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# The Quantum Theory of Conductivity of Spatially - Heterogeneous Systems

## I Introduction

In connection with the increased interest to experiment and theory concerning light reflection and absorption by low-dimensional semiconductor objects - quantum wells, wires and dots - at light pulse excitation (see, for example, ) there appears a question on what kind of electromagnetic wave-electron interaction is more convenient to use, - containing vector potential $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ or electric field $`𝐄(𝐫,t).`$ The work  is devoted to the same question with reference to calculation of a differential section of inelastic light scattering by infinite crystals. In  it is shown, that exact expressions for scattering sections (with use sets of exact electron wave functions in a crystal), obtained with use of two various kinds of electromagnetic wave-electron interaction, coincide. But the set of exact electron wave functions in a crystal (taking into account precisely, for example, electron-phonon interaction) is unknown, therefore at calculation of sections the approached methods are used. Namely, it is taken into account electron-phonon interaction in the lowest order, not all intermediate states of an electronic system are considered. If to use these approximations, various kinds of light-electron interaction (containing $`𝐀`$ or $`𝐄`$) will result in distinguished results. The authors of approve, that in a case of non-resonant scattering the use of interaction containing $`𝐄`$, gives the best results.

We assume to construct the general theory of secondary light radiation by low-dimensional semiconductor objects, to which number quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots concern. First of all, the theory should describe light reflection and absorption by such objects, and also various kinds of light scattering (Raman scattering, Releigh scattering). The theory should be applicable in a case of monochromatic irradiation, as well as in a case of a light pulse irradiation. We are limited to linear approximation on intensity of exciting light. From told above follows, that others tasks are decided, than in , where light scattering in bulk crystals is considered. Therefore the problem of an interaction choice (through $`𝐀`$ or $`𝐄`$) is necessary to be solved anew.

In the present work we shall calculate average values of current and charge densities induced by an electromagnetic field in the case of spatially-heterogeneous matter. To this case concern semiconductor objects of the lowered dimension. Having calculated linear on electric and magnetic fields the contributions to average values of current and charge densities, we can then to determine these fields inside and outside of semiconductor objects, solving the Maxwell equations. Expressions for fields appropriate reflected and past through object light thus can be obtained. Such procedure, taking into account all orders light-electron interaction, is done in , where intensity of reflected and absorbed light at monochromatic irradiation quantum well of final thickness are calculated . In the present work we deduce expression for average induced current density used in.

The operator of interaction of the charged particles with electric and magnetic fields is expressed through vector $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and scalar $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$ potentials. Therefore average values of the induced of current and charge densities also are expressed through these potentials. However to use these expressions is inconvenient because of the contribution

$$\frac{e}{mc}0|\rho (𝐫)|0A_\alpha (𝐫,t).$$

In average of a current density , where $`e,m`$ is the charge and mass of a particle respectively, $`\rho (𝐫)`$ is the operator of a charge density (see section IV lower). Therefore we shall express average values of current and charge densities through electric and magnetic fields. It is possible since all observable values are expressed through electric $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and magnetic $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$ fields. Our task will consist in transition from expressions for physical values, containing potentials, to expressions containing fields $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫,t).`$

In the present work the case of temperature $`T=0`$ is considered. Further we assume to calculate the average induced current and charge densities in a case spatial - heterogeneous systems and final temperatures. We shall use some results of .

The article is organized as follows. In sections II-IV the statement of a task is stated, operators of current and charge densities and their average values on ground state of system are entered. In sections V -IX the task about expression of average values through an electric field and its spatial derivatives is solved. Section X is devoted to exception of average values of diagonal matrix elements of operators $`𝐫_i`$. In section XI the general expression for conductivity tensor of heterogeneous system is given. In sections XII and XIII the case of zero electric and constant magnetic fields is considered.

## II Statement of a task.

Let us consider s system of $`N`$ particles with the mass $`m`$ and charge $`e`$ in a weak electromagnetic field characterized by intensities $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$. Let us introduce the vector $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and scalar $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$ potentials

$`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐀}{t}}\phi ,`$ (1)
$`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`\times 𝐀.`$ (2)
We shall consider fields as classical. The gage of $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$ is arbitral. For completeness of a task we shall consider, that the system of particles can be placed in a constant magnetic field $`𝐇_c`$, which may be strong (SMF). This field is described by the vector potential $`𝒜(𝐫)`$, so

$$𝐇_c=rot𝒜(𝐫).$$

The total Hamiltonian $`_{total}`$ is written as

$`_{total}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2m}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\left(𝒫_i{\displaystyle \frac{e}{c}}𝒜(𝐫_i){\displaystyle \frac{e}{c}}𝐀(𝐫_i,t)\right)^2`$ (3)
$`+V(𝐫_1\mathrm{}𝐫_N)+e{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\phi (𝐫_i,t),`$ (4)
where $`𝒫_i=i\mathrm{}(/𝐫_i)`$ is the generalized momentum operator (see, for example, ), $`V(𝐫_1\mathrm{}𝐫_N)`$ is the potential energy including interaction between particles and the external potential. In Eq. (2) It is necessary to take into account non-commutativity of $`𝒫_i`$ and $`𝒜(𝐫_i),𝐀(𝐫_i,t)`$. Let us allocate in Eq. (2) energy $`U`$ interaction of particles with the electromagnetic field, having included interaction with a strong magnetic field in the main Hamiltonian

$$_{total}=+U,$$
(5)
$$=\frac{1}{2m}\underset{i}{}𝐩_i^2+V(𝐫_1\mathrm{}𝐫_N),𝐩_i=𝒫_i\frac{e}{c}𝒜(𝐫_i),$$
(6)
$`U=U_1+U_2,`$ (7)
$`U_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle d^3r𝐣(𝐫)𝐀(𝐫,t)}+{\displaystyle d^3r\rho (𝐫)\phi (𝐫,t)},`$ (8)
$`U_2={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}{\displaystyle d^3r\rho (𝐫)𝐀^2(𝐫,t)},`$ (9)
where the operators of current and charge densities are introduced

$`𝐣(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}𝐣_i(𝐫,t),`$ (10)
$`𝐣_i(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2}}\{\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)𝐯_i+𝐯_i\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)\},𝐯_i=𝐩_i/m,`$ (11)
$`\rho (𝐫)={\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\rho _i(𝐫),\rho _i(𝐫)=e\delta (𝐫𝐫_i).`$ (12)
Our task is to calculate in linear approximation on external fields $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$ the induced current and charge densities averaged on the system ground state.

## III The definition of operators

The charge density operator $`\rho (𝐫)`$ in the Schrödinger representation does not contain additives proportional to fields, but the current density operator in fields looks like

$$𝐣(𝐫,t)+\mathrm{\Delta }𝐣(𝐫),$$

where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }𝐣(𝐫)=\frac{e}{2}\underset{i}{}\{\mathrm{\Delta }𝐯_i\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)+\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)\mathrm{\Delta }𝐯_i\},$$
(13)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }𝐯_i=(i/\mathrm{})[U,𝐫_i]=\frac{e}{mc}𝐀(𝐫_i,t),$$
(14)
$`[F,Q]`$ is the commutator of operators $`F`$ and $`Q`$, and hence

$$\mathrm{\Delta }𝐣(𝐫)=\frac{e}{mc}\rho (𝐫)𝐀(𝐫,t).$$
(15)
In the interaction representation we have

$`\rho (𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{it/\mathrm{}}\rho (𝐫)e^{it/\mathrm{}},`$ (16)
$`𝐣(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{it/\mathrm{}}𝐣(𝐫)e^{it/\mathrm{}},`$ (17)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }𝐣(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}\rho (𝐫,t)𝐀(𝐫,t).`$ (18)
Now we shall determine the current and charge density operators in the Heisenberg representation. In  (page 82) it is shown, that connection between the operator $`F(t)`$ in the interaction representation and the operator $`F_G(t)`$ in the Heisenberg representation is expressed as

$$F_G(t)=S^1(t)F(t)S(t),$$
(19)
where $`S`$ is the S-matrix. It is determined as

$`S(t)`$ $`=`$ $`S(t,\mathrm{})=1{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t_1U(t_1)`$ (20)
$`+`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}\right)^2{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t_2U(t_2){\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^{t_2}}𝑑t_1U(t_1)+\mathrm{},`$ (21)
$$U(t)=e^{it/\mathrm{}}Ue^{it/\mathrm{}}.$$
(22)
Using Eq. (12), we find, that linear additives on potentials $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$ to the current and charge density operators in the Heisenberg representation are equal

$$j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)=\mathrm{\Delta }j_\alpha (𝐫,t)\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),U_1(t^{})],(13a)$$

$$\rho _1(𝐫,t)=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^tdt^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),U_1(t^{})].(13b)$$

The index 1 means the first order on potentials $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$. Substituting Eqs. (9) and (5) in last expressions, we obtain

$`j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}\rho (𝐫,t)A_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$ (23)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]A_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}`$ (24)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]\phi (𝐫^{},t^{})},`$ (25)
$`\rho _1(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]A_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}`$ (26)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]\phi (𝐫^{},t^{})}.`$ (27)
## IV Averaging on the system ground state

Let us consider a zero temperature case and average Eqs. (14), (15) on the ground state of our system. In all further calculations we shall assume, that on the indefinitely removed distances there are no charges and currents, and also that on times $`t\mathrm{}`$ $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$ are equal 0, what corresponds to an adiabatic switching-on of these fields. In  (page 84) it is shown, that at averaging it is necessary to use wave functions $`|0`$ of the ground state without taking into account the interaction $`U`$. For averaged values of current and charge densities we shall enter designations $`0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$. In Eqs. (14) and (15) we shall make replacement of $`t^{}`$ by $`t^{\prime \prime }=t^{}t`$. At averaging $`0|\mathrm{}|0`$ we shall take into account, that

$$0|\widehat{F}(t)|0=0|e^{it/\mathrm{}}\widehat{F}e^{it/\mathrm{}}|0=0|\widehat{F}|0,$$
(28)
where $`\widehat{F}`$ is any operator. Then we shall obtain

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0A_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$ (29)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0A_\beta (𝐫^{},t+t^{})}`$ (30)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0\phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{})};`$ (31)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (32)
$`\times `$ $`A_\beta (𝐫^{},t+t^{})`$ (33)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[\rho (𝐫),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (34)
$`\times `$ $`\phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{}).`$ (35)
Thus, we have obtained expressions for current and charge densities averaged on the ground state through vector and scalar potentials. But averaged values should be expressed through measured values - the fields $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$ and their derivative. Let us make transition to expressions of $`0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ through fields.

