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# Neutrino clustering in the galaxy with a global monopole

## I Introduction

In Barriola and Vilenkin’s global monopole solution Vil  to Einstein’s field equation, scalar fields with global $`O(3)`$ broken symmetry are minimally coupled to gravity and the background spacetime has deficits of angle. Nucamendi et al. Nuc  suggested that the global monopole solution could explain the flat rotational velocity curves(FRVC) of stars in galaxies because its energy density is proportional to $`1/r^2`$ and hence it can be dark matter in the galatic halo. Even if some questions are issued Que  about the global monopole solution for FRVC, various generalized versions of the global monopole were studied as models for dark matter and dark energy Lee .

Neutrino clustering was studied by some authors including one of us BM  to explain the continuation of the cosmic ray spectrum beyond the GZK(Greisen, Zatsepen and Kuzmin) cutoff. Neutrino-antineutrino($`\nu `$-$`\overline{\nu }`$) annihilation to a $`Z^0`$-boson is one possible explanation for the phenomena. But for $`\nu `$-$`\overline{\nu }`$ annihilation into a $`Z^0`$-boson to produce super GZK air shower, a neutrino flux at $`E_\nu 10^{21}eV`$ with $`m_\nu `$ a few $`eV`$ and a significant clustering of the relic neutrino density in our galactic halo are required Wei .

In this article we investigate if neutrinos can coalesce into neutrino clouds in a curved spacetime. Considering fermions coupled to an $`O(3)`$ triplet of scalar fields in the most general static metric with spherical symmetry, we show that only the total angular momentum $`j=1/2`$ fermions can satisfy both Einstein’s field equation and Dirac’s equation. When the global $`O(3)`$ symmetry of the Lagrangian is spontaneously broken to $`U(1)`$ at the ground state of the scalar potential in the shape of Mexican hat, we can have a global monopole solution similar to that of Barriola and Vilenkin. Being coupled to a global monopole situated at the galactic center, neutrinos are able to have effective masses and cluster in the galactic halo.

## II Global $`O(3)`$ Symmetric Model for Neutrino Clustering

The action of the global $`O(3)`$ symmetric model of scalar fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }^m`$ and massive neutrinos $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ $`(m,n=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3})`$ minimally coupled to gravity is given by

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^4x\sqrt{g}},`$ (1)
$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{\mu \nu }_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^m_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^mV(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^a_a\mathrm{\Psi }_n_a\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^a\mathrm{\Psi }_n)m_n\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{g_y}{v}}\mathrm{\Phi }^m\mathrm{\Phi }^m\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n,`$
where $`V(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)`$ is a scalar potential and the last term is the scalar-neutrino interaction for which we assume the first leading order term preserving $`O(3)`$ symmetry, with the symmetry breaking scale $`v`$ of the more fundamental theory. Varying the action with respect to the fields, we obtain following equations for scalar fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }^m`$ and neutrinos $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$:

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\mu (\sqrt{g}g^{\mu \nu }_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^m)\frac{V}{\mathrm{\Phi }^m}+2\frac{g_y}{v}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n\mathrm{\Phi }^m=0,$$
(3)
$$i\gamma ^a_a\mathrm{\Psi }_nm_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n+\frac{g_y}{v}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2\mathrm{\Psi }_n=0,$$
(4)
where the $`\gamma ^a`$-matrices satisfy the Clifford algebra in a locally flat inertial coordinate;

$$\{\gamma ^a,\gamma ^b\}=2\eta ^{ab}$$
(5)
with

$$\eta ^{ab}=Diag(1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}),$$
(6)
and the covariant derivative

$$_a=e_{}^{\mu }{}_{a}{}^{}(_\mu +\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu )$$
(7)
is constructed from the vierbein $`e_{}^{\mu }{}_{a}{}^{}`$ and spin connection $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu `$, which we give explicitly in Eqs. (25)-(31).

Using the standard definition of the energy-momentum tensor

$$T_{\mu \nu }\frac{2}{\sqrt{g}}\frac{\delta S}{\delta g^{\mu \nu }}=\frac{e_{a\mu }}{det\{e\}}\frac{\delta S}{\delta e_a^\nu },$$
(8)
we have

$`T_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^m_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^mg_{\mu \nu }[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}^\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^m_\beta \mathrm{\Phi }^m+V(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)]`$ (9)
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}[(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma _\mu _\nu \psi _n_\nu \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma _\mu \mathrm{\Psi }_n)+(\mu \nu )].`$
The energy-momentum tensor allows us to construct the Einstein equation,

$$G_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },$$
(10)
where $`G_{\mu \nu }`$ is the Einstein tensor

$$G_{\mu \nu }=R_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R$$
(11)
with Ricci tensor $`R_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`\kappa =8\pi G`$.

