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# Rotating Relativistic Thin Disks as Sources of the Taub-NUT Solution

## 1 Introduction

An important problem in general relativity is the obtention of exact solutions of Einstein equations corresponding to physically acceptable configurations of matter. Although exact solutions has been obtained only in simple, highly symmetric, cases, in the last twenty years several generation techniques for obtain solutions of Einstein equations from a given solution have been developed with success . However, one of the shortcomings of these methods is that they do not give significant information about the physical or geometrical meaning of the generated solutions.

As recently has been shown , many vacuum Weyl solutions can be interpreted as the metrics of static thin disks, constructed using the well-known “displace, cut and reflect” method. The idea of the method is simple. Given a solution of the vacuum Einstein equations, a cut is maked above all singularities or sources. The identification of this solution with its mirror image yields relativistic models of disks as a consequence of the jump in the normal derivative of the metric tensor. The disk model can also be used for the interpretation of vacuum stationary solutions.

In the last years, disks models with radial pressure or tension , electric fields , magnetic fields  and magnetic and electric fields  have been studied. See also the references . In this work we apply the above method to study rotating disks with nonzero radial pressure and of finite radius. The models are based in the Taub-NUT (Newman-Unti-Tamburino) metric, which is one of the simplest axially symmetric stationary solutions of vacuum Einstein equations .

## 2 The Taub-NUT Solution

We can write the metric as the Weyl-Lewis-Papapetrou line element ,

$$ds^2=e^{2\mathrm{\Phi }}[^2d\phi ^2+e^{2\mathrm{\Lambda }}(dr^2+dz^2)]e^{2\mathrm{\Phi }}(dt+𝒲d\phi )^2,$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, $`𝒲`$ and $``$ are functions of $`r`$ and $`z`$ only. In order to obtain finite thin disks with nonzero radial pressure, we take a solution of vacuum Einstein equationes defined by the following relations .

Let be $`w=r+iz`$ and $`(w)=w+\alpha \sqrt{w^21}`$, with $`\alpha 1`$. Then

$`(r,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Re}(w),`$ (2)
$`𝒵(r,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Im}(w),`$ (3)
$`\mathrm{\Phi }(r,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }(,𝒵),`$ (4)
$`\mathrm{\Lambda }(r,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Pi }(,𝒵)+\mathrm{ln}|^{}(w)|,`$ (5)
$`𝒲(r,z)`$ $`=`$ $`(,𝒵).`$ (6)
Now we take $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$, $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and $``$ as given by the Taub-NUT solution, that can be written in prolate spheroidal coordinates as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{x^21}{x^2+2ux+1}}\right],`$ (7)
$`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{ln}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{x^21}{x^2y^2}}\right],`$ (8)
$``$ $`=`$ $`2kvy.`$ (9)
The possitive constants $`u`$ and $`v`$ can be written as $`u=m/k`$ and $`v=l/k`$, with $`k^2=m^2+l^2`$, where $`m`$ is the mass and $`l`$ is the NUT parameter , and thus $`u^2+v^2=1`$. The relation between $`(x,y)`$ and $`(,𝒵)`$ is given by

$$^2=k^2(x^21)(1y^2),𝒵=kxy,$$
(10)
where $`1x\mathrm{}`$, $`0y1`$ and $`k=\sqrt{\alpha ^21}`$.

## 3 The Energy-Momentum Tensor

The energy-momentum tensor of the disks can be computed by using the distributional approach, see , and can be written as

$`S_0^0`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{^2}}\{2^2(\mathrm{\Lambda },_z2\mathrm{\Phi },_z)+2,_ze^{4\mathrm{\Phi }}𝒲𝒲,_z\},`$ (11)
$`S_1^0`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{^2}}\{2𝒲(,_z2\mathrm{\Phi },_z)(^2+𝒲^2e^{4\mathrm{\Phi }})𝒲,_z\},`$ (12)
$`S_0^1`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{^2}}\{e^{4\mathrm{\Phi }}𝒲,_z\},`$ (13)
$`S_1^1`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{^2}}\{2^2\mathrm{\Lambda },_z+e^{4\mathrm{\Phi }}𝒲𝒲,_z\},`$ (14)
$`S_2^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Lambda }}}{^2}}\{2,_z\},`$ (15)
where all the quantities are evaluated at $`z=0^+`$, $`0r1`$. Is easy to see that, using (2) – (10), the energy-momentum tensor can be cast as

$$S_{ab}=(\sigma +p)V_aV_b+ph_{ab},$$
(16)
where

$`\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2p}{\alpha }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha +ku}{\alpha ^2+2u\alpha k+k^2}}\right],`$ (17)
$`p`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha }{\sqrt{\alpha ^2+2u\alpha k+k^2}}}.`$ (18)
$`V^a`$ is the velocity vector of the disk, with components

$$V^a=e^\mathrm{\Phi }(1,0,0,0),$$
(19)
and $`h_{ab}`$ is the metric of the $`z=0`$ hypersurface. The disks so are made of perfect fluids with constant energy density and pressure. As we can see, $`\sigma 0`$, and so the disks do not agree with the weak energy condition . On the other hand, the effective Newtonian density, defined as $`\varrho =\sigma +2p`$, is

$$\varrho =\frac{2kp}{\alpha }\left[\frac{u\alpha ^2+2\alpha k+uk^2}{\alpha ^2+2u\alpha k+k^2}\right],$$
(20)
so that $`\varrho 0`$, as the strong energy condition requires.

## 4 The Motion of the Disks

In order to analize the motion of the disks we compute its tangential velocity with respect to the locally nonrotating frames ,

$$\mathrm{V}=\frac{g_{11}(\mathrm{\Omega }\omega )}{\sqrt{g_{01}^2g_{00}g_{11}}},$$
(21)
were $`\omega =g_{01}/g_{11}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }=V^1/V^0`$. By using (2) – (10) we obtain

$$\mathrm{V}=\left[\frac{kvp^2}{2\alpha ^2}\right]\frac{\sqrt{1r^2}}{r}.$$
(22)
As we can see from the above expression, the particles of the disks move with superluminal velocities for $`r<r_0`$, where

$$r_0=\frac{kvp^2}{\sqrt{4\alpha ^2+k^2v^2p^4}}.$$
(23)
The specific angular momentum of a particle of the disk, with mass $`\mu `$, is given by $`h=p_\phi /\mu =g_{\phi a}V^a`$. Thus we have

$$h^2=\left[\frac{k^2p^2}{1+k^2}\right](1r^2).$$
(24)
and is easy to see that

$$\frac{d(h^2)}{dr}<0.$$
(25)
That is, the disks are not stable under radial perturbations, as can be concluded by an extension of Rayleigh criteria of stability of a fluid in rest in a gravitational field; see, for instance .

## 5 Concluding Remarks

We do not know of any exact axially symmetric stationary solution of Einstein equations with the kind of physical properties of the above model. We find that the disks are made of perfect fluids with constant energy density and pressure. The energy density is negative, but the effective Newotnian density is possitive as the strong energy condition requires. We also find that the disks are not stable under radial perturbationsand that there are regions of the disks where the particles move with superluminal velocities.

We are now working in rotating disks models with nonzero radial pressure based in the Kerr metric. In this case the energy-momentum tensor of the disks may be not so simple and we can have zones with heat flow. The inclusion of electric or magnetic fields to these models is also under consideration in order to obtain “hot” rotaing disks, with or without radial pressure.


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# Chandra Analysis of Abell 496 - No Chemical Gradients Across Cold Fronts

## 1 Introduction

Chandra satellite observations have revealed a wealth of X-ray structures in the cores of galaxy clusters, including X-ray plumes (e.g. Sanders & Fabian 2002), cavities (e.g. McNamara et al. 2000), and “cold fronts” (e.g. Markevitch et al. 2000; Vikhlinin et al. 2001; Mazzotta et al. 2001). Cold fronts (hereafter CF) are sharp surface brightness discontinuities (widths are typically smaller than the electron mean free path) characterized by a jump in gas temperature, accompanied by a fall in X-ray surface brightness such that the gas pressure remains continuous across the front. Thus, these structures differ from bow shocks (e.g. Markevitch et al. 2002) and are often attributed to subsonic (transonic) motions of accreted substructures (Markevitch et al. 2000, 2001; Vikhlinin et al. 2001)

The incidence of gaseous substructures at the centers of clusters suggests that cluster cores are very dynamic, even when there are no obvious signs of merging (such as in cooling flow clusters with regular isophotes). In this Letter we show that this is the case for A496. This cluster is a typical, bright, nearby (z$``$0.032), apparently well-behaved cooling flow cluster. In a joint Ginga and Einstein analysis of A496, White et al. (1994) found evidence for a central metal abundance enhancement. This was corroborated by ASCA (e.g. Dupke & White 2000a), SAX (Irwin & Bregman 2001) and XMM (Tamura et al. 2001) with greater statistical significance. Furthermore, Dupke & White (2000a) also discovered radial gradients in various abundance $`ratios`$, indicating that the gas in the central 2-3 has a higher proportion of SN Ia ejecta ($``$70%) than the outer parts of the cluster.

Spectral analysis of radially averaged annuli with XMM is roughly consistent with ASCA results (Tamura et al. 2001). The spatial resolution achieved by the instruments on-board XMM are very limited in establishing fine correlations between spatial substructures, such as CFs, and spectral parameters such as metal abundances and temperatures. However, this analysis is important since it provides clues about the nature of such structures. For example, if CFs are caused by the passage of a high velocity gas clump through the intracluster gas, the sharp surface discontinuity should be accompanied by chemical discontinuities as well, representing the enrichment history of the two different systems. This kind of analysis can be performed best with Chandra, given its high angular resolution. In this Letter we describe the discovery of CFs in A496 and search for chemical discontinuities across them. A more detailed analysis of the gas mass distribution will be published elsewhere. All distances shown are calculated assuming a H$`{}_{0}{}^{}=50`$ km s-1Mpc-1 and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=1`$. At the distance of this cluster $`1^{\prime \prime }`$ 0.95 kpc.

## 2 Data Reduction

A496 was observed by Chandra ACIS-S3 in July 2000 and October 2001, for 20 and 10 ksec, respectively. In both cases the cluster was centered on the S3 chip. The first observation was largely contaminated by flares. and will not be analyzed here. We used Ciao 2.2.1 with CALDB 2.9 to screen the data. Two short flare-like periods were extracted and the resulting exposure time is 8.7 ksec. A gain map correction was applied together with PHA and pixel randomization. The ACIS particle background was cleaned as prescribed for VFAINT mode. Point sources were extracted and the background used in spectral fits was generated from blank-sky observations using the acis\_bkgrnd\_lookup script. Here we show the results of spectral fits with XSPEC V11.2 (Arnaud 1996) using the mekal and vmekal thermal emission models. An isobaric cooling flow model cflow, was used for the spectral fittings of the inner regions, where the minimum cooling flow temperature ($`kT_{\mathrm{min}}^{\mathrm{cf}}`$) was allowed to vary. Metal abundances are measured relative to the solar photospheric values of Anders & Grevesse (1989). Galactic photoelectric absorption was incorporated using the wabs model (Morrison & McCammon 1983). Spectral channels were grouped ($`>`$25 cnt/chan). Energy ranges were restricted to 0.5–8.5 keV. Errors are 1-$`\sigma `$ unless stated otherwise.