## V Time derivatives from averaged current and charge densities

Let us apply the following reception: let us calculate time derivatives from values (17) and (18):

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_A`$ (36)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_\phi ,`$ (37)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_A`$ (38)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_\phi ,`$ (39)
where indexes $`A`$ and $`\phi `$ designate contributions of vector and scalar potentials, respectively, equal

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_A={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0{\displaystyle \frac{A_\alpha (𝐫,t)}{t}}`$ (40)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (41)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{A_\beta (𝐫^{},t+t^{})}{t}},`$ (42)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_A={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}}`$ (43)
$`\times 0|[\rho (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{A_\beta (𝐫^{},t+t^{})}{t}},`$ (44)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_\phi ={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}}`$ (45)
$`\times 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{\phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{})}{t}},`$ (46)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_\phi ={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}}`$ (47)
$`\times 0|[\rho (𝐫),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{\phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{})}{t}}.`$ (48)
Let us transform Eqs. (22) and (23), containing scalar potential $`\phi `$. We use identity

$$\frac{\phi (𝐫,t+t^{})}{t}=\frac{\phi (𝐫,t+t^{})}{t^{}},$$

then we integrate on $`t^{}`$ in parts. We obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_\phi ={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),\rho (𝐫^{})]|0}`$ (49)
$`\times \phi (𝐫^{},t)`$ (50)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0\left|\left[j_\alpha (𝐫)\frac{,\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})}{t^{}}\right]\right|0}`$ (51)
$`\times \phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{}).`$ (52)
In the first term of the RHS Eq. (24) we execute integration on $`𝐫^{}`$ and we use Eq. (6) for operators $`j(𝐫)`$ and $`\rho (𝐫)`$. To calculate the second term we use the continuity equation

$$𝐣(𝐫,t)+\frac{\rho (𝐫,t)}{t}=0,$$
(53)
which is true for operators, determined in Eq. (10) with taking into account the constant magnetic field $`𝐇_c`$. Further in this term we make integration on $`r_\beta ^{}`$ in parts, transferring derivative on the scalar potential $`\phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{})`$. It results in

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_\phi ={\displaystyle \frac{e}{m}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0{\displaystyle \frac{\phi (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha }}`$ (54)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (55)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{\phi (𝐫^{},t+t^{})}{r_\beta ^{}}}.`$ (56)
Summing Eqs. (20) and (26) and using Eq. (1), we obtain

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0={\displaystyle \frac{e}{m}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0E_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$ (57)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (58)
$`\times E_\alpha (𝐫^{},t+t^{}).`$ (59)
We obtain completely similarly

$`{\displaystyle \frac{0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0}{t}}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}}`$ (60)
$`0|[\rho (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0E_\beta (𝐫^{},t+t^{}).`$ (61)
So, we managed to express time derivatives from averaged current and charge densities through electric fields, having got rid of vector and scalar potentials.

## VI Average values of current and charge densities expressed through electric field

Integrating Eqs.(27) and (28) on time, we obtain expressions for average current and charge densities

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t^{}{\displaystyle \frac{0|[j_{1,\alpha }(𝐫,t^{})|0}{t^{}}}+C_\alpha ,`$ (62)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t^{}{\displaystyle \frac{0|\rho _1(𝐫,t^{})|0}{t^{}}}+C^{}.`$ (63)
We believe $`C_\alpha =C^{}=0`$, what corresponds to absence of induced currents and charges on times, indefinitely removed in the past.

Let us enter a designation

$$𝐚(𝐫,t)=c_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}𝐄(𝐫,t^{}).$$
(64)
Then with the help Eqs. (27) - (29) we obtain

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0a_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$ (65)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})},`$ (66)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0=`$ (67)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}.`$ (68)
Comparing expressions Eqs. (31) and (32) with Eqs. (17) and (18), we see, that the second differ from the first by absence of the scalar potential $`\phi `$ and replacement of the vector potential $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ by the vector $`𝐚(𝐫,t)`$, determined in Eq. (30). Thus, we have managed to express average values of the induced current and charge densities only through electric fields. However, without the further transformations Eqs. (31) and (32) are inapplicable at transition to electric field, independent on time, since at integration on $`t`$ in Eq. (30) there appears some uncertainty, - the frequency $`\omega `$ in the denominator turns in zero. It concerns and to the case $`𝐄=0,𝐇0`$. We shall return to this question in section XII.

## VII Transformation of expressions for average current and charge densities

After we managed to express average current and charge densities through an electric field, the task is to pass to expressions, obviously appropriate to electron-field interaction of a kind

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_1=e\underset{i}{}r_{i\beta }E_\beta (t),$$
(69)
which, for example, is used in  for electric field, $`𝐄(t)`$, independent on coordinates.

To achieve this purpose we shall make some transformations of Eqs. (31) and (32). We shall enter fictitious operators $`𝐣_1^f(𝐫,t)`$ and $`\rho _1^f(𝐫,t)`$, for which we have

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0=0|j_{1\alpha }^f(𝐫,t)|0,`$ (70)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0=0|\rho _1^f(𝐫,t)|0.`$ (71)
It follows from Eqs. (31), (32)

$`j_{1\alpha }^f(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}\rho (𝐫,t)a_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$ (72)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})},`$ (73)
$`\rho _1^f(𝐫,t)=`$ (74)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}.`$ (75)
Comparing the fictitious operators Eqs. (35) - (36) with the genuine operators Eqs. (14) - (15), we find, that for transition from genuine to the fictitious operators it is necessary to put $`\phi (𝐫,t)=0`$ and to replace the vector potential $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ by $`𝐚(𝐫,t)`$, determined in Eq. (30).

Let us enter also a fictitious operator of interaction of particles with a field

$$U_1^f=\frac{1}{c}d^3r𝐣(𝐫)𝐚(𝐫,t),$$
(76)
which differs from the true operator $`U_1`$, determined in Eq. (5) by condition $`\phi (𝐫,t)=0`$ and by replacement $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ on $`𝐚(𝐫,t)`$ .To the interaction Eq. (37) there corresponds a linear on a field the additive to the current density operator

$$\mathrm{\Delta }j_\alpha ^f=\frac{e}{mc}\rho (𝐫)a_\alpha (𝐫,t).$$
(77)
It is easy to see, that Eqs. (35) and (36) may be written as

$$j_{1\alpha }^f(𝐫,t)=\mathrm{\Delta }j_\alpha ^f(𝐫,t)\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),U_1^f(t^{})],$$
(78)
$$\rho _1^f(𝐫,t)=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),U_1^f(t^{})],$$
(79)
what is similar to Eqs. (13a) and (13b) with replacement of the genuine operators by fictitious. Let us transform Eqs. (39) - (40) so that to remove the first term in the RHS Eq. (39). It is possible to rewrite the integral of a kind

$$_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[F(𝐫,t),U_1^f(t^{})]$$

from the RHSs Eqs. (39) and (40) as

$$_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[F(𝐫,t),\stackrel{~}{U}_1(t^{})][F(𝐫,t),R(t)],$$
(80)
if

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_1=U_1^f(t)+\frac{dR(t)}{dt},$$
(81)
where $`F(𝐫,t)`$ is the operator, in case Eq. (39) equal $`j_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$, and in case Eq. (40) - $`\rho (𝐫,t)`$, and $`R(t)`$ is any operator in the interaction representation

$$R(t)=e^{it/\mathrm{}}R_{Sch}(𝐫)e^{it/\mathrm{}},$$
(82)
$`R_{Sch}`$ is the operator in the Schrödinger representation. It is possible to show, that if

$$R_{Sch}=R_{Sch}(𝐫_1\mathrm{}𝐫_N,t),$$
(83)
i.e. the operator $`R_{Sch}`$ does not contain momentums, the relation is carried out

$$\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),R(t)]=\mathrm{\Delta }j_{R\alpha }(𝐫,t),$$
(84)
where

$`\mathrm{\Delta }j_{R\alpha }(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{2}}e^{it/\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}[\mathrm{\Delta }v_{iR\alpha }\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)`$ (85)
$`+`$ $`\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)\mathrm{\Delta }v_{iR\alpha }]e^{it/\mathrm{}},`$ (86)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }v_{iR\alpha }=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[\dot{R}_{Sch},r_{i\alpha }],$$
(87)
$$\dot{R}_{Sch}=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[,R_{Sch}]+\frac{R_{Sch}}{t}.$$
(88)
Also it is obvious, that under condition of Eq. (44),

$$[\rho (𝐫,t),R(t)]=e^{it/\mathrm{}}[\rho (𝐫),R_{Sch}]e^{it/\mathrm{}}=0.$$
(89)
Thus, it is proved, that instead of $`U_1^f(t)`$ it is possible to choose any operator, determined in Eq. (42), if $`R_{Sch}`$ does not contain momentums, and instead of Eqs. (39) and (40) to write down

$$j_{1\alpha }^f(𝐫,t)=\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{j}_\alpha (𝐫,t)\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\stackrel{~}{U}_1(t^{})],$$
(90)
$$\rho _1^f(𝐫,t)=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),\stackrel{~}{U}_1(t^{})],$$
(91)
where

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{j}_\alpha (𝐫)=\frac{e}{2}\underset{i}{}[\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{v}_{i\alpha }\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)+\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{v}_{i\alpha }],$$
(92)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{v}_{i\alpha }=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[\stackrel{~}{U}_1,r_{i\alpha }].$$
(93)
Having substituted Eqs. (42) and (52) in Eqs. (50) and (51), we obtain

$`j_{1\alpha }^f(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}\rho (𝐫,t)a_\alpha (𝐫,t)+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),R(t)]`$ (94)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}`$ (95)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),{\displaystyle \frac{dR(t^{})}{dt^{}}}],`$ (96)
$`\rho _{1\alpha }^f(𝐫,t)=`$ (97)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}`$ (98)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),{\displaystyle \frac{dR(t^{})}{dt^{}}}].`$ (99)
## VIII Choice of the operator $`R_{Sch}`$

Let us choose the operator $`R_{Sch}`$ as

$$R_{Sch}=\frac{e}{c}\underset{i}{}r_{i\beta }a_\beta (𝐫_i,t).$$
(100)
Then

$`R(t)=e^{it/\mathrm{}}R_{Sch}(𝐫)e^{it/\mathrm{}}`$ (101)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle d^3rd_\beta (𝐫,t)a_\beta (𝐫,t)},`$ (102)
where the designation is entered

$$𝐝(𝐫)=e\underset{i}{}𝐫_i\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)=e𝐫\underset{i}{}\delta (𝐫𝐫_i)=𝐫\rho (𝐫).$$
(103)
Let us calculate the contributions in the RHSs Eqs. (54) and (55), containing $`R(t)`$ and $`dR(t)/dt`$. It is possible to show, that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),R(t)]={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}\rho (𝐫,t)a_\alpha (𝐫,t)`$ (104)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}d_\beta (𝐫,t){\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha }}.`$ (105)
Also it is possible to obtain the result

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR(t)}{dt}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle d^3rd_\beta (𝐫,t)\frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{t}}`$ (106)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle d^3rj_\beta (𝐫,t)a_\beta (𝐫,t)}`$ (107)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{c}}{\displaystyle d^3rY_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫,t)\frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\gamma }},`$ (108)
where

$$Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫)=r_\beta j_\gamma (𝐫).$$
(109)
Substituting Eqs. (59) and (60) in the RHS Eqs. (54) and (55), we find, that the terms, not containing derivative $`a_\beta (𝐫,t)/t`$ or $`a_\beta (𝐫,t)/r_\alpha `$, are reduced. In a result we have

$`j_{1\alpha }^f={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}d_\beta (𝐫,t){\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha }}`$ (110)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),d_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]\frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{t^{}}}`$ (111)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]\frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}},`$ (112)
$`\rho _1^f(𝐫,t)=`$ (113)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),d_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]\frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{t^{}}}`$ (114)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[\rho (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]\frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}}.`$ (115)
Averaging the fictitious operators Eqs. (62) and (63) on the ground state, we shall obtain required by us expressions for averaged values of the induced current and charge densities.

