text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

It is well known that M-theory has an infinite number of vacua. As long as we do not know the vacuum selection principle of M-theory, it might be a good strategy to study generic properties of these vacua. A large class of vacua are string compactifications with D-branes and O-planes. Such orientifolds have been extensively studied in flat space and recently in curved spaces . In this talk I will present a general prescription  to construct orientifolds that are based on rational conformal field theories (RCFT). The common property of these theories is that the RCFT has simple currents  which enable us to find universal formulas for D-branes and O-planes.

The outline of this talk is as follows. I will explain what simple currents are and how they can be used to construct string theories. From time to time I will clarify this construction with an example, the bosonic string compactified on the $`E_8\times SO(16)`$ root lattice333 The ‘dummy’ $`E_8`$ will de dropped in the remainder.. This example is interesting in its own right, since suitable extensions and truncations of this theory are related to the $`d=10`$ fermionic strings . We will see that our prescription describes all known $`d=10`$ orientifolds  in one unified framework.

## 2 Closed strings and simple currents

The worldsheet of a closed oriented string must be a conformal field theory and splits in a left- and rightmoving sector. The chiral half of these theories is specified by a (chiral) algebra $`𝒜`$, that we assume to be rational. Rationality simply means that the number of (chiral) primaries of $`𝒜`$, labelled by $`m`$, is finite. Let $`Z_{mn}`$ denote how many times the left-moving primary $`m`$ is combined with the right-moving primary $`n`$. Then we must have

$$[Z,S]=[Z,T]=0$$
(1)
in order for this theory to be finite. Here $`S`$ and $`T`$ are the modular matrices of $`𝒜`$. The matrix $`Z`$ is refered to as the modular invariant. The first step will be to classify these. This can (to a certain extent) be done by simple currents .

Simple currents are primary fields $`J`$ whose fusion product with any primary $`m`$ yields just one primary $`J\times mJm`$. An illustrative example is the chiral algebra of free bosons. For this theory, the primaries are labeled by momenta $`p`$ and the fusion product expresses momentum conservation $`p\times q=p+q`$. So every primary is a simple current. This example falls strictly speaking not in the class we are considering since the chiral algebra is not rational. However, when compactified on a circle of rational radius, the chiral algebra can be made rational. We can for instance compactify $`r`$ bosons on the coroot-lattice of a Lie group $`G`$ of rank $`r`$. The momenta are $`G`$ weights, but weights that differ by a root can be grouped into a single primary of an ‘extended’ algebra called $`G`$ level $`1`$. The number of primaries of this extended algebra therefore equals the number of conjugacy classes of $`G`$. Since this theory still consists of free bosons, all primaries are simple currents. The fusion rules reflect momentum conservation modulo roots which yields a group structure that is isomorphic to the centre of $`G`$.

Throughout this talk we will simplify the discussion in two ways. First, the simple current group that generates the modular invariant is $`_N`$. Second, we assume that these currents do not have fixed points444For the general case including fixed points, see .. Such a cyclic group defines a modular invariant whose only nonzero entries are $`Z_{m,J^\alpha m}=1`$ and this happens only when

$$h_m+(1\alpha )h_Jh_{Jm}.$$

Here $`J`$ is the generator of $`_N`$. We have $`J^N=0`$, the vacuum. The index $`\alpha `$ runs from $`1`$ to $`N`$ and $`h_m`$ is the conformal weight of $`m`$.

Consider $`SO(16)`$ level $`1`$. The primaries $`(O_{16},S_{16},V_{16},C_{16})`$ have conformal weights $`(0,1,1/2,1)`$ and generate a $`_2\times _2`$ simple current group. The $`_2`$ simple current invariants corresponding to $`O_{16},V_{16},S_{16}`$ are555The invariant obtained from $`C_{16}`$ gives after the truncation (5) a fermionic spectrum that is equivalent to that of $`𝒵_{IIB}`$. :

$`𝒵_{0B}`$ $`=`$ $`O_{16}\overline{O}_{16}+V_{16}\overline{V}_{16}+C_{16}\overline{C}_{16}+S_{16}\overline{S}_{16},`$ (2)
$`𝒵_{0A}`$ $`=`$ $`O_{16}\overline{O}_{16}+V_{16}\overline{V}_{16}+C_{16}\overline{S}_{16}+S_{16}\overline{C}_{16},`$ (3)
$`𝒵_{IIB}`$ $`=`$ $`(O_{16}+S_{16})(\overline{O}_{16}+\overline{S}_{16}).`$ (4)
Note that we have written $`𝒵=_{mn}\chi _mZ_{mn}\overline{\chi }_n`$ where $`\chi _m`$ is the Virasoro specialized character of primary $`m`$. We denote the characters of $`SO(16)`$ by $`O_{16}\chi _{O_{16}}`$ etcetera. Right-moving characters are barred. The spectra of these bosonic theories can be related to the fermionic string theories as indicated by the subscript. In order to read off the fermionic spectrum, one has to replace the $`SO(16)`$ characters by $`SO(8)`$ characters as follows :

$$O_{16}V_8,V_{16}O_8,S_{16}S_8,C_{16}C_8.$$
(5)
The $`O_{16},V_{16}`$ are in the NS sector and $`S_{16},C_{16}`$ are in the R sector. Due to the minus signs in (5), states in the $`RNS`$ and $`NSR`$ sectors contribute with a minus sign to the partition function and thus describe fermions. Type OB and OA do not contain fermions, are not space-time supersymmetric and are tachyonic due to the groundstate of $`V_{16}\overline{V}_{16}`$. Type IIB is supersymmetric since it contains gravitinos from $`S_{16}\overline{O}_{16}`$ and $`\overline{S}_{16}O_{16}`$ and is tachyon free.

When we use the full $`_2\times _2`$ centre, the resulting invariant describes the type IIA string:

$$𝒵_{IIA}=(O_{16}+S_{16})(\overline{O}_{16}+\overline{C}_{16}).$$
(6)
Since this theory is not invariant under $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, we cannot perform the standard orientifolding. However, this theory is invariant under $`𝒯^1\mathrm{\Omega }𝒯`$ where $`𝒯`$ interchanges $`\overline{S}_{16}`$ and $`\overline{C}_{16}`$. Orientifolds of type IIA are beyond the scope of this talk.

From this example we see that all uncompactified string theories are simple current invariants. For a generic compactified string theory this is no longer true, since the ‘internal’ CFT might be interacting (i.e., is not described by free bosons). For interacting CFT’s, not all primaries are simple currents, but many invariants are simple current invariants. Note from our example that simple currents nicely implement the ten dimensional GSO projection; this is true for any dimension (see for instance .

## 3 Orientifolds and simple currents

Next we consider two-dimensional CFT’s on worldsheets with boundaries and crosscaps . A necessary ingredient for calculating the correlation functions on such surfaces are the one-point functions of closed strings on the disc and $`RP^2`$, i.e., the tadpoles. Let $`|\varphi _{ij}`$ denote a closed oriented string state whose left/right-mover is (a descendant of) the primary $`i/j`$. Then the disc and crosscap tadpoles of this field are given by

$$B|\varphi _{ij},C|\varphi _{ij}.$$
(7)
Here $`|B`$ and $`|C`$ are boundary and crosscap states whose presice definition is not important for the rest of this talk. These tadpoles are constrained as follows. First note that on a surface with a boundary, the left- and rightmovers on the string are no longer independent. In particular, the left- and rightmoving worldsheet currents are related by a boundary condition. We can for instance choose a diagonal ‘gluing condition’ in which the left- and rightmoving currents are equal. Then, the full $`𝒜\times \overline{𝒜}`$ algebra is broken to a diagonal subalgebra by the boundary. Similar remarks apply for the crosscap. From this we then conclude that the tadpoles are only defined when the left- and rightmoving representations of $`|\varphi _{ij}`$ are equal666More presicely, since left-/right-movers can be viewed as in/outcoming states, the tadpoles for diagonal gluing are only defined for representations that are each others charge conjugate. Alternatively, one can also consider tadpoles for charge conjugation gluing conditions. Then the tadpoles are defined for diagonal closed strings. It is the latter formulation that we are considering in this talk.. So