In order to compensate for the recently detected degradation of ACIS low energy quantum efficiency (QE), we used the most recent corrarf routine, which applies the absorption model acisabs (Chartas & Getman (2002)) to the effective area file generated by the CIAO tool mkarf. The resulting spectral fits have significantly reduced column densities (compared to the prior, artificially inflated values), but they have a mild dependence on the low energy cut-off used in the data. Low-energy metal abundances are also affected by the low energy cut-off value. Since we are looking for relative changes of spectral parameters through different directions inside the cluster, this problem does not affect our conclusions. However, the absolute values of some abundances and of the hydrogen column density should not be considered definitive since the low energy calibration is still evolving.

## 3 Results

### 3.1 Cold Front

Figs. 1a and b show the X-ray image of A496. One can clearly see the sharp edge in surface brightness (SB) towards the north. Fig. 1a shows the directions towards sb\_sharp and sb\_smooth used to extract SB profiles. We also extracted SB profiles for the perpendicular directions (labeled sb\_east and sb\_west) for comparison. Fig. 1b shows the extraction regions used for spectral analysis, which are separated in semi-annuli with opening angles close to 180 towards the sharp direction and towards the opposite direction (hereafter called smooth). The semi-annuli were chosen to maximize photon statistics at several radii along the direction of interest (perpendicular to the SB edge).

Fig. 2 shows a comparison between the SB and temperature profiles. The temperatures were typically obtained through spectral fits using an absorbed mekal model, where the hydrogen column density was a free parameter. Despite the apparent smoothness of the average SB profile (in black) it is clear that the density profiles towards different directions are irregular, especially along the sb\_sharpsb\_smooth axis. The position of the sharp edge is shown by a red vertical red line (at $`r`$ 82 kpc), where there is a strong decline in SB: a factor of $``$2 within $``$10 kpc, accompanied by a temperature rise from $`4.06_{0.28}^{+0.26}`$ keV to 5.20$`{}_{}{}^{+0.46}{}_{0.42}{}^{}`$ keV. The gas pressure is roughly constant (within the errors) throughout the discontinuity, which is consistent with the CF phenomenon (Markevitch et al. 2000). The temperature profile within 82 kpc also exhibit strong anisotropies. Towards the sharp direction the temperature rises more or less steadily from 1.66$`{}_{}{}^{+0.13}{}_{0.11}{}^{}`$ to 4.06$`{}_{}{}^{+0.26}{}_{0.28}{}^{}`$ keV. The addition of a cooling flow model in the inner 10′′ does not change significantly the best-fit parameters and does not improve the $`\chi _\nu ^2`$. The minimum cooling flow temperature found is $`kT_{\mathrm{min}}^{\mathrm{cf}}`$0.96 keV, with an associated mass deposition rate of $``$5 $`M_{}`$ yr-1. Towards the smooth side the temperature rises steadily outward to a radial distance of 25 kpc and then rises steeply from 2.73 $`{}_{}{}^{+0.25}{}_{0.21}{}^{}`$ keV to 4.30 $`{}_{}{}^{+0.48}{}_{0.42}{}^{}`$ keV within a span of 15 kpc. The temperature profile suggests the presence of a secondary CF at $``$ 25 kpc, although there is no clear association with a SB drop within the same region. This may be due to the azimuthally symmetric binning geometry being a poor match to the oblique front structure to the south. At r $`>`$ 25 kpc the gas temperature has a flat profile throughout. Spectral fittings of the central region on the smooth side are significantly improved with the addition of a cooling flow component. The resulting best fit temperature is 3.2$`\pm `$ 0.7 keV with a mass deposition rate of 4.6$`\pm `$1.3 $`M_{}`$ yr-1 and $`kT_{\mathrm{min}}^{\mathrm{cf}}`$ = 0.57$`{}_{}{}^{+0.25}{}_{0.49}{}^{}`$ keV.

### 3.2 Metal Abundance and Abundance Ratios Distribution

The spectral fittings when individual abundances were allowed to vary independently (vmekal) were slightly better than those where the abundances were tied to their solar ratios, as previously found in ASCA data by Dupke & White (2000a). Fig. 3 shows temperature and abundance profiles of the best constrained elements (Fe, Si, O and S) in radial slices through the whole region analyzed in this work. Temperature and iron abundance ($`A_{\mathrm{Fe}}`$) anisotropies are clearly seen. The radial binning in Fig. 3 is larger than that in Fig. 2. This choice of binning increased the significance and magnitude of the temperature jump across the CF. The temperature jumps from 3.57$`{}_{}{}^{+0.23}{}_{0.20}{}^{}`$ keV to 5.60$`{}_{}{}^{+0.51}{}_{0.32}{}^{}`$ keV across the CF. Note that $`A_{\mathrm{Fe}}`$ does not change across the CF. The $`A_{\mathrm{Fe}}`$ profile is remarkably flat towards the sharp direction, with an average value of $``$0.75 solar. Towards the smooth direction $`A_{\mathrm{Fe}}`$ has a marginal rise from 0.59$`{}_{}{}^{+0.17}{}_{0.10}{}^{}`$ solar at the center to 0.87$`{}_{}{}^{+0.17}{}_{0.15}{}^{}`$ solar at $``$ 70 kpc. It then declines again to a minimum value of 0.49$`{}_{}{}^{+0.10}{}_{0.08}{}^{}`$ solar towards the outer regions. We used the F-test to estimate the significance of the Fe abundance gradient towards the smooth side. We verified that the abundance gradient in the fourth and fifth radial bins is significant at $`>`$ 98% confidence. This off-center abundance peak is similar to that found by Sanders & Fabian (2002) in A3526 and by Johnstone et al. (2002) in A2199. However, the addition of a cooling flow component to the innermost spatial bin ($`<`$22′′) improves the spectral fits significantly, increasing the best fit $`A_{\mathrm{Fe}}`$ to 1.52$`\pm 0.45`$ solar, eliminating the central depression. Adding the same cooling flow component to the sharp central region does not change significantly $`A_{\mathrm{Fe}}`$.

The distribution of the silicon abundance ($`A_{\mathrm{Si}}`$) shows a negative gradient towards both sharp and smooth sides. The gradient is steeper but consistent with that measured in full (0-2$`\pi `$) annular regions with XMM data (Tamura et al. 2001). The oxygen abundance ($`A_O`$) tends to rise radially towards both sharp and smooth directions. By simultaneously fitting the spectra of the inner bins from the sharp and smooth sides, we measured a best fit central $`A_O`$ of 0.60$`{}_{}{}^{+0.24}{}_{0.36}{}^{}`$ solar, which is significantly lower than in the outermost bin of the smooth side ($`A_O=1.61_{0.45}^{+0.6}`$ solar). This trend is consistent with ASCA SIS measurements (Dupke & White 2000a) but was not observed by Tamura et al. (2001). However, the sizes of the extraction regions used in their work are not directly comparable to ours. Furthermore, as it can be seen from Fig. 3, their choice of region configuration can smooth out the $`A_O`$ gradient due to the asymmetries in the abundance profile. The central absolute $`A_O`$ values are higher than those found in a preliminary Chandra analysis of Dupke & White (2001), who used the least flare-contaminated period of a previous observation of A496 without any correction for QE degradation. The sulfur abundance is not well constrained and is consistent with being flat. Overall, $`A_{\mathrm{Si}}`$ and $`A_O`$ distributions are consistent with radial gradients, but there are no discontinuities across the CFs.

In Fig. 4 we plot the abundance ratio profiles. Since different types of SNe have characteristic mass yields for different elements, their relative pollution rate can be measured, in principle, via abundance ratios (cf. Loewenstein & Mushotzky 1996), which in turn help us to determine the enrichment history of the gas. It can be seen that both O/Fe and Si/Fe are consistent with a central ($`r<`$ 80 kpc) dominance of SN Ia ejecta. However, both ratios show radial gradients and their outer values do not agree on a single proportion of SN Ia/II ejecta at a given exterior radius. The low Si/Fe ratios between 100–200 kpc are driven mainly by the low values of $`A_{\mathrm{Si}}`$ in that region. A positive gradient in the O/Fe was also detected in Dupke & White (2001) and it is unlikely that further calibration improvements will affect significantly the O/Fe profile, although the absolute values of the individual abundances are more uncertain. The poor photon statistics of our observation do not allow us to constrain other ratios well enough to check for the self-consistency of abundance ratios using different theoretical SN models, as in Dupke & White (2000b). However, independently of absolute normalizations, it is clear that there is no significant change in abundance ratio distribution across the sharp boundaries of the CFs.

## 4 Discussion: The Nature of Cold Fronts

Two recently proposed hypotheses for generating CFs in clusters involve the infall of galaxy groups into the larger clusters. In some cases the substructures are sub(/trans)sonic remnants of mergers (e.g. Markevitch et al. 2000; Vikhlinin et al. 2001). In other cases, such as A1795 (Markevitch et al. 2001), it is proposed that the infall of a small gravitational substructure disturbs the central gravitational potential of the main cluster, causing low-entropy gas in the center to oscillate around some equilibrium position (the “sloshing” hypothesis). In both cases one expects the CF to be a surface discontinuity between a cold core moving through hotter, diffuse intracluster gas, with inefficient mixing between the different gas phases across the surface discontinuity. If this were true for A496 one should expect to see different metal enrichment histories across the CF. We find instead that abundances and abundance ratios are continuous across CFs, a result that is independent of calibration uncertainties in determining the absolute abundances of individual elements.

The data is roughly consistent with a model where the cD is oscillating around the clusters’ potential well. This model is similar to that suggested for A1795 (Fabian et al. 2001). In both clusters the CFs are aligned with the most likely projected axis of motion of the cD. This axis is inferred by analysis of the direction of the main extension of optical filaments (see Fabian et al. 1981), X-ray and optical isophotal elongation. The cDs in both systems have similar peculiar velocities after correcting for substructure (Bird 1994). In this model the cD would be dragging/smearing SN Ia Fe enriched cold gas within the spatial oscillation length ($``$ 80 kpc), which defines the distance to farthest CF observed. The most likely evolutionary time frame for this model would place the cD in A496 moving south beginning to generate a second CF. The motion of the cD may add to other competing core heating mechanisms, which may keep $`kT_{\mathrm{min}}^{\mathrm{cf}}`$ $`1`$ keV. A detailed analysis of this model and other alternates is beyond the scope of this Letter and will be published elsewhere. The investigation of the behavior of abundances and their ratios across SB discontinuities in the cores of other clusters will allow us to determine whether such structures are typically induced externally, via subcluster mergers, or internally, perhaps through sloshing associated with cD motion.