Taking into account the definition Eq. (30), we find, that terms in the RHS Eqs. (62) and (63) are divided on two categories: to the first concern what contain an electric field, to the second - what contain derivative from this field on coordinates. Therefore it is convenient to write down average values from Eqs. (62) and (63) as

$$0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0=0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_E+0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_{E/r^{}},$$
(116)
$$0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0=0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_E+0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_{E/r},$$
(117)
where

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_E=`$ (118)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),d_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})},`$ (119)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_E={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}}`$ (120)
$`\times {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}0|[\rho (𝐫,t),d_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{}),`$ (121)
$``$ $`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_{E/r}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{m}}0|d_\beta (𝐫)|0{\displaystyle }_{\mathrm{}}^tdt^{}{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫,t^{})}{r_\alpha }}`$ (122)
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (123)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t^{}}𝑑t^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{\prime \prime })}{r_\gamma ^{}}},`$ (124)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_{E/r}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (125)
$`\times 0|[\rho (𝐫,t),Y_{\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t^{}}𝑑t^{\prime \prime }{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{\prime \prime })}{r_\gamma ^{}}}.`$ (126)
So, the task of expression of averaged on the ground state current and charge densities in linear approximation on electric field and its derivatives on coordinates is solved.

## IX The transformed fictitious operator of interaction

For completeness of a picture we shall determine a kind of the fictitious operator of interaction $`\stackrel{~}{U}_1=U_1^f+\dot{R}_{Sch}`$. Using Eqs. (37) and (60) we obtain in the Schrödinger representation

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_1=\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E}+\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E/r},$$
(127)
$$\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E}=d^3rd_\beta (𝐫)E_\beta (𝐫,t),$$
(128)
$$\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E/r}=d^3rY_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫)_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}\frac{E_\beta (𝐫,t^{})}{r_\gamma }.$$
(129)
Having executed integration on $`𝐫`$ in the RHS Eqs. (71) and (72), we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E}=e\underset{i}{}r_{i\beta }E_\beta (𝐫_i,t),$$
(130)
$`\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E/r}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{4}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\{(v_{i\gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t^{})}{r_{i\gamma }}}`$ (131)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t^{})}{r_{i\gamma }}}v_{i\gamma })r_{i\beta }`$ (132)
$`+r_{i\beta }(v_{i\gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t^{})}{r_{i\gamma }}}+{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t^{})}{r_{i\gamma }}}v_{i\gamma })\}`$ (133)
$`={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\{v_{i\gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t^{})}{r_{i\gamma }}}r_{i\beta }`$ (134)
$`+r_{i\beta }{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t^{})}{r_{i\gamma }}}v_{i\gamma }\}.`$ (135)
Thus, $`\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E}`$ contains an electric field, and $`\stackrel{~}{U}_{1E/r}`$ contains derivatives from electric field on coordinates and an integral on time. In the case, when terms, containing derivatives from electric field on coordinates, on what of reasons give the small contribution <sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>* Strictly speaking, it follows from the Maxwell equations, that if the electric field depends on time, it also depends on coordinate, i. e. derivatives of field components on coordinates are distinct from zero., it is possible to use Eq. (73). It coincides with the formula for interaction of charged particles in . Let us notice, that Eq. (70) for fictitious interaction $`\stackrel{~}{U}_1`$ may be written compactly

$$\stackrel{~}{U}_1=\frac{e}{2c}\underset{i}{}\left\{\frac{da_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{dt}r_{i\beta }+r_{i\beta }\frac{da_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{dt}\right\},$$
(136)
where $`da_\beta (𝐫_i,t)/dt`$ is the full time derivative:

$$\frac{da_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{dt}=\frac{a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{t}+\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[,a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)],$$
(137)
and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}[,a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\{v_{i\gamma }{\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\gamma }}}`$ (138)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\gamma }}}v_{i\gamma }\}.`$ (139)
The following linear on a field additive to speed corresponds to interaction Eq. (70)

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{v}_{i\alpha }=\frac{e}{mc}r_{i\beta }\frac{a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\alpha }},$$
(140)
what corresponds, according to Eq. (52), to an additive to the current density

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{j}_\alpha (𝐫)=\frac{e}{mc}d_\beta (𝐫)\frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha }.$$
(141)
Passing to the interaction representation, we obtain the first term in the RHS Eq. (62).

## X Exception of diagonal elements of operators of particle coordinates

Let us return to Eqs. (64) - (69) for average induced current and charge densities at $`T=0`$, obtained in section VIII. Taking into account definition (58) of operators $`𝐝(𝐫)`$, and also definition (61) of operators $`Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫)`$, which may be rewritten as

$$Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i}{}(j_{i\gamma }r_{i\beta }+r_{i\beta }j_{i\gamma }),$$
(142)
we see, that these operators contain coordinates $`𝐫_i`$ of particles. But averaged values $`0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ do not owe to depend on an initial point of readout of coordinates $`𝐫_i`$. Let’s transform expressions (64) - (69) so that last property became obvious. Let us represent a vector $`𝐫_i`$ as two parts

$$𝐫_i=\overline{𝐫}_i+0|𝐫_i|0.$$
(143)
It is obvious, that matrix elements of the operator $`\overline{𝐫}_i`$, as diagonal, and not diagonal, do not vary at change points of readout of coordinates $`𝐫_i`$. We shall show, that in expressions for average values $`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ the operators $`𝐫_i`$ may be replaced by $`\overline{𝐫}_i`$. Let’s write down average $`0|j{}_{1}{}^{}\alpha (𝐫,t)|0`$ as

$$0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0=\overline{0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0}+\underset{i}{}0|r_{i\beta }|0x_{i\alpha \beta }(𝐫,t),$$
(144)
where $`\overline{0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0}`$ \- is the contribution of the operators $`\overline{𝐫}_i`$,

$`x`$ $`{}_{i\alpha \beta }{}^{}(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle }d^3r^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\rho _i(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0`$ (145)
$`\times `$ $`E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\rho _i(𝐫)|0{\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha }}`$ (146)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_{i\gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (147)
$`\times `$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}}.`$ (148)
Having executed in the first and third terms of the RHS Eq. (82) integration on $`𝐫^{}`$, we obtain

$`x_{i\alpha \beta }(𝐫,t)={\displaystyle \frac{ie}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}𝑑t^{}`$ (149)
$`\times 0\left|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),{\displaystyle \frac{da_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t^{})}{dt^{}}}]\right|0`$ (150)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\rho _i(𝐫)|0{\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha }},`$ (151)
where the designation for the full time derivative is used

$`{\displaystyle \frac{da_\beta (𝐫_i(t),t)}{dt}}={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}\left(e^{it/\mathrm{}}a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)e^{it/\mathrm{}}\right)`$ (152)
$`=e^{it/\mathrm{}}{\displaystyle \frac{da_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{dt}}e^{it/\mathrm{}},`$ (153)
and the derivative $`da_\beta (𝐫_i,t)/dt`$ is determined in Eq. (76). Having executed in the first term of the RHS Eq. (83) integration on $`t^{}`$ and having calculated the commutator $`[j_\alpha (𝐫),a_\beta (𝐫_i,t)],`$ we obtain the result

$$x_{i\alpha \beta }(𝐫,t)=0.$$
(154)
$$0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0=\overline{0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0}.$$
(155)
It is similarly possible to obtain

$$0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0=\overline{0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0}.$$
(156)
Let us represent Eqs. (87) and (88) as two parts

$$0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0=0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I+0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_{II},$$
(157)
$$0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0=0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_I+0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_{II},$$
(158)
where

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I=`$ (159)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle }d^3r{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{}),`$ (160)
$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_{II}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫)|\mathrm{𝟎}{\displaystyle \frac{𝐚_\beta (𝐫,𝐭)}{𝐫_\alpha }}`$ (161)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{c\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t)\overline{Y}_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (162)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}},`$ (163)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_I=`$ (164)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[\rho (𝐫,t),\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})},`$ (165)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_{II}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (166)
$`\times 0|[\rho (𝐫,t),\overline{Y}_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}},`$ (167)
and

$`\overline{𝐝}(𝐫)=e{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\overline{𝐫}_i\rho (𝐫),`$ (168)
$$\overline{Y}_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{i}{}(j_{i\gamma }\overline{r}_{i\beta }+\overline{r}_{i\beta }j_{i\gamma }).$$
(169)
Results (89) - (94) are basic in the present work. Let’s emphasize, that splittings Eq. (89) and Eq. (90) average sizes on two parts do not coincide with splittings Eq. (64) and Eq. (65).

The contributions with an index $`I`$ we shall name basic, as they do not disappear in case of an electrical field independent from coordinates $`𝐫`$. Contributions $`II`$ contain derivative from an electrical field on coordinates.

## XI The conductivity tensor, dependent on coordinates

Let us consider at first only basic part of the induced current density, designated in Eq. (90) by index $`I`$. We shall write down Eq. (91) as

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I=`$ (170)
$`={\displaystyle d^3r_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t^{}l_{\alpha \beta }(𝐫,t,𝐫^{},t^{})E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})},`$ (171)
where

$$l_{\alpha \beta }(𝐫,t,𝐫^{},t^{})=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Theta }(tt^{})0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0.$$
(172)
Let us enter a tensor

$$\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{}|𝐫,t)=l_{\alpha \beta }(𝐫,t,𝐫𝐫^{},tt^{}).$$
(173)
Designation Eq. (99) with a partition we have borrowed from . Then it is possible to rewrite Eq. (97) as

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I=`$ (174)
$`={\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t^{}\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{}|𝐫,t)E_\beta (𝐫𝐫^{},tt^{})},`$ (175)
where

$$\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{}|𝐫,t)=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Theta }(t^{})0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫𝐫^{},tt^{})]|0.$$
(176)
It is visible from Eq. (101), that the tensor $`\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{}|𝐫,t)`$ does not depend on $`t`$!

