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# Cohomology of 𝐺-sheaves in positive characteristic

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1. Galois modules in positive characteristic

This work is an attempt to a better understanding of Galois modules in positive characteristic. We define them here as spaces of global sections of coherent $`G`$-sheaves on a proper scheme $`X`$ over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ of positive characteristic, endowed with the action of a finite group $`G`$. So Galois modules are representations of $`G`$, and they are known to be related to the ramification of the action (i.e. to the fixed points).

When the characteristic $`p`$ of $`k`$ does not divide the order of $`G`$, i.e. in the reductive case, Galois modules are quite well understood, and the situation is similar to the one in characteristic zero. But when $`p`$ does divide the order of $`G`$, the situation is much more mysterious.

### 1.2. The role of equivariant $`K`$-theory

Indeed, the general approach to the description of Galois modules is the use of equivariant $`K`$-theory, which provides a Euler-Poincaré characteristic $`\chi (G,):K_0(G,X)R_k(G)`$ with values in the Brauer characters group of $`G`$. One can use an equivariant Lefschetz formula to compute it explicitly. This is satisfactory in the reductive case, since then the Brauer character of a representation characterizes its isomorphism class. But this last fact is false as soon as $`p`$ divides the order of $`G`$, because then the Galois modules are modular representations, so their Brauer characters only describe their Jordan-Hölder series, and not their decomposition in indecomposables (or equivalently their isomorphism classes). This is particulary dramatic when $`G`$ is a $`p`$-group, because then $`R_k(G)`$ contains no equivariant information at all.

The usual way to improve the situation is to make assumptions on the ramification of the action. For an example, on a smooth projective curve, it one assumes that the action is tamely ramified, one can show that a coherent $`G`$-sheaf of large degree has a space of global sections which is a projective $`k[G]`$-module, so that its Brauer character is enough to describe its isomorphism class. This is part of the Noether-like criterion given by S.Nakajima in , and this point of view was developed later on (see ).

For a wild action, equivariant $`K`$-theory is much less effective. In particular, it is unable to explain the modular Riemann-Roch formula given by S.Nakajima in , which describes the structure of the space of global sections $`H^0(X,)`$ of an invertible sheaf of large degree on a smooth projective curve with an action of $`G=/p`$.

A first look at the properties a refined version of equivariant $`K`$-theory should check suggests that important changes are needed. Indeed, the Lefschetz formula shows that if the action of $`G`$ is free, the equivariant Euler-Poincaré characteristic is a multiple of $`[k[G]]`$ in $`R_k(G)`$. However, another work of S.Nakajima (see ) shows that such a “symmetry principle” fails to hold in a refined sense if we use the standard Zariski cohomology of sheaves to define the refined Euler-Poincaré characteristic.

### 1.3. Modular $`K`$-theory : main properties

In this work, we present a refinement of the equivariant $`K`$-theory of a noetherian $`G`$-scheme $`X`$ over $`k`$. To do so, we introduce, for each full subcategory $`𝒜`$ of the category $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ of $`k[G]`$-modules of finite type, the notion of $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$. This is, roughly, a sheaf of modules over the Auslander algebra $`𝒜_X`$, itself defined as a certain sheaf of algebras with several objects over the quotient scheme $`Y=X/G`$, obtained by mimicking the functorial definition of the Auslander algebra of $`k[G]`$ (see ).

We imbed the category $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)`$ of quasicoherent $`G`$-sheaves on $`X`$ as a reflective subcategory of the category $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ of quasicoherent $`𝒜`$-sheaves on $`X`$ (see §5.2.2), so that each $`G`$-sheaf $``$ can be seen as a $`𝒜`$-sheaf $`\underset{¯}{}`$. The category of coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaves on $`X`$ is abelian, and its $`K`$-theory, in the sense of Quillen, is denoted by $`K_i(𝒜,X)`$. This construction is functorial in both variables.

Of course, the main test of validity for this new definition is the case $`X=\mathrm{spec}k`$. Modular $`K`$-theory is satisfying for groups with cyclic $`p`$-Sylows, where $`p`$ is the characteristic of $`k`$, in the sense that for each $`k[G]`$-module of finite type $`V`$, its class $`[\underset{¯}{V}]`$ in $`K_0(𝒜,\mathrm{spec}k)`$ characterizes its isomorphism class (see Theorem 2.4). For an arbitrary finite group $`G`$, one grasps certainly more information than the Brauer character, but until now it is not clear to the author if the definition enables to get back the isomorphism class.

Using the functoriality in $`𝒜`$, we can compare both $`K`$-theories. Indeed if $`𝒜`$ and $`𝒜^{}`$, seen as rings with several objects, are Morita equivalent, then their modules and their $`K`$-theory are the same (see Proposition 6.2). In particular, since the category $`𝒫`$ of projective $`k[G]`$-modules of finite type is Morita equivalent to the category with only the free object $`k[G]`$, the groups $`K_i(𝒫,X)`$ coincide with the equivariant $`K`$-theory. So in the reductive case, since $`𝒫=𝒜`$, we get nothing else than equivariant $`K`$-theory. Hence something new happens only when we consider a $`𝒜`$ checking $`𝒫𝒜`$, and in this case we have a surjective homomorphism $`K_0(𝒜,X)K_0(G,X)`$.

Since $`K_i(𝒜,X)`$ has the usual functorial properties in $`X`$ (or rather in the quotient $`Y=X/G`$), it makes sense to ask whether there is a localization long exact sequence for modular $`K`$-theory. We answer positively (see Theorem 6.7), but only on a certain surjectivity assumption, which is always fulfilled for equivariant $`K`$-theory, but not for modular $`K`$-theory.

The computation of modular Euler-Poincaré characteristics reduces to the computation of standard Euler-Poincaré characteristics on the quotient scheme,thanks to the formula :

$$\chi (𝒜,)=\underset{IS}{}\chi ((I))[S_I]$$

(see Lemma 6.16). Of course, the modular Euler-Poincaré characteristic here is computed with the cohomology of $`\underset{¯}{}`$, which is very different from the cohomology of $``$. We give comparison results in section 5.2.10.

Among the applications, we show that the symmetry principle holds in modular $`K`$-theory. Indeed, if the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is free, then for any $`G`$-sheaf $``$ we have an equality in $`K_0(𝒜,\mathrm{spec}k)`$ :

$$\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{})=\chi (\pi _{}^G)\left[\underset{¯}{k[G]}\right]$$

(see Proposition 7.1).

The other applications all concern the $`1`$-dimensional case, i.e. the case when $`X`$ is a projective curve over $`k`$.

Thanks to the localization sequence, we give a description of the additive structure of $`K_0(X,𝒜)`$ (see Theorem 7.5) when the group acts with normal stabilizers. This is done by introducing a group of class of cycles with coefficients in the modular representations $`A_0(𝒜,X)`$, and enables to define a first Chern class such that the usual Riemann-Roch formula holds. We do not compute these modular Chern classes in general (although it is likely possible) but only those for invertible sheaves pulled back from the quotient, which have a very simple expression. As a reward, we get :

###### Theorem 1.1.

Let $`X`$ be a projective curve over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ of positive characteristic $`p`$, endowed with the faithful action of finite group $`G`$. Suppose that $`G`$ has cyclic $`p`$-Sylows and acts with normal stabilizers. Denote by $`\pi :XY=X/G`$ the quotient map. There exists an integer $`N`$ such that for all invertible sheaves $``$, $`𝒩`$ on $`Y`$ such that $`\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{deg}𝒩N`$ the following isomorphism of $`k[G]`$-modules holds :

$$H^0(X,\pi ^{})H^0(X,\pi ^{}𝒩)k[G]^{\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{deg}𝒩}$$

(see Theorem 7.14).

To end with, we extend the result of S.Nakajima in  to the case of an action of a cyclic group, giving a recursive algorithm to compute explicitly the structure of modular representation of the space $`H^0(X,)`$ of global sections of an invertible sheaf of large degree on the curve (see section 7.2.4). In this case the modular Euler-Poincaré characteristics takes the explicit form :

$$\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{})=\underset{\psi \widehat{G}}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{p^v}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{j}{}}\chi (\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(\psi V_i))[S_{\psi V_j}]$$

(see Lemma 7.15). The $`\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(\psi V_j)`$ are invertible sheaves on $`Y`$, and can be represented by divisors thanks to the key Proposition 7.17 which describes their behaviour under extension :

$$\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{}(V_j)\mathrm{gr}_0^P\underset{¯}{\mathrm{gr}_0^H\underset{¯}{}(V_l)}(V_j^{})$$

and thus allows to reduce to the case of a cyclic group of order $`p`$.

To illustrate the use of our algorithm, we give an explicit expression of the structure of $`H^0(X,)`$ when $`X`$ is a cyclic $`p`$-group : see Theorem 7.25. The expression of the coefficient of a given indecomposable in this decomposition involves the use of all the ramification jumps of the corresponding cover.

From this rather brutal computation we can deduce a Noether-like criterion, showing in a more qualitative way how ramification and Galois modules are linked (see Theorem 7.28). Remember that a $`k[G]`$-module is said *relatively $`H`$-projective* if it is a direct summand of a module induced from $`H`$.

###### Theorem 1.2.

Let $`\pi :XY`$ be a (generically) cyclic Galois $`p`$-cover of projective curves over $`k`$ of group $`G`$, $`\mathrm{ram}\pi `$ the largest ramification subgroup of $`\pi `$, and $`H`$ a subgroup of $`G`$. Then the following assertions are equivalent :

(i) $`\mathrm{ram}\pi H`$

(ii) $`\mathrm{Pic}_GX\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2H^0(X,)`$ is relatively $`H`$-projective.

(iii) $`\mathrm{Pic}Y`$ so that $`\mathrm{\#}G\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2`$ and $`H^0(X,\pi ^{})`$ is relatively $`H`$-projective.

Even if it is likely that a direct cohomological proof exists, the author was unable to find one.

### 1.4. Modular $`K`$-theory : construction

We give here some indications about the organization of this article.

Section 2 is devoted to the analysis of the $`0`$-dimensional case. It relies in an essential way on the work of Auslander, who first realized the interest of rings with several objects for modular representation theory. The main idea is that for $`𝒜=k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, the isomorphism classes of indecomposable objects of $`𝒜`$ are in one-to-one correspondence, via the Yoneda embedding, with isomorphism classes of simple objects of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$, and so are well detected by $`K`$-theory there. Only the reinterpretation in terms of Grothendieck groups we give seems not to have been used before, even if it is not surprising in itself. The strongest result, obtained for groups with cyclic $`p`$-Sylows, is Theorem 2.4.

In section 3, we sum up briefly the tools of enriched category theory needed in the sequel. We give a proof only of the facts that we could not find in the literature.

Section 4 is a preliminary to the next section on $`𝒜`$-sheaves. We define a ringed scheme as a scheme $`Y`$, endowed with a category enriched in the closed category $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$, which is a way to express the notion of “scheme with a sheaf of algebras with several objects”. The Auslander algebra $`𝒜_X`$ of a $`G`$-scheme $`X`$ will be an example. However, it seems convenient to deal with some problems at this level of generality, especially the problem of showing the existence of an adjunction between pull-back and push-forward for sheaves of modules over ringed schemes (see Proposition 4.11).

In a next step (section 5), we define the Auslander algebra $`𝒜_X`$ of a $`G`$-scheme $`X`$, which is a category enriched on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$, where $`Y=X/G`$, and introduce some variants. Then $`𝒜`$-sheaves on $`X`$ are defined as sheaves for the ringed scheme $`(Y,𝒜_X)`$, and are studied in the rest of the section. Here, the flexibility we have in choosing the subcategory $`𝒜`$ of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ proves useful, since additional structures on $`𝒜`$ give rise to additional structures on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(A,X)`$. For instance if $`𝒜`$ is monoidal, then $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(A,X)`$ is closed (see §5.2.9), as B.Day noticed in a more general context (see ). Another example can be found in 5.2.11, where it is shown that if $`𝒜`$ is stable by radical and duality, and both operations commute, then every monomorphism preserving $`𝒜`$-sheaf (and in particular those coming from $`G`$-sheaves) has a canonical filtration, a helpful fact to compute modular Euler-Poincaré characteristics.

### 1.5. Acknowledgments

This paper was written in the University of Bologna, where the author holds a postdoctoral position. My first thanks go to A.Vistoli : without his support, my initial project would certainly have remained as such for some years, if not for ever. I am also grateful to G.Vezzosi for many enriching conversations. Finally, I thank B.Köck whose comments have helped me a lot to improve on the first version.

## 2. Modular representation theory following Auslander

### 2.1. Modules over a ring with several objects

The idea that a small additive category behaves like a (non necessarily commutative) ring is due to Mitchell (see ). We present quickly the basic notions of the theory, following the exposition of Auslander in  (see also ). We will most of the time omit the word “small”, although it is logically necessary in the definition of a ring with several objects, to avoid the discussion on universes needed to make the definitions coherent.

#### 2.1.1. Definition

As usual $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$ denotes the category of abelian groups. All categories, functors considered in part 2 are additive111We don’t use the terminology “preadditive category”. So an additive category does not need to have finite coproducts., i.e. enriched over $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$

For a category $`𝒜`$, we will denote by $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ the category $`[𝒜^{op},\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}]`$ of contravariant functors from $`𝒜`$ to $`\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$, and natural transformations between them. A (right) $`𝒜`$-module is by definition an object in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$. $`𝒜`$-modules obviously form an abelian category.

The usual Yoneda embedding $`𝒜\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ sends the object $`V`$ to the contravariant representable functor $`\underset{¯}{V}=𝒜(,V)`$. A $`𝒜`$-module is said of finite type if it is a quotient of a finite direct sum of representable functors. We will call $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ consisting of objects of finite type.

The projective completion of $`𝒜`$, denoted by $`Q𝒜`$, is the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ whose objects are the projective $`𝒜`$-modules of finite type (equivalently, direct summands of finite direct sums of representable functors). Since representable functors are projective, the Yoneda embedding factorizes trough $`Q𝒜`$. The resulting embedding $`𝒜Q𝒜`$ is an equivalence if and only if $`𝒜`$ is a category with finite coproducts where idempotents split (i.e. for all $`e:VV`$ idempotent in $`𝒜`$, $`e`$ has a kernel in $`𝒜`$).

#### 2.1.2. Morita equivalence

By definition, two categories $`𝒜`$, $`𝒜^{}`$ are Morita equivalent if the corresponding categories of modules $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$, $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜^{}`$ are equivalent. This is well known to be the case if and only if the projective completions $`Q𝒜`$ and $`Q𝒜^{}`$ are equivalent (see , Proposition 2.6). In particular, $`𝒜`$ and $`Q𝒜`$ are Morita equivalent.

#### 2.1.3. Change of ring

###### Proposition 2.1.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a category and $`𝒜^{}`$ be a full subcategory of $`𝒜`$. The restriction functor $`R:\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜^{}`$ admits as a right adjoint the functor $`K`$ defined on objects by :

Moreover the counit of this adjunction is an isomorphism : $`RK1`$ (equivalently, $`K`$ is fully faithful).

In particular, if $`𝒜`$ is projectively complete, and every object of $`𝒜`$ is a direct summand of a finite direct sum of objects of $`𝒜^{}`$, this adjunction is an equivalence $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜^{}`$.

###### Proof.

See , Proposition 3.4 and Proposition 2.3. ∎

This Proposition is an example of enriched Kan extension, notion that we will use later in a larger context : see §3. We will be particulary interested in the following situation.

###### Definition 2.2.

When $`𝒜`$ is Morita equivalent to (the full subcategory generated by) a finite set of its objects, we will say that $`𝒜`$ *admits a finite set of additive generators*.

### 2.2. The finite representation type case

In this paragraph, we give an interpretation in terms of Grothendieck groups of the classical link between rings with several objects and modular representation theory (i.e. the study of representations of a finite group $`G`$ over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ of characteristic dividing the order of $`G`$).

#### 2.2.1. The ring with several objects $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}`$

More generally fix an algebraically closed field $`k`$, $`R`$ a (non necessarily commutative) finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra. Our main interest lies in the case $`R=k[G]^{op}`$, the opposite of the group algebra of a finite group $`G`$, when the characteristic $`p`$ of $`k`$ divides the order of the cardinal of $`G`$.

The idea is that to study the category $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$, the category of right $`R`$-modules of finite type, it is useful to consider it as a ring with several objects, and thus consider the associated module category $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}`$.

###### Definition 2.3.

The algebra $`R`$ is said  *of finite representation type* if the number of isomorphism classes of indecomposable objects of $`𝒜_{tot}`$ is finite.