We are very grateful to P. Plucinsky, A. Prestwitch and H. Tananbaum for their help in obtaining a reobservation of A496. We acknowledge support from NASA through Chandra award number GO 0-1085X, issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of NASA under contract NAS8-39073. RAD was also partially supported by NASA grant NAG 5-3247. RAD also thanks J. Irwin, J. Bregman and E. Lloyd-Davies for helpful discussions.


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# X-RAY EMISSION OF YOUNG SN IA REMNANTS AS A PROBE FOR AN EXPLOSION MODEL

## Introduction

Recent observations with XMM-Newton telescope with high spectral and space resolution, give us an opportunity to get clearer understanding of nature and origin of X-ray sources. For example, with new data on supernova remnants we can find out more about the supernova explosion itself. So far, there exist many explosion models proposed by theorists for different types of supernovae, but still there are no definite criteria to decide which of the models are realized in nature. During the first months after an explosion one can examine a theoretical model by calculating bolometric and monochromatic light curves and spectra. Later on, gas in the ejecta cools down and becomes almost unobservable. The next opportunity to analyze the ejecta is on the stage of a young supernova remnant (SNR), when noticeable amount of circumstellar gas is swept up. At this moment a reverse shock forms, goes inwards the ejecta and illuminates it once again.

We will focus only on Type Ia Supernovae (SN Ia) and compare the results for four theoretical models of explosion. We are eager to find a model which would be in good agreement with observations of SN Ia both at the epoch of maximum light and on the young remnant stages.

In this work, we calculate hydrodynamical evolution and X-ray emission of a supernova remnant at the age of 430 years, which corresponds to the age of Tycho SNR, and compare the results with spectra and images of this remnant obtained by XMM-Newton space telescope (Decourchelle et al. 2001). We examine the same models that where applied to our broad-band light curve modelling (Blinnikov, Sorokina 2003), so we will be able to judge on the correctness of these models from two points of view.

Quite a while ago, it was concluded that Tycho’s supernova was of Type I (Baade 1945). After that time there were many other papers which suggested other types for Tycho. But the morphology of the remnant, its shell-like structure, says that most probably it is still the remnant of Type Ia supernova.

The basic parameters of the Tycho remnant are the following: the age is 430 years, the angular size is $`8^{}`$, thus the radius is $`23`$ pc (depending on adopted distance). It has almost spherical shape, so we do not need any additional assumptions to model it with a 1D code.

Tycho’s remnant was observed for many years in radio wavelength and optics with terrestrial instruments (e.g., van den Bergh 1971, van den Bergh et al. 1973, Duin, Strom 1975, Dickel et al. 1982) and in X-rays with different space telescopes (e.g., Davison et al. 1976, Seward et al. 1983, Tsunemi et al. 1986, Hwang, Gotthelf 1997, Decourchelle et al. 2001). Its images and spectra were analyzed in many papers (e.g., Chevalier, Raymond 1978, Hamilton et al. 1986, Itoh et al. 1988, Brinkmann et al. 1989, Vancura et al. 1995, Hwang et al. 1998). The instruments become better every decade. The most recent observations with XMM-Newton provide us with data of excellent spatial resolution, which allows us to examine not only crude models to reproduce the emission of the remnant, but also to change between models which differ not very strongly.

## Models

To simulate supernova ejecta in our calculations of evolution and X-ray emission of remnant we have chosen four SN Ia explosion models. Three of them are Chandrasekhar-mass models and one is a sub-Chandrasekhar one:

* the classical deflagration model W7 (Nomoto et al. 1984). $`M_{WD}=1.38M_{}`$, $`E_0=1.2\times 10^{51}`$ ergs, M(56Ni) $`=0.6M_{}`$.
* the deflagration model by Reinecke et al. (2002) (hereafter MR0). $`M_{WD}=1.38M_{}`$, $`E_0=4.6\times 10^{50}`$ ergs, M(56Ni) $`=0.43M_{}`$.
* the delayed detonation model DD4 (Woosley & Weaver 1994b). $`M_{WD}=1.38M_{}`$, $`E_0=1.2\times 10^{51}`$ ergs, M(56Ni) $`=0.6M_{}`$.
* the sub-Chandrasekhar-mass detonation model with low 56Ni production (hereafter, WD065; Ruiz-Lapuente et al. 1993). $`M_{WD}=0.65M_{}`$, $`E_0=5.6\times 10^{50}`$ ergs, M(56Ni) $`=0.5M_{}`$.

W7, DD4, and WD065 are well known SN Ia models. The last one is the best for modelling light curves and late spectra of very sub-luminous SNe Ia, like 1991bg. Two others are usually considered as the best models for typical SN Ia.

The recent MR0 model is originally 3D, but we have averaged it over the whole $`4\pi `$, since our hydro code is 1D. MR0 is almost a “first principle” model, and uses much less free parameters for flame modelling than all previous calculations. It is less energetic, contains less 56Ni, but the latter is located in the outermost layers of ejecta due to 3D Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The combination of all these factors leads to the situation when the outermost 56Ni layer has similar velocities for all Chandrasekhar-mass models.

From our light curve modelling (Blinnikov, Sorokina 2003) we have found that MR0 model is the best for UBVI bands, though the bolometric light curve is more similar to observations for W7. We discussed there that a bit more energetic model, and equally mixed as MR0, would be the best from the light curve modelling point of view.

We surround ejecta by a motionless gas of constant density ($`5\times 10^{24}\text{ g/cm}^3`$), constant temperature ($`10^4`$ K), and with Solar abundances. We start calculations of the remnant evolution at the age of ejecta from several years to several decades.

## Method

To model the hydrodynamical evolution of the supernova remnant we use hydro code from the package STELLA (Blinnikov et al. 2000). To find out the X-ray spectra we use the code written by P.L. for calculations of collisional ionization of a stationary plasma, which takes into account basic processes: ionization by electron impact, autoionization, photorecombination, dielectronic recombination, charge transfer. It calculates bremsstrahlung (free-free), free-bound, bound-bound, two-photon emission. This code has been elaborated by S.B. and E.S. into a time-dependent variant ($`\dot{n}_i=f(T(t),n(t),Z,\mathrm{})`$ for all ionic species). Input parameters are current temperature, density, abundance.

The models were calculated as follows. We simulate an SN expansion into CSM, assuming that the remnant is transparent, i.e. radiation does not affect remnant’s dynamics, so we can calculate hydrodynamics and radiation separately. During the calculation we record history of temperature and density variations for each mesh zone and then we use this data to calculate time-dependent ionization. The resulting ionization stages for all elements at the age of Tycho remnant are used to evaluate an X-ray spectrum.

The problem here can arise in the correct hydro calculations without knowing the ionization stage of gas. For CSM, if it consists mostly of hydrogen, ionization should not affect hydro evolution strongly. But the ejecta is more metal-abundant. Number of free electrons can vary by a factor of a few for different ionization stages, that leads to strong changes in pressure within the ejecta and, therefore, to possible differences in the speed of the reverse shock. Because of limited computational resources we decide to start with flow models with a simplified equation of state. We assume a fixed, but not very low or very high, ionization stage (say, the 8th) of shocked gas during the calculations. In future we plan to iterate the ionization stage and repeat hydro calculations, which should make them more self-consistent.

## Results and comparison with observations of Tycho remnant

The resulting hydrodynamical structure of our models at the age of Tycho remnant (430 years) is shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2. In each model the reverse shock is formed and goes inward the ejecta, but does not reach the center yet.

Due to different explosion energy in our models, they expand to the given age till different radii, the position of the contact discontinuity (that separates ejecta and ambient medium) for different explosion models also varies from 1.8 to 2.5 pc. Maximum value of the shocked ejecta density can vary in a range of an order of magnitude for different models. The differences in temperature of heated ejecta are of the order of half magnitude for different models. The width of the heated (therefore, emitting) region varies also quite noticeably. All these varieties lead to the differences in the emission one could observe from the remnant.

Results of the spectra simulations for different explosion models are shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4. The gray line corresponds to $`N_H=4\times 10^{21}\text{cm}^2`$ galaxy column density, the black one – to $`N_H=9\times 10^{21}\text{cm}^2`$.

These plots show that we can rule out the WD065 model (it shows very weak Fe K–line, contrary to the EPIC observation with XMM–Newton by Decourchelle et al. 2001). All Chandrasekhar-mass models produce almost the same spectra with similar strength of lines. Though Fe K emission is a bit stronger in MR0, it is not possible to judge which of these models is better.

Much more drastic differences arise when we look at the profiles of the remnant in bandwidths of various ion lines and compare these with observed azimuthally averaged radial profiles of the deconvolved images in various lines (Decourchelle et al. 2001).

We plot (Fig.5 and Fig.6) the profiles of the simulated remnant in different lines (e.g., in FeXVII line and Si K line). Models DD4 and W7 give comparable profiles, but Si and Fe lines are separated strongly in space, WD065 is distinguished strongly from the others and from the observational data, while MR0 shows the best agreement with observations: the diameters of the remnant in Si and Fe lines are very close, an amplitude of the luminosity variations in the corresponding lines is also more similar to what is observed by Decourchelle et al. 2001.

## Discussion and prospects

Though the results are very preliminary, we can rule out the sub-Chandrasekhar-mass model WD065 for the Tycho SNR. The most popular models DD4 and W7 show relatively good agreement with observational data (though the radial profiles are not very encouraging). Nevertheless, the most promising model is still MR0. It fits better both the observed X-ray spectrum and the brightness profiles in different lines.

To make our results more reliable, we still need to upgrade our techniques in order to obtain a better agreement with X-ray observations. There is a number of issues that have to be worked out.

Since we do not know exactly the ionization stage (thus the “true” equation of state) of plasma on the hydro calculation step, we should calculate it by our time-dependent code. But due to our limited computer resources we cannot make it in a fully self-consistent way immediately. Instead, we can calculate separately and save the history of ionization and then perform the second iteration of flow calculation with the new (updated) set of ionization data.

In the modelling we assume $`T_e=T_i`$ in the calculations. We can introduce a parameter that specifies relationship between $`T_e`$ and $`T_i`$. Variations of this parameter will affect the spectrum shape. Thus we can find a value of the parameter that will make a best fit to spectrum.

We have only tested CSM with a constant density. In near future we plan to test also “windy” CSM, with density gradient. That will change the dynamical evolution and, probably, the emission of our models.

