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# Reciprocal transformations of Hamiltonian operators of hydrodynamic type: nonlocal Hamiltonian formalism for linearly degenerate systems

## 1 Introduction

Equations of hydrodynamic type,

$$u_t^i=\upsilon _j^i(u)u_x^j,i,j=1,\mathrm{},n,$$

naturally arise in apllications such as gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, chemical kinetics, the Whitham averaging procedure, differential geometry and topological field theory, see, e.g., , , , , , , . In this paper we study Hamiltonian systems,

$$u_t^i=\upsilon _j^i(u)u_x^j=J^{ij}\frac{h}{u^j}\text{}i=1,2,\mathrm{},n,$$
(1)
where

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}(u)\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}(u)\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^j(u)u_x^k$$
(2)
is the Hamiltonian operator and $`h(u)`$ is the density. As pointed out by Dubrovin and Novikov , expression (2) defines a Hamiltonian operator if and only if the metric $`g^{ij}`$ ($`g^{ij}=g^{ji}`$, $`detg^{ij}0`$) is flat and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^j`$ are the Christoffel symbols of the corresponding Levi-Civita connection. Notice that equations (1) and (2) imply that $`\upsilon _j^i`$ is the matrix of second covariant derivatives of the density $`h`$,

$$\upsilon _j^i=^i_jh,$$

where $`^ig^{ij}_j`$. The theory of integrability of Hamiltonian systems of hydrodynamic type was proposed by Tsarev . He demonstrated that if a Hamiltonian system (1) is diagonalizable, that is, can be written in the diagonal form

$$R_t^i=v^i(R)R_x^i,$$

(the corresponding coordinates $`R^i`$ are called the Riemann invariants), then it necessarily possesses an infinity of conservation laws and commuting flows and, moreover, is integrable by the so-called ‘generalized hodograph transform’. In Riemann invariants $`R^i`$, the flat metric $`g^{ij}`$ also becomes diagonal, $`g^{ij}=g^{ii}\delta ^{ij}`$, thus establishing a correspondence between Hamiltonian diagonalizable systems (1) and n-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in flat spaces. This shows that the theory of Hamiltonian systems of hydrodynamic type is deeply rooted in classical differential geometry.

There exists an important class of non-local transformations which act on hydrodynamic-type systems. Unlike the classical Bäcklund transformations (Miura-type transformations) familiar from the soliton theory, these transformations change the independent variables of a system. They are defined as follows. Let $`B(u)dx+A(u)dt`$ and $`N(u)dx+M(u)dt`$ be two conservation laws of system (1), understood as one-forms which are closed by virtue of (1). In the new independent variables $`\stackrel{~}{x}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{t}`$ defined by

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=B(u)dx+A(u)dt\text{}d\stackrel{~}{t}=N(u)dx+M(u)dt,$$
(3)
equations (1) take the form

$$u_{\stackrel{~}{t}}^i=\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^i(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j,$$
(4)
where the transformed matrix $`\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }`$ is $`\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }=(B\upsilon AE)(MEN\upsilon )^1`$, $`E=id`$. Transformations of the type (3) originate from gas dynamics and are known as reciprocal . The simplest example is, probably, the passage from Eulerian to Lagrangian coordinates in 1-dimensional gas dynamics. Reciprocal transformations are known to preserve the class of diagonalizable systems, which is an immediate corollary of the form of the transformed matrix $`\stackrel{~}{v}`$. Moreover, all conservation laws and commuting flows of the initial system can easily be recalculated in the new independent variables. Therefore, reciprocal transformations preserve the whole class of integrable systems of hydrodynamic type.

The only object which, under reciprocal transformations, behaves in a non-trivial way, is the Hamiltonian structure. Generic reciprocal transformations destroy the local Hamiltonian formalism of the form (2). To the best of our knowledge, the behaviour of Hamiltonian structures under reciprocal transformations (an their appropriate generalizations) has not been discussed in the literature. Investigation of this problem is, thus, the main objective of our paper.

In sections 3 and 4 we study the behaviour of Hamiltonian structures (2) under reciprocal transformations (3). The main conclusion is that local Hamiltonian structures generally become nonlocal, so that the transformed system (4) is still Hamiltonian, $`u_{\stackrel{~}{t}}^i=\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}\stackrel{~}{h}/u^j`$, however, with the nonlocal Hamiltonian operator

$$\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}=\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\stackrel{~}{g}^{is}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{sk}^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k+\epsilon ^\alpha w_{(\alpha )k}^iu_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1w_{(\alpha )s}^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^s\text{}$$
(5)
Here $`\epsilon ^\alpha =\pm 1`$; the explicit form of the transformed metric $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}`$ and the nonlocal terms is stated in sections 3 and 4.

Remark. In the particular case of constant $`A`$, $`B`$, $`M`$, $`N`$, transformations (3) reduce to linear changes of the independent variables, $`\stackrel{~}{x}=bx+at`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}=nx+mt`$, ($`a`$, $`b`$, $`m`$, $`n`$ are constants). As pointed out by Tsarev , transformations of this type preserve the locality of Hamiltonian structures of hydrodynamic type (see also ).

Nonlocal operators of the form (5) have been extensively investigated in , , , , , , , , and have a remarkable differential-geometric interpretation. The general theory is briefly recalled in section 2. As an illustration of our approach, we discuss Hamiltonian formalism of linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian systems in Riemann invariants,

$$R_t^i=\upsilon ^i(R)R_x^i,$$

where the characteristic speeds $`\upsilon ^i(R)`$ satisfy the identities

$`1`$. $`_i\upsilon ^i=0`$ for any $`i=1,2,\mathrm{}n`$, $`_i=/R^i`$ (linear degeneracy);

$`2`$. $`_k\frac{_j\upsilon ^i}{\upsilon ^j\upsilon ^i}=_j\frac{_k\upsilon ^i}{\upsilon ^k\upsilon ^i}`$ for any$`ijk`$ (semi–Hamiltonian property).

Linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian systems have interesting interrelations with separable (Stäckel) systems in classical mechanics , , , ,  and finite-gap solutions of integrable soliton equations. For instance, the linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system $`R_t^i=\left(R^mR^i\right)R_x^i`$ governs the evolution of zeros of the $`n`$gap $`\psi `$function in the KdV theory , , . For $`n=2`$ we have essentially one nontrivial linearly degenerate system,

$$u_t=\upsilon u_x\text{}\upsilon _t=u\upsilon _x,$$
(6)
arising in gas dynamics (Chaplygin gas), field theory (Born-Infeld equation) and classical differential geometry (minimal surfaces in Minkowski $`3`$space, improper affine spheres). Theorem 1 of section 3 provides infinitely many Hamiltonian representations of system (6),

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ \upsilon \end{array}\right)_t=J\left(\begin{array}{c}h/u\\ h/\upsilon \end{array}\right),$$
(7)
with nonlocal operators

$$J=(u\upsilon )^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}f(u)& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{dx}+$$

$$(u\upsilon )\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )f^{}(u)u_x+f(u)(u_x\upsilon _x)& \phi (\upsilon )u_x+f(u)\upsilon _x\\ \phi (\upsilon )u_xf(u)\upsilon _x& \frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )\phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _x+\phi (\upsilon )(u_x\upsilon _x)\end{array}\right)+$$

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}w^1u_x& u_x\\ w^2\upsilon _x& \upsilon _x\end{array}\right)\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_x& \upsilon _x\\ w^1u_x& w^2\upsilon _x\end{array}\right),$$

where $`w^1=\frac{1}{2}[(u\upsilon )f^{}(u)f(u)\phi (\upsilon )]`$ and $`w^2=\frac{1}{2}[(\upsilon u)\phi ^{}(\upsilon )f(u)\phi (\upsilon )]`$ are the characteristic speeds of commuting flows of system (6), and the corresponding Hamiltonian densities

$$h=\frac{1}{4(\upsilon u)}\left(\left[\stackrel{𝑢}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{f(\nu )}}\right]^2\left[\stackrel{𝜐}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{\phi (\nu )}}\right]^2\right),$$

parametrized by two arbitrary functions $`f(u)`$ and $`\phi (\upsilon )`$. In view of the linearity of $`J`$ in $`f(u)`$ and $`\phi (\upsilon )`$, all these Hamiltonian structures are mutually compatible. Notice that the local part of the operator $`J`$ is of the form (2), corresponding to the metric

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\frac{du^2}{f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\phi (\upsilon )}\right),$$

which is not flat for generic $`f(u)`$ and $`\phi (\upsilon )`$. Particular choices of $`f(u)`$ and $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ lead to local Hamiltonian structures which were first discovered in  and  (see Example 1 in section 3).

Another example of this type is the $`3`$component linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system

$$u_t=(\upsilon +w)u_x\text{}\upsilon _t=(uw)\upsilon _x\text{}w_t=\frac{1}{2}(u+\upsilon )w_x,$$
(8)
which is the Riemann invariant form of non-isentropic gas dynamics with the special equation of state $`P(\rho ,s)=s1/\rho `$, see  and . Our approach provides infinitely many nonlocal Hamiltonian structures of the form

$`J={\displaystyle \frac{4}{\rho ^2}}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}f(u)& 0& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )& 0\\ 0& 0& \psi (w)\end{array}\right){\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}+`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\rho }}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{\rho }f^{}(u)u_x+2f(u)(\frac{1}{\rho })_x& \phi (\upsilon )u_xf(u)\upsilon _x& 2\psi (w)u_xf(u)w_x\\ \phi (\upsilon )u_x+f(u)\upsilon _x& \frac{1}{\rho }\phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _x+2\phi (\upsilon )(\frac{1}{\rho })_x& 2\psi (w)\upsilon _x+\phi (\upsilon )w_x\\ 2\psi (w)u_x+f(u)w_x& 2\psi (w)\upsilon _x\phi (\upsilon )w_x& \frac{1}{\rho }\psi ^{}(w)\upsilon _x+2\psi (w)(\frac{1}{\rho })_x\end{array}\right)+`$
$`\left(\begin{array}{cc}w^1u_x& u_x\\ w^2\upsilon _x& \upsilon _x\\ w^3w_x& w_x\end{array}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}}\right)^1\left(\begin{array}{ccc}u_x& \upsilon _x& w_x\\ w^1u_x& w^2\upsilon _x& w^3w_x\end{array}\right),\text{ }\rho =\left(w+{\displaystyle \frac{\upsilon u}{2}}\right)^1.`$
Here the local part is of the form (2), generated by the diagonal metric

$$(2w+\upsilon u)^2\left(\frac{du^2}{f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\phi (\upsilon )}+\frac{dw^2}{\psi (w)}\right),$$
(12)
which is not flat in general, and $`w^1`$, $`w^2`$, $`w^3`$ are the characteristic speeds of commuting flows of system (8):

$`w^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(2w+\upsilon u)f^{}(u){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)],`$
$`w^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(2w+\upsilon u)\phi ^{}(\upsilon ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)],`$
$`w^3`$ $`=`$ $`(2w+\upsilon u)\psi ^{}(w){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)].`$
These Hamiltonian operators depend linearly on three arbitrary functions $`f(u)`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ and $`\psi (w)`$, and are mutually compatible (Example 2 in section 3).

