text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The AdS/CFT correspondence  relates weakly coupled string theories in backgrounds with flux and curvature to strongly coupled field theories. This duality is well-understood in the the string background is nearly flat, but our understanding is more rudimentary in highly curved backgrounds; in the former case the massive string modes decouple and we can work with a low-energy effective theory, whereas in the latter case string effects are often non-negligible.

One approach to studying nonzero curvature relies on semiclassical methods . Highly excited strings can probe length scales on the order of the radius of curvature of the ambient spacetime, which normally makes calculations difficult. However, in the limit of high excitation semiclassical methods are reliable and, at least for some states of high symmetry, it turns out that we can extract some physical insight without working with the full quantum string theory. The authors of  worked primarily with “folded” closed strings, but also remarked on the existence of pulsating string solutions, which  subsequently studied using Bohr-Sommerfeld techniques.

In this paper, we present some investigations on the effects of finite curvature for excited spinning spherical brane probes. Unlike the case of F-strings studied in , these curvature effects introduce $`1/N`$ corrections rather than $`g_sN`$ corrections to operator dimensions in the field theory. Brane probes also differ crucially from the previously studied strings in that they couple non-trivially to the background RR flux filling the spacetime, as observed by . Interaction with the background flux causes the branes to expand to finite size; these expanded branes are supersymmetric, and are known in the literature as “giant gravitons.” Some small fluctuations about these BPS states have been studied in earlier work ; we will compute the dimensions of the operators corresponding to these states when the fluctuations are not small. In Section 2, we present the case of spherical D3-branes in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$. We briefly remark on the case of $`AdS_3\times S^3`$ in Section 3, for which our techniques do not apply. In Section 4, we give the analogous results for the M-theory solutions $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ and $`AdS_7\times S^4`$, whose field theory duals are poorly understood. Finally, we comment on the range of validity and physical interpretation of our results in Section 5.

## 2 D3-Branes in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$

Let us begin by studying oscillating branes in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$. Our convention for the full ten-dimensional metric is

$`ds^2=L^2\left(\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\psi ^2+d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\mathrm{\Omega }_3^{}^2\right)`$ (1)
where we have chosen global coordinates for the $`AdS_5`$. The RR four-form potential is

$`C_4={\displaystyle \frac{L^4}{g_s}}\left(\mathrm{sinh}^4\rho dt\mathrm{\Omega }_3\mathrm{sin}^4\theta d\psi \mathrm{\Omega }_3^{}\right)`$ (2)
and all the other supergravity fields vanish. The AdS radius is given by $`L^4=4\pi g_sN\alpha ^2`$.

### 2.1 Oscillating D3-Branes in $`AdS_5`$

A simple way to embed an oscillating D3-brane in this geometry is to wrap the brane on the 3-sphere, and to let the radial position be a function of coordinate time on the brane, $`\rho =\rho (\tau )`$. If we also introduce angular momentum on the $`S^5`$ by making $`\psi `$ a function of $`\tau `$, then the action, consisting of the Dirac-Born-Infeld and Wess-Zumino terms, is

$`S=T_3L^4{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Omega }_3𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\dot{\psi }^2}\sigma \dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^4\rho \right)}.`$ (3)
In this form, AdS coordinate time is $`t=t(\tau )`$. We also introduce $`\sigma =\pm 1`$, with the upper sign corresponding to a D3-brane and the lower to an anti-D3. Notice that the coefficient of the action is simply

$`T_3L^4{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Omega }_3}=N.`$ (4)
For the semiclassical calculation we perform, the relevant quantity is really the action in $`\mathrm{}`$ units: $`S/\mathrm{}N/\mathrm{}`$. Thus, from the standpoint of the D-brane action (we ignore fluctuations of supergravity fields in the bulk of AdS), the semiclassical expansion is a series in powers of $`\mathrm{}/N`$. We will set $`\mathrm{}=1`$ in the rest of this paper and in this section take the equivalent $`N1`$ limit.

Now let us find the classical equations of motion from this action. The Lagrangian does not depend on $`t`$, so the quantity

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{t}}}=N\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho \mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\dot{\psi }^2}}}\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^4\rho \right)E`$ (5)
is conserved. In terms of the integration constant $`E`$, we have

$`(\dot{\rho }^2\dot{\psi }^2+\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho )(E/N+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^4\rho )^2=\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^4\rho \mathrm{sinh}^6\rho .`$ (6)
A convenient gauge choice is

$`\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^4\rho =(E/N+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^4\rho )^2.`$ (7)
From the $`\psi `$ equation of motion, and using the gauge choice (7), we identify the conserved angular momentum

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\psi }}}=N{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\psi }\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\dot{\psi }^2}}}=N\dot{\psi }J`$ (8)
which allows us to write the once-integrated equation of motion for $`\rho `$ as

$`\dot{\rho }^2={\displaystyle \frac{(E/N+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^4\rho )^2}{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\mathrm{sinh}^6\rho \left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}\right)^2.`$ (9)
Note that this equation of motion corresponds to one-dimensional motion of a particle in a potential

$`V(\rho )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\left(2\sigma {\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\mathrm{sinh}^4\rho \mathrm{sinh}^6\rho \left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\right)^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \right)`$ (10)
with energy $`\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{EJ}{N}\right)^2`$. It is instructive to consider the unintegrated equation of motion for $`\rho `$, which we can obtain by differentiating equation (9) with respect to $`\tau `$:

$`\ddot{\rho }={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}\rho }{\mathrm{cosh}^3\rho }}(E/N+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^4\rho )^2+2\sigma {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho }{\mathrm{cosh}\rho }}(E/N+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^4\rho )3\mathrm{sinh}^5\rho \mathrm{cosh}\rho .`$ (11)
The first and last terms in equation (11) correspond to forces directed radially inward, while the middle term gives an outward force for $`\sigma =1`$ (as it should, for a D3-brane) and an inward force for $`\sigma =1`$ (for an anti-brane.)

When $`E=J`$, there are special stable states. The equation of motion becomes

$`\dot{\rho }^2={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \right)^2`$ (12)
so that both $`\dot{\rho }`$ and $`\ddot{\rho }`$ vanish at $`\rho =0`$ and, for $`\sigma =+1`$, at $`\rho =\mathrm{sinh}^1\sqrt{\frac{E}{N}}`$. These static spherical branes are the BPS “dual giant gravitons” discovered in . Whether or not the brane at $`\rho =0`$ is a physically sensible state is not obvious – the brane becomes highly curved and we should not trust the DBI action. We will only consider the expanded branes, and will always take

$`E\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{>}{}\text{ }N`$ (13)
so that the size of the D3-brane remains finite as we take $`N1`$. For the remainder of this subsection, $`\sigma =+1`$.

The frequency of small oscillations about the expanded BPS brane state is relatively simple to calculate. This computation was previously carried out in ; we will reproduce their result with a slightly different method. Making the convenient change of variables $`y=\mathrm{sinh}\rho `$, equation (9) becomes

$`\dot{y}^2=\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}\right)^2(y^2+1)+2{\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}y^4y^6`$ (14)
with static brane solutions at $`y=0`$ and $`y^2=E/N`$. To find the frequency of oscillations about the latter solution, we set $`J=E`$ and treat the left hand side of (14) as an inverted potential $`2U(y)`$. The frequency of small oscillations is then

$`\mathrm{\Omega }^2=U^{\prime \prime }(y=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}})=4\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\right)^2`$ (15)
This agrees with the result of  for spherical branes, provided that we convert our result to static gauge ($`t=\tau `$).

Now let us analyze these excited giant gravitons using semiclassical methods. The basic approach is to use Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization, as was done for oscillating strings by . The momentum conjugate to $`\rho `$ is

$`P_\rho `$ $`=`$ $`N{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho \dot{\rho }}{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\dot{\psi }^2}}}=N\dot{\rho }`$ (16)
$`=`$ $`N\dot{\rho }`$ (17)
One period consists of the expansion of the brane from a minimum radius $`\rho _1`$ to its maximum radius $`\rho _2`$ and the subsequent contraction. The Bohr-Sommerfeld condition, which will be a good approximation for $`n1`$, is

$`2\pi n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle P_\rho 𝑑\rho }=2{\displaystyle _{\rho _1}^{\rho _2}}N\dot{\rho }𝑑\rho `$ (19)
$`=2N{\displaystyle _{\rho _1}^{\rho _2}}{\displaystyle \frac{d\rho }{\mathrm{cosh}\rho }}\sqrt{\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}\right)^2+2{\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\mathrm{sinh}^4\rho \mathrm{sinh}^6\rho \left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}\right)^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }.`$
This integral can be expressed in terms of highly unenlightening elliptic integrals. We can learn much more in the case where the giant gravitons are not too strongly excited:

$`EJJ,N.`$ (20)
Now let us define $`x=\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho `$. Inside the square root, we find a cubic polynomial. For the trajectories of interest, there are three real roots, which we call $`a,b_1,b_2`$. The integral above becomes

$`N{\displaystyle _{b_1}^{b_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dx}{x^{1/2}(1+x)}}\sqrt{(xa)(xb_1)(b_2x)}`$ (21)
and for small $`\mathrm{\Delta }(EJ)/N`$, we can expand the roots as

$`a`$ $``$ $`2{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }}{\omega }}+{\displaystyle \frac{8+\omega }{\omega ^3}}\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ (22)
$`b_1`$ $``$ $`\omega \sqrt{2\left(1+\omega \right)}\mathrm{\Delta }^{1/2}+{\displaystyle \frac{\omega 1}{\omega }}\mathrm{\Delta }{\displaystyle \frac{5+3\omega +\omega ^2}{2^{3/2}\left(1+\omega \right)^{1/2}\omega ^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }^{3/2}{\displaystyle \frac{8+\omega }{2\omega ^3}}\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ (23)
$`b_2`$ $``$ $`\omega +\sqrt{2\left(1+\omega \right)}\mathrm{\Delta }^{1/2}+{\displaystyle \frac{\omega 1}{\omega }}\mathrm{\Delta }+{\displaystyle \frac{5+3\omega +\omega ^2}{2^{3/2}\left(1+\omega \right)^{1/2}\omega ^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }^{3/2}{\displaystyle \frac{8+\omega }{2\omega ^3}}\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ (24)
where we have defined $`\omega =J/N`$. To evaluate the integral perturbatively in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, we make a change of variables:

$`x\left({\displaystyle \frac{b_2b_1}{2}}\right)\xi +\left({\displaystyle \frac{b_2+b_1}{2}}\right).`$ (25)
Then the action integral becomes

$`2\pi n=N\left({\displaystyle \frac{b_2b_1}{2}}\right)^2{\displaystyle _1^1}𝑑\xi \sqrt{1\xi ^2}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+\omega }}+\mathrm{\Delta }\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\xi ^2}{(1+\omega )^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+\omega ^2}{(1+\omega )^2}}\right)\right]`$ (26)
Evaluating the integrals, the quantization condition is, at quadratic order in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$,

$`2n=N\left(\mathrm{\Delta }+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2\omega ^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }^2\right)`$ (27)
or, solving for $`EJ`$,

$`EJ=2n{\displaystyle \frac{6n^2N}{J^2}}.`$ (28)
In the AdS/CFT correspondence, we identify the energy $`E`$ in global coordinates as the operator dimension in the field theory and $`J`$ as the R-charge, so we have computed the spectrum of dimensions of operators corresponding to these excited branes. We will comment further on this result in section 5.

Our analysis breaks down if the D3-brane becomes too highly excited. Consider the one-dimensional effective potential in terms of the coordinate $`\rho `$, as determined from Eq. (9), which we show in Figure 1.

For small $`EJ`$, the oscillations are small and we can consider the solutions which are always at large radius. However, if $`EJ`$ is too large, then the amplitude of oscillations can be large enough to excite the D3-brane over the potential barrier in Figure 1, and the brane will collapse to small radius. As mentioned earlier, at small $`\rho `$ the brane is highly curved and we can no longer rely on the DBI action.