$$B|\varphi _{ij}\delta _{ij},C|\varphi _{ij}\delta _{ij}.$$
(8)
For a given closed oriented string spectrum described by a modular invariant $`Z_{ij}`$, we only need to know the tadpoles for a subset of primaries, namely those that couple diagonally. A primary $`i`$ for which $`Z_{ii}0`$ is called an Ishibashi label. Note that Ishibashi labels are degenerate when $`Z_{ii}2`$. For simple current invariants, this can only happen when the currents have fixed points, so we will ignore this degeneracy problem (and its solution ) in this talk. A second constraint only applies for the boundaries and is refered to as completeness . It states: the number of inequivalent boundaries of a given gluing condition equals the number of Ishibashi labels. We then write

$$B|\varphi _{ii}=\underset{a}{}𝒩_aB_a|\varphi _{ii}$$
(9)
where $`|B_a`$ is the boundary state of type $`a`$. The numbers $`𝒩_a`$ are Chan-Paton factors and count how many times ‘brane’ $`a`$ exists in the theory. It is convenient to define the boundary and crosscap coefficients

$$B_{ia}=B_a|\varphi _{ii},\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=C|\varphi _{ii}.$$
(10)
A second constraint on the tadpoles is integrality and arises as follows. It is well known that the spectrum of a string theory is encoded in the one-loop partition function. For a string theory including worldsheet boundaries and crosscaps, the total one-loop partition function has three additional contributions besides the torus $`𝒵`$: Klein bottle $`𝒦`$, annulus $`𝒜`$ and Möbius strip $``$. In terms of characters we can write

$$𝒦=\underset{m}{}K_m\chi _m,𝒜=\underset{mab}{}𝒩_a𝒩_bA_{mab}\chi _m,=\underset{ma}{}𝒩_aM_{ma}\widehat{\chi }_m.$$
(11)
where the definition of $`\widehat{\chi }`$ is such that even/odd level descendants of $`m`$ are symmetrized/
antisymmetrized when $`M_{ma}>0`$ and vice versa when $`M_{ma}<0`$. The Klein bottle (anti)symmetrizes sector $`Z_{mm}`$ when $`K_m`$ is $`()1`$. In order to have nonnegative state multiplicities in both the open and closed sector it is sufficient to have

$$\frac{1}{2}(Z_{mm}+K_m)^+,\frac{1}{2}(A_{maa}+M_{ma})^+,A_{mab}=A_{mba}^+.$$
(12)
where $`^+`$ denote the positive integers including $`0`$. It is intuitively clear that integrality constrains the tadpoles, since $`𝒜`$ and $`𝒦`$ contains two boundaries and two crosscaps respectively and $``$ contains a boundary and a crosscap. We require :

$$K_m=\underset{i}{}S_{im}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,A_{mab}=\underset{i}{}S_{im}B_{ia}B_{ib},M_{ma}=\underset{i}{}P_{im}\mathrm{\Gamma }_iB_{ia}.$$
(13)
where $`P=\sqrt{T}ST^2S\sqrt{T}`$  and $`S,T`$ are the modular matrices of the chiral algebra under consideration. The third constraint is tadpole cancellation. All one-loop diagrams are finite when

$$\underset{a}{}𝒩_aB_{0a}=2^{d/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_0,\underset{a}{}𝒩_aB_{ia}=2^{d/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }_i$$
(14)
for all Ishibashi primaries $`i`$ with $`h_i=1`$. Here $`d`$ is the uncompactified dimension of the fermionic string. Tadpole cancellation determines the gauge group in the open sector. We will require that $`A_{0ab}`$ is an involution on the boundary labels . This gauge group depends on the Möbius coefficient $`M_{0a}`$ as follows. When $`M_{0a}=+1`$ the gauge group is $`SO(𝒩)`$, when $`M_{0a}=1`$ the gauge group is $`Sp(𝒩)`$. Unitary gauge groups arise as follows. When $`M_{0a}=0`$, integrality in the open sector implies $`A_{0aa}=0`$ as well. Therefore, there must be a conjugate boundary label $`\overline{a}a`$ for which $`A_{0a\overline{a}}=1`$. The conjugate pair represents a $`U(𝒩_a=𝒩_{\overline{a}})`$ gauge group.

We  have found a universal formula for the boundary and crosscap coefficients in case the closed oriented string spectrum is described by an arbitrary symmetric simple current invariant for any rational CFT. In case of a $`_N`$ simple current group without fixed points we have for the boundary  and crosscap coefficients

$$B_{i[j]}=\sqrt{N}\frac{S_{ij}}{\sqrt{S_{iK}}},\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=\frac{\sqrt{N}}{2}\frac{[\sigma (0)P_{iK}+\sigma (1)P_{i,JK}]}{\sqrt{S_{iK}}}.$$
(15)
where the Ishibashi label $`i`$ is such that

$$Q_J(i)h_i+h_Jh_{Ji}$$

and the boundary labels $`[j]=\{k=J^\alpha j|\alpha =1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ are given by simple current ‘orbits’. From

$$S_{i,Jj}=e^{2\pi \mathrm{i}Q_J(i)}S_{ij}$$
(16)
it follows that the boundary coefficient does not depend on the orbit representative. It is an easy exercise to show that the boundary coefficient has a left- and right inverse, thus satisfying completeness. The crosscap coefficient contains two signs $`\sigma (0)`$ and $`\sigma (1)`$. When $`N`$ is odd, these signs must be such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i=\sqrt{N}\sigma (0)P_{iK}`$. When $`N`$ is even, these signs are independent. The primary field $`K`$ is a simple current called Klein bottle current . We can always choose $`K=0`$. When nontrivial, it is must be local with all order two currents $`J_N`$, i.e. $`Q_K(J)=0`$. To yield inequivalent theories, it is necessary that $`K_N`$ and $`K^2=0`$.

The solutions (15) reproduce all known ten-dimensional orientifolds  when applied to $`SO(16)`$ level $`1`$. The $`S`$ and $`P`$ matrices are given by

$$S_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}e^{2\pi \mathrm{i}Q_j(i)},P_{ij}=\delta _{ij}$$
(17)
where $`i,j=O_{16},V_{16},S_{16},C_{16}`$. The role of the Klein bottle current can be nicely illustrated in the OB theory. The simple current group that defines $`𝒵_{0B}`$ is trivial, so all primaries can be used as a Klein bottle current. The Klein bottle partition functions are given by

$`𝒦_{0B}^{[O]}`$ $`=`$ $`O_{16}+V_{16}+S_{16}+C_{16},𝒦_{0B}^{[V]}=O_{16}+V_{16}S_{16}C_{16},`$ (18)
$`𝒦_{0B}^{[S]}`$ $`=`$ $`O_{16}V_{16}+S_{16}C_{16},𝒦_{0B}^{[C]}=O_{16}V_{16}S_{16}+C_{16}.`$ (19)
By completeness, there are four boundary labels denoted by $`O,V,S,C`$. The annulus and Möbius for the trivial Klein bottle current are

$`𝒜_{0B}^{[0]}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(𝒩_O^2+𝒩_V^2+𝒩_S^2+𝒩_C^2\right)O_{16}+2\left(𝒩_O𝒩_V+𝒩_S𝒩_C\right)V_{16}`$ (21)
$`2\left(𝒩_O𝒩_S+𝒩_V𝒩_C\right)S_{16}+2\left(𝒩_O𝒩_C+𝒩_V𝒩_S\right)C_{16}`$
$`_{0B}^{[0]}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma (0)\left(𝒩_O+𝒩_V+𝒩_S+𝒩_C\right)\widehat{O}_{16}`$ (22)
Tadpole cancellation (14) has to be imposed on $`i=O_{16},C_{16},S_{16}`$ and requires $`\sigma (0)=1`$ and an $`[SO(𝒩)\times SO(32𝒩)]^2`$ gauge group. The effect of a nontrivial Klein bottle current $`K`$ in the open sector can be summarized as follows:

$$A_{mab}^{[K]}=A_{Km,ab}^{[0]},M_{Ka}^{[K]}=e^{2\pi \mathrm{i}Q_K(a)}M_{0a}^{[0]}$$
(23)
where we only displayed the nonzero Möbius coefficient. The only field that flows in the Möbius is the Klein bottle current. From (5), we see that space-time vectors come from $`O_{16}`$, and therefore a non-trivial Klein bottle leads to unitary gauge groups. The tadpole condition only has non-trivial solutions when we relax the condition for $`O_{16}`$ (dilaton tadpole). For $`K=V_{16}`$ the gauge group is $`U(𝒩)\times U()`$. For the $`K=S_{16}`$ case we impose in addition

$$𝒩_0=𝒩_S,𝒩_V=𝒩_C$$
(24)
since they are conjugate. Tadpole cancellation then allows a $`U(𝒩)\times U(𝒩32)`$ gauge group where $`𝒩32`$. Strictly speaking, we have two such theories, labelled by the free sign $`\sigma (0)`$.

