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# Fragmentation functions using e+e- data from PETRA and LEP

## 1 $`\sigma _L/\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}`$ with JADE data

### 1.1 Introduction

The energy and the momentum spectrum of a hadron $`h`$ produced in the annihilation process e+e- $`\gamma ,\mathrm{Z}^0h+X`$ is described by a fragmentation function $`^h(x)(1/\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}})(\mathrm{d}\sigma ^h/\mathrm{d}x)`$. With $`x2p/\sqrt{s}`$, $`p`$ is the momentum carried by the hadron $`h`$, and $`\sqrt{s}`$ is the centre-of-mass energy of the annihilation process with total hadronic cross-section $`\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}`$. Ignoring polarisation effects the fragmentation function receives contributions from the transverse ($`T`$) and longitudinal ($`L`$) polarization states of the intermediate electroweak vector bosons, $`\gamma `$ and Z0, and from their interference yielding an asymmetric contribution ($`A`$) . At centre-of-mass energies much larger than the mass of the produced quark $`q`$, the longitudinal contribution is negligible . A sizeable contribution to the longitudinal fragmentation function comes from gluon radiation from the $`q\overline{q}`$ system in the final state . The asymmetric contribution vanishes, because we don’t distinguisch quark and antiquark. The fragmentation functions are related to the perturbatively calculable ratios of the longitudinal, $`\sigma _L`$, and transverse, $`\sigma _T`$, cross-sections to the total cross-section. The contribution of gluon radiation to $`\sigma _{T,L}/\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}`$ has been calculated in second order of $`\alpha _S`$ . This allows tests of QCD and determinations of $`\alpha _S`$ from measurements of $`\sigma _L/\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}`$.

### 1.2 Detector and data samples

We present in this paper a re-analysis of data recorded by the JADE detector  at the PETRA electron-positron collider. The data used for this study were recorded between 1979 and 1986 at centre-of-mass energies of $`\sqrt{s}=34`$-$`36`$ GeV and $`\sqrt{s}=43`$-$`45`$ GeV. Multihadronic events were selected according to the criteria described in . For this analysis we used the JADE collaboration’s original Monte Carlo samples of multihadronic events from the JETSET program version 6.3  including a detailed simulation of the JADE detector.

### 1.3 Meaurement of $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ distribution

The distribution of $`\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ of all tracks of charged particles was measured, where $`\theta `$ is the polar angle between the direction of beam axis and the outgoing hadron $`h`$. The effects of limited acceptance and resolution of the detector were corrected using a bin-by-bin correction method. Fig. 1 shows the measured distribution of $`q\mathrm{cos}\theta `$ after application of the binwise correction factors which are shown in the upper part of the figure.

### 1.4 Determination of $`\sigma _𝐋/\sigma _{\mathrm{𝐭𝐨𝐭}}`$ and $`\alpha _𝐒`$

Assuming that at the hadron level the correction for neutral particles is identical for the longitudinal and transverse cross-sections, we can write :

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma ^{\mathrm{ch}}}{\mathrm{d}(q\mathrm{cos}\theta )}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}}\eta ^{\mathrm{ch}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _L}{\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}}}\left(13\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \right)+\left(1+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \right)\right].`$ (1)
The unknown parameters to be determined from a fit to the data are $`\eta ^{\mathrm{ch}}`$, the correction factor for the total cross-section accounting for the neutral particles, and $`\sigma _L/\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}`$. From substituting in Eq. (1.4) with the relation known in $`𝒪(\alpha _S^2)`$ .

$$\left(\frac{\sigma _L}{\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}}\right)_{\mathrm{PT}}=\frac{\alpha _S}{\pi }+8.444\left(\frac{\alpha _S}{\pi }\right)^2$$
(2)
a formula can be obtained which allows for a direct determination of the strong coupling constant $`\alpha _S`$ at a renormalization scale $`\mu =\sqrt{s}`$. Values of

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _L}{\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}}}`$ $`=`$ $`0.067\pm 0.011(\mathrm{stat}.)\pm 0.007(\mathrm{syst}.)`$
were obtained for the longitudinal and transverse cross-sections relative to the total hadronic cross-section. Using the second order QCD prediction for the relative longitudinal cross-section, a value of

$`\alpha _S(36.6\mathrm{GeV})`$ $`=`$ $`0.150\pm 0.020(\mathrm{stat}.)`$
$`\pm `$ $`0.013(\mathrm{syst}.)\pm 0.008(\mathrm{scal}.)`$
was determined for the strong coupling.

## 2 $`\mathrm{ln}(1/x)`$ distribution between $`\sqrt{s}`$ = 22 and 44 GeV

### 2.1 Introduction

Even though the shape of the momentum spectra cannot be calculated for the complete phase space, sound predictions have been made for the shape and the energy evolution of the $`\xi \mathrm{ln}(1/x)`$ distribution . Destructive interference for soft gluon emission suppresses the production of particles with very low momentum thus turning the $`\xi `$ distribution into an approximate gaussian shape at asymptotic energies . The peak position, $`\xi _0`$, of this distribution is expected to depend in leading order linearly on $`Y\mathrm{ln}(\sqrt{s}/2\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{eff}})`$. Here $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is related to the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ parameter of the running strong coupling constant but is not identical to it due to the approximations made in the calculation. Corrections in $`𝒪(\alpha _S)`$ to the asymptotic prediction yield a skewed gaussian shape for the $`\xi `$ distribution next to its maximum :111For simplicity the explicit $`Y`$ dependence of $`\delta `$, $`\xi `$, $`\xi _0`$, $`\sigma `$, $`s`$, $`k`$, and $`k_5`$ is not exhibited.

