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# The Wind of the B[e] Supergiant Hen S22 Viewed through a Reflection Nebula in DEM L 106

## 1 Introduction

A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFPC2 H$`\alpha `$ image of the H II region DEM L 106 (Davies, Elliott, & Meaburn, 1976) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) revealed a pair of bright, compact H II regions embedded within a large shell nebula (Chen et al., 2000). DEM L 106 has been previously cataloged by Henize (1956) as N30, and the two compact H II regions were identified as an H II knot and designated as N30B. As shown in Figure 1, while the main body of N30B is unremarkable, it is surrounded by a halo with sharp edges on the northern rim facing the luminous B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22 (= HD 34664; Henize, 1956). B\[e\] supergiants are known to possess stellar winds (Zickgraf et al., 1996). The nebular morphology and relative location of Hen S22 and N30B thus appear to suggest that the halo of N30B is a bow shock produced by dynamical interactions with the wind of Hen S22.

A two-component stellar wind model has been proposed for B\[e\] supergiants: (1) a cool, slow wind along a dusty equatorial disk which gives rise to narrow, low-excitation emission lines of, e.g., Fe II, \[Fe II\], and \[O I\], and (2) a hot, fast polar wind that is responsible for the broad, high-excitation absorption lines of, e.g., C IV, Si IV, and N V (Zickgraf et al., 1985, 1986). $`IUE`$ spectra of Hen S22 in the 1800–3200 Å range are dominated by P Cygni type lines of Fe II, from which it is derived that the equatorial disk is viewed nearly edge-on and the terminal wind velocity along the disk is $`80`$ km s-1(Zickgraf et al., 1996); while $`IUE`$ spectra in the 1150–1950 Å range show blue-shifted absorption of Si IV and C IV indicating that the polar wind of Hen S22 has an expansion velocity $`>`$1000 km s-1 (Bensammar et al., 1983; Zickgraf et al., 1986). N30B is projected at 20′′–30′′ (or 5–7.5 pc for a distance of 50 kpc, Feast, 1999) from Hen S22; its 24′′ spatial extent (Figure 1) has a good chance to be partially located above the disk and interact with the polar wind of Hen S22.

To determine the nature and physical properties of the bow-shock-like halo around N30B, we have obtained high-dispersion, long-slit echelle spectra of N30B, its bow-shock-like halo, its surrounding interstellar medium, and Hen S22. We find that the bow-shock-like halo shows surprisingly broad H$`\alpha `$ line profiles similar to that of Hen S22, suggesting that it is a reflection nebula. Furthermore, the spectral features vary from the east side to the west side of N30B, indicating that N30B indeed sees the wind of Hen S22 along a range of viewing angles. Recently archived $`HST`$ WFPC2 images of N30B obtained by the Hubble Heritage Project provide additional support to the interpretation of a reflection nebula for the halo of N30B. In this paper, we report these observations, and discuss the physical properties of N30B, the nature of its halo, and the implication of our results on the disk and polar winds of the B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22.

## 2 Observations and Data Reduction

### 2.1 HST WFPC2 Images

Our $`HST`$ WFPC2 images of DEM L 106 (PI: Chu) were obtained on 1998 November 14. The observations were made through the F656N (H$`\alpha `$) filter for $`3\times 800`$ s. The images were processed using the standard $`HST`$ data pipeline and then combined to remove cosmic rays and to produce an image with a total exposure time of 2400 s. We further processed the resultant image with the standard procedures outlined in Chen et al. (2000) to extract H$`\alpha `$ fluxes.

Two corrections have been applied to these H$`\alpha `$ fluxes due to the $``$300 km s-1 red-shift of the LMC. First, the filter transmission of the red-shifted H$`\alpha `$ line is $`93`$% of the peak transmission, so the extracted H$`\alpha `$ fluxes are multiplied by a correction factor of 1.07. Second, the \[N II\] $`\lambda `$6548 line is red-shifted into the H$`\alpha `$ passband at $`90`$% of the peak transmission. Using the \[N II\] $`\lambda `$6548/H$`\alpha `$ ratio measured from our echelle spectra (see §2.2), we find that the \[N II\] $`\lambda `$6548 line contributes to $`4`$% of the H$`\alpha `$ flux. Therefore, an additional correction factor of 0.96 is applied to the extracted H$`\alpha `$ fluxes.

The $`HST`$ WFPC2 images of DEM L 106 for the Hubble Heritage Project (PI: Noll) were obtained on 2001 October 18. The observations were made with the $`F439W`$ (WFPC2 $`B`$), $`F555W`$ (WFPC2 $`V`$), $`F814W`$ (WFPC2 $`I`$), $`F502N`$ (\[O III\]), and $`F673N`$ (\[S II\]) filters for exposure times of $`2\times 160`$, $`2\times 40`$, $`2\times 100`$, $`2\times 500`$, and $`2\times 1100`$ s, respectively. Note that the broad-band images may contain contributions from nebular lines, e.g., the $`B`$ band contains the H$`\gamma `$, H$`\delta `$, and H$`ϵ`$ lines and the $`V`$ band contains the H$`\beta `$ line. We have processed these images using standard procedures. We have also adjusted the coordinates using astrometric solutions calculated from the GSC2.2111The Guide Star Catalogue-II is a joint project of the Space Telescope Science Institute and the Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino. Space Telescope Science Institute is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under contract NAS5-26555. The participation of the Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino is supported by the Italian Council for Research in Astronomy. Additional support is provided by European Southern Observatory, Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, the International GEMINI project and the European Space Agency Astrophysics Division. positions of 9 stars on the WF2 chip; our final coordinates should have $``$ 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$2 accuracy. The WFPC2 images of N30B are presented in Figure 2.

### 2.2 High-Dispersion Echelle Spectroscopy

High-dispersion spectra of DEM L 106 were obtained with the echelle spectrograph on the 4 m telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) from two observing runs, 2000 January 22 and December 7. Both runs used the 79 line mm-1 echelle grating in the single-order, long-slit observing configuration, in which a flat mirror replaced a cross disperser and a post-slit H$`\alpha `$ filter was inserted to isolate a single order. The red long focus camera and the 2000$`\times `$2000 SITe2K\_6 CCD were used to record data. The 24 $`\mu `$m pixel size corresponds to roughly 0.082 Å along the dispersion and 0$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$26 perpendicular to the dispersion. Limited by the optics of the camera, the useful spatial coverage is $``$3. The spectral coverage is wide enough to include both the H$`\alpha `$ line and the flanking \[N II\] $`\lambda `$$`\lambda `$6548, 6583 lines. A slitwidth of 250 $`\mu `$m (1$`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{.}}`$64) was used and the resultant FWHM of the instrumental profile was $`13.5\pm 0.5`$ km s-1. The spectral dispersion was calibrated by a Th-Ar lamp exposure taken in the beginning of the night, but the absolute wavelength was calibrated against the geocoronal H$`\alpha `$ line present in the nebular observations. The journal of echelle observations is given in Table 1.

## 3 Discussion

The two small H II regions in N30B are aligned roughly along the east-west direction, thus we call these two regions N30B-E and N30B-W, respectively. In the H$`\alpha `$ image, apart from the bow-shock-like halo, the bright central regions of these two H II regions have simple morphologies expected for Strömgren spheres. N30B-E is about 7′′ (1.7 pc) in diameter and shows a bright spot at its northern edge, while N30B-W is 6′′ (1.45 pc) across and has a rather uniform surface brightness.

### 3.1 Densities and Ionization of the H II Regions in N30B

The $`HST`$ WFPC2 H$`\alpha `$ image, with stellar emission excised, can be used to estimate the H$`\alpha `$ luminosities and required ionizing fluxes of the H II regions in N30B. We have made two measurements which differ in their assumption as to whether the halo is a reflection nebula or part of the H II regions. If the halo around the H II regions is an envelope reflecting the light from Hen S22, a background component similar to the halo should be subtracted. The resultant integrated H$`\alpha `$ fluxes for the 7′′ and 6′′ Strömgren spheres of N30B-E and N30B-W are $`(5.0\pm 0.5)\times 10^{13}`$ ergs cm-2 s-1 and $`(3.3\pm 0.4)\times 10^{13}`$ ergs cm-2 s-1, respectively. These fluxes have been corrected for the filter transmission and \[N II\] contamination. If the halo is ionized, a low background exterior to N30B should be used and the integrated fluxes of the H II regions including the halo would be about 80% larger; however, as we show in §3.3 this is not the case, so these large fluxes will not be used in further discussions. Adopting the extinction of D106-10 in N30B-W, $`E(BV)`$ = 0.14 (Oey, 1996a), and a distance of 50 kpc, we derive H$`\alpha `$ luminosities of $`(2.0\pm 0.2)\times 10^{35}`$ ergs s-1 and $`(1.4\pm 0.2)\times 10^{35}`$ ergs s-1 and required ionizing fluxes of $`(1.7\pm 0.2)\times 10^{47}`$ photons s-1 and $`(1.1\pm 0.2)\times 10^{47}`$ photons s-1 for the Strömgren spheres of N30B-E and N30B-W, respectively. Using the average surface brightness and adopting an emitting path length similar to the diameter of the H II region, we have further derived the rms densities of N30B-E and N30B-W, both $``$75 H-atoms cm-3.

To examine the stellar content and to estimate the available ionizing fluxes in N30B, we have carried out photometry for stars brighter than $`V`$ = 20, using the WFPC2 $`B`$ and $`V`$ images. Such bright stars are expected to be of early types, so it is possible to apply constant zeropoints to transform the WFPC2 $`B`$ and $`V`$ to Johnson $`B`$ and $`V`$. The color-magnitude diagram of Johnson $`V`$ versus $`BV`$ is presented in Figure 3. Using the colors and magnitudes and assuming that these stars are still on the main sequence, we can deredden the stars and estimate their spectral types. This is easily done by projecting the position of a star in the color-magnitude diagram along the dereddening direction back to the main sequence. The photometric measurements and estimated spectral types are given in Table 2. Most of these stars have also been studied by Oey (1996b) using ground-based observations. The differences between her results and the new WFPC2 results are also given in Table 2 for comparison. Excellent agreements in photometry are found for stars in isolation, but the ground-based measurements for faint stars in crowded regions may have errors as large as $`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$ 1 mag.

In N30B and its vicinity, stars brighter than $`V`$ = 20 are all B stars. Ionizing fluxes from early-type stars have been given by Panagia (1973) down to B3 and Schaerer & de Koter (1997) down to B0.5. The ionizing fluxes of B0 V and B0.5 V stars given by the latter are significantly higher than those of the former. N30B-E contains only one early B star, star #13 in Table 2; the ionizing flux of this B2.5 V star is $`<10^{45}`$ photons s-1 (Panagia, 1973), two orders of magnitude lower than that required to ionize N30B-E. It is possible that the B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22, of spectral type B0–B0.5 (Zickgraf et al., 1986), plays a significant role in the photoionization of N30B-E. N30B-W contains the bright star #6, which is saturated in the WFPC2 images, but has been previously classified spectroscopically as a B1.5 V star (= D106-10; Oey, 1996a). The ionizing flux of a B1.5 V star given by Panagia (1973) is 2$`\times `$1045 photons s-1, which is also about two orders of magnitude lower than the required. However, extrapolating from the ionizing fluxes of B0 V and B0.5 V stars given by Schaerer & de Koter (1997), we find that the ionizing flux of the B1.5 V star #6 (D106-10) is sufficient to ionize N30B-W.