When we consider the following potential of scalar fields

$$V(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)=\frac{\lambda }{4}(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2\eta ^2)^2,$$
(12)
with a constant $`\eta `$, the global $`O(3)`$ symmetry is spontaneously broken to $`U(1)`$. The scalar field configuration describing a global monopole is known to be given by the hedgehog ansatz,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }^m=F(r)\frac{x_m}{r},$$
(13)
with a real function $`F(r)`$ and $`r=(x_mx_m)^{1/2}=(x^2+y^2+z^2)^{1/2}`$,

Assume the line element of the spherically symmetric, static spacetime as

$$ds^2=\delta ^2(r)\alpha ^2(r)dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{\alpha ^2(r)}+r^2d\theta ^2+r^2sin^2\theta d\varphi ^2.$$
(14)
In the Cartesian coordinates,

$$x^\mu =(t,x^m)=(t,x,y,z),form=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3},$$
(15)
the line element can be written by

$$ds^2=g_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu ,$$
(16)
with the metric tensor

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\delta ^2\alpha ^2\delta _{}^{t}{}_{\mu }{}^{}\delta _{}^{t}{}_{\nu }{}^{}+[\delta _{mn}+(\frac{1}{\alpha ^2}1)\frac{x_mx_n}{r^2}]\delta _{}^{m}{}_{\mu }{}^{}\delta _{}^{n}{}_{\nu }{}^{}$$
(17)
and its inverse

$$g^{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{\delta ^2\alpha ^2}\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{t}{}^{}\delta _{}^{\nu }{}_{t}{}^{}+[\delta _{mn}+(\alpha ^21)\frac{x_mx_n}{r^2}]\delta _{}^{\mu }{}_{m}{}^{}\delta _{}^{\nu }{}_{n}{}^{}.$$
(18)
From the standard definition of Christoffel symbols

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\alpha \beta }^\mu =\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }(g_{\nu \alpha ,\beta }+g_{\nu \beta ,\alpha }g_{\alpha \beta ,\nu }),$$
(19)
we derive

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tm}^t`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{x_m}{2r}}({\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2,_r}{\alpha ^2}}),`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{tt}^l`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{x_l\alpha ^2}{2r}}(\delta ^2\alpha ^2,_r+\delta ^2,_r\alpha ^2),`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{mn}^l`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{x_l\alpha ^2}{2r}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2,_r}{\alpha ^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{x_mx_n}{r^2}}+(\alpha ^21)(\delta _{mn}{\displaystyle \frac{x_mx_n}{r^2}}){\displaystyle \frac{2}{r}}\right],`$
Others $`=0.`$
In the metric given in Eq. (14), scalar field equation reads

$`\alpha ^2F,_{rr}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2}{2}}F,_r({\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}+2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2,_r}{\alpha ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{r}}){\displaystyle \frac{2F}{r^2}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{V}{F}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2g_y}{v}}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\mathrm{\Psi }_nF=0,`$ (21)
where $`F,_r\frac{F}{r},F,_{rr}\frac{^2F}{r^2},\mathrm{}`$ .

We rewrite the line element as

$$ds^2=\eta _{ab}e^ae^b$$
(22)
with inverse of $`\eta ^{ab}`$, $`\eta _{ab}=Diag(1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1})`$ and

$$e^0=\alpha \delta dt,e^1=\frac{dr}{\alpha },e^2=rd\theta ,e^3=rsin\theta d\varphi .$$
(23)
Putting

$$e^a=e_{}^{a}{}_{\mu }{}^{}dx^\mu ,$$
(24)
we find the vierbein given by

$`e_{}^{a}{}_{\mu }{}^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\alpha \delta & 0& 0& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{\alpha }sin\theta cos\varphi & \frac{1}{\alpha }sin\theta sin\varphi & \frac{1}{\alpha }cos\theta \\ 0& cos\theta cos\varphi & cos\theta sin\varphi & sin\theta \\ 0& sin\varphi & cos\varphi & 0\end{array}\right)`$ (29)
and their inverses

$`e_{}^{\nu }{}_{b}{}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\frac{1}{\alpha \delta }& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& \alpha sin\theta cos\varphi & cos\theta cos\varphi & sin\varphi \\ 0& \alpha sin\theta sin\varphi & cos\theta sin\varphi & cos\varphi \\ 0& \alpha cos\theta & sin\theta & 0\end{array}\right)`$ (34)
$`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\frac{1}{\alpha \delta }& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& (\alpha \frac{x^m}{r})& (\frac{1}{r}\frac{x^m}{\theta })& (\frac{1}{rsin\theta }\frac{x^m}{\varphi })\end{array}\right).`$ (37)
The vierbein satisfy the relations

$$e_{}^{a}{}_{\mu }{}^{}e_{}^{\mu }{}_{b}{}^{}=\delta _{}^{a}{}_{b}{}^{},$$
(38)
$$e_{}^{\nu }{}_{a}{}^{}e_{}^{a}{}_{\mu }{}^{}=\delta _{}^{\nu }{}_{\mu }{}^{}.$$
(39)
The spin connection which appeared in Eq. (7) is defined as

