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# Electron-Electron Bound States in Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca QED3

## I Introduction

The advent of high-Tc superconductivity , in 1986, brought about a great excitation in both the theoretical and experimental physical panorama, drawing attention for the issue of formation of Cooper pairs in planar systems. In the late 90´s, there arose a field-theoretical approach to address the mechanism of electronic pairing: the evaluation of the electron-electron Möller scattering as a tool for the attainment of the $`e^{}e^{}`$ interaction potential in the nonrelativistic approximation. This line of action searches for an attractive potential in such a way to induce the formation of correlated electron-electron pairs, (the charge carriers of the high-Tc superconductors). The present work shall follow this general procedure.

By direct application of the Gauss´s law in ($`1+2)`$-dimensions for the massless gauge field, the Coulombian interaction takes on the form of a confining potential $`\left(\mathrm{ln}r\right)`$. The Kato condition  establishes the finiteness of the number of bound states, in $`D=1+2,`$ associated to a certain potential $`V,`$ and can be used as a criterion for determining the character confining or condensating of the potential. The fact the logarithmic potential to be confining (according to the Kato criterion) indicates it does not lead to bound states, becoming clear the need of a finite range, screened interaction. The Chern-Simons (CS) term  is then introduced as the generator of (topological) mass for the photon, implying an intensive screening of the Coulombian interaction. The Maxwell-Chern-Simons (MCS) model, a particular case of Planar Quantum Electrodynamics - QED$`_3,`$ then arose as a theoretical framework able for providing an attractive but not confining electron-electron interaction. This model was then used by some authors , , ,  as basic tool for evaluation of the Möller scattering amplitude at tree-level, whose Fourier transform (in the Born approximation) yields the $`e^{}e^{}`$ interaction potential. In a general way, these works have led to the same result: the electron-electron potential comes out attractive whenever the topological mass $`\left(\vartheta \right)`$ exceeds the electron mass $`\left(m_e\right)`$. Georgelin and Wallet  started from two MCS-QED3 Lagrangians, the first (second) with the gauge field nonminimally coupled to fermions (bosons), in such a way to consider the introduction of the anomalous momentum of the electron in the problem. Working in the perturbative regime ($`1/k1),`$ these authors found an attractive potential for fermions $`\left(V_{\psi \psi }<0\right),`$ and also for scalar bosons $`\left(V_{\phi \phi }<0\right),`$ in the nonrelativistic approximation. The presence of the nonminimal coupling seems to be the key-factor for the attainment of the attractive potential between charges with the same sign. In this case, the potential remains negative even in the limit of a small topological mass $`\left(\vartheta m_e\right)`$, under a suitable choice of parameters. The nonrenormalizability of this model (due to the nonminimal coupling), however, implies a restriction to the validity of their results only at tree-level calculations.

All the MCS models, except the one exposed in Ref. , failed under the perspective of yielding a realistic electron-electron condensation into the domain of a Condensed Matter system due to the condition $`\vartheta >m_e,`$ necessary for making the $`e^{}e^{}`$ pairing feasible. One must believe to be unlikely the existence of a physical excitation with so large energy in a real solid state system (the superconductors usually are characterized by excitations in the $`meV`$ scale). We will see that the introduction of the Higgs mechanism in the context of the MCS-Electrodynamics will bring out a negative contribution to the scattering potential that will allow a global attractive potential despite the condition $`\vartheta >m_e`$.

In our work, we shall rely on a version of planar QED for which the photonic excitations appear as a by-product of a spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) realized on the MCS Lagrangian. The consideration of a Higgs sector (a complex scalar field endowed with a self-interaction potential so as to induce a SSB) in the context of the MCS model provides a new mass term to the topological gauge field: the well-known Proca term $`\left(m^2A_\mu A^\mu \right)`$. In this way, once the spontaneous breaking of the local U(1)-symmetry has taken place, a neutral massive Higgs scalar remains and the gauge field becomes a Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca vector field, a clear reference to its two mass components (the topological and the Proca one). The physical mass of such a photon, that may assume two different values, will be written in terms of these two mass parameters, as explicitly given by the expressions read off from the poles of the gauge-field propagator (see Section III). For our purposes, one can assert that the enhancement of complexity determined by the coexistence of a topological and a Proca term in the gauge sector is compensated by the attainment of a gauge propagator with two massive poles (standing for the photon mass). Operationally, in the perspective of a tree-level field-theory investigation, the determination of the gauge propagator and the Feynman rules enable us to derive the interaction potential between two elementary particles as mediated by this gauge field. This paper, therefore, adopts as starting point a MCS-Proca Lagrangian with the clear purpose of performing a usual field-theory derivation (in the non-relativistic limit) of an interaction potential, which is further on applied to obtain bound states (in a typical quantum mechanical procedure). Last but not least, the fact that the photon becomes massive is a microscopical information that renders feasible the observation of the Meissner effect in such a system, which opens the applicability of such kind of model for an eventual superconducting planar system endowed with parity breaking . This theoretical possibility, however, is out of the scope of this work.

In a recent paper , we have derived an interaction potential associated to the scattering of two identically polarized electrons in the framework of a Maxwell-Chern-Simons QED3 with spontaneous breaking of local-U(1) symmetry. Our result revealed the interesting possibility of an attractive electron-electron interaction whenever the contribution stemming from the Higgs sector overcomes the repulsive contribution from the gauge sector, which can be achieved by an appropriate fitting of the free parameters. In the present work, we generalize the results attained in Ref. ,  contemplating the existence of two fermionic families $`(\psi _+,\psi _{}),`$ and performing the numerical evaluation of the $`e^{}e^{}`$ binding energies. The procedure here accomplished is analogous to the one enclosed in Ref. , : starting from a QED3 Lagrangian (now built up by two spinor polarizations, $`\psi _+,\psi _{})`$ with SSB, one evaluates the Möller scattering amplitudes (in the nonrelativistic approximation) having the Higgs and the massive photon as mediators and the corresponding interaction potential, that now emerges in three different expressions: $`V_{_{}},V_{_{}},V_{_{}}`$ (depending on the spin polarization of the scattered electrons). The same theoretical possibility of attractiveness, pointed out in Ref. , is now manifested by these three potentials. A numerical procedure (variational method) is then implemented in order to carry out the binding energy of the Cooper pairs. Having in mind the nonrelativistic approximation, a reduced potential is implemented into the Schrödinger equation, whose numerical solution provides the data contained in Tables I, II, III. The achievement of binding energies in the $`meV`$ scale and correlation length in the $`1030`$Å scale is an indicative that the adopted MCS-QED3 model may be suitable for addressing an eventual electronic pairing in a system endowed with parity-breaking.

This paper is outlined as follows: in Section II, we present the QED3 Lagrangian, its general features and one realizes the spontaneous breaking of U(1)-local symmetry that generates the Higgs boson and the Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca photon; in Section III, one evaluates the amplitudes for the Möller scattering; their Fourier transform will provide the $`e^{}e^{}`$ interaction potentials $`V_{_{}},V_{_{}},V_{_{}}`$ (despite the complex form of these potentials, they maintain the theoretical possibility of being attractive); in Section IV, one performs an analysis in order to obtain the $`e^{}e^{}`$ binding energies by means of the numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation (by the variational method), whose results are disposed in Tables I, II, III. In Section V, we present our General Conclusions.

.

## II The MCS QED3 with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and two Spinor Polarizations

The action for a QED3 model built up by two polarization fermionic fields ($`\psi _+,\psi _{}`$), a gauge $`\left(A_\mu \right)`$ and a complex scalar field $`\left(\phi \right)`$, mutually coupled, and endowed with spontaneous breaking of a local U(1)-symmetry , , reads as

$`S_{QEDMCS}`$ $`={\displaystyle }d^3x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F^{\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu }+i\overline{\psi }_+\gamma ^\mu D_\mu \psi _++i\overline{\psi }_{}\gamma ^\mu D_\mu \psi _{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta ϵ^{\mu v\alpha }A_\mu _vA_\alpha m_e(\overline{\psi }_+\psi _+\overline{\psi }_{}\psi _{})+`$ (1)
$`y(\overline{\psi }_+\psi _+\overline{\psi }_{}\psi _{})\phi ^{}\phi +D^\mu \phi ^{}D_\mu \phi V(\phi ^{}\phi )\},`$ (2)
where $`V(\phi ^{}\phi )`$ represents the sixth-power self-interaction potential,

$$V(\phi ^{}\phi )=\mu ^2\phi ^{}\phi +\frac{\zeta }{2}(\phi ^{}\phi )^2+\frac{\lambda }{3}(\phi ^{}\phi )^3,$$
(3)
which is responsible for the SSB; it is the most general one renormalizable in $`1+2`$ dimensions . The mass dimensions of the parameters $`\mu ,\zeta ,\lambda `$ and $`y`$ are respectively: 1,1,0 and 0. For the present purpose, we are interested only on stable vacuum, restriction satisfied by imposing some conditions on the potential parameters: $`\lambda >0,\zeta <0`$ and $`\mu ^2\frac{3\zeta ^2}{16\lambda }.`$ The covariant derivatives are defined as: $`D_\mu \psi _\pm =(_\mu +ie_3A_\mu )\psi _\pm `$ and $`D_\mu \phi =(_\mu +ie_3A_\mu )\phi ,`$ where $`e_3`$ is the coupling constant of the $`U(1)`$-local gauge symmetry, here with dimension of (mass)1/2, particularity that will be more explored in the numerical analysis section. In $`\left(1+2\right)`$dimensions, a fermionic field has its spin polarization fixed up by the mass sign ; however, in the action (2), it is manifest the presence of two spinor fields of opposite polarization. In this sense, it is necessary to stress that we have two positive-energy spinors (two spinor families), both solutions of the Dirac equation, each one with one polarization state according to the sign of the mass parameter, instead of the same spinor with two possibilities of spin-polarization.

