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# References

Interpolation orbits in the Lebesgue spaces

V.I.Ovchinnikov

This paper is devoted to description of interpolation orbits with respect to linear operators mapping an arbitrary couple of $`L_p`$ spaces with weights $`\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}`$ into an arbitrary couple $`\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\}`$, where $`1p_0,p_1,q_0,q_1\mathrm{}`$. By $`L_p(U)`$ we denote the space of measurable functions $`f`$ on a measure space $`𝔐`$ such that $`fUL_p`$ with the norm $`f_{L_p(U)}=fU_{L_p}`$.

Let $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ and $`\{Y_0,Y_1\}`$ be two Banach couples, $`aX_0+X_1`$. The space $`Orb(a,\{X_0,X_1\}\{Y_0,Y_1\})`$ is a Banach space of $`yY_0+Y_1`$ such that $`y=Ta`$, where $`T`$ is a linear operator mapping the couple $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ into the couple $`\{Y_0,Y_1\}`$. The norm is defined by

$$y_{Orb}=\underset{T}{inf}\mathrm{max}(T_{X_0Y_0},T_{X_1Y_1}),$$

where infimum is taken over all representations of $`y`$ in the form $`y=Ta`$. This space is called an interpolation orbit of the element $`a`$.

We are going to describe the spaces

$$Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})$$

for arbitrary $`a`$, any $`1p_0,p_1,q_0,q_1\mathrm{}`$ and any positive weights $`U_0,U_1,V_0,V_1`$.

Fundamental results on description of these spaces in separate cases are well known since 1965. The key role was played by the J.Peetre K-functional.

Let $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ be a Banach couple, $`xX_0+X_1`$, $`s>0`$, $`t>0`$. Denote by

$$K(s,t,x;\{X_0,X_1\})=\underset{x=x_0+x_1}{inf}sx_0_{X_0}+tx_1_{X_1}$$

where infimum is taken over all representations of $`x`$ as a sum of $`x_0X_0`$ and $`x_1X_1`$. The function $`K(s,t)`$ is concave and it is uniquely defined by the function $`K(1,t,x;\{X_0,X_1\})`$ which is also denoted by $`K(t,x;\{X_0,X_1\})`$.

If $`1p_0q_0\mathrm{}`$, $`1p_1q_1\mathrm{}`$, the orbits $`Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})`$ were described as the generalized Marcinkiewicz spaces, i.e.,

$$Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})$$

$$=M_\phi (L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1))=\{y:\underset{s,t}{sup}\frac{K(s,t,y;\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})}{\phi (s,t)}<\mathrm{}\},$$

where $`\phi (s,t)=K(s,t,a;\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\})`$, for any $`aL_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1)`$. First results were obtained by B.S.Mitiagin and A.P.Calderon in the case $`p_0=q_0=1`$ and $`p_1=q_1=\mathrm{}`$. The final steps in the description were done by G.Sparr in ,  and V.I.Dmitriev in . In particular G.Sparr showed that if

$$K(s,t,y;\{L_{p_0}(V_0),L_{p_1}(V_1)\})CK(s,t,a;\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}),$$

then there exists a linear operator $`T:\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{p_0}(V_0),L_{p_1}(V_1)\}`$ such that $`y=Ta`$.

V.I.Dmitriev in  had also found a description of orbits in the case of arbitrary $`1p_0,p_1\mathrm{}`$ and $`q_0=q_1=1`$ as well as in the case of arbitrary $`1p_1,q_0\mathrm{}`$ and $`p_0=q_1=1`$. These Dmitriev’s results were not estimated properly at that time because the form of description seemed to be not satisfactory.

The result we are going to present here goes up to the paper  where some optimal interpolation theorems were found. These theorems could be considered as a description of interpolation orbits of elements $`a`$ from a one-parameter family but for arbitrary indices $`1p_0,p_1,q_0,q_1\mathrm{}`$. Developing this approach the following description was conjectured in . The space $`Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})`$ is situated between $`L_{q_0}(V_0)`$ and $`L_{q_1}(V_1)`$ exactly in ”the same place” where the Calderon–Lozanovskii space $`\phi (L_{r_0}(W_0),L_{r_1}(W_1))`$ is situated between $`L_{r_0}(W_0)`$ and $`L_{r_1}(W_1)`$, where $`\phi (s,t)=K(s,t,a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\})`$ and $`r_0^1=(q_0^1p_0^1)_+`$, $`r_1^1=(q_1^1p_1^1)_+`$. This hypothesis was confirmed in the paper  for elements $`a`$ with quasi-power functions $`\phi (s,t)=K(s,t,a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\})`$. (Note that it may happen that the space $`L_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1)`$ does not contain such elements at all.) Now we show that hypothesis from  is true for any $`aL_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1)`$. We also present a slightly modified description of interpolation orbits which resembles Dmitriev’s description from .

$`1^o`$. The method of means for any quasi-concave functional parameter.

Let $`\phi (s,t)`$ be interpolation function, that is let $`\rho (t)=\phi (1,t)`$ be quasi-concave and $`\phi (s,t)`$ be homogeneous of the degree one. Assume that $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ which means that $`\phi (1,t)0`$ and $`\phi (t,1)0`$ as $`t0`$. Denote by $`\{t_n\}`$ a balanced sequence corresponding to the quasi-concave function $`\rho (t)`$ (see ). The sequence may be constructed by induction

$$\mathrm{min}(\frac{\rho (t_{n+1})}{\rho (t_n)},\frac{t_{n+1}\rho (t_n)}{t_n\rho (t_{n+1})})=q>1.$$
(1)
(For simplicity in the sequel we suppose that the sequence $`\{t_n\}`$ is two-sided.) Such sequences invented by K.Oskolkov were introduced to interpolation by S.Janson (see ).

The main property of this sequence is the following

$$K(s,t,\{\rho (t_n)\},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(t_n^1)\})\phi (s,t)$$
(2)
for any $`1p_0,p_1\mathrm{}`$ (see ).

Definition 1. Let $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ be any Banach couple, $`\rho (t)`$ be a quasi-concave function such that $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ and $`1p_0,p_1\mathrm{}`$. Denote by $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ the space of $`xX_0+X_1`$ such that

$$x=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n(\mathrm{convergence}\mathrm{in}X_0+X_1),$$

where $`w_nX_0X_1`$ and $`\{w_n_{X_0}\}l_{p_0}`$, $`\{t_nw_n_{X_1}\}l_{p_1}`$.

The norm in $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ is naturally defined. In the case of $`\phi (s,t)=s^{1\theta }t^\theta ,0<\theta <1`$ these spaces where introduced by J.-L.Lions and J.Peetre and were called the spaces of means (see ). In this case we take $`t_n=2^n`$. As we shall see later that new notations we use here have it’s own reasons.

Note that the space $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_\mathrm{},\mathrm{}`$ coincides with the generalized Marcinkiewicz space $`M_\phi (X_0,X_1)`$ as well as with the space $`(X_0,X_1)_{\rho ,\mathrm{}}`$ (see ,).

Let $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ be a couple of Banach lattices. Recall that the space $`\phi (X_0,X_1)`$ is the space of all elements from $`X_0+X_1`$ such that $`|x|=\phi (|x_0|,|x_1|)`$, where $`x_0X_0,x_1X_1`$ with the norm

$$x_{\phi (X_0,X_1)}=\underset{x_0,x_1}{inf}\mathrm{max}(x_0_{X_0},x_1_{X_1})$$

and the infimum is taken over all representation of $`|x|`$ in the form $`\phi (|x_0|,|x_1|)`$.

Lemma 1. Let $`1p_0,p_1\mathrm{}`$, then

$$\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))=\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))_{p_0,p_1}.$$

(Note that if $`U_0=1`$ and $`U_1=1`$, then $`\phi (L_{p_0},L_{p_1})`$ is an Orlicz space.)

Proof. Let us show the embedding

$$\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))_{p_0,p_1}\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)).$$
(3)
Let

$$x=\underset{n}{}w_n\rho (t_n)$$

where $`\{w_n_{L_{p_0}}\}l_{p_0}`$, and $`\{t_nw_n_{L_{p_1}}\}l_{p_1}`$. We introduce a linear operator

$$T:\{l_{p_0^{}},l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1)\}\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\},$$

where $`p^{}`$ denotes the index dual to the index $`p`$, i.e., $`p^{}=(11/p)^1`$. We put

$$T(\xi )=\underset{n}{}w_n\xi _n,(\mathrm{convergence}\mathrm{in}L_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1))$$

for $`\xi l_{p_0^{}}+l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1)`$.

If $`\xi l_{p_0^{}}`$, then the series $`(w_n\xi _n)`$ is absolutely convergent in $`L_{p_0}(U_0)`$. If $`\xi l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1)`$, then the series $`(w_n\xi _n)=(w_nt_n\xi _nt_n^1)`$ is absolutely convergent in $`L_{p_1}(U_1)`$. Moreover everywhere on the measure space $`𝔐`$ we have

$$|\underset{n}{}w_n(m)\xi _n|\underset{n}{}|w_n(m)||\xi _n|$$

$$(\underset{n}{}|w_n(m)|^{p_0})^{1/p_0}(\underset{n}{}|\xi _n|^{p_0^{}})^{1/p_0^{}}.$$

Since

$$\underset{𝔐}{}\underset{n}{}|U_0(m)w_n(m)|^{p_0}dm=\underset{n}{}w_n_{L_{p_0}(U_0)}^{p_0}<\mathrm{}$$

we deduce

$$(\underset{n}{}|w_n(m)|^{p_0})^{1/p_0}=W_0(m)L_{p_0}(U_0).$$

Analogously

$$(\underset{n}{}(t_n|w_n(m)|)^{p_1})^{1/p_1}=W_1(m)L_{p_1}(U_1).$$

Hence

$$|T(\xi )(m)|W_0(m)\xi _{l_{p_0^{}}}\mathrm{for}\xi l_{p_0^{}},$$

$$|T(\xi )(m)|W_1(m)\xi _{l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1)}\mathrm{for}\xi l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1).$$

This means that the operator $`T`$ is factorized through a couple of weighted $`L_{\mathrm{}}`$-spaces. So we have

$$T:l_{p_0^{}}L_{\mathrm{}}(W_0^1(m))L_{p_0}(U_0),$$

$$T:l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1)L_{\mathrm{}}(W_1^1(m))L_{p_1}(U_1).$$

(Without loss of generality we suppose here that almost everywhere on the measure space $`𝔐`$ both weights $`W_0`$ and $`W_1`$ are not equal to 0.)

It is easily seen that the image $`x`$ of the sequence $`\{\rho (t_n)\}`$ with respect to the operator $`T`$ is equal to the sum

$$x=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n.$$

In view of (2)

$$K(s,t,\{\rho (t_n)\},\{l_{p_0^{}},l_{p_1^{}}(t_n^1)\})\phi (s,t).$$

Hence

$$K(s,t,T(\{\rho (t_n)\}),\{L_{\mathrm{}}(W_0^1),L_{\mathrm{}}(W_1^1)\})$$

$$=K(s,t,x,\{L_{\mathrm{}}(W_0^1),L_{\mathrm{}}(W_1^1)\})C\phi (s,t),$$

which imply

$$|x(m)|K(W_0(m),W_1(m),x,\{L_{\mathrm{}}(W_0^1),L_{\mathrm{}}(W_1^1)\})C\phi (W_0(m),W_1(m)).$$

So we obtain $`x\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))`$ and embedding (3) is proved.

Now consider the embedding

$$\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))_{p_0,p_1}.$$
(4)
Let $`a\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))`$. Denote by $`\psi (t)`$ the K-functional of $`a`$, i.e.,

$$\psi (t)=K(t,a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}).$$

and denote by $`\{u_m\}`$ a balanced sequence for the function $`\psi `$. (Note that $`\psi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ because of $`a\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))(L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))_{\rho ,\mathrm{}}`$.) Then

$$\psi (t)K(t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})K(t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\}).$$

(Note also that index $`m`$ runs over some interval $`𝕄`$ in $``$.) By the Sparr theorem for the couples $`\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}`$ and $`\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}`$ there exist linear operators

$$A:\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}$$

and

$$B:\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}$$

such that $`A(a)=\{\psi (u_m)\}`$ and $`B(\{\psi (u_m)\})=a`$. Since the Calderon–Lozanovskii construction is an interpolation functor for couples of $`L_p`$ spaces we deduce

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)).$$

Recall that any element $`a\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))`$ belongs to the orbit of the sequence $`\{\rho (t_n)\}`$ with respect to linear operators mapping the couple $`\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(t_n^1)\}`$ into the couple $`\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}`$ (see, for instance ). This means that there exists a linear operator

$$T:\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(t_n^1)\}\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}$$

such that $`T(\{\rho (t_n)\})=a`$.