Now we shall make the Fourier transformation. Let us write down electric field as

$$E_\alpha (𝐫,t)=E_\alpha ^{(+)}(𝐫,t)+E_\alpha ^{()}(𝐫,t),$$
(177)
where

$$E_\alpha ^{(+)}(𝐫,t)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^4}d^3k_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega E_\alpha (𝐤,\omega )E^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}i\omega t},$$
(178)
$$E_\alpha ^{()}(𝐫,t)=(E_\alpha ^{(+)}(𝐫,t))^{},$$
(179)
$$E_\alpha (𝐤,\omega )=d^3r_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑tE_\alpha (𝐫,t)E^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}+i\omega t}.$$
(180)
Let us enter a Fourier-image of the tensor $`\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{}|𝐫,0)`$ on variables $`𝐫^{},t^{}`$

$$\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)=d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐫^{},t^{}|𝐫,0)e^{i\omega t^{}i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}^{}}.$$
(181)
Then

$$0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I=0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I^{(+)}+0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I^{()}$$
(182)
$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I^{(+)}=`$ (183)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^4}}{\displaystyle d^3k_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)E_\beta (𝐤,\omega )e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}i\omega t}},`$ (184)
$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I^{()}=(0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_I^{(+)})^{}.`$ (185)
Substituting Eq. (101) in Eq. (106), we obtain

$`\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)={\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{\Theta }(t^{})e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}^{}+i\omega t^{}}}`$ (186)
$`\times 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫𝐫^{},t^{})]|0.`$ (187)
By similar way we find the contribution in conductivity with an index $`II`$. Finally we obtain

$`0|j_\alpha (𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}=`$ (188)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^4}}{\displaystyle d^3k_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)E_\beta (𝐤,\omega )e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}i\omega t}},`$ (189)
$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)=\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)+\sigma _{II\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫).$$
(190)
The value $`\sigma _{I\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)`$ is defined in Eq. (110),

$`\sigma _{II\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)={\displaystyle \frac{ek_\alpha }{m\omega }}0|\overline{d}_\beta (𝐫)|0`$ (191)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ik_\gamma }{m\omega }}{\displaystyle d^3r^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t^{}\mathrm{\Theta }(t^{})e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}^{}+i\omega t^{}}}`$ (192)
$`\times 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),\overline{Y}_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫𝐫^{},t^{})]|0.`$ (193)
The conductivity tensor $`\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)`$ does not depend from coordinates $`𝐫`$ only in case of spatially - homogeneous system. At consideration of semiconductor objects of the lowered dimension dependence of the conductivity tensor from $`𝐫`$ is rather essential. Dependence of the conductivity tensor of the low dimensional semiconductor objects on $`𝐫`$ is rather essential.

In all our previous works (see, for example, ) Eq. (91)was used for calculations of an induced density of a current.

## XII Transition to expressions containing magnetic field

Till now we left behind frameworks of our consideration a case, when electric field $`𝐄`$ does not depend on time, in particular the case $`𝐄=0,𝐇(𝐫,t)=const.`$ To consider the last case we shall transform expressions for the average induced current and charge densities obtained at the end of section $`VIII`$, having entered in them magnetic field $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$. For this purpose each of values $`<0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0>_{E/r}`$ and $`<0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0>_{E/r}`$, determined, respectively, in Eqs. (68) and (69), we shall break on two parts as follows Here top indexes (+) and (-) have no any relation to the same indexes in section XI.

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_{E/r}=`$ (194)
$`=0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}+0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{()},`$ (195)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_{E/r}=`$ (196)
$`=0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}+0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^{()},`$ (197)
where

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{(\pm )}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}0|d_\beta (𝐫)|0`$ (198)
$`\times \left({\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{𝐫_\alpha }}\pm {\displaystyle \frac{a_\alpha (𝐫,t)}{𝐫_\beta }}\right)`$ (199)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (200)
$`\times \left({\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\gamma ^{}}}\pm {\displaystyle \frac{a_\gamma (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\beta ^{}}}\right),`$ (201)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^\pm `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (202)
$`\times `$ $`0|[\rho (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0`$ (203)
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\gamma ^{}}}\pm {\displaystyle \frac{a_\gamma (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\beta ^{}}}\right).`$ (204)
At first we shall consider contributions with index (-). Let us return to vector $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and scalar $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$ potentials. Taking into account definition Eq. (30) for the vector $`𝐚(𝐫,t)`$ and first of the formulas Eq. (1), we obtain

$$𝐚(𝐫,t)=𝐀(𝐫,t)+c_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}\phi (𝐫^{},t^{})/𝐫.$$
(205)
Having substituted Eq. (119) in the RHSs of expressions $`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{()}`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^{()}`$, we find, that contributions from scalar potential $`\phi `$ become zero, and

$``$ $`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{()}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}0|d_\beta (𝐫)|0`$ (206)
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_\beta (𝐫,t)}{𝐫_\alpha }}{\displaystyle \frac{A_\alpha (𝐫,t)}{𝐫_\beta }}\right)`$ (207)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (208)
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\gamma ^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{A_\gamma (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\beta ^{}}}\right),`$ (209)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^{()}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (210)
$`\times `$ $`0|[\rho (𝐫,t),Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0`$ (211)
$`\times `$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{A_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\gamma ^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{A_\gamma (𝐫^{},t^{})}{𝐫_\beta ^{}}}\right).`$ (212)
Taking into account, that $`𝐇(𝐫,t)=rot𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ (second equality from Eq. (1)), we obtain easily

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{()}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}(𝐇(𝐫,t)\times 𝐫)_\alpha 0|\rho (𝐫)|0`$ (213)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}(𝐇(𝐫^{},t^{})\times 𝐫^{})_\beta }`$ (214)
$`\times 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0,`$ (215)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^{}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (216)
$`\times (𝐇(𝐫^{},t^{})\times 𝐫^{})_\beta 0|[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0.`$ (217)
Thus, the values $`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{()}`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0^{()}`$ are expressed through magnetic field.

Now we shall transform Eqs. (117) and (118) for the contributions with an index (+). We work under the following circuit. Let us consider, for example, Eq. (117). In the RHS part

$$Y_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{})=r_\beta ^{}j_\gamma (𝐫^{})$$
(218)
enters; for $`j_\gamma (𝐫)`$ it is easy to deduce a ratio

$$j_\gamma (𝐫)=\dot{d}_\gamma (𝐫)+Y_{\gamma \delta }(𝐫)/r_\delta .$$
(219)
Let us substitute Eqs. (124) and (125) in the second term of the RHS Eq. (117), which in result breaks up on two contributions - occurring from $`Y_{\gamma \delta }(𝐫^{})/r_\delta ^{}`$ and from $`\dot{d}_\gamma (𝐫)`$. In the first contribution we integrate in parts on $`r_\delta ^{}`$, in second - on variable $`t^{}`$ also in parts. It results in

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}=0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}`$ (220)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{e}{mc}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0r_\beta r_\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{^2a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha r_\gamma }}`$ (221)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\delta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (222)
$`times{\displaystyle \frac{^2a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}r_\delta ^{}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (223)
$`\times 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),d_\gamma (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{^2a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}t^{}}}.`$ (224)
Using a ratio

$$c^1a_\beta (𝐫,t)/t=E_\beta (𝐫,t),$$

we obtain finally from Eq. (125):

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0r_\beta r_\gamma {\displaystyle \frac{^2a_\beta (𝐫,t)}{r_\alpha r_\gamma }}`$ (225)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),j_\delta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0}`$ (226)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{^2a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}r_\delta ^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (227)
$`\times 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}},`$ (228)
and, similarly,

$`0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (229)
$`\times `$ $`0|[\rho (𝐫,t),j_\delta (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{^2a_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}r_\delta ^{}}}`$ (230)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle 𝑑𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}}`$ (231)
$`\times `$ $`0|[\rho (𝐫,t),\rho (𝐫^{},t^{})]|0{\displaystyle \frac{E_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{})}{r_\gamma ^{}}}.`$ (232)
Let us notice, that unlike Eqs. (68) and (69), Eqs. (127) and (128) contain only second derivative from a vector $`𝐚(𝐫,t)`$. The obtained results can be written down in the symmetric form:

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}={\displaystyle \frac{e}{4mc}}0|\rho (𝐫)|0r_\beta r_\gamma `$ (233)
$`\times {\displaystyle \frac{}{r_\alpha }}(a_\beta (𝐫,t)/r_\gamma +a_\gamma (𝐫,t)/r_\beta )+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4\mathrm{}c}}`$ (234)
$`\times {\displaystyle }d𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t),\mathrm{\Omega }_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0,`$ (235)
$`0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0^{(+)}={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4\mathrm{}c}}`$ (236)
$`\times {\displaystyle }d𝐫^{}r_\beta ^{}r_\gamma ^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^t}dt^{}0|[\rho (𝐫,t),\mathrm{\Omega }_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫^{},t^{})]|0`$ (237)
where the symmetric tensor

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\beta \gamma }(𝐫,t)`$ $`=`$ $`j_\delta (𝐫,t){\displaystyle \frac{}{r_\delta }}(a_\beta (𝐫,t)/r_\gamma +a_\gamma (𝐫,t)/r_\beta )`$ (238)
$`+`$ $`\rho (𝐫,t){\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}(a_\beta (𝐫,t)/r_\gamma +a_\gamma (𝐫,t)/r_\beta ).`$ (239)
## XIII Constant magnetic field

Let us consider a case of a constant in time and space magnetic fields $`𝐇=const,𝐄=0`$. Let us remind, that we have included constant magnetic field in unperturbed Hamiltonian $``$ (see section II). But in the present section we do not include a field in our Hamiltonian and consider it so weak, that it is possible to be limited by linear on field contributions to induced current and charge densities. As $`𝐄=0`$, contributions to the average induced by $`E`$ densities are equal 0 ( See Eqs. (66) and (67)). The contributions with indexes $`E/r`$ are broken on two parts, which we have designated by the top indexes (+) and (-). Parts with indexes (+) are equal 0. It is easy to be convinced of it if to choose vector and scalar potentials, for example, in gage

$$𝐀(𝐫)=(1/2)[𝐫\times 𝐇],\phi =0$$
(240)
and to use Eqs. (118), (126) and (127).

So, there are only contributions with indexes (-), determined in Eqs. (122) and (123). Having put $`𝐇(𝐫,t)=𝐇`$ and having made replacement variable $`t^{}`$ by $`t^{\prime \prime }=t^{}t`$, we obtain time-independent results:

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_H={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}(𝐇\times 𝐫)_\alpha 0|\rho (𝐫)|0+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}`$ (241)
$`\times {\displaystyle }d𝐫^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}dt^{\prime \prime }(𝐇\times 𝐫^{})_\beta 0|[j_\alpha (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{\prime \prime })]|0,`$ (242)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_H={\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\mathrm{}c}}`$ (243)
$`\times {\displaystyle }d𝐫^{}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}dt^{\prime \prime }(𝐇\times 𝐫^{})_\beta 0|[\rho (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫^{},t^{\prime \prime })]|0.`$ (244)
The indexes $`H`$ in the LHSs mean $`𝐇=const,𝐄=0`$.