Similar arguments applied to the $`3`$-component linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system

$$u_t=(\upsilon +w)u_x\text{}\upsilon _t=(u+w)\upsilon _x\text{}w_t=(u+\upsilon )w_x$$
(13)
provide infinitely many nonlocal Hamiltonian structures

$$J=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}g^{11}& 0& 0\\ 0& g^{22}& 0\\ 0& 0& g^{33}\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{dx}+$$

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}g^{11}[\frac{f^{}(u)}{2f(u)}u_x+\frac{u_x\upsilon _x}{u\upsilon }+\frac{u_xw_x}{uw}]& \frac{g^{22}u_x+g^{11}\upsilon _x}{u\upsilon }& \frac{g^{33}u_x+g^{11}w_x}{uw}\\ \frac{g^{22}u_x+g^{11}\upsilon _x}{u\upsilon }& g^{22}[\frac{\phi ^{}(\upsilon )}{2\phi (\upsilon )}\upsilon _x+\frac{u_x\upsilon _x}{u\upsilon }+\frac{\upsilon _xw_x}{\upsilon w}]& \frac{g^{33}\upsilon _x+g^{22}w_x}{\upsilon w}\\ \frac{g^{33}u_x+g^{11}w_x}{uw}& \frac{g^{33}\upsilon _x+g^{22}w_x}{\upsilon w}& g^{33}[\frac{\psi ^{}(w)}{2\psi (w)}w_x+\frac{w_x\upsilon _x}{w\upsilon }+\frac{u_xw_x}{uw}]\end{array}\right)+$$

$$\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\lambda ^1u_x& \mu ^1u_x& \eta ^1u_x& u_x\\ \lambda ^2\upsilon _x& \mu ^2\upsilon _x& \eta ^2\upsilon _x& \upsilon _x\\ \lambda ^3w_x& \mu ^3w_x& \eta ^3w_x& w_x\end{array}\right)\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1\left(\begin{array}{ccc}u_x& \upsilon _x& w_x\\ \eta ^1u_x& \eta ^2\upsilon _x& \eta ^3w_x\\ \mu ^1u_x& \mu ^2\upsilon _x& \mu ^3w_x\\ \lambda ^1u_x& \lambda ^2\upsilon _x& \lambda ^3w_x\end{array}\right).$$

Here the metric components are

$$g^{11}=(u\upsilon )^2(uw)^2f(u)\text{}g^{22}=(\upsilon u)^2(\upsilon w)^2\phi (\upsilon )\text{}g^{33}=(wu)^2(w\upsilon )^2\psi (w),$$

the coefficients $`\eta ^1=\upsilon +w`$, $`\eta ^2=u+w`$ and $`\eta ^3=\upsilon +w`$ are the characteristic speeds of system (13), and $`\mu ^k`$, $`\lambda ^k`$ are the characteristic speeds of its commuting flows:

$`\mu ^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(u\upsilon )(uw)f^{}(u)+uf(u)+\upsilon \phi (\upsilon )+w\psi (w)`$
$`\stackrel{𝑢}{{\displaystyle }}f(\nu )d\nu \stackrel{𝜐}{{\displaystyle }}\phi (\nu )d\nu \stackrel{𝑤}{{\displaystyle }}\psi (\nu )d\nu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\upsilon +w)\left(f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+\psi (w)\right),`$
$`\lambda ^1`$ $`=`$ $`(u\upsilon )(uw)[2f(u)+uf^{}(u)]2[u^2f(u)+\upsilon ^2\phi (\upsilon )+w^2\psi (w)]+`$
$`+(\upsilon +w)[uf(u)+\upsilon \phi (\upsilon )+w\psi (w)+\stackrel{𝑢}{{\displaystyle }}f(\nu )d\nu +\stackrel{𝜐}{{\displaystyle }}\phi (\nu )d\nu +\stackrel{𝑤}{{\displaystyle }}\psi (\nu )d\nu ].`$
($`\mu ^2`$, $`\mu ^3`$ and $`\lambda ^2`$, $`\lambda ^3`$ can be obtained by a cyclic permutation of $`u`$, $`\upsilon `$, $`w`$ and $`f`$, $`\phi `$, $`\psi `$). These operators depend linearly on three arbitrary functions $`f(u)`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ and $`\psi (w)`$ and are mutually compatible. The details can be found in Example 3 in section 4.

Generalized reciprocal transformations and their action on the local Poisson brackets of Dubrovin-Novikov type are discussed in section 5.

## 2 Nonlocal Hamiltonian operators of hydrodynamic type. Nonlocal Hamiltonian formalism for semi-Hamiltonian systems

In this section we recall the necessary information about nonlocal Hamiltonian operators of hydrodynamic type

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^ju_x^k+\underset{𝛼}{}\epsilon ^\alpha w_{(\alpha )k}^iu_x^k\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1w_{(\alpha )n}^iu_x^n\text{}\epsilon ^\alpha =\pm 1,$$
(14)
which are defined by a metric $`g^{ij}`$ ($`g^{ij}=g^{ji}`$, $`detg^{ij}0`$), the corresponding Levi-Civita connection $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^j`$ and a set of affinors $`w_{(\alpha )}`$ forming the nonlocal ”tail”.

###### Theorem 1

 The operator $`J^{ij}`$ is Hamiltonian if and only if the affinors $`w_{(\alpha )}`$ satisfy the equations

$`g_{ik}w_{(\alpha )j}^k`$ $`=`$ $`g_{jk}w_{(\alpha )i}^k,`$ (15)
$`_kw_{(\alpha )j}^i`$ $`=`$ $`_jw_{(\alpha )k}^i,`$ (16)
and the curvature tensor of the metric $`g^{ij}`$ has the expansion

$$R_{kl}^{ij}=\underset{𝛼}{}\epsilon ^\alpha \left(w_{(\alpha )k}^iw_{(\alpha )l}^jw_{(\alpha )l}^iw_{(\alpha )k}^j\right).$$
(17)
Moreover, the set of affinors $`w_{(\alpha )}`$ must be commutative,

$$[w_{(\alpha )}\text{}w_{(\beta )}]=0.$$
(18)
As pointed out in , equations (15)–(18) constitute the Gauss-Codazzi-Ricci equations of submanifolds of pseudo-Euclidean spaces with flat normal bundle. There are three particularly interesting special cases of the general formula (14).

Hamiltonian operators associated with constant curvature metrics, first introduced in  (see also ), are of the form

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^ju_x^k+cu_x^i\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1u_x^j.$$
(19)
Here $`g^{ij}`$ is a metric of constant curvature $`c`$, so that the Gauss equation (17) takes the form

$$R_{kl}^{ij}=c\left(\delta _k^i\delta _l^j\delta _l^i\delta _k^j\right).$$

Hamiltonian operators associated with conformally flat metrics are of the form

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^ju_x^k+w_k^iu_x^k\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1u_x^j+u_x^i\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1w_k^ju_x^k.$$
(20)
The corresponding equations (15)–(17) reduce to

$`g_{ik}w_j^k`$ $`=`$ $`g_{jk}w_i^k,`$
$`_kw_j^i`$ $`=`$ $`_jw_k^i,`$
while the curvature tensor of the metric $`g^{ij}`$ has the expansion

$$R_{kl}^{ij}=w_k^i\delta _l^j+w_l^j\delta _k^iw_k^j\delta _l^iw_l^i\delta _k^j,$$

implying that the metric $`g^{ij}`$ is conformally flat.

Hamiltonian operators associated with hypersurfaces of the Euclidean space are

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^ju_x^k+w_k^iu_x^k\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1w_n^ju_x^n.$$
(21)
The corresponding equations (15)–(17),

$$g_{ik}w_j^k=g_{jk}w_i^k,$$

$$_kw_j^i=_jw_k^i,$$

$$R_{kl}^{ij}=w_k^iw_l^jw_l^iw_k^j,$$

are the Gauss-Codazzi equations governing the first fundamental form $`g^{ij}`$ and the shape operator $`w_j^i`$ of a hypersurface in the Euclidean space.

Nonlocal Hamiltonian operators of the form (14) and their particular instances (19)–(21) appear in a variety of applications including the Whitham theory (where operators of the form (14) arise as a result of the Whitham averaging of nonlocal higher order Poisson brackets of integrable PDE’s , ), recursion scheme, Dirac reduction, etc . Canonical coordinates for these operators were introduced in a recent paper by Maltsev and Novikov . The corresponding nonlocal symplectic structures were investigated in .

Notice that equations (14)–(17) simplify if the metric $`g`$ and affinors $`w_{(\alpha )}`$ are diagonal, $`g^{ij}=g^{ii}\delta ^{ij}`$, $`w_{(\alpha )j}^i=w_{(\alpha )}^i\delta _j^i`$. In this case the operator (14) takes the form

$$J^{ij}=g^{ii}\delta ^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{ii}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ik}^ju_x^k+\underset{𝛼}{}\epsilon ^{(\alpha )}w_{(\alpha )}^iu_x^i\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1w_{(\alpha )}^ju_x^j,$$
(22)
while equations (15)–(17) reduce to

$$_j\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{g_{ii}}=\frac{_jw_{(\alpha )}^i}{w_{(\alpha )}^jw_{(\alpha )}^i},$$
(23)
$$R_{ij}^{ij}=\underset{𝛼}{}\epsilon ^{(\alpha )}w_{(\alpha )}^iw_{(\alpha )}^j$$
(24)
for any $`ij`$. Nonlocal Hamiltonian operators of the form (22) naturally arise as Hamiltonian structures of semi-Hamiltonian systems in Riemann invariants , . Let us recall the main construction. Following Tsarev , a system in Riemann invariants

$$R_t^i=\upsilon ^i(R)R_x^i\text{}i=1,2,\mathrm{},n$$
(25)
is called semi-Hamiltonian if the characteristic speeds $`\upsilon ^i(R)`$ satisfy the identities

$$_k\frac{_j\upsilon ^i}{\upsilon ^j\upsilon ^i}=_j\frac{_k\upsilon ^i}{\upsilon ^k\upsilon ^i}$$

for any triple $`ijk`$. Let us introduce the diagonal metric $`g_{ii}dR^{i^2}`$ by the formulae

$$_j\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{g_{ii}}=\frac{_j\upsilon ^i}{\upsilon ^j\upsilon ^i}$$
(26)
for any $`ij`$. Notice that $`g_{ii}`$ is defined up to a multiple $`g_{ii}g_{ii}/f^i(R^i)`$, where $`f^i(R^i)`$ is an arbitrary function of $`R^i`$.

Although the metric $`g_{ii}`$ may happen to be flat for particular choices of $`f^i(R^i)`$ (in this case our system is Hamiltonian with the local Hamiltonian operator of Dubrovin-Novikov type corresponding to the metric $`g_{ii}`$), it is not flat in general. Suppose one can find the expansion of the curvature tensor of this metric in the form (24), where $`w_{(\alpha )}^i`$ are characteristic speeds of commuting flows of system (25):

$$R_{t^\alpha }^i=w_{(\alpha )}^i(R)R_x^i.$$
(27)
Notice that the flows (25) and (27) commute if and only if

$$\frac{_j\upsilon ^i}{\upsilon ^j\upsilon ^i}=\frac{_jw_{(\alpha )}^i}{w_{(\alpha )}^jw_{(\alpha )}^i}$$
(28)
for any $`ij`$. In this case the system (25) will be Hamiltonian with the nonlocal Hamiltonian operator (22) (indeed, both conditions (23) and (24) are satisfied). The main problem is thus to find the expansion (24) for a metric satisfying (26). We point out that the sum in (24) is infinite in general.

Remarkably, there exist semi-Hamiltonian systems for which one can explicitly construct the expansion (24) for an arbitrary metric $`g_{ii}`$ satisfying (26). Moreover, for any choice of $`f^i(R^i)`$ the summation in (24) is finite, so that the corresponding systems possess infinitely many Hamiltonian structures explicitly parametrized by $`n`$ arbitrary functions of one variable. Among the most interesting examples of this type are systems of Temple’s class and linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian systems. The construction of nonlocal Hamiltonian formalism for linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian systems is based on the formulae for reciprocal transformations of local Hamiltonian operators which we derive in sections 3-5.

## 3 Reciprocal transformations which change only the space variable $`x`$

Consider a Hamiltonian system (1),

$$u_t^i=\upsilon _j^i(u)u_x^j=(^i_jh)u_x^j=J^{ij}\frac{h}{u^j},$$

with the local Hamiltonian operator (2),

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^ju_x^k.$$

In this section we discuss special reciprocal transformations of the form (3) which change the space variable $`x`$ only,

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=B(u)dx+A(u)dt\text{}\stackrel{~}{t}=t.$$
(29)
Notice that an arbitrary reciprocal transformation (3) can be represented as a composition

$$R_1TR_2$$

where $`R_1`$ and $`R_2`$ are reciprocal transformations of the form (29) and $`T`$ is the transformation interchanging the independent variables: $`\stackrel{~}{x}=t`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}=x`$. After the transformation (29), system (1) takes the form

$$u_t^i=\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^i(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j=\left(^i_jhB\delta _j^iA\right)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j$$
(30)
while the Hamiltonian operator $`J^{ij}`$ undergoes a nontrivial transformation and becomes nonlocal. To write down the transformed operator $`\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}`$, we introduce the Hamiltonian system

$$u_\tau ^i=w_j^i(u)u_x^j=J^{ij}\frac{B}{u^j}=(^i_jB)u_x^j$$
(31)
generated by the Hamiltonian operator $`J^{ij}`$ and the density $`B`$. Clearly, systems (1) and (31) commute. Since the flux of the conserved density $`B`$ corresponding to the flow (31) is given by the formula $`\frac{1}{2}(B)^2`$ (here $`B=B_idu^i`$ is the gradient of $`B`$ and $`(B)^2=g^{ij}B_iB_j`$), we can incorporate the time $`\tau `$ into the reciprocal transformation (29) as follows:

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=Bdx+Adt+\frac{1}{2}(B)^2d\tau .$$

Therefore, the transformed system (31) takes the form

$$u_\tau ^i=\stackrel{~}{w}_j^i(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j=\left(^i_jBB\frac{1}{2}\delta _j^i(B)^2\right)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j$$
(32)
The transformed systems (30) and (32) commute. Now we can formulate the main result of this section.

###### Theorem 2

The transformed system (30) is Hamiltonian,

$$u_t^i=\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}\frac{\stackrel{~}{h}}{u^j},$$

with the nonlocal operator

$$\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}=\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\stackrel{~}{g}^{is}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{sk}^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k+\stackrel{~}{w}_k^iu_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j+u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^i\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1\stackrel{~}{w}_k^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k$$
(33)
and the Hamiltonian density $`\stackrel{~}{h}(u)=h(u)/B(u)`$. Here the transformed metric is $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}=B^2g^{ij}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is the Levi-Civita connection of $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{w}_j^i`$ is given by (32). Notice that the transformed metric is conformally flat with the curvature tensor

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_{kl}^{ij}=\stackrel{~}{w}_k^i\delta _l^j+\stackrel{~}{w}_l^j\delta _k^i\stackrel{~}{w}_k^j\delta _l^i\stackrel{~}{w}_l^i\delta _k^j.$$

The proof follows directly from results of  where nonlocal Hamiltonian operators of the form (33) associated with conformally flat metrics were investigated. As an illustration of the procedure outlined in Theorem 1, we explicitly construct nonlocal Hamiltonian formalism for the $`2`$component linearly degenerate system (6).

