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# Supersymmetric Field-Theoretic Models on a Supermanifold

## 1 Introduction

There are topics in the physical literature which do not exhaust themselves, but always deserve new analyses. Amongst these, the program to a quantum gravity theory has a significant part, remaining an open problem of Physics and an active area of current research. In spite of the fact that many attempts have been made to include gravity in the quantization program, a satisfactory and definitive theory still does not exist. Many lines of research in quantum gravity developed over last decades, under different names, such as the Supergravity, Kaluza-Klein, String, Twistors, D-brane, Loop Quantum Gravity, Noncommutative Geometry and Topos theories, have elucidated the role of quantum gravity, without, however, providing conclusive results (see for instance  for a recent review of the status of quantum gravity). Whereas these good ideas stay only as good promises in the direction of a final theory of the quantum gravity, and since the relevant scale of the Standard Model, or any of its supersymmetric extensions, is much below the typical gravity scale, it seems appropriate to treat, in an intermediate step, some aspects of gravity in quantum field theory by considering the approach which describes the matter quantum fields under the influence of a gravitational background. This framework has a wide range of physical applicability, the most prominent being the gravitational effect of particle creation in the vicinity of black-holes, raised up for the first time by Hawking .

The study of quantum field theories on a general manifold has become an area of intensive research activity, and a substantial progress has been made on a variety of interesting problems. In particular, great strides have been made towards the understanding of the question of how the spectral condition can be defined. While the most of the Wightman axioms can be implemented on a curved spacetime, the spectral condition (which expresses the positivity of the energy) represents a serious conceptual problem. On a flat spacetime the Poincaré covariance, in particular the translations, guarantees the positivity of the spectrum, and fixes a unique vacuum state; but on a general curved spacetime, due the absence of a global Poincaré group, there does not exist a useful notion of a vacuum state. As a result, the concept of particles becomes ambiguous, and the problem of the physical interpretation becomes much more difficult. One possible resolution to this difficulty is to choose some quantities other than particles content to label quantum states. Such an advice was given by Wald  with the purpose of finding the expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor. For free fields, this approach leds to the concept of Hadamard states. The latter are thought to be good candidates for describing physical states, at least for free quantum field theories in curved spacetime, according to the work of DeWitt and Brehme  (see  for a general review and references). In a seminal work, Radzikowski  showed that the global Hadamard condition can be locally characterized in terms of the wavefront set, and proved a conjecture by Kay  that a locally Hadamard quasi-free Klein-Gordon state on any globally hyperbolic curved spacetime must be globally Hadamard. His proof relies on a general wavefront set spectrum condition for the two-point distribution, which has made the connection with the spectral condition much more transparent (see also ).

The wavefront set was introduced by the mathematicians Hörmander and Duistermaat around 1971  in their studies on the propagation of singularities of pseudodifferential operators, which rely on what is now known as a microlocal point of view. This subject is growing of importance, with a range of applications going beyond the original problems of linear partial equations. In particular, the link with quantum field theories on a curved spacetime is now firmly established, specially after Radzikowski’s work. A considerable amount of recent papers devoted to this subject - emphazises the importance of the microlocal technique to solving some previously unsolved problems.

At the same time, it seems that not so much attention has been drawn to supersymmetric theories in this direction. Much of the progress made in understanding the physics of elementary particles has been achieved through a study of supersymmetry. The latter is a subject of considerable interest amongst physicists and mathematicians. It is not only it fascinanting in its own right; in the 30 years that have passed since its proposal, supersymmetry has been studied intensively in the belief that such theories may play a part in a unified theory of the fundamental forces, and many issues are understood much better now. Although no clear signal has been observed up to now, supersymmetry is believed to be detectable, at least if certain minimal models of particle physics turn out to be realized in nature, and calculations and phenomenological analysis of supersymmetry models are well-justified in view of the forthcoming generation of machines, as the new super collider LHC being buit at CERN, which is expected to operate in a few years time and will have probably enough high energy to reveal some of the predicted supersymmetry particles, such as neutralinos, sleptons and may be indirectly squarks. It also has proven to be a tool to link the quantum field theory and noncommutative geometry . Furthermore, in recent years the supersymmetry have been instrumental in uncovering non-perturbative aspects of quantum theories . All of this gives strong motivations for trying to get a deeper understanding of the structure and of the properties of supersymmetric field theories.

This work is inspired in the structurally significant, recent results on quantum fields propagating in a globally hyperbolic, curved spacetime, and represents a natural attempting to construct a generalization of some of the conventional mathematical structures used in quantum field theory, such as manifolds, so as to include superfield models in supermanifolds (curved superspaces). These structural questions are not without physical interest and relevance! It is the purpose of the present paper to study how such a construction can be achieved.

The outline of the paper is as follows. We shall begin in Sec. 2 by describing some global properties of supermanifolds according to Rogers , and the problem of constructing their bodies in the sense of Catenacci et al.  and Bryant . Then, by working with a class of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifolds constructed by Bonora-Pastin-Tonin  (BPT-supermanifolds), we demonstrate that this class of supermanifolds satisfies the criterions which guarantee that a supermanifold admits a Hausdorff body manifold. In Sec. 3, superdistributions on superspace are defined. We derive some results not contained in . In particular, we generalize straightforwardly the notion of distributions defined on a manifold to distributions defined on a supermanifold. In Sec. 4, we discuss the algebraic formalism so as to include supersymmetry on a supermanifold. The results from this section may be seen as a natural extension of the “Haag-Kastler-Dimock” axioms  for local “observables” to supermanifolds. In Sec. 5, we summarize some basics on the description of Hadamard (super)states. The focus of the Sec. 6 will be on the extension of the Hörmander’s description of the singularity structure (wavefront set) of a distribution to include the supersymmetric case. This fills a gap in the literature between the usual textbook presentation of the singularity structure of superfunctions and the rigorous mathematical treatment based on microlocal analysis. In Sec. 7, we present the characterization of a type of microlocal spectral condition for a superstate $`\omega ^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ with $`m`$-point superdistribution $`\omega _m^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ on a supermanifold, in terms of the wavefront set of superdistributions, which is equivalent to the requirement that all of the component fields satisfy the microlocal spectral conditions  on the body manifold. This is in accordance with the DeWitt’s remark  which asserts that in physical applications of supersymmetric quantum field theories, the spectral condition of the GNS-Hilbert superspace is restricted to the ordinary GNS-Hilbert space that sits inside the GNS-Hilbert superspace. Finally, the Sec. 8 contains ours final considerations.

## 2 Notions of Supermanifolds

This section introduces some few basic fundamentals on the theory of supermanifolds. We follow here the work of Rogers  which is both general and mathematically rigorous. Rogers’ theory has an advantage, a supermanifold is an ordinary Banach manifold endowed with a Grassmann algebra structure, so that the topological constructions have their standard meanings. In this context see also the Refs. -.

We start by introducing first some definitions and concepts of a Grassmann-Banach algebra, i.e., a Grassmann algebra endowed with a Banach algebra structure. This leads to the key concept of supercommutative superalgebra.

###### DEFINITION 2.1.

An algebra is said to be a supercommutative superalgebra $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ – or a $`_2`$-graded commutative algebra – if $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the direct sum $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$ of two complementary subspaces such that $`1\mathrm{I}\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$. Moreover, for all homegeneous element $`x`$, $`y`$ in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`xy=(1)^{|x||y|}yx`$, where $`|x|=0`$ if $`x\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ and $`|x|=1`$ if $`x\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$. In particular, it follows that the square of odd elements is zero.

Elements from $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$ are said to be homegeneous if they have a definite parity, i.e., an element $`x\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ is said to have even parity, while an element $`x\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$ is said to have odd parity. Products of homogeneous elements of the same parity are even and of elements of different parities are odd.

We shall assume that the superalgebra $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a Banach space with norm $``$ satisfying the condition

$$xyxy,x,y\mathrm{\Lambda };1\mathrm{I}=1.$$

Let $`L`$ be a finite positive integer and $`𝒢`$ denote a Grassmann algebra, such that $`𝒢`$ can naturally be decomposed as the direct sum $`𝒢=𝒢_0𝒢_1`$, where $`𝒢_0`$ consists of the even (commuting) elements and $`𝒢_1`$ consists of the odd (anti-commuting) elements in $`𝒢`$, respectively. Let $`M_L`$ denote the set of sequences $`\{(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k)1kL;\mu _i;1\mu _1<\mathrm{}<\mu _kL\}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ represent the empty sequence in $`M_L`$, and $`(j)`$ denote the sequence with just one element $`j`$. A basis of $`𝒢`$ is given by monomials of the form $`\{\xi _\mathrm{\Omega },\xi ^{\mu _1}\xi ^{\mu _2},\mathrm{},\xi ^{\mu _1}\xi ^{\mu _2}\mathrm{}\xi ^{\mu _k}\}`$ for all $`\mu M_L`$, such that $`\xi _\mathrm{\Omega }=1\mathrm{I}`$ and $`\xi ^{(i)}\xi ^{(j)}+\xi ^{(j)}\xi ^{(i)}=0`$ for $`1i,jL`$. Futhermore, there is no other independent relations among the generators. By $`𝒢_L`$ we denote the Grassmann algebra with $`L`$ generators, where the even and the odd elements, respectively, take their values. $`L`$ being assumed a finite integer (the number of generators $`L`$ could be possibly infinite), it means that the sequence terminates at $`\xi ^1\mathrm{}\xi ^L`$ and there are only $`2^L`$ distinct basis elements. An arbitrary element $`q𝒢_L`$ has the form

$$q=q_𝐛+\underset{(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k)M_L}{}q_{\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k}\xi ^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\xi ^{\mu _k},$$
(2.1)
where $`q_𝐛,q_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _k}`$ are real numbers. An even or odd element is specified by $`2^{L1}`$ real parameters. The number $`q_𝐛`$ is called the body of $`q`$, while the remainder $`qq_𝐛`$ is the soul of $`q`$, denoted $`s(q)`$. The element $`q`$ is invertible if, and only if, its body is non-zero.

With reference to supersymmetric field theories, the commuting variable $`x`$ has the form

$$x=x_𝐛+x_{ij}\xi ^i\xi ^j+x_{ijkl}\xi ^i\xi ^j\xi ^k\xi ^l+\mathrm{},$$
(2.2)
where $`x_𝐛,x_{ij},x_{ijkl},\mathrm{}`$ are real variables. Similarly, the anticommuting variables (in the Weyl representation) $`\theta `$ and $`\overline{\theta }=(\theta )^{}`$ have the form

$$\theta =\theta _i\xi ^i+\theta _{ijk}\xi ^i\xi ^j\xi ^k+\mathrm{},\overline{\theta }=\overline{\theta }_i\xi ^i+\overline{\theta }_{ijk}\xi ^i\xi ^j\xi ^k+\mathrm{},$$
(2.3)
where $`\theta _i,\theta _{ijk},\mathrm{}`$ are complex variables. The summation over repeated indices is to be understood unless otherwise stated.

###### Remark 2.1.

As pointed out by Vladimirov-Volovich , from the physical point of view, superfields are not functions of $`\theta _i,\theta _{ijk},\mathrm{}`$ and $`x_𝐛,x_{ij},x_{ijkl},\mathrm{}`$, but only depend on these variables through $`\theta `$ and $`x`$, as it occurs with ordinary complex analysis where analytic functions of the complex variables $`z=x+iy`$ are not arbitrary functions of the variables $`x`$ and $`y`$, but functions that depend on $`x`$ and $`y`$ through $`z`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

The Grassmann algebra may be topologized. Consider the complete norm on $`𝒢_L`$ defined by :

$$q_p=\left(|q_𝐛|^p+\underset{(\mu )=1}{\overset{L}{}}|q_{\mu _1\mathrm{}\mu _k}|^p\right)^{1/p}.$$
(2.4)
A useful topology on $`𝒢`$ is the topology induced by this norm. The norm $`_1`$ is called the Rogers norm and $`𝒢_L(1)`$ the Rogers algebra . The Grassmann algebra $`𝒢`$ equipped with the norm (2.4) becomes a Banach space. In fact $`𝒢`$ becomes a Banach algebra, i.e., $`1\mathrm{I}=1`$ and $`qq^{}qq^{}`$ for all $`q,q^{}𝒢`$.

###### DEFINITION 2.2.

A Grassmann-Banach algebra is a Grassmann algebra endowed with a Banach algebra structure.

A superspace must be constructed using as a building block a Grassmann-Banach algebra $`𝒢_L`$ and not only a Grassmann algebra.

###### DEFINITION 2.3.

Let $`𝒢_L=𝒢_{L,0}𝒢_{L,1}`$ be a Grassmann-Banach algebra. Then the $`(m,n)`$-dimensional superspace is the topological space $`𝒢_L^{m,n}=𝒢_{L,0}^m\times 𝒢_{L,1}^n`$, which generalizes the space $`^m`$, consisting of the Cartesian product of $`m`$ copies of the even part of $`𝒢_L`$ and $`n`$ copies of the odd part.

For an $`(m,n)`$-dimensional superspace, a typical element of this set used in physics is denoted by $`(z)=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_{m+n})=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,\theta _1,\mathrm{},\theta _{n/2},\overline{\theta }_1,\mathrm{},\overline{\theta }_{n/2})`$. For instance, for the $`(4,4)`$-dimensional Minkowski superspace, which is the space of e.g. $`N=1`$ Wess-Zumino model formulated in superfield language and modelled as $`𝒢_L^{4,4}=𝒢_{L,0}^4\times 𝒢_{L,1}^4`$, $`(z)=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_4,\theta _1,\theta _2,\overline{\theta }_1,\overline{\theta }_2)`$. The norm on $`𝒢_L^{4,4}`$ is defined by $`z=_{i=1}^4x_i+_{j=1}^2\theta _j+_{k=1}^2\overline{\theta }_k`$. The topology on $`𝒢_L^{4,4}`$ is the topology induced by this norm – which is also the product topology.