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu =\frac{1}{4}\gamma ^a\gamma ^be_{\nu a}e_{}^{\nu }{}_{b;\mu }{}^{}$$
(40)
with

$$e_{}^{\nu }{}_{b;\alpha }{}^{}=e_{}^{\nu }{}_{b,\alpha }{}^{}+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\alpha \beta }^\nu e_{}^{\beta }{}_{b}{}^{}.$$
(41)
We calculate the spin connections from the above Eq. (20) and Eq. (30), and obtain

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_t`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\gamma ^0\gamma ^1(2\alpha ^2\delta ,_r+\delta \alpha ^2,_r)`$ (42)
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_x`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^1\gamma ^2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha cos\theta cos\varphi }{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^2\gamma ^3{\displaystyle \frac{cos\theta sin\varphi }{rsin\theta }}`$
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^3\gamma ^1{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha sin\varphi }{r}},`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_y`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^1\gamma ^2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha cos\theta sin\varphi }{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^2\gamma ^3{\displaystyle \frac{cos\theta cos\varphi }{rsin\theta }}`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^3\gamma ^1{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha cos\varphi }{r}},`$
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_z`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^1\gamma ^2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha sin\theta }{r}},`$
which satisfy the Cartan structure equation,

$$[\gamma ^\nu ,\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu ]=\gamma _{}^{\nu }{}_{;\mu }{}^{}.$$
(43)
## III Spherical Symmetry and $`j=\frac{1}{2}`$ Fermions

We can show that neutrino field equations given by

$$i\gamma ^ae_{}^{\mu }{}_{a}{}^{}(_\mu +\mathrm{\Gamma }_\mu )\mathrm{\Psi }_nm_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n+\frac{g_y}{v}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2\mathrm{\Psi }_n=0$$
(44)
become

$`\gamma ^0{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\alpha \delta }}_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n+\gamma ^1i\alpha \widehat{D}_r\mathrm{\Psi }_n+\gamma ^2{\displaystyle \frac{i}{r}}(_\theta +{\displaystyle \frac{cos\theta }{2sin\theta }})\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$
$`+\gamma ^3{\displaystyle \frac{i}{rsin\theta }}_\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }_n(m_n{\displaystyle \frac{g_y}{v}}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)\mathrm{\Psi }_n=0,`$ (45)
in the spherically symmetric and static metric in Eq. (14). Equivalently, we can write the last equation as

$$i_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\widehat{H}\mathrm{\Psi }_n,$$
(46)
where the Hamiltonian is defined as

$$\widehat{H}=\alpha \delta \left[\gamma ^0\gamma ^1\frac{\alpha }{i}\widehat{D}_r+\gamma ^1\frac{1}{ir}\widehat{k}+\gamma ^0(m_n\frac{g_y}{v}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)\right],$$
(47)
with

$$\widehat{D}_r=_r+\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{4}(\frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}+\frac{\alpha ^2,_r}{\alpha ^2}).$$
(48)
Here we have defined the operator $`\widehat{k}`$ asDirac  Bou

$$\widehat{k}i\gamma ^0\gamma ^1\left(\gamma ^2\frac{1}{i\sqrt{sin\theta }}_\theta \sqrt{sin\theta }+\gamma ^3\frac{1}{isin\theta }_\varphi \right),$$
(49)
which commutes with the Hamiltonian operator $`\widehat{H}`$

$$[\widehat{k},\widehat{H}]=0.$$
(50)
Taking the representation of $`\gamma `$-matrices to be direct products of independnet Pauli matrices $`\sigma _i,\rho _j`$($`\stackrel{}{\rho }\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ representation) Dirac  Bou ,

$$\gamma ^0=\rho _2,\gamma ^1=i\rho _1,\gamma ^2=i\rho _3\sigma _3,\gamma ^3=i\rho _3\sigma _1,$$
(51)
we can represent $`\widehat{k}`$ in 2-dimensional $`\sigma `$-space

$$\widehat{k}=\sigma _3\frac{1}{i\sqrt{sin\theta }}_\theta \sqrt{sin\theta }+\sigma _1\frac{1}{isin\theta }_\varphi ,$$
(52)
and we can solve the eigenvalue equation,

$$\widehat{k}𝒴_k^m(\theta ,\varphi )=k𝒴_k^m(\theta ,\varphi ),$$
(53)
with 2-dimensional spinor spherical harmonics Bou

$`𝒴_k^m(\theta ,\varphi )={\displaystyle \frac{e^{im\varphi }}{\sqrt{2\pi }}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{(j+m)!}{(jm)!}}\right]^{1/2}{\displaystyle \frac{(tan\frac{\theta }{2})^{\sigma _2/2}}{sin^m\theta }}\times `$
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{}{cos\theta }}\right)^{jm}{\displaystyle \frac{sin^{2j}\theta }{2^j(j\frac{1}{2})!}}\left(tan{\displaystyle \frac{\theta }{2}}\right)^{\sigma _2}u_k,`$ (54)
where