In obtained expressions we shall pass from operators $`𝐫_i`$ to the operators $`\overline{𝐫}_i`$, determined in Eq. (81). By a way, similar to a way stated in section X, we obtain

$`0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_H={\displaystyle \frac{e}{2mc}}(𝐇\times 0|\overline{𝐝}(𝐫)|0)_\alpha `$ (245)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{ie}{2\mathrm{}c}}{\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}dt^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\{0|[j_\alpha (𝐫,t^{}),(𝐇\times \overline{𝐫}_i)_\beta v_{i\beta }]|0,`$ (246)
$`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0_H={\displaystyle \frac{ie}{2\mathrm{}c}}`$ (247)
$`\times {\displaystyle _{\mathrm{}}^0}dt^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}\{0|[\rho (𝐫,t^{}),(𝐇\times \overline{𝐫}_i)_\beta v_{i\beta }]|0.`$ (248)
Let us note that the relations are performed

$$div0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0_H=0,0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0_H𝑑𝐫=0.$$

## XIV Conclusion

Let us consider the basic results. Since operator of interaction of charged particles with electromagnetic field is expressed through potentials $`𝐀(𝐫,t)`$ and $`\phi (𝐫,t)`$, but not through electric $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and magnetic $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$ fields, initial expressions for average values of induced current and charge densities also are expressed through potentials (see Eqs. (17) and (18)). But Eq. (17) for a current density is inconvenient, since it contains the contribution proportional to average $`0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0`$ of a charge density, and this contribution is not completely small.

Therefore we have put a task to express induced densities through fields $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$, that is certainly feasible, since the average current and charge densities are observable values.

In result Eqs. (31) and (32) were obtained, containing only electric field. However, Eq. (31) has the same lack, as Eq. (17), - it contains the contribution proportional $`0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0`$.

If to use an approximation, in which the electric field $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ does not depend on coordinates, but only on time, the contribution proportional $`0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0`$, may be removed, if to enter in expression for average current density the operators $`𝐫_i`$ of $`i`$th particle coordinates , having taken a ratio $`𝐯_i=(i/\mathrm{})[,𝐫_i]`$. This reception in essence is used in , where the theory of light scattering in bulk crystals is discussed. In the appendix A it is shown, how the same reception allows to exclude the charged particles concentration from the formula for conductivity of intrinsic bulk semiconductors at $`T=0`$.

The same result turns out, if in approximation $`𝐄(𝐫,t)𝐄(t)`$ to write down interaction of particles with a field as $`e_ir_{i\beta }E_\beta (t)`$, as it is made in .

However, the task becomes complicated if to take into account dependence of an electric field on coordinates. We have put to ourselves by the purpose to obtain such expression for induced current density, which would pass in the Kubo-formula at transition from $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ to $`𝐄(t)`$, and similar expressions for induced charge density. For a case $`T=0`$ this task is solved in sections VII - IX.

Essence of used reception consists in the following. The operator of interaction of particles with a field, expressed through electric and magnetic fields, does not exist. But we enter a fictitious operator of interaction, which results into correct results for average on the ground state of system values of the induced current and charge densities. This fictitious operator $`U_1^f`$ Eq. (37) is expressed only through an electric field $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$, in an integral on time. Then such transformation of interactions $`U_1^f\stackrel{~}{U}_1`$ is made, which does not change values of average densities, but eliminate the contribution containing $`0|\rho (𝐫,t)|0`$ from expression for average induced current density. In result Eqs (64) - (69) for $`0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$ are obtained, in which the basic contributions contain an electric field, and additional - the derivatives from $`𝐄(𝐫,t)`$ on coordinates. The transformed fictitious interaction $`\stackrel{~}{U}_1`$ also is divided on basic and additional parts. The first is equal $`e_ir_{i\beta }E_\beta (𝐫_i,t)`$, the second contains derivative $`E_\alpha (𝐫,t)/𝐫_\beta `$ in an integral on time.

In section X Eqs. (64) - (69) for average densities of induced currents and charges are transformed so, that obviously do not depend on an origin of coordinates $`𝐫_i`$ of particles. It is the basic result of the present work. In section X from Eqs. (64) - (69) for average induced currents and charges densities the diagonal elements $`0|𝐫_i|0`$ are excluded. The results Eqs. (90) - (96), containing only non-diagonal elements of the operators $`𝐫_i`$, are obtained . This is the main result of the present work. In section XI the expressions for the conductivity tensor $`\sigma (𝐤,\omega |𝐫)`$ are obtained, dependent from coordinates, in a case of spatially-heterogeneous systems.

Further in section XII from expressions for $`0|𝐣_1(𝐫,t)|0`$ and $`0|\rho _1(𝐫,t)|0`$, containing only electric field and derivative from i) on coordinates, we pass to expressions containing also magnetic field $`𝐇(𝐫,t)`$. It is necessary for reception of results in case $`𝐇=const,𝐄=0`$, which is considered in section XIII.

In the Appendix B the expression for the operator of total acceleration of system of the charged particles is obtained. The acceleration is caused by an external weak electromagnetic field. It is shown, that averaged on to the basic state of system the total acceleration can be expressed through electrical and magnetic fields. In the case of free particles the obtained result passes to a correct limit containing a force caused by an electric field, and the Lorentz force. Further it is supposed to use obtained results for construction of the general theory of secondary radiation from low-dimensional semiconductor objects.

The work has obtained the partial financial support from the Russian Fund of basic researches (00-02-16904), Program MNTK ” Physics of semiconductor nano-structures” and the Federal Program ”Integration”.

APPENDIX A

Three expressions for the conductivity tensor in a case of a spatially - homogeneous matter and an electric field independent on coordinates.

Proceeding from Eq. (31) for the average induced current density and taking into account a following connection between the Fourier-components

$$𝐚(𝐤,\omega )=(ic/\omega )\underset{¯}{\text{E}}(𝐤,\omega ),(A1)$$

following from definition Eq. (30), we obtain

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)=\frac{ie}{m\omega }0|\rho (𝐫)|0\delta _{\alpha \beta }+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}\omega }𝑑𝐫^{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t^{}$$

$$\times e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}^{}+i\omega t^{}}\mathrm{\Theta }(t^{})0|j_\alpha (𝐫),j_\beta (𝐫𝐫^{},t^{})|0.(A2)$$

In a case of spatially - homogeneous system the tensor $`\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega |𝐫)`$ does not depend on $`𝐫.`$ In the first term we use a ratio

$$0|\rho (𝐫)|0=en,(A3)$$

where $`n`$ is the concentration of charged particles, in the second term we integrate on $`𝐫`$ and $`𝐫^{}`$, also we shall divide the result on the normalized volume $`V_0`$. We obtain

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤,\omega )=\frac{ie^2n}{m\omega }\delta _{\alpha \beta }+\frac{e^2}{4m^2\mathrm{}\omega V_0}\underset{i,j}{}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\mathrm{\Theta }(t)e^{i\omega t}$$

$$\times 0|[\{e^{it/\mathrm{}}(e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}_i}p_{i\alpha }$$

$$+p_{i\alpha }e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}_i})e^{it/\mathrm{}}\},(e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}_j}p_{j\beta }+p_{i\beta }e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐫}_j})]|0,(A4),$$

where $`𝐩_i`$ is the momentum operator determined in Eq. (4) with the account of a constant strong magnetic field.

In case of electric field $`𝐄(t)`$, independent on coordinates, we enter the frequency representation

$$E_\alpha (\omega )=_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑tE_\alpha (t)\mathrm{exp}(i\omega t),(A5)$$

and

$$E_\alpha (𝐤,\omega )=(2\pi )^3\delta (𝐤)E_\alpha (\omega ).(A6).$$

Let us enter also conductivity $`\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega |𝐫)`$, included in definition of an average current density

$$0|j_{1\alpha }(𝐫,t)|0_h^+=\frac{1}{2\pi }_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\omega \sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega |𝐫)E_\alpha (\omega )e^{i\omega t},(A7)$$

where the index $`h`$ means spatially-homogeneous electric field.

Using section XI, it is easy to show, that

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega |𝐫)=\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(𝐤=0,\omega |𝐫).(A8)$$

From (A.4) and (A.8) in a case of spatially - homogeneous matter and the field $`𝐄(t)`$ we obtain

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }^I(\omega )=\frac{ie^2n}{m\omega }\delta _{\alpha \beta }$$

$$+\frac{e^2}{\mathrm{}\omega V_0}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\mathrm{\Theta }(t)e^{i\omega t}0|[V_\alpha (t),V_\beta ]|,(A9)$$

where $`V_\alpha =(1/m)_ip_{i\alpha }`$ is the operator of total speed of charged particles. (A9) is the first formula for the conductivity tensor. For reception two others we use a ratio

$$V_\alpha =(i/\mathrm{})[,R_\alpha ],(A10)$$

where $`R_\alpha =_ir_{i\alpha }.`$ Having substituted (A10) in (A8), we obtain

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )=\frac{ie^2n}{m\omega }\delta _{\alpha \beta }+\frac{e^2}{\mathrm{}\omega V_0}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\mathrm{\Theta }(t)$$

$$\times e^{i\omega t}\frac{d}{dt}0|[R_\alpha (t),V_\beta ]|0.(A11)$$

Let us execute integration on $`t`$ in parts. At $`t\mathrm{}`$ function $`\mathrm{\Theta }(t)e^{i\omega t}\frac{d}{dt}0|[R_\alpha (t),V_\beta ]|00`$ at replacement $`\omega `$ by $`\omega +i\delta `$, $`\delta 0`$. Let us take into account also, that $`d\mathrm{\Theta }(t)/dt=\delta (t)`$ and

$$(1/V_0)[R_\alpha ,V_\beta ]=(i\mathrm{}n/m)\delta _{\alpha \beta },(A12)$$

then we shall obtain

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }^{II}(\omega )=\frac{ie}{\mathrm{}V_0}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\mathrm{\Theta }(t)e^{i\omega t}0|[D_\alpha (t),V_\beta ]|0,(A13)$$

where the designation is entered

$$𝐃=e𝐑.(A14).$$

Eq. (A13) is the second expression for the conductivity tensor. Let us emphasize, that at transition from (A9) to (A13) there was a reduction of the first term from the RHS (A9), containing concentration $`n`$.

At transition to the third expression (A10) for the operator $`V_\beta `$ from the RHS (A13) is used. Further we work under the same circuit, as at transition from (A9) to (A13). Taking into account, that the commutator $`[D_\alpha ,D_\beta ]=0`$, we obtain the third formula

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }^{III}(\omega )=\frac{\omega }{\mathrm{}V_0}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t\mathrm{\Theta }(t)e^{i\omega t}0|[D_\alpha (t),D_\beta ]|0.(A15).$$

It is convenient to apply (A9), (A13) and (A15) to different systems.