In supersymmetric quantum field theory, superfields are functions in superspace usually given by their (terminating) standard expansions in powers of the odd coordinates

$$F(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}f_{(\gamma )}(x)(\theta )^{(\gamma )},$$
(2.5)
where $`(\theta )^{(\gamma )}`$ comprises all monomials in the anticommuting variables $`\theta `$ and $`\overline{\theta }`$ (belonging to odd part of a Grassmann-Banach algebra) of degree $`|\gamma |`$; $`f_{(\gamma )}(x)`$ is called a component field, whose Lorentz properties are determined by those of $`F(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ and by the power $`(\gamma )`$ of $`(\theta )`$. The following notation, extended to more than one $`\theta `$ variable, is used (2.5): $`(\theta )=(\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1,\mathrm{},\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)`$, and $`(\gamma )`$ is a multi-index $`(\gamma _1,\overline{\gamma }_1,\mathrm{},\gamma _n,\overline{\gamma }_n)`$ with $`|\gamma |=_{r=1}^n(\gamma _r+\overline{\gamma }_r)`$ and $`(\theta )^{(\gamma )}=_{r=1}^n\theta _r^{\gamma _r}\overline{\theta }_r^{\overline{\gamma }_r}`$. In Eq.(2.5), for a (4,4)-dimensional superspace, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=(2,2)`$.

Rogers  considered superfields in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ as $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ superfunctions, i.e., functions whose coefficients $`f_{(\gamma )}(x)`$ of their expansions are smooth functions of $`^m`$ into $`𝒢_L`$, extended from $`^m`$ to all of $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ by $`z`$-continuation , which maps functions of real variables into functions of variables in $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$.

###### DEFINITION 2.4.

Let $`U`$ be an open set in $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ and let $`ϵ:𝒢_L^{m,0}^m`$ be the body projection which associates to each $`m`$-tuple $`(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ an $`m`$-tuple $`(ϵ(x_1),\mathrm{},ϵ(x_m))^m`$. Let $`V`$ be an open set in $`^m`$ with $`V=ϵ(U)`$. We get through $`z`$-continuation – or “Grassmann analytic continuation” – of a function $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(V,𝒢_L)`$ a function $`z(f)G^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$, which admits an expansion in powers of the soul of $`x`$

$`z(f)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)={\displaystyle \underset{i_1=\mathrm{}=i_m=0}{\overset{L}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{i_1!\mathrm{}i_m!}}\left[_1^{i_1}\mathrm{}_m^{i_m}\right]f(ϵ(x))s(x_1)^{i_1}\mathrm{}s(x_m)^{i_m},`$
where $`s(x_i)=(x_iϵ(x_i))`$ and $`ϵ(x_i)=(x_i)_𝐛`$.

One should keep always in mind that the continuation involves only the even variables $`z:C^{\mathrm{}}(ϵ(U))G^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$, and that $`z(f)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)`$ is a supersmooth function if their components are smooth for soulless values of $`x`$. This justifies the formal manipulations in the physics literature, where superfields are manipulated as if their even arguments were ordinary numbers : a supersmooth function is completely determined when its components are known on the body of superspace.

According to Definition 2.4, the superfield $`F(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })G^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$ admits an expansion

$$F(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })=\underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}z(f_{(\gamma )})(x)(\theta )^{(\gamma )},$$

but here with suitable $`f_{(\gamma )}C^{\mathrm{}}(ϵ(U),𝒢_L)`$.

Now, we are going to consider some helpful aspects about supermanifolds, based on the work of Rogers , replacing the simple superspace $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ by a more general supermanifold. Rogers used the concept of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ superfunctions to define the concept of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifolds (which can be considered as Banach real manifolds $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ modelled on $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ of dim $`N=2^{L1}(m+n)`$), with a structure allowing for the definitions of neighbouring points and continuous superfunctions. An $`(m,n)`$-dimensional $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold generalizes the concept of an $`m`$-dimensional $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ manifold: just as a manifold is a Hausdorff topological space such that every point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to $`^m`$ and has local coordinates $`(x_1(p),\mathrm{},x_m(p))`$ in $`^m`$, a supermanifold is a topological space which locally looks like $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ (but not necessarily in its global extent) and has local coordinates $`(x_1(p),\mathrm{},x_m(p),\theta _1(p),\mathrm{},\theta _n(p))`$ in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$, and whose transition functions fulfill a suitable supersmoothness condition.

###### DEFINITION 2.5.

A supermanifold is in general a paracompact Hausdorff topological space $``$, together with an atlas of charts $`\{(X_\alpha ,k_\alpha )\alpha I\}`$, over a Grassmann-Banach algebra $`𝒢_L`$, where the $`X_\alpha `$ cover $``$ and each coordinate function $`k_\alpha `$ is a homeomorphic local maps from $`X_\alpha `$ onto an open subset $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha 𝒢_L^{m,n}`$, also Hausdorff.

The existence of infinitely differentiable coordinates systems makes the supermanifold differentiable. The differentiable structure in this topological space is due to $`G^r`$ ($`r=p`$ or $`p=\mathrm{}`$) structure of transition functions, $`k_\beta k_\alpha ^1`$, between overlapping coordinate patches, $`k_\alpha (X_\alpha X_\beta )`$ and $`k_\beta (X_\alpha X_\beta )`$, required to be supersmooth morphisms for any $`\alpha ,\beta I`$. The local coordinates are:

$`u_i=p_ik_\alpha (i=1,\mathrm{},m),`$
$`v_j=p_{j+m}k_\alpha (j=1,\mathrm{},n).`$
In this sense $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ is an example of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold, unlike of the coarse topology in the DeWitt sense  whose structure cannot be even a metric one.

###### DEFINITION 2.6.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ be an open in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and $`f:\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha 𝒢_L`$, then:

(a) $`f`$ is called $`G^0`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ if $`f`$ is continuous in $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$.

(b) $`f`$ is called $`G^1`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ if exist $`m+n`$ functions $`G_kf:\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha 𝒢_L`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},m+n`$ and functions $`\eta :𝒢_L^{m,n}𝒢_L`$ such that:

$`f(a+h,b+k)=`$ $`f(a,b)+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}}h_i\{G_if(a,b)\}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}}k_j\{G_{j+m}f(a,b)\}+`$
$`+h,k\eta (h,k),`$
and $`\eta (h,k)0`$ when $`h,k0`$. In this sense, $`G_iff_i^{}`$.

We can generalize to $`G^p`$, with finite $`p`$ in the following: $`f`$ is $`G^p`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ if is possible choose $`G_kf`$ which are $`G^{p1}`$ with $`fG^1`$ em $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$. If it is true to all $`p`$, $`f`$ is called $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$. In fact, any function which is absolutely convergent (power series) is $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$, in other words:

$`f(z)={\displaystyle \underset{k_1\mathrm{}k_{m+n}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}a_{k_1\mathrm{}k_{m+n}}z_1^{k_1}\mathrm{}z_{m+n}^{k_{m+n}},`$
$`f:\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha 𝒢_L,\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha 𝒢_L^{m,n}\text{and}a_{k_1\mathrm{}k_{m+n}}𝒢_L.`$
Another important fact is the $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ structure:

$$[D^pf(z)][\mathrm{}^1,\mathrm{}^2,\mathrm{},\mathrm{}^p]=\underset{k_1\mathrm{}k_p=1}{\overset{m+n}{}}l_{k_1}^1\mathrm{}l_{k_p}^p(G_{k_p}G_{k_{p1}}\mathrm{}G_{k_1}f)(z),$$

for all $`z\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ open in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and $`l_{k_1}^1\mathrm{}l_{k_p}^p(𝒢_L^{m,n})^p`$. The latter denotes a product space of $`p`$ copies of $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$. In this way the $`p`$ derivative of $`f[(𝒢_L^{m,n})^p,𝒢_L]`$ are elements of continuous $`p`$-linear maps of $`(𝒢_L^{m,n})^p`$ into $`𝒢_L`$. This formalism is interesting and agrees to the Hörmander’s one  (pg.11), where $`f^{(p)}L^p(X_\alpha ,X_\beta )`$, are elements of continuous $`p`$-linear forms from $`X_\alpha `$ to $`X_\beta `$.

###### Remark 2.2.

The discussion of differentiability by Jadczyk-Pilch  is simpler than the one given by Rogers . In particular, knowing already that a function $`f`$ is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ map between Banach spaces, it is needed only to look at its first derivative to know whether $`f`$ is supersmooth or not, while according to Rogers an investigation of all derivatives is necessary. However, the concept of supersmoothness by Jadczyk-Pilch, and the concept of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ differentiability by Rogers are equivalent. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.1 The Body of a Supermanifold

Now that the general idea of structure on a supermanifold has been introduced, it is time to restrict our attention to the case of fundamental interest: the problem of constructing the body of a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold which serves as the physical spacetime. Roughly speaking, the body of a supermanifold $``$ is an ordinary $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ spacetime manifold $`_0`$ obtained from $``$ getting rid of all the soul coordinates. Because of its extreme generality, Rogers’ theory includes many topologically exotic supermanifolds which are not physically useful, admitting the possibility of nontrivial topology in the anticommuting directions and classes of supermanifolds without a body manifold. But, intuition suggests that only a bodied $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold can be physically relevant!

The question of the existence of the body of a supermanifold was clarified in the papers by R. Catenacci et al.  and P. Bryant . Their approach is independent of the atlas used, and it is based on the fact that any $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold $``$ admits a foliation $`𝔉`$. This type of structure is defined and related to the natural notions of quotient and substructure on a supermanifold. As with many important concepts in mathematics, there are several equivalent ways of defining the notion of a foliation. The simplest and most geometric is the following.

###### DEFINITION 2.7.

Let $``$ be an $`(m,n)`$-dimensional supermanifold of class $`G^r`$, $`0rp`$. A foliation of class $`G^r`$, and of codimension $`m`$, is a decomposition of $``$ into disjoint connected subsets $`\{𝔏_\alpha \}_{\alpha A}`$, called the leaves of the foliation, such that each point of $``$ has a neighbourhood $`U`$ and a system of $`G^r`$ coordinates $`(x,\theta ):U𝒢_{L,0}^m\times 𝒢_{L,1}^n`$ such that for each leaf $`𝔏_\alpha `$, the components of $`U𝔏_\alpha `$ are described by surfaces on which all the body coordinates $`ϵ(x_1),\mathrm{},ϵ(x_m)`$ are constant. We denote the foliation by $`𝔉=\{𝔏_\alpha \}_{\alpha A}`$.

The coordinates referred in the Definition 2.7 are said to be distinguished by the foliation $`𝔉`$. Under certain regularity conditions on $`𝔉`$, the quotient space $`/𝔉`$ can be given the structure of an ordinary $`m`$-dimensional differentiable manifold $`_0`$, which is called the body manifold of $``$ (for details see ). A $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold whose $`𝔉`$ foliation is regular is called regular itself. On regular supermanifolds the following theorem holds:

###### THEOREM 2.8 (Catenacci-Reina-Teofilatto Theorem).

Let $``$ be a regular $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold. Then its body $`_0`$ is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ manifold. ∎

As stated by P. Bryant , the necessity of regularity of the soul foliation in the sense of Catenacci-Reina-Teofilatto is not sufficient to guarantee that a supermanifold admits a body manifold. He derived necessary and sufficient conditions, namely that leaves should be closed and do not accumulate, for the existence of a Hausdorff body manifold.

###### THEOREM 2.9 (Bryant Theorem 2.5).

Suppose that $``$ is a supermanifold. In order that $``$ admits a body manifold, it is necessary and sufficient that the leaves of the soul foliations are closed in $``$ and do not accumulate. ∎

For our purposes, it will be sufficient to consider the class of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifolds constructed by Bonora-Pasti-Tonin  (we shall call BPT-supermanifolds for brevity), which has important applications in theoretical physics – and fulfills Theorems 2.8 and 2.9, as we shall verify presently. These supermanifolds consist of the Grassmann extensions of any ordinary $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ spacetime manifold. From a given $`m`$-dimensional physical spacetime, one constructs first a $`(m,0)`$-dimensional supermanifold, and the $`(m,n)`$-dimensional supermanifold by taking the direct product with $`𝒢_L^{0,n}`$. This construction is the closest to the physicist’s intuitive view of superspace as a manifold with some anticommuting coordinates, with the odd Grassmann variables being topologically trivial.

###### Remark 2.3.

As a matter of fact, in any model involving fermions in a general spacetime, the supermanifold will need to be that constructed from the spinor bundle of the manifold in the way which we recall now: Let $``$ be an $`m`$-dimensional body manifold and $`E`$ be an $`n`$-dimensional vector bundle over $``$. Suppose that $`\{U_\alpha \}`$ is a covering of $``$ by coordinate neighbourhoods which are also trivialisation neighbouhoods of $`E`$. Then, the corresponding $`(m,n)`$-dimensional supermanifold has coordinate transition functions

$$x_\alpha ^i=\varphi _{\alpha \beta }^i(x_\beta ),$$

where $`\varphi _{\alpha \beta }`$ is the $`z`$ continuation of the transition function for $`M`$ and

$$\theta _\alpha ^i=g_{\alpha \beta j}^i(x_\beta )\theta _\alpha ^j,$$

with $`g_{\alpha \beta }:U_\alpha U_\beta Gl(n)`$ being the transition function for $`E`$. It is worthwhile to note that the BPT-supermanifolds are examples of this construction when the bundle $`E`$ is trivial. $`\mathrm{}`$

For the convenience of the reader, we recall here the construction of Bonora-Pasti-Tonin . Let $`\{(U_\alpha ,\psi _\alpha )\alpha I\}`$ be an atlas for $`_0`$. For each $`\alpha I`$ consider the subset $`X_\alpha `$ of the Cartesian product $`U_\alpha \times 𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ defined by

$`X_\alpha =\{(x,\overline{x})xU_\alpha ,\overline{x}𝒢_L^{m,0},\text{and}ϵ(\overline{x})=\psi _\alpha (x)\},`$ (2.6)
and define $`k_\alpha :X_\alpha 𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ by $`k_\alpha (x,\overline{x})=\overline{x}`$ for $`(x,\overline{x})X_\alpha `$. $`k_\alpha `$ is a homeomorphism and its image is an open subset of $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$.