Let us consider the composition

$$AT:\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(t_n^1)\}\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\},$$

which maps $`\{\rho (t_n)\}`$ into $`\{\psi (u_m)\}`$.

Since $`l_pl_{\mathrm{}}`$ we consider the operator $`AT`$ as an operator mapping the couple $`\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(t_n^1)\}`$ into the couple $`\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\}`$. The embedding $`l_pl_{\mathrm{}}`$ are $`(1,p)`$–summing by the Karl–Bennett theorem , hence

$$\{AT(e_n)_l_{\mathrm{}}\}l_{p_0}\{t_nAT(e_n)_{l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)}\}l_{p_1},$$

where $`\{e_n\}`$ denotes the standard basis in $`l_p`$ spaces.

Hence

$$\psi (u_m)=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)AT(e_n)=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n,$$
(5)
which means

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1))_{p_0,p_1}.$$

In view of (5)

$$K(t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\})\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)K(t,w_n,\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\}),$$

therefore by (2)

$$K(t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})C\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)K(t,w_n,\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\}).$$
(6)
By the K-divisibility (see ) for the couple $`\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}`$ (6) implies that there exists a sequence $`w_n^{}l_{p_0}l_{p_1}(u_m^1)`$ such that

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n^{},$$

and

$$K(t,w_n^{},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})6CK(t,w_n,\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\}).$$
(7)
Since

$$\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}K(t,w_n^{},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})=w_n^{}_{l_{p_0}}$$

and

$$\underset{t0}{lim}\frac{1}{t}K(t,w_n^{},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})=w_n^{}_{l_{p_1}(u_m^1)}$$

inequalities (7) imply

$$w_n^{}_{l_{p_0}}6Cw_n^{}_l_{\mathrm{}},w_n^{}_{l_{p_1}(u_m^1)}6Cw_n^{}_{l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)}.$$

Hence

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1))_{p_0,p_1}.$$

The construction $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ is evidently an interpolation functor, hence the image of $`\{\psi (u_m)\}`$ with respect to linear operator $`B:\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}`$ belongs to $`\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))_{p_0,p_1}`$. Namely $`a=B(\{\psi (u_m)\})\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))_{p_0,p_1}`$. So the embedding (4) and Lemma 1 are proved.

Remark 1. The embedding (4) in the case $`p_0,p_12`$ may be proved without the Karl–Bennett theorem and K-divisibility. We may simply mention that for a unconditionally convergent series $`(w_n)`$ in $`L_p`$ we have $`\{w_n_{L_p}\}l_p`$ if $`p2`$.

Let us now describe the space $`\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))`$ in term of the K-functional. Take any $`a\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))`$, consider the K-functional $`\psi (t)=K(1,t,a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\})`$ of $`a`$. Since $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$, then $`\psi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$.

It is easily seen that $`a\phi (L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1))`$ if and only if $`\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1))`$, where $`\{u_m\}`$ is a balanced sequence for the function.

Recall that interpolation function $`\phi `$ is called non-degenerate if the ranges of the functions $`\phi (t,1)`$ and $`\phi (1,t)`$ where $`t>0`$ coincide with $`(0,\mathrm{})`$.

Lemma 2. If $`\phi `$ is non-degenerate, the space $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ consists of $`xX_0+X_1`$ for which

$$\{K(u_m,x,\{X_0,X_1\}\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)),$$

where $`\{u_m\}`$ is a balanced sequence for the function $`K(t,x,\{X_0,X_1\})`$.

Remark 2. Note that the spaces $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p,p}`$ coincide with the space $`(X_0,X_1)_{\rho ,p}`$ introduced by S.Janson (see ). Lemma 2 gives us a new description of these spaces as well.

Proof. Let us show that Lemma 2 is true for any interpolation function $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ and any mutually closed Banach couple. Recall that a couple $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ is called mutually closed if $`X_0=\stackrel{~}{X}_0`$ and $`X_1=\stackrel{~}{X}_1`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ denotes the completion of $`X`$ with respect to $`X_0+X_1`$.

If $`x\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$, then

$$x=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n$$
(8)
where

$$\underset{n}{}w_n_{X_0}^{p_0}<\mathrm{},\underset{n}{}(t_nw_n_{X_1})^{p_1}<\mathrm{}.$$

The expansion (8) implies

$$K(t,x,\{X_0,X_1\})\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)K(t,w_n,\{X_0,X_1\}).$$

Let us denote again by $`\psi (t)=K(t,x,\{X_0,X_1\})`$. Hence

$$K(t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)K(t,w_n,\{X_0,X_1\}).$$

By the K-divisibility applied to the couple $`\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}`$ we obtain a sequence $`w_n^{}l_{p_0}l_{p_1}(u_m^1)`$ such that

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n^{}$$

and

$$K(t,w_n^{},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})6CK(t,w_n,\{X_0,X_1\})$$
(9)
for any $`n`$.

By (9) we get

$$w_n^{}_{l_{p_0}}6Cw_n_{X_0},w_n^{}_{l_{p_1}(u_m^1)}6Cw_n_{X_0}$$

as it was done in Lemma 1. So we conclude $`\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1))_{p_0,p_1}`$ and

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1))$$

by Lemma 1.

Now we suppose that

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1))=\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1))_{p_0,p_1},$$

then

$$\{\psi (u_m)\}=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n^{},$$

where

$$\{w_n^{}_{l_{p_0}}\}l_{p_0},\{w_n^{}_{l_{p_1}(u_m^1)}\}l_{p_1}.$$

Hence

$$K(t,a,\{X_0,X_1\})=\psi (t)CK(t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\})$$

$$C\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)K(t,w_n,\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}).$$

By the K-divisibility of the couple $`\{X_0,X_1\}`$ we find a sequence $`w_nX_0+X_1`$ such that

$$a=\underset{n}{}\rho (t_n)w_n$$

and

$$K(t,w_n,\{X_0,X_1\})6CK(t,w_n^{},\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)\}).$$

Hence

$$\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}K(t,w_n,\{X_0,X_1\})6Cw_n^{}_{l_{p_0}},$$

$$\underset{t0}{lim}\frac{1}{t}K(t,w_n,\{X_0,X_1\})6Cw_n^{}_{l_{p_1}(u_m^1)}.$$

This means

$$w_n_{\stackrel{~}{X}_0}6Cw_n^{}_{l_{p_0}},w_n_{\stackrel{~}{X}_1}6Cw_n^{}_{l_{p_1}(u_m^1)}.$$

Thus $`a\phi (\stackrel{~}{X}_0,\stackrel{~}{X}_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$. So if $`X_0=\stackrel{~}{X}_0`$ and $`X_1=\stackrel{~}{X}_1`$, Lemma 2 is proved without any assumption on the function $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$. It may be shown that

$$\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}=\phi (\stackrel{~}{X}_0,\stackrel{~}{X}_1)_{p_0,p_1}$$

if $`\phi `$ is non-degenerate (see ). Lemma 2 is proved.

Let now $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ and $`\phi `$ be degenerate. If both $`\phi (1,t)`$ and $`\phi (t,1)`$ are bounded then $`\phi (t,s)\mathrm{min}(s,t)`$ and naturally we have

$$\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}=X_0X_1.$$

Suppose now that $`\phi (1,t)`$ is bounded and $`\phi (t,1)`$ is not bounded. In this case a balanced sequence for $`\phi `$ turns out to be one-sided. Let us think that we have $`\{t_n\}_{\mathrm{}}^0`$.

Let us show that

$$\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}=(X_0,X_1)_{\phi ,p_0,p_1}^KX_0,$$

where by $`(X_0,X_1)_{\phi ,p_0,p_1}^K`$ we denote the space of $`xX_0+X_1`$ such that

$$\{K(u_m,x,\{X_0,X_1\})\}\phi (l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(u_m^1)).$$

We have already shown that

$$(X_0,X_1)_{\phi ,p_0,p_1}^K=\phi (\stackrel{~}{X}_0,\stackrel{~}{X}_1)_{p_0,p_1}.$$

Since $`\{t_n\}`$ is one-sided we have

$$\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}\phi (X_0,X_1)_\mathrm{},\mathrm{}X_0.$$

Hence

$$\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}(X_0,X_1)_{\phi ,p_0,p_1}^KX_0.$$

If now $`x(X_0,X_1)_{\phi ,p_0,p_1}^KX_0`$, then there exists an element $`a(l_1,l_1(2^k))_{\phi ,p_0,p_1}`$ such that $`x=Ua`$, where $`U:\{l_1,l_1(2^k)\}\{X_0,X_1\}`$ (see , where we have shown that interpolation from the couple $`\{l_1,l_1(2^k)\}`$ to any Banach couple is essentially described by K-method.) The couple $`\{l_1,l_1(2^k)\}`$ is mutually closed. Hence $`a\phi (l_1,l_1(2^k))_{p_0,p_1}`$, therefore

$$a=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{0}{}}\rho (t_n)a_n,$$

where $`\{a_n_{l_1}\}l_{p_0}`$, $`\{t_na_n_{l_1(2^k)}\}l_{p_1}`$. Thus

$$x=Ua=\underset{n=\mathrm{}}{\overset{0}{}}\rho (t_n)U(a_n),$$

where $`\{U(a_n)_{X_0}\}l_{p_0}`$, $`\{t_nU(a_n)_{X_1}\}l_{p_1}`$. So we have $`x\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$.

Thus we obtain a description of the functor $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ for all functions $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$.

If at least one of $`p_0,p_1`$ is equal to infinity, then functions $`K(s,t,a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\})`$ where $`aL_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1)`$ not always belong to $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$. So if we are going to describe orbits in terms of $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$, we need in the definition of the functor $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ not only for $`\phi \mathrm{\Phi }_0`$.

Recall that any interpolation function $`\phi (s,t)`$ can be presented in the form

$$\phi (s,t)=\alpha s+\beta t+\phi _0(s,t),$$

where $`\phi _0\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$. If $`\alpha `$ or $`\beta `$ is greater than $`0`$, then $`\phi _0\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$.

Definition 2. If $`\phi `$ is arbitrary interpolation function, then denote by $`\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}`$ the space

$$\alpha X_0+\beta X_1+\phi _0(X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1},$$

where $`\alpha X`$ denotes the space $`X`$ with the norm $`x_{\alpha X}=\alpha x_X`$ if $`\alpha >0`$, and $`\alpha X=0`$ if $`\alpha =0`$.

Note that if both $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are greater than zero, then

$$\phi (X_0,X_1)_{p_0,p_1}=X_0+X_1$$

for any $`p_0`$ and $`p_1`$.

$`2^o`$. The main theorem.

Theorem. Let $`\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}`$ and $`\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\}`$ be two Banach couples, where $`1p_0,p_1,q_0,q_1\mathrm{}`$, and $`aL_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1)`$ such that $`\phi (s,t)=K(s,t,a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\})\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$, then

$$Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})=\phi (L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1))_{r_0,r_1},$$

where $`r_0^1=(q_0^1p_0^1)_+`$ and $`r_1^1=(q_1^1p_1^1)_+`$. (As usual $`x_+`$ denotes the positive part of $`x`$.)

The rest cases $`\phi (s,t)\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ can be easily reduced to $`\phi (s,t)\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ as it was done in  where the analogous situation takes place for $`p_0q_0`$ and $`p_1q_1`$.

The proof is a combination of the following propositions.

Proposition 1. For any $`1p_0,p_1,q_0,q_1\mathrm{}`$ and any weights $`U_0,U_1,V_0,V_1`$, and for any $`aL_{p_0}(U_0)+L_{p_1}(U_1)`$

$$Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})\phi (L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1))_{r_0,r_1}.$$

Proof. Let $`b=Ta`$, where $`T:\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\}`$. Recall that $`\rho (t)=\phi (1,t)`$. Denote $`a_\rho =\{\rho (t_n)\}`$, $`\psi (u)=K(u,b,\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})`$ and $`b_\psi =\{\psi (u_n)\}`$, where $`u_m`$ is a balanced sequence for $`\psi (u)`$. The Sparr theorem implies that there exists a linear operator $`S:\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(t_n^1)\}\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\}`$ such that $`Sa_\rho =b_\psi `$.