Example 1. The linear system

$$u_t=u_x\text{}\upsilon _t=\upsilon _x$$
(34)
possesses infinitely many Hamiltonian representations

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ \upsilon \end{array}\right)_t=J\left(\begin{array}{c}h/u\\ h/\upsilon \end{array}\right)$$
(35)
with local Hamiltonian operators $`J`$ of the type (2),

$$J=4\left(\begin{array}{cc}f(u)& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{dx}+2\left(\begin{array}{cc}f^{}(u)u_x& 0\\ 0& \phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _x\end{array}\right),$$
(36)
corresponding to flat metrics

$$ds^2=\frac{du^2}{4f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{4\phi (\upsilon )}$$
(37)
(here $`f(u)`$ and $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ are arbitrary functions). The corresponding Hamiltonian densities are

$$h(u,\upsilon )=\frac{1}{8}\left[\stackrel{𝑢}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{f(\nu )}}\right]^2\frac{1}{8}\left[\stackrel{𝜐}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{\phi (\nu )}}\right]^2.$$
(38)
Consider the reciprocal transformation

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=Bdx+Adt=\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon u)dx\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon +u)dt\text{}\stackrel{~}{t}=t,$$
(39)
mapping the linear system (34) to the linearly degenerate system

$$u_t=\upsilon u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _t=u\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}.$$
(40)
To write down the transformed Hamiltonian operators (36), we first introduce the transformed metric

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=\frac{ds^2}{B^2}=(u\upsilon )^2\left(\frac{du^2}{f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\phi (\upsilon )}\right),$$
(41)
which is no longer flat for generic $`f(u)`$ and $`\phi (\upsilon )`$. Following the procedure outlined in Theorem 1, we calculate the Hamiltonian flow generated by the Hamiltonian operator (36) and the Hamiltonian density $`B=\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon u)`$. A simple computation gives the system

$$u_\tau =f^{}(u)u_x\text{}\upsilon _\tau =\phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _x,$$
(42)
which clearly commutes with (34). To incorporate the time $`\tau `$ into the reciprocal transformation (39), we calculate the flux of the density $`B`$ corresponding to the flow (42),

$$\frac{1}{2}(B)^2=\frac{1}{2}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )].$$

Thus, reciprocal transformation (39) takes the form

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=Bdx+Adt+\frac{1}{2}(B)^2d\tau =\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon u)dx\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon +u)dt+\frac{1}{2}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )]d\tau \text{}\stackrel{~}{t}=t,$$

so that the transformed system (42) is

$$u_\tau =w^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _\tau =w^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}},$$
(43)
where

$$w^1=\frac{1}{2}[(u\upsilon )f^{}(u)f(u)\phi (\upsilon )]\text{}w^2=\frac{1}{2}[(\upsilon u)\phi ^{}(\upsilon )f(u)\phi (\upsilon )]$$
(44)
(notice that equations (43) and (44) constitute a general commuting flow of the linearly degenerate system (40)). According to Theorem 1, system (40) is Hamiltonian,

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ \upsilon \end{array}\right)_t=\stackrel{~}{J}\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{h}/u\\ \stackrel{~}{h}/\upsilon \end{array}\right),$$

with nonlocal operators $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ of the form

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}f(u)& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}+$$

$$(u\upsilon )\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )f^{}(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+f(u)(u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}})& \phi (\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+f(u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \phi (\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}f(u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )\phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{+}\phi (\upsilon )(u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}})\end{array}\right)$$
(45)
$$+\left(\begin{array}{cc}w^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ w^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ w^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)$$

and the Hamiltonian densities

$$\stackrel{~}{h}=h/B=\frac{1}{4(\upsilon u)}\left(\left[\stackrel{𝑢}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{f(\nu )}}\right]^2\left[\stackrel{𝜐}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{\phi (\nu )}}\right]^2\right).$$

All these operators are mutually compatible. Let us discuss some particular cases. For $`f(u)=1`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )=1`$ and $`f(u)=u`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )=\upsilon `$ we have $`w^1=w^2=0`$, so that the transformed operators take local forms

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}+(u\upsilon )\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)$$
(46)
and

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}u& 0\\ 0& \upsilon \end{array}\right)\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{+}(u\upsilon )\left(\begin{array}{cc}(\frac{3}{2}u\frac{1}{2}\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}u\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \upsilon u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}u\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& (\frac{3}{2}\upsilon \frac{1}{2}u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right),$$
(47)
the corresponding Hamiltonian densities being

$$h(u,\upsilon )=\frac{u^2+\upsilon ^2}{4(\upsilon u)}\text{ and }h(u,\upsilon )=\frac{u+\upsilon }{\upsilon u},$$

respectively. In the case $`f(u)=u^2`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )=\upsilon ^2`$ we have $`w^1=w^2=\frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )^2`$ so that the operator $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ takes the form

$`(u\upsilon )^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}u^2& 0\\ 0& \upsilon ^2\end{array}\right){\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}+`$ (50)
$`(u\upsilon )\left(\begin{array}{cc}u(2u\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}u^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon ^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \upsilon ^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}u^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon (2\upsilon u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon ^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)+`$ (53)
$`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}\right)^1\left(\begin{array}{cc}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \frac{1}{2}(u\upsilon )^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)`$ (58)
with the corresponding density

$$h(u,\upsilon )=\frac{(\mathrm{ln}u)^2+(\mathrm{ln}\upsilon )^2}{4(\upsilon u)}.$$

Notice that the local part of the Hamiltonian operator (53),

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}u^2& 0\\ 0& \upsilon ^2\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{+}(u\upsilon )\left(\begin{array}{cc}u(2u\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}u^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon ^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \upsilon ^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}u^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon (2\upsilon u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon ^2u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right),$$
(59)
is itself Hamiltonian, indeed, the metric

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\frac{du^2}{u^2}\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\upsilon ^2}\right)$$

is flat.

One can show that the operators (46), (47) and (59) (are arbitrary linear combinations thereof) are the only local Hamiltonian structures of Dubrovin-Novikov type of the system (40). This follows from the fact that the metric

$$(u\upsilon )^2\left(\frac{du^2}{f(u)}\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\phi (\upsilon )}\right)$$

is flat if and only if

$$f(u)=\alpha u^2+\beta u+\gamma \text{}\phi (\upsilon )=\alpha \upsilon ^2\beta \upsilon \gamma ,$$

where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are arbitrary constants. These local structures were first discovered in  and , and subsequently generalized to polytropic gas dynamics in , . The general nonlocal operator (45) first appeared in .

Example 2. The linear system

$$u_t=u_x\text{}\upsilon _t=\upsilon _x\text{}w_t=0$$
(60)
possesses infinitely many Hamiltonian representations

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ \upsilon \\ w\end{array}\right)_t=J\left(\begin{array}{c}h/u\\ h/\upsilon \\ h/w\end{array}\right)$$

with local operators

$$J=4\left(\begin{array}{ccc}f(u)& 0& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )& 0\\ 0& 0& \psi (w)\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{dx}+2\left(\begin{array}{ccc}f^{}(u)u_x& 0& 0\\ 0& \phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _x& 0\\ 0& 0& \psi ^{}(w)w_x\end{array}\right)$$

corresponding to flat metrics

$$ds^2=\frac{du^2}{4f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{4\phi (\upsilon )}+\frac{dw^2}{4\psi (w)}$$

(here $`f(u)`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ and $`\psi (w)`$ are arbitrary functions). The corresponding Hamiltonian densities are

$$h(u,\upsilon )=\frac{1}{8}\left[\stackrel{𝑢}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{f(\nu )}}\right]^2\frac{1}{8}\left[\stackrel{𝜐}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{\phi (\nu )}}\right]^2.$$

Consider the reciprocal transformation

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=Bdx+Adt=[w+\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon u)]dx\frac{1}{2}(u+\upsilon )dt\text{}\stackrel{~}{t}=t$$
(61)
mapping the system (60) to the linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system

$$u_t=(\upsilon +w)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _t=(uw)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}w_t=\frac{1}{2}(u+\upsilon )w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}.$$
(62)
Notice that under the change of variables

$$u=c+s1/\rho \text{}\upsilon =cs+1/\rho \text{}w=s$$
(63)
system (62) takes the form of equations of gas dynamics

$$\rho _t+_{\stackrel{~}{x}}(\rho c)=0\text{}c_t+cc_x+\frac{1}{\rho }_{\stackrel{~}{x}}P(\rho \text{}s)=0\text{}s_t+cs_{\stackrel{~}{x}}=0$$
(64)
with the special equation of state $`P=s1/\rho `$ generalizing isentropic Chaplygin gas (see  and ).

To calculate the transformed Hamiltonian operators (3), we introduce the conformal metric (12),

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=\frac{ds^2}{B^2}=(2w+\upsilon u)^2\left(\frac{du^2}{f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\phi (\upsilon )}+\frac{dw^2}{\psi (w)}\right),$$

which is no longer flat in general. Following the recipe of Theorem 1, we introduce the Hamiltonian flow generated by the Hamiltonian operator (3) and the Hamiltonian density $`B=w+\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon u)`$. A simple computation gives the system

$$u_\tau =f^{}(u)u_x\text{}\upsilon _\tau =\phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _x\text{}w_\tau =2\psi ^{}(w)w_x$$
(65)
which commutes with (60). To incorporate the time $`\tau `$ into the reciprocal transformation (61), we calculate the flux of the density $`B`$ corresponding to the flow (65),

$$\frac{1}{2}(B)^2=\frac{1}{2}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)].$$

Thus, transformation (61) takes the form

$$\begin{array}{c}d\stackrel{~}{x}=Bdx\text{+}Adt\text{+}\frac{1}{2}(B)^2d\tau =[w\text{+}\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon u)]dx\frac{1}{2}(\upsilon \text{+}u)dt\text{+}\frac{1}{2}[f(u)\text{+}\phi (\upsilon )\text{+}4\psi (w)]d\tau ,\\ \\ \stackrel{~}{t}=t,\end{array}$$

so that the transformed flow (65) is

$$u_\tau =w^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _\tau =w^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}w_\tau =w^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}},$$
(66)
where

$`w^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(2w+\upsilon u)f^{}(u){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)]\text{,}`$
$`w^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(2w+\upsilon u)\phi ^{}(\upsilon ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)],`$ (67)
$`w^3`$ $`=`$ $`(2w+\upsilon u)\psi ^{}(w){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+4\psi (w)].`$
Notice that equations (66) and (67) constitute a general commuting flow of the linearly degenerate system (62). According to Theorem 1, the system (62) is Hamiltonian,

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\ \upsilon \\ w\end{array}\right)_t=\stackrel{~}{J}\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{h}/u\\ \stackrel{~}{h}/\upsilon \\ \stackrel{~}{h}/w\end{array}\right),$$

with nonlocal operators $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$ of the form

$$\frac{4}{\rho ^2}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}f(u)& 0& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )& 0\\ 0& 0& \psi (w)\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}+$$

$$\frac{2}{\rho }\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{\rho }f^{}(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+2f(u)(\frac{1}{\rho })_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \phi (\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}f(u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& 2\psi (w)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}f(u)w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \phi (\upsilon )u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+f(u)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \frac{1}{\rho }\phi ^{}(\upsilon )\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}+2\phi (\upsilon )(\frac{1}{\rho })_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& 2\psi (w)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\phi (\upsilon )w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ 2\psi (w)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+f(u)w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& 2\psi (w)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\phi (\upsilon )w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \frac{1}{\rho }\psi ^{}(w)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}+2\psi (w)(\frac{1}{\rho })_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)+$$
(68)
$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}w^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ w^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ w^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1\left(\begin{array}{ccc}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ w^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)$$

and the Hamiltonian densities

$$\stackrel{~}{h}=h/B=\frac{\rho }{8}\left(\left[\stackrel{𝑢}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{f(\nu )}}\right]^2\left[\stackrel{𝜐}{}\frac{d\nu }{\sqrt{\phi (\nu )}}\right]^2\right),$$

where $`2w+\upsilon u=2/\rho `$ (see (63)). We point out that the corresponding metric (12) is flat if and only if

$$f(u)=\epsilon u+\alpha \text{}\phi (\upsilon )=\epsilon \upsilon +\beta \text{}\psi (w)=\frac{\epsilon }{2}w+\gamma ,$$

where the constants $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ and $`\epsilon `$ are constrained by $`\alpha +\beta +4\gamma =0`$. In this case $`w^1=w^2=w^3=0`$, so that the corresponding operators (68) are local, thus providing $`3`$ non-equivalent Hamiltonian structures of Dubrovin-Novikov type.

## 4 Reciprocal transformations which change both $`x`$ and $`t`$

Consider again the Hamiltonian system (1),

$$u_t^i=\upsilon _j^i(u)u_x^j=(^i_jh)u_x^j=J^{ij}\frac{h}{u^j},$$

with the local Hamiltonian operator

$$J^{ij}=g^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{is}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{sk}^ju_x^k$$

corresponding to the flat metric $`g^{ij}`$. In this section we discuss the behavior of Hamiltonian operators (2) under general reciprocal transformations

$$d\stackrel{~}{x}=B(u)dx+A(u)dt\text{}d\stackrel{~}{t}=N(u)dx+M(u)dt$$

of the form (3) which map system (1) to the system (4),

$$u_{\stackrel{~}{t}}^i=\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^i(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j\text{}\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }=(B\upsilon AE)(MEN\upsilon )^1\text{}E=id.$$

First of all, we introduce the transformed metric

$$\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}=\frac{(M\delta _s^iN\upsilon _s^i)(M\delta _r^jN\upsilon _r^j)}{(BMAN)^2}g^{sr}$$
(69)
which is no longer flat in general. This metric will generate the local part of the transformed Hamiltonian operator $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$.

Remark. In the particular case of reciprocal transformations changing only the variable $`x`$, we have $`N=0`$, $`M=1`$ so that formula (69) reduces to the conformal transformation

$$\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}=g^{ij}/B^2.$$

Similarly, if we interchange the independent variables (that is, if $`A=N=1`$, $`B=M=0`$), we have

$$\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}=\upsilon _s^ig^{sr}\upsilon _r^j,$$

which coincides with the formula proposed in . Notice that in the second case the metric $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}`$ is automatically flat, which means that the local Hamiltonian formalism is invariant under the interchange of independent variables.

To calculate the nonlocal ”tail” of the transformed operator $`\stackrel{~}{J}`$, we introduce the Hamiltonian flows

$$u_\tau ^i=(^i_jN)u_x^j=J^{ij}\frac{N}{u^j}$$
(70)
and

$$u_\zeta ^i=(^i_jB)u_x^j=J^{ij}\frac{B}{u^j},$$
(71)
generated by the Hamiltonian operator $`J^{ij}`$ and the Hamiltonian densities $`N`$ and $`B`$ which enter the reciprocal transformation (3). Clearly, systems (70) and (71) commute with (1). To incorporate the times $`\tau `$ and $`\zeta `$ into the reciprocal transformation (3), we calculate the fluxes $`P`$, $`Q`$ and $`R`$, $`S`$ of the Hamiltonian densities $`B`$ and $`N`$,

$`d\stackrel{~}{x}`$ $`=`$ $`Bdx+Adt+Pd\tau +Qd\zeta ,`$
$`d\stackrel{~}{t}`$ $`=`$ $`Ndx+Mdt+Rd\tau +Sd\zeta ,`$
that is, the coefficients which make these $`1`$forms closed by virtue of (1), (70) and (71). Here

$`Q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(B)^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{ij}B_iB_j,`$
$`R`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N)^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{ij}N_iN_j,`$
(see ()) and $`P`$, $`S`$ are normalized as

$$P+S=(B,N)=g^{ij}B_iN_j.$$

Therefore, the transformed flows (70) and (71) take the forms

$$u_\tau ^i=\mu _j^i(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j$$
(72)
and

$$u_\zeta ^i=\lambda _j^i(u)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j,$$
(73)
where the matrices $`\mu _j^i`$ and $`\lambda _j^i`$ are

$$\mu _j^i=B^i_jNP\delta _j^i+N\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^k^i_kNR\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^i$$
(74)
and

$$\lambda _j^i=B^i_jBQ\delta _j^i+N\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^k^i_kBS\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^i,$$
(75)
respectively (these formulae readily follow from (70) and (71) after one changes from $`x`$, $`t`$, $`\tau `$, $`\zeta `$ to $`\stackrel{~}{x}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}`$, $`\tau `$, $`\zeta `$). The transformed flows (72) and (73) commute with (4). Now we can formulate the main result of this section.

###### Theorem 3

After the reciprocal transformation (3), the local Hamiltonian operator (2) corresponding to the flat metric $`g^{ij}`$ becomes nonlocal of the form

$`\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}\stackrel{~}{g}^{is}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{sk}^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k+\lambda _k^iu_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}\right)^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j+u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^i\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}\right)^1\lambda _k^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k`$
$`+\mu _k^iu_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}\right)^1\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_n^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^n+\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_n^iu_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^n\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}\right)^1\mu _k^ju_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k.`$
Here the local part is defined by the metric $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}`$ given by (69), $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}`$ is the Levi-Civita connection of $`\stackrel{~}{g}`$, and the nonlocal terms $`\lambda _j^i`$, $`\mu _j^i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_j^i`$ are defined in (74), (75) and (4). In particular, the curvature tensor of $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ij}`$ is

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_{kl}^{ij}=\lambda _k^i\delta _l^j+\lambda _l^j\delta _k^i\lambda _k^j\delta _l^i\lambda _l^i\delta _k^j+\mu _k^i\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_l^j+\mu _l^j\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_k^i\mu _k^j\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_l^i\mu _l^i\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_k^j.$$

The proof of Theorem 3 will follow from general results of section 5.

As an illustration of this procedure, we explicitly calculate nonlocal Hamiltonian operators associated with the $`3`$component linearly degenerate system (13).

Example 3. We start with the same linear system (60) as in Exampe 2,

$$u_t=u_x,\upsilon _t=\upsilon _x,w_t=0$$

which possesses infinitely many Hamiltonian structures with operators

$$J=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}f(u)& 0& 0\\ 0& \phi (\upsilon )& 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{1}{4}\psi (w)\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{dx}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}f^{}u_x& 0& 0\\ 0& \phi ^{}\upsilon _x& 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{1}{4}\psi ^{}w_x\end{array}\right)$$
(76)
corresponding to flat metrics

$$ds^2=\frac{du^2}{f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\phi (\upsilon )}+4\frac{dw^2}{\psi (w)},$$
(77)
(here $`f(u)`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ and $`\psi (w)`$ are arbitrary functions; the multiple $`4`$ is chosen for the convenience).

Consider the reciprocal transformation

$`d\stackrel{~}{x}`$ $`=`$ $`Bdx+Adt=(2w^2u^2\upsilon ^2)dx+(\upsilon ^2u^2)dt,`$ (78)
$`d\stackrel{~}{t}`$ $`=`$ $`Ndx+Mdt=(u+\upsilon 2w)dx+(u\upsilon )dt,`$
which maps system (60) to the $`3`$component linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system

$$u_{\stackrel{~}{t}}=(\upsilon +w)u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{t}}=(u+w)\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}w_{\stackrel{~}{t}}=(u+\upsilon )w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}.$$
(79)
The transformed metric (77) (apply formula (69)),

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=\frac{du^2}{(u\upsilon )^2(uw)^2f(u)}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{(\upsilon u)^2(\upsilon w)^2\phi (\upsilon )}+\frac{dw^2}{(wu)^2(w\upsilon )^2\psi (w)},$$
(80)
is no longer flat for generic $`f(u)`$, $`\phi (\upsilon )`$ and $`\psi (w)`$. The commuting flows of system (60) generated by the Hamiltonian densities $`N=u+\upsilon 2w`$ and $`B=2w^2u^2\upsilon ^2`$ are

$$u_\tau =\frac{1}{2}f^{}u_x\text{}\upsilon _\tau =\frac{1}{2}\phi ^{}\upsilon _x\text{}w_\tau =\frac{1}{4}\psi ^{}w_x$$
(81)
and

$$u_\zeta =(2f+uf^{})u_x\text{}\upsilon _\zeta =(2\phi +\upsilon \phi ^{})\upsilon _x\text{}w_\zeta =(\psi +\frac{1}{2}w\psi ^{})w_x,$$
(82)
respectively. To incorporate the times $`\tau `$ and $`\zeta `$ into the reciprocal transformation (78), we have to calculate the fluxes $`P`$, $`Q`$ and $`R`$, $`S`$ of the Hamiltonian densities $`B`$ and $`N`$,

$`d\stackrel{~}{x}`$ $`=`$ $`Bdx+Adt+Pd\tau +Qd\zeta ,`$ (83)
$`d\stackrel{~}{t}`$ $`=`$ $`Ndx+Mdt+Rd\tau +Sd\zeta ,`$
that is, the coefficients which make these $`1`$forms closed by virtue of (60), (81) and (82). Here

$`Q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(B)^2=2[u^2f(u)+\upsilon ^2\phi (\upsilon )+w^2\psi (w)],`$
$`R`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(N)^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[f(u)+\phi (\upsilon )+\psi (w)],`$
while $`P`$ and $`S`$ are of the form

$`P`$ $`=`$ $`uf\upsilon \phi w\psi +\stackrel{𝑢}{{\displaystyle }}f(\nu )d\nu +\stackrel{𝜐}{{\displaystyle }}\phi (\nu )d\nu +\stackrel{𝑤}{{\displaystyle }}\psi (\nu )d\nu ,`$
$`S`$ $`=`$ $`uf\upsilon \phi w\psi \stackrel{𝑢}{{\displaystyle }}f(\nu )d\nu \stackrel{𝜐}{{\displaystyle }}\phi (\nu )d\nu \stackrel{𝑤}{{\displaystyle }}\psi (\nu )d\nu ,`$
respectively. Notice that $`P+S=(B`$, $`N)=g^{ij}B_iN_j`$. Under the extended reciprocal transformation (83), the commuting flows (81) and (82) take the form

$$u_\tau =\mu ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _\tau =\mu ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}w_\tau =\mu ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}$$
(84)
and

$$u_\zeta =\lambda ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _\zeta =\lambda ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}w_\zeta =\lambda ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}},$$
(85)
where the characteristic speeds are

$`\mu ^1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(u\upsilon )(uw)f^{}(\upsilon +w)RP,`$
$`\mu ^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\upsilon u)(\upsilon w)\phi ^{}(u+w)RP,`$
$`\mu ^3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(wu)(w\upsilon )\psi ^{}(u+\upsilon )RP`$
and

$`\lambda ^1`$ $`=`$ $`(u\upsilon )(uw)(2f+uf^{})(\upsilon +w)SQ,`$
$`\lambda ^2`$ $`=`$ $`(\upsilon u)(\upsilon w)(2\phi +\upsilon \phi ^{})(u+w)SQ,`$
$`\lambda ^3`$ $`=`$ $`(wu)(w\upsilon )(2\psi +w\psi ^{})(u+\upsilon )SQ,`$
respectively. The transformed flows (84) and (85) commute with (79). According to Theorem 2, the transformed metric (80) and the transformed flows (84) and (85) generate the nonlocal Hamiltonian operator which, in matrix form, is

$$J=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{~}{g}^{11}& 0& 0\\ 0& \stackrel{~}{g}^{22}& 0\\ 0& 0& \stackrel{~}{g}^{33}\end{array}\right)\frac{d}{_{d\stackrel{~}{x}}}+$$

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\stackrel{~}{g}^{11}[\frac{f^{}(u)}{2f(u)}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\frac{u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{u\upsilon }+\frac{u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{uw}]& \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}^{22}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\stackrel{~}{g}^{11}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{u\upsilon }& \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}^{33}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\stackrel{~}{g}^{11}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{uw}\\ \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}^{22}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\stackrel{~}{g}^{11}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{u\upsilon }& \stackrel{~}{g}^{22}[\frac{\phi ^{}(\upsilon )}{2\phi (\upsilon )}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\frac{u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{u\upsilon }+\frac{\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{\upsilon w}]& \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}^{33}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\stackrel{~}{g}^{22}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{\upsilon w}\\ \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}^{33}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\stackrel{~}{g}^{11}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{uw}& \frac{\stackrel{~}{g}^{33}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\stackrel{~}{g}^{22}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{\upsilon w}& \stackrel{~}{g}^{33}[\frac{\psi ^{}(w)}{2\psi (w)}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}+\frac{w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{w\upsilon }+\frac{u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}}{uw}]\end{array}\right)+$$

$$\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\lambda ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \mu ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \eta ^1\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \lambda ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \mu ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \eta ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \lambda ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \mu ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \eta ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right)(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}})^1\left(\begin{array}{ccc}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \eta ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \eta ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \eta ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \mu ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \mu ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \mu ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\\ \lambda ^1u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \lambda ^2\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}& \lambda ^3w_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\end{array}\right),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{g}^{ii}`$ are components of the transformed metric (80), $`\eta ^1=\upsilon +w`$, $`\eta ^2=u+w`$ and $`\eta ^3=u+\upsilon `$ are the characteristic speeds of system (79), and $`\lambda ^k`$, $`\mu ^k`$ are the characteristic speeds of its commuting flows (84) and (85). In the particular case $`f(u)=\alpha `$, $`\phi (\upsilon )=\beta `$ and $`\psi (w)=\gamma `$, where $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ are constants subject to a single constraint $`\alpha +\beta +\gamma =0`$, we have $`\lambda ^k=\mu ^k=0`$, so that the transformed operator takes the local Dubrovin-Novikov form, the corresponding flat metric being

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=\frac{du^2}{\alpha (u\upsilon )^2(uw)^2}+\frac{d\upsilon ^2}{\beta (\upsilon u)^2(\upsilon w)^2}+\frac{dw^2}{\gamma (wu)^2(w\upsilon )^2}.$$

As shown in , these are the only local Hamiltonian structures of hydrodynamic type of the $`3`$component system (79).