### 3.2 Relationship between N30B and the Giant Shell DEM L 106

The relationship between the H II regions in N30B and the surrounding giant shell DEM L 106 may be assessed from their kinematic properties. An example of our echelle observations is illustrated in Figures 4a and 4b in two stretches to show the H$`\alpha `$ and \[N II\] $`\lambda `$6548 lines from the E-W slit centered near the star #6 in N30B-W. The vertical axis is spatial with east on top, and the horizontal axis is spectral with wavelength increasing to the right. For convenience, we have converted wavelengths to heliocentric velocities of the H$`\alpha `$ line and marked them along the horizontal axis in Figure 4. (All radial velocities in this paper are heliocentric.) The narrowest lines with uniform surface brightness along the slit are telluric H$`\alpha `$ and OH lines, located near 0, $``$425, and +660 km s-1. The nebular H$`\alpha `$ and \[N II\] $`\lambda `$6548 lines can be found at +300 and $``$380 km s-1, respectively. The H$`\alpha `$ line in Figures 4a and 4b shows a bright, narrow component and a faint, broad component. The spatial extent of the broad component coincides with that of N30B’s halo; this component will be discussed in §3.3. The narrow H$`\alpha `$ component arises from ionized gas. The two H$`\alpha `$ emission peaks near the center of Figure 4a correspond to the H II regions N30B-E and N30B-W, while the fainter H$`\alpha `$ emission extending throughout the entire slit length corresponds to the giant shell in DEM L 106. No line splitting is detected in H$`\alpha `$ or \[N II\] for either N30B or DEM L 106.

To analyze the kinematics of ionized gas quantitatively, we have extracted velocity profiles of the H$`\alpha `$ and \[N II\] lines along each slit, made Gaussian fits, and plotted the results in Figure 5. The fitted velocities are plotted along the slit positions, with H$`\alpha `$ in filled symbols and \[N II\] in open symbols; the fitted FWHM of the H$`\alpha `$ line is plotted as the “error bar” at each position, except where data points are densely packed. The observed FWHM of the H$`\alpha `$ line is the quadratic sum of the instrumental FWHM (13.5 km s-1), the thermal FWHM (21.4 km s-1 at a temperature of 104 K), and the turbulent FWHM. Thus the observed H$`\alpha `$ FWHM of $``$26 km s-1 for the H II regions in N30B implies a turbulent FWHM of $``$6 km s-1. This small internal turbulence is consistent with the expectation for H II regions ionized by early B-type stars, because they lack strong fast stellar winds. The giant shell in DEM L 106 has a larger observed FWHM in H$`\alpha `$, 35–40 km s-1, implying a turbulent FWHM of 24–31 km s-1. The lack of line splitting suggest that this large turbulent FWHM is dominated by turbulence instead of a systematic shell expansion.

Further kinematic information is provided by the velocity variations shown in Figure 5. The average heliocentric velocity of DEM L 106 is $``$ 300 km s-1. Gradual velocity excursions of up to $`\pm `$10 km s-1 from the average velocity are seen. Along the NS slit centered on Hen S22, a systematic blue-shift of $``$10 km s-1 is seen in the \[N II\] $`\lambda `$6583 line. (The nebular H$`\alpha `$ line is too contaminated by the stellar emission to be measured near the star.) These blue-shifts provide the only evidence that the internal motion of DEM L 106 does contain a component of systematic expansion at a level of $``$10 km s-1. The kinematics of DEM L 106 show that this giant shell, formed by Hen S22 and the other massive stars in the OB association LH38 (Lucke & Hodge, 1970), is by no means a simple expanding shell with a large central cavity. The interior of DEM L 106 may still contain a significant amount of gas in the form of dense cloudlets, and the dynamical interactions between the fast stellar winds and the cloudlets contribute to the large turbulent FWHM observed in DEM L 106.

The systemic velocities of the H II regions in N30B are similar to that of DEM L 106, suggesting that N30B is physically associated with DEM L 106. The gas in the vicinity of N30B and especially between its two H II regions shows blue-shifts of $``$5 to $``$10 km s-1 from the systemic velocity (see Figure 5). Low-velocity flows can be produced by an evaporation off the ionization fronts in H II regions or dynamic interactions between stellar winds and H II regions. In an evaporation flow, the gas projected outside the H II disk would have motions perpendicular to the line of sight and show no offsets from the systemic velocity. In a dynamic interaction scenario, if the stellar wind source is on the far side of an H II region, the ablation of the H II region by the stellar wind would produce a gas flow toward us. The ubiquitous blue-shifts observed in the vicinity of N30B indicate that the dynamic interaction between the stellar wind of Hen S22 and the H II regions in N30B is responsible for these low-velocity gas flow. N30B is probably one of the dense clouds within DEM L 106; its visibility is attributed to the early-B stars formed in its interior.

### 3.3 Spectra and Physical Nature of the Halo of N30B

We initially speculated that the bow-shock-like halo around N30B was produced by interactions between the fast polar wind of Hen S22 and the H II regions, and expected to see corresponding supersonic kinematic features within the spatial extent of the halo. The H$`\alpha `$+\[N II\] echellogram of N30B in Figure 4 shows that the only kinematic feature that matches the spatial extent of the halo is a prominent, broad H$`\alpha `$ emission component. The continuous distribution of this broad component over 18′′, from the eastern edge of N30B-E’s halo to the western edge of N30B-W’s halo, indicates that the halo envelopes the H II regions of N30B. The broad H$`\alpha `$ emission is centered near 300 km s-1 and detected over a velocity range greater than 1000 km s-1. Such high velocities obviously cannot be accelerated by the wind of Hen S22; furthermore, such strong shocks would have produced more dramatic dynamic effects, such as X-ray emission, which is not seen (Chu et al., 1995).

Large velocity widths ($`>`$ 1000 km s-1) have been observed in other H II regions, for example, the Carina Nebula in our Galaxy and the giant H II region NGC 5471 in M101. The broad hydrogen Balmer line emission in the Car II region in the Carina Nebula has been attributed to the dust-scattered Balmer emission of $`\eta `$ Carinae and is detected at as far as 5 pc from $`\eta `$ Car (Lopez & Meaburn, 1986). The broad H$`\alpha `$ and \[N II\] lines in NGC 5471 have been suggested to be powered by supernova explosions and fast stellar winds (Castañeda, Vílchez, & Copetti, 1990). Clearly, N30B cannot be associated with supernova explosions, since no X-ray emission has been detected from this region (Chu et al., 1995). Furthermore, N30B does not show broad \[N II\] lines as are seen in NGC 5471, and therefore it should not have the same physical nature as the broad-line region in NGC 5471. We will thus focus on whether the broad H$`\alpha `$ line from the halo of N30B may be dust-scattered H$`\alpha `$ emission of the B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22.

To compare the broad H$`\alpha `$ emission from the halo of N30B to that of Hen S22, we display the echellogram and H$`\alpha `$ line profiles of Hen S22 in Figure 4c–d, below the echellogram of N30B. While they show qualitatively similar profiles with an absorption component blue-shifted from the centroid of the broad H$`\alpha `$ emission, the widths and depths of the absorption are different. A similar behavior is observed in the reflection nebula Car II near $`\eta `$ Car. Lopez & Meaburn (1986) extracted H$`\alpha `$ line profiles from six positions in Car II; these broad profiles (in their Figure 3) all show an absorption component on the blue side of the nebular line, but the absorption strength decreases radially from $`\eta `$ Car. Lopez & Meaburn (1986) suggested that the spatial variations in the dust-scattered H$`\alpha `$ line in Car II reflected the temporal variability of the H$`\alpha `$ profile of $`\eta `$ Car (Ruiz, Melnick, & Ortiz, 1984). However, after monitoring the H$`\alpha `$ profiles of $`\eta `$ Car and Car II from 1985 to 1997, Boumis et al. (1998) show that the the absorption feature in the reflected H$`\alpha `$ line is spatially variable across Car II but temporally invariable over the 12-yr span, and conclude that the reflection nebula is located within a 46-wide cone of light from $`\eta `$ Car along the axis of its bipolar Homunculus nebula. We suggest that the broad H$`\alpha `$ line from N30B’s halo is also dust-scattered H$`\alpha `$ emission from a nearby H$`\alpha `$-emitting star, Hen S22 in this case. The position-dependence of the broad H$`\alpha `$ line in N30B is also caused by different viewing angles, instead of a temporal variability of Hen S22, as discussed further in §3.5.

The reflection nebula around N30B is not unique in the vicinity of Hen S22. Our echelle observations also detected broad H$`\alpha `$ line profiles in the nebulosity at 20′′ east of N30B, at a much fainter level. The bow-shock-like morphology of the reflection nebula around N30B is also not unique among reflection nebulae, as a similar nebula has been observed around the B2 V star LSS 3027 in our Galaxy (Chu, 1983). In both cases, the bow-shock-like structure curves with the apex toward an OB association, LH 38 for N30B (Oey, 1996a) and Stock 16 for LSS 3027 (Chu, 1983). The relative nebular and stellar positions are highly suggestive that the stellar radiation and winds from the OB association are responsible for the bow-shock-like morphology of the reflection nebula. For N30B, the dynamical interaction is further supported by the small blue-shift, $``$5 to $``$10 km s-1, of the ionized gas in the vicinity of the two H II regions. This flow velocity, $``$5 to $``$10 km s-1, is subsonic for 104 K ionized gas but supersonic for cold neutral gas. Since the reflective envelope of N30B contains dust and mostly neutral gas, flow velocities of 5–10 km s-1 would be supersonic; thus the morphology of N30B’s halo may indeed be produced by a bow shock.

### 3.4 Geometry of the Reflection

The nature of N30B’s halo as a reflection nebula is supported by the WFPC2 $`B`$, $`V`$, and $`I`$ images in Figure 2. These three broad-band images show similar morphologies among one another, with almost uniform surface brightness across N30B. Hardly any enhancement is seen over the Strömgren spheres where bright H$`\alpha `$ emission is present, indicating that the contribution of nebular line emission from the H II regions is minimal compared to the scattered stellar continuum and line emission. Therefore, we may use the observed broad-band surface brightness of N30B’s reflection nebula and a few simple assumptions to determine the likely position of N30B relative to the B\[e\] star Hen S22. First, we assume a single value for the spherical albedo of every dust grain. We also assume that the reflection nebula is optically thick, i.e., every photon from Hen S22 incident upon the reflection nebula is either absorbed or scattered. It has been shown that dust scattering has an angular dependence and follows the phase function $`\mathrm{\Phi }(\alpha )=\frac{\gamma (1g^2)}{4\pi }(1+g^22g\mathrm{cos}\alpha )^{3/2},`$ where $`\alpha `$ is the deviation of the photon from the forward direction, $`\gamma `$ is the spherical albedo of the dust grains, and $`g`$ is a measurement of the asymmetry of the phase function as given by the expression, $`\gamma g=\mathrm{\Phi }(\alpha )\mathrm{cos}\alpha d\omega `$ (Henyey & Greenstein, 1941). We have adopted dust grain properties reported by Lillie & Witt (1976) for wavelengths longward of 3000 Å, $`\gamma =0.7`$ and $`g=0.60`$. As shown in Figure 6, the scattering angle $`\alpha `$ is related to the projected distance $`d`$ from Hen S22 to the reflection nebula by $`\mathrm{sin}\alpha =5\mathrm{pc}/d`$. Using the phase function and the brightness of Hen S22, we can calculate the surface brightness of the reflection nebula expected for a given geometry of the reflection.

The broad-band photometry of Hen S22 from 1957 to 1991 show stable brightnesses and colors: $`V=11.80\pm 0.05`$ and $`BV`$ = +0.28 (Zickgraf et al., 1986, 1996). The reddening of Hen S22, $`E(BV)`$ = 0.25–0.30, is higher than those of the other stars in DEM L 106 because of its edge-on disk (Zickgraf et al., 1986). The broad-band photometry of Hen S22 made by Oey (1996a, b) in 1994 shows a similar $`V=11.879\pm 0.004`$, but a higher $`E(BV)`$ = 0.46. We have adopted an $`E(BV)`$ of 0.25 to deredden the Johnson $`B`$ magnitude of Hen S22, and converted it to the WFPC2 $`B`$ ($`F439W`$) magnitude. We then calculate the expected surface brightness of the reflection nebula in the WFPC2 $`B`$ band for a range of scattering angles. To compare these predictions to observations, a reddening appropriate for the reflection nebula needs to be applied. As the reflection nebula is on the surface of N30B, its extinction should be no greater than the minimum extinction found among stars in N30B, $`E(BV)0.06`$. We have applied this amount of extinction to the expected surface brightness of the reflection nebula, and the results are presented in Table 3. The maximum expected surface brightness comes at a scattering angle of $``$40, which corresponds to a distance of $``$8 pc between Hen S22 and the reflection nebula. We have measured an average surface brightness of 1.6 $`\times `$ 10-14 ergs s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2 for N30B’s reflection nebula in the WFPC $`B`$ band. This observed surface brightness is 20% higher than the maximum expected surface brightness. Considering that our assumptions and calculation are crude, the observed and expected surface brightness of the reflection nebula are in remarkably good agreement. As discussed in §3.5, the reflection nebula is above the equatorial disk and sees a less reddened Hen S22, the expected surface brightness of the reflection nebula is thus higher and would be in even better agreement with the observations. We conclude that the reflection nebula around N30B is consistent with forward scattering by the dust grains, i.e., N30B is on the near side of Hen S22. The most likely position of N30B is $``$8 pc from Hen S22 and the scattering angle $`\alpha `$ is $``$40.

