $`Hom(T/f(G),A)(0)`$ for some $`A𝒜`$. This implies $`f`$ is not an epimorphism.
Conversely, if $`f`$ is not an epimorphism implies $`c_𝒜(f(G))T`$ (cf. ) which gives $`Hom(T^{}/f(G),A)(0)`$ for some $`A𝒜`$ and for every non-zero subgroup $`T^{}/f(G)`$ of $`T/f(G)`$. But then from (b) we get $`c_𝒜(f(G))=f(G)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.2.2

Above results can be used in case of following subcategories of Ab. (cf. )
1. Category of torsion free abelian groups; 2. category of reduces abelian groups; 3. category of free abelian groups; 4. category of topological abelian groups, etc.

References
 G. Castellini, Closure operators, monomorphisms and epimorphisms in categories of groups, Cahiers de Topologie et Geometric Differentielie Categoriques Vol. XXVII -2(1986)151-167.
 D. Dikranjan and W. Tholen, Categorical structure of closure operators with applications to Topology, Algebra and Discrete Mathematics (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994).
 L. Fuchs, Infinite abelian groups Vol. 1 (Academic Press, New York, 1970)
 J.C. Lennox and S.E. Stonehewer, Subnormal subgroups of groups (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987).


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# Structure of Neutron-Rich Nuclei in the 132Sn Region

## 1 Introduction

The study of neutron-rich nuclei in the 132Sn region is a subject of great interest. This is related to the fact that 132Sn is a very good doubly magic nucleus whose neighbors provide the opportunity for testing the basic ingredients of shell-model calculations, especially the matrix elements of the effective interaction, well away from the valley of stability.

From the experimental point of view, it is a very hard task to obtain information on these nuclei. In the last few years, however, substantial progress has been made to access the limits of nuclear stability, which has paved the way to spectroscopic studies in the 132Sn region. A summary of recent experimental efforts in this area including references through 2000 is given in Ref. 1.

Motivated by these experimental achievements, in recent years we have studied several nuclei around 132Sn in terms of the shell model employing realistic effective interactions derived from modern nucleon-nucleon ($`NN`$) potentials.

The main aim of this paper is to report on some selected results of our current work in this region, which have been obtained starting from the CD-Bonn free $`NN`$ potential. In particular, we shall consider two odd-odd antimony isotopes, 130,132Sb, and three even-odd tellurium isotopes, 133,135,137Te.

As regards the former, we shall focus attention on the proton particle-neutron hole multiplets which play a special role for the understanding of the neutron-proton interaction around closed shells. More than thirty years ago the study of these multiplets in the Pb region was the subject of great experimental and theoretical interest. In this region, through pick-up and stripping reactions, several particle-hole multiplets were identified in 208Bi. In this context, it is worth mentioning that a very good agreement with experiment was obtained in Ref. 7 using particle-hole matrix elements deduced from the Hamada-Johnston potential.

Despite these early achievements in the study of the neutron-proton interaction in the vicinity of doubly magic 208Pb, little work has been done ever since. By considering the new data which are becoming available in the 132Sn region, it is high time to revive theoretical interest in this subject and perform shell-model calculations making us of a modern $`NN`$ potential and improved many-body methods for deriving the effective interaction.

In Sec. 2 we give a bare outline of the theoretical framework in which our realistic shell-model calculations have been performed. In Sec. 3 we present and discuss our results comparing them with the available experimental data. Sec. 4 presents some concluding remarks.

## 2 Theoretical framework

We assume that 132Sn is a closed core and let the valence protons and neutron holes occupy the five single-particle levels $`0g_{7/2}`$, $`1d_{5/2}`$, $`1d_{3/2}`$, $`2s_{1/2}`$, and $`0h_{11/2}`$ of the 50-82 shell. Similarly, for the valence neutrons in 135,137Te the model space includes all the six single-particle levels $`0h_{9/2}`$, $`1f_{7/2}`$, $`1f_{5/2}`$, $`2p_{3/2}`$, $`2p_{1/2}`$, and $`0i_{13/2}`$ of the 82-126 shell. The single-proton and single-hole energies have been taken from the experimental spectra of 133Sb and 131Sn, respectively. The only exception is the proton $`ϵ_{s_{1/2}}`$ which was taken from Ref. 13, since the corresponding single-particle level is still missing in 133Sb. As regards the single-neutron energies, they have been taken from the experimental spectrum of 133Sn , except that relative to the $`i_{13/2}`$ level which has not been observed. The latter has been taken from Ref. 15.

As already mentioned in the Introduction, in our shell-model calculations we have made use of a realistic effective interaction derived from the CD-Bonn free nucleon-nucleon potential. This high-quality $`NN`$ potential, which is based upon meson exchange, fits very accurately ($`\chi ^2`$/datum $`1`$) the world $`NN`$ data below 350 MeV available in the year 2000.

The shell-model effective interaction $`V_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is defined, as usual, in the following way. In principle, one should solve a nuclear many-body Schrödinger equation of the form

$$H\mathrm{\Psi }_i=E_i\mathrm{\Psi }_i$$
(1)
with $`H=T+V_{NN}`$, where $`T`$ denotes the kinetic energy. This full-space many-body problem is reduced to a smaller model-space problem of the form

$$PH_{\mathrm{eff}}P\mathrm{\Psi }_i=P(H_0+V_{\mathrm{eff}})P\mathrm{\Psi }_i=E_iP\mathrm{\Psi }_i.$$
(2)
Here $`H_0=T+U`$ is the unperturbed Hamiltonian, $`U`$ being an auxiliary potential introduced to define a convenient single-particle basis, and $`P`$ denotes the projection operator onto the chosen model space, which generally consists of a major shell above the doubly closed core.