Remark. Modifying the reciprocal transformation (78) from Example 3 as

$`d\stackrel{~}{x}`$ $`=`$ $`[2R(w)P(u)Q(\upsilon )]dx+[Q(\upsilon )P(u)]dt,`$
$`d\stackrel{~}{t}`$ $`=`$ $`[A(u)+B(\upsilon )2C(w)]dx+[A(u)B(\upsilon )]dt,`$
we obtain the transformed system

$$u_{\stackrel{~}{t}}=\frac{R(w)Q(\upsilon )}{C(w)B(\upsilon )}u_{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{t}}=\frac{P(u)R(w)}{A(u)C(w)}\upsilon _{\stackrel{~}{x}}\text{}w_{\stackrel{~}{t}}=\frac{Q(\upsilon )P(u)}{B(\upsilon )A(u)}w_{\stackrel{~}{x}},$$
(86)
where $`A(u)`$, $`B(\upsilon )`$, $`C(w)`$ and $`P(u)`$, $`Q(\upsilon )`$, $`R(w)`$ are arbitrary functions. As shown in , formulae (86) define a general $`3`$component linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system. Repeating the construction of Example 3, one can obtain the associated family of nonlocal Hamiltonian structures.

## 5 Generalized reciprocal transformations

Consider $`N`$ commuting flows of hydrodynamic type

$$R_{t^\beta }^i=\upsilon _\beta ^i(R)R_{t^1}^i\text{}i=1,2,\mathrm{},n\text{}\beta =1,2,\mathrm{},N,$$
(87)
where we have set $`t^1x`$ and $`t^2t`$ (so that $`\upsilon _1^i1`$). We assume that the flows (87) are Hamiltonian with the local Hamiltonian operator (2) generated by the flat metric $`ds^2=g_{ii}(R)dR^{i^2}`$, so that $`\upsilon _\beta ^i=^i_ih_\beta `$, where $`h_\beta `$ are the corresponding Hamiltonian densities. Let us change from $`t^1`$, $`t^2`$,…, $`t^N`$ to the new independent variables $`\stackrel{~}{t}^1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{t}^2`$,…, $`\stackrel{~}{t}^N`$ defined as

$$d\stackrel{~}{t}^\gamma =a_\beta ^\gamma (R)dt^\beta \text{}\gamma ,\beta =1,2,\mathrm{}N,$$
(88)
where $`a_1^\gamma (R)`$ are the conserved densities of systems (87), and $`a_\beta ^\gamma (R)`$ are the corresponding fluxes:

$$_{t^\beta }a_1^\gamma =_{t^1}a_\beta ^\gamma .$$
(89)
Transformations of the type (88) naturally generalize reciprocal transformations (the case $`N=2`$). Under the generalized reciprocal transformation (88), the commuting flows (87) transforms to

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^\beta }^i=\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i(R)R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^1}^i,$$
(90)
where

$$\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i=\frac{A_\beta ^\gamma \upsilon _\gamma ^i}{A_1^\nu \upsilon _\nu ^i},$$
(91)
while the metric $`ds^2`$ transforms to

$$d\stackrel{~}{s}^2=\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii}dR^{i^2}\text{}\stackrel{~}{g}_{ii}=g_{ii}(A_1^\nu \upsilon _\nu ^i)^2.$$
(92)
Here $`A_\gamma ^\beta `$ is the inverse of $`a_\beta ^\nu `$,

$$dt^\beta =A_\gamma ^\beta d\stackrel{~}{t}^\gamma .$$
(93)
We emphasize that the transformed metric $`d\stackrel{~}{s}^2`$ is no longer flat in general. In the particular case $`N=2`$ formula (92) reduces to (69). To calculate the curvature tensor of the metric $`d\stackrel{~}{s}^2`$ we introduce $`N`$ extra flows

$$R_{\tau ^\gamma }^i=w_\gamma ^i(R)R_{t^1}^i\text{}i=1,2,\mathrm{},n\text{}\gamma =1,2,\mathrm{},N,$$
(94)
generated by the Hamiltonian operator (2) and the Hamiltonian densities $`a_1^\beta (R)`$:

$$w_\beta ^i=^i_ia_1^\beta .$$

Clearly, the flows (94) commute with (87). To calculate the transformed flows (94), we have to incorporate the times $`\tau ^\beta `$ into the generalized reciprocal transformation (88), namely,

$$d\stackrel{~}{t}^\gamma =a_\beta ^\gamma dt^\beta +c_\beta ^\gamma d\tau ^\beta \text{}\gamma ,\beta =1,2,\mathrm{},N.$$

Here the fluxes $`c_\beta ^\gamma `$ are restricted by

$$c_\gamma ^\beta +c_\beta ^\gamma =(a_1^\beta \text{}a_1^\gamma )=g^{kk}(_ka_1^\beta )(_ka_1^\gamma ),$$
(95)
where $`(f`$, $`g)`$ denotes a scalar product of the gradients of $`f`$ and $`g`$ in the metric $`ds^2`$. Finally, the transformed flows (94) take the form

$$R_{\tau ^\gamma }^i=\stackrel{~}{w}_\gamma ^i(R)R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^1}^i,$$
(96)
with

$$\stackrel{~}{w}_\gamma ^i=\frac{w_\gamma ^ic_\gamma ^\beta A_\beta ^\epsilon \upsilon _\epsilon ^i}{A_1^\nu \upsilon _\nu ^i}.$$
(97)
###### Theorem 4

The curvature tensor of the transformed metric $`d\stackrel{~}{s}^2`$ is

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_{ij}^{ij}=\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{𝑁}{}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^j+\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^j\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^i\right).$$

The metric $`d\stackrel{~}{s}^2`$ generates the nonlocal Hamiltonian operator

$$\stackrel{~}{J}^{ij}=\stackrel{~}{g}^{ii}\delta ^{ij}\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\stackrel{~}{g}^{ii}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{ik}^jR_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^k+\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{𝑁}{}}\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^iR_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^i\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^jR_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j+\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{𝑁}{}}\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^iR_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^i\left(\frac{d}{d\stackrel{~}{x}}\right)^1\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^jR_{\stackrel{~}{x}}^j.$$

Proof:

let us introduce the Lame coefficients $`H_{1i}=\sqrt{g_{ii}}`$ and the rotation coefficients $`\beta _{ik}=_iH_{1k}/H_{1i}`$ (for any $`ik`$). According to (), the linear problem

$$_iH_k=\beta _{ik}H_i,ik,$$

has $`N`$ particlular solutions $`H_{\beta i}`$, where $`H_{\beta i}=\upsilon _\beta ^iH_{1i}`$, and $`N`$ other solutions $`H_i^\beta `$, where $`H_i^\beta =w_\beta ^iH_{1i}`$. Since commuting flows (87) and (94) are locally Hamiltonian ($`\upsilon _\beta ^i=^i_ih_\beta `$ and $`w_\beta ^i=^i_ia_1^\beta `$), the relationship between conserved densities ($`h_\beta `$ and $`a_1^\beta `$) and the corresponding commuting flows ($`\upsilon _\beta ^i`$ and $`w_\beta ^i`$) can be written as

$$H_{\beta i}=\psi _{\beta i,i}+\underset{mi}{}\beta _{mi}\psi _{\beta m}\text{}H_i^\beta =\psi _{i,i}^\beta +\underset{mi}{}\beta _{mi}\psi _m^\beta ,$$
(98)
where $`\psi _{\beta i}`$ and $`\psi _i^\beta `$ are defined by the equations $`_ih_\beta =\psi _{\beta i}H_{1i}`$ and $`_ia_1^\beta =\psi _i^\beta H_{1i}`$. In this notation the formulas (91), (97) and (92) become

$$\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta i}=A_\beta ^\gamma H_{\gamma i}\text{}\stackrel{~}{H}_i^\beta =H_i^\beta \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}c_\beta ^\gamma $$

(where $`\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i=\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta i}/\stackrel{~}{H}_{1i}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^i=\stackrel{~}{H}_i^\beta /\stackrel{~}{H}_{1i}`$) and the transformed rotation coefficients are

$$\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ik}=\beta _{ik}\psi _i^\beta \stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta k}.$$

Since the metric $`ds^2`$ is flat, the curvature components $`R_{jik}^i`$ ($`ijk`$) vanish identically, that is, $`_i\beta _{jk}=\beta _{ji}\beta _{ik}`$ ($`ijk`$). This identity is preserved under generalized reciprocal transformations: $`_i\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{jk}=\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ji}\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ik}`$. However, the components $`\stackrel{~}{R}_{ij}^{ij}`$ defined as

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_{ij}^{ij}=\frac{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}}{\stackrel{~}{H}_{1i}\stackrel{~}{H}_{1j}}$$

where

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}_i\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ij}+_j\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ji}+\underset{mi}{}\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{mi}\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{mj},$$

will no longer be zero. Indeed,

$$\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}=_i\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ij}+_j\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{ji}+\underset{mik}{}\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{mi}\stackrel{~}{\beta }_{mj}=\\ =_i[\beta _{ij}\psi _i^\gamma \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma j}]+_j[\beta _{ji}\psi _j^\gamma \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}]+\underset{mij}{}(\beta _{mi}\psi _m^\gamma \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i})(\beta _{mj}\psi _m^\beta \stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta j})\\ =\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}\stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma j}[\psi _{i,i}^\gamma +\underset{mi}{}\beta _{mi}\psi _m^\gamma ]\stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}[\psi _{j,j}^\gamma +\underset{mj}{}\beta _{mj}\psi _m^\gamma ]+\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta i}\stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma j}\psi _m^\beta \psi _m^\gamma .\end{array}$$

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{ij}0`$, equations (98) and (95), imply

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma j}H_i^\gamma \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}H_j^\gamma +\stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta j}(c_\gamma ^\beta +c_\beta ^\gamma )=`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta j}[H_i^\beta \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}c_\beta ^\gamma ]\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta j}[H_i^\beta \stackrel{~}{H}_{\gamma i}c_\beta ^\gamma ]=`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta j}\stackrel{~}{H}_i^\beta \stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta i}\stackrel{~}{H}_j^\beta .`$
Thus, the transformed curvature tensor is

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_{ij}^{ij}=\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{H}_{1i}\stackrel{~}{H}_{1j}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{ij}=\frac{\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta j}\stackrel{~}{H}_i^\beta +\stackrel{~}{H}_{\beta i}\stackrel{~}{H}_j^\beta }{\stackrel{~}{H}_{1i}\stackrel{~}{H}_{1j}}=\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^j+\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^j\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^i.$$

For $`N=2`$ this proves Theorem 2 formulated in section 4.

As shown in , any linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system in Riemann invariants can be linearized by a generalized reciprocal transformation. Applying the results of section 5 to local Hamiltonian structures of a linear system, one can explicitly construct an infinity of mutually compatible nonlocal Hamiltonian structures for an arbitrary linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system in the same way as it was done in examples 1-3. In the example below we explicitly construct nonlocal Hamiltonian formalism for the n-component linearly degenerate system mentioned in the abstract.

Example 4.