### 3.5 Periscopic Views of the Polar and Disk Winds of Hen S22

The broad H$`\alpha `$ line profiles from the reflection nebula around N30B not only change with position (Figure 7) but also differ from that of Hen S22 (Figure 4). Adopting the most likely geometry of reflection suggested in §3.4, $`d`$ 8 pc and $`\alpha 40^{}`$, the light travel time from Hen S22 to us via the reflection nebula is 6 yrs longer than the direct travel time. Thus the spectra of the reflection nebula should be compared to the spectra of Hen S22 taken 6 yrs earlier; unfortunately none are vailable with sufficient resolution.

Spectra of Hen S22 available in the literature were taken from the late 1960’s to early 1980’s. While these observations yield a consistent systemic velocity of Hen S22, $`293\pm 3`$ km s-1 (Zickgraf et al., 1986), different blue-shifts (from the systemic velocity) of the absorption component in the hydrogen Balmer lines have been reported: $``$70 km s-1 derived from the H8 to H31 lines observed with a reciprocal dispersion of 20 Å mm-1 in the years 1968–1975 (Muratorio, 1978), $``$87 km s-1 from the H$`\alpha `$ line observed with 38 Å mm-1 in 1979, and $``$40 km s-1 from the H$`\beta `$, H$`\gamma `$, and H$`\delta `$ lines observed with 20 Å mm-1 in 1982 (Zickgraf et al., 1986). Since these measurements were made for different Balmer lines with different spectral dispersion at different epochs, it is not clear whether the differences in the blue-shifts of the absorption component are caused by atmospheric effects (low and high Balmer lines have different profiles) or temporal variations in the stellar wind. Our echelle observations of Hen S22 were made in 2000 January and December with a reciprocal dispersion of 3.4 Å mm-1. These two spectra show almost identical H$`\alpha `$ profiles, with the absorption component detected at 260 km s-1. Relative to a systemic velocity of 293 km s-1, the blue-shift of our H$`\alpha `$ absorption is $``$33 km s-1. To compare our H$`\alpha `$ profiles to that reported by Zickgraf et al. (1986), we have convolved our spectra with a Gaussian with $`\sigma `$ = 32 km s-1, but we find that the overall H$`\alpha `$ profiles do not match that presented in their Figure 5. This mismatch might be caused by an incorrect wavelength scale in their Figure 5, where the displacement of the absorption dip from the systemic velocity appears to be $`<`$50 km s-1, significantly less than what they reported in their text.

From the above comparisons we find no conclusive or convincing evidence to indicate that the H$`\alpha `$ line profile of Hen S22 varied. Furthermore, the $`V`$ magnitude and the $`BV`$ color of Hen S22 did not change for more than 0.1 mag from 1957 to 1996 (Zickgraf et al., 1986, 1996; Oey, 1996b). Therefore, we cannot attribute the spatial variations of the broad H$`\alpha `$ line from the refection nebula to hypothetical temporal variations of the H$`\alpha `$ line of Hen S22.

Figure 7 shows smooth spatial variations of the broad H$`\alpha `$ profile, especially the absorption component, across N30B, similar to what has been observed in Car II (Boumis et al., 1998). The explanation of this spatial variation is best illustrated by the Homunculus nebula of $`\eta `$ Car, as described and analyzed in detail by Smith (2002). The bipolar lobes of the Homunculus are dusty and scatter the incident starlight of $`\eta `$ Car; the reflected spectra at higher latitudes show H$`\alpha `$ absorption extending to larger blue-shifts. As the Homunculus is smaller than 1 ly in size, temporal variations in the spectrum of $`\eta `$ Car are negligible over the differential light travel time; therefore, the latitude-dependence of the H$`\alpha `$ absorption in the reflected spectra must indicate an anisotropic stellar wind from $`\eta `$ Car. Hen S22 has been shown to possess both a slow disk wind and a fast polar wind (Zickgraf et al., 1986), consequently its spectral properties should also be latitude-dependent. Thus, the variations in the absorption component in the reflected H$`\alpha `$ emission at N30B must be a result of viewing Hen S22 from different latitudes, too. The reflected spectra on the west side of N30B resemble better the observed H$`\alpha `$ line of Hen S22, while those on the east side show the absorption component extending to larger blue-shifts, almost $``$100 km s-1 from Hen S22’s systemic velocity of 293 km s-1. These variations suggest that the east side of N30B views the wind of Hen S22 from a higher latitude and the west side of N30B is close to the disk plane.

The absorption component in the H$`\alpha `$ line of a B\[e\] star arises from the dense, disk component of the wind close to the star, as illustrated in the cartoon in Figure 7 of Zickgraf et al. (1985). The variations of the absorption component in the reflected stellar H$`\alpha `$ line emission across N30B thus offer an invaluable opportunity to study the transition from the disk component to the polar component of the stellar wind of a B\[e\] star. Future high-S/N, high-resolution spectroscopic observations and stellar atmospheric modeling are needed for a better understanding of the stellar wind of the hybrid-spectrum B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22.

## 4 Summary

$`HST`$ WFPC2 H$`\alpha `$ images reveal a bow-shock-like halo around the compact H II regions in N30B on the side that faces the B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22. Long-slit, high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the H$`\alpha `$ line show both narrow and broad emission components in N30B. The narrow component originates from the ionized gas in the H II regions; its velocity variations reveal a gas flow at $``$5 to $``$10 km s-1 relative to the H II regions, indicating dynamic interactions with the stellar wind from Hen S22.

The broad H$`\alpha `$ emission component has the same spatial extent as the halo of N30B, but its width ($`>`$1000 km s-1) is too high to have been produced dynamically without detectable X-ray emission. The spectral shape of the broad H$`\alpha `$ emission is similar to that of Hen S22, both having a blue-shifted absorption component. We suggest that the halo of N30B is a reflection nebula scattering the stellar emission of Hen S22. $`HST`$ WFPC2 broad-band images show morphologies consistent with this interpretation. The bow-shock-like morphology is probably indeed formed as a bow shock, as the downstream flow velocity of $``$5 to $``$10 km s-1 is supersonic to the neutral gas in the halo of N30B.

Assuming typical properties of interstellar dust, we have modeled the surface brightness of the reflection nebula of N30B for a range of scattering angles. We find that the observed surface brightness of the reflection nebula in the WFPC2 $`B`$ band is within 20% from that expected from dust-scattering at a distance of $``$8 pc from Hen S22 for a scattering angle of $``$40.

The absorption component in the broad H$`\alpha `$ emission profile varies across the reflection nebula of N30B as a result of different viewing angles. The west side of N30B lies closer to the equatorial disk plane of Hen S22, while the east side of N30B is at higher latitudes. We suggest that the anisotropic wind of the B\[e\] supergiant Hen S22 can be studied by modeling the broad H$`\alpha `$ line profile and the blue-shifted absorption component, taking into account the 3-dimensional geometry. This unique opportunity could reveal important insights on the physical conditions and evolution of these enigmatic massive stars.

We thank the anonymous referee for pointing out the existence of monitoring observations of $`\eta `$ Car and its reflection nebula Car II. We also thank Nathan Smith and Nolan Walborn for useful discussions, Jayanne English for suggesting DEM L 106 to the Hubble Heritage Project, and Monica Shaw for assistance in initial data analyses. This research was supported by the Hubble Space Telescope grant STI6698.01-95A.


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# Spectral invariants and length minimizing property of Hamiltonian paths

## §1. Introduction

In \[H1\], Hofer introduced an invariant pseudo-norm on the group $`am(M,\omega )`$ of compactly supported Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of the symplectic manifold $`(M,\omega )`$ by putting

$$\varphi =\underset{H\varphi }{inf}H$$
$`1.1`$
where $`H\varphi `$ means that $`\varphi =\varphi _H^1`$ is the time-one map of Hamilton’s equation

$$\dot{x}=X_H(x),$$

and $`H`$ is the function defined by

$$H=_0^1\text{osc }H_t𝑑t=_0^1(\mathrm{max}H_t\mathrm{min}H_t)𝑑t$$

which is the Finsler length of the path $`t\varphi _H^t`$. He \[H2\] also proved that the path of any compactly supported autonomous Hamiltonian on $`^n`$ is length minimizing as long as the corresponding Hamilton’s equation has no non-constant periodic orbit of period less than or equal to one. This result has been generalized in \[En\], \[MS\] and \[Oh3\] under the additional hypothesis that the linearized flow at each fixed point is not over-twisted i.e., has no closed trajectory of period less than one. The latter hypothesis was shown to be necessary for any length minimizing geodesics with some regularity condition on the Hamiltonian path \[U\], \[LM\]. The following result is the main result from \[Oh3\] restricted to the autonomous Hamiltonians among other results.

###### Theorem I \[Oh3\]

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be arbitrary compact symplectic manifold without boundary. Suppose that $`G`$ is an autonomous Hamiltonian such that

Then the one parameter group $`\varphi _G^t`$ is length minimizing in its homotopy class with fixed ends for $`0t1`$.

A similar result with slightly different assumptions and statements was proven by McDuff-Slimowitz \[MS\] by a different method around the same time.

There is also a result by Entov \[En\] for the strongly semi-positive case. With some additional restriction on the manifold $`(M,\omega )`$, we can remove the condition (3) which we will study elsewhere.

As remarked in \[MS\] before, the apparently weaker condition “of period less than one” than “of period less than or equal to one” does not give rise to a stronger result. This is because once we have proven the length minimizing property under the phrase “of period less than or equal to one”, the improvement under the former phrase in Theorem I follows by an approximate argument as in \[Lemma 5.1, Oh3\].

We call two Hamiltonians $`G`$ and $`F`$ equivalent if there exists a family $`\{F^s\}_{0s1}`$ such that

$$\varphi _{F^s}^1=\varphi _G^1$$

for all $`s[0,1]`$. We denote $`GF`$ in that case and say that two Hamiltonian paths $`\varphi _G^t`$ and $`\varphi _F^t`$ are homotopic to each other with fixed ends, or just homotopic to each other when there is no danger of confusion.

###### Definition Definition 1.1

A Hamiltonian $`H`$ is called quasi-autonomous if there exists two points $`x_{},x_+M`$ such that

$$H(x_{},t)=\underset{x}{\mathrm{min}}H(x,t),H(x_+,t)=\underset{x}{\mathrm{max}}H(x,t)$$

for all $`t[0,1]`$.

We now recall Ustilovsky-Lalonde-McDuff’s necessary condition on the stability of geodesics. Ustilovsky \[U\] and Lalonde-McDuff \[LM\] proved that for a generic $`\varphi `$ in the sense that all its fixed points are isolated, any stable geodesic $`\varphi _t,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}t1`$ from the identity to $`\varphi `$ must have at least two fixed points which are under-twisted.

###### Definition Definition 1.2

Let $`H:M\times [0,1]`$ be a Hamiltonian which is not necessarily time-periodic and $`\varphi _H^t`$ be its Hamiltonian flow.

