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# Noncommutative two-tori with real multiplication as noncommutative projective varieties

## 1. Preliminaries on derived categories of elliptic curves

### 1.1. Structure of the group of autoequivalences

Let $`X`$ be an elliptic curve, $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ be the group of (isomorphism classes of) exact autoequivalences of $`D^b(X)`$. There is a natural surjective homomorphism

$$\pi :\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))\mathrm{SL}_2(),$$

defined by the rule $`\pi (F)=g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$, such that for every object $`D^b(X)`$ one has

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{deg}F()\\ \mathrm{rk}F()\end{array}\right)=g\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{deg}\\ \mathrm{rk}\end{array}\right).$$

For example, if $`F`$ is the functor of tensoring with a line bundle $`L`$ then $`F`$ projects to the matrix $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \mathrm{deg}(L)\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)`$. Let $`\mathrm{SS}:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$ be the Fourier-Mukai transform considered as an autoequivalence of $`D^b(X)`$ via the isomorphism $`\widehat{X}X`$. Then $`\pi (\mathrm{SS})=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right)`$. The shift functor $`[1]`$ maps under $`\pi `$ to the matrix $`\mathrm{id}\mathrm{SL}_2()`$. We denote by $`\mathrm{Aut}(X)`$ the group of automorphisms of $`X`$ preserving the neutral element. It can be identified with a subgroup of $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$: to every automorphism $`\sigma :XX`$ there corresponds an autoequivalence $`\sigma _{}=(\sigma ^1)^{}:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$. Clearly, the homomorphism $`\pi `$ is trivial on this subgroup.

On the other hand, for every abelian variety $`X`$ there is a homomorphism

$$\gamma _X:\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))\mathrm{Sp}(X\times \widehat{X}),$$

where $`\mathrm{Sp}(X\times \widehat{X})`$ is the group of symplectic automorphisms of $`X\times \widehat{X}`$, i.e. automorphisms preserving the line bundle $`p_{14}^{}𝒫p_{23}^{}𝒫^1`$ on $`(X\times \widehat{X})^2`$, where $`𝒫`$ is the Poincaré line bundle on $`X\times \widehat{X}`$. The homomorphism $`\gamma _X`$ was defined by Orlov in , Cor. 2.16. He also proved that it fits into an exact sequence

$$1(X\times \widehat{X})(k)\times \mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))\stackrel{\gamma _X}{}\mathrm{Sp}(X\times \widehat{X})1,$$

where the subgroup $`(X\times \widehat{X})(k)`$ corresponds to functors of translation by points of $`X`$ and of tensor products with line bundles in $`\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)`$, while $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ is the subgroup of shifts $`AA[n]`$. More precisely, to a point $`(x,\xi )(X\times \widehat{X})(k)`$ one associates the autoequivalence

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_{(x,\xi )}:D^b(X)D^b(X):t_x^{}()𝒫|_{X\times \xi },$$

where $`t_x^{}:XX`$ denotes the translation by $`x^{}X(k)`$. The subgroup $`(X\times \widehat{X})(k)\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ is normal and the adjoint action of $`F\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ is given precisely by $`\gamma _X(F)`$ (see , Cor. 2.13).

In the case of an elliptic curve we can identify $`X`$ with $`\widehat{X}`$, so the group $`\mathrm{Sp}(X\times \widehat{X})`$ can be identified with the group $`\mathrm{Sp}(X\times X)`$ of matrices $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)`$ with entries in the ring $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ satisfying the equations

$$\overline{a}d\overline{c}b=1,a\overline{d}b\overline{c}=1$$

$$\overline{a}c=\overline{c}a,\overline{b}d=\overline{d}b,a\overline{b}=b\overline{a},c\overline{d}=d\overline{c},$$

where $`f\overline{f}`$ is the Rosati involution on $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$.

###### Lemma 1.1.

The group $`\mathrm{Sp}(X\times X)`$ is isomorphic to $`(\mathrm{Aut}(X)\times \mathrm{SL}_2())/\{\pm 1\}`$, where the subgroup $`\{\pm 1\}`$ is embedded diagonally.

Proof. Note that for every $`a\mathrm{Aut}(X)`$ one has $`\overline{a}a=1`$. Hence, $`\mathrm{Aut}(X)`$ embeds into $`\mathrm{Sp}(X\times X)`$ as the central subgroup of diagonal matrices $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& 0\\ 0& a\end{array}\right)`$. We have to prove that every element in $`\mathrm{Sp}(X\times X)`$ is a product of such a matrix with a matrix in $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$. If one of the entries of a matrix $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)\mathrm{Sp}(X\times X)`$ is zero then this is easy. Assuming that all the entries are non-zero we note that the condition $`a\overline{b}`$ implies that $`ab`$. Therefore, we can write $`a=a^{}r`$, $`b=b^{}r`$ for some $`r\mathrm{End}(X)_{}`$ and a pair of relatively prime integers $`(a^{},b^{})`$. From the condition $`a,b\mathrm{End}(X)`$ we immediately derive that $`r\mathrm{End}(X)`$. Using the conditions $`\overline{a}c`$, $`\overline{b}d`$ we can also write $`c=c^{}\overline{r}^1`$, $`d=d^{}\overline{r}^1`$ for some rational numbers $`(c^{},d^{})`$. Since $`c`$, $`d`$, and $`\overline{r}`$ are elements of $`\mathrm{End}(X)`$ we obtain that $`c^{}`$ and $`d^{}`$ are integers. The equation $`\overline{a}d\overline{c}b=1`$ implies that the matrix $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}a^{}& b^{}\\ c^{}& d^{}\end{array}\right)`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$. Finally, since $`c^{}\overline{r}^1\mathrm{End}(X)`$ and $`d^{}\overline{r}^1\mathrm{End}(X)`$ it follows that $`\overline{r}^1\mathrm{End}(X)`$, so $`r`$ is a unit. ∎

Let us set $`\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))=\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))/(X\times \widehat{X})(k)`$. According to the above lemma the homomorphism $`\gamma _X`$ induces a surjective homomorphism

$$\gamma _X:\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))(\mathrm{Aut}X\times \mathrm{SL}_2())/\{\pm 1\}$$

with the kernel $``$. The homomorphism $`\pi `$ also factors through a homomorphism

$$\pi :\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))\mathrm{SL}_2().$$

It is easy to check that the homomorphisms $`\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))\mathrm{SL}_2()/\{\pm 1\}`$ induced by $`\gamma _X`$ and $`\pi `$ differ by an automorphism of $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$. On the other hand, there is a natural action of $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ on $`K_0(X)`$ that preserves the subgroup $`K_0(X)_0K_0(X)`$ consisting of classes of zero degree and zero rank. Note that the determinant gives an isomorphism $`det:K_0(X)_0\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)`$. From this one can see that the action of $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ on $`K_0(X)_0`$ factors through $`\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))`$.

###### Theorem 1.2.

There exists a homomorphism $`\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))\mathrm{Aut}(X):F\alpha _F`$, such that

$$F(a)=\alpha _F(a)$$

for every $`aK_0(X)_0`$. The induced homomorphism

$$\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))\mathrm{Aut}(X)\times \mathrm{SL}_2():F(\alpha _F,\pi (F))$$

fits into the exact sequence

$$12\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))\mathrm{Aut}(X)\times \mathrm{SL}_2()1,$$

where $`2`$ is the subgroup of even shifts $`AA[2n]`$.

Proof. We have an exact sequence

(1.1)
$$1\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))/\mathrm{Aut}(X)\stackrel{\overline{\pi }}{}\mathrm{SL}_2()/\{\pm 1\}1,$$

where the homomorphism $`\overline{\pi }`$ is induced by $`\pi `$, $``$ is the subgroup of shifts. Indeed, this follows from the fact that $`\overline{\pi }`$ differs from the homomorphism induced by $`\gamma _X`$ by an automorphism of $`\mathrm{SL}_2()/\{\pm 1\}`$ and from the fact that $`\mathrm{ker}(\gamma _X)=`$. One consequence of this is that $`\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))`$ is generated by the subgroup $`\mathrm{Aut}(X)`$ together with the shift $`AA[1]`$, the tensoring functor $`T(A)=AL`$, where $`L`$ is a line bundle of degree $`1`$, and the Fourier-Mukai transform $`\mathrm{SS}`$. Since the action of all of these autoequivalences on $`K_0(X)`$ is known, we derive that for every $`F\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))`$ there exists an automorphism $`\alpha _F\mathrm{Aut}(X)`$ such that $`F`$ acts on $`K_0(X)_0`$ in the same way as $`\alpha _F`$. Similarly, we can consider the action of $`F`$ on $`K_0(X_k\overline{k})_0`$, where $`\overline{k}`$ is an algebraic closure of $`k`$. The above argument shows that there exists unique $`\alpha _F`$ defined over $`k`$, such that $`F`$ acts on $`K_0(X_k\overline{k})_0`$ as $`\alpha _F`$. It is clear that the homomorphism $`F\alpha _F`$ restricts to the identity map on $`\mathrm{Aut}(X)\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))`$. Together with surjectivity of $`\pi `$ this immediately implies surjectivity of the map $`F(\alpha _F,\pi (F))`$. The kernel of this map clearly contains the subgroup of even shifts $`2\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))`$. Using the exact sequence (1.1) one can easily see that this kernel coincides with $`2`$. ∎

Let $`\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))^0\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))`$ (resp., $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))^0\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$) be the subgroup consisting of $`F`$ with $`\alpha _F=1`$. From the above theorem we get an exact sequence

$$12\overline{\mathrm{Aut}}(D^b(X))^0\mathrm{SL}_2()1.$$

The following proposition can be viewed as an analogue of the theorem of the cube for autoequivalences of $`D^b(X)`$.

###### Proposition 1.3.

For every $`F\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ one has

(1.2)
$$[F^3(a)](N_F+\alpha _F)[F^2(a)]+(1+N_F\alpha _F)[F(a)]\alpha _F[a]=0$$

in $`K_0(X)`$ for every $`aK_0(X)`$, where $`N_F=\mathrm{tr}(\pi (F))`$. In particular, if $`F\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))^0`$ then

$$[F^3(a)](N_F+1)[F^2(a)]+(N_F+1)[F(a)][a]=0.$$

Proof. Set $`N=N_F`$. We claim that $`[F^2(a)]N[F(a)]+[a]K_0(X)_0K_0(X)`$ for every $`aK_0(X)`$. Indeed, this follows immediately from the fact that $`F`$ acts as an element $`g`$ on the pair $`(\mathrm{deg},\mathrm{rk})`$, where $`g^2Ng+1=0`$. It remains to apply $`F`$ to this element in $`K_0(X)_0`$ and to use the definition of $`\alpha _F`$. ∎

Example. Let $`F`$ be of the form $`(L)\sigma ^{}`$, where $`L`$ is a line bundle, $`\sigma `$ is a translation by a point on $`X`$. Then $`\alpha _F=1`$ and

$$F^2(L\sigma ^{}L)\sigma ^{},$$

$$F^3(L\sigma ^{}L(\sigma ^2)^{}L)\sigma ^{},$$

so (1.2) amounts to the identity

$$[L\sigma ^{}L(\sigma ^2)^{}L]3[L\sigma ^{}L]+3[L][𝒪_X]=0,$$

or equivalently

$$(\sigma ^2)^{}L\sigma ^{}L^2L^1.$$

On the other hand, this isomorphism is a direct consequence of the theorem of the cube. This is why we can view Proposition 1.3 as an analogue of this theorem for more general autoequivalences.

### 1.2. $`t`$-structures on $`D^b(X)`$

Let us say that an object $`D^b(X)`$ is stable if $`=V[n]`$, where $`n`$, $`V`$ is either a stable vector bundle or the structure sheaf of a $`k`$-point. It is easy to see that an object $`D^b(X)`$ is stable if and only if $`\mathrm{Hom}(,)=k`$ (since every object in $`D^b(X)`$ is isomorphic to the direct sum of its cohomology sheaves).

Below we are going to use some basic notions and results of the torsion theory that can be found in . For every real number $`\theta `$ we consider a $`t`$-structure $`(D^{\theta ,0},D^{\theta ,0})`$ on $`D^b(X)`$ defined as follows. First, let us define a torsion pair $`(\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta },\mathrm{Coh}_\theta )`$ in the category $`\mathrm{Coh}(X)`$ of coherent sheaves on $`X`$. By the definition, $`F\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{Coh}_\theta `$) if all semistable factors of $`F`$ have slope $`>\theta `$ (resp. $`\theta `$). Note that objects of $`\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ are allowed to have arbitrary torsion (we consider torsion sheaves as having the slope $`+\mathrm{}`$). Now the $`t`$-structure associated with $`\theta `$ is defined by the rule

$$D^{\theta ,0}:=\{KD^b(X):H^{>0}(K)=0,H^0(K)\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }\},$$

$$D^{\theta ,1}:=\{KD^b(X):H^{<0}(K)=0,H^0(K)\mathrm{Coh}_\theta \}.$$

The fact that this is indeed a $`t`$-structure follows from the torsion theory (see ). The heart of this $`t`$-structure is $`𝒞^\theta (X):=D^{\theta ,0}D^{\theta ,0}`$. It is equipped with the torsion pair $`(\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1],\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta })`$.

It is convenient to extend the above definition to $`\theta =\mathrm{}`$ by letting $`(D^{\mathrm{},0},D^{\mathrm{},0})`$ to be the standard $`t`$-structure on $`D^b(X)`$. In the following proposition we list some properties of these $`t`$-structures. Let us denote $`v_{}=(\mathrm{deg}(),\mathrm{rk}())^2`$ for $`D^b(X)`$. Note that for $`F\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ one has $`v_{F()}=\pi (F)(v_{})`$, where $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ acts on $`^2`$ as on column vectors.