$`u_k={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}|k|}}\left(\begin{array}{c}|k|\\ k\end{array}\right)`$ (57)
with $`k=\pm (j+\frac{1}{2})`$ and $`j=l\pm \frac{1}{2}`$. In the representation (41) for $`\gamma `$-matrices, the Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of 2-dimensional $`\rho `$-matrices

$$\widehat{H}=\alpha \delta \left[\rho _3\frac{\alpha }{i}\widehat{D}_r+\rho _1\frac{1}{r}\widehat{k}+\rho _2(m_n\frac{g_y}{v}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)\right]$$
(58)
The eigenfunctions of both $`\widehat{H}`$ and $`\widehat{k}`$ can be written as direct products of the $`\rho `$-space spinor $`\psi _n^{(km)}`$ and $`\sigma `$-space spinor $`𝒴_k^m`$,

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n(t,r,\theta ,\varphi )=e^{iE_nt}\underset{jmj}{}\psi _n^{(km)}(r)𝒴_k^m(\theta ,\varphi ),$$
(59)
and the neutrino equations $`i_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\widehat{H}\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ then read

$$\frac{E_n}{\alpha \delta }\psi _n^{(km)}=\rho _3\frac{\alpha }{i}\widehat{D}_r\psi _n^{(km)}+\left[\rho _1\frac{k}{r}+\rho _2(m_n\frac{g_y}{v}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)\right]\psi _n^{(km)}.$$
(60)
Moreover, if we put

$$\psi _n^{(km)}(r)\frac{1}{r}(\alpha ^2\delta ^2)^{\frac{1}{4}}R_n^{(km)}(r),$$
(61)
since

$$\widehat{D}_r\psi _n^{(km)}=\frac{1}{r}(\alpha ^2\delta ^2)^{\frac{1}{4}}_rR_n^{(km)},$$
(62)
then we get

$$\frac{E_n}{\alpha \delta }R_n^{(km)}=\rho _3\frac{\alpha }{i}_rR_n^{(km)}+[\rho _1\frac{k}{r}+\rho _2(m_n\frac{g_y}{v}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)]R_n^{(km)}.$$
(63)
Setting

$`R_n^{(km)}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\phi _n^{(km)}\\ \chi _n^{(km)}\end{array}\right),`$ (66)
we obtain the coupled equations,

$`({\displaystyle \frac{E_n}{\alpha \delta }}+i\alpha _r)\phi _n^{(km)}`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{k}{r}}i(m_n{\displaystyle \frac{g_y}{v}}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2)]\chi _n^{(km)}`$ (67)
$`({\displaystyle \frac{E_n}{\alpha \delta }}i\alpha _r)\chi _n^{(km)}`$ $`=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{k}{r}}+i(m_n{\displaystyle \frac{g_y}{v}}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2]\phi _n^{(km)},`$
asymptotic solutions to which are given in the following section.

Einstein’s equation $`G_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu }`$ can be rewriten as

$$R_{\mu \nu }=\kappa (T_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }T_{\alpha }^{}{}_{}{}^{\alpha }).$$
(68)
Substituting Eq. (9) into the Einstein’s equation in Eq. (54) gives

$`R_{\mu \nu }=`$ $`\kappa [_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^m_\nu \mathrm{\Phi }^m+g_{\mu \nu }V+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}g_{\mu \nu }\mathrm{\Sigma }`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma _\mu _\nu \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\mu \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma _\nu \mathrm{\Psi }_n`$
$`+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma _\nu _\mu \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\nu \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma _\mu \mathrm{\Psi }_n)],`$
with

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=e_{}^{\alpha }{}_{c}{}^{}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^c_\alpha \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\alpha \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^c\mathrm{\Psi }_n).$$
(70)
Elements of Ricci tensor calculated from metric coefficients in Eq. (14) and the ansatz for $`\mathrm{\Phi }^m`$ in Eq. (13) are substituted into Eq. (55), to give the set of equations

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\delta ^2}}(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_{rr}{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{4\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{\delta ^2}}=`$
$`\kappa [V{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\mathrm{\Sigma }+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\delta \alpha }}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^0_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n_t\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^0\mathrm{\Psi }_n)],`$ (71)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\delta ^2}}(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_{rr}+{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{4\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\alpha ^2,_r=`$
$`\kappa [\alpha ^2(F,_r)^2+V+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i\alpha }{2}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^1_r\mathrm{\Psi }_n_r\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^1\mathrm{\Psi }_n)],`$ (72)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}(1\alpha ^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\alpha ^2,_r{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2}{2r}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}=`$
$`\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{F^2}{r^2}}+V+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2r}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2_\theta \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\theta \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2\mathrm{\Psi }_n)],`$ (73)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}(1\alpha ^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\alpha ^2,_r{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2}{2r}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}=`$
$`\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{F^2}{r^2}}+V+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{4}}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2rsin\theta }}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3_\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\varphi \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3\mathrm{\Psi }_n)].`$ (74)
The first in above equations is the ($`t,t`$)-component of Eq. (55), the second ($`r,r`$)-component, the third ($`\theta ,\theta `$)-component, and the last ($`\varphi ,\varphi `$)-component, respectively.

