text:
# Localization properties of the anomalous diffusion phase 𝑥∼𝑡^𝜇 in the directed trap model and in the Sinai diffusion with bias

## I Introduction

The motivations to study the Sinai model  have two origins. On one hand, the Sinai model represents a ‘toy’ disordered system, in which many properties that exist in more complex systems can be studied exactly, such as for instance aging behaviors , persistence exponents , the decoupling of the dynamics into fast degrees of freedom which rapidly reach local equilibrium and a slow non-equilibrium part governed by metastable states , and some chaos and rejuvenation effects . On the other hand, the Sinai model directly appears in various specific systems, ranging from the dynamics of domain walls in the random field Ising chain  to the unzipping transition in DNA . It is thus interesting to obtain exact detailed informations for various observables in the Sinai model.

One of the most important property of the symmetric Sinai diffusion is the following localization phenomenon discovered by Golosov  : all the thermal trajectories starting from the same initial condition in the same sample remain within a finite distance of each other even in the limit of infinite time! In particular, in a given sample, for a given initial condition, the rescaled position $`X=\frac{x(t)}{(\mathrm{ln}t)^2}`$ is deterministic, and it is only after averaging over the samples that $`X`$ is distributed with the Kesten distribution . The physical picture is that the particle is at time $`t`$ near the bottom of the deepest valley it has been able to reach. This is why the Real Space Renormalization Group method, first introduced in the field of random quantum spin chains , is so well suited to study the symmetric Sinai diffusion . Recently , we have studied in more details the localization properties, by computing the infinite time limit of the localization parameters, which represent the disorder-averages of the probabilities that $`k`$ independent particles in the same sample starting from the same initial condition are at the same place at time $`t`$ and of the correlation function $`C(l,t)`$, which represents the disorder-average of the probability that two independent particles in the same sample starting from the same initial condition are at a distance $`l`$ from each other at time $`t`$. We have moreover shown  that the the infinite time limit of the localization parameters and of the correlation function exactly coincide with the corresponding equilibrium observables in a Brownian potential in the thermodynamic limit.

A natural question is thus : do some of these localization properties survive in the presence of a small bias ?

### I.1 Sinai model with bias

The Sinai model in the presence of a constant bias $`F_0>0`$ can be studied in a continuum version via the following Langevin equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{dt}}=F_0U^{}(x(t))+\eta (t)`$ (1)
where $`\eta (t)`$ is the usual thermal noise

$`<\eta (t)\eta (t^{})>=2T\delta (tt^{})`$ (2)
and where $`U(x)`$ is a Brownian random potential representing the disordered landscape

$`\overline{(U(x)U(y))^2}=2\sigma \delta (xy)`$ (3)
Equivalently, the model may be defined by the Fokker-Planck equation in a given sample $`\{U(x)\}`$ for the probability distribution $`P(x,t|x_0,0)`$

$`_tP(x,t|x_0,0)=_x\left[T_x+U^{}(x)F_0\right]P(x,t|x_0,0)`$ (4)
In the biased case $`F_0>0`$, the diffusion becomes transient, and there are dynamic phase transitions  as $`F_0`$ grows, in terms of the dimensionless parameter

$`\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{F_0T}{\sigma }}`$ (5)
For $`0<\mu <1`$, the mean position of the particle presents the anomalous behavior

$`\overline{<x(t)>}\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}t^\mu `$ (6)
whereas for $`\mu >1`$, there is a finite velocity $`\overline{<x(t)>}V(\mu )t`$. For the anomalous diffusion phase, the exact diffusion front is given in terms of Lévy stable distributions : we refer the reader to the Appendix A for the definition and properties of these Levy fronts.

### I.2 Directed trap model

It has been suggested in  that at large time, the physics of the Sinai model with bias is actually equivalent to a simple directed trap model, defined by the Master equation

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dP_t(n)}{dt}}={\displaystyle \frac{P_t(n)}{\tau _n}}+{\displaystyle \frac{P_t(n1)}{\tau _{n1}}}`$ (7)
with the initial condition $`P_{t=0}(n)=\delta _{n,0}`$, and where the trapping times are independent random variables distributed with a law presenting the algebraic decay

$`q(\tau )\underset{\tau \mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau ^{1+\mu }}}`$ (8)
The anomalous diffusion phase $`0<\mu <1`$ then corresponds to the phase where the mean trapping time $`<\tau >=𝑑\tau \tau q(\tau )`$ is infinite. The corresponding diffusion front is also a Lévy diffusion front (see Appendix A) as for the biased Sinai diffusion discussed above. For simplicity in the article, we choose the normalization of the algebraic tail to be

$`q(\tau )\underset{\tau \mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau ^{1+\mu }}}`$ (9)
It is clear that this choice simply amounts to a rescaling of $`\tau `$.

The presence of the large algebraic decay in the effective trapping time distribution (8) for the biased Sinai diffusion may be understood from the Real Space Renormalization approach in relation with the distribution of the barriers against the drift in the renormalized landscape at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }(F)=\theta (F\mathrm{\Gamma })2\delta e^{2\delta (F\mathrm{\Gamma })}`$ (10)
where $`2\delta =\frac{F_0}{\sigma }`$. The trapping time $`\tau e^{\beta F}`$ is then distributed with the power law (8) with the correspondence $`\mu =2\delta T`$.

### I.3 Previous results for the localization in the directed trap model

For the directed trap model, the existing results on the extension of the thermal packet are twofold. On one hand, the thermal width has been exactly computed in  (equation (26))

$`\overline{<\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)>}\overline{{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}n^2P_t(n)[{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}nP_t(n)]^2}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\mu )}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu }{\pi \mu }}\right)^3I(\mu )t^{2\mu }`$ (11)
where the integral $`I(\mu )`$ of Equation (26) in  can be rewritten after a change of variables as

$`I(\mu )`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{(1+z)z^\mu (1z)^{2\mu }}{z^{2\mu +2}+2\mathrm{cos}\pi \mu z^{\mu +1}+1}}`$ (12)
The result (11) shows that the the thermal packet is spread over a length of order $`t^\mu `$.

On the other hand, the infinite-time limit of the localization parameter for $`k=2`$ has been exactly in  : their result (24) may be rewritten after a deformation of the contour in the complex plane as

$`Y_2(\mu )`$ $`\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\overline{[P_t(n)]^2}={\displaystyle _\pi ^{+\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{d\theta }{2\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{i\theta \mu }e^{i\theta }}{1e^{i\theta (\mu +1)}}}`$ (13)
This expression shows that $`Y_2`$ is finite in the full phase $`0\mu <1`$ and vanishes in the limit $`\mu =1`$. How can this property coexist with the result (11) for the thermal width ? The numerical simulations of  show that for a single sample at fixed $`t`$, the probability distribution $`P_t(n)`$ is made out of a few sharp peaks that have a finite weight but that are at a distance of order $`t^\mu `$. This explains why at the same time, there is a finite probability to find two particles at the same site even at infinite time, even if the thermal width diverges as $`t^{2\mu }`$ at large time.

### I.4 Goal and results

The aim of this article is to provide a probabilistic description, sample by sample, of the localization properties of the directed trap model and of the Sinai diffusion with bias in the anomalous diffusion phase $`0<\mu <1`$. We will need to generalize the usual Real Space Renormalization group method  to allow for the spreading of the thermal packet over many renormalized valleys. Indeed, in the usual RSRG method, the whole thermal packet is considered to be in the same renormalized valley at large time : this assumption is asymptotically exact in the symmetric Sinai model and actually corresponds to the Golosov localization  discussed above; it is also valid for the biased case but only in the double limit of vanishing bias $`\mu 0`$ and large time with the fixed parameter $`\gamma =\mu T\mathrm{ln}t`$ . We will thus define explicit rules for the RSRG approach with multiple valleys occupancies and show that our construction allows to compute exact expansions in $`\mu `$ for all observables.

#### I.4.1 Summary of results for the directed trap model

For the directed trap model, we explicitly show how to recover in a unified framework the expansions up to order $`\mu ^2`$ of the exact results for the observables discussed above :

* Expansion in $`\mu `$ of the Levy diffusion front for the rescaled variable $`X=\frac{x}{t^\mu }`$ (see Appendix A)

$`g(X)`$ $`=e^X+\mu \gamma _E(X1)e^X`$ (14)
$`+\mu ^2\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)+X\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}3{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}\right)+X^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)\right]e^X+O(\mu ^3)`$
* Expansion in $`\mu `$ of the thermal width ( from (11) and (12))

$`\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{<\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)>}}{t^{2\mu }}}=\mu (2\mathrm{ln}2)+\mu ^2[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}+2\mathrm{ln}2(\mathrm{ln}22+2\gamma _E)]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (15)
* Expansion in $`\mu `$ of the localization parameter $`Y_2`$ (from (13))

$`Y_2(\mu )=1\mu (2\mathrm{ln}2)+\mu ^2(4\mathrm{ln}2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}})+O(\mu ^3)`$ (16)

These comparison with exact results show that our generalized RSRG procedure is exact order by order in $`\mu `$ : to compute observables at order $`\mu ^n`$, it is sufficient to consider a spreading of the thermal packet onto at most $`(1+n)`$ traps. So our description provide a description of the structure of the thermal packet sample by sample, and a full statistical characterization of the important traps at a given order in $`\mu `$.

We then use our procedure to derive new exact results. We obtain the expansion in $`\mu `$ of the localization parameter $`Y_k`$ for arbitrary $`k`$ up to order $`\mu ^2`$

$`Y_k(\mu )=1+\mu {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}[e^{kv}+(1e^v)^k1]`$
$`+\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}[p_2^k(v,w)+p_2^k(w,v)+2p_3^k(v,w)+1e^{kv}2(1e^v)^k(1e^w)^k]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (17)
where the functions $`p_2`$ and $`p_3`$ are defined in (88).

We obtain that the correlation function of two particles averages over the disorder reads

$`C(l,t)`$ $`\overline{{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}P(n,t|0,0)P(m,t|0,0)\delta _{l,|nm|}}\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}Y_2(\mu )\delta _{l,0}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^\mu }}𝒞_\mu \left({\displaystyle \frac{l}{t^\mu }}\right)`$ (18)
where the weight of the delta pic at the origin corresponds as it should to the localization parameter $`Y_2`$ (16), whereas the second part presents a scaling form of the variable $`\lambda =\frac{l}{t^\mu }`$. We obtain the following expansion for the scaling function $`𝒞_\mu `$

$`𝒞_\mu (\lambda )=e^\lambda \left(\mu (2\mathrm{ln}2)+\mu ^2\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{3}}\mathrm{ln}2(4+\mathrm{ln}2+\gamma _E)+\lambda \left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}+\mathrm{ln}2(\mathrm{ln}2+\gamma _E)\right)\right]+O(\mu ^3)\right)`$ (19)
We also consider the generating function of rescaled thermal cumulants $`c_k(\mu )`$

$`Z_\mu (s)`$ $`\overline{\mathrm{ln}<e^{s\frac{n}{t^\mu }}>}={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(s)^k}{k!}}c_k(\mu )`$ (20)
The first one simply represents the mean value which can be obtained from the diffusion front (14)

$`c_1(\mu )=\overline{{\displaystyle \frac{<n>}{t^\mu }}}={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑XXf_\mu ^{trap}(X)`$ (21)
The second one $`c_2(\mu )`$ represents the thermal width $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )`$ (15). We obtain the expansion at first order in $`\mu `$ of the generating function

$`Z_\mu (s)=s+\mu {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑Ye^Y\left[{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}\left[e^v+(1e^v)e^{sY}\right]+{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}\left[e^ve^{sY}+(1e^v)\right]\right]+O(\mu ^2)`$ (22)
The series expansion in $`s`$ then yields all thermal cumulants at first order in $`\mu `$. In particular, the first terms beyond the mean value $`c_1(\mu )`$ and the thermal width $`c_2(\mu )`$ read

$`c_3(\mu )`$ $`\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}\overline{{\displaystyle \frac{<n^3>3<n^2><n>+2<n>^3}{t^{3\mu }}}}=\mu 6(2\mathrm{ln}33\mathrm{ln}2)+O(\mu ^2)`$ (23)
$`c_4(\mu )`$ $`\underset{t\mathrm{}}{lim}\overline{{\displaystyle \frac{<n^4>4<n^3><n>3<n^2>^2+12<n^2><n>^26<n>^4}{t^{2\mu }}}}`$ (24)
$`=\mu 24(19\mathrm{ln}212\mathrm{ln}3)+O(\mu ^2)`$
#### I.4.2 Summary of results for the biased Sinai model

We will derive an exact quantitative mapping between the renormalized descriptions of the trap model and the biased Sinai diffusion with bias. As a consequence, in the whole anomalous diffusion phase $`0<\mu <1`$, all properties of the directed trap models that concern the rescaled quantity $`X=\frac{n}{t^\mu }`$ are exactly the same for the Sinai model with bias in terms of the rescaled quantity

$`X={\displaystyle \frac{x\sigma \beta ^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )\left(t\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right)^\mu }}`$ (25)
This relation was already guessed in  for the special case of the averaged diffusion fronts of the two models (see Appendix A). In particular, the thermal width of the Sinai model reads from the exact result (11) of

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{<\mathrm{\Delta }x^2(t)>}}{t^{2\mu }}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\left(\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right)^{2\mu }}{\sigma ^2\beta ^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^4(\mu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\mu )}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu }{\pi \mu }}\right)^3I(\mu )`$ (27)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\left(\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right)^{2\mu }}{\sigma ^2\beta ^4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(2\mathrm{ln}2)}{\mu ^3}}+[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}+2\mathrm{ln}2(\mathrm{ln}222\gamma _E)]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu ^2}}+O({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu }})\right]`$
and more generally, all thermal cumulants can be obtained from the results of the trap model (24) via the correspondence (25).