An important property of the $`z`$-continuation is the composition of functions. Let $`U`$ be an open set in $`^m`$, and let the map $`f:^m𝒢_L^{k,0}`$ be represented by the set of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ functions $`\{f_i(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m),i=1,\mathrm{},m\}`$. Define $`z(f)`$ as the set of functions $`\{z(f_i)\}`$. Let $`V`$ be an open set in $`^n`$, and consider the maps $`f:UV`$ and $`g:V^{}𝒢_L^{k,0}`$, respectively, where $`V^{}V`$, and both $`f,g`$ are $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ functions. Then

$$z(gf)=z(g)z(f).$$
(2.7)
Now consider the disjoint union $`M=_{\alpha I}X_\alpha `$. Two points of $`M`$ are equivalent if and only if $`(x,\overline{x})(x^{},\overline{x}^{})`$, such that $`(x,\overline{x})X_\alpha `$ and $`(x^{},\overline{x}^{})X_\beta `$ and $`x=x^{}`$, $`\overline{x}^{}=z(\psi _\beta \psi _\alpha ^1)(\overline{x})`$. Of course $`M`$ is a Hausdorff space. Then consider the space $`_G`$ equal to the space $`M`$ modulo the equivalence relation above. The $`k_\alpha `$’s provide $`_G`$ with a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ differentiability structure, so that $`_G`$ is a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ $`(m,0)`$ supermanifold. Let $`\pi _G:_G_0`$ be a continuous and open projection. Locally $`\pi _G|_{X_\alpha }(x,\overline{x})=x`$ for $`(x,\overline{x})X_\alpha `$. Since $`_G`$ is a regular supermanifold, we find straightforwardly that $`\pi _Gk_\alpha ^1=\psi _\alpha ^1ϵ`$ for $`\overline{x}k_\alpha (X_\alpha )`$. This can be expressed by the commutative diagram:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}X_\alpha & \stackrel{k_\alpha ^1}{}& 𝒢_L^{m,0}\\ \pi _G& & ϵ& & \\ U_\alpha & \stackrel{\psi _\alpha ^1}{}& ^m\end{array}$$

Finally, we construct the $`(m,n)`$-dimensional supermanifold $``$ by taking the direct product of $`_G`$ with $`𝒢_L^{0,n}`$. The projection $`\pi _S:_0`$ is the composite map $`\pi _G\gamma `$, where $`\gamma :_G`$ is the projection onto the first factor. The map $`\gamma `$ is $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$, unlike $`\pi _G`$ which is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ function but not a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$.

###### COROLLARY 2.10.

Let $``$ be a BPT-supermanifold. Then the leaves of the soul foliation are regular, closed in $``$ and do not accumulate.

###### Proof.

First of all, it is worthwhile noticing that, according to the construction of Bonora-Pasti-Tonin, two points of a BPT-supermanifold are in the same leaf if, and only if, they are equivalents in the sense defined above. Then the soul foliation can be defined by $`/\stackrel{\text{def}}{=}/𝔉`$. Once verified the corollary, we see that a BPT-supermanifold possesses an ordinary body manifold defined by soul foliation $`_0\stackrel{\text{def}}{=}/𝔉`$, where $`_0`$ denotes the body manifold.

In order to show that the leaves of a BPT-supermanifold are closed, the following considerations are needed: we say that the soul foliation of a BPT-supermanifold is a Hausdorff space, and that the structure of their supermanifold is regular. This can be verified through the following theorem by Bryant  (Theorem 3.2): Suppose that $``$ is a supermanifold of dimension $`(m,n)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{U_i,\varphi _i\}`$ is a good atlas; then the following conditions are equivalent: (i) $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\{U_i,\varphi _i\}`$ is a regular superstructure on $``$, (ii) when $`s`$ and $`t`$ lie in $`U_i`$, $`st`$ implies $`st`$ and (iii) the body map $`ϵ:/𝔉`$ is locally modelled on $`ϵ_0:B^{m,n}^m`$ in the sense that exist homeomorphisms $`\overline{\varphi }_i:ϵU_iϵ_0\varphi _iU_i`$ such that $`\overline{\varphi }_iϵ_{|U_I}=ϵ_0\varphi `$. When these conditions are satisfied, $`/𝔉`$ is Hausdorff and is a smooth manifold of dimension $`m`$ with charts $`\{ϵU_i,\overline{\varphi }_i\}`$. For the case of the equivalence relation $`(st)`$ of a BPT-supermanifold, we see that it must be $``$ in the Bryant sense because embodies $``$ and is transitive. Then $``$ implies $``$ on the same charts. This means that the conditions of the Theorem 3.2 by Bryant must be properties of the BPT foliation, and hence is Hausdorff and regular. Now, the fact that the leaves of a BPT-supermanifold are closed is clear: each point ($`ϵ(s))`$ of $`/`$ is closed, given that the BPT-supermanifolds is a Hausdorff space, and the inverse application theorem guarantees that a leaf is necessarily closed, since being $`F`$ the leaf in $``$, $`F=ϵ^1ϵ(s)`$ where $`ϵ^1`$ is a continuous map.

Finally, we shall verify that the leaves of a BPT-supermanifod do not accumulate. First, we shall suppose that the leaves of soul foliation accumulate  in a given pair of points, eg $`s_+,s_{}`$. Note that as $`/𝔉`$ is Hausdorff, given two points $`x/𝔉`$ and $`y/𝔉`$ with $`xy`$, we can separate them by disjoint open sets. Choice, for example, $`ϵs_+=x`$ and $`ϵs_{}=y`$, where $`ϵ:/𝔉`$. Then, we also can choose $`s_+F^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_+`$ (a transverse submanifold) and $`s_{}F^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_{}`$ (another transverse submanifold). If this is true, $`s_+,s_{}`$ must be in the same leaf, by indicating that $`ϵs_+=ϵs_{}`$ contradicting the statement which a soul foliation is Hausdorff. Hence, the leaves do not accumulate. In order to complete the prove, we examine the condition $`ϵs_+=ϵs_{}`$. Due the possibility of choosing arbitrary transverse submanifolds, we select $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(s)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(t)`$ through the some disjoint neighbourhoods of $`s`$ and $`t`$ resp. such that does not exist a $`U_i`$ which intersects $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(s)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(t)`$. But $`ϵs_+=ϵs_{}`$ implies that $`s`$ and $`t`$ are in the same chart $`U_i`$, so the leaves do not accumulate since $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(s)\mathrm{\Sigma }(t)=\mathrm{}`$. ∎

The existence of a body manifold places us in a position to consider physically interpretable field theories on supermanifolds. In order to establish applicability in a physical system, we need to impose some restrictions regarding to the body manifold $`_0`$, associated with the supermanifold $``$. Apart from another aspects, the causality principle plays a crucial role in our construction. Therefore, we restrict our body manifold, $`(_0,g_0)`$, to be globally hyperbolic Lorentz manifold, by consisting of a 4-dimensional smooth manifold $`_0`$ (any dimension would be possible) that can be smoothly foliated by a family of acausal Cauchy surfaces  and a smooth metric $`g_0`$ with signature $`(+,,,)`$. This means that the body manifold must be topologically equivalent to the Cartesian product of $``$ and a smooth spacelike hypersurface $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ (a Cauchy surface). $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ intersects any endless timelike curve at most once. A 4-dimensional globally hyperbolic Lorentz manifold is orientable and time orientable, i.e., at each $`x_0`$ we may designate a future and past light cone continuously. Moreover, $`_0`$ is assumed to have a spin structure, so that one can consider spinors defined on it. It can be shown that a 4-dimensional globally hyperbolic Lorentz manifold admits a spin structure . In fact, Geroch  pointed out that a noncompact, parallelizable 4-dimensional manifold admits a spin structure. Geroch’s parallelizability criterion applies to a 4-dimensional globally hyperbolic Lorentz manifold.

###### Remark 2.4.

As it has been emphasized in , a natural background geometry that admits a supersymmetric extension of its isometry group can only be of the Anti-De-Sitter (AdS) type. In other words, the global supersymmetry should not be compatible with most spacetimes, an exception being the AdS space. This requirement seems to be an extremely restrictive condition, since the AdS space has problems with closed time-like curves, apparently violating causality and leading to problems during quantization. Namely, boundary conditions at infinity are needed. Nevertheless, one should remind that this result refers to extended supergravity theories with gauged $`SO(N)`$ internal symmetry ; this is not, however, our case in this paper. Furthermore, this result can mainly be justified by the heuristic form of introducing the superspace (which may be bypassed taking into account the Rogers’ theory of a global supermanifold). As stressed by Bruzzo , “$`\mathrm{}`$the usual ways of dealing with superspace field theories are highly unsatisfactory from a mathematical point of view. The superspace is defined formally, and, for instance, general coordinate transformations are mathematically not well defined. As a consequence, there is now room for studying global topological properties of superspace.” As it shall be tackled further on, Section 4, the mathematical structure of the supermanifolds chosen here leads to a natural formulation of superdiffeormorphisms, $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$, from $`(,g)`$ to $`(^{},g^{})`$, from the $`z`$-continuation of ordinary diffeomorphisms, so that these structures become, projectively, well-defined isometries whenever $`^{}=`$ and restricted to the ordinary body manifold. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3 Superdistributions

In this section, as a natural next step, we extend the definition of the objects most widely used in physics: distributions. We define superdistributions on supermanifolds over the Grassmann-Banach algebra $`𝒢_L`$, as continuous linear mappings to $`𝒢_L`$ from the test function space of $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ superfunctions with compact support. We derive some results not contained in .

### 3.1 Distributions on a Manifold

To prepare for the extension of the theory of distributions to supermanifolds, we first consider their definition on manifolds. Following , the spacetime manifold $`_0`$ (here $`_0`$ denotes an ordinary manifold obtained from a supermanifold $``$ by throwing away all the soul coordinates) is a Hausdorff space covered by charts $`(X_\alpha ,k_\alpha )`$, where the open sets $`X_\alpha `$ are homeomorphic neighbourhoods to open sets in $`^n`$. A $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ structure on $`_0`$ is a family $`=\{(X_\alpha ,k_\alpha )\alpha I\}`$, called an atlas, of homeomorphisms $`k_\alpha `$, called coordinate functions, of open sets $`X_\alpha _0`$ on open sets $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha ^n`$, such that $`(i)`$ if $`k_\alpha ,k_\beta `$, then the map $`k_\beta k_\alpha ^1:k_\alpha (X_\alpha X_\beta )k_\beta (X_\alpha X_\beta )`$ is infinitely differentiable, $`(ii)`$ $`_0=_{\alpha I}X_\alpha `$. Let $`fC_0^{\mathrm{}}(^n)`$ denotes the set of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ functions of compact support on $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha ^n`$. Then, we can represent each $`f`$ by functions $`\overline{f}`$ of compact support on $`_0`$ by $`f=\overline{f}k_\alpha ^1`$, for each $`k_\alpha `$, where $`\overline{f}C_0^{\mathrm{}}(_0)`$. Elements of $`𝒟^{}(_0)`$, the topological dual of $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(_0)`$, are distributions $`u`$ on $`_0`$, by which we mean collections $`\{u_{k_\alpha }\}_{k_\alpha }`$ of distributions $`u_{k_\alpha }𝒟^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )`$ such that $`u`$ is uniquely determined by the $`u_{k_\alpha }`$ and relations $`u=u_{k_\alpha }k_\alpha `$. Moreover, since for any other coordinate system one has $`u=u_{k_\beta }k_\beta `$ in $`(X_\alpha X_\beta )`$, it follows that $`u_{k_\beta }=(k_\alpha k_\beta ^1)^{}u_{k_\alpha }=u_{k_\alpha }(k_\alpha k_\beta ^1)`$ in $`(X_\alpha X_\beta )`$.

### 3.2 Distributions on the Flat Superspace

With the purpose of defining superdistributions on supermanifolds, we must first consider superdistributions on an open set $`U𝒢_L^{m,n}`$, where $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ denotes the flat superspace. We begin by introducing the concept of superdistributions as the dual space of supersmooth functions in $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$, with compact support, equipped with an appropriate topology, called test superfunctions. This can be done relatively straightforward in analogy to the notion of distributions as the dual space to the space $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$ of functions on an open set $`U^m`$ which have compact support, since the spaces $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ and $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ are regarded as ordinary vector spaces of $`2^{L1}(m)`$ and $`2^{L1}(m+n)`$ dimensions, respectively, over the real numbers.

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }^m`$ be an open set. $`\mathrm{\Omega }=ϵ(U)`$ regarded as a subset of $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$, it is identified with the body of some domain in superspace. Let $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$ be the space of $`𝒢_L`$-valued smooth functions with compact support in $`𝒢_L`$. Every function $`fC_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$ can be expanded in terms of the basis elements of $`𝒢_L`$ as:

$`f(x)={\displaystyle \underset{(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k)M_L^0}{}}f_{\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k}(x)\xi ^{\mu _1}\mathrm{}\xi ^{\mu _k},`$ (3.1)
where $`M_L^0\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\{(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k)0kL;\mu _i;1\mu _1<\mathrm{}<\mu _kL\}`$ and $`f_{\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k}(x)`$ is in the space $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ of real-valued smooth functions on $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ with compact support. Thus, it follows that the space $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$ is isomorphic to the space $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega })𝒢_L`$ . In accordance with the Definition 2.4, the smooth functions of $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$ can be extended from $`\mathrm{\Omega }^m`$ to $`U𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ by Taylor expansion.

In order to define superdistributions, we need to give a suitable topological structure to the space $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$ of $`𝒢_L`$-valued superfunctions on an open set $`U𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ which have compact support. According to a proposition by Rogers, every $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ superfunction on a compact set $`U𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ can be considered as a real-valued $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ function on $`U^N`$, where $`N=2^{L1}(m)`$, regarding $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ and $`𝒢_L`$ as Banach spaces. In fact, the identification of $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ with $`^{2^{L1}(m)}`$ is possible . We have here an example of functoriality. Indeed, let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ denote a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold and a Banach manifold $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$, respectively. Then with each supermanifold $`X`$ we associate a Banach manifold $`Y`$, via a covariant functorial relation $`\lambda :XY`$, and with each $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ map $`\varphi `$ defined on $`X`$, a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ map $`\lambda (\varphi )`$ defined on $`Y`$ .