Considering $`\phi =v,`$ the vacuum expectation value for the scalar field product $`\phi ^{}\phi `$ is given by:

$`\phi ^{}\phi =v^2=\zeta /\left(2\lambda \right)+\left[\left(\zeta /\left(2\lambda \right)\right)^2\mu ^2/\lambda \right]^{1/2},`$

while the condition for minimum reads as: $`\mu ^2+\frac{\zeta }{2}v^2+\lambda v^4=0`$. After the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the scalar complex field can be parametrized by $`\phi =v+H+i\theta `$, where $`H`$ represents the Higgs scalar field and $`\theta `$ the would-be Goldstone boson; the SSB will be manifest when this parametrization is replaced in the action (2). Thereafter, in order to preserve the manifest renormalizability of the model, one adopts the ´t Hooft gauge by adding the fixing gauge term $`\left(S_{R_\xi }^{gt}=d^3x[\frac{1}{2\xi }(^\mu A_\mu \sqrt{2}\xi M_A\theta )^2]\right)`$ to the broken action; finally, by retaining only the bilinear and the Yukawa interaction terms, one has,

$`S_{\mathrm{QED}}^{\mathrm{SSB}}`$ $`={\displaystyle }d^3x\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}F^{\mu \nu }F_{\mu \nu }+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}M_A^2A^\mu A_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\xi }}(^\mu A_\mu )^2+\overline{\psi }_+(i/m_{eff})\psi _++\overline{\psi }_{}(i/+m_{eff})\psi _{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\theta ϵ^{\mu v\alpha }A_\mu _vA_\alpha +`$ (4)
$`+^\mu H_\mu HM_H^2H^2+^\mu \theta _\mu \theta M_\theta ^2\theta ^22yv(\overline{\psi }_+\psi _+\overline{\psi }_{}\psi _{})He_3(\overline{\psi }_+/A\psi _++\overline{\psi }_{}/A\psi _{})\},`$ (5)
whose mass parameters,

$$M_A^2=2v^2e_3^2,\text{ }m_{eff}=m_e+yv^2,M_H^2=2v^2(\zeta +2\lambda v^2),\text{ }M_\theta ^2=\xi M_A^2,$$
(6)
are entirely or partially dependent on the SSB mechanism. The Proca mass, $`M_A^2`$, represents the mass acquired by the photon through the Higgs mechanism, while the Higgs mass, $`M_H^2`$, is the one associated with the real scalar field. The Higgs mechanism also corrects the mass of the electron, resulting in an effective electronic mass, $`m_{eff}`$. On the other hand, the would-be Goldstone mode, endowed with mass $`(M_\theta ^2)`$, does not represent a physical excitation, since $`\xi `$ is just a unphysical (dimensionless) gauge-fixing parameter. At this moment, it is instructive to point out the presence of two photon mass-terms in eq. (5): the Proca and the topological one. The physical mass of the gauge field will emerge as a function of two mass parameters, as shown in the next Section.

## III The Electron-Electron Scattering Potential in the nonrelativistic Limit

In the low-energy limit (Born approximation), the two-particle interaction potential is given by the Fourier transform of the two-particle scattering amplitude . It is important to stress that, in the case of the nonrelativistic Möller scattering, one should consider only the t-channel (direct scattering)  even for indistinguishable electrons, since in this limit they recover the classical notion of trajectory. The Möller scattering will be mediated by two particles: the Higgs scalar and the massive gauge field. From the action (5), one reads off the propagators associated to the Higgs scalar and Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca field:

$`\text{ }H(k)H(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k^2M_H^2}};\text{ }A_\mu (k)A_\nu (k)=i\{{\displaystyle \frac{k^2M_A^2}{(k^2M_A^2)^2k^2\theta ^2}}(\eta _{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{k_\mu k_\nu }{k^2}})+`$ (8)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{\xi }{(k^2\xi M_A^2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{k_\mu k_\nu }{k^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\theta }{(k^2M_A^2)^2k^2\theta ^2}}iϵ_{\mu \alpha \nu }k^\alpha \}.`$
The photon propagator can be split in the following form,

$`A_\mu A_\nu =i\left[{\displaystyle \frac{C_+}{k^2M_+^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{C_{}}{k^2M_{}^2}}\right](\eta _{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{k_\mu k_\nu }{k^2}})+{\displaystyle \frac{i\xi k_\mu k_\nu }{k^2(k^2\xi M_A^2)}}+i\left[{\displaystyle \frac{C}{k^2M_+^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{k^2M_{}^2}}\right]ϵ_{\mu \alpha \nu }k^\alpha ,`$

with the positive definite constants $`C_+,C_{},C`$ and the quadratic masses poles $`M_+^2`$ and $`M_{}^2`$ given by:

$$C_\pm =\frac{1}{2}\left[1\pm \frac{\theta }{\sqrt{4M_A^2+\theta ^2}}\right];\text{ }C=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4M_A^2+\theta ^2}};\text{ }M_\pm ^2=\frac{1}{2}\left[(2M_A^2+\theta ^2)\pm |\theta |\sqrt{4M_A^2+\theta ^2}\right].$$
(9)
Here, $`C_\pm `$ and $`C`$ are constants with mass dimension $`0`$ and $`1`$ respectively, whereas $`M_\pm ^2`$ represent the two possible expressions for the physical mass of the photon (around which occur photonic excitations). Consequently, these two masses, rather than $`M_A^2`$ and $`\theta ^2`$, will be the relevant ones in the forthcoming evaluation of the interaction potential.

From the action (5), it is easy to extract the vertex Feynman rules: $`V_{\psi _\pm H\psi _\pm }=\pm 2ivy;V_{\psi A\psi }=ie_3\gamma ^\mu .`$ Since in the low-energy limit only the t-channel must be considered, the whole scattering amplitudes are written in the form:

$`i_{\pm H\pm }`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{u}_\pm (p_1)(\pm 2ivy)u_\pm (p_1^{^{}})\left[H(k)H(k)\right]\overline{u}_\pm (p_2)(\pm 2ivy)u_\pm (p_2^{^{}}),`$ (10)
$`i_{\pm H}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{u}_\pm (p_1)(\pm 2ivy)u_\pm (p_1^{^{}})\left[H(k)H(k)\right]\overline{u}_{}(p_2)(2ivy)u_{}(p_2^{^{}}),`$ (11)
$`i_{\pm A\pm }`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{u}_\pm (p_1)(ie_3\gamma ^\mu )u_\pm (p_1^{^{}})\left[A_\mu (k)A_\nu (k)\right]\overline{u}_\pm (p_2)(ie_3\gamma ^\nu )u_\pm (p_2^{^{}}),`$ (12)
$`i_{\pm A}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{u}_\pm (p_1)(ie_3\gamma ^\mu )u_\pm (p_1^{^{}})\left[A_\mu (k)A_\nu (k)\right]\overline{u}_{}(p_2)(ie_3\gamma ^\nu )u_{}(p_2^{^{}}).`$ (13)
The first two expressions represent the scattering amplitude mediated by the Higgs particles for equal and opposite electron polarizations, while in the last two ones the mediator is the massive Chern-Simons-Proca photon. The spinors $`u_+(p),`$ $`u_{}(p)`$ stand for the positive-energy solution of the Dirac equation, satisfying the normalization conditions: $`\overline{u}_\pm (p)u_\pm (p)=\pm 1.`$ Working in the center-of-mass frame, the momenta of the interacting particles and the momentum transfer take a simpler form, useful for writing the spinors $`u_+(p),`$ $`u_{}(p)`$, as it is properly shown in the Appendix. With these definitions, one carries out the fermionic current elements, also displayed in the Appendix, so that the evaluation of the scattering amplitudes (for low momenta approximation), at tree-level, associated to the Higgs and the gauge particle become:

$$\text{ }_{Higgs}=2v^2y^2\left(\frac{1}{\stackrel{}{k}^2+M_H^2}\right),$$
(14)
$`_A=_1+_2+_3,\text{ }_A=_1_2+_3,\text{ }_A=_A=_1+_3,`$

with:

$$_1=e_3^2\left[\frac{C_+}{\stackrel{}{k}^2+M_+^2}+\frac{C_{}}{\stackrel{}{k}^2+M_{}^2}\right],\text{ }_2=\frac{e_3^2\stackrel{}{k}^2}{m_{\text{eff}}}\left[\frac{C}{\stackrel{}{k}^2+M_+^2}\frac{C}{\stackrel{}{k}^2+M_{}^2}\right],\text{ }_3=\frac{i\mathrm{sin}\varphi }{(1\mathrm{cos}\varphi )}_2,$$
(15)
where it was used $`\stackrel{}{k}^2=2p^2(1\mathrm{cos}\varphi )`$. Furthermore, it is clear that the Higgs amplitude is independent of the electron polarization, while the gauge amplitude splits into three different expressions, depending on the polarization of the scattered electrons. The terms $`_1`$,$`_2`$ correspond to the real part of the Möller scattering amplitude, while $`_3`$ describes the Aharonov-Bohm amplitude for fermions ,,. The interaction potentials are obtained through the Fourier transform of the scattering amplitude (inside the Born approximation limit): $`V(\stackrel{}{r})=\frac{d^2k}{(2\pi )^2}e^{i\stackrel{}{k}.\stackrel{}{r}}.`$ According to this approximation, Eq.(14) yields an attractive Higgs potential,

$$V_{Higgs}(r)=\frac{1}{2\pi }2v^2y^2K_0(M_Hr),\text{ }$$
(16)
while in the gauge sector there appear three different potentials (depending on the polarization state):

$`\text{ }V_{gauge\text{ }}(r)=V_1(r)+V_2(r)+V_3(r),\text{ }V_{gauge\text{ }}(r)=V_1(r)+V_3(r),\text{ }V_{gauge\text{ }}(r)=V_1(r)V_2(r)+V_3(r),`$

$`V_1(r),`$ $`V_2(r),`$ $`V_3(r)`$ being respectively the Fourier transforms of the amplitudes $`_{1,}_2,_3`$, given explicitly by:

$`V_1(r)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\left[C_+K_0(M_+r)+C_{}K_0(M_{}r)\right],`$ (17)
$`V_2(r)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}\left[M_+^2K_0(M_+r)M_{}^2K_0(M_{}r)\right],`$ (18)
$`V_3(r)`$ $`=2{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{Cl}{m_{\text{eff}}r}}\left[M_+K_1(M_+r)M_{}K_1(M_{}r)\right].`$ (19)
The complete potential expressions are obtained joining the Higgs and gauge contributions: $`V(r)=V_{Higgs}+V_{gauge}`$:

$`V(r)_{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\text{ }\{(C_+{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m}}M_+^2)K_0(M_+r)+(C_{}+{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_{}^2)K_0(M_{}r)+`$ (20)
$`+2{\displaystyle \frac{Cl}{m_{_{\text{eff}}}r}}(M_+K_1(M_+r)M_{}K_1(M_{}r))\},`$ (21)
$`V(r)_{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\text{ }\{C_+K_0(M_+r)+C_{}K_0(M_{}r)+2{\displaystyle \frac{Cl}{m_{\text{eff}}r}}[M_+K_1(M_+r)+`$ (22)
$`M_{}K_1(M_{}r)]\},`$ (23)
$`V(r)_{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\text{ }\{(C_++{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_+^2)K_o(M_+r)+(C_{}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_{}^2)K_0(M_{}r)`$ (24)
$`+2{\displaystyle \frac{Cl}{m_{\text{eff}}r}}(M_+K_1(M_+r)M_{}K_1(M_{}r))\}.`$ (25)
Here, $`K_0(x)`$ and $`K_1(x)`$ are the modified Bessel functions and $`l`$ is the angular momentum. The last three equations represent the tree-level potentials evaluated at the Born approximation. Now, it is convenient to define the limit of validity of the potentials (21), (23), (25). They have been derived in the low-energy limit, consequently they must be valid in the perturbative regime, where the loop corrections are negligible before the semi-classical terms. For a typical MCS model, the perturbative limit is given by $`\frac{e^2}{\theta }1`$; in the case of the present model, nevertheless, there are four dimensionless parameters $`e_3^2/m`$, $`e_3^2/M_H`$, $`e_3^2/M_+`$, $`e_3^2/M_{}`$. According to the discussion realized in Ref. , the pertubative regime is valid whenever $`e_3^2/M_+1`$ and $`y1`$ (the first condition obviously implies $`e_3^2/m1`$).

A remarkable point to be highlighted concerns the attainment of three different potentials: $`V(r)_{},V(r)_{},V(r)_{}`$. Our results put in explicit evidence the dependence of the potential on the spin state. Were parity preserved, this would not be the result; however, by virtue of the explicit breaking of parity, as induced by the Chern-Simons term, expressions (21), (23), (25) differ from one another as it can be understood on the basis of parity transformation arguments. Another signal of parity-breaking is the linear dependence of $`V`$ on $`l`$: $`ll`$ is not a symmetry of the potential.

Although the gauge invariance is broken by the appearance of a Proca mass during the SSB, one expects that the interaction potential associated to the system comes to preserve the characteristics of the original Lagrangian (before the SSB). This fact leads us to study a way to assure the gauge invariance of the effective interaction potential. Analysis of the Galilean limit of the field theories in (1+2) dimensions, carried out by Hagen , have shown that the 2-body scattering problem, as mediated by a gauge particle, must lead to an effective potential that preserves the structure of a perfect square form $`(l\alpha ^2)^2`$, and can be identified with the Aharonov-Bohm scattering potential.  The quartic order term $`\left(\alpha ^4\right)`$ is related to the presence of 2-photon diagrams induced by the seagull vertex $`\left(\phi ^{}\phi A_\mu A^\mu \right)`$, and thus associated to the gauge invariance of the resulting potential. In this way, the potential structure $`(l\alpha ^2)^2`$ must be also pursued in more complex electron-electron scatterings panoramas, in order to ensure gauge invariance. Actually, this is just the signal of a more general result. Electron-electron scatterings, in general, no matter the complexity of the interactions, must exhibit the combination $`(l\alpha ^2)^2`$ for the sake of gauge invariance of the final result. This kind of procedure is found in Ref. , where a nonrelativistic interaction potential was derived in the context of a MCS-QED3 (without scalar sector), in the perturbative regime, $`1/k1,`$ with $`k`$ being the statistic parameter (in our present case $`k`$ $`4\pi \theta /e_3^2)`$. In this reference, in order to ensure the gauge invariance, at the low-energy approximation, one takes into account the two-photons diagrams, which amounts to adding up to the tree-level potential the quartic order term $`\left\{\frac{e^2}{2\pi \theta }[1\theta rK_1(\theta r)]\right\}^2`$, turning out into the following gauge-invariant effective potential form ,:

$$V_{\mathrm{MCS}}(r)=\frac{e^2}{2\pi }\left[1\frac{\theta }{m_e}\right]K_0(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_er^2}\left\{l\frac{e^2}{2\pi \theta }[1\theta rK_1(\theta r)]\right\}^2.$$
(26)
In the expression above, the first term corresponds to the electromagnetic potential, whereas the last one incorporates the centrifugal barrier $`\left(l/mr^2\right),`$ the Aharonov-Bohm term and the 2-photon exchange term. One observes that this procedure becomes necessary when the model is analyzed or defined out of the pertubative limit. In Ref. , for instance, one accomplishes an evaluation of the scattering potential, in the Born approximation, whose final result is not supplemented by the term $`\left\{\frac{e^2}{2\pi \theta }[1\theta rK_1(\theta r)]\right\}^2`$, under the justification that derivation has been done in the pertubative regime $`\left(1/k1\right).`$ In such a regime, the 2-photon term becomes negligible (for it is proportional to $`1/k^2)`$ and shows itself unable to jeopardize the gauge invariance of the model.

In a scenery where one searches for applications to Condensed Matter Physics, one must require $`\theta m_e`$, and the scattering potential given by Eq.(26) then comes out positive. This implication prevents a possible application of this kind of model to superconductivity, where the characteristic energies are of $`meV`$ order. Since the effective electron mass ($`m_{\text{eff}}=m_e+yv^2)`$ is $`10^5eV,`$ energy scale much greater than that corresponding to the condensed matter interactions $`\left(meV\right)`$, one must impose the following condition on the physical excitations of the model:

$$m_{\text{eff}}\vartheta ,M_A,M_\pm \text{ .}$$
(27)
In the limit $`M_A0,`$ one has: $`M_+\vartheta `$; in this situation, the dimensionless parameter $`e_3^2/M_+`$ reduces to $`e_3^2/\vartheta ,`$ that now lies outside the pertubative regime, since $`\vartheta `$ is now small $`\left(meV\right)`$. Therefore, in this energy scale, our results may not be restricted to the pertubative limit; the consideration of the 2-photon term to Eqs.(21, 23, 25) becomes then relevant in order to assure the gauge invariance of these potentials. As a final result, one rewrites the three expressions for the effective-gauge-invariant scattering potentials:

$`V_{\text{eff}_{}}(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_Hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\{[(C_+{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_+^2]K_0(M_+r)+[C_{}+{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_{}^2]K_0(M_{}r)\}`$ (29)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}}\left\{l+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}Cr[M_+K_1(M_+r)M_{}K_1(M_{}r)]\right\}^2,`$
$`V_{\text{eff}_{}}(r)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_Hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\text{ }[C_+K_0(M_+r)+C_{}K_0(M_{}r)]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}}\{l+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}Cr[M_+K_1(M_+r)+`$ (31)
$`M_{}K_1(M_{}r)]\}^2,`$
$`V_{\text{eff}_{}}(r)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_Hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\left\{\left[C_++{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_+^2\right]K_0(M_+r)+\left[C_{}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}}M_{}^2\right]K_0(M_{}r)\right\}`$ (32)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}}\left\{l+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}Cr[M_+K_1(M_+r)M_{}K_1(M_{}r)]\right\}^2,`$ (33)
where $`\frac{l^2}{mr^2}`$ represents the centrifugal barrier, and the term proportional to $`C^2`$ comes from the 2-photon exchange.

In the energy scale given by condition (27), the proportionality coefficients of $`V_2(r)`$ become negligible:

$$m_{\text{eff}}\vartheta ,M_A,M_\pm \text{ }\text{ }\frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}M_+^21,\text{ }\frac{C}{m_{\text{eff}}}M_{}^21.$$
(34)
As a consequence of these considerations, one can observe that only the first term of the expressions (29, 31, 33) is attractive, which corresponds to the Higgs interaction. At the same time, the potential $`V_2(r)`$ reveals itself small before $`V_1(r)`$ and $`V_3(r),`$ leading to a simplification in the expressions $`\left(\text{29}\right),`$ $`\left(\text{31}\right),`$ $`\left(\text{33}\right)`$, that degenerate to a single form:

$`V_{\text{eff}}(r)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\pi }}2v^2y^2K_0(M_Hr)+{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}\text{ }[C_+K_0(M_+r)+C_{}K_0(M_{}r)]+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}}\{l+`$ (35)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }}Cr[M_+K_1(M_+r)M_{}K_1(M_{}r)]\}^2,`$ (36)
The fact that $`C_\pm >0,`$ $``$ $`\vartheta ,M_A`$ makes the second term (proportional to $`e^2/2\pi )`$ of the equation above to be positive, revealing the repulsive nature of gauge sector. This trivial analysis shows that the potentials $`\left(\text{29}\right),`$ $`\left(\text{31}\right),`$ $`\left(\text{33}\right)`$ will be attractive only when the contribution originated from the Yukawa interaction overcomes the one coming from the gauge sector, which can be achieved by accomplishing a suitable fitting on the model parameters. The fulfillment of this condition can render the formation of $`e^{}e^{}`$ bound states feasible , once the above potentials are “weak” in the sense of Kato criterion, analyzed by Chadan et al.  in the context of the low-energy scattering theory in $`(1+2)`$ dimensions.

Finally, it is instructive to show how the gauge sectors of the potentials $`\left(\text{29}\right)`$, $`\left(\text{31}\right)`$,$`\left(\text{33}\right)`$ behave in the limit of a vanishing Proca mass: $`M_A0`$. In this case, the propagator of the gauge field reduces to the Maxwell-Chern-Simons one, leading to the following limits:

$$M_+\theta ;M_{}0;C_+1;C_{}0;K_1(M_{}r)\frac{1}{M_{}r};C\frac{1}{\theta };$$
(37)
$$\underset{M_A0}{lim}V_{_{}}(r)=\frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }(1\frac{\theta }{m_{\text{eff}}})K_0(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}\left[l\frac{e_3^2}{2\pi \theta }(1\theta rK_1(\theta r))\right]^2,$$
(38)
$$\underset{M_A0}{lim}V_{_{}}(r)=\frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }K_0(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}\left[l\frac{e_3^2}{2\pi \theta }(1\theta rK_1(\theta r))\right]^2,$$
(39)
$$\underset{M_A0}{lim}V_{_{}}(r)=\frac{e_3^2}{2\pi }(1+\frac{\theta }{m_{\text{eff}}})K_0(\theta r)+\frac{1}{m_{\text{eff}}r^2}\left[l\frac{e_3^2}{2\pi \theta }(1\theta rK_1(\theta r))\right]^2.$$
(40)
One remarks that Eq. (38) encloses exactly the same result achieved by Dobrolibov  et al. and others ,  for the scattering of two up-polarization electrons, which enforces the generalization realized in this paper.