We consider the embedding $`\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\}\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\}`$. It is known that the embedding $`l_{q_i}ł_{\mathrm{}}`$ are $`(1,q_i)`$– summing operators (by the Karl–Bennett theorem, see ). Hence if $`q_0<p_0`$, then the image of the standard basic sequence in $`l_{p_0}`$ with respect to $`S:l_{p_0}l_{\mathrm{}}`$ is $`l_{r_0}`$-sequence, that is $`\{S(e_n)_l_{\mathrm{}}\}l_{r_0},`$ where $`r_0^1=q_0^1p_0^1`$. Analogously $`\{t_nS(e_n)_{l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)}\}l_{r_1},`$ where $`r_1^1=q_1^1p_1^1`$. Hence in any case we have

$$\{S(e_n)_l_{\mathrm{}}\}l_{r_0},\mathrm{and}\{t_nS(e_n)_{l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)}\}l_{r_1},$$

where $`r_0^1=(q_0^1p_0^1)_+`$ and $`r_1^1=(q_1^1p_1^1)_+`$.

Therefore by definition $`b_\psi \phi (l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1))_{r_0,r_1}`$. By Lemma 2 this means

$$\{K(v_m,b_\psi ,\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\})\}\phi (l_{r_0},l_{r_1}(v_m^1)),$$

where $`\{v_m\}`$ is a balanced sequence of the function $`K(v,b_\psi ,\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\})K(v,b_\psi ,\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\})=\psi (v)`$. Hence we can take $`v_m=u_m`$, and by (2)

$$K(u_m,b,\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})K(u_m,b_\psi ,\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\})K(u_m,b_\psi ,\{l_{\mathrm{}},l_{\mathrm{}}(u_m^1)\})$$

So $`\{K(u_m,b,\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\})\}\phi (l_{r_0},l_{r_1}(u_m^1))`$. By Lemma 2 Proposition is proved.

The following propositions are devoted to the inverse inclusion

$$\phi (L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1))_{r_0,r_1}Orb(a,\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\}).$$

For any $`b\psi (L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1))_{r_0,r_1}`$ we must find an operator $`T\{L_{p_0}(U_0),L_{p_1}(U_1)\}\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\}`$ such that $`b=Ta`$. Again with the help of the Sparr theorem we substitute $`a`$ by $`a_\rho `$ and $`b`$ by $`b_\psi `$ as well as initial couples by $`\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(t_n^1)\}`$ and $`\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\}`$ respectively.

Proposition 2. Let $`\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{r_0},l_{r_1}(u_m^1))`$, then there exist sequences $`\{\beta _m^0\}l_{r_0}`$ and $`\{\beta _m^1\}l_{r_1}`$ such that

$$K(s,t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_1(1/\beta _m^0),l_1(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\})C\phi (s,t).$$

Proof. Since $`\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{r_0},l_{r_1}(u_m^1))`$ we have $`\psi (u_m)=\phi (\alpha _m^0,\alpha _m^1u_m)`$, where $`\{\alpha _m^0\}l_{r_0}`$, $`\{\alpha _m^1\}l_{r_1}`$.

Consider now the convolution of $`\alpha _m^0`$ and $`\epsilon _j^0`$, where $`\epsilon _j^0=(1\epsilon )^j`$ for $`j0`$ and $`\epsilon _j^0=0`$ for $`j>0`$. Denote $`\beta ^0=\epsilon ^0\alpha ^0`$. Analogously $`\beta ^1=\epsilon ^1\alpha ^1`$, where $`\epsilon _j^1=(1\epsilon )^j`$ for $`0j`$ and $`\epsilon _j^0=0`$ for $`j<0`$. Choose $`\epsilon >0`$ sufficiently small. Then

$$\beta _{m+1}^0(1\epsilon )\beta _m^0,\beta _m^1(1\epsilon )\beta _{m+1}^1,$$
(10)
$`\alpha _m^0\beta _m^0`$, $`\alpha _m^1\beta _m^1`$ and $`\beta ^0l_{r_0}`$, $`\beta ^1l_{r_1}`$.

Indeed $`\epsilon ^0,\epsilon ^1l_1`$, hence $`\beta ^0l_{r_0}`$, $`\beta ^1l_{r_1}`$ in view of convolution properties. Since $`\epsilon _0^0=\epsilon _0^1=1`$ we have $`\alpha _m^0\beta _m^0`$, $`\alpha _m^1\beta _m^1`$. By definition

$$\beta _m^0=\underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{0}{}}(1\epsilon )^k\alpha _{mk}^0.$$

(We define $`\alpha ^0`$ as 0 outside the interval $`𝕄`$.)

Since

$$\beta _{m+1}^0=\underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{1}{}}(1\epsilon )^{k+1}\alpha _{mk}^0=(1\epsilon )\underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{1}{}}(1\epsilon )^k\alpha _{mk}^0$$

we obtain $`\beta _{m+1}^0(1\epsilon )\beta _m^0`$.

Analogously

$$\beta _m^1=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1\epsilon )^k\alpha _{mk}^1,$$

and

$$\beta _{m+1}^1=\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1\epsilon )^{k+1}\alpha _{mk}^1=(1\epsilon )\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}(1\epsilon )^k\alpha _{mk}^1.$$

Hence $`\beta _m^1(1\epsilon )\beta _{m+1}^1`$.

For the K-functional of $`\{\psi (u_m)\}`$ we have now

$$K(s,t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_1(1/\beta _m^0),l_1(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\})=\underset{m𝕄}{}\psi (u_m)\mathrm{min}(\frac{s}{\beta _m^0},\frac{t}{\beta _m^1u_m}).$$

For $`s=\beta _k^0`$, $`t=\beta _k^1u_k`$ we have

$$K(\beta _k^0,\beta _k^1u_k)\underset{mk}{}\psi (u_m)\frac{\beta _k^0}{\beta _m^0}+\underset{mk}{}\psi (u_m)\frac{\beta _k^1u_k}{\beta _m^1u_m}.$$

By (1) and (10) we conclude that right hand side of the latter inequality is estimated by a sequence equivalent to $`\psi (u_k)`$.

Indeed in view of (1)

$$\frac{\psi (u_m)}{\psi (u_{m+1})}\frac{1}{q},\frac{u_m}{\psi (u_m)}\frac{\psi (u_{m+1})}{u_{m+1}}\frac{1}{q},$$

and by (10)

$$\frac{\beta _{m+1}^0}{\beta _m^0}\frac{1}{1\epsilon },\frac{\beta _m^1}{\beta _{m+1}^1}\frac{1}{1\epsilon }.$$

Therefore

$$\frac{\psi (u_m)}{\beta _m^0}\frac{\beta _{m+1}^0}{\psi (u_{m+1})}\frac{1}{q^{}},\frac{\beta _m^1u_m}{\psi (u_m)}\frac{\psi (u_{m+1})}{\beta _{m+1}^1u_{m+1}}\frac{1}{q^{}}.$$

where $`q^{}>1`$ if $`\epsilon `$ is sufficiently small.

Hence

$$\frac{\psi (u_m)}{\beta _m^0}\frac{\beta _k^0}{\psi (u_k)}\left(\frac{1}{q^{}}\right)^{km},$$

for $`mk`$, and

$$\frac{\beta _m^1u_m}{\psi (u_m)}\frac{\psi (u_k)}{\beta _k^1u_k}\left(\frac{1}{q^{}}\right)^{mk}$$

for $`mk`$. These inequalities imply

$$\underset{mk}{}\psi (u_m)\frac{\beta _k^0}{\beta _m^0}\frac{q^{}}{q^{}1}\psi (u_k),\underset{mk}{}\psi (u_m)\frac{\beta _k^1u_k}{\beta _m^1u_m}\frac{q^{}}{q^{}1}\psi (u_k).$$

Thus

$$K(\beta _k^0,\beta _k^1u_k)\frac{q^{}}{q^{}1}\psi (u_k)=\frac{q^{}}{q^{}1}\phi (\alpha _k^0,\alpha _k^1u_k)\frac{q^{}}{q^{}1}\phi (\beta _k^0,\beta _k^1u_k),$$

therefore

$$K(s,t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_1(1/\beta _m^0),l_1(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\})C\phi (s,t).$$

Proposition is proved.

Proposition 3. Let $`b_\psi =\{\psi (u_m)\}\phi (l_{r_0},l_{r_1}(u_m^1))`$, then there exists a linear operator $`S:\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(t_n^1)\}\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\}`$ such that $`S(a_\rho )=b_\psi `$.

Proof. Without loss of generality we assume that $`p_0q_0`$, $`p_1q_1`$. By Proposition 2 we can find $`\beta ^0l_{r_0}`$ and $`\beta ^1l_{r_1}`$. Consider embedding

$$\{l_1(1/\beta _m^0),l_1(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\}\{l_{p_0}(1/\beta _m^0),l_{p_1}(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\{l_{q_0},l_{q_1}(u_m^1)\}\}$$
(11)
and the element $`b_\psi `$.

By the left-hand side embedding and Proposition 2 we have

$$K(s,t,\{\psi (u_m)\},\{l_{p_0}(1/\beta _m^0),l_{p_1}(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\})C\phi (s,t).$$

Since $`\phi (s,t)K(s,t,a_\rho ,\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(t_n^1)\})`$ by the Sparr theorem there exists an operator $`S:\{l_{p_0},l_{p_1}(t_n^1)\}\{l_{p_0}(1/\beta _m^0),l_{p_1}(1/\beta _m^1u_m)\}`$ mapping $`a_\rho `$ into $`b_\psi `$.

The composition of $`S`$ and the right hand side embedding in (11) is the desired mapping. Thus Proposition and Theorem are proved.


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# 𝒆⁺𝒆⁻ Annihilation into 𝑱/𝝍+𝑱/𝝍

## Abstract

Recent measurements by the Belle Collaboration of the exclusive production of two charmonia in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation differ substantially from theoretical predictions. We suggest that a significant part of the discrepancy can be explained by the process $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +J/\psi `$. Because the $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ production process can proceed through fragmentation of two virtual photons into two $`c\overline{c}`$ pairs, its cross section may be larger than that for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ by about a factor 1.8, in spite of a suppression factor $`\alpha ^2/\alpha _s^2`$ that is associated with the QED and QCD coupling constants.

preprint:     ANL-HEP-PR-02-110  FERMILAB-PUB-02/332-T

The charmonium states have long been a key testing ground for our understanding of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), both because of their clear experimental signatures and because of the theoretical simplifications that arise from their nonrelativistic nature. The huge data sample of continuum $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation events now being produced at the SLAC and KEK $`B`$ factories makes it possible to investigate charmonium-production processes that have very small cross sections. The exclusive production of double-charmonium states is a particularly interesting example because the theoretical predictions do not involve any unknown nonperturbative parameters. However, the first such measurements by the Belle Collaboration Abe:2002rb  are in substantial disagreement with existing predictions. In this paper, we argue that a significant part of the discrepancy between experiment and theory may be attributable to the process $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation into $`J/\psi `$ +$`J/\psi `$, where $`J/\psi `$ is the lowest spin-triplet charmonium state. This process had been overlooked because it is suppressed by $`\alpha ^2/\alpha _s^2`$, where $`\alpha `$ is the quantum-electrodynamic (QED) coupling, and $`\alpha _s`$ is the QCD coupling. However, as we shall show, this process is enhanced by a kinematic factor that is associated with the fragmentation of photons into $`c\overline{c}`$ pairs.

The Belle Collaboration has observed $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation into two charmonium states at a center-of-mass energy $`\sqrt{s}=10.6`$ GeV by studying the recoil-momentum spectrum of the $`J/\psi `$ Abe:2002rb . The collaboration measured the production cross section for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ and also found evidence for $`J/\psi +\chi _{c0}`$ and $`J/\psi +\eta _c(2S)`$ final states. Recent calculations of the production cross section for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ have given results that are about an order of magnitude smaller than the Belle measurement Braaten:2002fi ; Liu:2002wq . This presents a challenge to our current understanding of charmonium production based on NRQCD.

States consisting of two charmonia with opposite charge conjugation, such as $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$, can be produced at order $`\alpha ^2\alpha _s^2`$ through processes $`e^+e^{}c\overline{c}+c\overline{c}`$ that involve only a single virtual photon. (See Refs. Braaten:2002fi ; Liu:2002wq  for examples.) States consisting of two charmonia with the same charge conjugation, such as $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$, can be produced at order $`\alpha ^4`$ through the processes shown in the diagrams in Fig. 1, which involve two virtual photons.