###### Proposition 1.4.

(i) The category $`𝒞^\theta (X)`$ has cohomological dimension $`1`$ and there is an equivalence $`D^b(𝒞^\theta (X))D^b(X)`$.

(ii) If $`\theta `$ then one has

$$\{v_{}|𝒞^\theta (X),0\}=H_\theta ^2,$$

where $`H_\theta =\{(x_1,x_2)|x_1\theta x_2>0\}`$. If $`\theta `$ then the above statement is true with the half-plane $`H_\theta `$ replaced by its union with the ray $`_0(\theta ,1)`$.

Proof. (i) Let us first prove that $`\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}^{>1}(A,B)=0`$ for every $`A,B𝒞^\theta (X)`$. If both objects $`A`$ and $`B`$ belong to one of the subcategories $`\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ or $`\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1]`$, then the assertion is clear. If $`A\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$, $`B\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1]`$ then $`\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}^i(A,B)=\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}^{i+1}(A,B[1])=0`$ for $`i1`$. On the other hand,

$$\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}^i(B,A)=\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}^{i1}(B[1],A)\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}^{2i}(A,B[1])^{}=0$$

for $`i2`$, since $`\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{Coh}(X)}(A,B[1])=0`$.

The second assertion follows from this by the standard argument (see e.g. ).

(ii) This follows from the fact that primitive lattice vectors contained in $`H_0(\theta ,1)`$ are exactly vectors $`v_{}`$, where $``$ is a stable object belonging to $`\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ or $`\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1]`$. ∎

It is not difficult to calculate the action of autoequivalences of $`D^b(X)`$ on these $`t`$-structures. We denote by $`\theta g\theta =\frac{a\theta +b}{c\theta +d}`$, where $`g=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)\mathrm{SL}_2()`$, the standard fractional-linear action of $`g`$ on $`\{\mathrm{}\}`$.

###### Proposition 1.5.

For every $`F\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ and every $`\theta \{\mathrm{}\}`$ one has $`F(D^{\theta ,0})=D^{g\theta ,0}[n]`$ (resp., $`F(D^{\theta ,0})=D^{g\theta ,0}[n]`$), where $`g=\pi (F)\mathrm{SL}_2()`$, $`n`$ is some integer.

Proof. The assertion is clear when $`F`$ is a translation or the tensor product with a line bundle, or the pull-back under an automorphism. Hence, it suffices to consider the case $`F=\mathrm{SS}`$, where $`\mathrm{SS}`$ is the Fourier-Mukai transform. For every segment $`I\{+\mathrm{}\}`$ let us denote by $`\mathrm{Coh}_I(X)\mathrm{Coh}(X)`$ the full subcategory in $`\mathrm{Coh}(X)`$ consisting of sheaves $`F`$ such that all semistable factors of $`F`$ have slope in $`I`$ (recall that torsion sheaves have slope $`+\mathrm{}`$). Assume first that $`\theta `$, $`\theta >0`$. Since $`\mathrm{SS}`$ transforms the slopes by the map $`\mu \mu ^1`$, we have

$$\mathrm{SS}(\mathrm{Coh}_{(\theta ,+\mathrm{}]})=\mathrm{Coh}_{(\theta ^1,0]},$$

$$\mathrm{SS}(\mathrm{Coh}_{(0,\theta ]}[1])=\mathrm{Coh}_{(\mathrm{},\theta ^1]}[1],$$

$$\mathrm{SS}(\mathrm{Coh}_{(\mathrm{},0]}[1])=\mathrm{Coh}_{(0,+\mathrm{}]}.$$

This immediately implies that $`\mathrm{SS}`$ sends the $`t`$-structure associated with $`\theta `$ to the $`t`$-structure associated with $`\theta ^1`$. Since $`\mathrm{SS}^2=[\mathrm{id}]^{}[1]`$, it follows that for $`\theta `$, $`\theta <0`$ one has $`\mathrm{SS}(D^{\theta ,0},D^{\theta ,0})=(D^{\theta ^1,0}[1],D^{\theta ^1,0}[1])`$. Similarly, it easy to see that $`\mathrm{SS}`$ switches (up to a shift) the standard $`t`$-structure with the $`t`$-structure corresponding to $`\theta =0`$. ∎

Let us consider the bilinear form $`\chi (_1,_2):=_i(1)^idim\mathrm{Hom}^i(_1,_2)`$ on $`K_0(X)`$, where $`\mathrm{Hom}^i(_1,_2):=\mathrm{Hom}_{D^b(X)}(_1,_2[i])`$. It is easy to see that

$$\chi (_1,_2)=det(v__1,v__2).$$

The kernel of $`\chi `$ is exactly the subgroup $`K_0(X)_0K_0(X)`$ consisting of elements of zero degree and zero rank. Abusing the notation we also set $`\chi (v,v^{}):=det(v,v^{})`$ for $`v,v^{}^2`$, so that $`\chi (_1,_2)=\chi (v__1,v__2)`$.

The following lemma generalizes to categories $`𝒞^\theta (X)`$ the well-known fact about stable bundles on $`X`$.

###### Lemma 1.6.

Let $`_1,_2`$ be a pair of stable objects in $`𝒞^\theta (X)`$ such that $`\chi (_1,_2)>0`$. Then $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1,_2)=0`$ and $`dim\mathrm{Hom}(_1,_2)=\chi (_1,_2)`$.

Proof. By Proposition 1.4(i) we have $`\chi (_1,_2)=dim\mathrm{Hom}(_1,_2)dim\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1,_2)`$, so it is enough to check the vanishing of $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1,_2)`$. In the case when both $`_1`$ and $`_2`$ belong to $`\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ (resp., $`\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1]`$) the assumption $`\chi (v__1,v__2)>0`$ implies that $`\mu (_1)<\mu (_2)`$ (resp., $`\mu (_1[1])<\mu (_2[1])`$). Hence, in this case the assertion is clear. It is easy to see that the case $`_1\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1]`$, $`_2\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ cannot occur. Indeed, since the vectors $`v__1`$ and $`v__2`$ belong to $`H_\theta `$ and $`\chi (v__1,v__2)>0`$, the condition $`\mathrm{rk}_2>0`$ implies that $`\mathrm{rk}_1>0`$. In the remaining case $`_1\mathrm{Coh}_{>\theta }`$ and $`_2\mathrm{Coh}_\theta [1]`$, so the assertion follows from the vanishing of $`\mathrm{Hom}^2(_1,_2[1])`$. ∎

## 2. Noncommutative tori, autoequivalences of $`D^b(X)`$ and related algebras

### 2.1. Morita autoequivalences of noncommutative tori and analogues of homogeneous coordinate rings

We refer to  for an introduction and a survey of main results in the theory of noncommutative tori. Recall that for every $`\theta `$ the algebra $`A_\theta `$ of smooth functions on the noncommutative torus $`T_\theta `$ is the algebra of series $`a_{n_1,n_2}U_1^{n_1}U_2^{n_2}`$ in variables $`U_1`$, $`U_2`$ satisfying the relation

$$U_1U_2=\mathrm{exp}(2\pi i\theta )U_2U_1,$$

such that the coefficient function $`(n_1,n_2)a_{n_1,n_2}`$ is rapidly decreasing at infinity. By the definition, vector bundles on $`T_\theta `$ are finitely generated projective $`A_\theta `$-modules (we always consider right modules). A complex structure on $`T_\theta `$ is given by a derivation $`\delta _\tau :A_\theta A_\theta `$, such that $`\delta _\tau (U_1)=\tau `$, $`\delta _\tau (U_2)=1`$, where $`\tau `$ (following  we will usually impose the condition $`\mathrm{Im}(\tau )<0`$). We denote by $`T_{\theta ,\tau }`$ the noncommutative torus $`T_\theta `$ equipped with this complex structure. A holomorphic structure on a vector bundle is given by an operator $`:EE`$ on the corresponding projective right $`A_\theta `$-module satisfying $`(ea)=(e)a+e\delta _\tau (a)`$, where $`eE`$, $`aA_\theta `$. As in  we only consider standard holomorphic vector bundles on $`T_{\theta ,\tau }`$ that are given by certain family of standard holomorphic structures on basic modules.

Recall that a basic $`A_\theta `$-module $`E`$ is uniquely determined by its rank which is a primitive positive element in $`+\theta `$ (we assume that $`\theta `$ is irrational). The algebra of endomorphisms of $`E`$ can be identified with $`A_\theta ^{}`$ for some $`\theta ^{}`$ and the functor $`E^{}E^{}_{A_\theta ^{}}E`$ is a Morita equivalence between the categories of right $`A_\theta ^{}`$-modules and right $`A_\theta `$-modules. It is known that $`\theta ^{}`$ is necessarily of the form $`\theta ^{}=g\theta `$ for some $`g\mathrm{SL}_2()/\{\pm 1\}`$. It is convenient to lift elements of $`\mathrm{SL}_2()/\{\pm 1\}`$ to elements $`g`$ of $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ satsisfying the condition $`c\theta +d>0`$, where $`g=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)`$. For every such $`g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ there is a basic right $`A_\theta `$-module $`E_g(\theta )`$ of rank $`\mathrm{rk}(E_g(\theta ))=c\theta +d`$ equipped with an isomorphism $`\mathrm{End}_{A_\theta }(E_g(\theta ))A_{g\theta }`$ (see , section 1.1).

Standard holomorphic structures on $`E_g(\theta )`$ are parametrized by the points of a complex elliptic curve $`X_\tau =/(+\tau )`$. As we have shown in  (Prop. 3.1), fixing such a structure we obtain the Morita equivalence $`E^{}E^{}_{A_\theta }E_g(\theta )`$ between the categories of holomorphic bundles on $`T_{g\theta ,\tau }`$ and $`T_{\theta ,\tau }`$ (preserving the subcategories of standard holomorphic bundles).

We are interested in the situation when $`g(\theta )=\theta `$ for some nontrivial $`g\mathrm{SL}_2()/\{\pm 1\}`$. It is easy to see that this happens exactly when either $`\theta `$ is rational or $`\theta `$ generates a real quadratic extension of $``$. In this case $`E=E_g(\theta )`$ has a natural structure of $`A_\theta `$-$`A_\theta `$-bimodule, so we can consider its tensor powers

$$E^n:=E_{A_\theta }\mathrm{}_{A_\theta }E(n\text{times})E_{g^n}(\theta ),$$

where the last isomorphism follows from the general formula for the tensor product of basic modules (see e.g. Proposition 1.2 of ). If we equip $`E`$ with a standard holomorphic structure then $`E^n`$ acquires the induced holomorphic structure, so we can consider the corresponding space of holomorphic vectors $`H^0(E^n)`$. Note that in order for these spaces to be non-zero we need to impose the condition $`c>0`$ (where we assume that $`\mathrm{Im}(\tau )<0`$; see , Prop. 2.5). For $`n=0`$ we set $`E^0=A_\theta `$ and equip it with the standard holomorphic structure $`\delta _\tau `$. Now there is a natural structure of an associative algebra on

$$B_E:=_{n0}H^0(E^n)$$

given by the tensor product of holomorphic vectors. Clearly, this algebra is a direct generalization of the homogeneous coordinate ring. One can also define analogues of twisted homogeneous coordinate ring by changing the bimodule structure on $`E`$. Namely, one can leave the right $`A_\theta `$-module structure the same and twist the left $`A_\theta `$-module structure by some holomorphic (i.e., commuting with $`\delta _\tau `$) automorphism of $`A_\theta `$.

Recall that in  we constructed an equivalence between the derived category of standard holomorphic vector bundles on $`T_{\theta ,\tau }`$ and the full subcategory of stable objects in the derived category $`D^b(X)`$ of coherent sheaves on the elliptic curve $`X=X_\tau =/(+\tau )`$. This equivalence sends each standard holomorphic bundle of rank $`m\theta +n`$ to a stable object in $`D^b(X)`$ of degree $`m`$ and rank $`n`$. The image of the category of holomorphic bundles under this equivalence belongs to $`𝒞^{\theta ^1}`$ (up to a shift). Moreover, the Morita autoequivalence $`E^{}E^{}_{A_\theta }E_g(\theta )`$, where $`g(\theta )=\theta `$, corresponds to some autoequivalence $`F:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$ preserving $`𝒞^{\theta ^1}D^b(X)`$, such that $`\pi (F)=g^t`$ (the transposed matrix to $`g`$) Note that this is compatible with Proposition 1.5 since $`g^t(\theta ^1)=\theta ^1`$. It is also easy to see from the explicit formulas for the equivalence of  that $`F`$ belongs to the subgroup $`\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))^0\mathrm{Aut}(D^b(X))`$ introduced in 1.1. By twisting the left $`A_\theta `$-module structure on $`E_g(\theta )`$ with some holomorphic automorphisms of $`A_\theta `$ we can get more general autoequivalences $`F`$ with $`\pi (F)=g^t`$.

Let $`(_n,n0)`$ be the image of the sequence of holomorphic bundles $`(E^n)`$ under the above equivalence of categories. Then we have $`_n=F^n(_0)`$ and there is a natural isomorphism of algebras

$$B_EA_{F,_0}.$$

This isomorphism allows us to switch to the language of $`t`$-structures and autoequivalences of $`D^b(X)`$ in the further study of these algebras.