So it means precisely that $`𝒜_{tot}`$ has an additive generator. We try to keep the letter $`𝒜`$ for an arbitrary subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$ (often supposed to possess a finite set of generators), and sometimes for an arbitrary additive category.

#### 2.2.2. Grothendieck groups of categories of modules

For an arbitrary exact category $`𝒜`$ (see ), we will use the traditional notation $`K_0(𝒜)`$ to denote its *Grothendieck group* : explicitly, it is the quotient of the free abelian group generated by the isomorphism classes $`[V]`$ of objects $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$ by the subgroup generated by the expressions $`[V]=[V^{}]+[V^{\prime \prime }]`$ associated to exact sequences $`0V^{}VV^{\prime \prime }0`$ in $`𝒜`$. Any abelian category $`𝒜`$ will be endowed with its canonical exact structure. Moreover, any additive category $`𝒜`$ has also a canonical exact structure consisting of the only *split* exact sequences, and we will always use the notation $`𝒜^{split}`$ for it.

Since we wish to introduce finer invariants of the $`R`$-modules than the usual Brauer character (i.e. for a $`R`$-module $`V`$, simply its class $`[V]`$ in $`K_0(𝒜_{tot})`$), we have to introduce larger groups. The immediate idea is to suppress relations in the definition of $`K_0(𝒜_{tot})`$ and thus consider the group $`K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})`$. We have an obvious epimorphism $`K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})K_0(𝒜_{tot})`$, and moreover the Krull-Schmidt theorem tells us that the class $`[V]`$ of an object $`V`$ of $`𝒜_{tot}`$ in $`K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})`$ determines its isomorphism class (see Lemma 2.5).

However, if the group $`K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})`$ we have just built is certainly the right one, the way we have built it is wrong. Indeed, if we try to export this construction in higher dimension, by considering instead of $`𝒜_{tot}`$ the category $`\mathrm{Coh}(G,X)`$ of coherent $`G`$-sheaves on a noetherian $`k`$-scheme $`X`$, the group $`K_0(\mathrm{Coh}(G,X)^{split})`$ is much too large : in the reductive case, i.e. when $`p=\mathrm{char}k\mathrm{\#}G`$ (and in particular when $`G=1`$), we do not recover the usual equivariant $`K`$-theory.

Since the interesting exact structures in the $`K`$-theory of schemes comes from abelian categories, we have to reinterpret the group $`K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})`$ in terms of the Grothendieck group of an abelian category.

For this purpose, if the ring $`𝒜_{tot}`$ is right noetherian (see Definition 2.7), the category $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}`$ is a candidate, since the evaluation $`FF(R)`$ provides an exact functor $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}𝒜_{tot}`$ which in turn induces an epimorphism $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})K_0(𝒜_{tot})`$ (this is a consequence of Lemma 2.1 applied with $`𝒜^{}`$ the category with only the object $`R`$). More precisely we have a commutative diagram :

where the two diagonal arrows are the ones already described and the vertical one is induced by the Yoneda embedding.

That $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})`$ contains pertinent information is shown by the following result, which is essentially a reinterpretation of a theorem of Auslander and Reiten :

###### Theorem 2.4.

Suppose given a (non necessarily commutative) algebra $`R`$ over an algebraically closed field $`k`$, with $`R`$ finite dimensional over $`k`$ and of finite representation type, and let $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$. Then :

(i) the ring $`𝒜_{tot}`$ is right noetherian

(ii) the Yoneda embedding $`𝒜_{tot}\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}`$ induces an isomorphism

$$K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})$$

(iii) two $`R`$-modules of finite type $`V`$,$`V^{}`$ are isomorphic if and only if in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})`$ :

$$[𝒜_{tot}(,V)]=[𝒜_{tot}(,V^{})]$$

The rest of this paragraph is devoted to a proof of the Theorem, which is split in the next four sections. Some of the results are stronger than strictly needed, because we intend to apply them in the more general context where the algebra $`R`$ is not of finite representation type, and $`𝒜\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$ has a finite set of generators.

#### 2.2.3. $`K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split})`$ is abelian free of finite rank

###### Lemma 2.5.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a full subcategory of $`𝒜_{tot}`$, and $`V`$, $`V^{}`$ be two objects of $`𝒜`$. Then $`[V]=[V^{}]`$ in $`K_0(𝒜^{split})`$ if and only if $`VV^{}`$.

###### Proof.

Starting from $`[V]=[V^{}]`$ we easily get the existence of an object $`W`$ of $`𝒜`$ such that $`VWV^{}W`$. But then the classical Krull-Schimdt theorem (see for instance , Corollary 19.22) allows to say that in fact $`VV^{}`$. ∎

The Lemma 2.5 proves the part (iii) of Theorem 2.4 is a consequence of part (ii). Moreover :

###### Proposition 2.6.

If $`𝒜`$ be a projectively complete full subcategory of $`𝒜_{tot}`$, then $`K_0(𝒜^{split})`$ is isomorphic to the free abelian group generated by isomorphism classes of indecomposables objects of $`𝒜`$.

###### Proof.

Because $`𝒜`$ be is projectively complete, the notion of indecomposable in $`𝒜`$ is the same as the one in $`𝒜_{tot}`$, and we thus can use the Krull-Schimdt theorem again to define a morphism from $`K_0(𝒜^{split})`$ into this free group. The fact that it is an isomorphism is immediate. ∎

#### 2.2.4. $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})`$ is abelian free

We begin by a few definitions concerning an arbitrary additive category taken from  :

###### Definition 2.7.

An additive category $`𝒜`$ is called *right artinian* (resp. *right noetherian*, resp. *semi-simple*) when for each object $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$, the functor $`𝒜(,V)`$ is an artinian(resp. noetherian, resp semi-simple) object of $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$.

The dual (left) notion is obtained as usual by replacing $`𝒜`$ by $`𝒜^{op}`$.

Now we recall the definition of the Kelly radical (see ).

###### Definition 2.8.

The *Kelly radical* $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ of an additive category $`𝒜`$ is the two-sided ideal of $`𝒜`$ defined by :

$$\mathrm{rad}𝒜(V,V^{})=\{f𝒜(V,V^{})/g𝒜(V^{},V)\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}_Vgfisinvertible\}$$

for all pair of objects $`(V,V^{})`$ of $`𝒜`$.

In  it is shown that, as in the one object case, the notions of left and right semisimplicity coincide, but that however a right artinian ring need not be right noetherian (the problem being that $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is not necessarily nilpotent). In consequence B.Mitchell suggests the following definition.

###### Definition 2.9.

An additive category $`𝒜`$ is said *semi-primary* if

(i) $`𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is semi-simple,

(ii) $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is nilpotent.

The advantage of this definition is that the classical Hopkins-Levitzki Theorem holds now with several objects :

###### Proposition 2.10.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a semi-primary additive category, and $`F`$ a right $`𝒜`$-module. The following are equivalent :

(i) $`F`$ is noetherian

(ii) $`F`$ is artinian

(iii) $`F`$ is of finite length.

###### Proof.

The classical proof applies unchanged : see for instance  §4.15. ∎

###### Corollary 2.11.

Let $`𝒜`$ be an additive category. If $`𝒜`$ is right artinian and $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is nilpotent, then any $`𝒜`$-module of finite type is of finite length.

###### Proof.

The category $`𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is right artinian of zero radical, hence semi-simple ( Theorem 4.4). So $`𝒜`$ is semi-primary.

Now if $`F`$ is a module of finite type, $`F`$ is artinian, hence of finite length by Proposition 2.10. ∎

###### Lemma 2.12.

If $`R`$ is a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra, and $`𝒜`$ is subcategory of $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$ with a finite set of additive generators, then :

(i) the category $`𝒜`$ is right artinian

(ii) $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is nilpotent.

###### Proof.

(i) First note that an arbitrary additive category $`𝒜`$ is right artinian if and only if its projective completion $`Q𝒜`$ is. By hypothesis, there exists a one object full subcategory $`𝒜^{}`$ of $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$ such that $`Q𝒜^{}=Q𝒜`$, and $`𝒜^{}`$ is obviously right artinian, since it is a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra.

(ii) the restriction along $`𝒜Q𝒜`$ provides a bijection between two-sided ideals of $`Q𝒜`$ and two-sided ideals of $`𝒜`$ ( Proposition 2). This bijection is compatible with the product of ideals, and sends $`\mathrm{rad}Q𝒜`$ to $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ ( Proposition 10). With the notations of the proof of (i), it is thus enough to show that $`\mathrm{rad}𝒜^{}`$ is nilpotent, but this is only the classical fact that the Jacobson radical of an artinian ring is nilpotent (see  Theorem 4.12).

###### Proposition 2.13.

If $`R`$ is a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra, and $`𝒜`$ is subcategory of $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$ with a finite set of additive generators, then $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ is an abelian category, and every object of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ is of finite length. Hence the group $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ is abelian free, generated by the classes of simple objects in $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`𝒜`$ is Morita equivalent to an one object right artinian (hence right noetherian) ring, $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ is an abelian category. The second assertion results from Corollary 2.11 and Lemma 2.12. The third assertion is a consequence of the dévissage Theorem (see  §5 Theorem 4 Corollary 1) for $`K_0`$, i.e. of the Jordan-Hölder Theorem. ∎

#### 2.2.5. $`\mathrm{rk}(K_0(𝒜_{tot}^{split}))=\mathrm{rk}(K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}))`$

The justification of this equality is the well known remark which pushed Auslander to introduce functor categories in the study of representation of Artin algebras : there is a one to one correspondence between isomorphism classes of *indecomposables* right $`R`$-modules of finite type and isomorphism classes of *simples* right $`𝒜_{tot}`$-modules of finite type. This is easily proved directly (see  §1.2). In this paragraph we give an interpretation of this fact in a more general context.

According to Proposition 2.13, we have, if $`R`$ is of finite representation type : $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})=K_0((\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})_{ss})`$, where $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})_{ss}`$ is the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot}`$ whose objects are the semi-simple right $`𝒜_{tot}`$-modules. So what is left to do is to describe $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})_{ss}`$. In fact we can in fact describe $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}`$ for a *semi-local* category $`𝒜`$, in the following sense :

###### Definition 2.14.

A category $`𝒜`$ is said *semi-local* if the category $`𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is semi-simple.

This notion is linked with the notion of radical in the following way.

###### Definition 2.15.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a category and $`F`$ a right $`𝒜`$-module. We denote by $`\mathrm{rad}F`$ and call the *radical* of $`F`$ the intersection of all maximal submodules of $`F`$.

###### Lemma 2.16.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a semi-local category and $`F`$ a right $`𝒜`$-module. Then $`\mathrm{rad}F=F\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$.

###### Proof.

The usual proof ( §24.4) applies without change. ∎

###### Proposition 2.17.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a semi-local category. There is a natural isomorphism :

$$Q(𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜)(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}$$

###### Proof.

Since $`𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is semi-simple, the inclusion $`Q(𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜)\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}(𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜)`$ is an equality. So the Proposition will follow from the next Lemma. ∎

###### Lemma 2.18.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a semi-local category and $`=𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$.

(i) The functor $`R:\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ induced by $`𝒜`$ is fully faithful.

(ii) The image of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ under $`R`$ is $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}`$

###### Proof.

(i) According to Lemma 2.16, we can define a functor $`K:\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}𝒜\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}`$ by setting on objects $`K(F)=F/\mathrm{rad}F`$. This is a left adjoint of $`R`$ (a left Kan extension along $`𝒜`$), and since $`KR1_{}`$, $`R`$ is fully faithful (see for instance  Chapter IV §3 Theorem 1).

(ii) To see first that $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}R(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝})`$, let $`F`$ be an object of $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}`$. Then according to Lemma 2.16 and  Proposition 9, we have $`\mathrm{rad}F=F\mathrm{rad}𝒜=0`$, hence $`FF/\mathrm{rad}F=RK(F)`$.

To show the opposite inclusion $`R(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝})(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}`$, fix $`G`$ a semi-simple right $``$-module. Since $`R`$ is additive we can assume that $`G`$ is in fact simple. Let $`FR(G)`$ be a right $`𝒜`$ submodule of finite type. Then we have a diagram :

Since $`G`$ is simple, and $`K(F)G`$ is a monomorphism, there are only two possibilities : either $`K(F)=G`$ , and then $`F=R(G)`$, or $`K(F)=0`$, which implies, by Lemma 2.16, Nakayama’s Lemma (which is still valid for rings with several objects), and the fact that $`F`$ is finitely generated, that $`F=0`$. Hence $`R(G)`$ has no proper subobject in $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ and by definition is in $`(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}`$.

Now we can apply Proposition 2.17 to the case where $`𝒜`$ is a projectively complete subcategory of $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$, without finiteness assumption. To show that $`𝒜`$ is semi-local, choose an skeleton $`𝒮`$ of the category of indecomposables in $`𝒜`$, possibly infinite, so that $`Q𝒮=𝒜`$.

###### Lemma 2.19.

With notations as above

$$Q(𝒮/\mathrm{rad}𝒮)=𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜$$

###### Proof.

Thanks to , Proposition 10, we can identify $`𝒮/\mathrm{rad}𝒮`$ to a whole subcategory of $`𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$. But now the equality of the Lemma is obvious, since the functor $`𝒜𝒜/\mathrm{rad}𝒜`$ is additive, hence preserves direct sums. ∎

Now, since semi-simplicity is Morita invariant (a ring is semi-simple if and only if all its modules are), we are reduced to show the semi-simplicity of $`𝒮/\mathrm{rad}𝒮`$.

Recall that a *corpoid* is an additive category where all non zeros maps are invertible. Given a field $`k`$ and a set $`S`$, we have a associated corpoid, denoted by $`kS`$, defined by $`kS(V,V)=k`$ for any object $`V`$, and $`kS(V,V^{})=0`$ for $`VV^{}`$.

###### Lemma 2.20.

With notations as above, let $`S`$ be the underlying set of $`𝒮`$. Then :

$$𝒮/\mathrm{rad}𝒮=kS$$

###### Proof.

For any object $`V`$ of $`𝒮`$, the ring $`𝒮(V,V)`$ is local (see , Theorem 19.17). Hence $`𝒮(V,V)/\mathrm{rad}𝒮(V,V)`$ is a skew field, finite dimensional over $`k`$. Since $`k`$ is supposed to be algebraically closed, it must be $`k`$ itself.

Now consider two different objects $`V`$,$`V^{}`$ of $`𝒮`$. We have to show that $`\mathrm{rad}𝒮(V,V^{})=𝒮(V,V^{})`$. Suppose this is not the case, and let $`f`$ be an element of $`𝒮(V,V^{})`$ be not in $`\mathrm{rad}𝒮(V,V^{})`$. According to the definition of the Kelly radical (see 2.8), there exists $`g`$ in $`𝒮(V^{},V)`$ such that $`1_Vgf`$ is not invertible in $`𝒮(V,V)`$. Because $`𝒮(V,V)`$ is local, $`gf`$ must be invertible (see , Theorem 19.1). Since $`V^{}`$ is indecomposable, this implies that $`VV^{}`$, and this contradicts the definition of $`𝒮`$. ∎

Since $`𝒮/\mathrm{rad}𝒮`$ has zero radical, and is immediately seen, thanks to Lemma 2.20, as right artinian, it is semi-simple ( Theorem 4.4). Hence $`𝒜`$ is semi-local, and combining Proposition 2.17 and Lemma 2.20 we get :

###### Proposition 2.21.

Let $`R`$ a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra, $`𝒜`$ a projectively complete subcategory of $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$. Let also $`S`$ be the set of isomorphism classes of indecomposables right $`R`$-modules of finite type contained in $`𝒜`$. Then there is a natural isomorphism :

$$Q(kS)(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)_{ss}$$

In particular $`S`$ is in one to one correspondence with the set of isomorphism classes of simple objects in $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$.

#### 2.2.6. The morphism $`K_0^{split}(𝒜_{tot})K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})`$ is an epimorphism

###### Theorem 2.22 (Auslander-Reiten).

Let $`R`$ be a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra, and $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$. Then every simple right $`𝒜_{tot}`$-module $`F`$ admits a projective resolution of the form :

$$0𝒜_{tot}(,V^{\prime \prime })𝒜_{tot}(,V^{})𝒜_{tot}(,V)F0$$

###### Proof.

See , §1.3. ∎

###### Corollary 2.23.

Let $`R`$ be a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra of finite type. Then the morphism $`K_0^{split}(𝒜_{tot})K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜_{tot})`$ is an epimorphism.

###### Proof.

This is a direct consequence of Proposition 2.13 and of Theorem 2.22. ∎

#### 2.2.7. k-categories and additive categories

Since we started with a $`k`$-algebra $`R`$, we could have worked with $`k`$-categories, i.e. categories enriched in $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}k`$, rather than with additive categories.