The type OA theory is a $`_2`$ simple current invariant based on the half-integer spin current $`V_{16}`$. There are no Klein bottle currents. By completeness, we have two boundaries $`[O]`$ and $`[S]`$. The partition functions of this orientifold are

$`𝒦_{0A}`$ $`=`$ $`O_{16}+V_{16},`$ (25)
$`𝒜_{0A}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(𝒩_{[O]}^2+𝒩_{[S]}^2\right)\left(O_{16}+V_{16}\right)+2𝒩_{[O]}𝒩_{[S]}\left(S_{16}+C_{16}\right),`$ (26)
$`_{0A}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma (0)\left(𝒩_{[O]}+𝒩_{[S]}\right)\widehat{O}_{16}+\sigma (1)\left(𝒩_{[O]}𝒩_{[S]}\right)\widehat{V}_{16}.`$ (27)
The dilaton tadpole is cancelled when $`\sigma (0)=1`$ and the gauge group equals $`SO(𝒩)\times SO(32𝒩)`$. The sign $`\sigma (1)`$ is unconstrained.

Note that the OA orientifold has tachyons in the open sector. Indeed, from the truncation rules (5), we see that $`V_{16}`$ contains the tachyon and there is no tadpole free choice of $`𝒩`$ to get rid of it. This happens also for the type OB orientifolds, except when the Klein bottle current $`K=S_{16}`$ and the gauge group is $`U(32)`$. From the Klein bottle partition function it also follows that the closed string tadpole is projected out .

The type IIB string is a $`_2`$ simple current invariant based on $`S_{16}`$. The partition functions are

$`𝒦_{IIB}`$ $`=`$ $`O_{16}+S_{16},`$ (28)
$`𝒜_{IIB}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(𝒩_{[O]}^2+𝒩_{[V]}^2\right)\left(O_{16}+S_{16}\right)+2𝒩_{[O]}𝒩_{[V]}\left(V_{16}+C_{16}\right),`$ (29)
$`_{IIB}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma (0)\left(𝒩_{[O]}+𝒩_{[V]}\right)\widehat{O}_{16}+\sigma (1)\left(𝒩_{[O]}𝒩_{[V]}\right)\widehat{S}_{16}.`$ (30)
Note that these expressions are the same as those of the type OA descendant when $`S`$ and $`V`$ are interchanged. The tadpole cancellation conditions for the dilaton and (unphysical) axion are

$$𝒩_{[O]}+𝒩_{[V]}=\sigma (0)32,𝒩_{[O]}𝒩_{[V]}=\sigma (1)32.$$
(31)
When we insist on dilaton tadpole cancellation, we must choose $`\sigma (0)=1`$. When $`\sigma (1)=1`$ as well, we have a $`SO(32)`$ gauge group from $`32`$ branes of type $`[V]`$. For $`\sigma (1)=1`$ we have a $`SO(32)`$ gauge group from the $`[O]`$ branes. We can identify the signs $`\sigma (0)`$ and $`\sigma (1)`$ with the tension and RR charges of an O-plane777The tension is $`\sigma (0)`$ since the ten-dimensional dilaton appears at the first excited level of $`O_{16}\overline{O}_{16}`$.. Similarly, we can identify the $`[O]`$-boundary states as D-branes and the $`[V]`$-boundary states as anti-D-branes. Note also that when we relax the dilaton tadpole condition, we can choose $`\sigma (0)=1`$ and thus allow symplectic gauge groups $`Sp(𝒩)\times Sp(32𝒩)`$. For $`Sp(32)`$ the open string tachyon is removed from the spectrum .

## 4 Conclusions

We have rediscovered all ten dimensional orientifolds using simple currents. These theories can be supersymmetric or nonsupersymmetric, may have dilaton tadpoles and/or tachyon instabilities. It is intriguing to realize that the fermionic string theories in ten dimensions are closely related to the $`_2\times _2`$ centre of $`SO(16)`$. (See also the contribution of Laurent Houart to these proceedings .)

We have found universal formulas for boundary and crosscap coefficients for all symmetric simple current invariants for any rational chiral algebra. These formulas basically contain the $`S`$ and $`P`$ matrices of a chiral algebra and a few signs and phases, which are known for many RCFT’s, like WZW models and cosets. Our construction can therefore be used to compute the spectra, brane tensions etcetera for a huge number of string theories .

We believe that the classification of D-branes and O-planes in rational CFT’s is a first step in understanding the complete spectrum of branes and planes at arbitrary points in the moduli space of string theories. There has been a lot of interest in the comparison of D-branes at rational and large volume points in moduli spaces of Calabi-Yau compactifications . The hope is that one can derive from this the brane spectrum at arbitrary modulus. A powerful tool is mirror symmetry. Under mirror symmetry, so-called A-type branes and B-type branes are interchanged and each can be used to probe a different part of the moduli space. In this respect it is interesting to note that the distinction between mirror compactifications and therefore A- and B-type branes is another application of simple currents (see for instance ).

Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Bert Schellekens for many stimulating discussions. I am grateful to the organizers of the EC-TMR workshop for giving me the opportunity to present my work.


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# Broken unitarity of the SM and a new theory of EW Interactions 11footnote 1Talk presented at Intern. Symp. on Frontiers of Science, 6/17-6/19/02, Beijing, China

## 1 Introduction

The Lagrangian of the SM after spontaneous symmetry breaking is

$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}A_{\mu \nu }^iA^{i\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }B^{\mu \nu }+\overline{q}\{i\gamma m_q\}q`$ (1)
$`+\overline{q}_L\{{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}\tau _i\gamma A^i+g^{}{\displaystyle \frac{Y}{2}}\gamma B\}q_L+\overline{q}_Rg^{}{\displaystyle \frac{Y}{2}}\gamma Bq_R`$
$`+\overline{l}\{i\gamma m_l\}l+\overline{l}_L\{{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}\tau _i\gamma A^i{\displaystyle \frac{g^{}}{2}}\gamma B\}l_L\overline{l}_Rg^{}\gamma Bl_R`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_Z^2Z_\mu Z^\mu +m_W^2W_\mu ^+W^\mu +_{Higgs}.`$
Comparing with QED and QCD, there are two new interactions, taking (t,b) generation as an example, Z, and W are

$$=\frac{\overline{g}}{4}\overline{t}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5tZ^\mu \frac{\overline{g}}{4}\overline{b}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5bZ^\mu ,$$
(2)
$$=\frac{g}{2\sqrt{2}}\overline{t}\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)bW^{+\mu }++\overline{b}\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)tW^\mu .$$

$$m_tm_b$$

It has been known for a long time that the unitarity of renormalizability of the SM after spontaneous symmetry breaking has been proved in Ref.. However, these two new vertices are not included in ’t Hooft’s paper. We need to study their effects.

## 2 Theory of axial-vector field

The Lagrangian of a model of an axial-vector field and a fermion is constructed as

$$=\frac{1}{4}(_\mu a_\nu _\nu a_\mu )^2+\overline{\psi }\{i\gamma +e\gamma a\gamma _5\}\psi m\overline{\psi }\psi .$$
(3)
The amplitude of the vacuum polarization of axial-vector field is

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }^a=\frac{1}{2}(p_\mu p_\nu p^2g_{\mu \nu })F_{a1}(z)+F_{a2}(z)p_\mu p_\nu +\frac{1}{2}m_a^2g_{\mu \nu },$$
(4)
where

$$F_{a1}(z)=1+\frac{e^2}{(4\pi )^2}[\frac{1}{3}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\frac{D}{2})(\frac{\mu ^2}{m^2})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}8f_1(z)+8f_2(z)]\}\}$$

$$f_2(z)=\frac{1}{z}_0^1𝑑xlog\{1x(1x)z\},$$

$$F_{a2}(z)=\frac{4e^2}{(4\pi ^2)}f_2(z),$$

$$m_a^2=\frac{2e^2}{(4\pi ^2)}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\frac{D}{2})(\frac{\mu ^2}{m^2})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}m^2.$$

The function $`F_{a1}`$ is used to renormalize the $`a_\mu `$ field. A mass term is generated by massive fermion loop. $`F_{a2}`$ is another new term generated by the axial-vector coupling between axial-vector field and massive fermion. The function $`F_{a2}`$ is finite and rewritten as

$$F_{a2}(z)=\xi +(p^2m_\varphi ^2)G_{a2}(p^2),$$
(5)
where $`m_\varphi ^2`$ is the mass of a spin-0 state whose existence will be studied below, $`G_{a2}`$ is the radiative correction of the term $`(_\mu a^\mu )^2`$, and

$$\xi =F_{a2}(\frac{m_\varphi ^2}{m^2}).$$
(6)
The new perturbation theory of axial-vector field theory is constructed as

$`_{a0}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(_\mu a_\nu _\nu a_\mu )^2+\xi (_\mu a^\mu )^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_a^2a_\mu ^2,`$ (9)
$`_{ai}=e\overline{\psi }\gamma _\mu \gamma _5\psi a^\mu +_c,`$
$`_c=\xi (_\mu a^\mu )^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_a^2a_\mu ^2.`$
$`_c`$ is a counter term of the Lagrangian. $`_{a0}`$ is the Stueckelberg’s Lagrangian. The axial-vector field $`a_\mu `$ has four independent components.