## IV Numerical Analysis

The numerical procedure adopted here consists on the implementation of the variational method for the Schrödinger equation supplemented by the interaction potential (36). In this sense, it is necessary to expose some properties of the wavefunction representing the $`e^{}e^{}`$ and of the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation.

### A The composite wave-function and the Schrödinger equation

The Pauli exclusion principle states the antisymmetric character of the total two-electron wavefunction $`(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ with respect to an electron-electron permutation: $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\rho _1,s_{1,}\rho _2,s_2)=\mathrm{\Psi }(\rho _2,s_{2,}\rho _1,s_1).`$ Assuming that no significant spin-orbit interaction takes place, the function $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ can be split into three independent functions: $`\mathrm{\Psi }(\rho _1,s_{1,}\rho _2,s_2)=\psi (𝐑)\phi (𝐫)\chi (s_1,s_2)`$, which represent, respectively, the center-of-mass wave function, the relative one, and the spin wave function ($`𝐑`$ and $`s`$ being the center-of-mass and spin coordinates respectively, while $`𝐫`$ is the relative coordinate of the electrons). Taking into account the Pauli principle, the total wavefunction $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ in the center-of-mass frame reads as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^{S=1}=\phi _{\mathrm{odd}}(𝐫)\chi _{\mathrm{even}}^{S=1}(s_1,s_2),\text{ }\mathrm{\Psi }^{S=0}=\phi _{\mathrm{even}}(𝐫)\chi _{\mathrm{odd}}^{S=0}(s_1,s_2),$$
(41)
where $`\chi ^{S=0},`$ $`\chi ^{S=1}`$, $`\phi _{\mathrm{even}}(𝐫),`$ $`\phi _{\mathrm{odd}}(𝐫)`$ stand respectively for the (antisymmetric) singlet spin-function, the (symmetric) spin triplet, the even space-function ($`l=0`$: $`s`$-wave, $`l=2`$: $`d`$-wave), and the odd space-function ($`l=1`$: $`p`$-wave: , $`l=3`$: $`f`$-wave).

Within the nonrelativistic approximation, the binding energy associated to an $`e^{}e^{}`$ pair is given by planar Schrödinger equation for the relative space-function $`\phi (r),`$

$$\frac{^2\phi (r)}{r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\phi (r)}{r}\frac{l^2}{r^2}\phi (r)+2\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}[EV(r)]\phi (r)=0,$$
(42)
where $`V(r)`$ represents the interaction potential given by Eq. (36), and $`\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}m_{\text{eff}},`$ is the effective reduced mass of the system. By means of the following transformation $`\phi (r)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{r}}g(r)`$, one has

$$\frac{^2g(r)}{r^2}\frac{l^2\frac{1}{4}}{r^2}g(r)+2\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}[EV(r)]g(r)=0.$$
(43)
### B The Variational Method and the Choice of the trial function

To work out the variational method, one must take as starting point the choice of the trial function that represents the generic features of the $`e^{}e^{}`$ pair. The definition of a trial function must observe some conditions, such as the asymptotic behavior at infinity, the analysis of its free version and its behavior at the origin. For a zero angular momentum ($`l=0`$) state, the Eq.(43) becomes

$$\left\{\frac{^2}{r^2}+\frac{1}{4r^2}+2\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}[E+C_sK_0(M_Hr)]\right\}g(r)=0,$$
(44)
whose free version ($`V(r)=0)`$, for $`l=0`$ state, $`\left[\frac{^2}{r^2}+\frac{1}{4r^2}+k^2\right]u(r)=0,`$ has as solution $`u(r)=B_1\sqrt{r}J_0(kr)+B_2\sqrt{r}Y_0(kr)`$, with $`B_1`$ and $`B_2`$ being arbitrary constants and $`k=\sqrt{2\mu _{\mathrm{eff}}E}`$. In the limit $`r0`$, this solution goes simply as $`u(r)\sqrt{r}+\lambda \sqrt{r}\mathrm{ln}(r).`$ Since the second term in the last equation behaves like an attractive potential, $`1/4r^2`$, this implies the possibility of obtaining a bound state ($`E<0`$) even for $`V(r)=0`$ . This is not physically acceptable, leading to a restriction on the needed self-adjoint extension of the differential operator $`d^2/dr^21/4r^2`$. Among the infinite number of self-adjoint extensions of this operator, the only physical choice corresponds to the Friedrichs extension ($`B_2=0`$), which behaves like $`\sqrt{r}`$ at the origin, indicating this same behavior for $`u(r)`$. In this way the behavior of the trial function at the origin is determined. The complete equation, $`V(r)0`$, will preserve the self-adjointness of free Hamiltonian, if the potential is “weak” in the sense of the Kato condition: $`_0^{\mathrm{}}r(1+|\mathrm{ln}(r)|)|V(r)|𝑑r<\mathrm{}.`$ Provided the interaction potential, given by Eq. (36), satisfies the Kato condition, the self-adjointness of the total Hamiltonian is assured and the existence of bound states is allowed. On the other hand, at infinity, the trial function must vanish asymptotically in order to fulfill square integrability. Therefore, a good choice can then be given by $`g(r)=f(r)\mathrm{exp}(\beta r),`$ where $`f(r)`$ is a well-behaved function that satisfies the limit condition: $`lim_{r0}f(r)=\sqrt{r}`$. By simplicity, the trial function (for zero angular momentum) read as

$$g(r)=\sqrt{r}\mathrm{exp}(\beta r),$$
(45)
where $`\beta `$ is a free parameter whose variation approximately determines an energy minimum.

An analogous procedure can be undertaken to determine the behavior of the trial function when the angular momentum is different from zero ($`l0`$). In this case, and in the limit $`r0`$, Eq.(43) reduces to $`\left[\frac{^2}{r^2}\frac{l^2\frac{1}{4}}{r^2}+k^2\right]u(r)=0,`$ whose general solution reads as $`u(r)=B_1r^{(l+1/2)}+B_2r^{(l+1/2)}`$. For $`l>0,`$ the choice $`r^{(l+1/2)}`$ entails a trial function that is well-behaved at the origin. Since the Schrödinger equation depends only on $`l^2`$, any of the choices, $`l>0`$ or $`l<0`$, is enough to provide the energy values of the physical states and one gets

$$g(r)=r^{1/2+l}\mathrm{exp}(\beta r),$$
(46)
where $`\beta `$ is again a spanning free parameter to be numerically fixed in order to maximize the binding energy. Though this last result is mathematically correct, we should point out that the discussion regarding non-zero angular momentum states here is merely for the sake of completeness. The true wave-function in this case should include the angular components which remain precluded in this approach.

### C The Analysis of the Potential and the Numerical Data

The numerical analysis of the potentials $`V_{\text{eff}_{}},V_{\text{eff}_{}},V_{\text{eff}_{}}`$ is totally dependent on the parameters of the field-theoretical model. As a first step, it is convenient to realize an analysis on the relevant parameters and thereafter to initiate a numerical procedure. The central purpose of this section is to demonstrate that the potentials obtained are attractive and lead to the formation of bound states $`e^{}e^{}`$, whose energy is situated into a range relevant to some Condensed Matter systems, like the high-Tc superconductors.

As well-known, to parallel-spin states (spin triplet) there must be a p-wave (spin triplet and $`l=1`$) associated, whereas the antiparallel-spin states (spin singlet) are linked to an s-wave (spin singlet and $`l=0`$). Here, despite the parity-breakdown to be associated to the state $`l=1,`$ the s-wave can also appear as solution, since the breakdown is not necessarily manifest in all states. Given the degeneracy of the potentials $`V_{\text{eff}_{}},V_{\text{eff}_{}},V_{\text{eff}_{}}`$on the reduced potential (36), the issue concerning the wavefunction symmetry looses some of its status: both the s- and p-wave appear as solutions for the system. According to Eqs. (45), (46), the implementation of the variational method requires a trial-function with $`r^{1/2}`$behaviour at the origin in the case of an s-wave and a $`r^{3/2}`$behaviour for a p-wave.

Before starting the numerical calculations, it is instructive to show the relevant parameters:

$`e_3^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{e^2}{l_{}}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{137,04}}{\displaystyle \frac{1973,26}{l_{}}}={\displaystyle \frac{14,399}{l_{}}},`$ (47)
$`\alpha `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\vartheta }{M_A}},`$ (48)
$`\zeta `$ $`<0,\text{ }\lambda {\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\zeta |}{\upsilon ^2}},`$ (49)
$`\lambda `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{|\zeta |}{\nu ^2}}M_H^2=\nu ^2|\zeta |,`$ (50)
$`\lambda `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{|\zeta |}{\nu ^2}}M_H^2=2\nu ^2|\zeta |.`$ (51)
Specifically, in $`D=1+2`$, the electromagnetic coupling constant squared, $`e_3^2`$, has dimension of mass, rather than the dimensionless character of the usual four-dimensional QED4 coupling constant. This fact might be understood as a memory of the third dimension that appears (into the coupling constant) when one tries to work with a theory intrinsically defined in three space-time dimensions. This dimensional peculiarity could be better implemented through the definition of a new coupling constant in three space-time dimensions ,: $`ee_3=e/\sqrt{l_{}}`$, where $`l_{}`$ represents a length orthogonal to the planar dimension. The smaller is $`l_{}`$, the smaller is the remnant of the frozen dimension, the larger is the planar character of the model and the coupling constant $`e_3`$, what reveals its effective nature. In this sense, it is instructive to notice that the effective value of $`e_3^2`$ is larger than $`e^2=1/137`$ whenever $`l_{}`$ $`<1973.26`$ Å, since 1 (Å)$`{}_{}{}^{1}=1973.26`$ $`eV`$. This particularity broadens the repulsive interaction for small $`l_{}`$ and requires an even stronger Higgs contribution to account for a total attractive interaction. Finally, this parameter must be evaluated inside a range appropriated to not jeopardize the planar nature of the system, so that one requires that: $`2<l_{}<15`$Å. The parameter $`\alpha `$ is defined as the ratio between the Proca mass and the Chern-Simons mass, while $`\zeta ,\lambda `$ are parameters of $`V`$potential and are important to assure a stable vacuum, condition given by Eq. (49). The imposition of some relations between $`\zeta ,\lambda ,\nu ^2`$, like Eqs.(50) e (51), imply a kind of expression for the Higgs mass that exhibit dependence only on $`\nu ^2`$ and $`|\zeta |`$. This set of conditions impose a lower bound for the Higgs mass: $`M_{H\mathrm{min}}^2=3|\zeta |/4\lambda `$.