For the localization parameters, the result $`Y_k^{trap}`$ represents for the biased Sinai model the probability to find $`k`$ independent particles at a finite distance of each other in the limit of infinite time. These particles are then distributed with the Boltzmann distribution in a infinitely deep biased Brownian valley, leading to

$`Y_k^{sinai}=Y_k^{trap}Y_k^{valley}`$ (28)
where $`Y_k^{valley}`$, computed in (209), is the localization parameter for $`k`$ particles at equilibrium in a infinitely deep biased Brownian valley.

For the two-point correlation function, we obtain for the biased Sinai model the two-scaling form

$`C_{sinai}(l,t)=Y_2^{trap}C_{valley}(l)+{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma \beta ^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )\left(t\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right)^\mu }}𝒞_\mu \left(\lambda ={\displaystyle \frac{l\sigma \beta ^2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )\left(t\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right)^\mu }}\right)`$ (29)
where the first part represents the case where the two particles are at a finite distance of each other at infinite time, in which case their correlation $`C_{valley}(l)`$ is given by (211). The second part, corresponding to the cases where the two particles are in different renormalized valleys at infinite time, is exactly given by the scaling function $`𝒞_\mu `$ (19) describing the long-range behavior in the trap model.

#### I.4.3 Organization of the paper

We first study the directed trap model: the Section II presents the usual RSRG which yields all observables in the limit $`\mu 0`$; in Section III we explain the origin of the spreading of the thermal packet at first order in $`\mu `$ and compute observables at this order ; in Section IV we study the second order $`\mu ^2`$; in Section V we explain the structure of the set of important traps at any given order $`\mu ^n`$.

We then turn to the biased Sinai model: in Section VI, we derive the quantitative mapping between the large-scale renormalized descriptions of the two models (the biased Sinai model and the directed trap model); in Section VII, we moreover characterize the internal structure of the ‘traps’ in the biased Sinai model by computing various statistical properties of infinitely biased Brownian valleys. The Section VIII contains a discussion of the universality. Finally, the Section IX contains the conclusion, and some more technical details are given in the Appendices.

## II  Directed trap model in the limit $`\mu 0`$

The Real Space Renormalization procedure for the Sinai model  can be reformulated for the directed trap model as follows. At time $`t`$, all traps with trapping time $`\tau _i<t`$ are decimated and replaced by a “flat landscape” to produce the renormalized landscape at time $`t`$. We stress here that, contrary to the symmetric Sinai diffusion, the remaining traps are just some of the initial traps, and that their trapping time have not been renormalized by the decimation of the small ones. This non-renormalization of the trapping times actually corresponds for the biased Sinai landscape to the fact that barriers against the bias converge without rescaling to a fixed distribution . The usual RSRG picture for the dynamics is now very simple : the particle starting at $`t=0`$ in the $`n=0`$ trap will be at time $`t`$ in the first trap of the renormalized landscape, that is in the first trap having a trapping time bigger than $`t`$. We will call this trap the Main Trap M. In the usual RSRG approach, all thermal trajectories are all in the same trap M. In particular, the probability distribution in a given sample is a delta

$`P_t^{(0)}(n)=\delta _{n,n_M}`$ (30)
and the localization is total : there are no thermal fluctuations

$`[\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)]^{(0)}=0`$ (31)
and more generally all thermal cumulants beyond the first one vanish : the generating function of thermal cumulants (20) simply reads

$`Z_\mu ^{(0)}(s)`$ $`=s{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{n_M}}{t^\mu }}=s`$ (32)
The two-particle correlation function is a delta

$`C^{(0)}(l,t){\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}P^{(0)}(n)P^{(0)}(m)\delta _{l,|nm|}=\delta _{l,0}`$ (33)
and the localization parameters have their maximal value

$`Y_k^{(0)}(t)=1`$ (34)
The corresponding averaged diffusion front is thus simply given by the distribution of the position $`n=n_M`$ of the main trap

$`\overline{P_t^{(0)}(n)}=\left[1{\displaystyle _t^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )\right]^n{\displaystyle _t^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )`$ (35)
where the first part $`[..]^n`$ represents the probability that the first $`n`$ traps have a trapping time $`\tau _i<t`$, and where the last part represents the probability that the $`n^{\mathrm{th}}`$ trap has a trapping time $`\tau _i>t`$. So the scaling function $`g`$ describing the averaged diffusion front at large time

$`\overline{P_t(n)}\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^\mu }}g\left({\displaystyle \frac{n}{t^\mu }}\right)`$ (36)
is given at this order by a simple exponential

$`g^{(0)}(X)=e^X`$ (37)
which indeed coincides with the limit $`\mu 0`$ of the exact Levy front (see Appendix A).

So the approximation where all particles of the same thermal packet are in the same trap is correct only in the limit of vanishing $`\mu `$. For finite $`\mu `$, we will have to allow for a possible dispersion of the thermal packet. In fact in the limit $`\mu 0`$ we have considered that the distribution of the trapping time was infinitely broad in the following sense : all traps with $`\tau _i<t`$ were such that $`\frac{\tau _i}{t}0`$, whereas all traps with $`\tau _i>t`$ were such that $`\frac{\tau _i}{t}+\mathrm{}`$. For finite $`\mu `$, we have to take into account that these ratios are not really zero or infinite. We will do it order by order in $`\mu `$.

## III  Directed trap model at first order in $`\mu `$

### III.1 Origins of the dispersion of the thermal packet at order $`\mu `$

At first order in $`\mu `$, we need to consider two effects (see Figure 1) :

* the main trap M defined above has a trapping time $`\tau _M`$ which is not infinite. There is a small probability $`(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}})`$ that the particle has already escaped from this main trap $`M`$ at time $`t`$, to jump into the next renormalized trap that we will call $`L_1`$ (for Large trap number 1), which is defined as the second trap satisfying $`\tau _i>t`$.
* the biggest trap before the main trap, that we will call $`S_1`$ (for Small trap number 1), has a trapping time $`\tau _{S_1}<t`$ which is not zero and thus there is a small probability $`e^{\frac{t}{\tau _{S_1}}}`$ that the particle is still trapped in $`S_1`$ at time $`t`$.

We now describe the statistical properties of these two effects.

### III.2  Statistical properties of the trap $`L_1`$

The joint distribution of the trapping time $`\tau _M`$ and of the position $`n=n_M`$ of the main trap $`M`$ and of the position $`n_L`$ of the next renormalized trap $`L_1`$ reads

$`𝒟_{M,L_1}(n,n_L;\tau _M)`$ $`=\theta (t<\tau _M)\theta (n<n_L)\left[1{\displaystyle _t^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )\right]^nq(\tau _M)\left[1{\displaystyle _t^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )\right]^{n_Ln1}{\displaystyle _t^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )`$
$`\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^{2\mu }}}D_{M,L_1}\left(X={\displaystyle \frac{n}{t^\mu }},X_L={\displaystyle \frac{n_L}{t^\mu }};\tau _M\right)`$
with the scaling function

$`D_{M,L_1}(X,X_L;\tau _M)=\theta (t<\tau _M)\theta (0<X<X_L){\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _M}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^\mu e^{X_L}`$ (39)
In particular, the distribution of the trapping time $`\tau _M`$ is obtained, as it should, by simply normalizing the original distribution $`q(\tau )`$ on the interval $`[t,+\mathrm{}[`$

$`q_t(\tau _M)={\displaystyle 𝑑X𝑑X_LD_{M,L_1}(X,X_L;\tau _M)}=\theta (\tau _Mt){\displaystyle \frac{\mu t^\mu }{\tau _M^{1+\mu }}}`$ (40)
The probability $`\pi _{L_1}=\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)`$ to have already escaped from the main trap at time $`t`$ and to be thus already in the trap $`L_1`$ reads after averaging over the disorder

$`\overline{\pi _{L_1}}`$ $`={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau q_t(\tau )\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau }}\right)}=\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}(1e^v)`$ (42)
$`=\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}(1e^v)+\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}v(1e^v)+O(\mu ^3)`$
so it is of order $`\mu `$.

At this level of approximation, the diffusion front for a given sample is made out of two delta distributions

$`P_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(n)=e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\delta _{n,n_M}+\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)\delta _{n,n_{L_1}}`$ (43)
### III.3  Statistical properties of the trap $`S_1`$

The trap $`S_1`$ has been defined as the biggest trap before the main trap $`M`$. The joint distribution of the position $`n`$ of the main trap, the position $`n_S`$ and the trapping time $`\tau _S`$ of the trap $`S_1`$ read

$`𝒟_{S_1,M}(n_S,n;\tau _S)`$ $`=\theta (t>\tau _S)\left[1{\displaystyle _{\tau _s}^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )\right]^{n1}q(\tau _s){\displaystyle _t^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )`$ (45)
$`\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^{2\mu }}}D_{S_1,M}\left(X_S={\displaystyle \frac{n_S}{t^\mu }},X={\displaystyle \frac{n}{t^\mu }};\tau _S\right)`$
where the scaling function reads

$`D_{S_1,M}(X_S,X;\tau _S)\theta (t>\tau _S>1)\theta (X>X_S>0){\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _S}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _S}}\right)^\mu e^{X\left(\frac{t}{\tau _S}\right)^\mu }`$ (46)
We note that here, there are correlations between the trapping time and the positions, contrary to the decoupled measure (39) concerning the trap $`L_1`$. The joint distribution of the positions alone reads

$`𝒮(X_s,X)={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _SD_{S_1,M}(X_S,X;\tau _S)}={\displaystyle \frac{\theta (X>X_S>0)}{X}}e^X`$ (47)
i.e. $`X`$ is distributed with $`P^{(0)}=e^X`$ (37), and $`X_S`$ is uniformly distributed on the interval $`[0,X]`$. The distribution of the trapping time $`\tau _s`$ alone reads

$`r(\tau _S)={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑X_S{\displaystyle _{X_S}^+\mathrm{}}𝑑XD_{S_1,M}(X_S,X;\tau _S)=\theta (t>\tau _S)\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\tau _S^{\mu 1}}{t^\mu }}`$ (48)
The probability $`\pi _{S_1}=e^{t/\tau _S}`$ to be still in the trap $`S_1`$ at time $`t`$ reads after averaging over the disorder

$`\overline{\pi _{S_1}}`$ $`={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _Sr(\tau _S)e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}}=\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v^{1+\mu }}}e^v`$ (50)
$`=\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v+O(\mu ^3)`$
so it is of order $`\mu `$.

At this level of approximation, the probability distribution reads

$`P_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)}(n)=e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}\delta _{n,n_{S_1}}+\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}\right)\delta _{n,n_M}`$ (51)
We now use the statistical properties of the traps $`L_1`$ and $`S_1`$ to compute various observables at order $`\mu `$.