A main difficulty one is confronted with in the derivation of $`V_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ from a modern $`NN`$ potential, such as CD-Bonn, is the existence of a strong repulsive core which prevents its direct use in nuclear structure calculations. This difficulty is usually overcome by resorting to the time-honored Brueckner $`G`$-matrix method. Here, we have made use of a new approach which provides an advantageous alternative to the use of the above method. It consists in constructing a low-momentum $`NN`$ potential, $`V_{lowk}`$, that preserves the physics of the original potential $`V_{NN}`$ up to a certain cut-off momentum $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. In particular, the scattering phase shifts and deuteron binding energy calculated by $`V_{NN}`$ are reproduced by $`V_{lowk}`$. The latter is a smooth potential that can be used directly as input for the calculation of shell-model effective interactions. A detailed description of our derivation of $`V_{lowk}`$ can be found in Ref. 16, where a criterion for the choice of the cut-off parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is also given. We have used here the value $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=2.1`$ fm-1.

Once the $`V_{lowk}`$ is obtained, the calculation of the matrix elements of the particle-particle and hole-hole interaction is carried out within the framework of a folded-diagram method, as described, for instance, in Refs. 17 and 18. It should be pointed out that for 130,132Sb and 133Te the neutron-proton effective interaction has been explicitly derived in the particle-hole formalism. A description of the derivation of the particle-hole effective interaction is given in Ref. 3.

## 3 Results

We report here some selected results of our study of neutron-rich nuclei in the 132Sn region. All calculations have been performed using the OXBASH shell-model code.

We start by considering the Sb isotopes. Some calculated multiplets for 132Sb are reported in Fig. 1 and compared with the existing experimental data. We see that the calculated energies are in very good agreement with the observed ones. In fact, the discrepancies are all in the order of tens of keV, except for the $`1^+`$ state of the $`\pi d_{5/2}`$ $`\nu d_{3/2}^1`$ multiplet, which lies 300 keV above the experimental counterpart. Some other calculated multiplets having the neutron hole in the $`h_{11/2}`$ level are reported in Ref. 3.

As regards 130Sb, we report in Fig. 2 the $`\pi g_{7/2}`$ $`\nu h_{11/2}^1`$ multiplet, for which several members have been experimentally identified. We see that the agreement between experiment and theory is remarkably good. It should be noted that both the experimental and calculated energies are relative to the $`8^{}`$ state, which has been experimentally observed to be the ground state. Our calculations predict for the ground state $`J^\pi =4^+`$, the $`8^{}`$ state lying at 92 keV excitation energy.

It is evident from Figs. 1 and 2 that a main feature of the calculated multiplets is that the states with minimum and maximum $`J`$ have the highest excitation energy and are well separated from the other states, for which the splitting is relatively small. This pattern is in agreement with the experimental one for the $`\pi g_{7/2}`$ $`\nu d_{3/2}^1`$ multiplet in 132Sb and the experimental data available for the other multiplets also go in the same direction. It should be pointed out that this behavior is quite similar to that exhibited by the multiplets in the heavier particle-hole nucleus 208Bi. Also, it is worth noting that in all of our calculated multiplets (including those reported in Ref. 3), the state of spin ($`j_\pi +j_\nu 1`$) is the lowest, in agreement with the early predictions of the Brennan-Bernstein coupling rule.

We turn now to the tellurium isotopes, 133,135,137Te. These three nuclei have been the subject of recent experimental studies, where high-spin states of a particularly simple structure were identified.

The calculated spectrum of 133Te is compared with the experimental one in Fig. 3 . We include all the observed and calculated states up to 1.3 MeV. In the higher energy region, where several states with unknown or ambiguous spin and parity have been observed, we only include the high-spin states reported in Refs. 25 and 26. As regards the calculated spectrum, we report the states which can be safely associated with the experimental ones. As for the agreement between theory and experiment, we see that all the observed excited levels are very well reproduced by the theory, the discrepancies being well below 100 keV for most of them. A detailed discussion of the structure of the calculated states can be found in Ref. 3.

The theoretical spectrum of 135Te is compared with the experimental one in Fig. 4, where all the observed and calculated states up to 1.3 MeV are included. In the higher energy region up to about 2.2 MeV we compare the four observed high-spin states with those predicted by the theory. As regards 137Te, in Fig. 5 we compare the experimental levels below 2 MeV with those predicted by our calculations.

From Figs. 4 and 5 we see that the calculated spectra are in quite good agreement with the experimental ones, the largest discrepancy being about 170 keV in both cases.

## 4 Concluding remarks

We have presented here some results of a shell-model study of neutron-rich nuclei close to doubly magic 132Sn, focusing attention on the two antimony isotopes 130,132Sb and the three tellurium isotopes 133,135,137Te, for which new relevant information has been obtained in recent experimental studies. In our calculations we have employed a realistic effective interaction derived from the CD-Bonn $`NN`$ potential. This has been done within the framework of a new approach to shell-model effective interactions which provides an advantageous alternative to the usual Brueckner $`G`$-matrix method. We have shown that our results are in very good agreement with the experimental data for all the nuclei considered. It should be stressed that our calculations are free from adjustable parameters.

On the above grounds, we may conclude with the following remarks.

(i) Effective interactions derived from modern $`NN`$ potentials are able to describe with quantitative accuracy the spectroscopic properties of nuclei in the 132Sn region far from stability. This gives confidence in their predictive power.

(ii) On the experimental side, it is of utmost importance to gain more information on neutron-rich nuclei in this region. This is certainly a very exciting physics to be done with radioactive ion beams.

## Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR).