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# Cohomology of abelian matched pairs and the Kac sequence

## 0. Introduction

In this paper we discuss various cohomology theories for Hopf algebras and their relation to extension theory.

It is natural to think of building new algebraic objects from simpler structures, or to get information about the structure of complicated objects by decomposing them into simpler parts. Algebraic extension theories serve exactly that purpose, and the classification problem of such extensions is usually related to cohomology theories.

In the case of Hopf algebras, extension theories are proving to be invaluable tools for the construction of new examples of Hopf algebras, as well as in the efforts to classify finite dimensional Hopf algebras.

Hopf algebras, which occur for example as group algebras, as universal envelopes of Lie algebras, as algebras of representative functions on Lie groups, as coordinate algebras of algebraic groups and as Quantum groups, have many ‘group like’ properties. In particular, cocommutative Hopf algebras are group object in the category of cocommutative coalgebras, and are very much related to ordinary groups and Lie algebras. In fact, over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, such a Hopf algebra is a semi-direct product of a group algebra by a universal envelope of a Lie algebra, hence just a group algebra if finite dimensional (see \[MM, Ca, Ko\] for the connected case, \[Gr1,2, Sw2\] for the general case).

In view of these facts it appears natural to try to relate the cohomology of Hopf algebras to that of groups and Lie algebras. The first work in this direction was done by M.E. Sweedler \[Sw1\] and by G.I. Kac \[Kac\] in the late 1960’s. Sweedler introduced a cohomology theory of algebras that are modules over a Hopf algebra (now called Sweedler cohomology). He compared it to group cohomology, to Lie algebra cohomology and to Amitsur cohomology. In that paper he also shows how the second cohomology group classifies cleft comodule algebra extensions. Kac considered Hopf algebra extensions of a group algebra $`kT`$ by the dual of a group algebra $`k^N`$ obtained from a matched pair of finite groups $`(N,T)`$, and found an exact sequence connecting the cohomology of the groups involved and the group of Hopf algebra extensions $`\mathrm{Opext}(kT,k^N)`$

$$\begin{array}{c}0H^1(NT,k^{})H^1(T,k^{})H^1(N,k^{})\mathrm{Aut}(k^N\mathrm{\#}kT)\hfill \\ H^2(NT,k^{})H^2(T,k^{})\mathrm{Opext}(kT,k^N)H^3(NT,k^{})\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

which is now known as the Kac sequence. In the work of Kac all Hopf algebras are over the field of complex numbers and also carry the structure of a $`C^{}`$-algebra. Such structures are now called Kac algebras. The generalization to arbitrary fields appears in recent work by A. Masuoka \[Ma1,2\], where it is also used to show that certain groups of Hopf algebra extensions are trivial. Masuoka also obtained a version of the Kac sequence for matched pairs of Lie bialgebras \[Ma3\], as well as a new exact sequence involving the group of quasi Hopf algebra extensions of a finite dimensional abelian Singer pair \[Ma4\].

In this paper we introduce a cohomology theory for general abelian matched pairs $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$, consisting of two cocommutative Hopf algebras acting compatibly on each other with bismash product $`H=NT`$, and obtain a general Kac sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0H^1(H,A)H^1(T,A)H^1(N,A)^1(T,N,A)H^2(H,A)\hfill \\ H^2(T,A)H^2(N,A)^2(T,N,A)H^3(H,k)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

relating the cohomology $`^{}(T,N,A)`$ of the matched pair with coefficients in a module algebra $`A`$ to the Sweedler cohomologies of the Hopf algebras involved. For trivial coefficients the maps in the low degree part of the sequence are described explicitly. If $`T`$ is finite-dimensional then abelian matched pairs $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ are in bijective correspondence with abelian Singer pairs $`(N,T^{})`$, and we get a natural isomorphism $`^{}(T,N,k)H^{}(N,T^{})`$ between the cohomology of the abelian matched pair and that of the corresponding abelian Singer pair. In particular, together with results from \[Ho\] one obtains $`^1(T,N,k)H^1(N,T^{})\mathrm{Aut}(T^{}\mathrm{\#}N)`$ and $`^2(T,N,k)H^2(N,T^{})\mathrm{Opext}(N,T^{})`$. The sequence gives information about extensions of cocommutative Hopf algebras by commutative ones. It can also be used in certain cases to compute the (low degree) cohomology groups a Hopf algebras.

Such a sequence can of course not exist for non-abelian matched pairs, at least if the sequence is to consist of groups and not just pointed sets as in \[Sch\].

Together with the five term exact sequence for a smash product of Hopf algebras $`H=NT`$ \[M2\], generalizing that of K. Tahara \[Ta\] for a semi-direct product of groups,

$$\begin{array}{c}1H_{meas}^1(T,\mathrm{Hom}(N,A))\stackrel{~}{H}^2(H,A)H^2(N,A)^T\hfill \\ H_{meas}^2(T,\mathrm{Hom}(N,A))\stackrel{~}{H}^3(H,A)\hfill \end{array}$$

it is possible in principle to give a procedure to compute the second cohomology group of any abelian matched pair of pointed Hopf algebras over a field of characteristic zero with a finite group of points and a reductive Lie algebra of primitives.

In Section 1 abelian Singer pairs of Hopf algebras are reviewed. In particular we talk about the cohomology of an abelian Singer pair, about Sweedler cohomology and Hopf algebra extensions \[Si, Sw1\].

In the second section abelian matched pairs of Hopf algebras are discussed. We introduce a cohomology theory for an abelian matched pair of Hopf algebras with coefficients in a commutative module algebra, and in Section 4 we see how it compares to the cohomology of a Singer pair.

The generalized Kac sequence for an abelian matched pair of Hopf algebra is presented in Section 5. The homomorphisms in the low dgree part of the sequence are given explicitly, so as to make it possible to use them in explicit calculations of groups of Hopf algebra extensions and low degree Sweedler cohomology groups.

Section 6 examines how the tools introduced combined with some additional observations can be used to describe explicitly the second cohomology group of some abelian matched pairs.

In the appendix some results from (co-)simplicial homological algebra used in the main body of the paper are presented.

Throughout the paper $`{}_{H}{}^{}𝒱`$, $`{}_{H}{}^{}𝒜`$ and $`{}_{H}{}^{}𝒞`$ denote the categories of left $`H`$-modules, $`H`$-module algebras and $`H`$-module coalgebras, respectively, for the Hopf algebra $`H`$ over the field $`k`$. Similarly, $`𝒱^H`$, $`𝒜^H`$ and $`𝒞^H`$ stand for the categories of right $`H`$-comodules, $`H`$-comodule algebras and $`H`$-comodule coalgebras, respectively.

We use the Sweedler sigma notation for comultiplication: $`\mathrm{\Delta }(c)=c_1c_2`$, $`(1\mathrm{\Delta })\mathrm{\Delta }(c)=c_1c_2c_3`$ etc. In the cocommutative setting the indices are clear from the context and we will omit them whenever convenient.

If $`V`$ is a vector space, then $`V^n`$ denotes its $`n`$-fold tensor power.

## 1. Cohomology of an abelian Singer pair

### 1.1. Singer pairs

Let $`(B,A)`$ be a pair of Hopf algebras together with an action $`\mu :BAA`$ and a coaction $`\rho :BBA`$ so that $`A`$ is a $`B`$-module algebra and $`B`$ is an $`A`$-comodule coalgebra. Then $`AB`$ can be equipped with the cross product algebra structure as well as the cross product coalgebra structure. To ensure compatibility of these structures, i.e: to get a Hopf algebra, further conditions on $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$ are necessary. These are most easily expressed in term of the action of $`B`$ on $`AA,`$ twisted by the coaction of $`A`$ on $`B`$,

$$\mu _2=(\mu \mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B11):BAAAA,$$

i.e: $`b(aa^{})=b_{1B}(a)b_{1A}b_2(a^{})`$, and the coaction of $`A`$ on $`BB,`$ twisted by the action of $`B`$ on $`A`$,

$$\rho _2=(11\mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B\rho ):BBBBA,$$

i.e: $`\rho _2(bb^{})=b_{1B}b_B^{}b_{1A}b_2(b_A^{})`$.

Observe that for trivial coaction $`\rho :BBA`$ one gets the ordinary diagonal action of $`B`$ on $`AA`$, and for trivial action $`\mu :BAA`$ the diagonal coaction of $`A`$ on $`BB`$.

###### Definition 1.1.

The pair $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$ is called an abelian Singer pair if $`A`$ is commutative, $`B`$ is cocommutative and the following are satisfied.

1. $`(A,\mu )`$ is a $`B`$-module algebra (i.e: an object of $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒜`$),
2. $`(B,\rho )`$ is a $`A`$-comodule coalgebra (i.e: an object of $`𝒞^A`$),
3. $`\rho \mathrm{m}_B=(\mathrm{m}_B1)\rho _2`$, i.e: the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}BB& \stackrel{\mathrm{m}_B}{}& B\\ \rho _2& & \rho & & \\ BBA& \stackrel{\mathrm{m}_B1}{}& BA\end{array}$$

commutes,
4. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A\mu =\mu _2(1\mathrm{\Delta }_A)`$, i.e: the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}BA& \stackrel{\mu }{}& A\\ 1\mathrm{\Delta }_A& & \mathrm{\Delta }_A& & \\ BAA& \stackrel{\mu _2}{}& AA\end{array}$$

commutes.

The twisted action of $`B`$ on $`A^n`$ and the twisted coaction of $`A`$ on $`B^n`$ can now be defined inductively:

$$\mu _{n+1}=(\mu _n\mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B1^n1):BA^nAA^nA$$

with $`\mu _1=\mu `$ and

$$\rho _{n+1}=(11^n\mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B\rho _n):BB^nBB^nA$$

with $`\rho _1=\rho `$.

### 1.2. (Co-)modules over Singer pairs

It is convenient to introduce the abelian category $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$ of triples $`(V,\omega ,\lambda )`$, where

1. $`\omega :BVV`$ is a left $`B`$-module structure,
2. $`\lambda :VVA`$ is a right $`A`$-comodule structure and
3. the two equivalent diagrams

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}BV& \stackrel{\omega }{}& V& & & & BV& \stackrel{\omega }{}& B\\ 1\lambda & & \lambda & & & & \lambda _{BV}& & \lambda & & \\ BVA& \stackrel{\omega _{VA}}{}& VA& & & & BVA& \stackrel{\omega 1}{}& VA\end{array}$$

commute, where the twisted action $`\omega _{VA}:BVAVA`$ of $`B`$ on $`VA`$ is given by $`\omega _{VA}=(\omega \mathrm{m}_A(1\mu )(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B11)`$ and the twisted coaction $`\lambda _{BV}:BVBVA`$ of $`A`$ on $`BV`$ by $`\lambda _{BV}=(11\mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B\lambda )`$.

The morphisms are $`B`$-linear and $`A`$-colinear maps. Observe that $`(B,\mathrm{m}_B,\rho )`$, $`(A,\mu ,\mathrm{\Delta }_A)`$ and $`(k,ϵ_B1,1\iota _A)`$ are objects of $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$. Moreover, $`({}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A},,k)`$ is a symmetric monoidal category, so that commutative algebras and cocommutative coalgebras are defined in $`({}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A},,k)`$.

The free functor $`F:𝒱^A{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$, defined by $`F(X,\alpha )=(BX,\alpha _{BX})`$ with twisted $`A`$-coaction $`\alpha _{BX}=(11\mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B\alpha )`$ is left adjoint to the forgetful functor $`U:{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}𝒱^A`$, with natural isomorphism $`\theta :{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}(FM,N)𝒱^A(M,UN)`$ given by $`\theta (f)(m)=f(1m)`$ and $`\theta ^1(g)(nm)=\mu _N(ng(m))`$. The unit $`\eta _M:MUF(M)`$ and the counit $`ϵ_N:FU(N)N`$ of the adjunction are given by $`\eta _M=\iota _B1`$ and $`ϵ_N=\mu _N`$, respectively, and give rise to a comonad $`𝐆=(FU,ϵ,\delta =F\eta U).`$

Similarly, the cofree functor $`L:{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$, defined by $`L(Y,\beta )=(YA,\beta _{YA})`$ with twisted $`B`$-action $`\beta _{YA}=(\beta \mathrm{m}_A(1\mu ))(14235)((\rho 1)\mathrm{\Delta }_B11)`$ is right adjoint to the forgetful functor $`U:{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱`$, with natural isomorphism $`\psi :{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱(UM,N){}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}(M,LN)`$ given by $`\psi (g)=(1g)\delta _M`$ and $`\psi ^1(f)=(1ϵ_A)f`$. The unit $`\eta _M:MLU(M)`$ and the counit $`ϵ_N:UL(N)N`$ of the adjunction are given by $`\eta _M=\delta _M`$ and $`ϵ_N=1ϵ_A`$, respectively. They give rise to a monad (or triple) $`𝐓=(LU,\eta ,\mu =LϵU)`$ on $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$. The (non-commutative) square of functors

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒱& \stackrel{L}{}& 𝒱^A\\ F& & F& & \\ {}_{B}{}^{}𝒱& \stackrel{L}{}& {}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}\end{array}$$

together with the corresponding forgetful adjoint functors describes the situation. Observe that $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}(G(M),T(N))𝒱(UM,UN)`$. These adjunctions, monads and comonads restrict to coalgebras and algebras.

### 1.3. Cohomology of an abelian Singer pair

The comonad $`𝐆=(FU,ϵ,\delta =F\eta U)`$ defined on $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$ can be used to construct $`B`$-free simplicial resolutions $`𝐗_B(N)`$ with $`X_n(N)=G^{n+1}N=B^{n+1}N`$, faces and degeneracies

$$_i=G^iϵ_{G^{ni}(N)}:X_{n+1}X_n,s_i=G^i\delta _{G^{ni}(N)}:X_nX_{n+1}$$

given by $`_i=1^i\mathrm{m}_B1^{n+1i}`$ for $`0in`$, $`_{n+1}=1^{n+1}\mu _N`$, and $`s_i=1^i\iota _B1^{n+2i}`$ for $`0in`$.

The monad $`𝐓=(LU,\eta ,\mu =LϵU)`$ on $`{}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}`$ can be used to construct $`A`$-cofree cosimplicial resolutions $`𝐘_A(M)`$ with $`Y_A^n(M)=T^{n+1}M=MA^{n+1}`$, cofaces and codegeneracies

$$^i=T^{n+1i}\eta _{T^i(M)}:Y^nY^{n+1},s^i=T^{n_i}\mu _{T^i(M)}:Y^{n+1}Y^n$$

given by $`^0=\delta _M1^{n+1}`$, $`^i=1^{i1}\mathrm{\Delta }_A1^{n+2i}`$ for $`1in+1`$, and $`s^i=1^{i+1}ϵ_A1^{n+1i}`$ for $`0in`$.

The total right derived functor of

$${}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}=𝒰{}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Hom}_{}^{A}:({}_{B}{}^{}𝒞_{}^{A})^{op}\times {}_{B}{}^{}𝒜_{}^{A}\mathrm{Ab}$$

is now defined by means of the simplicial $`𝐆`$-resolutions $`𝐗_B(M)=𝐆^{+1}M`$ and the cosimplicial $`𝐓`$-resolutions $`𝐘_A(N)=𝐓^{+1}N`$ as

$$R^{}({}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}(M,N)=H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}{}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}(𝐗_B(M),𝐘_A(N)).$$

###### Definition 1.2.

The cohomology of a Singer pair $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$ is given by

$$H^{}(B,A)=H^{+1}(\mathrm{Tot}𝐙_0)$$

where $`𝐙_0`$ is the double cochain complex obtained from the double cochain complex $`𝐙={}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}(𝐗(k),𝐘(k)))`$ by deleting the $`0^{th}`$ row and the $`0^{th}`$ column.

### 1.4. The normalized standard complex

Use the natural isomorphism

$${}_{B}{}^{}𝒱_{}^{A}(FU(M),LU(N))𝒱(UM,UN)$$

to get the standard double complex

$$Z^{m,n}=({}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}(G^{m+1}(k)),T^{n+1}(k),^{},)(\mathrm{Reg}(B^m,A^n),^{},).$$

For computational purposes it is useful to replace this complex by the normalized standard complex $`Z_+`$, where $`Z_+^{m,n}=\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^m,A^n)`$ is the intersection of the degeneracies, consisting of all convolution invertible maps $`f:B^mA^n`$ satisfying $`f(1\mathrm{}\eta \epsilon \mathrm{}1)=\eta \epsilon `$ and $`(1\mathrm{}\eta \epsilon \mathrm{}1)f=\eta \epsilon `$. In more detail, the normalized standard double complex is of the form

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\mathrm{Reg}_+(k,k)& \stackrel{^{0,0}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B,k)& \stackrel{^{1,0}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^2,k)& \stackrel{^{2,0}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^3,k)\mathrm{}\\ _{0,0}& & _{1,0}& & _{2,0}& & _{3,0}& & \\ \mathrm{Reg}_+(k,A)& \stackrel{^{0,1}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B,A)& \stackrel{^{1,1}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^2,A)& \stackrel{^{2,1}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^3,k)\mathrm{}\\ _{0,1}& & _{1,1}& & _{2,1}& & _{3,1}& & \\ \mathrm{Reg}_+(k,A^2)& \stackrel{^{0,2}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B,A^2)& \stackrel{^{1,2}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^2,A^2)& \stackrel{^{2,2}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^3,A^2)\mathrm{}\\ _{0,2}& & _{1,2}& & _{2,2}& & _{3,2}& & \\ \mathrm{Reg}_+(k,A^3)& \stackrel{^{0,3}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B,A^3)& \stackrel{^{1,3}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^2,A^3)& \stackrel{^{2,3}}{}& \mathrm{Reg}_+(B^3,A^3)\mathrm{}\\ _{0,3}& & _{1,3}& & _{2,3}& & _{3,3}& & \\ \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\end{array}$$

The coboundary maps

$$d_{n,m}^i:\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^n,A^m)\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^{n+1},A^m)$$

defined by

$$d_{n,m}^0\alpha =\mu _m(1_B\alpha ),d_{n,m}^i\alpha =\alpha (1_{B^{i1}}\mathrm{m}_B1_{B^{ni}}),d_{n,m}^{n+1}\alpha =\alpha \epsilon ,$$

for $`1in,`$ are used to construct the horizontal differentials

$$_{n,m}:\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^n,A^m)\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^{n+1},A^m),$$

given by the ‘alternating’ convolution product

$$_{n,m}\alpha =d_{n,m}^0\alpha d_{n,m}^1\alpha ^1d_{n,m}^2\alpha \mathrm{}d_{n,m}^{n+1}\alpha ^{(1)^{n+1}}.$$

Dually the coboundaries

$$d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{i}:\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^n,A^m)\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^n,A^{m+1})$$

defined by

$$d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{0}\beta =(\beta 1_A)\rho _n,d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{i}\beta =(1_{A^{i1}}\mathrm{\Delta }_A1_{A^{ni}})\beta ,d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{n+1}\beta =\eta \beta ,$$

for $`1in`$, determine the vertical differentials

$$^{n,m}:\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^n,A^m)\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^n,A^{m+1}),$$

where

$$^{n,m}\beta =d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{0}\beta d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{1}\beta ^1d_{}^{}{}_{n,m}{}^{2}\beta \mathrm{}d_{n,m}^{n+1}\beta ^{(1)^{n+1}}.$$

The cohomology of the abelian Singer pair $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$ is by definition the cohomology of the total complex.

$$\begin{array}{c}0\mathrm{Reg}_+(B,A)\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^2,A)\mathrm{Reg}_+(B,A^2)\hfill \\ \mathrm{}_{i=1}^n\mathrm{Reg}_+(B^{n+1i},A^i)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

There are cannonical isomorphisms $`H^1(B,A)\mathrm{Aut}(A\mathrm{\#}B)`$ and $`H^2(B,A)\mathrm{Opext}(B,A)`$ \[Ho\] (here $`\mathrm{Opext}(B,A)=\mathrm{Opext}(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$ denotes the abelian group of equivalence classes of those Hopf algebra extensions that give rise to the Singer pair $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$).

### 1.5. Special cases

In particular, for $`A=k=M`$ and $`N`$ a commutative $`B`$-module algebra we get Sweedler cohomology of $`B`$ with coefficients in $`N`$ \[Sw1\]

$$H^{}(B,N)=H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}{}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐗(k),N))=H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}{}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐆^{+1}(k),N)).$$

In \[Sw1\] it is also shown that if $`G`$ is a group and $`𝐠`$ is a Lie algebra, then there are canonical isomorphisms $`H^n(kG,A)H^n(G,𝒰(A))`$ for $`n1`$ and $`H^m(U𝐠,A)H^m(𝐠,A^+)`$ for $`m2`$, where $`𝒰(A)`$ denotes the multiplicative group of units and $`A^+`$ denotes the underlying vector space.

For $`B=k=N`$ and $`M`$ a cocommutative $`A`$-comodule coalgebra we get the dual version \[Sw1,Do\]

$$H^{}(M,A)=H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}\mathrm{Reg}^A(M,𝐘(k)))=H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}\mathrm{Reg}^A(M,𝐓^{+1}(k))).$$

## 2. Cohomology of an abelian matched pair

### 2.1. Abelian matched pairs

Here we consider pairs of cocommutative Hopf algebras $`(T,N)`$ together with a left action $`\mu :TNN`$, $`\mu (tn)=t(n)`$, and a right action $`\nu :TNT`$, $`\nu (tn)=t^n`$. Then we have the twisted switch

$$\stackrel{~}{\sigma }=(\mu \nu )\mathrm{\Delta }_{TN}:TNNT$$

or, in shorthand $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(tn)=t_1(n_1)t_2^{n_2}`$, which in case of trivial actions reduces to the ordinary switch $`\sigma :TNNT`$.

###### Definition 2.1.

Such a configuration $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ is called an abelian matched pair if

1. $`N`$ is a left $`T`$-module coalgebra, i.e: $`\mu :TNN`$ is a coalgebra map,
2. $`T`$ is a right $`N`$-module coalgebra, i.e: $`\nu :TNT`$ is a coalgebra map,
3. $`N`$ is a left $`T`$-module algebra with respect to the twisted left action $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }=(1\mu )(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }1):TNNN`$, in the sense that the diagrams

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}TNN& \stackrel{1\mathrm{m}_N}{}& TN& & & & Tk& \stackrel{1\iota _N}{}& TN\\ \stackrel{~}{\mu }& & \mu & & & & ϵ_T1& & \mu & & \\ NN& \stackrel{m_N}{}& N& & & & k& \stackrel{\iota _N}{}& N\end{array}$$

commute, i.e: $`\mu (tnm)=\mu (t_1n_1)\mu (\nu (t_2n_2)m)`$ and $`\mu (t1)=ϵ(t)1_N`$, or in shorthand $`t(nm)=t_1(n_1)t_2^{n_2}(m)`$ and $`t(1_N)=ϵ(t)1_N`$,
4. $`T`$ is a right $`N`$-module algebra with respect to the twisted right action $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }=(\nu 1)(1\stackrel{~}{\sigma }):TTNTT`$, in the sense that the diagrams

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}TTN& \stackrel{m_T1}{}& TN& & & & kN& \stackrel{\iota _T1}{}& TN\\ \stackrel{~}{\nu }& & \nu & & & & 1ϵ_N& & \nu & & \\ TT& \stackrel{m_T}{}& T& & & & k& \stackrel{\iota _T}{}& T\end{array}$$

commute, i.e: $`\nu (tsn)=\nu (t\mu (s_1n_1))\nu (s_2n_2)`$ and $`\nu (1_Tn)=ϵ(n)1_T`$, or in shorthand $`(ts)^n=t^{s_1(n_1)}s_2^{n_2}`$ and $`1_T^n=ϵ(n)1_T`$

The bismash product Hopf algebra $`(NT,\mathrm{m},\mathrm{\Delta },\iota ,ϵ,S)`$ is the tensor product coalgebra $`NT`$ with unit $`\iota _{NT}:kNT`$, twisted multiplication

$$m=(m\mathrm{m})(1\stackrel{~}{\sigma }1):NTNTNT,$$

in short $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(tn)=t_1(n_1)t_2^{n_2}`$, $`(nt)(ms)=nt_1(m_1)t_2^{m_2}s`$, and antipode

$$S=\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(SS)\sigma :NTNT,$$

i.e: $`S(nt)=S(t_2)(S(n_2))S(t_1)^{S(n_1)}`$. For a proof that this is a Hopf algebra see \[Kas\]. To avoid ambiguity we will often write $`nt`$ for $`nt`$ in $`NT`$. We also identify $`N`$ and $`T`$ with the Hopf subalgebras $`Nk`$ and $`kT`$, respectively, i.e: $`nn1`$ and $`t1t`$. In this sense we write $`nt=nt`$ and $`tn=t_1(n_1)t_2^{n_2}`$.

If the action $`\nu :TNT`$ is trivial, then the bismash product $`NT`$ becomes the smash product (or semi-direct product) $`NT`$. An action $`\mu :TNN`$ is compatible with the trivial action $`1ϵ:TNT`$, i.e: $`(T,N,\mu ,1ϵ)`$ is a matched pair, if and only if $`N`$ is a $`T`$-module bialgebra and $`\mu (t_1n)t_2=\mu (t_2n)t_1`$. Note that the last condition is trivially satisfied if $`T`$ is cocommutative.

To make calculations more transparent we start to use the abbreviated Sweedler sigma notation for the cocommutative setting whenever convenient.

###### Lemma 2.2 (\[Ma3\], Proposition 2.3).

Let $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ be an abelian matched pair.

1. A left $`T`$-module, left $`N`$-module $`(V,\alpha ,\beta )`$ is a left $`NT`$-module if and only if $`t(nv)=t(n)(t^n(v))`$, i.e: if and only if with the twisted action $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=(1\alpha )(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }1):TNVNV`$ the square

$$\begin{array}{ccc}TNV& \stackrel{1\beta }{}& TV\\ \stackrel{~}{\alpha }& & \alpha & & \\ NV& \stackrel{\beta }{}& V\end{array}$$

commutes.
2. A right $`T`$-module, right $`N`$-module $`(W,\alpha ,\beta )`$ is a right $`NT`$-module if and only if $`(v^t)^n=(v^{t(n)})^{t^n}`$, i.e: if and only if with the twisted action $`\stackrel{~}{\beta }=(\beta 1)(1\stackrel{~}{\sigma }):WTNWT`$ the square

$$\begin{array}{ccc}WTN& \stackrel{\alpha 1}{}& WN\\ \stackrel{~}{\beta }& & \beta & & \\ WT& \stackrel{\alpha }{}& W\end{array}$$

commutes.
3. Let $`(V,\alpha )`$ be a left $`T`$-module and $`(W,\beta )`$ a right $`N`$-module. Then

1. $`NV`$ is a left $`NT`$-module with $`N`$-action on the first factor and $`T`$-action given by

    $$\stackrel{~}{\alpha }=(1\alpha )\stackrel{~}{\sigma }:TNVNV,$$

    that is $`t(nv)=t_1(n_1)t_2^{n_2}(v)`$.
    2. $`WT`$ is a right $`NT`$-module with $`T`$-action on the right factor and $`N`$-action given by

    $$\stackrel{~}{\beta }=(\beta 1)(1\stackrel{~}{\sigma }):WTNWT,$$

    that is $`(wt)^n=w^{t_2(n_2)}t_1^{n_1}`$. Moreover, $`WT`$ is a left $`NT`$-module by twisting the action via the antipode of $`NT`$.
    3. The map $`\psi :(NT)VW(WT)(NV)`$ defined by $`\psi ((nt)vw)=w^{S(t)(S(n))}S(t)^{S(n)}ntv`$, is a $`NT`$-homomorphism, when $`NT`$ is acting on the first factor of $`(NT)VW`$ and diagonally on $`(WT)(NV)`$
    $`(nt)(ws\mathrm{m}v)=w^{(sS(t))(S(n))}(sS(t))^{S(n)}nt(m)t^m(v).`$
    In particular, $`(WT)(NV)`$ is a free left $`NT`$-module in which any basis of the vector space $`(Wk)(kV)`$ is a $`NT`$-free basis.

Observe that the inverse of $`\psi :(NT)VW(WT)(NV)`$ is given by

$$\psi ^1((wt)(nv)=(nS(t^n))(w^{t(n)}t^n(v)).$$

The twisted actions can now be extended by induction to higher tensor powers

$$\mu _{p+1}=(1\mu _p)(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }1^p):TN^{p+1}N^{p+1}$$

so that $`\mu _{p+1}(tn𝐦)=\mu (tn)\mu _p(\nu (tn)𝐦)`$, $`t(n𝐦)=t(n)t^n(𝐦)`$ and

$$\nu _{q+1}=(\nu _q1)(1^q\stackrel{~}{\sigma }):T^{q+1}NT^{q+1}$$

so that $`\nu _{q+1}(𝐭sn)=\nu _q(𝐭\mu (sn))\nu (sn)`$, $`(𝐭s)^n=𝐭^{s(n)}s^n`$. Observe that the squares

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}TN^{p+1}& \stackrel{\mu _{p+1}}{}& N^{p+1}& & & & T^{q+1}N& \stackrel{\nu _{q+1}}{}& T^{q+1}\\ 1f& & f& & & & g1& & g& & \\ TN^p& \stackrel{\mu _p}{}& N^p& & & & T^qN& \stackrel{\nu _q}{}& T^q\end{array}$$

commute when $`f=1^{i1}\mathrm{m}_N1^{pi}`$ for $`1ip`$ and $`g=1^{j1}\mathrm{m}_T1^{qj}`$ for $`1jq`$, respectively.

By part 3 (iii) of the lemma above $`T^{i+1}N^{j+1}`$ can be equipped with the $`NT`$-module structure defined by $`(nt)(𝐫s\mathrm{m}𝐤)=𝐫^{(sS(t))(S(n))}(sS(t))^{S(n)}nt(m)t^m(𝐤)`$.

###### Corollary 2.3.

The map $`\psi :(NT)T^iN^jT^{i+1}N^{j+1}`$, defined by $`\psi ((nt)(𝐫𝐤)=𝐫^{S(t)(S(n)}S(t)^{S(n)}nt(𝐤)`$, is an isomorphism of $`NT`$-modules.

The content of the Lemma 2.2 can be summarized in the square of ‘free’ functors between monoidal categories

$$\begin{array}{ccc}𝒱& \stackrel{F_T}{}& {}_{T}{}^{}𝒱\\ F_N& & \stackrel{~}{F}_N& & \\ {}_{N}{}^{}𝒱& \stackrel{\stackrel{~}{F}_T}{}& {}_{NT}{}^{}𝒱\end{array}$$

each with a corresponding tensor preserving right adjoint forgetful functor.

### 2.2. The distributive law of a matched pair

The two comonads on $`{}_{NT}{}^{}𝒱`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{𝐆_T}=(\stackrel{~}{G}_T,\delta _T,ϵ_T),\stackrel{~}{𝐆_N}=(\stackrel{~}{G_N},\delta _N,ϵ_N)$$

with $`\stackrel{~}{G_T}=\stackrel{~}{F_T}\stackrel{~}{U_T}`$, $`\delta _T(tx)=t1x`$, $`ϵ_T(tx)=tx`$, and with $`\stackrel{~}{G_N}=\stackrel{~}{F_N}\stackrel{~}{U_N}`$, $`\delta _N(nx)=n1x`$, $`ϵ_N(nx)=nx`$, satisfy a distributive law \[Ba\]

$$\stackrel{~}{\sigma }:\stackrel{~}{G_T}\stackrel{~}{𝐆_N}\stackrel{~}{𝐆_N}\stackrel{~}{G_T}$$

given by $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(tn)=\stackrel{~}{\sigma }(tn)=t_1(n_1)t_2^{n_2}`$. The equations for a distributive law

$$\stackrel{~}{G_N}\delta _T\stackrel{~}{\sigma }=\stackrel{~}{\sigma }\stackrel{~}{G_T}\stackrel{~}{G_T}\stackrel{~}{\sigma }\delta _T\stackrel{~}{G_N},\delta _N\stackrel{~}{G_T}\stackrel{~}{\sigma }=\stackrel{~}{G_N}\stackrel{~}{\sigma }\stackrel{~}{\sigma }\stackrel{~}{G_N}\stackrel{~}{G_T}\delta _N$$

and

$$ϵ_N\stackrel{~}{G_T}\stackrel{~}{\sigma }=\stackrel{~}{G_T}ϵ_N,\stackrel{~}{G_N}ϵ_T\stackrel{~}{\sigma }=ϵ_T\stackrel{~}{G_N}$$

are easily verified.

###### Proposition 2.4 (\[Ba\], Th. 2.2).

The composite

$$𝐆=𝐆_N_{\stackrel{~}{\sigma }}𝐆_T$$

with $`G=(G_NG_T`$, $`\delta =G_N\stackrel{~}{\sigma }G_T\delta _N\delta _T`$ and $`ϵ=ϵ_Nϵ_T)`$ is again a comonad on $`{}_{NT}{}^{}𝒱`$. Moreover, $`𝐆=𝐆_{NT}`$.

The antipode can be used to define a left action

$$\nu _S=S\nu (SS)\sigma :NTT$$

by $`n(t)=\nu _S(nt)=S\nu (SS)\sigma (nt)=S(S(t)^{S(n)})`$ and a right action

$$\mu _S=S\mu (SS)\sigma :NTN$$

by $`n^t=\mu _S(nt)=S\mu (SS)\sigma (nt)=S(S(t)(S(n))`$. The inverse of the twisted switch is then

$$\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^1=(\nu _S\mu _S)\mathrm{\Delta }_{NT}:NTTN$$

given by $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^1(nt)=n_1(t_1)n_2^{t_2}`$, and induces the inverse distributive law

$$\stackrel{~}{\sigma }^1:G_NG_TG_TG_N.$$

### 2.3. Matched pair cohomology

For every Hopf algebra $`H`$ the category of $`H`$-modules $`{}_{H}{}^{}𝒱`$ is symmetric monoidal. The tensor product of two $`H`$-modules $`V`$ and $`W`$ has underlying vector space the ordinary vector space tensor product $`VW`$ and diagonal $`H`$-action. Algebras and coalgebras in $`{}_{H}{}^{}𝒱`$ are known as $`H`$-module algebras and $`H`$-module coalgebras, respectively. The adjoint functors and comonads of the last section therefore restrict to the situations where $`𝒱`$ is replaced by $`𝒞`$ or $`𝒜`$. In particular, if $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ is an abelian matched pair, $`H=NT`$ and $`C`$ is a $`H`$-module coalgebra then $`𝐗_H(C)`$ is a canonical simplicial free $`H`$-module coalgebra resolution of $`C`$ and by the Corollary 2.3 the composite $`𝐗_N(𝐗_T(C))`$ is a simplicial double complex of free $`H`$-module coalgebras.

###### Definition 2.5.

The cohomology of an abelian matched pair $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ with coefficients in the commutative $`NT`$-module algebra is defined by

$$^{}(T,N,A)=H^{+1}(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_0),$$

where $`B_0`$ is the double cochain complex obtained from the double cochain complex $`𝐁=C({}_{NT}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐗_N(𝐗_T(k),A))`$ by deleting the $`0^{th}`$ row and the $`0^{th}`$ column.

### 2.4. The normalized standard complex

Let $`H=NT`$ be a bismash product of an abelian matched pair of Hopf algebras and let the algebra $`A`$ be a left $`N`$ and a right $`T`$-module such that it is a left $`H`$-module via $`nt(a)=n(a^{S(t)})`$, i.e. $`(n(a))^{S(t)}=(t(n))(a^{S(t^n)}).`$

Note that $`\mathrm{Hom}(T^p,A)`$ becomes a left $`N`$-module via $`n(f)(𝐭)=n(f(\nu _p(𝐭,n)))`$ and $`\mathrm{Hom}(N^q,A)`$ becomes a right $`T`$-module via $`f^t(𝐧)=(f(\mu _q(t,𝐧)))^t=S(t)(f(\mu _q(t,𝐧)))`$.

The simplicial double complex $`G_T^pG_N^q(k)=(T^pN^q)_{p,q}`$, $`p,q1`$ of free $`H`$-modules has horizontal face operators $`1d_N^{}:T^pN^{q+1}T^pN^q`$, vertical face operators $`d_T^{}1:T^{p+1}N^qT^pN^q`$, horizontal degeneracies $`1s_N^{}:T^pN^qT^pN^{q+1}`$ and vertical degeneracies $`s_T^{}1:T^pN^qT^{p+1}N^q`$, where

$$d_N^i=1^i\mathrm{m}1^{qi1},d_N^q=1^q\epsilon ,s_N^i=1^i\eta 1^{qi}$$

for $`0iq1`$, and

$$d_T^j=1^{pj1}\mathrm{m}1^j,d_T^p=\epsilon 1^p,s_T^j=1^{pj}\eta 1^j$$

for $`0jp1`$.

These maps preserve the $`H`$-module structure on $`T^pN^q`$. Apply the functor $`{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(\mathrm{\_},A):{}_{H}{}^{}𝒞_{}^{op}\mathrm{Ab}`$ to get a cosimplicial double complex of abelian groups $`𝐁={}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐗_N(𝐗_T(k),A)`$ with $`B^{p,q}={}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(T^{p+1}N^{q+1},A)`$, coface operators $`{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(d_N,A)`$, $`{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(d_T,A)`$ and codegeneracies are $`{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(s_N,A)`$, $`{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(s_T,A)`$.

The isomorphism described in Corollary 2.3 induces an isomorphism of double complexes $`𝐁(T,N,A)𝐂(T,N,A)`$ given by

$${}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(T^{p+1}N^{q+1},A)\stackrel{{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(\psi ,A)}{}{}_{\mathrm{H}}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(HT^pN^q,A)\stackrel{\theta }{}\mathrm{Reg}(T^pN^q,A)$$

for $`p,q0`$, where $`C^{p,q}=\mathrm{Reg}(T^pN^q,A)`$ is the abelian group of convolution invertible linear maps $`f:N^pT^qA.`$

The vertical differentials $`\delta _N:C^{p,q}C^{p+1,q}`$ and the horizontal differentials $`\delta _T:C^{p,q}C^{p,q+1}`$ are transported from $`𝐁`$ and turn out to be the twisted Sweedler differentials on the $`N`$ and $`T`$ parts, respectively. The coface operators are

$$\delta _{N}^{}{}_{i}{}^{}f(𝐭𝐧)=\{\begin{array}{cc}sf(𝐭n_1\mathrm{}n_in_{i+1}\mathrm{}n_{q+1}),\text{ for }i=1,\mathrm{},q\hfill & \\ n_1(f(\nu _q(𝐭n_1)n_2\mathrm{}n_{p+1})),\text{ for }i=0\hfill & \\ f(𝐭n_1\mathrm{}n_q)\epsilon (n_{q+1}),\text{ for }i=q+1\hfill & \end{array}$$

where $`𝐭T^p`$ and $`𝐧=n_1\mathrm{}n_{q+1}N^{q+1}`$, and similarly

$$\delta _{T}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}f(𝐭𝐧)=\{\begin{array}{cc}sf(t_{p+1}\mathrm{}t_{j+1}t_j\mathrm{}t_1𝐧),\text{ for }j=1,\mathrm{},p\hfill & \\ (f(t_{p+1}\mathrm{}t_2\mu _p(t_1𝐧)))^{t_1},i\text{ for }j=0\hfill & \\ \epsilon (t_{p+1})f(t_p\mathrm{}t_1𝐧),\text{ for }j=p+1\hfill & \end{array}$$

where $`𝐭=t_1\mathrm{}t_{q+1}T^{q+1}`$ and $`𝐧N^q`$. The differentials in the associated double cochain complex are the alternating convolution products

$$\delta _Nf=\delta _{N}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}f\delta _{N}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}f^1\mathrm{}\delta _{N}^{}{}_{q+1}{}^{}f^{\pm 1}$$

and

$$\delta _Tf=\delta _{T}^{}{}_{0}{}^{}f\delta _{T}^{}{}_{1}{}^{}f^1\mathrm{}\delta _{T}^{}{}_{p+1}{}^{}f^{\pm 1}.$$

In the associated normalized double complex $`𝐂_+`$, the $`(p,q)`$ term $`C_+^{p,q}=\mathrm{Reg}_+(T^pN^q,A)`$ is the intersection of the degeneracy operators, that is, the abelian group of convolution invertible maps $`f:T^pN^qA`$ with $`f(t_p\mathrm{}t_1n_1\mathrm{}n_q)=\epsilon (t_p)\mathrm{}\epsilon (n_q)`$, whenever one of $`t_i`$ or one of $`n_j`$ is in $`k`$. Then $`^{}(N,T,A)H^{+1}(\mathrm{Tot}𝐂_0)`$, where $`𝐂_0`$ is the double complex obtained from $`𝐂_+`$ by replacing the edges by zero.

The groups of cocycles $`𝒵^i(T,N,A)`$ and the groups coboundaries $`^i(T,N,A)`$ consist of $`i`$-tuples of maps $`(f_j)_{1ji}`$, $`f_j:T^jN^{i+1j}A`$ that satisfy certain conditions.

We introduce the subgroups $`𝒵_p^i(T,N,A)𝒵^i(T,N,A)`$, that are spanned by $`i`$-tuples in which the $`f_j`$’s are trivial for $`jp`$ and subgroups $`_p^i=𝒵_p^i^i_i`$. These give rise to subgroups of cohomology groups $`_p^i=𝒵_p^i/_p^i(𝒵_p^i+^i)/^i^i`$ which have a nice interpretation when $`i=2`$ and $`p=1,2`$; see Section 4.3.

## 3. The homomorphism $`\pi :^2(T,N,A)H^{i,j}(T,N,A)`$

If $`T`$ is a finite group and $`N`$ is a finite $`T`$-group, then we have the following exact sequence \[M1\]

$$H^2(N,k^{})\stackrel{\delta _T}{}\mathrm{Opext}(kT,k^N)\stackrel{\pi }{}H^1(T,H^2(N,k^{})).$$

Here we define a version of homomorphism $`\pi `$ for arbitrary smash products of cocommutative Hopf algebras.

We start by introducing the Hopf algebra analogue of $`H^i(T,H^j(N,k^{}))`$. For positive $`i,j`$ and an abelian matched pair of Hopf algebras $`(T,N)`$, with the action of $`N`$ on $`T`$ trivial, we define

$`Z^{i,j}(T,N,A)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\alpha \mathrm{Reg}_+(T^iN^j,A)|\delta _N\alpha =\epsilon ,\text{and}`$
$`\beta \mathrm{Reg}_+(T^{i+1}N^{j1},A):\delta _T\alpha =\delta _N\beta \},`$
$`B^{i,j}(T,N,A)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\alpha \mathrm{Reg}_+(T^iN^j,A)|\gamma \mathrm{Reg}_+(T^iN^{j1},A),`$
$`\gamma ^{}\mathrm{Reg}_+(T^{i1}N^j,A):\alpha =\delta _N\gamma \delta _T\gamma ^{}\}.`$
$`H^{i,j}(T,N,A)`$ $`=`$ $`Z^{i,j}(T,N,A)/B^{i,j}(T,N,A).`$
Remark. If $`j=1`$, then

$$H^{i,1}(T,N,A)_i^i(T,N,A)H_{meas}^i(T,\mathrm{Hom}(N,A)),$$

where the $`H_{meas}^i`$ denotes the measuring cohomology \[M2\].

###### Proposition 3.1.

If $`T=kG`$ is a group algebra, then there is an isomorphism

$$H^i(G,H^j(N,A))H^{i,j}(kG,N,A).$$

Remark. Here the right action of $`G`$ on $`H^j(N,A)`$ is given by precomposition. We can obtain symmetric results in case we start with a right action of $`T=kG`$ on $`N`$, hence a left action of $`G`$ on $`H^j(N,A)`$.

###### Proof (of the proposition above).

By inspection we have

$`Z^i(G,H^j(N,A))`$ $`=`$ $`Z^{i,j}(kG,N,A)/\{\alpha :GB^j(N,A)\},`$
$`B^i(G,H^j(N,A))`$ $`=`$ $`B^{i,j}(kG,N,A)/\{\alpha :GB^j(N,A)\}.`$
Here we identify regular maps from $`(kG)^iN^j`$ to $`A`$ with set maps from $`G^{\times i}`$ to $`\mathrm{Reg}(N^j,A)`$ in the obvious way. ∎

The following is a straightforward generalization of the Theorem 7.1 in \[M2\].

###### Theorem 3.2.

The homomorphism $`\pi :^2(T,N,A)H^{1,2}(T,N,A)`$, induced by $`(\alpha ,\beta )\alpha `$, makes the following sequence

$$H^2(N,A)_2^2(T,N,A)\stackrel{\delta _T+\iota }{}^2(T,N,A)\stackrel{\pi }{}H^{1,2}(T,N,A)$$

exact.

###### Proof.

It is clear that $`\pi \delta _T=0`$ and obviously also $`\pi (_2^2)=0`$.

Suppose a cocycle pair $`(\alpha ,\beta )𝒵^2(T,N,A)`$ is such that $`\alpha B^{1,2}(T,N,A)`$. Then for some $`\gamma :TNA`$ and some $`\gamma ^{}:NNA`$ we have $`\alpha =\delta _N\gamma \delta _T\gamma ^{}`$, and hence $`(\alpha ,\beta )=(\delta _N\gamma ,\beta )(\delta _T\gamma ^{},\epsilon )(\delta _N\gamma ^1,\delta _T\gamma )(\delta _N\gamma ,\beta )(\delta _T\gamma ^{},\epsilon )=(\epsilon ,\delta _T\gamma \beta )(\delta _T\gamma ^{},\epsilon )𝒵_2^2(T,N,A)\delta _T(Z^2(N,A))`$. ∎

## 4. Comparison of Singer pairs and matched pairs

### 4.1. Singer pairs vs. matched pairs

In this section we sketch a correspondence from matched pairs to Singer pairs. For more details we refer to \[Ma3\].

###### Definition 4.1.

We say that an action $`\mu :AMM`$ is locally finite, if every orbit $`A(m)=\{a(m)|aA\}`$ is finite dimensional.

###### Lemma 4.2 (\[Mo1\], Lemma 1.6.4).

Let $`A`$ be an algebra and $`C`$ a coalgebra.

1. If $`M`$ is a right $`C`$-comodule via $`\rho :MMC`$, $`\rho (m)=m_0\mathrm{m}_1`$, then $`M`$ is a left $`C^{}`$-module via $`\mu :C^{}MM`$, $`\mu (f\mathrm{m})=f(m_1)m_0`$.
2. Let $`M`$ be a left $`A`$-module via $`\mu :AMM.`$ Then there is (a unique) comodule structure $`\rho :MMA^{}`$, such that $`(1\mathrm{ev})\rho =\mu `$ if and only if the action $`\mu `$ is locally finite. The coaction is then given by $`\rho (m)=f_i\mathrm{m}_i`$, where $`\{m_i\}`$ is a basis for $`A(m)`$ and $`f_iA^{}A^{}`$ are coordinate functions of $`a(m)`$, i.e. $`a(m)=f_i(a)m_i`$.

Let $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ be an abelian matched pair and suppose $`\mu :TNN`$ is locally finite. Then the Lemma above gives a coaction $`\rho :NNT^{}`$, $`\rho (n)=n_Nn_T^{}`$, such that $`t(n)=n_Nn_T^{}(t)`$.

There is a left action $`\nu ^{}:NT^{}T^{}`$ given by pre-composition, i.e. $`\nu ^{}(nf)(t)=f(t^n)`$. If $`\mu `$ is locally finite, it is easy to see that $`\nu ^{}`$ restricts to $`T^{}T^{}`$.

###### Lemma 4.3 (\[Ma3\], Lemma 4.1).

If $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ is an abelian matched pair with $`\mu `$ locally finite then the quadruple $`(N,T^{},\nu ^{},\rho )`$ forms an abelian Singer pair.

Remark. There is also a correspondence in the opposite direction \[M3\].

### 4.2. Comparison of Singer and matched pair cohomologies

Let$`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ be an abelian matched pair of Hopf algebras, with $`\mu `$ locally finite and $`(N,T^{},\nu ^{},\rho )`$ the Singer pair associated to it as above.

The embedding $`\mathrm{Hom}(N^i,(T^{})^j)\mathrm{Hom}(N^i,(T^j)^{})\mathrm{Hom}(T^jN^i,k)`$ induced by the inclusion $`T_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{j}=(T^j)^{}(T^j)^{}`$ restricts to the embedding $`\mathrm{Reg}_+(N^i,(T^{})^j)\mathrm{Reg}_+(T^jN^i,k)`$. A routine calculation shows that it preserves the differentials, i.e. that it gives an embedding of double complexes, which is an isomorphism in case $`T`$ is finite dimensional.

There is no apparent reason for the embedding of complexes to induce an isomorphism of cohomology groups in general. It is our conjecture that this is not always the case.

In some cases we can compare the multiplication part of $`H^2(N,T^{})`$ (see the following section) and $`_2^2(N,T,k)`$. We use the following lemma for this purpose.

###### Lemma 4.4.

Let $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ be an abelian matched pair with the action $`\mu `$ locally finite. If $`f:TN^ik`$ is a convolution invertible map, such that $`\delta _Tf=\epsilon `$, then for each $`𝐧N^i`$, the map $`f_𝐧=f(\mathrm{\_},𝐧):Tk`$ lies in the finite dual $`T^{}T^{}`$.

###### Proof.

It suffices to show that the orbit of $`f_𝐧`$ under the action of $`T`$ (given by $`(s(f_𝐧)(t)=f_𝐧(ts)`$) is finite dimensional (see \[DNR\], \[Mo1\] or \[Sw2\] for the description of finite duals). Using the fact that $`\delta _Tf=\epsilon `$ we get $`s(f_𝐧)(t)=f_𝐧(ts)=f_{𝐧_1}(s_1)f_{\mu _i(s_2𝐧_2)}(t)`$.

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }(𝐧)=_j𝐧_{}^{}{}_{j}{}^{}𝐧_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{j}{}^{}`$. The action $`\mu _i:TN^iN^i`$ is locally finite, since $`\mu :TNN`$ is, and hence we can choose a finite basis $`\{𝐦_p\}`$ for $`\mathrm{Span}\{\mu _i(s𝐧_{}^{\prime \prime }{}_{j}{}^{})|sT\}`$. Now note that $`\{f_{𝐦_p}\}`$ is a finite set which spans $`T(f_𝐧)`$. ∎

###### Corollary 4.5.

If $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ is an abelian matched pair, with $`\mu `$ locally finite and $`(N,T^{},\omega ,\rho )`$ is the corresponding Singer pair, then $`^1(T,N,k)=H^1(N,T^{})`$.

### 4.3. The multiplication and comultiplication parts of the second cohomology group of a Singer pair

Here we discuss in more detail the Hopf algebra extensions that have an “unperturbed” multiplication and those that have an “unperturbed” comultiplication, more precisely we look at two subgroups $`H_m^2(B,A)`$ and $`H_c^2(B,A)`$ of $`H^2(B,A)\mathrm{Opext}(B,A)`$, one generated by the cocycles with a trivial multiplication part and the other generated by the cocycles with a trivial comultiplication part \[M1\]. Let

$$Z_c^2(B,A)=\{\beta \mathrm{Reg}_+(B,AA)|(\eta \epsilon ,\beta )Z^2(B,A)\}.$$

We shall identify $`Z_c^2(B,A)`$ with a subgroup of $`Z^2(B,A)`$ via the injection $`\beta (\eta \epsilon ,\beta ).`$ Similarly let

$$Z_m^2(B,A)=\{\alpha \mathrm{Reg}_+(BB,A)|(\alpha ,\eta \epsilon )Z^2(B,A)\}.$$

If

$$B_c^2(B,A)=B^2(B,A)Z_c^2(B,A)\text{and}B_m^2(B,A)=B^2(B,A)Z_m^2(B,A)$$

then we define

$$H_c^2(B,A)=Z_c^2(B,A)/B_c^2(B,A)\text{and}H_m^2(B,A)=Z_m^2(B,A)/B_m^2(B,A).$$

The identification of $`H_c^2(B,A)`$ with a subgroup of $`H^2(B,A)`$ is given by

$$H_c^2(B,A)\stackrel{}{}(Z_c^2(B,A)+B^2(B,A))/B^2(B,A))H^2(B,A),$$

and similarly for $`H_m^2H^2`$.

Note that in case $`T`$ is finite dimensional $`H_c^2(N,T^{})_2^2(T,N,k)`$ and $`H_m^2(N,T^{})_1^2(T,N,k)`$ with $`_p^i(T,N,k)`$ as defined in Section 2.4.

###### Proposition 4.6.

Let $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ be an abelian matched pair, with $`\mu `$ locally finite and let $`(N,T^{},\omega ,\rho )`$ be the corresponding Singer pair. Then

$$H_m^2(N,T^{})_1^2(T,N,k).$$

###### Proof.

Observe that we have an inclusion $`Z_m^2(N,T^{})=\{\alpha :NNT^{}|\alpha =\epsilon ,^{}\alpha =\epsilon \}\{\alpha :TNNk|\delta _T\alpha =\epsilon ,\delta _N\alpha =\epsilon \}=𝒵_1^2(T,N,k)`$. The inclusion is in fact an equality by Lemma 4.4. Similarly the inclusion $`B_m^2(N,T^{})_1^2(T,N,k)`$ is an equality as well. ∎

## 5. The generalized Kac sequence

### 5.1. The Kac sequence of an abelian matched pair

We now start by sketching a conceptual way to obtain a generalized version of the Kac sequence for an arbitrary abelian matched pair of Hopf algebras relating the cohomology of the matched pair to Sweedler cohomology. Since it is difficult to describe the homomorphisms involved in this manner, we then proceed in the next section to give an explicit description of the low degree part of this sequence.

###### Theorem 5.1.

Let $`H=NT`$, where $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ be an abelian matched pair of Hopf algebras, and let $`A`$ be a commutative left $`H`$-module algebra. Then there is a long exact sequence of abelian groups

$$\begin{array}{c}0H^1(H,A)H^1(T,A)H^1(N,A)^1(T,N,A)H^2(H,A)\hfill \\ H^2(T,A)H^2(N,A)^2(T,N,A)H^3(H,A)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

Moreover, if $`T`$ is finite dimensional then $`(N,T^{})`$ is an abelian Singer pair, $`H^{}(T,k)H^{}(k,N^{})`$ and $`^{}(T,N,k)H^{}(N,T^{})`$.

###### Proof.

The short exact sequence of double cochain complexes

$$0𝐁_0𝐁𝐁_10,$$

where $`𝐁_1`$ is the edge double cochain complex of $`𝐁={}_{H}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐗_T𝐗_N(k),A)`$ as in Section 2.3, induces a long exact sequence in cohomology

$$\begin{array}{c}0H^1(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁))H^1(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_1))H^2(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_0))H^2(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁))\hfill \\ H^2(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_1))H^3(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_0))H^3(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁))H^3(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_1))\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_0))=0=H^1(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_0))`$ and $`H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁))=H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_1))`$ have already been taken into account. By Definition 2.5 $`H^{+1}(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_0))=^{}(T,N,A)`$ is the cohomology of the matched pair $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ with coefficients in $`A`$. Moreover, $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁_1)H^{}(T,A)H^{}(N,A)`$ is a direct sum of Sweedler cohomologies.

From the cosimplicial version of the Eilenberg-Zilber theorem (see Appendix) it follows that $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁))H^{}(\mathrm{Diag}(𝐁))`$. On the other hand, Barr’s theorem \[Ba, Th. 3.4\] together with Corollary 2.3 says that $`\mathrm{Diag}𝐗_T(𝐗_N(k))𝐗_H(k)`$, and gives an equivalence

$${}_{H}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(\mathrm{Diag}𝐗_T(𝐗_N(k)),A)\mathrm{Diag}({}_{H}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐗_T(𝐗_N(k)),A)=\mathrm{Diag}(𝐁)).$$

Thus, we get

$$H^{}(H,A)=H^{}({}_{H}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐗_H(k),A))H^{}(\mathrm{Diag}(𝐁))H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐁)),$$

and the proof is complete. ∎

### 5.2. Explicit description of the low degree part

The aim of this section is to define explicitly homomorphisms that make the following sequence

$`0`$ $``$ $`H^1(H,A)\stackrel{\mathrm{res}_2}{}H^1(T,A)H^1(N,A)\stackrel{\delta _N\delta _T}{}^1(T,N,A)\stackrel{\varphi }{}H^2(H,A)`$
$`\stackrel{\mathrm{res}_2}{}`$ $`H^2(T,A)H^2(N,A)\stackrel{\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}}{}^2(T,N,A)\stackrel{\psi }{}H^3(H,A).`$
exact. This is the low degree part of the generalized Kac sequence. Here $`H=NT`$ is the bismash product Hopf algebra arising from a matched pair $`\mu :TNN`$, $`\nu :TNT`$. Recall that we abbreviate $`\mu (t,n)=t(n)`$, $`\nu (t,n)=t^n`$. We shall also assume that $`A`$ is a trivial $`H`$-module.

We define $`\mathrm{res}_2=\mathrm{res}_2^i:H^i(H,A)H^i(T,A)H^i(N,A)`$ to be the map $`(\mathrm{res}_T,\mathrm{res}_N)\mathrm{\Delta }`$, more precisely if $`f:H^iA`$ is a cocycle, then it gets sent to a pair of cocycles $`(f_T,f_N)`$, where $`f_T=f|_{T^i}`$ and $`f_N=f|_{N^i}`$.

By $`\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{(1)^{i+1}}`$, we denote the composite

$$\begin{array}{c}H^i(T,A)H^i(N,A)\stackrel{\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm 1}}{}_i^i(T,N,A)_1^i(T,N,A)\hfill \\ \stackrel{\iota \iota }{}^i(T,N,A)^i(T,N,A)\stackrel{}{}^i(T,N,A).\end{array}$$

When $`i=1`$, the map just defined, sends a pair of cocycles $`aZ^1(T,A)`$, $`bZ^1(N,A)`$ to a map $`\delta _Na\delta _Tb:TNA`$ and if $`i=2`$ a pair of cocycles $`aZ^2(T,A)`$, $`bZ^2(N,A)`$ becomes a cocycle pair $`(\delta _Na,\epsilon )(\epsilon ,\delta _Tb^1)=(\delta _Na,\delta _Tb^1):(TTN)(TNN)A`$. Here $`\delta _N`$ and $`\delta _T`$ are the differentials for computing the cohomology of a matched pair described in Section 2.4.

The map $`\varphi :^1(T,N,A)H^2(H,A)`$ assigns to a cocycle $`\gamma :TNA`$, a map $`\varphi (\gamma ):HHA`$, which is characterized by $`\varphi (\gamma )(nt,n^{}t^{})=\gamma (t,n^{}).`$

The homomorphism $`\psi :^2(T,N,A)H^3(H,A)`$ is induced by a map that sends a cocycle pair $`(\alpha ,\beta )𝒵^2(T,N,A)`$ to the cocycle $`f=\psi (\alpha ,\beta ):HHHA`$ given by

$$f(nt,n^{}t^{},n^{\prime \prime }t^{\prime \prime })=\epsilon (n)\epsilon (t^{\prime \prime })\alpha (t^n^{},t^{},n^{\prime \prime })\beta (t,n^{},t^{}(n^{\prime \prime })).$$

A direct, but lengthy computation shows that the maps just defined induce homomorphisms that make the sequence above exact \[M3\]. The most important tool in computations is the following lemma about the structure of the second cohomology group $`^2(H,A)`$ \[M3\].

###### Lemma 5.2.

Let $`f:HHA`$ be a cocycle. Define maps $`g_f:HA`$, $`h:HHA`$ and $`f_c:TNA`$ by $`g_f(nt)=f(nt)`$, $`h=f\delta g_f`$ and $`f_c(tn)=f(tn)f^1(t(n)t^n)`$. Then

1. $`h(nt,n^{}t^{})=f_T(t^n^{},t^{})f_N(n,t^{}(n^{}))f_c(t,n^{})`$
2. $`h_T=f_T,h_N=f_N,h|_{NT}=\epsilon ,h|_{TN}=h_c=f_c,g_h=\epsilon `$
3. the maps $`f_T`$ and $`f_N`$ are cocycles and $`\delta _Nf_T=\delta _Tf_c^1`$, $`\delta _Tf_N=\delta _Nf_c^1`$
4. If $`a:TTA`$, $`b:NNA`$ are cocycles and $`\gamma :TNA`$ is a convolution invertible map, such that $`\delta _Na=\delta _T\gamma `$ and $`\delta _Tb=\delta _N\gamma `$, then the map $`f=f_{a,b,\gamma }:HHA`$, defined by

$$f(nt,n^{}t^{})=a(t^n^{},t^{})b(n,t(n^{}))\gamma ^1(t,n^{})$$

is a cocycle and $`f_T=a`$, $`f_N=b`$, $`f_c=f|_{TN}=\gamma ^1`$ and $`f|_{NT}=\epsilon `$.

### 5.3. The locally finite case

Suppose that the action $`\mu :TNN`$ is locally finite and let $`(N,T^{},\omega ,\rho )`$ be the Singer pair corresponding to the matched pair $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ as in Section 4.1.

By Corollary 4.5 we have $`^1(T,N,k)=H^1(N,T^{})`$.

From the explicit description of the generalized Kac sequence, we see that $`(\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1})|_{H^2(T,A)}=\delta _N:H^2(T,A)_2^2(N,T,A)`$ and similarly that $`(\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1})|_{H^2(N,A)}=\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}:H^2(N,A)_1^2(N,T,A)`$. By Proposition 4.6 we have the equality $`_1^2(T,N,k)=H_m^2(N,T^{})`$. Recall that $`H_m^2(N,T^{})H^2(N,T^{})\mathrm{Opext}(N,T^{})`$.

If the action $`\nu `$ is locally finite as well, then there is also a (right) Singer pair $`(T,N^{},\omega ^{},\rho ^{})`$. By ‘right’ we mean that we have a right action $`\omega ^{}:N^{}TN^{}`$ and a right coaction $`\rho ^{}:TN^{}T`$. In this case we get that $`_2^2(T,N,k)H_{m}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}(T,N^{})\mathrm{Opext}^{}(T,N^{})`$. The dash refers to the fact that we have a right Singer pair.

Define $`H_{mc}^2=H_m^2H_c^2`$ and $`H_{mc}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}=H_{m}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}H_{c}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}`$ and note $`H_{mc}(N,T^{})_2^2(N,T,k)_1^2(N,T,k)H_{mc}^{}{}_{}{}^{}(T,N^{})`$. Hence

$`\mathrm{im}(\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1})`$ $``$ $`_1^2(T,N,k)+_2^2(T,N,k){\displaystyle \frac{_1^2(T,N,k)_2^2(T,N,k)}{_1^2(T,N,k)_2^2(T,N,k)}}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{H_m^2(N,T^{})H_{m}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}(T,N^{})}{\mathrm{H}_{mc}^2(N,T^{})H_{mc}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}(T,N^{})}}.`$
In other words, $`\mathrm{im}(\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1})`$ is contained in a subgroup of $`^2(T,N,k)`$, that is isomorphic to the pushout

$$\begin{array}{ccc}H_{mc}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}(T,N^{})H_{mc}^2(N,T^{})& & H_m^2(N,T^{})\\ & & & & \\ H_{m}^{2}{}_{}{}^{}(T,N^{})& & X.\end{array}$$

Hence if both actions $`\mu `$ and $`\nu `$ of the abelian matched pair $`(T,N,\mu ,\nu )`$ are locally finite then we get the following version of the low degree part of the Kac sequence:

$`0`$ $``$ $`H^1(H,k)\stackrel{\mathrm{res}_2}{}H^1(T,k)H^1(N,k)\stackrel{\delta _N\delta _T}{}H^1(N,T^{})\stackrel{\varphi }{}H^2(H,k)`$
$`\stackrel{\mathrm{res}_2}{}`$ $`H^2(T,k)H^2(N,k)\stackrel{\delta _N\delta _{T}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}}{}X\stackrel{\psi |_X}{}H^3(H,k).`$
### 5.4. The Kac sequence of an abelian Singer pair

Here is a generalization of the Kac sequence relating Sweedler and Doi cohomology to Singer cohomology.

###### Theorem 5.3.

For any abelian Singer pair $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$ there is a long exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0H^1(TotZ)H^1(B,k)H^1(k,A)H^1(B,A)H^2(\mathrm{Tot}Z)\hfill \\ H^2(B,k)H^2(k,A)H^2(B,A)H^3(\mathrm{Tot}Z)\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`Z`$ is the double complex from Definition 1.2. Moreover, we always have $`H^1(B,A)\mathrm{Aut}(A\mathrm{\#}B)`$, $`H^2(B,A)\mathrm{Opext}(B,A)`$ and $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}Z)H^{}(\mathrm{Diag}Z)`$. If $`A`$ is finite dimensional then $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}Z)=H^{}(A^{}B,k)`$.

###### Proof.

The short exact sequence of double cochain complexes

$$0Z_0ZZ_10,$$

where $`Z_1`$ is the edge subcomplex of $`Z={}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}(𝐗_B(k),𝐘_A(k))`$, induces a long exact sequence

$$\begin{array}{c}0H^1(TotZ)H^1(\mathrm{Tot}Z_1)H^2(\mathrm{Tot}Z_0)H^2(\mathrm{Tot}Z)\hfill \\ H^2(\mathrm{Tot}Z_1)H^3(\mathrm{Tot}Z_0)H^3(\mathrm{Tot}Z)H^3(\mathrm{Tot}Z_0)\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`H^0(\mathrm{Tot}Z_0)=0=H^1(\mathrm{Tot}Z_0)`$ and $`H^0(\mathrm{Tot}Z)=H^0(\mathrm{Tot}Z_1)`$ have already been taken into account. By definition $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}Z_0)=H^{}(B,A)`$ is the cohomology of the abelian Singer pair $`(B,A,\mu ,\rho )`$, and by \[Ho\] we have $`H^1(B,A)\mathrm{Aut}(A\mathrm{\#}B)`$ and $`H^2(B,A)\mathrm{Opext}(B,A)`$. Moreover, we clearly have $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}Z_1)H^{}(B,k)H^{}(k,A)`$, where the summands are Sweedler and Doi cohomologies. By the cosimplicial Eilenberg-Zilber theorem (see appendix) there is a natural isomorphism $`H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(𝐙))H^{}(\mathrm{Diag}(𝐙))`$. Finally, if $`A`$ is finite dimensional then $`𝐙={}_{B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}_{}^{A}(𝐗(k),𝐘(k)){}_{A^{}B}{}^{}\mathrm{Reg}(𝐁(k),k)`$, where $`𝐁(k)=𝐗_A^{}(𝐗_B(k))`$. ∎

## 6. On the matched pair cohomology of pointed cocommutative Hopf algebras over fields of zero characteristic

In this section we describe a method which gives information about the second cohomology group $`^2(T,N,A)`$ of an abelian matched pair.

### 6.1. The method

Let $`(T,N)`$ be an abelian matched pair of pointed Hopf algebras, and $`A`$ a trivial $`NT`$-module algebra.

1. Since $`\mathrm{char}k=0`$ and $`T`$ and $`N`$ are pointed we have $`TUP(T)kG(T)`$ and $`NUP(N)kG(N)`$ and $`NTU(P(T)P(N))k(G(T)G(N))`$ \[Gr1,2\]. If $`H`$ is a Hopf algebra then $`G(H)`$ denotes the group of points and $`P(H)`$ denotes the Lie algebra of primitives.
2. We can use the generalized Tahara sequence \[M2\] (see introduction) to compute $`H^2(T)`$, $`H^2(N)`$, $`H^2(NT)`$. In particular if $`G(T)`$ is finite then the cohomology group $`H_{meas}^2(kG(T),\mathrm{Hom}(UP(T),A))=H^{2,1}(kG(T),UP(T),A)=_2^2(kG(T),UP(T),A)`$ is trivial and there is a direct sum decomposition $`H^2(T)=H^2(P(T))^{G(T)}H^2(G(T))`$; we get a similar decomposition for $`H^2(N)`$ if $`G(N)`$ is finite and for $`H^2(NT)`$ in the case $`G(T)`$ and $`G(N)`$ are both finite.
3. Since the Lie algebra cohomology groups $`H^i(𝐠)`$ admit a vector space structure, the cohomology groups $`H^{1,2}(G,𝐠,A)H^1(G,H^2(𝐠,A))`$ are trivial if $`G`$ is finite (any additive group of a vector space over a field of zero characteristic is uniquely divisible).
4. The exactness of the sequence from Theorem 3.2 implies that the maps $`\delta _T:H^2(G(\mathrm{\_}))^2(kG(\mathrm{\_}),UP(\mathrm{\_}),A)`$ are surjective if $`G(\mathrm{\_})`$ is finite, hence by the generalized Kac sequence the kernels of the maps $`\mathrm{res}_2^3:H^3(\mathrm{\_})H^3(P(\mathrm{\_})H^3(G(\mathrm{\_}))`$ are trivial. This then gives information about the kernel of the map $`\mathrm{res}_2^3:H^3(NT)H^3(T)H^3(N)`$.
5. Now use the exactness of the generalized Kac sequence

$`H^2(NT)`$ $`\stackrel{\mathrm{res}_2^2}{}`$ $`H^2(T)H^2(N)\stackrel{\delta _T+\delta _{N}^{}{}_{}{}^{1}}{}^2(T,N,A)`$
$``$ $`H^3(NT)\stackrel{\mathrm{res}_2^3}{}H^3(T)H^3(N)`$
to get information about $`^2(T,N,A)`$.

### 6.2. Examples

Here we describe how the above procedure works on concrete examples.

In the first three examples we restrict ourselves to a case in which one of the Hopf algebras involved is a group algebra.

Let $`T=UP(T)kG(T)`$ and $`N=kG(N)`$ and suppose that the matched pair of $`T`$ and $`N`$ arises from actions $`G(T)\times G(N)G(N)`$ and $`(G(N)G(T))\times P(T)P(T)`$. If the groups $`G(T)`$ and $`G(N)`$ are finite and their orders are relatively prime, then the generalized Kac sequence shows that there is an injective homomorphism

$$\mathrm{\Phi }:\frac{H^2(P(T))^{G(T)}}{H^2(P(T))^{G(N)G(T)}}\frac{H^2(G(N))}{H^2(G(N))^{G(T)}}^2(T,N,A).$$

Theorem 3.2 guarantees that the map $`H^3(NT)=H^3(U(P(T))k(G(N)G(T)))H^3(P(T))H^3(G(N)G(T))`$ is injective. Since the orders of $`G(T)`$ and $`G(N)`$ are assumed to be relatively prime the map $`H^3(G(N)G(T))H^3(G(N))H^3(G(T))`$ is also injective. Hence the map

$$\mathrm{res}_2^3:H^3(NT)H^3(N)H^3(T)$$

must be injective as well, since the composite $`H^3(NT)H^3(N)H^3(T)H^3(G(N))H^3(P(T))H^3(G(T))`$ is injective. Hence by the exactness of the generalized Kac sequence $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is an isomorphism.

###### Example 6.1.

Let $`𝐠=k\times k`$ be the abelian Lie algebra of dimension 2 and let $`G=C_2=a`$ be the cyclic group of order two. Furthermore assume that $`G`$ acts on $`𝐠`$ by switching the factors, i.e. $`a(x,y)=(y,x)`$. Recall that $`U𝐠=k[x,y]`$ and that $`H_{Sweedler}^i(U𝐠,A)=H_{Hochschild}^i(U𝐠,A)`$ for $`i2`$ and that $`H_{Hochschild}^i(k[x,y],k)=k^{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i}{2}\right)}`$. A computation shows that $`G`$ acts on $`kH^2(k[x,y],k)`$ by $`a(t)=t`$ and hence $`H^2(k[x,y],k)^G=0`$. Thus the homomorphism $`\pi `$ (Theorem 3.2) is the zero map and the homomorphism $`kH^2(k[x,y],k)\stackrel{\delta _T}{}^2(kC_2,k[x,y],k)`$ is an isomorphism.

###### Example 6.2 (symmetries of a triangle).

Here we describe an example arising from the action of the dihedral group $`D_3`$ on the abelian Lie algebra of dimension $`3`$ (basis consists of vertices of a triangle). More precisely let $`𝐠=k\times k\times k`$, $`G=C_2=a`$, $`H=C_3=b`$, the actions $`G\times 𝐠𝐠`$, $`H\times 𝐠𝐠`$ and $`H\times GH`$ are given by $`a(x,y,z)=(z,y,x)`$, $`b(x,y,z)=(z,x,y)`$ and $`b^a=b^1`$ respectively. A routine computation reveals the following

* $`C_2`$ acts on $`k\times k\times kH^2(k[x,y,z],k)`$ by $`a(u,v,w)=(w,v,u)`$, hence the $`G`$ stable part is

$$H^2(k[x,y,z],k)^G=\{(u,0,u)\}k.$$
* $`H=C_3`$ acts on $`k\times k\times k`$ by $`b(u,v,w)=(w,u,v)`$ and the $`H`$ stable part is $`H^2(k[x,y,z],k)^H=\{(u,u,u)\}k`$.
* The $`D_3=C_2C_3`$ stable part $`H^2(k[x,y,z],k)^{D_3}`$ is trivial.

Thus we have an isomorphism $`k\times k^{}/(k^{})^3^2(k[x,y,z]kC_2,kC_3,k)`$.

Remark. The above also shows that there is an isomorphism

$$k\times k\times k^2(k[x,y,z],kD_3,k).$$

###### Example 6.3.

Let $`𝐠=sl_n`$, $`G=C_2=a`$, $`H=C_n=b`$, where $`a`$ is a matrix that has $`1`$’s on the skew diagonal and zeroes elsewhere and $`b`$ is the standard permutation matrix of order $`n`$. Let $`H`$ and $`G`$ act on $`sl_n`$ by conjugation in $`_n`$ and let $`G`$ act on $`H`$ by conjugation inside $`GL_n`$. Furthermore assume that $`A`$ is a finite dimensional trivial $`U𝐠k(HG)`$-module algebra. By Whitehead’s second lemma $`H^2(𝐠,A)=0`$ and hence we get an isomorphism $`𝒰A/(𝒰A)^n^2(Usl_nkC_2,kC_n,A)`$ if $`n`$ is odd.

###### Example 6.4.

Let $`H=U𝐠kG`$, where $`𝐠`$ is an abelian Lie algebra and $`G`$ is a finite abelian group and assume the action of $`H`$ on itself is given by conjugation, i.e. $`h(k)=h_1kS(h_2)`$. In this case it is easy to see that $`H^2(H,A)^H=H^2(H,A)`$ for any trivial $`H`$-module algebra $`A`$ and hence the homomorphism in the generalized Kac sequence $`\delta _{H,1}\delta _{H,2}:H^2(H,A)H^2(H,A)^2(H,H,A)`$ is trivial. Hence $`^2(H,H,A)\mathrm{ker}(H^3(HH,A)H^3(H,A)H^3(H,A)).`$

## Appendix A Simplicial homological algebra

This is a collection of notions and results from simplicial homological algebra used in the main text. The emphasis is on the cohomology of cosimplicial objects, but the considerations are similar to those in the simplicial case \[We\].

### A.1. Simplicial and cosimplicial objects

Let $`𝚫`$ denote the simplicial category \[Mc\]. If $`𝒜`$ is a category then the functor category $`𝒜^{𝚫^{op}}`$ is the category of simplicial objects while $`𝒜^𝚫`$ is the category of cosimplicial objects in $`𝒜`$. Thus a simplicial object in $`𝒜`$ is given by a sequence of objects $`\{X_n\}`$ together with, for each $`n0`$, face maps $`_i:X^{n+1}X_n`$ for $`0in+1`$ and degeneracies $`\sigma _j:X_nX_{n+1}`$ for $`0jn`$ such that

$`_i_j=_{j1}_i`$ for $`i<j`$,

$`\sigma _i\sigma _j=\sigma _{j+1}\sigma _i`$ for $`ij`$,

$`_i\sigma _j=\{\begin{array}{cc}\sigma _{j1}_i,\hfill & \text{ if }i<j;\hfill \\ 1,\hfill & \text{ if }i=j,j+1;\hfill \\ \sigma _j_{i1},\hfill & \text{ if }i>j+1.\hfill \end{array}`$

A cosimplicial object in $`𝒜`$ is a sequence of objects $`\{X^n\}`$ together with, for each $`n0`$, coface maps $`^i:X^nX^{n+1}`$ for $`0in+1`$ and codegeneracies $`\sigma ^j:X^{n+1}X^n`$ such that

$`^j^i=^i^{j1}`$ for $`i<j`$,

$`\sigma ^j\sigma ^i=\sigma ^i\sigma ^{j+1}`$ for $`ij`$,

$`\sigma ^j^i=\{\begin{array}{cc}^i\sigma ^{j1},\hfill & \text{ if }i<j;\hfill \\ 1,\hfill & \text{ if }i=j,j+1;\hfill \\ ^{i1}\sigma ^j,\hfill & \text{ if }i>j+1.\hfill \end{array}`$

Two cosimplicial maps $`f,g:XY`$ are homotopic if for each $`n0`$ there is a family of maps $`\{h^i:X^{n+1}Y^n|0in\}`$ in $`𝒜`$ such that

$`h^0^0=f`$, $`h^n^{n+1}=g`$,

$`h^j^i=\{\begin{array}{cc}^ih^{j1},\hfill & \text{ if }i<j;\hfill \\ h^{i1}^i,\hfill & \text{ if }i=j0;\hfill \\ ^{i1}h^j,\hfill & \text{ if }i>j+1,\hfill \end{array}`$

$`h^j\sigma ^i=\{\begin{array}{cc}\sigma ^ih^{j+1},\hfill & \text{ if }ij;\hfill \\ \sigma ^{i1}h^j,\hfill & \text{ if }i>j.\hfill \end{array}`$
Clearly, homotopy of cosimplicial maps is an equivalence relation.

If $`X`$ is a cosimplicial object in an abelian category $`𝒜`$, then $`C(X)`$ denotes the associated cochain complex in $`𝒜`$, i.e. an object of the category of cochain complexes $`\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$.

###### Lemma A.1.

For a cosimplicial object $`X`$ in the abelian category $`𝒜`$ let $`N^n(X)=_{i=0}^{n1}\mathrm{ker}\sigma ^i`$ and $`D^n(X)=_{j=0}^{n1}\mathrm{im}^j`$. Then $`C(X)N(X)D(X)`$. Moreover, $`X/D(X)N(X)`$ is a cochain complex with differentials given by $`^n:X^n/D^nX^{n+1}/D^{n+1}`$, and $`\pi ^{}(X)=H^{}(N^{}(X))`$ is the sequence of cohomotopy objects of $`X`$.

###### Theorem A.2 (Cosimplicial Dold-Kan correspondence, \[We, 8.4.3\]).

If $`𝒜`$ is an abelian category then

1. $`N:𝒜^𝚫\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ is an equivalence and $`N(X)`$ is a summand of $`C(X)`$;
2. $`\pi ^{}(X)=H^{}(N(X))H^{}(C(X))`$.
3. If $`𝒜`$ has enough injectives, then $`\pi ^{}=H^{}N:𝒜^𝚫\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ and $`H^{}C:A^𝚫\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ are the sequences of right derived functors of $`\pi ^0=H^0N:𝒜^𝚫𝒜`$ and $`H^0C:𝒜^𝚫𝒜`$, respectively.

###### Proof.

(1) If $`yN^n(X)D^n(X)`$ then $`y=_{i=0}^{n1}^i(x_i)`$, where each $`x_iX^{n1}`$. Suppose that $`y=^0(x)`$ and $`yN^n(X)`$, then $`0=\sigma ^0(y)=\sigma ^0^0(x)=x`$ and hence $`y=^0(x)=0`$ Now proceed by induction on the largest $`j`$ such that $`^j(x_j)0`$ So let $`y=_{i=0}^j^i(x_i)`$ such that $`^j(x_j)0`$, i.e: $`y_{i<j}\mathrm{im}^i`$, and $`yN^n(X)`$. Then $`0=\sigma ^j(y)=_{ij}\sigma ^J^i(x_i)=x_j+i<j\sigma ^j^i(x_i)=x_j+_{i<j}^i\sigma ^{j1}(x_i)`$. This implies that $`x_j=_{i<j}^i\sigma ^{j1}(x_i)`$ and hence $`^j(x_j)=_{i<j}^j^i\sigma ^{j1}(x_i)=_{i<j}^i^{j1}\sigma ^{j1}(x_i)_{i<j}\mathrm{im}^i`$, a contradiction. Thus, $`N^n(X)D^n(X)=0`$.

Now let us show that $`D^n(X)+N^n(X)=C^n(X)`$. Suppose that $`y=^0(x)`$ for some $`xX_{n1}`$ and $`yN^n(x)=_{i=0}^{n1}\mathrm{ker}\sigma ^i`$. Then $`0=\sigma ^0(y)=\sigma ^0^0(x)=x`$, so that $`\sigma ^i(y)0`$. If $`y^{}=y^i\sigma ^i(y)`$ then $`yy^{}D^n(X)`$. For $`i<j`$ we get $`\sigma ^j(y^{})=\sigma ^j(y)\sigma ^j^i\sigma ^i(y)=\sigma ^j(y)^i\sigma ^{j1}\sigma ^i(y)=\sigma ^j(y)^i\sigma ^i\sigma ^j(y)=0`$. Moreover, $`\sigma ^i(y^{})=\sigma ^i(y)\sigma ^i^i\sigma ^i(y)=\sigma ^i(y)\sigma ^i(y)=0`$, so that $`i1`$ is the largest index for which $`\sigma ^{i1}y^{}0`$. By induction, there is a $`zD^n(X)`$ such that $`yzN^n(X)`$, and hence $`yD^n(X)+N^n(X)`$.

It now follows that $`_{i=0}^{n1}\mathrm{ker}\sigma ^i=N^n(X)X^n/D^n(X)=X^n/_{i=0}^{n1}\mathrm{im}^i`$. The differential $`^n:N^n(X)N^{n+1}(X)`$ is given by $`^n(x+D^n(X))=^n(x)+D^{n+1}(X)`$.