However, for modules categories, it does not make a significant difference. Indeed, for a $`k`$-category $`𝒜`$, denote by $`𝒜_0`$ the underlying additive category. Then is it easy to see that restriction along the forgetful functor $`\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}k\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$ induces an equivalence :

$$[𝒜^{op},\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}k]_0[𝒜_0^{op},\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}]$$

So we can enrich our functor categories to see them as $`k`$-categories. This formulation has some advantages, in particular :

###### Lemma 2.24.

Let $`𝒜`$ a be category enriched over $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}k`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators. Then :

$$[𝒜^{op},\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}k]_0\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}(𝒜_0)$$

###### Proof.

This is a direct consequence of the Yoneda Lemma. ∎

This applies in particular for $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$, for $`R`$ a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra of finite representation type.

### 2.3. The general case

#### 2.3.1. What is left

Let $`R`$ be a finite dimensional $`k`$-algebra. If one makes no assumption on the representation type of $`R`$, one can not really work with the ring $`𝒜_{tot}`$ any longer, since it needs not be right noetherian. Instead we fix a projectively complete subcategory $`𝒜`$ of $`𝒜_{tot}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators. For such a category $`𝒜`$, Propositions 2.13 and 2.21 hold, which shows that $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ and $`K_0(𝒜^{split})`$ are free abelian groups of the same finite rank. However, we can not say that the morphism induced by Yoneda between these two groups is an isomorphism.

We can be more precise : if we suppose that $`𝒜`$ contains the free object $`R`$, hence the category of projective right $`R`$-modules $`𝒫=QR`$, then we have a natural commutative diagram :

#### 2.3.2. Inverse of the devissage isomorphism

It is convenient to give an explicit description of the inverse isomorphism of the one given by devissage, so we introduce some notations.

Again we fix a projectively complete subcategory $`𝒜`$ of $`𝒜_{tot}=\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}R`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators, $`𝒮`$ a skeleton of the subcategory of indecomposables of $`𝒜`$, and $`S`$ the underlying finite set.

###### Definition 2.25.

For each object $`I`$ of $`𝒮`$, we denote by $`S_I`$ the simple object of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$ consisting of the quotient of the projective functor $`\underset{¯}{I}:=𝒜(,I)`$ by the intersection $`\mathrm{rad}I`$ of its maximal subobjects.

###### Lemma 2.26.

Let $`F`$ be an object of $`\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜`$.

We have in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ :

$$[F]=\underset{IS}{}dim_kF(I)[S_I]$$

###### Proof.

We have a canonical morphism $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)\mathrm{Map}(S,)`$ sending $`[F]`$ to $`Idim_kF(I)`$. This map sends $`[S_J]`$ to

$$Idim_k\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜(\underset{¯}{I},S_J)=Idim_k\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜(S_I,S_J)=I\delta _{I,J}$$

hence it is in fact an isomorphism, and the formula follows. ∎

## 3. Enriched Kan extension

We give a brief summary of the notions of enriched category theory we will need in the sequel. We follow essentially the lines of the foundational papers , , , by B.Day, G.M. Kelly and S.Eilenberg.

### 3.1. Notations

As in , , a *closed category* $`𝒮`$ will denote more precisely a symmetric closed monoidal category as defined in . The definitions of $`𝒮`$-category, $`𝒮`$-functor, $`𝒮`$-natural transformation used are also those given in . We will often stress the presence of a structure of closed or enriched category by using bold letters.

We will write $`𝒮CAT`$ for the hypercategory (or strict $`2`$-category) whose objects are the $`𝒮`$-categories, $`1`$-arrows are the $`𝒮`$-functors, and $`2`$-arrows are the $`𝒮`$-natural transformations. In particular we define as usual $`𝒞at=nsCAT`$ and $`yp=𝒞atCAT`$.

We will write $`𝒞l`$ for the $`2`$-category of closed categories.

The notion of adjunction between $`𝒮`$-functors used is the one defined in , §2. It implies the existence of an adjunction between the underlying functors, but is not implied by this one.

Let $``$ be a $`𝒮`$-category, $`X\mathrm{Obj}𝒮`$, $`B\mathrm{Obj}`$.

The tensor $`XB\mathrm{Obj}`$ is characterized by the existence of a $`𝒮`$-natural isomorphism :

$$(XB,B^{})[X,(B,B^{})]$$

where the brackets in the right-hand side denote the internal Hom of $`𝒮`$.

Dually the cotensor $`[X,B]\mathrm{Obj}`$ is characterized by the existence of a $`𝒮`$-natural isomorphism :

$$(B^{},[X,B])[X,(B^{},B)]$$

(see , §4).

The definition of a complete (resp. cocomplete) $`𝒮`$-category $``$ is the one given in , §2 (this should of course not be confused with the notion of projective completion of an additive category introduced above). It implies in particular the existence of cotensor (resp. tensor) objects, and the existence of small ends (resp. coends), see , §3.3.

Finally, if $``$ and $`^{}`$ are $`𝒮`$-categories, with $`^{}`$ small and $`𝒮`$ complete, the category of $`𝒮`$-functors between $`^{}`$ and $``$, and $`𝒮`$-natural transformations between these functors, can be enriched in a $`𝒮`$-category $`[^{},]`$ by setting, for two $`𝒮`$-functors $`T,S`$ :

$$[^{},](T,S)=_B^{}(TB^{},SB^{})$$

(see , §4).

If $``$ is complete (resp. cocomplete) then $`[^{},]`$ is also complete (resp. cocomplete), and limits (resp. colimits) are formed termwise (see , Chapter 3, §3.3).

### 3.2. Enriched left Kan extension

###### Proposition 3.1 (Day-Kelly).

Let $`𝒮`$ be a closed category, $`i:^{}`$ a $`𝒮`$-functor, where $``$ and $`^{}`$ are small, and $`𝒞`$ a cocomplete $`𝒮`$-category. Then the $`𝒮`$-functor $`R=[i,1]:[,𝒞][^{},𝒞]`$ admits as a left adjoint the functor $`Q`$ given on objects by, for $`F\mathrm{Obj}[^{},𝒞]`$ :

$$Q(F)=^B^{}(,iB^{})FB^{}$$

###### Proof.

See , §6.1. ∎

### 3.3. Enriched right Kan extension

###### Proposition 3.2.

Let $`𝒮`$ be a closed category, $`i:^{}`$ a $`𝒮`$-functor, where $``$ and $`^{}`$ are small, and $`𝒞`$ a complete $`𝒮`$-category. Then the $`𝒮`$-functor $`R=[i,1]:[,𝒞][^{},𝒞]`$ admits as a right adjoint the functor $`K`$ given on objects by, for $`F\mathrm{Obj}[^{},𝒞]`$ :

$$K(F)=_B^{}[(,iB^{}),FB^{}]$$

If moreover $`i`$ is fully faithful, the counit of this adjunction is an isomorphism : $`RK1`$ (equivalently, $`K`$ is fully faithful).

###### Proof.

The first statement is the dual of Proposition 3.1, and the second follows from the enriched Yoneda Lemma (see , §5). ∎

###### Corollary 3.3.

Suppose moreover that $`𝒞=𝒮`$. Then the $`𝒮`$-functor $`R=[i,1]:[,𝒮][^{},𝒮]`$ admits as a right adjoint the functor :

###### Proof.

By definition $`K(F)(V)=_B^{}[(V,iB^{}),FB^{}]`$. Since $`𝒮`$ is symmetric, the cotensor $`[,]`$ in $`𝒮`$ coincide with the internal Hom of $`𝒮`$. The formula given follows from the definition of the $`𝒮`$-category $`[^{},𝒮]`$. ∎

###### Corollary 3.4.

Suppose moreover that $`𝒞=𝒮`$, $`i`$ is fully faithful, and every object of $``$ is a retract of an object of $`^{}`$. Then the adjunction of Corollary 3.3 is an equivalence.

###### Proof.

Consider the composite embedding $`^{op}^{op}[,𝒮]`$. Since $`^{op}`$ is dense in $`[,𝒮]`$, it follows from , Chapter 5, Proposition 5.20, that $`^{op}`$ is dense in $`[,𝒮]`$. But , Chapter 5, Theorem 5.1 (ii) and the enriched Yoneda Lemma again show that the restriction $`R:[,𝒮][^{},𝒮]`$ is fully faithful. It follows now from , Chapter 1, §1.11 that the unit $`1RK`$ of the adjunction is an isomorphism. ∎

In fact, the part of classical Morita theory briefly described in §2.1.2 lifts to the general enriched context (see in particular , Chapter 5, Proposition 5.28). Since we will not use these results, we do not recall them.

## 4. Rings with several objects on a scheme

All schemes considered in the sequel are supposed noetherian.

### 4.1. Category of quasi-coherent sheaves on a scheme

###### Proposition 4.1.

Let $`Y`$ be a scheme, and $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on $`Y`$. There is a closed category $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ whose underlying category is $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$.

###### Proof.

We have to give first the seven data (in fact six independent) defining a closed category as given in , Chapter I, §2, and we choose the natural ones. Checking the axioms CC1 to CC5 can be done locally, hence deduced from the corresponding facts for categories of modules over a commutative ring, or even directly.

Moreover, there is a tensor product on $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ defined by the existence of a natural isomorphism

(1)
$$\mathrm{Qcoh}Y(𝒢,)\mathrm{Qcoh}Y(,om(𝒢,))$$

It lifts to a $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$-natural transformation :

$$om(𝒢,)om(,om(𝒢,))$$

Hence we deduce from , Chapter II, Theorem 5.3, that the closed category defined above is in fact monoidal.

At least, using the definition 1 of the tensor product and the natural symmetry of $`om`$

$$\mathrm{Qcoh}Y(,om(𝒢,))\mathrm{Qcoh}Y(𝒢,om(,))$$

one defines a symmetry for the tensor product and check the axioms MC6-MC7 of , §Chapter III, §1.

###### Proposition 4.2.

$`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ is complete and cocomplete.

###### Proof.

According to the definition given in , §2, it suffices to show that $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ is complete and cocomplete. Since (co)limits must commute with localization, one first construct them locally, which is possible, because the categories of modules over a ring are complete and cocomplete (see  7.4.3, 8.4.3). Since limits are universal, one can glue the local limits together to get global limits. ∎

###### Proposition 4.3.

Let $`f:Y^{}Y`$ be a morphism of schemes. The functor $`f_{}:\mathrm{Qcoh}Y^{}\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ can be lifted in a closed functor $`f_{}:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y^{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$.

###### Proof.

To lift $`f_{}:\mathrm{Qcoh}Y^{}\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ one needs to specify a natural transformation $`\widehat{f_{}}:f_{}om(^{},𝒢^{})om(f_{}^{},f_{}𝒢^{})`$, and a morphism $`f_{}^0:𝒪_Yf_{}𝒪_Y^{}`$, and once again one chooses the obvious ones. To check the axioms CF1-CF3 (resp. MF4) given in , Chapter I, §3 (resp. Chapter III, §1) is a long but easy task.

###### Proposition 4.4.

Let $`f:Y^{}Y`$ be a morphism of schemes. The functor $`f^{}:\mathrm{Qcoh}Y\mathrm{Qcoh}Y^{}`$ can be lifted in a closed functor $`f^{}:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y^{}`$.

###### Proof.

To lift $`f^{}:\mathrm{Qcoh}Y^{}\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$, one needs in a similar way to specify a natural transformation $`\widehat{f^{}}:f^{}om(,𝒢)om(f^{},f^{}𝒢)`$, and a morphism $`f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{0}:𝒪_Yf^{}𝒪_Y^{}`$. For $`f_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{0}`$ one makes the natural choice of the inverse of the isomorphism given from $`f_{}^0`$ by adjunction. To construct $`\widehat{f^{}}`$, one first notices that the composition

$$f_{}om(f^{},𝒢^{})om(f_{}f^{},f_{}𝒢^{})om(,f_{}𝒢^{})$$

given by $`\widehat{f_{}}`$ and adjunction, is in fact a natural isomorphism. One gets then immediately a natural $`\widehat{f^{}}`$, also given by adjunction. Using the Proposition 4.3, one checks the axioms CF1-CF3 and MF4 again.

###### Proposition 4.5.

Let $`f:Y^{}Y`$ be a morphism of schemes. The usual adjunction between $`f^{}`$ and $`f_{}`$ in $`𝒞at`$ can be lifted in an adjunction in the $`2`$-category of closed categories $`𝒞l`$.

###### Proof.

One checks that the unit and counit of the adjunction are in fact closed natural transformations, i.e. that they verify the axioms CN1 and CN2 given in , Chapter I, §4. ∎

###### Corollary 4.6.

The functors $`f^{}`$ and $`f_{}`$ belong to a natural $`𝒞at`$-enriched adjunction between $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$ and $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y^{}CAT`$.

###### Proof.

According to , §2, we can just push the adjunction of Proposition 4.5 along the canonical $`2`$-functor $`𝒞lyp`$ sending $`𝒮`$ to $`𝒮CAT`$, to get an adjunction in $`yp`$, i.e., by definition, a $`𝒞at`$-enriched adjunction. ∎

###### Corollary 4.7.

There is a natural $`2`$-arrow in the $`2`$-category $`𝒞l`$ of closed categories :

###### Proof.

This is obtained by pushing in the $`2`$-category $`𝒞l`$ the unit of the adjunction of Proposition 4.5 along the closed functor $`H^0(Y,.)`$. ∎

### 4.2. Ringed schemes

###### Definition 4.8.

Let $`Y`$ be a scheme.

(i) A *ring (with several objects) on $`Y`$* is, by definition, a category $`𝒜`$ enriched on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$. The pair $`(Y,𝒜)`$ is called a *ringed scheme*.

(ii) A morphism of ringed schemes $`(Y^{},𝒜^{})(Y,𝒜)`$ is a couple $`(f,f^\mathrm{\#})`$ where $`f:Y^{}Y`$ is a scheme morphism and $`f^\mathrm{\#}:𝒜f_{}𝒜^{}`$ is a morphism of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-categories.

Remark :
There is an obvious notion of $`2`$-arrow between two ringed schemes morphisms of same source and target, and ringed schemes thus form a $`2`$-category.

A natural operation to consider is, for every open $`i:UY`$, to push $`𝒜`$ via $`H^0(U,)i^{}:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}U\mathrm{𝐀𝐛}`$, which gives an additive category $`𝒜(U)`$. Moreover, if $`i^{}:U^{}Y`$ is another open, every $`Y`$-inclusion $`f:U^{}U`$ gives an additive restriction functor $`𝒜(U)𝒜(U^{})`$. Indeed from the lax-functor $`(Sch/Y)^{op}𝒞l`$ sending $`i:UY`$ to $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}U`$, and Corollary 4.7, we get the diagram in $`𝒞l`$ :

We can then push the resulting $`2`$-arrow via the canonical $`2`$-functor $`𝒞lyp`$ sending $`𝒮`$ to $`𝒮CAT`$, and then evaluate at $`𝒜`$. In this way, $`𝒜`$ can be seen as a sheaf of rings with several objects on $`Y`$.

### 4.3. Quasicoherent sheaves on ringed schemes

#### 4.3.1. Definition

###### Definition 4.9.

Let $`(Y,𝒜)`$ be a ringed scheme.

(i) A quasicoherent sheaf on $`Y`$ is by definition an enriched functor from $`𝒜^{op}`$ to $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$.

(ii) A morphism of $`𝒜`$-sheaves is an enriched natural transformation.

(iii) We denote by $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)=[𝒜^{op},\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y]`$ the corresponding enriched category, and by $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜)`$ the underlying category.

When $`Y=\mathrm{Spec}B`$ is affine, then clearly the global sections functor induces an equivalence $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)[𝒜^{op}(Y),B\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}]`$ as $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YB\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}`$ enriched categories.

#### 4.3.2. Functoriality : definition

To define push-forward and pull-back for sheaves on ringed schemes we need some notations.

First consider the simplest case of a morphism $`(1,i):(Y,𝒜^{})(Y,𝒜)`$. Because of Proposition 4.2 we can apply the results quoted in part 3. Thus we get left and right adjoints for the restriction functor $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜^{})`$. The left adjoint will be denoted as usual by $`_𝒜^{}𝒜`$.

Now consider a general morphism $`(f,f^\mathrm{\#}):(Y^{},𝒜^{})(Y,𝒜)`$.

We denote by $`adj`$ the $`𝒞at`$-natural isomorphism

$$adj:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT(,f_{}^{})\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y^{}CAT(f^{},^{})$$

given by Corollary 4.6. We write $`ϵ`$ (resp. $`\mu `$) for the counit (resp. for the unit) of the adjunction between $`f^{}`$ and $`f_{}`$ in $`𝒞l`$.