Besides the factors above, the entire determination of the potential (36) also depends on $`v^2,`$ the vacuum expectation value (v.e.v.), and on $`y`$, the parameter that measures the coupling between the fermions and the Higgs scalar. Being a free parameter, $`v^2`$ indicates the energy scale of the spontaneous breakdown of the $`U(1)`$local symmetry, usually determined by some experimental data associated to the phenomenology of the model under investigation, as it occurs in the electroweak Weinberg-Salam model, for example. On the other hand, the $`y`$parameter measures the coupling between the fermions and the Higgs scalar, working in fact as an effective constant that embodies contributions of all possible mechanisms of the electronic interaction via Higgs-type (scalar) excitations, as the spinless bosonic interaction mechanisms: phonons, plasmons, and other collective excitations. This theoretical similarity suggests an identification of the field theory parameter with an effective electron-scalar coupling (instead of an electron-phonon one): $`y\lambda _{\mathrm{es}}`$.

The numerical analysis is developed by means of the implementation of the variational method on the Schrödinger equation, supplemented by the degenerated potential. The procedure is initiated by the use of the an s-wave trial function: $`g\left(r\right)=r^{1/2}e^{\beta r}`$, given by Eq. $`\left(\text{45}\right)`$. Tables I and II exhibit the values of the $`e^{}e^{}`$ bound state and the average length of the $`e^{}e^{}`$ state ($`\xi _{ab})`$ for $`V_{\text{eff}},`$ in accordance with the input parameters ($`\nu ^2,Z,\alpha ,y,\zeta )`$, for $`l=0.`$ The degenerated potential obviously assures the following equality: E$`{}_{ee}{}^{}=`$E$`{}_{ee}{}^{}=`$E$`_{ee},`$ $`\xi _{ab}=\xi _{ab}=\xi _{ab}.`$ Table III contains numerical data generated by the variational method, for $`l=1,`$ starting from the following trial function: $`\phi \left(r\right)=r^{3/2}e^{\beta r},`$ given by Eq. (46).

From the data of the Tables I, II, III, it is possible to get an understanding of the influence of the parameters on the values of the $`e^{}e^{}`$ energy and $`\xi _{ab}`$. When $`|\zeta |`$ and $`\nu ^2`$ increase, the Higgs mass grows up, reducing the range of the attractive interaction, which is noticed through reduction of the bound state energy. In the same way, the rising of the $`\alpha `$parameter implies a larger Chern-Simons mass and a reduction of the repulsive interaction range, determining an increment of the bound state energy. The parameter $`l_{}`$ acts directly in the coupling constant $`e_3`$: the bigger is $`l_{}`$, the smaller is gauge coupling, and the smaller the repulsive interaction, favoring again the increase of bound state energy. The parameters $`\nu ^2`$ and $`y`$ act on the Higgs interaction coupling, in such a way to promote a sensitive raising of the biding energy. In the particular case of Table III, it is evident a sensitive enhancement in the value of $`\xi _{ab}`$, a consequence of the isotropic trial function that behaves as $`r^{3/2}`$ at the origin . This isotropic character results in a non-realistic approximation, since the angular momentum state $`l=1`$ must exhibit some anisotropy. This observation attributes to the data of Table III a more qualitative aspect without invalidating the fundamental result of this section: by means of a suitable fitting of the parameters, it is possible to obtain values of the energy and the correlation length for the pairs $`e^{}e^{}`$ inside a scale usual for some solid state systems.

## V General Conclusions

The electron-electron interaction potentials, derived from a MCS Electrodynamics with spontaneous symmetry breaking, puts in evidence the physical possibility of electronic pairing and the formation of bound states. This theoretical prediction occurs when the parameters of the model are so chosen that the contribution stemming from the scalar (Higgs) sector overcomes the contribution induced by the gauge boson exchange (always repulsive in the energy scale relevant for the solid state excitations, $`\theta m_e`$). The numerical results, displayed in Tables I, II and III, reveal the achievement of binding energies in the $`meV`$scale, and correlation lengths in the scale $`1030`$Å, which is a possible argument in favour of the MCS QED3 adopted here to address the electronic pairing process in the realm of some Condensed Matter planar systems, with manifestation of parity-breaking, such as the Hall systems (there are also some references that discuss the nonconservation of parity symmetry in the context of the high-Tc superconductors ).

Finally, we must observe that the present MCS model bypasses the difficulties found by several other models , , ,  that attempted to obtain $`e^{}e^{}`$ bound states considering only the exchange of vector bosons. The $`v^2`$values disposed in Tables I, II, III reconfirm the energy scale $`\left(10100meV\right)`$ for the breaking of U(1)-local symmetry obtained in the framework of planar superconductors ,  and in the case of a parity-preserving electronic pairing , .

## VI Appendix

In this Appendix one presents the spinor algebra $`so`$(1,2) that generates the Dirac spinors, solutions of the Dirac equation in $`D=1+2`$ dimensions. The adopted metric is $`\eta ^{\mu \nu }=(+,,),`$ and the Dirac equation is written as:

$`(/pm)u_+(p)`$ $`=0,`$ (52)
$`(/p+m)u_{}(p)`$ $`=0,`$ (53)
where $`u_+(p),`$ $`u_{}(p)`$ stands for the positive energy spinors with polarization “up” and “down” respectively. The solution of the equations (52,53) are given by:

$`u_+(p)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{/p+m}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}}u_+(m,\stackrel{}{0}),`$ (54)
$`u_{}(p)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{/pm}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}}u_+(m,\stackrel{}{0}),`$ (55)
where $`u_+(m,\stackrel{}{0})`$ and $`u_{}(m,\stackrel{}{0})`$ represent an up-electron and down-electron (respectively) in the rest frame:

$$u_+(m,\stackrel{}{0})=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right];\text{ }u_{}(m,\stackrel{}{0})=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$$
(56)
In $`D=1+2,`$ the generators of the group SO(1,2) are given by:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{jl}=\frac{1}{4}[\gamma ^{j,}\gamma ^l],$$
(57)
where the $`\gamma `$ matrices must satisfy the $`so(1,2)`$ algebra

$$[\gamma _\mu ,\gamma _\nu ]=2iϵ_{\mu \nu \alpha }\gamma ^\alpha ,$$
(58)
and are taken by: $`\gamma ^\mu =(\sigma _z,i\sigma _x,i\sigma _y).`$

Using this convention, the spinors $`u_+(p),`$ $`u_{}(p)`$ are written at the form:

$`u_+(p)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}}\left[\begin{array}{c}E+m\\ ip_xp_y\end{array}\right];\overline{u}_+(p)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}}\left[\begin{array}{cc}E+m& ip_x+p_y\end{array}\right],`$ (62)
$`u_{}(p)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}}\left[\begin{array}{c}ip_xp_y\\ E+m\end{array}\right];\overline{u}_{}(p)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2m(E+m)}}}\left[\begin{array}{cc}ip_xp_y& E+m\end{array}\right],`$ (66)
They obviously satisfy the normalization condition: : $`\overline{u}_+(p)u_+(p)=1`$ and $`\overline{u}_{}(p)u_{}(p)=1.`$

In the center of mass frame, the 3-momenta of the scattered electrons (elastic scattering hypothesis) can be written as:

$`p_1`$ $`=(E,p,0),\text{ }p_1^{^{}}=(E,p\mathrm{cos}\varphi ,p\mathrm{sin}\varphi ),`$
$`p_2`$ $`=(E,p,0),\text{ }p_2^{^{}}=(E,p\mathrm{cos}\varphi ,p\mathrm{sin}\varphi ),`$
$`k`$ $`=\text{ }p_1^{^{}}p_1=(0,p(\mathrm{cos}\varphi 1),p\mathrm{sin}\varphi ),`$
where $`\varphi `$ is the angle defined (in relation to the initial direction) by the particles after the scattering.

Adopting this convention, the current terms are evaluated:

$`\left[\overline{u}_+(p_1^{^{}})\gamma __0u_+(p_1)\right]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(E+m)^2+p^2e^{i\theta }}{2m(E+m)}}=\left[\overline{u}_+(p_2^{^{}})\gamma __0u_+(p_2)\right];`$ (67)
$`\left[\overline{u}_+(p_1^{^{}})\gamma __1u_+(p_1)\right]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{p}{2m}}(1+e^{i\theta })=\left[\overline{u}_+(p_2^{^{}})\gamma __1u_+(p_2)\right];`$ (68)
$`\left[\overline{u}_+(p_1^{^{}})\gamma __2u_+(p_1)\right]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{ip}{2m}}(1e^{i\theta })=\left[\overline{u}_+(p_2^{^{}})\gamma __2u_+(p_2)\right];`$ (69)
$`\left[\text{ }\overline{u}_{}(p_1^{^{}})\gamma __0u_{}(p_1)\right]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{(E+m)^2+p^2e^{i\theta }}{2m(E+m)}}=\left[\overline{u}_{}(p_2^{^{}})\gamma __0u_{}(p_2)\right];`$ (70)
$`\left[\overline{u}_{}(p_1^{^{}})\gamma __1u_{}(p_1)\right]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{p}{2m}}(1+e^{i\theta })=\left[\overline{u}_{}(p_2^{^{}})\gamma __1u_{}(p_2)\right];`$ (71)
$`\left[\overline{u}_{}(p_1^{^{}})\gamma __2u_{}(p_1)\right]`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{ip}{2m}}(1e^{i\theta })=\left[\overline{u}_{}(p_2^{^{}})\gamma __2u_{}(p_2)\right]`$ (72)
These current terms were used in the evaluation of the scattering amplitudes in the nonrelativistic approximation: $`p^2m^2.`$ Finally, given the correlation between mass and spin , valid in QED3, it is reasonable to inquire if the spinor $`u_{}(p)`$ does not represent an antiparticle rather than the spin-down particle. This issue is solved in the Appendix of Ref. , where one shows that the charge of the spinor $`u_{}(p)`$is equal to one of the spinor $`u_+(p).`$

Acknowledgments:

M.M.F. Jr. is grateful to CCP-CBPF for the kind hospitality. J. A. Helayël-Neto expresses his gratitude to CNPq for the invaluable financial help.