The equation satisfied by $`_\mu a^\mu `$ is derived

$$^2(_\mu a^\mu )\frac{m_a^2}{2\xi }(_\mu a^\mu )=0.$$
(10)
$`_\mu a^\mu `$ is a pseudoscalar field and we define

$$_\mu a^\mu =b\varphi .$$
(11)
The equation of the new field $`\varphi `$ is found

$$^2\varphi \frac{m_a^2}{2\xi }\varphi =0,m_\varphi ^2=\frac{m_a^2}{2\xi }.$$
(12)
the mass of the $`\varphi `$ boson is the solution of the equation

$$2F_{a2}(\frac{m_\varphi ^2}{m^2})m_\varphi ^2+m_a^2=0.$$
(13)
In order to show the existence of solution we take

$$\frac{e^2}{\pi ^2}\frac{m^2}{m_a^2}=1$$

as an example. The numerical calculation shows that $`\xi <0`$ and the solution is found to be

$$m_\varphi =8.02m.$$

If

$$\frac{e^2}{\pi ^2}\frac{m^2}{m_a^2}=0.5$$

is taken we obtain

$$m_\varphi =20.42m.$$

The value of $`m_\varphi `$ increases while $`e^2`$ decreases. It is necessary to point out that $`F_{a2}(z)`$ is negative in the region of the mass of $`\varphi `$ boson. We separate $`a_\mu `$ field into a massive spin-1 filed $`a_\mu ^{}`$ and a pseudoscalar filed $`\varphi `$

$`a_\mu =a_\mu ^{}+c_\mu \varphi ,`$ (15)
$`_\mu a^\mu =0.`$
The free Lagrangian is divided into two parts

$`_{a0}=_{a^{}0}+_{\varphi 0},`$ (18)
$`_{a^{}0}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(_\mu a_\nu ^{}_\nu a_\mu ^{})^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_a^2a_\mu ^{}a^\mu ,`$
$`_{\varphi 0}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m_\varphi ^2}}_\mu \varphi \{^2+m_\varphi ^2\}^\mu \varphi .`$
The coefficient c is determined by the normalization of $`_{\varphi 0}`$

$$c=\pm \frac{1}{m_a},$$
(19)
and we obtain

$$b=cm_\varphi ^2=\frac{m_\varphi ^2}{m_a}.$$
(20)
The signs don’t affect the physical results when $`\varphi `$ appears as virtual particle. The propagator of the $`a_\mu `$ field is derived

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{p^2m_a^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+(1+\frac{1}{2\xi })\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_\varphi ^2}\}.$$
(21)
It can be rewritten as

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{p^2m_a^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{m_a^2}\}\frac{1}{m_a^2}\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_\varphi ^2}.$$
(22)
The first part is the propagator of the massive spin-1 field and the second part is the propagator of the pseudoscalar field. The propagator of the pseudoscalar is determined to be

$$\frac{1}{p^2m_\varphi ^2}.$$
(23)
It is different from the propagator of a regular spin-0 field by a minus sign. There are problems of indefinite metric and negative probability when the $`\varphi `$ field is on mass shell. $`\varphi `$ is a ghost. Therefore, in the energy region of $`m_\varphi `$ the unitarity of this theory is broken.

## 3 Theory of charged vector fields

In this section we study a theory of charged vector fields which are coupled to two fermions whose masses are different. The Lagrangian is constructed as

$$=\frac{1}{2}(_\mu v_\nu ^+_\nu v_\mu ^{})^2+e(\overline{u}\gamma _\mu dv_\mu ^{}+\overline{d}\gamma _\mu uv_\mu ^+)m_u\overline{u}um_d\overline{d}d.$$

The amplitude of the vacuum polarization is derived

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }^v^{}=\frac{1}{2}(p_\mu p_\nu p^2g_{\mu \nu })F_{v^{}1}(p^2)+F_{v^{}2}(p^2)p_\mu p_\nu +\frac{1}{2}m_v^{}^2g_{\mu \nu },$$

where

$$m_v^{}^2=\frac{4D}{(4\pi )^2}g^2\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\frac{D}{2})_0^1𝑑x(\frac{\mu ^2}{L_0})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}m_{}\{m_{}+m_+(2x1)\},$$

$$F_{v^{}1}(p^2)=\frac{4D}{(4\pi )^2}g^2\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\frac{D}{2})_0^1𝑑xx(1x)(\frac{\mu ^2}{L})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}},$$

$$F_{v^{}2}(p^2)=\frac{4D}{(4\pi )^2}g^2\frac{1}{p^2}_0^1𝑑xm_{}\{m_{}+m_+(2x1)\}log\{1\frac{1}{L_0}x(1x)p^2\},$$

where

$$m_{}=\frac{1}{2}(m_um_d),m_+=\frac{1}{2}(m_u+m_d),$$

$$L_0=xm_u^2+(1x)m_d^2,L=L_0x(1x)p^2.$$

The equations show that nonzero $`m_v^{}^2`$ and $`F_{v^{}2}`$ are resulted in $`m_um_d`$.

The structure of the vacuum polarization is the same as the case of axial-vector field. Both mass and divergence of the vector fields are generated by massive fermion loop. Therefore, the charged vector fields have four independent components too: three spin-1 components and one scalar whose mass can be determined. The scalar component has negative metric which leads to negative probability. The unitarity of this theory is broken at the mass of the scalar.

## 4 Weinberg’s $`2^nd`$ sum rule

Pion, $`\rho `$ meson, and $`a_1`$ meson are made of u and d quarks.
Why pion is so light ?
Why $`\rho `$ meson is much heavier than pion?
Why $`a_1`$ meson is much heavier than $`\rho `$ meson?
It is well known that pion mass is originated in explicit chiral symmetry breaking, the Gell-Mann, Oakes, and Ranner formula. In 1967 Weinberg published a paper in which the Weinberg’s second sum rule is obtained

$$m_a^2=2m_\rho ^2.$$

with an assumption about the high energy behavior of the propagator of the axial-vector fields.

The question is that based on QCD how can we understand the masses of pion, $`\rho `$, $`a_1`$, and Weinberg’s rule. Masses of mesons are associated with some kind of symmetry breaking. In QCD there are only two mechanism of breaking chiral symmetry: explicit and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking.
Where is the third one? In Ref. we have proposed an effective chiral theory of light mesons. Taking two flavors as an example,

$`=\overline{\psi }(x)(i\gamma +\gamma v+\gamma a\gamma _5mu(x))\psi (x)\overline{\psi (x)}M\psi (x)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}m_0^2(\rho _i^\mu \rho _{\mu i}+\omega ^\mu \omega _\mu +a_i^\mu a_{\mu i}+f^\mu f_\mu )`$ (24)
where $`a_\mu =\tau _ia_\mu ^i+f_\mu `$, $`v_\mu =\tau _i\rho _\mu ^i+\omega _\mu `$, and $`u=exp\{i\gamma _5(\tau _i\pi _i+\eta )\}`$, and M is the current quark matrix. Since mesons are bound states solutions of $`QCD`$ they are not independent degrees of freedom. Therefore, there are no kinetic terms for meson fields. The kinetic terms of meson fields are generated from quark loops. m is a parameter, the constituent quark mass, which related to quark condensate, dynamical chiral symmetry breaking.
This theory has following features:

1. The theory is chiral symmetric in the limit of $`m_q0`$,
2. The constituent quark mass is introduced as m and the theory has dynamically chiral symmetry breaking(m),
3. VMD is a natural result

$$\frac{e}{f_v}\{\frac{1}{2}F^{\mu \nu }(_\mu \rho _\nu _\nu \rho _\mu )+A^\mu j^\mu \}.$$
4. Axial-vector currents are bosonized

$$\frac{g_W}{4f_a}\frac{1}{f_a}\{\frac{1}{2}F^{i\mu \nu }(_\mu a_\nu ^i_\nu a_\mu ^i)+A^{i\mu }j_\mu ^i\}\frac{g_W}{4}\mathrm{\Delta }m^2f_aA_\mu ^ia^{i\mu }\frac{g_W}{4}f_\pi A^{i\mu }_\mu \pi ^i,$$
5. The Wess-Zumino-Witten anomalous action is the leading term of the imaginary part of the effective Lagrangian,
6. Weinberg’s first sum rule is satisfied analytically,
7. All the 10 coefficients of the ChPT are predicted by this theory. ChPT is the low energy limit of the effective chiral theory of mesons.
8. The theory is phenomenologically successful: theoretical results of the masses and strong, E$`\&`$M, and weak decay widths of mesons agree well with data,
9. The form factors of pion, $`\pi _{l3}`$, $`K_{l3}`$, $`\pi e\gamma \nu `$, and K$`e\gamma \nu `$ are obtained and agree with data,

$$<r^2>_\pi =0.445fm^2,Exp.=0.44\pm 0.01fm^2,\rho pole=0.39fm^2.$$

$`\pi \pi `$ and $`\pi `$K scatterings are studied. Theory agrees with data,
10. The parameters of this theory are: m(quark condensate), g(universal coupling constant), and three current quark masses,
11. Large $`N_C`$ expansion is natural in this theory. All loop diagrams of mesons are at higher orders in $`N_C`$ expansion,
12. A cut-off has been determined to be 1.8GeV. All the masses of mesons are below the cut-off. The theory is self consistent,

To the leading order in quark mass expansion, the masses of the octet pseudoscalar and vector mesons are derived

$`m_\pi ^2={\displaystyle \frac{2}{f_\pi ^2}}(m_u+m_d)<0|\overline{\psi }\psi |0>,`$
$`m_\rho ^2=6m^2.`$ (25)
Therefore, in this theory explicit chiral symmetry breaking is responsible for $`m_\pi `$ and $`m_\rho `$ is revealed from dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. A new mechanism of chiral symmetry breaking is found in this theory, which is obtained from

$$\overline{\psi }\gamma _\mu \gamma _5\tau ^i\psi a_\mu ^i.$$

It is not anomaly, there are two $`\gamma _5`$. However, because of the anticommute property of $`\gamma _5`$ an additional mass term is obtained from quark loop

$$(1\frac{1}{2\pi ^2g^2})m_a^2=m_\rho ^2+m_\rho ^2$$

On the LHS there is a factor

$$1\frac{1}{2\pi ^2g^2}$$

which is obtained from the the behavior of the propagator $`a_1`$ field at high energy.
Besides the kinetic term of $`a_1`$ field

$$\frac{1}{4}(_\mu a_\nu _\nu a_\mu )^2$$

there is additional divergent term

$$\frac{1}{4\pi ^2f_a^2}(_\mu a^{i\mu })^2$$

is obtained. The new chiral symmetry breaking originates in the axial-vector coupling between axial-vector fields and massive fermions(m).

## 5 Spin-0 component of the Z-field

We choose unitary gauge to study the properties of Z and W fields of the SM. Of course, in the SM besides the diagrams of vacuum polarization by fermions there are other diagrams in which propagators of the intermediate bosons are involved. However, only after taking the vacuum polarization of fermions into account the propagator of boson can be defined. Therefore, we study the effects of vacuum polarization of fermions first. Using the unitary gauge, after spontaneous symmetry breaking the free Lagrangian of W and Z bosons in the original perturbation theory is defined as

$$_0=\frac{1}{4}(_\mu Z\nu _\nu Z_\mu )^2+\frac{1}{2}m_Z^2Z_\mu Z^\mu $$

$$\frac{1}{2}(_\mu W_\nu ^+_\nu W_\mu ^+)(^\mu W^\nu ^\nu W^\mu )+m_W^2W_\mu ^+W^\mu .$$

There are other free Lagrangian of photon, fermions and Higgs respectively. Both W and Z are massive spin-1 fields which have three independent degrees of freedom .

We take the t- and b-quark generation as an example

$$=\frac{\overline{g}}{4}\{(1\frac{8}{3}\alpha )\overline{t}\gamma _\mu t+\overline{t}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5t\}Z^\mu \frac{\overline{g}}{4}\{(1\frac{4}{3}\alpha )\overline{b}\gamma _\mu b+\overline{b}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5b\}Z^\mu ,$$
(26)
where $`\alpha =sin^2\theta _W`$. The S-matrix element of the vacuum polarization of t and b quark generation at the second order is obtained

$`<Z|s^{(2)}|Z>=i(2\pi )^4\delta (pp^{})ϵ^\mu ϵ^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{N_C}{(4\pi )^2}}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})`$ (27)
$`{\displaystyle _0^1}dx\{x(1x)(p_\mu p_\nu p^2g_{\mu \nu })[({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_t}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}[(1{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\alpha )^2+1]`$
$`+({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_b}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}[(1{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\alpha )^2+1]]`$
$`+m_t^2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_t}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}g_{\mu \nu }+m_b^2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_b}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}g_{\mu \nu }\},`$
where $`L_t=m_t^2x(1x)p^2`$, $`L_b=m_b^2x(1x)p^2`$ and $`\overline{g}^2=g^2+g^2`$. The kinetic term is generated by both the vector and the axial-vector couplings and the mass terms originate in the axial-vector coupling only.

The interaction Lagrangian between Z-boson and the leptons of e and $`\nu _e`$ is obtained

$$=\frac{\overline{g}}{4}\overline{\nu _e}\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)\nu _eZ^\mu \frac{\overline{g}}{4}\{(14\alpha )\overline{e}\gamma _\mu e+\overline{e}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5e\}Z^\mu .$$
(28)
We obtain

$`<Z|s^{(2)}|Z>=i(2\pi )^4\delta (pp^{}){\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{8}}ϵ^\mu ϵ^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})`$ (29)
$`{\displaystyle _0^1}dx\{x(1x)(p_\mu p_\nu p^2g_{\mu \nu })[({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_e}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}[(14\alpha )^2+1]+2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_\nu }})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}]`$
$`+m_e^2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_e}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}g_{\mu \nu }+m_\nu ^2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_\nu }})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}g_{\mu \nu }\},`$
There are other two lepton generations contributing to the vacuum polarization.

The amplitude of the vacuum polarization of fermions is expressed as

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }^Z=\frac{1}{2}F_{Z1}(z)(p_\mu p_\nu p^2g_{\mu \nu })+F_{Z2}(z)p_\mu p_\nu +\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Delta }m_Z^2g_{\mu \nu },$$
(30)
$`F_{Z1}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{64\pi ^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{D}{12}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})[N_Cy_q{\displaystyle \underset{q}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{m_q^2}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}+y_l{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{m_l^2}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}]`$
$`2[N_Cy_q{\displaystyle \underset{q}{}}f_1(z_q)+y_l{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}f_1(z_l)]+2[{\displaystyle \underset{q}{}}f_2(z_q)+{\displaystyle \underset{l=e,\mu ,\tau }{}}f_2(z_l)]\},`$
$`F_{Z2}={\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{64\pi ^2}}\{N_C{\displaystyle \underset{q}{}}f_2(z_q)+{\displaystyle \underset{l=e,\mu ,\tau }{}}f_2(z_l)\},`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }m_Z^2={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}^2}{(4\pi )^2}}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})\{N_c{\displaystyle \underset{q}{}}m_q^2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{m_q^2}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}m_l^2({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{m_l^2}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}\}.`$
where $`y_q=1+(1\frac{8}{3}\alpha )^2`$ for $`q=t,c,u`$, $`y_q=1+(1\frac{4}{3}\alpha )^2`$ for $`q=b,s,d`$, $`y_l=1+(14\alpha )^2`$, for $`l=\tau ,\mu ,e`$, $`y_l=2`$ for $`l=\nu _e,\nu _\mu ,\tau _\mu `$, $`z_i=\frac{p^2}{m_i^2}`$. In the SM the Z boson gains mass from the spontaneous symmetry breaking and the mass term $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_Z^2`$ has been refereed to the renormalization of $`m_Z^2`$. Both the vector and axial-vector couplings contribute to $`F_{Z1}`$. Only the axial-vector coupling contributes to $`F_{Z2}`$. $`F_{Z2}`$ is finite.