(2) By definition, see \[We, 8.4.3\].

(3) The functors $`N:𝒜^𝚫𝒜`$ and $`C:𝒜^𝚫\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ are exact. ∎

The inverse equivalence $`K:\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)𝒜^𝚫`$ has a description, similar to that for the simplicial case \[We, 8.4.4\].

### A.2. Cosimplicial bicomplexes

The category of cosimplicial bicomplexes in the abelian category $`𝒜`$ is the functor category $`𝒜^{𝚫\times 𝚫}=(𝒜^𝚫)^𝚫`$. In particular, in a cosimplicial bicomplex $`X=\{X^{p,q}\}`$ in $`𝒜`$

1. Horizontal and vertical cosimplicial identities are satisfied;
2. Horizontal and vertical cosimplicial operators commute.

The associated (unnormalized) cochain bicomplex $`C(X)`$ with $`C(X)^{p,q}=X^{p,q}`$ has horizontal and vertical differentials

$$d_h=\underset{i=0}{\overset{p+1}{}}(1)^i_h^i:X_{p,q}X^{p+1,q},d_v=\underset{j=0}{\overset{q+1}{}}(1)^{p+j}_v^j:X^{p,q}X^{p,q+1}$$

so that $`d_hd_v=d_vd_h`$. The normalized cochain bicomplex $`N(X)`$ is obtained from $`X`$ by taking the normalized cochain complex of each row and each column. It is a summand of $`CX`$. The cosimplicial Dold-Kan theorem then says that $`H^{}(CX)H^{}(NX)`$ for every cosimplicial bicomplex.

The diagonal $`\mathrm{diag}:\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }`$ induces the diagonalization functor $`\mathrm{Diag}=𝒜^{\mathrm{diag}}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}𝒜^\mathrm{\Delta }`$, where $`\mathrm{Diag}^p(X)=X^{p,p}`$ with coface maps $`^i=_h^i_v^i:X^{p,p}X^{p+1,p+1}`$ and codegeneracies $`\sigma ^j=\sigma _h^j\sigma _v^j:X^{p+1,p+1}X^{p,p}`$ for $`0ip+1`$ and $`0jp`$, respectively.

###### Theorem A.3 (The cosimplicial Eilenberg-Zilber Theorem.).

Let $`𝒜`$ be an abelian category with enough injectives. There is a natural isomorphism

$$\pi ^{}(\mathrm{Diag}X)=H^{}(C\mathrm{Diag}(X))H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(X)),$$

where $`\mathrm{Tot}(X)`$ denotes the total complex associated to the double cochain complex $`CX`$. Moreover, there is a convergent first quadrant cohomological spectral sequence

$$E_1^{p,q}=\pi _v^q(X^{p,}),E_2^{p,q}=\pi _h^p\pi _v^q(X)\pi ^{p+q}(\mathrm{Diag}X).$$

###### Proof.

It suffices to show that $`\pi ^0\mathrm{Diag}H^0(\mathrm{Tot}X)`$, and that

$$\pi ^{}\mathrm{Diag},H^{}\mathrm{Tot}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}𝒜^𝐍$$

are sequences of right derived functors.

First observe that $`\pi ^0(\mathrm{Diag}X)=\mathrm{eq}(_h^0_v^0,_h^0_v^0:X^{0,0}X^{1,1})`$, while $`H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(X))=\mathrm{ker}((_h^0_h^1,_v^0_v^1):X^{0,0}X^{10}X^{01})`$. But $`_h^0_v^0x=_h^1_v^1x`$ implies that $`_v^0x=\sigma _h^0_h^0_v^0x=\sigma _h^0_h^1_v^1x=_v^1x`$, since $`\sigma _h^0_h^0=1=\sigma _h^0_h^1`$, and similarly $`_h^0x=\sigma _v^0_h^0_v^0x=\sigma _v^0_h^1_v^1x=_h^1x`$, since $`\sigma _v^0_v^0=1=\sigma _v^0_v^1`$, so that $`\pi ^0(\mathrm{Diag}X)H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(X))`$.

Conversely, if $`_h^0x=_h^1x`$ and $`_v^0x=_v^1x`$ then $`_h^0_v^0x=_h^0_v^1x=_v^1_h^0x=_v^1_h^1x=_h^1_v^1x`$, and hence $`H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(X))\pi ^0(\mathrm{diag}X)`$.

The additive functors $`\mathrm{Diag}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}𝒜^\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{Tot}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ are obviously exact, while $`\pi ^{},H^{}`$ are cohomological $`\delta `$-functors, so that both $`\pi ^{}\mathrm{Diag},H^{}\mathrm{Tot}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ are cohomological $`\delta `$ functors.

The claim is that this cohomological $`\delta `$ functors are universal, i.e: the right derived functors of $`\pi ^0\mathrm{Diag},H^0\mathrm{Tot}C:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}𝒜`$, respectively. Since $`𝒜`$ has enough injectives, so does $`\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ by \[We, Ex. 2.3.4\], and hence by the Dold-Kan equivalence $`𝒜^\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}`$ have enough injectives. Moreover, by the next lemma, both $`\mathrm{Diag}`$ and $`\mathrm{Tot}`$ preserve injectives. It therefore follows that

$$\begin{array}{c}\pi ^{}\mathrm{Diag}=(R^{}\pi ^0)\mathrm{Diag}=R^{}(\pi ^0\mathrm{Diag}),\hfill \\ H^{}\mathrm{Tot}=(R^{}H^0)\mathrm{Tot}=R^{}(H^0\mathrm{Tot}).\hfill \end{array}$$

The canonical cohomological first quadrant spectral sequence associated with the cochain bicomplex $`C(X)`$ has

$$E_1^{p,q}=H_v^q(C^{p,}(X))=\pi _v^q(X^{p,}),E_2^{p,q}=H_h^p(C(\pi _v^q(X))=\pi _h^p\pi _v^q(X)$$

and converges finitely to $`H^{p+q}(\mathrm{Tot}(X))\pi ^{p+q}(\mathrm{diag}X)`$. ∎

###### Lemma A.4.

The functors $`\mathrm{Diag}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}𝒜^\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\mathrm{Tot}:𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}\mathrm{Coch}𝒜`$ preserve injectives.

###### Proof.

A cosimplicial bicomplex $`J`$ is an injective object in $`𝒜^{\mathrm{\Delta }\times \mathrm{\Delta }}`$ if and only if

1. each $`J^{p,q}`$ is an injective object of $`𝒜`$,
2. each row and each column is cosimplicially null-homotopic, i.e: the identity map is cosimplicially homotopic to the zero map,
3. the vertical homotopies $`h_v^j:J^{,q}J^{,q1}`$ for $`0jq1`$ are cosimplicial maps.

It then follows that $`\mathrm{Diag}(J)`$ is an injective object in $`𝒜^\mathrm{\Delta }`$, since $`J^{p,p}`$ is injective in $`𝒜`$ for every $`p0`$ and the maps $`h^i=h_h^ih_v^i:J^{p,p}J^{p1,p1}`$, $`0ip1`$ and $`p>0`$, form a contracting cosimplicial homotopy, i.e: a the identity map od $`\mathrm{Diag}J`$ is cosimplicially null-homotopic.

On the other hand $`\mathrm{Tot}(J)`$ is a non-negative cochain complex of injective objects in $`𝒜`$, so it is injective in $`\mathrm{Coch}(𝒜)`$ if and only if it is split-exact, that is if and only if it is exact. But every column of the associated cochain bicomplex $`C(J)`$ is acyclic, since $`H_v^{}(J^{p,})=\pi ^{}(J^{p,})=0`$. The exactness of $`\mathrm{Tot}(J)`$ now follows from the convergent spectral sequence with $`E_1^{p,q}=H^q(C^{p,}(J))=0`$ and $`E_2^{p,q}=H_h^p(H_v^q(C(J))H^{p+q}(\mathrm{Tot}(J))`$. ∎

### A.3. The cosimplicial Alexander-Whitney map

The cosimplicial Alexander Whitney map gives an explicit formula for the isomorphism in the Eilenberg-Zilber theorem. For $`p+q=n`$ let

$$g_{p,q}=d_h^nd_h^{n1}\mathrm{}d_h^{p+1}d_v^0\mathrm{}d_v^0:X^{p,q}X^{n,n}$$

and $`g^n=(g^{p,q}):\mathrm{Tot}^n(X)X^{n,n}`$. This defines a natural cochain map $`g:\mathrm{Tot}(X)C(\mathrm{Diag}X)`$, which induces a morphism of universal $`\delta `$-functors

$$g^{}:H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(X))H^{}(C(\mathrm{Diag}X))=\pi ^{}(\mathrm{Diag}X).$$

Moreover, $`g^0:\mathrm{Tot}^0(X)=X^0=C^0(\mathrm{Diag}X)`$, and hence

$$g^0:H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(X))H^0(C(\mathrm{Diag}X))=\pi ^0(\mathrm{Diag}X).$$

The cosimplicial Alexander Whitney map is therefore (up to equivalence) the unique cochain map inducing the isomorphism in the Eilenberg-Zilber theorem. The inverse map $`f:C(\mathrm{Diag}X)\mathrm{Tot}(X)`$ is given by the shuffle coproduct formula

$$f^{p,q}=\underset{(p,q)\text{shuffles}}{}(1)^\mu \sigma _h^{\mu (n)}\mathrm{}\sigma _h^{\mu (p+1)}\sigma _v^{\mu (p)}\mathrm{}\sigma _v^{\mu (1)}:X^{n.n}X^{p,q},$$

and is a natural cochain map. It induces a natural isomorphism $`\pi ^0(\mathrm{Diag}X)=H^0(C(\mathrm{Diag}X))H^0(\mathrm{Tot}(X))`$, and thus

$$f^{}:\pi ^{}(\mathrm{Diag}X)=H^{}(C(\mathrm{Diag}X))H^{}(\mathrm{Tot}(X))$$

is the unique isomorphism of universal $`\delta `$-functors given in the cosimplicial Eilenber-Zilber theorem. In particular, $`f^{}`$ is the inverse of $`g^{}`$.


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# The power-law and the logarithmic potentials

## 1 Introduction

A large number of important physical problems require solving the Schrodinger equation for spherical symmetric potential to determine the energy eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions. It is known that for very limited potentials, Schrodinger equation is exactly solvable. In general one has to resort to numerical techniques or approximation schemes, Most popular approximation methods like $`1/N`$ expansion, WKB method, perturbation theory are widely used for this purpose. But some of these methods have-draw backs in application. Although some methods give simple relations for the eigenvalues, they give very complicate relations for the eigenfunction. The aim of present work is to give a simple way for finding both eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of Schrodinger and Schrodinger-like equations for power-law and logarithmic potentials, which are very important in particle physics\[1-10\]. This paper is organized as follows. In the first section, the eigenvalues are obtained for the $`sgn(v)Ar^\nu (\nu >2)`$ type potential by using variation technique for the special form of eigenfunction. In section 2, the same technique is applied to the logarithmic potential. In the last section, we give some concluding remarks.

## 2 The solution of the Schrodinger equation for the power-law potentials

The radial part of Schrodinger equation for $`sgn(v)Ar^\nu (\nu >2)`$ type potential is written as

$$\left[\frac{d^2}{dr^2}+sgn(v)Ar^\nu +\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}\right]g(r)=Eg(r)$$
(1)
Using substitution $`r=(\frac{1}{A})^{\frac{1}{\nu +2}}\rho `$, Eq. (1) can be written in the following form

$$\left[\frac{d^2}{d\rho ^2}+sgn(v)\rho ^\nu +\frac{l(l+1)}{\rho ^2}\right]g(\rho )=ϵg(\rho )$$
(2)
where $`ϵ=E.(\frac{1}{A})^{\frac{2}{\nu +2}}.`$ It is well known that Eq. (2) have exact analytical solutions for $`\nu =1`$ and $`\nu =2`$ and the forms of the solutions are:
for $`\nu =1`$ (Coulomb potential)

$$g(\rho )\rho ^{l+1}Exp\left(x\rho \right)L_n^{2l+1}(2x\rho ),$$
(3)
for $`\nu =2`$ (Harmonic potential)

$$g(\rho )\rho ^{l+1}Exp\left(\left(x\rho \right)^2\right)L_n^{\frac{2l+1}{2}}(2(x\rho )^2).$$
(4)
where $`L`$ is Laguerre polynomials. From the similarity of these solutions, the following solution can be proposed for arbitrary $`\nu `$

$$g(\rho )\rho ^{l+1}Exp\left(\left(x\rho \right)^d\right)L_n^{\frac{2l+1}{d}}(2(x\rho )^d)$$
(5)
where $`x`$ and $`d`$ variation parameters and they can be obtained by minimizing of $`ϵ`$ in Eq. (2) with respect to these parameters. So;

$$\frac{\epsilon }{x}=0,$$
(6)
$$\frac{\epsilon }{d}=0.$$
(7)
Using Eqs. (2) and (5), for $`ϵ`$, we get

$$ϵ_{nl}(x\text{,}d)=cx^2+\frac{b}{x^v}$$
(8)
and from Eq. (6), we have $`x=\left(\frac{b\nu }{2c}\right)^{\frac{1}{\nu +2}},`$thus, we have found $`ϵ_{nl}`$ as the following form

$$ϵ_{nl}(d)=\left(v+2\right)\left(\frac{c}{\nu }\right)^{\frac{\nu }{v+2}}\left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^{\frac{2}{v+2}},$$
(9)
where;