For large energy, there is a substantial regime of validity of our calculation. In this limit, it is simple to determine the minimum R-charge $`J`$ compatible with stable oscillations – we simply take the zeros of $`V^{}`$, computed from (10) and ask whether $`\dot{\rho }^2`$ is positive, taking $`JE`$. The result is that if

$`{\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}>\sqrt{2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\right)^{3/4}`$ (29)
then the oscillations are constrained to large radius.

### 2.2 Oscillating D3-Branes on $`S^5`$

The original giant gravitons of  were D3-branes wrapped on an $`S^3`$ in the $`S^5`$. They also move along a circle in the $`S^5`$ and are thus coupled to the background RR five-form flux. The $`S^3`$ on which these 3-branes are wrapped is contractible, but the RR-flux exerts a repulsive force on the brane, stabilizing it at finite size on the $`S^5`$. We will now study excitations of these branes.

Using the spacetime geometry of (1), we take the embedding $`t=t(\tau )`$, $`\psi =\psi (\tau )`$, and $`\theta =`$ constant. The D3-brane action becomes

$`S=N{\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{sin}^3\theta \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2\dot{\theta }^2}+\sigma \mathrm{sin}^4\theta \dot{\psi }\right)}`$ (30)
We choose the gauge

$`\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2\dot{\theta }^2=\mathrm{sin}^6\theta `$ (31)
and define the conserved quantities

$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{t}}}=N\sqrt{\dot{\theta }^2+\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2+\mathrm{sin}^{2p}\theta }=N\dot{t},`$ (32)
$`J`$ $`=`$ $`N\omega ={\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\psi }}}=N\left(\dot{\psi }\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \sigma \mathrm{sin}^4\theta \right)`$ (33)
in terms of which we may write the momentum conjugate to $`\theta `$,

$`P_\theta =N\dot{\theta }=N\sqrt{\left({\displaystyle \frac{E}{N}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{(\omega +\sigma \mathrm{sin}^4\theta )^2}{\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }}\mathrm{sin}^6\theta }.`$ (34)
The static “giant graviton” solutions exist for $`\sigma =1`$, $`\omega =E/N`$, and $`\omega 1`$.

The Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition may be analyzed in much the same way as in the previous subsection. Though the expressions differ slightly in intermediate steps, the final result is the same:

$`EJ2n{\displaystyle \frac{6n^2N}{J^2}}.`$ (35)
## 3 Remark on Long Strings in $`AdS_3`$

The oscillating string solutions have already been thoroughly studied in the case of $`AdS_3\times S^3`$ , so we will only discuss them briefly here. The action for a string coupled to the background flux is

$`S=\eta {\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{sinh}\rho \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\dot{\psi }^2}\sigma \dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \right)}`$ (36)
where $`\eta =2\pi TL^2`$. We again identify the conserved energy as $`E=\frac{L}{\dot{t}}`$ and the angular velocity $`\omega =\dot{\psi }`$, and choose the gauge

$`\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^4\rho =(E/\eta +\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho )^2.`$ (37)
Then we find that $`P_\rho =\eta \dot{\rho }`$ and that

$`\dot{\rho }^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(E/\eta +\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^2\rho )^2}{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \omega ^2`$ (38)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\left((E/\eta )^2\omega ^2(\omega ^22\sigma E/\eta +1)\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \right).`$ (39)
Notice that if $`\omega =0`$ and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{2\sigma E}{\eta }}1`$ (40)
then there is no value of $`\rho `$ for which $`\dot{\rho }`$ vanishes. These solutions, for which there is no turning point of the motion, are the so-called “long strings” in $`AdS_3`$. For nonzero $`\omega `$, there are no giant graviton solutions; from Eq.(39) we can see that there is at most one point at which $`\dot{\rho }=0`$. Thus for large energy the radial motion cannot be periodic, and the Bohr-Sommerfeld analysis of Section 2 is inapplicable.

## 4 Oscillating Branes in $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ and $`AdS_7\times S^4`$

Calculations similar to those in Section 2 can be done for AdS spaces of dimensions other than 5. In this section we examine the cases of special interest, $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ and $`AdS_7\times S^4`$, which are solutions of M-theory. The calculations are very similar to those for $`AdS_5\times S^5`$, so we will list our results first; the details follow for interested readers. For M2-branes oscillating in $`AdS_4`$,

$`E{\displaystyle \frac{J}{2}}=n12{\displaystyle \frac{Nn^2}{J^3}},JN^{1/2}.`$ (41)
For M5-branes in $`S^7`$,

$`E{\displaystyle \frac{J}{2}}=2n{\displaystyle \frac{15n^2N^{1/2}}{2J^{3/2}}},JN.`$ (42)
For M5-branes oscillating in $`AdS_7`$,

$`E2J=4n{\displaystyle \frac{15Nn^2}{2J^{3/2}}},JN^2.`$ (43)
For M2-branes in $`S^4`$,

$`E2J=2n{\displaystyle \frac{6N^2n^2}{J^3}},JN.`$ (44)
At $`n=0`$, these calculations reproduce the BPS bounds for the conformal field theories on the boundaries of $`AdS_4`$ and $`AdS_7`$, while at nonzero $`n`$ the leading terms are consistent with a semiclassical calculation in field theory. We will comment further on these results in Section 5.

### 4.1 Oscillating Membranes in $`AdS_4`$

The eleven-dimensional metric is

$`ds^2=L^2\left(\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\right)+4L^2\left(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\psi ^2+d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\mathrm{\Omega }_5^2\right)`$ (45)
where we have chosen global coordinates for the $`AdS_4`$. The three-form potential of M-theory is

$`A_3=L^3\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho dt\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ (46)
The action for an M2-brane wrapped on the $`S^2`$ and spinning in the $`S^7`$ is

$`S=T_{M2}L^3Vol(𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}){\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^24\dot{\psi }^2}\sigma \dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^3\rho \right)}.`$ (47)
Recall that the tension of an M2-brane is $`T_{M2}=(2\pi )^2l_p^3`$ and that the $`AdS_4`$ radius for the $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ solution of M-theory is given by $`L_{AdS_4}=\left(\frac{\pi ^2N}{2}\right)^{1/6}l_p`$. The coefficient of the action is therefore $`\sqrt{\frac{N}{2}}`$. The conserved energy is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{t}}}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho \mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^24\dot{\psi }^2}}}\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^3\rho \right)E`$ (48)
and the conserved angular momentum is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\psi }}}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{4\dot{\psi }\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^24\dot{\psi }^2}}}\right)J.`$ (49)
We define $`c=E\sqrt{\frac{2}{N}}`$ and $`4\omega =J\sqrt{\frac{2}{N}}`$. With the gauge choice

$`\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^4\rho =\left(c+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^3\rho \right)^2`$ (50)
we obtain $`\dot{\psi }=\omega `$, and the equation of motion for the radial position $`\rho `$ is

$`\dot{\rho }^2={\displaystyle \frac{(c+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^3\rho )^2}{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\mathrm{sinh}^4\rho 4\omega ^2`$ (51)
When $`c=2\omega `$ and $`\sigma =+1`$ there are special static solutions. The momentum conjugate to $`\rho `$ is $`P_\rho =\sqrt{\frac{N}{2}}\dot{\rho }`$. By a similar analysis as in the previous section, we find that to quadratic order in $`\mathrm{\Delta }=c2\omega `$, is that

$`n=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}}\left(\mathrm{\Delta }+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8\omega ^3}}\mathrm{\Delta }^2\right).`$ (52)
As a condition on allowed energies, we find

$`E{\displaystyle \frac{J}{2}}=n12{\displaystyle \frac{Nn^2}{J^3}}`$ (53)
### 4.2 Oscillating M5-branes in $`AdS_4\times S^7`$

In the $`AdS_4\times S^7`$ solution, we can also embed an M5-brane by wrapping it on a 5-sphere in the $`S^7`$. The M5 also spins in the $`\psi `$-direction, as usual, and expands to an angle $`\theta `$. The relevant six-form potential of M-theory is (using the requirement $`F_7=F_4`$)

$`A_6=(2L)^6\mathrm{sin}^6\theta d\psi \mathrm{\Omega }_5`$ (54)
As in the previous subsection, the $`AdS_4`$ radius $`L`$ is given by $`L_{AdS_4}=\left(\frac{\pi ^2N}{2}\right)^{1/6}l_p`$. The $`M5`$ action is

$`S=32T_{M5}L^6Vol(𝐒^\mathrm{𝟓}){\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{sin}^5\theta \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho 4\dot{\theta }^24\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2}2\sigma \dot{\psi }\mathrm{sin}^6\theta \right)}.`$ (55)
Because the tension of an M5-brane is $`T_{M5}=(2\pi )^5l_p^6`$, we find that the coefficient in front of the action integral is $`\frac{N}{2}`$. The conserved quantities $`E`$ and $`J`$ are given by

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{t}}}={\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{t}\mathrm{sin}^5\theta }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^24\dot{\theta }^24\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2}}}\right)E`$ (56)
and

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\psi }}}=2N{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\psi }\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \mathrm{sin}^5\theta }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^24\dot{\theta }^24\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2}}}N\sigma \mathrm{sin}^6\theta J.`$ (57)
The most convenient gauge choice is

$`\sqrt{\dot{t}^24\dot{\theta }^24\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \dot{\psi }^2}=\mathrm{sin}^5\theta `$ (58)
so that $`E=\frac{N}{2}\dot{t}`$ and $`J=2N\dot{\psi }\mathrm{cos}^2\theta `$. Moreover, the momentum conjugate to $`\theta `$ is

$`P_\theta `$ $`=`$ $`2N\dot{\theta }`$ (59)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{N}{\mathrm{cos}\theta }}\sqrt{\left({\displaystyle \frac{2E}{N}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{2E}{N}}\right)^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta 2{\displaystyle \frac{J}{N}}\sigma \mathrm{sin}^6\theta \mathrm{sin}^{10}\theta }`$ (60)
We see that the giant graviton solutions will have $`\sigma =1`$. Computing the Bohr-Sommerfeld integral as before,

$`2\pi n={\displaystyle P_\theta 𝑑\theta }`$ (61)
where now we work perturbatively in $`(2EJ)/N`$, we obtain the spectrum

$`E{\displaystyle \frac{J}{2}}=2n{\displaystyle \frac{15n^2N^{1/2}}{2J^{3/2}}}.`$ (62)
### 4.3 Oscillating M5-branes in $`AdS_7\times S^4`$

The eleven-dimensional metric is

$`ds^2=L^2\left(\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho dt^2+d\rho ^2+\mathrm{sinh}^2\rho d\mathrm{\Omega }_2^2\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{L^2}{4}}\left(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta d\psi ^2+d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\mathrm{\Omega }_5^2\right)`$ (63)
where we have chosen global coordinates for the $`AdS_7`$. The six-form potential of M-theory is

$`A_6=L^6\mathrm{sinh}^6\rho dt\mathrm{\Omega }_5`$ (64)
The action for an M5-brane wrapped on the $`S^2`$ and spinning in the $`S^7`$ is

$`S=T_{M5}L^6Vol(𝐒^\mathrm{𝟓}){\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left(\mathrm{sinh}^5\rho \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\frac{1}{4}\dot{\psi }^2}+\sigma \dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^6\rho \right)}.`$ (65)
Recall that the tension of an M5-brane is $`T_{M5}=(2\pi )^5l_p^6`$ and that the $`AdS_7`$ radius for the $`AdS_7\times S^4`$ solution of M-theory is given by $`L_{AdS_7}=2\left(\pi N\right)^{1/3}l_p`$. The coefficient of the action is therefore $`2N^2`$. The conserved energy is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{t}}}=2N^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{t}\mathrm{sinh}^5\rho \mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\frac{1}{4}\dot{\psi }^2}}}+\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^6\rho \right)E`$ (66)
and the conserved angular momentum is

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\psi }}}={\displaystyle \frac{N^2}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\psi }\mathrm{sinh}^5\rho }{\sqrt{\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho \dot{\rho }^2\frac{1}{4}\dot{\psi }^2}}}\right)J.`$ (67)
We define $`c=E/2N^2`$ and $`\omega =2J/N^2`$. With the gauge choice

$`\dot{t}^2\mathrm{cosh}^4\rho =\left(c\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^6\rho \right)^2`$ (68)
we obtain $`\dot{\psi }=\omega `$, and the equation of motion for the radial position $`\rho `$ is

$`\dot{\rho }^2={\displaystyle \frac{(c\sigma \mathrm{sinh}^6\rho )^2}{\mathrm{cosh}^2\rho }}\mathrm{sinh}^{10}\rho {\displaystyle \frac{\omega ^2}{4}}`$ (69)
Here, we take $`c\omega /2`$ and $`\sigma =1`$ to study oscillations about the special static solutions. The momentum conjugate to $`\rho `$ is $`P_\rho =2N^2\dot{\rho }`$. Computing the integrals as before, we obtain

$`E2J=4n{\displaystyle \frac{15Nn^2}{2J^{3/2}}}.`$ (70)
### 4.4 Oscillating M2 branes in $`AdS_7\times S^4`$

In the eleven-dimensional geometry of the previous subsection, we may also study giant gravitons which are M2-branes wrapped on a two-sphere embedded in the $`S^4`$. The 3-form potential is

$`A_3=\left({\displaystyle \frac{L}{2}}\right)^3\mathrm{sin}^3\theta d\psi \mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ (71)
The action for an M2-brane wrapped on the $`S^2`$ and spinning in the $`S^4`$ (along an angular coordinate $`\psi `$) is

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}T_{M2}L^3Vol(𝐒^\mathrm{𝟐}){\displaystyle 𝑑\tau \left(2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \sqrt{\dot{t}^2\frac{\dot{\theta }^2}{4}\frac{\dot{\psi }^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }{4}}\sigma \dot{\psi }\mathrm{sin}^3\theta \right)}.`$ (72)
The tension of an M2-brane is $`T_{M2}=(2\pi )^2l_p^3`$ and the $`AdS_7`$ radius is given by $`L=2\left(\pi N\right)^{1/3}l_p`$, so the coefficient of the action is just $`N`$. In the gauge

$`\sqrt{\dot{t}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\theta }^2}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\psi }^2\mathrm{cos}^2\theta }{4}}}=\mathrm{sin}^2\theta `$ (73)
we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\psi }}}`$ $`=`$ $`J={\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}\dot{\psi }\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \sigma N\mathrm{sin}^3\theta `$ (74)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{t}}}`$ $`=`$ $`E=2N\dot{t}`$ (75)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{\dot{\theta }}}`$ $`=`$ $`P_\theta ={\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}\dot{\theta }.`$ (76)
Now, we take $`\sigma =1`$ and work perturbatively in $`\frac{E}{2N}\frac{J}{N}`$. Evaluating the Bohr-Sommerfeld integral in this case yields

$`E2J=2n{\displaystyle \frac{6N^2n^2}{J^3}}.`$ (77)
## 5 Comments and Interpretation

Our results are easiest to interpret for the oscillating branes on $`S^5`$. For these states, there is a conjecture that the dual field theory operators are subdeterminants  of the form

$`Z_{i_1}^{j_1}\mathrm{}Z_{i_J}^{j_J}ϵ^{i_1\mathrm{}i_Ji_{J+1}\mathrm{}i_N}ϵ_{j_1\mathrm{}j_Ji_{J+1}\mathrm{}i_N}`$ (78)
where the summed indices are $`SU(N)`$ gauge indices. Subsequent work supporting this conjecture includes . Following , non-BPS excitations of this giant graviton should correspond to insertions of fields into the operator (78). These insertions ought to involve scalars $`\varphi `$ and possibly derivatives $`_\mu `$ (fermions and gauge fields are associated with scalar and two-form potentials in the string background.) For fixed R-charge, any $`\varphi `$ must actually appear in the combination $`\varphi \overline{\varphi }`$, and Poincaré symmetry of the background requires the derivative to be contracted into something – perhaps $`^2`$. Then from the usual dimension counting in a four-dimensional field theory, the quantity $`EJ`$ must change in units of two.

The interesting physics arises from the corrections to the leading behavior, which we can interpret as arising from many-body forces on the field theory side. Consider replacing some of the $`Z_i^j`$ fields in the operator (78) by $`(Z\overline{\varphi }\varphi )_i^j`$ (we might also imagine taking two $`Z`$ fields and replacing one by $`Z\varphi `$ and the other by $`Z\overline{\varphi }`$.) Excitations of this form have been conjectured to correspond to open string states , which can change the size and shape of the D3-brane. This insertion of “impurities” into the subdeterminant operator is reminiscent of a Hartree-Fock analysis of baryons , in which we excite individual quarks. The correction term, which we found to be of order $`n^2/N`$, then corresponds to two-body interactions between impurities (the two-body force is of order $`1/N`$, and there are roughly $`n^2`$ ways to pick two impurities.) The minus sign indicates that the force between excited quarks is attractive. Note that if we had computed the spectrum to higher orders in $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ in Section 2, we would have obtained terms of order $`n^k/N^{k1}`$. Assuming that the semiclassical expansion remains valid for these terms, we can thus continue the expansions peformed in this paper to obtain leading contributions to the $`k`$-body forces for any $`k`$.

The results for M-branes which have expanded on the sphere are more difficult to interpret because we lack a Lagrangian description of the dual field theories. However, the corrections in the semiclassical expansion again have the form $`n^k/N^{k1}`$, suggesting that the picture of having $`k`$-body forces between quarks extends to the M-brane case.

Similar results have appeared previously  in the context of the plane-wave approximation of $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ . We have performed our calculations in a different regime – we take $`JN`$, as opposed to the standard plane-wave limit, for which $`J^2/N`$ is held fixed. Note that the corrections to the giant graviton spectrum computed by , of the form $`\frac{g_{YM}^2Nn^2}{J^2}`$, are also of order $`n^2/N`$ in the appropriate limit.

The AdS giants, for which our semiclassical considerations are most reliable, are harder to analyze as operators on the field theory side. Some of the difficulties are even apparent in the AdS dual. For example, it costs infinite energy to take these states to large $`\rho `$, and they are not localized along the directions tangent to the boundary, so it is not clear that there is a simple local operator description in the dual field theory. A proposal for the operators corresponding to the AdS giants has been given in ; a subsequent paper  studied these operators in the plane wave limit.

An alternative approach, in the spirit of the analysis of monopoles and solitons , is to identify a classical field configuration which solves the equations of motion and then to consider quantum fluctuations about this solution. The authors of  (whose argument we follow) found the relevant field configuration for an $`m`$-dimensional field theory from the action for the scalars

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2g_{YM}^2}}{\displaystyle d^mx\left[(\varphi _1)^2+(\varphi _2)^2+\frac{(m2)^2}{4L_{AdS}^2}(\varphi _1^2+\varphi _2^2)\right]}.`$ (79)
The fields $`\varphi _{1,2}`$ are the scalars corresponding to the plane of rotation of the expanded brane. Because the geometry of the branes is of the form $`R\times S^{m1}`$, there is a mass term for the $`\varphi `$ fields, whose form is fixed by conformal invariance. Integrating over the directions of the $`S^{m1}`$, the action becomes

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{L^3\mathrm{\Omega }_{m1}}{2g_{YM}^2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑t\left[\dot{\varphi _1}^2+\dot{\varphi _2}^2\frac{(m2)^2}{4L_{AdS}^2}(\varphi _1^2+\varphi _2^2)\right]}.`$ (80)
The action is simply that of a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator, so the dynamics are exactly solvable. We now set $`L=1`$ and make the change of variables

$`\varphi _1=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{g_{YM}^2N}{\mathrm{\Omega }_{m1}}}}\eta \mathrm{cos}\theta ,\varphi _2=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{g_{YM}^2N}{\mathrm{\Omega }_{m1}}}}\eta \mathrm{sin}\theta `$ (81)
in terms of which the action is

$`S={\displaystyle \frac{N}{2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑t\left(\dot{\eta }^2+\eta ^2\dot{\theta }^2\frac{(m2)^2}{4}\eta ^2\right)}.`$ (82)
The Hamiltonian and angular momentum $`J=\frac{\delta S}{\delta \dot{\theta }}`$ are conserved. The energy is minimized at

$`\eta _0^2={\displaystyle \frac{2J}{N(m2)}}`$ (83)
and the spectrum is given by

$`E{\displaystyle \frac{m2}{2}}J=(m2)n.`$ (84)
This calculation reproduces the leading terms in (28,41,43).

The effective action (80) is accurate for perturbations about a BPS configuration, but may receive large corrections for non-BPS backgrounds, which are our main interest. It is natural to suspect that these corrections are responsible for the subleading terms in the brane spectra computed earlier. To see how these terms arise in field theory, let us take $`d=4`$ for specificity, and note that we can regard the brane configuration with a single AdS giant graviton in the background of N static D3-branes as a theory with $`SU(N+1)`$ gauge symmetry spontaneously broken to $`SU(N)\times U(1)`$. The modes not in the light $`SU(N)`$ or $`U(1)`$ are Higgsed by the vacuum expectation values of the $`\varphi `$ fields. When we integrate out these massive modes there is a $`\varphi ^4`$ coupling induced at one-loop order, which will scale as $`1/N`$. We note that such a term, proportional to $`\frac{EJ}{E}`$, was identified on the gravity side in , and corresponded precisely to a non-cancellation of brane tension and RR flux forces.

By considering a few simple one-loop Feynman diagrams, we can schematically reproduce the $`Nn^2/J^2`$ dependence of the anomalous dimension in (28) in weakly coupled field theory. A direct comparison with the gravity result, which is valid at strong coupling in the field theory, is of course impossible, so we will not worry about the precise numerical factor or factors of $`g_{YM}^2N`$. Also, we will measure all dimensionful quantities in units of $`L_{AdS}`$. The relevant Feynman diagrams, shown in Figure 2, have four external scalar legs; for definiteness we can consider the $`U(1)`$ component of the field $`\eta `$, which is described in terms of the $`\varphi `$ fields in (81).

The internal lines are given by the Higgsed fields, which carry a single $`SU(N)`$ index and have masses proportional to $`\eta `$. In the supersymmetric case, we have a constant $`\eta =\eta _0=\sqrt{J/N}`$, and therefore constant masses. In this case, the divergent part of the one-loop amplitude cancels, leaving a finite piece of order $`1/N`$. In the semiclassical limit $`n1`$, this correction turns out to be small compared to the non-supersymmetric contribution, and so we will ignore it. In the non-supersymmetric case, when the D3-branes are oscillating, there is an additional finite piece which we cannot ignore. The most straightforward way to compute this correction is to write $`\eta =\eta _0+\eta _1(t)`$ and treat $`\eta _1`$ as a field with a Yukawa-type coupling to the massive fields. Thus, for example, the Higgsed scalars have a coupling of the form

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta ^2\varphi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\eta _0^2\varphi ^2+\eta _0\eta _1(t)\varphi ^2`$ (85)
and the associated vertex appears in Figure 3.

Now we allow the $`\eta `$ field to fluctuate quantum-mechanically around the classical solution and consider the four-scalar vertex. Working in momentum space, we hold the four fluctuating scalar legs at zero momentum. The loop diagrams with one insertion of $`\eta _1`$ do not contribute because of momentum conservation, so the leading effect of the time dependence arises from two $`\eta _1`$ insertions; a typical Feynman diagram is shown in Figure 4.