For free particles, when $`V(𝐫_1\mathrm{}𝐫_N)=0,𝐇_c=0`$, the velocity operator $`𝐯`$ commutes with the Hamiltonian $`_{free}=m_iv_i^2.`$ Let us use (A 9), taking into account, that $`v_\alpha (t)=v_\alpha ,[v_\alpha ,v_\beta ]=0,`$ and we obtain the known result

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta free}(\omega )=\frac{ie^2n}{m\omega }\delta _{\alpha \beta }.(A.16)$$

In a case, when exited states are separated from the ground state by an energy gap , i. e. the energy of these states $`E_n=\mathrm{}\omega _n0`$, it is more convenient to use (A 13) or (A 15). Using exact wave functions $`|n>`$ of the exited states and having calculated integral on time, we shall express (A 15) through matrix elements of the operator $`𝐃`$:

$$\sigma _{\alpha \beta }^{III}(\omega )=\frac{i\omega }{\mathrm{}V_0}\underset{n}{}\{\frac{<0|D_\alpha |n><n|D_\beta |0>}{\omega \omega _n}$$

$$\frac{<0|D_\beta |n><n|D_\alpha |0>}{\omega +\omega _n}\},(A.17)$$

whence follows, that at $`\omega 0\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )0`$ for systems with an energy gap (superconductivity is not considered). To number of systems with an energy gap the bulk semiconductors without impurity and defects concern.

The conductivity tensor $`\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )`$ is connected with the dielectric susceptibility tensor $`\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )`$ by ratio

$$\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )=\delta _{\alpha \beta }+4\pi \chi _{\alpha \beta }(\omega ),$$

$$\chi _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )=(i/\omega )\sigma _{\alpha \beta }(\omega ),$$

so from (A.17) we obtain

$$\chi _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}V_0}\underset{n}{}\{\frac{<0|D_\alpha |n><n|D_\beta |0>}{\omega _n\omega }$$

$$+\frac{<0|D_\beta |n><n|D_\alpha |0>}{\omega _n+\omega }\}.(A.18)$$

Using the ratio between matrix elements

$$<0|D_\alpha |n>=(ie/\omega _n)<0|v_\alpha |n>,$$

$$<n|D_\alpha |0>=(ie/\omega _n)<n|v_\alpha |0>,$$

from (And 18) we find

$$\chi _{\alpha \beta }(\omega )=\frac{e^2}{\mathrm{}V_0}\underset{n}{}\frac{1}{\omega _n^2}\{\frac{<0|v_\alpha |n><n|v_\beta |0>}{\omega _n\omega }$$

$$+\frac{<0|v_\beta |n><n|v_\alpha |0>}{\omega _n+\omega }\}.(A.19)$$

If $`\omega \omega _n`$, $`\chi _{\alpha \beta }`$ is real and also does not depend on frequency $`\omega `$, but at $`\omega \omega _n`$ this dependence becomes strong and there appears an imaginary part, distinct from zero, of the tensor $`\chi _{\alpha \beta }`$, determining the resonant light absorption on frequencies $`\omega \omega _n`$. For calculation of an imaginary part it is necessary to replace frequency $`\omega `$ by $`\omega +i\gamma /2,\gamma 0`$, when the field is switched on adiabatically, or to replace frequency $`\omega _n`$ by $`\omega _ni\gamma /2`$, i. e. to take into account a final life time of a system in a state $`n`$.

APPENDIX B

Acceleration of particles system

To obtain of the operator $`𝐉_1(t)`$ of the induced current of system of particles we use Eq. (14), containing vector and scalar potentials. Having executed integration on $`𝐫`$ and $`𝐫^{}`$, we obtain

$$J_{1\alpha }(t)=\frac{e^2}{mc}\underset{i}{}A_\alpha (𝐫_i(t),t)+$$

$$+\frac{ie}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑t^{}[U_1(t^{}),\underset{i}{}v_{i\alpha }(t)],(B1)$$

where the designation is used

$$𝐀(𝐫_i(t),t)=e^{it/\mathrm{}}𝐀(𝐫_i,t)e^{it/\mathrm{}}.$$

Differentiating (B1) on time and having divided on $`e`$, we shall obtain the operator $`𝐖_1(t)`$ of the induced total acceleration:

$$W_{1\alpha }(t)=\frac{e}{mc}\frac{d}{dt}\underset{i}{}A_\alpha (𝐫_i(t),t)+\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[U_1(t),\underset{i}{}v_{i\alpha }(t)]$$

$$+\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[U_1(t^{}),W_\alpha (t)],(B2)$$

where $`W_\alpha (t)=_iw_{i\alpha }(t),w_{i\alpha }(t)=dv_{i\alpha }(t)/dt.`$ The decoding of first two terms gives

$$𝐖_{1\alpha }(t)=\frac{e}{mc}\underset{i}{}\frac{A\alpha (𝐫_i(t),t)}{t}\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}\frac{\phi (𝐫_i(t),t)}{𝐫_{i\alpha }(t)}$$

$$+\frac{e}{2mc}\underset{i}{}\{v_{i\alpha }(t)(\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i(t),t)}{𝐫_{i\alpha }(t)}\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i(t),t)}{𝐫_{i\beta }(t)})$$

$$+(\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i(t),t)}{𝐫_{i\alpha }(t)}\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i(t),t)}{𝐫_{i\beta }(t)})v_{i\alpha }(t)\}$$

$$(e/mc)^2\underset{i}{}[𝐀(𝐫_i(t),t)\times 𝐇_c]_\alpha $$

$$+(i/\mathrm{})_{\mathrm{}}^t𝑑t^{}[U_1(t^{}),W_\alpha (t)],(B3)$$

where the designations are used:

$$\frac{A\alpha (𝐫_i(t),t)}{t}=e^{it/\mathrm{}}\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{t}e^{it/\mathrm{}},$$

$$\frac{\phi (𝐫_i(t),t)}{𝐫_{i\alpha }(t)}=e^{it/\mathrm{}}\frac{\phi (𝐫_i,t)}{𝐫_{i\alpha }}e^{it/\mathrm{}},$$

$`𝐇_c`$ is the constant strong magnetic field included in the basic Hamiltonian $``$. At transition from (B2) to (B3) the ratio is used $`𝐯_i\times 𝐯_i=(i\mathrm{}e/m^2c)𝐇_c,`$ and the LHS $`0`$ because of non-commutativity of various projections of the velocity, for example

$$[𝐯_i\times 𝐯_i]_z=[v_{ix},v_{iy}]=(i\mathrm{}e/m^2c)H_{cz}.(B4)$$

The operator $`𝐰_i(t)`$ of acceleration $`i`$th particle is equal

$$w_{i\alpha }=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}e^{it/\mathrm{}}[,v_{i\alpha }]e^{it/\mathrm{}}=$$

$$=\frac{1}{m}e^{it/\mathrm{}}\frac{V(𝐫_1,\mathrm{}𝐫_N)}{r_{i\alpha }}e^{it/\mathrm{}}$$

$$+\frac{e(𝐯_i(t)\times 𝐇_c)_\alpha }{mc}.(B5)$$

With the help Eq. (1) it is easy to see, that the expression in braces in (B3) is equal

$$e^{it/\mathrm{}}\{(𝐯_i\times 𝐇(𝐫_i,t))_\alpha (𝐇(𝐫_i,t)\times 𝐯_i)_\alpha \}e^{it/\mathrm{}}.$$

Therefore (B3) will be transformed to

$$𝐖_1(t)=\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}𝐄(𝐫_i(t),t)$$

$$+\frac{e}{2mc}\underset{i}{}\{𝐯_i(t)\times 𝐇(𝐫_i(t),t)𝐇_i(𝐫_i(t),t)\times 𝐯_i(t)\}$$

$$\left(\frac{e}{mc}\right)^2\underset{i}{}𝐀(𝐫(t),t)\times 𝐇_c$$

$$+\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^tdt^{}[U_1(t^{}),𝐖(t)].(B6)$$

It is obvious, that the second term corresponds to the Lorentz force, at which the non-commutativity ⨢ of the operators $`𝐯_i`$ and $`𝐇(𝐫_i,t)`$ is taken into account. The third term caused by $`𝐇_c`$, contains the additive to speed $`\mathrm{\Delta }𝐯_i`$, determined in Eq. (8) and induced by a weak electromagnetic field.

In the case of free particles

$$𝐇_c=0,V(𝐫_1,\mathrm{}𝐫_N)=0,𝐖=0,(B7)$$

and in the RHS (B6) only two first terms containing weak electric and magnetic fields are kept .

But if particles are not free, the operator (B6) fails to be expressed only through fields, since the last two terms contain vector and scalar potentials. Average value $`0|𝐖_1(t)|0`$ of the induced acceleration should be expressed only through fields, that we now shall prove. For this purpose we shall calculate the value $`0|𝐖_1(t)|0`$ in another way, and then we shall check up, that both ways give coinciding results. Let us use Eq. (27) and integrate its both parts on $`𝐫`$. We obtain

$$0|W_{1\alpha }(t)|0=\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}0|E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)|0$$

$$\frac{ie}{2\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0dt^{}0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\beta },\underset{i}{}\{v_{i\beta }(t^{}E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})$$

$$+E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})v_{j\beta }(t^{})\}]|0.(B8)$$

This expression contains only electric fields. On the other hand, having averaged the operator (B6), we obtain

$$0|W_{1\alpha }(t)|0=\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}0|E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)|0$$

$$+\frac{e}{2mc}\underset{i}{}0|(𝐯_i\times 𝐇(𝐫_i,t))_\alpha (𝐇(𝐫_i,t)\times 𝐯_i)_\alpha |0$$

$$(e/mc)^2\underset{i}{}0|(𝐀(𝐫_i,t)\times 𝐇_c)_\alpha |0+C_\alpha (t),(B9)$$

where

$$C_\alpha (t)=(i/\mathrm{})_{\mathrm{}}^tdt^{}0|[U_1(t^{}),W_\alpha (t)]|0.(B10)$$

Let us transform (B10). Integrating in parts, we obtain

$$C_\alpha (t)=C_\alpha ^1(t)+C_\alpha ^2(t),(B11)$$

$$C_\alpha ^1(t)=(i/\mathrm{})0\left|[U_1,\underset{i}{}v_{i\alpha }]\right|0,(B12)$$

$$C_\alpha ^2(t)=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}\frac{d}{dt}_{\mathrm{}}^tdt^{}0\left|[U_1(t^{}),\underset{i}{}v_{i\alpha }(t)]\right|0.(B13)$$

In the RHS (B12) we shall substitute Eq. (5) for $`U_1`$ and we shall calculate the commutator. We obtain

$$C_\alpha ^1(t)=\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}0\left|\frac{\phi (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\alpha }}\right|0$$

$$+\left(\frac{e}{mc}\right)^2\underset{i}{}0|(𝐀(𝐫_i,t)\times 𝐇_c)_\alpha |0$$

$$\frac{e}{2mc}\underset{i}{}0\left|v_{i\beta }\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\alpha }}+\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\alpha }}v_{i\beta }\right|0.(B14)$$