As shown in , the linearly degenerate semi-Hamiltonian system

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^2}^i=\left(R^i\underset{m=1}{\overset{n}{}}R^m\right)R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^1}^i\text{}i=1,2,\mathrm{},n,$$
(99)
and its linearly degenerate commuting flows

$$R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^\beta }^i=(1)^{\beta +1}\left(_i\stackrel{~}{h}_\beta \right)R_{\stackrel{~}{t}^1}^i\text{}i=1,2,\mathrm{},n\text{}\beta =3\text{}4\text{}\mathrm{},n,$$

where

$$\stackrel{~}{h}=\underset{k=1}{\overset{𝑛}{}}(1+\lambda R^k)=1+\lambda \stackrel{~}{h}_1+\lambda ^2\stackrel{~}{h}_2+\lambda ^3\stackrel{~}{h}_3+\mathrm{}+\lambda ^n\stackrel{~}{h}_n,$$

can be obtained from a set of commuting linear flows

$$R_{t^\beta }^i=(\epsilon ^i)^{\beta 1}R_{t^1}^i\text{}\beta =1\text{}2\text{}\mathrm{},n,$$

($`\epsilon ^i`$ are arbitrary constants) by a generalized reciprocal transformation,

$$d\stackrel{~}{t}^\beta =a_\gamma ^\beta dt^\gamma ,$$

where

$$a_\gamma ^\beta =\underset{k=1}{\overset{𝑛}{}}(\epsilon ^k)^{\gamma 1}(R^k)^{n\beta }.$$

In the $`2`$ and $`3`$component cases the explicit form of this transformation is stated in Examples 1 and 3. The inverse reciprocal transformation is

$$dt^\beta =A_\gamma ^\beta d\stackrel{~}{t}^\gamma ,$$

where

$$A_\gamma ^\beta =\underset{k=1}{\overset{𝑛}{}}(1)^{n+\gamma +\beta +1}\frac{_k\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_{n+1\gamma }}{\underset{mk}{\overset{𝑛}{}}(\epsilon ^k\epsilon ^m)}\frac{_k\stackrel{~}{h}_\beta }{\underset{sk}{\overset{𝑛}{}}(R^kR^s)}$$

and

$$\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }=\underset{k=1}{\overset{𝑛}{}}(1+\lambda \epsilon ^k)=1+\lambda \stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_1+\lambda ^2\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_2+\lambda ^3\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_3+\mathrm{}+\lambda ^n\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }_n.$$

Applying Theorem 4 to local Hamiltonian structures of the corresponding linear systems, we obtain infinitely many nonlocal Hamiltonian operators associated with the system (99):

$$A^{ij}=g^{ii}\delta ^{ij}\frac{d}{dx}g^{ii}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ik}^jR_x^k+\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{n1}{}}\left[\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^iR_x^i\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^jR_x^j+\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^iR_x^i\left(\frac{d}{dx}\right)^1\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^jR_x^j\right].$$
(100)
Here $`g_{ii}(dR^i)^2`$ is the diagonal metric of the form

$$\frac{dR^{1^2}}{\underset{k1}{}(R^1R^k)f^1(R^1)}+\mathrm{}+\frac{dR^{n^2}}{\underset{kn}{}(R^nR^k)f^n(R^n)},$$
(101)
with the curvature tensor

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_{ik}^{ik}=\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{n1}{}}\left(\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^k+\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^k\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^i\right),$$

where

$`\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\beta ^i`$ $`=`$ $`_i\stackrel{~}{h}_\beta \text{,}`$
$`\stackrel{~}{w}_\beta ^i`$ $`=`$ $`(n\beta )\underset{ki}{{\displaystyle }}(R^iR^k)\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f_i^{}(R^i)(R^i)^{n\beta 1}+(n\beta 1)f_i(R^i)(R^i)^{n\beta 2}\right]\underset{\gamma =1}{\overset{n1}{{\displaystyle }}}\stackrel{~}{\upsilon }_\gamma ^ic_\beta ^\gamma ,`$
$`_ic_\beta ^\gamma `$ $`=`$ $`(n\beta )(n\gamma )\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}f_i^{}(R^i)(R^i)^{2n\beta \gamma 2}+(n\beta 1)f_i(R^i)(R^i)^{2n\beta \gamma 3}\right].`$
Operators (100) depend on $`n`$ arbitrary functions $`f^1(R^1)`$, …, $`f^n(R^n)`$, and are mutually compatible. It was demonstrated in  that the metric (101) is not flat for $`n4`$, whatever $`f^i(R^i)`$ are.

## 6 Acknowledgements

We thank the Royal Society for the their financial support of MVP to Loughborough, making this collaboration possible. MVP is also partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (Grants 00-01-00210 and 00-01-00366).


text:
# Wavelets in mathematical physics: 𝑞-oscillators

## 1 Introduction

Some of the results from the papers , ,  are based on an operator-theoretic approach to wavelet theory involving representing wavelets in terms of operators in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space.

In this paper we introduce an analogous operator approach in a study of a generalized biorthogonal wavelet, leading to the construction of oscillator algebras, and more generally Hopf algebras. In  a related class of representations of the Cuntz algebra $`𝒪_N`$ have been found depending on a parameter $`q`$.

We shall distinguish between two aspects of the study of the $`q`$-relations: (i) the $`C^{}`$-algebra on these relations, and (ii) finding the representations of them. While the paper  by Jorgensen, Schmitt and Werner covered (i), we shall concentrate here on (ii). This is a difficult problem: As noted in , the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`𝔄(q)`$ on the $`q`$-relations is infinite, and its equivalence classes of irreducible representations do not admit a Borel cross section for its classification parameters. In , the authors showed that there is a stability interval $`J`$ in the $`q`$-variable such that all the $`C^{}`$-algebra $`𝔄(q)`$ for $`qJ`$ are isomorphic to the Cuntz algebra, see , and they estimated the size of $`J`$.

The motivation for the problem (ii) comes from two sources, (a) from analysis (wavelets, special functions and combinatorics), and (b) from physics (quantum optics, statistical mechanics, quantum fields and anyons). We show in this paper how these problems may perhaps be understood better via the approach of $`q`$-deformations, and via the study of concrete mathematical settings where the representations arise naturally.

Other papers which cover representations include , , and . The physics of the $`q`$-relations is outlined in , , and . In particular  relates the $`q`$-representations to the Gibbs paradox.

The $`C^{}`$-algebra $`𝒪_N`$, called the Cuntz $`C^{}`$-algebra on $`N`$ generators, is universal on the relations

$$s_i^{}s_j=\delta _{ij}\mathrm{𝟏},\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}s_is_i^{}=\mathrm{𝟏},$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ denotes the unit element in $`𝒪_N`$. If $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_N`$ are given functions on $`𝐓=\{z𝐂:\left|z\right|=1\}`$, then the operator system

$$\left(S_if\right)\left(z\right)=m_i\left(z\right)f\left(z^N\right),fL^2\left(𝐓\right),z𝐓,i=1,\mathrm{},N$$

satisfies the Cuntz relations (1) if and only if the functions are frequency subband filters for the wavelet multiresolution construction . Then $`m_1`$ is called the low-pass filter, and the others filters of the higher frequency bands.

The conditions on the functions may be stated in either one of the following two equivalent forms (a) or (b): Let $`\rho _N=e^{i2\pi /N}`$.

(a)The $`N\times N`$ matrix

$$M\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\left(m_j\left(\rho _N^kz\right)\right)_{j,k=1}^N$$

is unitary for all $`z𝐓`$, i.e.,

$$M\left(z\right)^{}M\left(z\right)=I_N,z𝐓.$$

(b)The $`N\times N`$ matrix $`A\left(z\right)=\left(A_{j,k}\left(z\right)\right)`$ given by

$$A_{j,k}\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{\begin{array}{c}w𝐓\\ w^N=z\end{array}}{}m_j\left(w\right)w^k$$

is unitary for all $`z𝐓`$, i.e.,

$$A\left(z\right)^{}A\left(z\right)=I_N,z𝐓.$$

To complete the picture of multiresolution analysis depending on a parameter we include here the case of the construction of a different multiresolution via the Mellin transform. We develop a finite scale multiresolution analysis via Mellin transforms giving rise to wavelets depending on a parameter $`q`$, $`0<q<1`$.

## 2 Mellin Transforms

Let us first recall some facts about Mellin transforms. The Mellin transform of a function $`f\left(x\right)`$ is given by

$$M(f\left(x\right);s)=_0^{\mathrm{}}x^{s1}f\left(x\right)𝑑x.$$

The inverse transform gives

$$f\left(x\right)=M^1(F\left(s\right);x),$$

where we set $`M(f\left(x\right);s)=F\left(s\right)`$.

The behavior of the Mellin transform under various coordinate transforms in $`x`$ space is given by

$`M(f\left(ax\right);s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^sM(f\left(x\right);s),`$
$`M(f\left(x^a\right);s)`$ $`=`$ $`a^1M(f\left(x\right);{\displaystyle \frac{s}{a}}),`$
$`M(x^af\left(x\right);s)`$ $`=`$ $`M(f\left(x\right);s+a),`$
as can be easily checked.

Let us give some preliminaries on standard multiresolution wavelet analysis of scale $`N`$. Define scaling by $`N`$ on $`L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$ by

$$U\left(\xi \right)\left(x\right)=\xi \left(N^1x\right)$$

and translation by $`1`$ by

$$T\left(\xi \right)\left(x\right)=\xi \left(x1\right).$$

A scaling function is a function $`\varphi L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$ such that if $`V_0`$ is the closed linear span of all translated $`T^k\varphi `$, $`k𝐙`$, then $`\varphi `$ has the following properties:

1. $`\{T^k\varphi :k𝐙\}`$ is an orthonormal set in $`V_0`$,
2. $`U\varphi V_0`$,
3. $`_{n𝐙}U^nV_0=\left\{0\right\}`$,
4. $`_{n𝐙}U^nV_0=L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$,

where the symbol $``$ means “closed linear span”, and $``$ “intersection of subspaces”. We shall further use the notation $`U_j:=U^jV_0`$, $`j𝐙`$. The system a.–d. is called a multiresolution analysis (MRA).

We then have the following result

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$ be the Haar function, $`0<q<1`$, $`q𝐑`$. There exists a sequence of subspaces $`U_j`$, $`j𝐙`$, such that

$$\mathrm{}U_jU_{j1}\mathrm{}U_0U_1\mathrm{}$$
(2)
giving a multiresolution satisfying the above properties.

Proof. To show that the system in (2) is a multi-resolution, we need to establish a scaling operator which moves in steps of one through the ladder of resolution spaces $`U_j`$; we must identify the Hilbert space $``$; and finally we must show that $`_jU_j=`$, and $`_jU_j=\{0\}`$ where $``$ and $``$ are the usual lattice operations in Hilbert space.

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$ be the Haar function, $`0<q<1`$, $`x𝐑`$. We want to prove that there exists a sequence of subspaces $`U_j`$ giving rise to a multiresolution satisfying the above properties. Define

$$V_0=\{\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right):k𝐙,q<x<1\}.$$

Let $`U\xi \left(x\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}_{}}\xi \left(x^N\right)`$ be the scaling operator and $`T\xi \left(x\right)=\xi \left(qx\right)`$ playing the role of the “translation operator”. In this case $`T`$ is a dilation. Then the set $`\{\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right):k𝐙\}`$ is orthonormal in $`L^2\left(𝐑_+\right)`$, $`q𝐑`$, $`0<q<1`$, since the intervals are disjoint for $`hk`$, $`h,k𝐙`$. It is easy to verify that $`U\mathrm{\Phi }V_0`$,

$$U\mathrm{\Phi }\left(x\right)=\underset{k}{}a_k\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right).$$
(3)
Then $`_{n𝐙}U^nV_0=\left\{1\right\}`$. Suppose $`\xi U^nV_0`$, with $`\xi \left(x\right)=U^n\mathrm{\Phi }\left(x\right)=_ka_k\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\left(q^kx\right)^{Nn}\right)\frac{1}{Nn}`$. Since any $`\xi L^2\left(𝐑_+\right)`$ can be approximated by step functions and $`𝐑_+=_{k,n}[q^{\left(k+1\right)Nn},q^{kNn}]`$, it follows that

$$\underset{n𝐙}{}U^nV_0=L^2\left(𝐑_+\right).$$

Hence the above properties are satisfied and the sequence $`V_j=U^jV_0`$ of subspaces $`V_j`$ associated to $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ defines a multiresolution. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$ satisfy (3). Define the operator $`W_\mathrm{\Phi }:L^2\left(𝐑\right)L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$, called the wave operator, by

$$\left(W_\mathrm{\Phi }f\right)\left(x\right)=\underset{k𝐙}{}c_k\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right)=\underset{k𝐙}{}M(f\left(q^kx\right);s)\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right).$$

###### Lemma 2.

The operator $`W_\mathrm{\Phi }`$ satisfies

$$UW_\mathrm{\Phi }=W_\mathrm{\Phi }S,$$
(4)
where $`S`$ is given by

$$M\left(Sf\right)\left(s\right)=\underset{j}{}a_jq^{sj}M(f;\frac{s}{N}).$$

Proof. First, we have

$`\left(UW_\mathrm{\Phi }f\right)\left(x\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}\left(W_\mathrm{\Phi }f\right)\left(x^N\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}M(f\left(q^{kN}x^N\right);s)\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^{kN}x^N\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}q^{ksN}M(f\left(x\right);{\displaystyle \frac{s}{N}})\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^{kN}x^N\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j𝐙}{}}q^{ksNsj}a_jM(f\left(x\right);{\displaystyle \frac{s}{N}})\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^{kN+j}x^N\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}\left[{\displaystyle \underset{l𝐙}{}}a_{lNk}q^{ls}M(f\left(x\right);s)\right]\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^lx^N\right).`$
On the other hand

$`W_\mathrm{\Phi }\left(Sf\right)\left(z\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}M(\left(Sf\right)\left(xq^k\right);s)\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}M(\left(Sf\right)\left(xq^k\right);s)\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^{kN+j}x^N\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{j𝐙}{}}q^{kNssj}a_jM(f\left(x\right);{\displaystyle \frac{s}{N}})\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^{kN+j}x^N\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k𝐙}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{l𝐙}{}}a_{lkN}q^{ls}M(f\left(x\right);{\displaystyle \frac{s}{N}})\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^lx^N\right).`$
Thus

$$UW_\mathrm{\Phi }=W_\mathrm{\Phi }S$$

which is the identity (4), i.e., $`W_\mathrm{\Phi }`$ intertwines the operators $`U`$ and $`S`$.