It is sometimes convenient to change the point of view slightly. Namely, the condition $`g\theta =\theta `$ is equivalent to the condition

$$r^2(a+d)r+1=0,$$

where $`r=c\theta +d`$. In other words, $`r`$ is an eigenvalue of $`g`$. Note that $`\theta `$ can be recovered from the pair $`(g,r)`$ by the formula $`\theta =(rd)/c`$. Thus, we can start with an arbitrary matrix $`g`$ in $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ having real positive eigenvalues and $`c>0`$. Then fixing one of the eigenvalues $`r`$ of $`g`$, we get a family of graded algebras

$$B_{g,r}(\tau )=_{n0}H^0(T_{\theta ,\tau },E^n)$$

parametrized by $`\tau `$ such that $`\mathrm{Im}(\tau )<0`$, where $`\theta =(rd)/c`$, $`E=E_g(\theta )`$ is equipped with a standard holomorphic structure $`\overline{}_0`$ (see ). Note that for every upper-triangular matrix $`u\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ one has $`B_{ugu^1,r}(\tau )B_{g,r}(\tau )`$, so this family of algebras really lives on a double covering of $`\mathrm{SL}_2()/Ad()`$, where $``$ is embedded as upper-triangular matrices in $`\mathrm{SL}_2()`$.

###### Proposition 2.1.

There is an isomorphism of graded algebras

$$B_{g,r}(\tau )^{opp}B_{g^{},r^1}(\tau ),$$

where $`g^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}d& b\\ c& a\end{array}\right)`$.

Proof. We have a natural isomorphism $`A_\theta A_\theta ^{opp}`$, identical on generators $`U_1`$ and $`U_2`$. Thus, we can consider $`E=E_g(\theta )`$ as an $`A_\theta `$-$`A_\theta `$-bimodule. It is easy to see that as such a bimodule $`E`$ is isomorphic to $`E_g^{}(\theta )`$. Moreover, this isomorphism is compatible with standard holomorphic structures up to a scalar. This implies the result. ∎

### 2.2. Algebras associated with autoequivalences and $`t`$-structures

We want to look at the algebras $`A_{F,}`$, where $`D^b(X)`$ is a stable object, $`F:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$ is an autoequivalence. In order to get interesting algebras we would like to impose the condition $`F^n()\simeq ̸`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(,F^n())0`$ for all sufficiently large $`n0`$. We are going to show that this condition implies that the corresponding element $`\pi (F)\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ has positive real eigenvalues.

###### Lemma 2.2.

For $`g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ and $`v^2\{0\}`$ the following conditions are equivalent:

(i) $`\chi (v,g^nv)>0`$ for all sufficiently large $`n`$;

(i)’ $`\chi (v,g^nv)>0`$ for all $`n>0`$;

(ii) $`g`$ has positive real eigenvalues and $`\chi (v,gv)>0`$.

Proof. First, let us show that (i) implies (ii). Set $`N=\mathrm{tr}(g)`$. Then $`g^2Ng+1=0`$. Hence,

$$\chi (v,g^nv)N\chi (v,g^{n1}v)+\chi (v,g^{n2}v)=0.$$

From this we immediately derive that

$$\underset{n0}{}\chi (v,g^nv)t^n=\frac{Mt}{1Nt+t^2},$$

where $`M=\chi (v,gv)`$. Therefore, condition (ii) implies that all coefficients of the series $`M(1Nt+t^2)^1`$ except for a finite number are positive. It is easy to see that for $`N2`$ (i.e., when both roots of the equation $`t^2Nt+1=0`$ are real and positive) all coefficients of the series $`(1Nt+t^2)^1`$ are positive. By the change of variables $`tt`$ this implies that the series $`(1Nt+t^2)^1`$ is alternating for $`N2`$. It is also easy to see directly that for $`N=\pm 1`$ or $`N=0`$ this series still has infinitely many negative coefficients. Hence, (i) implies that $`M>0`$ and $`N2`$. The same argument shows that (ii) implies (i)’. ∎

###### Proposition 2.3.

Let $`F:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$ be an autoequivalence with $`\pi (F)=g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$, $``$ be a stable object of $`D^b(X)`$. Then the following conditions are equivalent:

(i) $`F^n()\simeq ̸`$ for $`n>0`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(,F^n())0`$ for all sufficiently large $`n`$;

(ii) $`g`$ has positive real eigenvalues, $`M=\chi (,F())>0`$, and there exists $`\theta \{\mathrm{}\}`$ such that $`F`$ preserves $`𝒞^\theta `$.

Under these conditions the Hilbert series of $`A_{F,}`$ is equal to

$$H_{A_{F,𝒪_X}}(t)=1+\frac{Mt}{1Nt+t^2},$$

where $`N=\mathrm{tr}(g)`$. Also, if $`(\theta ,1)^2`$ is an eigenvector of $`g`$ then $`F`$ preserves the subcategory $`𝒞^\theta D^b(X)`$ (if $`(1,0)`$ is an eigenvector then we set $`\theta =\mathrm{}`$).

Proof. (i)$``$ (ii). Note that for every pair of non-isomorphic stable objects $`𝒢,𝒢^{}D^b(X)`$ the graded space $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(𝒢,𝒢^{})`$ is always concentrated in one degree. Hence, (i) implies that $`\chi (,F^n())=\chi (v_0,g^nv_0)>0`$ for all sufficiently large $`n`$, where $`v_0=v_{}^2`$. By Lemma 2.2 this implies that $`g`$ has positive eigenvalues and that $`M>0`$. Also, from the proof of this lemma we obtain the formula for the Hilbert series of $`A_{F,}`$. Now let $`u^2`$ be an eigenvector of $`g`$. Rescaling $`u`$ we can assume that either $`u=(\theta ,1)`$ or $`u=(1,0)`$. In the latter case we set $`\theta =\mathrm{}`$. In either case we have $`g(\theta )=\theta `$ under the fractional-linear action. Therefore, by Proposition 1.5 we have $`F(𝒞^\theta )=𝒞^\theta [m]`$ for some $`m`$. Since $``$ belongs to $`𝒞^\theta [i]`$ for some $`i`$, the nonvanishing of $`\mathrm{Hom}(,F^n())`$ for $`n>>0`$ implies that $`m=0`$.

(ii)$``$ (i). Let us consider vectors

$$v_n=v_{F^n()}=g^nv_0^2^2.$$

Since $`\chi (v_0,v_1)=M>0`$, it follows that $`\chi (v_n,v_{n+1})>0`$ for all $`n0`$. Let $`m`$ be an integer such that $`𝒞^\theta [m]`$. Then all the vectors $`v_n`$ belong to the closed half-plane $`(1)^m\overline{H_\theta }^2`$ (see Proposition 1.4). Hence, $`\chi (v_i,v_j)0`$ for $`i<j`$. Moreover, for a pair of stable objects $`𝒢,𝒢^{}𝒞^\theta `$ the vectors $`v_𝒢`$ and $`v_𝒢^{}`$ can be proportional only if $`v_𝒢=v_𝒢^{}`$. Hence, we have $`\chi (v_i,v_j)>0`$ for $`i<j`$. It remains to apply Lemma 1.6. ∎

Remarks. 1. It is easy to deduce from the proof that for a pair $`(F,)`$ such that $`g=\pi (F)\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ has positive real eigenvalues and $`M>0`$, the conditions of the above proposition will be satisfied for $`(F[n],)`$ for some $`n2`$.

2. If $`F`$ satisfies the equivalent conditions of the above proposition, $`g`$ has two distinct eigenvalues and $`(\theta _1,1)`$, $`(\theta _2,1)`$ are the corresponding eigenvectors, then $`F`$ preserves both subcategories $`𝒞^{\theta _1}`$ and $`𝒞^{\theta _2}`$. Hence, $`F`$ also preserves $`𝒞^{\theta _1}𝒞^{\theta _2}`$. Moreover, it is easy to see that $`𝒞^{\theta _1}𝒞^{\theta _2}`$ is a “half” of the natural $`F`$-invariant torsion theory in each of the categories $`𝒞^{\theta _1}`$, $`𝒞^{\theta _2}`$ and that these categories are tiltings of each other with respect to these torsion theories.

One can rewrite the Hilbert series of $`A_{F,}`$ as follows:

$$H_{A_{F,}}(t)=\frac{1+(MN)t+t^2}{1Nt+t^2}.$$

In particular, we notice that the series $`H_{A_{F,}}(t)^1`$ has similar form but with $`N`$ and $`MN`$ switched. Recall that if a graded algebra $`A`$ is Koszul then one has $`H_{A^!}(t)=H_A(t)^1`$, where $`A^!`$ is the Koszul dual algebra. Below we will show that under appropriate conditions the algebra $`A_{F,}`$ is Koszul with the dual also of the form $`A_{F^{},}`$.

### 2.3. Koszul duality

For every stable object $`D^b(X)`$ we denote by $`R_{}`$ the the right twist corresponding to $``$. This is an autoequivalence on $`D^b(X)`$ such that one has exact triangles

$$𝒢\mathrm{Hom}^{}(𝒢,)^{}R_{}𝒢𝒢[1]$$

for all $`𝒢D^b(X)`$ (see ; our notation is slightly different). The quasi-inverse autoequivalence is the left twist $`L_{}`$, such that one has an exact triangle

$$L_{}(𝒢)\mathrm{Hom}^{}(,𝒢)𝒢L_{}(𝒢)[1].$$

###### Theorem 2.4.

Let $`(F,)`$ be a pair satisfying the equivalent conditions of Proposition 2.3. Let $`\pi (F)=g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$, $`N=\mathrm{tr}(g)`$, $`M=\chi (,F())`$, and let $`A=A_{F,}`$ be the corresponding graded algebra. Then

(a) $`A`$ is generated by $`A_1`$ over $`A_0=k`$ if and only if $`MN+1`$, or $`M=N`$ and

$$detF^2()\simeq ̸(detF())^Ndet()^1;$$

(b) $`A`$ is a quadratic algebra if and only if $`MN+2`$, or $`M=N+1`$ and

$$detF^3()\simeq ̸(detF^2())^{N+1}(detF())^{N1}det();$$

(c) $`A`$ is Koszul if and only if $`MN+2`$. Moreover, in this case one has the following isomorphism for the quadratic dual algebra:

$$A^!A_{R_{}F^1,}.$$

Let $`(r,r^1)`$ be the eigenvalues of $`g`$ and let $`(u,u^{})`$ be the corresponding eigenvectors, so that $`gu=ru`$, $`gu^{}=r^1u^{}`$. Let $`u^{}:^2`$ be the functional defined by $`u^{}(u)=1`$, $`u^{}(u^{})=0`$. We can choose $`u`$ in such a way that $`u^{}(v_0)>0`$, where $`v_0=v_{}`$ (note that $`v_0`$ cannot be an eigenvector of $`g`$ since $`M=\chi (v_0,gv_0)>0`$). Consider the half-plane $`H=\{v^2|u^{}(v)>0\}`$. Let $`𝒞=𝒞^\theta [m]`$ for appropriate $`\theta \{\mathrm{}\}`$ and $`m`$, so that $`𝒞`$ and the vectors $`(v_𝒢,𝒢𝒞)`$ belong to the closure of $`H`$. Then $`F`$ preserves $`𝒞`$ (see Proposition 2.3). For an object $`𝒢`$ of $`D^b(X)`$ we set

$$\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(𝒢)=\frac{u^{}(v_𝒢)}{u^{}(v_0)},$$

so that $`\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(𝒢)0`$ for all $`𝒢𝒞`$. From the definition of $`u^{}`$ we immediately derive that

$$\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(F(𝒢))=r\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(𝒢).$$

Note that $`𝒞`$ contains the subcategory equivalent to the category of stable bundles on a noncommutative $`2`$-torus and $`\mathrm{rk}_𝒞`$ is proportional to the rank function on such bundles. Let us denote $`_n=F^n()𝒞`$. Since $`\mathrm{rk}_𝒞()=1`$, we obtain that

$$\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_n)=r^n.$$

To prove the above theorem we are going to use the twist functors $`R__n:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$. More precisely, let us consider the objects

$$_n^{}:=R__nR_{_{n1}}\mathrm{}R__1(_0)D^b(X),$$

where $`n>0`$. It is convenient to extend this definition to $`n=0`$ by setting $`_0^{}=_0`$. As we will see, the properties of the algebra $`A`$ depend on whether some (or all) $`_n^{}`$ belong to the subcategory $`𝒞`$ and also on the vanishing of some (or all) spaces $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_n^{},_m)`$ for $`n<m`$.