Following, we shall first consider only the subset $`C_K^{\mathrm{}}`$ of $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$ which consists of functions with support in a fixed compact set $`K`$. Since by construction $`C_K^{\mathrm{}}`$ is a Banach space, the functions $`C_K^{\mathrm{}}`$ have a natural topology given by the finite family of norms

$$\varphi _{K,m}=\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m}{xK}}{sup}|D^p\varphi (x)|,D^p=\frac{^{|p|}}{x_1^{p_1}\mathrm{}x_m^{p_m}},$$
(3.2)
where $`p=(p_1,p_2,\mathrm{},p_m)`$ is a $`m`$-tuple of non-negative integers, and $`|p|=p_1+p_2+\mathrm{}+p_m`$ defines the order of the derivative. Next, let $`U`$ be considered as a union of compact sets $`K_i`$ which form an increasing family $`\{K_i\}_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$, such that $`K_i`$ is contained in the interior of $`K_{i+1}`$. That such family exist follows from the Lemma 10.1 of . Therefore, we think of $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$ as $`_iC_{K_i}^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$. We take the topology of $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$ to be given by the strict inductive limit topology of the sequence $`\{C_{K_i}^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)\}`$. Of another way, we may define convergence in $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$ of a sequence of functions $`\{\varphi _k\}`$ to mean that for each $`k`$, one has $`\mathrm{supp}\varphi _kKU^N`$ such that for a function $`\varphi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$ we have $`\varphi \varphi _k_{K,m}0`$ as $`k\mathrm{}`$. This notion of convergence generates a topology which makes $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(U^N)`$, certainly, a topological vector space.

Now, let $`𝖥`$ and $`𝖤`$ be spaces of smooth functions with compact support defined on $`U𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ and $`U^N`$, respectively. If $`\lambda :𝖤𝖥`$ is a contravariant functor which associates with each smooth function of compact support in $`𝖤`$, a smooth function of compact support in $`𝖥`$, then we have a map

$`\varphi _{K,m}\lambda (\varphi )_{K,m},`$ (3.3)
providing $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$ with a limit topology induced by a finite family of norms.

We now take a result by Jadczyk-Pilch , later refined by Hoyos et al , which establishes as a natural domain of definition for supersmooth functions a set of the form $`ϵ^1(\mathrm{\Omega })`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is open in $`^m`$. Let $`ϵ^1(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ be the domain of definition for a superfunction $`fG_0^{\mathrm{}}(ϵ^1(\mathrm{\Omega }),𝒢_L)`$, where $`ϵ^1(\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is an open subset in $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is an open subset in $`^m`$, and let $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$ denotes the restriction of $`\varphi `$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }^m𝒢_L^{m,0}`$. Then, it follows that $`(_1^{p_1}\mathrm{}_m^{p_m}\varphi )^\stackrel{~}{}=_1^{p_1}\mathrm{}_m^{p_m}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$, where the derivatives on the right-hand side are with respect to $`m`$ real variables. Now, suppose $`\mathrm{\Omega }=_i\stackrel{~}{K}_i`$ where each $`\stackrel{~}{K}_i`$ is open and has compact closure in $`\stackrel{~}{K}_{i+1}`$. It follows that $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)=_iC_{\stackrel{~}{K}_i}^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$. Then, one can give $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Omega },𝒢_L)`$ a limit topology induced by finite family of norms

$$\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{\stackrel{~}{K},m}=\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m}{x\stackrel{~}{K}}}{sup}|D^p\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(x)|=\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m}{x\stackrel{~}{K}}}{sup}\left\{\underset{(\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k)M_L^0}{}|D^p\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_{\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _k}(x)|\right\}.$$
(3.4)
Finally, a suitable topological structure to the space $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$ of $`𝒢_L`$-valued superfunctions on an open set $`U𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ which have compact support, it is obtained immediately by the natural identification of $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ with $`^{2^{L1}(m+n)}`$ and by the obvious extension of the construction above, which allows us define a limit topology induced to the space $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$ by finite family of norms,

$$\lambda (\varphi )_{K,m+n}=\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m+n}{zK}}{sup}|D^p(\lambda (\varphi ))(z)|,D^p=\frac{^{|q|+|r|}}{x_1^{q_1}\mathrm{}x_m^{q_m}\theta _1^{r_1}\mathrm{}\theta _n^{r_n}}.$$
(3.5)
The derivatives $`^{|q|}/x_1^{q_1}\mathrm{}x_m^{q_m}`$ commute while the derivatives $`^{|r|}/\theta _1^{r_1}\mathrm{}\theta _n^{r_n}`$ anticommute, and $`|p|=|q|+|r|=_{i=1}^mq_i+_{j=1}^nr_j`$ defines the total order of the derivative, with $`r_j=0,1`$.

We are now ready to define a superdistribution in an open subset $`U`$ of $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$. The set of all superdistributions in $`U`$ will be denoted by $`𝔇^{}(U)`$. A superdistribution is a continuous linear functional $`u:G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U)𝒢_L`$, where $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$ denotes the test superfunction space of $`G^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$ superfunctions with compact support in $`KU`$. The continuity of $`u`$ on $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$ is equivalent to its boundedness on a neighbourhood of zero, i.e., the set of numbers $`u(\varphi )`$ is bounded for all $`\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$. The last statement translates directly into:

###### PROPOSITION 3.1.

A superdistribution $`u`$ in $`U𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ is a continuous linear functional on $`G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U)`$ if and only if to every compact set $`KU`$, there exists a constant $`C`$ and $`(m+n)`$ such that

$$\left|u(\varphi )\right|C\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m+n}{zK}}{sup}\left|D^p(\varphi )(z)\right|,\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(K).$$

###### Proof.

First, it is worth keeping in mind that $`𝒢_L`$ can be identified with $`^{2^{L1}}`$ . In fact, a number system assuming values in some Grassmann algebra with $`L`$ generators is specified by $`2^{L1}`$ real parameters. Let $`𝖥`$ and $`𝖤`$ be spaces of smooth functions with compact support defined on $`KU𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and $`KU^{2^{L1}(m+n)}`$, respectively. If we have a functorial relation $`\lambda :𝖥𝖤`$ and a linear functional $`\stackrel{~}{u}:𝖤^{2^{L1}}`$, we can compose $`\lambda `$ with $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ to obtain the pullback of $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ by $`\lambda `$, i.e., $`u=\lambda ^{}\stackrel{~}{u}=\stackrel{~}{u}\lambda `$, and hence a linear functional $`\lambda ^{}\stackrel{~}{u}:𝖥^{2^{L1}}`$. Then, the statement follows if $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ is continuous on $`𝖤`$. But this clear from the Proposition 21.1 of , which can be applied verbatim for a functional $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$ on $`𝖤`$. ∎

### 3.3 Distributions on a Supermanifold

Next we will obtain an extension of basic results about superdistributions on the flat superspace in the case of general supermanifolds.

###### DEFINITION 3.2.

Let $``$ a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ supermanifold. For every coordinate system $`p_ik_\alpha `$ in $``$ one has a distribution $`u_{k_\alpha }𝔇^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ is an open from $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ such that

$`u_{k_\beta }=\{(p_ik_\alpha )(k_\beta ^1p_i^1)\}^{}u_{k_\alpha },(i=1,\mathrm{},m+n),`$ (3.6)
in $`k_\beta (X_\alpha X_\beta )`$, where $`p_i`$ is a projection into each copies $`(i)`$ from $`𝒢^{m,n}`$, such that $`x_i=p_ik_\alpha `$ and $`y_j=p_{j+m}k_\alpha `$, with $`(i=1,\mathrm{},m;j=1,\mathrm{},n)`$. We call the system $`u_{k_\alpha }`$ a distribution $`u`$ in $``$. The set of every distribution in $``$ is denoted by $`𝔇^{}()`$.

###### THEOREM 3.3.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha ,\alpha I`$, be an arbitrary family of open sets in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$, and set $`\stackrel{~}{X}=_{\alpha I}\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$. If $`u_\alpha 𝔇^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )`$ and $`u_\alpha =u_\beta `$ in $`(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}_\beta )`$ for all $`\alpha ,\beta I`$, then there exist one and only one $`u𝔇^{}(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ such that $`u_\alpha `$ is the restriction of $`u`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$ for every $`\alpha `$.

To prove this theorem, it is interesting to state the following results:

###### LEMMA 3.4.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{X}_k`$ be open sets in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and let $`\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(_1^k\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )`$. Then one can find $`\varphi _\alpha G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha ),\alpha =1,\mathrm{},k`$, such that $`\varphi =_1^k\varphi _\alpha `$ and if $`\varphi 0`$ can take all $`\varphi _\alpha 0`$.

###### Proof.

We can choose compact sets $`K_1,\mathrm{},K_k`$ with $`K_\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$, so that the supp $`\varphi _1^kK_\alpha `$. (every point in supp $`\varphi `$ has a compact neighbourhood contained in some $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$, a finite number of such neighbourhoods can be chosen which cover all of supp $`\varphi `$. The union of those which belong to $`X_\alpha `$ is a compact set $`K_\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$. Now, if $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is an open set in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and $`K`$ is a compact subset, then one can find $`\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ with $`0\varphi 1`$ so that $`\varphi =1`$ in a neighbourhood of $`K`$. So, we can choose $`\psi _\alpha G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )`$ with $`0\psi _\alpha 1`$ and $`\psi _\alpha =1`$ in $`K_\alpha `$, then the functions:

$$\varphi _1=\varphi \psi _1,\varphi _2=\varphi \psi _2(1\psi _1),\mathrm{},\varphi _k=\varphi \psi _k(1\psi _1)\mathrm{}(1\psi _{k1}).$$

have the required properties since

$$\underset{1}{\overset{k}{}}\varphi _\alpha \varphi =\varphi \underset{1}{\overset{k}{}}(1\psi _\alpha )=0,$$

because either $`\varphi `$ or some $`1\psi _\alpha `$ is zero at any point. ∎

###### COROLLARY 3.5.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{X}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{X}_k`$ be open sets in $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and $`K`$ a compact subset $`\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha `$. Then one can find $`\varphi _\alpha G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )`$ so that $`\varphi _\alpha 0`$ and $`_1^k\varphi _\alpha 1`$ with equality in a neighbourhood of $`K`$. ∎

###### Proof of the Theorem 3.3.

If $`u`$ is a distribution, then:

$$u(\varphi )=u_\alpha (\varphi _\alpha ),\text{if}\varphi =\varphi _\alpha (\text{where}\varphi _\alpha G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha )),$$

and the sum is finite. By the Lemma 3.4, every $`\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X})`$ can be written as such a sum. If $`\varphi _\alpha =0u_\alpha (\varphi _\alpha )=0`$, then we conclude that $`u_\alpha (\varphi _\alpha )`$ is independent of how we choose the sum. Let $`K=\mathrm{supp}\varphi `$ compact set $`K\stackrel{~}{X}`$ and using the corollary 3.5, we can choose $`\psi _\beta G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\beta )`$ such that $`\psi _\beta =1`$ in $`K`$ and the sum is finite. Then $`\psi _\beta \varphi _\alpha G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\alpha \stackrel{~}{X}_\beta )`$ so $`u_\alpha (\psi _\beta \varphi _\alpha )=u_\beta (\psi _\beta \varphi _\alpha )`$. Hence

$$u_\alpha (\varphi _\alpha )=u_\alpha (\varphi _\alpha \psi _\beta )=u_\beta (\varphi _\alpha \psi _\beta )=u_\beta (\psi _\beta \varphi _\alpha )=0.$$

We have showed that if $`\varphi _\alpha =0u_\alpha (\varphi _\alpha )`$ is zero, then $`u`$ is unique. In order to show that $`u`$ is distribution, choose a compact set $`K\stackrel{~}{X}`$ and a function $`\psi _\beta G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\beta )`$ with $`\psi _\beta =1`$ in $`K`$ and finite sum. If $`\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(K)`$ we have $`\varphi =\varphi \psi _\beta `$ with $`\varphi \psi _\beta G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\beta )`$ so that the first equation this proof gives

$$u(\varphi )=u_\beta (\varphi \psi _\beta ),$$

but, if $`u_\beta `$ is a distribution, then:

$$\left|u_\beta (\varphi \psi _\beta )\right|C\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m+n}{zK}}{sup}\left|D^p(\varphi \psi _\beta )(z)\right|,\varphi \psi _\beta G_0^{\mathrm{}}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\beta ),$$

where sup $`D^p\varphi `$ can be estimated in terms of $`\varphi `$, and so we conclude that

$$\left|u(\varphi )\right|C\underset{\stackrel{\left|p\right|m+n}{zK}}{sup}\left|D^p\varphi (z)\right|,\varphi G_0^{\mathrm{}}(K).$$

This completes our proof. ∎

###### THEOREM 3.6.

Let $``$ an atlas for $``$. If for every $`p_ik`$ one has a distribution $`u_k𝔇^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}_k)`$ and the above definition is true when $`p_ik`$ and $`p_i^{}k^{}`$ belongs to $``$, then there is one, and only one, distribution $`u𝔇^{}()`$ such that $`u(k^1p_i^1)=u_k`$ for every $`p_ik`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\psi G^{\mathrm{}}`$ be a coordinate system in $``$. The Theorem 3.3 states that there exists one, and only one, distribution $`U_\psi 𝔇^{}(\stackrel{~}{X}_\psi )`$ in such a way for every $`p_ik`$, $`U_\psi =((p_ik)\psi ^1)^{}u_k`$ in $`\psi (X_\psi X_k)\stackrel{~}{X}_\psi `$. If $`\psi U_\psi =u_\psi `$, we can choose $`p_ik=\psi `$. Now, one defines $`u`$ as a distribution, since $`U_\psi `$ satisfies (3.6) for both coordinate systems $`p_ik`$ and $`p_i^{}k^{}`$. ∎

## 4 Algebraic Framework on a Supermanifold

In the usual treatment of quantum field theory in flat spacetime, the existence of a unitary representation of the restricted Poincaré group, $`𝒫_+^{}`$, with generators $`P_\mu `$ fulfilling the spectral condition $`\mathrm{𝗌𝗉}P_\mu \overline{V}_+`$, is very essential. This unitary operator plays a key role in picking out a preferred vacuum state, i.e., a state which is invariant under all translations. We choose a complete system of physical states, with positive energies, just when it is possible to define this vacuum state and consequently the Fock Space, $``$. One then defines observables as operators on $``$ which act upon the states. However, the characterization of the vacuum involves global aspects, and in the case of a curved spacetime it is not evident how to select a distinguished state. As already mentioned in the Introduction, due the absence of a global Poincaré group there is no analogous selection criterium on a curved spacetime: no vacuum state can be used as reference. To understand the significance of this point under another point of view, we take into account that, initially, a theory defined on a globally hyperbolic Lorentz manifold could be reduced to the tangent space at a given point, one negleting the gravitational effects. One finds that the tangent space theory reduces to a free quantum field theory in a Minkowski space which has local translation invariance and a distinguished invariant state could be established by a local unitary mapping. Nevertheless, this unitary operator depends on the region and there exists no unitary operator which does the mapping for all open regions simultaneously. Therefore, the problem of how to characterize the physical states arises. For the discussion of this problem on a general manifold, the setting of the so-called algebraic approach to quantum field theory (see ) is particularly appropriate, because it treats all states on equal footing, specially that states arising of unitarily inequivalent representations.