We find that, in spite of its being suppressed by a factor of $`\alpha ^2/\alpha _s^2`$, the $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ production cross section may be larger than that for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$. We suggest that some of the events in Belle’s $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ signal may actually be $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ events. By taking this effect into account, one would decrease the discrepancy between the Belle measurements and the predictions of NRQCD.

The effective field theory NRQCD can be used to write a quarkonium production cross section as a sum of products of short-distance coefficients and NRQCD matrix elements BBL . The short-distance coefficients can be calculated in QCD perturbation theory, but the matrix elements are nonperturbative in nature. In the nonrelativistic limit, there is a single independent matrix element for each spin multiplet of charmonium states. The matrix elements can be determined phenomenologically from electromagnetic annihilation decay rates. Thus, the cross sections for double-charmonium production can be predicted up to relativistic corrections without any unknown nonperturbative factors.

It is convenient to express the cross sections for double-charmonium states in terms of the ratio $`R`$, which is defined by

$`R[H_1+H_2]={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma [e^+e^{}H_1+H_2]}{\sigma [e^+e^{}\mu ^+\mu ^{}]}},`$ (1)
where $`\sigma [e^+e^{}\mu ^+\mu ^{}]=\pi \alpha ^2/(3E_{\mathrm{beam}}^2)`$, and $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}=\sqrt{s}/2`$. We define the angular variable $`x=\mathrm{cos}\theta `$, where $`\theta `$ is the angle between the $`J/\psi `$ and the beam in the center-of-mass frame. We also introduce a dimensionless kinematic variable $`r=2m_c/E_{\mathrm{beam}}`$, with $`m_c`$ the charm-quark mass. In the nonrelativistic limit, cross sections for the $`1S`$ states $`J/\psi `$ and $`\eta _c`$ have a common NRQCD matrix element $`O_1_{1S}`$ that is defined in Ref. Braaten:2002fi .

The cross section for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ receives contributions from the diagrams in Fig. 1. The angular distribution is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR}{dx}}[J/\psi +J/\psi ]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi ^2\alpha ^2}{243m_c^6}}O_1_{1S}^2`$ (2)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{(1r^2)^{1/2}F(x)}{[4(1r^2)(1x^2)+r^4]^2}},`$
where

$`F(x)`$ $`=`$ $`r^4x^2(1x^2)[2+3r^4r^6+4x^2(1r^4)]^2+2(1+x^2)(1x^2)`$ (3)
$`\times [67r^2+4r^4r^6+4x^2r^2(1r^2)]^2+2r^4x^2(1x^2)`$
$`\times [34r^2+4r^4r^6+4x^2r^2(1r^2)]^2+2r^2[(2r^2)^2(32r^2+r^4)^2`$
$`x^2(72228r^2+359r^4292r^6+130r^832r^{10}+3r^{12})`$
$`+4x^4(960r^2+122r^4112r^6+58r^814r^{10}+r^{12})`$
$`+16x^6r^2(1r^2)(611r^2+11r^42r^6)+64x^8r^4(1r^2)^2].`$
The ratio $`R`$ is obtained by integrating $`x`$ only from $`0`$ to $`1`$, in order to avoid double-counting of identical final-state particles. The angular distribution $`dR/dx`$ for $`J/\psi +\psi (2S)`$ is given by an expression identical to that in Eq. (2), except that one of the factors of $`O_1_{1S}`$ is replaced by $`O_1_{2S}`$, and the range of $`x`$ is from $`1`$ to $`1`$.

The cross section for $`\eta _c+\eta _c`$ receives contributions only from the two diagrams in Fig. 1(c) and 1(d). The angular distribution is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR}{dx}}[\eta _c+\eta _c]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi ^2\alpha ^2}{243m_c^6}}O_1_{1S}^2`$ (4)
$`\times r^4(1r^2)^{5/2}x^2(1x^2).`$
The ratio $`R`$ is obtained by integrating $`x`$ from $`0`$ to $`1`$. The angular distribution $`dR/dx`$ for $`\eta _c+\eta _c(2S)`$ is identical to that in Eq. (4), except that one of the factors of $`O_1_{1S}`$ is replaced by $`O_1_{2S}`$, and the range of $`x`$ is $`1`$ to $`1`$.

The production of $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ proceeds through $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation into a single virtual photon, which creates a $`c\overline{c}`$ pair. The second $`c\overline{c}`$ pair is then created either by a virtual gluon or by a virtual photon radiated from the first $`c\overline{c}`$ pair. The cross section was recently calculated by Braaten and Lee Braaten:2002fi . The differential ratio is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR}{dx}}[J/\psi +\eta _c]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi ^2}{2187m_c^6}}O_1_{1S}^2[3\alpha _sr^2+\alpha (3+r^2)]^2r^2(1r^2)^{3/2}(1+x^2).`$ (5)
The ratio $`R`$ is obtained by integrating over $`x`$ from $`1`$ to $`1`$. The $`\alpha _s^2`$ term was also calculated recently by Liu, He, and Chao Liu:2002wq . It had been calculated previously, but the analytic expression was not given Brodsky:1985cr . The QED terms increase the cross section by about 29% for $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}=5.3`$ GeV.

When $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}`$ is much greater than $`m_c`$, the relative sizes of the double-charmonium cross sections are governed not only by the powers of the coupling constants, but also by the number of kinematic suppression factors $`r`$. The power-counting rules of perturbative QCD pqcd  require $`dR/dx`$ to behave as $`r^4`$ in the limit $`r0`$, with a further suppression factor of $`r^{2|\lambda _1+\lambda _2|}`$ if the sum of the charmonium helicities, $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$, does not vanish. In the limit $`r0`$, $`dR/dx`$ for $`\eta _c+\eta _c`$ scales as $`\alpha ^2r^4`$, while $`dR/dx`$ for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ scales as $`\alpha _s^2r^6`$, with the extra factor of $`r^2`$ arising from helicity suppression. As $`r0`$ with $`x`$ fixed, $`dR/dx`$ for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ approaches a constant. The power-counting rules of perturbative QCD are evaded because this process has a contribution, corresponding to the diagrams of Figs. 1(a) and 1(b), in which two virtual photons, with virtuality of order $`m_c`$, fragment into two $`c\overline{c}`$ pairs. This contribution is enhanced because the virtual-photon propagators are of order $`1/m_c^2`$ instead of order $`1/E_{\mathrm{beam}}^2`$. In the amplitude, there are also two numerator factors of $`m_c`$ instead of $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}`$, which arise from the $`c\overline{c}`$ electromagnetic currents. Hence, the net enhancement of the squared amplitude is $`(E_{\mathrm{beam}}/m_c)^4`$. The integrated ratio is further enhanced by a factor $`\mathrm{ln}(1/r)`$ because the potential logarithmic divergence in the integral of Eq. (2) as $`x1`$ is cut off at $`1x^2r^4`$.

Chang, Qiao, and Wang have pointed out that the cross section for $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +\gamma `$ is enhanced if $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}`$ is much greater than $`m_c`$ Chang:1997dw . The reason for the enhancement is that this process also involves a contribution in which a virtual photon fragments into a $`c\overline{c}`$ pair.

We use the results given above to predict the cross sections for producing two $`S`$-wave charmonium states at the $`B`$ factories, with $`E_{\mathrm{beam}}=5.3`$ GeV. The ratios $`R`$ depend on the coupling constants $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha _s`$, the charm-quark mass $`m_c`$, and the NRQCD matrix elements. We take the QCD coupling constant to be $`\alpha _s=0.21`$, which corresponds to the renormalization scale 5.3 GeV. For $`m_c`$, we use the next-to-leading order pole mass, which we take to be $`m_c=1.4\pm 0.2`$ GeV. The NRQCD matrix elements can be determined from the electromagnetic annihilation decay rates of $`J/\psi `$ and $`\psi (2S)`$. We use the values from the analysis of Ref. Braaten:2002fi . For $`m_c=1.4`$ GeV, they are $`O_1_{1S}=0.335\pm 0.024`$ GeV3 and $`O_1_{2S}=0.139\pm 0.010`$ GeV3, where the error bars are those associated with the experimental uncertainties only. For other values of $`m_c`$, the NRQCD matrix elements should be multiplied by $`(m_c/1.4\mathrm{GeV})^2`$.

Our predictions for the double-charmonium cross sections for $`S`$-wave states are given in Table 1. The error bars are those associated with the uncertainty in the pole mass $`m_c`$ only. The small error bars for $`\eta _c+\eta _c`$ in Table 1 are a consequence of the value of $`m_c`$ being fortuitously close to a zero in the derivative of the cross section with respect to $`m_c`$. The cross section for $`\eta _c+\eta _c`$ is about 3 orders of magnitude smaller than that for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$. This suppression comes primarily from the coupling-constant factor $`\alpha ^2/\alpha _s^2`$. The cross section for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ is larger than that for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$. The suppression factor of $`\alpha ^2/\alpha _s^2`$ is more than compensated by the kinematic enhancement factor that scales as $`r^6`$. The cross section for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ is dominated by the photon-fragmentation diagrams in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b). For $`m_c=1.4`$ GeV, they contribute about 115% of the cross section. In Ref. Braaten:2002fi , it was pointed out that there may be large perturbative-QCD and relativistic corrections to the production cross section for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$. There may also be large perturbative-QCD and relativistic corrections to the cross section for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$. These corrections would affect not only the absolute cross sections in Table 1, but also the ratios of cross sections. For the $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$, $`J/\psi +\psi (2S)`$, and $`\psi (2S)+\psi (2S)`$ cross sections, the dominant photon-fragmentation contributions receive perturbative-QCD correction factors of about $`0.39`$ and relativistic correction factors of about $`0.78`$, $`0.62`$, and $`0.49`$, respectively Bodwin:2002kk .

The angular distributions $`d\sigma /d|x|`$ for $`m_c=1.4`$ GeV are shown in Fig. 2. At $`x=0`$, the differential cross section for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ (normalized as in Fig. 2) is smaller than that for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ by about a factor 0.66. However, the differential cross section for $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ is strongly peaked near the beam direction at $`x=0.994`$, where it is larger than that for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ by about a factor 9.3. The reason for the sharp peak is evident from the denominator in Eq. (2).

The Belle Collaboration has recently measured the cross section for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ by observing a peak in the momentum spectrum of the $`J/\psi `$ that corresponds to the 2-body final state $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ Abe:2002rb . The measured cross section is

$`\sigma [J/\psi +\eta _c]\times B[4]=\left(33_6^{+7}\pm 9\right)\mathrm{fb},`$ (6)
where $`B[4]`$ is the branching fraction for the $`\eta _c`$ to decay into at least 4 charged particles. Since $`B[4]<1`$, the right side of Eq. (6) is a lower bound on the cross section to produce $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$. This lower bound is about an order of magnitude larger than the predictions of NRQCD in the nonrelativistic limit Braaten:2002fi ; Liu:2002wq . Large relativistic corrections may account for part of the discrepancy Braaten:2002fi . There may also be large nonperturbative corrections associated with the double-charmonium cross section being a significant fraction of the total $`c\overline{c}+c\overline{c}`$ cross section Liu:2002wq . However the large discrepancy between the NRQCD predictions and the Belle measurement is still disturbing. This discrepancy can be decreased by taking into account the process $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +J/\psi `$. In the Belle fit to the $`J/\psi `$ momentum distribution, the full width at half maximum of the $`\eta _c`$ peak is about 0.11 GeV. Since the mass difference between the $`J/\psi `$ and the $`\eta _c`$ is about 0.12 GeV, there are probably $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$ events that contribute to the $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ signal observed by Belle.

The Belle Collaboration also saw evidence for $`J/\psi +\chi _{c0}(1P)`$ and $`J/\psi +\eta _c(2S)`$ events. The $`\eta _c(2S)`$ was recently discovered by the Belle Collaboration at a mass $`M_{\eta _c(2S)}=3654\pm 6\pm 8`$ MeV Choi:2002na . Since the mass difference between the $`\psi (2S)`$ and the $`\eta _c(2S)`$ is only about 0.03 GeV, it is likely that any signal for $`J/\psi +\eta _c(2S)`$ in the $`J/\psi `$ momentum spectrum is contaminated by $`J/\psi +\psi (2S)`$ events. A 3-peak fit to the data for the momentum spectrum of the $`J/\psi `$ gives approximately 67, 39, and 42 events with an accompanying $`\eta _c`$, $`\chi _{c0}(1P)`$, or $`\eta _c(2S)`$, with an uncertainty of 12–15 events for each final state. The predictions in Ref. Braaten:2002fi  for the relative cross sections for production of a $`J/\psi `$ with an accompanying $`\eta _c`$, $`\chi _{c0}(1P)`$, or $`\eta _c(2S)`$ are 1.00, 0.63, 0.42, respectively. The observed proportion of events is compatible with the NRQCD predictions.