###### Lemma 2.5.

Consider the following generating series

$$F(t,u)=\underset{n0,k0}{}\chi (_n^{},_{n+k+1})t^nu^k,$$

$$R(t)=\underset{n0}{}\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_n^{})t^n.$$

Then one has

$$F(t,u)=\frac{M(1+tu)}{(1Nu+u^2)(1(MN)t+t^2)},$$

$$R(t)=\frac{1+r^2t}{1(MN)rt+r^2t^2}.$$

Proof. By the definition of $`_n^{}`$ we have an exact triangle

(2.1)
$$_{n1}^{}\mathrm{Hom}^{}(_{n1}^{},_n)^{}_n_n^{}_{n1}^{}[1].$$

This implies the following relations:

$$\chi (_n^{},_m)=\chi (_{n1}^{},_n)\chi (_n,_m)\chi (_{n1}^{},_m),m>n1,$$

$$\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_n^{})=\chi (_{n1}^{},_n)r^n\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_{n1}^{}),n1.$$

Note that $`\chi (_n,_m)=\chi (_0,_{mn})`$ for $`m>n`$ is a coefficient of the Hilbert series of $`A`$:

$$H(t)=1+\underset{n1}{}\chi (_0,_n)t^n.$$

Therefore, denoting

$$F_0(t)=F(t,0)=\underset{n0}{}\chi (_n^{},_{n+1})t^n,$$

we obtain the equations

$$(u+t)F(t,u)=H(u)(1+tF_0(t))1,$$

$$R(t)=1+rtF_0(rt)tR(t).$$

Substituting $`u=t`$ into the first equation we get

$$F_0(t)=\frac{H(t)^11}{t},$$

and therefore,

$$F(t,u)=\frac{H(u)H(t)^11}{u+t},$$

$$R(t)=\frac{H(rt)^1}{1+t}.$$

It remains to use the formula

$$H(t)=\frac{1+(MN)t+t^2}{1Nt+t^2}$$

that was proven in Proposition 2.3. ∎

Proof of Theorem 2.4. (a) If the map $`A_1A_1A_2`$ is surjective then $`M^2=(dimA_1)^2dimA_2=MN`$, hence $`MN`$.

Conversely, assume that $`MN`$. Then we claim that $`_1^{}𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1^{},_m)=0`$ for $`m>2`$. Indeed, since $`_1^{}=R__1(_0)`$, it is a stable object of $`D^b(X)`$. Hence, the exact triangle (2.1) for $`n=1`$ implies that either $`_1^{}𝒞`$ or $`_1^{}𝒞[1]`$. To check that $`_1^{}𝒞`$ it suffices to prove the inequality $`\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_1^{})>0`$. But

$$\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_1^{})=Mr1=(MN)r+r^2r^2>0$$

which proves our first claim (we used the equality $`N=r+r^1`$). On the other hand, since $`_1^{}`$ and $`_m`$ are both stable objects of $`𝒞`$, the vanishing of $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1^{},_m)`$ would follow from the inequality $`\chi (_1^{},_m)>0`$ (see Lemma 1.6). From Lemma 2.5 we get

$$\underset{k0}{}\chi (_1^{},_{k+2})u^k=\frac{F}{t}(0,u)=\frac{M(MN+u)}{1Nu+u^2}.$$

The latter series has positive coefficients except maybe for the constant term. Hence, $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1^{},_m)=0`$ for $`m>2`$. Now from the exact sequence

(2.2)
$$0\mathrm{Hom}^0(_1^{},_m)\mathrm{Hom}^0(_0,_1)\mathrm{Hom}^0(_1,_m)\mathrm{Hom}^0(_0,_m)\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1^{},_m)$$

we derive the surjectivity of the map $`A_1A_{m1}A_m`$ for $`m>2`$. In the case $`M>N`$ the above argument shows that $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_1^{},_2)=0`$, hence in this case the map $`A_1A_1A_2`$ is also surjective. On the other hand, if $`M=N`$ then $`v__1^{}=v__2`$, so either $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(_1^{},_2)=0`$, or $`_1^{}_2`$. Hence, in this case the map $`A_1A_1A_2`$ is surjective if and only if $`det(_1^{})\simeq ̸det(_2)`$. Using the triangle (2.1) we get that $`det(_1^{})det(_1)^Ndet(_0)^1`$ which leads to the condition in the formulation of part (a).

(b) By the result of part (a) we can assume that $`A`$ is generated by $`A_1`$. The statement that the algebra $`A`$ is quadratic is equivalent to surjectivity of the natural maps

(2.3)
$$A_{m2}I\mathrm{ker}(A_{m1}A_1A_m)$$

for all $`m3`$, where $`I=\mathrm{ker}(A_1A_1A_2)`$ is the space of quadratic relations. From the exact sequences (2.2) above we see that $`I`$ can be identified with $`\mathrm{Hom}^0(_1^{},_2)`$ and that the map (2.3) can be identified with the natural map

$$\mathrm{Hom}^0(_2,_m)\mathrm{Hom}^0(_1^{},_2)\mathrm{Hom}^0(_1^{},_m),m3.$$

Now the exact triangle (2.1) for $`n=2`$ shows that the kernel and the cokernel of this map are $`\mathrm{Hom}^0(_2^{},_m)`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_2^{},_m)`$ respectively (we use the facts about $`_1^{}`$ proven in part (a)). Therefore, to prove that the algebra $`A`$ is quadratic it suffices to show that $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_2^{},_m)=0`$ for $`m3`$.

The same argument as in (a) shows that either $`_2^{}𝒞`$ or $`_2^{}𝒞[1]`$. Moreover, we have

$$\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_2^{})=((MN)^21)r^2+(MN)r^3,$$

so for $`MN+1`$ we have $`\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_2^{})>0`$, hence $`_2^{}𝒞`$. On the other hand, using Lemma 2.5 we get

$$\underset{k0}{}\chi (_2^{},_{k+3})u^k=\frac{(MN)^21+(MN)u}{1Nu+u^2}.$$

Thus, if $`MN2`$ then $`\chi (_2^{},_m)>0`$ for all $`m3`$. Since $`_2^{}`$ is a stable object of $`𝒞`$, this implies the required vanishing of $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_2^{},_m)`$. If $`M=N+1`$ then $`\chi (_2^{},_m)>0`$ for $`m4`$ while $`\chi (_2^{},_3)=0`$. Hence, in this case $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_2^{},_m)=0`$ for $`m4`$ and either $`\mathrm{Hom}^{}(_2^{},_3)=0`$ or $`_2^{}_3`$. The latter isomorphism occurs exactly when $`det(_2^{})det(_3)`$. It remains to use (2.1) to get an isomorphism

$$det(_2^{})det(_2)^{N+1}det(_1^{})^1det(_2)^{N+1}det(_1)^{N1}det(_0).$$

Conversely, if the algebra $`A`$ is quadratic then

$$\chi (_2^{},_3)=M\chi (_1^{},_2)\chi (_1^{},_3)0,$$

hence $`(MN)^21`$. Since we already know that $`MN0`$ this implies that $`MN1`$.

(c) If the algebra $`A`$ is Koszul then its Hilbert series $`H(t)`$ has the property that $`H(t)^1`$ has non-negative coefficients. But

$$H(t)^1=\frac{1+Nt+t^2}{1(MN)t+t^2}=1+\frac{Mt}{1(MN)t+t^2},$$

so this series has non-negative coefficients only if $`MN2`$.

Conversely, assume that $`MN2`$. We claim that all the objects $`_n^{}`$ belong to $`𝒞`$ and that $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_n^{},_m)=0`$ for $`m>n`$. We argue by induction. Assume that the assertion is true for $`n1`$. Looking at the exact triangle (2.1) we conclude as in part (a) that either $`_n^{}𝒞`$ or $`_n^{}𝒞[1]`$. Since by Lemma 2.5 we also have $`\mathrm{rk}_𝒞(_n^{})>0`$ this implies that $`_n^{}𝒞`$. On the other hand, the same Lemma shows that $`\chi (_n^{},_m)>0`$ for $`m>n`$. By Lemma 1.6 this implies the vanishing of $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_n^{},_m)`$ for $`m>n`$.

Now let us set

$$K_n:=_{m>n}\mathrm{Hom}^0(_n^{},_m).$$

Then $`K_n`$ has a natural structure of (graded) left $`A`$-module and from (2.1) we deduce the following exact sequences of $`A`$-modules:

$$0K_nA(n)\mathrm{Hom}(_{n1}^{},_n)K_{n1}0,n1,$$

where $`A(n)`$ is the free $`A`$-module with one generator in degree $`n`$. Since $`K_0`$ is the augmentation ideal $`A_+A`$, putting these sequences together we obtain a free resolution of the trivial module $`k`$ of the form

$$\mathrm{}A(n)\mathrm{Hom}(_{n1}^{},_n)\mathrm{}A(1)\mathrm{Hom}(_0^{},_1)A.$$

This implies that $`A`$ is Koszul and $`A_n^!\mathrm{Hom}(_{n1}^{},_n)^{}`$ for $`n1`$.

To prove the last statement of the theorem we observe that the exact triangle (2.1) shows that

$$A_n^!\mathrm{Hom}(_{n1}^{},_n)^{}\mathrm{Hom}(_n,_n^{}).$$

Since $`R__nF^nR_{}F^n`$, we also have

$$_n^{}F^n(R_{}F^1)^n().$$

Therefore,

$$A_n^!\mathrm{Hom}(_n,_n^{})\mathrm{Hom}(,(R_{}F^1)^n()).$$

It is easy to check that this isomorphism is compatible with the multiplication on $`A^!`$ and on $`A_{R_{}F^1,}`$. ∎

Examples. 1. If $`\alpha _F=1`$ then by Proposition 1.3 part (b) of the above theorem states that $`A_{F,}`$ is quadratic iff $`MN+2`$. For example, this is the case for $`F=(L)`$, where $`L`$ is a line bundle. This leads to the well-known statement that the corresponding algebra $`A_{F,𝒪_X}=_{n0}H^0(X,L^n)`$ is quadratic iff $`\mathrm{deg}(L)4`$ (then it is also Koszul). More generally, if $`F=(L)\sigma ^{}`$, where $`\sigma `$ is an automorphism of $`X`$, then $`A_{F,𝒪_X}`$ is the so called twisted coordinate algebra attached to the pair $`(L,\sigma )`$. Such algebras were considered in . For example, if $`\sigma `$ is a translation then such an algebra is quadratic iff $`\mathrm{deg}(L)4`$, in which case it is also Koszul.

2. Consider the case $`M=N+1`$, $`\alpha _F=1`$. Then the algebra $`A`$ is often quadratic but never Koszul. The quadratic dual has $`A_3^!=0`$. For example, if $`L`$ is a line bundle of degree $`3`$ such that $`[1]^{}LL^1`$ is not of order $`2`$, then these conditions are satisfied for $`F=(L)[1]^{}`$. The corresponding algebra is

$$A=kH^0(L)H^0(L[1]^{}L)H^0(L[1]^{}LL)\mathrm{}$$

with the multiplication rule $`fg=f[(1)^{\mathrm{deg}(f)}]^{}g`$.

3. If $`M=N+1`$ and $`\alpha _F=1`$ then the algebra $`A`$ is not quadratic: one has to add one cubic relation to the quadratic relations.

The following result allows to check under what conditions Theorem 2.4 can be applied to sufficiently high powers of a given autoequivalence.

###### Proposition 2.6.

Assume that an element $`g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ has positive real eigenvalues and that the vector $`v^2\{0\}`$ satisfies $`M:=\chi (v,gv)>0`$. Then the following conditions are equivalent:

(i) $`\chi (v,g^nv)\mathrm{tr}(g^n)+\mathrm{}`$ as $`n+\mathrm{}`$;

(ii) $`\chi (v,g^nv)\mathrm{tr}(g^n)0`$ for some $`n>0`$;

(iii) $`M>r_1r_2`$, where $`r_1r_2`$ are eigenvalues of $`g`$;

(iv) either $`g`$ is unipotent, or $`MN`$, where $`N:=\mathrm{tr}(g)`$.

Proof. Note that by Lemma 2.2 we have $`\chi (v,g^nv)>0`$ for all $`n>0`$. Moreover, from the proof of that Lemma we get

$$\underset{n1}{}\chi (v,g^nv)t^n=\frac{Mt}{1Nt+t^2}.$$

If $`g`$ is unipotent then we have $`N=\mathrm{tr}(g^n)=2`$, while $`\chi (v,g^nv)=nM`$, so the assertion is clear.

Now assume that $`g`$ has two distinct eigenvalues $`r>r^1>0`$. Then from the above formula we get

$$\chi (v,g^nv)=M\frac{r^nr^n}{rr^1}.$$

On the other hand, $`\mathrm{tr}(g^n)=r^n+r^n`$. Using these formulas it is not difficult to show the equivalence of (i)–(iv). Indeed, clearly, (i) implies (ii). The implication (ii)$``$(iii) follows immediately from the chain of inequalities

$$\frac{Mr^n}{rr^1}>\frac{M(r^nr^n)}{rr^1}r^n+r^n>r^n.$$

To prove (iii)$``$(iv) we note that $`rr^1=\sqrt{N^24}`$. Thus, the inequality $`M>rr^1`$ implies that $`M^2>N^24`$, hence $`MN`$ (since $`N3`$ in our case). Finally, if $`MN`$ then $`M>rr^1`$, in which case $`\chi (v,g^nv)\mathrm{tr}(g^n)+\mathrm{}`$ as $`n+\mathrm{}`$. This proves (iv)$``$(i). ∎

## 3. Ampleness and noncommutative $`\mathrm{Proj}`$

### 3.1. Ampleness criterion

Let $`A`$ be a graded $`k`$-algebra of the form $`A=_{i0}A_i`$, where $`A_0=k`$. Recall that a finitely generated right graded $`A`$-module $`M`$ is called coherent if for every finite collection of homogeneous elements $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_nM`$ the (right) $`A`$-module of relations between $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_n`$ is finitely generated. Coherent modules form an abelian subcategory in the category of all modules. An algebra $`A`$ is called right coherent if it is finitely generated and is coherent as a right module over itself. We denote by $`\mathrm{cohproj}A`$ the quotient of the category of coherent $`A`$-modules by the Serre subcategory of bounded coherent modules. Below we are going to show that the categories $`𝒞^\theta `$, where $`\theta `$ is a quadratic irrationality (or a rational number), are equivalent to such quotient categories for appropriate algebras of the form $`A_{F,}`$.