Allowing these insertions to carry momentum $`p`$, a typical loop integral will have the form

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle d^4k\frac{\eta _0^2\eta _1(p)\eta _1(p)}{(k^2+\eta _0^2)^2((k+p)^2+\eta _0^2)^2}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle }d^4k\eta _0^2\eta _1(p)\eta _1(p)[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(k^2+\eta _0^2)^4}}`$ (86)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{2p^2}{(k^2+\eta _0^2)^5}}+{\displaystyle \frac{12(pk)^2}{(k^2+\eta _0^2)^6}}]`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta _1(p)\eta _1(p)p^2}{N\eta _0^4}}.`$ (87)
We have made the approximation that $`p^2\eta _0^2`$ in the top line and retained the overall factor of $`1/N`$. In the second line, we have discarded the zero-order term in the $`p^2`$ expansion, which must cancel amongst the one-loop diagrams. Integrating over $`p`$ and converting back to position space, we obtain the time-average $`\dot{\eta }_1^2n`$ in the numerator, or

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\eta }_1^2}{N\eta _0^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{Nn}{J^2}}.`$ (88)
Up to numerical and $`g_{YM}^2N`$ factors, this is the one-loop effective coupling for $`\eta ^4`$, and including it in a semiclassical computation gives a correction of order $`Nn^2/J^2`$ to the spectrum.

An important issue is that in our analysis we have ignored effects due to backreaction of the probe D3-branes on the string background. These effects are of order $`1/N`$, and may change our results. One effect of the backreaction, for example, is that the probe brane should change the location of the center of mass of the system by an amount of order $`1/N`$ – essentially, there ought to be a reduced mass shift of the spectrum. Still, there should be a regime in which our results are robust. Backreaction effects like the reduced mass shift should give a correction to the spectrum of order $`n/N`$. On the field theory side, for sphere giants, this might correspond to a $`1/N`$ correction to the bare masses of the $`n`$ impurities, or a combinatoric correction ($`\frac{n(n1)}{2}`$ rather than $`n^2/2`$ ways having pairwise interactions, for example); for AdS giants there are subleading finite contributions to the effective action after integrating out massive fields. Then, in the limit that $`n1`$ but $`nN`$, this backreaction effect is small compared to the $`n^2/N`$ contributions we computed above. <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1We note, however, that in the case of M5-branes in $`AdS_7`$, the semiclassical expansion proceeds in powers of $`1/N^2`$, so $`1/N`$ backreaction effects could actually be dominant. Clearly, a more detailed computation of the backreaction in supergravity is necessary to confirm or deny these handwaving arguments. Such a computation might not be hopelessly ambitious, as it should eventually boil down to a one-dimensional mechanics problem.

We have ignored various other effects in our calculation, in particular the effects of massive string modes and of closed string emission. Notice that we have written the metric (1) in such a way that all the factors of $`g_sN`$ factor out. In the subsequent analysis, no factors of $`g_sN`$ could appear. However, we considered only supergravity fields and not massive string modes, which would have introduced $`\alpha ^{}/L^21/(g_sN)^{1/2}`$ corrections. Thus to ensure that we can ignore these effects, we must also take $`1/(g_sN)^{1/2}<<n/N`$. As for closed string emission, at leading order in $`1/N`$ these effects cannot change the spectrum (though they do allow our non-BPS states to decay.) Radiative corrections to the spectrum due to closed strings (which roughly correspond to non-planar diagrams in the field theory) only appear at order $`1/N^2`$, and should not affect our results at order $`1/N`$. To summarize, we expect our semiclassical calculations for D3-branes in $`AdS_5\times S^5`$ to be sensible if

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(g_sN)^{1/2}}}{\displaystyle \frac{n}{N}}1.`$ (89)
Though we have seen that semiclassical methods can give useful information on both sides of the gauge/gravity duality, much remains to be done. On the gravity side, we need to understand backreaction and stringy effects better, and on the field theory side, we need more detailed computations of corrections to the effective action. We also hope that the semiclassical results for M-branes may give some hints about the structure of the dual gauge theories on the boundaries of $`AdS_4`$ and $`AdS_7`$.

## Acknowledgments

I am deeply grateful to Nissan Itzhaki and Igor Klebanov for suggesting this problem, for reading the manuscript, and for many helpful discussions. I also thank Chris Beasley, John McGreevy, and Sameer Murthy for useful conversations. This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant PHY-9802484. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


format: text

text:
# Reducible field quantization (II): Electrons

## I Introduction: Jordan-Wigner-type construction of CAR

The paper continues the program of reducible field quantization of electrodynamics . The experience with quantization of electromagnetic fields shows that many results are easiest to prove if one employs properties of a concrete representation. For this reason we begin with an explicit construction of the “$`N`$-oscillator” reducible representation of the algebra of canonical anti-commutation relations (CAR).

The departure point is the Jordan-Wigner construction of CAR . We need four operators corresponding to negatons and positons , with two spin degrees of freedom for each of them. We define

$`b_{}`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏},b_+=\sigma _3\sigma _{}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏},d_{}=\sigma _3\sigma _3\sigma _{}\mathrm{𝟏},d_+=\sigma _3\sigma _3\sigma _3\sigma _{},`$ (1)
$`𝑰`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏}.`$ (2)
Here $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ is the $`2\times 2`$ identity matrix, $`\sigma _\pm =(\sigma _1\pm i\sigma _2)/2`$, and $`\sigma _k`$ are the Pauli matrices. The operators satisfy CAR

$`\{b_s,b_s^{}\}`$ $`=`$ $`\{d_s,d_s^{}\}=𝑰`$ (3)
and all the remaining anti-commutators vanish. We shall also need the matrix

$`𝑰_0`$ $`=`$ $`\sigma _3\sigma _3\sigma _3\sigma _3`$ (4)
which anti-commutes with $`b_s`$ and $`d_s`$. For any $`A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}A_{}& A_+\\ A_+& A_{++}\end{array}\right),`$ and $`B=e^A`$, denoting

$`b^{}Ab={\displaystyle \underset{s,s^{}=\pm }{}}b_s^{}A_{ss^{}}b_s^{},d^{}Ad={\displaystyle \underset{s,s^{}=\pm }{}}d_s^{}A_{ss^{}}d_s^{},`$ (5)
we find

$`e^{b^{}Ab}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}detB& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& B_{}& B_+& 0\\ 0& B_+& B_{++}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏},e^{d^{}Ad}=\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟏}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}detB& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& B_{}& B_+& 0\\ 0& B_+& B_{++}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right).`$ (14)
If $`B=uSU(2)`$ one obtains

$`e^{(b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad)}b_se^{b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad}={\displaystyle \underset{s^{}}{}}u_{ss^{}}b_s^{},e^{(b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad)}d_se^{b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad}={\displaystyle \underset{s^{}}{}}u_{ss^{}}d_s^{}.`$ (15)
Similarly one can show that

$`e^{i(\alpha b^{}b+\beta d^{}d)}b_se^{i(\alpha b^{}b+\beta d^{}d)}=e^{i\alpha }b_s,e^{i(\alpha b^{}b+\beta d^{}d)}d_se^{i(\alpha b^{}b+\beta d^{}d)}=e^{i\beta }d_s.`$ (16)
Of particular interest are the important formulas

$`e^{(b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad)}𝑰_0e^{b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad}=𝑰_0,e^{i(\alpha b^{}b+\beta d^{}d)}𝑰_0e^{i(\alpha b^{}b+\beta d^{}d)}=𝑰_0.`$ (17)
The vacuum of the representation is

$`|0,0,0,0=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right)`$ (26)
and satisfies

$`𝑰_0|0,0,0,0=|0,0,0,0,e^{b^{}Ab+d^{}Ad}|0,0,0,0=|0,0,0,0.`$ (27)
Creation operators act on vacuum by

$`b_{}^{}|0,0,0,0=|1,0,0,0,b_+^{}|0,0,0,0=|0,1,0,0,d_{}^{}|0,0,0,0=|0,0,1,0,d_+^{}|0,0,0,0=|0,0,0,1.`$ (28)
The above representation of CAR is a starting point for the Poincaré covariant reducible representation of CAR we shall discuss in the next sections.

## II Poincaré transformations of free Dirac fields

The Dirac equation for a free electron can be written in the 2-spinor form  as

$`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\epsilon {}_{A}{}^{}^B& i{}_{A}{}^{}^B^{}\\ i{}_{}{}^{B}_A^{}& \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\epsilon {}_{A^{}}{}^{}^B^{}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\psi _B\\ \psi _B^{}\end{array}\right)=0.`$ (33)
We use the units with $`\mathrm{}=1`$ and $`c=1`$. The energy-momentum world-vector $`p^a=(\sqrt{𝒑^2+m^2},𝒑)`$ can be decomposed in terms of two null directions  $`p^a=\pi ^a+\frac{m^2}{2}\omega ^a=\pi ^A\overline{\pi }^A^{}+\frac{m^2}{2}\omega ^A\overline{\omega }^A^{},`$ satisfying the spin-frame condition $`\omega _A\pi ^A=1`$.

The 2-spinor language naturally privileges null directions . The projections $`S(\omega ,p)=\omega ^aS_a`$ of the Pauli-Lubanski vector in the $`\omega ^A\overline{\omega }^A^{}`$ direction are

$`S(\omega ,p){}_{A}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{B}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\pi _A\omega ^B+\omega _A\pi ^B),S(\omega ,p){}_{A^{}}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{B^{}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\overline{\pi }_A^{}\overline{\omega }^B^{}+\overline{\omega }_A^{}\overline{\pi }^B^{}).`$ (34)
The eigenvectors

$`\varphi _{\pm ,\alpha }^{(+)}(𝒑)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\pm \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\omega _A\\ \overline{\pi }_A^{}\end{array}\right),\varphi _{\pm ,\alpha }^{()}(𝒑)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\pi _A\\ \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\overline{\omega }_A^{}\end{array}\right),`$ (39)
correspond to the four combinations of signs of spin and frequency. The subscripts $`\pm `$ denote the signs of frequency and the superscripts $`(\pm )`$ the signs of spin.

The invariant measure on the mass-$`m`$ hyperboloid is $`d\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d^3p}{2\sqrt{𝒑^2+m^2}}.`$ A general solution of the free Dirac equation can be written in a Fourier form as

$`\psi _\alpha (x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)f(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\overline{g(𝒑,s)}e^{ipx}\right)}`$ (40)
The charge conjugated solution is

$`\psi _\alpha ^c(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)g(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\overline{f(𝒑,s)}e^{ipx}\right)}.`$ (41)
The Dirac equation is associated with two representations of (the covering space of) the Poincaré group which are dual to each other (the active finite dimensional nonunitary spinor representation and the passive infinite dimensional unitary representation).