($`\theta ,\theta `$)-component of the Einstein equation is same as ($`\varphi ,\varphi `$)-component of Einstein equation if

$$\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2_\theta \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\theta \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2\mathrm{\Psi }_n=\frac{1}{sin\theta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3_\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\varphi \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3\mathrm{\Psi }_n).$$
(75)
Using $`\stackrel{}{\rho }\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ representation for $`\gamma `$-matrices and the mathematical identities;

$`\sigma _3_\theta 𝒴_k^m=`$ $`(\pm \sigma _3mcot\theta \pm \sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2sin\theta }})𝒴_k^m`$ (76)
$`\pm \sigma _3e^{i\varphi }\sqrt{(j\pm m+1)(jm)}𝒴_k^{m\pm 1},`$
this condition becomes

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m,m^{}}{}}\psi _n^{(km^{})}\rho _1\psi _n^{(km)}\times `$
$`[𝒴_k^m^{}\{\pm \sigma _3(mm^{})cot\theta \pm \sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{i}{sin\theta }}\}𝒴_k^m`$ (77)
$`\pm 𝒴_k^m^{}\sigma _3e^{i\varphi }\sqrt{(j\pm m+1)(jm)}𝒴_k^{m\pm 1}`$
$`𝒴_k^{m^{}\pm 1}\sigma _3e^{\pm i\varphi }\sqrt{(j\pm m^{}+1)(jm^{})}𝒴_k^m]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m,m^{}}{}}\psi _n^{(km^{})}\rho _1\psi _n^{(km)}(m+m^{})𝒴_k^m^{}\sigma _1{\displaystyle \frac{i}{sin\theta }}𝒴_k^m.`$
The condition (63) can be satisfied if

$`m`$ $`=`$ $`m^{},`$ (78)
$`m+m^{}`$ $`=`$ $`2m=\pm 1,`$
$`j`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},`$
since

$$𝒴_{k(j=\frac{1}{2})}^{\pm \frac{1}{2}\pm 1}=0.$$
(79)
Moreover, explicit calculations show us that

$`\left(𝒴_{k(j=\frac{1}{2})}^{\pm \frac{1}{2}}\right)^{}𝒴_{k(j=\frac{1}{2})}^{\pm \frac{1}{2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }},`$ (80)
$`\left(𝒴_{k(j=\frac{1}{2})}^{\pm \frac{1}{2}}\right)^{}\sigma _1𝒴_{k(j=\frac{1}{2})}^{\pm \frac{1}{2}}`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{sin\theta }{4\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{k}{|k|}}.`$
These make Eqs. (57)-(60) $`\theta `$\- and $`\varphi `$-independent, which is consistent with spherically symmetric metric in Eq. (14), when we consider only ($`j=\frac{1}{2},m=\frac{1}{2}`$) or ($`j=\frac{1}{2},m=\frac{1}{2}`$) fermions.

For the case ($`j=\frac{1}{2},m=\frac{1}{2}`$) or ($`j=\frac{1}{2},m=\frac{1}{2}`$) with $`k=\pm 1`$, neutrino wave function is

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_n(t,r,\theta ,\varphi )=e^{iE_nt}\psi _n^{(k,\pm \frac{1}{2})}(r)𝒴_k^{\pm \frac{1}{2}}(\theta ,\varphi ).$$
(81)
Let $`\psi _n(r)\psi _n^{(k,\frac{1}{2})}(r)`$ or $`\psi _n^{(k,\frac{1}{2})}(r)`$ and

$`\psi _n(r)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}(\alpha ^2\delta ^2)^{\frac{1}{4}}\left(\begin{array}{c}\phi _n\\ \chi _n\end{array}\right).`$ (84)
In this case the term $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ in Eq. (56) reads

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=\frac{i}{r^2\alpha ^2\delta ^2}q_0+\frac{i}{r^2\delta }q_1+\frac{i}{r^2\alpha \delta }q_k,$$
(85)
with

$$q_0=\frac{2E_n}{4\pi }r^2\alpha \delta \psi _n^{}\psi _n=\frac{2E_n}{4\pi }(\phi _n^{}\phi _n+\chi _n^{}\chi _n),$$
(86)
$`q_1`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4\pi }}r^2\alpha \delta (\psi _n^{}\rho _3_r\psi _n_r\psi _n^{}\rho _3\psi _n)`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{i}{4\pi }}(\phi _n^{}_r\phi _n_r\phi _n^{}\phi _n`$
$`\chi _n^{}_r\chi _n+_r\chi _n^{}\chi _n),`$
$$q_k=\frac{1}{2\pi }r\alpha \delta \frac{k}{|k|}\psi _n^{}\rho _1\psi _n=\frac{1}{2\pi r}\frac{k}{|k|}(\chi _n^{}\phi +\phi _n^{}\chi _n),$$
(88)
$$q_2=\frac{1}{4\pi }r^2\alpha \delta \psi _n^{}\rho _2\psi _n=\frac{i}{4\pi }(\chi _n^{}\phi \phi _n^{}\chi _n),$$
(89)
Using the last equations Einstein’s equations are given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\delta ^2}}(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_{rr}{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{4\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{\delta ^2}}`$
$`=\kappa [V+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4r^2}}({\displaystyle \frac{q_0}{\delta ^2\alpha ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{q_1}{\delta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{q_k}{\alpha \delta }})],`$ (90)
$$\frac{\alpha ^2}{r}\frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}=\kappa [\alpha ^2(F,_r)^2+\frac{1}{2r^2}(\frac{q_0}{\delta ^2\alpha ^2}+\frac{q_1}{\delta })],$$
(91)
$$\frac{1}{r^2}(1\alpha ^2)\frac{1}{r}\alpha ^2,_r\frac{\alpha ^2}{2r}\frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}=\kappa [\frac{F^2}{r^2}+V+\frac{1}{4r^2}(\frac{q_0}{\delta ^2\alpha ^2}\frac{q_1}{\delta })],$$
(92)
and scalar field equation