There are also some unresolved puzzles in the inclusive $`J/\psi `$ cross sections that have been measured by the Belle and BABAR Collaborations Abe:2001za ; Aubert:2001pd . There are significant discrepancies between their measurements of both the production-angle distributions of the $`J/\psi `$ and the $`J/\psi `$ polarization. There are also significant discrepancies between the measurements and predictions based on NRQCD Jpsi-X . These discrepancies may be decreased by taking into account photon-fragmentation contributions to the process $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +q\overline{q}`$, which allow the order-$`\alpha ^4`$ QED contribution to compete with the order-$`\alpha ^2\alpha _s^2`$ QCD contribution. The two experiments impose different cuts to decrease the background from the two-photon processes $`e^+e^{}e^+e^{}\gamma ^{}\gamma ^{}`$ and from initial-state-radiation processes such as $`e^+e^{}\psi (2S)+\gamma `$ and $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{}`$. These cuts remove substantial parts of the photon-fragmentation contribution to $`J/\psi +q\overline{q}`$. The differences between the experiments could be due to differences between the cuts. The discrepancies with the NRQCD predictions could be due partly to the neglect of the order-$`\alpha ^4`$ QED terms in the theoretical predictions.

Another puzzling result comes from the measurement by the Belle Collaboration of the fraction of the inclusive $`J/\psi `$ cross section that is attributable to the final state $`J/\psi +c\overline{c}`$ Abe:2002rb . That fraction is much larger than predictions based on NRQCD. The discrepancies between the predictions and the measurements would be decreased by taking into account the contributions to the processes $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +q\overline{q}`$ and $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +c\overline{c}`$ from photon fragmentation into $`J/\psi `$. The experimental cuts allow the photon-fragmentation contribution to $`J/\psi +c\overline{c}`$ to survive, but they remove substantial parts of the photon-fragmentation contribution to $`J/\psi +q\overline{q}`$. Thus, the net effect of the photon-fragmentation processes is to increase the ratio of $`J/\psi +c\overline{c}`$ events to $`J/\psi +X`$ events.

In summary, we have calculated the cross section for $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation into $`J/\psi +J/\psi `$. The calculated cross section is larger than that for $`e^+e^{}J/\psi +\eta _c`$ by about a factor of $`1.8`$ because it receives contributions from the process in which two virtual photons fragment into two $`c\overline{c}`$ pairs. The inclusion of this process in the analysis may decrease the large discrepancy between the Belle measurement of the production cross section for $`J/\psi +\eta _c`$ and the predictions based on NRQCD.

One of us (E.B.) would like to thank B. Yabsley for valuable discussions. Research in the HEP Division at Argonne National Laboratory is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract W-31-109-ENG-38. Fermilab is operated by Universities Research Association Inc. under Contract DE-AC02-76CH03000 with the Department of Energy. The research of E.B. is also supported in part by the Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-91-ER4069.


text:
# On the volume of spherical Lambert cube Partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant 00-15-96165)

## 1 Introduction

The calculation of volumes of polyhedra in Euclidean, spherical and hyperbolic spaces is very old and difficult problem. The main principles for volume calculations in non-euclidean geometries were given in 1836 by Lobachevsky \[L\] and in 1852 by Schläfli \[Sh\]. In particular, they have found the volumes of the orthogonal three-dimensional simlicies (orthoschemes).

In general, every polyhedron can be decomposed into a finite number of orthoschemes. But, in spite of this, an elementary formula for volume of non-euclidean simplex is still unknown111Just recently, such a formula was obtained in \[CK\] and \[MY\]. Simple proof of the formula can be found in \[U\]..

About 1935 Coxeter \[C\] revived interest in the work of these two authors by developing an integration method for non-euclidean orthoschemes of dimension three. This method was generalized by Böhm \[B\] for spaces of constant non-vanishing curvature of arbitrary dimension. Further advance in this direction was achieved in the papers by Vinberg \[V\], Milnor \[M\] and Ruth Kellerhals \[K\]. The simplest generalization of notion of three-dimensional orthoscheme is the Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$. Recall that $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ is a combinatorial cube, with dihedral angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ assigned to the three mutually non-coplanar edges and right angles to the remaining.

The Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ can be realized in the hyperbolic space (\[K, HLM\]) if $`0<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\frac{\pi }{2}`$ and in the spherical space \[D\] if $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$.

The hyperbolic volume of $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ was found in \[K\] in terms of the Lobachevsky function

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(x)=\underset{0}{\overset{x}{}}\mathrm{log}\left|2\mathrm{sin}t\right|dt.$$

In the present paper the spherical volume of $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ is defined in the terms of the function

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)\frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }$$

which can be considered as a spherical analog of the function

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )=\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\alpha +\theta \right)\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\alpha \theta \right)\text{.}$$

The main result of the work is the following theorem.

###### Theorem 1.

The volume of a spherical Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ with essential angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$ is given by the formula

$$V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\frac{1}{4}\left(\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\delta (\beta ,\theta )+\delta (\gamma ,\theta )2\delta (\frac{\pi }{2},\theta )\delta (0,\theta )\right),$$

where

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)\frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }$$

and $`\theta `$, $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\theta <\pi `$ is the principal parameter defined by

$`\mathrm{tan}^2\theta `$ $`=p+\sqrt{p^2+L^2M^2N^2},`$
$`p`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{L^2+M^2+N^2+1}{2}},`$
$`L`$ $`=\mathrm{tan}\alpha ,M=\mathrm{tan}\beta ,N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma .`$
It is interesting to compare properties of the function $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ with the properties of the function $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )`$. Notice that the hyperbolic volumes of knots, orbifolds and cone manifolds in many cases can be expressed in terms of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )`$ (see \[Th, MV, V, K\]). In particular, the main result of the work \[K\] can be rewrited in the following form.

###### Theorem 2.

The volume of a hyperbolic Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ with essential angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ , $`0<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\frac{\pi }{2}`$ is given by the formula

$$V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\frac{1}{4}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(\beta ,\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(\gamma ,\theta )2\mathrm{\Delta }(\frac{\pi }{2},\theta )\mathrm{\Delta }(0,\theta )\right),$$

where $`\theta `$, $`0<\theta <\frac{\pi }{2}`$ is the principal parameter defined by conditions

$`\mathrm{tan}^2\theta =p+\sqrt{p^2+L^2M^2N^2},`$
$`p={\displaystyle \frac{L^2+M^2+N^2+1}{2}},`$
$`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha ,M=\mathrm{tan}\beta ,N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma .`$
## 2 Metric properties of Lambert cube

Consider the Euclidean space $``$$`{}_{}{}^{4}=(R^4,d\sigma ^2)`$ with the metric

$$d\sigma ^2=\frac{dx^2}{A^2}+\frac{dy^2}{B^2}+\frac{dz^2}{C^2}+dt^2$$

induced by the scalar product

$$((x,y,z,t),(x^{},y^{},z^{},t^{}))=\frac{xx^{}}{A^2}+\frac{yy^{}}{B^2}+\frac{zz^{}}{C^2}+tt^{},$$

where $`A`$,$`B`$ and $`C`$ are given positive numbers.

Define

$$S^3=\{v=(x,y,z,t)^4:(v,v)=1\}.$$

The sphere $`S^3`$ endowed with the metric $`d\sigma ^2`$ becomes the spherical space

$$𝕊^3=(S^3,d\sigma ^2)$$

with the constant Gaussian curvature $`k=1`$. To see that we set $`ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+dz^2+dt^2`$. Then the mapping $`(R^4,ds^2)`$ $`(R^4,d\sigma ^2)`$ defined by $`(x,y,z,t)(Ax,By,Cz,t)`$ is an isometry sending the unit sphere in $`(R^4,ds^2)`$ onto $`𝕊^3`$.

At the same time we consider $`R`$4 as a projective space $`RP`$3 with the homogeneous coordinates $`(x:y:z:t)`$.

As the Klein model $`𝕂`$ of the spherical space $`𝕊`$3 choose the hyperplane $`𝕂`$$`=\{(x,y,z,t)^4:t=1\}`$, which will be identified further with the Euclidean space $``$$`{}_{}{}^{3}=\{(x,y,z):x,y,zR\}`$.

There exists one-to-one correspondence between $`𝕂`$ and the upper semisphere $`𝕊`$$`{}_{+}{}^{3}=\{(x,y,z,t)𝕊^3:t>0\}`$ formed by projection from the origin.

Reflections in coordinate planes and rotations in coordinate lines of $``$4 are both Euclidean and spherical isometries.

Following to \[HLM\] we realize the spherical Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ as a projection of the Euclidean polyhedron $`P(a,b,c)`$ represented on the Fig. 1 .

We can assume that the essential angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are formed by the pairs of the planes $`\{a^{},z=0\}`$, $`\{b^{},x=0\}`$ and $`\{c^{},y=0\}`$. The projective equations of the planes $`a^{}`$, $`b^{}`$ and $`c^{}`$ are the following

$`a^{}`$ $`=\{(x:y:z:t)x+(1c)zt=0\},`$
$`b^{}`$ $`=\{(x:y:z:t)y+(1a)xt=0\},`$
$`c^{}`$ $`=\{(x:y:z:t)z+(1b)yt=0\}.`$
The poles of these planes $`P_a,P_b`$ and $`P_c`$ are given by

$`P_a`$ $`=(A^2:0:(c1)C^2:1),`$
$`P_b`$ $`=((a1)A^2:B^2:0:1),`$
$`P_c`$ $`=(0:(b1)B^2:C^2:1)`$
respectively. Then the conditions of the orthogonality

$$\mathrm{cos}(a^{},b^{})=\mathrm{cos}(b^{},c^{})=\mathrm{cos}(c^{},a^{})=0,$$

are equivalent to the equalities

$$(P_a,P_b)=(P_b,P_c)=(P_c,P_a)=0.$$

As a result we have the following relations

$$(1a)A^2+1=(1b)B^2+1=(1c)C^2+1=0$$

or

$$a=1+\frac{1}{A^2},b=1+\frac{1}{B^2},c=1+\frac{1}{C^2}.$$

Hence

$`P_a=(A^2:0:1:1),`$
$`P_b=(1:B^2:0:1),`$
$`P_c=(0:1:C^2:1).`$
The poles $`a^{},b^{}`$ and $`c^{}`$ of the planes $`a^{}`$, $`b^{}`$ and $`c^{}`$ symmetric to the planes $`a^{}`$, $`b^{}`$ and $`c^{}`$ with respect to $`z=0`$, $`x=0`$ and $`y=0`$ respectively are given by

$`P_a^{}=(A^2:0:1:1),`$
$`P_b^{}=(1:B^2:0:1),`$
$`P_c^{}=(0:1:C^2:1).`$
The angle between $`a^{}`$ and $`a_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ is equal $`2\alpha `$ and we have

$$\mathrm{cos}2\alpha =\frac{(P_a,P_a^{})}{\sqrt{(P_a,P_a)(P_a^{},P_a^{})}}=\frac{A^2\frac{1}{C^2}+1}{A^2+\frac{1}{C^2}+1}.$$

Hence

$$\mathrm{tan}^2\alpha =C^2(A^2+1)$$

and by analogy we obtain

$`\mathrm{tan}^2\beta `$ $`=A^2(B^2+1),`$
$`\mathrm{tan}^2\gamma `$ $`=B^2(C^2+1).`$
As a result we have the following

###### Lemma 1.

The polyhedron $`P(a,b,c)`$ in the Klein model $`𝕂`$ of the spherical space $`𝕊`$$`{}_{}{}^{3}=(S^3,d\sigma ^2)`$ has the right dihedral angles between the faces intersecting at the point $`O^{}`$ if and only if

$$a=1+\frac{1}{A^2},b=1+\frac{1}{B^2},c=1+\frac{1}{C^2}.$$

Moreover, the dihedral angles $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ of $`P(a,b,c)`$ satisfy the relations

$`\mathrm{tan}^2\alpha =C^2(A^2+1),`$
$`\mathrm{tan}^2\beta =A^2(B^2+1),`$
$`\mathrm{tan}^2\gamma =B^2(C^2+1).`$
Set $`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha `$, $`M=\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, $`N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma `$ and find an algebraic equation for variable

$$T=ABC$$

in terms of $`L`$, $`M`$, $`N`$. By Lemma 1, we have

$`C^2A^2+C^2`$ $`=L^2,`$
$`A^2B^2+A^2`$ $`=M^2,`$ (2.1)
$`B^2C^2+B^2`$ $`=N^2.`$
Multiplying the first of equations by $`B^2`$ and subtracting the third, we express $`B^2`$ by means of $`A^2B^2C^2`$. Similarly, expressing $`A^2`$ and $`C^2`$, we have

$`A^2B^2C^2+N^2`$ $`=(1+L^2)B^2,`$
$`A^2B^2C^2+L^2`$ $`=(1+M^2)C^2,`$ (2.2)
$`A^2B^2C^2+M^2`$ $`=(1+N^2)A^2.`$
By multiplying the equations, we obtain

$$(T^2+L^2)(T^2+M^2)(T^2+N^2)=(1+L^2)(1+M^2)(1+N^2)T^2,$$

where $`T=ABC`$.