At last, looking at the spectra one can see, that Decourchelle et al. 2001 show very broad lines and we have them rather narrow, although we have taken into account thermal and Doppler broadening. Convolving our theoretical curves with XMM-Newton response matrix (EPIC, MOS and PN instruments) would give us a possibility for more accurate data fitting.

Taking into account all the above issues we will make the comparison of models and observations more correct and fruitful. Nevertheless, we believe that the main conclusion of this work will remain unchanged: the new 3D SN Ia model MR0, due to its low energetics and a strong mixing, seems the best to model Sn Ia remnants, as well as their light curves.

Acknowledgements. The work is supported in Russia by RFBR grant 02-02-16500.

E-mail address of D.I. Kosenko lisett@xray.sai.msu.ru
Manuscript received 19 October 2002; revised 19 October 2002; accepted 19 October 2002.


text:
# Supersymmetric Boost on Intersecting D-branes

## I Introduction

Supersymmetric configurations of multiple D-branes have received intensive studies. A D0-D(2$`k`$)-brane system is supersymmetric when $`k`$ is even valued johnson ; polchinski . This configuration is U-dual to two D-, NS-, or M-branes intersecting at right angles. More generally, two D$`k`$-branes related by $`SU(k)`$ rotations preserve some supersymmetries unbroken berkooz . Especially even for odd values of $`k`$, D0-D(2$`k`$)-brane system can be supersymmetric in the presence of suitable background Born-Infeld (BI) magnetic fields park ; witten .

Along this line of research, the supertube (a tubular D2-brane) townsend  attracts our interests in many respects. Firstly, it preserves 8 supersymmetries in spite of the tubular shape (see lee  for its matrix description). It is self supported against collapse by the Poynting momentum around the tube circumference, and this is provided by the BI electric and magnetic fields over the tube worldvolume. Secondly, it opens up the study on the supersymmetric D-$`\overline{\text{D}}`$ brane systems bak . The circular cross section is deformable to any different shape including the elliptic one mateos ; cho . There is no tension along the cross section. An extreme deformation of the elliptic supertube results in a D2-$`\overline{\text{D}2}`$ pair, and there is no tachyonic mode on the interstring running between them ohta . In all these supersymmetric configurations, the ‘critical’ electric field ($`E=1/2\pi \alpha ^{}`$) plays a very important role 111critical in the sense that Born-Infeld action vanishes when magnetic fields are absent.. Especially when we T-dualize these systems along the direction of the electric field, we obtain intersecting D-strings moving at the speed of light oh ; lunin . One could imagine the interplay between the intersecting angle of the D-strings and their speed to make the configuration supersymmetric.

The purpose of this work is to understand the role of the electric field in the supersymmetric configuration of composite D-branes. We shall work in the context of the open strings living on these composite D-branes, that is, examine the conserved spacetime supercharges on the open-string worldsheet. This method was adopted in Ref. johnson ; polchinski ; berkooz ; park ; witten  to check the supersymmetries for the multiple D-branes. It is a more direct way of checking the spacetime supersymmetries than other methods used in the effective theories like the BI world volume theory or the supergravity theory.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we specify the way to give the BI electric and magnetic fields over the D($`2k`$)-brane world volume. The basic idea is to take T-dualities on a tilted D$`k`$-brane in motion. We obtain the relations between the BI field strengths and the geometrical data on the tilting and Lorentz boost.

In Sec. III, we check the supersymmetry for various D0-D$`(2k)`$ brane systems dressed in the BI electric and magnetic fields. We show that for generic (‘noncritical’) values of the electric field, the number of the preserved supersymmetries is exactly the same as that of the system with the magnetic fields only.

In Sec. IV, we work out the cases where the electric field takes the critical value. It is shown that various systems can have 8 supersymmetries at most.

In Sec. V, we study how Lorentz boost affects the supersymmetries for two D-strings intersecting at various angles. These systems are T-dual to several D2-$`\overline{\text{D}2}`$ or D2-D2 pairs depending on the intersecting angles. We show that 8 supersymmetries are preserved when both D-strings are tilted in the forward direction or both in the backward direction with respect to the boost. Otherwise, no supersymmetry is preserved.

In Sec. VI, we consider the cases where two tilted D-strings are in relative motion with their mutual distance fixed. In the comoving frame of one D-string, we allow only the transverse motion of the other D-string. When the intersecting point moves at the speed of light, 8 supersymmetries are preserved only when the intersecting angle is less than $`\pi /2`$. When one D-string moves at the speed of light, 8 supersymmetries are preserved regardless of the intersecting angle.

In Sec. VII, we conclude the paper with some remarks on various U-dual configurations and comments on future works.

## II Dressing D$`(2k)`$-brane with the BI electric and magnetic fields

### II.1 Some Kinematics

We would like to study how Lorentz boost affects the geometric configuration of a D-string lying on a plane, say, $`(x,y)`$-plane. Suppose it is tilted by an angle $`\varphi `$ with respect to the coordinate $`x`$. Under the following boost (with boost parameter $`\gamma `$) along $`x`$-axis,

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}t^{}\\ x^{}\\ y^{}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{cosh}\gamma & \mathrm{sinh}\gamma & 0\\ \mathrm{sinh}\gamma & \mathrm{cosh}\gamma & 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}t\\ x\\ y\end{array}\right)`$ (1)
the tilting angle becomes larger;

$`\mathrm{tan}\varphi ^{}=\mathrm{tan}\varphi \mathrm{cosh}\gamma .`$ (2)
The velocity of the tilted D-string is given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dx^{}}{dt^{}}}=\mathrm{tanh}\gamma .`$ (3)
Let us consider the boundary condition of the open strings living on a tilted D-string in motion. It is convenient to introduce coordinates $`(\overline{x},\overline{y})`$ adapted for the D-string at rest. It is related with the coordinates $`(x,y)`$ as

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}x\\ y\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\varphi & \mathrm{sin}\varphi \\ \mathrm{sin}\varphi & \mathrm{cos}\varphi \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\overline{x}\\ \overline{y}\end{array}\right),`$ (4)
so that the D-string lies along the $`\overline{x}`$-axis. The boundary conditions of the open strings

$`_\sigma \overline{x}|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=0,_\tau \overline{y}|_{\sigma =0,\pi }=0`$ (5)
can be recasted in the boosted frame as

$`_\sigma t^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma _\sigma x^{}|\mathrm{sinh}\gamma =0,`$ (6)
$``$ $`_\sigma t^{}|\mathrm{sinh}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\varphi +_\sigma x^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\varphi +_\sigma y^{}|\mathrm{sin}\varphi =0,`$
$`_\tau t^{}|\mathrm{sinh}\gamma \mathrm{sin}\varphi _\tau x^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{sin}\varphi +_\tau y^{}|\mathrm{cos}\varphi =0,`$
where we omitted the subscript “$`\sigma =0,\pi `$” on each vertical line $`|`$.

### II.2 T-duality

T-duality on the tilted D-string will generate a D2-brane with a constant magnetic field over its world volume. Let us see the effect of T-duality on a tilted D-string in motion. T-duality along $`x^{}`$-direction switches the Neumann and the Dirichlet boundary condition as follows;

$`_\sigma x^{}|=0_\tau \stackrel{~}{x}|=0,`$
$`_\tau x^{}|=0_\sigma \stackrel{~}{x}|=0,`$ (7)
where we use tilde to denote the dual coordinates. Those boundary conditions in (6) is dualized to

$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{t}\mathrm{tanh}\gamma _\tau \stackrel{~}{x}]|=0,`$
$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{y}+(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi )^1_\tau \stackrel{~}{x}]|=0,`$
$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{x}\mathrm{tanh}\gamma _\tau \stackrel{~}{t}(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi )^1_\tau \stackrel{~}{y}]|=0,`$ (8)
which are nothing but the boundary conditions of open strings living on a D2-brane with the following BI field strength over its world volume;

$`2\pi \alpha ^{}F=\mathrm{tanh}\gamma d\stackrel{~}{t}d\stackrel{~}{x}(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi )^1d\stackrel{~}{x}d\stackrel{~}{y}.`$ (9)
The electric and the magnetic fields on the D2-brane can be understood as the fundamental strings arrayed along $`\stackrel{~}{x}`$-direction and D0-branes uniformly melted over the D2-brane, as in the case of the supertube townsend .

We observe here that the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the slope of the D-string measured in $`(x^{},y^{})`$-frame. For an infinite Lorentz boost, i.e., when $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$, the D-string becomes almost parallel to $`y^{}`$-axis and the magnetic field vanishes unless $`\varphi 0`$. At the same time, the electric field becomes ‘critical’ in the sense that the BI action vanishes in the limit. On the other hand, the magnetic field diverges when $`\varphi =0`$ and the boost parameter $`\gamma `$ is finite, that is, $`(x,y)`$-frame and $`(\overline{x},\overline{y})`$-frame coincide. Each end point of the string is frozen to a point that can be regarded as a D$`0`$-brane. The momentum flow is dualized to the net number of those open strings ending on the D$`0`$-brane. In order to obtain a finite BI field distribution over a D$`2`$-brane in the limit $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$, we let simultaneously $`\varphi 0`$ keeping $`2\pi \alpha ^{}F_{12}=(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi )^1`$ finite.

### II.3 D$`(2k)`$-brane with the Electric- and the Magnetic Fields over its World-Volume

We generalize the procedure discussed in the previous subsection to get a D$`(2k)`$-brane with the electric and the magnetic fields over its world-volume. We first consider a D$`k`$-brane which is tilted in each $`(x_{2i1},x_{2i})`$-plane by an angle $`\varphi _i`$ with respect to $`x_{2i1}`$-axis for $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$. The relation between these coordinates $`(x_{2i1},x_{2i})`$ and the coordinates $`(\overline{x}_{2i1},\overline{x}_{2i})`$ adapted to D$`k`$-brane is the same as the relation (4) but with appropriate subscripts $`i`$ understood on the coordinates and the angle. In order to produce the electric field over the final configuration, we boost the system and take a T-duality. Without loss of generality, the boost direction can be taken along $`x_1`$-axis. Taking T-dualities along $`x_1^{}`$-,$`x_3`$-,$`\mathrm{},x_{2k1}`$-axes result in the following boundary conditions for the open strings living on a D$`(2k)`$-brane;

$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{t}\mathrm{tanh}\gamma _\tau \stackrel{~}{x}_1]|=0,`$
$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{x}_2+(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi _1)^1_\tau \stackrel{~}{x}_1]|=0,`$
$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{x}_1\mathrm{tanh}\gamma _\tau \stackrel{~}{t}(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi _1)^1_\tau \stackrel{~}{x}_2]|=0,`$
$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{x}_{2i}+\mathrm{cot}\varphi _i_\tau \stackrel{~}{x}_{2i1}]|=0,`$
$`[_\sigma \stackrel{~}{x}_{2i1}\mathrm{cot}\varphi _i_\tau \stackrel{~}{x}_{2i}]|=0,(i=2,\mathrm{},k).`$ (10)
These boundary conditions imply the BI field strength over the D$`(2k)`$-brane;

$`2\pi \alpha ^{}F=\mathrm{tanh}\gamma d\stackrel{~}{t}d\stackrel{~}{x}_1(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{tan}\varphi _1)^1d\stackrel{~}{x}_1d\stackrel{~}{x}_2{\displaystyle \underset{i=2}{\overset{k}{}}}\mathrm{cot}\varphi _id\stackrel{~}{x}_{2i1}d\stackrel{~}{x}_{2i}.`$ (11)
From here on we denote $`2\pi \alpha ^{}F_{01}E`$, and $`2\pi \alpha ^{}F_{2i1,2i}B_i`$, that is, we work in the string unit $`2\pi \alpha ^{}1`$. Note also that our parameters $`\varphi _i`$ are different from the parameters $`2\pi v_i`$ used in witten  by $`\pi /2`$, that is, $`2\pi v_i=\varphi _i+\pi /2`$.

