text:
# UV–NIR Restframe Luminosity Functions of the Galaxy Cluster EIS 0048 at 𝑧∼0.64Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory

## 1 Introduction

One of the main issues in theoretical and observational research is to understand the physical processes driving the formation and evolution of bright massive galaxies in clusters, and to constrain the relative time scales.

The evolution of the cluster galaxy sequence (the colour–magnitude relation) has been studied for large cluster samples up to redshift $`z1`$ (Aragon–Salamanca et al. AEC93 (1993); Lubin LUB96 (1996); Ellis et al. ESD97 (1997); Stanford et al. SED98 (1998), hereafter SED98; Nelson et al. NGZ01 (2001), hereafter NGZ01). The results are consistent with a monolithic collapse scenario (see e.g. Larson L74 (1974)) in which galaxies form at high redshifts and subsequently undergo passive evolution. However, the evolution of colours only inform on the epoch when the bulk of stellar mass formed, while cluster bright galaxies ($`MM^{}+1`$, mostly early–type) could have been also assembled recently ($`z<1`$) from mergers of smaller units, at least as long as the merging processes do not induce strong star formation.

A different approach consists in the study of the evolution of the cluster luminosity function (CLF). In particular, the near–infrared (NIR) CLF can be used to assess the assembly history of galaxies, because the NIR light mainly informs on galaxy mass. From the analysis of the values of $`M^{}`$ in the K-band as a function of redshift for a sample of 38 clusters in the range $`0.1<z<1`$, De Propris et al. (DPSE99 (1999), hereafter DPSE99) found a trend consistent with passive luminosity evolution (PLE) (see also Nakata et al. NAK01 (2001), hereafter NKY01). DPSE99 conclude that the mass function of bright cluster galaxies is invariant at $`z<1`$, and that the assembly of those galaxies is largely complete by $`z1`$. Spectroscopic data also show that massive galaxies already exist at least up to $`z=0.83`$ (van Dokkum et al. vDF98 (1998)).

In this work we derive the CLFs for EIS 0048 at $`z0.64`$ in the V-, R-, I-, and K-band (UV to NIR restframe). The cluster membership has been assessed with the photometric redshift technique up to $`MM^{}1.52.5`$ (according to the different depth of each band). Since no other selection has been applied, the samples are not biased toward a particular galaxy population.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we introduce the photometric data, discuss the background subtraction, the selection of cluster members, the completeness of the samples, and obtain the CLFs. In Sect. 3 we discuss the results in terms of galaxy formation and evolution. In Sect. 4 we give a summary of the paper. In this work we assume H$`{}_{0}{}^{}=70`$ km s-1 Mpc-1, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_M=0.3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.7`$.

## 2 Derivation of the luminosity functions

The photometric observations of the cluster of galaxies EIS 0048 were carried out at the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) during two observing runs on August 2001. All the nights were photometric with excellent seeing conditions.

The data include VRIK imaging taken with the FORS2 and ISAAC instruments, respectively. The VRI images consist of a single pointing of $`6.8\times 6.8\mathrm{arcmin}^2`$ for each band, while for the K-band a mosaic of four pointings covers a total area of $`4.9\times 4.9\mathrm{arcmin}^2`$. Further details on the observations and on the data reduction can be found in La Barbera et al. (LBM03 (2003), hereafter LBMI03).

### 2.1 Magnitudes and completeness

Total magnitudes were computed by means of the software SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). For each object we obtained Kron magnitudes ($`\mathrm{m}_\mathrm{K}`$) within an aperture of diameter $`\alpha \mathrm{r}_\mathrm{K}`$, where $`\mathrm{r}_\mathrm{K}`$ is the Kron radius (Kron 1980). We chose $`\alpha =2.2`$, for which $`\mathrm{m}_\mathrm{K}`$ is expected to enclose 92% of the total flux, and we computed the total magnitudes by adding 0.08 mag to $`\mathrm{m}_\mathrm{K}`$ (see LBMI03 for details).

The formal completeness of the catalogues was estimated following the method of Garilli et al. (GAR99 (1999), see also Busarello et al. 2002). This method consists in the determination of the magnitude at which the objects start to be lost since they are below the brightness threshold in the detection cell 111 In the present case, the detection cell is an aperture with diameter of 5 pixels.. To estimate the completeness limit, magnitudes in the detection cell were compared to the total magnitudes. The comparisons are shown in Fig. 1, where the vertical lines correspond to the detection threshold and the horizontal lines mark the completeness limits (taking into account the scatter of the relation). The completeness magnitudes are reported in Table 1.

### 2.2 Background subtraction

The LFs of cluster galaxies at low and intermediate redshifts are usually obtained by statistical subtraction of the background and foreground contribution (as derived from a control field) to the galaxy counts in the cluster field. In this way all the photometric data up to the magnitude limit can be used. On the other hand, some problems become severe as the cluster redshift increases: a) cluster galaxies become fainter; b) the number of galaxies in the control field becomes higher; c) clusters are younger and therefore the number of cluster galaxies is smaller. The consequences are that the contrast of cluster galaxies over the field decreases as a function of redshift, and that the Poissonian fluctuations of the field as well as field–to–field variations become higher than the signal to be detected (see also NKY01).

To analyse this problem, we compare a known CLF translated to different redshifts, with the uncertainties on field galaxy counts. We use the LF of the rich cluster AC 118 at $`z=0.31`$, $`N_{\mathrm{CLU}}(m)`$, in the K-band from Andreon (AND01 (2001)), and the galaxy counts $`N_{\mathrm{HDFS}}(m)`$ and $`N_{\mathrm{CDF}}(m)`$ from two different control fields: the Hubble Deep Field South (HDFS) and the Chandra Deep Field (CDF) respectively, as obtained by Saracco et al. (SGC01 (2001)).

We define the cluster signal–to–noise ratio CSNR as:

$$CSNR(m)=\frac{N_{\mathrm{CLU}}(m)}{\sqrt{(N_{\mathrm{HDFS}}(m)N_{\mathrm{CDF}}(m))^2+N_{\mathrm{CLU}}(m)}},$$
(1)
where $`N_{\mathrm{CLU}}(m)`$ is the signal we aim to measure and $`\sqrt{(N_{\mathrm{HDFS}}(m)N_{\mathrm{CDF}}(m))^2+N_{\mathrm{CLU}}(m)}`$ is an estimate of the uncertainties on the field galaxy counts plus the Poissonian errors on the CLF.

We computed the $`CSNR`$ for AC 118 at $`z=0.31`$ (filled circles and continuous line in Fig. 2) and then shifted it to $`z=0.64`$ (open squares and dotted line) according to the PLE model described in Sect. 3. As can be seen in Fig. 2, for $`z=0.31`$ $`CSNR(m)>2`$ at all magnitudes and $`CSNR(m)>3`$ at $`m>M^{}+0.5`$ ($`M^{}=15.3`$, see Andreon AND01 (2001)). At $`z=0.64`$, $`CSNR(m)2`$ at all magnitudes, implying that the signal to be detected would be almost equal to the noise.

An additional problem arises from two facts: a) AC 118 is a cluster richer than EIS 0048; b) by shifting the LF of AC 118 at a higher redshift, we overestimated the actual number of detected galaxies. As consequence, our estimate of $`CSNR(m)`$ at $`z=0.64`$ must be considered as an upper limit, and adopting the procedure of statistically subtracting the background and foreground contribution from a control field would prevent an accurate estimate of the CLFs. It should also be noted that we do not have access to a control field in the immediate proximity of EIS 0048 in order to minimize uncertainties from field–to–field variations (as in NGZ01), and that we cannot derive a cumulative LF by combining the signals from different clusters at similar redshifts (as in DPSE99).

Therefore, in order to increase the contrast of cluster galaxies over field galaxies, the following approach was adopted. We first selected the cluster members through the photometric redshift technique, as detailed in LBMI03. In this way it is possible to isolate galaxies in a narrow interval $`\mathrm{\Delta }z\pm 0.1`$ around the cluster redshift, thus greatly decreasing the noise produced by field galaxies, while leaving the signal untouched.

To achieve a reasonable accuracy in the redshift estimate, we considered only galaxies with signal-to-noise ratio $`S/N>5`$ in at least three bands. For each band, we computed the completeness function of the sample as the ratio of the number of galaxies with $`S/N>5`$ in at least three bands to the total number of galaxies in the catalog, as a function of the magnitude (see Fig. 3). The CLFs have been computed in each band by considering all the galaxies with photometric redshift up to the last magnitude bin with completeness higher than $`50\%`$, as reported in Table 1. Galaxy counts have been corrected for the estimated incompleteness.

After the previous selection, field contamination is still present in the peak of the redshift distribution around $`\mathrm{z}=0.64`$. To account for the remaining contamination, we took advantage of the VIRMOS preparatory photometric survey as control sample (see LBMI03). By selecting galaxies in the redshift range $`z[0.54,0.74]`$ (LBMI03) in the VIRMOS control field, we obtained the luminosity distribution of contaminant galaxies, and subtracted it from galaxy counts in the same redshift range in the cluster field. At $`\mathrm{K}20`$ the ratio of cluster to field galaxies without any photometric redshift selection is $`0.5`$ (from Saracco et al. SGC01 (2001) data in the CDF), whereas the same ratio after the photometric redshift selection is $`6.6`$ (from the VIRMOS data), thus proving the effectiveness of our procedure.