### III.4  Diffusion front at order $`\mu `$

The correction due to the trap $`L_1`$ to the diffusion front in a given sample (43) with respect to one delta function at the zero-th order (30) reads

$`P_{ML_1}^{(1)}(n)P_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(n)P^{(0)}(n)=\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)(\delta _{n,n_{L_1}}\delta _{n,n_M})`$ (52)
The average over the samples, that is over the positions $`(n_M,n_L)`$ and over the trapping time $`\tau `$ with the measure (39) yields the correction to the scaling function (36)

$`g_{ML_1}^{(1)}(Y)`$ $`={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _M𝑑X𝑑X_LD_{M,L_1}(X,X_L;\tau _M)\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)(\delta (YX_L)\delta (YX))}`$ (55)
$`=e^X(X1)\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}(1e^v)`$
$`=e^X(X1)\left[\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}(1e^v)+\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}v(1e^v)+O(\mu ^3)\right]`$
Similarly, the correction due to the trap $`S_1`$ to the diffusion front in a given sample (51) with respect to one delta function at the zero-th order (30) reads

$`P_{S_1M}^{(1)}(n)P_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)}(n)P^{(0)}(n)=e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}(\delta _{n,n_{S_1}}\delta _{n,n_M})`$ (56)
After averaging over the samples with the measure (46), we obtain the correction to the scaling function (36)

$`g_{S_1M}^{(1)}(Y)`$ $`={\displaystyle 𝑑\tau _S𝑑X𝑑X_SD_{S_1,M}(X_S,X;\tau _S)e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}[\delta (YX_S)\delta (YX)]}`$ (59)
$`=\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1Yv^\mu )e^{Yv^\mu }`$
$`=\mu e^X(1X){\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v+\mu ^2e^X(X^22X){\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v+O(\mu ^3)`$
Adding these two contributions to the zeroth order front (37), we finally get

$`g_{total}^{(0)+(1)}g^{(0)}(X)+g_{ML_1}^{(1)}(X)+g_{S_1M}^{(1)}(X)=e^X+e^X(X1)\mu \gamma _E+O(\mu ^2)`$ (60)
which coincides with the expansion at order $`\mu `$ of the exact Levy front (14).

### III.5  Thermal width at order $`\mu `$

For a given sample, the contribution of the trap $`L_1`$ to the thermal width reads (43)

$`\left[<\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)>\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)}`$ $`=\overline{<n^2><n>^2}=e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}})(n_Ln_M)^2`$ (61)
Averaging over the disorder, that is over the positions and over the trapping time $`\tau `$ with the measure (39) yields :

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)}=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{<\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)>}}{t^{2\mu }}}\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)}`$ $`=2\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}e^v(1e^v)`$ (63)
$`=2\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v)+2\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)+O(\mu ^3)`$
Similarly, the contribution of the trap $`S_1`$ (51) averaged over the samples with the measure (46) reads

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)}=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{<\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)>}}{t^{2\mu }}}\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)}`$ $`=\overline{e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _s}}){\displaystyle \frac{(n_Ln_s)^2}{t^{2\mu }}}}=2\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}𝑑vv^{13\mu }e^v(1e^v)`$ (65)
$`=2\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v)6\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)+O(\mu ^3)`$
Adding the two contributions finally yields

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{total}^{(1)}=2\mu {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v)=\mu (2\mathrm{ln}2)`$ (66)
in agreement with the exact result (15) of .

### III.6  Localization parameters at order $`\mu `$

For a given sample, the contribution of the trap $`L_1`$ (43) to the localization parameter $`Y_k`$ representing the probability to find $`k`$ independent particles in the same trap at time $`t`$ reads

$`[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(t)`$ $`=\left(e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^k+\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^k`$ (67)
So after averaging over the samples, that is over the trapping time $`\tau `$ (40), the correction to the zero-th order (34) due to the trap $`L_1`$ reads

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(1)}(t)}`$ $`\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(t)Y_k^{(0)}(t)}=\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}\left[e^{kv}+(1e^v)^k1\right]`$ (68)
Similarly, the correction to the zero-th order (34) due to the trap $`S_1`$ reads after averaging over the samples, that is over the trapping time $`\tau _S`$ (48)

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(1)}(t)}\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)}(t)Y_k^{(0)}(t)}=\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}[e^{kv}+(1e^v)^k1]`$ (69)
Adding these two contributions, we finally get at first order in $`\mu `$

$`\overline{Y_k^{(0)+(1)}}\overline{Y_k^{(0)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(1)}(t)}+\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(1)}(t)}=1+\mu {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}[e^{kv}+(1e^v)^k1]+O(\mu ^2)`$ (70)
For the special case $`k=2`$, the result

$`\overline{Y_2^{(0)+(1)}}=1(2\mathrm{ln}2)\mu +O(\mu ^2)`$ (71)
is again in agreement with the expansion (13) of the exact result . The other first values of $`k`$ yield

$`\overline{Y_3^{(0)+(1)}}`$ $`=1(3\mathrm{ln}2)\mu +O(\mu ^2)`$ (72)
$`\overline{Y_4^{(0)+(1)}}`$ $`=1(2\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{32}{9}})\mu +O(\mu ^2)`$ (73)
### III.7  Correlation function of two particles at order $`\mu `$

We now consider the correlation function of two particles (18). For a given sample, the contribution of the trap $`L_1`$ (43) reads

$`C_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(l,t)`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{m=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}P_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(n)P_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(m)\delta _{l,|nm|}`$ (75)
$`=[\left(e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^2+\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^2]\delta _{l,0}+2e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)\delta _{l,(n_{L_1}n_M)}`$
After averaging over the disorder with the measure (39), the correction with respect to the zero-th order of the correlation function (33) reads

$`\overline{C_{ML_1}^{(1)}(l,t)}\overline{C_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}(l,t)C^{(0)}(l,t)}\overline{[Y_2]_{ML_1}^{(1)}}\delta _{l,0}+2\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^\mu }}e^{\frac{l}{t^\mu }}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}e^v(1e^v)`$ (76)
It presents the form (18) : the weight of the $`\delta `$ part has been obtained in (68) and the scaling function reads

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1}`$ $`=e^\lambda 2\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}e^v(1e^v)`$ (78)
$`=e^\lambda \left[2\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v)+2\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)+O(\mu ^3)\right]`$
Similarly, the contribution of the trap $`S_1`$leads after averaging over the samples with the measure (46)

$`\overline{C_{S_1M}^{(1)}(l,t)}\overline{C_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)}C^{(0)}(l,t)}`$ $`=\overline{[\left(e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}\right)^2+\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}\right)^21]\delta _{l,0}+2e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}\left(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _S}}\right)\delta _{l,(n_Mn_{S_1})}}`$ (79)
$`\overline{[Y_2]_{S_1M}^{(1)}}\delta _{l,0}+2\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v){\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^\mu }}e^{\frac{l}{t^\mu }v^\mu }`$
It presents the form (18) : the weight of the $`\delta `$ part has been obtained in (69) and the scaling function reads

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1M}=`$ $`2\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v)e^{\lambda v^\mu }`$ (80)
$`=`$ $`e^\lambda \left[2\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}e^v(1e^v)2\mu ^2\lambda {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)\right]`$ (81)
Adding these two contributions, we finally get at first order in $`\mu `$ the following correlation function

$`\overline{C^{(0)+(1)}(l,t)}`$ $`=\overline{C^{(0)}(l,t)}+\overline{C_{ML_1}^{(1)}}+\overline{C_{S_1M}^{(1)}}`$ (82)
$`\left[1(2\mathrm{ln}2)\mu +O(\mu ^2)\right]\delta _{l,0}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t^\mu }}e^{\frac{l}{t^\mu }}\left[(2\mathrm{ln}2)\mu +O(\mu ^2)\right]`$
### III.8  Generating function of thermal cumulants at first order in $`\mu `$

The correction to the generating function (20) due to the trap $`L_1`$ (43) with respect to the zero-th order (32) reads with the measure (39)

$`[Z_\mu (s)]_{ML_1}^{(1)}`$ $`[Z_\mu (s)]_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)}Z_\mu ^{(0)}(s)=\overline{\mathrm{ln}\left[e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}}+(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}})e^{s(X_LX)}\right]}`$ (83)
$`=\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑vv^{\mu 1}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑Ye^Y\mathrm{ln}\left[e^v+(1e^v)e^{sY}\right]`$
Similarly, the correction due to the trap $`S_1`$ reads with the measure (46)

$`[Z_\mu (s)]_{S_1M}^{(1)}`$ $`[Z_\mu (s)]_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)}Z_\mu ^{(0)}(s)=\overline{\mathrm{ln}\left[e^{\frac{t}{\tau _s}}e^{s(XX_S)+(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _s}})}\right]}`$ (84)
$`=\mu {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑Ye^{Yv^\mu }\mathrm{ln}\left[e^ve^{sY}+(1e^v)\right]`$
The total correction at order $`\mu `$ thus reads

$`[Z_\mu (s)]_{total}^{(1)}`$ $`=[Z_\mu (s)]_{ML_1}^{(1)}+[Z_\mu (s)]_{S_1M}^{(1)}`$ (85)
$`=\mu {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑Ye^Y\left[{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}\left[e^v+(1e^v)e^{sY}\right]+{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}\left[e^ve^{sY}+(1e^v)\right]\right]`$
We may now perform a series expansion in $`s`$ and evaluate the integrals to obtain the generating function of all thermal cumulants at first order in $`\mu `$

$`[Z_\mu (s)]_{total}^{(1)}`$ $`=s\gamma _E+s^2\mathrm{ln}2s^3(2\mathrm{ln}33\mathrm{ln}2)+s^4(19\mathrm{ln}212\mathrm{ln}3)+O(s^5)`$ (86)
leading to the results (24).

## IV  Directed trap model at order $`\mu ^2`$

### IV.1 Dispersion of the thermal packet at order $`\mu ^2`$

To compute observables at order $`\mu ^2`$, we now have to consider the possible dispersions of the thermal packet over three traps. Denoting by $`\tau _1`$ and $`\tau _2`$ the first two trapping times, the occupation probabilities of the three ordered sites are given by

$`p_1(t;\tau _1)`$ $`=e^{\frac{t}{\tau _1}}`$
$`p_2(t;\tau _1,\tau _2)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\tau _2}{\tau _2\tau _1}}\left(e^{\frac{t}{\tau _2}}e^{\frac{t}{\tau _1}}\right)`$
$`p_3(t;\tau _1,\tau _2)`$ $`=1{\displaystyle \frac{\tau _2e^{\frac{t}{\tau _2}}\tau _1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _1}}}{\tau _2\tau _1}}`$ (87)
In the following, we will also use the notations $`v=\frac{t}{\tau _1}`$, $`w=\frac{t}{\tau _2}`$

$`p_1(v)`$ $`=e^v`$
$`p_2(v,w)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{v}{vw}}(e^we^v)`$
$`p_3(v,w)`$ $`=1p_1(v)p_2(v,w)`$ (88)
To simplify computations later, it will be convenient to use in intermediate calculations the two following obvious properties : the occupation probability of the third site is a symmetric function of $`(v,w)`$

$`p_3(v,w)=p_3(w,v)`$ (89)
and the three occupation probabilities satisfy the normalization

$`p_1(v)+p_2(v,w)+p_3(v,w)=1`$ (90)
The enumeration of the various possibilities for the three traps is as follows (see Figure 1).

#### IV.1.1  Configurations $`(M,L_1,L_2)`$

The tree traps are the main trap M, the next renormalized trap $`L_1`$ introduced in (III.2) and the second next renormalized trap that we call $`L_2`$. The joint distribution of the rescaled positions and trapping times read

$`T_{M,L_1,L_2}(X,X_{ML_1},X_{L_2};\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})=`$ $`\theta (t<\tau _M)\theta (t<\tau _{L_1})\theta (0XX_1X_2)`$ (91)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _M}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _{L_1}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _{L_1}}}\right)^\mu e^{X_2}`$
At this level of approximation, the diffusion front is made out of three delta pics

$`P_{ML_1L_2}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)=p_1(t;\tau _M)\delta _{m,n_M}+p_2(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})\delta _{m,n_{L_1}}+p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})\delta _{m,n_{L_2}}`$ (92)
where the weights of the three traps are given by (87).

#### IV.1.2  Configurations $`(M,I_2,L_1)`$

The tree traps are the main trap M, the next renormalized trap $`L_1`$ introduced in (III.2) and in between the intermediate trap that we call $`I_2`$, defined as the biggest trap in the decimated region between M and $`L_1`$. The joint distribution of the rescaled positions and trapping times read

$`T_{M,I_2,L_1}(X,X_I,X_L;\tau _M,\tau _I)`$ $`=\theta (\tau _M>t>\tau _I>1)\theta (X_L>X_I>X>0)`$ (93)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _M}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _I}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _I}}\right)^\mu e^Xe^{(X_LX)\left(\frac{t}{\tau _I}\right)^\mu }`$
The corresponding diffusion front reads

$`P_{MI_2L_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)=p_1(t;\tau _M)\delta _{m,n_M}+p_2(t;\tau _M,\tau _I)\delta _{m,n_{I_2}}+p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _I)\delta _{m,n_{L_1}}`$ (94)
where the weights are given by (87).

#### IV.1.3  Configurations $`(S_1,S_2,M)`$ and $`(S_2^{},S_1,M)`$

The tree traps are the main trap M, the trap $`S_1`$ defined as before as the biggest trap before $`M`$, and the second biggest trap before $`M`$, that we call $`S_2`$ if its position is between $`S_1`$ and $`M`$, and that we call $`S_2^{}`$ if its position is between $`0`$ and $`S_1`$.

For the configurations $`(S_1,S_2,M)`$, the joint distribution of the rescaled positions and trapping times is given by

$`T_{S_1,S_2,M}(X_1,X_2,X;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})`$ $`=\theta (\tau _{S_2}<\tau _{S_1}<t)\theta (0<X_1<X_2<X)`$ (95)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _{S_1}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _{S_1}}}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _{S_2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _{S_2}}}\right)^\mu e^{X\left(\frac{t}{\tau _{S_2}}\right)^\mu }`$
and the corresponding diffusion front reads

$`P_{S_1S_2M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)=p_1(t;\tau _{S_1})\delta _{m,n_{S_1}}+p_2(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})\delta _{m,n_{S_2}}+p_3(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})\delta _{m,n_M}`$ (96)
where the weights are given by (87).

For the configurations $`(S_2^{},S_1,M)`$ the joint distribution of the rescaled positions and trapping times read

$`T_{S_2^{},S_1,M}(X_2,X_1,X;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1},)`$ $`=\theta (\tau _{S_2}<\tau _{S_1}<t)\theta (0<X_2<X_1<X)`$ (97)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _{S_1}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _{S_1}}}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _{S_2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _{S_2}}}\right)^\mu e^{X\left(\frac{t}{\tau _{S_2}}\right)^\mu }`$
and the corresponding diffusion front reads

$`P_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)=p_1(t;\tau _{S_2})\delta _{m,n_{S_2^{}}}+p_2(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})\delta _{m,n_{S_1}}+p_3(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})\delta _{m,n_M}`$ (98)
where the weights are given by (87).

#### IV.1.4  Configurations $`(S_1,M,L_1)`$

The three traps are the trap $`S_1`$introduced in (III.3), the main trap M and the next renormalized trap $`L_1`$ introduced in (III.2). The joint distribution of the rescaled positions and trapping times is given by

$`T_{S_1,M,L_1}(X_s,X,X_L;\tau _S,\tau _M)`$ $`=\theta (\tau _M>t>\tau _S>1)\theta (X_L>X>X_S>0)`$ (99)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _S}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _S}}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _M}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau _M}}\right)^\mu e^{X\left(\frac{t}{\tau _S}\right)^\mu }e^{(X_LX)}`$
The corresponding diffusion front reads

$`P_{S_1ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)=p_1(t;\tau _{S_1})\delta _{m,n_{S_1}}+p_2(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _M)\delta _{m,n_M}+p_3(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _M)\delta _{m,n_{L_1}}`$ (100)
where the weights are given by (87).

We now use the statistical properties of these three-traps configurations to compute observables at order $`\mu ^2`$.

### IV.2  Diffusion front at order $`\mu ^2`$

#### IV.2.1  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the two-traps configurations

We have already studied the contributions of two traps configurations when studying the order $`\mu `$. The contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`ML_1`$ (55) reads

$`g_{ML_1}^{(2)}(X)`$ $`=\mu ^2e^X(X1){\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}v(1e^v)`$ (101)
Similarly, the contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`S_1M`$ (59) reads

$`g_{S_1M}^{(2)}(X)`$ $`=\mu ^2e^X(X^22X){\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v`$ (102)
#### IV.2.2  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the three-traps configurations

The specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the three-traps configurations of type $`ML_1L_2`$ can be obtained by subtracting from (92) the two-traps configurations $`ML_1`$ (43)

$`P_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}(n)`$ $`P_{ML_1L_2}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)P_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)=p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})\left(\delta _{m,n_{L_2}}\delta _{m,n_{L_1}}\right)`$ (103)
The average over the samples with the measure (91) yields the correction of the scaling function (36)

$`g_{ML1L2}^{(2)}(Y)`$ $`={\displaystyle 𝑑X𝑑X_1𝑑X_2\tau _M\tau _{L_1}}T_{M,L_1,L_2}(X,X_{ML_1},X_{L_2};\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})`$ (106)
$`p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})\left(\delta (YX_2)\delta (YX_1)\right)`$
$`=e^Y\left[{\displaystyle \frac{Y^2}{2}}Y\right]\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}p_3(v,w)+O(\mu ^3)`$
Similarly, the specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the three-traps configurations of type $`MI_2L_1`$ can be obtained by subtracting from (94) the two-traps configurations $`ML_1`$ (43) and this yields after averaging over the samples with the measure (93)

$`\overline{P_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}(n)}`$ $`\overline{P_{MI_2L_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)P_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)}=\overline{p_2(t;\tau _M,\tau _I)\left(\delta _{m,n_{I_2}}\delta _{m,n_{L_1}}\right)}`$ (107)
The correction to the scaling function (36) thus reads

$`g_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}(Y)=e^Y\left[Y{\displaystyle \frac{Y^2}{2}}\right]\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}p_2(v,w)+O(\mu ^3)`$ (108)
For the three-traps configurations of type $`S_1S_2M`$, we have to subtract from (96) the two-traps configurations $`S_1M`$ (51) and to average over the samples with the measure (95)

$`\overline{P_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}(n)}`$ $`\overline{P_{S_1S_2M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)P_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)}=\overline{p_2(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})(\delta _{m,n_{S_2}}\delta _{m,n_M})}`$ (109)
The correction to the scaling function (36) thus reads

$`g_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}(Y)=e^Y\left[Y{\displaystyle \frac{Y^2}{2}}\right]\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}p_2(v,w)+O(\mu ^3)`$ (110)
For the three-traps configurations of type $`S_2^{}S_1M`$, we have to subtract from (98) the two-traps configurations $`S_1M`$ (51) and to average over the samples with the measure (97)

$`\overline{P_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}(n)}\overline{P_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)P_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)}=`$ (111)
$`\overline{p_1(t;\tau _{S_2})\delta _{m,n_{S_2^{}}}+(p_2(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})p_2(t;0,\tau _{S_1}))\delta _{m,n_{S_1}}+(p_3(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})p_3(t;0,\tau _{S_1}))\delta _{m,n_M}}`$ (112)
The correction to the scaling function (36) reads

$`g_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}(Y)=e^Y(1Y)\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v+e^Y(Y{\displaystyle \frac{Y^2}{2}})\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\theta (v<w)[p_2(v,w)]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (113)
For the three-traps configurations of type $`S_1ML_1`$, we have to subtract from (100) the one trap configuration (30), and the corrections due to the two-traps configurations $`ML_1`$ (52)and $`S_1M`$ (56), and to average over the samples with the measure (99)

$`\overline{P_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}(n)}`$ $`\overline{P_{S_1ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}(n)P_M^{(0)}(n)P_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}(n)P_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}(n)}`$ (114)
$`=\overline{[p_3(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _M)p_3(t;0,\tau _M)](\delta _{m,n_{L_1}}\delta _{m,n_M})}`$
with the scaling function

$`g_{S1ML1}^{(2)}(Y)=e^Y\left[Y{\displaystyle \frac{Y^2}{2}}\right]\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}p_2(v,w)+O(\mu ^3)`$ (115)
The sum of all contributions of order $`\mu ^2`$ finally reads

$`g_{\mathrm{total}}^{(2)}(Y)`$ $`g_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}(Y)+g_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}(Y)+g_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}(Y)+g_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}(Y)+g_{S_1M}^{(2)}(Y)+g_{ML1L2}^{(2)}(Y)+g_{ML_1}^{(2)}(Y)`$ (117)
$`=e^Y\left[2YY^2\right]\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}p_2(v,w)`$
$`+\mu ^2e^Y(Y^23Y+1)\left[{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}v(1e^v)\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$
The double integral may be computed as follows

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}p_2(v,w)={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z1}}(e^{wz}e^w)={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑z{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1z}}(\mathrm{ln}z)={\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}`$ (118)
and we obtain the final result

$`g_{\mathrm{total}}^{(2)}(Y)=\mu ^2e^Y\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)+Y\left(3{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)+Y^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}\right)\right]`$ (119)
which coincides with the expansion (14) of the exact diffusion front described in Appendix (A).

### IV.3  Thermal width at order $`\mu ^2`$

#### IV.3.1  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the two-traps configurations

We have already studied the contributions of two traps configurations when studying the order $`\mu `$. The contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`ML_1`$ reads (63)

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1}^{(2)}=2\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)`$ (120)
whereas the contribution of the configurations $`S_1M`$ reads (65)

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1M}^{(2)}=6\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)`$ (121)
#### IV.3.2  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the three-traps configurations

For a given configuration of three traps situated at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ with occupation probabilities $`(p_1,p_2,p_3)`$, the thermal width reads

$`<\mathrm{\Delta }n^2(t)>=p_1p_2(n_2n_1)^2+p_1p_3(n_3n_1)^2+p_2p_3(n_3n_2)^2`$ (122)
Following the procedure described above for the diffusion front, we obtain the specific contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the various configurations as follows.

The configurations of type $`ML_1L_2`$ with the measure (91) give

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1L_2}^{(1)+(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}`$ (123)
$`=\overline{p_2(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})[X_{L_2}X_{L_1}]^2+p_1(t;\tau _M)p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _{L_1})[(X_{L_2}X_M)^2(X_{L_1}X_M)^2]}`$ (124)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)+4p_1(v)p_3(v,w)\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (125)
The configurations of type $`MI_2L_1`$ with the measure (93) give

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{MI_2L_1}^{(1)+(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}`$ (126)
$`=\overline{p_2(t;\tau _M,\tau _{I_2})p_3(t;\tau _M,\tau _{I_2})[X_{L_1}X_{I_2}]^2+p_1(t;\tau _M)p_2(t;\tau _M,\tau _{I_2})[(X_{I_2}X_M)^2(X_{L_1}X_M)^2]}`$ (127)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)4p_1(v)p_2(v,w)\right]`$ (128)
The configurations of type $`S_1S_2M`$ with the measure (95) give

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1S_2M}^{(1)+(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}`$ (129)
$`=\overline{p_2(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})p_3(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})[X_MX_{S_2}]^2+p_1(t;\tau _{S_1})p_2(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _{S_2})[(X_{S_2}X_{S_1})^2(X_MX_{S_1})^2]}`$ (130)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)4p_1(v)p_2(v,w)\right]`$ (131)
The configurations of type $`S_2^{}S_1M`$ with the measure (97) give

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}`$ (132)
$`=\overline{p_1(t;\tau _{S_2})p_2(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})(X_{S_1}X_{S_2^{}})^2+p_1(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})p_3(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})(X_MX_{S_2^{}})^2}`$
$`+\overline{[p_2(t;\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})p_3(t\tau _{S_2},\tau _{S_1})p_2(t;0,\tau _{S_1})p_3(t;0,\tau _{S_1})](X_MX_{S_1})^2}`$ (133)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^v}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}[2p_1(v)p_2(v,w)+6p_1(v)p_3(v,w)+2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)2p_1(w)(1p_1(w))]`$ (134)
The configurations of type $`S_1ML_1`$ with the measure (99) give

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}`$ (135)
$`=\overline{p_1(t;\tau _{S_1})p_3(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _M)[(X_{L_1}X_{S_1})^2(X_MX_{S_1})^2]}`$
$`+\overline{[p_2(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _M)p_3(t;\tau _{S_1},\tau _M)p_2(t;0,\tau _M)p_3(t;0,\tau _M)](X_{L_1}X_M)^2}`$ (136)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)+4p_1(v)p_3(v,w)2p_1(w)(1p_1(w))\right]`$ (137)
Finally, the sum of all contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ reads

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{total}^{(2)}`$ $`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}+\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1M}^{(2)}+\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}`$ (139)
$`+\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}+\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}+\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}+\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{ML_1}^{(2)}`$
$`=4\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)`$
$`+\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[4p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)6p_1(v)p_2(v,w)+2p_1(w)p_3(v,w)\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$
The double integral may be computed as in (118) and yields

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[4p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)6p_1(v)p_2(v,w)+2p_1(w)p_3(v,w)\right]={\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}4\mathrm{ln}2`$ (140)
and thus the final result

$`\left[\mathrm{\Delta }(\mu )\right]_{total}^{(2)}=\mu ^2[2\mathrm{ln}2(\mathrm{ln}2+2\gamma _E){\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}4\mathrm{ln}2]`$ (141)
coincides with the expansion of the exact result (15).

### IV.4  Localization parameters at order $`\mu ^2`$

#### IV.4.1  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the two-traps configurations

We have already studied the contributions of two traps configurations when studying the order $`\mu `$. The contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`ML_1`$ (68) reads

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(2)}}=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}v\left[e^{kv}+(1e^v)^k1\right]`$ (142)
whereas the contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`S_1M`$ (69) reads

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(2)}}=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}v[e^{kv}+(1e^v)^k1]`$ (143)
#### IV.4.2  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the three-traps configurations

For a given configuration of three traps with occupation probabilities (87), the localization parameters read in terms of the variables $`v\frac{t}{\tau _1}`$ and $`w\frac{t}{\tau _2}`$

$`Y_k=p_1^k(v)+p_2^k(v,w)+p_3^k(v,w)`$ (144)
Following the procedure described above for the diffusion front, we obtain the specific contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the various configurations as follows.

The configurations of type $`ML_1L_2`$ with the measure (91) give

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}}`$ $`=\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1L_2}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}}`$ (145)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[p_2^k(v,w)+p_3^k(v,w)(1p_1(v))^k\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$
The configurations of type $`MLI_2L_1`$ with the measure (93) give

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}}`$ $`=\overline{[Y_k]_{MI_2L_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}}`$ (147)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[p_2^k(v,w)+p_3^k(v,w)(1p_1(v))^k\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$
The configurations of type $`S_1S_2M`$ with the measure (95) give

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}}`$ $`=\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1S_2M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}}`$ (148)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[p_2^k(v,w)+p_3^k(v,w)(1p_1(v))^k\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$
The configurations of type $`S_2^{}S_1M`$ with the measure (97) give

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}}`$ $`=\overline{[Y_k]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}}`$ (149)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^v}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\theta (v>w)\left[p_1^k(v)+p_2^k(v,w)+p_3^k(v,w)p_1^k(w)(1p_1(w))^k\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$
The configurations of type $`S_1ML_1`$ with the measure (91) give

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}}\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1ML_1}^{(0)+(1)+(2)}[Y_k]^{(0)}[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}}`$ (150)
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}[p_2^k(v,w)+p_3^k(v,w)+1(1p_1(v))^kp_1^k(w)(1p_1(w))^k]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (151)
The sum of all contributions of order $`\mu ^2`$ thus reads

$`\overline{[Y_k]_{total}^{(2)}}=\overline{[Y_k]_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{ML_1}^{(2)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}}+\overline{[Y_k]_{S_1M}^{(2)}}`$
$`=\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}[p_2^k(v,w)+p_2^k(w,v)+2p_3^k(v,w)+1p_1^k(v)2(1p_1(v))^k(1p_1(w))^k]`$ (152)
For the special case $`k=2`$, we find

$`\overline{[Y_2]_{total}^{(2)}}=\mu ^2\left[4\mathrm{ln}2{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}\right]`$ (153)
in agreement with the expansion of the exact result (16). For the special case $`k=4`$, we find

$`\overline{[Y_4]_{total}^{(2)}}=\mu ^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}+2(21\mathrm{ln}2+\mathrm{ln}3(\mathrm{ln}312))\right)`$ (154)
### IV.5  Correlation function at order $`\mu ^2`$

#### IV.5.1  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the two-traps configurations

We have already studied the contributions of two traps configurations when studying the order $`\mu `$. The contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`ML_1`$ (78) reads

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1}^{(2)}=e^\lambda 2\mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)`$ (155)
whereas the contribution of order $`\mu ^2`$ of the configurations $`S_1M`$ (81) reads

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1M}^{(2)}=2\mu ^2\lambda e^\lambda {\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}\mathrm{ln}ve^v(1e^v)`$ (156)
#### IV.5.2  Contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$ of the three-traps configurations

For a given configuration of three traps situated at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ with occupation probabilities $`(p_1,p_2,p_3)`$, the two-particles correlation function reads

$`C(l,t)=(p_1^2+p_2^2+p_3^2)\delta _{l,0}+2p_1p_2\delta _{l,n_2n_1}+2p_1p_3\delta _{l,n_3n_1}+2p_2p_3\delta _{l,n_3n_2}`$ (157)
Since the weight of the delta pic is given by the localization parameter $`Y_2`$ that we have already considered above, we will consider in the following only the scaling function $`𝒞_\mu (\lambda )`$ (18). Following the procedure described above for the diffusion front, we will obtain the specific contributions at order $`\mu ^2`$.

The configurations of type $`ML_1L_2`$ give the specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}=\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1L_2}^{(1)+(2)}\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}`$
$`=e^\lambda \mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)2p_1(v)p_3(v,w)+\lambda 2p_1(v)p_3(v,w)\right]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (158)
The configurations of type $`MI_2L_1`$ give the specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}=\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{MI_2L_1}^{(1)+(2)}\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}`$
$`=e^\lambda \mu ^2{\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_1(v)p_2(v,w)+2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)2p_1(v)p_2(v,w)\lambda \right]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (159)
The configurations of type $`S_1S_2M`$ give the specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}=\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1S_2M}^{(1)+(2)}\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}`$
$`=e^\lambda \mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_1(v)p_2(v,w)+2p_2(v,w)p_3(v,w)2p_1(v)p_2(v,w)\lambda \right]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (160)
The configurations of type $`S_2^{}S_1M`$ give the specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}=\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}`$
$`=e^\lambda \mu ^2{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _v^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_1(w)p_2(w,v)+2p_2(w,v)p_3(v,w)2p_1(v)(1p_1(v))+2p_1(w)p_3(v,w)\lambda \right]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (161)
The configurations of type $`S_1ML_1`$ give the specific contribution at order $`\mu ^2`$

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}=\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1M}^{(1)+(2)}\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1}^{(1)+(2)}`$
$`=`$ $`\mu ^2e^\lambda {\displaystyle _0^1}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}{\displaystyle _1^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dw}{w}}\left[2p_2(w,v)p_3(v,w)2p_1(w)p_3(w,v)2p_1(v)(1p_1(v))+2p_1(w)p_3(v,w)\lambda \right]+O(\mu ^3)`$ (162)
The sum of all contributions of order $`\mu ^2`$ reads

$`\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{total}^{(2)}`$ $`=\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{MI_2L_1}^{(2)}+\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1ML_1}^{(2)}+\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1S_2M}^{(2)}+\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_2^{}S_1M}^{(2)}+\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{S_1M}^{(2)}`$ (163)
$`+\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1L_2}^{(2)}+\left[𝒞_\mu (\lambda )\right]_{ML_1}^{(2)}`$
$`=\mu ^2e^\lambda \left[{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{3}}\mathrm{ln}2(4+\mathrm{ln}2+\gamma _E)+\lambda \left({\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}+\mathrm{ln}2(\mathrm{ln}2+\gamma _E)\right)\right]`$
## V  Hierarchical structure of the important traps

It is now clear that the procedure that we have described up to order $`\mu ^2`$ can be generalized at an arbitrary order $`n`$ : all observables at order $`\mu ^n`$ can be obtained by considering a dispersion of the thermal packet over at most $`(1+n)`$ traps, that have to be chosen among a certain number $`\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ of possible configurations of the traps. Our aim in this Section is not to pursue any further explicit computations but to get some insight into the set of important traps that play a role at a given order $`n`$.

### V.1 Set of the important traps at order $`n`$

At order $`n`$, the important traps are :

* the main trap $`M`$
* the following $`n`$ large renormalized traps $`L_1`$,…$`L_n`$
* the $`n`$ biggest traps $`S_1`$$`S_n`$ among the small traps before $`M`$
* the $`(n1)`$ biggest traps $`I_2^{(1)}`$$`I_n^{(1)}`$ among the small traps in the interval between $`M`$ and $`L_1`$
* the $`(n2)`$ biggest traps $`I_3^{(2)}`$$`I_n^{(2)}`$ among the small traps in the interval between $`L_1`$ and $`L_2`$
*
* the biggest trap $`I_n^{(n1)}`$ among the small traps in the interval between $`L_{n2}`$ and $`L_{n1}`$.

The index at the bottom represents the order of occupation in $`\mu `$ as in the Figure 1. The total number of traps is thus

$`T_n=1+n+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}i=1+{\displaystyle \frac{n(n+3)}{2}}`$ (164)
which generalizes $`T_1=3`$ ($`M`$,$`S_1`$,$`L_1`$) and $`T_2=6`$ ($`M`$,$`S_1`$,$`S_2`$ identified with $`S_2^{}`$,$`L_1`$,$`L_2`$).

### V.2 Set of the important configurations at order $`n`$

With these $`T_n`$ traps, we have now to construct the possible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_n`$ configurations of $`(1+n)`$ traps, that are ordered by in positions, and that contribute up to order $`\mu ^n`$. We have

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_n=\mathrm{\Omega }_{n1}+\omega _n={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}}\omega _i`$ (165)
where $`\omega _n`$ represents the number of configurations that begin to contribute at order $`n`$.

We may now decompose

$`\omega _n=a_n^{(L_n)}+a_n^{(L_{n1})}+\mathrm{}a_n^{(L_1)}+a_n^M`$ (166)
where $`a_n^{(L_j)}`$ is the number of configurations that contain $`L_j`$ as the rightmost trap. For $`j=n`$, there is only $`a_n^{(L_n)}=1`$ configuration $`ML_1L_2\mathrm{}L_n`$, whereas for $`j=0`$

$`a_n^M=n!`$ (167)
since we have to order in space the $`n`$ traps $`S_1`$$`S_n`$ before $`M`$. More generally, at order $`j`$, to construct the configurations of $`(n+1)`$ traps containing $`ML_1\mathrm{}L_j`$, which represent $`(j+1)`$ fixed traps, we have to choose $`(nj)`$ traps among the $`(j+1)`$ available intervals and to count the possible positional orders in each interval

$`a_n^{L_j}={\displaystyle \underset{p_1=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \underset{p_{j+1}=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\delta ({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j+1}{}}}p_i=nj)p_1!\mathrm{}p_{j+1}!`$ (168)
The final result is thus that the number of new configurations that appear at order $`n`$ reads

$`\omega _n={\displaystyle \underset{j=0}{\overset{n}{}}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{p_1=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \underset{p_{j+1}=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\delta ({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{j+1}{}}}p_i=nj)p_1!\mathrm{}p_{j+1}!\right]`$ (169)
which generalize what we have found before for the lowest orders $`\omega _0=1`$ ($`M`$), $`\omega _1=2`$ ($`S_1M`$ and $`ML_1`$) and $`\omega _2=5`$ ($`S_1S_2M`$, $`S_2^{}S_1M`$, $`MI_1L_1`$, $`ML_1L_2`$ and $`S_1ML_1`$).

## VI  Quantitative mapping between the biased Sinai diffusion and the directed trap model

### VI.1  Renormalized landscape for the biased Brownian motion

The real space renormalization group (RSRG) method can also be applied to the biased Brownian landscape . The distributions of the barriers $`F=\mathrm{\Gamma }+\xi `$ in the renormalized landscape at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are given by

$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }^+(\xi )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{2\delta }{e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}1}}e^{\xi \frac{2\delta }{e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}1}}{\displaystyle \frac{2\delta }{e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}}e^{\xi \frac{2\delta }{e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}}`$ (170)
$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\xi )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{2\delta }{1e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}}e^{\xi \frac{2\delta }{1e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}}2\delta e^{\xi 2\delta }`$ (171)
where the parameter $`2\delta `$ reads in terms of the notations (1, 5)

$`2\delta {\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{T}}={\displaystyle \frac{F_0}{\sigma }}`$ (172)
As a consequence, the distribution $`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}(\xi )`$ of barriers against the bias can be considered as infinitely large only in the limit of vanishing bias $`\delta 0`$. It is only in this limit that all particles of the same thermal packet remain in the same renormalized valley asymptotically.

### VI.2 Trapping-time of a renormalized valley of barrier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

Let us now recall a standard result for one-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation  : for a particle diffusing in a potential $`U(x)`$ on a interval $`[a,b]`$ with reflecting condition at $`a`$, the exit time defined as the first-passage time $`\theta (x)`$ at the point $`b`$ for a particle starting at $`x(a,b)`$ at time $`t=0`$ can be studied for an arbitrary potential $`U(x)`$ : the moments

$`\theta _n(x)<[\theta (x)]^n>`$ (173)
are given by the recurrence

$`\theta _n(x)=\beta {\displaystyle _x^b}𝑑ye^{\beta U(y)}{\displaystyle _a^y}𝑑ze^{\beta U(z)}[n\theta _{n1}(z)]`$ (174)
with the initial condition $`\theta _{n=0}(x)=1`$. In particular, the first moment reads

$`\theta _1(x)=\beta {\displaystyle _x^b}𝑑ye^{\beta U(y)}{\displaystyle _a^y}𝑑ze^{\beta U(z)}`$ (175)
For the biased Brownian landscape, the exit time over a barrier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ when starting at the bottom of a renormalized valley that we choose as the origin can be obtained (see Figure 2) by choosing $`a`$ at the height $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on the renormalized descending bond on the left and $`b`$ at a potential $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ after the top of the barrier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. It seems that usually  one chooses $`b`$ exactly at the top of the barrier to derive the Arrhenius factor, but we think that to obtain the correct prefactor, one has to choose $`b`$ on the descending potential after the top to be sure that the particle will not return in the trap where it started. Indeed, when the particle sits just on the top, there is a finite probability to return to its starting trap, which is for instance a probability $`1/2`$ for a potential that is symmetric around its top. So for a given realization $`V`$ of a renormalized valley, the first moment of the escape time reads

$`\theta _1\{V\}=\beta {\displaystyle _0^b}𝑑ye^{\beta V(y)}\left[{\displaystyle _a^0}𝑑ze^{\beta V(z)}+{\displaystyle _0^y}𝑑ze^{\beta V(z)}\right]`$ (176)
where the biased Brownian potential $`V(x)=F_0x+U(x)`$ satisfies the constraints of a renormalized valley at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ (see Figure 2) : it starts at $`V(0)=ϵ`$, it then evolves on each side $`x>0`$ and $`x<0`$ in the presence of absorbing boundaries at $`0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and is conditioned to finish at $`V=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and not at $`V=0`$. On the negative side, $`(x=a)`$ is the random position where the potential first hit $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. On the positive side, after the random position $`l_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ where the potential first hit $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the potential again evolve in the presence of absorbing boundaries at $`0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and is conditioned to finish at $`V=0`$, at some random position called $`b`$, and not at $`V=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

As usual for the problem of escape over a large barrier, the double integral (176) is dominated by the saddle where $`V(y)`$ is maximal and where $`V(z)`$ is minimal. For a renormalized valley (see Figure 2), these regions are $`yl_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(1)}`$ where $`V(y)\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`z0`$ where $`V(z)0`$. This saddle-point analysis yields the following leading behavior

$`\theta _1\{V\}\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}}{}\tau _0(V)e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ (177)
The prefactor is simply given by the product

$`\tau _0(V)=\beta Z_BZ_V`$ (178)
where $`Z_V`$ is the partition function of the infinitely deep renormalized valley

$`Z_V=\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}}{lim}\left({\displaystyle _0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2)}}}𝑑ze^{\beta V_{}(z)}+{\displaystyle _0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(1)}}}𝑑ze^{\beta V_+(z)}\right)`$ (179)
where the random potentials

$`V_+(x)`$ $`=F_0x+U_1(x)`$ (180)
$`V_{}(x)`$ $`=F_0x+U_2(x)`$ (181)
are defined in terms of two independent Brownian trajectories $`U_1(x)`$ and $`U_2(x)`$ (3) starting at $`V_+(0)=ϵ=V_{}(0)`$. The potentials $`V_\pm (x)`$ evolves in the presence of absorbing boundaries at $`0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, and are conditioned to finish at $`V=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and not at $`V=0`$. $`l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(1)}`$ and $`l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2)}`$ are the random times where $`V_\pm `$ respectively first hit $`V=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.

Similarly, the factor $`Z_B`$ is the partition function of an independent infinitely deep renormalized valley, which represents what happens in the vicinity of the top of the barrier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ when considered with the change $`VV`$ to transform it in a valley (see Figure 2). For the biased Brownian landscape considered here, by symmetry, $`Z_B`$ is simply an independent realization of the variable $`Z_V`$.

The same saddle point analysis may be applied to higher moments given by the recurrence (174) to obtain

$`\theta _n\{V\}\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}}{}n!(\tau _0(V)e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }})^n`$ (182)
So for a given renormalized valley of barrier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the escape time $`t`$ is distributed exponentially as in the trap model

$`f_{\theta _1\{V\}}(t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\theta _1\{V\}}}e^{\frac{t}{\theta _1\{V\}}}`$ (183)
where the trapping-time $`\theta _1\{V\}`$ (177) depends mostly on the barrier $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ via the usual Arrhenius factor $`e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}`$, but also on the details of the structure of the valley near the bottom and near the top via the prefactor (178).

### VI.3 Distribution of the trapping-time of renormalized valleys

We are now interested into the distribution of the trapping-time $`\theta _1\{V\}`$ over the ensemble of renormalized valleys existing in the renormalized landscape at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The distribution of the barriers is given by (171). So we have to study the statistics of the prefactor (178).

It is more convenient to work with dimensionless quantities by rewriting the partition functions as $`Z_V=z_1/(\sigma \beta ^2)`$, $`Z_B=z_2/(\sigma \beta ^2)`$ so that

$`\tau _0(V)={\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\sigma ^2\beta ^3}}z_1z_2`$ (184)
where $`z_1`$ and $`z_2`$ are independent random variables whose probability distribution $`P(z)`$ is characterized in Appendix B by its Laplace transform

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ze^{sz}P(z)`$ $`=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\sqrt{s})^\mu }{I_\mu (2\sqrt{s})}}\right]^2`$ (185)
where $`I_\mu `$ is the Bessel function of index $`\mu `$. In the renormalized landscape at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, the probability distribution of the trapping time $`\tau `$ of the renormalized valleys thus reads using (171)

$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\tau )`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\xi 2\delta e^{2\delta \xi }{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑z_1P(z_1){\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑z_2P(z_2)\delta \left[\tau {\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta (\mathrm{\Gamma }+\xi )}}{\sigma ^2\beta ^3}}z_1z_2\right]`$ (187)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\sigma ^2\beta ^3\tau }}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑z_1z_1^\mu P(z_1){\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑z_2(z_2)^\mu P(z_2)`$
So we have to compute the non-integer moment of order $`\mu `$ of the variable $`z`$. Using the integral representation valid for $`0<\mu <1`$

$`z^\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ss^{1\mu }\left(1e^{sz}\right)`$ (188)
we obtain the moment from the Laplace transform (185)

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑zz^\mu P(z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ss^{1\mu }\left(1\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\sqrt{s})^\mu }{I_\mu (2\sqrt{s})}}\right]^2\right)`$ (190)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{2\mu 4^\mu }{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑w\left[w^{12\mu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )4^\mu wI_\mu ^2(w)}}\right]`$
Using the wronskian property of Bessel functions, and their series expansion at small argument, we finally get

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑zz^\mu P(z)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\mu )}}\underset{a0}{lim}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{a}{2}}\right)^{2\mu }{\displaystyle \frac{2\mu }{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{K_\mu (a)}{I_\mu (a)}}\right]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}`$ (191)
The final result is thus that the distribution of trapping time $`\tau `$ of the renormalized valleys existing at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ reads (187)

$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\tau )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\sigma ^2\beta ^3\tau }}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}}`$ (192)
### VI.4 Precise choice of the renormalization scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as a function of time

We have seen in the trap model that the distribution of renormalized traps at $`t`$ reads (40)

$`q_t(\tau )=\theta (t<\tau ){\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{\tau }}\right)^\mu `$ (193)
To make it exactly coincide with the distribution (192) of the biased Sinai model, we have to choose the renormalized scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the landscape to be the following function of time

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)=T\mathrm{ln}\left[t\sigma ^2\beta ^3\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )\right)^{\frac{1}{\mu }}\right]`$ (194)
The RSRG method  gives that the distribution of the length $`l_+`$ of the descending renormalized bonds is simply exponential in the limit $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}`$

$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }(l_+)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{b_\mathrm{\Gamma }}}e^{\frac{l_+}{b_\mathrm{\Gamma }}}`$ (195)
where the mean length reads

$`b_\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma (2\delta )^2}}e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma \beta ^2\mu ^2}}e^{2\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ (196)
so that it reads as a function of time (194)

$`b(t)=b_{\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}{\sigma \beta ^2\mu ^2}}\left[t\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right]^\mu ={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )}{\sigma \beta ^2}}\left[t\sigma ^2\beta ^3\right]^\mu `$ (197)
This length scale $`b(t)`$ exactly corresponds to the ratio $`t^\mu \frac{c_{trap}(\mu )}{c_{sinai}(\mu )}`$ of the constants appearing in the exact diffusion front of the two models (241).

### VI.5 Usual RSRG in the limit $`\mu 0`$

It has been shown in  that the “effective dynamics”, where at time $`t`$, the particle is typically at time $`t`$ around the minimum of the renormalized valley containing the initial condition, is sufficient in the double limit $`t\mathrm{}`$ $`\delta 0`$ with

$`\gamma \delta \mathrm{\Gamma }(t)`$ (198)
fixed and $`X=\frac{x}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(t)}`$ fixed.

The limit $`\gamma 0`$ corresponds to the symmetric Sinai diffusion, whereas in the limit $`\gamma \mathrm{}`$, the model becomes directed at large scale and the diffusion front converges towards

$`\overline{P(x,t|0,0)}\underset{\gamma \mathrm{}}{}\theta (x){\displaystyle \frac{1}{b(t)}}e^{\frac{x}{b(t)}}`$ (199)
where $`b(t)`$ represents the mean length of renormalized descending bonds (197). This limit actually corresponds to the limit $`\mu 0`$ of the exact Levy front  as described in the Appendix (A).

### VI.6  Spreading of the thermal packet over many renormalized valleys

The renormalized valleys of the Sinai model with bias are the analog of the traps in the directed model . For $`\mu 0`$, the bottom of the renormalized valley containing the origin described above (199) is the analog of the main trap M described in section II.

At first order in $`\mu `$, as in Section III.1, there are two effects :

* Next renormalized valley $`L_1`$

The main renormalized valley $`M`$ at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)`$ has a trapping time $`\tau _M`$ which is distributed as in the directed trap model (40), since we have defined the relation $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)`$ (194) by identifying the trapping time distributions of the two models. So there is a small probability $`(1e^{\frac{t}{\tau _M}})`$ that the particle has already escaped from this main renormalized $`M`$ at time $`t`$, to jump into the next renormalized valley $`L_1`$.

Moreover, the RSRG approach  yields that the joint distribution of the trapping time $`\tau _M`$ and of the positions $`x_M`$ and $`x_L`$ of the bottoms of the main renormalized valley and of the the next renormalized valley $`L_1`$ reads

$`𝒟_{M,L_1}(x,x_L;\tau _M)`$ $`=\theta (t<\tau _M)\theta (0<x<x_L){\displaystyle \frac{\mu t^\mu }{\tau _M^{1+\mu }}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{b^2(t)}}e^{\frac{x}{b(t)}}e^{\frac{(x_Lx)}{b(t)}}`$ (201)
$`=\theta (t<\tau _M)\theta (0<x<x_L){\displaystyle \frac{\mu t^\mu }{\tau _M^{1+\mu }}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{b^2(t)}}e^{\frac{x_L}{b(t)}}`$
which is the analog of (III.2). The only change is in the prefactor in front of $`t^\mu `$ in the scale $`b(t)`$ (197).
* Last decimated renormalized valley $`S_1`$

The last decimated barrier against the bias inside the main renormalized valley between the origin and the bottom, defines the last decimated sub-valley $`S_1`$ : it has a trapping time $`\tau _{S_1}<t`$ which is not zero and thus there is a small probability $`e^{\frac{t}{\tau _{S_1}}}`$ that the particle is still trapped in the sub-valley $`S_1`$ at time $`t`$.

Moreover, the RSRG approach  yields that the joint distribution of the trapping time $`\tau _S`$ and of the positions $`x_S`$ and $`x`$ of the bottoms of the last decimated valley $`S_1`$ and of the the main renormalized valley $`M`$ reads

$`𝒟_{S_1,M}(x_S,x;\tau _S)`$ $`=\theta (t>\tau _S)\theta (0<x_S<x){\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau _S}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{b(t)b(\tau _S)}}e^{\frac{x}{b(\tau _S)}}`$ (202)
which is the analog of (45). The only change is again in the prefactor in the scale $`b(t)`$ (197).

It is clear that this analysis may be generalized to further orders in $`\mu `$.

### VI.7  Conclusion : Equivalence of the two large-scale renormalized descriptions

The statistical properties of the spreading of the thermal packet over many renormalized valleys and sub-valleys inside the main one are thus exactly the same as in the directed trap model discussed in details in the first Sections. In particular, the localization parameters $`Y_k`$ of the trap model represent coarse-grained localization parameters for the biased Sinai diffusion : “at the same position” in the trap model means “at a finite distance around the bottom of the same renormalized valley” for the biased Sinai diffusion. As a consequence, for all rescaled quantities $`\frac{x}{t^\mu }`$, the results are exactly the same up to the global prefactor in the scale $`b(t)`$ (197) : this was already known for the averaged diffusion front (see Appendix A), but this also holds for the thermal width (27), for all other rescaled thermal cumulants (24), and for the long-range part of the two-point correlation function (29).

The new property of the Sinai model is thus the internal structure of a renormalized valley, that induces a dispersion over finite distances of the particles that are in the same renormalized valley. We now study the statistical properties of the biased Brownian valleys.

## VII  Internal structure of the traps in the biased Sinai diffusion

### VII.1 Probability distribution inside a renormalized valley

The probability distribution of particles inside the same renormalized valley can be obtained by generalizing the approach of the Sinai symmetric case  : for each realization of a renormalized valley, it is given by the Boltzmann distribution on this valley. So asymptotically as $`t\mathrm{}`$, the probability distribution of the distance $`y`$ to the bottom of the valley, averaged over the environment reads

$`P_V(y>0)`$ $`=\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta V_+(y)}}{_0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(1)}}𝑑xe^{\beta V_+(x)}+_0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2)}}𝑑xe^{\beta V_{}(x)}}}_{\{V_+\},\{V_{}\}}`$
$`P_V(y<0)`$ $`=\underset{\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta V_{}(|y|)}}{_0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(1)}}𝑑xe^{\beta V_+(x)}+_0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{(2)}}𝑑xe^{\beta V_{}(x)}}}_{\{V_+\},\{V_{}\}}`$ (203)
where the random potentials $`V_\pm `$ satisfy the same conditions as in (181).

The computation of the functionals (203) is given in Appendix B. It yields the non-intuitive result that the probability distribution $`P_V(y)`$ is actually symmetric in $`yy`$. The restoration of this symmetry comes from the conditioning of the biased random walk to reach $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on each side. Its Laplace transform reads (259)

$`\widehat{P}_V(p){\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}due^{py}\widehat{P}_V(y)=={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}ds{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^{2\mu 1}}{I_\mu (s)I_\nu (s)}}{\displaystyle _0^s}dzzI_\nu (z)[K_\mu (z){\displaystyle \frac{K_\mu (s)}{I_\mu (s)}}I_\mu (z)]`$ (204)
where the only factor containing the Laplace parameter is the index

$`\nu \sqrt{\mu ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{4T^2p}{\sigma }}}=\mu +{\displaystyle \frac{2T^2p}{\sigma \mu }}+O(p^2)`$ (205)
For $`\mu >0`$, the series expansion in the Laplace parameter $`p`$ is thus regular leading to

$`\widehat{P}_V(p=0)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{2T^2p}{\mu \sigma }}D(\mu )+\mathrm{}`$ (206)
All moments are thus finite, contrary to the symmetric case $`\mu =0`$ , where the behavior as $`(1\sqrt{p}c+..)`$ corresponds to the algebraic decay as $`1/y^{3/2}`$. So in the biased case, the distribution inside a renormalized valley is very narrow, contrary to the symmetric case.

### VII.2 Localization parameters inside a renormalized valley

For $`k`$ particles that are in the same renormalized valley, the localization parameters may be computed as an average of the k-th power of the local Boltzmann weight over the infinitely deep biased Brownian valleys (181). Generalizing the approach of  to the biased case, we have

$`(Y_k)_{valley}`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{ϵ=\pm }{}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑y\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta V_ϵ(|y|)}}{_0^+\mathrm{}𝑑xe^{\beta V_+(x)}+_0^+\mathrm{}𝑑xe^{\beta V_{}(x)}}}\right)^k_{\{V_+,V_{}\}}`$ (208)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{ϵ=\pm }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑qq^{k1}e^{q_0^+\mathrm{}𝑑xe^{\beta V_ϵ(x)}}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ye^{k\beta V_ϵ(y)}e^{q_0^+\mathrm{}𝑑xe^{\beta V_ϵ(x)}}`$
Using the results (259) of the Appendix, we finally get

$`(Y_k)_{valley}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(k)\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\sigma \beta ^2}{4}}\right)^{k1}{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑s{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^{2\mu 1}}{I_\mu ^2(s)}}{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑zz^{2k1}I_\mu (z)\left[K_\mu (z){\displaystyle \frac{K_\mu (s)}{I_\mu (s)}}I_\mu (z)\right]`$ (209)
### VII.3 Correlation function inside a renormalized valley

The correlation function of two particles at Boltzmann equilibrium in an infinitely deep biased Brownian valley reads

$`C_{valley}(l>0)`$ $`=2{\displaystyle \underset{ϵ=\pm }{}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑y{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta V_ϵ(y)\beta V_ϵ(y+l)}}{\left(_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑xe^{\beta V_+(x)}+_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑xe^{\beta V_{}(x)}\right)^2}}`$ (210)
$`+2{\displaystyle _0^l}𝑑y{\displaystyle \frac{e^{\beta V_+(y)\beta V_{}(ly)}}{\left(_0^+\mathrm{}𝑑xe^{\beta V_+(x)}+_0^+\mathrm{}𝑑xe^{\beta V_{}(x)}\right)^2}}`$
where the average $`<..>`$ is over the realizations $`(V_+,V_{})`$ satisfying (181).

Using the explicit results of Appendix B, we finally get

$`\widehat{C}_{valley}(p)={\displaystyle \frac{8}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ds}{s}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^{2\mu }}{I_\mu ^2(s)}}{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑z_1z_1I_\mu (z_1){\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑z_2z_2\left(K_\mu (z_2){\displaystyle \frac{K_\mu (s)}{I_\mu (s)}}I_\mu (z_2)\right)`$
$`[\theta (z_2z_1)I_\nu (z_1)\left(K_\nu (z_2){\displaystyle \frac{K_\nu (s)}{I_\nu (s)}}I_\nu (z_2)\right)+\theta (z_1z_2)I_\nu (z_2)\left(K_\nu (z_1){\displaystyle \frac{K_\nu (s)}{I_\nu (s)}}I_\nu (z_1)\right)]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ds}{s}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^{2\mu }}{I_\nu ^2(s)}}\left[{\displaystyle _0^s}𝑑zzI_\nu (z)\left(K_\mu (z){\displaystyle \frac{K_\mu (s)}{I_\mu (s)}}I_\mu (z)\right)\right]^2`$ (211)
## VIII Discussion of the universality

We now briefly discuss the question of the universality. The RSRG method that describes the large scale structure at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the random potential is valid for all discrete models with random forces . The parameter $`2\delta `$ that describes the distribution of barriers against the drift at large scale (171) may be expressed for a discrete random force model as the non-zero solution of the equation

$`\overline{e^{2\delta f}}=1`$ (212)
which is known to determine the anomalous diffusion exponent $`\mu =2\delta T`$ . So for a given value of the parameters $`(2\delta ,\sigma )`$, the renormalized landscape at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is universal.

However, it is clear from the analysis of the escape time of a renormalized valley (177) that the prefactor (178) in front of the Arrhenius factor $`e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is not universal : the partition functions $`Z_V`$ and $`Z_B`$ depend on the details over finite scales of the potential near a bottom of a renormalized valley and near a top of a barrier.

So for a potential that belongs to the universality class $`(2\delta ,\sigma )`$, but that is not a biased Brownian at small scales, the distribution of the trapping times in the renormalized landscape at scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ reads

$`P_\mathrm{\Gamma }(\tau )`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\mu }{\tau }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\beta e^{\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\tau }}\right)^\mu (\overline{Z_V^\mu })(\overline{Z_B^\mu })`$ (213)
so that the quantitative mapping onto the trap model (193) is realized for the choice of the RG scale $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as a function of $`t`$ according to

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)=T\mathrm{ln}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{t}{\beta (\overline{Z_V^\mu })^{\frac{1}{\mu }}(\overline{Z_B^\mu })^{\frac{1}{\mu }}}}\right]`$ (214)
which corresponds to the length scale

$`b(t)=b_{\mathrm{\Gamma }(t)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sigma \beta ^2\mu ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{t^\mu }{\beta ^\mu (\overline{Z_V^\mu })(\overline{Z_B^\mu })}}`$ (215)
This shows that the factor $`\mu ^2`$ is universal and comes from the mean length of descending bonds in the renormalized landscape at large scale, whereas the factor $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1+\mu )`$ of the biased Brownian motion is not universal and comes from the probability distribution of the partition function of a biased Brownian valley (191). However it is expected to be valid for discrete models in the limit where the lattice constant is very small as compared to the thermal length $`l_T=T^2/\sigma `$. For the localization parameters and the correlation function of two particles inside the same renormalized valley, the discussion of the universality is the same as in the symmetric case .

## IX Conclusions and perspectives

To study the anomalous diffusion phase $`xt^\mu `$ of the directed trap model and of the Sinai diffusion with bias, we have extended the usual RSRG method that assumes a full localization in a single valley to allow for the spreading of the thermal packet over many renormalized valleys. We have shown how all observables can be computed via a series expansion in $`\mu `$ : at any given order $`\mu ^n`$, it is sufficient to consider the spreading over at most $`(1+n)`$ traps. We have given explicit rules for the statistical properties of these traps. We have shown the exactness of these expansions in $`\mu `$ by comparing up to order $`n=2`$ with the already known exact results, such as the diffusion front , the thermal width  and the localization parameter $`Y_2`$ . Our construction moreover gives a clear physical picture of the localizations properties in the anomalous diffusion phase, and explains the typical shape of the diffusion front in a given sample obtained by numerical simulation (Figure 4 of ).

In a forthcoming paper , we will adapt our method to study the localization properties and the aging behaviors in the symmetric (i.e. undirected) trap model which has attracted a lot of interest recently .

For the field of biased diffusion in one-dimensional random potentials, it would be very interesting to study the influence of correlations on the localization properties studied here for the Brownian case. In particular, the case of algebraic correlations $`\overline{(U(x)U(y))^2}|xy|^\gamma `$ is known to give rise to a creep motion for $`0<\gamma <1`$ . For DNA sequences, it seems that the interesting cases are not only the Brownian case $`\gamma =1`$  but also the values $`\gamma >1`$ . Another physically interesting case concerns the logarithmic correlations, which give rise to a freezing transition in the dynamics  as well as in the statics .

From the point of view of the RSRG method, since the usual RSRG is asymptotically exact for infinite-disorder fixed points , the extension introduced here can be seen as a systematic expansion in the inverse disorder strength. It can therefore be used in the field of random quantum spin chains  to study the Griffith phases, and for the classical random field Ising chain in the presence of a small magnetic external field .

Finally, the expansion in the important traps for the dynamical models discussed in this paper has a static counterpart, with the following differences : in the static case, the expansion parameter is the temperature $`T`$, and the main trap $`M`$ corresponds to the absolute minimum of the random potential. We have already shown in  for the toy model consisting of a Brownian potential plus a quadratic potential, how the thermal cumulants at first order in $`T`$ can be explained by studying the statistical properties of the configurations presenting two nearly degenerate minima. We will discuss in  in a more general context the structure of the low-temperature series expansions in some disordered systems.

###### Acknowledgements.

I thank Pierre Le Doussal for helpful discussions at the early stage of this work and for his remarks on the manuscript.

## Appendix A  Useful properties of the Lévy diffusion front for $`0<\mu <1`$

In this appendix, we recall some useful properties of the Lévy distributions ( and references therein).

### A.1 Definition and properties of one-sided Levy stable laws

The rescaled sum

$`y={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n^{\frac{1}{\mu }}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}t_i`$ (216)
of $`n`$ identical independent positive random variables distributed with a law presenting the algebraic decay

$`p(t)\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{A}{t^{1+\mu }}}`$ (217)
where $`0<\mu <1`$, has for limit distribution as $`n\mathrm{}`$ the one-sided Levy law $`L_{\mu ,c(\mu ;A)}(y)`$ defined by its Laplace transform

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ye^{sy}L_{\mu ,c}(y)=e^{cs^\mu }`$ (218)
and where the constant $`c`$ reads

$`c(\mu ;A)={\displaystyle \frac{\pi A}{\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu \mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}`$ (219)
In this paper, we will only use the following series representation

$`L_{\mu ,c}(y)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi y}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{c}{y^\mu }}\right)^k{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+k\mu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+k)}}\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu k`$ (220)
which is convergent in the whole phase $`0<\mu <1`$.