The algebraic approach envolves the theory of $``$-algebras and their states and Hilbert space representations. In this framework the basic objects are the algebras generated by observables localized in a given spacetime region. Fields are not mentioned in this setting and are regarded as a type of coordinates of the algebras. The basic assumption is that all physical information must already be encoded in the structure of the local observables. Haag and Kastler introduced a mathematical structure for the set of observables of a physical system by proposing the now so-called Haag-Kastler axioms  for nets of $`C^{}`$ algebras, later generalized by Dimock  for local observables to globally hyperbolic manifolds. Recently, a new approach to the model independent description of quantum field theories has been introduced Brunetti-Fredenhagen-Verch , which incorporates in a local sense the principle of general covariance of general relativity, thus giving rise to the concept of a locally covariant quantum field theory. The usual Haag-Kastler-Dimock framework can be regained from this new approach as a special case.

In this section, we intend to discuss the algebraic formalism so as to include supersymmetry on a supermanifold. A straight formulation on a supermanifold can be performed over the algebraic approach easily, since the construction of the algebra does not depend “a priori” of the manifold. Let us describe a physical theory in a general supermanifold from an extended formulation of the ordinary theory in curved spacetime. An observable algebra can be generated from $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{sd}}(f_{\mathrm{sf}})`$, where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{\mathrm{sd}}`$ are superdistributions (superfields) and $`f_{\mathrm{sf}}`$ test superfunctions. A complete superalgebra, like above, is represented by $`𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}=\overline{_𝒪𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)}`$, where $`𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}`$ denotes the superalgebra, with $`𝒪`$ denoting a bounded open region on a supermanifold $``$. We shall assume we have assigned to every bounded open region $`𝒪`$ in $``$ the following properties:

1. All $`𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)`$ are $``$-superalgebras containing a common unit element, where it is assumed that the following condition of isotony holds:

$`𝒪_1𝒪_2𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪_1)𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪_2).`$
This condition expresses the fact that the set, which we call in an improper way, of supersymmetric “observables” increases with the size of the localization region. (Certainly the set of physically interesting observables are obtained taking the body).
2. We define the essential notion of locality so that the restriction of a compact region $`𝒪`$ to a compact region of the body of the supermanifold, $`𝒪_𝐛_0`$, is causally separated from another compact region $`𝒪_𝐛^{}_0`$. This implies in the spacelike commutativity, $`[𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪),𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪^{})]=0`$. We see that this requirement is important, because only with this restriction we can work with causality: the notion of a suitable proper time curve which intersects the Cauchy surface in a global hyperbolic spacetime makes sense only on the body manifold. So, there we can establish an evolution of Cauchy surfaces to give us a criterion to define a Hadamard form to the vacuum state. A superdistribution on a supermanifold as a two-point function shows us that the causality is well-defined in this context. Therefore, we now state: if $`𝒪_𝐛`$ is causally dependent on $`𝒪_𝐛^{}`$, then $`𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪^{})`$.
3. Following Dimock , we require that there be an $`𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)`$ for each supermanifold $``$ equipped with some supermetric $`g`$, which generalizes the Lorentz metric, in a diffeomorphic class. Let $`k:_0_0^{}`$ be a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ diffeomorphism on the body manifold, such that $`k^{}(g_0^{})=g_0`$, where $`g_0`$ is a metric of signature $`(+,,,)`$ of the body manifold. Then $`z(k):^{}`$ is a $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ superdiffeomorphism $`z(k)`$ from $`(,g)`$ to $`(^{},g^{})`$ such that $`z(k)^{}(g^{})=g`$, and there is an isomorphism $`\alpha _{z(k)}:𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}\widehat{𝔄}_{\mathrm{sa}}`$ such that $`\alpha _{z(k)}[𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)]=\widehat{𝔄}_{\mathrm{sa}}(z(k)(𝒪))`$. One can also show that $`z(\mathrm{id}__0)=\mathrm{id}_{}`$, where $`\mathrm{id}__0(\mathrm{id}_{})`$ are the identity functions on $`_0()`$, respectively. Hence, $`\alpha _{z(\mathrm{id}__0)}=\alpha _{(\mathrm{id}_{})}`$ and, by Eq.(2.7), we have $`\alpha _{z(k_1)}\alpha _{z(k_2)}=\alpha _{z(k_1k_2)}`$.

It is interesting, in a particular way, choose a suitable $``$-algebra for a formulation of quantum fields in connection to the Gårding-Wightman approach . In quantum field theory, it is natural to work with tensor product over test functions, since is usual the presence of more than one field. Therefore, we introduce a tensor algebra of smooth superfunctions of compact support over $`𝒪`$, where $`𝒪`$ is an open region in a supermanifold. Let $`f_m`$ be a test superfunction in $`𝔇_m(𝒪)`$, so that $`F=_mf_m(z_1,\mathrm{},z_m)𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)`$, where here $`z_i=(x_i,\theta _i,\overline{\theta }_i)`$ denotes the supercoordinates. In a same way we take $`\omega _m(z_1,\mathrm{},z_m)𝔇_m^{}(𝒪)`$, here $`𝔇_m^{}`$ is the dual space of $`𝔇_m`$ consisting of $`m`$-point superdistributions $`\omega =\{\omega _m\}_m`$, such that $`\omega _m`$ belongs to the dual algebra denoted by $`𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}^{}(𝒪)`$. As we are working on involutive superalgebras, let us define the operation of involution $`(^{})`$ by $`f_m^{}(z_1,\mathrm{},z_m)=\overline{f_m(z_m,\mathrm{},z_1)}`$, where $`f_m^{}=\overline{f_m}`$ denotes the complex conjugation.

A superstate $`\omega `$ in this class of algebra is a normalized positive linear functional $`\omega :𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)𝒢_L`$, with $`\omega (F^{}F)0`$ for all $`F𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)`$. The normalization means that $`\omega ^0=1`$. This net of algebra is the Borchers-Uhlmann one . Such an algebra does not contain any specific dynamical information, which can be obtained by specifying a vacuum state on it. Once the vacuum state has been specified, through the GNS construction which fixes a Hilbert superspace and a vacuum vector, one can extract from the corresponding time-ordered, advanced or retarded superfunctions the desired information.

A superstate is said to satisfy the essential property of local commutativity if and only if for all $`m2`$ and all $`1im1`$ we have

$`\omega _m(f_1\mathrm{}f_if_{i+1}\mathrm{}f_m)=\omega _m(f_1\mathrm{}f_{i+1}f_i\mathrm{}f_m),`$
for all $`f_iG_0^{\mathrm{}}(𝒪)`$, such that the restriction of each $`f_i`$ on compact regions of the body of supermanifold implies that the $`\mathrm{supp}f_i|_{𝒪_𝐛}`$ and $`\mathrm{supp}f_{i+1}|_{𝒪_𝐛}`$ are spacelike separated. Furthermore, a superstate $`\omega `$ is “quasi-free” if the one-point superdistribution and all the truncated $`m`$-point superdistributions for $`m2`$ vanish, i.e., all $`m`$-point superdistributions are obtained from the two-point superdistribution via relation:

$`\omega _{2m+1}(f_1\mathrm{}f_m)=0\text{for }m0,`$
$`\omega _{2m}(f_1\mathrm{}f_m)={\displaystyle \underset{\begin{array}{c}i_1<\mathrm{}<i_{2m}\\ i_k<j_k\\ i_1,\mathrm{},j_{2m}\mathrm{distinct}\end{array}}{}}\omega _2(f_{i_1}f_{j_1})\omega _2(f_{i_2}f_{j_2})\mathrm{}\omega _2(f_{i_{2m}}f_{j_{2m}}),`$
for $`m1`$.

It is a well-know result that the physical model can be described by the GNS construction, showing us how the Hilbert space is constructed and defining what are the operators (just the algebra representation) acting in this space. According to conventional prescription, for getting the Hilbert space we choose the quotient between the observable algebra and the ideal $`𝒩_\omega `$ (to guarantee the scalar product existence). In this stage the problem of several inequivalent representation persists. In flat superspaces, the super-Poincaré invariance of the vacuum state picks out the correct representation . In general supermanifolds the case is more delicated; we will look for (super)Hadamard structures. This is motivated by the ordinary general manifold case. At last, we choose an acceptable Hilbert superspace from the algebraic properties via GNS construction by the following identification:

$`\omega _m(f_1\mathrm{}f_m)=\mathrm{\Omega }_\omega ,\pi _\omega (f_1)\mathrm{}\pi _\omega (f_m)\mathrm{\Omega }_\omega ,`$
where here $`\mathrm{\Omega }_\omega `$ is a distinguished vector in Hilbert superspace, and $`\pi _\omega `$ is the representation of the elements $`F𝔄_{\mathrm{sa}}(𝒪)`$ which play the role of self-adjoint linear operator acting in the Hilbert superspace over test superfunctions. In addition, we use the physical requirements on the body manifold in order to define whole set of superstates which are supposed to be distinguished by a certain generalized form of the spectral condition .

###### Remark 4.1.

The main features of Hilbert superspaces relevant for our purposes are summarized as follows: $`(i)`$ when the Grassmann algebra $`𝒢_L`$ is endowed with the Rogers norm, every Hilbert superspace is of the form $`=𝒢_L`$, where $``$ is an ordinary Hilbert space (the existence of such a subspace $``$ of $``$ called a base Hilbert space is important in physical applications ), $`(ii)`$ the $`𝒢_L`$-valued inner product $`,:\times 𝒢_L`$ respects the body operation $`x_𝐛,y_𝐛=x,y_𝐛`$ and $`x,x_𝐛0`$ for all $``$, so that $`x`$ has nonvanishing body if and only if $`x,x_𝐛>0`$. For generalizations of some basic results of the theory of Hilbert space to Hilbert superspaces we refer to the recent paper  and references therein. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5 Hadamard (Super)states

As already emphasized, the Hadamard state condition provides a framework in which we may improve our understanding to the problem concerning the determination of physically acceptable states. The motivation for we adopt the Hadamard structure of the vacuum state in curved spacetime quantum field theory is quite simple. In general, as we lost the possibility of pick out a good representation for the model due the fact that now we have not more an invariant structure over the action of an isometry group (in the flat case, the global Poincaré group), we must get another condition of choose. Since we are able to describe some aspects of a manifold observing the evolution of Cauchy surface (CS) coming from of asymptotic flat space, a new kind of invariance becomes natural, and this invariance arises from the preservation of some particular structure while the CS geometry is changing in determinated manifolds.

In particular, for states whose expectation values of the energy-momentum tensor operator can be defined by using the point separation prescription for renormalization, Fulling et al.  showed that if such states have a singularity structure of the Hadamard form in an open neighbourhood of a Cauchy surface, then they have their forms preservated independently of the Cauchy evolution. In this case, the states are said to have the Hadamard form if they can be expressed as

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Had}}(x_1,x_2)={\displaystyle \frac{U(x_1,x_2)}{\sigma (x_1,x_2)}}+V(x_1,x_2)\mathrm{ln}|\sigma (x_1,x_2)|+W(x_1,x_2),`$
where $`\sigma (x_1,x_2)`$ is one-half of the square of the geodesic distance between $`x_1`$ to $`x_2`$. In flat spacetime or in the $`x_1x_2`$ limit in curved spacetime, $`\sigma =\frac{1}{2}(x_1x_2)^2`$. It is clear of this that sing supp $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Had}}=\{(x_1,x_2)\sigma =\frac{1}{2}(x_1x_2)^2=0\}`$ (we recall that the singular support of a distribution $`u𝒟^{}(X)`$ is the smallest closed subset $`Y`$ of $`X`$ such that $`u|_{X\backslash Y}`$ is of class $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$). $`U,V`$ and $`W`$ are regular functions for all choices of $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$. The functions $`U`$ and $`V`$ are geometrical quantities independent of the quantum state, and only $`W`$ carries information about the state. Therefore, for free quantum field models in ordinary globally hyperbolic manifolds, the Hadamard form plays an important role: it is a strong candidate to describe an acceptable physical representation.