Using the fact that $`\{T^k\mathrm{\Phi }:k𝐙\}`$ is an orthonormal set in $`L^2\left(𝐑\right)`$ we may define

$$F_\mathrm{\Phi }:V_0L^2\left(𝐑\right),$$

an isometry which sends

$$\xi m\left(s\right)=\underset{k}{}a_kq^{ks},\xi \left(s\right)=\underset{k}{}a_k\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^kx\right).$$

Then

$$M(\xi \left(x\right);s)=m\left(s\right)M(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(x\right);s)$$

where $`M(\xi \left(x\right);s)`$ is the Mellin transform.

If $`\xi V_1=U^1V_0`$ then $`U\xi V_0`$ so we define

$$m_\xi =F_\mathrm{\Phi }\left(U\xi \right)L^2\left(𝐑\right)$$

and then

$`M(U\xi \left(x\right);s)`$ $`=`$ $`M({\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}a_k\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\left(q^kx\right)^N\right);s)={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}a_kM(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(\left(q^kx\right)^N\right);s)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}a_kM(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(q^{kN}x^N\right);s)={\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}a_kq^{ksN}M(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(x\right);{\displaystyle \frac{s}{N}}).`$
Thus

$$NM(U\xi \left(x^N\right);s)=m_\xi \left(s\right)M(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(x\right);s).$$
(5)
Observe that in this case we don’t have unitarity of the matrix $`A`$ generated by the filters $`m_\xi `$. Thus we don’t have representations of the Cuntz algebra. This brings out the question of what are the natural operator relations associated to this MRA. One particular choice is given by the oscillator algebras.

For any MRA wavelet construction as found above we construct an appropriate oscillator algebra such that the filters make up the eigenfunctions system of the oscillator hamiltonian, i.e., the energy operator.

In fact the non-unitarity of the matrix given by the MRA filters provides the eigenfunctions for the energy operator. The $`q`$-oscillator algebra is given by the operators $`a^{}`$, $`a^+`$ and the number operator. By a standard argument it is possible to build up the following selfadjoint operators:

$$X=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(a^++a^{}\right)\text{ and }P=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\left(a^{}a^+\right)$$

which are the momentum and the position operators. Given the above MRA there exists a family of $`q`$-oscillators that can be represented via the filters.

Let $`H=m_0^2(s)+m_0^2(\sigma (s))`$ be the energy operator. Let

$$a^{}(s)a^+(s)=m_0(\sigma (s))^2$$

and

$$a^+(s)a^{}(s)=m_0(s)^2.$$

Then it follows that the algebra is generated by $`a^+`$, $`a^{}`$, $`N`$ and the generators satisfy the following relations

$$[a^{}(s),a^+(s)]=f(N+1)f(N)=f(N)[s]_{q^2}$$

$$f(N)a^{}(s)=a^{}(s)f(N1),$$

$$f(N)a^+(s)=a^+(s)f(N+1),$$

where $`f(N+1)f(N)=_kb_kq^{2ks}[s]_{q^2}`$.

Thus we have

$$[a^{}(s),a^+(s)]=m_0(s)^2\left[s\right]_{q^2}$$

where $`\left[s\right]_q=\frac{1q^s}{1q}`$. Then using MRA we can construct a family of operators $`\{a_i^{}(s),a_i^+(s)\}`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},N`$ satisfying:

$$[a_i^{}(s),a_i^+(s)]=m_i(s)^2\left[s\right]_{q^2}$$

A representation of the operators $`a^{}(s)`$ and $`a^+(s)`$ can be realized in a Fock space as follows:

$$a^{}(s)|e_k=\frac{q}{1q}\underset{k}{}b_kq^{ks}|e_{k1}$$

and:

$$a^+(s)|e_k=\frac{q}{1+q}b_kq^{\left(k+1\right)s}|e_{k+1}.$$

## 3 Twisted Fock Space

In this Section we introduce a new Fock space construction, see , which may provide the appropriate framework for studying wavelet representations of certain $`q`$-oscillator algebras.

###### Definition 3.

The full Fock space over $`𝐂^N`$ where $`N`$ is a fixed positive integer with $`N2`$, is the orthogonal direct sum of Hilbert spaces given by

$$K=\left(\underset{k=\mathrm{}}{\overset{1}{^{}}}\left(𝐂^N\right)^k\right)𝐂=\mathrm{}\left(𝐂^N𝐂^N\right)\left(𝐂^N\right)𝐂.$$

The term $`𝐂`$ in the summand on the right designates the vacuum vector (in the formula we omit a special symbol $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for the vacuum vector). Let $`\{\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _N\}`$ be a fixed orthonormal basis for $`𝐂^N`$. Then $`K`$ is an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space with orthonormal basis given by $`\{\xi _{i_1},\mathrm{},\xi _{i_k}:1i_1,\mathrm{},i_kN,k1\}\left\{\mathrm{\Omega }\right\}`$.

### 3.1 Construction of Twisted Fock space

Let $`K`$ be a Hilbert space. We take the tensor product of the full Fock space with $`H`$, then we define a “new” inner product $`,_\mathrm{\Phi }`$ by using a completely positive map from the complex matrices into $`B\left(H\right)`$ (i.e., a positive matrix with entries in $`B\left(H\right)`$). By following  we construct the twisted Fock space as follows. Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M_NB\left(H\right)`$ be the completely positive map which we will define later. We define the $`N`$-variable pre-Fock space over $`K`$ to be the vector space of finite sums

$$T_N\left(H\right)=\{\underset{\left|w\right|k}{}wh_w:w𝐅_N^+,k1,h_wH\}$$

where $`𝐅_N^+`$ is the unital free-semigroup on $`N`$ non-commuting letters $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},N\}`$ with unit $`e`$. We can think of the full Fock space as $`l^2\left(𝐅_N^+\right)`$ where an orthonormal basis is given by the vectors $`\{\xi _w:w𝐅_N^+\}`$ corresponding to the words $`w`$, $`\left|w\right|`$ is the word of length zero or empty word, $`\xi _w=\xi _{i_1}\mathrm{}\xi _{i_n}`$, $`w=i_1\mathrm{}i_k𝐅_N^+`$. Then a vector $`(i_1,\mathrm{},i_k)h`$ with $`w=i_1\mathrm{}i_k𝐅_N^+`$ corresponds to the vector $`\xi _{i_1}\mathrm{}\xi _{i_n}h`$ in $`\left(𝐂^N\right)^kH`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be the completely positive map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:M_NB\left(H\right)`$. Define a form

$$,_\mathrm{\Phi }:T_N\left(H\right)\times T_N\left(H\right)𝐂$$

as follows. For $`w,w^{}𝐅_N^+`$, $`h,h^{}H`$

* $`eh,e^{}h^{}_\mathrm{\Phi }=hh^{}`$;
* if $`\left|w\right|\left|w^{}\right|`$ then $`wh,w^{}h^{}_\mathrm{\Phi }=0`$;
* if $`w=i_1\mathrm{}i_k`$, $`w^{}=i_1^{}\mathrm{}i_k^{}`$, then

$$wh,w^{}h^{}_\mathrm{\Phi }=h\mathrm{\Phi }\left(e_{i_1i_1^{}}\mathrm{}e_{i_ki_k^{}}\right)h^{}.$$

Extend $`,_\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to $`T_N\left(H\right)\times T_N\left(H\right)`$ as linear in the first variable and conjugate linear in the second one. From Theorem 4.5 of  the form $`,_\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is positive semi-definite on $`T_N\left(H\right)`$.

###### Definition 4.

Let $`N_\mathrm{\Phi }=\{xT_N\left(H\right):xx_\mathrm{\Phi }=0\}`$ be the kernel of the form $`,_\mathrm{\Phi }`$. Define the Fock space of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ over $`H`$ to be the Hilbert space completion

$$F_N(K,\mathrm{\Phi })=\overline{T_N\left(H\right)/N_\mathrm{\Phi }}^{,_\mathrm{\Phi }}.$$

The left creation operators $`T=(T_1,\mathrm{},T_N)`$ on $`_N(H,\mathrm{\Phi })`$ are linear transformations defined by

$$T_i\left(wh+N_\mathrm{\Phi }\right)=\left(iw\right)h+N_\mathrm{\Phi }.$$

These operators are well-defined and $`T_i\left(N_\mathrm{\Phi }\right)N_\mathrm{\Phi }`$, $`1iN`$.

Let $`S_i`$ be the $`i`$-th creation operator on the first space defined as follows

$$S_ix=S_i\left(\eta _{i_1}\mathrm{}\eta _{i_k}h\right)=\eta _i\eta _{i_1}\mathrm{}\eta _{i_k}h$$

for vectors $`x=\eta _{i_1}\mathrm{}\eta _{i_k}h`$. Define a twisted new Fock space as

$$T_N\left(H\right)=\{\underset{\left|w\right|k}{}wh_w:w𝐅_N^+,k1,h_wH\}$$

as before.

We define a form

$$,_\mathrm{\Phi }:T_N\left(H\right)\times T_N\left(H\right)𝐂$$

as follows. For $`w,w^{}𝐅_N^+`$, $`h,h^{}H`$

* $`eh,e^{}h^{}_\mathrm{\Phi }=hh^{}`$;
* if $`\left|w\right|\left|w^{}\right|`$ then $`wh,w^{}h^{}_\mathrm{\Phi }=0`$;
* if $`w=i_1\mathrm{}i_k`$, $`w^{}=i_1^{}\mathrm{}i_k^{}`$, then

$`wh,w^{}h^{}_\mathrm{\Phi }`$
$`=h|\mathrm{\Phi }\left(e_{i_1\sigma \left(i_1^{}\right)}\mathrm{}e_{i_k\sigma \left(i_k^{}\right)}\right)h^{},`$
with $`i\left(\sigma \right)=\mathrm{\#}\{(i,j)\{1,\mathrm{},N\}^2:i<j,\sigma \left(i\right)>\sigma \left(j\right)\}`$.

We need the map $`\varphi `$ being completely positive and then $`,_\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is positive semi-definite:

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}\left(e_ie_j\right)=\mathrm{\Phi }\left(e_iP_q^{\left(N\right)}e_j\right)$$

Let us now turn to the construction of the multiresolution wavelet analysis.

Suppose we have two pairs of filters and then we have two pairs of scaling functions plus wavelet $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}`$. They are defined by

$$\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}\left(\xi \right)& =& m_0\left(\xi /N\right)\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}\left(\xi /N\right),\hfill & \hfill \widehat{\mathrm{\Psi }}\left(\xi \right)& =& m_1\left(\xi /N\right)\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}\left(\xi /N\right)_{},\hfill \\ \hfill \widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\left(\xi \right)& =& \stackrel{~}{m}_0\left(\xi /N\right)\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\left(\xi /N\right),\hfill & \hfill \widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}}\left(\xi \right)& =& \stackrel{~}{m}_1\left(\xi /N\right)\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}}\left(\xi /N\right)^{}.\hfill \end{array}$$

We want to take the direct sum of two MRA. We have the following two sequences of successive approximation spaces $`U_j`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_j`$. The closed subspaces satisfy

$$\mathrm{}V_2V_1V_0V_1V_2\mathrm{}$$
(6)
with

$$\underset{j𝐙}{}V_j=L^2\left(𝐂\right),\underset{j𝐙}{}V_j=\left\{0\right\},$$

$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{V}_2\stackrel{~}{V}_1\stackrel{~}{V}_0\stackrel{~}{V}_1\stackrel{~}{V}_2\mathrm{}$$
(7)
with

$$\underset{j𝐙}{}\stackrel{~}{V}_j=L^2\left(𝐂\right),\underset{j𝐙}{}\stackrel{~}{V}_j=\left\{0\right\}.$$

Formulae (6) and (7) have the additional requirements

$$fV_jf(N^j)V_0,\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{V}_j\stackrel{~}{f}(N^j)\stackrel{~}{V}_0,$$

i.e., all spaces are scaled versions of the central space $`V_0`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{V}_0`$ respectively. For every $`j𝐙`$, define $`W_j`$ to be the orthogonal complement of $`V_j`$ in $`V_{j1}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{W}_j`$ the orthogonal complement of $`\stackrel{~}{V}_j`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{V}_{j1}`$. We have

$$V_{j1}=V_jW_j,\stackrel{~}{V}_{j1}=\stackrel{~}{V}_j\stackrel{~}{W}_j.$$

Also $`W_jW_j^{}`$ if $`jj^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{W}_j\stackrel{~}{W}_j^{}`$ if $`jj^{}`$. Define a sequence of successive approximation spaces

$$Y_1=V_1\stackrel{~}{V}_1,Y_0=V_0\stackrel{~}{V}_0,Y_1=V_1\stackrel{~}{V}_1,Y_2=V_2\stackrel{~}{V}_2,\mathrm{}$$

such that if $`f(t,s)`$ is in $`Y_j`$ then $`f(Nt,Ns)`$ and all $`f(tk,sk)`$ are in $`Y_{j+1}`$. Define $`\widehat{W}_j`$ to be the orthogonal complement of $`V_j\stackrel{~}{V}_j`$ in $`Y_{j1}`$. Then

$$\widehat{W}_j=\left(V_j\stackrel{~}{V}_j\right)^{}Y_{j1}=V_j^{}\stackrel{~}{V}_j^{}Y_{j1}.$$

Thus

$`Y_j`$ $`=`$ $`\left(V_j\stackrel{~}{V}_j\right)=\left(V_{j1}W_j\right)\left(\stackrel{~}{V}_{j1}\stackrel{~}{W}_j\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\left(V_{j1}\stackrel{~}{V}_{j1}\right)\left(W_j\stackrel{~}{W}_j\right)=Y_{j1}\widehat{W}_j`$
which implies $`Y_j=Y_{j1}\widehat{W}_j`$, where we set $`\widehat{W}_j=W_j\stackrel{~}{W}_j`$. Then

$`\widehat{W}_j`$ $`=`$ $`W_j\widehat{W}_j=\left(V_j^{}V_{j1}\right)\left(\stackrel{~}{V}_j^{}\stackrel{~}{V}_{j1}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\left(V_j^{}\stackrel{~}{V}_j^{}\right)\left(V_{j1}\stackrel{~}{V}_{j1}\right)=\left(V_j\stackrel{~}{V}_j\right)^{}Y_{j1},`$
so that $`\widehat{W}_j`$ is the orthogonal complement of $`V_j\widehat{V}_j`$ in $`Y_{j1}`$.