Let $`𝒞`$ be an abelian category equipped with an autoequivalence $`F:𝒞𝒞`$. For simplicity we will assume that $`F`$ is an automorphism of $`𝒞`$ (the general case can be reduced to this one, see ). Under appropriate ampleness assumptions the category $`𝒞`$ can be recovered from the algebra $`A_{F,O}`$, where $`O`$ is an object of $`𝒞`$. Recall (see , ) that a sequence $`(O_n,n)`$ of objects of $`𝒞`$ is called ample if the following two conditions hold: (i) for every surjection $`XY`$ in $`𝒞`$ the induced map $`\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞(O_n,X)\mathrm{Hom}_𝒞(O_n,Y)`$ is surjective for all $`n<<0`$; (ii) for every object $`X𝒞`$ and every $`n`$ there exists a surjection $`_{j=1}^sO_{i_j}X`$, where $`i_j<n`$ for all $`j`$. The main theorem of  implies that if the sequence $`(F^nO,n)`$ is ample then the algebra $`A_{F,O}`$ is right coherent and the categories $`𝒞`$ and $`\mathrm{cohproj}A_{F,O}`$ are equivalent. Similar result for Noetherian categories was proven by Artin and Zhang in . The following proposition shows that we do need a more general theorem of , since for irrational $`\theta `$ the categories $`𝒞^\theta `$ are not Noetherian.

###### Proposition 3.1.

Assume that $`\theta `$ is irrational. Then every non-zero object in $`𝒞^\theta `$ is not Noetherian.

Proof. It suffices to prove that every stable object $`𝒞^\theta `$ is not Noetherian. Recall that the vector $`v_{}=(\mathrm{deg}(),\mathrm{rk}())^2`$ satisfies $`\mathrm{deg}()\mathrm{rk}()\theta >0`$. Moreover, since $``$ is stable, the numbers $`\mathrm{deg}()`$ and $`\mathrm{rk}`$ are relatively prime. Let $`(m,n)`$ be the unique pair of integers such that $`m\mathrm{rk}()n\mathrm{deg}()=1`$ and $`0<mn\theta <\mathrm{deg}()\mathrm{rk}()`$. There exists a stable object $`^{}𝒞^\theta `$ with $`v_{^{}}=(m,n)`$ (see Proposition 1.4). By Lemma 1.6 one has $`dim\mathrm{Hom}(,^{})=1`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(,^{})=0`$. This implies that there is an exact triangle

$$^{}[1]L_{}(^{})^{}\mathrm{}$$

where $`L_{}`$ is the left twist functor corresponding to $``$. Note that the object $`L_{}(^{})`$ is stable, so either $`L_{}(^{})𝒞^\theta `$, or $`L_{}(^{})𝒞^\theta [1]`$. But the vector $`v_{L_{}(^{})}=v_{}v_{}^{}`$ lies in the half-plane $`\{(x,y)|xy\theta >0\}`$, hence $`L_{}(^{})`$ is in $`𝒞^\theta `$. This means that $`^{}`$ is a proper quotient-object of $``$ in $`𝒞^\theta `$. Iterating this procedure we will obtain an infinite sequence $`_1_2\mathrm{}`$, where $`_{n+1}`$ is a proper quotient of $`_n`$. ∎

The following theorem gives a criterion of ampleness for sequences of the form $`(F^n,n)`$ in the categories $`𝒞^\theta `$.

###### Theorem 3.2.

Let $`F:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$ be an autoequivalence such that the element $`g=\pi (F)\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ has distinct positive real eigenvalues. Let $`u=(x,y)^2`$ be an eigenvector of $`g`$ with the eigenvalue $`<1`$ and let $`\theta =x/y`$ (if $`y=0`$ then $`\theta =\mathrm{}`$). Let $`_0`$ be a stable object of $`𝒞^\theta `$ and let $`v_0=(\mathrm{deg}_0,\mathrm{rk}_0)`$ be the corresponding primitive vector in $`^2`$. Assume that $`F(_0)𝒞^\theta `$. Denote also $`N=\mathrm{tr}(g)`$ and $`M=\chi (_0,F(_0))=\chi (v_0,gv_0)`$.

(a) If $`MN1`$ then the sequence $`(F^n(_0),n)`$ in $`𝒞^\theta `$ is ample.

(b) If $`0<M<N1`$ then the algebra $`A_{F,_0}`$ is not finitely generated, hence, the sequence $`(F^n(_0))`$ is not ample.

Proof. Below we will denote the coordinates of a vector $`v^2`$ by $`(\mathrm{deg}(v),\mathrm{rk}(v))`$. Let us denote $`_n=F^n(_0)`$, $`v_n=v__n=g^nv_0`$. By Proposition 1.5 one has $`F(𝒞^\theta )=𝒞^\theta [m]`$ for some $`m`$. Hence, our assumption $`F(_0)𝒞^\theta `$ implies that $`F(𝒞^\theta )=𝒞^\theta `$. In particular, $`_n𝒞^\theta `$ for all $`n`$.

(a) Assume first that $`MN`$. Note that $`v_0`$ is not an eigenvector of $`g`$, so we can choose $`u`$ in such a way that $`\chi (u,v_0)>0`$. Then $`\chi (u,v_n)>0`$ for all $`n`$. Moreover, since $`\chi (g^1v_0,v_0)>0`$ and since $`u`$ is an eigenvector of $`g^1`$ with the eigenvalue $`>1`$, it follows that $`\mathrm{deg}(v_n)/\mathrm{rk}(v_n)`$ tends to $`\theta `$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$. Observe also that all the vectors $`\{v_{},𝒞^\theta \}`$ lie in the half-plane $`H=\{v:\chi (u,v)>0\}`$ (since $`\theta `$ is irrational). It suffices to prove that for every $`𝒞^\theta `$ the following holds:

(i) $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_n,)=0`$ for $`n<<0`$;

(ii) the natural map $`\mathrm{Hom}(_n,)_n`$ is surjective for $`n<<0`$.

Moreover, it is enough to check these statements for stable $``$. Also, for (ii) it is enough to prove that $`L__n()`$ is in $`𝒞^\theta `$ for $`n<<0`$, where $`L__n`$ is the left twist functor associated with $`_n`$. Since the vectors $`v_n`$ lie in the half-plane $`H`$, $`\chi (v_{n1},v_n)>0`$ and $`\mathrm{deg}(v_n)/\mathrm{rk}(v_n)\theta `$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$, it follows that for every vector $`v`$ in $`H`$ one has $`\chi (v_n,v)>0`$ for $`n<<0`$. Applying Lemma 1.6 to $`_n`$ and a stable object $`𝒞^\theta `$ we immediately derive (i). It remains to prove that for such $``$ one has $`L__n()𝒞^\theta `$ for $`n<<0`$. Since $`L__n()`$ is a stable object that fits into an exact triangle

$$[1]L__n()\mathrm{Hom}(_n,)_n,$$

it suffices to prove that $`v_{L__n()}`$ belongs to $`H`$. But

$$v_{L__n()}=\chi (_n,)v_nv_{}=\chi (v_n,v_{})v_nv_{},$$

so

$$\chi (u,v_{L__n()})=\chi (v_n,v)\chi (u,v_n)\chi (u,v).$$

where $`v=v_{}`$.

Let $`r<1`$ be the eigenvalue of $`g`$ corresponding to $`u`$ and let $`u^{}`$ be the eigenvector corresponding to $`r^1`$. Rescaling $`u`$ and $`u^{}`$ we can assume that $`v_0=u+u^{}`$. Then $`v_n=r^nu+r^nu^{}`$, $`\chi (u,v_n)=r^n\chi (u,u^{})>0`$ and

$$\chi (v_n,v)=r^n\chi (u,v)+r^n\chi (u^{},v).$$

It follows that

$$\chi (u,v_{L__n()})=(\mathrm{\Delta }1)\chi (u,v)+r^{2n}\mathrm{\Delta }\chi (u^{},v),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\chi (u,u^{})`$. Since $`\chi (u,v)>0`$, this quantity is positive for $`n<<0`$ provided that $`\mathrm{\Delta }>1`$. But

$$\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{\chi (v_0,gv_0)}{r^1r}\frac{r+r^1}{r^1r}>1,$$

where we used our assumption $`MN`$.

Now let us consider the case $`M=N1`$. The condition (i) is still satisfied, however (ii) has to be replaced by a weaker condition. For every $`𝒞^\theta `$ and $`n`$ let us set

$$T_n:=\mathrm{coker}(\mathrm{Hom}(_n,)_n).$$

It suffices to prove that for every $``$ we have

$$T_{n+m}\mathrm{}T_{1+m}T_m=0$$

for some $`m`$ and some $`n>0`$. As before we can assume that $``$ is a stable object in $`𝒞^\theta `$. Using the action of $`F`$ we can reduce ourselves to the case when the vector $`v=v_{}`$ satisfies $`\chi (v_0,v)>0`$. In this case we will show that $`T_n\mathrm{}T_1T_0=0`$ for some $`n>0`$. By Lemma 1.6, we have $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(_0,)=0`$, so there is an exact triangle

$$L__0()\mathrm{Hom}(_0,)_0L__0()[1].$$

Let $`h_i\mathrm{SL}_2()`$ be the matrix corresponding to the functor $`L__i[1]:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$. We claim that if $`v_{L__0()[1]}=h_0(v)H`$ then $`T_0=0`$. Indeed, since $`L__0()`$ is a stable object, this would imply that $`L__0()𝒞^\theta `$, so the map $`\mathrm{Hom}(_0,)_0`$ is surjective. Otherwise, we have $`v_{L__0()[1]}H`$ which implies that $`L__0()[1]`$ belongs to $`𝒞^\theta `$, the map $`\mathrm{Hom}(_0,)_0`$ is injective with the cokernel

$$T_0L__0()[1]$$

and $`v_{T_0}=h_0(v)`$. Continuing to argue in this way we see that it is enough to show the existence of $`n>0`$ such that $`h_n\mathrm{}h_1h_0(v)H`$. Using the formula $`v_{L__0()[1]}=v\chi (v_0,v)v_0`$ we can write the matrix of $`h_0`$ with respect to the basis $`(u,u^{})`$:

$$h_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+\mathrm{\Delta }& \mathrm{\Delta }\\ \mathrm{\Delta }& 1\mathrm{\Delta }\end{array}\right),$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }=\chi (u,u^{})`$. Similarly,

$$h_i=\left(\begin{array}{cc}r^i& 0\\ 0& r^i\end{array}\right)h_0\left(\begin{array}{cc}r^i& 0\\ 0& r^i\end{array}\right).$$

Therefore,

$$h_n\mathrm{}h_1h_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}r^{n+1}& 0\\ 0& r^{n1}\end{array}\right)S^{n+1},$$

where

$$S=\left(\begin{array}{cc}r& 0\\ 0& r^1\end{array}\right)h_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}r(1+\mathrm{\Delta })& r\mathrm{\Delta }\\ r^1\mathrm{\Delta }& r^1(1\mathrm{\Delta })\end{array}\right).$$

But $`det(S)=1`$ and

$$\mathrm{tr}(S)=r(1+\mathrm{\Delta })+r^1(1\mathrm{\Delta })=N+(rr^1)\mathrm{\Delta }=NM=1.$$

Hence, $`S^2S+1=0`$ and therefore $`S^3=1`$. It follows that $`h_2h_1h_0(v)`$ is not in $`H`$ which finishes the proof.

(b) Let $`A=A_{F,_0}`$. For a graded right $`A`$-module $`M`$ and $`n`$ let us set

$$T_nM:=\mathrm{coker}(M_nA(n)M),$$

where $`A(n)`$ is a free $`A`$-module with $`A(n)_i=A_{in}`$. To show that the algebra $`A`$ is not finitely generated we have to show that for all $`n1`$ one has

$$T_nT_{n1}\mathrm{}T_1A_10,$$

where $`A_1=_{i1}A_i`$.

For every $`𝒞^\theta `$ and $`n`$ we set

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_n()=_{mn}\mathrm{Hom}(_m,).$$

This space has a natural structure of a graded right $`A`$-module. For example, we have $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_n(_n)=A(n)`$. Now we claim that it is enough to prove that $`h_nh_{n+1}\mathrm{}h_1(v_0)`$ is a nonzero vector in $`H`$ for all $`n1`$, where we use the notation from the proof of part (a). Indeed, as we have seen above this would imply that for every $`n1`$ the object $`T_nT_{n+1}\mathrm{}T_1_0`$ is stable and that we have exact sequences

$$0\mathrm{Hom}(_n,T_{n+1}\mathrm{}T_1_0)_nT_{n+1}\mathrm{}T_1_0T_nT_{n+1}\mathrm{}T_1_00$$

in $`𝒞^\theta `$. Using these exact sequences and Lemma 1.6 one can easily see that

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{n+1}(T_nT_{n+1}\mathrm{}T_1_0)T_nT_{n1}\mathrm{}T_1A_1.$$

Again applying Lemma 1.6 we conclude that this space is not zero for every $`n1`$ which proves our claim.