The search for the Hadamard form in the superspace case is simple, since the latter is, in general, obtainable by applying the function $`\delta ^2(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta ^{}})`$ (or $`\delta ^2(\theta \theta ^{})`$) and an exponential structure $`e^{E(_x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })}`$ to the ordinary Hadamard form $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Had}}`$ (see Proposition 7.3 below and  for details), such that the singularity structure region is not affected, i.e., it has a short distance behaviour analogous to the short distance behaviour discussed in the case of a general spacetime manifold . This issue is recaptured in Section 6. Since we can deal with a supermanifold which has a body manifold being a globally hyperbolic one (to guarantee this we just report to the construction of Bonora-Pasti-Tonin ), it is important to establish that only projectively superHadamard structures make sense. The obvious explanation for this statement is that the structure must cover the global time notion, and consequently the argument of causality, but over a supermanifold the notion of causal curves are not well defined unless projectively. The tool to extend the Hadamard structure to the supersymmetric environment arises from the fact that the existence and uniqueness of the Grassmannian continuation ($`z`$-continuation) for $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ functions is checked. By a body projection, we always get the ordinary Hadamard structure such that the latter must be invariant by CS evolution on the body manifold. This is a consistent result, since we will show in the next section, through an alternative and equivalent characterization of the Hadamard condition due Radzikowski  which involves the notion of the wavefront set of a superdistribution, that the structure of singularity is not changed and is condensed in the ordinary region of any Green superfunction, corroborating to the fact that only on the body of a supermanifold the causality makes sense.

## 6 Microlocal Analysis in Superspace

Important progress in understanding the significance of the Hadamard form relates it to Hörmander’s concept of wavefront sets and microlocal analysis , in a particular way by the wavefront set of their two-point functions. It satisfies the Hadamard condition if its wavefront set contains only positive frequencies propagating forward in time and negative frequencies backward in time.

The focus in this section will be on the extension of the Hörmander’s description of the singularity structure (wavefront set) of a distribution to include the supersymmetric case. The well-known result that the singularities of a superdistribution may be expressed in a very simple way through the ordinary distribution is proved by functional analytical methods, in particular the methods of microlocal analysis formulated in superspace language.

### 6.1 Standard Facts on Microlocal Analysis

The study of singularities of solutions of differential equations is simplified and the results are improved by taking what is now known as microlocal analysis. This leads to the definition of the wavefront set, denoted ($`WF`$), of a distribution, a refined description of the singularity spectrum. Similar notion was developed in other versions by Sato , Iagolnitzer  and Sjöstrand . The definition, as known nowadays, is due to Hörmander. He used this terminology due to an existing analogy between his studies on the “propagation” of singularities and the classical construction of propagating waves by Huyghens.

The key point of the microlocal analysis is the transference of the study of singularities of distributions from the configuration space only to the rather phase space, by exploring in frequency space the decay properties of a distribution at infinity and the smoothness properties of its Fourier transform. For a distribution $`u`$ we introduce its wavefront set $`WF(u)`$ as a subset in phase space $`^n\times ^n`$. The functorially correct definition of phase space is $`^n\times (^n)^{}`$. We shall here ignore any attempt to distinguish between $`^n`$ and $`(^n)^{}`$. We shall be thinking of points $`(x,k)`$ in phase space as specifying those singular directions $`k`$ of a “bad” behaviour of the Fourier transform $`\widehat{u}`$ at infinity that are responsible for the non-smoothness of $`u`$ at the point $`x`$ in position space. So we shall usually want $`k0`$. A relevant point is that $`WF(u)`$ is independent of the coordinate system chosen, and it can be described locally.

As it is well-known , a distribution of compact support, $`u^{}(^n)`$, is a smooth function if, and only if, its Fourier transform, $`\widehat{u}`$, rapidly decreases at infinity (i.e., as long as supp$`u`$ does not touch the singularity points). By a fast decay at infinity, one must understanding that for all positive integer $`N`$ exists a constant $`C_N`$, which depends on $`N`$, such that

$$|\widehat{u}(k)|(1+|k|)^NC_N,N;k^n.$$
(6.1)
If, however, $`u^{}(^n)`$ is not smooth, then the directions along which $`\widehat{u}`$ does not fall off sufficiently fast may be adopted to characterize the singularities of $`u`$.

For distributions does not necessarily of compact support, still we can verify if its Fourier transform rapidly decreases in a given region $`V`$ through the technique of localization. More precisely, if $`VX^n`$ and $`u𝒟^{}(X)`$, we can restrict $`u`$ to a distribution $`u|_V`$ in $`V`$ by setting $`u|_V(\varphi )=u(\varphi )`$, where $`\varphi `$ is a smooth function with support contained in a region $`V`$, with $`\varphi (x)0`$, for all $`xV`$. The distribution $`\varphi u`$ can then be seen as a distribution of compact support on $`^n`$. Its Fourier transform will be defined as a distribution on $`^n`$, and must satisfy, in absence of singularities in $`V^n`$, the property (6.1). From this point of view, all development is local in the sense that only the behaviour of the distribution on the arbitrarily small neighbourhood of the singular point, in the configuration space, is relevant.

Let $`u𝒟^{}(^n)`$ be a distribution and $`\varphi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$ a smooth function with support $`V^n`$. Then, $`\varphi u`$ has compact support. The Fourier transform of $`\varphi u`$ produces a smooth function in frequency space.

###### LEMMA 6.1.

Consider $`u𝒟^{}(^n)`$ and $`\varphi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$. Then $`\widehat{\varphi u}(k)=u(\varphi e^{ikx})`$. Moreover, the restriction of $`u`$ to $`V^n`$ is smooth on $`V`$ if, and only if, for every $`\varphi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$ and each positive integer $`N`$ there exist a constant $`C(\varphi ,N)`$, which depends on $`N`$ and $`\varphi `$, such that $`|\widehat{\varphi u}(k)|(1+|k|)^NC(\varphi ,N)`$, for all $`N`$ and $`k^n`$. ∎

If $`u𝒟^{}(^n)`$ is singular in $`x`$, and $`\varphi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(V)`$ is $`\varphi (x)0`$; then $`\varphi u`$ is also singular in $`x`$ and has compact support. However, in some directions in $`k`$-space $`\widehat{\varphi u}`$ until will be asymptotically limited. This is called the set of regular directions of $`u`$.

###### DEFINITION 6.2.

Let $`u(x)`$ be an arbitrary distribution, not necessarily of compact support, on an open set $`X^n`$. Then, the set of pairs composed by singular points $`x`$ in configuration space and by its associated nonzero singular directions $`k`$ in Fourier space

$`WF(u)=\{(x,k)X\times (^n\backslash 0)|k\mathrm{\Sigma }_x(u)\},`$ (6.2)
is called wavefront set of $`u`$. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_x(u)`$ is defined to be the complement in $`^n\backslash 0`$ of the set of all $`k^n\backslash 0`$ for which there is an open conic neighbourhood $`M`$ of $`k`$ such that $`\widehat{\varphi u}`$ rapidly decreases in $`M`$, for $`|k|\mathrm{}`$.

###### Remarks 6.1.

We will now collect some basic properties of the wavefront set:

1. The $`WF(u)`$ is conic in the sense that it remains invariant under the action of dilatations, i.e., when we multiply the second variable by a positive scalar. This means that if $`(x,k)WF(u)`$ then $`(x,\lambda k)WF(u)`$ for all $`\lambda >0`$.
2. From the definition of $`WF(u)`$, it follows that the projection onto the first variable, $`\pi _1(WF(u))x`$, consists of those points that have no neighbourhood wherein $`u`$ is a smooth function, and the projection onto the second variable, $`\pi _2(WF(u))\mathrm{\Sigma }_x(u)`$, is the cone around $`k`$ attached to a such point denoting the set of high-frequency directions responsible for the appearance of a singularity at this point.
3. The wavefront set of a smooth function is the empty set.
4. For all smooth function $`\varphi `$ with compact suport $`WF(\varphi u)WF(u)`$.
5. For any partial linear differential operator $`P`$, with $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ coefficients, we have

$$WF(Pu)WF(u).$$
6. If $`u`$ and $`v`$ are two distributions belonging to $`𝒟^{}(^n)`$, with wavefront sets $`WF(u)`$ and $`WF(v)`$, respectively; then the wavefront set of $`(u+v)𝒟^{}(^n)`$ is contained in $`WF(u)WF(v)`$.
7. If $`U,V`$ are open set of $`^n`$, $`u𝒟^{}(V)`$, and $`\chi :UV`$ a diffeomorphism such that $`\chi ^{}u𝒟^{}(U)`$ is the distribution pulled back by $`\chi `$, then $`WF(\chi ^{}u)=\chi ^{}WF(u)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Another result, which we merely state, is needed to complete this briefing on microlocal analysis.

###### THEOREM 6.3 (Wavefront set of pushforwards of a distribution).

Let $`f:XY`$ be a submersion, and let $`u^{}(X)`$. Then

$$WF(f_{}u)\{(f(x),\eta )xX,(x,^tf_x^{}\eta )WF(u)\text{or}^tf_x^{}\eta =0\},$$

where $`{}_{}{}^{t}f_{x}^{}`$ denotes the transpose matrix of the Jacobian matrix $`f_x^{}`$ of $`f`$. ∎

### 6.2 Wavefront set of a Superdistribution

It is already well-known that the singularity structure of Feynman (or more precisely Wightman) superfunctions is completely associated with the “bosonic” sector of the superspace. Although claims exist that the result is completely obvious, we do not think that a clear proof is available in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. In fact, there is a certain gap in the scientific literature between the usual textbook presentation of the singularity structure of superfunctions and the very mathematical treatement based on microlocal analysis. The purpose of the present subsection is to fill this gap. As expected, our result confirms that the decay properties of an ordinary distribution hold also to the case of a superdistribution, i.e., no new singularity appear by taking into account the structure of the superspace.

###### LEMMA 6.4.

Let $`X𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ be an open set, and $`u`$ be a superdistribution on $`X`$ taking values in $`𝒢_L`$, i.e., a linear functional $`u:G_0^{\mathrm{}}(X)𝒢_L`$. Let $`\varphi `$ be a supersmooth function with compact support $`KX`$. Then $`\varphi u`$ is also supersmooth on $`K`$, if its components $`(\varphi u)(ϵ(x))`$ are smooth on a compact set $`K^{}\mathrm{\Omega }`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is the body of superspace. Therefore, the following estimate holds:

$$\left|\widehat{\varphi u}(k)\right|(1+|k_𝐛|)^NC(N,\varphi ).$$

###### Indication of Proof.

A schematic proof may be constructed along the lines suggested by DeWitt : from Definition 2.4 follows that functions of $`x`$ are in one-to-one correspondence with functions of $`x_𝐛`$; this implies that in working with integrals over $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ one may for many purposes proceed as if one were working over the body of superspace, $`\mathrm{\Omega }=\{(x,0,0)Xϵ(x)^m\}`$. Because $`\varphi u(x)`$ vanishes at infinity, independently of their souls, the contour in $`𝒢_{L,0}^m`$ may be displaced to coincide with $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, without affecting the value of the integral. So, the theory of the Fourier transforms remains unchanged in form. For the sake of simplicity, we take the case for which $`s(x)=(xϵ(x))`$ is a smooth singled-valued function of $`ϵ(x)=x_𝐛`$ and $`L=2`$ is the number of generators of $`𝒢_2^{1,0}`$. This implies

$`\widehat{\varphi u}(k)`$ $`={\displaystyle 𝑑xe^{ikx}\varphi u(x)}`$
$`={\displaystyle 𝑑x_𝐛e^{ik_𝐛x_𝐛}\left(\varphi u(x_𝐛)+ix_𝐛\varphi u(x_𝐛)k_{ij}\xi ^i\xi ^j\right)}`$
$`=\widehat{\varphi u}(k_𝐛)+(\widehat{\varphi u})^{}(k_𝐛)k_{ij}\xi ^i\xi ^j.`$
The proof follows one making use of repeated integrations-by-parts generalizing the fact $`ik_𝐛^1\left(\frac{d}{dx_𝐛}e^{ik_𝐛x_𝐛}\right)=e^{ik_𝐛x_𝐛}`$

$`\widehat{\varphi u}(k)={\displaystyle \frac{(i)^{|\beta |}}{k_𝐛^\beta }}\left\{{\displaystyle 𝑑x_𝐛e^{ik_𝐛x_𝐛}\left(D_{x_𝐛}^\beta (\varphi u(x_𝐛))+D_{x_𝐛}^\beta (x_𝐛\varphi u(x_𝐛))k_{ij}\xi ^i\xi ^j\right)}\right\}.`$
Taking the absolute value of both sides and using the Banach algebra property of $`𝒢_L`$, we get the estimate:

$`\left|\widehat{\varphi u}(k)\right|`$ $`\left|\widehat{\varphi u}(k_𝐛)\right|+\left|(\widehat{\varphi u})^{}(k_𝐛)\right|\left|k_{ij}\right|`$
$`(1+|k_𝐛|)^{|\beta |}\left(\underset{\stackrel{\left|\beta \right|m}{x_𝐛K^{}}}{sup}|D_{x_𝐛}^\beta (\varphi u(x_𝐛))|+\underset{\stackrel{\left|\beta \right|m}{x_𝐛K^{}}}{sup}|D_{x_𝐛}^\beta (x_𝐛\varphi u(x_𝐛))|\left|k_{ij}\right|\right).`$ (6.3)
This inequality clearly implies our assertion. Hence, in order that (6.3) be smooth, we only need that $`\widehat{\varphi u}(k)`$ be rapidly decreasing as $`|k_𝐛|\mathrm{}`$. The proof may be generalized to include the case in which $`s(x)`$ is a multi-valued function of the body and $`L`$ is finite arbitrarily. We finish the proof by observing that as expected the soul part of $`k`$ has a polynomial behaviour. ∎

###### LEMMA 6.5.

By replacing $`𝒢_L^{m,0}`$ by $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ in the Lemma 6.4, then in this case the following estimate holds:

$`\left|\widehat{\varphi u}(k,\theta ,\overline{\theta })\right|(1+|k_𝐛|)^NC(N,\varphi _{(\gamma )})\theta _1\overline{\theta }_1\mathrm{}\theta _n\overline{\theta }_n.`$
###### Proof.