$$c=2^{\frac{22d}{d}}\frac{_{k=0}^n_{m=0}^na_ka_ms\mathrm{\Gamma }(k+m+\frac{2l+1}{d})}{_{k=0}^n_{m=0}^na_ka_m\mathrm{\Gamma }(k+m+\frac{2l+3}{d})},$$
(10)
$$b=sgn(v)2^{\frac{\nu }{d}}\frac{_{k=0}^n_{m=0}^na_ka_m\mathrm{\Gamma }(k+m+\frac{2l+\nu +3}{d})}{_{k=0}^n_{m=0}^na_ka_m\mathrm{\Gamma }(k+m+\frac{2l+3}{d})},$$
(11)
$$s=(2l+1)(2l+d+1)+(k+m(km)^2)d^2,$$
(12)
where $`a_j`$ are the coefficients of the generalized Laguerre polynomials. The parameter $`d`$ can be obtained from Eq. (7), but unfortunately this equation can not be solved analytically. However, for $`n=0`$, $`l=0`$ case, the value of $`d`$ which minimized of $`ϵ`$ can be found easily. In Fig. 1, we present the dependence $`d`$ on $`\nu `$. Behavior of the curve is similar to $`\sqrt{v+2}`$ function. But, this function does not fit exactly to the curve. Therefore, a correction factor is necessary. According to the our assumption, the correction factor must be equal to $`1`$ at $`v=1`$ and $`v=2`$. Thus, we chose the correction factor in the following form;

$$w=(1+tp)^h$$
(13)
where $`p=\frac{(\nu +1)(2\nu )}{a_1\nu ^2+a_2\nu +a_3}`$. So, we write

$$d=\sqrt{v+2}w$$
(14)
Fitting this equation to the curve in Fig. 1, $`t`$, $`a_1`$, $`a_2`$, $`a_3`$ and $`h`$ constants are obtained as, $`0.2075,`$ $`0.1381`$, $`\mathrm{1..05}`$, $`2.484`$ and $`0.08104`$ respectively. So, when any values of $`v`$ is given, $`d`$ values corresponding to $`v`$ can be easily calculated by using Eq. (14). In Tables 1 and 2, we present results of our calculations for the eigenvalues at different $`\nu .`$ For comparison in these tables, we also present existing numerical solutions in literature .In Table 2, the calculations done using eq. (9) are multiplied by $`2^{\frac{v}{v+2}}`$factor because of consistency with results of ref.

When we study on linear potentials, Eq. (2) has the following form for S states

$$\left[\frac{d^2}{dz^2}+z\right]g(z)=0$$
(15)
where, $`z=\rho ϵ`$. The equation given above is known as Airy equation and has exact solution in terms of Airy functions given as the following form

$$g_n^{\text{exact}}(\rho )=Ai(\rho ϵ_n)$$
(16)
Where $`ϵ_n`$ are the zeros of the Airy function and as given in Table 3. For S states, our prediction for eigenfunctions has the following form from Eq. (5)

$$g_n^{\text{our}}(\rho )\rho ^lExp\left(\left(x\rho \right)^d\right)L_n^{\frac{1}{d}}(2(x\rho )^d)$$
(17)
In Figures 2 and 3, our wave function and the exact wave function are presented together for $`n=0`$, $`l=0`$ and $`n=4`$, $`l=0`$ states respectively. We see that the agreement between two solutions is excellent. In addition to the wave functions, in Table 3, eigenvalues of the linear potential for S states ($`n=0`$, $`1`$,$`2`$,.. and $`l=0)`$ are given and compared with the exact results which are well-known zeros of the Airy function. Similarly, in Table 4, eigenvalues of $`r^{0.5}`$ are calculated and compared with exact numerical results. The calculated results are in good agreement with exact numerical results and better than given in ref.

## 3 The logarithmic potential case

Let us consider $`V(r)=\mathrm{log}(r)`$ potential which is very important in particle physics. The radial part of Schrodinger equation for logarithmic potential is written as

$$\left[\frac{d^2}{dr^2}+\mathrm{log}(r)+\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}\right]g(r)=Eg(r).$$
(18)
The function $`\mathrm{log}(r)`$ at $`\nu 0`$ can be written in following form

$$\mathrm{log}(r)\frac{1}{\nu }\left[r^\nu 1\right]\text{.}$$
(19)
Substitute Eq. (15) into Eq. (14) and then apply the method presented in previous section to Eq. (14) for $`d`$ we found the value $`1.43203`$ at $`\nu =0.00001`$ (see Eq. (13)). Thus, the eigenvalues of Eq. (14) are written as

$$E_{nl}=\frac{ϵ_{nl}}{\nu ^{\frac{2}{\nu +2}}}\frac{1}{\nu }$$
(20)
where $`ϵ_{nl}`$ is given as in Eq. (8). The calculated results for $`ϵ_{nl}`$ are presented in Table 4. In this table we also give the results of numerical solutions. The eigenfunctions of logarithmic potential can be written from Eq. (5) as

$$g(\rho )\rho ^{l+1}Exp\left(\left(x\rho \right)^d\right)L_n^{\frac{2l+1}{d}}(2(x\rho )^d)$$
(21)
where, $`\rho =\frac{r}{\nu ^{\frac{1}{\nu +2}}}.`$ It is obvious that the eigenvalues obtained for the logarithmic potential are in good agreement with the results obtained from numerical solution. Also, in order to show the validity of the wavefunctions given in Eq. (17) obtained for the logarithmic potential, first of all, some energy levels are chosen. Their wavefunctions are obtained by Numerov’s Method. Finally, these results are given in Figures 4 and 5 together with predictions.

## 4 Conclusion

In this paper, we have calculated eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of power-law and logarithmic potentials by using variational techniques for special type wave functions. Our results are in good agreement with existing exact numerical ones. However, for the higher values of $`\nu `$, there is some difference between two approaches. However this differences not larger than that one coming from 1/N expansion. Moreover, we obtained that present method predicts not only the eigenvalues as well as the eigenfunctions of given potentials. The correspondence of wavefunctions for lower energy levels is very good agreement with numerical results as expected the except case $`n`$ and $`l`$ are large. The method used in this study present an easy way of calculating both eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of power-law and logarithmic potentials. In spite of its simple structure, the method is very practical and the results of the method are in good agreement with exact results.

## 5 Acknowledgment

The authors thank Prof. Dr. T. M. Aliev and Prof. Dr. M. Ṣimṣek for useful discussions.

## 6 References

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Table.1. Comparison of this study results for the ground state ($`n=0,`$ $`l=0)`$ of various power-law potentials.

| $`V(r)`$ | This Work | Numerical | $`V(r)`$ | This work | Numerical |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`r^{1.5}`$ | -0.29703 | -0.29609 | $`r^2`$ | 3 | 3 |
| $`r^{1.25}`$ | -0.22027 | -0.22029 | $`r^3`$ | 3.45110 | 3.45056 |
| $`r^1`$ | -0.25 | -0.25 | $`r^4`$ | 3.80241 | 3.79967 |
| $`r^0`$ | 1 | 1 | $`r^5`$ | 4.09626 | 4.33801 |
| $`r^{0.15}`$ | 1.32798 | 1.32795 | $`r^6`$ | 4.35243 | 4.54690 |
| $`r^{0.5}`$ | 1.83352 | 1.83339 | $`r^7`$ | 4.58158 | 4.71772 |
| $`r^{0.75}`$ | 2.10829 | 2.10814 | $`r^8`$ | 4.79013 | 4.92220 |
| $`r^{1.5}`$ | 2.70816 | 2.70809 | $`r^{10}`$ | 5.16092 | - |

Table.2 Eigenvalues of $`2^{1.7}r^{0.2}`$ and $`2^{0.8}r^{0.8}`$ for different $`nl`$

| $`n`$ | $`l`$ | This work | numerical\[11-15\] | $`n`$ | $`l`$ | This work | numerical\[11-15\] |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | -2.6859 | -2.686 | 0 | 0 | -1.2186 | -1.218 |
| 1 | 0 | -2.2530 | -2.253 | 1 | 0 | -0.4622 | -0.462 |
| 2 | 0 | -2.0440 | -2.044 | 2 | 0 | -0.2648 | -0.265 |
| 0 | 1 | -2.3449 | -2.345 | 0 | 1 | -0.5004 | -0.500 |
| 1 | 1 | -2.1006 | -2.101 | 1 | 1 | -0.2806 | -0.281 |
| 2 | 1 | -1.9504 | -1.951 | 2 | 1 | -0.1873 | -0.187 |
| 0 | 2 | -2.1562 | -2.156 | 0 | 2 | -0.2947 | -0.295 |
| 1 | 2 | -1.9900 | -1.990 | 1 | 2 | -0.1949 | -0.195 |
| 2 | 2 | -1.8749 | -1.875 | 2 | 2 | -0.1420 | -0.142 |
| 0 | 3 | -2.0291 | -2.029 | 0 | 3 | -0.2019 | -0.202 |
| 1 | 3 | -1.9049 | -1.905 | 1 | 3 | -0.1463 | -0.146 |
| 2 | 3 | -1.8124 | - | 2 | 3 | -0.1128 | - |

Table.3 Eigenvalues of linear potential for different $`n`$ and $`l=0.`$

| $`n`$ | $`l`$ | This work | numerical |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | 2.33825 | 2.33810 |
| 1 | 0 | 4.08918 | 4.08795 |
| 2 | 0 | 5.52132 | 5.52056 |
| 3 | 0 | 6.78614 | 6.78671 |
| 4 | 0 | 7.94189 | 7.94413 |
| 5 | 0 | 9.01859 | 9.02265 |

Table.4 Eigenvalues of $`r^{0.5}`$ for different $`nl`$ together with exact values and other researcher results, with percentage errors

| $`n`$ | $`l`$ | This work | Numerical | Ref | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | 1.83352 | 1.83339 | 1.83375 | 0.007 |
| 1 | 0 | 2.55152 | 2.55065 | 2.55142 | 0.03 |
| 2 | 0 | 3.05177 | 3.05118 | 3.05224 | 0.019 |
| 3 | 0 | 3.45197 | 3.45213 | 3.45341 | 0.005 |
| 4 | 0 | 3.79233 | 3.79336 | 3.79482 | 0.027 |
| 0 | 1 | 2.30056 | 2.30050 | 2.30073 | 0.003 |
| 1 | 1 | 2.85473 | 2.85434 | 2.85486 | 0.014 |
| 2 | 1 | 3.28666 | 3.28583 | 3.28659 | 0.025 |
| 3 | 1 | 3.64838 | 3.64739 | 3.64835 | 0.027 |
| 4 | 1 | 3.96361 | 3.96268 | 3.96382 | 0.023 |
| 0 | 2 | 2.65760 | 2.65756 | 2.65775 | 0.002 |
| 1 | 2 | 3.12048 | 3.12033 | 3.12077 | 0.005 |
| 2 | 2 | 3.50296 | 3.50245 | 3.50309 | 0.015 |
| 3 | 2 | 3.83338 | 3.83254 | 3.83336 | 0.022 |
| 4 | 2 | 4.12686 | 4.12581 | 4.12678 | 0.025 |
| 0 | 3 | 2.95448 | 2.95445 | 2.95461 | 0.001 |
| 1 | 3 | 3.35764 | 3.35759 | 3.35798 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 3 | 3.70299 | 3.70270 | 3.70327 | 0.008 |
| 3 | 3 | 4.00796 | 4.00737 | 4.00810 | 0.015 |
| 4 | 3 | 4.28282 | 4.28196 | 4.28283 | 0.020 |
| 0 | 4 | 3.21236 | 3.21233 | 3.21247 | 0.001 |
| 1 | 4 | 3.57275 | 3.57275 | 3.57310 | 0.000 |
| 2 | 4 | 3.88913 | 3.88898 | 3.88950 | 0.004 |
| 3 | 4 | 4.17308 | 4.17268 | 4.17335 | 0.010 |
| 4 | 4 | 4.43196 | 4.46131 | 4.43164 | 0.015 |

Table.5 Eigenvalues of logarithmic Potential for different $`nl`$

| $`n`$ | $`l`$ | This work | numerical\[11-15\] | $`n`$ | $`l`$ | This work | numerical\[11-15\] |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | 1.0445 | 1.0443 | 3 | 0 | 2.5957 | 2.5957 |
| 0 | 1 | 1.6412 | 1.6430 | 3 | 1 | 2.7465 | 2.7440 |
| 0 | 2 | 2.0134 | 2.0150 | 3 | 2 | 2.8801 | 2.8800 |
| 0 | 3 | 2.2842 | 2.2860 | 3 | 3 | 2.9996 | 2.9990 |
| 1 | 0 | 1.8485 | 1.8474 | 3 | 4 | 3.1071 | 3.1070 |
| 1 | 1 | 2.1513 | 2.1510 | 4 | 0 | 2.8293 | 2.8299 |
| 1 | 2 | 2.3875 | 2.3880 | 4 | 1 | 2.9498 | 2.9480 |
| 1 | 3 | 2.5798 | 2.5810 | 4 | 2 | 3.0592 | 3.0600 |
| 2 | 0 | 2.2903 | 2.2897 | 4 | 3 | 3.1592 | 3.1590 |
| 2 | 1 | 2.4917 | 2.4910 | 4 | 4 | 3.2512 | 3.2510 |
| 2 | 2 | 2.6629 | 2.6630 | 6 | 0 | 3.1770 | 3.1791 |
| 2 | 3 | 2.8106 | - | 10 | 0 | 3.6411 | 3.6427 |

## Figure captions

Figure 1. The dependence of $`d`$ on $`\nu `$.

Figure 2. Comparison of our wavefunction and Airy function for linear potential ($`n=0`$, $`l=0`$),Dot lines represent Airy function,

Figure 3. Comparison of our wavefunction and Airy function for linear potential ($`n=4`$, $`l=0`$),Dot lines represent Airy function,

Figure 4. Comparison of our wavefunction and corresponding numerical wavefunction for logarithmic potential

($`n=0`$, $`l=0`$)

Figure 5. Comparison of our wavefunction and corresponding numerical wavefunction for logarithmic potential

($`n=4`$, $`l=4`$)