### 2.3 Luminosity functions

We modelled the CLFs with a weighted parametric fit of the Schechter function, fixing the faint end slope to have $`\alpha =0.9`$. We chose not to fit $`\alpha `$ because the samples with photometric redshifts are only complete to $`M^{}+1.52.5`$ (according to the band). Moreover, $`\alpha =0.9`$ is the value measured in the NIR for the Coma cluster at $`K<K^{}+3`$ (De Propris et al. DES98 (1998)) and is also the value adopted by DPSE99 to study the behaviour of $`K^{}`$ as a function of the redshift. The errors on the CLFs were computed by taking into account Poissonian fluctuations of cluster galaxies counts and of the background counts in the redshift range $`z[0.54,0.74]`$. In Fig. 4 we show the CLFs from V- to K-band (filled circles) and the best–fitting Schechter functions (solid lines). The values of $`M^{}`$ computed by the fits are listed in Table 2.

In the K-band we obtain $`M^{}=17.18\pm 0.23`$, in agreement within the errors with the result of DPSE99 at the same redshift ($`K^{}=17.57\pm 0.41`$). By comparing the values of $`M^{}`$ in I- and K-band, we obtain $`I^{}K^{}=3.06\pm 0.28`$ for the bright cluster galaxies at $`z=0.64`$, in agreement with the findings of SED98 and NGZ01 at similar redshifts.

## 3 Luminosity evolution of bright ($`MM^{}+1`$) cluster galaxies

We discuss the luminosity evolution of bright galaxies in clusters on the basis of the behaviour of the V- and K-band characteristic magnitudes $`M^{}`$ with redshift. Complementary data for the K-band are taken from DPSE99, Andreon AND01 (2001), and NKY01, while for the V-band are taken from Busarello et al. BML02 (2002). The different data sets are represented in Fig. 5 with different symbols. The points at $`z=0.31`$ in the K- and V-band are obtained from the luminosity functions of Andreon (AND01 (2001)) and Busarello et al. (BML02 (2002)), assuming $`\alpha =0.9`$ up to $`MM^{}+2`$. In this way all the numerical estimates of $`M^{}`$ have been obtained with the same value of $`\alpha `$ and can be straightly compared.

In Fig. 5 no–evolution (NE, pure $`k`$–correction) and PLE models are also shown. The galaxy models are constructed using Bruzual & Charlot (BrC93 (1993)) templates with a Scalo initial mass function, solar metallicity, and an exponential star formation law $`e^{t/\tau }`$. We assumed the time scale $`\tau =1`$ Gyr, which is suitable to reproduce the colour evolution of early type galaxies (see Bruzual & Charlot BrC93 (1993); Merluzzi et al MBM03 (2003)). The NE predictions use model spectra with formation redshift $`z_f=5`$ (the redshift of the onset of SF). The predictions from PLE are given for different $`z_f`$. All the models are normalized to $`K^{}=10.90`$ and $`V^{}=14.17`$ at the redshift of Coma (Bower et al. BLE92 (1992); De Propris et al. DES98 (1998)).

As widely discussed in literature (e.g. DPSE99; NKY01), the behaviour of $`K^{}`$ is inconsistent with a NE model. Our data points at $`z=0.64`$ confirm this result (at $`2.5\sigma `$), and extend it in the V-band (at $`4\sigma `$). The evolution in the K-band can be described by PLE models at least up to $`z1`$ (the point at $`z=1.2`$ in Fig. 5 should be taken with caution since NKY01 were not able to estimate the field contamination). Since the K-band samples the bulk of stellar mass, this result suggests that the assembly of bright galaxies in clusters is complete at $`z1`$ (DPSE99).

The K-band data alone cannot discriminate among models with different formation redshifts. At $`z=0.64`$ the V-band samples the UV restframe and is therefore sensitive to even low levels of star formation activity. As can be seen in the upper right panel in Fig. 5, the evolution of $`V^{}`$ is in agreement with PLE models with $`z_f3`$. This result depends on the time scale of star–formation history, but we can use our point at $`z=0.64`$ in the V-band to constrain the time when galaxies ceased to form stars. This is possible because the magnitude evolution subsequent to this time is almost independent from the preceding star–formation history.

In the lower panels of Fig. 5 we plot the PLE models corresponding to the different epochs at which galaxies formed 99% of their present stars. As it is apparent from the Figure, the V-band data constrain the star formation in cluster bright galaxies to end at $`z1.5`$.

## 4 Summary and conclusions

We derived the galaxy LF in V-, R-, I-, and K-bands of the cluster EIS 0048 at $`z0.64`$ from new photometric observations carried out at ESO VLT with FORS2 and ISAAC. Cluster members have been selected with the photometric redshift technique in order to enhance the contrast among cluster- and background–foreground galaxies. The remaining field contamination has been estimated as detailed in LBMI03.

The CLFs have been obtained up to $`MM^{}1.52.5`$ (according to the waveband). We modelled the CLFs with a weighted parametric fit of the Schechter function, fixing the faint end slope to be $`\alpha =0.9`$. The values of $`M^{}`$ obtained in I- and K-bands are in agreement with the analysis of DPSE99 and NGZ01 at similar redshifts. We collected results from literature and introduced PLE models with different formation redshifts in order to discuss the evolution of $`M^{}`$ in the V- and K-bands. The key factors driving the evolution of bright galaxies in the scenario of hierarchical structure formation are the epoch when the bulk of stellar populations is formed, the cosmological time when mergers are effective to assemble the galaxies, the amount of star formation induced by mergers, and the age of the youngest stars. Since the evolution of $`K^{}`$ is consistent with a PLE scenario at least up to $`z1`$, we can conclude that mergers must have already assembled bright ($`MM^{}+1`$) cluster galaxies at this redshift (see also DPSE99 for a thorough discussion). At $`z=0.64`$ the V-band samples the UV restframe wavelength region and is sensitive to even low levels of SF. We find that the SF in bright cluster galaxies has to be almost completed at $`z1.5`$, whereas the formation redshift is $`z_f3`$ assuming $`\tau 1`$ Gyr as the time scale for SF. These results lead to conclude that the structure and the stars of bright cluster galaxies must have been formed between $`z=4\pm 1`$ and $`z=1.2\pm 0.2`$.

###### Acknowledgements.

We are grateful to C. Lidman who helped us for the K-band photometric calibration, and thank the ESO staff who effectively attended us during the observation runs at Paranal. We warmly thank the VIRMOS Consortium who allowed us to use a subset of VIRMOS photometric data base to estimate the field contribution in LBMI03. We thank the unknown referee for his/her useful comments. Michele Massarotti is partly supported by a MIUR-COFIN grant.


format: text

text:
# The Uncertainty Principle for relatively dense sets and lacunary spectra

## 1. Introduction

We prove a new version of the Uncertainty Principle which is a general statement saying that a function and its Fourier transform can not be simultaneously concentrated on small sets. Many examples of the Uncertainty Principle can be found in the text book by Havin and Jöricke  and a paper by Folland and Sitaram . We restrict ourselves to the following type of the Uncertainty Principle:

(1) $`{\displaystyle _E}|f|^2Cf_2^2`$
for all $`f`$ with supp$`\widehat{f}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ where $`E^c`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are small subsets of the real line and $`C=C(E,\mathrm{\Sigma })>0`$ does not depend on $`f`$. Our result is a combination of two versions of this principle. One is Zygmund’s theorem on lacunary trigonometric series (, pp. 202-208) and the other is the Logvinenko-Sereda theorem for relatively dense sets (, p.113), . As other examples of the inequality (1), we mention the Amrein-Berthier theorem , (, p. 97, p. 455),  (which is a quantitative version of a result due to Benedicks ) where $`E^c`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are sets of finite measure and Wolff’s theorem  where $`E^c`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ are so called $`ϵ`$-thin sets.

A sequence of integers $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\{n_i\}_{i=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is called lacunary with parameter $`R`$ if

$$\underset{r0}{sup}Card\{(i,j):n_in_j=r\}=R<+\mathrm{}.$$

For example, a sequence of integers $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ satisfying the Hadamard condition $`\frac{n_{i+1}}{n_i}q>1`$ is lacunary (, p. 203).

Zygmund’s Theorem: Given any lacunary sequence $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\{n_i\}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}`$ and a measurable set $`E[0,1]`$ of positive measure then for any $`g(x)L^2[0,1]`$ with spec $`g\mathrm{\Lambda }`$: $`g(x)=c_{n_j}e^{i2\pi n_jx}`$ we have

$$_E|g|^2C(E,R)g_2^2,$$

where $`C(E,\mathrm{\Lambda })>0`$ depends only on $`E`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$.

Moreover, Nazarov showed  that actually $`C(E,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ can be replaced with $`C(|E|,R)`$.

A measurable set $`E`$ is called relatively dense if there are $`\gamma >0`$ and $`a>0`$ such that

$$|EI|\gamma |I|$$

for any interval $`I`$ of length $`a`$.

Logvinenko-Sereda Theorem: Given any relatively dense set $`E`$ and any function $`fL^2()`$ such that supp $`\widehat{f}[b,b]`$ then

$$_E|f|^2C(\gamma ,a,b)f_2^2$$

where $`C(\gamma ,a,b)>0`$ depends only on $`\gamma `$, $`a`$ and $`b`$.

In his recent paper  the author obtained an optimal estimate of $`C(\gamma ,a,b)=\left(\frac{\gamma }{C}\right)^{C(ab+1)}`$ and generalized the theorem to functions whose Fourier transform is supported in a union of finitely many intervals with an estimate on $`C`$ depending only on the number of intervals but not how they are placed. The results also hold in higher dimensions.