$`\alpha ^2F,_{rr}+{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2}{2}}F,_r({\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}+2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2,_r}{\alpha ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{r}}){\displaystyle \frac{2F}{r^2}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{V}{F}}+{\displaystyle \frac{2g_y}{v}}{\displaystyle \frac{q_2}{r^2\delta \alpha }}F=0.`$ (93)
## IV Asymptotic Solutions for Large $`r`$

As the global monopole solution Vil , one component $`\alpha (r)`$ of the metric in Eq. (14), far away from the galactic core, can be asymptotically taken as

$$\alpha ^2\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}c\frac{2M}{r},$$
(94)
with a constant $`c`$ when

$$F\eta ,V(\eta ^2)0,\frac{V}{F}(\eta ^2)0.$$
(95)
Analysing Eqs. (74)-(77) with the assumption that $`q_i`$’s in Eqs. (70)-(73) are $`𝒪(r^0)`$, we can get an asymptotic solution for another component of the metric in Eq. (14) as

$$\delta ^2A^2ln(\frac{r}{2M}),$$
(96)
with a constant $`A`$. In this limit with the help of Eq. (68) the neutrino equation (53) becomes

$$_{r}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\phi _nq^2(r)\phi _n,$$
(97)
with

$$q(r)\sqrt{\frac{E_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{\delta ^2\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{4}}\frac{m_{}^{2}{}_{o.n}{}^{}}{\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}}$$
(98)
and $`m_{o.n}=m_n\frac{g_y}{v}\eta ^2`$.

In the region

$$0<ln(\frac{r}{2M})\frac{E_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{A^2\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_{}^{2}{}_{o.n}{}^{}}$$
(99)
we have an asymptotic solution to Eq. (81),

$`\phi _n`$ $``$ $`A_ne^{iq(r)r}+B_ne^{iq(r)r},`$
$`\chi _n`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{m_{o.n}}}[A_n({\displaystyle \frac{E_n}{\alpha _o\delta }}\alpha _oq(r))e^{+iq(r)r}`$
$`+`$ $`B_n({\displaystyle \frac{E_n}{\alpha _o\delta }}+\alpha _oq(r))e^{iq(r)r}].`$
With above asymptotic solutions to Dirac’s equation for neutrinos, the $`q_i`$ in Eqs. (70)-(73) are given by

$`q_0`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{E_n}{\pi }}[B_{}^{2}{}_{n}{}^{}(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{}^{2}{}_{o.n}{}^{}}}({\displaystyle \frac{E_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\delta ^2}}+\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}q^2(r)))`$
$`+`$ $`A_nB_n(1+m_{}^{2}{}_{o.n}{}^{})cos(2qr)],`$
$`q_1`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2E_n}{\pi }}B_{}^{2}{}_{n}{}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{q^2}{\delta }},`$
$`q_k`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2k}{\pi r|k|}}A_nB_n{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _oq}{m_{o.n}}}sin(2qr),`$
$`q_2`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{E_n}{\pi m_{o.n}\alpha _o\delta }}[A_nB_ncos(2qr)+B_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}],`$
with real constants $`A_n`$ and $`B_n`$ such that $`|A_n|=|B_n|`$. The $`q_i`$’s are $`𝒪(r^0)`$ or less and so are consistent with the assumption of Eq. (80). For $`r>r_o`$ with $`ln(\frac{r_o}{2M})\frac{E_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{A^2\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_{}^{2}{}_{o.n}{}^{}}`$ , $`q(r)`$ in Eq. (82) is pure imaginary and then wave functions of neutrinos become to be multiplied by exponentially decaying factors. Therefore we get neutrino clustering with the radius $`r_o`$. Taking $`r_o10^{23}cm`$ which corresponds to the radius of our Galaxy and assuming that there exists a supermassive black hole at the center of Galaxy with a mass $`M_{SBH}3\times 10^6M_{}`$ BH , we can estimate the energy of neutrinos at $`E_n5m_{o.n}`$ , where we have used the relations, $`\frac{E_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{A^2\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}m_{}^{2}{}_{o.n}{}^{}}\mathrm{ln}(\frac{r_o}{2M_{SBH}})`$ and $`A^2\alpha _{o}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}𝒪(1)`$.