First, we note that both $`u`$ and $`\varphi `$ are $`G^{\mathrm{}}`$ superfunctions which can be expanded as a polinomial in the odd coordinates whose coefficients are functions defined over the even coordinates,

$`u(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })={\displaystyle \underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}}z(u_{(\gamma )})(x)(\theta )^{(\gamma )}\text{and}\varphi (x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })={\displaystyle \underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}}z(\varphi _{(\gamma )})(x)(\theta )^{(\gamma )}.`$
Then, the proof follows essentially by similar arguments to the proof of the previous lemma, taking into account the polinomial behaviour of odd variables, $`\theta `$ and $`\overline{\theta }`$. In fact, $`\varphi u(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ is linear function in each odd coordinates separately, because each odd coordinate is nilpotent, and no higher power of a odd coordinate can appear, i.e., $`\varphi u(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ is an absolutely convergent serie in the odd coordinates w.r.t. the Rogers norm $`_1`$. Indeed, $`\varphi u(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ is analytic in the odd coordinates. This suggests that to take the Fourier transform of $`\varphi u(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ on the even variables must be sufficient to infer on the smoothness properties of $`\varphi u(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$:

$`\widehat{\varphi u}(k,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(\mu )=0}{\overset{L}{}}}(\widehat{\varphi u})_{(\gamma ),(\mu )}(k_𝐛)(\xi )^{(\mu )}(\theta )^{(\gamma )}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle 𝑑x_𝐛e^{ik_𝐛x_𝐛}\left((\varphi u)_{(\gamma )}(x_𝐛)+ix_𝐛(\varphi u)_{(\gamma )}(x_𝐛)k_{ij}\xi ^i\xi ^j+\mathrm{}\right)}\right](\theta )^{(\gamma )}.`$ (6.4)
Then, taking the absolute value of both sides of (6.4), we obtain from the Banach algebra property of $`𝒢_L`$ and for each integer $`N`$ the estimate:

$`\left|\widehat{\varphi u}(k,\theta ,\overline{\theta })\right|=`$ $`\left|{\displaystyle \underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(\mu )=0}{\overset{L}{}}}(\widehat{\varphi u})_{(\gamma ),(\mu )}(k_𝐛)(\xi )^{(\mu )}(\theta )^{(\gamma )}\right|`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{(\gamma )=0}{\overset{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(\mu )=0}{\overset{L}{}}}\left|(\widehat{\varphi u})_{(\gamma ),(\mu )}(k_𝐛)\right|(\theta )^{(\gamma )}`$
$``$ $`(1+|k_𝐛|)^NC(N,\varphi _{(\gamma )})\theta _1\overline{\theta }_1\mathrm{}\theta _n\overline{\theta }_n.`$ (6.5)
This proves the lemma. ∎

So, the odd sector of superspace does not produce any effect on the singular structure of $`u`$. Combining the results above, we have proved:

###### THEOREM 6.6.

The singularities of a superdistribution $`u`$ are located at specific values of the body of $`x`$, the coordinates of the physical spacetime, independently of the odd coordinates. ∎

###### Comment 6.1.

That the body of the superspace is responsible for carrying all its singular structure is not too surprising. Apparently, there exists no reason to have superspaces whose topological properties are substantially different from its body, which is responsible for carrying all observables, reflecting some measurable properties of the model. $`\mathrm{}`$

We sum up the preceding discussion as follows:

###### DEFINITION 6.7 (Wavefront Set of a Superdistribution).

The wavefront set $`WF(u)`$ of a superdistribution $`u`$ in a superspace $``$ is the complement of the set of all regular directed points in the cotangent bundle $`T^{}_0`$, where $`_0=ϵ()`$ is the body of superspace, excluding the trivial point $`k_𝐛=0`$.

There is a more precise version of Definition 6.7. As we have seen in Section 3 all of the foregoing definitions and statements about supermanifolds may be converted into corresponding definitions and statements about ordinary manifolds, since associated with a supermanifold $``$ of dimension $`(m,n)`$ is a family of ordinary manifolds, of dimensions $`N=2^{L1}(m+n)`$, $`(L=1,2,\mathrm{})`$. The resulting manifold is called the $`L`$th skeleton of $``$ and denoted by $`𝒮_L()`$ . With the aid of the family of skeletons we can define the pushforward (or direct image) of a superdistribution. Let $`X𝒮_L()`$ and $`Y_0`$ be open sets and let $`ϵ`$ be the natural projection from $`𝒮_L()`$ (or $``$) to $`_0`$, the body map. If we introduce local coordinates $`x=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_N)`$ in $`X`$, then $`Y`$ is defined by $`x_𝐛=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)`$. There is a local relationship between the body and the skeletons given by

$$𝒮_L(X)\stackrel{\text{diff.}}{=}Y\times ^{2^{L1}(m+n)m}.$$

Now, let $`u`$ be a superdistribution on $`X`$, then the pushforward $`ϵ_{}u`$ defined by $`ϵ_{}u(\phi )=u(ϵ^{}\phi )`$, $`\phi C_0^{\mathrm{}}(Y)`$, it is a superdistribution on $`Y`$. Using these concepts, we can establish the following

###### COROLLARY 6.8.

Let $`ϵ:X𝒮_L()Y_0`$ be the body projection, and let $`u𝔇^{}(X)`$. Then

$`WF(ϵ_{}u)\{(x_𝐛,k_𝐛)T^{}_0\backslash 0x^{}=(x_{m+1},\mathrm{},x_N^{}),(x_𝐛,x^{},k_𝐛,0)WF(u)\},`$
where $`N^{}=2^{L1}(m+n)m`$.

###### Proof.

If $`x=(x_𝐛,x^{})`$, where $`x_𝐛Y`$, $`x^{}^N^{}`$ and $`ϵ:XY`$ is the body map, then the Jacobian matrix is of the form $`ϵ_x^{}=(1,0)`$ and the statement follows by Theorem 6.3. Thus, with any superspace $``$ and body of superspace $`_0`$ the singularities of a superdistribution $`ϵ_{}u`$ are located in a natural way in the set of projections of those points of the wavefront set of the superdistribution $`u`$ where singular directions are parallel to the $`x_𝐛`$-axis. ∎

###### Example 6.1.

For the model of Wess-Zumino, which consist of a chiral superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ in self-interaction, the Feynman superpropagators, in flat superspace, are :

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }}^\mathrm{F}(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta };x^{},\theta ^{},\overline{\theta }^{})=im\delta ^2(\theta \theta ^{})e^{i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta ^{}\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{})_\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{F}(xx^{}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\mathrm{\Phi }}^\mathrm{F}(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta };x^{},\theta ^{},\overline{\theta }^{})=e^{i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }+\theta ^{}\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{}2\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{})_\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{F}(xx^{}),`$ (6.6)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}}^\mathrm{F}(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta };x^{},\theta ^{},\overline{\theta }^{})=im\delta ^2(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta }^{})e^{i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta ^{}\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{})_\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{F}(xx^{}),`$
where $`\delta ^2(\theta \theta ^{})=(\theta \theta ^{})^2`$, with $`x,\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$ having the form (2.2) and (2.3), respectively. According to our analysis, the wavefront set of Feynman superprogators have the form,

$`WF(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{susy}}^\mathrm{F})=\{(x_𝐛,k_𝐛;x_𝐛^{},k_𝐛^{};x,0;x^{},0)(x_𝐛,k_𝐛;x_𝐛^{},k_𝐛^{})WF(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{susy}}^\mathrm{F}|__0)\},`$
where $`\mathrm{susy}=(\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi };\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\mathrm{\Phi };\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }})`$, $`x=(x_{m+1},\mathrm{},x_N^{})`$, $`x^{}=(x_{m+1}^{},\mathrm{},x_N^{}^{})`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{susy}}^\mathrm{F}|__0ϵ_{}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{susy}}^\mathrm{F}`$ is the direct image of Feynman superpropagators on the body of superspace, and $`WF(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{susy}}^\mathrm{F}|__0)OD`$ , with the off-diagonal piece given by

$`O=\{(x_𝐛,k_𝐛;x_𝐛^{},k_𝐛^{})T^{}_0^2`$ $`(x_𝐛,k_𝐛)(x_𝐛^{},k_𝐛^{}),x_𝐛x_𝐛^{},`$
$`k_𝐛\overline{V}_\pm \mathrm{if}x_𝐛J_\pm (x_𝐛^{})\},`$
where the equivalence relation $`(x_𝐛,k_𝐛)(x_𝐛^{},k_𝐛^{})`$ means that there is a lightlike geodesic $`\gamma `$ connecting $`x_𝐛`$ and $`x_𝐛^{}`$, such that at the point $`x_𝐛`$ the covector $`k_𝐛`$ is tangent to $`\gamma `$ and $`k_𝐛^{}`$ is the vector parallel transported along the curve $`\gamma `$ at $`x_𝐛^{}`$ which is again tangent to $`\gamma `$.

The diagonal piece is given by

$`D=\{(x_𝐛,k_𝐛;x_𝐛,k_𝐛)T^{}_0^2\backslash 0x_𝐛_0,k_𝐛T^{}_0^2\backslash 0\}.`$
For this reason, the Feynman superpropagators are singular only for pairs of points on the body of superspace that can be connected by a lightlike geodesic. $`\mathrm{}`$

We end this section quoting the main lesson on the microlocal analysis that we can use, i.e., the one about how the wavefront set may be lifted from superdistributions on open sets of $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ to superdistributions on a smooth supermanifold $``$. Such an extension can be achieved in analogy with the ordinary case. Let $`𝒪`$ be an open neighbourhood of $`z`$, which is assumed without loss generality to be covered by a single coordinate patch, and $`u𝔇^{}(𝒪)`$ be a superdistribution. Then, there exists a diffeomorphism $`\chi :𝒪U𝒢_L^{m,n}`$, so that $`\chi ^{}u𝔇^{}(U)`$ is the superdistribution pulled back by $`\chi `$. Therefore $`WF(\chi ^{}u)=\chi ^{}WF(u)`$. Now, let $`\varphi `$ be a supersmooth function with compact support contained within $`𝒪`$ with $`\varphi (z)0`$ – one should keep always in mind that each component $`\varphi _{(\gamma )}(ϵ(x))`$ of $`\varphi (z)`$ is a smooth function and with support contained within $`𝒪_𝐛`$, where $`𝒪_𝐛`$ denotes an open neighbourhood of $`x_𝐛_0`$. Hence, the superdistribution $`u\varphi `$ can be seen as a superdistribution on $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ which is of compact support, and given that there are no points belonging to the $`WF(u)`$, the Fourier transform, $`\widehat{u\varphi }`$, of $`u\varphi `$ is well defined as a superdistribution on $`𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ and satisfies the Lemma 6.5.

## 7 A Type of Microlocal Spectral Condition

We come back to the question of the Hadamard superstates. As repeatedly stated in this paper, Hadamard states have acquired a prominent status in connection with the spectral condition, and are recognized as defining the class of physical states for quantum field theories on a globally hyperbolic spacetime. Important progress in understanding the significance of Hadamard states was achieved by Radzikowski (with some gaps filled by Köhler ) who succeeded in characterizing the class of these states in terms of the wavefront set of their two-point function $`\omega _2`$ satisfying a certain condition. He called this condition the wavefront set spectral condition (WFSSC). He proposed that a quasifree state $`\omega `$ of the Klein-Gordon field over a globally hyperbolic manifold is a Hadamard state if and only if its two-point distribution $`\omega _2`$ has wavefront set

$$WF(\omega _2)=\{(x_1,k_1);(x_2,k_2)T^{}_0^2\{0\}(x_1,k_1)(x_2,k_2)\text{and}k_1^00\},$$
(7.1)
so that $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$ lie on a single null geodesic $`\gamma `$, $`(k_1)^\mu =g^{\mu \nu }(k_1)_\nu `$ is tangent to $`\gamma `$ and future pointing, and when $`k_1`$ is parallel transported along $`\gamma `$ from $`x_1`$ to $`x_2`$ yields $`k_2`$. If $`x_1=x_2`$, we have $`k_1^2=0`$ and $`k_1=k_2`$. Radzikowski in fact showed that this condition is similar to the spectral condition of axiomatic quantum field theory .

Note that equation (7.1) restricts the singular support of $`\omega _2(x_1,x_2)`$ to points $`x_1`$ and $`x_2`$ which are null related. Hence, $`\omega _2`$ must be smooth for all other points. This is known be true for theory of quantized fields on Minkowski space for space-like related points. The key is the Bargman-Hall-Wightman theorem which shows that this obtainable by applying complex Lorentz transformations to the primitive domain of analyticity determined by the spectral condition. However, a similar prediction on the smoothness does not exist for time-like related points. Radzikowski suggested to extend the right-hand side of equation (7.1) to all causally related points, in order to include possible singularities at time-like related points.

The microlocal characterization of Hadamard states may be applied equally well to a $`n`$-point function, with $`n>2`$. This generalization was achieved by Brunetti et al. . They suggested a prescription which we recall now. Let $`𝒢_m`$ denotes the set of all finite graphs , into some Lorentz manifold $`_0`$, whose vertices represent points in the set $`V=\{x_1,\mathrm{},x_m\}_0`$, and whose edges $`e`$ represent connections between pairs $`x_i,x_j`$ by smooth curves (geodesics) $`\gamma (e)`$ from $`x_i`$ to $`x_j`$. To each edge $`e`$ one assigns a covariantly constant causal covector field $`k_e`$ which is future directed if $`i<j`$, but not related to the tangent vector of the curve. If $`e^1`$ denotes the edge with opposite direction as $`e`$, then the corresponding curve $`\gamma (e^1)`$ is the inverse of $`\gamma (e)`$, which carries the momentum $`k_{e^1}=k_e`$.

###### DEFINITION 7.1 ($`\mu `$SC ).

A state $`\omega `$ with $`m`$-point distribution $`\omega _m`$ is said to satisfy the Microlocal Spectral Condition if, and only if, for any $`m`$

$`WF(\omega _m)\mathrm{\Gamma }_m,`$
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_m`$ is the set $`\{(x_1,k_1),\mathrm{},(x_m,k_m)\}`$ for which there exists a graph $`G𝒢_m`$ as described above with $`k_i=k_e(x_i)`$ where the sum runs over all edges which have the point $`x_i`$ as their sources. The trivial momentum configuration $`k_1=\mathrm{}=k_m=0`$ is excluded.