Here we follow the terminology used in \[KL\] for the “generically under-twisted”. Note that under this definition of the under-twistedness, under-twistedness is $`C^2`$-stable property of the Hamiltonian $`H`$.

The following is the main result of the present paper, which improves Theorem I by replacing the phrase “of period less than (or equal to) one” by “of period one”. This is motivated by a recent result \[KL\] of Kerman and Lalonde who first studied the length minimizing property of the Hamiltonian paths under the phrase “of period one” instead of “of period less than (or equal to) one” on the symplectically aspherical case, with the same kind of chain level Floer theory as in \[Oh3\], but specialized to the symplectically aspherical case. In this case, the condition (3) is not needed and the phrase “in its homotopy class” can be replaced by “among all paths” as proved in \[KL\]. We refer readers to \[KL\] for some explanation on the significance of such improvement.

###### Theorem II

Suppose that $`G`$ is an autonomous Hamiltonian as in Theorem I except the condition (1) is replaced by

$`(1^{})`$ it has no non-constant contractible periodic orbits “of period one”

Then the one parameter group $`\varphi _G^t`$ is length minimizing in its homotopy class with fixed ends for $`0t1`$.

From now on, we will always assume, unless otherwise said, that the Hamiltonian functions are normalized so that

$$_MH_t𝑑\mu =0.$$

When we use a Hamiltonian which is not normalized, we will explicitly mention it.

Our proof of Theorem II will be again based on the chain level Floer theory from \[Oh3,5\], but this time incorporating usage of the spectral invariants that the author constructed in \[Oh5\] a year after the paper \[Oh3\] appeared. One crucial additional ingredient in this chain level Floer theory that plays an important role in our proof of Theorem II is Kerman-Lalonde’s lemma \[Proposition 5.2, KL\] (see \[KL\] or §4 for detailed account of this).

In the present paper, in addition to the proof of Theorem II, using the spectral invariant $`\rho (H;1)`$ that was constructed in \[Oh5\], we provide a much simpler and more elegant scheme than the one used in \[Oh3\] for the whole study of length minimizing property. We note that there has been a general scheme, the so called energy-capacity inequality, for the study of length minimizing property used by Lalonde-McDuff \[LM\]. Our scheme belongs to the category of this general scheme. In this respect, we will state a simple criterion for the length minimizing property of general quasi-autonomous Hamiltonian paths in terms of $`\rho (,1)`$ on arbitrary closed symplectic manifolds. This criterion was implicitly used in \[Proposition 5.3, Oh3\] without referring to the spectral invariant. A similar criterion was used by Hofer \[H2\] and Bialy-Polterovich \[BP\] for the compactly supported Hamiltonians in $`^{2n}`$. Bialy and Polterovich also predicted existence of similar criterion in general \[Remark 1.5, BP\]. The present paper confirms their prediction on arbitrary closed symplectic manifolds by using the selector $`\rho (;1)`$ in their terminology.

To describe this criterion, we rewrite the Hofer norm into

$$H=E^{}(H)+E^+(H)$$

where $`E^\pm `$ are the negative and positive parts of the Hofer norms defined by

$`E^{}(H)`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{min}Hdt`$
$`E^+(H)`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{max}Hdt.`$
These are called the negative Hofer-length and the positive Hofer-length of $`H`$ respectively. We will consider them separately as usual by now. First note

$$E^+(H)=E^{}(\overline{H})$$
$`1.3`$
where $`\overline{H}`$ is the Hamiltonian generating $`(\varphi _H^t)^1`$ defined by

$$\overline{H}(t,x)=H(t,\varphi _H^t(x)).$$

Therefore we will focus only on the semi-norm $`E^{}`$.

###### Theorem III

Let $`G:[0,1]\times M`$ be any quasi-autonomous Hamiltonian that satisfies

$$\rho (G;1)=E^{}(G)$$
$`1.4`$
Then $`G`$ is negative Hofer-length minimizing in its homotopy class with fixed ends.

The proof will be based on the general property of $`\rho (;1)`$ that were proved in \[Oh5\] which we will recall in §3. With this criterion in mind, Theorem II will follow from the homological essentialness of the two critical values of $`𝒜_G`$

$`E^{}(G)`$ $`:={\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{min}Gdt`$
$`E^+(G)`$ $`:={\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{max}Gdt`$
for autonomous Hamiltonian paths of the type as in Theorem II.

###### Theorem IV

Let $`G`$ be as in Theorem II. Then (1.4) holds, i.e., we have

$$\rho (G;1)=E^{}(G).$$

In particular the critical value $`E^{}(G)`$ is homologically essential in the Floer theoretic sense. The same holds for $`\overline{G}`$.

The proof of this theorem is an adaptation of the proof of Proposition 7.11 (Non-pushing down lemma II) \[Oh3\] to the current setting. We will clarify the role of spectral invariant $`\rho (G;1)`$ here in its proof.

Finally we would like to compare the scheme of \[Oh3\] and the scheme used in the present paper. Both schemes are based on the mini-max theory via the chain level Floer theory. However while we explicitly use the chain level Floer theory, more specifically use sophisticated moving-around of the Floer semi-infinite cycles via delicate choice of homotopies in \[Oh3\], these are mostly hidden in the present paper. This is because we have written the paper \[Oh5\] after \[Oh3\] which provides construction of spectral invariants whose general properties already reflect this chain level Floer theory. Furthermore by doing so, we have greatly simplified and clarified the schemes that we use in \[Oh3\]. One should note that statements of the above theorems do not explicitly involve the Floer theory at all. For example, the Hamiltonian $`G`$ in Theorem III is not required to be time one-periodic (see the end of §3). But the Floer theory is implicit and subsumed in the definition of the spectral invariant $`\rho (;1)`$ in \[Oh5\]. This may open up a possibility of suppressing a large part of analytic arguments of the Floer theory in its application to the study of Hofer’s geodesics or more generally of the Hamiltonian diffeomorphism group. We will investigate further applications of spectral invariants to other problems related to the Hamiltonian diffeomorphism group elsewhere.

We would like to thank F. Lalonde for some useful comments on the previous version of the present paper which lead to clarification of bibliographical citations, especially concerning the energy-capacity inequality.

## §2. Preliminaries

Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0(M)`$ be the set of contractible loops and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$ be its standard covering space in the Floer theory. Note that the universal covering space of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0(M)`$ can be described as the set of equivalence classes of the pair $`(\gamma ,w)`$ where $`\gamma \mathrm{\Omega }_0(M)`$ and $`w`$ is a map from the unit disc $`D=D^2`$ to $`M`$ such that $`w|_D=\gamma `$: the equivalence relation to be used is that $`[\overline{w}\mathrm{\#}w^{}]`$ is zero in $`\pi _2(M)`$. We say that $`(\gamma ,w)`$ is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivalent to $`(\gamma ,w^{})`$ iff

$$\omega ([w^{}\mathrm{\#}\overline{w}])=0\text{and }c_1([w\mathrm{\#}\overline{w}])=0$$
$`2.1`$
where $`\overline{w}`$ is the map with opposite orientation on the domain and $`w^{}\mathrm{\#}\overline{w}`$ is the obvious glued sphere. And $`c_1`$ denotes the first Chern class of $`(M,\omega )`$. We denote by $`[\gamma ,w]`$ the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivalence class of $`(\gamma ,w)`$, by $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$ the set of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivalence classes and by $`\pi :\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)\mathrm{\Omega }_0(M)`$ the canonical projection. We also call $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$ the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-covering space of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0(M)`$. The unperturbed action functional $`𝒜_0:\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$ is defined by

$$𝒜_0([\gamma ,w])=w^{}\omega .$$
$`2.2`$
Two $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-equivalent pairs $`(\gamma ,w)`$ and $`(\gamma ,w^{})`$ have the same action and so the action is well-defined on $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$. When a periodic Hamiltonian $`H:M\times (/)`$ is given, we consider the functional $`𝒜_H:\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}(M)`$ defined by

$$𝒜_H([\gamma ,w])=w^{}\omega H(\gamma (t),t)𝑑t$$

We would like to note that under this convention the maximum and minimum are reversed when we compare the action functional $`𝒜_G`$ and the (quasi-autonomous) Hamiltonian $`G`$. One should compare our convention with those used in \[Po\] or \[KL\] where they use the action functional defined by

$$𝒜_H([\gamma ,w])=w^{}\omega +H(\gamma (t),t)𝑑t.$$

Together with their change of the sign in the definition of the Hamiltonian vector field $`X_H`$

$$\dot{\iota }_{X_H}\omega =dH,$$

the difference between the two conventions will be cancelled away if one makes the substitution of the Hamiltonian

$$H\stackrel{~}{H}:\stackrel{~}{H}(t,x):=H(1t,x).$$

We denote by $`\text{Per}(H)`$ the set of periodic orbits of $`X_H`$.

Definition 2.1 \[Action Spectrum\]. We define the action spectrum of $`H`$, denoted as $`\text{Spec}(H)`$, by

$$\text{Spec}(H):=\{𝒜_H(z,w)|[z,w]\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M),z\text{Per}(H)\},$$

i.e., the set of critical values of $`𝒜_H:\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}(M)`$. For each given $`z\text{Per}(H)`$, we denote

$$\text{Spec}(H;z)=\{𝒜_H(z,w)|(z,w)\pi ^1(z)\}.$$

Note that $`\text{Spec}(H;z)`$ is a principal homogeneous space modelled by the period group of $`(M,\omega )`$

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega =\mathrm{\Gamma }(M,\omega ):=\{\omega (A)|A\pi _2(M)\}$$

and

$$\text{Spec}(H)=_{z\text{Per}(H)}\text{Spec}(H;z).$$

Recall that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega `$ is either a discrete or a countable dense subset of $``$. It is trivial, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\omega =\{0\}`$ in the weakely exact case. The following lemma was proved in \[Oh3\].

###### \nofrills

Lemma 2.2. \[Lemma 2.2, Oh3\] $`\text{Spec}(H)`$ is a measure zero subset of $``$.

For given $`\varphi am(M,\omega )`$, we denote by $`H\varphi `$ if $`\varphi _H^1=\varphi `$, and denote

$$(\varphi )=\{H|H\varphi \},_m(\varphi )=\{H(\varphi )H\text{mean normalized}\}.$$

We say that two Hamiltonians $`H`$ and $`K`$ are equivalent if they are connected by one parameter family of Hamiltonians $`\{F^s\}_{0s1}`$ such that $`F^s\varphi `$ i.e.,

$$\varphi _{F^s}^1=\varphi $$
$`2.3`$
for all $`s[0,1]`$. We denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=[\varphi ,H]=[H]`$ the equivalence class of $`H`$. Then the universal covering space $`\stackrel{~}{am}(M,\omega )`$ of $`am(M,\omega )`$ is realized by the set of such equivalence classes.

Let $`F,G\varphi `$ and denote

$$f_t=\varphi _F^t,g_t=\varphi _G^t,\text{and }h_t=f_tg_t^1.$$

Note that $`h=\{h_t\}`$ defines a loop in $`am(M,\omega )`$ based at the identity. Suppose $`FG`$ so there exists a family $`\{F^s\}_{0s1}(\varphi )`$ with $`F_1=F`$ and $`F_0=G`$ that satisfies (2.3). In particular $`h`$ defines a contractible loop.

The following is proved in \[Oh4\] (see \[Sc\] for the symplectically aspherical case where the action functional is single-valued. In this case Schwarz \[Sc\] proved that the normalization works on $`am(M,\omega )`$ not just on $`\stackrel{~}{am}(M,\omega )`$ as long as $`F,G\varphi `$, without assuming $`FG`$).

###### Proposition 2.3 \[Theorem I, Oh4\]

Let $`F,G_m(\varphi )`$ with $`FG`$. Then we have

$$\text{Spec}(G)=\text{Spec}(F)$$

as a subset of $``$.

## §3. Chain level Floer theory and spectral invariants

In this section, we will briefly recall the basic chain level operators in the Floer theory, and the definition and basic properties of $`\rho (,1)`$ from \[Oh5\].