Our main results here are the following two theorems:

###### Theorem 1.

If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\{n_i\}_{i=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a lacunary sequence with parameter $`R`$ then there exist $`ϵ(R)<1`$ and an absolute constant $`C>0`$ such that for any $`fL^2`$ with supp $`\widehat{f}\underset{i}{}[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$ and for any relatively dense set $`E`$ which satisfies $`|E^cI|ϵ(R)|I|`$ for any interval $`I`$ of length $`1/b`$ provided $`b1`$ or $`|E^cI|\frac{ϵ(R)}{b}|I|`$ for any interval $`I`$ of length $`1/b`$ provided $`b>1`$ we have

$$_E|f|^2Cf_2^2$$

where $`C>0`$ is an absolute constant.

###### Theorem 2.

Let $`E`$ be a periodic set with period 1 such that $`|E[0,1]|=\gamma >0`$. If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\{n_i\}_{i=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a lacunary sequence with parameter $`R`$ and $`fL^2`$ with supp $`\widehat{f}\underset{i}{}[n_i1/2,n_i+1/2]`$ then

$$_E|f|^2C(\gamma ,R)f_2^2$$

where $`C(\gamma ,R)>0`$ depends only on $`\gamma `$ and $`R`$.

The constant $`C`$ below is not fixed and might change appropriately from one equality or inequality to another one.

## 2. Proof of Theorem 1

First we will fix some notations. Let $`g(x)`$ denote a 1-periodic $`L^2[0,1]`$ function with lacunary spectrum: spec $`g\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, i.e., $`g(x)=c_{n_i}e^{i2\pi n_ix}`$ where $`c_n`$ stands for the $`n`$-th Fourier coefficient of $`g`$. Let $`\varphi `$ be a fixed $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}`$ function with supp $`\varphi [1/2,1/2]`$ and such that $`\varphi (x)1`$ when $`x[1/4,1/4]`$. It is clear that $`|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }(x)|\frac{C}{1+x^2}`$. Denote $`\varphi _n(x)=e^{i2\pi nx}\varphi (x)`$. Therefore $`|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _n}(x)|=|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }(x+n)|\frac{C}{1+(x+n)^2}`$.

###### Lemma 1.

$$g_4(1+R)^{\frac{1}{4}}g_2$$

Proof: This is true since

$`{\displaystyle _0^1}|g|^4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}(|g|^2)^2={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}|\widehat{|g|^2}(n)|^2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}|{\displaystyle \underset{kl=n}{}}c_k\overline{c}_l|^2=|{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}|c_k|^2|^2+{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}|{\displaystyle \underset{kl=n}{}}c_k\overline{c}_l|^2.`$
Using Hölder’s inequality we can estimate the second term by $`\underset{n0}{}\underset{kl=n}{}R|c_k|^2|c_l|^2R\underset{k}{}\underset{l}{}|c_k|^2|c_l|^2=R(\underset{k}{}|c_k|^2)^2`$. Thus,

$$_0^1|g|^4(\underset{k}{}|c_k|^2)^2+R(\underset{k}{}|c_k|^2)^2=(1+R)g_2^4.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 2.

Let $`E`$ be a relatively dense set which satisfies $`|E^cI|ϵ|I|`$ for any interval $`I`$ of length $`1/b`$ provided $`b1`$ or $`|E^cI|\frac{ϵ}{b}|I|`$ for any interval $`I`$ of length $`1/b`$ provided $`b>1`$ then

(2) $`b{\displaystyle _{E^c}}|g(x)|^2|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx)|^2𝑑xC(R)\sqrt{ϵ}g_2^2`$
where $`C(R)`$ depends only on $`R`$.

Proof: We have

(3) $`b{\displaystyle _{E^c}}|g(x)|^2|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx)|^2𝑑x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}b{\displaystyle \underset{E^c[n/b,(n+1)/b]}{}}|g(x)|^2|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx)|^2𝑑x`$
$``$ $`b{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \underset{[n/b,(n+1)/b]}{}}|g(x)|^4𝑑x}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \underset{E^c[n/b,(n+1)/b]}{}}|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx)|^4𝑑x}`$
$``$ $`b{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\sqrt{(1+1/b)g_4^4}\sqrt{1/b{\displaystyle \underset{bE^c[n,n+1]}{}}|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(x)|^4𝑑x}.`$
We used Hölder’s inequality to obtain the first inequality. In the second inequality we covered the interval $`[n/b,(n+1)/b`$ by no more than $`1+1/b`$ intervals of length 1. Using Lemma 1 and the fact that $`|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(x)|\frac{C}{1+(x+k)^2}`$ we can estimate (3) by

(4) $``$ $`C(R)\sqrt{b+1}g_2^2{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \underset{bE^c[n,n+1]}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{(1+(x+k)^2)^2}}𝑑x}`$
$``$ $`C(R)\sqrt{b+1}g_2^2{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+(n+k)^2}}\sqrt{|bE^c[n,n+1]|}.`$
Note that $`|bE^c[n,n+1]|ϵ`$ if $`b1`$ and $`|bE^c[n,n+1]|ϵ/b`$ if $`b>1`$. In both cases we can bound (4) by

$``$ $`C(R)g_2^2{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+(n+k)^2}}\sqrt{ϵ}`$
$`=`$ $`C(R)g_2^2{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+n^2}}\sqrt{ϵ}=C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}g_2^2.`$
$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.

Let $`E`$ be a relatively dense set which satisfies $`|E^cI|ϵ|I|`$ for any interval $`I`$ of length $`1/b`$ provided $`b1`$ or $`|E^cI|\frac{ϵ}{b}|I|`$ for any interval $`I`$ of length $`1/b`$ provided $`b>1`$ then for $`kl`$

(5) $`b{\displaystyle _{E^c}}|g(x)|^2|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _l}(bx)|𝑑xC(R)\sqrt{ϵ}g_2^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{|kl|^2}}`$
where $`C(R)`$ depends only on $`R`$.

The proof is similar to the one of Lemma 2. Just use the facts that $`|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(x)|\frac{C}{1+(x+k)^2}`$ and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1+(n+k)^2)(1+(n+l)^2)}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1+n^2)(1+(n+lk)^2)}}`$
$``$ $`C{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1+x^2)(1+(x+lk)^2)}𝑑x}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{|kl|^2}}.`$
Now we are in a position to proceed with the proof of Theorem 1. Since supp$`\widehat{f}\underset{n_i}{}[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$ we can choose (not necessarily uniquely)

$`\widehat{f}_{n_i}L^2`$ such that supp$`\widehat{f}_{n_i}[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$, the supports of $`\widehat{f}_{n_i}`$ are disjoint and $`\widehat{f}=\underset{n_i}{}\widehat{f}_{n_i}`$. Note that $`\widehat{f}_{n_i}=\widehat{f}\chi _{[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]}`$ if $`|i|`$ is large enough since the intervals $`[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$ and $`[n_jb/4,n_j+b/4]`$ are disjoint for $`ij`$ if $`|i|`$ is large enough, which follows from the fact that there are no more than $`Rb`$ pairs $`(i,j)`$ such that $`0<|n_in_j|b/2`$. Although $`\widehat{f}_{n_i}`$ is supported on $`[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$, we will define its Fourier series on the larger interval $`[n_ib/2,n_i+b/2]`$ converging in $`L^2`$ as follows:

$$\widehat{f}_{n_i}(x)=\underset{k}{}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{\frac{i2\pi kx}{b}}\chi _{[n_ib/2,n_i+b/2]}(x)$$

where $`c_{n_i}^{(k)}=\frac{1}{b}\underset{n_i\frac{b}{2}}{\overset{n_i+\frac{b}{2}}{}}\widehat{f}_{n_i}(x)e^{\frac{i2\pi kx}{b}}`$.

Therefore,

$$f_{n_i}_2^2=\widehat{f}_{n_i}_2^2=b\underset{k}{}|c_{n_i}^{(k)}|^2.$$

Since the supports of $`\widehat{f}_{n_i}`$ are disjoint, we have

$`f_2^2`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{f}_2^2={\displaystyle \underset{n_i}{}}\widehat{f}_{n_i}_2^2`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_i}{}}b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}|c_{n_i}^{(k)}|^2=b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}g_k_2^2`$
where $`g_k(x)=\underset{n_i}{}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{i2\pi n_ix}`$ are 1-periodic functions with lacunary spectra: spec $`g_k\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`g_k_2^2=\underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}|g_k(x)|^2𝑑x`$.