Passing from a smooth manifold to a smooth supermanifold, it seems reasonable to require that a superstate satisfies a certain type of microlocal spectrum condition. A completely analogous statement to the Definition 7.1 can be achieved, once more with the aid of the family of skeletons, $`𝒮_L()`$, and the graph theory. Let $`𝒢_r`$ be a set of finite “supergraphs,” into some $`𝒮_L()`$, whose vertices represent points in the set $`V=\{x_1,\mathrm{},x_r\}𝒮_L()`$. Locally the traditional notion of a supergraph drawing is that its vertices are represented by points in the hyperplane $`^{2^{L1}(m+n)}`$, its edges are represented by curves – that are piecewise linear – between these points, and different curves meet only in common endpoints. If $`ϵ_0:^{2^{L1}(m+n)}^m`$ is the canonical projection, then $`\stackrel{~}{G}=ϵ_0G`$ is a graphy composed by the projection of those points of a supergraph whose edges $`e`$ represent connections between pairs $`x_{𝐛_i},x_{𝐛_j}^m`$ by curves from $`x_{𝐛_i}`$ to $`x_{𝐛_j}`$. Then, according to Brunetti et al , an immersion of a graph $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ into the body manifold $`_0`$ is an assignment of vertices of $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ to points in $`_0`$, and of the edges of $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ to piecewise smooth curves in $`_0`$, $`e\gamma (e)`$ with source $`s(\gamma (e))=x_𝐛(s(e))`$ and target $`t(\gamma (e))=x_𝐛(t(e))`$, respectively, together with a covariantly constant causal covector field $`k_{𝐛_e}`$ on $`\gamma `$ such that: (i) if $`e^1`$ denotes the edge with opposite direction as $`e`$, then the corresponding curve $`\gamma (e^1)`$ is the inverse of $`\gamma (e)`$; (ii) for every edge $`e`$ the covector $`k_{𝐛_e}`$ is directed toward future if $`x_𝐛(s(e))<x_𝐛(t(e))`$; (iii) $`k_{𝐛_{e^1}}=k_{𝐛_e}`$. Using this construction, we establish:

###### DEFINITION 7.2 (susy$`\mu `$SC).

A superstate $`\omega ^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ with $`r`$-point superdistribution $`\omega _r^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ is said to satisfy a Supersymmetric Microlocal Spectral Condition if, and only if, for any $`r`$

$`WF(\omega _r^{\mathrm{susy}})=\{(x_{𝐛_1},x_1^{},k_{𝐛_1},0);\mathrm{};(x_{𝐛_r},x_r^{},k_{𝐛_r},0)WF(ϵ_{}\omega _r^{\mathrm{susy}})\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_r\},`$
where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_r`$ is the set $`\{(x_{𝐛_1},k_{𝐛_1});\mathrm{};(x_{𝐛_r},k_{𝐛_r})\}`$ for which there exists a graph $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ as described above with $`k_{𝐛_i}=k_{𝐛_e}(x_{𝐛_i})`$ where the sum runs over all edges which have the point $`x_{𝐛_i}`$ as their sources. The trivial momentum configuration $`k_{𝐛_1}=\mathrm{}=k_{𝐛_r}=0`$ is excluded.

###### Remarks 7.1.

We would like to call attention to two important points:

* The Definition 7.2 indicates that for a superstate $`\omega ^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ the (susy$`\mu `$SC) is equivalent to the requirement that all of the component fields satisfy the microlocal spectral conditions  on the body manifold. This observation is significant because it is in agreement with the DeWitt’s remark which asserts that, in physical applications of supersymmetric quantum field theories, the spectral condition of the GNS-Hilbert superspace is restricted to the ordinary GNS-Hilbert space that sits inside the GNS-Hilbert superspace.
* The Definition 7.2 provides us with a “global” microlocal spectral condition. In our setting the word “global” means that the singular support of all component fields is embodied in $`WF(ϵ_{}\omega _m^{\mathrm{susy}})`$. This is typical feature of supersymmetric theories in superspace language. For instance, for the chiral superfield of Wess-Zumino , in analogy to the scalar component field, the Hadamard condition for a spinorial component field is formulated in terms of its two-point distribution $`\omega _2`$. The latter are obtainable by applying the adjoint of the spinorial operator to a suitable auxiliary Hadamard state of the squared spinorial equation. For fixed spinor indices the wavefront set of the latter is contained in r.h.s. of equation (7.1) and derivatives do not enlarge the wavefront set. $`\mathrm{}`$

Next we give a example of an application of our definiton. We restrict ourselves to the simplest case of massive chiral/antichiral fields of the Wess-Zumino model in flat superspace, leaving other cases as the Wess-Zumino model, or supersymmetric gauge theories in curved superspace for future works.

#### $``$ The Free Wess-Zumino Model in Flat Superspace

The simplest $`N=1`$ supersymmetric model in four dimension is the free model of Wess-Zumino , which consists of a chiral superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$, resp. antichiral superfield $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta })`$, obeying the differential constraint $`\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}\mathrm{\Phi }=0`$, resp. $`D_\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}=0`$. As usual,

$$D_\alpha =\frac{}{\theta ^\alpha }i\sigma _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}^\mu \overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }}_\mu ,\overline{D}_{\dot{\alpha }}=\frac{}{\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }}}+i\theta ^\alpha \sigma _{\alpha \dot{\alpha }}^\mu _\mu ,$$
(7.2)
is a supersymmetric covariant derivatives. Our notations and conventions are those of . The elements of the $`N=1`$ superspace are parametrized by even and odd coordinates $`z^M=(x^\mu ,\theta ^\alpha ,\overline{\theta }^{\dot{\alpha }})`$, with $`\mu =(0,\mathrm{},3),\alpha =(1,2),\dot{\alpha }=(\dot{1},\dot{2})`$, where $`\theta `$ and its complex conjugate $`\overline{\theta }`$, are odd coordinates and by construction they anticommute with each other. In this case the body manifold is $`^m`$ and the body map is the augmentation map $`ϵ:𝒢_L^{m,n}^m`$.

The superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }(z)`$ is a function mapping superspace into the even part of a Grassmann algebra . With the help of the commutation rule $`\overline{D}_\alpha (e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }\varphi )=e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }(/\overline{\theta }^\alpha )\varphi `$, the chiral superfield can be expanded in powers of the odd coordinates as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }(\phi (x)+\theta \psi (x)+\theta ^2F(x)),$$
(7.3)
with $`\phi \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}2^{1/2}(A+iB)`$ and $`F\stackrel{\text{def}}{=}2^{1/2}(DiE)`$. $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`\psi `$ are respectively the scalar, pseudoscalar and spin-$`1/2`$ physical component fields of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, whereas $`D`$ and $`E`$ are their scalar and pseudoscalar auxiliary components. The latter are necessary for a classical off-shell closure of the supersymmetry algebra (they do not corresponding to propagating degrees of freedom in that appear through non-derivative terms).

As above, the antichiral superfield $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(z)`$, with the help of the commutation rule $`D_\alpha (e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }\varphi )=e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }(/\theta ^\alpha )\varphi `$, can be expanded in component fields:

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(z)=e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }(\phi ^{}(x)+\overline{\theta }\overline{\psi }(x)+\overline{\theta }^2F^{}(x)).$$
(7.4)
The quantum version of the Wess-Zumino model is based on the classical field equations

$$\frac{1}{16}\overline{D}^2\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}+\frac{m}{4}\mathrm{\Phi }=0,\frac{1}{16}D^2\mathrm{\Phi }+\frac{m}{4}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}=0.$$
(7.5)
Applying the operator $`D^2`$ to the first equation (resp. $`\overline{D}^2`$ to the second equation), multiplying the second equation by $`4m`$ (resp. the first equation), and using the commutation relation $`[D^2,\overline{D}^2]=8iD\sigma ^\mu \overline{D}_\mu +16\mathrm{}`$; one may combine them in order to find

$$(\mathrm{}_x+m^2)\mathrm{\Phi }=0,(\mathrm{}_x+m^2)\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}=0.$$
(7.6)
To our classical superfields $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$, we associate quantum superfields, an operator-valued “superdistributions,” smeared with “supertest” functions,

$`F(z)`$ $`=e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }(f(x)+\theta \chi (x)+\theta ^2h(x)),`$
$`\overline{F}(z)`$ $`=e^{i\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }_\mu }(f^{}(x)+\overline{\theta }\overline{\chi }(x)+\overline{\theta }^2h^{}(x)),`$ (7.7)
with $`F(z),\overline{F}(z)G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$, the $`𝒢_L`$-valued superfunctions on an open set $`U𝒢_L^{m,n}`$ which have compact support.

For all $`F(z),G(z)G_0^{\mathrm{}}(U,𝒢_L)`$, we define the commutation relations

$`[\mathrm{\Phi }(\overline{F}),\mathrm{\Phi }(\overline{G})]=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mu (z)𝑑\mu (z^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\mathrm{PJ}}(z,z^{})\overline{F}(z)\overline{G}(z^{})},`$
$`[\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(F),\mathrm{\Phi }(\overline{G})]=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mu (z)𝑑\mu (z^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\mathrm{PJ}}(z,z^{})F(z)\overline{G}(z^{})},`$ (7.8)
$`[\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(F),\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(G)]=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mu (z)𝑑\mu (z^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}}^{\mathrm{PJ}}(z,z^{})F(z)G(z^{})}.`$
where $`d\mu (z)\stackrel{\text{def}}{=}d^8z=d^4xd^2\theta d^2\overline{\theta }`$. We call $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\mathrm{PJ}}`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\mathrm{\Phi }}^{\mathrm{PJ}}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}}^{\mathrm{PJ}}`$ the Pauli-Jordan superdistributions, fundamental solutions of the homogeneous equations (7.6). In fact they are two-point distributions, elements of $`𝔇^{}(U)`$.

The vacuum expectation value of the product $`\mathrm{\Phi }(F)\mathrm{\Phi }(G)`$ satisfies the relation

$`(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }(F)\mathrm{\Phi }(G)\mathrm{\Omega })=(w_2^{\mathrm{susy}}(z,z^{}),F(z)G(z^{})).`$ (7.9)
The distribution $`w_2^{\mathrm{susy}}(z,z^{})`$ extends the Wightman formalism. For this reason, we call $`w_2^{\mathrm{susy}}(z,z^{})`$ Wightman superdistribution of two-points.

The Wightman superdistribution of $`n`$-points will be symbolically written under the form :

$$w_n^{\mathrm{susy}}(z_1,,\mathrm{},z_n)=(\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{\Phi }(x_1;\theta _1,\overline{\theta }_1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }(x_n;\theta _n,\overline{\theta }_n)\mathrm{\Omega }),$$
(7.10)
and

$$w_n^{\mathrm{susy}}\left(F_n\right)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}d\mu _iw_n^{\mathrm{susy}}(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)F_n(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n).$$
(7.11)
In this definition, we have fixed the order in which we take the superdistribution and the supertest function.

###### PROPOSITION 7.3.

– The two-point Hadamard, Pauli-Jordan and Wightman superdistributions have the following dependence in $`x,\theta ,\overline{\theta }`$:

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }}^X(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta };x^{},\theta ^{},\overline{\theta }^{})=im\delta ^2(\theta \theta ^{})e^{i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta ^{}\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{})_\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }_X(xx^{}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\mathrm{\Phi }}^X(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta };x^{},\theta ^{},\overline{\theta }^{})=e^{i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }+\theta ^{}\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{}2\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{})_\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }_X(xx^{}),`$ (7.12)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}}^X(x,\theta ,\overline{\theta };x^{},\theta ^{},\overline{\theta }^{})=im\delta ^2(\overline{\theta }\overline{\theta }^{})e^{i(\theta \sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }\theta ^{}\sigma ^\mu \overline{\theta }^{})_\mu }\mathrm{\Delta }_X(xx^{}),`$
where $`X=(\mathrm{Had},\mathrm{PJ},\mathrm{W})`$.

###### Idea of Proof..

We start from (6.6) and use the fact that in terms of even and odd solutions of the homogeneous wave equation, the function $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{F}(xx^{})`$ can be write as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{F}(xx^{})=\frac{1}{2}\left[i\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Had}}(xx^{})+\epsilon (x^0x^0)\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{PJ}}(xx^{})\right]$$
(7.13)
Then, by replacing (7.13) in (6.6), we immediately get the Hadamard and Pauli-Jordan superdistribution as stated. The Wightman superdistribution is obtained directly from the fact the $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{PJ}}(xx^{})=\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{W}(xx^{})\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{W}(xx^{})`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Had}}(xx^{})=i(\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{W}(xx^{})+\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{W}(xx^{}))`$. ∎

###### PROPOSITION 7.4.

Let $`\omega ^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ be a state for the quantum Wess-Zumino model on flat superspace, whose $`r`$-point superdistributions $`\omega _r^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ satisfy the Wightman axioms . Then $`\omega ^{\mathrm{susy}}`$ satisfies the Definiton 7.2.

###### Proof.

This is an immediate consequence of Corollary 6.8 above and Theorem 4.6 of . ∎

## 8 Final Considerations

Having proposed an extension of some structural aspects that have successfully been applied in the development of the theory of quantum fields propagating on a general spacetime manifold so as to include superfield models on a supermanifold, it would be interesting to consider the perturbative treatment of interacting quantum superfield models, in particular the formulation of renormalization theory on supermanifolds. The main problem which still remains in this rather restrictive framework is the mathematically consistent definition of all powers of Wick “superpolynomials” and their time-ordered products for the noninteracting theory, which serve as building blocks for a perturbative definition of interacting superfields. Another work devoted to its solution is in progress , such that covariance with respect to supersymmetry is manifestly preserved. The renormalization scheme underlying our construction is the one of Epstein-Glaser. It is formulated, unlike the other renormalization schemes, in configuration space. Therefore, it becomes appropriate to define carefully perturbative renormalization on a generic spacetime manifold. Recently, Brunetti and Fredenhagen  (with some gaps filled by Hollands and Wald ) have shown that the Wick polynomials and their time-ordered products can be defined in globally hyperbolic spacetimes. By the methods of this paper we can define powers of Wick “superpolynomials” and their time-ordered products for the noninteracting theory.

## Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Profs. O. Piguet and J.A. Helayël-Neto for some helpful comments on a preliminary draft of this paper. C.M.M. Polito is supported by the Brazilian agency CAPES.