Recall that if $`\mathrm{\Phi }:𝒮^{}𝒮`$ is any closed functor, there is an associated $`𝒮`$-functor $`\mathrm{\Phi }𝒮^{}𝒮`$, and we will denote it by $`cr(\mathrm{\Phi })`$ (see , Chapter I, Theorem 6.6).

###### Definition 4.10.

Let $`(f,f^\mathrm{\#}):(Y^{},𝒜^{})(Y,𝒜)`$ be a morphism of ringed schemes.

(i) We define $`f_{\mathrm{}}:f_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y^{},𝒜^{})\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)`$ as the $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-functor making the following diagram commute :

(ii) We define $`f^{\mathrm{}}:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)f_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y^{},𝒜^{})`$ as the $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-functor making the following diagram commute :

#### 4.3.3. Functoriality : adjunction

###### Proposition 4.11.

Let $`(f,f^\mathrm{\#}):(Y^{},𝒜^{})(Y,𝒜)`$ be a morphism of ringed schemes. The couple $`(f^{\mathrm{}},f_{\mathrm{}})`$ is part of a $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-adjunction between $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)`$ and $`f_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y^{},𝒜^{})`$.

###### Proof.

This is a consequence of the five following lemmas.

###### Lemma 4.12.

The $`𝒞at`$-natural isomorphism

$$adj:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT(,f_{}^{})\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y^{}CAT(f^{},^{})$$

given by Corollary 4.6 lifts to a $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$-natural isomorphism

$$\widehat{adj}:[,f_{}^{}]f_{}[f^{},^{}]$$

###### Proof.

There are natural morphisms :

and

and the morphism associated to the second one by adjunction is an inverse of the first one. ∎

###### Lemma 4.13.

The following diagram in $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$ is commutative :

###### Proof.

Let us consider first the following subdivision of the top square.

The quadrilateral commutes because of the $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$-naturality of $`f_{}`$. The bottom triangle commutes by definition of $`\widehat{adj}`$, and the right triangle by definition of $`adj`$.

So the top square commutes, and the bottom square is treated in a similar way. ∎

###### Lemma 4.14.

The couple $`(_{f^{}𝒜}𝒜^{},[adj(f^\mathrm{\#}),1]))`$ is part of a natural adjunction.

###### Proof.

This is by definition of the tensor product, as given in §4.3.2. ∎

Note that we can push this adjunction along the $`2`$-functor $`f_{}:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y^{}CAT\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$, to get a first adjunction in the diagram of the Lemma 4.13. The following Lemma gives a second one.

###### Lemma 4.15.

The couple $`([1,adj^1(cr(f^{}))],[1,cr(f_{})])`$ is part of a natural adjunction.

###### Proof.

It is of course enough to show that $`(adj^1(cr(f^{}),cr(f_{}))`$ is a part of a natural adjunction in $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$, since we can then push it along the $`2`$-functor $`[𝒜^{op},]:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT`$. Hence the following Lemma allows to conclude : ∎

###### Lemma 4.16.

Let $`𝒬`$ and $`𝒬^{}`$ be two closed categories, $`L:𝒬𝒬^{}`$ and $`R:𝒬^{}𝒬`$ two closed functors part of closed adjunction $`(L,R,ϵ,\mu )`$ (where $`ϵ`$ is the counit and $`\mu `$ the unit), and $`adj:𝒬CAT(,R^{})𝒬^{}CAT(L,^{})`$ the induced $`𝒞at`$-natural isomorphism. Then the pair $`(adj^1(cr(L)),cr(R))`$ is part of a natural $`𝒬`$-adjunction.

###### Proof.

Applying , Chapter I, Proposition 8.10 to the unit : $`\mu :1RL:𝒬𝒬`$, we get a $`2`$-arrow in $`𝒬CAT`$ : $`\mu :1cr(RL)\mu _𝒬:𝒬𝒬`$. But since the following diagram

commutes (as one sees thanks to the dotted arrow), we get in fact a (candidate) unit $`\mu :1cr(R)adj^1(cr(L)):𝒬𝒬`$. The (candidate) counit is built by the same argument, using moreover the $`𝒞at`$-adjunction between $`𝒬CAT`$ and $`𝒬^{}CAT`$. ∎

We can then compose the two adjunctions we have described in diagram of the Lemma 4.13, and this shows the Proposition. ∎

#### 4.3.4. Stalks

Starting from a ringed scheme $`(Y,𝒜)`$, we have for each point $`Q`$ of $`Y`$ a localization $`𝒜_Q`$ given by $`𝒜_Q=i^{}𝒜`$, where $`i:\mathrm{spec}𝒪_{Y,Q}Y`$ is the canonical morphism. Pulling back along the ringed scheme morphism $`(\mathrm{spec}𝒪_{Y,Q},𝒜_Q)(Y,𝒜)`$ gives a stalk functor :

#### 4.3.5. $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜)`$ is abelian

###### Definition 4.17.

Let $`(Y,𝒜)`$ be a ringed scheme. For each object $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$, we denote by $`V`$ the full subcategory of $`𝒜`$ containing only the object $`V`$. We will write $`p_V`$ or $`(V)`$ for the canonical projection : $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,V)`$ .

For each $`V`$, the category $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,V)`$ is the category of quasicoherent sheaves of modules on a (one object !) algebra on $`Y`$, hence it is an abelian category.

###### Proposition 4.18.

(i) The category $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜)`$ is an abelian category.

(ii) A sequence $`^{}^{\prime \prime }`$ of $`𝒜`$-sheaves on $`Y`$ is exact if and only if for each object $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$ the sequence $`^{}(V)(V)^{\prime \prime }(V)`$ is exact in $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,V)`$.

###### Proof.

Because of Proposition 4.2, $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜)`$ is complete and cocomplete, and limits are formed termwise. So (ii) follows from (i). To show (i), the only thing to prove is that every monomorphism is a kernel, and the dual assertion.

Consider the functor given by the canonical projections :

$$p:\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜)\underset{V}{}\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,V)$$

It is faithful, and we know from part 4.3.2 that each $`p_V`$ admits a right adjoint, hence preserve colimits, hence $`p`$ itself preserve colimits.

Dually, one sees that $`p`$ also preserve limits.

Now if $`f`$ is a monomorphism in $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜)`$, then $`p(f)`$ is a monomorphism in $`_V\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,V)`$, which is abelian, hence $`p(f)=\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{Coker}p(f))=p(\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{Coker}f))`$, and because $`p`$ is faithful $`f=\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{Coker}f)`$, hence $`f`$ is a kernel. The dual assertion follows similarly.

Since localization commutes with $`(V)`$, we get immediately from Proposition 4.18 :

###### Proposition 4.19.

The sequence of $`𝒜`$-sheaves : $`^{}^{\prime \prime }`$ is exact if and only if for each $`Q`$ in $`Y`$ the sequence of stalks $`_Q^{}_Q_Q^{\prime \prime }`$ is exact.

## 5. Sheaves of modules for an Auslander algebra on a $`G`$-scheme

### 5.1. Auslander algebras associated to a $`G`$-scheme over a field

#### 5.1.1. Definition

In the sequel, we fix an algebraically closed field $`k`$, and a scheme $`X`$ over $`k`$, endowed with an *admissible* action of a finite group $`G`$, so that the quotient scheme $`Y=X/G`$ exists. The quotient morphism will be denoted by $`\pi :XY=X/G`$. We call this data *a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$*.

We recall briefly the definition of a $`G`$-sheaf :

###### Definition 5.1.

Let $``$ be a quasicoherent sheaf on the $`G`$-scheme $`X`$. A *$`G`$-linearization* of $``$ is the data of a collection $`(\psi _g)_{gG}`$ of sheaf morphisms $`\psi _g:g_{}`$ checking the following conditions :

1. $`\psi _1=1`$
2. $`\psi _{hg}=\psi _hh_{}(\psi _g)`$ in other words, the following diagram commute :

A *$`G`$-sheaf on $`X`$* is by definition a quasicoherent sheaf on $`X`$ endowed with a $`G`$-linearization.

Morphism of $`G`$-sheaves are morphism of sheaves commuting with the action. In this way, $`G`$-sheaves on $`X`$ form an abelian category $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)`$.

If $`𝒢`$ is a sheaf on the quotient $`Y`$, the sheaf $`\pi ^{}𝒢`$ has a natural structure of $`G`$-sheaf, and we get a functor $`\pi ^{}:\mathrm{Qcoh}Y\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)`$. This functor admits as usual a right adjoint, denoted by $`\pi _{}^G`$, which to a $`G`$-sheaf $``$ associates the sheaf on $`Y`$ given by $`U((\pi ^1U))^G`$.

###### Lemma 5.2.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme. The closed structure on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X`$ induce on $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)`$ a structure of enriched category $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)`$ over $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ such that for two $`G`$-sheaves $``$, $`^{}`$ :

$$\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)(,^{})=\pi _{}^G(\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X(,^{}))$$

The functor $`\pi _{}^G:\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ can be lifted in a natural way as a $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-functor $`\pi _{}^G:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$.

###### Proof.

We can first define a closed category $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)`$ whose underlying category is $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)`$ by setting $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)(,^{})=\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X(,^{})`$, seen with its usual action, and taking as “structural functor” $`H^0(X,)^G`$. Moreover, the functor $`\pi _{}^G:\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ can be lifted in a natural way to a closed functor $`\pi _{}^G:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$, and applying , Chapter I, Proposition 6.1, we get the wished structure. ∎

In the sequel, we will not use the closed structure of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)`$ described in the proof above, so we will always use this notation to refer to the (poorer) structure of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-category.

###### Definition 5.3.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`s_X:X\mathrm{Spec}k`$ the structure morphism, and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$.

The *Auslander algebra over $`Y`$* associated is the ring $`𝒜_X`$ over $`Y`$ equal to the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)`$ whose objects are of the form $`s_X^{}V`$, for all objects $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$.

In other words the objects of $`𝒜_X`$ are the same as those of $`𝒜`$, the morphism sheaves are given by : $`𝒜_X(V,V^{})=\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)(s_X^{}V,s_X^{}V^{})`$, and the neutral and the composition are those induced by the ones of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)`$.

#### 5.1.2. Comparison to the constant algebra

###### Definition 5.4.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`s_Y:Y\mathrm{Spec}k`$ the structure morphism of the quotient, and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$.

The *constant Auslander algebra over $`Y`$* is the ring $`𝒜_X^c=s_Y^{}𝒜`$.

###### Proposition 5.5.

There is a natural morphism of rings over $`Y`$ : $`𝒜_X^c𝒜_X`$ which is an isomorphism if the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is trivial.

###### Proof.

To define the morphism, we can use adjunction, and the second assertion is clear. ∎

#### 5.1.3. Comparison to the ”free” algebra

###### Definition 5.6.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`s_X:X\mathrm{Spec}k`$ the structure morphism, and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$.

The  *”free” Auslander algebra over $`Y`$* associated is the ring $`𝒜_X^f`$ over $`Y`$ equal to the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ whose objects are of the form $`\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}V`$, for all objects $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$.

In other words the objects of $`𝒜_X^f`$ are the same as those of $`𝒜`$, the morphism sheaves are given by : $`𝒜_X^f(V,V^{})=\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y(\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}V,\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}V^{})`$, and the neutral and the composition are those induced by the ones of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$.

###### Proposition 5.7.

There is a natural morphism of rings over $`Y`$ : $`𝒜_X𝒜_X^f`$ which is an isomorphism if the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is free.

###### Proof.

The existence of the morphism is a no more than the last assertion of Lemma 5.2. When the action is free, it is a classical result in descent theory that $`\pi _{}^G:\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ is an equivalence of categories, and this implies the Proposition. ∎

#### 5.1.4. Functoriality

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ a morphism of $`G`$-schemes. This defines a map between quotient schemes fitting in a commutative diagram :

(2)
###### Lemma 5.8.

(i) $`f:X^{}X`$ induces a morphism of ringed schemes $`(\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{f}^\mathrm{\#}):(Y^{},𝒜_X^{})(Y,𝒜_X)`$.

(ii) $`adj(\stackrel{~}{f}^\mathrm{\#}):\stackrel{~}{f}^{}𝒜_X𝒜_X^{}`$ is an isomorphism if the diagram 2 above is fibred, i.e. if $`X^{}=X\times _YY^{}`$.

###### Proof.

(i) To construct $`\stackrel{~}{f}^\mathrm{\#}`$, we start from the isomorphism $`f^{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X(s_{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}V,s_{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}W)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X^{}(s_{X^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}V,s_{X^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}W)`$ given by the fact that $`f^{}:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X^{}`$ is a closed functor. This is in fact a $`G`$-isomorphism and give by adjunction a $`G`$-morphism $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X(s_{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}V,s_{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}W)f_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}X^{}(s_{X^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}V,s_{X^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}W)`$. Applying $`\pi _{}^G`$ and using the fact that $`\pi _{}^Gf_{}=\stackrel{~}{f}_{}\pi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{G}`$, we get the map $`𝒜_X(s_{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}V,s_{X}^{}{}_{}{}^{}W)\stackrel{~}{f}_{}𝒜_X^{}(s_{X^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}V,s_{X^{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}W)`$ that we needed.

(ii) By base change, the canonical $`2`$-arrow $`\stackrel{~}{f}^{}\pi _{}^G\pi _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{G}f^{}`$ is an isomorphism, and the result follows. ∎

#### 5.1.5. Change of group

To deal with the problem of change of group, we have to enlarge slightly our definition of the Auslander algebra to include the case of the basic data being a *functor* $`F:𝒜k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, not only an inclusion. We still denote by $`𝒜_X`$ (instead of the better $`𝒜_F`$) the corresponding ring over $`Y=X/G`$ whose objects are those of $`𝒜`$, and whose morphisms are given by $`𝒜_X(V,V^{})=\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)(s_X^{}FV,s_X^{}FV^{})`$.

Now let $`\alpha :HG`$ be a group morphism. We define $`(\alpha ^{}𝒜)_X`$ as the ring on $`Z=X/H`$ corresponding to the functor $`\alpha ^{}F:𝒜k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}k[H]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }:ZY`$ be the canonical morphism. There is a natural morphism $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^\mathrm{\#}:𝒜_X\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{}(\alpha ^{}𝒜)_X`$ of rings over $`Y`$, in other words, we have a morphism of ringed schemes

$$(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^\mathrm{\#}):(Z,(\alpha ^{}𝒜)_X)(Y,𝒜_X)$$

Suppose moreover that $`\alpha `$ is an inclusion, and $`X=G\times ^HX^{}`$, for a $`H`$-scheme $`X^{}`$, with quotient $`Y^{}=X^{}/H`$. We have a canonical $`H`$-morphism $`X^{}X_{|H}`$ and a corresponding morphism of ringed schemes for $`\alpha ^{}𝒜`$.

###### Lemma 5.9.

With notations as above the canonical morphism of ringed schemes

$$(Y^{},(\alpha ^{}𝒜)_X^{})(Z,(\alpha ^{}𝒜)_X)(Y,𝒜_X)$$

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

This is the fact that restriction along $`X^{}X_{|H}X`$ induces an equivalence $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)\mathrm{Qcoh}(H,X^{})`$. ∎

### 5.2. $`𝒜`$-sheaves

#### 5.2.1. Definition

###### Definition 5.10.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`\pi :XY`$ the quotient, and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. A $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$ is, by definition, a quasicoherent sheaf for the ringed space $`(Y,𝒜_X)`$. More precisely we define $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ as $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(Y,𝒜_X)`$, and $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ as $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(Y,𝒜_X)`$.

#### 5.2.2. From $`G`$-sheaves to $`𝒜`$-sheaves

For any $`𝒜`$, we have a $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-functor :

obtained by composing the Yoneda embedding $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)[\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)^{op},\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y]`$ and restriction along $`𝒜_X^{op}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)^{op}`$.

###### Lemma 5.11.

Let $`𝒜=k[G]`$ be the category with only the free object $`k[G]`$. Then $`U_{k[G]}`$ is an equivalence of categories.