For each given generic time-periodic $`H:M\times S^1`$, we consider the free $``$ vector space over

$$\text{Crit}𝒜_H=\{[z,w]\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)|z\text{Per}(H)\}.$$
$`3.1`$
To be able to define the Floer boundary operator correctly, we need to complete this vector space downward with respect to the real filtration provided by the action $`𝒜_H([z,w])`$ of the element $`[z,w]`$ of (3.1). More precisely, following \[Oh3\], we introduce

###### Definition Definition 3.1

(1) We call the formal sum

$$\beta =\underset{[z,w]\text{Crit}𝒜_H}{}a_{[z,w]}[z,w],a_{[z,w]}$$
$`3.2`$
a Floer Novikov chain if there are only finitely many non-zero terms in the expression (3.2) above any given level of the action. We denote by $`CF(H)`$ the set of Novikov chains. We often simply call them Floer chains, especially when we do not need to work on the covering space $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$ as in the weakly exact case.

(2) Two Floer chains $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ are said to be homologous to each other if they satisfy

$$\alpha ^{}=\alpha +\gamma $$

for some Floer chain $`\gamma `$. We call $`\beta `$ a Floer cycle if $`\beta =0`$.

(3) Let $`\beta `$ be a Floer chain in $`CF(H)`$. We define and denote the level of the chain $`\beta `$ by

$$\lambda _H(\beta )=\underset{[z,w]}{\mathrm{max}}\{𝒜_H([z,w]|a_{[z,w]}0\text{in }(3.2)\}$$
$`3.3`$
if $`\beta 0`$, and just put $`\lambda _H(0)=+\mathrm{}`$ as usual.

(4) We say that $`[z,w]`$ is a generator of or contributes to $`\beta `$ and denote

$$[z,w]\beta $$

if $`a_{[z,w]}0`$.

Let $`J=\{J_t\}_{0t1}`$ be a periodic family of compatible almost complex structures on $`(M,\omega )`$.

For each given such periodic pair $`(J,H)`$, we define the boundary operator

$$:CF(H)CF(H)$$

considering the perturbed Cauchy-Riemann equation

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{u}{\tau }+J\left(\frac{u}{t}X_H(u)\right)=0\hfill & \\ lim_\tau \mathrm{}u(\tau )=z^{},lim_\tau \mathrm{}u(\tau )=z^+\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`3.4`$
This equation, when lifted to $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$, defines nothing but the negative gradient flow of $`𝒜_H`$ with respect to the $`L^2`$-metric on $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_0(M)`$ induced by the metrics $`g_{J_t}:=\omega (,J_t)`$ . For each given $`[z^{},w^{}]`$ and $`[z^+,w^+]`$, we define the moduli space

$$_{(J,H)}([z^{},w^{}],[z^+,w^+])$$

of solutions $`u`$ of (3.3) satisfying

$$w^{}\mathrm{\#}uw^+.$$
$`3.5`$
$``$ has degree $`1`$ and satisfies $`=0`$.

When we are given a family $`(j,)`$ with $`=\{H^s\}_{0s1}`$ and $`j=\{J^s\}_{0s1}`$, the chain homomorphism

$$h_{(j,)}:CF(H^0)CF(H^1)$$

is defined by the non-autonomous equation

$$\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{u}{\tau }+J^{\rho _1(\tau )}\left(\frac{u}{t}X_{H^{\rho _2(\tau )}}(u)\right)=0\hfill & \\ lim_\tau \mathrm{}u(\tau )=z^{},lim_\tau \mathrm{}u(\tau )=z^+\hfill & \end{array}$$
$`3.6`$
where $`\rho _i,i=1,2`$ is functions of the type $`\rho :[0,1]`$,

$`\rho (\tau )`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}0\text{for }\tau R\hfill & \\ 1\text{for }\tau R\hfill & \end{array}`$
$`\rho ^{}(\tau )`$ $`0`$
for some $`R>0`$. We denote by

$$^{(j,)}([z^{},w^{}],[z^+,w^+])$$

or sometimes with $`j`$ suppressed the set of solutions of (3.6) that satisfy (3.5). The chain map $`h_{(j,)}`$ is defined similarly as $``$ using this moduli space instead. $`h_{(j,)}`$ has degree 0 and satisfies

$$_{(J^1,H^1)}h_{(j,)}=h_{(j,)}_{(J^0,H^0)}.$$

Finally, when we are given a homotopy $`(\overline{j},\overline{})`$ of homotopies with $`\overline{j}=\{j_\kappa \}_{0\kappa 1}`$, $`\overline{}=\{_\kappa \}_{0\kappa 1}`$, consideration of the parameterized version of (3.5) for $`0\kappa 1`$ defines the chain homotopy map

$$\stackrel{~}{H}:CF(H^0)CF(H^1)$$

which has degree $`+1`$ and satisfies

$$h_{(j_1,_1)}h_{(j_0,_0)}=_{(J^1,H^1)}\stackrel{~}{H}+\stackrel{~}{H}_{(J^0,H^0)}.$$

Although we will not use this operator explicitly in the present paper, we have recalled them just for completeness’ sake.

The following lemma has played a fundamental role in \[Ch\], \[Oh1-3,5\] and by now become well-known among the experts and can be proven by a straightforward calculation (see e.g., \[Proposition 3.2, Oh3\] for its proof).

###### Lemma 3.2

Let $`H,K`$ be any Hamiltonian not necessarily non-degenerate and $`j=\{J^s\}_{s[0,1]}`$ be any given homotopy and $`^{lin}=\{H^s\}_{0s1}`$ be the linear homotopy $`H^s=(1s)H+sK`$. Suppose that (3.5) has a solution satisfying (3.6). Then we have the identity

$`𝒜_F([z^+,w^+])`$ $`𝒜_H([z^{},w^{}])`$ $`3.7`$
$`={\displaystyle \left|\frac{u}{\tau }\right|_{J^{\rho _1(\tau )}}^2}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\rho _2^{}(\tau )\left(F(t,u(\tau ,t))H(t,u(\tau ,t))\right)𝑑t𝑑\tau `$
Now we recall the definition and some basic properties of spectral invariant $`\rho (H;a)`$ from \[Oh5\]. We refer readers to \[Oh5\] for the complete discussion on general properties of $`\rho (H;a)`$.

###### Definition \\& Theorem 3.3 \[Oh5\]

For any given quantum cohomology class $`0aQH^{}(M)`$, we have a continuous function denoted by

$$\rho _a=\rho (;a):C_m^0([0,1]\times M)$$

such that for two $`C^1`$ functions $`HK`$ we have

$$\rho (H;a)=\rho (K;a)$$
$`3.8`$
for all $`aQH^{}(M)`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }\stackrel{~}{Ham}(M,\omega )`$ and $`a0QH^{}(M)`$. We define the map

$$\rho :\stackrel{~}{Ham}(M,\omega )\times QH^{}(M)$$

by $`\rho (\stackrel{~}{\varphi };a):=\rho (H;a)`$.

Now we focus on the invariant $`\rho (\stackrel{~}{\varphi };1)`$ for $`1QH^{}(M)`$. We first recall the following quantities

$`E^{}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })`$ $`=\underset{[\varphi ,H]=\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{inf}E^{}(H)`$ $`3.9`$$`3.10`$
$`E^+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })`$ $`=\underset{[\varphi ,H]=\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{inf}E^+(H).`$
The quantities

$$\rho ^\pm (\varphi ):=\underset{\pi (\stackrel{~}{\varphi })=\varphi }{inf}E^\pm (\stackrel{~}{\varphi })$$

then define pseudo-norms on $`am(M,\omega )`$. It is still an open question whether $`\rho ^\pm `$ are non-degenerate.

###### Proposition 3.4 \[Theorem II, Oh5\]

Let $`(M,\omega )`$ be arbitrary closed symplectic manifold. We have

$$\rho (\stackrel{~}{\varphi };1)E^{}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }),\rho (\stackrel{~}{\varphi }^1;1)E^+(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }).$$
$`3.11`$
In particular, we have

$$\rho (H;1)E^{}(H),\rho (\overline{H};1)E^+(H)$$
$`3.12`$
for any Hamiltonian $`H`$.

For the exact case, the inequality (3.12) had been earlier proven in \[Oh1,2\] in the context of Lagrangian submanifolds and in \[Sc\] in for the Hamiltonian diffeomorphim. Now the following theorem (Theorem III) is an immediate consequence of Theorem 3.3 and Proposition 3.4.

###### Theorem 3.5

Let $`G:[0,1]\times M`$ be a quasi-autonomous Hamiltonian. Suppose that $`G`$ satisfies

$$\rho (G;1)=E^{}(G)$$
$`3.13`$
Then $`G`$ is negative Hofer-length minimizing in its homotopy class with fixed ends.

###### Demonstration Proof

Let $`F`$ be any Hamiltonian with $`FG`$. Then we have a string of equalities and inequality

$$E^{}(G)=\rho (G;1)=\rho (F;1)E^{}(F)$$

from (3.13), (3.8) for $`a=1`$, (3.12) respectively. This finishes the proof. ∎

So far in this section, we have presumed that the Hamiltonians are time one-periodic. Now we explain how to dispose the periodicity and extend the definition of $`\rho (H;a)`$ for arbitrary time dependent Hamiltonians $`H:[0,1]\times M`$. Note that it is obvious that the semi-norms $`E^\pm (H)`$ and $`H`$ are defined without assuming the periodicity. For this purpose, the following lemma from \[Oh3\] is important. We leave its proof to readers or to \[Oh3\].

###### Lemma 3.6 \[Lemma 5.2, Oh3\]

Let $`H`$ be a given Hamiltonian $`H:[0,1]\times M`$ and $`\varphi =\varphi _H^1`$ be its time-one map. Then we can re-parameterize $`\varphi _H^t`$ in time so that the re-parameterized Hamiltonian $`H^{}`$ satisfies the following properties:

Furthermore this re-parameterization is canonical with the “smallness” in (3) can be chosen uniformly over $`H`$ depending only on the $`C^0`$-norm of $`H`$.

Using this lemma, we can now define $`\rho (H;a)`$ for arbitrary $`H`$ by

$$\rho (H;a):=\rho (H^{};a)$$

where $`H^{}`$ is the Hamiltonian generating the canonical re-parameterization of $`\varphi _H^t`$ in time provided in Lemma 3.6. It follows from (3.8) that this definition is well-defined because any such re-parameterizations are homotopic to each other with fixed ends. This being said, we will always assume that our Hamiltonians are time one-periodic without mentioning further in the rest of the paper.

## §4. Construction of fundamental Floer cycles

In this section and the next, we will prove the following result (Theorem IV). This in particular proves homologically essentialness of the critical value

$$E^{}(G)=_0^1\mathrm{min}Gdt$$
$`4.1`$
of $`𝒜_G`$.

Note that the hypotheses on $`G`$ in Theorem IV already makes it regular in the Floer theory and so we can define the Floer complex of $`G`$ without doing any perturbation on it. The proof will use the chain level Floer theory as in \[Oh3\].

For the proof of Theorem IV, we need to unravel the definition of $`\rho (G;1)`$ from \[Oh5\] in general for arbitrary Hamiltonians $`G`$. First for generic (one periodic) Hamiltonians $`G`$, we consider the Floer homology class dual to the quantum cohomology class $`1H^{}(M)QH^{}(M)`$, which we denote by $`1^{\mathrm{}}`$ following the notation of \[Oh5\] and call the semi-infinite fundamental class of $`M`$. Then according to \[Definition 5.2 & Theorem 5.5, Oh5\], we have

$$\rho (G;1)=inf\{\lambda _G(\gamma )\gamma \mathrm{ker}_GCF(G)\text{with }[\gamma ]=1^{\mathrm{}}\}.$$
$`4.2`$
Then $`\rho `$ is extended to arbitrary Hamiltonians by continuity in $`C^0`$-topology. Therefore to prove (4.1), we need to construct cycles $`\gamma `$ with $`[\gamma ]=1^{\mathrm{}}`$ whose level $`\lambda _G(\gamma )`$ become arbitrarily close to $`E^{}(G)`$. In fact, this was one of the most crucial observations exploited in \[Oh3\], without being phrased in terms of the invariant $`\rho (G;1)`$ because at the time of writing of \[Oh3\] construction of spectral invariants in the level of \[Oh5\] was not carried out yet.