Denote by $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^b`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha ^\beta `$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_A^B`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_A^{}^B^{}`$, respectively, the representations $`(1/2,1/2)`$, $`(1/2,0)(0,1/2)`$, $`(1/2,0)`$, and $`(0,1/2)`$ of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }SL(2,C)`$. The active transformation of the bispinor field $`T_{S,y}\psi _\alpha (x)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_\alpha {}_{}{}^{\beta }\psi _{\beta }^{}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(xy)\right)`$ induces the passive transformation of the amplitudes by means of

$`T_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}\psi _\alpha (x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)𝒯_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}f(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\overline{𝒯_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}g(𝒑,s)}e^{ipx}\right)},`$ (42)
$`\left(\begin{array}{c}𝒯_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}f(𝒑,)\\ 𝒯_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}f(𝒑,+)\end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{ipy}\underset{u(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)SU(2)}{\underset{}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi {}_{}{}^{A}(𝒑)& \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega {}_{}{}^{A}(𝒑)\\ \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\overline{\omega }{}_{A^{}}{}^{}(𝒑)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega }{}_{}{}^{A^{}}(𝒑)& \overline{\omega }{}_{A^{}}{}^{}(𝒑)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi }{}_{}{}^{A^{}}(𝒑)\end{array}\right)}}\left(\begin{array}{c}f(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑,)\\ f(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑,+)\end{array}\right).`$ (49)
The amplitudes $`g`$ transform in the same way as $`f`$. The transformed spin-frames are $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)=\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{A}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{B}\omega {}_{B}{}^{}(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑)`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)=\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{A}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{B}\pi {}_{B}{}^{}(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑)`$. The representation (49) is unitary with respect to the positive-definite scalar product

$`f_1|f_2={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\overline{f_1(𝒑,s)}f_2(𝒑,s)}.`$ (50)
## III Reducible quantization

We follow the strategy proposed in . Take four CAR operators $`b_\pm `$, $`d_\pm `$ we have discussed above and introduce the following four operators

$`b(𝒑,s)=|𝒑𝒑|b_s=c_1(𝒑,s),d(𝒑,s)=|𝒑𝒑|d_s=c_2(𝒑,s).`$ (51)
The momentum eigenvectors are normalized by $`𝒑|𝒑^{}=\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }_m}(𝒑,𝒑^{})=(2\pi )^32\sqrt{𝒑^2+m^2}\delta ^{(3)}(𝒑𝒑^{}).`$ The reducible representation of CAR can be written in a compact form as

$`\{c_n(𝒑,s),c_n^{}(𝒑^{},s^{})^{}\}=\delta _{nn^{}}\delta _{ss^{}}\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }_m}(𝒑,𝒑^{})|𝒑𝒑|𝑰=\delta _{nn^{}}\delta _{ss^{}}\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }_m}(𝒑,𝒑^{})I_𝒑,`$ (52)
the remaining anti-commutators vanishing. The identity at the right side of (52) is the one occuring in the CAR relations (2) and the RHS of (52) is in the center of the CAR algebra, i.e. commutes with all CAR operators. Similarly to the CCR case  we have introduced the operator $`I_𝒑=|𝒑𝒑|𝑰`$ satisfying the resolution of unity $`𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)I_𝒑=I.`$ We define the single-oscillator Dirac field operator by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x)={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)b(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)d(𝒑,s)^{}e^{ipx}\right)}.`$ (53)
The charge conjugated operator reads

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha ^c(x)={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)d(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)b(𝒑,s)^{}e^{ipx}\right)}.`$ (54)
In order to perform the second step of quantization we introduce

$`I_0={\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|𝑰_0}.`$ (55)
The $`N`$-oscillator extension is defined by

$`\underset{¯}{b}(𝒑,s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}\left(b(𝒑,s)I\mathrm{}I+I_0b(𝒑,s)I\mathrm{}I+\mathrm{}+I_0\mathrm{}I_0b(𝒑,s)\right)=\underset{¯}{c}_1(𝒑,s),`$ (56)
$`\underset{¯}{d}(𝒑,s)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}}\left(d(𝒑,s)I\mathrm{}I+I_0d(𝒑,s)I\mathrm{}I+\mathrm{}+I_0\mathrm{}I_0d(𝒑,s)\right)=\underset{¯}{c}_2(𝒑,s),`$ (57)
$`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\underset{¯}{b}(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\underset{¯}{d}(𝒑,s)^{}e^{ipx}\right)},`$ (58)
$`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha ^c(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\underset{¯}{d}(𝒑,s)e^{ipx}+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(𝒑)\underset{¯}{b}(𝒑,s)^{}e^{ipx}\right)}.`$ (59)
The reducible representation of CAR reads

$`\{\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s),\underset{¯}{c}_n^{}(𝒑^{},s^{})^{}\}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{nn^{}}\delta _{ss^{}}\delta _{\mathrm{\Gamma }_m}(𝒑,𝒑^{})\underset{¯}{I}_𝒑,`$ (60)
with $`\underset{¯}{I}_𝒑=\frac{1}{N}\left(I_𝒑I\mathrm{}I+\mathrm{}+I\mathrm{}II_𝒑\right).`$

## IV Field operators are indeed operators

$`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)`$ has been defined as an $`N`$-oscillator extension of a single-oscillator $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x)`$. Therefore, in order to verify that $`\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)`$ is an operator it is sufficient to check this property for $`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x)`$. The choice of the representation implies that

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x)={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}\left(\varphi _{+,\alpha }^{(s)}(\widehat{𝒑})W(x)b_s+\varphi _{,\alpha }^{(s)}(\widehat{𝒑})W(x)^{}d_s^{}\right)`$ (61)
where $`\widehat{𝒑}=_s𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)𝒑|𝒑𝒑|`$ is the spectral representation of an unbounded operator, $`\varphi _{\pm ,\alpha }^{(s)}(\widehat{𝒑})`$ are functions of the operator $`\widehat{𝒑}`$ in the sense of spectral theory, and $`W(x)=𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|e^{ipx}`$ is unitary. All these objects are well defined and there is no problem with products of fields taken at the same point $`x`$ of the configuration space. The difference between fields taken in our reducible representation and those arising from the standard Fock construction is analogous to this between the unitary operator $`W(x)`$ and the distribution $`𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)e^{ipx}`$.

## V Vacuum and multi-electron states

The vacuum consists of a Hilbert space of all the states which are annihilated by all annihilation operators. We begin with a “single-oscillator vacuum”

$`|O`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)O(𝒑)|𝒑,0,0,0,0},`$ (62)
where $`|𝒑,0,0,0,0=|𝒑|0,0,0,0`$ and $`|0,0,0,0`$ is defined by (26). One finds indeed $`b(𝒑,s)|O=d(𝒑,s)|O=0.`$ The vacuum is defined at the $`N`$-oscillator level as the tensor product of one-oscilator vacua

$`|\underset{¯}{O}=\underset{N}{\underset{}{|O\mathrm{}|O}}.`$ (63)
As expected $`\underset{¯}{b}(𝒑,s)|\underset{¯}{O}=\underset{¯}{d}(𝒑,s)|\underset{¯}{O}=0.`$

To discuss multi-electron states it is convenient to introduce the smeared out CAR operators

$`\underset{¯}{c}_n(f)={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\overline{f(𝒑,s)}\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)},\underset{¯}{c}_n(f)^{}={\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)f(𝒑,s)\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)^{}},`$ (64)
satisfying

$`\{\underset{¯}{c}_n(f),\underset{¯}{c}_n^{}(g)^{}\}`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _{nn^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\overline{f(𝒑,s)}g(𝒑,s)\underset{¯}{I}_𝒑}.`$ (65)
The RHS of (65) is in the center of the CAR algebra.

The scalar product of two unnormalized one-electron states is

$`\underset{¯}{O}|\underset{¯}{c}_n(f)\underset{¯}{c}_n^{}(g)^{}|\underset{¯}{O}=\delta _{nn^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{s}{}}{\displaystyle }d\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)Z(𝒑)\overline{f(𝒑,s)}g(𝒑,s)=\delta _{nn^{}}Of|Og=:\delta _{nn^{}}f|g_Z,`$ (66)
with $`Z(𝒑)=|O(𝒑)|^2`$. The scalar product at (66) is analogous to the formula for one-photon states given in . $`fO`$ denotes the pointlike product $`fO(𝒑,s)=O(𝒑)f(𝒑,s)`$.

The following important result can be proved in a direct analogy to Theorem 1 from  so we leave the proof to the reader. Denote by $`_\sigma `$ the sum over all the permutations of the set $`\{1,\mathrm{},M\}`$.

Theorem 1.

$`\underset{N\mathrm{}}{lim}\underset{¯}{O}|\underset{¯}{c}_n(f_1)\mathrm{}\underset{¯}{c}_n(f_M)\underset{¯}{c}_n(g_1)^{}\mathrm{}\underset{¯}{c}_n(g_M)^{}|\underset{¯}{O}={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma }{}}\delta _\sigma f_1|g_{\sigma (1)}_Z\mathrm{}f_M|g_{\sigma (M)}_Z`$ (67)
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma }{}}\delta _\sigma {\displaystyle \underset{s_1\mathrm{}s_M}{}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑_1)Z(𝒑_1)\mathrm{}𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑_M)Z(𝒑_M)\overline{f_1(𝒑_1,s_1)}\mathrm{}\overline{f_m(𝒑_M,s_M)}g_{\sigma (1)}(𝒑_1,s_1)\mathrm{}g_{\sigma (m)}(𝒑_M,s_M)}`$ (68)
where $`\delta _\sigma `$ is the sign of the permutation $`\sigma `$.

## VI Action of the Poincaré group on field operators

For any $`\mathrm{\Lambda }SL(2,𝑪)`$, $`y𝑻^{(1,3)}`$ we will construct a representation of (the covering of) the Poincaré group, $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },y)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}`$, acting by $`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}^{}\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}=\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{\alpha }{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{\beta }^{}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(xy)\right).`$ The map $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{\alpha }{}^{}^\beta `$ is the bispinor representation of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. We will begin with constructing $`U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x)U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}=\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{\alpha }{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }\mathrm{\Psi }_{\beta }^{}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }^1(xy)\right)`$, which additionally satisfies $`U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}^{}I_0U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}=I_0.`$ Once we have completed this stage the final representation is $`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}=\underset{N}{\underset{}{U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}\mathrm{}U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}}}.`$

The generator of $`U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}`$ is chosen in a way which is consistent with an appropriate “single-oscillator” Noether invariant, i.e.

$`P_a={\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)p_a|𝒑𝒑|\frac{1}{2}\left(b^{}bbb^{}+d^{}ddd^{}\right)}={\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)p_a|𝒑𝒑|\left(b^{}b+d^{}d2𝑰\right)}.`$ (69)
The part $`2𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)p_a|𝒑𝒑|𝑰`$ belongs to the center of CAR. Then, using the results from Sec. I, we can show that $`U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}=e^{iyP}`$ acts by

$`U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}^{}b(𝒑,s)U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}`$ $`=`$ $`|𝒑𝒑|e^{iyp(b^{}b+d^{}d)}b_se^{iyp(b^{}b+d^{}d)}=e^{iyp}b(𝒑,s)`$ (70)
$`U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}^{}d(𝒑,s)U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}`$ $`=`$ $`|𝒑𝒑|e^{iyp(b^{}b+d^{}d)}d_se^{iyp(b^{}b+d^{}d)}=e^{iyp}d(𝒑,s),`$ (71)
$`U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}^{}I_0U_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|e^{iyp(b^{}b+d^{}d)}𝑰_0e^{iyp(b^{}b+d^{}d)}}=I_0.`$ (72)
Finally, $`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}^{}\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{𝟏},y}=\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (xy).`$ The four-momentum at the $`N`$-oscillator level reads

$`\underset{¯}{P}_a=P_aI\mathrm{}I+\mathrm{}+I\mathrm{}IP_a`$ (73)
and satisfies

$`[\underset{¯}{P}_a,\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`p_a\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)^{}`$ (74)
which is the same result as in the Fock representation.