## V Asymptotic Solutions for Small $`r`$

Next let us study the small $`r`$ behaviors of components of the metric in Eq. (14), $`\alpha `$ and $`\delta `$. For small $`r`$ near the Galactic core we adopt the Thomas-Fermi(TF) approximation for the energy density and the pressure of neutrinos, as in the case of fermion stars TDL Q QGM . From the local conservation law, $`0=(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{\Psi })_{;\mu }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}_\mu (\sqrt{g}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\gamma ^\mu \mathrm{\Psi })`$, we have the conserved, total number of neutrinos,

$$N=d^3x\sqrt{g}\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\gamma ^t\mathrm{\Psi }=d^3x\sqrt{g}\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Psi }e_{}^{t}{}_{0}{}^{}.$$
(101)
The number density of neutrinos in the TF approximation is given by

$$<\mathrm{\Psi }^{}\mathrm{\Psi }>_{TF}=\frac{2}{(2\pi )^3}d^3qn_q=\frac{q_{F}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}(r)}{3\pi ^2},$$
(102)
where the Fermi distribution $`n_q=\theta (q_Fq)`$ with the fermi momentum $`q_F`$. From Eq. (86) and the time-independent Dirac’s equation, $`i_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n=E_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$, we can put

$`<{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2\delta \alpha }}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^0_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n_t\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^0\mathrm{\Psi }_n)>_{TF}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{2}{(2\pi )^3}}{\displaystyle d^3qn_qE_n(q)e_{}^{t}{}_{0}{}^{}}\rho (r),`$ (103)
where $`\rho `$ is the energy density of neutrinos and $`e_{}^{t}{}_{0}{}^{}=\frac{1}{\delta \alpha }`$. The stress tensor of neutrinos has the following diagonal elements in the vierbein basis:

$`<{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2i}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^1_r\mathrm{\Psi }_n_r\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^1\mathrm{\Psi }_n)>_{TF}`$ $`=`$ $`p_1,`$ (104)
$`<{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2ir}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2_\theta \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\theta \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2\mathrm{\Psi }_n)>_{TF}`$ $`=`$ $`p_2,`$
and

$$<\frac{1}{2irsin\theta }(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3_\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\varphi \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3\mathrm{\Psi }_n)>_{TF}=p_3,$$
(105)
respectively.

We assume, in the spherically symmetric spacetime we consider, that $`p_1=p_2=p_3p(r)`$. From Dirac’s equation (36) and its Hermitian conjugate, we have the relation;

$`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{\delta \alpha }}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^0_t\mathrm{\Psi }_n_t\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^0\mathrm{\Psi }_n)`$
$`+i\alpha (\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^1_r\mathrm{\Psi }_n_r\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^1\mathrm{\Psi }_n)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{r}}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2_\theta \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\theta \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^2\mathrm{\Psi }_n)`$ (106)
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{rsin\theta }}(\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3_\varphi \mathrm{\Psi }_n_\varphi \overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\gamma ^3\mathrm{\Psi }_n)=2m_{eff}(r)\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n,`$
with $`m_{\mathrm{eff}}(r)=m_n\frac{g_y}{v}F^2(r)`$. Since the left hand side of above equation is same as $`i\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ in Eq. (56), we have the following relation in the TF approximation.

$$\frac{i}{2}<\mathrm{\Sigma }>_{TF}\rho 3p=m_{\mathrm{eff}}\frac{v}{2g_y}Q,$$
(107)
where we have defined $`\frac{v}{2g_y}Q(r)<\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n>_{TF}`$. Thus in the TF approximation the Einstein equations (57)-(60) read

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\delta ^2}}(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_{rr}{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{4\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{\delta ^2}}`$
$`=\kappa [V+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho +{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}p],`$ (108)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\delta ^2}}(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_{rr}+{\displaystyle \frac{(\delta ^2\alpha ^2),_r}{4\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\alpha ^2,_r`$
$`=\kappa [\alpha ^2(F,_r)^2+V+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}p],`$ (109)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r^2}}(1\alpha ^2){\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}}\alpha ^2,_r{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^2}{2r}}{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}}`$
$`=\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{F^2}{r^2}}+V+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}p],`$ (110)
which are consistent with those in the case of fermion stars TDL . The scalar field equation (21) reads

$$\alpha ^2F,_{rr}+\frac{\alpha ^2}{2}F,_r(\frac{\delta ^2,_r}{\delta ^2}+2\frac{\alpha ^2,_r}{\alpha ^2}+\frac{4}{r})\frac{2F}{r^2}\frac{V}{F}+QF=0.$$
(111)
If we assume that there exist regular solutions of the metric components, scalar fields, and the energy density and pressure of neutrinos to above equations (92)-(95) for small $`r`$, take series expansions as

$`\alpha ^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}a_nr^n,\delta ^2={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}b_nr^n`$
$`F`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}\eta _nr^n,\rho ={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}\rho _nr^n,p={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}p_nr^n,`$ (112)
and substitute these expansions into Eqs. (92)-(95), then we get the following values for the coefficients.