## III Unbroken Supersymmetries

In this section, we examine the unbroken supersymmetries for the D0-D$`(2k)`$ brane system in the presence of the BI field strength as in Eq. (11). The supersymmetry preserved by a single Dp-brane is given by the sum of the left- and right-movers on the string world sheet, $`Q_\alpha +(\beta _p^{}\stackrel{~}{Q})_\alpha `$ polchinski . Here

$`\beta _p^{}={\displaystyle \underset{m=p+1}{\overset{9}{}}}\beta ^m,`$ (12)
and $`\beta ^m=\mathrm{\Gamma }^m\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the spacetime parity operator on the world sheet of the open string. In particular in the presence of the field strength like (11), the conserved charge becomes

$`Q_\alpha +\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\beta ^{2i1}\overline{\beta }^{2i}\right)\left(\beta _p^{}\stackrel{~}{Q}\right)_\alpha ,`$
$`\overline{\beta }^2=\rho (\gamma )\rho (\varphi _1)\beta ^2\rho (\varphi _1)\rho (\gamma ),`$
$`\overline{\beta }^{2i}=\rho (\varphi _i)\beta ^{2i}\rho (\varphi _i),(i=2,\mathrm{}k)`$ (13)
where $`\rho (\gamma )=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\gamma \mathrm{\Sigma }^{01}\right)`$ and $`\rho (\varphi _i)=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\varphi _i\mathrm{\Sigma }^{2i1,2i}\right)`$ with the Lorentz rotation elements $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{\mu \nu }=\frac{i}{4}[\mathrm{\Gamma }^\mu ,\mathrm{\Gamma }^\nu ]`$ of $`SO(2k,1)`$ in the spinor representation. As for a D0-D$`(2k)`$ brane system, the unbroken supersymmetries are the intersection of the following two sets; $`Q_\alpha +(\beta _0^{}\stackrel{~}{Q})_\alpha `$ and (III). They are in one-to-one correspondence with the spinors left invariant under

$`(\beta _0^{})^1\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\beta ^{2i1}\overline{\beta }^{2i}\right)\left(\beta _p^{}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\rho (\gamma )\left[{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\rho (2\varphi _j)\right]\rho (\gamma )`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left(2i{\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{k}{}}}\varphi _jS_j\right)\left[\mathrm{cos}\varphi _12i\mathrm{exp}\left(\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^0\mathrm{\Gamma }^1\right)S_1\mathrm{sin}\varphi _1\right],`$
where the operators, $`2S_ji\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2j1}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{2j}`$, take eigenvalues $`2s_j=\pm 1`$.

Let $`ϵ`$ be the eigenspinor in $`\mathrm{𝟏𝟔}`$ with the eigenvalue $`1`$. When $`\gamma <\mathrm{}`$, namely, when $`|E|<1`$ in the string unit, the eigenspinor equation can be recasted into

$`\left[{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\rho (2\varphi _j)\right]\stackrel{~}{ϵ}=\mathrm{exp}\left(2i{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}}\varphi _jS_j\right)\stackrel{~}{ϵ}=\stackrel{~}{ϵ},`$ (15)
with $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}\rho (\gamma )ϵ`$. Therefore the equation becomes the same as that of the system with the magnetic field only and the supersymmetry analysis will be the same as that performed in Ref. witten .

Let us summarize the results briefly. The D0-D2 system preserves 16 supersymmetries when $`\varphi _10`$, that is when $`B_1=\mathrm{cot}\varphi _1\sqrt{1E^2}\mathrm{}`$. In this limit, the system effectively becomes D0-D0 system seiberg  but possibly with the electric field ($`|E|<1`$) over two dimensional array of D0 particles.

The D0-D4 system preserves supersymmetries when $`\varphi _1=\pm \varphi _2`$ (8 supersymmetries for the generic values of $`B_1=\pm B_2\sqrt{1E^2}`$ and 16 supersymmetries for the divergent values under which the system becomes effectively D0-D0 system.). Especially when $`E0`$, the 8-supersymmetric case corresponds to the (anti-)self-dual ($`B_1=\pm B_2`$) field configuration in Euclidean 4 dimensions. In the presence of the electric field, the fields are no longer (anti-)self-dual and are defined in Lorentzian (4+1)-dimensions but still 8 supersymmetries are preserved.

As for the D0-D6 system, generic values of $`\varphi _i`$’s ($`i=1,2,3`$) satisfying $`2\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}\varphi _js_j=0`$, (say $`\varphi _1+\varphi _2+\varphi _3=0`$), preserve 4 supersymmetries. This is when $`|B_i|<\mathrm{}`$ and $`|E|<1`$ but $`B_1(B_2+B_3)+\sqrt{1E^2}B_2B_3=\sqrt{1E^2}`$ is satisfied. Therefore, with all fields vanishing, the system does not preserve any supersymmetry. When one of $`\varphi _i`$’s is zero, corresponding magnetic field diverges and the system effectively reduces to D0-D4 system preserving 8 supersymmetries. When all $`\varphi _i`$’s vanish, it becomes effectively D0-D0 system preserving 16 supersymmetries. In all cases, noncritical values of the electric field $`|E|<1`$ do not disturb the supersymmetries.

The D0-D8 system preserves 2 supersymmetries for the generic values of $`\varphi _i`$’s ($`i=1,2,3,4`$) satisfying $`2\underset{j=1}{\overset{4}{}}\varphi _js_j=0`$. When one of $`\varphi _i`$’s is zero, corresponding magnetic field diverges and the system effectively reduces to a D0-D6 system preserving 4 supersymmetries. When two of $`\varphi _i`$’s are zero, the system becomes effectively D0-D4 system preserving 8 supersymmetries. When all $`\varphi _i`$’s vanish, the system corresponds to D0-D0 system preserving 16 supersymmetries. Like the other cases, noncritical values of the electric field $`|E|<1`$ do not change the preserved supersymmetries.

Our main interest lies in the case where $`\gamma \pm \mathrm{}`$, i.e., $`|E|1`$. In this limit, one can naively expect that $`\stackrel{~}{ϵ}=\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\gamma }{2}\mathrm{\Gamma }^{01})ϵ`$ could vanish for the spinor components $`ϵ`$ satisfying $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{01}ϵ=\pm ϵ`$, therefore equating both sides of Eq. (15). In the next section, we will perform explicit analysis on this.

## IV What if $`E1`$?

In the s-basis of Ref. polchinski , the eigenspinor $`ϵ`$ of the operator (III) can be written as

$`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`(a,b,c,d)`$ (16)
$``$ $`a|+1,+1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_2,2s_3,2s_4>+b|+1,1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_2,2s_3,2s_4>`$
$`+`$ $`c|1,+1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_2,2s_3,2s_4>+d|1,1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_2,2s_3,2s_4>.`$
The first and second entry $`\pm 1`$’s denote the eigenvalues of $`2S_0\mathrm{\Gamma }^0\mathrm{\Gamma }^9`$ and $`2S_1`$ respectively. Since these two operators do not commute with the operator (III), the eigenspinor $`ϵ`$ must be the sum of all possible eigenstates of $`2S_0`$ and $`2S_1`$. Due to the Weyl condition of $`ϵ`$, the eigenvalues $`s_a,(a=0,\mathrm{}4)`$ are constrained by $`\underset{a=0}{\overset{4}{}}2s_a=1`$. With $`\lambda \mathrm{exp}(2i\underset{j=2}{\overset{k}{}}\varphi _js_j)`$, the eigenspinor equation reduces to

$`\left(\lambda \mathrm{cos}\varphi _11\right)(a,b,c,d)i\lambda \mathrm{sin}\varphi _1\left[\mathrm{cosh}\gamma (a,b,c,d)\mathrm{sinh}\gamma (d,c,b,a)\right]=0.`$ (17)
In order for the above equation to have nontrivial solutions, $`\mathrm{exp}(2i\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\varphi _js_j)`$ should be 1, which is just the condition used to analyse the cases with the magnetic fields only witten .

Let us look at the equation in the limit, $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$. There are some values of $`\varphi _1`$ to consider first. At the exact points $`|\varphi _1|=0,\pi `$, the second and third term of Eq. (17) vanish however large the parameter $`\gamma `$ becomes. The eigenspinor equation becomes independent of the boost then. The condition $`\lambda =\pm 1`$ determines the number of the unbroken supersymmetries to be $`2^{6k}`$ for the D0-D$`(2k)`$ brane systems ($`k2`$) with generic values of $`\varphi _{2,\mathrm{},k}`$. In the D0-D2 brane system, $`\lambda =1`$, so 16 supersymmetries are preserved at $`\varphi _1=0`$, while no supersymmetry is preserved at $`|\varphi _1|=\pi `$.

As for the values of $`\varphi _1`$ other than $`0,\pm \pi `$, we keep the magnetic field

$`B_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}\gamma }}\mathrm{cot}\varphi _1`$ (18)
to be finite in the limit $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$. The insertion of

$`\mathrm{cos}\varphi _1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{B_1\mathrm{cosh}\gamma }{\sqrt{1+B_1^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma }}},\mathrm{sin}\varphi _1=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+B_1^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma }}},`$ (19)
into Eq. (17) yields

$`\left(\lambda B_1\pm |B_1|\right)(a,b,c,d)+i\lambda (a,b,c,d)i\lambda (d,c,b,a)=0.`$ (20)
In the above two Eq.’s, the upper (lower) signs are for $`\varphi _1>0`$ ($`\varphi _1<0`$). Only when $`\lambda B_1\pm |B_1|=0`$, the characteristic equation is satisfied and nontrivial solutions ($`a=d`$, $`b=c`$) are possible. Especially when $`|\varphi _1|=\frac{\pi }{2}`$ (and $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$), the magnetic field $`B_1`$ vanishes and the condition $`\lambda B_1\pm |B_1|=0`$ is satisfied automatically without giving any constraint on $`\lambda `$. Therefore, 8 supersymmetries are preserved regardless of the values of other fields $`B_{2,3,4}`$. Let us explore the unbroken supersymmetries case by case for the rest of the values $`\varphi _1`$.