###### Proof.

Notice that $`k[G]_X`$ is defined as the sheaf of one object algebras on $`Y`$ given by $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)(s_X^{}(k[G]),s_X^{}(k[G]))`$, but this is easily seen as isomorphic to $`((\pi _{}𝒪_X)G)^{op}`$, the opposite of the sheaf of twisted algebras defined by the action of $`G`$ on $`\pi _{}𝒪_X`$. So $`k[G]_X^{op}`$ is identified with $`(\pi _{}𝒪_X)G`$, and under this isomorphism $`U_{k[G]}`$ sends the $`G`$-sheaf $``$ to the $`(\pi _{}𝒪_X)G`$-sheaf $`\pi _{}`$. Since $`\pi `$ is affine, this is an equivalence. ∎

###### Proposition 5.12.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$. Then $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(G,X)`$ is a reflective subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$. More precisely the functor $`U_𝒜`$ admits a left adjoint $`R`$ such that the counit $`RU_𝒜1`$ is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

The only thing to check to be able to apply Corollary 3.3 is that the composite of the equivalence $`U_{k[G]}`$ and the right Kan extension $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(k[G],X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ coincides with $`U_𝒜`$, but this is immediate. ∎

###### Corollary 5.13.

Suppose moreover that $`𝒜`$ contains only projective objects. Then $`U_𝒜`$ is an equivalence.

###### Proof.

Lemma 3.4 allows to reduce to the case where $`𝒜=k[G]`$, which was the object of Lemma 5.11. ∎

#### 5.2.3. Change of ring

###### Proposition 5.14.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, and $`𝒜^{}`$ be a full subcategory of $`𝒜`$.

(i) The restriction functor $`R:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜^{},X)`$ admits as a right adjoint the functor $`K`$ defined on objects by :

Moreover $`RK1`$ (equivalently, $`K`$ is fully faithful).

(ii) In particular, if $`𝒜`$ is projectively complete, and every object of $`𝒜`$ is a direct summand of a finite direct sum of objects of $`𝒜^{}`$, this adjunction is an equivalence $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜^{},X)`$.

###### Proof.

(i) follows from Corollary 3.3 and Proposition 4.2, and (ii) from Corollary 3.4. ∎

#### 5.2.4. Action of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$

Starting from the external $`om`$ :

we get as a left adjoint an action of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ :

#### 5.2.5. Functoriality

###### Definition 5.15.

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes, and $`(\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{f}^\mathrm{\#})`$ the morphism of ringed schemes associated by Lemma 5.8. The pull-back $`f^{\mathrm{}}`$ (resp. the push-forward $`f_{\mathrm{}}`$) given by Definition 4.10 will be denoted by $`f^𝒜`$ (resp. $`f_𝒜`$).

In particular, for each point $`Q`$ of $`𝒜`$, we get a stalk functor :

Indeed, with the notations of §4.3.4, Lemma 5.8 (ii) implies that $`(𝒜_X)_Q𝒜_{X\times _Y\mathrm{spec}𝒪_{Y,Q}}`$.

#### 5.2.6. Adjunction

###### Proposition 5.16.

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes. The couple $`(f^𝒜,f_𝒜)`$ is part of a $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$-adjunction between $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{f}_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X^{})`$.

###### Proof.

This follows from Proposition 4.11. ∎

#### 5.2.7. Representable sheaves

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme, and $`𝒜`$ be a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. Then the category $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)=[𝒜_X^{op},\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y]`$ contains for each $`V`$ the corresponding representable functor, which we denote by $`(𝒜_X)_V`$, and call a *representable sheaf*. There is an obvious local notion of *locally representable sheaf*. Moreover, if $`f:X^{}X`$ is any $`G`$-morphism, then one checks that $`f^𝒜(𝒜_X)_V(𝒜_X^{})_V`$, hence both notions are preserved by arbitrary pullback.

#### 5.2.8. Change of group

We keep the notations of §5.1.5 : $`X`$ is a $`G`$-scheme, $`\alpha :HG`$ a group morphism, and $`F:𝒜k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ a functor. The associated morphism of ringed schemes

$$(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\alpha }^\mathrm{\#}):(Z,(\alpha ^{}𝒜)_X)(Y,𝒜_X)$$

and Definition 4.10 provides a restriction functor $`\alpha ^𝒜:\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(\alpha ^{}𝒜,X_{|H})`$ and an induction functor $`\alpha _𝒜:\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(\alpha ^{}𝒜,X_{|H})\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$. Again, Proposition 4.11 implies that $`(\alpha ^𝒜,\alpha _𝒜)`$ is part of a natural adjunction between $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{}\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(\alpha ^{}𝒜,X_{|H})`$.

If moreover that $`\alpha `$ is an inclusion, and $`X=G\times ^HX^{}`$, for a $`H`$-scheme $`X^{}`$, with quotient $`Y^{}=X^{}/H`$, Lemma 5.9 implies that there is a canonical equivalence

$$\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(\alpha ^{}𝒜,X^{})$$

#### 5.2.9. Internals homs and tensor product

For the moment being, we have just considered $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ as an enriched category over $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$. But the work of B.Day (see ) implies that if $`𝒜`$ is a submonoidal category of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ (endowed with the tensor product over $`k`$), then $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ carries the structure of a monoidal closed symmetric category, for which the functor of evaluation at the unit $`(k):\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ is closed. Since by pushing $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$, seen as enriched over itself, along this functor, we recover $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ seen as enriched category over $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$, we keep the same notation.

The starting fact is the following : suppose $`𝒜`$ is a full submonoidal category of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, and $`X`$ is a $`G`$-scheme. Then the Auslander algebra $`𝒜_X^{op}`$ has a natural structure of a monoidal symmetric category *over $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$*. So  §3,§4 shows that there is a canonical structure of monoidal closed symmetric category on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$, whose unit object is

$$\underset{¯}{𝒪_X}:V\pi _{}^G(s_X^{}V^{})$$

whose internal homs are given by :

$$\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)(,𝒢)(V)=_W\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y((W),𝒢(W_kV))$$

and whose tensor product is given by a convolution formula :

$$𝒢(V)=^W(W)_{𝒪_Y}𝒢(V_kW^{})$$

Tensor product with a representable sheaf can be made more explicit :

###### Lemma 5.17.

$$((𝒜_X)_V)(W)(W_kV^{})$$

###### Proof.

Since $`𝒜_X`$ is dense (or adequate) in $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$, it suffices to check this on $`=(𝒜_X)_V^{}`$. But then it boils down to the fact that the tensor product on $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,X)`$ extends the tensor product on $`𝒜_X`$. ∎

We deduce a projection formula in this context :

###### Proposition 5.18.

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be any $`G`$-morphism, $``$ a locally representable $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$, $`𝒢`$ a quasicoherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X^{}`$. Then the natural morphism

$$f_𝒜𝒢f_𝒜(f^𝒜𝒢)$$

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

This is a local problem, so we can suppose $``$ representable. But now we can use Lemma 5.17 to conclude. ∎

#### 5.2.10. Cohomology

###### Proposition 5.19.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. The category $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ has enough injective objects.

###### Proof.

Using Propositions 4.19 and 5.16, we see that the classical proof (see ) applies without change. ∎

Proposition 5.16 also shows that the functor $`f_𝒜`$ is left exact, hence the following definition.

###### Definition 5.20.

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes. We denote by $`R^if_𝒜:\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X^{})\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ the $`i`$-th derived functor of $`f_𝒜`$.

In particular, when $`X=\mathrm{spec}k`$, we denote the derived functors of the global sections functor by $`H^i(X^{},)`$.

In view of Corollary 5.12, it is natural to compare the usual cohomology of a $`G`$-sheaf to the one of the corresponding $`𝒜`$-sheaf. We give three comparison results.

###### Proposition 5.21.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$. Suppose given a $`G`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$. There is a canonical $`G`$-isomorphism : $`H^i(X,\underset{¯}{})(k[G])H^i(X,)`$

###### Proof.

This an immediate consequence of the exactness of the evaluation $`(k[G])`$ and of the isomorphism $`\underset{¯}{}(k[G])\pi _{}`$. ∎

###### Proposition 5.22.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$. Suppose that the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is tame. Then for each $`G`$-sheaf on $`X`$ we have a spectral sequence :

$$\mathrm{Ext}_{k[G]}^p(,H^q(X,))H^{p+q}(X,\underset{¯}{})$$

###### Proof.

The tameness of the action says that the functor $`\pi _{}^G`$ is exact, and so is the functor $`\underset{¯}{}`$. Hence the result is a direct consequence of a Theorem of Grothendieck describing the derived functors of a composite functor. ∎

In particular, both cohomology coincide for a reductive action, i.e. when the characteristic of $`k`$ does not divide the order of $`G`$. But note that they can differ even for a free action, as soon as $`p=\mathrm{car}k|\mathrm{\#}G`$.

Remember that the equivariant cohomology functors $`H^i(X,G,)`$ are defined as the derived functors of $`H^0(X,)^G`$ (see ).

###### Proposition 5.23.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$, and $`k`$, the trivial representation. Then for each $`G`$-sheaf on $`X`$ we have a spectral sequence :

$$H^p(X,R^qU_𝒜)(k)H^{p+q}(X,G,)$$

###### Proof.

This is a consequence of the isomorphism $`H^0(X,\underset{¯}{})(k)H^0(X,)^G`$. ∎

#### 5.2.11. Canonical filtration

Carrying on with the idea of S.Nakajima in , we will see that, if we impose some more structure on $`𝒜`$, then the kernel preserving $`𝒜`$-sheaves (and in particular those coming from $`G`$-sheaves) have a useful natural filtration of algebraic nature.

Since $`k[G]`$ is a semilocal ring, for each object $`V`$ of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, we have $`\mathrm{rad}V=(\mathrm{rad}k[G])V`$. In particular there is a functor $`\mathrm{rad}:k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. Moreover we have a natural duality functor $`D:k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}(k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝})^{op}`$ sending $`V`$ to its dual $`V^{}`$.

The data we need is the following : $`𝒜`$ is as usual a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, that we suppose stable under $`\mathrm{rad}`$ and $`D`$. We need also a compatibility between these two operations, in the sense that we suppose given a natural isomorphism $`\alpha `$ :

Using $`\alpha `$, the natural transformation $`rad1`$, and the canonical isomorphism $`\beta :DD^{op}1`$ we get finally a natural transformation $`\mathrm{rad}^{op}1`$, as sketched in the following diagram :

where the bottom natural transformation is $`\alpha D^{op}rad^{op}\beta ^1`$.

This is a priori a natural transformation between additive functors from $`𝒜^{op}`$ to $`𝒜^{op}`$, but if $`X`$ is a $`G`$-scheme, this extends to a natural transformation of the corresponding functors from $`𝒜_X^{op}`$ to $`𝒜_X^{op}`$, which we note the same way.

Applying now the $`2`$-functor : $`(,\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y):(\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT)^{op}𝒞at`$ we get a natural transformation $`(\mathrm{rad}^{op},\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y)1`$ between endofunctors of $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$. We define $`R`$ as $`(\mathrm{rad}^{op},\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y)`$.

Let now $``$ be a $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$ such that $``$, as a functor, preserves monomorphisms (this is in particular the case if $`=\underset{¯}{𝒢}`$ for a $`G`$-sheaf $`𝒢`$). Then the natural morphism $`R`$ is itself a monomorphism, and moreover $`R`$ preserves monomorphisms, so that $``$ has a canonical filtration. We sum up the construction in the following definition :

###### Definition 5.24.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, stable under radical $`rad`$ and duality $`D`$.

(i) We will say that *radical and duality commute* to say that we fix an isomorphism $`\mathrm{rad}^{op}DDrad`$.

(ii) Suppose that radical and duality commute, and let moreover $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme, and $``$ a $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$, whose underlying functor preserves monomorphisms. In this circumstances, we will denote the induced filtration on $``$ by

$$\mathrm{}R^i\mathrm{}R^2R^1$$

and the associated graded $`𝒜`$-sheaf by

$$\mathrm{gr}_i=R^i/R^{i+1}$$

The existence of an isomorphism $`\mathrm{rad}^{op}DDrad`$ is not the general rule. Indeed, we have a natural isomorphism :

$$rad(V^{})(\frac{V}{socV})^{}$$

where $`socV`$ is the sum of all simple submodules of $`V`$, but in general $`V/socV`$ is *not* isomorphic to $`radV`$.

We finish by a positive example, to be used in the sequel : let $`G`$ be a cyclic of order $`n`$, with fixed generator $`\sigma `$. We choose as ring with several object $`𝒜=k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, the whole category of all $`k[G]`$-modules of finite type.

The representation theory of $`G`$ is easily described, as follows. Write $`n=p^va`$, where $`a`$ is prime to $`p`$. For each integer $`0jp^v`$ define $`V_j=k[G]/(\sigma 1)^j`$. Then the set of modules $`\{\psi V_j/\psi \widehat{G},\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}jp^v\}`$ is a skeleton of the indecomposables in $`𝒜`$.

To construct a natural isomorphism $`V/socVradV`$, we can restrict to the indecomposable skeleton we have just fixed. Now the maps

$$\psi (\sigma 1):\psi V_j\psi V_j$$

give a natural transformation, $`11`$, which canonically factorizes in a natural isomorphism $`V/socVradV`$.

## 6. Modular $`K`$-theory

### 6.1. Definition

###### Definition 6.1.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$ and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. A quasicoherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$ is said *coherent* if for each $`G`$-invariant open affine $`U=\mathrm{spec}R`$ of $`X`$, the restriction $`_{|U}`$ is of finite type in $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}(𝒜,U)[𝒜_X(U)^{op},R^G\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}]`$ (i.e. if, seen in $`[𝒜_X(U)^{op},R^G\mathrm{𝐌𝐨𝐝}]`$, it is a quotient of a finite sum of representable objects). We denote by $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ the whole subcategory of $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ whose objects are the coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaves.

This notion is Morita invariant, at least in the following sense :

###### Proposition 6.2.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$, $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, and $`𝒜^{}`$ be a full subcategory of $`𝒜`$. Suppose that $`𝒜`$ is projectively complete, and that every object of $`𝒜`$ is a direct summand of a finite direct sum of objects of $`𝒜^{}`$. Then restriction along $`𝒜^{}𝒜`$ induces an equivalence $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜^{},X)`$.

###### Proof.

We know from Proposition 5.14 that restriction along $`𝒜^{}𝒜`$ induces an equivalence $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜^{},X)`$. Because of the hypothesis, this restriction sends $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ to $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜^{},X)`$. Moreover the left adjoint $`_{𝒜_X^{}}𝒜_X`$ is an inverse equivalence, and since it is right exact and preserves representables, it sends $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜^{},X)`$ to $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$. ∎

The $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ enriched functor $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐡}Y\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Y`$ allows to identify $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT(𝒜_X^{op},\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐡}Y)`$ with a subcategory of $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$. Since $`𝒜_X`$ is in fact enriched in $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐡}Y`$, $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ is a subcategory of $`\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT(𝒜_X^{op},\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐡}Y)`$. Moreover :

###### Lemma 6.3.

Suppose $`𝒜`$ admits a finite set of additive generators. Then $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)=\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}YCAT(𝒜_X^{op},\mathrm{𝐂𝐨𝐡}Y)`$.

###### Proof.

This is a local question, hence we can conclude by applying Lemma 2.24, which is of course valid with the field $`k`$ replaced by any commutative noetherian ring. ∎

###### Lemma 6.4.

Suppose $`𝒜`$ admits a finite set of additive generators. Then $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ is an abelian category.

###### Proof.

This is clear from Proposition 6.2, which allows to reduce to the case when $`𝒜`$ has only one object. This follows also from Lemma 6.3, because we can follow word for word the proof of Proposition 4.18. ∎

###### Definition 6.5.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$ and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ admitting a finite set of additive generators. We denote by $`K_i(𝒜,X)`$ the Quillen $`i`$-th group of the abelian category $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$.

### 6.2. Functoriality

#### 6.2.1. Pullback

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes over $`k`$ such that the morphism $`\stackrel{~}{f}:Y^{}Y`$ between quotient schemes is flat, and $`X^{}=X\times _YY^{}`$. Then the functor $`f^𝒜:\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X^{})`$ is exact, hence induces a map in $`K`$-theory.

#### 6.2.2. Pushforward

###### Lemma 6.6.

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes over $`k`$ and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators. Suppose that the morphism $`\stackrel{~}{f}:Y^{}Y`$ between quotient schemes is proper, then :

(i) For each coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X^{}`$, and each nonnegative integer $`i`$, the $`𝒜`$\- sheaf $`R^if_𝒜`$ is coherent.

(ii) There exists an integer $`n`$, such for any integer $`i>n`$, and any coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X^{}`$, we have $`R^if_𝒜=0`$.