The function $`F_{Z1}`$ is used to renormalize the Z-field. The term $`F_{Z2}`$ in Eq.(31) indicates that Z field has four independent degrees of freedom(see section (2)). We rewrite it as

$$F_{Z2}(z)=\xi _Z+(p^2m_{\varphi ^0}^2)G_{Z2}(p^2),$$
(32)
where $`m_{\varphi ^0}^2`$ is the mass of a new neutral spin-0 field, $`\varphi ^0`$, which will be studied, $`G_{Z2}`$ is the radiative correction of this term, and

$$\xi _Z=F_{Z2}|_{p^2=m_{\varphi ^0}^2}.$$
(33)
In the original free Lagrangian Z field only has three degrees of freedom and the divergence of Z field is zero. Therefore, the divergence term, $`F_{Z2}`$, must be included in the new ”free Lagrangian” to satisfy unitarity. The new free Lagrangian of the Z-field is constructed as

$$_{Z0}=\frac{1}{4}(_\mu Z_\nu _\nu Z_\mu )^2+\xi _Z(_\mu Z^\mu )^2+\frac{1}{2}m_Z^2Z_\mu ^2.$$
(34)
The equation of $`_\mu Z^\mu `$ is derived

$$^2(_\mu Z^\mu )\frac{m_Z^2}{2\xi _Z}(_\mu Z^\mu )=0.$$
(35)
$`_\mu Z^\mu `$ is an independent spin-0 field. Following section(2) we have

$`Z_\mu =Z_\mu ^{}\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_Z}}_\mu \varphi ^0,`$ (39)
$`_\mu Z^\mu =0,`$
$`\varphi ^0={\displaystyle \frac{m_Z}{m_{\varphi ^0}^2}}_\mu Z^\mu ,`$
$`^2\varphi ^0{\displaystyle \frac{m_Z^2}{2\xi _Z}}\varphi ^0=0.`$
The mass of $`\varphi ^0`$ is obtained

$`2m_{\varphi ^0}^2F_{Z2}|_{p^2=m_{\varphi ^0}^2}+m_Z^2=0,`$ (41)
$`m_{\varphi ^0}^2={\displaystyle \frac{m_Z^2}{2\xi _Z}}.`$
$$3\underset{q}{}\frac{m_q^2}{m_Z^2}z_qf_2(z_q)+\underset{l}{}\frac{m_l^2}{m_Z^2}z_lf_2(z_l)=\frac{32\pi ^2}{\overline{g}^2}.$$
(42)
For $`z>4`$ it is found that

$$f_2(z)=\frac{2}{z}\frac{1}{z}(1\frac{4}{z})^{\frac{1}{2}}log\frac{1(1\frac{4}{z})^{\frac{1}{2}}}{1+(1\frac{4}{z})^{\frac{1}{2}}}.$$
(43)
Because of the ratios of $`\frac{m_q^2}{m_Z^2}`$ and $`\frac{m_l^2}{m_Z^2}`$ top quark dominates and the contributions of other fermions can be ignored. The equation has a solution at very large value of z. For very large z Eq.(42) becomes

$$\frac{2(4\pi )^2}{\overline{g}^2}+\frac{6m_t^2}{m_Z^2}=3\frac{m_t^2}{m_Z^2}log\frac{m_{\varphi ^0}^2}{m_t^2}.$$
(44)
The mass of the $`\varphi ^0`$ is determined to be

$$m_{\varphi ^0}=m_te^{\frac{m_z^2}{m_t^2}\frac{16\pi ^2}{3\overline{g}^2}+1}=m_te^{28.4}=3.78\times 10^{14}GeV,$$
(45)
and

$$\xi _Z=1.18\times 10^{25}.$$

The neutral spin-0 boson is extremely heavy.

The propagator of Z boson is found

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{p^2m_Z^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+(1+\frac{1}{2\xi _Z})\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_{\varphi ^0}^2}\},$$
(46)
It can be separated into two parts

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{p^2m_Z^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{m_Z^2}\}\frac{1}{m_Z^2}\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_{\varphi ^0}^2}.$$
(47)
The first part is the propagator of the physical spin-1 Z boson and the second part is the propagator of a new neutral spin-0 meson, $`\varphi ^0`$.

The propagator of Z boson takes the same form in the renormalization gauge in original perturbation theory. However, from physical point of view they are different. The SM is gauge invariant before spontaneous symmetry breaking. Therefore, in general, there is a gauge fixing term in the Lagrangian of the SM. In the study presented above the gauge parameter has been chosen to be zero, unitary gauge. The differences between present propagator and the propagator of renormalization gauge in the original perturbation theory of the SM are

1. The $`\xi _z`$ is determined dynamically. As mentioned above, this result is obtained in unitary gauge. Physics results depend on $`\xi _Z`$. The gauge parameter of the renormalization gauge is determined by choosing gauge and because of unitarity physics results are independent of the gauge parameter.
2. In renormalization gauge ghosts are accompanied. However, there are no additional ghosts.

There is a pole at $`p^2=m_{\varphi ^0}^2`$. On the other hand, the minus sign of Eq.(47) indicates that the Fock space has indefinite metric and there is problem of negative probability when $`\varphi ^0`$ is on mass shell. $`\varphi ^0`$ is a ghost. Unitarity of the SM is broken at $`E=m_{\varphi ^0}`$.

The couplings between $`_\mu \varphi ^0`$ and t,b,e,$`\nu _e`$ fermions are found

$`=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}}{4}}\{(1{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}}\alpha )\overline{t}\gamma _\mu t+\overline{t}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5t\}_\mu \varphi ^0`$ (48)
$`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}}{4}}\{(1{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}\alpha )\overline{b}\gamma _\mu b\overline{b}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5b\}_\mu \varphi ^0`$
$`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_Z}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{g}}{4}}\{\overline{\nu _e}\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)\nu _e(14\alpha )\overline{e}\gamma _\mu e\overline{e}\gamma _\mu \gamma _5e\}_\mu \varphi ^0.`$
The couplings with other generations of fermions take the same form. Using the equations of fermions, it can be found there are couplings between $`\varphi ^0`$ and fermions

$$\pm \frac{1}{m_Z}\frac{\overline{g}}{4}2i\underset{i}{}m_i\overline{\psi }_i\gamma _5\psi _i\varphi ^0,$$
(49)
where i stands for the type of fermion. It is the same as the coupling between Higgs and fermion that the interaction is proportional to the fermion mass. However, here is pseudoscalar coupling.

## 6 Spin-0 components of W-fields

In the SM the fermion-W vertices are

$$=\frac{g}{4}\overline{\psi }\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)\tau ^i\psi W^{i\mu },$$
(50)
where $`\psi `$ is a doublet of fermions and summation over all fermion generations is implicated.

The expression of the vacuum polarization of fermions is obtained

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{\mu \nu }^W=F_{W1}(p^2)(p_\mu p_\nu p^2g_{\mu \nu })+2F_{W2}(p^2)p_\mu p_\nu +\mathrm{\Delta }m_W^2g_{\mu \nu },$$
(51)
where

$`F_{W1}(p^2)=1+{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{32\pi ^2}}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}}){\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx(1x)\{N_C{\displaystyle \underset{iq}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_q^i}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{il}{}}({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_l^i}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}\}`$ (54)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}\{N_C{\displaystyle \underset{iq}{}}f_{1q}^i+{\displaystyle \underset{il}{}}f_{1l}^i\}+{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{16\pi ^2}}\{N_C{\displaystyle \underset{iq}{}}f_{2q}^i+{\displaystyle \underset{il}{}}f_{2l}\},`$
$`F_{W2}(p^2)={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{32\pi ^2}}\{N_C{\displaystyle \underset{iq}{}}f_{2q}^i+{\displaystyle \underset{il}{}}f_{2l}^i\},`$
$`\mathrm{\Delta }m_W^2={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(4\pi )^2}}D\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}}){\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑x\{N_c{\displaystyle \underset{iq}{}}L_q^i({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_q^i}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{il}{}}L_l^i({\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{L_l^i}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}\}.`$
where

$$L_q^1=m_b^2x+m_t^2(1x),L_q^2=m_s^2x+m_c^2(1x),L_q^3=m_d^2x+m_u^2(1x),$$
(55)
$$L_l^1=m_e^2x,L_l^2=m_\mu ^2x,L_l^3=m_\tau ^2x,$$