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# Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing as Kodaira vanishing for stacks

## 1. Introduction

Let $`k`$ be a field, and suppose given a pair $`(X,D)`$, where $`X/k`$ is a smooth variety and $`D\text{Div}(X)`$ is a divisor whose support has normal crossings. Suppose further that there exists an integer $`n`$, prime to $`\text{char}(k)`$, for which $`nD`$ is integral. Our aim in this note is to explain how one can associate to $`(X,D)`$ a Deligne–Mumford stack $`𝒳/X`$, which in a precise sense is the “minimal covering” of $`X`$ on which $`D`$ becomes integral (see (4.1) for the precise properties of $`𝒳`$). In addition, we explain, using the stack $`𝒳`$, how the Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem (, , ) can naturally be interpreted as an application of Kodaira vanishing for stacks.

The note is organized as follows. In section 2 we prove a Kodaira vanishing theorem for Deligne–Mumford stacks. A Hodge theoretic approach to the characteristic $`0`$ version of this theorem had previously been considered by Starr (private communication). In section 3 we make a few basic observations concerning log structures in the sense of Fontaine and Illusie which will be needed in the construction of $`𝒳`$. In section 4 we construct the stack $`𝒳`$ and describe its basic properties. Then in section 5, we discuss the Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem.

*Acknowledgements:* We would like to thank D. Arapura, Y. Kawamata, T. Pantev, and J. Starr for their comments and help.

## 2. Kodaira vanishing for stacks

###### Theorem 2.1.

Let $`k`$ be a field, and let $`𝒳/k`$ be a smooth proper tame Deligne–Mumford stack of dimension $`d`$ with projective coarse moduli space $`\pi :𝒳X`$. Suppose that $`\pi `$ is flat and let $`L`$ be an invertible sheaf on $`𝒳`$ such that some power of $`L`$ descends to an ample invertible sheaf on $`X`$.

(i). If $`\text{char}(k)=0`$, then $`H^j(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^iL^1)=0`$ for $`i+j<d`$.

(ii). If $`\text{char}(k)=p>0`$, $`k`$ is perfect, and $`𝒳`$ admits a smooth lifting to $`W_2(k)`$, then $`H^j(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^iL^1)=0`$ for $`i+j<\text{inf}(d,p).`$

Theorem (2.1) is proven by the same argument used in the proof by Deligne, Illusie, and Raynaud of the Kodaira vanishing theorem (, 2.8). We indicate here only the argument needed for the reduction from characteristic $`0`$ to characteristic $`p`$, and a basic proposition. The rest of the proof can then be transcribed word for word from (loc. cit.).

*Reduction to positive characteristic.*

This is fairly standard using the classical argument for schemes (. IV.8.10.5 (xii)). However, we explain the reduction since it uses a non–trivial result about stacks: Chow’s lemma for Deligne–Mumford stacks (, 16.6.1). So consider $`𝒳/k`$ where $`k`$ is a field of characteristic $`0`$, and choose a presentation for $`𝒳`$. That is, suppose $`𝒳`$ is defined by affine schemes $`U`$ and $`R`$ together with maps $`s,b:RU`$ (source and target), $`ϵ:UR`$ (identity), $`i:RR`$ (inverse), $`m:R\times _{s,U,b}RR`$ (composition), such that the finitely many conditions for these to define an étale groupoid in schemes are satisfied (, 2.4.3). Since all these schemes are affine of finite type over $`k`$, we can find a finitely generated $``$–algebra $`Ak`$, and an étale groupoid in schemes $`(\stackrel{~}{U},\stackrel{~}{R},\stackrel{~}{s},\stackrel{~}{b},,\stackrel{~}{i},\stackrel{~}{m})`$ over $`A`$ inducing our groupoid over $`k`$. Thus we obtain a Deligne–Mumford stack $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}/A`$ inducing $`𝒳`$. Now by (, 16.6.1), there exists a projective scheme $`Y/k`$ together with a proper surjective morphism $`f:Y𝒳`$. After localizing on $`\text{Spec}(A)`$ (and using (, 4.18)), we can therefore find a a projective scheme $`\stackrel{~}{Y}`$ and a map $`\stackrel{~}{f}:\stackrel{~}{Y}\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$. Now the condition that the map $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is proper and surjective is equivalent to the condition that the induced map of schemes $`\stackrel{~}{Y}\times _{\stackrel{~}{𝒳}}\stackrel{~}{U}\stackrel{~}{U}`$ is proper and surjective, and hence after localizing on $`\text{Spec}(A)`$ we can assume that $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is proper and surjective. From this it follows that $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ is proper. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }:\stackrel{~}{𝒳}\stackrel{~}{X}`$ be its coarse moduli space. There is a maximal open substack of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ which is smooth over $`\text{Spec}(A)`$ and flat over $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$, and since $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ is proper over $`A`$ this implies that after localizing on $`\text{Spec}(A),`$ we can assume that $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}/A`$ is tame and smooth and that $`\stackrel{~}{\pi }`$ is flat. Now giving the invertible sheaf $`L`$ on $`𝒳`$ is equivalent to giving a morphism $`𝒳B𝔾_m`$. Hence by (, 4.18), we can after further localization on $`\text{Spec}(A)`$ find a sheaf $`\stackrel{~}{L}`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ inducing $`L`$ such that some tensor power of $`\stackrel{~}{L}`$ descends to an ample invertible sheaf on $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$.

###### Lemma 2.2.

Let $`𝒳/S`$ be a tame Deligne–Mumford stack of finite type over a noetherian scheme $`S`$, and suppose the map $`\pi :𝒳X`$ from $`𝒳`$ to its coarse moduli space is flat. Then

(i). If $`F`$ is a coherent sheaf on $`𝒳`$, then $`R^i\pi _{}F=0`$ for $`i>0`$, and the formation of $`\pi _{}F`$ is compatible with arbitrary base change $`S^{}S`$.

(ii). If $`E`$ is a locally free sheaf on $`𝒳`$, then $`\pi _{}E`$ is locally free on $`X`$.

(iii). $`X`$ is Cohen–Macaulay.

###### Proof.

It is well known that étale locally on $`X`$, the stack $`𝒳`$ is isomorphic to $`[U/\mathrm{\Gamma }]`$, where $`U=\text{Spec}(R)`$ is an affine scheme and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a finite group of order invertible in $`k`$ acting on $`U`$ (see for example (, 2.2.3)). Moreover, in this situation $`X=\text{Spec}(R^\mathrm{\Gamma })`$. Now if $`M`$ is any $`R^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$–module with action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, then the invariant $`M^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a direct summand of $`M`$. Indeed, the map

(2.2.1)
$$m\frac{1}{|\mathrm{\Gamma }|}\underset{\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma }}{}m^\gamma ,$$

defines a retraction $`MM^\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. From this (i) and (ii) follow. Statement (iii) follows from this discussion combined with (, remark 2.3). ∎

It follows from the lemma and standard base change theorems for cohomology on projective schemes, that after localizing on $`\text{Spec}(A)`$, we may assume that the groups $`R^jg_{}(\mathrm{\Omega }^iL^1)`$ are locally free on $`\text{Spec}(A)`$ of constant rank, and compatible with base change. Let $`T`$ be the scheme–theoretic closure of a closed point of $`\text{Spec}(A)`$. The scheme $`T`$ is quasi–finite and flat over $`\text{Spec}()`$. Choose a closed point $`tT`$ at which $`T/`$ is étale and for which $`\text{char}(k(t))>d`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}k(t)`$ admits a lifting to $`W_2(k(t))`$, and so it suffices to prove the theorem for the pair $`(\stackrel{~}{𝒳}k(t),\stackrel{~}{L}k(t))`$. This concludes the reduction to the positive characteristic case.

###### Proposition 2.3.

Let $`k`$ be a field, $`𝒳/k`$ a tame smooth Deligne–Mumford stack, $`\pi :𝒳X`$ its coarse moduli space, and assume that $`\pi `$ is flat. If $`L`$ is an invertible sheaf on $`𝒳`$ such that some tensor power descends to an ample sheaf on $`X`$, then there exists an integer $`N_0`$ such that $`H^j(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^iL^N)=0`$ for $`j<d`$, all $`i`$, and all $`NN_0`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`b`$ be an integer such that $`L^b=\pi ^{}M`$ for some ample line bundle $`M`$ on $`X`$.

Because $`X`$ is Cohen–Macaulay, $`X`$ has a dualizing sheaf $`\omega _X`$. Since $`M`$ is ample, there exists an integer $`l_0`$ such that for all $`i`$, $`j<d`$, $`0r<b`$, and $`ll_0`$

(2.3.1)
$$H^{dj}(X,\omega _X(\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_𝒳^iL^r))^{}M^l)=0,$$

where $`(\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_𝒳^iL^r))^{}`$ denotes the dual of the locally free (by (2.2 (ii))) sheaf $`\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_𝒳^iL^r).`$ We claim that $`N_0=bl_0`$ works in the proposition. Indeed, for any $`NN_0`$, write $`N=r+bl`$, where $`0r<b`$ and $`ll_0`$. Then applying (2.2 (i)) and Serre duality, we have

(2.3.2)
$$H^j(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^iL^N)=H^{dj}(X,\omega _X(\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_𝒳^iL^r))^{}M^l)^{}=0$$

for $`j<n`$. ∎

## 3. Locally free log structures

The stack $`𝒳`$ in (4.1) will be constructed as a moduli space classifying certain log structures (in the sense of Fontaine and Illusie ()). Thus before giving the construction and proving (4.1) in the next section, we gather together a few basic facts we need about log structures. For the basic definitions and results concerning log structures, we refer to the first 2 sections of ().

Recall that if $`P`$ is a unit free monoid, then an element $`pP`$ is called irreducible if for every $`p_1,p_2P`$ for which $`p=p_1+p_2`$, either $`p_1=p`$ or $`p_2=p`$. We denote the set of irreducible elements in $`P`$ by $`\text{Irr}(P)`$.