### IV.1 D0-D2 brane system

With $`\lambda =1`$, the factor $`(B_1\pm |B_1|)`$ vanishes for $`0<|\varphi _1|<\frac{\pi }{2}`$. Therefore 8 supersymmetries are preserved in these cases. As for $`|\varphi _1|>\frac{\pi }{2}`$, no supersymmetry is preserved. Indeed in these latter cases, defining new angles $`|\varphi _1^{}||\varphi _1\pi |<\frac{\pi }{2}`$ results in extra minus sign in front of the operator (III), which implies that the system is then actually D0-$`\overline{\text{D}2}`$ brane system 222We thank Joseph Polchinski for pointing this out to us..

### IV.2 D0-D4 brane system

Different from the D0-D2 brane system, $`\lambda =\mathrm{exp}(2i\varphi _2s_2)`$ can be either $`+1`$ or $`1`$. As for $`0<|\varphi _1|<\frac{\pi }{2}`$, the angle $`|\varphi _2|`$ should vanish. On the other hand when $`|\varphi _1|>\frac{\pi }{2}`$, the angle $`|\varphi _2|=\pi `$. In both cases, $`|B_2|\mathrm{}`$ and the value $`2s_2`$ can be arbitrary, therefore 8 supersymmetries are preserved.

### IV.3 D0-D6 brane system

The equation $`\lambda B_1\pm |B_1|=0`$ is satisfied if $`\lambda =\mathrm{exp}(2i\varphi _2s_22i\varphi _3s_3)=1`$ for $`0<|\varphi _1|<\frac{\pi }{2}`$, and $`\lambda =1`$ for $`|\varphi _1|>\frac{\pi }{2}`$. In the former case, let $`\varphi _2+\varphi _3=0`$. For generic values of $`\varphi _2=\varphi _3`$, the values of $`s_{2,3}`$ are constrained as $`s_2=s_3`$. On the other hand for $`\varphi _2=\varphi _3=0`$, the values $`s_{2,3}`$ are free. Therefore, 4 supersymmetries are preserved for generic values of $`B_2=B_3`$ while 8 supersymmetries are preserved when $`|B_2=B_3|\mathrm{}`$. The same conclusion can be derived for the latter case, that is, $`|\varphi _1|>\frac{\pi }{2}`$.

### IV.4 D0-D8 brane system

In order to preserve any possible supersymmetry, $`\lambda =\mathrm{exp}(2i\varphi _2s_22i\varphi _3s_32i\varphi _4s_4)=1`$ for $`0<|\varphi _1|<\frac{\pi }{2}`$, and $`\lambda =1`$ for $`|\varphi _1|>\frac{\pi }{2}`$. In the former case, let $`\varphi _2+\varphi _3+\varphi _4=0`$. For the generic values of $`\varphi _{2,3,4}`$, the values of $`s_{2,3,4}`$ are constrained as $`s_2=s_3=s_4`$. Due to the Weyl condition, the eigenspinor must be of the form,

$`ϵ=a[(+++++)+(+++)]+b[(+)+(+)].`$ (21)
Therefore 2 supersymmetries are preserved for the generic values of $`B_{2,3,4}`$ satisfying $`B_2B_3+B_3B_4+B_4B_2=1`$. If $`\varphi _2=0`$ and $`\varphi _{3,4}`$ are generic, the value $`s_2`$ can be arbitrary and $`s_3=s_4`$. Due to the Weyl condition, the eigenspinor is of the form

$`ϵ`$ $`=`$ $`a[(+++,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3)+(+,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3)]`$ (22)
$`+b[(+,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3)+(+,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}s_3)],`$
which shows us that 4 supersymmetries are preserved when $`|B_2|\mathrm{}`$ and $`B_3=B_4`$ takes a generic value. Especially when $`\varphi _2=\varphi _3=\varphi _4=0`$, the values of $`s_{2,3,4}`$ can be arbitrary but subject to the Weyl condition. In other words, 8 supersymmetries are preserved when $`|B_{2,3,4}|\mathrm{}`$. One can easily draw the same conclusion for the case when $`|\varphi _1|>\frac{\pi }{2}`$. We summarize the results in the following table.

## V Intersecting D-strings under a uniform Lorentz boost

In this section, we explore the supersymmetries preserved by two intersecting D-strings in uniform motion. We consider the situation where those two D-strings are boosted together so that they are not in relative motion. The supersymmetries preserved by the first and the second D-string are

$`Q+\overline{\beta }^2\beta _2^{}\stackrel{~}{Q},Q+\overline{\beta }^2\beta _2^{}\stackrel{~}{Q},`$
$`\overline{\beta }^2=\rho (\gamma )\rho (\varphi )\beta ^2\rho (\varphi )\rho (\gamma ),\overline{\beta }^2=\rho (\gamma )\rho (\varphi ^{})\beta ^2\rho (\varphi ^{})\rho (\gamma ),`$ (23)
respectively. Therefore they are moving together with the velocity, $`v\mathrm{tanh}\gamma `$ and intersecting at an angle, $`|\varphi ^{}\varphi |`$ (hereafter the intersecting angle is defined as the difference between tilting angles, namely $`|\varphi ^{}\varphi |`$ here). The supersymmetries preserved by both D-strings are determined by the spinors invariant under

$`\beta _2^{}(\overline{\beta }^2)^1\overline{\beta }^2\beta _2^{}=\rho (\gamma )\rho (2(\varphi ^{}\varphi ))\rho (\gamma ).`$ (24)
This operator is the same as that of D0-D2 brane system in Eq. (III) except that $`\varphi _1`$ is replaced by $`\varphi ^{}\varphi `$. Therefore for the velocity, $`v<1`$, 16 supersymmetries are preserved when the intersecting angle vanishes. Otherwise, no supersymmetry is preserved.

In the limit $`v1`$, the supersymmetric loci (in the parameter space) become different in general. From the results of the previous section, we easily note that the vanishing intersecting angle $`|\varphi ^{}\varphi |=0`$ still ensures 16 supersymmetries. This implies that 16-supersymmetric locus is just the same as that of the finite boost case ($`v<1`$). However, there are other ‘less supersymmetric’ loci in the infinite Lorentz boost limit. Let us start with the case where one of $`\varphi `$, $`\varphi ^{}`$ is zero, say, $`\varphi =0`$ for simplicity. Again from the results of the previous section, we note that 8 supersymmetries are preserved when $`0<|\varphi ^{}|\frac{\pi }{2}`$.

From here on, let us assume $`|\varphi ^{}\varphi |0`$ and $`|\varphi ^{},\varphi |0,\pi `$ so that $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ be finite. Then the angles $`\varphi ^{}`$ and $`\varphi `$ are related to $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ as in (19). Especially when $`\varphi =\pm \frac{\pi }{2}`$, the magnetic field $`B=0`$ exactly and the eigenspinor equations become those in Eq. (17) with $`\lambda =1`$ and $`\varphi _1`$ replaced by $`\varphi ^{}\frac{\pi }{2}`$. Therefore, we obtain

$`a\left(1|B^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma iB^{}\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)+idB^{}\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{sinh}\gamma =0,`$
$`iaB^{}\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{sinh}\gamma d\left(1|B^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma +iB^{}\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)=0,`$
$`b\left(1|B^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma +iB^{}\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)icB^{}\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{sinh}\gamma =0,`$
$`ibB^{}\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{sinh}\gamma +c\left(1|B^{}|\mathrm{cosh}\gamma iB^{}\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)=0.`$ (25)
In the $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$ ($`v\mathrm{}`$) limit, $`a=d`$ and $`b=c`$ solve the above equations if $`B^{}0`$, therefore 8 supersymmetries are preserved then.

Now we consider the other cases where neither of $`|\varphi ^{}|`$ and $`|\varphi |`$ is $`\frac{\pi }{2}`$, so both $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ are nonvanishing. For simplicity, let us set $`0<\varphi ^{}<\frac{\pi }{2}`$ so that $`B^{}<0`$ and classify the system into four classes according to the range of $`\varphi `$. In terms of finite values $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$,

$`\mathrm{cos}(\varphi ^{}\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1+B^{}B\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma }{\sqrt{\left(1+B^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)\left(1+B^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)}}},`$
$`\mathrm{sin}(\varphi ^{}\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{\left(B^{}B\right)\mathrm{cosh}\gamma }{\sqrt{\left(1+B^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)\left(1+B^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\gamma \right)}}},`$ (26)
where the upper(lower) sign is for the range $`\varphi >0`$ ($`\varphi <0`$). In the $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$ limit, the eigenspinor equation (17), with appropriate substitution of $`\lambda =1`$ and $`\varphi _1\varphi ^{}\varphi `$, becomes satisfied when

$`\mathrm{cos}(\varphi ^{}\varphi )\text{sgn}(B^{})\text{sgn}(B)=\pm 1.`$ (27)
The eigenspinor components are then constrained as $`a=d`$, $`b=c`$ ensuring 8 supersymmetries. There are two classes which meet the above condition (27). These are the cases i) $`0<\varphi ^{}<\frac{\pi }{2},`$ $`0<\varphi <\frac{\pi }{2}`$ and ii) $`0<\varphi ^{}<\frac{\pi }{2},`$ $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\varphi <0`$, where 8 supersymmetries are preserved. In the other two cases, no supersymmetry is preserved.

These results look confusing because the latter cases that do not preserve any supersymmetry can be obtained just by rotating one of D-strings by an angle $`\pm \pi `$. However here again, this $`\pi `$-rotation corresponds to the orientation flip.

The situations can be viewed in the T-dual set-up as follows. Let us take a T-duality transformation, on the whole system, along the boost direction. Each tilted D-string becomes a D2-brane (or a $`\overline{\text{D}2}`$-brane depending on the orientation) with the magnetic fields $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$. The momenta carried by the D-strings are T-dualized to the electric fields along the boost direction over the world volumes of the (anti-)D2-branes.

Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 summarize the results. In Fig. 1, the upper right figure shows two D2-branes with the BI electric field $`E=1`$ and parallel magnetic fields $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ on each D2-brane respectively. When $`B^{}=B`$, 16 supersymmetries are preserved. This is valid for arbitrary value of $`E`$. Therefore this 16-supersymmetric locus is continuously connected to the familiar configuration of two D2-branes without any world volume field. At the point $`E=1`$, the difference $`B^{}B`$ triggers the supersymmetry breaking by half, so leaves 8 supersymmetries unbroken. For the noncritical value of $`E<1`$, no supersymmetry is preserved if $`B^{}B0`$. The lower right figure of Fig. 1 shows just the configuration that drew recent interests bak ; mateos ; ohta . This cannot be connected continuously to the well-known nonsupersymmetric configuration of a D2-$`\overline{\text{D}2}`$-brane pair. Indeed, the magnetic fields $`B^{}`$ and $`B`$ can be turned off only by an infinite boost (see Eq. (18)). That is to say, the angles $`|\varphi ^{}|`$ and $`|\varphi |`$ cannot be tuned to the value $`\pi /2`$ due to the condition (27). Therefore turning off the magnetic fields inevitably increases the electric field $`E`$ to 1. Fig. 2 shows two nonsupersymmetric configurations. To sum up, two intersecting D-strings in uniform motion preserve 16 supersymmetries when the intersecting angle vanishes, 8 supersymmetries when $`|\varphi ^{}\varphi |<\pi /2`$ or $`|\varphi ^{}\varphi |>\pi /2`$, and no supersymmetry otherwise.

Fig. 1: Two D-strings are in uniform motion at the speed of light (Left). Depending on their orientations, T-dual transformation along their moving direction generates a D2-D2 or a D2-$`\overline{\text{D}2}`$ pair (Right). The tilting angles of the D-strings determine the signature of the magnetic fields in the T-dual picture. All these configurations preserve 8 supersymmetries.

Fig. 2: D$`1^{}`$ is oriented forward while D1 is oriented backward with respect to the moving direction. No supersymmetry is preserved for these configurations.

## VI D-strings in relative motion

In this section, we allow relative motion between two D-strings and explore the preserved supersymmetries. We restrict our attention to only the cases where the mutual distance between D-strings is kept fixed. Other cases could break supersymmetries by the velocity dependent force as in the D0-D0 scattering becker . The simplest case can be composed as follows. Let the first D-string be static but tilted by an angle $`\varphi `$ with respect to the $`x_1`$-axis. The supersymmetry preserved by this D-string is given by

$`Q+\rho (\varphi )\beta ^2\rho (\varphi )\beta _2^{}\stackrel{~}{Q}.`$ (28)
Let the second D-string lie along $`x_2`$-axis and boosted along $`x_1`$-direction with the boost parameter $`\gamma `$. The supersymmetry preserved by this second D-string is

$`Q+\rho (\gamma )\beta ^1\rho (\gamma )\beta _2^{}\stackrel{~}{Q}.`$ (29)
The unbroken supersymmetries preserved by both D-strings are determined by the spinors invariant under

$`\beta _2^{}\rho (\gamma )\left(\beta ^1\right)\rho (\gamma )\rho (\varphi )\beta ^2\rho (\varphi )\beta _2^{}`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{01}\right]\mathrm{exp}\left[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{12}\right]`$
$`=\mathrm{exp}\left[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{12}\right]\mathrm{cosh}\gamma +\mathrm{exp}\left[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{12}\right]\mathrm{\Gamma }^{01}\mathrm{sinh}\gamma ,`$ (30)
where $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=\frac{\pi }{2}\varphi `$ and its magnitude $`|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|`$ corresponds to the intersecting angle.

Although this is the simplest case which allows relative motion between the D-strings, it actually exhausts all the cases which can be reached by finite Lorentz boosts on the whole system. Supersymmetry is intact about these extra boost, $`\rho (\overline{\gamma })=\mathrm{exp}(i\overline{\gamma }\mathrm{\Sigma }^{0i})`$, because the above operator is changed only by a similar transformation;

$`\beta _2^{}\rho (\overline{\gamma })\rho (\gamma )\left(\beta ^1\right)\rho (\gamma )\rho (\varphi )\beta ^2\rho (\varphi )\rho (\overline{\gamma })\beta _2^{}`$
$`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\rho (\overline{\gamma })\mathrm{exp}\left[\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{01}\right]\mathrm{exp}\left[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{12}\right]\rho (\overline{\gamma })\hfill & \text{(boost in the }(x_1,x_2)\text{-plane)},\hfill \\ \rho (\overline{\gamma })\mathrm{exp}\left[\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }^{01}\right]\mathrm{exp}\left[\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }^{12}\right]\rho (\overline{\gamma })\hfill & \text{(boost transverse to the }(x_1,x_2)\text{-plane)}.\hfill \end{array}`$
A pure longitudinal motion (along $`x_2`$-direction) of the second D-string does not affect the supersymmetry as we see easily in Eq. (29). The situation becomes exactly the same as the case of two static D-strings intersecting at an angle $`|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|`$. One could imagine more general motion of the second string along $`(x_1,x_2)`$-plane. Without loss of generality, this can be achieved by a combination of tilting and boosting the second D-string. However, this complicated situation does not give us any simple insight, so we will not consider the case.

In the representation (16), the eigenspinor equation becomes

$`\left(\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }1\right)(a,b,c,d)+i\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(a,b,c,d)`$
$`+\mathrm{sinh}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(d,c,b,a)i\mathrm{sinh}\gamma \mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(d,c,b,a)=0.`$ (33)
Suppose $`\gamma <\mathrm{}`$. In order for the above equation to have any nontrivial solution, its characteristic equation should be satisfied, namely,

$`\mathrm{cosh}\gamma \mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=1.`$ (34)
The insertion of this condition into Eq. (VI) yields

$`ia\mathrm{tan}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\pm d\mathrm{tan}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\left(\mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }i\mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\right)=0,`$
$`ib\mathrm{tan}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }c\mathrm{tan}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\left(\mathrm{cos}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }+i\mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\right)=0,`$ (35)
Note that the condition (34) implies that $`|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|<\pi /2`$. Especially when $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=0`$, the above eigenspinor equations are satisfied automatically. This is precisely when $`\mathrm{cosh}\gamma =\mathrm{cos}^1\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=1`$, namely, the moving D-string comes to rest and the intersecting angle vanishes; the familiar configuration of two parallel D-strings preserving 16 supersymmetries. For the values $`0<|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|<\pi /2`$, the above result shows that 8 supersymmetries are preserved.

Let us see the physical meaning of the condition (34). In terms of the velocity $`v=\mathrm{tanh}\gamma `$ of the moving D-string, $`\mathrm{cosh}\gamma =1/\sqrt{(1v^2)}`$. The condition tells us that the intersecting point of the two D-strings should move at the speed of light,

$`\stackrel{~}{v}={\displaystyle \frac{v}{\mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}}=1.`$ (36)
The same configuration (named as ‘null scissors’) was recently discussed in bachas ; myers . Its supersymmetry was checked in a different manner: Various duality chains lead the null scissors to the null intersecting M5-branes. This latter configuration is known to preserve 8-supersymmetries acharya .

It is remarkable again that Eq. (34) implies $`|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|<\pi /2`$. If we invert the static D-string, thereby make the intersecting angle larger than $`\pi /2`$, the configuration does not preserve any supersymmetry even though the intersecting point of the D-strings moves at the speed of light. Widely open null scissors are not supersymmetric.

Like other configurations discussed in the previous sections, there is a special limit ($`\gamma \mathrm{}`$), where the supersymmetries are ensured. The eigenspinor equation (VI) is satisfied when $`\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{~}{\varphi })a+\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{~}{\varphi })d=0`$ and $`\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{~}{\varphi })b+\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{~}{\varphi })c=0`$. This implies that 8 supersymmetries are always preserved in the limit $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$, regardless of the value of $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$. This case allows the angle out of the range $`|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|<\pi /2`$. The speed of the intersecting point is $`\stackrel{~}{v}=\mathrm{csc}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }1`$, therefore superluminal in general. Only when $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\frac{\pi }{2}`$, its speed approaches the speed of light.

Fig. 3: Two D-strings are in relative motion (D$`1^{}`$: static, and D1: moving). When the motion is timelike, 8 supersymmetries are preserved when the intersecting angle is less than $`\pi /2`$ and the intersection point moves at the speed of light. If the motion is lightlike, the intersection point will move with the superluminal speed. 8 supersymmetries are preserved regardless of the value of the intersecting angle.

Let us examine the supersymmetric loci in the parameter space composed of $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ and $`v`$. The upper left figure of Fig. 3 shows the ‘null scissors’ configuration discussed in bachas ; myers . One interesting limit of this configuration is the closed null scissors, namely the limit where the intersecting angle vanishes. The supersymmetric condition (34) then regulates the moving D-string so that it come to rest. Our analysis shows that just at this end point of 8-supersymmetric locus, (determined by Eq. (36)), the 16-supersymmetric locus begins. See Fig. 4 which shows the whole supersymmetric loci. At the other end point of the locus of the null scissors, where the intersecting angle approaches $`\pi /2`$, a new 8-supersymmetric locus begins: The moving D-strings moves at the speed of light at the point. The intersecting angle can be arbitrary as long as the motion of the moving D-string is lightlike. (See the lower left figures of Fig. 3 and Fig. 5.)

Along with this new locus, we meet an interesting point where the intersecting angle vanishes. The case describes two parallel D-strings, one of which is under an infinite boost. Although their mutual distance varies significantly with time, the configuration preserves 8 supersymmetries. This result is very puzzling because two parallel D-branes in relative motion interact with each other via velocity dependent force. However, one could naively understand the situation as follows. Each of two D-strings is precisely at the lightcone of the other D-string, namely on the horizon. Therefore their mutual interaction cannot occur. The same understanding could be made for the case where they are anti-parallel ($`|\stackrel{~}{\varphi }|=\pi `$). Further studies on these are in need. The upper left figure of Fig. 5 shows a null scissors configuration but no supersymmetry is preserved because the intersecting angle is larger than $`\pi /2`$.

Fig. 4: The bold lines show 16- and 8-supersymmetric loci of two D-strings in relative motion. $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ represents the intersecting angle (ranging from $`\pi `$ to $`\pi `$) and $`v`$ represents the speed of the moving D-string (ranging from $`1`$ to $`1`$). $`N`$ denotes the number of the preserved supersymmetry. The curves $`v=\pm \mathrm{sin}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ drawn for $`\pi /2<\stackrel{~}{\varphi }<\pi /2`$ show the supersymmetric loci of the null scissors configuration. They join with those (two thick horizontal lines) of the configuration where the motion of the moving D-string is lightlike. The loci jump at the origin to 16-supersymmetric point ($``$) representing two static parallel D-strings.

Under the T-dual transformation along the moving direction, the static D-string become a D2- or a $`\overline{\text{D}2}`$-brane depending on its orientation. See the right figures of Fig.3 and Fig. 5. The tilting angle makes the magnetic field $`B`$. The moving D-string becomes a D2-brane with the electric field $`E`$ on its world volume. The supersymmetric condition (36) for the case $`E<1`$ becomes

$`E^2+E^2B^2B^2=0.`$ (37)
Fig. 5: When the intersecting angle exceeds $`\pi /2`$, no supersymmetry is preserved even when the intersection point moves at the speed of light (Upper). However, if the string D1 moves at the speed of light, the intersecting angle does not matter and 8 supersymmetries are always preserved (Lower).