In (B13) in integral we pass to $`t^{\prime \prime }=tt^{}`$ and we break the integral on two parts, first of which contains vector, and second - scalar potentials:

$$C_\alpha ^2(t)=C_{A\alpha }^2(t)+C_{\phi \alpha }^2(t),(B15)$$

$$C_{A\alpha }^2(t)=\frac{ie}{2c\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0dt^{}0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },$$

$$\times \underset{i}{}\{v_{i\beta }(t^{})\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})}{t}$$

$$+\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})}{t}v_{i\beta }(t^{})\}]|0,(B16)$$

$$C_{\phi \alpha }^2(t)=\frac{ie}{\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}$$

$$\times 0\left|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },\underset{i}{}\frac{\phi (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})}{t}]\right|0.(B17)$$

We shall leave (B16) without changes, and in (B17) we use a ratio

$$\phi (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})/t=$$

$$=\mathrm{exp}(it^{}/\mathrm{})(\phi (𝐫_i,t+t^{})/t)\mathrm{exp}(it^{}/\mathrm{})=$$

$$=\mathrm{exp}(it^{}/\mathrm{})(\phi (𝐫_i,t+t^{})/t^{})\mathrm{exp}(it^{}/\mathrm{}).$$

Then we integrate in parts on $`t^{}`$ and obtain

$$C_{\phi \alpha }^2(t)=\frac{ie}{\mathrm{}}\underset{i}{}0|[v_{i\alpha },\phi (𝐫_i,t)]|0$$

$$\frac{e}{\mathrm{}^2}_{\mathrm{}}^0dt^{}0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },e^{it^{}/\mathrm{}}$$

$$\times \underset{i}{}[,\phi (𝐫_i,t+t^{})]e^{it^{}/\mathrm{}}]|0.(B18)$$

The commutator in the first term is calculated, and for transformations of the second term we notice, that

$$\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[,\phi (𝐫_i,t)]=\frac{1}{2}\left(v_{i\beta }\frac{\phi (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}+\frac{\phi (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}v_{i\beta }\right).(B19)$$

Having substituted (B19) in (B18), we obtain:

$$C_{\phi \alpha }^2(t)=\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}0|\phi (𝐫_i,t)/r_{i\alpha }|0+$$

$$+\frac{ie}{2\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0dt^{}0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },\underset{i}{}(v_{i\beta }(t^{})\frac{\phi (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})}{r_{i\beta }(t^{})}$$

$$+\frac{\phi (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})}{r_{i\beta }(t^{})}v_{i\beta }(t^{}))]|0.(B20)$$

Summing (B14), (B16) and (B20), we obtain finally

$$C_\alpha (t)=\frac{e}{2mc}0\left|v_{i\beta }\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\alpha }}+\frac{A_\beta (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\alpha }}v_{i\beta }\right|0$$

$$+(e/mc)^2\underset{i}{}0|(𝐀(𝐫_i,t)\times 𝐇_c)_\alpha |0\frac{ie}{2\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}$$

$$\times 0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },\underset{i}{}\{v_{i\beta }(t^{})E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})$$

$$+E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})v_{i\beta }(t^{})\}]|0.(B21)$$

Having substituted (B21) in (B9), we obtain

$$0|W_{1\alpha }|0=\frac{e}{m}\underset{i}{}0|E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)|0\frac{ie}{2\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}$$

$$0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },\underset{i}{}\{v_{i\beta }(t^{})E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})$$

$$+E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})v_{i\beta }(t^{})\}]|0$$

$$\frac{e}{2mc}\underset{i}{}0\left|v_{i\beta }\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}+\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}v_{i\beta }\right|0.(B22)$$

This expression coincides with (B8) except for last term from the RHS (B22). But it is possible to show, that this term is equal 0. Really,

$$(1/2)0\left|v_{i\beta }\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}+\frac{A_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}v_{i\beta }\right|0=$$

$$=(i/\mathrm{})0|[,A_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)]|0=0,(B23)$$

since the operator $``$ has only diagonal matrix elements $`0||0`$. So, we have checked up, that results (B8) and (B9), obtained by different ways, coincide.

Let us consider a case of free particles, when the conditions (B7) are carried out. Then $`C_\alpha (t)=0`$, the penultimate term from the RHS (B9) also is equal to zero, and comparing (B8) and (B4), we find, that for the average Lorentz force a ratio owes to be carried out

$$\frac{e}{2c}0|[𝐯_i\times 𝐇(𝐫_i,t)])_\alpha [𝐇(𝐫_i,t)\times 𝐯_i]_\alpha |0_{free}=$$

$$=\frac{iem}{2\mathrm{}}_{\mathrm{}}^0dt^{}0|[\underset{j}{}v_{j\alpha },\underset{i}{}\{v_{i\beta }(t^{})E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})$$

$$+E_\beta (𝐫_i(t^{}),t+t^{})v_{i\beta }(t^{})\}]|0_{free},(B24)$$

where the index $`\mathrm{"}free\mathrm{"}`$ means performance of conditions (B7). Let us check up (B24) by direct account, transforming the RHS. Since $`_{free}=(m/2)_iv_i^2,v_{j\alpha }`$ commutes with $`_{free}`$, it is possible to write down

$$v_{j\alpha }=e^{i_{free}t^{}/\mathrm{}}v_{j\alpha }e^{i_{free}t^{}/\mathrm{}}=v_{j\alpha }(t^{}),$$

then a bordering $`\mathrm{exp}(i_{free}t^{}/\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{exp}(i_{free}t^{}/\mathrm{})`$ from the RHS (B24) leaves. We shall designate the RHS (B24) as $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (t)`$, and after calculation of the commutator it appears equal

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (t)=\frac{e}{2}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}\underset{i}{}0|v_{i\beta }\frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t+t^{})}{r_{i\alpha }}$$

$$+\frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t+t^{})}{r_{i\alpha }}v_{i\beta }|0.(B25)$$

We shall notice, that the equality

$$\frac{1}{2}0\left|v_{i\beta }\frac{E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}+\frac{E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)}{r_{i\beta }}v_{i\beta }\right|0=$$

$$=(i/\mathrm{})0|[,E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t)]|0=0$$

is carried out similar (B23), therefore $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (t)`$ it is possible to write down as

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (t)=\frac{e}{2}_{\mathrm{}}^0dt^{}\underset{i}{}0|v_{i\beta }(\frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t+t^{})}{r_{i\alpha }}$$

$$\frac{E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t+t^{})}{r_{i\beta }})+(\frac{E_\beta (𝐫_i,t+t^{})}{r_{i\alpha }}$$

$$\frac{E_\alpha (𝐫_i,t+t^{})}{r_{i\beta }})v_{i\beta }|0_{free},(B26)$$

that is equal

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (t)=\frac{e}{2}_{\mathrm{}}^0𝑑t^{}\underset{i}{}0|(𝐯_i\times rot𝐄(𝐫_i,t+t^{}))_\alpha $$

$$(rot𝐄(𝐫_i,t+t^{})\times 𝐯_i)_\alpha |0.(B27)$$

Using the Maxwell equation $`rot𝐄(𝐫,t)=(1/c)(𝐇(𝐫,t)/t)`$ and having calculated integral on $`t^{}`$, we obtain, that $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (t)`$ is equal to the LHS (B24), as it was required to prove.

Let us notice, that in a case $`𝐄=0,𝐇=const`$, both sides of (B24) address in 0. It is obvious to the RHS, and in the LHS the matrix elements appear $`0|v_{i\beta }|0=(i/\mathrm{})0|[,r_{i\beta }]|0=0`$ because the operator $``$ is diagonal.


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# Role of inertia in two-dimensional deformation and breakup of a droplet

## Abstract

We investigate by Lattice Boltzmann methods the effect of inertia on the deformation and break-up of a two-dimensional fluid droplet surrounded by fluid of equal viscosity (in a confined geometry) whose shear rate is increased very slowly. We give evidence that in two dimensions inertia is necessary for break-up, so that at zero Reynolds number the droplet deforms indefinitely without breaking. We identify two different routes to breakup via two-lobed and three-lobed structures respectively, and give evidence for a sharp transition between these routes as parameters are varied.

The role of inertia in the deformation and breakup of a droplet in a shear flow remains an open problem in fluid mechanics. In three dimensions, a droplet in a steady shear field will break at a critical capillary number Ca $`0.5`$ even without inertia taylor . Crudely speaking, this happens when it is deformed enough to undergo the Rayleigh instability, which is the peristaltic instability of a long tube of one static fluid in another, driven by interfacial tension. Ca measures the relative importance of viscous to interfacial forces; the effect of inertia, whose importance is quantified by the Reynolds number Re, is essentially perturbative. Thus, although situations arise where a droplet that would be stable at zero Re is unstable at a finite Re, this really amounts to an inertia-induced shift of the critical Ca. The contribution of inertia was studied in recent numerical work renardy1 ; renardy2 ; xi ; li . Much of this work uses a flow protocol based on sudden onset of shearing at different flow rates, rather than a gradual ramping up of the rate; this saves much time numerically but describes a distinct physical situation from the slow ramp studied here; both are of interest experimentally.

The situation is somewhat different in two dimensions. Although not realizable directly in laboratory experiments, this case is more accessible by simulation halliday ; sheth , and is interesting because the nonlinear physics involved in breakup may not be the same as in 3D. In 2D, the Rayleigh instability is effectively switched off, because periodic variations in the width of the droplet (at fixed volume) always increases the amount of interface. In the present work we study numerically in 2D the breakup of a droplet, and find quite distinctive nonlinear physics, in which inertia plays an essential part. The relatively moderate demands of 2D simulations allows us to establish the scenario relatively clearly, even for the case of an ‘infinitesimal’ ramp, which we here approach numerically by a novel recursive updating scheme for the flow rate.

Method: We use the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate a (symmetric) binary fluid deep within the two-phase region. The phase separation of the order parameter $`\varphi `$ is induced by a chemical potential $`\mu =A\varphi +B\varphi ^3\kappa ^2\varphi `$ derived from a $`\varphi ^4`$ Landau free energy ludwig . The evolution equation for the order parameter is

$$_t\varphi +𝐮.\varphi =M^2\mu $$
(1)
with $`M`$ a mobility; this is coupled with a Navier-Stokes equation

$$\rho (_t𝐮+𝐮.𝐮)=p+\varphi \mu +\eta ^2𝐮$$
(2)
where $`𝐮`$ is the fluid velocity, $`\rho `$ its density and $`\eta `$ is the viscosity. The interfacial tension is included in this model through the gradient terms in the chemical potential and it is given by $`\sigma =\frac{2A}{3B}\sqrt{2\kappa A}`$. Note that topological reconnections of the fluid-fluid interface are handled implicitly by the order parameter diffusion and no singularity is encountered at breakup. Care was taken with parameter selection to ensure that the droplet behaviour is dominated by hydrodynamic and capillary forces, except very close to the breakup point, where both diffusion, and an interaction arising from the finite breadth of the interfaces (a few lattice spacings), kick in.