Note that $`T=\pm 1`$ is a root of the above equation of order six. Rewrite the equation in the following equivalent form

$$(T^21)(T^4+(L^2+M^2+N^2+1)T^2L^2M^2N^2)=0.$$

In the case $`T^2=1`$ we have $`A^2B^2C^2=1`$. Then from (2.2) and (2.1) we deduce the identity

$$1^4+(L^2+M^2+N^2+1)1^2L^2M^2N^2=0.$$

Hence, the equation under consideration is equivalent to

$$T^4+(L^2+M^2+N^2+1)T^2L^2M^2N^2=0.$$

By definition, $`T=ABC`$, where $`A,B,C>0`$. Hence, $`T`$ as a negative root of the equation

$$T^2=\left(\frac{L^2+M^2+N^2+1}{2}\right)+\sqrt{\left(\frac{L^2+M^2+N^2+1}{2}\right)^2+L^2M^2N^2}.$$

Notice that (2.2) can be rewritten in the form

$$A^2=\frac{T^2+M^2}{1+N^2},B^2=\frac{T^2+N^2}{1+L^2},C^2=\frac{T^2+L^2}{1+M^2}.$$

As a result we obtain the following

###### Lemma 2.

The values $`A,B,C`$ and $`T=ABC`$ satisfy the following relations

$$T^4+(L^2+M^2+N^2+1)T^2L^2M^2N^2=0,$$

$$T^2=p+\sqrt{p^2+L^2M^2N^2},$$

where

$`p`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{L^2+M^2+N^2+1}{2}},`$
$`A^2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{T^2+M^2}{1+N^2}},B^2={\displaystyle \frac{T^2+N^2}{1+L^2}},C^2={\displaystyle \frac{T^2+L^2}{1+M^2}}.`$
Here $`A,B,C>0`$ and $`T=ABC<0`$ are uniquely determined by the values $`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha ,M=\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma `$.

Now we shall find the lengths of edges for spherical polyhedron $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$. First we find the length $`L_\alpha `$ of the edge with dihedral angle $`\alpha `$. The projective coordinates of the terminal points of the edge are given by

$$u_{100}=(1:0:0:1),u_{1a0}=(1:a:0:1).$$

Let $`s_{100}`$ and $`s_{1a0}`$ be their projections on the upper hemisphere

$$S_{}^{3}{}_{+}{}^{}=\{v=(x,y,z,t):(v,v)=1,t>0\}.$$

We have

$$s_{100}=(\lambda :0:0:\lambda ),$$

where $`\frac{1}{A^2}\lambda ^2+\lambda ^2=1`$. Hence

$$\lambda =\frac{A}{\sqrt{1+A^2}}.$$

By analogy, for

$$s_{1a0}=(\stackrel{~}{\lambda }:\stackrel{~}{\lambda }a:0:\stackrel{~}{\lambda })S_{}^{3}{}_{+}{}^{}$$

we have

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^2}{A^2}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^2a^2}{B^2}+\stackrel{~}{\lambda }^2=1,$$

where $`a=1+\frac{1}{A^2}`$ is defined by Lemma 1. It gives

$$\stackrel{~}{\lambda }=\frac{AB}{\sqrt{A^2(B^2+1)+1}}\frac{A}{\sqrt{A^2+1}}.$$

We obtain

$$\mathrm{cos}L_\alpha =(s_{100},s_{1a0})=\frac{\stackrel{~}{\lambda }\lambda }{A^2}+\stackrel{~}{\lambda }\lambda =\frac{AB}{\sqrt{A^2(B^2+1)+1}}.$$

We notice that the polyhedron $`P(a,b,c)`$ is contained in the first octant of the Euclidean space $``$3(see Fig. 1). Hence, the spherical length $`L_\alpha `$ of the edge whose dihedral angle $`\alpha `$ satisfies the inequality $`0<L_\alpha <\frac{\pi }{2}`$. Thus

$$\mathrm{sin}L_\alpha =\frac{\sqrt{A^2+1}}{\sqrt{A^2(B^2+1)+1}}$$

and

$$\mathrm{tan}L_\alpha =\frac{\sqrt{A^2+1}}{AB}.$$

By analogy we obtain

$`\mathrm{tan}L_\beta `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{B^2+1}}{BC}},`$
$`\mathrm{tan}L_\gamma `$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{C^2+1}}{AC}},`$
So we prove the following

###### Lemma 3.

The spherical lengths $`L_\alpha ,L_\beta `$ and $`L_\gamma `$ are given by formulas

$$\mathrm{tan}L_\alpha =\frac{\sqrt{A^2+1}}{AB},\mathrm{tan}L_\beta =\frac{\sqrt{B^2+1}}{BC},\mathrm{tan}L_\gamma =\frac{\sqrt{C^2+1}}{AC}.$$

As an immediate corollary of Lemma 1 and Lemma 2 we obtain the following theorem (see also \[D\]).

###### Theorem 3.

Let $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are such that $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$. Then there exists a spherical Lambert cube with the essential angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ .

###### Proof.

By Lemma 2, the values $`A^2,B^2`$ and $`C^2`$ uniquely determined by the equalities

$$A^2=\frac{T^2+M^2}{1+N^2},B^2=\frac{T^2+N^2}{1+L^2},C^2=\frac{T^2+L^2}{1+M^2}.$$

Then by Lemma 1, we conclude the existence of the Euclidean polyhedron $`P(a,b,c)`$.

The spherical cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ with the essential angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ is a result of projection of $`P(a,b,c)`$ into $`S^3`$. ∎

For our purposes we need metrical relations between essential angles and lengths of Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$. They are given by the following two theorems.

###### Theorem 4 (The Tangent Rule).

Let $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$$`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$ be a spherical Lambert cube. Denote by $`L_\alpha ,L_\beta `$ and $`L_\gamma `$ lengths of edges whose dihedral angles are $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ respectively. Then

$$\frac{\mathrm{tan}\alpha }{\mathrm{tan}L_\alpha }=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\beta }{\mathrm{tan}L_\beta }=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}L_\gamma }=T.$$

where $`T`$ is a negative root of the equation

$$T^4+(L^2+M^2+N^2+1)T^2L^2M^2N^2=0$$

and $`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha ,M=\mathrm{tan}\beta ,N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma `$ .

###### Proof.

By Lemma 1, Lemma 3 and the condition $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$, we have

$$\mathrm{tan}\alpha =C\sqrt{A^2+1}$$

and

$$\mathrm{tan}L_\alpha =\frac{\sqrt{A^2+1}}{AB}.$$

Then

$$\frac{\mathrm{tan}\alpha }{\mathrm{tan}L_\alpha }=ABC=T,$$

where $`T`$ is the same as in Lemma 2. By the same way, we obtain the other equalities of the theorem. ∎

The parameter $`T`$ from Theorem 4 can be presented in the form $`T=\mathrm{tan}\theta `$, where $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\theta <\pi `$. The value $`\theta `$ plays the significant role in the studying of metric structure of Lambert cube and is called a principal parameter.

The following theorem is a direct corollary of Theorem 4.

###### Theorem 5 (The Sine-Cosine Rule).

Let $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$$`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$ be a spherical Lambert cube. Denote by $`L_\alpha ,L_\beta `$ and $`L_\gamma `$ lengths of edges whose dihedral angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, respectively. Then

$$\frac{\mathrm{sin}\alpha }{\mathrm{sin}L_\alpha }\frac{\mathrm{sin}\beta }{\mathrm{sin}L_\beta }\frac{\mathrm{cos}\gamma }{\mathrm{cos}L_\gamma }=1.$$

###### Proof.

From Theorem 4, we have

$$\mathrm{tan}L_\alpha =\frac{L}{T},\mathrm{tan}L_\beta =\frac{M}{T},\mathrm{tan}L_\gamma =\frac{N}{T}.$$

Hence

$$\mathrm{sin}^2L_\alpha =\frac{L^2}{T^2+L^2},\mathrm{sin}^2L_\beta =\frac{M^2}{T^2+M^2},\mathrm{cos}^2L_\gamma =\frac{T^2}{T^2+N^2}$$

and by Lemma 2, we have

$$\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\alpha }{\mathrm{sin}^2L_\alpha }\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\beta }{\mathrm{sin}^2L_\beta }\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma }{\mathrm{cos}^2L_\gamma }=\frac{(T^2+L^2)(T^2+M^2)(T^2+N^2)}{(1+L^2)(1+M^2)(1+N^2)T^2}=1.$$
(2.3)
Since $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$ and the values $`0<L_\alpha ,L_\beta ,L_\gamma <\frac{\pi }{2}`$, the theorem is proved.

###### Remark 1.

Up to cyclic permutation of angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, Theorem 5 contains three independent equations which are sufficient to determine $`L_\alpha `$, $`L_\beta `$ and $`L_\gamma `$ in terms of $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$.

## 3 The volume of spherical Lambert cube

From now on, for an arbitrary function $`\varphi :(\frac{\pi }{2},\pi )`$$``$ we shall write $`\varphi (\frac{\pi }{2})`$ and $`\varphi (\pi )`$ instead of $`\varphi (\frac{\pi }{2}+0)`$ and $`\varphi (\pi 0)`$, respectively, if the corresponding values have a sense.

Let $`V=V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ be the volume of spherical Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ with essential angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$.

Notice first that $`V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )0`$, as $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \frac{\pi }{2}+0`$.

It can be justified by the following arguments. Each face of $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ is a Lambert quadrilateral with essential angles $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ tending to $`\frac{\pi }{2}`$. Then there is a pair of opposite sides in the quadrilateral whose lengths tend to zero. We have decrease in the dimension in each face of $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ and hence of $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ itself. It means the volume tends to zero.

Thus, we shall consider the equality

$$V(\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2})=0$$
(3.1)
as a true one.

Let $`L_\alpha ,L_\beta `$ and $`L_\gamma `$ be the lengths of edges whose dihedral angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, respectively. By the Schläfli formula (see \[Sh\], \[M\]), we have

$$\frac{V}{\alpha }=\frac{1}{2}L_\alpha ,\frac{V}{\beta }=\frac{1}{2}L_\beta ,\frac{V}{\gamma }=\frac{1}{2}L_\gamma .$$
(3.2)
###### Proposition 1.

The volume of spherical Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ),`$ $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$ is given by the formula

$$V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\frac{1}{4}\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{T}{}}\mathrm{log}\frac{(t^2+L^2)(t^2+M^2)(t^2+N^2)}{(1+L^2)(1+M^2)(1+N^2)t^2}\frac{dt}{t^21},$$
(3.3)
where $`T`$ is a negative root of the equation

$$T^4+(L^2+M^2+N^2+1)T^2L^2M^2N^2=0,$$

$`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha ,M=\mathrm{tan}\beta `$and $`N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma .`$

###### Proof.

By the above arguments the volume function $`V=V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ satisfies $`(\text{3.2})`$ with initial data $`(\text{3.1})`$. We set

$$\stackrel{~}{V}=\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{T}{}}F(t,L,M,N)𝑑t,$$

where

$$F(t,L,M,N)=\frac{1}{4(t^21)}\mathrm{log}\frac{(t^2+L^2)(t^2+M^2)(t^2+N^2)}{(1+L^2)(1+M^2)(1+N^2)t^2}$$

and show that $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ satisfies conditions $`(\text{3.1})`$ and $`(\text{3.2})`$ . Then $`V=\stackrel{~}{V}`$ and the proposition is proven.