Using the facts that $`\varphi (\frac{xn_i}{b})1`$ when $`x[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$ and supp $`\widehat{f}_{n_i}[n_ib/4,n_i+b/4]`$, we get

$`\widehat{f}_{n_i}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\widehat{f}_{n_i}(x)\varphi ({\displaystyle \frac{xn_i}{b}})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{\frac{i2\pi kx}{b}}\chi _{[n_ib/2,n_i+b/2]}\varphi ({\displaystyle \frac{xn_i}{b}}).`$
Now use the fact that supp $`\varphi (\frac{n_i}{b})[n_ib/2,n_i+b/2]`$ to obtain from the previous equality the following:

$`\widehat{f}_{n_i}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{\frac{i2\pi kx}{b}}\varphi ({\displaystyle \frac{xn_i}{b}})`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}c_{n_i}^{(k)}\varphi _k({\displaystyle \frac{xn_i}{b}}).`$
Taking the inverse Fourier transform, we get

$$f_{n_i}(x)=b\underset{k}{}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{i2\pi n_ix}\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx).$$

Therefore,

$`f(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_i}{}}f_{n_i}(x)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n_i}{}}(b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{i2\pi n_ix}\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx))`$
$`=`$ $`b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx)({\displaystyle \underset{n_i}{}}c_{n_i}^{(k)}e^{i2\pi n_ix})`$
$`=`$ $`b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}g_k(x)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _k}(bx).`$
Now we can estimate $`_{E^c}|f|^2`$:

(6) $`{\displaystyle \underset{E^c}{}}|f|^2`$ $`=`$ $`b^2{\displaystyle \underset{E^c}{}}|{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}g_k(x)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx)|^2𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`b^2{\displaystyle \underset{E^c}{}}({\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}|g_k(x)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx)|^2+{\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}g_k(x)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx)\overline{g}_l(x)\overline{\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _l}}(bx))𝑑x.`$
Using Lemma 2 we estimate the first term in (6):

(7) $`b^2{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle _{E^c}}|g_k(x)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx)|^2𝑑x`$ $``$ $`C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}g_k_2^2`$
$`=`$ $`C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}f_2^2.`$
Using Lemma 3 we estimate the second term in (6):

$`b^2{\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}{\displaystyle _{E^c}}g_k(x)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx)\overline{g}_l(x)\overline{\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi _l}}(bx)𝑑x`$
$`b^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}{\displaystyle _{E^c}}(|g_k(x)|^2+|g_l(x)|^2)|\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_k(bx)\stackrel{ˇ}{\varphi }_l(bx)|𝑑x`$
$`bC(R)\sqrt{ϵ}b{\displaystyle \underset{kl}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(g_k_2^2+g_l_2^2)}{|kl|^2}}=`$
$`bC(R)\sqrt{ϵ}{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(g_k_2^2+g_{k+n}_2^2)}{n^2}}=`$
$`C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}b{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}g_k_2^2{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n^2}}`$
(8) $`C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}f_2^2.`$
Adding the estimates (7) and (8) we get

$$_{E^c}|f|^2C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}f_2^2.$$

Now we choose $`ϵ`$ such that $`C(R)\sqrt{ϵ}1/2`$. Hence,

$$_E|f|^2\frac{1}{2}f_2^2.$$

$`\mathrm{}`$

## 3. Proof of Theorem 2

A similar case was studied for uniqueness in : if $`f`$ vanishes on $`E`$ then $`f`$ vanishes on the whole real line.
We will start with some results on periodizations. Define a family of periodizations of a function $`fL^1`$:

(9) $`g_t(x)={\displaystyle \underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}f(x+k)e^{i2\pi t(x+k)}`$
where $`t[\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}]`$. Then $`g_t(x)`$ is periodic with period 1 , $`g_t_{L^1([0,1])}f_1`$ and its Fourier coefficients are:

$`\widehat{g}_t(l)=\widehat{f}(l+t).`$
Now we assume that $`fL^1L^2`$. The next argument shows an important relation between the average of the $`L^2`$ norm of periodizations and the $`L^2`$ norm of $`f`$:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{E[0,1]}{}}|g_t(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k,l}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{E[0,1]}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}f(x+k)\overline{f}(x+l)e^{i2\pi t(kl)}𝑑t𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k,l}{}}\delta _{kl}{\displaystyle \underset{E[0,1]}{}}f(x+k)\overline{f}(x+l)𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(Ek)[0,1]}{}}|f(x+k)|^2𝑑x`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{E}{}}|f|^2.`$
We used that $`E=Ek`$ since $`E`$ is 1-periodic. In particular, it follows that

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{[0,1]}{}}|g_t(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle |f|^2}.`$
In the next lemma we extend these results to functions from $`L^2`$.

###### Lemma 4.

If $`fL^2`$ then there exists a family $`\{g_t(x)\}_{t[\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}]}`$ of periodic functions: $`x[0,1]`$, a.e. $`t[\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}]`$ with period $`1`$ such that $`g_t(x)L^2([0,1]\times [\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}])`$,

$$\underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}\underset{E[0,1]}{}|g_t(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t=\underset{E}{}|f|^2$$

and

$$\widehat{g}_t(l)=\widehat{f}(l+t)$$

for almost all $`t`$ and all $`l`$.

Proof: Consider the cutoff:

$$f^n(x)=\chi _{[n,n]}f(x).$$

Since $`f^nL^1L^2`$ and converge to $`f`$ in $`L^2`$ we can define corresponding families of periodizations $`g_t^n(x)`$ which form a Cauchy sequence in $`L^2([0,1]\times [\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}])`$:

$$\underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}\underset{[0,1]}{}|g_t^n(x)g_t^m(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t=|f^nf^m|^2.$$

Let $`g_t(x)`$ be the $`L^2([0,1]\times [frac12,frac12])`$ limit of $`g_t^n(x)`$. Thus, we get the first statement of the lemma

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{E[0,1]}{}}|g_t(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{E[0,1]}{}}|g_t^n(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t`$
$`=`$ $`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{E}{}}|f^n|^2={\displaystyle \underset{E}{}}|f|^2.`$
To obtain the second statement of Lemma 4 we consider the following sum:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}|\widehat{g}_t(l)\widehat{f}(l+t)|^2𝑑t`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}|\widehat{g}_t(l)\widehat{g}_t^n(l)+\widehat{f}^n(l+t)\widehat{f}(l+t)|^2𝑑t`$
$``$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{l=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}|\widehat{g}_t(l)\widehat{g}_t^n(l)|^2+|\widehat{f}^n(l+t)\widehat{f}(l+t)|^2dt`$
$`=`$ $`2{\displaystyle \underset{\frac{1}{2}}{\overset{\frac{1}{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{[0,1]}{}}|g_t(x)g_t^n(x)|^2𝑑x𝑑t+2{\displaystyle |f^nf|^2}ϵ`$
where $`ϵ`$ can be arbitrarily small if $`n`$ is large enough. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`g_t`$ be a family of periodizations of $`f`$ as defined in (9). It follows from Lemma 4 that $`\widehat{g}_t(l)=\widehat{f}(l+t)`$ for almost all $`t[\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}]`$. Since supp$`\widehat{f}\underset{n_i}{}[n_i1/2,n_i+1/2]`$, $`g_t`$ has lacunary spectra for almost all $`t`$. Therefore, from Nazarov’s result  for Zygmund’s theorem it follows that

(10) $`{\displaystyle \underset{E[0,1]}{}}|g_t|^2C(\gamma ,R){\displaystyle \underset{0}{\overset{1}{}}}|g_t|^2`$
for almost all $`t[\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}]`$. Applying Lemma 4 and (10) we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \underset{E}{}}|f|^2C(\gamma ,R){\displaystyle |f|^2}.`$
$`\mathrm{}`$


text:
# Geometric Construction of Representations of Affine Algebras

## 1 Finite subgroups of $`\mathrm{𝐒𝐋}_\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{(}𝐂\mathbf{)}`$ and simple Lie algebras

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finite subgroup of $`\mathrm{SL}_2(𝐂)`$. The classification of such subgroups has been well-known to us, since they are essentially symmetry groups of regular polytopes. They are cyclic groups, binary dihedral groups, and binary polyhedral groups (Klein (1884)).

It has been also known that we can associate a complex simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. This can be done in two ways. The first one is geometric and due to DuVal (1934). The second one is algebraic, and is due to McKay (1979).

Let us explain the two constructions and subsequent developments briefly. More detailed account can be found in .

### 1.1 Minimal resolution of $`𝐂^\mathrm{𝟐}\mathbf{/}𝚪`$

Let us consider the quotient space $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. This space has an isolated singularity at the origin. We have a unique minimal resolution $`\pi :M𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, in the sense that all other resolutions factor through $`\pi `$. (For general singularities, we have many resolutions. This speciality occurs in $`2`$-dimensional case.) This singularity is called a simple singularity, and has been intensively studied from various points of view. In particular, the following are known (see e.g., ):

1. The exceptional set $`\pi ^1(0)`$ consists of the union of projective lines.
2. We draw a diagram so that vertices correspond to projective lines (irreducible components) and two vertices are connected by an edge if they intersect. Then we obtain a Dynkin diagram of type $`ADE`$.

We thus have bijections

$$\left\{\text{irreducible components of }\pi ^1(0)\right\}\left\{\text{vertices of the Dynkin diagram}\right\}.$$

The Dynkin diagram appears in the classification of simple Lie algebras. Thus we have a complex simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Since vertices of the Dynkin diagram correspond to simple coroots of $`𝔤`$, the above bijection gives an isomorphism (of vector spaces)

$$𝔥\stackrel{}{}H_2(\pi ^1(0),𝐂),$$
(1.1)
where $`𝔥`$ is the complex Cartan subalgebra of $`𝔤`$.

This correspondence $`\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔤`$ is based on the classification of simple Lie algebras since they attach a Dynkin diagram to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. So the reason why such a result holds remained misterious. A deeper connection between two objects were conjectured by Grothendieck, and obtained by Brieskorn (1970) and Slodowy (1980). They constructed the simple singularity $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in $`𝔤`$. Moreover, its semi-universal deformation and a simultaneous resolution were also constructed using geometry related to $`𝔤`$. We do not recall their results here, so the interested reader should consult .