$`F_q(\xi ,Y)={\displaystyle \frac{N(Y)}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi }}}`$
$`\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{k}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{s\delta }{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(2+k)\delta ^2}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{s\delta ^3}{6}}+{\displaystyle \frac{k\delta ^4}{24}}\right),`$ (3)
where $`N(Y)`$ is a normalization related to the multiplicity of charged particles, $`\delta (\xi \xi )/\sigma `$ and

$`\xi \xi (Y)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{Y}{2}}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{\rho }{24}}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{48}{\beta Y}}}\right)\left[1{\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{6Y}}\right]+𝒪(1)`$ (4)
with $`\beta 112N_f/3`$, $`\rho 11+2N_f/27`$, $`\omega =1+N_f/27`$, $`C_A=3`$, $`C_F=4/3`$, and $`N_f`$ the number of active flavours, which is usually set to $`3`$ since gluons predominantly split into a pair of the lightest quarks (u, d, s). The $`y`$-dependence of $`\sigma `$, $`s`$, $`k`$ and $`N(Y)`$ can be found in references . The peak position $`\xi _0(Y)`$, is related to the mean value by the relation111For simplicity the explicit $`Y`$ dependence of $`\delta `$, $`\xi `$, $`\xi _0`$, $`\sigma `$, $`s`$, $`k`$, and $`k_5`$ is not exhibited.

$`\xi _0\xi {\displaystyle \frac{3\rho }{32C_A}}0.35,`$ (5)
where the approximation is for large $`Y`$, and the numerical value is for $`N_f=3`$ .

### 2.2 Detector and data samples

For the measurement of the $`\xi `$ distribution, data recorded by JADE between 1979 and 1986 at centre-of-mass energies of $`\sqrt{s}=22`$, $`35`$ and $`44`$ GeV are analyzed. Our investigation follows the same lines as the measurement of the longitudinal and transverse cross-sections. However we use here MC simulation data based on the PYTHIA 5.722 event generator  with parameters of .

### 2.3 Measurement of the $`\xi `$ distribudion

All charged particles are used in the measurement of the $`\xi `$ distribution. Fig. 2 shows the $`\xi `$ distribution measured from tthe 44 GeV data set and corrected for the limited acceptance and resolution of the detector and for initial state radiation (ISR). The position of the maximum $`\xi _0`$ is determined by fitting Eq. (2.1) to the data. The fit considers three parameters $`N`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ and $`\xi _0`$. The remaining parameters of the skewed gaussian (2.1) are calculated using their $`y`$-dependance to be found in references . When fitting $`\xi _0`$ the asymptotic relation (5) is employed to substitute $`\xi (Y)`$ in Eq. (2.1). The final results of the fitted parameters  including statistical and systematic uncertainties are summarized in Fig. 3.
Values of
$`\xi _0(22\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})=2.735\pm 0.019(\mathrm{stat}.)\pm 0.090(\mathrm{syst}.)`$
$`\xi _0(35\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})=3.064\pm 0.003(\mathrm{stat}.)\pm 0.049(\mathrm{syst}.)`$
$`\xi _0(44\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})=3.193\pm 0.010(\mathrm{stat}.)\pm 0.063(\mathrm{syst}.)`$
were obtained at PETRA energies of 22, 35 and 44 GeV.

### 2.4 Investigation of flavour dependence of $`\xi `$ distribution

$`\xi _0`$ for the inclusive $`\xi `$ distribution can be written as a supperposition of $`\xi _0`$ for flavour sorted $`\xi `$ distributions weighted with due to the different couplings of the intermediate photon and Z boson to the quarks center-of-mass energy dependent branching ratio for the corresponding flavour. We consider the meassured values of $`\xi _0`$ from JADE data between $`\sqrt{s}=`$ 22 and 44 GeV and OPAL data between $`\sqrt{s}=`$ 91 and 208 GeV. As constraints we consider the directly meassured values of $`\xi _0`$ for $`uds`$, $`c`$ and $`b`$ at 91 GeV by OPAL . We assume that $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{uds}\mathrm{\Lambda }_c\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$. With 3 fit parameters we described the energy evolution of $`\xi _0`$ for the inclusive $`\xi `$ distribution as shown in figure 4. We meassured a differtent of 30$`\%`$ between $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{uds}`$.

## 3 Summary and conclusions

We measured with JADE data the longitutinal cross-section $`\sigma _L/\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}}`$ and the value of the strong copling constant $`\alpha _S`$ at 36.6 GeV and the peak position $`\xi _0`$ of the $`\xi `$ distribution at 22, 35 and 44 GeV. Combining JADE and OPAL data we also investigated the flavour dependence of $`\xi _0`$.