Instead this point was expressed in terms of the existence theorem of certain Floer’s continuity equation over the linear homotopy (see \[Proposition 5.3, Oh3\]). Then the author proved the existence result by proving homological essentialness of the critical value

$$E^{}(G)=_0^1\mathrm{min}Gdt.$$

The proof relies on a construction of ‘effective’ fundamental Floer cycles dual to the quantum cohomology class $`1`$. In \[Oh3\], for a suitably chosen Morse function $`f`$ and for sufficiently small $`ϵ`$, we transferred the fundamental Morse cycle of $`ϵf`$

$$\alpha _{ϵf}:=\underset{i}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}a_{[p_i,w_{p_i}]}[p_i,w_{p_i}]$$
$`4.3`$
to a Floer cycle of $`G`$ over the adiabatic homotopy along a piecewise linear path

$$ϵfϵ_0G^{ϵ_0}G$$
$`4.4`$
where $`w_p:D^2M`$ denote the constant disc $`w_pp`$, and proved the following two facts (see Proposition 7.11 \[Oh3\]):

under the hypotheses as in Theorem I \[Oh3\] stated in the introduction, not just for autonomous but for general quasi-autonomous Hamiltonians. Now we are ready to introduce the following fundamental concept of homological essentialness in the chain level theory, which is already implicitly present in the series of Non-pushing down lemmas in \[Oh3\]. As we pointed out in \[Oh3,5\], this concept is the heart of the matter in the chain level theory. In the terminology of \[Oh5\], the level of any tight Floer Novikov cycle of $`G`$ lies in the essential spectrum $`\text{spec }G\text{Spec }G`$ i.e., realizes the value $`\rho (G;a)`$ for some $`aQH^{}(M;)`$.

###### Definition Definition 4.1

We call a Floer cycle $`\alpha CF(H)`$ tight if it satisfies the following non-pushing down property under the Cauchy-Riemann flow (3.4): for any Floer cycle $`\alpha ^{}CF(H)`$ homologous to $`\alpha `$ (in the sense of Definition 3.1 (2)), it satisfies

$$\lambda _H(\alpha ^{})\lambda _H(\alpha ).$$
$`4.5`$
Now we will attempt to construct a tight fundamental Floer cycle of $`G`$ whose level is precisely $`E^{}(G)`$. As a first step, we will construct a fundamental cycle of $`G`$ whose level is $`E^{}(G)`$ but which may not be tight in general. We choose a Morse function $`f`$ such that $`f`$ has the unique global minimum point $`x^{}`$ and

$$f(x^{})=0,f(x^{})<f(x_j)$$
$`4.6`$
for all other critical points $`x_j`$. Then we choose a fundamental Morse cycle

$$\alpha =\alpha _{ϵf}=[x^{},w_x^{}]+\underset{j}{}a_j[x_j,w_{x_j}]$$

as in \[Oh3\] where $`x_j\text{Crit }_{2n}(f)`$. Recall that the positive Morse gradient flow of $`ϵf`$ corresponds to the negative gradient flow of $`𝒜_{ϵf}`$ in our convention.

Considering Floer’s homotopy map $`h_{}`$ over the linear path

$$:s(1s)ϵf+sH$$

for sufficiently small $`ϵ>0`$, we transfer the above fundamental Morse cycle $`\alpha `$ and define a fundamental Floer cycle of $`H`$ by

$$\alpha _H:=h_{}(\alpha )CF(H).$$
$`4.7`$
We call this particular cycle the canonical fundamental Floer cycle of $`H`$. Recently Kerman and Lalonde \[KL\] proved the following important property of this fundamental cycle. Partly for the reader’s convenience and since \[KL\] only deals with the aspherical case and our setting is slightly different from \[KL\], we give a complete proof here adapting that of \[Proposition 5.2, KL\] to our setting of Floer Novikov cycles.

###### Proposition 4.2 (Compare with \[Proposition 5.2, KL\])

Suppose that $`H`$ is a generic one-periodic Hamiltonian such that $`H_t`$ has the unique non-degenerate global minimum $`x^{}`$ which is fixed and under-twisted for all $`t[0,1]`$. Suppose that $`f:M`$ is a Morse function such that $`f`$ has the unique global minimum point $`x^{}`$ and $`f(x^{})=0`$. Then the canonical fundamental cycle has the expression

$$\alpha _H=[x^{},w_x^{}]+\beta CF(H)$$
$`4.8`$
for some Floer Novikov chain $`\beta CF(H)`$ with the inequality

$$\lambda _H(\beta )<\lambda _H([x^{},w_x^{}])=_0^1H(t,x^{})dt.$$
$`4.9`$
In particular its level satisfies

$`\lambda _H(\alpha _H)`$ $`=\lambda _H([x^{},w_x^{}])`$ $`4.10`$
$`={\displaystyle _0^1}H(t,x^{})dt={\displaystyle _0^1}\mathrm{min}Hdt.`$
The proof is based on the following simple fact (see the proof of \[Proposition 5.2, KL\]). Again we would like to call reader’s attention on the signs due to the different convention we are using from \[KL\]. Other than that, we follow the notations from \[KL\] in this lemma. To make sure that the different conventions used in \[KL\] and here do not cause any problem, we here provide details of the proof of this lemma.

###### Lemma 4.3

Let $`H`$ and $`f`$ as in Proposition 4.4. Then for all sufficiently small $`ϵ>0`$, the function $`G^H`$ defined by

$$G^H(t,x)=H(t,x^{})+ϵf$$

satisfies

$`G^H(t,x^{})`$ $`=H(t,x^{})`$ $`4.11`$
$`G^H(t,x)`$ $`H(t,x)`$
for all $`(t,x)`$ and equality holds only at $`x^{}`$.

###### Demonstration Proof

Since $`H_t`$ has the fixed non-degenerate minimum at $`x^{}`$ for all $`t[0,1]`$, it follows from a parameterized version of the Morse lemma that there exists a local coordinates $`(U,y_1,\mathrm{},y_{2n})`$ at $`x^{}`$ such that

$$H(t,x)=H(t,x^{})+\underset{i,j=1}{\overset{2n}{}}a_{ij}(t,x)y_iy_j$$

with $`a_{ij}(t,x^{})`$ is a positive definite matrices for each $`t[0,1]`$ which depend smoothly on $`t`$. On the coordinate neighborhood $`U`$, we have

$`H(t,x)G^H(t,x)`$ $`=H(t,x)(H(t,x^{})+ϵf(x))`$ $`4.12`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{2n}{}}}a_{ij}(t,x)y_iy_jϵf(x).`$
Since $`f`$ has the non-degenerate minimum point at $`x^{}`$ and $`f(x^{})=0`$, it follows from (4.12) that for any sufficiently small $`ϵ>0`$, we have

$$H(t,x)G^H(t,x)0\text{for all }(t,x)[0,1]\times U$$
$`4.13`$
and equality only at $`x=x^{}`$, if we choose sufficiently small $`U`$. On the other hand, since $`x^{}`$ is the unique fixed non-degenerate global minimum of $`H`$, there exists $`\delta >0`$ such

$$H(t,x)H(t,x^{})\delta $$

for all $`(t,x)[0,1]\times (MU)`$. If we choose $`ϵ`$ so that $`ϵ\mathrm{max}f\frac{1}{2}\delta `$, we also have

$$H(t,x)G^H(t,x)\frac{1}{2}\delta \text{ for all }(t,x)[0,1]\times (MU).$$
$`4.14`$
Combining (4.13) and (4.14), we have finished the proof. ∎

###### Demonstration Proof of Proposition 4.2

Since $`x^{}`$ is a under-twisted fixed minimum of both $`H`$ and $`f`$, we have the Conley-Zehnder index

$$\mu _H([x^{},w_x^{}])=\mu _{ϵf}([x^{},w_x^{}])(=n)$$

and so the moduli space $`^{}([x^{},w_x^{}],[x^{},w_x^{}])`$ has dimension zero. Let $`u^{}([x^{},w_x^{}],[x^{},w_x^{}])`$.

We note that the Floer continuity equation (3.6) for the linear homotopy

$$:s(1s)ϵf+sH$$

is unchanged even if we replace the homotopy by the homotopy

$$^{}:s(1s)G^H+sH.$$

This is because the added term $`H(t,x^{})`$ in $`G^H`$ to $`ϵf`$ does not depend on $`xM`$ and so

$$X_{ϵf}X_{G^H}.$$

Therefore $`u`$ is also a solution for the continuity equation (3.6) under the linear homotopy $`^{}`$. Using this, we derive the identity

$`{\displaystyle \left|\frac{u}{\tau }\right|_{J^{\rho _1(\tau )}}^2𝑑t𝑑\tau }`$ $`=𝒜_{G^H}([x^{},w_x^{}])𝒜_H([x^{},w_x^{}])`$ $`4.15`$
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\rho ^{}(\tau )\left(H(t,u(\tau ,t))dtd\tau G^H(t,u(\tau ,t))\right)𝑑t𝑑\tau `$
from (3.7). Since we have

$$𝒜_H([x^{},w_x^{}])=𝒜_{G^H}([x^{},w_x^{}])=_0^1\mathrm{min}Hdt$$
$`4.16`$
and $`G^HH`$, the right hand side of (4.15) is non-positive. Therefore we derive that $`^{}([x^{},w_x^{}],[x^{},w_x^{}])`$ consists only of the constant solution $`ux^{}`$. This in particular gives rise to the matrix coefficient of $`h_{}`$ satisfying

$$[x^{},w_x^{}],h_{}([x^{},w_x^{}])=\mathrm{\#}(^{}([x^{},w_x^{}],[x^{},w_x^{}]))=1.$$

Now consider any other generator of $`\alpha _H`$

$$[z,w]\alpha _H\text{with }[z,w][x^{},w_x^{}].$$

By the definitions of $`h_{}`$ and $`\alpha _H`$, there is a generator $`[x,w_x]\alpha `$ such that

$$^{}([x,w_x],[z,w])\mathrm{}.$$
$`4.17`$
Then for any $`u^{}([x,w_x],[z,w])`$, we have the identity from (3.7)

$`𝒜_H([z,w])`$ $`𝒜_{G^H}([x,w_x])={\displaystyle \left|\frac{u}{\tau }\right|_{J^{\rho _1(\tau )}}^2𝑑t𝑑\tau }`$
$`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}}\rho ^{}(\tau )\left(H(t,u(\tau ,t))G^H(t,u(\tau ,t))\right)𝑑t𝑑\tau .`$
Since $`\left|\frac{u}{\tau }\right|_{J^{\rho _1(\tau )}}^20`$, and $`G^HH`$, we have

$$𝒜_H([z,w])𝒜_{G^H}([x,w_x])$$
$`4.18`$
with equality holding only when $`u`$ is stationary. There are two cases to consider, one for the case of $`x=x^{}`$ and the other for $`x=x_j`$ for $`x_jx^{}`$ for $`[x_j,w_{x_j}]\alpha `$.

For the first case, since we assume $`[z,w][x^{},w_x^{}]`$, $`u`$ cannot be constant and so the strict inequality holds in (4.18), i.e,

$$𝒜_H([z,w])<𝒜_{G^H}([x^{},w_x^{}]).$$
$`4.19`$
For the second case, we have the inequality

$$𝒜_H([z,w])𝒜_{G^H}([x_j,w_{x_j}])$$
$`4.20`$
for some $`x_jx^{}`$ with $`[x_j,w_{x_j}]\alpha `$. We note that (4.6) is equivalent to

$$𝒜_{G^H}([x_j,w_{x_j}])<𝒜_{G^H}([x^{},w_x^{}]).$$

This together with (4.20) again give rise to (4.19). On the other hand we also have

$$𝒜_{G^H}([x^{},w_x^{}])=𝒜_H([x^{},w_x^{}])$$

because $`G^H(t,x^{})=H(t,x^{})`$ from (4.11). Altogether, we have proved

$$𝒜_H([z,w])<𝒜_H([x^{},w_x^{}])=_0^1H(t,x^{})dt$$

for any $`[z,w]\alpha _H`$ with $`[z,w][x^{},w_x^{}]`$. This finishes the proof of (4.9). ∎

###### Definition Remark 4.4

Note that $`G^H`$ does not necessarily satisfy the normalization condition. This causes no problem because the proof of Proposition 4.4 does not require normalization condition.