By the Leibnitz formula we obtain

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{V}}{\alpha }=F(T,L,M,N)\frac{T}{\alpha }+\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{T}{}}\frac{F(t,L,M,N)}{L}\frac{L}{\alpha }𝑑t$$
(3.4)
By $`\left(\text{2.3}\right)`$ we have $`F(T,L,M,N)=0`$. Moreover, since $`\alpha =\mathrm{arctan}`$$`L`$, we have

$$\frac{L}{\alpha }=1+L^2\text{and }\frac{F(t,L,M,N)}{L}\frac{L}{\alpha }=\frac{L}{2\left(t^2+L^2\right)}\text{.}$$

Hence, by Tangent Rule, we obtain from $`(\text{3.4})`$

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{V}}{\alpha }=\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{T}{}}\frac{Ldt}{2\left(t^2+L^2\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{arctan}\frac{L}{T}=\frac{1}{2}L_\alpha .$$

The equalities

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{V}}{\beta }=\frac{1}{2}L_\beta \text{and }\frac{\stackrel{~}{V}}{\gamma }=\frac{1}{2}L_\gamma $$

can be obtained by the similar way.

To verify the initial condition $`(\text{3.1})`$ for function $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ we remark that $`L,M,N+\mathrm{}`$ as $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \frac{\pi }{2}+0`$, hence $`T\mathrm{}`$. From the convergence of integral $`(\text{3.3})`$, we have $`\stackrel{~}{V}0`$ as $`T\mathrm{}`$. ∎

## 4 The proof of the main theorem

###### Proof of Theorem 1.

By Proposition 1, we have

$`V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{T}{}}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t^2+L^2}{1+L^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{t^2+M^2}{1+M^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{t^2+N^2}{1+N^2}}:{\displaystyle \frac{t^2+0^2}{1+0^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t^21}}`$ (4.1)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(I(L,T)+I(M,T)+I(N,T)I(0,T)\right)`$
where

$$I(L,T)=\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{T}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{t^2+L^2}{1+L^2}\right)\frac{dt}{t^21}.$$

Let $`T=\mathrm{tan}\theta `$, $`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha `$, $`M=\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma `$. Then under substitution $`t=\mathrm{tan}\tau `$ we obtain

$`I(L,T)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\overset{\theta }{}}}\mathrm{log}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}^2\tau +\mathrm{tan}^2\alpha }{1+\mathrm{tan}^2\alpha }}\right){\displaystyle \frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}^2\tau \left(\mathrm{tan}^2\tau 1\right)}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\tau \mathrm{cos}2\alpha \right)d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}\left(1+\mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }}`$
$`=\delta (\alpha ,\theta )\delta ({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},\theta ).`$
Hence, (4.1) yields

$`V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(I(L,T)+I(M,T)+I(N,T)I(0,T)\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\delta (\beta ,\theta )+\delta (\gamma ,\theta )2\delta ({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},\theta )\delta (0,\theta )\right).`$
## 5 Explicit volume calculations

This section is devoted to the explicit volume calculations in some particular cases.

###### Proposition 2.

Let $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$, $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma <\pi `$ are related by the following equation

$$\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha +\mathrm{cos}\beta ^2+\mathrm{cos}\gamma ^2=1\text{.}$$

Then the volume of a spherical Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ is given by the formula

$$V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{\pi ^2}{2}(\pi \alpha )^2(\pi \beta )^2(\pi \gamma )^2\right).$$

###### Proof.

Remind that

$$\mathrm{tan}\theta =\sqrt{p+\sqrt{p^2+L^2M^2N^2}},$$

where

$$p=\frac{L^2+M^2+N^2+1}{2}$$

and $`L=\mathrm{tan}\alpha ,M=\mathrm{tan}\beta ,N=\mathrm{tan}\gamma `$ . Let

$$\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha +\mathrm{cos}\beta ^2+\mathrm{cos}\gamma ^2=1\text{.}$$

By applying the elementary trigonometry we have

$$2p+1=\frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha }+\frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\beta }+\frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma }1$$

and

$`L^2M^2N^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\beta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma }}1`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha +\mathrm{cos}^2\beta +\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma 1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\beta \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma }}`$
$`=`$ $`2p+1\text{.}`$
Hence $`\mathrm{tan}\theta =1`$ and consequently, $`\theta =\frac{3\pi }{4}`$. By Theorem 1 and Corollary 2$`(iii)`$ (see Appendix), we obtain

$`V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left(\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\delta (\beta ,\theta )+\delta (\gamma ,\theta )2\delta ({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},\theta )\delta (0,\theta )\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{2}}(\pi \alpha )^2(\pi \beta )^2(\pi \gamma )^2\right).`$
In particular, we have the following.

###### Corollary 1.

$$V(\frac{2\pi }{3},\frac{2\pi }{3},\frac{3\pi }{4})=\frac{31}{576}\pi ^2.$$

Consider the process of degenerating of Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ as $`\gamma \pi `$. Let $`L_\gamma ^{}`$ be the length of the edge opposite to the edge with essential angle $`\gamma `$. The straightforward calculations based on Theorem 5 show that $`L_\gamma ^{}`$ tends to zero as $`\gamma \pi `$. As a result the singular Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\pi )`$ can be defined as a cone under the plane spherical quadrilateral with the angles $`\frac{\pi }{2},\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{2},\beta `$ (Fig 2) .

Applying Theorem 1 and Corollary 2$`(iv)`$ in case $`\gamma =\pi `$, we obtain the following

###### Proposition 3.

The volume of a singular Lambert cube $`Q(\alpha ,\beta ,\pi )`$, $`\frac{\pi }{2}<\alpha ,\beta <\pi `$ is given by the formula

$$V(\alpha ,\beta ,\pi )=\left(\alpha +\beta \pi \right)\pi .$$

## 6 Appendix

This section is devoted to elementary properties of the function $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ and its relations to the Dilogarithm, Lobachevskij and Schläfli functions.

### 6.1
Elementary properties of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$

Now we list the following elementary properties of the function $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$.

###### Proposition 4.

The function

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)\frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }$$

satisfies the following properties

| $`(i)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ is continuous for all $`(\alpha ,\theta )R^2`$ and |
| --- | --- |
|  | differentiable with respect to $`(\alpha ,\theta )`$ for $`\alpha \pi /2+k\pi ,kZ`$; |
| $`(ii)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ is even with respect to $`\alpha `$ and satisfies the relation |
|  | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=2\delta (\alpha ,0)`$ for all $`(\alpha ,\theta )R^2`$; |
| $`(iii)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=`$ $`\delta (\pi \alpha ,\theta )`$ and $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=`$ $`\delta (\alpha ,\pi \theta )`$; |
| $`(iv)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ is $`\pi `$-periodic with respect to $`\alpha `$ ; |
| $`(v)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ is linear periodic with respect to $`\theta `$ in the following |
|  | sense |
|  | $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta +k\pi )=\delta (\alpha ,\theta )2k\delta (\alpha ,0),kZ`$ |
|  | and |
|  | $`\delta (\alpha ,0)=\pi ^2/4|\pi ^2/2\alpha \pi |,0`$$`\alpha \pi `$; |
| $`(vi)`$ | Let $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\alpha ,\theta )=\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\left(2\theta /\pi 1\right)\delta (\alpha ,0)`$. Then |
|  | $`a)\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\alpha ,\theta )`$ is even and $`\pi `$-periodic with respect to $`\alpha `$; |
|  | $`b)\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\alpha ,\theta )`$ is odd and $`\pi `$-periodic with respect to $`\theta `$; |
|  | $`c)|\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\alpha ,\theta )|\pi ^2/4`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\pi /2,3\pi /4)=\pi ^2/4`$. |

The properties $`(i)(iv)`$ can be deduced directly from the definition of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$. To prove the second statement of the property $`(ii)`$ we observe that the equality is evidently true for $`\theta =0`$. By definition of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$, the derivatives of the both sides of the equality with respect to $`\theta `$ are equal to zero. To see the equality

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta +k\pi )=\delta (\alpha ,\theta )2k\delta (\alpha ,0),kZ$$

we notice that the derivatives of the both sides with respect to $`\theta `$ are equal. To establish the property we have to check the equality for one fixed value of $`\theta `$. Let $`\theta =0`$. The equality holds for $`k=0`$. For any $`kZ`$ from properties $`(iii)`$ and $`(ii)`$ we have

$$\delta (\alpha ,\left(k+1\right)\pi )=\delta (\alpha ,k\pi )$$

and

$$\delta (\alpha ,k\pi )=\delta (\alpha ,k\pi )2\delta (\alpha ,0)\text{.}$$

Hence

$$\delta (\alpha ,\left(k+1\right)\pi )=\delta (\alpha ,k\pi )2\delta (\alpha ,0)$$

and the first statement of $`(v)`$ follows by induction. The value of $`\delta (\alpha ,0)`$ can be taken from the corollary 2 bellow. The property $`(vi)`$ follows from properties $`(i)(iv)`$.

For explicit calculations it is more convenient to use the following alternative form of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$.

###### Proposition 5.

Let $`\pi /2<\alpha ,\theta <\pi `$, then the function $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ can be represented in the form

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=2\underset{\frac{3\pi }{4}}{\overset{\alpha }{}}arccot\left(\frac{\mathrm{cot}\nu }{\mathrm{cot}\theta }\right)𝑑\nu ,$$

where $`0<arccotx<\pi `$ for all $`x`$.

###### Proof.

By definition, we have

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)\frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }.$$

Hence

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\alpha ,\theta )}{\alpha }}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\mathrm{sin}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau }{1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau }}{\displaystyle \frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }}`$
$`=\pi 2\mathrm{arctan}\left(\mathrm{cot}\alpha \mathrm{tan}\theta \right)=2arccot\left(\mathrm{cot}\alpha \mathrm{tan}\theta \right).`$
Notice that

$$\delta (\frac{3\pi }{4},\theta )=0.$$

Hence

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\frac{3\pi }{4}}{\overset{\alpha }{}}\frac{\delta (\nu ,\theta )}{\nu }𝑑\nu =2\underset{\frac{3\pi }{4}}{\overset{\alpha }{}}arccot\left(\frac{\mathrm{cot}\nu }{\mathrm{cot}\theta }\right)𝑑\nu .$$

We use the proposition to calculate the value of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ in some cases. The results of our calculations are collected in the following corollary.

###### Corollary 2.

For any $`\alpha `$, $`0\alpha \pi `$ we have

| $`(i)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,0)=\pi \left(\frac{\pi }{4}\left|\frac{\pi }{2}\alpha \right|\right)`$, |
| --- | --- |
| $`(ii)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})=\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\left|\frac{\pi }{2}\alpha \right|\right)^2\frac{\pi ^2}{16},`$ |
| $`(iii)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\frac{3\pi }{4})=\frac{\pi ^2}{16}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\left|\frac{\pi }{2}\alpha \right|\right)^2`$, |
| $`(iv)`$ | $`\delta (\alpha ,\pi )=\pi \left(\left|\alpha \frac{\pi }{2}\right|\frac{\pi }{4}\right)`$. |

The result easy follows from Proposition 5 and properties $`(i)(iii)`$ of function $`\delta `$.