## VII Discussions

In this paper, we considered various configurations of D0-D($`2k`$) brane systems and the intersecting D-strings which preserve some fractions of 32 supersymmetries. In the former systems, we especially focused on the role of the BI electric field on the preserved supersymmetries. In the latter systems, we check the supersymmetries when these two D-strings are in uniform or relative motion. Now, let us think over the situations in various dual pictures.

### VII.1 T-dual picture of D0-D($`2k`$) brane systems

Under the T-duality along the electric field direction ($`x_1`$-axis), the system is dualized to a D1-D$`(2k1)`$ brane system, where the D-string extends along $`x_1`$-direction and the D$`(2k1)`$ brane is tilted by an angle $`\varphi _1`$ in $`(x_1,x_2)`$-plane and moving along $`x_1`$-direction. Although they are in relative motion, the direction of the motion is not transverse to the D$`(2k1)`$ brane, thus, the situation does not overlap with the cases discussed in Sec. VI. As for D1-D1 case, one can draw the whole picture of the supersymmetric loci in the parameter space composed of $`(\varphi _1,v,N)`$. In Fig. 6, $`\varphi _1`$ is the tilting angle of the moving D-string, $`v`$ is its speed, and $`N`$ is the number of the preserved supersymmetries.

Fig. 6: The figure shows 16- and 8-supersymmetric loci of two intersecting D-strings under a uniform boost. One of the D-strings extends to the $`x_1`$-direction and $`\varphi _1`$ represents the intersecting angle (ranging from $`\pi `$ to $`\pi `$) and $`v`$ represents the speed of the moving D-string (ranging from $`1`$ to $`1`$). $`N`$ denotes the number of the preserved supersymmetry. The 8-supersymmetric loci are broken at $`\varphi _1=0`$, where they jump to the 16-supersymmetric locus.

When $`\varphi _1=0`$, 16 supersymmetries are preserved regardless of the value of $`v`$. When $`\varphi _10`$, no supersymmetry is preserved for generic values of $`v`$, but 8 supersymmetries are preserved if the motion of the moving D-string is lightlike.

This ‘supersymmetry enhancement’ at $`v=1`$ is actually a common feature shown in all the other cases also. It is due to a different way of satisfying the eigenspinor equation (17) in the infinite boost limit: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{01}ϵ=ϵ`$ (thus reducing the supersymmetries by half) provides new supersymmetric loci $`\lambda B_1\pm |B_1|=0`$ when $`E=1`$ (as we see in Eq. (20)).

It is interesting to see that similar behavior happens, in the name of the ‘supernumerary supersymmetry’, in the Penrose limits of some ‘less supersymmetric’ $`AdS`$ spaces cvetic ; gauntlett . (Penrose limit focusses on the geometry near the lightlike geodesic.) For example, in the Penrose limit of $`AdS_3\times S^3\times T^4`$ geometry cho2 , two gamma matrix components $`\gamma ^{(0)}`$ and $`\gamma ^{(1)}`$ in the global coordinates of $`AdS`$ geometry coalesce to a projector $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(+)}`$ in the plane wave geometry, thereby make the dilatino Killing spinor equation factorized as $`(\gamma ^{(0)(2)(3)}+\gamma ^{(1)(4)(5)})ϵ\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(+)}(\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2)(3)}+\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(4)(5)})ϵ=0`$. Each of the factors can annihilate the spinor $`ϵ`$ separately. Especially the second factor ensures 8 additional symmetries.

Supersymmetric loci for the other D1-D($`2k1`$) brane systems ($`k>1`$) are difficult to draw because the parameter space is higher dimensional composed of $`(\varphi _1,\mathrm{}\varphi _k,v,N)`$. Fig. 7 shows the supersymmetric loci for D1-D3 brane system exhibited in the space $`(\varphi _1,\varphi _2,v)`$ only. The bold vertical line at the center represents 16-supersymmetric locus, while other loci (two planes intersecting at right angle for the part $`v<1`$ and three intersecting lines at $`v=1`$) are of 8 supersymmetries. Generally in the D1-D($`2k1`$) brane system ($`k1`$), the 8-supersymmetric loci $`|\varphi _1|=\pi /2`$ at $`v=1`$ touches those of $`v<1`$ part at some finite number of points.

Fig. 7: The figure shows 16- and 8-supersymmetric loci of D1-D3 brane system. The D3 brane is tilted by an angle $`\varphi _1`$ in $`(x_1,x_2)`$-plane and has BI magnetic field $`B_2=\mathrm{cot}\varphi _2`$ over $`(x_3,x_4)`$-plane. It is moving in the $`x_1`$-direction at the speed $`v`$. The D1 brane is static and extends along $`x_1`$-direction. The part $`v<0`$ is suppressed but is the same as the part shown here.

### VII.2 M-brane configuration

Let us consider the D2-D2 or D2-$`\overline{\text{D}2}`$ brane systems discussed in Sec. V and VI in the S-dual set-up. Upon the lift to the 11 dimensions, a fundamental string becomes a longitudinal M2-branes (wrapping $`x_{11}`$-direction), a D0-brane becomes a M-wave quanta carrying a basic unit of the momentum (around $`x_{11}`$-direction), and a D2- or a $`\overline{\text{D}2}`$-brane becomes a M2- or a $`\overline{\text{M}2}`$-brane lying transversely to the $`x_{11}`$-direction. A D2-brane with BI fields, even though it is considered as a D2-brane with D0-branes or fundamental strings uniformly melted over its world volume, becomes a tilted M2-brane moving along the compact $`x_{11}`$-direction. This S-dual picture is very similar to the T-dual picture (a tilted D-string in motion). The geometrical configuration of the M2-brane is explicitly determined by the following mapping schmidhuber ; alwis ;

$`_tx_{11}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{B}{\sqrt{1E^2+B^2}}},`$
$`_1x_{11}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$
$`_2x_{11}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{E}{\sqrt{1E^2+B^2}}}.`$ (38)
We see, from Eqs. (2), (3), and (9), the geometric configuration in the T-dual picture is determined by

$`_t^{}x^{}`$ $`=`$ $`E,`$
$`_y^{}x^{}`$ $`=`$ $`B.`$ (39)
Therefore the coordinate $`x_{11}`$ plays the role of the coordinate $`x^{}`$ in the T-dual picture. Although these two coordinates depend on $`E`$ and $`B`$ quite differently, there is one interesting limit ($`E1`$ and $`B0`$), where they show very common features: Both M-brane and D-string move at the speed of light and their tilting angles differ by $`\pi /2`$. This implies that most of the 8-supersymmetric configurations discussed in Sec. V are U-dual to the intersecting M2-branes moving at the speed of light. Especially the signature of the magnetic field determines the moving direction along the compact $`x_{11}`$-direction. The null scissors configuration discussed in Sec. VI is U-dual to two intersecting M2 branes in relative motion. One M2 brane is static but tilted at an angle $`\mathrm{tan}\theta =E/\sqrt{1E^2}`$ while the other M2 brane is not tilted but moving with the speed $`B/\sqrt{1+B^2}`$. We note here that they intersect on a line (but may be displaced by a distance in all other transverse directions) that is moving with the speed $`B/\sqrt{E^2+B^2E^2}=\text{sgn}(B)`$, that is, the speed of light. Here, we used the supersymmetric relation (37). Therefore the result of Ref. acharya  is recovered with intersecting M2 branes. The other 8-supersymmetric configuration discussed in Sec. VI involves a D-string moving at the speed of light. Since its tilting angle is $`\pi /2`$, BI field strengths are determined to be $`E=1`$ and $`B=0`$. Since these values are critical, Eq. (VII.2) becomes ambiguous unless we are given some regulating relation between $`E`$ and $`B`$. Hence it is difficult to see its corresponding M2 brane configuration.

### VII.3 Stability and Outlooks

We would like to mention the issue on the stability of the various 8-supersymmetric configurations discussed in this paper. Although we checked the preserved supersymmetries using the method that resorts to the string theory (rather than low energy effective theories), it is far from clear whether the supersymmetric configurations are stable under small perturbation including the fluctuations about the BI background fields. In order to see this explicitly, we have to check the spectrum of the interstring running between D-branes. As for the intersecting D-strings in uniform motion, this check was already made in the T-dual set up ohta . In the paper, it was shown that the tachyonic mode disappears in the supersymmetric limit ($`E1`$). As for the null scissors configuration, it was argued in bachas  that a non-BPS excitation of the vacuum state on the one D-string can trigger the joining and splitting interaction between the two D-strings, which could result in the change of the vacuum state on the world volume theory.

However, as for the other 8-supersymmetric configuration of two intersecting D-strings which are under an infinite relative boost, the stability looks very puzzling. According to the arguments made in bachas ; myers , the superluminal speed of the intersecting point will cause the interstring either to break off or to pump out energy from two D-strings by stretching against its tension. In both cases, the original configuration will be deformed and the vacuum of the world volume theory will be changed. However, this expectation does not look so natural in the T-dual set-up. Let us consider the configuration composed of two parallel D2-branes shown in the lower picture of Fig. 3. On the one D2-brane carrying the magnetic field only, the world volume theory will be the noncommutative field theory. On the other D2-brane carrying the critical electric field only, the effective world volume theory is not ordinary field theory but the stringy NCOS theory discussed in seiberg2 . Therefore the full world volume theory will be somewhat ‘heterotic’ $`U(1)\times U(1)`$ gauge theory which is a noncommutative field theory with respect to the first $`U(1)`$ factor and is a NCOS theory with respect to the second $`U(1)`$ factor. Even when the two D2-branes are displaced within the string scale, the pair creation of interstrings (which surely causes the interaction between D2-branes) does not seem to happen. This is because the effective string coupling of the NCOS theory is vanishing; $`G_s=g_s\sqrt{1E^2}0`$ as $`E1`$ seiberg2 . By channel duality, this pair creation of the interstrings can be understood as the exchange of the closed strings, which is not probable in the vanishing coupling limit. Even when this pair creation happens, the two string-ends, on the D2-brane with the electric field only, will part from each other quickly due to the electric field while the other two ends on the other D2-brane will circulate around within some finite region. The possible decay will be that these circulating two string-ends merge into a long tensionless string ending on the D2-brane with the electric field only. This issue is very important in regard to the recent interests in the time dependent orbifolds and their stability liu ; lawrence ; liu2 ; fabinger ; horowitz . The intersecting D-branes in relative motion will provide a good time dependent background for the string if the configuration is supersymmetric and stable. It is worth while to pursue this issue further.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported in part by a grant No. R01-2000-000-00021-0 from Korea Science & Engineering Foundation. We thank Hyeonjoon Shin for helpful discussions.