## §5. The case of autonomous Hamiltonians

In this section, we will restrict to the case of autonomous Hamiltonians $`G`$ as in Theorem II and prove the following theorem.

###### Theorem 5.1

Suppose that $`G`$ is autonomous as in Theorem II. Then the canonical fundamental cycle is tight in the sense of Definition 4.3, i.e., $`\alpha _G`$ satisfies non-pushing down property: for any Floer Novikov cycle $`\alpha CF(G)`$ homologous to $`\alpha _G`$, we have

$$\lambda _G(\alpha )\lambda _G(\alpha _G).$$
$`5.1`$
In particular, we have

$$\rho (G;1)=\lambda _G(\alpha _G)=_0^1\mathrm{min}G=E^{}(G).$$
$`5.2`$
###### Demonstration Proof

The proof is an adaptation of the proof of Proposition 7.11 (Non-pushing down lemma II) \[Oh3\]. Note that the conditions in Theorem II in particular impliy that $`G`$ is regular in the sense of the Floer theory.

Suppose that $`\alpha `$ is homologous to $`\alpha _G`$, i.e.,

$$\alpha =\alpha _G+_G(\gamma )$$
$`5.3`$
for some Floer Novikov chain $`\gamma CF(G)`$. When $`G`$ is autonomous and $`JJ_0`$ is $`t`$-independent, there is no non-stationary $`t`$-independent trajectory of $`𝒜_G`$ landing at $`[x^{},w_x^{}]`$ because any such trajectory comes from the negative Morse gradient flow of $`G`$ but $`x^{}`$ is the minimum point of $`G`$. Therefore any non-stationary Floer trajectory $`u`$ landing at $`[x^{},w_x^{}]`$ must be $`t`$-dependent. Because of the assumption that $`G`$ has no non-constant contractible periodic orbits of period one, any critical points of $`𝒜_G`$ has the form

$$[x,w]\text{with }x\text{Crit }G.$$

Let $`u`$ be a trajectory starting at $`[x,w]`$, $`x\text{Crit }G`$ with

$$\mu ([x,w])\mu ([x^{},w_x^{}])=1,$$
$`5.4`$
and denote by $`_{(J_0,G)}([x,w],[x^{},w_x^{}])`$ the corresponding Floer moduli space of connecting trajectories. The general index formula shows

$$\mu ([x,w])=\mu ([x,w_x])+2c_1([w]).$$
$`5.5`$
We consider two cases separately: the cases of $`c_1([w])=0`$ or $`c_1([w])0`$. If $`c_1([w])0`$, we derive from (5.4), (5.5) that $`xx^{}`$. This implies that any such trajectory must come with (locally) free $`S^1`$-action, i.e., the moduli space

$$\widehat{}_{(J_0,G)}([x,w],[x^{},w_x^{}])=_{(J_0,G)}([x,w],[x^{},w_x^{}])/$$

and its stable map compactification have a locally free $`S^1`$-action without fixed points. Therefore after a $`S^1`$-invariant perturbation $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$ via considering the quotient Kuranishi structure \[FOn\] on the quotient space $`\widehat{}_{(J_0,G)}([x,w],[x^{},w_x^{}])/S^1`$, the corresponding perturbed moduli space $`\widehat{}_{(J_0,G)}([x,w],[x^{},w_x^{}];\mathrm{\Xi })`$ becomes empty for a $`S^1`$-equivariant perturbation $`\mathrm{\Xi }`$. This is because the quotient Kuranishi structure has the virtual dimension -1 by the assumption (5.4). We refer to \[FHS\], \[FOn\] or \[LT\] for more explanation on this $`S^1`$-invariant regularization process. Now consider the case $`c_1([w])=0`$. First note that (5.4) and (5.5) imply that $`xx^{}`$. On the other hand, if $`xx^{}`$, the same argument as above shows that the perturbed moduli space becomes empty.

It now follows that there is no trajectory of index 1 that land at $`[x^{},w_x^{}]`$ after the $`S^1`$-invariant regularization. Therefore $`_G(\gamma )`$ cannot kill the term $`[x^{},w_x^{}]`$ in (5.3) away from the cycle

$$\alpha _G=[x^{},w_x^{}]+\beta $$

in (4.9), and hence we have

$$\lambda _G(\alpha )\lambda _G([x^{},w_x^{}])$$
$`5.6`$
by the definition of the level $`\lambda _G`$. Combining (4.10) and (5.6), we have finished the proof (5.1). ∎

## References


text:
# Energy density in general relativity: a possible role for cosmological constant

## 1 Introduction

The structure of electron was, for a long time, an intrigue problem to the researchers. Many scientists, like Lorentz  and even Einstein  tried to solve the problem to show that the electron mass is a electromagnetic field dependent quantity (for a detail account see the references  and ). Lateron, under general relativity some models have been proposed by different authors describing extented electron with its mass entirely of electromagnetic origin \[5 - 8\]. Recently, based on the experimental upper limits on the size of the electron as $`10^{16}`$ cm  it is argued by Cooperstock and Rosen , Bonnor and Cooperstock  and Herrera and Varela  that in the framework of general theory of relativity the electron-like spherically symmetric charged distribution of matter must contain some negative mass density. Motivated by these results with historical and heuristic values we would like to explore a possible role of cosmological constant on the energy density of electron when it is modeled as a variable dependent on the radial coordinate $`r`$ of the charged spherical matter distribution.

The basic logic for considering variability of so called cosmological constant, which was introduced by Einstein in 1917 to obtain a static cosmological model, is related to the observational evidence of high redshift Type Ia supernovae  for a small decreasing value of cosmological constant ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{present}10^{56}cm^2`$) at the present epoch. This indicates that instead of a strict constant the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ could be a function of space and time coordinates. If the role of time-dependent $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is prominent in the cosmological realm, then space-dependent $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ has an expected effect in the astrophysical context. It is, therefore, argued by Narlikar et al.  that the space-dependence of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ cannot be ignored in relation to the nature of local massive objects like galaxies. Our aim, however, to see if there is any effect of space-dependent $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ on the energy density of the classical electron. This is because cosmological constant is thought to be related to the quantum fluctuations as evident from the theoretical works by Zel’dovich . Moreover, it is believed through indirect evidences that 65 % of the contents of the universe is to be in the form of the energy of vacuum . Thus, the energy density of vacuum due to quantum fluctuation might have, in our opinion, some underlying relation to the energy density of Lorentz’s extended electron  under general relativistic treatment.

In the present letter we have tried to find out, through some specific case studies, that energy density of classical electron is related to the variable cosmological constant and the gravitational mass of the electron is entirely dependent on the electromagnetic field alone.

## 2 The field equations

To carry out the investigation we have considered the Einstein-Maxwell field equations for the case of anisotropic charged fluid distribution (in relativistic units $`G=c=1`$) which are given by

$$G_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}=R_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}g_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}R/2=8\pi [T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(m)}+T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(em)}+T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(vac)}],$$
(1)
$$[(g)^{1/2}F^{ij}],_j=4\pi J^i(g)^{1/2},$$
(2)
$$F_{[ij,k]}=0$$
(3)
where $`F^{ij}`$ is the electromagnetic field tensor and $`J^i`$, current four vector which is equivalent to $`J^i=\sigma u^i`$, $`\sigma `$ being the charge density and $`u^i`$ is the four-velocity of the matter satisfying the relation $`u_iu^i=1`$.

The matter, electromagnetic and vacuum energy-momentum tensors are, respectively given by

$$T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(m)}=(\rho +p_{})u^iu_jp_{}g_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}+(p_{}p_r)\eta ^i\eta _j,$$
(4)
$$T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(em)}=[F_{jk}F^{ik}g_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}F_{kl}F^{kl}/4]/4\pi ,$$
(5)
$$T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{(vac)}=g_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)/8\pi $$
(6)
where $`\rho `$, $`p_r`$ and $`p_{}`$ are the proper energy density, radial and tangential pressures respectively and also $`\eta _i`$ is the unit spacelike vector on which the condition to be imposed is $`\eta _i\eta ^i=1`$. Here $`p_r`$ is the pressure in the direction of $`\eta _i`$ whereas $`p_{}`$ is the pressure on the two-space orthogonal to $`\eta _i`$.

Now, for the spherically symmetric metric

$$ds^2=e^{\nu (r)}dt^2e^{\lambda (r)}dr^2r^2(d\theta ^2+sin^2\theta d\varphi ^2),$$
(7)
the Einstein-Maxwell field equations (1) - (6) corresponding to anisotropic charged fluid with spatially varying cosmological constant i.e. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)`$, are given by

$$e^\lambda (\lambda ^{}/r1/r^2)+1/r^2=8\pi T_0^0=8\pi \stackrel{~}{\rho }+E^2,$$
(8)
$$e^\lambda (\nu ^{}/r+1/r^2)1/r^2=8\pi T_{}^{1}{}_{1}{}^{}=8\pi \stackrel{~}{p_r}E^2,$$
(9)
$$e^\lambda [\nu ^{\prime \prime }/2+\nu _{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}/4\nu ^{}\lambda ^{}/4+(\nu ^{}\lambda ^{})/2r]$$

$$=8\pi T_{}^{2}{}_{2}{}^{}=8\pi T_{}^{3}{}_{3}{}^{}=8\pi \stackrel{~}{p_{}}+E^2,$$
(10)
$$[r^2E]^{}=4\pi r^2\sigma e^{\lambda /2},$$
(11)
where $`E`$, the intensity of electric field, is defined as $`E=e^{(\nu +\lambda )/2}\varphi ^{}`$ and can equivalently be expressed, from equation (11), as

$$E=\frac{1}{r^2}_0^r4\pi r^2\sigma e^{\lambda /2}𝑑r.$$
(12)
Here prime denotes derivative with respect to the radial coordinate $`r`$ only.

In the above equations (8) - (10) we have considered that

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho }=\rho +\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)/8\pi ,$$
(13)
$$\stackrel{~}{p}_r=p_r\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)/8\pi ,$$
(14)
$$\stackrel{~}{p}_{}=p_{}\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)/8\pi ,$$
(15)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$, $`\stackrel{~}{p}_r`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{p}_{}`$ are the effective energy density, radial and tangential pressures respectively.

The equation of continuity $`T_{}^{i}{}_{j}{}^{};i=0`$, is given by

$$\frac{dp_r}{dr}\frac{1}{8\pi }\frac{d\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{dr}+\frac{1}{2}(\rho +p_r)\nu ^{}=\frac{1}{8\pi r^4}\frac{dq^2}{dr}+\frac{2(p_{}p_r)}{r}$$
(16)
where $`q`$ is the charge on the spherical system.

We assume the relation between the radial and tangential pressures  as

$$p_{}p_r=\alpha q^2r^2,$$
(17)
where $`\alpha `$ is a constant.

Hence, by use of equations (14) and (17), the equation (16) reduces to

$$\frac{d\stackrel{~}{p_r}}{dr}+\frac{1}{2}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }+\stackrel{~}{p}_r)\nu ^{}=\frac{1}{8\pi r^4}\frac{dq^2}{dr}+2\alpha q^2r.$$
(18)
Again, equation (8) can be expressed in the following form as

$$e^\lambda =12M/r,$$
(19)
where the active gravitational mass, $`M`$, is given by

$$M=4\pi _0^r\left[\stackrel{~}{\rho }+\frac{E^2}{8\pi }\right]r^2𝑑r.$$
(20)
## 3 The solutions

### 3.1 Model for $`\rho +p_r=0`$

Let us now solve the equation (18) under the assumption between the stress-energy tensors as $`T_{}^{1}{}_{1}{}^{}=T_{}^{0}{}_{0}{}^{}`$, which implies that

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho }+\stackrel{~}{p_r}=\rho +p_r=0.$$
(21)
Also to make the equation (12) integrable we assume that

$$\sigma =\sigma _0e^{\lambda /2},$$
(22)
where $`\sigma _0`$ is the charge density at $`r=0`$ of the spherical distribution, i.e. the central density of charge.