$`f_{1q}^i={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx(1x)log[1x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{L_q^i}}]`$ , (59)
$`f_{1l}^i={\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xx(1x)log[1x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{L_l^i}}],`$
$`f_{2q}^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xL_q^ilog[1x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{L_q^i}}],`$
$`f_{2l}^i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{p^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑xL_l^ilog[1x(1x){\displaystyle \frac{p^2}{L_l^i}}].`$
The function $`F_{W1}(p^2)`$ is used to renormalize the W-field. In the SM W boson gains mass from spontaneous symmetry breaking and the additional mass term has been treated by renormalization. The divergence $`F_{W2}`$ leads to the existence of two charged spin-0 states, $`\varphi ^\pm `$, in the SM. Now we apply the results obtained in sections(2,3) to the case of W fields. $`F_{W2}`$ is rewritten as

$`F_{W2}=\xi _W+(p^2m_{\varphi _W}^2)G_{W2}(p^2),`$ (61)
$`\xi _W=F_{W2}(p^2)|_{p^2=m_{\varphi _W}^2},`$
where $`G_{W2}`$ is the radiative correction of the term $`(_\mu W^\mu )^2`$ and $`m_{\varphi _W}^2`$ is the mass of the charged spin-0 states, $`\varphi ^\pm `$, whose existence will be shown below.

The free part of the Lagrangian of W-field is redefined as

$$_{W0}=\frac{1}{2}(_\mu W^+\nu _\nu W_\mu ^+)(_\mu W_\nu ^{}_\nu W_\mu ^{})+2\xi _W_\mu W^{+^\mu }_\nu W^^\nu $$

$$+m_W^2W_\mu ^+W^\mu .$$
(62)
The equation satisfied by the divergence of the W-field is derived

$$^2(_\mu W^{\pm \mu })\frac{m_W^2}{2\xi _W}(_\mu W^{\pm \mu })=0.$$
(63)
$`_\mu W^{\pm \mu }`$ are spin-0 fields. Therefore, the W field of the SM has four independent components. The W-field is decomposed as

$`W_\mu ^\pm =W_\mu ^\pm \pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_W}}_\mu \varphi ^\pm ,`$ (66)
$`\mu W^{\pm \mu }=0,`$
$`\varphi ^\pm ={\displaystyle \frac{m_W}{m_{\varphi _W}^2}}_\mu W^{\pm \mu },`$
where $`W^{}`$ is a massive spin-1 field and $`\varphi ^\pm `$ are spin-0 fields. The equation of $`\varphi ^\pm `$ is derived

$$^2\varphi ^\pm \frac{m_W^2}{2\xi _W}\varphi ^\pm =0.$$
(67)
The mass of $`\varphi ^\pm `$ is determined by the equation

$$2m_{\varphi _W}^2F_{W2}(p^2)|_{p^2=m_{\varphi _W}^2}+m_W^2=0$$
(68)
and

$$m_{\varphi _W}^2=\frac{m_W^2}{2\xi _W}.$$
(69)
Numerical calculation shows that top quark is dominant in $`F_{W2}`$. Keeping the contribution of top quark only,

$$\frac{p^2}{m_W^2}F_{W2}=\frac{3g^2}{32\pi ^2}\frac{m_t^2}{m_W^2}\{\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{2z}+[\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{z}+\frac{1}{2z^2}]log(z1)\},$$
(70)
where $`z=\frac{p^2}{m_t^2}`$. It has a solution at very large z. At very large z Eq.(68) becomes

$$\frac{p^2}{m_W^2}F_{W2}=\frac{3g^2}{64\pi ^2}\frac{m_t^2}{m_W^2}logz.$$
(71)
The mass of $`\varphi ^\pm `$ is determined to be

$$m_{\varphi _W}=m_te^{\frac{16\pi ^2}{3g^2}\frac{m_W^2}{m_t^2}}=m_te^{27}=9.31\times 10^{13}GeV,$$
(72)
and

$$\xi _W=3.73\times 10^{25}.$$

The charged $`\varphi ^\pm `$ are very heavy too.

The propagator of W-field is derived

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^W=\frac{1}{p^2m_W^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+(1+\frac{1}{2\xi _W})\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_{\varphi _W}^2}\},$$
(73)
and it can be separated into two parts

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^W=\frac{1}{p^2m_W^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{m_W^2}\}\frac{1}{m_W^2}\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_{\varphi _W}^2}.$$
(74)
The first part is the propagator of physical spin-1 W-field and the second part is related to the propagator of the $`\varphi ^\pm `$ field. The physics of the propagator is different from the one derived by using renormalization gauge in the original perturbation theory of the SM. There are no associated charged ghosts. $`\xi _W`$ is dynamically generated.

The propagator shows that at very high energy there is a pole at $`\sqrt{p^2}=m_{\varphi _W}`$. On the other hand, the minus sign of Eq.(73) indicates that there are problems of indefinite metric and negative probability when $`\varphi ^\pm `$ are on mass shell. $`\varphi ^\pm `$ are ghosts. Unitarity of the SM is broken at $`Em_{\varphi _W}`$.

The Lagrangian of interactions between fermions and $`_\mu \varphi ^\pm `$ field is found

$$_{q\varphi }=\pm \frac{1}{m_W}\frac{g}{4}\underset{j}{}\overline{\psi }_j\gamma _\mu (1+\gamma _5)\tau ^i\psi _j^\mu \varphi ^i,$$
(75)
where j is the type of the fermion and

$$\varphi ^1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\varphi ^++\varphi ^{})\varphi ^2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}i}(\varphi ^+\varphi ^{}).$$
(76)
Using the dynamical equations of fermions of the SM, for t and b quark generation we obtain

$$_{q\varphi }^{}=\pm \frac{i}{m_W}\frac{g}{4}(m_t+m_b)\{\overline{\psi }_t\gamma _5\psi _b\varphi ^++\overline{\psi }_b\gamma _5\psi _t\varphi ^{}\}.$$
(77)
It is the same as Higgs that the coupling is proportional to the fermion mass. However, it is pseudoscalar coupling.

## 7 Effects of vacuum polarization by intermediate bosons

Besides the vacuum polarization of fermions because of the nonlinear nature the intermediate bosons contribute to the vacuum polarization too. Before we proceed to study the effects of the vacuum polarization by intermediate bosons it is necessary to restate the theoretical approach exploited in this paper. The spin-o states of Z and W fields are revealed from the vacuum polarization of fermions. Of course, there are vacuum polarizations of intermediate bosons. However, the propagators of Z and W fields can be defined only after the vacuum polarization of fermions are taken into account. This is the reason why the vacuum polarization of fermions has been treated differently from others.

After the propagators of Z and W are defined we can proceed to study the effects of the vacuum polarization by intermediate bosons. The interaction Lagrangian of intermediate bosons is obtained form the SM

$`_i=i\overline{g}(_\mu Z_\nu _\nu Z_\mu )W^\mu W^{+\nu }`$ (78)
$`+i\overline{g}Z^\mu \{(_\mu W_\nu ^+_\nu W_\mu ^+)W_\nu ^{}(_\mu W_\nu ^{}_\nu W_\mu ^{})W_\nu ^+\}`$
$`\overline{g}^2\{Z_\mu Z^\mu W_\nu ^+W^\nu Z_\mu Z_\nu W^{+\mu }W^\nu \}.`$
We calculate the contribution of W bosons to the vacuum polarization of Z boson. In the amplitude of the vacuum polarization of Z boson there are three parts: kinetic term, mass term, and the term proportional to $`p_\mu p_\nu `$, $`F_{Z2}^{}p_\mu p_\nu `$. We are interested in the last term. The calculation shows that only the second term of the Lagrangian contributes to $`F_{Z2}^{}`$. We obtain

$$F_{Z2}^{}=\frac{2\overline{g}^2}{(4\pi )^2}\{\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\frac{D}{2})(\frac{\mu ^2}{m_W^2})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}\frac{1}{12}$$

$$+\frac{3}{2}_0^1𝑑x[\frac{3}{z}x(1x)x(57x)]log[1x(1x)z]$$

$$+\frac{2\overline{g}^2b}{(4\pi )^2}\{\frac{13}{40}+\frac{3}{2}_0^1dxx^3(1x)$$

$$[x(m_{\varphi _W}^2m_W^2)+m_W^2][x(m_{\varphi _W}^2m_W^2)+m_W^2x(1x)p^2]^1$$

$$\frac{3}{bm_W^2}_0^1dxx(2x\frac{3}{2})[m_W^2x(1x)p^2]log\{[m_W^2x(1x)p^2]$$

$$[x(m_{\varphi _W}^2m_W^2)+m_W^2x(1x)p^2]^1\}$$

$$\frac{9}{2}\frac{1}{p^2}_0^1𝑑x_0^x𝑑y[y(m_{\varphi _W}^2m_W^2)+m_W^2]$$

$$log\{[y(m_{\varphi _W}^2m_W^2)+m_W^2x(1x)p^2]$$

$$[y(m_{\varphi _W}^2m_W^2)+m_W^2]^1\},$$

where $`z=\frac{p^2}{m_W^2}`$ and $`b=1+\frac{1}{2\xi _W}`$.