###### Proof.

Because cohomology commutes with the projection $`p_V`$ (i.e. for any $`V`$ in $`\mathrm{obj}𝒜`$, $`R^if_𝒜(V)=R^if_V((V))`$), Lemma 6.3 allows to reduce to the case where $`𝒜`$ has only one object (one can also use Proposition 6.2 to reduce to this case). But since $`R^if_V((V))`$, seen in $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$, is nothing else that $`R^i\stackrel{~}{f}((V))`$, the Lemma results from , 3.2.1, 1.4.12. ∎

Now, given such a $`f:X^{}X`$, we can follow the argument given in  §7, 2.7, to define a map

$$f_𝒜:K_i(𝒜,X^{})K_i(𝒜,X)$$

in the following two cases :

(i) $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is finite,

(ii) $`Y^{}`$ admits an ample line bundle (then we have to use the action of $`\mathrm{Qcoh}Y`$ on $`\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ defined in section 5.2.4).

Given $`f:X^{}X`$ and $`g:X^{\prime \prime }X^{}`$, both checking the condition of Lemma 6.6, and one of the conditions above, then the formula $`(fg)_𝒜=f_𝒜g_𝒜`$ holds.

### 6.3. Localization

###### Theorem 6.7.

Let $`i:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes over $`k`$, and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators.

Suppose that the morphism $`\stackrel{~}{i}:Y^{}Y`$ between quotient schemes is a closed immersion, and that $`i^\mathrm{\#}:𝒜_X\stackrel{~}{i}_{}𝒜_X^{}`$ is an epimorphism.

Denote by $`U`$ the pullback by $`\pi :XY`$ of the complement of $`Y^{}`$ in $`Y`$, and by $`j:UX`$ the canonical inclusion.

Then there is a long exact sequence :

###### Proof.

The hypothesis on $`𝒜`$ and Proposition 6.2 allows to reduce to the case where $`𝒜`$ has only one object, what we will do from now on.

The idea is of course to apply  §5, Theorem 5, but to do so we need the two following facts.

Denote by $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)_Y^{}`$ the full subcategory of $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ consisting of sheaves with support with $`Y^{}`$. Being the kernel of the restriction functor $`j^𝒜`$, this is a Serre subcategory, and the first step consist of showing that $`j^𝒜`$ induces an equivalence

(3)
$$\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)/\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)_Y^{}\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,U)$$

This is the object of section 6.4. Note that the notion of quotient category used here (quotient as an example of localization) has nothing to see with the notion of quotient used in part 2 (quotient by a two-sided ideal).

Then we will show than we can apply the hypothesis of the dévissage Theorem ( §5, Theorem 4) to the functor $`i_𝒜:\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X^{})\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)_Y^{}`$ : this is the aim of section 6.5.

We sum up the notations we use in the proof in the following diagram

(4)
### 6.4. Restriction of coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaves to an open

Because we lack of a complete reference we recall the classical arguments.

###### Proposition 6.8.

Let $`F:𝒞`$ be an exact functor between abelian categories such that

(i) For any object $`N`$ of $`𝒞`$, there is an object $`M`$ of $``$ and an isomorphism $`FMN`$,

(ii) For any objects $`M`$, $`M^{}`$ of $``$, and any map $`x:FMFM^{}`$ in $`𝒞`$, there exists a diagram in $``$

such that the diagram

commutes in $`𝒞`$, and such that $`Fu`$ is an isomorphism.

Then the canonical functor $`/\mathrm{Ker}F𝒞`$ is an equivalence of categories.

###### Proof.

(i) shows that $`/\mathrm{Ker}F𝒞`$ is essentially full, and (ii) that it is fully faithful. ∎

Hence the equivalence 3 will follow from the three following Lemmas.

###### Lemma 6.9.

Let $``$ be a coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$, and $`\beta :𝒢_{|U}`$ a monomorphism in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,U)`$. There exists a monomorphism $`\alpha :𝒢^{}`$ in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ such that $`\alpha _{|U}=\beta `$ (as subobjects of $`_{|U}`$).

###### Proof.

As in , Proposition 1, let $`𝒢^{}`$ be the sheaf on $`Y`$ associated to the presheaf $`O^{}\{s(O^{})/t𝒢(OO^{})/\beta (t)=s_{|OO^{}}\}`$, and $`\alpha :𝒢^{}`$ be the canonical map. In  is shown that $`\alpha `$ is a map in $`\mathrm{Coh}Y`$ such that $`\alpha _{|U}=\beta `$ as subobjects of $`_{|U}`$ in $`\mathrm{Coh}O`$. But from its definition, one sees at once that $`𝒢^{}`$ is stable under the action of $`𝒜`$, hence has a unique structure of $`𝒜`$-sheaf such that $`\alpha `$ is an arrow in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$. ∎

###### Lemma 6.10.

Let $`𝒢`$ be a coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`U`$. There exists a coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$ such that $`_{|U}=𝒢`$.

###### Proof.

Follows Lemma 6.9 as in the proof of , Proposition 2. ∎

###### Lemma 6.11.

Let $``$ and $`^{}`$ be two $`𝒜`$-sheaves on $`X`$, and $`\gamma :_{|U}_{|U}^{}`$ a morphism in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,U)`$. There exists a diagram in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$

such that the diagram

commutes in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,U)`$, and such that $`\alpha _{|U}`$ is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

Apply Lemma 6.9 to the graph of $`\gamma `$. ∎

### 6.5. Dévissage

We have to show that each object $``$ in $`\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ with support in $`Y^{}`$ has a finite filtration whose quotients are objects in the image of $`i_𝒜:\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X^{})\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$. Let $`𝒥_X^{}=\mathrm{ker}(i^\mathrm{\#}:𝒜_X\stackrel{~}{i}_{}𝒜_X^{})`$. Since we have an exact sequence $`0𝒥_X^{}i_𝒜i^𝒜0`$, it is enough to show that for $`n`$ large enough $`𝒥_X^{}^n=0`$.

Define $`_Y^{}=\mathrm{ker}(𝒪_Y\stackrel{~}{i}_{}𝒪_Y^{})`$, the ideal sheaf of $`Y^{}`$. Since the support of $``$ is included in $`Y^{}`$, the Nullstellensatz ensures that for $`n`$ large enough we have $`_Y^{}^n\mathrm{ann}`$, hence the following Lemma will be enough to conclude.

###### Lemma 6.12.

For $`n`$ large enough $`𝒥_X^{}^n_Y^{}𝒜_X`$.

###### Proof.

This proof was suggested to me by A.Vistoli.

First remember that we can suppose that $`𝒜`$ has only one object, and denote by $`I`$ this $`k[G]`$-module. Then $`G`$ acts by ring homomorphisms on $`\mathrm{End}_kI`$, and if $`s_X:X\mathrm{Spec}k`$ denotes the structure morphism, we have that $`𝒜_X=\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI`$.

Define $`_X^{}=\mathrm{ker}(𝒪_Xi_{}𝒪_X^{})`$. The left exactness of $`\pi _{}^G`$ implies that $`𝒥_X^{}=\pi _{}^G(_X^{}s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)`$. Hence for all $`n`$ :

$$𝒥_X^{}^n=(\pi _{}^G(_X^{}s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI))^n\pi _{}^G((_X^{}s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)^n)=\pi _{}^G(_X^{}^ns_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)$$

Fix an integer $`r`$. Applying the Nullstellensatz again, we have that for large $`n`$ : $`_X^{}^n(\pi ^{}_Y^{})^r`$, hence for large $`n`$ :

$$𝒥_X^{}^n\pi _{}^G((\pi ^{}_Y^{})^rs_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)=(I_Y^{}^r\pi _{}(s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI))^G=_Y^{}^r\pi _{}(s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)𝒜_X$$

Since $`Y`$ is noetherian, we can apply the Artin-Rees Lemma to conclude that the filtration $`(_Y^{}^r\pi _{}(s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)𝒜_X)_{r0}`$ is $`_Y^{}`$-stable. In particular for large $`r`$ we have $`_Y^{}^r\pi _{}(s_X^{}\mathrm{End}_kI)𝒜_X_Y^{}𝒜_X`$, and the Lemma is shown.

### 6.6. A criterion of surjectivity

###### Proposition 6.13.

Let $`i:X^{}X`$ be a morphism of $`G`$-schemes over $`k`$, such that

(i) There is a normal subgroup $`H`$ of $`G`$, such that $`H`$ acts trivially on $`X^{}`$, and $`G/H`$ acts freely on $`X^{}`$,

(ii) The morphism $`\stackrel{~}{i}:Y^{}Y`$ between quotient schemes is a closed immersion.

Then the canonical morphism $`i^\mathrm{\#}:𝒜_X\stackrel{~}{i}_{}𝒜_X^{}`$ is an epimorphism.

###### Proof.

For the moment being, we do not use the hypothesis (i), and define $`\nu :XZ=X/H`$ and $`\mu :ZY=Z/P`$ as the quotient morphisms, and similarly for $`X^{}`$, so that we get a $`P`$-morphism $`\widehat{f}:Z^{}Z`$ fitting in the following commutative diagram :

Define a new ring $`𝒜_X^{c,H}`$ on $`Y`$ by setting

$$𝒜_X^{c,H}(V,W)=\mu _{}^P(\mathrm{𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐡}Z(s_Z^{}V,s_Z^{}W)^H)$$

where $`s_Z:Z\mathrm{spec}k`$ is the structure morphism.

This definition is functorial in $`X`$.

Moreover, since $`\pi _{}^G=\mu _{}^P\nu _{}^H`$, there is a canonical morphism $`𝒜_X^{c,H}𝒜_X`$, also functorial in $`X`$, so that we get a commutative diagram :

The first part of hypothesis (i) means that $`\nu ^{}=1`$, and this implies that $`𝒜_X^{}^{c,H}𝒜_X^{}`$.

Since the question is local, we can use the second part of hypothesis (i) to drop the ramification locus of $`\mu `$ and thus reduce to the case where $`P`$ acts freely on $`Z`$. But then descent theory implies that $`\stackrel{~}{f}^{}𝒜_X^{c,H}𝒜_X^{}^{c,H}`$.

So the Proposition now follows from hypothesis (ii).

### 6.7. The case of a free action

###### Proposition 6.14.

Let $`X`$ be a $`G`$-scheme over $`k`$ and $`𝒜`$ a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ admitting a finite set of additive generators, and containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$. If the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is free, then the functor $`U_𝒜:\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)\mathrm{Qcoh}(𝒜,X)`$ is an equivalence of categories.

###### Proof.

We can first compose with the equivalence $`\pi ^{}:\mathrm{Qcoh}Y\mathrm{Qcoh}(G,X)`$, and by Proposition 5.14 suppose that $`𝒜`$ has only one object $`I`$. Define $`=\pi _{}^G(s_X^{}I)`$. Then the composite functor is given by : $`𝒢𝒢_{𝒪_Y}^{}`$. But we have also a functor $`_{𝒜_X}`$ in the opposite direction, and natural units and counits. To check that these are isomorphisms is a local problem, and so is deduced by classical Morita theory, because by descent theory $``$ is locally free, hence is locally a progenerator.

###### Corollary 6.15.

If the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is free then for each $`i`$ we have a natural isomorphism $`K_i(Y)K_i(𝒜,X)`$.

###### Proof.

One checks that the equivalence of categories of Proposition 6.14 preserves coherence. ∎

### 6.8. Euler characteristics of $`𝒜`$-sheaves

Let $`X`$ be a proper $`k`$-scheme, endowed with the action of a finite group $`G`$, and $`𝒜`$ be a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators. Denoting by $`s_X:X\mathrm{spec}k`$ the structure morphism, we get a modular Euler characteristic $`\chi (𝒜,)=(s_X)_𝒜:K_0(𝒜,X)K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ defined by the usual formula $`\chi (𝒜,)=_{i0}(1)^i[H^i(X,)]`$.

For a sheaf $`𝒢`$ on $`Y`$, we denote as usual by $`\chi (𝒢)`$ its ordinary Euler characteristic.

###### Lemma 6.16.

Let $`𝒜`$ be a projectively complete full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators. Fix $`𝒮`$ a skeleton of the subcategory $``$ of indecomposables of $`𝒜`$, and let $`S`$ be the underlying finite set. Let also $``$ be an $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$. Then have in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ :

$$\chi (𝒜,)=\underset{IS}{}\chi ((I))[S_I]$$

###### Proof.

Follows directly from the fact that $`(s_X)_𝒜`$ commutes with restriction along $`I𝒜`$ and Lemma 2.26. ∎

###### Lemma 6.17.

Suppose moreover that $`𝒜`$ is stable by radical and duality, that duality and radical commute, and that $``$ preserves monomorphisms. Then

$$\chi (𝒜,)=\underset{IS}{}\underset{i0}{}\chi (\mathrm{gr}_i(I))[S_I]$$

###### Proof.

Since $`𝒜`$ admits a finite set of additive generators, the canonical filtration of $``$ (see §5.2.11) is finite. Hence $`[]=_{i0}[\mathrm{gr}_i]`$ in $`K_0(𝒜,X)`$, and the formula follows. ∎

## 7. Applications

### 7.1. Symmetry principle

We can prove in our context a formula given by Ellingsrud and Lønsted (see , Theorem 2.4), following the proof of these authors :

###### Proposition 7.1.

Let $`X`$ be a proper $`k`$-scheme, endowed with a *free* action of a finite group $`G`$, and $`𝒜`$ be a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators, and containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$. Then for each $`G`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$ we have the equality in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ :

$$\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{})=\chi (\pi _{}^G)\left[\underset{¯}{k[G]}\right]$$

###### Proof.

We can of course suppose that $`𝒜`$ is projectively complete. First, using Lemma 2.26, it is easily seen that $`\left[\underset{¯}{k[G]}\right]=_{I𝒮}dim_kI[S_I]`$. Moreover Lemma 6.16 says that $`\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{})=_{I𝒮}\chi (\pi _{}^G(I^{}_k))[S_I]`$. But since the action is free, $`\pi `$ is étale, and for any sheaf $`𝒢`$ on $`Y`$, $`\chi (\pi ^{}𝒢)=\mathrm{\#}G\chi (𝒢)`$ (see ), and the Proposition follows. ∎

Note that we recover the formula of Ellingsrud and Lønsted by evaluating at $`k[G]`$, in other words, we have lifted the classical formula along $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)K_0(k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝})`$.

#### 7.1.1. An example of computation

Let $`X`$ be a smooth projective curve over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ (i.e. a $`1`$-dimensional integral scheme, which is proper over $`\mathrm{spec}k`$ and regular), endowed with a free action of a finite group $`G`$. Let moreover $`𝒜`$ be a full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, admitting a finite set of additive generators, and containing $`k[G]`$, the free object of rank $`1`$.

We give some more details on the cohomology of the sheaf of differentials on $`X`$.

For each object $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$, we choose a projective hull $`P(V)`$, and then define $`\mathrm{\Omega }(V)=\mathrm{ker}P(V)V`$, and inductively for $`i0`$ : $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{i+1}(V)=\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{\Omega }^i(V))`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }^0(V)=V`$ (the notation $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is unfortunate in our context, but since it seems to be used in modular representation theory, we keep it, hoping not to confuse the reader).

###### Proposition 7.2.

$$H^0(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X)P(\mathrm{\Omega }k)\mathrm{\Omega }^2kk[G]^{g_Y1}P(k)$$

###### Proof.

This is a special case of , Theorem 2. ∎

###### Proposition 7.3.

There is equality in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ :

$$\left[H^1(X,\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Omega }_X})\right]=\left[\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Omega }^2k}\right]\left[\underset{¯}{P(\mathrm{\Omega }k)}\right]+\left[\underset{¯}{P(k)}\right]$$

###### Proof.

Proposition 7.2 says that $`H^0(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X)`$ is projectively equivalent to $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2k`$, so the comparison Proposition 5.22 gives a five-terms exact sequence :

$$0\mathrm{Ext}_{k[G]}^1(,\mathrm{\Omega }^2k)H^1(X,\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Omega }_X})\underset{¯}{k}\mathrm{Ext}_{k[G]}^2(,\mathrm{\Omega }^2k)0$$

Now, the long exact sequences associated to the short exact sequences :

$$0\mathrm{\Omega }kP(k)k0$$

and

$$0\mathrm{\Omega }^2kP(\mathrm{\Omega }k)\mathrm{\Omega }k0$$

allow to conclude quickly.

In our opinion, the above Proposition sheds some light on the appearance of the $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2k`$ term in the Nakajima’s Proposition 3 of , and related formulas (like the one of Proposition 7.2). More precisely, Proposition 7.2 implies of course that :

$$\left[H^0(X,\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Omega }_X})\right]=\left[\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Omega }^2k}\right]\left[\underset{¯}{P(\mathrm{\Omega }k)}\right]+\left[\underset{¯}{P(k)}\right]+\left[\underset{¯}{k[G]}^{g_Y1}\right]$$

and so $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Omega }_X}`$ verifies the symmetry principle in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$, whereas $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X`$ does not, in the sense that $`\left[\underset{¯}{H^0(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X)}\right]\left[\underset{¯}{H^1(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X)}\right]`$ is in general *not* a multiple of $`\left[\underset{¯}{k[G]}\right]`$ in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$.