###### Definition 3.1.

(i). A monoid $`F`$ is called *free* if it is isomorphic to $`^r`$ for some $`r`$. The integer $`r`$ is uniquely determined and is called the *rank* of $`F`$.

(ii). A morphism $`\phi :F_1F_2`$ between free monoids is called *simple* if $`F_1`$ and $`F_2`$ have the same rank, $`\phi `$ is injective, and if for every irreducible element $`f_1F_1`$ there exists an irreducible element $`f_2F_2`$ and an integer $`n`$ such that $`nf_2=\phi (f_1)`$.

(iii). A *locally free log structure* on a scheme $`X`$ is a fine log structure $``$ on $`X`$ such that for every geometric $`\overline{x}X`$ the monoid $`\overline{}_{\overline{x}}`$ is free.

(iv). A morphism $`\phi :_1_2`$ between locally free log structures on a scheme $`X`$ is called *simple* if for every geometric point $`\overline{x}X`$, the map $`\phi _{\overline{x}}:\overline{}_{1,\overline{x}}\overline{}_{2,\overline{x}}`$ is simple in the sense of (ii) above.

###### Remark 3.2.

If $`\phi :F_1F_2`$ is a simple morphism as in (3.1 (ii)), then for each $`f_1\text{Irr}(F_1)`$, the element $`f_2\text{Irr}(F_2)`$ for which there exists an integer $`n`$ such that $`nf_2=\phi (f_1)`$ is uniquely determined. From this it follows that $`\phi `$ induces a canonical bijection $`\text{Irr}(F_1)\text{Irr}(F_2).`$

###### Lemma 3.3.

Let $`\phi :_1_2`$ be a simple morphism of log structures on a scheme $`X`$, and let $`\beta _1:^r_1`$ be a chart for $`_1`$. Let $`\overline{x}X`$ be a geometric point, and suppose given a surjective map $`\overline{\beta }_2:^r\overline{}_{2,\overline{x}}`$ and integers $`\{b_i\}_{i=1}^r`$ prime to the characteristic of $`X`$ such that the diagram

(3.3.1)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}^r& \stackrel{\rho }{}& ^r\\ \overline{\beta }_1& & \overline{\beta }_2& & \\ \overline{}_{1,\overline{x}}& \stackrel{\overline{\phi }_{\overline{x}}}{}& \overline{}_{2,\overline{x}}\end{array}$$

commutes, where $`\rho :=(\times b_i)`$. Then in some étale neighborhood of $`\overline{x}`$, there exists a chart $`\beta _2:^r_2`$ lifting $`\overline{\beta }_2`$ such that the diagram

(3.3.2)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}^r& \stackrel{\rho }{}& ^r\\ \beta _1& & \beta _2& & \\ _1& \stackrel{\phi }{}& _2\end{array}$$

commutes.

###### Proof.

By (, 2.10), it suffices to find a lifting $`\beta _2:^r_{2,\overline{x}}`$ lifting $`\overline{\beta }_2`$ such that the diagram

(3.3.3)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}^r& \stackrel{\rho }{}& ^r\\ \beta _1& & \beta _2& & \\ _{1,\overline{x}}& \stackrel{\phi }{}& _{2,\overline{x}}\end{array}$$

commutes. For this, choose for each $`1ir`$ a lifting $`m_i_{2,\overline{x}}`$ of $`\overline{\beta }_2(e_i)`$, where $`e_i`$ denotes the $`i`$–th standard generator for $`^r`$. By the commutativity of (3.3.1), there exists a unit $`u_i𝒪_{X,\overline{x}}^{}`$ such that $`\lambda (u_i)+b_im_i=\phi (\beta _1(e_i))`$, where $`\lambda :𝒪_{X,x}^{}_{X,\overline{x}}`$ denotes the canonical inclusion. Since by assumption $`b_i`$ is invertible on $`X`$, there exists a unit $`v_i𝒪_{X,\overline{x}}^{}`$ such that $`v_i^{b_i}=u_i`$. Replacing $`m_i`$ by $`m_i+\lambda (v_i)`$, we can therefore find units $`m_i_{2,\overline{x}}`$ such that $`b_im_i=\phi (\beta _1(e_i))`$. That is, a map $`\beta _2:^r_{2,\overline{x}}`$ such that (3.3.3) commutes. ∎

## 4. Construction of $`𝒳`$

###### Theorem 4.1.

Let $`X/k`$ be a smooth scheme over a field $`k`$, $`D=_{iI}D_iX`$ a divisor with normal crossings, and $`\{b_i\}_{iI}`$ a collection of positive integers prime to $`\text{char}(k)`$. Attached to this data is a canonical pair $`(𝒳,\stackrel{~}{D}=_{iI}\stackrel{~}{D}_i)`$, consisting of a smooth tame Deligne–Mumford stack $`\pi :𝒳X`$ together with a normal crossings divisor $`\stackrel{~}{D}𝒳`$ such that:

(i).  The map $`\pi `$ is finite and flat, identifies $`X`$ with the coarse moduli space of $`𝒳`$, and is an isomorphism over $`XD`$.

(ii).  The pullback $`\pi ^{}𝒪_X(D_i)`$ is equal to $`𝒪_𝒳(b_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i)`$ as a subsheaf of $`𝒪_𝒳`$.

(iii). For any collection $`\{a_i\}_{iI}`$ of positive integers with $`b_ia_i`$, there is a natural quasi–isomorphism

(4.1.1)
$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{X/k}^i(\text{log }D)𝒪_X(\underset{i}{}\mathrm{}a_i/b_i\mathrm{}D_i)R\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^i𝒪_𝒳(\underset{i}{}a_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i)),$$

where for $`q`$, we denote by $`\mathrm{}q\mathrm{}:=\text{inf}\{p|pq\}.`$

(iv). Let $`_X`$ denote the log structure on $`X`$ associated to the divisor $`D`$, and suppose $`Ak`$ is a surjective map from an Artin local ring $`A`$. Then associated to any log smooth lifting $`(\stackrel{~}{X},_{\stackrel{~}{X}})`$ of $`(X,_X)`$ to $`\text{Spec}(A)`$, there is a canonical smooth lifting $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ of $`𝒳`$ to $`\text{Spec}(A)`$.

(v). If $`f:YX`$ is a finite flat morphism from a smooth scheme $`Y/k`$ for which $`f^{}D`$ is integral with support a divisor with normal crossings, then there exists a unique map $`Y𝒳`$ over $`X`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`_X`$ be the log structure associated to the divisor $`D`$ (, 1.5 (i)). The log structure $`_X`$ is locally free by (, 2.5 (i)). If $`\overline{x}X`$ is a geometric point, let $`C(\overline{x})`$ denote the irreducible components of the inverse image of $`D`$ in $`\text{Spec}(𝒪_{X,\overline{x}})`$.

###### Lemma 4.2.

For every geometric point $`\overline{x}X`$ there is a canonical isomorphism $`\overline{}_{X,\overline{x}}_{C(\overline{x})}`$.

###### Proof.

It suffices to establish a bijection $`\text{Irr}(\overline{}_{X,\overline{x}})C(\overline{x})`$. We do so by sending an irreducible element $`\overline{m}`$ to the component defined by the ideal $`(\alpha (m))`$, where $`m_{X,\overline{x}}`$ is any lifting of $`m`$ and $`\alpha :_{X,\overline{x}}𝒪_{X,\overline{x}}`$ is the logarithm map. That this is well–defined and a bijection can be verified after replacing $`X`$ by an étale cover. Hence it suffices to consider the case when $`x`$ is the point $`x_1=\mathrm{}=x_n=0`$ on $`X=\text{Spec}(k[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n])`$ and $`D=Z(x_1\mathrm{}x_r),`$ for some $`n`$ and $`r`$. In this case the result is clear. ∎

If $`f:YX`$ is any morphism of schemes, and $`f^{}_X_Y`$ is a simple morphism on $`Y`$, then for every geometric point $`\overline{y}Y`$ with image $`\overline{x}=f(\overline{y})`$, the map

(4.2.1)
$$\overline{}_{X,\overline{x}}\overline{}_{Y,\overline{y}}$$

has by (4.2) and (3.2) a canonical decomposition

(4.2.2)
$$(\times c_i):\underset{C(\overline{x})}{}\underset{C(\overline{x})}{},$$

where $`\{c_i\}`$ is a collection of positive integers indexed by $`C(\overline{x})`$.

Define $`\pi :𝒳X`$ to be the fibered category whose fiber $`𝒳(Y)`$ over $`f:YX`$ is the groupoid of simple morphisms of log structures $`\phi :f^{}_X`$, such that for each geometric point $`\overline{y}Y`$ with $`\overline{x}=f(\overline{y})`$, the integer $`c_i`$ associated to a component $`C_iC(\overline{x})`$ is equal to the integer $`b_i`$ attached (by our assumptions) to the component $`D_iX`$ containing the image of $`C_i`$ under the natural map $`\text{Spec}(𝒪_{X,\overline{x}})X`$. A morphism

(4.2.3)
$$\rho :(\phi _1:f^{}_X_1)(\phi _2:f^{}_X_2)$$

in $`𝒳(Y)`$ is an isomorphism of log structures $`\rho :_1_2`$ such that $`\rho \phi _1=\phi _2`$. With the natural notion of pullback, $`𝒳`$ is a fibered category. Moreover, because $`𝒳`$ classifies étale sheaves, $`𝒳`$ is a stack with respect to the étale topology.