### 1.2 McKay correspondence

Let $`\{\rho _i\}_{iI}`$ be the set of (isomorphism classes of) irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It has a special element $`\rho _0`$, the class of trivial representation. Let $`Q`$ be the $`2`$-dimensional representation given by the inclusion $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{SL}_2(𝐂)`$. Let us decompose $`Q\rho _i`$ into irreducibles, $`Q\rho _i=_ja_{ij}\rho _j`$, where $`a_{ij}`$ is the multiplicity. We draw a diagram so that vertices correspond to $`\rho _i`$’s, and there are $`a_{ij}`$ edges between $`\rho _i`$ and $`\rho _j`$. (Note that $`a_{ij}=a_{ji}`$ thanks to the self-duality of $`Q`$). Then McKay  observed that the graph is an affine Dynkin diagram of $`\stackrel{~}{A}_n^{(1)},\stackrel{~}{D}_n^{(1)},\stackrel{~}{E}_6^{(1)},\stackrel{~}{E}_7^{(1)}`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{E}_8^{(1)}`$, i.e., the Dynkin diagram of an untwisted affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ attached to a simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ of type $`ADE`$. Furthermore it is also known that the Dynkin diagram given in the previous subsection is obtained by the affine Dynkin diagram by removing the vertex corresponding to the trivial representation $`\rho _0`$. We thus have bijections

$$\left\{\text{irreducible representations of }\mathrm{\Gamma }\right\}\left\{\text{vertices of the affine Dynkin diagram}\right\}.$$

The original McKay’s proof was based on the explicit calculation of characters. The reason why such a result holds remained misterious also in this case. A geometric explanation via the $`K`$-theory of the minimal resolution $`M`$ of $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ was subsequently given by Gonzalez-Sprinberg and Verdier . In particular, they proved that there exists a natural geometric construction of an isomorphism (of abelian groups)

$$R(\mathrm{\Gamma })\stackrel{}{}K(M),$$

where $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is the representation ring of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and $`K(M)`$ is the Grothendieck group of the abelian category of algebraic vector bundles over $`M`$. This result is strengthened and generalized to the higher dimensional case $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{SL}_3(𝐂)`$ .

Note that the above isomorphism together with the Chern character homomorphism leads to an isomorphism $`R(\mathrm{\Gamma })_𝐙𝐂\stackrel{}{}H^{}(M,𝐂),`$ which gives an isomorphism

$$R(\mathrm{\Gamma })_𝐙𝐂\stackrel{}{}\left(𝔥𝐂h_0\right)^{},$$
(1.2)
combined with (1.1). Here $`h_0`$ is the $`0`$th simple coroot of the affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$, and corresponds to the dual of the trivial representation $`\rho _0`$. It corresponds to $`H_0(M,𝐂)H_0(\pi ^1(0),𝐂)`$.

Compared with correspondence in §1.1, our situation is less satisfactory: we only get $`𝔥`$ and the role of $`𝔤`$ or $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ is less clear. This is the starting point of our whole construction. We construct $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ entirely from $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ in some sense. For another approach, see .

## 2 Hilbert schemes of points and their $`𝚪`$-fixed point components — quiver varieties

In 1986, Kronheimer  constructed a simple singularity $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, its deformation and simultaneous resolution, i.e., those spaces constructed by Brieskorn-Slodowy by a totally different method. His construction is based on the theory of ‘quivers’, which is a subject in noncommutative algebras. (See also  for a different approach.) Subsequently in 1989, Kronheimer and the author  gave a description of moduli spaces of instantons (and coherent sheaves) on those spaces in terms of a quiver. It is an analog of the celebrated ADHM description of instantons on $`S^4`$. In 1994, this description was further generalized under the name of ‘quiver varieties’ by the author . The purpose of this and next sections is to define quiver varieties from a slightly different point of view. This is a most economical approach to introduce quiver varieties, while it does not explain why it is something to do with quivers.

Let $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ be the Hilbert scheme of $`n`$ points in the affine plane $`𝐂^2`$. As a set, it consists of ideals $`I`$ of the polynomial ring $`𝐂[x,y]`$ such that the quotient $`𝐂[x,y]/I`$ has dimension $`n`$ as a vector space. Grothendieck constructed $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ as a quasi-projective scheme (for more general setting), but we do not go to this direction in detail. A typical point of $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ is an ideal of functions vanishing at $`n`$ distinct points in $`𝐂^2`$. The space parametrizing (unordered) $`n`$ distinct points is an open subset of the $`n`$th symmetric product $`S^n(𝐂^2)=(𝐂^2)^n/S_n`$ of $`𝐂^2`$, where $`S_n`$ is the symmetric group of $`n`$ letters acting on $`(𝐂^2)^n`$ by permutation of factors. The symmetric product parametrises unordered $`n`$ points with multiplicities. The Hilbert scheme $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ is a different completion of the open set. Two completions are related: Mapping $`I`$ to its support counted with multiplicities, we get a morphism $`\pi :\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)S^n(𝐂^2)`$ which is called a Hilbert-Chow morphism. We have following important geometric results on $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$:

1. $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ is a resolution of singularities of $`S^n(𝐂^2)`$ (Fogarty).
2. $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ has a holomorphic symplectic structure (Beauville, Mukai).

In fact, the author constructed a hyper-Kähler structure on $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$, which induces Beauville-Mukai’s symplectic form, by describing it as a hyper-Kähler quotient. See  and Göttsche’s article in this ICM proceeding for more recent results on $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finite subgroup of $`\mathrm{SL}_2(𝐂)`$ as above. Its natural action on $`𝐂^2`$ induces an action on $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$ and $`S^n(𝐂^2)`$ such that the Hilbert-Chow morphism $`\pi `$ is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant. Let us consider the fixed point set $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`(S^n(𝐂^2))^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The latter is easy to describe:

$$(S^n(𝐂^2))^\mathrm{\Gamma }=S^m(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }),$$

where $`m`$ is the largest integer less than or equal to $`n/\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The difference $`nm\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the multiplicity of the origin. The former space $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a union of nonsingular submanifolds of $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$. If $`I\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the quotient $`𝐂[x,y]/I`$ has a structure of a representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. For an isomorphism class $`𝐯`$ of a representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we define $`M(𝐯)`$ as

$$M(𝐯)=\{I\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)^\mathrm{\Gamma }|[𝐂[x,y]/I]=𝐯\},$$

where $`\left[𝐂[x,y]/I\right]`$ is the isomorphism class of $`𝐂[x,y]/I`$. Since isomorphism classes are parametrized by discrete data, i.e., dimensions of isotropic components, the isomorphism class of $`\left[𝐂[x,y]/I\right]`$ is constant on each connected component. Therefore $`M(𝐯)`$ is a union of connected component. In fact, Crawley-Boevey recently proves that $`M(𝐯)`$ is connected (in fact, he proved it for more general case including varieties discussed in next section) . Moreover, $`M(𝐯)`$ has induced holomorphic symplectic and hyper-Kähelr structures. It is an example of quiver varities of affine type. (See remark at the end of the next section.)

The simplest but nontrivial example is the case when $`𝐯`$ is the class of the regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Under (1.2), the regular representation corresponds to the imaginary root $`\delta `$, which is the positive generator of the kernel of the affine Cartan matrix, is identified with the dimension vector of the regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The dimension of the regular representation is equal to $`\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and thus the fixed point set in the symmetric product is $`(S^{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }}(𝐂^2))^\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We can consider this as the space of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-orbits. A typical point is a free $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-orbit, and is also a point in $`\mathrm{Hilb}^{\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{\Gamma }}(𝐂^2)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as the ideal vanishing at the orbit. In fact, it is not difficult to see that $`M(𝐯)`$ is isomorphic to the minimal resolution $`M`$ of $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The resolution map $`\pi :M𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is given by the restriction of the Hilbert-Chow morphism. This result was obtained by Ginzburg-Kapranov (unpublished) and Ito-Nakamura  independently, but is also a re-interpretation of Kronheimer’s construction . The precise explanation was given in \[29, Chapter 4\].

Recently higher dimensional $`M(𝐯)`$ attract attention in connection with the McKay correspondence for wreath products $`\mathrm{\Gamma }S_n`$ . These $`M(𝐯)`$ are diffeomorphic to the Hilbert schemes of points on the minimal resolution $`\mathrm{Hilb}^nM`$.

## 3 A higher rank generalization of Hilbert schemes

We give a higher rank generalization of Hilbert schemes in this section. But geometric structures remain unchanged for general cases. So a reader, who wants to catch only a rough picture, could safely skip this section.

Let $`𝐏^2`$ be the projective plane with a fixed line $`\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$. So $`𝐏^2=𝐂^2\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$. Let $`𝔐(n,r)`$ be the framed moduli space of torsion free sheaves on $`𝐏^2`$ with rank $`r`$ and $`c_2=n`$, i.e. the set of isomorphism classes of pairs $`(E,\phi )`$, where $`E`$ is a torsion free sheaf of $`\mathrm{rank}E=r`$, $`c_2(E)=n`$, which is locally free in a neighbourhood of $`\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$, and $`\phi `$ is an isomorphism $`\phi :E|_{\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}}\stackrel{}{}𝒪_{\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}}^r`$ (framing at infinity). It is known that this space has a structure of a quasi-projective variety . This is a higher rank generalization of the Hilbert scheme $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$. The analog of $`𝐂[x,y]/I`$ is $`H^1(𝐏^2,E(1))`$ and it is known that $`H^0(𝐏^2,E(1))=H^2(𝐏^2,E(1))=0`$ \[29, Chapter 2\]. It is also known that $`𝔐(n,r)`$ has a holomorphic symplectic (in fact, hyper-Kähler) structure \[29, Chapter 3\].

The higher rank generalization of the symmetric product $`S^n(𝐂^2)`$ is the so-called Uhlenbeck compactification of the framed moduli space of locally free sheaves. (On the other hand, $`𝔐(n,r)`$ is called Gieseker-Maruyama compactification.) It is

$$𝔐_0(n,r)=\underset{n^{}+n^{\prime \prime }=n}{}𝔐_0^{\mathrm{reg}}(n^{},r)\times S^{n^{\prime \prime }}𝐂^2,$$

where $`𝔐_0^{\mathrm{reg}}(n^{},r)`$ is the open subset of $`𝔐(n^{},r)`$ consisting of framed locally free sheaves $`(E,\phi )`$. It is known that $`𝔐_0(n,r)`$ has a structure of an affine algebraic variety \[10, Chapter 3\]. Moreover, the map

$$(E,\phi )(E^{},\phi ,\mathrm{Supp}(E^{}/E))$$

gives a projective morphism $`\pi :𝔐(n,r)𝔐_0(n,r)`$ \[29, Chapter 3\], where $`E^{}`$ is the double dual of $`E`$, which is locally free on surfaces, and $`\mathrm{Supp}(E^{}/E)`$ is the support of $`E^{}/E`$, counted with multiplicities.