### 7.2. Galois modules on projective curves in positive characteristic

#### 7.2.1. Hypothesis

Following our previous paper , we show how to describe the group $`K_0(𝒜,X)`$ when $`X`$ is a projective curve over an algebraically closed field $`k`$. By projective curve we mean here a $`1`$-dimensional integral scheme, which is proper over $`\mathrm{spec}k`$ and regular. We suppose that $`X/k`$ is endowed with a faithful action of a finite group $`G`$. We will also suppose that $`G`$ acts with normal stabilizers. We denote as usual by $`\pi :XY=X/G`$ the quotient. $`𝒜`$ is a fixed subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ admitting a finite set of additive generators.

#### 7.2.2. Additive structure of $`K_0(𝒜,X)`$

For each $`G`$-invariant subset $`U`$, consider its complement $`X^{}=XU`$, endowed with the reduced structure, and denote by $`f:X^{}X`$ the corresponding closed immersion. Locally $`X^{}`$ is of the form $`G\times ^{G_P}P`$, for a point $`P`$ of stabilizer $`G_P`$. Since $`X^{}`$ is reduced, $`P\mathrm{spec}k`$, hence $`G_P`$ acts trivially on $`P`$. Since moreover we make the hypothesis that $`G_P`$ is normal, we can apply Proposition 6.13 to deduce that $`𝒜_X\stackrel{~}{f}_{}𝒜_X^{}`$ is an epimorphism. Now from Theorem 6.7 we get an exact sequence

$$\mathrm{}K_1(𝒜,U)K_0(𝒜,X^{})K_0(𝒜,X)K_0(𝒜,U)0$$

Since the category formed by all the $`X^{}`$, when $`U`$ varies between the non empty $`G`$-invariant open subsets of $`X`$, is pseudofiltered, the sequence remains exact after taking inductive limits on $`X^{}`$ (see  Theorem 14.6.6). Moreover the generic point $`\xi `$ of $`X`$ can be written as a $`G`$-scheme as

$$\xi =\underset{\stackrel{}{U}}{lim}U$$

We get as in , §7, Proposition 2.2 that for each nonnegative integer $`i`$

$$K_i(𝒜,\xi )\underset{\stackrel{}{U}}{lim}K_i(𝒜,U)$$

Moreover, since the action of $`G`$ on $`X`$ is faithful, $`\xi `$ is endowed with a free action of $`G`$, with quotient $`\eta `$, the generic point of $`Y`$. So according to Corollary 6.15, we have for each nonnegative integer $`i`$ that $`K_i(\eta )K_i(𝒜,\xi )`$. As well known, $`K_0(\eta )`$, and $`K_1(\eta )R(Y)^{}`$, where $`R(Y)`$ is the function field of $`Y`$.

###### Definition 7.4.

(i) The *g*roup of $`𝒜`$-cycles on $`X`$, denoted by $`Z_0(𝒜,X)`$, is by definition

$$Z_0(𝒜,X)=\underset{\stackrel{}{X^{}}}{lim}K_0(𝒜,X^{})$$

where the limit is taken on all the reduced strict closed $`G`$-subschemes of $`X`$.

(ii) The *g*roup of classes of $`𝒜`$-cycles on $`X`$ for the rational equivalence, denoted by $`A_0(𝒜,X)`$, is by definition the cokernel of the canonical morphism $`R(Y)^{}Z_0(𝒜,X)`$ defined by the connection morphisms in the long exact sequences of $`K`$-theory.

(iii) We denote by $`\gamma :A_0(𝒜,X)K_0(𝒜,X)`$ and $`\mathrm{rk}:K_0(𝒜,X)`$ the canonical morphisms.

###### Theorem 7.5.

Let $`X`$ be a projective curve over an algebraically closed field $`k`$, endowed with the faithful action of a finite group $`G`$, acting with normal stabilizers. Let moreover $`𝒜`$ be a subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ admitting a finite set of additive generators, and containing the free object $`k[G]`$. Then the following morphism :

is an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

As already seen, we have an exact sequence

$$0A_0(𝒜,X)K_0(𝒜,X)0$$

where the last map is the rank map. But this one is given by $`\mathrm{rk}((k[G]))`$, hence $`rr[\underset{¯}{𝒪_X}]`$ is clearly a section. ∎

###### Definition 7.6.

We denote by $`c_1:K_0(𝒜,X)A_0(𝒜,X)`$, and call *first Chern class*, the morphism composed of the inverse $`\varphi ^1:K_0(𝒜,X)A_0(𝒜,X)`$ of the isomorphism of Theorem 7.5, followed by the second projection $`A_0(𝒜,X)A_0(𝒜,X)`$.

###### Lemma 7.7.

The morphism $`\mathrm{deg}_𝒜:Z_0(𝒜,X)K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ corresponding to the cone $`((s_X^{})_𝒜:K_0(𝒜,X^{})K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜))_X^{}`$ is trivial on the image of $`R(Y)^{}Z_0(𝒜,X)`$. We denote also by $`\mathrm{deg}_𝒜:A_0(𝒜,X)K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ the induced morphism.

###### Proof.

Let $`k`$ denote the full subcategory of $`k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$ containing only the trivial representation. Fix an object $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$, corresponding to a unique $`k`$-linear functor $`k𝒜`$. According to , §5, Theorem 5, the localization sequence is functorial for the restriction along this functor, hence we obtain a commutative diagram :

But the bottom line is identified with $`K_1(\eta )Z_0(Y)`$, and , §7, Lemma 5.16 implies that the first map sends a function to its divisor. Since $`Y`$ is also a projective curve, the bottom line is thus a complex, and we can conclude from Lemma 2.26 (note that by Morita invariance, we can reduce to the case where $`𝒜`$ is projectively complete). ∎

###### Corollary 7.8.

Suppose the hypothesis of Theorem 7.5 are verified.

Then for any coherent $`𝒜`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$ we have in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ :

$$\chi (𝒜,)=\mathrm{rk}\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{𝒪_X})+\mathrm{deg}_𝒜c_1()$$

###### Proof.

According to Theorem 7.5 we have $`[]=\mathrm{rk}[\underset{¯}{𝒪_X}]+c_1()`$ in $`K_0(𝒜,X)`$, and the formula is obtained by pushing along $`s_X:X\mathrm{spec}k`$. ∎

#### 7.2.3. Global sections of invertible sheaves pulled back from the quotient

###### Lemma 7.9.

There exists an integer $`N`$ such that

$$\mathrm{Pic}Y\mathrm{deg}NH^1(X,\underset{¯}{\pi ^{}})=0$$

###### Proof.

For a $`k[G]`$-module $`V`$, we have that $`H^1(X,\underset{¯}{\pi ^{}})(V)=H^1(Y,\pi _{}^G(\pi ^{}_{𝒪_X}s_X(V^{})))=H^1(Y,_{𝒪_Y}\pi _{}^G(s_X(V^{})))`$. The sheaf $`s_X(V^{})`$ is locally free on the smooth curve $`Y`$, hence admits a filtration whose quotients are invertible, and so by Serre duality we can find $`N_V`$ so that for $`\mathrm{deg}N_V`$ we have $`H^1(Y,_{𝒪_Y}\pi _{}^G(s_X(V^{})))=0`$. Now we can choose $`N=sup_{V𝒮}N_V`$, where $`𝒮`$ is a finite set of generators of $`𝒜`$.

Remark :
This result can be strengthened in the case of a cyclic group action, see Proposition 7.23.

Let $`𝒢`$ be an coherent sheaf on $`Y`$. To describe $`c_1(\underset{¯}{\pi ^{}𝒢})`$, we first describe how to pull back cycles from the quotient.

###### Lemma 7.10.

For any $`k[G]`$-module $`V`$, the sheaf $`\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V)`$ is locally free of rank $`dim_kV`$ on $`Y`$.

###### Proof.

The sheaf $`\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V)`$ is a subsheaf of $`\pi _{}s_X^{}(V)`$, hence without torsion. But $`Y`$ is a smooth curve, hence the local rings at its closed points are discrete valuation rings, and $`\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V)`$ is in fact locally free. Moreover we have a monomorphism $`\pi ^{}\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V)s_X^{}(V)`$ with cokernel in the ramification locus, which becomes an isomorphism at the generic point, and so the two sheaves have same rank. ∎

This Lemma allows to pull-back sheaves from the quotient at the level of $`K`$-theory :

###### Definition 7.11.

(i) We denote by $`\pi ^𝒜:\mathrm{Coh}Y\mathrm{Coh}(𝒜,X)`$ the exact functor given on objects by $`𝒢\underset{¯}{𝒪_X}_{𝒪_Y}𝒢`$, and also by $`\pi ^𝒜:K_0(Y)K_0(𝒜,X)`$ the induced map.

(ii) We define $`\pi ^𝒜:A_0(Y)A_0(𝒜,X)`$ as the unique morphism making the following diagram commute :

###### Lemma 7.12.

(i) There is a functorial isomorphism $`\pi ^𝒜𝒢\underset{¯}{\pi ^{}𝒢}`$

(ii) For any coherent sheaf $`𝒢`$ on $`Y`$ we have that $`c_1(\pi ^𝒜𝒢)=\pi ^𝒜(c_1𝒢)`$.

###### Proof.

(i) is no more than the projection formula.

(ii) results from the definitions of $`\pi ^𝒜`$ and $`c_1`$. ∎

###### Lemma 7.13.

(i) $`\delta A_0(Y)\mathrm{deg}_𝒜\pi ^𝒜\delta =\mathrm{deg}\delta [\underset{¯}{k[G]}]`$

(ii) $`𝒢\mathrm{Coh}Y\mathrm{deg}_𝒜c_1(\underset{¯}{\pi ^{}𝒢})=\mathrm{deg}(c_1𝒢)[\underset{¯}{k[G]}]`$

###### Proof.

(ii) is a consequence from (i) and Lemma 7.12. For (i), we can choose $`\delta =Q`$, a reduced closed point. Let $`X^{}=(\pi ^1Q)^{red}`$ be its reduced preimage by $`\pi `$, $`i:X^{}X`$ denote the closed immersion, and $`j:QY`$ the corresponding morphism between the quotients. By dévissage, we can choose $`\pi ^𝒜\delta `$ to be represented by an element of $`K_0(𝒜,X^{})`$, which we denote the same way. By definition of $`c_1`$, we have that $`i_𝒜(\pi ^𝒜\delta )=[\pi ^𝒜j_{}𝒪_Q]`$ in $`K_0(𝒜,X)`$. It follows that $`\mathrm{deg}_𝒜(\pi ^𝒜\delta )=(s_X^{})_𝒜((\pi ^𝒜\delta ))=(s_X)_𝒜[\pi ^𝒜j_{}𝒪_Q]=[(s_X)_𝒜\pi ^𝒜j_{}𝒪_Q]`$. Note that $`[\pi ^𝒜j_{}𝒪_Q]=[\underset{¯}{𝒪_X}_{O_Y}j_{}𝒪_Q]=[V\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V^{})_{O_Y}j_{}𝒪_Q]=[Vj_{}j^{}\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V^{})]`$. Finally we get that $`\mathrm{deg}_𝒜(\pi ^𝒜\delta )=[VH^0(Q,j^{}\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V^{})]`$. Since $`dim_kH^0(Q,j^{}\pi _{}^Gs_X^{}(V^{})=dim_kV`$, we can conclude thanks to Lemma 2.26 (again, by Morita invariance, we can reduce to the case where $`𝒜`$ is projectively complete).

Remark :
Instead of $`\mathrm{deg}_𝒜\pi ^𝒜\delta `$, it would be better to describe $`\pi ^𝒜\delta `$ itself. It is quite clear that it is a cycle with “free coefficients in the inertia”, as it can be probably be deduced from Lemma 7.13.

###### Theorem 7.14.

Let $`X`$ be a projective curve over an algebraically closed field $`k`$ of positive characteristic $`p`$, endowed with the faithful action of finite group $`G`$. Suppose that $`G`$ has cyclic $`p`$-Sylows and acts with normal stabilizers. Denote by $`\pi :XY=X/G`$ the quotient map. There exists an integer $`N`$ such that for all invertible sheaves $``$, $`𝒩`$ on $`Y`$ such that $`\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{deg}𝒩N`$ the following isomorphism of $`k[G]`$-modules holds :

$$H^0(X,\pi ^{})H^0(X,\pi ^{}𝒩)k[G]^{\mathrm{deg}\mathrm{deg}𝒩}$$

###### Proof.

We choose $`𝒜=k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$. According to Corollary 7.8, Lemma 7.9 and Lemma 7.13 (ii), we have for $`\mathrm{deg}N`$ that $`[\underset{¯}{H^0(X,\pi ^{})}]=\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{𝒪_X})+\mathrm{deg}[\underset{¯}{k[G]}]`$ in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$, and similarly for $`𝒩`$, and we can conclude thanks to Theorem 2.4 (iii).

#### 7.2.4. Explicit expression for the action of a cyclic group

To the hypothesis of §7.2.1, we add the fact that $`G`$ is cyclic of order $`n`$, and we fix a generator $`\sigma `$. Moreover we choose as ring with several objects $`𝒜=k[G]\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}`$, the whole category of all $`k[G]`$-modules of finite type. We follow the notations given in §5.2.11.

So by definition, for each coherent kernel-preserving $`𝒜`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$, we denote by $`\mathrm{gr}_0`$ the $`𝒜`$-sheaf on $`X`$ defined on indecomposables by the existence of $`n`$ exact sequences of sheaves on $`Y`$ :

$$0(\psi V_{j1})(\psi V_j)\mathrm{gr}_0(\psi V_j)0$$

The reader who is just concerned by the cyclic case may skip §5.2.11 and consider this as a definition of $`\mathrm{gr}_0`$, since this is all what we need here.

###### Lemma 7.15.

For any coherent $`G`$-sheaf $`𝒢`$ on $`X`$ :

$$\chi (𝒜,\underset{¯}{𝒢})=\underset{\psi \widehat{G}}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{p^v}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{j}{}}\chi (\text{gr}_0\underset{¯}{𝒢}(\psi V_i))[S_{\psi V_j}]$$

###### Proof.

This follows from Lemma 6.17, by noticing that in the particular case of a cyclic group $`G`$ we have $`\mathrm{gr}_iR^i\mathrm{gr}_0`$. Alternatively, this is direct from the above exact sequences and Lemma 6.16. ∎

From now on, we will consider an invertible $`G`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$, and show how to determine explicitly the structure of $`k[G]`$-module of its global sections $`H^0(X,)`$ when $`\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2`$.

To do this, we will of course use Lemma 7.15, and show that we can describe explicitly the invertible sheaves $`\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(\psi V_j)`$ in terms of a $`G`$-invariant divisor $`D`$ such that $`_X(D)`$, of the ramification data, of the genus of $`Y`$, and of some rational functions on $`X`$.

Notice that the formula

$$\pi _{}^G_X(D)_Y([\pi _{}D/\mathrm{\#}G])$$

(where $`[\mathrm{}]`$ is the integral part of the divisor, taken coefficient by coefficient) provides an explicit description of $`\pi _{}^G`$ (see , proof of Proposition 3).

First we reduce to the case of a cyclic $`p`$-group. Remember that $`n=p^va`$, with $`a`$ prime to $`p`$, and let $`H`$ be the subgroup of $`G`$ of order $`a`$, and $`P=G/H`$, so that we have a tower :

(5)
###### Lemma 7.16.

For each $`\psi `$ in the character group $`\widehat{G}`$, there exists a nonzero function $`f_\psi `$ in the function field $`R(X)`$ of $`X`$ such that for each invertible $`G`$-sheaf $``$ on $`X`$ we have :

$$\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{}(\psi V_j)\mathrm{gr}_0^P\underset{¯}{\alpha _{}^H(f_\psi )}(V_j)$$

###### Proof.

From Kummer theory, we get for each $`\psi `$ in $`\widehat{G}`$ a non zero function $`f_\psi `$ such that $`_X((f_\psi ))s_X^{}(\psi )`$. Thus the result follows from the exactness of $`\alpha _{}^H`$.

Next we reduce to the case of a cyclic group of order $`p`$. For this, suppose that we start from a group $`G`$ of order $`p^v`$, with $`v2`$, and let $`H`$ be the subgroup of order $`p^{v1}`$, and $`P=G/H`$. We keep the notations of diagram 5 in this context.

###### Proposition 7.17.

Let $`1jp^v`$ an integer, and write : $`j=(l1)p+j^{}`$ with $`1lp^{v1}`$ and $`1j^{}p`$.