To prove that $`h_n\mathrm{}h_1(v_0)`$ is a nonzero vector in $`H`$ it suffices to show that $`S^n(_{>0}u+_{>0}u^{})H`$ for all $`n1`$. Note that $`\mathrm{tr}(S)=NM2`$, so $`S`$ has real positive eigenvalues. Since $`\chi (u,Su)=r^1\mathrm{\Delta }^2>0`$, it is enough to prove that there exists an eigenvector of $`S`$ of the form $`xu+u^{}`$, where $`x>0`$. Equivalently, the equation

$$\chi (xu+u^{},S(xu+u^{}))=r^1\mathrm{\Delta }x^2+[r(1+\mathrm{\Delta })r^1(1\mathrm{\Delta })]x+r\mathrm{\Delta }=0$$

should have a positive root. For this two inequalities should hold: $`D=b^24\mathrm{\Delta }^20`$ and $`b<0`$, where $`b=r(1+\mathrm{\Delta })r^1(1\mathrm{\Delta })`$. But

$$b=rr^1+N\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{NM}{r^1r}r^1+r=\frac{NMN^2+4}{r^1r}<0$$

since $`MN2`$ and $`N>2`$. Finally,

$$D=(rr^1+N\mathrm{\Delta })^24\mathrm{\Delta }^2=N^242NM+(N^24)\mathrm{\Delta }^2=N^242NM+M^20$$

since $`NM2`$. ∎

Remark. If the equivalent conditions of the above theorem are satisfied then we also have $`F^n(_0)𝒞^\theta ^{}`$ for all $`n`$, where $`(\theta ^{},1)`$ is the eigenvector of $`g`$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $`>1`$. The sequence $`(F^n(_0))`$ is not ample in $`𝒞^\theta ^{}`$, since there are objects $`𝒞^\theta ^{}`$ with $`\mathrm{Hom}^1(F^n(_0),)0`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(F^n(_0),)=0`$ for all $`n<<0`$. Nevertheless, we still have an equivalence of the derived category of $`𝒞^\theta ^{}`$ with the derived category of $`\mathrm{cohproj}A_{F,}`$, since both categories are equivalent to $`D^b(X)`$. It would be interesting to find a general framework for this kind of equivalences associated with non-ample sequences.

###### Corollary 3.3.

Let $`(F,)`$ be a pair satisfying the equivalent conditions of Proposition 2.3 and let $`\pi (F)=g\mathrm{SL}_2()`$, $`N=\mathrm{tr}(g)`$, $`M=\chi (,F())`$. Then the algebra $`A_{F,}`$ is finitely generated if and only if $`MN1`$.

Proof. If $`g`$ has distinct eigenvalues then this follows from Theorem 3.2. Now assume that $`g`$ is unipotent (so that $`N=2`$). Then the statement reduces to the case when $`F`$ is a composition of the tensoring by a line bundle $`L`$ with an automorphism of $`X`$. In this case we can assume that $`\mathrm{Coh}X`$. Since $`M1`$ it follows that $``$ is a vector bundle and $`\mathrm{deg}(L)1`$. It easy to see that in this case the sequence $`(F^n())`$ is ample, hence, the algebra $`A_{F,}`$ is finitely generated. ∎

### 3.2. Projectivity of $`𝒞^\theta `$

Now we can show that every category $`𝒞^\theta `$, where $`\theta `$ is a quadratic irrationality, can be described as a “noncommutative $`\mathrm{Proj}`$”.

###### Theorem 3.4.

For every quadratic irrationality $`\theta `$ there exists an autoequivalence $`F:D^b(X)D^b(X)`$ preserving $`𝒞^\theta `$ and a stable object $`𝒞^\theta `$ such that the sequence $`(F^n,n)`$ is ample. Hence, the corresponding algebra $`A_{F,}`$ is right coherent and $`𝒞^\theta \mathrm{cohproj}A_{F,}`$.

Proof. Let $`\alpha \theta ^2+\beta \theta +\gamma =0`$ be the equation satisfied by $`\theta `$, where $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma `$, $`\alpha >0`$. Consider the ring $`R=[\alpha \theta ](\theta )`$. Then $`R`$ is contained in $`+\theta `$ and $`R(+\theta )+\theta `$. Let $`rR^{}`$ be a unit such that $`0<r<1`$ (such a unit always exists). Then the multiplication by $`r`$ induces an invertible operator on $`+\theta `$ with determinant equal to $`\mathrm{Nm}(r)=1`$. Hence, we have $`r=c\theta +d`$, $`r\theta =a\theta +b`$ for some $`g=\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)\mathrm{SL}_2()`$. Then $`u=(\theta ,1)^2`$ is an eigenvector of $`g`$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $`r`$. We claim that there exists a primitive vector $`v^2`$ such that $`\chi (u,v)>0`$ and $`\chi (v,gv)\mathrm{tr}(g)`$. Indeed, let $`u^{}^2`$ be an eigenvector of $`g`$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $`r^1`$ and such that $`\chi (u,u^{})>0`$. We can find a primitive vector $`v^2`$ such that $`v=xu+yu^{}`$, where $`x>0`$, $`y>0`$, and $`xy\frac{r+r^1}{(r^1r)\chi (u,u^{})}`$. Then $`\chi (u,v)=y\chi (u,u^{})>0`$ and

$$\chi (v,gv)=\chi (xu+yu^{},xru+yr^1u^{})=xy(r^1r)\chi (u,u^{})r+r^1$$

as required. It remains to choose an autoequivalence $`F`$ with $`\pi (F)=g`$ such that $`F`$ preserves $`𝒞^\theta `$ and an object $`𝒞^\theta `$ with $`v_{}=v`$, and then apply Theorem 3.2. ∎

Finally, we are going to show that the category $`𝒞^\theta `$ for arbitrary $`\theta `$ can be represented in the form $`\mathrm{cohproj}A`$ for some coherent $``$-algebra $`A`$. Recall that the notion of $``$-algebra is a natural generalization of the notion of graded algebra (see , ): such an algebra is equipped with a decomposition $`A=_{ij}A_{i,j}`$ and the case of a graded algebra corresponds to $`A_{i,j}=A_{ji}`$. As in the case of real multiplication considered above, it is enough to construct an ample sequence $`(_n,n)`$ of objects in $`𝒞^\theta `$, however, not necessarily of the form $`_n=F^n(_0)`$ for some autoequivalence $`F`$. Then the main theorem of  will give an equivalence $`𝒞^\theta \mathrm{cohproj}A`$, where $`A`$ is the $``$-algebra associated with the sequence $`(_n)`$, so that $`A_{i,j}=\mathrm{Hom}(_i,_j)`$. The construction of the following theorem provides plenty of ample sequences in $`𝒞^\theta `$.

###### Theorem 3.5.

For every $`\theta `$ there exists an ample sequence $`(_n,n)`$ in $`𝒞^\theta `$ such that all the objects $`_n`$ are stable.

Proof. Clearly, it suffices to consider the case when $`\theta `$ is irrational. Recall that all vectors $`v_{}`$ for $`𝒞^\theta `$ belong to the half-plane $`H=H_\theta =\{(x_1,x_2)|x_1\theta x_2>0\}^2`$. Moreover, for every primitive vector $`vH^2`$ there exists a stable object $`𝒞^\theta `$ with $`v_{}=v`$. Now let us choose a sequence of primitive vectors $`v_n=(d_n,r_n)H^2`$ such that $`r_n>0`$ for $`n<<0`$ and $`lim_n\mathrm{}\mu _n=\theta `$, where $`\mu _n=d_n/r_n`$. In other words, we want the ray $`_0v_n`$ to approach $`_0(\theta ,1)`$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$. Note that since $`d_n\theta r_n>0`$ we necessarily have $`\mu _n>\theta `$ for $`n<<0`$. In addition we can make this choice in such a way that for all $`n<<0`$ one has $`\mu _n\theta r_n^1`$. Indeed, we can first choose $`r_n`$ for $`n<<0`$ to be a sequence of prime numbers such that $`lim_n\mathrm{}r_n=+\mathrm{}`$. Then after picking any sequence $`d_n`$ such that $`lim_n\mathrm{}d_n/r_n=\theta `$ we can change $`d_n`$ by $`d_n+1`$ if necessary to make $`\mu _n\theta r_n^1`$ for $`n<<0`$. Since $`\theta `$ is not an integer and $`d_n/r_n`$ tends to $`\theta `$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$, such a change will leave $`d_n`$ prime to $`r_n`$.

Now we claim that if $`(_n,n)`$ is any sequence of stable objects in $`𝒞^\theta `$ with $`v__n=v_n`$ then conditions (i) and (ii) from the proof of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied for every stable $`𝒞^\theta `$, and therefore the sequence $`(_n)`$ is ample. Indeed, condition (i) follows from Lemma 1.6 since for every $`vH`$ one has $`\chi (v_n,v)>0`$ for $`n<<0`$. Arguing in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we conclude that it is enough to prove that for every $`vH^2`$ one has $`\chi (v_n,v)v_nvH`$ for $`n<<0`$. Let $`v=(d,r)`$. Then we have to show that

$$(dr_nd_nr)d_nd\theta [(dr_nd_nr)r_nr]>0$$

for $`n<<0`$. Assume first that $`r0`$ and set $`\mu =d/r`$. Then the above inequality can be rewritten as

$$rr_n^2(\mu \mu _n)(\mu _n\theta )>r(\mu \theta ).$$

Note that $`r(\mu \mu _n)=\chi (v_n,v)/r_n>0`$ for $`n<<0`$. Hence, our inequality for $`n<<0`$ is equivalent to

$$r_n^2(\mu _n\theta )>\frac{\mu \theta }{\mu \mu _n}.$$

But this follows from the condition that $`\mu _n\theta r_n^1`$ since $`r_n+\mathrm{}`$ as $`n\mathrm{}`$. Similar argument works in the case $`r=0`$. ∎


text:
# Logarithmic Correction to Newton Potential in Randall-Sundrum Scenario

## Abstract

Using a fixed-energy amplitude in Randall-Sundrum single brane scenario, we compute the Newton potential on the brane. It is shown that the correction terms to the Newton potential involve a logarithmic factor. Especially, when the distance between two point masses are very small compared to $`AdS`$ radius, the contribution of KK spectrum becomes dominant compared to the usual inversely square law. This fact may be used to prove the existence of an extra dimension experimentally.

Recently, much attention is paid to the Randall-Sundrum(RS) brane-world scenario. Especially, RS solved the linearized gravitational fluctuation equation and used the result to compute the Newton potential on the $`3`$-brane

$$V_{N,RS}=G_N\frac{m_1m_2}{r}\left(1+\frac{R^2}{r^2}\right)$$
(1)
where $`R`$ is a radius of $`AdS_5`$. The first term in r.h.s. of Eq.(1) is an usual gravitational potential contributed from zero mode of the gravitational fluctuation equation. The next term is a correction to the Newton potential contributed from the continuum KK spectrum.

The slightly different correction to the Newton potential is again derived in Ref. with consideration of the bending effect of the $`3`$-brane and in Ref. by computing the one-loop corrections to the gravitational propagator. In both cases the final Newton potential is different from Eq.(1) by a constant factor as follows;

$$V_{N,GT}=G_N\frac{m_1m_2}{r}\left(1+\frac{2}{3}\frac{R^2}{r^2}\right).$$
(2)
In this short letter we argue that the correction to the Newton potential on the brane involves a logarithmic factor. Especially, for the short-range gravity this factor is dominant compared to the usual inversely square law. This means the contribution of KK continuum becomes significant in this limit.

Our starting point is a fixed-energy amplitude derived in Ref.:

$$\widehat{G}[R,R:E]=R(\mathrm{\Delta }_0+\mathrm{\Delta }_{KK})$$
(3)
where

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{m^2R^2}}`$ (4)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }_{KK}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{mR}}{\displaystyle \frac{K_0(mR)}{K_1(mR)}}`$ (5)
and $`K_\mu (z)`$ is an usual modified Bessel function, and $`m`$ is a mass parameter introduced from the linearized fluctuation equation. It is worthwhile explaining briefly how Eq.(3) is derived at this stage. Firstly, we treated the gravitational fluctuation equation as a pure quantum-mechanical Schrödinger equation and transformed the singular nature of the $`3`$-brane into the singular behavior of Hamiltonian operator in quantum mechanics. Assuming that the extra dimension is a single copy of $`AdS_5`$, i.e. $`AdS`$/CFT setting, we have shown in Ref. that the fixed-energy amplitude, which is a Laplace transform of the gravitational propagator in Euclidean time, is crucially dependent on the boundary condition(BC) at the location of brane, which is parametrized by a single real parameter $`\xi `$. Setting $`\xi =1/2`$, which means the Dirichlet and Neumann BCs are included with equal weight, one can derive Eq.(3).

In this letter we would like to derive a Newton potential localized on the $`3`$-brane from Eq.(3). From Ref. the Newton potential on the brane is approximatelyWhen Eq.(3) is derived in Ref., we have used a translation of the extra dimension as $`z=y+R`$. Thus, the location of the 3-brane in this new coordinate is $`z=R`$. That is why we consider $`\psi _m(R)`$ in Eq.(6).

$$V(r)G_N\frac{m_1m_2}{r}\left[1+\frac{2}{3}_{m_0}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑mRe^{mr}|\psi _m(R)|^2\right],$$
(6)
where the first term of Eq.(6) is contributed from $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ in Eq.(4) and next term is contributed from the continuum KK states. Thus, the problem reduces to compute $`\psi _m(R)`$ from $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_{KK}`$.