When $`r=1`$, there exists only one locally free sheaf which is trivial at $`\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$, i.e., the trivial line bundle $`𝒪_{𝐏^2}`$. So the first factor of the above disappears : $`𝔐_0(n,1)=S^n𝐂^2`$. Moreover, for $`E𝔐(n,1)`$, the double dual $`E^{}`$ must be the trivial line bundle by the same reason. It means that $`E`$ is an ideal sheaf of the structure sheaf $`𝒪_{𝐏^2}`$, so is a point in the Hilbert scheme $`\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)`$. Thus we recover the situation studied in §2.

Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be a finite subgroup of $`\mathrm{SL}_2(𝐂)`$ as before. We take and fix a lift of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-action to $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}}^r`$. It is written as $`W_𝐂𝒪_{\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}}`$, where $`W`$ is a representation $`W`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We denote by $`𝐰`$ the isomorphism class of $`W`$ as before. Now $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts on $`𝔐(n,r)`$, $`𝔐_0(n,r)`$ and we can consider the fixed point sets $`𝔐(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We decompose the former as

$$𝔐(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{𝐯}{}𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),$$

where $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$ consists of the framed torsion free sheaves $`(E,\phi )`$ such that the isomorphism class of $`H^1(𝐏^2,E(1))`$, as a representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, is $`𝐯`$. Each $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$, if it is nonempty, inherits a holomorphic symplectic and hyper-Kähler structures from $`𝔐(n,r)`$.

Arbitrary quiver varieties of affine types with complex parameter equal to $`0`$ are some $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$. The identification with original definition was implicitly given in . It was independently rediscovered by Lusztig . See also . Arbitrary quiver varieties of affine types with nonzero complex parameter are also important in representation theory , though we do not discuss here. Original definition of the varieties was given in terms of quivers. Later these were identified with framed moduli spaces of instantons on a noncommutative deformation $`𝐑^4`$  or those of torsion free sheaves on a noncommutative deformation of $`𝐏^2`$ .

## 4 Stratification and fibers of $`𝝅`$

This technical section will be used to state character formulas later. A reader who only want to know only a rough picture can be skip this section.

We have the following stratification of $`(S^n(𝐂^2))^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and its higher rank analog $`𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The space $`𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ also decompose as

$$\begin{array}{c}(S^n(𝐂^2))^\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{mn}{}S_\lambda ^m(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }),\\ 𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{\begin{array}{c}𝐯^0,\lambda \\ m+|𝐯^0|n\end{array}}{}𝔐_0^{\mathrm{reg}}(𝐯^0,𝐰)\times S_\lambda ^m(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }),\end{array}$$
(4.1)
where $`𝔐_0^{\mathrm{reg}}(𝐯^0,𝐰)`$ is defined exactly as above (it is possibly an empty set), $`|𝐯^0|`$ is the dimension of $`𝐯^0`$ as a complex vector space, $`\lambda =(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _r)`$ is a partition of $`m`$ and

$$S_\lambda ^m(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma })=\left\{\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}\lambda _i[x_i]S^m(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma })\right|x_i0\text{ and }x_ix_j\text{ for }ij\}.$$

The differences $`nm`$ and $`n(m+|𝐯^0|)`$ are the multiplicity of the cycle at the origin $`0`$.

Now it becomes clear that the case $`(S^n(𝐂^2))^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the special case of $`𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`𝐰=\rho _0`$, $`𝐯^0=0`$. So from now, we only consider the second case.

For $`x𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, let $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)_x`$ be the inverse image $`\pi ^1(x)`$ in $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$. The most important one is the central fiber, i.e., the fiber over

$$x=(W_𝐂𝒪_{𝐏^2},\phi ,0).$$

In this case, we use the special notation $`𝔏(𝐯,𝐰)`$. It is known that this is a Lagrangian subvariety of $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$. Suppose that $`x=(E_0,\phi ,C)`$ is contained in the stratum $`𝔐_0^{\mathrm{reg}}(𝐯^0,𝐰)\times S_\lambda ^m(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Then the fiber $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)_x`$ is a pure dimensional subvariety in $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$, which is a product of $`𝔏(𝐯_s,𝐰_s)`$ and copies of punctual Hilbert schemes $`\mathrm{Hilb}_0^{\lambda _i}(𝐂^2)`$ for some $`𝐯_s`$, $`𝐰_s`$. The proof of this statement in \[27, §6\], \[31, §3\] was given only when $`m=0`$ and explained in terms of quivers, so we give more direct argument in our situation. The fiber $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)_x`$ parametrises $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-invariant subsheaves $`E`$ of $`E_0`$ such that $`\left[H^1(𝐏^2,E(1))\right]=𝐯`$ and $`\mathrm{Supp}E_0/E=C`$. Equivalently, it parametrises $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivariant $`0`$-dimensional quotients $`E_0Q`$ such that $`\left[H^0(𝐏^2,Q)\right]=𝐯𝐯^0`$ and $`\mathrm{Supp}Q=C`$. Such quotients depend only on a local structure on $`E_0`$, so we can replace $`E_0`$ by $`W_s_𝐂𝒪_{𝐏^2}`$, where $`W_s`$ is the fiber of $`E_0`$ at the origin considered as a representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The isomorphism class $`𝐰_s`$ of $`W_s`$ is given by $`𝐰_s=𝐰\mathrm{𝐂𝐯}^0`$, where $`𝐂`$ is the class of the virtural representation $`^0Q^1Q+^2Q=2\rho _0Q`$, and $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐯}^0`$ means the tensor product $`𝐂𝐯^0`$. Therefore it becomes clear now that we have

$$𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)_x𝔏(𝐯𝐯^0m\delta ,𝐰_s)\times \underset{i}{}\mathrm{Hilb}_0^{\lambda _i}(𝐂^2),$$

where $`\delta `$ is considered as the class of the regular representation, and $`\mathrm{Hilb}_0^{\lambda _i}(𝐂^2)`$ is the punctural Hilbert scheme, i.e., the inverse image of $`\lambda _i[0]`$ by the Hilbert-Chow morphism $`\pi :\mathrm{Hilb}^{\lambda _i}(𝐂^2)S^{\lambda _i}(𝐂^2)`$. The punctural Hilbert schemes are known to be irreducible, thus $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)_x`$ is pure-dimensional if and only if $`𝔏(𝐯𝐯^0m\delta ,𝐰_s)`$ is so. But the latter statement is known \[27, §5\].

## 5 A geometric construction of the affine Lie algebra

After writing , the author tried to use this generalized ADHM description to study these varieties $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$. But it turned out to be not so easy as he had originally hoped. When he struggled the problem, he heard a talk by Lusztig in ICM 90 Kyoto on a construction of canonical bases by using quivers. Lusztig’s construction  was motivated by Ringel’s construction  of the upper half part of the quantized enveloping algebra via the Hall algebra. The author thought that this construction should be useful to attack the problem. Two years later, he began to understand the picture. Quiver varieties $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$ are, very roughly, cotangent bundles of varieties used by Ringel and Lusztig, and similar construction is possible . A little later, he graduately realized that quiver varieties are also similar to cotangent bundles of flag varieties and the map $`\pi `$ is an analog of Springer resolution. These varieties had been used to give geometric constructions of Weyl groups (Springer representations) and affine Hecke algebras (Deligne-Langlands conjecture). (See a beautifully written text book by N. Chriss and V. Ginzburg  and the references therein for these matereial.) The technique is the convolution product (see below) and works quite general. So he (and some others) conjectured that these construction should be adapted to quiver varieties. This conjecture turned out to be true . We explain the constructions in this and next sections. The relation between our constructions and Ringel-Lusztig construction was explained in  and will not be reproduced here.

### 5.1 Convolution algebra

We apply the theory of the convolution algebra to varieties introduced in the previous sections to obtain the universal enveloping algebra $`𝐔(\widehat{𝔤})`$ of the affine algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$.

We continue to fix a representation $`W`$ of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and denote by $`𝐰`$ its isomorphism class. For the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-fixed point set of Hilbert schemes, studied in §2, $`W`$ is the trivial representation.

We introduce the following notation:

$$\begin{array}{c}𝔐(𝐰)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}.}{=}\underset{n}{}𝔐(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{𝐯}{}𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),𝔏(𝐰)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}.}{=}\underset{𝐯}{}𝔏(𝐯,𝐰),\\ 𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}.}{=}\underset{n}{}𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }.\end{array}$$

The first and second are disjoint union. For the last, we use the inclusion $`𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }𝔐_0(n^{},r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ for $`nn^{}`$ given by

$$(E,\phi ,C)(E,\phi ,C+(n^{}n)0).$$

For $`r=1`$, these are

$$\underset{n}{}\left(\mathrm{Hilb}^n(𝐂^2)\right)^\mathrm{\Gamma },\underset{n}{}(S^n𝐂^2)^\mathrm{\Gamma }=\underset{n}{}S^n(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }),$$

where the inclusion $`S^n(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma })S^n^{}(𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma })`$ is given by adding $`(n^{}n)0`$ as above.