Then we have an isomorphism of invertible sheaves on $`Y`$ :

$$\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{}(V_j)\mathrm{gr}_0^P\underset{¯}{\mathrm{gr}_0^H\underset{¯}{}(V_l)}(V_j^{})$$

###### Proof.

The proof requires the following Lemmas.

###### Lemma 7.18.

$$V_{j}^{}{}_{|H}{}^{}V_l^j^{}V_{l1}^{pj^{}}$$

###### Proof.

$`1`$, $`\sigma 1`$, … , $`(\sigma 1)^{j^{}1}`$ generate Jordan blocks of size $`l`$, while $`(\sigma 1)^j^{}`$, $`(\sigma 1)^{j^{}+1}`$, … , $`(\sigma 1)^{p1}`$, generate Jordan blocks of size $`l1`$. ∎

###### Lemma 7.19.

There is an exact sequence of $`P`$-sheaves on $`Z`$ :

$$0\alpha _{}^H(V_{(l1)p})\alpha _{}^H(V_j)V_j^{}\mathrm{gr}_0^H()(V_l)0$$

###### Proof.

First ignoring the action of $`P`$, we can use the Lemma 7.18 to show the existence of an exact sequence of sheaves on $`Z`$ :

$`0\alpha _{}^H(V_{(l1)p})\alpha _{}^H(V_j)(\mathrm{gr}_0^H()(V_l))^j^{}0`$

But then from the exact sequence of $`k[G]`$-modules

$$0V_{(l1)p}V_jV_j^{}0$$

one sees that $`\sigma 1`$ acts transitively on the direct summands of $`(\mathrm{gr}_0^H()(V_l))^j^{}`$, hence the result. ∎

We will suppose that $`j^{}2`$, the case $`j^{}=1`$ being analog, and easier. We have the following commutative diagram of $`P`$-sheaves on $`Z`$ :

So the Proposition follows now from a diagram chase thanks to the following fact :

###### Lemma 7.20.

$$R^1\beta _{}^P(\alpha _{}^H(V_{(l1)p}))=0$$

###### Proof.

One sees as in Lemma 7.19 that $`\alpha _{}^H(V_{(l1)p})V_p\alpha _{}^H(V_{l1})`$, and since $`V_p=k[P]`$, this is enough. ∎

So we are reduced to the case of a cyclic $`p`$-group, which was solved by S.Nakajima. We give a translation of , Theorem 1 in our context, and since our version is slightly stronger, we give a sketch of a proof.

###### Theorem 7.21 (Nakajima).

Let $`X`$ be a projective curve endowed with a faithful action of $`G=/p`$, and $`D`$ a $`G`$-invariant divisor on $`X`$. Write $`D=\pi ^{}\delta +_{PX_{ram}}n_PP`$, where $`\delta `$ is a divisor on $`Y`$ so that $`\mathrm{supp}\pi ^{}\delta X_{ram}=\mathrm{}`$. For each $`P`$ in $`X_{ram}`$, let moreover $`N_P`$ be the integer defined by $`N_P+1=v_P(\sigma u_Pu_P)`$, where $`\sigma `$ is a generator of $`G`$, and $`u_P`$ an uniformizer at $`P`$. Then for each integer $`1jp`$ :

$$\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{_X(D)}(V_j)_Y(\delta +\underset{PX_{ram}}{}[\frac{n_P(j1)N_P}{p}]\pi _{}P)$$

###### Proof.

A local analysis shows (see Lemma 7.22) that the monomorphism $`\pi ^{}\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{_X(D)}(V_j)_X(D)`$ factorizes trough $`\pi ^{}\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{_X(D)}(V_j)_X(D_{PX_{ram}}(j1)N_PP)`$, hence by applying $`\pi _{}^G`$ we get a monomorphism $`\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{_X(D)}(V_j)_Y(\delta +_{PX_{ram}}[\frac{n_P(j1)N_P}{p}]\pi _{}P)`$. To show that this is an isomorphism is a local problem at $`X_{ram}`$, so by adding eventually to $`D`$ a divisor of the form $`\pi ^{}\gamma `$ we may suppose that $`\mathrm{deg}D>2g_X2`$. But then , Lemma 4, shows that the two sheaves have the same space of global sections, hence they must be isomorphic. ∎

###### Lemma 7.22.

With the notations of Theorem 7.21 we have :

$$\pi ^{}\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{_X(D)}(V_j)_X(D\underset{PX_{ram}}{}(j1)N_PP)$$

###### Proof.

This is a local problem, so we can check the inclusion on the completions of the local rings of the closed points of $`X`$. Let $`P`$ be such a point, that we can suppose in $`X_{ram}`$, $`Q=\pi P`$, $`u_P`$ an uniformizer at $`P`$, $`v_Q`$ a uniformizer at $`Q`$. Localizing at $`P`$ the commutative diagram :

we get the following commutative diagram :

What we have to show is that the image of $`\nu `$ is contained in the ideal $`u_P^{n_P+(j1)N_P}k[[u_P]]`$. Choose $`\alpha `$ in $`V_j_ku_P^{n_P}k[[u_P]]`$. Since $`V_j=k[G]/(\sigma 1)^j`$, we can write $`\alpha =_{i=0}^{j1}(\sigma 1)^ia_i`$, with $`a_iu_P^{n_P}k[[u_P]]`$. Then $`\mu (\alpha )=a_0`$, and if $`\sigma \alpha =\alpha `$, then $`a_0=(\sigma ^11)^{j1}a_{j1}`$. But now we can conclude, since the definition of $`N_P`$ implies that for any $`x`$ in $`k[[u_P]]`$, $`v_P((\sigma ^11)x)v_P(x)+N_P`$. ∎

Note moreover that in a relative situation like those appearing in various dévissage steps, the a priori nonequivariant isomorphisms are in fact automatically equivariant : indeed when $`G`$ is a $`p`$-group acting on a projective $`k`$-scheme $`X`$, there is a most a structure of $`G`$-sheaf on a given invertible sheaf. So Proposition 7.17 allows to apply Theorem 7.21 recursively, to finally have an explicit expression of $`\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{_X(D)}(V_j)`$, i.e. to represent this invertible sheaf on $`Y`$ by a divisor.

Once these sheaves are computed, we return to the case of an arbitrary cyclic group, and show how we can make use of Lemma 7.15.

###### Proposition 7.23.

Suppose that $`G`$ is any cyclic group. If $`\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2`$ then $`H^1(X,\underset{¯}{})=0`$.

###### Proof.

This is equivalent to the fact that for each object $`V`$ of $`𝒜`$, the sheaf $`\underset{¯}{}(V)`$ on $`Y`$ is acyclic, and this can be checked on indecomposables. But, as one sees by induction, it is enough to show that for each $`\psi `$ in $`\widehat{G}`$, and $`1jp^v`$, the invertible sheaf $`\mathrm{gr}_0^G\underset{¯}{}(\psi V_j)`$ on $`Y`$ is acyclic. To show this, we follow the same reduction steps. The reduction to the case of a cyclic $`p`$-group is an immediate computation using the Hurwitz formula in its basic (tame) form. The Proposition 7.17 allows then to reduce to the case of a cyclic group of order $`p`$. But then Theorem 7.21 and the computation in the proof of , Lemma 3, allows to conclude. ∎

Now Lemma 7.15 provides, for an invertible sheaf $``$ such that $`\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2`$, an expression in $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$:

(6)
$$[\underset{¯}{H^0(X,)}]=\underset{\psi \widehat{G}}{}\underset{j=1}{\overset{p^v}{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{j}{}}\chi (\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(\psi V_i))[S_{\psi V_j}]$$

where the integers $`\chi (\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{𝒢}(\psi V_{ji}))`$ are given by the previous description and the classical Riemann-Roch formula. Theorem 2.4, (ii), implies that this characterizes fully $`H^0(X,)`$ as a $`k[G]`$-module. But we can be more explicit by applying Theorem 2.4, (iii). For this we have to use the basis $`\{[\underset{¯}{\psi V_j}]/\psi \widehat{G},\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}jp^v\}`$ of $`K_0(\mathrm{𝐦𝐨𝐝}𝒜)`$ rather that the basis $`\{S_{\psi V_j}/\psi \widehat{G},\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}jp^v\}`$.

Clearly, we can find the base change matrix block by block (i.e. here character by character) and thus fix a $`\psi `$ in $`\widehat{G}`$. Let $`A`$ be the Cartan matrix, i.e. the matrix whose $`j`$-th column is formed by the coefficients of $`[\underset{¯}{\psi V_j}]`$ in the basis $`\{S_{\psi V_i}/\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}ip^v\}`$. Then Lemma 2.26 shows that the coefficients of $`A`$ are given by $`dim_k\mathrm{Hom}_{k[G]}(V_j,V_i)`$, and this is easily computed as being $`inf(i,j)`$. This is independent of $`\psi `$, so all the blocks of the base change matrix are equal, and the inverse is easily computed as :

(7)
$$A^1=\left(\text{}\right)$$

#### 7.2.5. Explicit expression for the action of a cyclic $`p`$-group

###### Definition 7.24.

Let $`\pi :XY`$ be a (generically) Galois cover of projective curves over $`k`$ of group $`G/p`$, with generator $`\sigma `$.

(i) For a ramified point $`P`$ of $`X`$, define $`N_P`$ as the integer such that $`N_P+1`$ is the valuation at $`P`$ of $`\sigma u_Pu_P`$, where $`u_P`$ is an uniformizer at $`P`$.

(ii) For $`0\alpha p1`$ define a map $`\pi _{}^\alpha :Z_0(X)Z_0(Y)`$ between $`0`$-cycles groups by, for any divisor $`D`$ on $`X`$,

$$\pi _{}^\alpha D=[\frac{1}{p}\pi _{}(D\alpha \underset{PX_{ram}}{}N_PP)]$$

where $`[\mathrm{}]`$ denotes the integral part of a divisor, taken coefficient by coefficient.

###### Theorem 7.25.

Suppose that $`X`$ is a projective curve over $`k`$ with a faithful action of $`G/p^v`$. For $`1nv`$ let $`X_n`$ be the quotient curve of $`X`$ by the action of the subgroup of $`G`$ of order $`p^n`$, and $`\pi _n:X_{n1}X_n`$ be the canonical morphism. Let moreover $`D`$ be a $`G`$-invariant divisor on $`X`$, and $`H^0(X,_X(D))_{j=1}^{p^v}V_j^{m_j}`$ be the Krull-Schmidt decomposition of the global sections of $`_X(D)`$, where $`V_j`$ is the indecomposable $`k[G]`$-module of dimension $`j`$. Suppose $`\mathrm{deg}D>2g_X2`$. Then the integers $`m_j`$ are given by :

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}m_j=\mathrm{deg}(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _0(j)}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{v1}(j)}D)\mathrm{deg}(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _0(j+1)}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{v1}(j+1)}D)\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{if}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}jp^v1\\ m_{p^v}=1g_{X_v}+\mathrm{deg}(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{p1}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{p1}D)\hfill & \end{array}$$

where for $`1jp^v`$ the integers $`\alpha _0(j),\mathrm{},\alpha _{v1}(j)`$ are the digits of the $`p`$-adic writing of $`j1`$ defined by $`j1=_{h=0}^{v1}\alpha _h(j)p^h`$ with $`0\alpha _h(j)p1`$.

###### Proof.

This is a direct consequence from the following intermediate computation :

###### Lemma 7.26.

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}m_1=2a_1a_2\hfill & \\ m_j=a_{j1}+2a_ja_{j+1}\hfill & \hfill \mathrm{if}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}2}jp^v1\\ m_{p^v}=a_{p^v}a_{p^v1}\hfill & \end{array}$$

with, for $`1jp^v`$, $`a_j=j(1g_{X_v})+_{i=1}^j\mathrm{deg}(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _0(i)}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{v1}(i)}D)`$.

###### Proof.

Set $`=_X(D)`$ and $`X_v=Y`$. According to the equation 6 we have $`[\underset{¯}{H^0(X,)}]=_{j=1}^{p^v}_{i=1}^j\chi (\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(V_i))[S_{V_j}]`$. Set $`b_j=_{i=1}^j\chi (\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(V_i))`$. If we show that for each $`j`$ we have equality $`b_j=a_j`$, we are done, according to the base change matrix given in equation 7. But the usual Riemann-Roch formula gives $`b_j=j(1g_Y)+_{i=1}^j\mathrm{deg}(\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(V_i))`$. So the only thing which remains to be shown is $`\mathrm{gr}_0\underset{¯}{}(V_i)_Y(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _0}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{v1}}D)`$. This is easily done by induction : the first step is Theorem 7.21, and the induction step is given by Proposition 7.17. ∎

#### 7.2.6. Noether criterion with parameter

###### Definition 7.27.

Let $`G`$ a finite group, $`H`$ a subgroup, $`k`$ an algebraically closed field. A $`k[G]`$-module of finite type $`V`$ is said *relatively $`H`$-projective* if it is a direct summand of a module induced from $`H`$.

###### Theorem 7.28.

Let $`\pi :XY`$ be a (generically) cyclic Galois $`p`$-cover of projective curves over $`k`$ of group $`G`$, $`\mathrm{ram}\pi `$ the largest ramification subgroup of $`\pi `$, and $`H`$ a subgroup of $`G`$. Then the following assertions are equivalent :

(i) $`\mathrm{ram}\pi H`$

(ii) $`\mathrm{Pic}_GX\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2H^0(X,)`$ is relatively $`H`$-projective.

(iii) $`\mathrm{Pic}Y`$ so that $`\mathrm{\#}G\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2`$ and $`H^0(X,\pi ^{})`$ is relatively $`H`$-projective.

###### Proof.

We begin by some notations. Let $`p^v`$ (resp. $`p^w`$) be the order of $`G`$ (resp. $`H`$). Fixing a generator $`\sigma `$ of $`G`$, we denote for $`1lp^v`$ the $`k[G]`$-indecomposable of dimension $`l`$ by $`V_l^G=k[\sigma ]/(\sigma 1)^l`$, and similarly for $`H`$.

###### Lemma 7.29.

The relatively $`H`$-projective $`k[G]`$-modules are exactly the direct sums of the indecomposables $`V_{lp^{vw}}^G`$ for $`1lp^w.`$

###### Proof.

This results from the Krull-Schmidt Theorem and the fact that $`\mathrm{Ind}_H^GV_l^H=V_{lp^{vw}}^G`$ for $`1lp^w.`$

We will also use the notations and results of §7.2.5.

We first show that (i) implies (ii). For this, note that according to Theorem 7.25, the multiplicity of $`V_j^G`$ in $`H^0(X,)`$ is given for $`1jp^v1`$ by :

$`m_j=\mathrm{deg}(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _0(j)}\mathrm{}\pi _{w+1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{vw1}(j)}\pi _{w}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{vw}(j)}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{v1}(j)}D)\mathrm{deg}(\pi _{v}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _0(j+1)}\mathrm{}\pi _{w+1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{vw1}(j+1)}\pi _{w}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{vw}(j+1)}\mathrm{}\pi _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha _{v1}(j+1)}D)`$

Because of the hypothesis that $`\mathrm{ram}\pi H`$, the coverings $`\pi _u`$ are étale for $`u>w`$, hence the morphisms $`\pi _{u}^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }`$ are independent of $`\alpha `$. To show (ii) we can, according to the Lemma 7.29, show that $`m_j=0`$ for $`p^{vw}j`$, which results from the previous remark and of :

###### Lemma 7.30.

Let $`1jp^v`$ so that $`p^{vw}j`$. Then $`uvw\alpha _u(j)=\alpha _u(j+1)`$.

###### Proof.

This is clear from the definition of $`\alpha _u(j)`$ as the $`u+1`$-th digit in the $`p`$-adic writing of $`j1`$. ∎

Since the fact that (ii) implies (iii) is trivial, all what remains to be shown is that (iii) implies (i). For this suppose that $`\mathrm{ram}\pi H`$, that is, since the subgroups of $`G`$ are totally ordered, $`H\mathrm{ram}\pi `$. Let $``$ be an invertible sheaf on $`Y`$ such that $`\mathrm{\#}G\mathrm{deg}>2g_X2`$. To show that (iii) is false, we can clearly suppose that $`\mathrm{ram}\pi `$ has order $`p^{w+1}`$. Choose $`j=p^{vw1}`$. An easy computation shows that the coefficient $`m_j`$ of $`V_j^G`$ in $`H^0(X,\pi ^{})`$ is

$$\underset{PX_w^{ram}}{}[N_P/p]$$

and since by hypothesis $`X_w^{ram}\mathrm{}`$, this is non zero. Hence $`H^0(X,\pi ^{})`$ is non relatively $`H`$-projective, as was to be shown.