There is divergence, therefore, renormalization of the operator $`(_\mu Z^\mu )^2`$ is required. $`F_{Z2}^{}`$ is written as

$$F_{Z2}^{}=F_{Z2}^{}(m_{\varphi ^0}^2)+(p^2m_{\varphi ^0}^2)G_{Z2}^{}(p^2).$$
(79)
$`F_{Z2}^{}`$ is divergent and $`G_{Z2}^{}`$ is finite and another term of radiative correction of $`(_\mu Z^\mu )^2`$. We define

$`\xi _Z+F_{Z2}^{}(m_{\varphi ^0}^2)=\xi _ZZ_Z,`$ (81)
$`Z_Z=1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\xi _Z}}F_{Z2}^{}(m_{\varphi ^0}^2).`$
$`Z_Z`$ is the renormalization constant of the operator $`(_\mu Z^\mu )^2`$. The renormalization constant $`Z_Z`$ defined guarantees the Z boson the same propagator.

In the same way, the contribution of Z and W bosons to the vacuum polarization of W boson can be calculated and the renormalization constant $`Z_W`$ can be defined. After renormalization of $`_\mu W^{+\mu }_\nu W^\nu `$ we still have the same propagator of W boson. In the same way, the contribution of Higgs to vacuum polarization can be studied too.

## 8 $`G_F=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}m_t^2}`$, $`M_Z`$, and $`M_W`$ without spontaneous symmetry breaking

The SM works until $`10^{14}`$ GeV. At this energy level unitarity in the SM is broken. New elements need to be added into the theory.

Let’s revisit the Higgs mechanism and spontaneous symmetry breaking:

1. W and Z bosons gain masses
2. Unitarity of the SM. For example, $`ee^+W^+W^{}`$
3. renormalizability. For example, $`WWZZ`$.

However,

1. Unitarity is broken at $`10^{14}`$ GeV and the behavior of the SM at high energies has problem which affects the renormalizability
2. W and Z can gain masses from fermion masses

We try to get rid of the Higg’s mechanism and spontaneous symmetry breaking, but keep the success of the SM. We propose to take

$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}A_{\mu \nu }^iA^{i\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }B^{\mu \nu }+\overline{q}\{i\gamma M\}q`$ (82)
$`+\overline{q}_L\{{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}\tau _i\gamma A^i+g^{}{\displaystyle \frac{Y}{2}}\gamma B\}q_L+\overline{q}_Rg^{}{\displaystyle \frac{Y}{2}}\gamma Bq_R`$
$`+\overline{l}\{i\gamma M_f\}l+\overline{l}_L\{{\displaystyle \frac{g}{2}}\tau _i\gamma A^i{\displaystyle \frac{g^{}}{2}}\gamma B\}l_L\overline{l}_Rg^{}\gamma Bl_R`$
as the Lagrangian of the electroweak interactions. This is the Lagrangian of the SM after spontaneous symmetry breaking in unitary gauge without Higgs. $`A_\mu ^i`$ fields are still Yang-Mills fields. The Lagrangian doesn’t have $`SU(2)_L\times U(1)`$ symmetry. U(1) symmetry is kept and electric current is conserved. As mentioned above, this L has problem at $`10^{14}`$ GeV. A cutoff has to be introduced under this energy. Therefore, we don’t need to worry about the renormalizability.

As shown in previous sections the masses of W and Z bosons are resulted in fermion masses

1. Z boson gains mass from the axial-vector couplings with massive fermions
2. W bosons gain mass from both the axial-vector couplings with massive fermions and the vector couplings with fermions whose masses are different.

$`_M={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{N_C}{(4\pi )^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{D}{4}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})(4\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{m_1^2}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[1ln(1x)`$ (83)
$`(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}){\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{x}}{2}}ln{\displaystyle \frac{1+\sqrt{x}}{1\sqrt{x}}}]\}m^2_1g^2{\displaystyle }^2_{i=1}A^i_\mu A^{i\mu }`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{N_C}{(4\pi )^2}}\{{\displaystyle \frac{D}{4}}\mathrm{\Gamma }(2{\displaystyle \frac{D}{2}})(4\pi {\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^2}{m_1^2}})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[ln(1x)`$
$`+\sqrt{x}ln{\displaystyle \frac{1+\sqrt{x}}{1\sqrt{x}}}]\}m^2_1(g^2+g^2)Z_\mu Z^\mu ,`$
where $`N_C`$ is the number of colors and $`x=(\frac{m_2^2}{m_1^2})^2`$. It is reasonable to redefine the fermion masses by multiplicative renormalization

$$Z_mm_1^2=m_{1,P}^2,$$

$$Z_m=\frac{N}{(4\pi )^2}\{N_G\frac{D}{4}\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\frac{D}{2})(4\pi )^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}(\frac{\mu ^2}{m_1^2})^{\frac{ϵ}{2}}+\frac{1}{2}[1ln(1x)$$

$$(1+\frac{1}{x})\frac{\sqrt{x}}{2}ln\frac{1+\sqrt{x}}{1\sqrt{x}}]\},$$

for each generation of fermions. The index ”P” is omitted in the rest of the paper. Now the mass of W boson is obtained

$$m_W^2=\frac{1}{2}g^2\{m_t^2+m_b^2+m_c^2+m_s^2+m_u^2+m_d^2+m_{\nu _e}^2+m_e^2+m_{\nu _\mu }^2+m_\mu ^2+m_{\nu _\tau }^2+m_\tau ^2\}$$
(84)
Obviously, the top quark mass dominates the $`m_W`$

$$m_W=\frac{g}{\sqrt{2}}m_t.$$
(85)
Using the values $`g=0.642`$ and $`m_t=174.3\pm 5.1GeV`$, it is found

$$m_W=79.1\pm 2.3GeV,$$
(86)
which is in excellent agreement with data $`80.41\pm 0.056`$GeV. The Fermi coupling constant is derived

$$G_F=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}m_t^2}=1.024(1\pm 0.029)\times 10^5m_N^2.$$

The mass formula of the Z boson is written as

$$m_Z^2=\rho m_W^2(1+\frac{g_2^2}{g_1^2}),$$
(87)
where

$$\rho =(1\frac{\alpha }{4\pi }f_4)^1$$

$`f_4`$ is a determined quantity. Ignoring the electromagnetic correction

$$\rho =1.$$

Therefore,

$$m_Z=m_W/cos\theta _W$$
(88)
This is the prediction of the Higgs mechanism.

## 9 conclusions

1. The unitarity of the SM is broken at $`10^{14}`$ GeV. A cutoff has to be introduced.
2. Based on the success of the SM a new L without Higgs sector is proposed.
3. In this new L W and Z gain masses from massive fermion loops. Correct $`m_Z`$ and $`m_W`$ are obtained.
4. The free Lagrangian of Z and W fields are expressed by Eqs.(34,62).
5. In the new theory a cut-off which is less than $`10^{14}`$ GeV has to be introduced.
6. The propagators of Z and W are

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{p^2m_Z^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+(1+\frac{1}{2\xi _Z})\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_{\varphi ^0}^2}\},$$
(89)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mu \nu }^W=\frac{1}{p^2m_W^2}\{g_{\mu \nu }+(1+\frac{1}{2\xi _W})\frac{p_\mu p_\nu }{p^2m_{\varphi _W}^2}\}.$$
(90)
7. This theory predicts no Higgs. This theory can be tested by precision measurements.

This study is supported by a DOE grant.