Rigorously speaking, we cannot study $`𝔐(𝐰)`$ and $`𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$ directly since they are infinite dimensional. We need to work individual spaces $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)`$, $`𝔐_0(n,r)^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. But we use those spaces as if they are finite dimensional spaces for a notational convenience.

We consider the fiber product

$$Z(𝐰)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}.}{=}𝔐(𝐰)\times _{𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)}𝔐(𝐰).$$

It consists of pairs $`(E,\phi )`$, $`(E^{},\phi ^{})`$ such that

1. $`E^{}E^{}`$
2. $`\mathrm{Supp}E^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{Supp}E^{}`$ are equal in the complement of the origin.

The multiplicities of $`\mathrm{Supp}E^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{Supp}E^{}`$ at the origin may be different since we consider the inclusion above.

One can show that this is a lagrangian subvariety in $`𝔐(𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐰)`$. (The same remark as $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)_x`$ in §4 applies here also.) Let us consider its top degree Borel-Moore homology group

$$H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂).$$

More precisely, it is the subspace of

$$\underset{𝐯^1,𝐯^2}{}H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰)\left(𝔐(𝐯^1,𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐯^2,𝐰)\right),𝐂)$$

consisting of elements $`(F_{𝐯^1,𝐯^2})`$ such that

1. for fixed $`𝐯^1`$, $`F_{𝐯^1,𝐯^2}=0`$ for all but finitely many choices of $`𝐯^2`$,
2. for fixed $`𝐯^2`$, $`F_{𝐯^1,𝐯^2}=0`$ for all but finitely many choices of $`𝐯^1`$.

The degree $`\mathrm{top}`$ depends on $`𝐯^1`$, $`𝐯^2`$, but we supress the dependency for brevity.

Let us consider the convolution product

$$:H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂)H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂)H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂)$$

given by

$$cc^{}=p_{13}\left(p_{12}^{}(c)p_{23}^{}(c^{})\right),$$

where $`p_{ij}`$ is the projection from the triple product $`𝔐(𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐰)`$ to the double product $`𝔐(𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐰)`$ of the $`i`$th and $`j`$th factors. More detail for the definition of the convolution product, say $`p_{12}^{}`$, $``$, is explained in , but we want to emphasize one point. The statement that the result $`cc^{}`$ has top degree is the consequence of $`dimZ(𝐰)=\frac{1}{2}dim𝔐(𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐰)`$. Although we are considering $`Z(𝐰)`$ having infinitely many connected components, the convolution is well-defined and $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂)`$ is an associative algebra with unit, thanks to the above definition of the subspace in the direct product.

For $`x𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$, let $`𝔐(𝐰)_x`$ be the inverse image $`\pi ^1(x)`$ in $`𝔐(𝐰)`$. We consider the top degree homology group

$$H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)$$

which is the usual direct sum of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$ (unlike the case of $`Z(𝐰)`$). The convolution product makes this space into a module of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂)`$.

###### Theorem 5.1.

Let $`𝐔(\widehat{𝔤})`$ be the universal enveloping algebra of the untwisted affine algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ corresponding to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. (NB: not a ‘quantum’ version). There exists an algebra homomorphism

$$𝐔(\widehat{𝔤})H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂).$$

Furthermore, if we consider $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)`$ as a $`𝐔(\widehat{𝔤})`$-module via the homomorphism, it is an irreducible integrable highest weight representation and the direct summands $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$ are weight spaces.

This theorem was essentially proved in  with a modification for general $`x`$ mentioned above.

The highest weight of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)`$ and weights of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$ are determined explicitly in terms of $`𝐯`$, $`𝐰`$ and the stratum to which $`x`$ belongs. For example, in the case of the central fiber $`𝔏(𝐯,𝐰)`$, the highest weight is $`𝐰`$, considered as a dominant integral weight as $`𝐰=_iw_i\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,`$ where $`w_i`$ is the $`\rho _i`$ component of $`𝐰`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i`$ is the $`i`$th fundamental weight. Here we use the identification of the irreducible representation $`\rho _i`$ and a vertex of the affine Dynkin diagram given by McKay correspondence. The weight of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔏(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$ is $`𝐰𝐯`$, where $`𝐯=_iv_i\alpha _i`$ with the $`\rho _i`$-component $`v_i`$ of $`𝐯`$ and $`i`$th simple root $`\alpha _i`$. The highest weight vector is the fundamental class $`[𝔏(0,𝐰)]`$, where $`𝔐(0,𝐰)=𝔏(0,𝐰)`$ consists of a single point $`E=W_𝐂𝒪_{𝐏^2}`$.

For the case studied in §2, $`𝐰`$ is the $`0`$th fundamental weight $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$. The corresponding integrable highest weight representation is called the basic representation in literature. If we vary $`𝐰`$, we get all integrable highest weight representations as $`_𝐯H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔏(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$. It is worth while remarking that this is an extension of (1.1) since the Cartan subalgebra $`𝔥`$ is naturally contained in the Cartan subalgebra. Furthermore, the finite dimensional Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ is embedded in the basic representation, and we get

$$𝔤\underset{v_0=1}{}H_{\mathrm{top}}(M(𝐯),𝐂),$$

where $`v_0`$ is the $`\rho _0`$-isotropic component of $`𝐯`$. This is an extension of (1.1), mentioned before. In fact, it is easy to see that if $`𝐯`$ is not $`\delta `$, then $`M(𝐯)`$ is either empty, or a single point. The latter holds if and only if $`𝐯`$, considered as an element of $`𝔥^{}`$ by removing $`v_0`$, is a root of $`𝔤`$.

If we fix $`𝐰`$ and vary $`x`$, we still obtain various integrable highest weight representations. The highest weight of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)`$ is $`𝐰𝐯^0m\delta `$, where $`𝐯^0`$, $`m`$ are determined by $`x`$ as in §4, and $`𝐰`$, $`𝐯^0`$ are considered as weights as above. The weight of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$ is equal to $`𝐰𝐯`$. All of their highest weights are less than or equal to $`𝐰`$ with respect to the dominance order. In particular, when $`𝐰=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$, those have highest weights $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0n\delta `$ for some $`n𝐙_0`$. They are essentially isomorphic to the basic representation.

We explain how the algebra homomorphism $`𝐔(\widehat{𝔤})H_{\mathrm{top}}(Z(𝐰),𝐂)`$ is defined. It is enough to define the image of Chevalley generators $`e_i`$, $`f_i`$, $`h_i`$ ($`iI`$), $`d`$ of $`𝐔(\widehat{𝔤})`$ (and check the defining relations). The images of $`h_i`$ and $`d`$ are multiples of fundamental classes of diagonales in $`𝔐(𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐰)`$. More precisely, the multiple is determined so that the weight of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x𝔐(𝐯,𝐰),𝐂)`$ is equal to $`𝐰𝐯`$. The image of $`e_i`$ is the fundamental classe of the so-called ‘Hecke correspondence’:

$$\underset{𝐯}{}\left\{((E,\phi ),(E^{},\phi ^{}))𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐯+\rho _i,𝐰)\right|EE^{}\}.$$
(5.1)
It is known that each component is a nonsingular lagrangian subvariety of $`𝔐(𝐯,𝐰)\times 𝔐(𝐯+\rho _i,𝐰)`$. Hence it is an irreducible component of $`Z(𝐰)`$. The image of $`f_i`$ is given by swapping the first and second factors, up to sign.

As an application of the above construction, we get a base of $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)`$ indexed by the irreducible components of $`𝔐(𝐰)_x`$. It has a structure of the crystal in the sense of Kashiwara, and is isomorphic to the crystal of the corresponding integrable highest weight module of the quantum affine algebra by Kashiwara-Saito . (See also  for a different proof.) However, the base itself is different from the specialization of the canonical (= global crystal) base of the quantum affine algebra module at $`q=1`$. A counter example was found in . The base given by irreducible components is named semicanonical base by Lusztig .

### 5.2 Lower degree homology groups

The construction in the previous subsection, in fact, gives us a structure of a representation of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ on

$$H_{\mathrm{top}d}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)$$

for each fixed integer $`d`$. It is an integrable representation, and decomposes into irreducible representations. The multiplicity formula can be expressed in terms of the intersection cohomology thanks to Beilinson-Bernstein-Deligne-Gabber’s decomposition theorem  applied to the morphism $`\pi :𝔐(𝐰)𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$. In our situation, $`\pi `$ is a semi-small morphism, i.e., the restriction of $`\pi `$ to the inverse image of the stratum (4.1) is a topological fiber bundle, and

$$2dim𝔐(𝐰)_x\mathrm{codim}𝒪_x,$$

where $`𝒪_x`$ is the stratum containing $`x`$. Then as observed by Borho-MacPherson , the decomposition theorem is simplified. We introduce several notation to describe the formula. We choose a point $`y`$ from each stratum in (4.1). We denote the stratum containing $`y`$ by $`𝒪_y`$. Let $`IC(𝒪_y)`$ is the intersection homology complex of $`𝒪_y`$ with respect to the trivial local system.

###### Theorem 5.2.

We have the following decomposition as a representation of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$:

$$H_{\mathrm{top}d}(𝔐(𝐰)_x,𝐂)=\underset{y}{}H^{d+dim𝒪_x}(i_x^!IC(𝒪_y))H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_y,𝐂),$$

where $`i_x:\{x\}𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$ is the inclusion. Here $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ acts trivially on the first factor of the right hand side.

For a general semi-small morphism, we may have an intersection homology complex with respect to a nontrivial local system in the decomposition. In order to show that such a summand does not appear, the fact that $`H_{\mathrm{top}}(𝔐(𝐰)_y,𝐂)`$ is a highest weight module plays a crucial role (see  for detail).