###### Lemma 4.3.

The stack $`𝒳`$ is a Deligne–Mumford stack. If $`X=\text{Spec}(k[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n])`$ and $`D_i=Z(x_i)`$ for $`1ir`$, then $`𝒳`$ is canonically isomorphic to

(4.3.1)
$$[\text{Spec}(k[y_1,\mathrm{},y_n])/\mu _{b_1}\times \mathrm{}\times \mu _{b_r}],$$

where $`k[y_1,\mathrm{},y_n]`$ is viewed as a $`k[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$–algebra via the map induced by

(4.3.2)
$$x_i\{\begin{array}{cc}y_i^{b_i}& \text{if }ir\hfill \\ y_i& \text{if }i>r,\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`\mu _{b_1}\times \mathrm{}\times \mu _{b_r}`$ acts by

(4.3.3)
$$(u_1,\mathrm{},u_r)y_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}u_iy_i& \text{if }ir\hfill \\ y_i& \text{if }i>r.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

Since $`𝒳`$ is a stack with respect to the étale topology, the assertion that $`𝒳`$ is a Deligne–Mumford stack can be verified étale locally on $`X`$. Thus it suffices to prove the second statement. Let us temporarily denote the stack (4.3.1) by $`𝒳^{}`$. By (, 5.20), $`𝒳^{}`$ is canonically isomorphic to the stack which to any $`f:YX`$ associates the groupoid of morphism of log structures $`f^{}_X`$ together with a map $`\overline{\beta }^{}:^r\overline{}`$ which étale locally lifts to a chart, such that the diagram diagram

(4.3.4)
$$\begin{array}{ccc}^r& \stackrel{(\times b_i)}{}& ^r\\ \overline{\beta }& & \overline{\beta }^{}& & \\ f^1\overline{}_X& & \overline{}\end{array}$$

commutes, where $`\overline{\beta }`$ denotes the map induced by the standard chart on $`_X`$. It follows that there is a natural functor $`F:𝒳^{}𝒳`$ which simply forgets the additional data of the map $`\overline{\beta }^{}`$. By (3.3), every object of $`𝒳(Y)`$ is étale locally in the essential image of $`F`$, so to prove that $`F`$ is an equivalence, it suffices to prove that it is fully faithful. This amounts to the following statement. Given two objects $`(\phi _i:f^{}_X_i,\beta _i^{})`$ of $`𝒳^{}(Y)`$, any isomorphism $`\rho :_1_2`$, such that $`\rho \phi _1=\phi _2`$, has the property that $`\overline{\rho }\overline{\beta }_1^{}=\overline{\beta }_2^{}`$, where $`\overline{\rho }:\overline{}_1\overline{}_2`$ denotes the map induced by $`\rho `$. But this is clear, for since $`\overline{}_2`$ has no units, two maps $`^r\overline{}_2`$ are equal if and only if their restrictions to the image of $`(\times b_i)`$ are equal. Thus $`F`$ is fully faithful, and the lemma follows. ∎

We can now complete the proof of (4.1). We define $`\stackrel{~}{D}_i`$ to be the unique reduced closed substack of $`𝒳`$ whose support is equal to the support of the closed substack defined by $`\pi ^{}𝒪_X(D_i)`$. By the local description of $`𝒳`$ given above, $`\stackrel{~}{D}:=\stackrel{~}{D}_i`$ is a reduced divisor with normal crossings, and (4.1 (ii)) holds. Also the local description of $`𝒳`$ in (4.3) implies that $`X`$ is the coarse moduli space of $`𝒳`$ (see for example (, 2.3.3)).

To see (4.1 (iii)), note that by (2.2 (i)), $`R^i\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^j𝒪_𝒳(_ia_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i))=0`$ for $`i>0`$. Moreover, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^j(\text{log }\stackrel{~}{D})=\pi ^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_{X/k}^j(\text{log }D)`$, so by the projection formula we have

(4.3.5)
$$R\pi _{}(\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/k}^i𝒪_𝒳(\underset{i}{}a_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i))\mathrm{\Omega }_{X/k}^i(\text{log }D)\pi _{}𝒪_𝒳(\underset{i}{}(a_i+1)\stackrel{~}{D}_i)).$$

Since $`b_ia_i`$, $`\mathrm{}(a_i+1)/b_i\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}a_i/b_i\mathrm{}`$, so it suffices to exhibit an equality of sheaves of ideals

(4.3.6)
$$\pi _{}𝒪_𝒳(\underset{i}{}(a_i)\stackrel{~}{D}_i)=𝒪_X(\underset{i}{}\mathrm{}a_i/b_i\mathrm{}D_i),$$

for any collection of integers $`\{a_i\}`$. For this we may again work étale locally on $`X`$, and so need only consider $`X`$ and $`𝒳`$ as in (4.3). In this case, $`\pi _{}𝒪_𝒳(_ia_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i)`$ is simply the $`k[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]`$–submodule of $`(y_1^{a_1}\mathrm{}y_r^{a_r})`$ invariant under the action of $`\mu _{b_1}\times \mathrm{}\times \mu _{b_r}`$. If $`l_i`$ denotes the smallest multiple of $`b_i`$ such that $`a_il_i`$, then this submodule of invariants is $`(y_1^{l_1}\mathrm{}y_r^{l_r})`$. Since $`l_i=\mathrm{}a_i/b_i\mathrm{}b_i`$, this implies (4.1 (iii)).

As for (4.1 (iv)), let $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ be the fibered category on the category of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$–schemes, which to any $`f:Y\stackrel{~}{X}`$ associates the groupoid of morphisms of log structures $`f^{}_{\stackrel{~}{X}}_Y`$ which when pulled back to $`Y_Ak`$ defines an object of $`𝒳(Y_Ak)`$. Since $`(\stackrel{~}{X},_{\stackrel{~}{X}})`$ is log smooth over $`\text{Spec}(A)`$, it follows from the structure theorem for log smooth morphisms (, 3.4) that étale locally on $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$, the log scheme $`(\stackrel{~}{X},_{\stackrel{~}{X}})`$ is isomorphic to $`\text{Spec}(A[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n])`$ with log structure defined by

(4.3.7)
$$^rA[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n],(i_1,\mathrm{},i_r)x_1^{i_1}\mathrm{}x_r^{i_r},$$

for some $`n`$ and $`r`$. From this and the same argument used in the proof of (4.3), it follows that $`\stackrel{~}{𝒳}`$ is a smooth lifting of $`𝒳`$.

To prove (4.1 (v)), we have to attach to any $`f:YX`$ as in the theorem, a unique (up to unique isomorphism) object $`f^{}_X`$ of $`𝒳(Y)`$. Since $`f`$ is flat, $`f^{}_X`$ is a subsheaf of $`𝒪_Y`$. From this it follows that $``$ is also a subsheaf of $`𝒪_Y`$. Moreover, we can completely characterize the sheaf $``$ as follows. Etale locally on $`X`$, we can find a chart $`^r_X`$ for the log structure on $`X`$. For each generator $`e_i^r`$, let $`f_i`$ be its image in $`𝒪_X`$ and let $`b_i`$ denote the corresponding integer attached to the component of $`D`$ defined by $`f_i`$. By assumption, there exists étale locally on $`Y`$ an element $`g_i𝒪_Y,`$ well defined up to multiplication by a root of unity, with $`g_i^{b_i}=f_i`$. The log structure $``$ is then the subsheaf of monoids of $`𝒪_Y`$ generated by the $`g_i`$ and $`𝒪_Y^{}`$. This also proves the existence. ∎

## 5. The Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem

Let $`k`$ be a field, $`X/k`$ be a smooth projective variety of pure dimension $`d`$, and $`E=_ia_iD_i\text{Div}(X)`$ an ample divisor. Define the *integral part* $`[E]`$, the *round up* $`\mathrm{}E\mathrm{}`$, and the *fractional part* $`E`$ by

(5.0.1) $`[E]`$ $`:={\displaystyle [a_i]D_i}`$
(5.0.2) $`\mathrm{}E\mathrm{}`$ $`:={\displaystyle \mathrm{}a_i\mathrm{}D_i}=[E]`$
(5.0.3) $`E`$ $`:={\displaystyle a_iD_i}=E[E],`$
where for $`r`$ we write $`[r]:=\text{max}\{t|tr\}.`$ We suppose that the support of $`E`$ is a divisor $`D`$ with normal crossings, and denote by $`_X`$ the associated log structure on $`X`$ (, 1.5 (i)). The following version of the Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem can be found in (, 1–2–2):

###### Theorem 5.1.

(i). Suppose $`\text{char}(k)=0`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X^1(\text{log }D)`$ the sheaf of differentials on $`X`$ with log poles along $`D`$, and by $`\mathrm{\Omega }_X^i(\text{log }D)`$ its $`i`$–th exterior power. Then

(5.1.1)
$$H^j(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^i(\text{log }D)𝒪_X(\mathrm{}E\mathrm{}))=0\text{ for }i+j<d.$$

(ii). Suppose $`k`$ is perfect and let $`W_2(k)`$ denote the reduction modulo $`p^2`$ of the ring of Witt vectors of $`k`$. Suppose further that the smooth log scheme $`(X,_X)`$ admits a log smooth lifting to $`W_2(k).`$ Then

(5.1.2)
$$H^j(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^i(\text{log }D)𝒪_X(\mathrm{}E\mathrm{}))=0\text{ for }i+j<\text{inf}(d,p).$$

###### Proof.

Write $`E=_i(a_i/b_i)D_i`$ with $`(a_i,b_i)=1`$. Note that by the openness of the ample cone, we can replace the rational numbers $`a_i/b_i`$ by any other rational numbers sufficiently close to the $`a_i/b_i`$ without changing the statement of the theorem. Thus in the positive characteristic case, we may assume that the integers $`b_i`$ are prime to $`p`$. Let $`\pi :𝒳X`$ be the stack associated to the data $`(X,D,\{b_i\})`$ as in (4.1). Then by (4.1 (iii)), and the projection formula, we have

(5.1.3)
$$H^j(X,\mathrm{\Omega }_X^i(\text{log }D)𝒪_X(\mathrm{}E\mathrm{}))=H^j(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_𝒳^i𝒪_𝒳(\pi ^{}[E]\underset{i}{}a_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i)).$$

Since $`(_ib_i)𝒪_𝒳(\pi ^{}[E]+_ia_i\stackrel{~}{D}_i)`$ descends to an ample sheaf on $`X`$, the theorem therefore follows from (2.1). ∎

###### Remark 5.2.

The above theorem plays a crucial and indispensible role in carrying out the proofs for many key ingredients of the so-called Minimal Model Program (MMP for short). The call for Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing, going beyond the classical Kodaira vanishing, is more apparent when we have to deal with the singularities that MMP inevitably brings in higher dimensions ($`\text{dim}3`$). This is usually perceived as a technical calamity rather than an indication of any essential point. We wonder and/or speculate, however, that, once we have an interpretation of Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing as a version of Kodaira vanishing for stacks as in this note, there may be some smooth stacks floating around behind the whole game of MMP, and the singularities of MMP we only observe as we look at the coarse moduli of these smooth stacks.