Now consider

$`U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|\left(b^{}A(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)b+d^{}A(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)d\right)}\right)\left({\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑^{})|𝒑^{}𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑^{\mathbf{}}|𝑰}\right)`$ (75)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|\mathrm{exp}\left(i\left(b^{}A(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)b+d^{}A(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)d\right)\right)\left(𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑^{})|𝒑^{}𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑^{\mathbf{}}|𝑰\right)}`$ (76)
where $`u(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)=e^{iA(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)}SU(2)`$ is the matrix occuring in (49). An equivalent definition employing directly $`u(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)`$, instead of $`A(\mathrm{\Lambda },𝒑)`$, can be formulated by means of (14). Taking into account (15) one finds

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}^{}c_n(𝒑,)U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}\\ U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}^{}c_n(𝒑,+)U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}\end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi {}_{}{}^{A}(𝒑)& \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega {}_{}{}^{A}(𝒑)\\ \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\overline{\omega }{}_{A^{}}{}^{}(𝒑)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega }{}_{}{}^{A^{}}(𝒑)& \overline{\omega }{}_{A^{}}{}^{}(𝒑)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi }{}_{}{}^{A^{}}(𝒑)\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}c_n(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑,)\\ c_n(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑,+)\end{array}\right),U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}^{}I_0U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}=I_0`$ (83)
and finally

$`\left(\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}^{}\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}\\ \underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}^{}\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,+)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}\end{array}\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi {}_{}{}^{A}(𝒑)& \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\omega {}_{A}{}^{}(𝒑)\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega {}_{}{}^{A}(𝒑)\\ \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\overline{\omega }{}_{A^{}}{}^{}(𝒑)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }\omega }{}_{}{}^{A^{}}(𝒑)& \overline{\omega }{}_{A^{}}{}^{}(𝒑)\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }\pi }{}_{}{}^{A^{}}(𝒑)\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑,)\\ \underset{¯}{c}_n(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑,+)\end{array}\right),`$ (90)
$`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}^{}\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }{}_{\alpha }{}^{}{}_{}{}^{\beta }\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{\beta }^{}(\mathrm{\Lambda }^1x).`$ (91)
## VII Action of the Poincaré group on states

It is sufficient to concentrate on the covariance properties of vacuum; the multi-electron states transform according to the properties of vacuum and those of the creation operators. Since

$`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}|\underset{¯}{O}=U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}|O\mathrm{}U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}|O`$ (92)
we explicitly write only

$`U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}|O`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)e^{2iyp}O(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑)|𝒑,0,0,0,0}.`$ (93)
As we can see the vacua are not invariant but only covariant. The factor $`e^{2iyp}`$ can be removed by a unitary transformation which belongs to the center of CAR. In this new representation the four momentum annihilates vacuum. One should stress that the choice of the “vacuum representation” is here well defined (as opposed to the standard Fock prescription, where the phase is infinite). The possibility of such a choice of representation does not physically mean that the vacuum energy is zero. In the vacuum representation the vacuum transforms by

$`O(𝒑)O(𝚲^\mathbf{}\mathrm{𝟏}𝒑)=:V_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}O(𝒑)`$ (94)
and $`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}^{}\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}=\underset{¯}{V}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}^{}\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)\underset{¯}{V}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}.`$

## VIII Charge

The operator

$`Q`$ $`=`$ $`e_0{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|(b^{}b+dd^{})}=e_0{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|(b^{}bd^{}d+2𝑰)}`$ (95)
is the Noether invariant corresponding to the $`U(1)`$ symmetry of the free Dirac Lagrangian at a single-oscillator level. Formulas (16), (17), imply

$`e^{i\phi Q}\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x)e^{i\phi Q}=e^{ie_0\phi }\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha (x),e^{i\phi Q}\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha ^c(x)e^{i\phi Q}=e^{+ie_0\phi }\mathrm{\Psi }_\alpha ^c(x),e^{i\phi Q}𝑰_0e^{i\phi Q}=𝑰_0.`$ (96)
Accordingly $`e^{i\phi \underset{¯}{Q}}=e^{i\phi Q}\mathrm{}e^{i\phi Q}`$ is the $`U(1)`$ gauge transformation

$`e^{i\phi \underset{¯}{Q}}\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x)e^{i\phi \underset{¯}{Q}}=e^{ie_0\phi }\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha (x),e^{i\phi \underset{¯}{Q}}\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha ^c(x)e^{i\phi \underset{¯}{Q}}=e^{+ie_0\phi }\underset{¯}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_\alpha ^c(x).`$ (97)
The generator $`\underset{¯}{Q}=QI\mathrm{}I+\mathrm{}+I\mathrm{}IQ`$ plays the role of the charge operator.

Charge of multi-electron states follows from

$`[\underset{¯}{Q},\underset{¯}{b}(𝒑,s)^{}]=+e_0\underset{¯}{b}(𝒑,s)^{},[\underset{¯}{Q},\underset{¯}{d}(𝒑,s)^{}]=e_0\underset{¯}{d}(𝒑,s)^{}`$ (98)
which is the same result as in the Fock representation.

## IX Spin

The generators of the unitary representation (49) of $`SL(2,C)`$ are $`j^{ab}=l^{ab}+s^{ab}`$ where $`l^{ab}`$ is the usual orbital part in momentum representation and

$`s^{ab}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\omega {}_{X}{}^{}(p)J^{ab}{}_{}{}^{X}{}_{}{}^{Y}\pi {}_{Y}{}^{}(p)& \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\omega {}_{X}{}^{}(p)J^{ab}{}_{}{}^{X}{}_{}{}^{Y}\omega {}_{Y}{}^{}(p)\\ \frac{m}{\sqrt{2}}\overline{\omega }{}_{X^{}}{}^{}(p)J^{ab}{}_{}{}^{X^{}}{}_{}{}^{Y^{}}\overline{\omega }{}_{Y^{}}{}^{}(p)& \overline{\omega }{}_{X^{}}{}^{}(p)J^{ab}{}_{}{}^{X^{}}{}_{}{}^{Y^{}}\overline{\pi }{}_{Y^{}}{}^{}(p)\end{array}\right).`$ (101)
The operators

$`J^{ab}{}_{X}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{Y}=L^{ab}\epsilon {}_{X}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{Y}+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\epsilon {}_{}{}^{A^{}}{}_{}{}^{B^{}}(\epsilon {}_{}{}^{A}{}_{X}{}^{}\epsilon {}_{}{}^{B}{}_{}{}^{Y}+\epsilon {}_{}{}^{B}{}_{X}{}^{}\epsilon {}_{}{}^{A}{}_{}{}^{Y}),J^{ab}{}_{X^{}}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{Y^{}}=L^{ab}\epsilon {}_{X^{}}{}^{}{}_{}{}^{Y^{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\epsilon {}_{}{}^{A}{}_{}{}^{B}(\epsilon {}_{}{}^{A^{}}{}_{X^{}}{}^{}\epsilon {}_{}{}^{B^{}}{}_{}{}^{Y^{}}+\epsilon {}_{}{}^{B^{}}{}_{X^{}}{}^{}\epsilon {}_{}{}^{A^{}}{}_{}{}^{Y^{}}),`$ (102)
generate spinor $`(1/2,0)`$ and $`(0,1/2)`$ representations. Hermiticity of $`s^{ab}`$ is not explicit but can be proved by means of certain spinor identities valid for spin-frames . Let us note that the matrix $`s^{ab}`$ involves also the matrix elements of $`l^{ab}`$ evaluated between the spin-frame spinors. This “orbital” element occuring in the “spin” part of the generators is a consequence of the fact that spin-frames occuring in the $`SU(2)`$ matrix are spinor fields themselves.

It follows that the generators of $`U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}`$ are $`J^{ab}=L^{ab}+S^{ab}`$ where $`L^{ab}`$ is the orbital part and

$`S^{ab}(\widehat{𝒑})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|\left(b^{}s^{ab}(𝒑)b+d^{}s^{ab}(𝒑)d\right)}.`$ (103)
If $`p^a`$ is future-pointing and $`\omega ^a`$ is the associated null vector then the projection of the Pauli-Lubanski vector $`s^a`$ in the direction of $`\omega ^a`$, corresponding to the representation (49) and (101), reads

$`s=\omega ^a(𝒑)s_a(𝒑)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2}& 0\\ 0& \frac{1}{2}\end{array}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\sigma _3.`$ (106)
We define the spin operator for $`U_{\mathrm{\Lambda },y}`$ in an analogous way by $`S^a(\widehat{𝒑})=\widehat{p}_b{}_{}{}^{}S_{}^{ab}(\widehat{𝒑}).`$ Let us note that we use here $`\widehat{p}_b=𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)p_b|𝒑𝒑|`$ and not $`P_b=𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)p_b|𝒑𝒑|\left(b^{}b+d^{}d2𝑰\right).`$ The projection

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`\omega ^a(\widehat{𝒑})S_a(\widehat{𝒑})={\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|\left(b^{}sb+d^{}sd\right)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)|𝒑𝒑|\left(b_+^{}b_+b_{}^{}b_{}+d_+^{}d_+d_{}^{}d_{}\right)}`$ (107)
plays a role analogous to the helicity operator.

At the $`N`$-oscillator level the spin operator is defined in terms of generators of $`\underset{¯}{U}_{\mathrm{\Lambda },0}`$ and reads

$`\underset{¯}{S}`$ $`=`$ $`SI\mathrm{}I+\mathrm{}+I\mathrm{}IS.`$ (108)
One can verify that spin of vacuum is zero $`\underset{¯}{S}|\underset{¯}{O}=0`$ which is consistent with the fact that vacuum transforms as a scalar field. Spin of multi-electron states follows from

$`[\underset{¯}{S},\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)^{}]=s\underset{¯}{c}_n(𝒑,s)^{}`$ (109)
which is the same result as in the Fock representation.

## X Discussion

Theorem 1 as well as the analogous result from  suggest that perturbative expansions associated with the Dyson series will have the same form (for $`N\mathrm{}`$) in the reducible framework as they have in the Fock one, with one modification: The scalar products $`|`$ will be replaced by $`|_Z`$. The functions $`Z(𝒌)`$ (for photons) and $`Z(𝒑)`$ (for electrons) cannot be identified since they transform as scalar fields with zero and non-zero masses, respectively. As discussed in  not only do these functions regularize integrals but they appear, for $`N\mathrm{}`$, in exactly those places where one expects renormalization constants $`Z_3`$ and $`Z_2`$. Naudts et al.  have recently proposed to associate $`Z(𝒌)`$, $`Z(𝒑)`$ with fields of space-time fluctuations. Assuming that the functions are constant up to the Planck energies, or perhaps some other scale , the only modification one expects within the quantum electrodynamics regime is in a rescaling of bare parameters into observable ones.

Interesting modifications occur if one considers vacuum energies. Let us note that the Noether invariants  did not need to be normally ordered, since the vacuum contributions were well behaved. For example, the energy of $`N_B`$ bosonic and $`N_F`$ fermionic oscillators described by the vacua $`Z_B(𝒌)`$, $`Z_F(𝒑)`$ is

$`E_{\mathrm{vac}}`$ $`=`$ $`N_B{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_0(𝒌)|𝒌|Z_B(𝒌)}2N_F{\displaystyle 𝑑\mathrm{\Gamma }_m(𝒑)\sqrt{𝒑^2+m^2}Z_F(𝒑)}.`$ (110)
The expression becomes infinite only in the limits of infinite numbers of oscillators. It is essential, however, that the limits we have used, say, in Theorem 1 are understood in the sense of thermodynamic limits of “very large numbers”. The vacuum energy can be thus positive, negative, or zero, depending on the vacuum states. In any case it can be finite if the vacua are appropriately chosen. Such a regularization of the vacuum divergence may have important implications for the cosmological constant problem.

Another important modification with respect to the standard Fock-type quantum field theory is that the reducible quantization introduces a kind of nonlocality whose scale is given, effectively, by the shapes of vacuum wave functions. For this reason the formalism we have obtained does not fit into the framework of generalized free fields  where the right-hand-sides of CCR/CAR involve functions of Casimirs of symmetry groups. The reducible quantization approach is closer to nonlocal quantum field theories .

The main open question is to what extent our formalism is applicable to concrete calculations in perturbative quantum electrodynamics, and whether all the infinities are indeed automatically regularized to all orders of perturbation theory. It seems that various techniques worked out for the purposes of nonlocal field theories may be useful in this context.

###### Acknowledgements.

A large part of this work was done during my stay in Clausthal. I am indebted to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for funding and prof. H.-D. Doebner for hospitality and help.


text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

In recent years, the old idea that placing our world on a domain wall in a higher-dimensional bulk space has been used to explain the hierarchy between the Planck scale and the electro-weak scale in the four-dimensional effective field theory \[1-3\]. After the notable papers of Randall and Sundrum , physicists have made progress on using the idea of brane world to explain the cosmological problems .

In the original Randall-Sundrum model, a flat $`3`$-brane perpendicular to the fifth coordinate of the AdS5 spacetime was embedded. All matter and interactions except for gravity are confined to the brane. Soon, the generalization of an AdS, flat or dS brane in the AdS bulk , and a flat or dS brane in the dS bulk were studied carefully. The localization of gravity in these models has been discussed also \[4,9-12\]. For the investigation of the brane world cosmology, the radion field was introduced to stabilize the distance of branes . In some cases, the dilaton field was also needed to get more predictions on cosmology \[7,15-17\].