Hence, using condition (22) in equation (12), we get for the expression of electric charge and intensity of the electric field as

$$q=Er^2=\frac{4}{3}\pi \sigma _0r^3.$$
(23)
With the help of equations (21) and (23), the equation (18) reduces to

$$\frac{d\stackrel{~}{p_r}}{dr}=\frac{4}{3}\pi \sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r+2\alpha q^2r,$$
(24)
Thus the solution set is given by

$$e^\lambda =e^\nu =1\frac{16}{45}\pi ^2\sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^2(5a^22r^2)\frac{8}{15}\pi \alpha q^2r^2(5a^23r^2),$$
(25)
$$p_r=(\alpha q^2+\frac{2}{3}\pi \sigma _{}^{2}{}_{0}{}^{})(a^2r^2)+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi },$$
(26)
$$p_{}=\alpha q^2r^2(\alpha q^2+\frac{2}{3}\pi \sigma _0^2)(a^2r^2)+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi },$$
(27)
$$\rho (r)=(\alpha q^2+\frac{2}{3}\pi \sigma _0^2)(a^2r^2)\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi }.$$
(28)
The active gravitational mass which is defined in the equation (20), then, by virtue of the equations (23) and (28), takes the form as

$$M(r)=\frac{8}{135}\pi ^2\sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}r^3[8\pi \alpha a^6(5a^23r^2)+3(5a^22r^2)].$$
(29)
Thus, the metric potentials $`\lambda `$ and $`\nu `$ are given by

$$e^\lambda =e^\nu =1\frac{2M(r)}{r}.$$
(30)
The total effective gravitational mass can be obtained, after smoothly matching of the interior solution to the exterior Reissner-Nordström solution on the boundary, as

$$m=M(a)+\frac{q^2(a)}{2a}=\frac{64}{45}\pi ^2\sigma _{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}a^5(1+\frac{2}{3}\pi \alpha a^6),$$
(31)
which corresponds to the second case (B) of Herrera-Varela model  and represents “electromagnetic mass” model such that gravitational mass of a charged fluid sphere originates from the electromagnetic field alone . This again corresponds to the Tiwari-Rao-Kanakamedala model  with $`\alpha =0`$ case and thus the present model reduces to isotropic one.

Now, considering the observed values of mass, charge and radius of the electron (in relativistic units) as $`m=6.76\times 10^{56}`$ cm, $`q=1.38\times 10^{34}`$ cm and $`a=10^{16}`$ cm the value of $`\alpha `$, from the equation (31), is given by

$$\alpha =4.77\times 10^{95}cm^6.$$
(32)
For the above value of constant $`\alpha `$, the energy density in equation (28) becomes

$$\rho (r)=6.81\times 10^{27}(a^2r^2)\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi }.$$
(33)
The central energy density, $`\rho _0`$, at $`r=0`$, then can be calculated as

$$\rho _0=6.81\times 10^5\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_0}{8\pi }.$$
(34)
Thus, from the equation (34) one can see that for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0>0`$ the energy density of the electron is a negative quantity. It is to be noted here that in the cosmological context $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ positive is related to the repulsive pressure and hence an acceleration dominated universe as suggested by the SCP and HZT project report . However, equation (34) indicates that this negativity of energy density is also obtainable for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0<0`$ (which indicates a collapsing situation of the universe ) for its very small value. In this context it is also possible to show that at an early epoch of the universe when the numerical value of negative $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ was higher than that of the first term of $`\rho `$ (i.e. $`10^5`$ at $`r=0`$) obviously energy density was a positive quantity. Thus, in the case of decreasing negative value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ it is clear that there was a smooth crossover from positive energy density to a negative energy density via a phase of null energy density! However, these results confirm the vacuum equation of state $`\rho +p_r=0`$ \[22 - 25\].

We can also see that on the boundary, $`r=a`$, the total energy density becomes

$$\rho _a=\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_a}{8\pi },$$
(35)
which shows its clear dependency on the cosmological constant. However, for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a>0`$, $`\rho _a`$ is negative whereas for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a<0`$, $`\rho _a`$ is as usual a positive quantity. As a simple and interesting exercise (as all the parameters related to the electron are known) one can find out the numerical value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a`$, at the boundary of the spherical system from the equation (35), which equals $`10^7cm^2`$. This constant value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a`$ is too large and might be related to an early epoch of the universe. Here for finding out the total energy density $`\rho _a`$ it is considered that $`\rho _a\rho _{average}`$, where $`\rho _{average}`$ is equal to $`m/\frac{4}{3}\pi a^3`$ as the energy density of the spherical distribution is decreasing from centre to boundary.

### 3.2 Model for $`\rho +p_r0`$

Now using equation (23) the equation (18) can be written as

$$\frac{d}{dr}\left[\stackrel{~}{p_r}\frac{E^2}{8\pi }\right]+\frac{1}{2}(\stackrel{~}{\rho }+\stackrel{~}{p_r})\nu ^{}=\frac{E^2}{2\pi r}+2\alpha q^2r.$$
(36)
Assuming that the radial stress-energy tensor $`T_{}^{1}{}_{1}{}^{}=0`$, one gets

$$\nu ^{}=\frac{(e^\lambda 1)}{r},$$
(37)
$$\stackrel{~}{p}_r=\frac{E^2}{8\pi }.$$
(38)
Using equations (37) and (38) in equation (36), we then have

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho }+\stackrel{~}{p}_r=\rho +p_r=\frac{(4\alpha q^2r^2+E^2/\pi )}{e^\lambda 1}.$$
(39)
Thus, equation (20) takes the form as

$$M=4\pi _0^r\left[\frac{(4\alpha q^2r^2+E^2/\pi )}{e^\lambda 1}\right]r^2𝑑r.$$
(40)
To make equation (40) integrable we assume that

$$E^2=\pi k(e^\lambda 1)(1R^2)4\pi \alpha q^2r^2,$$
(41)
where $`k`$ is a constant and $`R=r/a`$, $`a`$ being the radius of the sphere.

Thus, the solution set is given by

$$e^\lambda =1AR^2(53R^2),$$
(42)
$$e^\nu =(12A)^{5/4}e^{\lambda /4}exp[5Btan^1B(6R^25)\frac{1}{2}tan^1B],$$
(43)
$$p_r=\frac{1}{8}k(e^\lambda 1)(1R^2)\frac{1}{2}\alpha q^2r^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi },$$
(44)
$$p_{}=\frac{1}{8}k(e^\lambda 1)(1R^2)+\frac{1}{2}\alpha q^2r^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi },$$
(45)
$$\rho =k(1R^2)[1\frac{1}{8}(e^\lambda 1)]+\frac{1}{2}\alpha q^2r^2\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)}{8\pi },$$
(46)
where the constant $`A=8\pi ka^2/15`$.

By application of the matching condition at the boundary we again get the total effective gravitational mass, which in the present case takes the form

$$m=\frac{8}{15}\pi ka^3+\frac{q^2}{2a}.$$
(47)
In view of the equation (41), for vanishing charge the constant $`k`$ vanishes and hence makes the gravitational mass in the equation (47) to vanish. Thus, the present case $`\rho +p_r=k(1R^2)0`$ also represents electromagnetic mass model.
Now, the constant $`k`$ can be expressed in terms of the known values of the electric mass, radius and charge as

$$k=\frac{15}{16\pi a^4}(2amq^2).$$
(48)
At $`r=0`$, the energy density, from the equation (46), is then given by

$$\rho _0=5.68\times 10^5\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_0}{8\pi }.$$
(49)
As, in the case of electron, $`k`$ is a negative quantity so for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0>0`$ the central energy density $`\rho _0`$ is negative only. However, for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0<0`$ the central energy density may respectively be negative and positive depending on the numerical value of $`k`$ whether it is higher and lower than that of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$.

At $`r=a`$, the total energy density is given by

$$\rho _a=4.54\times 10^5\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }_a}{8\pi }.$$
(50)
Similarly, for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a>0`$, the energy density is negative whereas for $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a<0`$, it may either be negative or positive depending on the numerical value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a`$ as discussed in the previous case.

### 3.3 A test model

In the previous two cases we have qualitatively discussed the effect of cosmological parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)`$ on the energy density $`\rho (r)`$ of the electron. Let us now explore some quantitative effect and hence treat the equation (24) in a different way. If we substitute the value of $`\stackrel{~}{p}_r`$, from equation (14), then integrating equation (24) we get

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{eff}=\mathrm{\Lambda }(a)\mathrm{\Lambda }(r)=8\pi \rho (r)8\pi (\alpha q^2+\frac{2}{3}\pi \sigma _0^2)(a^2r^2),$$
(51)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{eff}`$ is the effective cosmological parameter.
We study the following cases:
For the central value of the energy density of the spherical distribution, i.e. at $`r=0`$, the effective cosmological parameter becomes

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{eff}^0=\mathrm{\Lambda }(a)\mathrm{\Lambda }(0)=8\pi \rho _08\pi (\alpha q^2+\frac{2}{3}\pi \sigma _0^2)a^2.$$
(52)
Considering that $`\rho _0\rho _{average}`$ the effective cosmological parameter, at $`r=0`$, for the proper numerical values of the charge and radius of the electron can be found out as

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{eff}^0=1.71\times 10^3cm^2.$$
(53)
On the other hand, at the boundary, $`r=a`$, of the spherical distribution the effective cosmological parameter becomes

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{eff}^a=\mathrm{\Lambda }(a)\mathrm{\Lambda }(a)=0.$$
(54)
Thus, from the equations (53) and (54) it is shown that the effective cosmological parameter has a finite value at the centre of the electron which decreases radially and becomes zero at the boundary.

## 4 Discussions

We see from the above analysis that the cosmological parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ has a definite role even on the energy density of micro-particle, like electron. We, therefore, feel that it may also be possible to extrapolate the present investigation to the massive astrophysical bodies to see the effect of spatially varying cosmological parameter on their energy densities and vice versa.
The proper pressure $`p_r`$, in general, being positive as evident from the equation (26) is in accordance with the condition (21) which may be explained as due to vacuum polarization . In this connection it is mentioned by Bonnor and Cooperstock  that the negativity of the active gravitational mass and hence negative energy density for electron of radius $`a10^{16}`$ is consistent with the Reissner-Nordström repulsion. We would also like to mention here that the equation of state in the form $`p+\rho =0`$ is discussed by Gliner  in his study of the algebraic properties of the energy-momentum tensor of ordinary matter through the metric tensors and called it the $`\rho `$-vacuum state of matter. It is also to be noted that the gravitational effect of the zero-point energies of particles and electromagnetic fields are real and measurable, as in the Casimir Effect . According to Peebles and Ratra , like all energy, this zero-point energy has to contribute to the source term in Einstein’s gravitational field equation. This, therefore, demands inclusion of vacuum energy related term cosmological constant in the field equation. In this regard it is interesting to recall the comment made by Einstein  where he stated that “… of the energy constituting matter three-quarters is to be ascribed to the electromagnetic field, and one-quarter to the gravitational field” and did “disregard” the cosmological constant in his field equation is in contradiction to the present result as shown in the equation (31) and (47).

## Acknowledgments

One of the authors (SR) is thankful to the authority of IUCAA, Pune, India for providing Associateship programme under which a part of this work was carried out. Authors thanks are also due to Dr. B. Bhattacharya, Dr. K. K. Nandi, Dr. R. G. Vishwakarma and the referee for their valuable comments which made it possible to improve the article. Special thanks are due to the CTS group, IIT Kharagpur for constant inspiration throughout the work.