Since, in general, the fixed energy amplitude is represented as

$$\widehat{G}[x,y;E]=\underset{n}{}\frac{\varphi _n(x)\varphi _n^{}(y)}{\frac{m^2}{2}+E_n}$$
(7)
for the discrete states, one can derive an eigenstate $`\varphi _n(x)`$ by computing the residue of $`\widehat{G}[x,y;E]`$. For the continuum states, however, we need an appropriate integral representation. For example, let us consider the simple free particle case whose fixed-energy amplitude is

$$\widehat{G}_F[x,y;E]=\frac{e^{m|xy|}}{m}$$
(8)
where $`E=m^2/2`$. Hence, the problem is how to convert Eq.(8) into the continuum version of Eq.(7). Thus we want to find an integral representation of $`\widehat{G}_F[x,y;E]`$ as follows;

$$\widehat{G}_F[x,y;E]=𝑑k\frac{\varphi _k(x)\varphi _k^{}(y)}{\frac{m^2}{2}+\frac{k^2}{2}}.$$
(9)
After assuming that $`\varphi _k(x)=𝒩e^{ikx}`$, one can perform the integration (9) in the complex $`k`$-plane and finally find $`|\varphi _m(0)|^2=1/2\pi `$ which makes the nomalization constant $`𝒩`$ of the continuum state to be $`𝒩=1/\sqrt{2\pi }`$. This nomalization factor corresponds to a classical picture in which a particle starts from a particular point with all momenta equally likely. Note that the normalization constant $`𝒩`$ is independent of the energy parameter $`m`$ in the free particle case. However, it is not a generic property of quantum mechanics, i.e. the normalization is dependent on $`m`$ for the general case as will be shown in RS2 case.

In the real calculation for the correction to the Newton potential we do not need an explicit form of the continuum wave function. In fact, what we need is a value of the continuum wave function at a particular point. Thus, for the computation of the Newton potential it is sufficient to know the fixed-energy amplitude at the location of the 3-brane.

Applying the same procudure to $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_{KK}`$ it is straightforward to derive $`\psi _m(R)`$ as follows

$$|\psi _m(R)|^2=\frac{1}{2\pi }\left|\frac{H_0^{(1)}(mR)}{H_1^{(1)}(mR)}\right|$$
(10)
where $`H_\nu ^{(1)}(z)`$ is an usual Hankel function. As commented earlier, $`|\psi _m(R)|^2`$ is dependent on the parameter $`m`$. When deriving Eq.(10) we have used a relation of the Hankel function to the modified Bessel function

$$K_\nu (z)=\frac{i\pi }{2}e^{\frac{1}{2}\nu \pi i}H_\nu ^{(1)}(iz).$$
(11)
Inserting Eq.(10) into Eq.(6) with $`m_0=0`$ because of no mass gap in RS2 picture, the Newton potential becomes

$`V_N`$ $`=`$ $`G_N{\displaystyle \frac{m_1m_2}{r}}\left(1+\mathrm{\Delta }V\right)`$ (12)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3\pi }}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑u\left|{\displaystyle \frac{H_0^{(1)}(u)}{H_1^{(1)}(u)}}\right|e^{\frac{r}{R}u}`$ (13)
where $`u=mR`$. It seems to be impossible to get an analytical expression for $`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$. Since, however, the light mass in KK spectrum should make a dominant contribution to $`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$, we can use the asymptotic formula

$`\underset{u0}{lim}H_1^{(1)}(u){\displaystyle \frac{2i}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{u}}`$ (14)
$`\underset{u0}{lim}H_0^{(1)}(u){\displaystyle \frac{2i}{\pi }}\mathrm{ln}u.`$ (15)
Then, the modification of the Newton potential $`\mathrm{\Delta }V`$ reduces to approximately

$$\mathrm{\Delta }V\frac{1}{3\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑uu|\mathrm{ln}u|e^{\frac{r}{R}u}.$$
(16)
Using the integral formula

$`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}x^{\nu 1}\mathrm{ln}xe^{\mu x}dx`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^\nu }}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )\left[\psi (\nu )\mathrm{ln}\mu \right]`$ (17)
$`{\displaystyle _0^1}x\mathrm{ln}xe^{\mu x}dx`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^2}}\left[1e^\mu \gamma +Ei(\mu )\mathrm{ln}\mu \right]`$ (18)
where $`\psi (z)`$, $`\gamma `$, and $`Ei(z)`$ are Digamma function, Euler’s constant, and Exponential-Integral function respectively, the r.h.s. of Eq.(16) can be analytically computed, which yields

$$\mathrm{\Delta }Vf\left(\frac{r}{R}\right)\frac{R^2}{r^2}$$
(19)
where

$$f\left(\frac{r}{R}\right)=\frac{2}{3\pi }\left[1+\gamma +\mathrm{ln}\frac{r}{R}+2e^{\frac{r}{R}}2Ei\left(\frac{r}{R}\right)\right].$$
(20)
Fig. 1 shows $`r/R`$-dependence of $`f(r/R)`$ which indicates that the short-range and long-range behaviors of gravitational potential are completely different from each other. When two point masses on the brane are separated with a great distance, i.e. $`r/R\mathrm{}`$, Eq.(20) indicates

$$\mathrm{\Delta }V\frac{2}{3\pi }\frac{R^2}{r^2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{r}{R}.$$
(21)
Thus as stressed earlier the modification of the Newton potential involves a logarithmic factor. Although this logarithmic factor is extremely small due to the power term, it can be measured by an appropriate experimental setting. When the distance between the point masses are very small, i.e. $`r/R0`$, Eq.(20) indicates

$$\mathrm{\Delta }V\frac{2}{3\pi }\frac{R^2}{r^2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{r}{R}$$
(22)
which yields very strong attractive force compared to the usual inversely square law. This means the contribution of the KK spectrum is dominant for the short range gravitational potential.

The checking of the logarithmic correction to the Newton potential, especially the short-range behavior of it, by experiment may give a strong evidence for the existence of KK spectrum and as a result, the existence of the extra dimension.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2002-015-CP0063).

Figure Captions

Figure 1

Plot of $`f(r/R)`$. This figure indicates that the short-range and long-bahaviors of the gravitational potential are completely different from each other. “RS” and “TG” in this figure stand for Randall-Sundrum and Garriga-Tanaka. Thus, these points represent Eq.(1) and Eq.(2) respectively.


text:
# NEUTRON-ANTINEUTRON OSCILLATIONS IN THE TRAPPING BOX

## 1 Introduction

During several decades the problem of nucleon instability is a subject of intense and diversified theoretical and experimental studies. An interesting facet of this fundamental problem is a hypothetical process of neutron-antineutron oscillations . Such oscillations have been thoroughly discussed in free-space regime and inside nuclei -see e.g. - and references therein. The third and very interesting possibility to search for $`n\overline{n}`$ oscillations is to use ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) confined in a trap. This subject was discussed by several authors  but in contrast to the first two regimes the picture of $`n\overline{n}`$ oscillations of UCN remains rather obscure. On the other hand several experiments of this kind are in preparation now. Therefore it is appropriate to address this subject again. We shall follow two complementary lines of arguments. The first one is based on simple qualitative estimates while the second makes use of the time evolution equation focusing on the interaction of the two-component $`n\overline{n}`$ system with the walls of the trap. Both approaches lead to a conclusion that the $`\overline{n}`$ component grows (approximately) linearly with observation time contrary to quadratic time dependence in the free-space regime.

## 2 Relevant Parameters

We start by introducing a set of definitions and parameters. Our treatment will be somewhat schematic in the sense that we do not consider any specific geometry of the trap, concrete UCN spectrum, and a variety of the trap materials. All these points can be easily accounted for as soon as one sticks to a given experimental setup.

First we remind that neutrons with energy $`E<10^7`$eV= $`100`$neV are called ultra-cold. A useful relation connecting the neutron velocity $`v`$ in cm/sec and $`E`$ in neV reads

$$v(\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{sec})10^2\{E(\mathrm{neV})/5.22\}^{1/2}.$$
(1)
In particular the velocity corresponding to $`E=100`$ neV is $`v4.410^2`$cm/sec.

A less formal definition of UCN involves a notion of the real part of the optical potential corresponding to the trap material. Namely, neutrons with energies less than the height of this potential are called ultra-cold. The two definitions are essentially equivalent since for most materials the optical potential is of the order of 100 neV (see below).

Our main interest concerns strongly absorptive interaction of antineutron component with the trap wall. Therefore very weak absorption of neutrons on the wall will be neglected. Interesting by itself this problem is out of the scope of the present work. According to the second definition of UCN (i.e. $`E<U_{nA}`$) they undergo complete reflection from the trap walls and may be stored for about $`10^3`$ sec ($`\beta `$ \- decay time) as was first point out by Ya.B.Zeldovich . For each material the limiting neutron velocity is given by (1) with $`E`$ substituted by $`U_{nA}`$.

To be concrete we consider neutrons with energy $`E=80`$ neV which according to (1) corresponds to $`v=3.910^2`$cm/sec. Such neutrons have momenta $`k12.3`$ eV, de Broglie wave lengths $`\lambda 10^5cm.`$ As for the wall material we take $`C^{12}`$ with the density $`\rho =2.25g/cm^3`$, or $`N1.1310^{16}fm^3`$. The coherent $`nC^{12}`$ scattering length is $`a_n=6.65fm`$  (the imaginary part of the scattering length is at least 3 orders of magnitude smaller and is ignored as was already stated). The corresponding $`nC^{12}`$ optical potential reads

$$U_n=\frac{2\pi }{m}Na_n195neV,$$
(2)
with $`m`$ being the neutron mass. Limiting velocity corresponding to $`E=U_n`$ is $`v_n^{(0)}6.110^2`$ cm/sec. Thus neutrons under consideration with $`v_n=3.910^2`$ cm/sec are certainly ultra-cold with respect to $`C^{12}`$ trap walls.

The experimental data on antineutron-nuclei scattering lengths at ultra-low energies are absent. Only some indirect information may be gained from the level shifts of antiprotonic atoms. The energy behavior of the $`\overline{n}A`$ annihilation cross-section is governed by the well-known ” $`1/v`$” law

$$\sigma _a=4\pi \frac{Ima_{\overline{n}A}}{k}.$$
(3)
Several fits to the $`\overline{n}A`$ scattering lengths have been proposed in the literature. We consider as most reliable that of Ref.  based on internuclear cascade model. Even within this particular model one finds several solutions for $`\overline{n}C^{12}`$ scattering length. Therefore the one we have chosen for our analysis may be called ”motivated” by Ref.  and reads

$$a_{\overline{n}}=(3i1)fm.$$
(4)
Then according to (2) the $`\overline{n}C^{12}`$ optical potential is equal to

$$V_{\overline{n}}=U_{\overline{n}}iW_{\overline{n}}(90i30)\mathrm{neV}.$$
(5)
The limiting $`\overline{n}`$ velocity corresponding to $`U_{\overline{n}}`$ from (5) is according to (1) $`v_{\overline{n}}^{(0)}4.1510^2`$cm/sec. Now our choice $`E=80neV<U_{\overline{n}}<U_n`$ is clear since we want to deal with ”ultra-cold” $`\overline{n}`$ as well. The case $`U_{\overline{n}}<E<U_n`$ will be considered in the next publication. Needless to say that due to strong $`\overline{n}`$ absorption the condition $`E_{\overline{n}}<U_{\overline{n}}`$ in no way provides complete reflection of $`\overline{n}`$ from the wall – see below.

Next we remind that the lower limit on $`n\overline{n}`$ oscillation time $`\tau _{n\overline{n}}`$ has been obtained from experimental study of $`n\overline{n}`$ transitions in free space and inside nuclei – see  and references therein. For our purposes it is enough to keep in mind a crude value

$$\tau _{n\overline{n}}>10^8\mathrm{sec}.$$
(6)
Correspondingly the value of the mixing parameter is

$$\epsilon _{n\overline{n}}=\frac{1}{\tau _{n\overline{n}}}<10^{23}\mathrm{eV}.$$
(7)
The dynamical meaning of $`\epsilon _{n\overline{n}}`$ will be clear from the evolution equation which will be presented below. To give some perception of the value of $`\epsilon _{n\overline{n}}`$ we may say that if one considers neutron confined in a one-dimensional 5 meters long box then the level splitting will be just $`10^{23}`$eV.

Finally we introduce the parameter $`t_L1sec`$ – the time which neutrons need to cross the trapping box, or the time between two subsequent collisions with the walls. We also remind that both $`\beta `$-decay time and the UCN storage time are of the order of $`10^3`$ sec.

## 3 Hitting the Trap Wall: Simple Estimates

Now with relevant parameters at hands we can analyze what happens with neutrons and possible antineutrons admixture when they interacts with the wall of the trap. In this section we present simple estimates.

Treatment based on time evolution equation will be postponed till the next section. A third approach based on the wave packets formulation will be only touched on in present paper and discussed in detail in the next publication.

First we consider the collision of neutrons with the wall. As compared to antineutrons this problem is much simpler due to the lack of absorption (see remarks on the previous pages).

In our illustrative example a neutron with $`v=3.910^2`$ cm/sec is hitting the $`C^{12}`$ wall of the trap. Such a velocity is well below the limiting $`C^{12}`$ value $`v_n^{(0)}6.110^2`$ cm/sec and hence neutron undergoes a complete reflection, $`R=1`$. Being absolutely correct, the statement that the reflection coefficient $`R=1`$ does not constitute the whole story. First, even at $`v<v_{\overline{n}}^{(0)}`$ the tail of the neutron wave function penetrates inside the wall. On general grounds the penetration depth is $`l_w(n)\lambda 10^5`$ cm, with $`\lambda `$ being de Broglie wave length. Second, collision with the wall is not an instantaneous act but is characterized by certain collision time. The rigorous derivation of this time should be based on the wave packets formalism -. However simple estimates presented below yield the same results.