The recent astronomical observations on Type Ia supernovae  and the cosmological microwave background  give more believable answers to several long-existing problems, such as the cosmological constant, flatness of space and existence of inflation \[22-27\]. However, the vacuum energy density calculated by quantum field theory is much more larger than the possible observed value . Various attempts have been made in trying to solve the cosmological constant problem. Up to now, there still hasn’t a theory that can give a cosmological constant whose order is the same as that of the observed value. What is more puzzled, from the theoretical point of view, is that why the observed vacuum energy density is such a tiny value but non-zero \[18-20,23-25\].

In this paper, we discuss the vacuum energy density and the cosmological constant of the dS5 brane world with dilaton field in a specially selected background metric. It is found that there is not an AdS4 brane solution in a dS5 bulk without other fields. Furthermore, one can not find an AdS4 brane structure by just introducing a dilaton field in the dS5 bulk . It is shown that both the dilaton field and the special background metric are necessary to get a stable AdS4 brane in the dS5 brane world. We study the localization of gravity by expanding the traceless transverse component of the perturbation of gravity in terms of the mass eigenstates of scalar field in the brane. An explicit relation between the dS bulk cosmological constant and the brane cosmological constant is obtained. We solve exactly the massive scalar field equation in the AdS4 brane. The discrete mass spectrum of the massive scalar field in the brane is used to acquire the relationship between the brane cosmological constant and the vacuum energy density. The vacuum energy density in the brane world gotten by this method is in the same order with that of the observed value.

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we present the general framework of the dS brane world with dilaton field. Equations of motion for the gravity and dilaton field are derived. Section 3 is devoted to finding a stable AdS4 brane solution in the dS brane world. The matching conditions on two sides of the brane give a useful relation between two cosmological constants. In section 4, localization of gravity is discussed by expanding the traceless transverse component of the fluctuation of gravity in terms of the mass eigenstates in the brane. We demonstrate that the deviation of classical gravity from the Newton’s law in the brane is too small to be observed. In section 5, we calculate the vacuum energy density of the brane by making use of exact solutions of massive scalar fields. The obtained vacuum energy density in the brane is in agreement with astronomical observations. In section 6, we give conclusion and some remarks.

## 2 Basic Setup and the Equations of Motion

We consider a dS5 spacetime with an AdS4 brane embedding at $`y=0`$. It is assumed first that there is only gravity in the bulk. The action of the dS brane world can be written as

$$S=d^5x\left[\sqrt{G}\left(\frac{M^3}{2}R\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)\sqrt{g}V\delta (y)\right],$$
(1)
where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ ($`>0`$) and $`M`$ are the bulk cosmological constant and five-dimensional fundamental scale, respectively. Following Randall and Sundrum, we suppose the metric on the brane world is as follows

$$ds^2=e^{2A(y)}g_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu +dy^2,$$
(2)
where $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ is the metric on the brane and takes the form asHere, for simplicity we define $`(tx^0,\rho x^1,\theta x^2,\omega x^3)`$. Five-dimensional suffices are denoted by capital Latin and the four-dimensional one by the Greek ones.

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\mathrm{diag}(1,\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\sqrt{\lambda }t}{(1+\lambda \rho ^2)^2},\frac{\rho ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\sqrt{\lambda }t}{1+\lambda \rho ^2},\frac{\rho ^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \mathrm{cos}^2\sqrt{\lambda }t}{1+\lambda \rho ^2}).$$
(3)
Here $`\sqrt{\lambda }`$ ($`\lambda <0`$) is the curvature of the AdS brane.

The five dimensional Einstein equations for the above action read

$$\sqrt{G}\left(R_{MN}\frac{1}{2}G_{MN}R\right)=\frac{1}{M^3}\left[\mathrm{\Lambda }\sqrt{G}G_{MN}+\sqrt{g}Vg_{\mu \nu }\delta _M^\mu \delta _N^\nu \delta (y)\right].$$
(4)
By making use of the ansatz (2), we transform Eq.(4) into the form

$$\begin{array}{c}6(A^{})^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{M^3}=6\lambda e^{2A},\hfill \\ 3\lambda e^{2A}+3A^{\prime \prime }=\frac{V}{M^3}\delta (y),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5)
where  denotes derivative with respect to $`y`$. It is obvious that one can not find a nontrivial solution of the above equations. Thus, we know there doesn’t exist an AdS4 brane structure in this dS5 spacetime with only gravity living in the bulk.

To obtain a stable AdS4 brane solution, we add a dilaton field $`\varphi (y)`$ in the dS5 spacetime. The action of the system is of the form

$$S=d^5x\left(\sqrt{G}\left[R\frac{4}{3}(\varphi )^22\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi }\right]2\sqrt{g}\delta (y)Ve^{b\varphi }\right).$$
(6)
We suppose the spacetime metric as follows

$$ds^2=e^{2A(y)}g_{\mu \nu }dx^\mu dx^\nu +e^{2B(y)}dy^2,$$
(7)
where $`B(y)`$ is only a function of the fifth coordinate and $`g_{\mu \nu }`$ takes the same form as Eq.(3).

Equation of motion of the dilaton field reads

$$\sqrt{G}\left(\frac{8}{3}^2\varphi 2a\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi }\right)2b\sqrt{g}V\delta (y)e^{b\varphi }=0.$$
(8)
The Einstein equation coupled with the dilaton field is of the form

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \sqrt{G}\left(R_{MN}\frac{1}{2}G_{MN}R\right)& & \frac{4}{3}\sqrt{G}\left[_M\varphi _N\varphi \frac{1}{2}G_{MN}(\varphi )^2\right]\hfill \\ & & +\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi }\sqrt{G}G_{MN}+\sqrt{g}Ve^{b\varphi }g_{\mu \nu }\delta _M^\mu \delta _N^\nu \delta (y)=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(9)
By making use of the ansatz for the metric (7), we can transform the equations of motion into the form

$$\frac{32}{3}A^{}\varphi ^{}e^{2B}\frac{8}{3}B^{}\varphi ^{}e^{2B}+\frac{8}{3}\varphi ^{\prime \prime }e^{2B}2a\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi }2bV\delta (y)e^{b\varphi }=0,$$
(10)
$$3\lambda e^{2A+2B}+6(A^{})^23A^{}B^{}+3A^{\prime \prime }+\frac{2}{3}(\varphi ^{})^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi +2B}+Ve^{b\varphi }\delta (y)=0,$$
(11)
$$6\lambda e^{2A+2B}+6(A^{})^2\frac{4}{3}(\varphi ^{})^2e^{2B}+\frac{2}{3}(\varphi ^{})^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi +2B}=0.$$
(12)
In the bulk, Eq.(10) and Eq.(11) reduce to

$$\frac{32}{3}A^{}\varphi ^{}e^{2B}\frac{8}{3}B^{}\varphi ^{}e^{2B}+\frac{8}{3}\varphi ^{\prime \prime }e^{2B}2a\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi }=0,$$
(13)
$$3\lambda e^{2A+2B}+6(A^{})^23A^{}B^{}+3A^{\prime \prime }+\frac{2}{3}(\varphi ^{})^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }e^{a\varphi +2B}=0.$$
(14)
## 3 Solution and Relationship between Cosmological Constants

To get an analytic solution of equations of motion (12), (13) and (14), we assume that the following relations are satisfied by fields in the system

$$A=\alpha \varphi ,B=\varphi ,a=2.$$
(15)
Thus, Eq.(13) becomes

$$\frac{32}{3}\alpha (\varphi ^{})^2\frac{8}{3}(\varphi ^{})^2+\frac{8}{3}\varphi ^{\prime \prime }+4\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.$$
(16)
It is easy to solve the above equation for the dilaton field $`\varphi (y)`$. In the case of $`\alpha <\frac{1}{4}`$, we acquire $`\varphi ^{}(y)`$ as follows

$$\varphi ^{}(y)=\{\begin{array}{c}D\mathrm{tanh}\left[(14\alpha )D(y+d_1)\right],\mathrm{for}y>0\hfill \\ D\mathrm{tanh}\left[(14\alpha )D(y+d_2)\right],\mathrm{for}y<0\hfill \end{array},$$
(17)
where $`D=\sqrt{\frac{3\mathrm{\Lambda }}{2(14\alpha )}}`$. We present here a solution of the form

$$\varphi =\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{14\alpha }\mathrm{ln}\left\{\mathrm{cosh}\left[(14\alpha )D(y+d_1)\right]\right\}+f_1,\mathrm{for}y>0\hfill \\ \frac{1}{14\alpha }\mathrm{ln}\left\{\mathrm{cosh}\left[(14\alpha )D(y+d_2)\right]\right\}+f_2,\mathrm{for}y<0\hfill \end{array},$$
(18)
where $`d_1,d_2,f_1`$ and $`f_2`$ are constants which will be determined by self-tuning.

Imposing the discontinuity of $`\varphi ^{}(y)`$ at $`y=0`$ on (10) and (11), we get the matching conditions as follows

$$\varphi ^{}(0^+)\varphi ^{}(0^{})=\frac{3}{4}bV,$$
(19)
$$\varphi ^{}(0^+)\varphi ^{}(0^{})=\frac{1}{3\alpha }V.$$
(20)
Thus, we have

$$b=\frac{4}{9\alpha }.$$
(21)
The continuity of $`(\varphi ^{})^2`$ and discontinuity of $`\varphi ^{}(y)`$ at $`y=0`$ give that

$$\varphi ^{}(0^+)=\varphi ^{}(0^{}).$$
(22)
From equations (22) and (18), one can obtain

$$d_1=d_2d.$$
(23)
By making use of equation (20), we can acquire $`d`$ as

$$d=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6\mathrm{\Lambda }(14\alpha )}}\mathrm{ln}\left|\frac{1+F}{1F}\right|,$$
(24)
where $`F=\frac{V}{3\alpha }\sqrt{\frac{14\alpha }{6\mathrm{\Lambda }}}`$ .

Furthermore, $`f_1`$ and $`f_2`$ can be determined by $`\varphi (0^+)=\varphi (0^{})=0`$,

$$f_1=f_2=\frac{1}{2(14\alpha )}\mathrm{ln}\left(1\frac{V^2}{9\alpha ^2}\frac{(14\alpha )}{6\mathrm{\Lambda }}\right).$$
(25)
Inserting relations (15), (24) and (25) into the equations of motion (12) and (14), we get

$$3\lambda e^{(2\alpha +2)\varphi }+\left(\frac{2}{3}6\alpha ^2\right)(\varphi ^{})^2+\left(1\frac{9}{2}\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Lambda }=0,$$
(26)
$$6\lambda e^{(2\alpha +2)\varphi }+\left(6\alpha ^2\frac{4}{3}e^{2\varphi }+\frac{2}{3}\right)(\varphi ^{})^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }=0.$$
(27)
The values of $`\varphi ^{}(0)^2`$ and $`\varphi (0)`$ as well as the equation (27) give an explicit relation between the bulk cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and the brane cosmological constant $`\lambda `$,

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }=6\lambda \frac{(6\alpha ^2\frac{2}{3})}{36\alpha ^2}V^2.$$
(28)
At this stage, we can say that it is really possible to get an AdS brane structure in dS spacetime by self-tuning the parameters. We show in the following by a numerical method that (26) and (27) are satisfied when the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, factor $`\alpha `$ and tension $`V`$ in the brane take some specially selected values. For the purpose, one can introduce functions $`K1`$ and $`K2`$ as follows

$$K13\lambda e^{(2\alpha +2)\varphi }+\left(\frac{2}{3}6\alpha ^2\right)(\varphi ^{})^2+\left(1\frac{9}{2}\alpha \right)\mathrm{\Lambda },$$
(29)
$$K26\lambda e^{(2\alpha +2)\varphi }+\left(6\alpha ^2\frac{4}{3}e^{2\varphi }+\frac{2}{3}\right)(\varphi ^{})^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }.$$
(30)
Recent observations of Type Ia supernovae and the cosmic microwave background indicate that our universe is dominated by a positive cosmological constant \[18-21,25,26\]. So it is reasonable to assume that the current age of Universe times the light speed equals the radius of the dS5 spacetime. Therefore, we have

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}=\frac{c}{H_0}$$
(31)
where $`H_0`$ is present-day value of the Hubble expansion rate. Namely, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }5.89\times 10^{53}\mathrm{m}^2`$. We make the computer program to draw different plots of $`K1`$ and $`K2`$ by automatically selecting different values of the parameters $`\alpha `$, $`V`$ and $`d`$. Our program give the following best fit values of $`\alpha `$, $`V`$ and $`d`$

$$\alpha =0.249,V=2.99\times 10^{25},d=4.94\times 10^{27}\mathrm{m}.$$
(32)
In figure 1 and figure 2 ,we show plots of $`K1`$ and $`K2`$ as functions of $`y`$. It is clear that $`K1`$ and $`K2`$ are almost zero in the whole area of $`|y|<{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}}`$. We note that $`K1`$ and $`K2`$ deviate from zero very fast when $`|y|d`$. Possible reason of the fact is that the radius of five dimensional dS spacetime, the cosmological constant and parameter $`d`$ satisfy the relation

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda }}\frac{d}{10}.$$
(33)
So $`|y|d`$ is out of the dS spacetime. We can draw a conclusion that the equations (26) and (27) can be satisfied very well within the interval $`|y|<{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}}`$ with the fine-tuned parameters.