We stress here that we have defined the constant $`c`$ by the Laplace transform (218). Writing the inverse Laplace transform as a Fourier integral yields

$`L_{\mu ,c}(y)={\displaystyle _i\mathrm{}^{+i\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ds}{2i\pi }}e^{sycs^\mu }={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{2\pi }}e^{ityct^\mu (\mathrm{cos}\frac{\pi \mu }{2}+i\mathrm{sgn}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\pi \mu }{2})}`$ (221)
so that the constant $`𝒞`$ appearing in the usual Fourier transform of Levy distributions

$`L_{\mu ,c}(y)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dt}{2\pi }}e^{ity𝒞t^\mu (1+i\mathrm{sgn}(t)\mathrm{tan}\frac{\pi \mu }{2})}`$ (222)
reads in terms of the Laplace constant $`c`$

$`𝒞=c\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu }{2}}`$ (223)
### A.2  Lévy diffusion front for the trap model

For a given trap $`\tau `$, the distribution of the escape time $`t`$ is exponential

$`f_\tau (t)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\tau }}e^{\frac{t}{\tau }}`$ (224)
which yields after averaging over $`\tau `$ (9)

$`\overline{f_\tau }(t)={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑\tau q(\tau )f_\tau (t)={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{dv}{v}}q\left({\displaystyle \frac{t}{v}}\right)e^v\underset{t\mathrm{}}{}{\displaystyle \frac{\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}{t^{1+\mu }}}`$ (225)
For a given sample $`(\tau _0,\tau _1,\mathrm{})`$, the probability $`P_t(n)`$ for the particle to be in the trap $`n`$ at time $`t`$ reads

$`P_t(n)={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}dt_if_{\tau _i}(t_i)\theta (t_0+t_1\mathrm{}+t_{n1}<t<t_0+t_1+\mathrm{}+t_n)}`$ (226)
The average over the disorder

$`\overline{P_t(n)}={\displaystyle \underset{i=0}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}dt_i\overline{f_\tau }(t_i)\theta (t_1+t_2+\mathrm{}+t_{n1}<t<t_1+t_2+\mathrm{}+t_n)}`$ (227)
shows that the diffusion front at large time is directly related to the properties of the sum of a large number $`n`$ of independent variables $`t_i`$ distributed with the law (225) presenting an algebraic decay (217) : the rescaled variable $`y=\frac{t}{n^{1/\mu }}`$ is distributed with a one-sided stable Levy distribution $`L_{\mu ,c_{trap}(\mu )}`$ (218), where the constant $`c_{trap}(\mu )`$ reads for the case (225,219)

$`c_{trap}(\mu )={\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu }{\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu }}`$ (228)
The variable $`X=\frac{n}{t^\mu }=y^\mu `$ is thus distributed with the law

$`f_{\mu ,c}(X)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mu X^{1+\frac{1}{\mu }}}}L_{\mu ,c}(X^{\frac{1}{\mu }})`$ (229)
with the special value $`c=c_{trap}(\mu )`$.

In particular, the series expansion (220) gives the following series representation for the diffusion front

$`f_{\mu ,c}(X)={\displaystyle \frac{c}{\pi \mu }}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(cX\right)^{k1}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+k\mu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+k)}}\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu k=c{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(cX\right)^{k1}}{(k1)!\mathrm{\Gamma }(1k\mu )}}`$ (230)
Using the series expansion

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1z)}}=1+{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}}d_m(1)^mz^m`$ (231)
with the first coefficient

$`d_1`$ $`=\gamma _E`$ (232)
$`d_2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma _E^2}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{12}}`$ (233)
where $`\gamma _E`$ denotes the Euler’s constant, we get the expansion in $`\mu `$ of the series (230) for fixed $`c`$

$`f_{\mu ,c}(X)=ce^{cX}\left[(1d_1\mu +d_2\mu ^2)+(d_1\mu 3d_2\mu ^2)cX+d_2\mu ^2(cX)^2+O(\mu ^3)\right]`$ (235)
Expanding also in $`\mu `$ the value (228)

$`c_{trap}(\mu )=1+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}}\mu ^2+O(\mu ^3)`$ (236)
we get that the diffusion front reads up to second order in $`\mu `$

$`g(X)=f_{\mu ,c_{trap}(\mu )}(X)=[1d_1\mu +(d_2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}})\mu ^2]e^X+[d_1\mu (3d_2+{\displaystyle \frac{\pi ^2}{6}})\mu ^2]Xe^X+d_2\mu ^2X^2e^X+O(\mu ^3)`$ (237)
Using the numerical values (LABEL:dvalues), we finally get the expression (14) of the text.

### A.3 Lévy diffusion front for the biased Sinai model

The exact form of the diffusion front was first determined in  for a corresponding discrete model. For the continuum model, the result has been proved in the theorem 1 of , which states that, for $`0<\mu <1`$, the rescaled variable $`X=\frac{x}{t^\mu }`$ has for probability distribution (229), where the constant $`c_s(\mu )`$ is given by a complicated implicit expression in . The value of this constant has been proven in  to have the following simple expression

$`c_{sinai}(\mu )=8^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu }{2\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu }}`$ (238)
where we have used (223).

In , the same form was conjectured from the heuristic equivalence with the directed trap model via an indentification of the parameters on some observable

$`c_{sinai}(\mu )={\displaystyle \frac{2}{x_1}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\tau _1}{2}}\right)^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu }{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu }}`$ (239)
where $`x_1=2T^2/\sigma `$ and $`\tau _1=x_1^2/(2D_0)`$ in terms of the diffusion constant $`D_0`$ in the pure case. This expression indeed coincides with (238) for the units $`T=1`$, $`\sigma =\frac{1}{2}`$ and $`D_0=\frac{1}{2}`$ used in .

In the notations used in this article $`D_0=T`$ (4), this corresponds to

$`c_{sinai}(\mu )={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma \beta ^2}{(\sigma ^2\beta ^3)^\mu }}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi \mu }{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )\mathrm{sin}\pi \mu }}`$ (240)
To compare with the directed trap model, it is convenient to consider the ratio of the two constants (228)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{c_{sinai}(\mu )}{c_{trap}(\mu )}}={\displaystyle \frac{\sigma \beta ^2}{(\sigma ^2\beta ^3)^\mu }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )}}`$ (241)
So beyond the natural dimensional factors, there is still a function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\mu )`$ between the two models, whose origin will be discussed in details in the text.

## Appendix B  Statistics of the internal structure of renormalized valleys

### B.1 Distribution inside a renormalized valley

To compute the functionals (203), we generalize the approach developed in  for the symmetric case $`\mu =0`$. We first exponentiate the denominator

$`P_{\mathrm{}}(y>0)`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑qR_{\mathrm{}}^{}(q)S_{\mathrm{}}^+(y,q)`$ (242)
$`P_{\mathrm{}}(y<0)`$ $`={\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑qR_{\mathrm{}}^+(q)S_{\mathrm{}}^{}(y,q)`$ (243)
where

$`R_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (q)e^{q_0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝑑xe^{\beta V_\pm (x)}}_{\{V_\pm \}}`$ (244)
$`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (y,q)`$ $`e^{\beta V_\pm (y)}e^{q_0^{l_\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝑑xe^{\beta V_\pm (x)}}_{\{V_\pm \}}`$ (245)
These two functionals may be expressed as

$`R_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (q)=𝒩_\pm {\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑l\underset{ϵ0}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ^2}}F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}^\pm (\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ,l|ϵ)`$ (246)
$`S_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (y,q)=𝒩_\pm {\displaystyle _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝑑u{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑l\underset{ϵ0}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ^2}}F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}^\pm (\mathrm{\Gamma }ϵ,l|u)e^{\beta u}F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}^\pm (u,y|ϵ)`$ (247)
in terms of the path-integrals

$`F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}^\pm (u,l|u_0)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{V(0)=u_0}^{V(l)=u}}𝒟V(x)e^{\frac{1}{4\sigma }_0^l𝑑x\left(\frac{dV}{dx}\pm F_0\right)^2q_0^l𝑑xe^{\beta V(x)}}\mathrm{\Theta }_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}\{V(x)\}`$ (248)
where the symbol $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}\{V(x)\}`$ means that there are absorbing boundaries at $`V=0`$ and $`V=\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The expansion of the quadratic term of the measure yields

$`F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}^\pm (u,l|u_0)=e^{\frac{F_0^2}{4\sigma }l\delta (uu_0)}F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}(u,l|u_0)`$ (249)
where

$`F_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}(u,l|u_0)={\displaystyle _{V(0)=u_0}^{V(l)=u}}𝒟V(x)e^{\frac{1}{4\sigma }_0^l𝑑x\left(\frac{dV}{dx}\right)^2q_0^l𝑑xe^{\beta V(x)}}\mathrm{\Theta }_{[0,\mathrm{\Gamma }]}\{V(x)\}`$ (250)
represents the analogous path-integral for the symmetric case. Its Laplace transform has been computed in Equation (B18) of ). We get

$`R_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{𝒩_\pm e^{\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}}{\sigma E(0,\mathrm{\Gamma },\frac{F_0^2}{4\sigma })}}`$ (252)
and the Laplace transforms with respect to $`y`$

$`\widehat{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (p,q){\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ye^{py}S_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (y,q)={\displaystyle \frac{𝒩_\pm ^{\delta \mathcal{\Gamma }}}{\sigma ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^\mathrm{\Gamma }}𝑑ue^{\beta u}{\displaystyle \frac{E(0,u,\frac{F_0^2}{4\sigma })}{E(0,\mathrm{\Gamma },\frac{F_0^2}{4\sigma })}}{\displaystyle \frac{E(u,\mathrm{\Gamma },p+\frac{F_0^2}{4\sigma })}{E(0,\mathrm{\Gamma },p+\frac{F_0^2}{4\sigma })}}`$ (253)
in terms of the function

$`E(u,v,p)={\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}\left[I_{\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{p}{\sigma }}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{q}{\sigma }}}e^{\frac{\beta u}{2}}\right)K_{\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{p}{\sigma }}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{q}{\sigma }}}e^{\frac{\beta v}{2}}\right)K_{\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{p}{\sigma }}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{q}{\sigma }}}e^{\frac{\beta u}{2}}\right)I_{\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{p}{\sigma }}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{2}{\beta }}\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{q}{\sigma }}}e^{\frac{\beta v}{2}}\right)\right]`$ (254)
The normalizations $`𝒩_\pm `$ are obtained with the conditions $`R_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (q0)=1`$

$`𝒩_\pm =\sigma {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}{\delta }}e^{\pm \delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ (255)
We thus obtain that there is no dependence in the sign $`\pm `$ for the functionals $`R_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (q)`$ and $`\widehat{S}_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (p,q)`$. As a consequence we get the non-intuitive result that the probability distribution $`P_V(y)`$ is symmetric in $`yy`$. The restoration of this symmetry comes from the conditioning of the random walk to reach $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. We note that similarly, the distribution of the random times $`l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^+`$ and $`l_\mathrm{\Gamma }^{}`$ are also the same, since we have, with the notations of

$`{\displaystyle \frac{P_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (\zeta =0,s)}{P_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (\zeta =0,0)}}={\displaystyle \frac{U_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (s)}{U_\mathrm{\Gamma }^\pm (0)}}={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{s+\delta ^2}\mathrm{sinh}\delta \mathrm{\Gamma }}{\delta \mathrm{sinh}\mathrm{\Gamma }\sqrt{s+\delta ^2}}}`$ (256)
The Laplace transform of the distribution inside a valley thus reads

$`\widehat{P}_V(p)`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ye^{py}P_V(y>0)={\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}𝑑qR_{\mathrm{}}^\pm (q)S_{\mathrm{}}^\pm (p,q)`$ (257)
$`R_{\mathrm{}}^\pm (q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{1}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)^\mu }{I_\mu \left(\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)}}`$ (258)
$`\widehat{S}_{\mathrm{}}^\pm (p,q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{1}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)^\mu }{q\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle _0^{\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}}}𝑑zz{\displaystyle \frac{I_{\sqrt{\mu ^2+\frac{4T^2p}{\sigma }}}(z)}{I_{\sqrt{\mu ^2+\frac{4T^2p}{\sigma }}}\left(\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)}}\left[K_\mu (z){\displaystyle \frac{K_\mu \left(\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)}{I_\mu \left(\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)}}I_\mu (z)\right]`$ (259)
The final result is thus given by Equation (204) of the text.

### B.2 Partition function of a renormalized valley

We now consider the probability distribution of the partition function of a renormalized valley (179)

$`Z_V={\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ze^{\beta V_{}(z)}+{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑ze^{\beta V_+(z)}`$ (260)
where the potentials satisfy the constraints (181).

Its Laplace transform can be directly expressed in terms of the functions (244) which we have computed before (259)

$`{\displaystyle _0^+\mathrm{}}𝑑Z_V𝒫(Z_V)e^{qZ_V}=R_{\mathrm{}}^+(q)R_{\mathrm{}}^{}(q)=\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\mu )}}{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\frac{1}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)^\mu }{I_\mu \left(\frac{2}{\beta }\sqrt{\frac{q}{\sigma }}\right)}}\right]^2`$ (261)
After the rescaling $`Z_V=z_1/(\sigma \beta ^2)`$, this corresponds to the result (185) given in the text.