$`a_0`$ $`=`$ $`1,a_1=0,a_2=\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\rho _0+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{12}}\eta ^4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}],`$
$`b_1`$ $`=`$ $`0,b_2=b_0\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\rho _0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}p_0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}],`$
$`\eta _0`$ $`=`$ $`0,\eta _2=0,m_n{\displaystyle \frac{v}{2g_y}}Q_0=\rho _03p_0\mathrm{}.`$ (113)
We thus have asymptotic solutions as

$`F`$ $`=`$ $`\eta _1r+𝒪(r^3),`$
$`\alpha ^2`$ $`=`$ $`1\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}\rho _0+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{12}}\eta ^4+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}]r^2+𝒪(r^3),`$ (114)
$`\delta ^2\alpha ^2`$ $`=`$ $`\{1+\kappa [{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}\rho _0+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}p_0{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{12}}\eta ^4]r^2\}+𝒪(r^3),`$
where we have reparametrized the time as $`\sqrt{b_0}tt`$. These solutions are consistent with the results in fermionic stars with a global monopole QGM , even if they QGM  take $`F0`$ for small $`r`$. The value of $`\eta _1`$ is determined by the matching condition that $`F(r)`$ should be continuous at $`r=r_c`$, which is the upper bound for small $`r`$. This gives us the relation,

$$\eta _1r_c=\eta .$$
(115)
We might put $`r_c2M_{SBH}`$ where $`M_{SBH}`$ is the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of our Galaxy BH .

## VI Neutrino Clustering

In Z-burst models to explain the continuation of the cosmic ray spectrum beyond the GZK cutoff, Weiler Wei  and Fargion F  assumed that the relic neutrinos cluster in galaxies a few times the normal relic density, and found that the required flux of cosmic ray neutrinos is larger than previously suggested. Blanco-Pillado et al. Bl  suggested that the relic neutrino density in the clustering might be $`10^{12}10^{14}`$ times the mean relic density, $`n_M54cm^3`$. Independently in Ref.  a neutrino cloud was considered as a sphere with no diffuse boundary such that the relic neutrino density is given by $`n_\nu (r)=n_R\theta (Rr)+n_M\theta (rR)`$, where $`n_R10^{12}10^{16}cm^3`$ and $`R10^{14}10^{20}cm`$. This can moderate the required incident flux of ultra high energy neutrinos.

From the results in the previous sections IV and V, we can have a cluster of neutrinos with a diffuse boundary such that the density of the relic neutrinos is

$$n_\nu (r)=n_c\theta (r_cr)+n_o(r)\theta (rr_c)\theta (r_or),$$
(116)
where $`n_c`$ is the constant neutrino density for small $`r(r_c2M_{SBH})`$ as in the section V, and $`n_o(r)=n_c\frac{r_{c}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{r^2}`$ is the neutrino density for $`r_c<rr_o`$ as in the section IV. Here $`r_o10^{23}cm`$(; the radius of our Galaxy), $`r_c2M_{SBH}10^{12}cm`$(; the Schwarzschild radius of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Galaxy), and $`n_c10^3(\frac{m_{eff}}{1eV})^3cm^3`$ wax .

## VII Summary and Discussions

In the most general static spacetime with spherical symmetry, we explicitly show that only $`j=1/2`$ fermions can satisfy Einstein’s equation, in the $`\stackrel{}{\rho }\stackrel{}{\sigma }`$ representation of $`\gamma `$-matrices Dirac . It is also possible to show the fact in other representations of $`\gamma `$-matrices. Considering neutrinos coupled to $`O(3)`$ scalar fields $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}`$ via $`\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}\mathrm{\Psi }`$-interaction term, we had a global monopole solution Vil  of scalar fields and asymptotic solutions of the metric components to Einstein’s equation in Eqs. (78) and (80), for large $`r`$. The asymptotic solution of one metric component $`\delta ^2`$ can be given in series of more general functions as $`\delta ^2(r)_nf_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}(r)ln^n(\frac{r}{2M})`$ with $`f_n(r\mathrm{})=constant`$, which do not change the asymptotic behaviors of other solutions in this limit.

We adopted the Thomas-Fermi(TF) approximation for small $`r`$ expansions of the energy density, pressure of neutrinos and so on. Since only $`s`$-waves are considered in the TF approximation, small $`r`$ expansions in the section V are consistently related to asymptotic solutions obtained for large $`r`$ in th esection IV. More rigorous connection between two asymptotic solutions can be made by numerical methods. With the simple assumption, Eq. (100), about the radial dependence of the relic density of neutrinos clustered in the galactic halo, further studies of Z-burst models shall be possible. For small $`r`$ solutions in the section V to have astronomical meaning, the global $`O(3)`$ symmetry breaking scale $`\eta `$ and the scalar self-coupling constant $`\lambda `$ in Eq. (12) should be very small, which might be realized in some Majoron models XHe . In such a case the deficit angle $`1c\kappa \eta ^2`$ in Eq. (78) is negligible Vil .

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

THL would like to thank School of Physics, The University of Melbourne for the hospitality extended to him during the completion of this article. This work was supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant(KRF-2001-015-DP0091).