## 4 Localization of Gravity

To demonstrate the localization of gravity of AdS4 brane in dS5 bulk with dilaton field, we rewrite the spacetime metric as follows

$$ds^2=e^{2A(y)}(dt^2+\gamma _i(t)^2\delta _{ij}dx^idx^j)+e^{2B(y)}dy^2,i,j=1,2,3,$$
(34)
where

$$\gamma _1=\frac{\mathrm{cos}\sqrt{\lambda }t}{(1+\lambda \rho ^2)},\gamma _2=\frac{\rho \mathrm{cos}\sqrt{\lambda }t}{\sqrt{1+\lambda \rho ^2}},\gamma _3=\frac{\rho \mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\sqrt{\lambda }t}{\sqrt{1+\lambda \rho ^2}}.$$
(35)
Consider the perturbed metric $`h_{ij}`$ in the form

$$ds^2=e^{2A(y)}\left[dt^2+\gamma _i(t)^2(\delta _{ij}+h_{ij}(x^i))dx^idx^j\right]+e^{2B(y)}dy^2.$$
(36)
We are interested in the localization of the traceless transverse component of $`h_{ij}`$, which corresponds to the graviton of the perturbation in the brane. It satisfies $`D_ih^{ij}=0`$ and $`h_i^i=0`$. Here $`D_i`$ denotes the covariant differential with respect to the space metric $`\gamma _i^2(t)\delta _{ij}`$. The traceless transverse component of $`h_{ij}`$ is denoted by $`h`$ for simplicity. $`h`$ satisfies the following equation

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{G}}\frac{}{x^M}\left(\sqrt{G}G^{MN}\frac{}{x^N}h\right)=0.$$
(37)
It should be noticed that this is equivalent to a five dimensional free scalar field equation. In our framework, the metric is diagonal and Eq.(37) can be reduced by expanding $`h`$ in terms of four dimensional continuous mass eigen states

$$h=𝑑m\mathrm{\Phi }_m(t,\stackrel{}{x})\mathrm{\Psi }(m,y),$$
(38)
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }_m(t,\stackrel{}{x})`$ is the mass eigen states of the four-dimensional scalar fieldHere $`\stackrel{}{x}`$ denotes $`(x^1,x^2,x^3)=(\rho ,\theta ,\omega )`$.

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{g}}\frac{}{x^\mu }\left(\sqrt{g}g^{\mu \nu }\frac{}{x^\nu }\mathrm{\Phi }_m(t,\stackrel{}{x})\right)=m^2\mathrm{\Phi }_m(t,\stackrel{}{x}).$$
(39)
It is not difficult to obtain the equation for $`\mathrm{\Psi }(m,y)`$ from Eq.(37) and Eq.(39)

$$\mathrm{\Psi }^{\prime \prime }+(4A^{}B^{})\mathrm{\Psi }^{}+m^2e^{2B2A}\mathrm{\Psi }=0.$$
(40)
Before considering the solution of Eq.(40), we find that the equation can be rewritten in a ”supersymmetric” form by introducing transformations $`\mathrm{\Psi }=e^{\frac{3}{2}\alpha B}u(z)`$ and $`b{\displaystyle \frac{z}{y}}=e^{(1\alpha )B}`$. Thus, Eq.(40) becomes

$$Q^{}Qu(z)=(_z\frac{3}{2}\alpha \frac{B}{z})(_z\frac{3}{2}\alpha \frac{B}{z})u(z)=m^2u(z).$$
(41)
This equation demonstrates that the eigenvalue of mass should be non-negative, i.e. no tachyon in the brane. Then the zero mode $`m=0`$ is the lowest state which would be localized on the brane. Furthermore, we can rewrite the equation for $`u(z)`$ as the following one-dimensional Schrödinger-like equation in the $`y`$-direction with the eigenvalue $`m^2`$

$$[_z^2+V(z)]u(z)=m^2u(z),$$
(42)
where the potential $`V(z)`$ is determined by $`B(z)`$ as

$$V(z)=\frac{3}{2}\alpha \left[\frac{3}{2}\alpha \left(\frac{B}{z}\right)^2+\frac{^2B}{z^2}\right].$$
(43)
The localization is seen by solving Eq.(42). The localization of gravity can be concluded by the following two conditions: First, the potential $`V(z)`$ is volcano-like and contains a $`\delta `$-function attractive force at the brane position to trap the zero-mode of the bulk graviton; Second, There exist a normalizable state for the wave function $`u_0(z)`$ of $`m=0`$ eigenvalue.

Figure 4 indicates that $`b(y)`$ could be treated as a linear function in physicist’s interested area. By the approximation, the potential $`V(z)`$ is of the form

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill V(z)& =& \frac{3}{2}\alpha \left(\frac{5}{2}\alpha 1\right)D^2e^{2\gamma B}\mathrm{tanh}^2\left[(14\alpha )D(z+\mathrm{sgn}(z)d)\right]\hfill \\ & & \frac{3}{2}\alpha e^{2\gamma B}\left\{\frac{3\mathrm{\Lambda }}{2}\mathrm{sech}^2\left[(14\alpha )D(z+\mathrm{sgn}(z)d)\right]\right\}\frac{V}{4}e^{2\gamma B}\delta (z).\hfill \end{array}$$
(44)
The $`\delta `$ function term in $`V(z)`$ guarantees that there exists an independent unitary bound state solution

$$u_0(z)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{L}}e^{|z|/L},$$
(45)
where $`L(={\displaystyle \frac{4}{V}})`$ is the normalization constant. The figures 3 and 4 show that the potential (44) is a Volcano type. The perturbation of gravity with Volcano potential has been studied extensively. Therefore, we can say that the gravity of the dS5 brane world with dilaton field in a specially selected background metric is well localized. That is to say, the deviation of the classical gravitation from the Newton’s law in the brane can be omitted.

## 5 Vacuum Energy Density and Cosmological Constants

The vacuum energy density in the AdS4 brane can be calculated by summing up the zero point energy of different massive scalar fields living in the brane. The equation of motion for a massive scalar field in AdS4 brane is of the form

$$\begin{array}{c}[\frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^3\sqrt{\lambda }t}\frac{}{t}\left(\mathrm{cos}^3\sqrt{\lambda }t\frac{}{t}\right)\frac{(1+\lambda \rho ^2)^2}{\rho ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\sqrt{\lambda }t}\frac{}{\rho }\left(\rho ^2\frac{}{\rho }\right)\hfill \\ \frac{1+\lambda \rho ^2}{\rho ^2\mathrm{cos}^2\sqrt{\lambda }t}(\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\theta }\frac{}{\theta }\left(\mathrm{sin}\theta \frac{}{\theta }\right)\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}^2\theta }\frac{^2}{\varphi ^2})+m_0^2]\mathrm{\Phi }(t;\rho ,\theta ,\varphi )=0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(46)
The equation of motion can be solved exactly by the method of variables separation. Solutions can be written as follows

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_{NIlm}(t;\rho ,\theta ,\varphi )U_{Nl}(\rho )\left(\mathrm{cos}\sqrt{\lambda }t\right)^1P_I^N\left(\mathrm{sin}\sqrt{\lambda }t\right)Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ),\hfill \end{array}$$
(47)
where $`P_I^N(\mathrm{sin}\sqrt{\lambda }t)`$, with $`I=\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\frac{m_0^2}{\lambda }+2},N=\sqrt{1+\frac{k^2}{\lambda }}`$, are associated Legendre functions, and $`U(\rho )`$, the radial part of the wave function,

$`U(\rho )=`$ $`C`$ $`(\sqrt{\lambda }\rho )^l\left(1+\lambda \rho ^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1+\frac{k^2}{\lambda }}}`$ (48)
$`\times `$ $`{}_{2}{}^{}F_{1}^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(l+\sqrt{1+{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\lambda }}}+2),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(l+\sqrt{1+{\displaystyle \frac{k^2}{\lambda }}}+1),l+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}};\lambda \rho ^2),`$
here $`C`$ is the normalization constant.

The natural boundary condition for $`P_I^N(\mathrm{sin}(\sqrt{\lambda }t))`$ on $`\mathrm{sin}(\sqrt{\lambda }t)=\pm 1`$ requires that $`I,N`$ to be integers. This gives the discrete mass spectrum of the scalar fields in AdS4 brane ,

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{m_0^2}{\lambda }+2=I(I+1),\hfill \\ 1+\frac{k^2}{\lambda }=N^2,|N|I.\hfill \end{array}$$
(49)
The vacuum energy density on AdS4 brane is obtained

$`\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8\pi ^2}}\lambda {\displaystyle \frac{(E_{\mathrm{Planck}})^2}{\mathrm{}c}},`$ (50)
where $`E_{\mathrm{Planck}}`$ is the Planck energy.

The relation between the vacuum energy density and the cosmological constant in the 5-dimensional spacetime can be expressed as

$$\rho =\frac{1}{8\pi ^2}\frac{(E_{\mathrm{Planck}})^2}{\mathrm{}c}\left[(\frac{1}{324\alpha ^2}\frac{1}{36})V^2\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{6}\right].$$
(51)
The vacuum energy density takes value

$`\rho =7.66\times 10^{10}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{cm}^3.`$ (52)
The vacuum energy density gotten here is consistent with the astronomical observations .

## 6 Conclusion and Remarks

The tiny vacuum energy density has puzzled physicists for nearly a century. The recent astronomical observations on supernovae  and CMB  show that about two third of the world energy is contributed by a small positive cosmological constant. The most simple cosmology model is an asymptotic dS spacetime which has been discussed widely in the literature \[37-39\]. In this paper, we have interpreted the tiny positive cosmological constant as the curvature of a dS5 brane world.

It is well known that the calculated vacuum energy density by quantum field theory is much more larger than the possible observed value . Various attempts have been made in trying to solve the cosmological constant problem. To the end of getting a comparable value of vacuum energy density with the astronomical observations, we have tried to construct a AdS4 brane in the dS5 spacetime. It was shown that a dilaton field is needed to get a stable AdS brane solution in the dS5 spacetime. An explicit relation between the dS bulk cosmological constant and the AdS brane cosmological constant has been obtained. The discrete mass spectrum in AdS4 brane was used to acquire vacuum energy density. The cosmological constant in the brane world gotten by this way is in the same order with the astronomical observations.

Acknowledgement: One of us (Z. Chang) would like to thank M. Li, Y. S. Wu and C. J. Zhu for useful discussion. The work is supported partly by the Natural Science Foundation of China.