In our simulations, we first set up a droplet of fluid in a surrounding immiscible phase of the same viscosity. To impose a shear flow with strain rate $`\dot{\gamma }`$, we introduce moving walls at the top and bottom edges of the simulation cell with opposite velocities $`\pm L\dot{\gamma }/2`$ where $`L`$ is the cell width. A droplet in such a shear profile will deform with the flow until and unless the viscous stress is balanced by interfacial tension. The ratio of these forces is expressed in the capillary number

$$\text{Ca}=\frac{\eta \dot{\gamma }R_0}{\sigma }$$
(3)
where $`R_0`$ is the radius of the undeformed droplet; the Reynolds number measures the ratio of inertial and viscous forces:

$$\text{Re}=\frac{\rho \dot{\gamma }R_0^2}{\eta }$$
(4)
We quantify the deformation of a droplet by calculating the following moments of the order parameter field

$`b`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝐱}{}}\theta (\varphi )\varphi `$ (5)
$`c_\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝐱}{}}\theta (\varphi )x_\alpha `$ (6)
$`d_{\alpha \beta }`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{𝐱}{}}\theta (\varphi )\varphi (x_\alpha c_\alpha )(x_\beta c_\beta )`$ (7)
Here $`b`$ gives the 2D droplet’s area and $`𝐜/b`$ the position vector of its centre. The eigenvalues of $`d_{\alpha \beta }/b`$ give us two length scales $`l_1l_2`$ corresponding to the two axes of the droplet. The Taylor deformation is defined as

$$D=\frac{l_1l_2}{l_1+l_2}.$$
(8)
Note that very deformed droplets have $`D`$ close to (but still less than) unity.

To study the breakup behavior of droplets and find the critical capillary number (beyond which no steady state for a single droplet stably exists) we need to find the stationary shapes of droplets at various Ca and Re. We ramp up the shear rate in a way that finds all stable droplet shapes before the breakup. To do this efficiently we use an algorithm that increases the shear rate $`\dot{\gamma }`$ stepwise and then waits for the droplet shape to reach steady-state before calculating Ca and Re. If there is breakup, or if the resulting deformation increment is too large (exceeding a threshold $`\mathrm{\Delta }D_c0.05`$) a smaller increase $`\mathrm{\Delta }\dot{\gamma }`$ in the shear rate is tried. This process is iterated until either equilibrium is achieved, or $`\mathrm{\Delta }\dot{\gamma }`$ falls below a pre-set limit chosen very close to zero ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\dot{\gamma }_c10^7`$). In the latter case, the last value of $`\dot{\gamma }`$ for which equilibrium was reached is identified as the final stable shear rate; this fixes the value of Ca and Re at breakup for the chosen run. By varying simulation parameters (such as viscosity) an ensemble of curves of Re vs Ca was generated. Each termininated in a breakup point.

The simulations reported below have lattices bounded by moving walls separated by 120 lattice sites, with periodic boundary conditions along the flow direction (in which the lattice length is 400). Other parameters common to all runs were, in lattice units kendon , $`A=B=0.06;\kappa =0.039`$, from which the interfacial tension is derived as $`0.046`$; and $`M=3.0`$. Ten viscosity values were selected in the range $`0.230.88`$, again in lattice units kendon . These parameter values were chosen to minimise lattice anisotropy, spurious diffusive currents, and other well-documented but fairly controllable artefacts of the lattice Boltzmann method kendon ; foot . The initial droplet radius in each run was 21 lattice units. However, it was found that the increased curvature of a sheared droplet could lead to slight changes in its size as a result of increased Laplace pressure causing a shift in solubility. This effect was minimized by using the true size of the droplet when calculating $`R_0`$ for the purposes of Re and Ca (see below).

The ratio $`L/R_05.7`$ is not so large as to approach the behaviour of a droplet being sheared in an infinite medium. Wall proximity effects are present in our results (as they are in many experiments), but we do not study these systematically here. In addition, the slight change in $`R_0`$ with shear rate mentioned above means that the wall effects vary slightly during each run. By varying lattice size and shape we checked that there was no undue influence on the results. The same applies to the effect caused by proximity of a droplet to its periodic image along the flow direction.

Although it is hard to quantify precisely all systematic errors in lattice Boltzmann kendon  we believe the quantitative results reported below are generally good to within ten percent and mostly rather better. Our main conclusions, however, are qualitative in nature.

Zero Reynolds number results: First we report a simulation for zero Reynolds number. While lattice Boltzmann fully treats inertial effects, a stationary zero Reynolds number flow can also be simulated (essentially by switching off the term in the algorithm that handles fluid convection). In contrast to previous suggestions halliday ; wagner , we found that a two-dimensional droplet in a shear flow at zero Re does not break up by any fluid-mechanical process. Instead it continues to deform (Figure 1) until the width of the droplet is comparable to the interface width, at which point dissolution-assisted breakup occurs. This corresponds to a molecular rather than a hydrodynamic breakup mechanism. A similarly elongated droplet in 3D would certainly not survive, due to the Rayleigh instability.

Finite Reynolds number results: Both the Reynolds number and the capillary number depend linearly on the shear rate. We can, however, form the dimensionless number $`I=`$ Re/Ca which will be almost constant for each run (deviations arising only from the small changes in droplet size $`R_0`$; see above). The nominal $`I`$ values for the nine different runs simulated are identified in the caption to Figure 2, where we show deformation curves in each case. At modest Ca values the curves with a higher $`I`$ (more inertia) show a larger deformation. A likely explanation for this is the Bernoulli effect. This will create regions of lower pressure at the edges of the droplet, tending to stretch it into the flow so that it experiences a stronger flow than applies for a droplet at zero Re.

The simulation corresponding to the lowest curve is the zero Reynolds number case and here the droplet does not break, as previously discussed. All other curves end at the last stable configuration for the droplet that could be found using our ramp method. It can be difficult to establish the stability of the very slowly evolving, near-critical droplets that arise close to this last stable configuration (particularly if they are very deformed) so we have taken care to run the simulations for tens of thousands of timesteps per iteration in these parts of the curves.

With increasing $`I`$ we find that there is a trend towards steeper deformation curves, and at a critical $`I_c`$ between $`6.3`$ and $`7.3`$ we observe a singularity in which the deformation curve appears to develop an infinite slope at its end point. Further deformation curves with larger $`I`$ all end similarly at a deformation of about $`0.6`$. We performed simulations for a number of different lattice sizes and the exact value of $`I_c`$ depends on the cell dimensions, with increasing wall separation causing a shift to smaller $`I_c`$ LE .

As explained earlier, our ramp algorithm is designed to allow only a certain amount of deformation for each new stationary state. So, before the algorithm reaches a region of infinite slope it will force increasingly smaller shear-rate increments; when these fall below the pre-set threshold the algorithm will save the last configuration and exit. To check the fate of these droplets we reloaded the last configurations manually and again increased the shear rate by a very small amount. All these droplets then broke up into two droplets; none into three.

We show the dependence of the last stable capillary number on Re in Figure 3. Each of the runs appears an (almost) straight line on the plot, ending at the breakup point. Two different critical capillary number regimes are clearly separated in the Re/Ca plane. Figure 3 gives examples of the last stable droplet shapes for both $`I<I_c`$ and $`I>I_c`$. For $`I<I_c`$ we find that the droplets develop a double dimple; beyond the critical capillary number Ca$`{}_{c}{}^{}(I)`$ these break up into three. For $`I>I_c`$ the last stable droplet shows one dimple; beyond Cac these break up into only two droplets.

Note that, in these simulations, we only observed breakup for Re $`<1.2`$. The shape of the breakup envelope in Figure 3, together with the knowledge that the zero Reynolds number case does not lead to break-up, suggests that the envelope could have a horizontal asymptote at some nonzero value of Re (perhaps close to unity). This would imply a finite critical Re below which no breakup could occur, however large Ca. However, more detailed work would be needed to reach a firm conclusion on this point.

We also performed simulations with a less sophisticated ramp algorithm in which the shear rate was increased as before, but without restriction on the deformation increment. In this case, different behaviour was seen around $`I_c`$. Droplets which, when ramped more carefully, would show the two-lobed breakup mode (with a vertical tangent to the deformation curve at its end point; Figure 2) could now jump past this onto the upper branch of the deformation curve, developing instead a stable three-lobed shape, finally breaking at higher Ca into three droplets. The deformation curve for one such case is compared to the more careful ramp for the same $`I`$ in Figure 4. This proves that the details of the flow history can strongly affect the final breakup mode and also the shear rate at which it occurs.

Comparing this result with the general trend shown for larger $`I`$ in Figure 2 suggests a conjecture: that the behaviour is governed by an underlying, continuous deformation curve that has, for $`I>I_c`$, folded over into an S-shape. With such a curve, one might naturally expect a discontinuous jump in deformation on ramping up to the point of vertical tangency. However, it appears that droplets cannot survive the jump (but instead break in two) if brought very close to this point before the jump is made. With a faster ramp, the jump occurs sooner; the droplet then can survive the jump and continue onto the upper branch of the deformation curve. The mechanism seems to involve transient stretching just after the shear rate is incremented; this allows the droplet to find the upper branch of the deformation curve, but only if the shear rate increment is sufficient. Note that such an S-shaped deformation curve would also admit hysteresis, in which two states of deformation were both possible at exactly the same Ca. However, we never got clear evidence of this in our simulations, so any hysteresis loop appears to be relatively small.

Conclusions: In this article we have provided evidence that droplet breakup in two dimensions requires a nonzero Reynolds number. The dependence of the critical capillary number Cac on the dimensionless number $`I`$= Re/Ca for two-dimensional droplet break-up shows an unexpected transition at $`I=I_c`$. (The precise value of $`I_c`$ depends on the wall separation.) This transition is consistent with an evolution of the underlying deformation curve $`D(`$Ca$`)`$ into an S-shape. (However we did not observe hysteresis around this transition.) A slow enough ramp leads to a two-lobed droplet breakup mode at Cac for $`I>I_c`$ whereas under different ramp conditions a droplet can, before reaching Cac, jump from a two lobed structure to a three lobed one, which is then stable to much higher Ca. For $`I<I_c`$ the droplet evolves to a three lobed structure before breaking, no matter how slow the ramp rate, and then breaks into three droplets. From extrapolation of the critical capillary number we proposed that, even at very large Ca, a threshold in Re of order unity may need to be exceeded; but an alternative is that the Cac diverges only as Re$`0`$.

Because of the care required in achieving equilibration close to Cac it would be difficult to perform similar numerical studies in three dimensions without very substantial resources. Nonetheless, an important open question is whether, on increasing the relative importance of inertia, the breakup mode in three dimensions also undergoes a sudden transition as we discovered here. We are unaware of experiments addressing this, and note that in such experiments (as well as in simulations) very careful control of the shear history might be needed to identify any transitions that may be present.

Acknowledgments: Work funded in part by EPSRC Grants GR/M56234 and GR/R67699.