Thus $`L^2\left(𝐂^2\right)=_{j𝐙}\widehat{W}_j`$. The basic point of MRA is that whenever a collection of closed subspaces satisfies

$$\mathrm{}Y_2Y_1Y_0Y_1Y_2\mathrm{}$$

$$\underset{j𝐙}{}Y_j=L^2\left(𝐂^2\right),\underset{j𝐙}{}Y_j=\left\{0\right\},$$

$$fY_j\text{ if and only if }f(N^j)Y_0$$

$$fY_0\text{ then }(k)Y_0\text{ for every }k𝐙$$

$`\text{there exists }\varphi Y_0\text{ such that }\{\varphi _{0,k}:k𝐙\}\text{ is an orthonormal basis in }Y_0`$
$`\text{where }\varphi _{j,k}(z)=N^j\varphi (N^jzk)`$
Then there exists an orthonormal wavelet basis $`\{\psi _{j,k}:j,k𝐙\}`$ of $`L^2(𝐂^2)`$, and we may therefore define the following isomorphism $`\eta :𝐂^2`$, where $``$ denotes the quaternions, by $`\eta (z_1,z_2)=z_1+z_2e_2`$ and $`e_2=(0,0,1,0)𝐑^4`$. Consider now the space $`L^2()`$ equipped with the usual quaternion inner product: Given the filters $`m_i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_j`$ we define the following two matrix functions $`A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ by

$$A_{k,l}(z)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}w^lm_k(w)$$

and

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_{k,l}(z)=\frac{1}{N}\underset{w^N=z}{}w^l\stackrel{~}{m}_k(w)$$

respectively.

They satisfy the following biorthogonality conditions

$$\underset{k=0}{\overset{N1}{}}\overline{A_{k,i}(z)}\stackrel{~}{A}_{k,j}(z)=\delta _{i,j}$$

and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z}{}}\overline{m_i(w)}m_j(w)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{i,j},`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{w^N=z}{}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{m}_i(w)}\stackrel{~}{m}_j(w).`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{i,j}`$
Take $`B=AA^{}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{B}=\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}^{}`$ the matrix functions associated to the MRA’s with filters $`m_i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_i`$ respectively.

It can be easily checked for $`N=2`$ that the following equation is satisfied:

$$B\stackrel{~}{B}^{}+\stackrel{~}{B}^{}B=\mathrm{𝟏}$$

###### Theorem 5.

Let $`S=(S_0,S_1,\mathrm{},S_N)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(\stackrel{~}{S}_0,\stackrel{~}{S}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{S}_N)`$ be a pair of wavelet representations on $`H=L^2(𝐂)`$ with invertible loop matrices $`A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ respectively. Let $`𝐒=\left(\begin{array}{cc}S& \stackrel{~}{S}\end{array}\right)`$ be the matrix associated to $`S`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ and let $`P=𝐒^{}𝐒+\mathrm{𝐒𝐒}^{}`$.

Let $`T=(T_1,T_2,\mathrm{},T_{N1},\stackrel{~}{T}_1,\stackrel{~}{T}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{T}_{N1})`$ be the creation operator on $`_{2N}(H,P)`$. Then:

$`T_i^{}T_j|_H=\left(S_{i1}^{}S_{j1}\right)=\left(AA^{}\right)_{i,j}`$

$`\stackrel{~}{T}_i^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_j|_H=\left(\stackrel{~}{S}_{i1}^{}\stackrel{~}{S}_{j1}\right)=\left(\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}^{}\right)_{i,j}`$

$`T_i\stackrel{~}{T}_j^{}|_H+\stackrel{~}{T}_j^{}T_i|_H=\delta _{i,j}\mathrm{𝟏}`$ where $`H`$ denotes the space $`L^2()`$.

Hence the $``$-algebra generated by $`\stackrel{~}{T}_j`$, $`j=1,\mathrm{},N`$ is an oscillator algebra. It has a representation containing the Cuntz-Toeplitz isometries.

Proof. It is easy to check that the fermion algebra relations hold for the direct sum of wavelet representations.

### 3.2 Construction of $`q`$-oscillator algebras

Let us consider the system of wavelet representations $`S=(S_0,S_1,\mathrm{},S_N)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(\stackrel{~}{S}_0,\stackrel{~}{S}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{S}_N)`$ depending on a real parameter $`q`$ on $`L^2(𝐂)`$ with invertible loop matrices $`A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ respectively.

Let $`S=(S_0,S_1,\mathrm{},S_N)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(\stackrel{~}{S}_0,\stackrel{~}{S}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{S}_N)`$ be a pair of wavelet representations on $`L^2(𝐂)`$ with invertible loop matrices $`A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ respectively. Let us assume that one of them, say $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(\stackrel{~}{S}_0,\stackrel{~}{S}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{S}_N)`$, depends on a real parameter $`q`$ and the matrix $`A`$ is given by:

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_{k,l}(z)=\underset{w^N=z}{}\left(qw\right)^l\stackrel{~}{m}_k(w)$$

where the $`\stackrel{~}{m}_j`$ are the filters of the MRA depending on a parameter $`q`$ as constructed in . Then $`\stackrel{~}{A}_{k,l}`$ is a unitary matrix function. The unitarity of the $`\left\{\left(1q^{2N}\right)\stackrel{~}{m}_j\left(tq^j\right)\right\}_{i,j=0,\mathrm{},N1}`$ is equivalent to

$$\underset{k}{}\stackrel{~}{A}_{i,k}(z)\overline{\stackrel{~}{A}_{j,k}(z)}=\left(1q^{2N}\right)\underset{w^N=z}{}\stackrel{~}{m}_i(w)\overline{\stackrel{~}{m}_j(w)}.$$

We assume then a generalized biorthogonality holds

$$\underset{k}{}A_{i,k}(z)\overline{\stackrel{~}{A}_{j,k}(z)}=\left(1q^N\right)\underset{w^N=z}{}m_i(w)\overline{\stackrel{~}{m}_j(w)}=\delta _{i,j}1.$$

Let $`𝐒`$ be the matrix defined as above. Let $`P=𝐒^{}𝐒`$ be the matrix $`2N\times 2N`$ in $`B()`$ determined by the wavelet representations such that

$$𝐒^{}𝐒=\left(\begin{array}{cc}S^{}S& 0\\ 0& \stackrel{~}{S}^{}\stackrel{~}{S}\end{array}\right)$$

Then we have the following theorem.

###### Theorem 6.

Let $`S=(S_0,S_1,\mathrm{},S_N)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(\stackrel{~}{S}_0,\stackrel{~}{S}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{S}_N)`$ be a pair of wavelet representations on $`L^2(𝐂)`$ with invertible loop matrices $`A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ respectively. Let us assume that one of them, say $`\stackrel{~}{S}=(\stackrel{~}{S}_0,\stackrel{~}{S}_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{S}_N)`$, depends on a real parameter $`q`$ and the matrix $`A`$ is given by:

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_{k,l}(z)=\underset{w^N=z}{}\left(qw\right)^l\stackrel{~}{m}_k(w)$$

Let $`𝐒`$ be as above and let $`P=𝐒^{}𝐒`$ be the matrix $`2N\times 2N`$ in $`B()`$.

Let $`T=(T_1,T_2,\mathrm{},T_{N1},\stackrel{~}{T}_1,\stackrel{~}{T}_2,\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{T}_{N1})`$ be the creation operator in $`_{2N}(H,P)`$. Then we have:

$`T_i^{}T_j|_H=\left(S_{i1}^{}S_{j1}\right)=\left(AA^{}\right)_{i,j}`$

$`\stackrel{~}{T}_i^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_j|_H=\left(\stackrel{~}{S}_{i1}^{}\stackrel{~}{S}_{j1}\right)=\left(\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}^{}\right)_{i,j}`$

$`\stackrel{~}{T}_iT_j^{}|_HT_j^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_i|_H=\delta _{i,j}\left[N\right]_q\mathrm{𝟏}`$

Proof. As in Lemma 3.5 of  we have

$$\left(S_{i1}^{}S_{j1}\right)=\left(AA^{}\right)_{i,j}$$

and similarly

$$\left(\stackrel{~}{S}_{i1}^{}\stackrel{~}{S}_{j1}\right)=\left(\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}^{}\right)_{i,j}$$

For $`1iN`$, let $`T_i`$ be the $`i`$-th creation operators on the twisted Fock space.

To find the action of $`\stackrel{~}{T}_i^{}`$ on the spanning vectors we consider

$`\stackrel{~}{T}_i(wh)\stackrel{~}{T}_j(w^{}h^{})`$ $`=`$ $`iwh\left(jw^{}\right)h^{}`$
$`=`$ $`h|{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma }{}}q^{2\sigma \left(i\right)}\mathrm{\Phi }\left(e_{i_1,i_1^{}}\mathrm{}e_{i_k,i_k^{}}\right)h^{}`$
implying

$`\stackrel{~}{T}_j^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_i`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{i,j}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma S_N}{}}q^{2\sigma \left(i\right)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1q^{2N})}{1q^2}}\delta _{i,j}`$
We consider $`S_i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}_i`$ coming from wavelet analysis.

For $`1iN`$ let $`\stackrel{~}{T}_i`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S}_i`$ be the creation operators and the operator coming from the wavelet construction.

Then

$$\stackrel{~}{S}_{i1}^{}\stackrel{~}{S}_{j1}=\left(\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}^{}\right)_{i,j}=\stackrel{~}{T}_i\stackrel{~}{T}_j^{}$$

Let us describe the action of $`\stackrel{~}{T}_iT_j^{}`$ on the spanning vectors. Since

$$T_i^{}(wh)w^{}h^{}=wh\left(iw^{}\right)h^{}$$

Thus $`\left(\stackrel{~}{T}_iT_j^{}\right)\left(wh\right)w^{}h^{}`$ can be computed as follows:

$`\left(\stackrel{~}{T}_iT_j^{}\right)\left(wh\right)w^{}h^{}`$
$`=i,j^1whw^{}h^{}`$
$`p_{i,j}^1w_{i_1,i_1^{}},w_{i_2,i_2^{}},\mathrm{},w_{i_k,i_k^{}}hw_{i_1,i_1^{}}^{},w_{i_2,i_2^{}}^{},\mathrm{},w_{i_k,i_k^{}}^{}h^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\left(1q^N\right)}{\left(1q^1\right)}}\left(1q^1\right)w_{i_1,i_1^{}},w_{i_2,i_2^{}},\mathrm{},w_{i_k,i_k^{}}h|`$
$`|w_{i_1,i_1^{}}^{},w_{i_2,i_2^{}}^{},\mathrm{},w_{i_k,i_k^{}}^{}h^{}`$
On the other side we have

$`T_j^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_i\left(wh\right)w^{}h^{}`$
$`=\left(iw\right)h\left(jw^{}\right)h^{}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{\left(1q^N\right)}{\left(1q\right)}}\left(1q\right)w_{i_1},w_{i_2},\mathrm{},w_{i_k}h|w_{i_1^{}}^{},w_{i_2^{}}^{},\mathrm{},w_{i_k^{}}^{}h^{}`$
thus it follows:

$$T_j^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_i=1q^N$$

and

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_iT_j^{}=1q^N$$

Hence:

$$\stackrel{~}{T}_iT_j^{}T_j^{}\stackrel{~}{T}_i=\delta _{i,j}[N]_q\mathrm{𝟏}$$

Then the creation and annihilation operators $`\stackrel{~}{T}_i`$ and $`T_j^{}`$ and $`N`$, viewed as a number operator, yield a representation of the $`q`$-oscillator algebra.

Concluding remarks:

We have shown how tools from transform theory and wavelet analysis help us in the construction of new representations of certain $`q`$-relations fromstatistical mechanics. The $`q`$-relations have been studied earlier in connection with quantum fields  and statistical mechanics . In particular, the paper  serves to show that the $`q`$-relations interpolate between the bosons and the fermions. Further, in , the partition function is calculated for the quons and it is established that it exhibits Gibbs’ paradox. As a result, the corresponding notions of entropy, free energy and particle number break with our traditional understanding of thermodynamical quantities.