### 6.2 The relation $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ to the Schläfli function

Let $`T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ be a double-rectangular spherical, Euclidean or hyperbolic tetrahedron with dihedral angles $`\pi /2\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\pi /2\gamma `$. Define the Schläfli function by the following formula

$$S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\underset{1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{\left(X\right)^n}{n^2}\left(\mathrm{cos}2n\alpha \mathrm{cos}2n\beta +\mathrm{cos}2n\gamma 1\right)\alpha ^2+\beta ^2\gamma ^2\text{,}$$

where

$$X=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma D}{\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma +D}\text{,}$$

$$D=\sqrt{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma \mathrm{cos}^2\beta }\text{,}$$

$$0\alpha \frac{\pi }{2},0\beta \pi ,0\gamma \frac{\pi }{2}$$

(see Coxeter $`[C]`$ for details). It was shown by Schläfli ($`1898`$) that in the spherical case ($`\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma >\mathrm{cos}^2\beta `$) the volume of $`T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ and $`S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ are related by

$$4Vol(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ))=S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\text{.}$$

In Euclidean case ($`\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma =\mathrm{cos}^2\beta `$, see $`[C]`$, $`p.16`$)

$$S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=0\text{.}$$

In hyperbolic case ($`\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma <\mathrm{cos}^2\beta ,`$ $`\alpha ,\gamma <\beta `$), Coxeter notice ( $`[C]`$ , $`p.27`$), that

$$iS(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=4Vol(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )).$$

From the other side, we know (see, for instance $`[C]`$, $`p.23`$ or $`[V]`$, $`p.125`$) that

$`4Vol(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ))`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha +\theta )+\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha +\theta )\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta +\theta )\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta +\theta )`$
$`+\mathrm{\Lambda }(\gamma +\theta )+\mathrm{\Lambda }(\gamma +\theta )+2\mathrm{\Lambda }(\theta ),`$
where $`\theta `$ is defined by

$$\mathrm{tan}\theta =\frac{i\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma }{D}=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma }{\sqrt{\mathrm{cos}^2\beta \mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma }}\text{.}$$

Hence, the function $`S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ is connected with Lobachevskij function by the relation

$$iS(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(\beta ,\theta )\mathrm{\Delta }(\gamma ,\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(0,\theta )\text{,}$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )=\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha +\theta )\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha \theta )`$. The following proposition gives relation $`S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ and $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ in spherical case.

###### Proposition 6.

Let $`0\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \frac{\pi }{2}`$ and

$$\mathrm{tan}\theta =\frac{\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma }{\sqrt{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma \mathrm{cos}^2\beta }}\text{,}$$

where $`\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma >\mathrm{cos}^2\beta `$. Then

$$S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\delta (\beta ,\theta )\delta (\gamma ,\theta )+\delta (0,\theta )\text{.}$$

###### Proof.

Let $`T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ be a double-rectangular spherical tetrahedron with essential dihedral angles $`\frac{\pi }{2}\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\frac{\pi }{2}\gamma `$. By the Schläfli theorem $`S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=4Vol\left(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\right)`$. We find $`Vol\left(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\right)`$ in a few steps.

1 step. The Tangent Rule (see, for instance $`[V]`$, $`p.125`$)

$$\frac{\mathrm{tan}\alpha }{\mathrm{tan}a}=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\beta }{\mathrm{tan}b}=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}c}=T\text{,}$$

where $`a,b`$ and $`c`$ are the spherical lengths of edges correspondent to dihedral angles $`\frac{\pi }{2}\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\frac{\pi }{2}\gamma `$ respectively,

$$T=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma }{D}$$

and $`D=\sqrt{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha \mathrm{cos}^2\gamma \mathrm{cos}^2\beta }`$.

2 step. We note that $`T`$ is a root of the following biquadratic equation

$$\frac{1+A^2}{T^2+A^2}\frac{T^2+B^2}{1+B^2}\frac{1+C^2}{T^2+C^2}T^2=1\text{,}$$
(6.1)
where $`A=\mathrm{tan}\alpha `$, $`B=\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`C=\mathrm{tan}\gamma `$. Indeed, the above equation has four roots $`T_{1,2}=\pm 1`$ and $`T_{3,4}=\pm \mathrm{sin}\alpha \mathrm{sin}\gamma /D`$. The equation $`\left(\text{6.1}\right)`$ has the following geometrical sense. By the Tangent Rule, we have $`\mathrm{cos}^2a=T^2/\left(T^2+A^2\right)`$, $`\mathrm{cos}^2b=T^2/\left(T^2+B^2\right)`$ and $`\mathrm{cos}^2c=T^2/\left(T^2+C^2\right)`$. Hence $`\left(\text{6.1}\right)`$ gives

$$\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2a}{\mathrm{cos}^2\alpha }\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\beta }{\mathrm{cos}^2b}\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2c}{\mathrm{cos}^2\gamma }=1$$

and after the suitable choosing the sign we obtain

$$\frac{\mathrm{cos}\beta }{\mathrm{cos}b}=\frac{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }{\mathrm{cos}a}\frac{\mathrm{cos}\gamma }{\mathrm{cos}c}\text{.}$$
(6.2)
This is the Cosine Rule for double-rectangular spherical tetrahedron $`T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$.

3 step. Let $`V=V(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ be the volume of $`T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$. By the Schläfli formula we have

$$\frac{V}{\alpha }=\frac{a}{2},\frac{V}{\beta }=\frac{b}{2},\frac{V}{\gamma }=\frac{c}{2}\text{.}$$
(6.3)
It follows from the Tangent Rule that

$$V0\text{as }T+\mathrm{}\text{.}$$
(6.4)
4 step. It is easy to check (see the proof of Proposition 1) that the function

$$\stackrel{~}{V}(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\frac{1}{4}\underset{T}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{log}\frac{(1+A^2)(t^2+B^2)(1+C^2)t^2}{(t^2+A^2)(1+B^2)(t^2+C^2)}\frac{dt}{t^21}$$

is a solution of $`(\text{6.3})`$ with the initial condition $`(\text{6.4})`$. Hence $`Vol\left(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\right)=\stackrel{~}{V}(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$. Since $`S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=4Vol\left(T(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\right)`$ we have

$`S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{T}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{log}{\displaystyle \frac{(1+A^2)(t^2+B^2)(1+C^2)t^2}{(t^2+A^2)(1+B^2)(t^2+C^2)}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{t^21}}`$
$`=`$ $`I(T,A)+I(T,B)I(T,C)+I(T,0)\text{,}`$
where

$$I(T,A)=\underset{T}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}\mathrm{log}\frac{t^2+A^2}{1+A^2}\frac{dt}{t^21}$$

Let $`T=\mathrm{tan}\theta `$. Then under substitution $`t=\mathrm{tan}\tau `$ we obtain

$`I(T,A)`$ $`=`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\tau \mathrm{cos}2\alpha \right)d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }}{\displaystyle \underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}\left(1+\mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }}`$
$`=`$ $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )\delta ({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}},\theta )\text{.}`$
Hence

$$S(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )=\delta (\alpha ,\theta )+\delta (\beta ,\theta )\delta (\gamma ,\theta )+\delta (0,\theta )\text{.}$$

### 6.3 The relation $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ to the Lobachevskij function

Let

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\alpha \theta }{\overset{\alpha +\theta }{}}\mathrm{log}\left|2\mathrm{sin}t\right|dt=\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\alpha +\theta \right)\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\alpha \theta \right)$$

and

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)\frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }\text{.}$$

###### Proposition 7.

Let $`\alpha ,\theta ,\text{}\stackrel{~}{\theta }R`$, $`|\stackrel{~}{\theta }|`$ $`<\pi /4`$ and $`\mathrm{tan}\stackrel{~}{\theta }=\mathrm{tanh}\theta `$. Then

$$i\delta (\alpha ,\stackrel{~}{\theta })i\delta (\alpha ,0)=\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,i\theta )\mathrm{\Delta }(\frac{\pi }{4},i\theta )\text{.}$$

###### Proof.

Let

$$F(\alpha ,\theta )=i\delta (\alpha ,\stackrel{~}{\theta })i\delta (\alpha ,0)\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,i\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(\frac{\pi }{4},i\theta )\text{.}$$

We have to show that $`F(\alpha ,\theta )`$ satisfy the equation

$$\frac{F(\alpha ,\theta )}{\theta }=0\text{,}$$
(6.5)
with the initial condition $`F(\alpha ,0)=0`$. It means $`F(\alpha ,\theta )=0`$ and the proposition follows.

Note, that

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{\theta }}{\theta }=\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }}{\mathrm{cosh}^2\theta }=\frac{1\mathrm{tanh}^2\theta }{1+\mathrm{tan}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }}=\frac{1\mathrm{tan}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }}{1+\mathrm{tan}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }}=\mathrm{cos}2\stackrel{~}{\theta }\text{.}$$
(6.6)
From $`\left(\text{6.6}\right)`$ and definition of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(i\delta (\alpha ,\stackrel{~}{\theta })i\delta (\alpha ,0)\right)}{\theta }}`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \frac{\delta (\alpha ,\stackrel{~}{\theta })}{\stackrel{~}{\theta }}}{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\theta }}{\theta }}`$
$`=`$ $`i\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\stackrel{~}{\theta }\right)\text{.}`$
From definition of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )`$ we deduce

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,i\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(\frac{\pi }{4},i\theta )\right)}{\theta }}`$ $`=`$ $`i\mathrm{log}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha +i\theta \right)\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha i\theta \right)}{\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}+i\theta \right)\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}i\theta \right)}}\right|`$
$`=`$ $`i\mathrm{log}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}2i\theta \mathrm{cos}2\alpha }{\mathrm{cos}2i\theta \mathrm{cos}\frac{\pi }{2}}}\right|`$
$`=`$ $`i\mathrm{log}\left|1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}2\alpha }{\mathrm{cos}2i\theta }}\right|=i\mathrm{log}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}2\alpha }{\mathrm{cosh}2\theta }}\right)\text{.}`$
Since

$$\mathrm{cos}2\stackrel{~}{\theta }=\frac{1\mathrm{tan}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }}{1+\mathrm{tan}^2\stackrel{~}{\theta }}=\frac{1\mathrm{tanh}^2\theta }{1+\mathrm{tanh}^2\theta }=\frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}2\theta }$$

we obtain

$$\frac{\left(\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,i\theta )+\mathrm{\Delta }(\frac{\pi }{4},i\theta )\right)}{\theta }=i\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\stackrel{~}{\theta }\right)\text{.}$$
(6.8)
The equalities $`\left(\text{6.3}\right)`$ and $`\left(\text{6.8}\right)`$ give $`\left(\text{6.5}\right)`$. The initial condition $`F(\alpha ,0)=0`$ follows directly from definitions of $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\alpha ,\theta )`$. ∎

### 6.4
The relation $`\delta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ to the Dilogarithm

Here we consider the relation

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )=\underset{\theta }{\overset{\frac{\pi }{2}}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{cos}2\alpha \mathrm{cos}2\tau \right)\frac{d\tau }{\mathrm{cos}2\tau }$$

to the Dilogarithm function (\[Le\], p. 292)

$$\mathrm{Li}_2(r,t)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{0}{\overset{r}{}}\mathrm{log}\left(12x\mathrm{cos}t+x^2\right)\frac{dx}{x}\text{.}$$

Recall that $`\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})`$ is a $`\pi `$-periodic function with respect to $`\alpha `$ and

$$\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})=\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\left|\frac{\pi }{2}\alpha \right|\right)^2\frac{\pi ^2}{16}$$

for $`0<\alpha <\pi `$.

###### Proposition 8.

Let $`\alpha R`$ and $`\pi /4<\theta <3\pi /4`$. Then

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})=\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\theta \right),\frac{\pi }{2})\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\theta \right),2\alpha )\text{.}$$

###### Proof.

Since

$$\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\mu ,\alpha )=\underset{0}{\overset{\mu }{}}\mathrm{log}\frac{1\mathrm{sin}2\mu \mathrm{cos}\alpha }{\mathrm{cos}^2\mu }\frac{d\mu }{\mathrm{sin}2\mu }$$

for $`\pi /2<\mu <\pi /2`$ we have

$$\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\mu ,\frac{\pi }{2})\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\mu ,2\alpha )=$$
(6.9)
$$\underset{0}{\overset{\mu }{}}\mathrm{log}\left(1\mathrm{sin}2\mu \mathrm{cos}2\alpha \right)\frac{d\mu }{\mathrm{sin}2\mu }=\delta (\alpha ,\mu \frac{\pi }{4})+\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4}).$$

The property $`\left(ii\right)`$ of function $`\delta (\alpha ,\mu )`$ gives

$$\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4}\mu )\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})=\delta (\alpha ,\mu \frac{\pi }{4})+\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})$$
(6.10)
and under substitution $`\theta =\pi /4\mu `$ we obtain from $`\left(\text{6.9}\right)`$ and $`\left(\text{6.10}\right)`$

$$\delta (\alpha ,\theta )\delta (\alpha ,\frac{\pi }{4})=\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\theta \right),\frac{\pi }{2})\mathrm{Li}_2(\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\theta \right),2\alpha )$$

for $`\pi /4<\theta <3\pi /4`$. ∎