Inside the wall the neutron wave function has the form

$$\psi _{\overline{n}}(x)\mathrm{exp}\{\kappa _nx\},\kappa _n=\sqrt{2m(U_nE)}.$$
(8)
From 8) it is natural to identify

$$l_w(n)1/\kappa _n0.1410^5\mathrm{cm},$$
(9)
which is few times less than the naive expectation $`l_w(n)\lambda =10^5`$ cm. Collision time may be estimated as111 Strictly speaking neutron velocity inside the wall is different from $`v`$.

$$\tau _{coll}(n)\frac{2l_w(n)}{v}0.710^8\mathrm{sec}.$$
(10)
This result is in perfect agreement with what is predicted from collision theory formulated in terms of the wave packets. Namely, if one describes the incident neutron by a wave packet

$$\psi _n(x,t)=\sqrt{\frac{a}{\pi }}\mathrm{exp}(ikx\frac{k^2t}{2m})\frac{\mathrm{sin}[(xvt)/a]}{xvt},$$
(11)
where $`a`$ is its width in $`x`$-space, then

$$\tau _{coll}=[E(U_0E)]^{1/2}0.710^8\mathrm{sec}$$
(12)
for $`E=80`$ neV, $`U_0=195`$ neV. At this point we note that $`\tau _{coll}v=2l_wa=\frac{\lambda }{\pi }\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\lambda }{\lambda }\right)^1`$. We shall return to this remark in connection with possible decoherence of $`n`$ and $`\overline{n}`$ due to the difference in their collision times.

Now we turn to $`\overline{n}`$ with the same velocity $`v=3.910^2`$ cm/sec hitting the $`C^{12}`$ wall.

Due to absorption (annihilation) the $`\overline{n}`$ wave function inside the wall has the form

$$\psi _{\overline{n}}(x)e^{ik_{\overline{n}}x\kappa _{\overline{n}}x},$$
(13)
$$(ik_{\overline{n}}\kappa _{\overline{n}})^2=2m(U_{\overline{n}}iW_{\overline{n}}E),$$
(14)
where $`E`$ is the energy of the incident $`\overline{n}`$. Eqs. (13-14) yield

$$l_w(\overline{n})\frac{1}{\kappa _{\overline{n}}}=m^{1/2}\left\{U_{\overline{n}}E+[(U_{\overline{n}}E)^2+W^2]^{1/2}\right\}^{1/2}0.3210^5\mathrm{cm}.$$
(15)
Then $`\overline{n}`$ collision time is

$$\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})\frac{2l_w(\overline{n})}{v}1.610^8\mathrm{sec},$$
(16)
which is about 2 times larger than the neutron collision time given by (10)222Wave packets formalism, as was shown by V.A.Lensky, leads to somewhat smaller value – see our next publication..

The crucial parameter which determines the fate of $`\overline{n}`$ hitting the wall is the ratio of the collision time (16) to the absorption (annihilation) time. The later quantity is velocity independent by virtue of the ”$`1/v`$” law (3) and is expressed through the $`\overline{n}`$ mean free path $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ according to

$$\tau _{abs}(\overline{n})\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{v}\frac{m}{4\pi N|Ima_{\overline{n}A}|}1.110^8\mathrm{sec}$$
(17)
for the $`C^{12}`$ trap wall. Thus

$$\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})/\tau _{abs}(\overline{n})>1,$$
(18)
which implies the collapse of the possible $`\overline{n}`$ component on the wall.

Already at this point it is clear that this in turn leads to the time dependence of the probability to find $`\overline{n}`$ component announced in the Abstract, namely $`P(\overline{n})=\epsilon ^2t_Lt`$. A rigorous derivation of this equation is given in the next section.

Still one may argue that the above estimates should be taken with caution and certain fraction of $`\overline{n}`$ may be still reflected from the wall. Then Eqs.(10) and (16) enable to estimate the splitting between the centers of the $`n`$ and $`\overline{n}`$ wave packets (see (11)) after the reflection. One has

$$\delta xv(\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})\tau _{coll}(n))0.3510^5cm\lambda a.$$
(19)
Whether this retardation influences the $`n\overline{n}`$ mixing in free space between collisions with the trap walls will be discussed elsewhere.

The main point to be improved on in the above estimates is mentioned in the footnote to Eq.(10). Certain guidance in this direction may be found in .

Finally we note that the treatment presented above seems physically more transparent than formal calculations of the reflection coefficient from the complex potential.

## 4 Hitting the Trap Wall: Time-Dependent Approach

As a ”warming up” exercise we consider $`n\overline{n}`$ oscillations in a free space with $`\beta `$\- decay neglected. This is a standard two-level problem treated in any serious textbook on Quantum Mechanics. The phenomenological Hamiltonian is a $`2\times 2`$ matrix in the basis of the two-component $`n\overline{n}`$ wave function

$$H=E_i\delta _{ij}+\epsilon \sigma _x,$$
(20)
with $`i,j=n,\overline{n}`$. The evolution equation reads

$$i\frac{}{t}\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _n\hfill \\ \psi _{\overline{n}}\hfill \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}E_n\hfill & \epsilon \hfill \\ \epsilon \hfill & E_{\overline{n}}\hfill \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _n\hfill \\ \psi _{\overline{n}}\hfill \end{array}\right).$$
(21)
Assuming that $`\psi _n(t=0)=1,\psi _{\overline{n}}(t=0)=0`$, and diagonalizing the Hamiltonian (20) one arrives at the following expression for the probability of finding $`\overline{n}`$ at a time $`t`$ -

$$\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2=\frac{4\epsilon ^2}{\omega ^2+4\epsilon ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\omega ^2+4\epsilon ^2}t),$$
(22)
where $`\omega =(E_{\overline{n}}E_n)`$. In free space the difference between $`E_{\overline{n}}`$ and $`E_n`$ may be due to the Earth magnetic field. In this case

$$\omega =2\mu _nB610^{12}\mathrm{eV}.$$
(23)
Without magnetic field, i.e. at $`\omega =0,`$ and at $`t\tau _{n\overline{n}}10^8`$ sec one has

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2\epsilon _{n\overline{n}}^2t^2,$$
(24)
while with the Earth magnetic field Eq.(24) is valid only at extremely short times, $`t(\mu B)^1210^4`$ sec, while at large times

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2\frac{4\epsilon ^2}{\omega ^2}\mathrm{sin}^2t/\tau _B10^{23}\mathrm{sin}^2t/\tau _B,$$
(25)
where $`\tau _B=(\mu B)^1210^4`$ sec.

The use of (22) to test fundamental symmetries is discussed in .

Next we consider the general Hamiltonian of the $`n\overline{n}`$ system inside the wall with annihilation and $`\beta `$-decay included. The problem is reminiscent of strangeness oscillations in $`K\overline{K}`$ system. With annihilation and $`\beta `$-decay included the Hamiltonian (20) is substituted by

$$H=\left(\begin{array}{cc}E_ni\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta }{2}\hfill & \epsilon \hfill \\ \epsilon \hfill & E_{\overline{n}}i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}{2}i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta }{2}\hfill \end{array}\right),$$
(26)
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta ^110^3`$sec, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_a2W_n60`$ neV for $`C^{12}`$.

In arriving to (22) diagonalization of the Hamiltonian (20) has been done exactly. Performing similar procedure with (26) use can be made of a small parameter $`4\epsilon ^2|H_{11}H_{22}|^2`$. Indeed, inside the wall effective fields acting on $`n`$ and $`\overline{n}`$ differ by tens of neV (see (2) and (5)) while $`\epsilon 10^{14}`$ neV. Expanding $`\{(H_{11}H_{22})^2+4\epsilon ^2\}^{1/2}`$ with respect to this small parameter one finds the two eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian (26)

$$\mu _1E_n^{}i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta }{2}i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon }{2},$$
(27)
$$\mu _2E_{\overline{n}}^{}i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}{2}i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta }{2}+i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon }{2}.$$
(28)
Here $`E_n^{}=E_nE_\epsilon ,E_{\overline{n}}^{}=E_{\overline{n}}+E_\epsilon ,`$ and

$$E_\epsilon +i\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon }{2}=\frac{\epsilon ^2}{E_{\overline{n}}E_ni\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}{2}}.$$
(29)
The ”wrong” sign of the last term in (28) is an artifact of the square root expansion, but this is physically irrelevant since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon \mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }_a(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon 10^{39}\mathrm{eV},\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta 10^{18}\mathrm{eV},\mathrm{\Gamma }_a10^7\mathrm{eV}).`$

In terms of eigenvalues $`\mu _1`$ and $`\mu _2`$ the general solution of the two-component evolution equation has the form

$$\psi (t)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _n(t)\hfill \\ \psi _{\overline{n}}(t)\hfill \end{array}\right)=\left(\frac{H\mu _2}{\mu _1\mu _2}e^{i\mu _1t}+\frac{H\mu _1}{\mu _2\mu _1}e^{i\mu _2t}\right)\psi (0).$$
(30)
Again we start with a solution corresponding to initial conditions $`\psi _n(t=0)=1,\psi _{\overline{n}}(t=0)=0.`$ Then from (26)-(30) one gets

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2=\frac{\epsilon ^2}{\omega ^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^2}{4}}e^{(\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta +\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon )t}\left\{1+e^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}t}2e^{\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}}{2}t}\mathrm{cos}\omega t\right\},$$
(31)
where $`\omega =(E_{\overline{n}}E_n),\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_a2\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon `$, and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon `$ is defined by (29). Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon \mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\epsilon \mathrm{\Gamma }_a`$, one can rewrite (31) in a simpler form without noticeable lost of accuracy, namely

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2=\frac{\epsilon ^2}{\omega ^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^2}{4}}e^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta t}\left\{1+e^{\mathrm{\Gamma }_at}2e^{\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a}{2}t}\mathrm{cos}\omega t\right\}$$
(32)
This equation resembles that giving the probability to find $`\overline{K}^0`$ in initially pure $`K^0`$ beam. Notice that instead of the overall factor $`1/4`$ for $`K^0\overline{K}^0`$ system we find in (32) an extremely small factor $`\epsilon ^2(\omega ^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^2/4)^110^{32}(!)`$ reflecting the fact that mixing is very small as compared to the complex splitting of $`n`$ and $`\overline{n}`$ eigenvalues in the medium.

Consider (32) at $`t=\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})1.610^8`$ sec (see (16)). Then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta \tau _{coll}(\overline{n})10^{11},\mathrm{\Gamma }_a\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})1.5,\mathrm{cos}\omega \tau _{coll}(\overline{n})0.7`$, and (32) yields

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(\tau _{coll}(\overline{n}))|^2\begin{array}{c}<\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}10^{32}.$$
(33)
Physically this means that if a pure $`n`$ beam collides with a wall made of $`C^{12}`$ the tiny admixture of $`\overline{n}`$ which would have emerged during the collision time is completely damped by annihilation and $`n\overline{n}`$ energy splitting.

The free-space regime (24) is ”hidden” in (32) at the limit of very short times, $`t1/\mathrm{\Gamma }_a10^8`$ sec. Then

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2\frac{\epsilon ^2}{\omega ^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^2}{4}}\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{\omega t}{2}\frac{\epsilon ^2t^2}{1+\mathrm{\Gamma }_a^2/4\omega ^2}0.9\epsilon ^2t^2,$$
(34)
where at the last step use has been made of the values of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_a`$ and $`\omega `$ for $`C^{12}`$.

Next consider (30) at initial conditions which are closer to real experimental situation. Namely, suppose that UCN beam collides with the wall after crossing the trap. The Earth magnetic field is assumed to be shielded, so that the free-space equation (24) is valid inside the trap. Then initial conditions in (30) read

$$\psi _{\overline{n}}(t=0)=\epsilon t_L,\psi _n(t=0)=\sqrt{1\epsilon ^2t_L^2},$$
(35)
where $`t_L1`$ sec. Then at $`t=\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})1.610^8`$ sec, i.e. just after the collision with the wall, one gets

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(\tau _{coll})|^2\epsilon ^2t_L^2e^{(\mathrm{\Gamma }_a+\mathrm{\Gamma }_\beta )\tau _{coll}}\left[1+0\left(1/t_L\mathrm{\Gamma }_a\right)\right].$$
(36)
This result is again physically transparent. During the collision the $`\overline{n}`$ component is depleted by annihilation, while antineutrons ”newly born” inside the wall are damped according to our previous result (32).

Now $`\tau _{coll}(\overline{n})1.610^8`$ sec, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_a60`$ NeV, so that $`\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{\Gamma }_a\tau _{coll})0.2`$. This means that only 1 per $`5\overline{n}`$ survives after the collision.

This result is in line with estimates presented in Section 3 but here we are on somewhat more qualitative footing.

If one considers the fraction 1/5 as a small parameter, then the probability of antineutron detection at time $`t`$ will be

$$|\psi _{\overline{n}}(t)|^2=\epsilon ^2t_Lt,$$
(37)
instead of $`\epsilon ^2t^2`$ free-space law (24). Indeed, the probability of $`n\overline{n}`$ transition between the two subsequent collisions with the walls is $`\epsilon ^2t_L^2`$, while the number of collisions during the observation time is $`\left(t/t_L\right)`$. The extrapolation between the laws (24) and (37) will be discussed in the next publication.

## 5 Acknowledgements

The author is deeply grateful to Yu.A.Kamyshkov for grabbing him into the subject and presenting a clear introduction. Discussion of the oscillation problem with M.I.Vysotsky was very enlightening. Useful remarks and information was gained from V.A.Lensky, L.A.Kondratyuk, A.E.Kudryavtsev and the members of the ITEP seminar.

Special thanks for essential financial support are to V.A.Novikov, L.B.Okun and grants RFFI 00-02017836 and 00-15-96786.