Note also that when $`𝐰=\rho _0`$, the closure of each stratum is a symmetric product of $`𝐂^2/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (4.1). In particular, they only have finite quotient singularities, and their intersection homology complex are equal to the constant sheaf. Therefore our formula are simplified. One finds that $`H_{}(𝔏(𝐰),𝐂)`$ is isomorphic to the so-called ‘Fock space’. Later we will show that the total homology $`H_{}(𝔏(𝐰),𝐂)`$ has a structure of a representation of a specialized quantum toroidal algebra in the next section. Then this observation generalizes a result  for type $`A_n^{(1)}`$ to untwisted affine Lie algebras of type $`ADE`$.

## 6 Equivariant $`𝑲`$-theory and quantum toroidal algebras

In this section, we replace the top degree homology group $`H_{\mathrm{top}}`$ in the previous section by equivariant $`K`$-groups. Then we obtain a geometric construction of a quantum toroidal algebra $`𝐔_q(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$. It is a $`q`$–analog of the loop algebra $`𝐋\widehat{𝔤}=\widehat{𝔤}_𝐂𝐂[z,z^1]`$ of the affine algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$. Since $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ is already a (central extension of) loop alebra of $`𝔤`$, $`𝐋\widehat{𝔤}`$ is a ‘double-loop’ algebra of $`𝔤`$. The quantum toroidal algebra is defined by replacing $`𝔤`$ by $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ in the so-called Drinfeld realization of the quantum loop algebra $`𝐔_q(𝐋𝔤)`$, which is a subquotient of the quantum affine algebra $`𝐔_q(\widehat{𝔤})`$, defined by Drinfeld, Jimbo.

Let $`G_𝐰=\mathrm{Aut}_\mathrm{\Gamma }(W)`$ be the group of automorphisms of the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module $`W`$. If $`w_i`$ is the multiplicity of $`\rho _i`$ in $`W`$, we have $`G_𝐰_i\mathrm{GL}_{w_i}(𝐂)`$. We have a natural action of $`G_𝐰`$ on $`𝔐(𝐰)`$ and $`𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$ by the change of the framing:

$$\phi g\phi ,gG_𝐰.$$

The projective morphism $`𝔐(𝐰)𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$ is equivariant.

Let $`𝐂^{}`$ act on $`𝐂^2`$ by $`t(x,y)=(tx,ty)`$. It extends to an action on $`𝐏^2`$, where it acts trivially on $`\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}`$. Note that this action commutes with the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-action. Then we have a natural induced $`𝐂^{}`$-action on $`𝔐(𝐰)`$ and $`𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$ so that the projection $`\pi `$ is equivariant. Combining two actions we have an action of $`G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}`$ on $`𝔐(𝐰)`$ and $`𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)`$. (This action is different from the action studied in  for type $`A_1^{(1)}`$. We need to change the definition of $`𝐔_q(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$ in that paper to apply the result in this section. This comes from the umbiguity of the definition of a $`q`$-analog of the Cartan matrix.)

Let $`K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(Z(𝐰))`$ be the equivariant $`K`$-homology group of $`Z(𝐰)`$ with respect to the above $`G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}`$-action. (More precisely, it should be defined as a subspace of the direct product as in the case of homology groups.) It is a module over the representation ring $`R(G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{})=𝐙[q,q^1]_𝐙R(G_𝐰)`$, where $`q`$ is the natural $`1`$-dimensional representation of $`𝐂^{}`$. The convolution product makes $`K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(Z(𝐰))`$ into a $`R(G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{})`$-algebra. We divide its torsion part over $`𝐙[q,q^1]`$ and denote it by $`K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(Z(𝐰))/\mathrm{torsion}`$. (It is conjectured that the torsion is, in fact, $`0`$.)

###### Theorem 6.1.

There exists a $`𝐙[q,q^1]`$-algebra homomorphism

$$𝐔_q^𝐙(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(Z(𝐰))/\mathrm{torsion},$$

where $`𝐔_q^𝐙(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$ is a certain $`𝐙[q,q^1]`$-subalgebra (conjecturally an integral form) of $`𝐔_q(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$.

The definition of the homomorphism is similar to the case of homology groups. The image of the $`q`$-analog of $`e_iz^r`$ is given by a natural line bundles on the Hecke correspondence (5.1) whose fiber at $`((E,\phi ),(E^{},\phi ^{}))`$ is $`H^0(E^{}/E)^r`$.

Let us explain how we can use this algebra homomorphism to study representations of specialized quantum toroidal algebra $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋\widehat{𝔤})=𝐔_q^𝐙(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})|_{q=\epsilon }`$, where $`\epsilon `$ is a nonzero complex number which may or may not be a root of unity. A natural generalization of finite dimensional representations of $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋𝔤)`$ are l–integrable representations. (See  for the definition.) The Drinfeld-Chari-Pressley classification  of irreducible finite dimensional reprentation of $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋𝔤)`$ has a natural analog in $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$: Irreducible l–integrable representations of $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$ are parametrized by $`I`$–tuple of polynomials $`P_i(u)`$ with $`P_i(0)=1`$, where $`I`$ is the set of vertices of the affine Dynkin diagram.

Irreducible representations are obtained in the following way. Let us consider the equivariant homology $`K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(𝔏(𝐰))`$, which is without torsion. It is a module of $`𝐔_q^𝐙(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$ and called a universal standard module. For a semisimple element $`(s,\epsilon )G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}`$, we consider the evaluation homomorphism $`R(G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{})𝐂`$. Then the specialization

$$K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(𝔏(𝐰))_{R(G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{})}𝐂$$

is a representation of $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$. This is called a standard module. It has a unique irreducible quotient, and the associated polynomials are the characteristic polynomials of components of $`s`$. (Recall $`G_𝐰=_{iI}\mathrm{GL}_{w_i}(𝐂)`$.)

In order to state character formulas, which is very similar to Theorem 5.2, we need a little more notation. Let $`A`$ be the Zariski closure of powers of $`(s,\epsilon )`$ in $`G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}`$. Let $`𝔐(𝐰)^A`$, $`𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)^A`$, $`Z(𝐰)^A`$ be the fixed point sets. We have a chain of natural algebra homomorphisms

$$\begin{array}{c}K^{G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}}(Z(𝐰))_{R(G_𝐰\times 𝐂^{})}𝐂K^A(Z(𝐰))_{R(A)}𝐂\hfill \\ \hfill K(Z(𝐰)^A)_𝐙𝐂H_{}(Z(𝐰)^A,𝐂),\end{array}$$

where the first one is induced by the inclusion $`AG_𝐰\times 𝐂^{}`$, the second one is given by the localization theorem in the equivariant $`K`$-theory, and the last one is the Chern character homomorphism. (In fact, we need ‘twists’ for the last two. See  for detail.)

There exists a natural stratification of $`𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)^A`$ similar to (4.1). We choose a point $`y`$ in each stratum and denote by $`𝒪_y`$ the stratum containing $`y`$. If $`𝔐(𝐰)_y^A`$ denotes the inverse image of $`y`$ in $`𝔐(𝐰)^A`$ under $`\pi `$, the homology group $`H_{}(𝔐(𝐰)_y^A,𝐂)`$ is a representation of $`H_{}(Z(𝐰)^A,𝐂)`$, and hence that of $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$. (When $`y=0`$, it is the standard module.) Analog of Theorem 5.2 is the following:

###### Theorem 6.2.

We have the following in the Grothendieck group of the abelian category of l–integrable representations of $`𝐔_\epsilon (𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$

$$H_{}(𝔐(𝐰)_x^A,𝐂)=\underset{y}{}H^{}(i_x^!IC(𝒪_y))L_y,$$

where $`L_y`$ is the unique irreducible quotient of $`H_{}(𝔐(𝐰)_y^A,𝐂)`$.

(The right hand side is an infinite sum, so we must understand it in an appropriate way. But it should be clear how it can be done.)

In this case, we apply the decomposition theorem to $`𝔐(𝐰)^A𝔐_0(\mathrm{},𝐰)^A`$. It is not semi-small any more. So the degrees in the left and righ hand sides do not have clear relations.

###### Remarks 6.3.

(1) We stated our results for the affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ and the quantum toroidal algebra $`𝐔_q(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$. But they also hold for the finite dimensional Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ and the quantum loop algebra $`𝐔_q(𝐋𝔤)`$, if we impose the condition $`v_0=w_0=0`$. It is known that $`𝐔_q(𝐋𝔤)`$ is a Hopf algebra (since it is a subquotient of the quantum affine algebra), and the standard modules are isomorphic to tensor products of l–fundamental representations when $`\epsilon `$ is not a root of unity . Here l–fundamental representations are irreducible representations corresponding to $`𝐰=\rho _i`$. In particular, the tensor product decomposition in the representation ring can be expressed in terms of intersection homology groups.

(2) Our remaining tasks are computing dimensions of $`H^{}(i_x^!IC(𝒪_y))`$ appearing in Theorems 5.2, 6.2. In  we gave a purely combinatorial algorithm to compute them. This algorithm can be made into a computer program. The algorithm was stated for the quantum loop algebra $`𝐔_q(𝐋𝔤)`$, but works also for $`𝐔_q(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$. This means that for any given stratum $`𝒪_y`$, $`dimH^{}(i_x^!IC(𝒪_y))`$ is, in principle, computable. However, it is practically difficult to compute because we need lots of memory. And, for $`𝐔_q(𝐋\widehat{𝔤})`$, the summation is infinite. So having an algorithm to compute each term is not a strong statement. It is desirable to have an alternative method to compute them. That has be done in some special classes of representations .